All Gems In World.docx

Gu india

Agate http://www.gemdat.org/gem-217.html

Alexandrite

Almandine

Amazonite

Amber

Amethyst

Ametrine

Andalusite

Andesine

Andradite

Aquamarine Aventurine

Benitoite

Beryl

Bloodstone

www.mindat.org/min-436.html http://nevada-outbackgems.com/mineral_information/Amber_mineral_i nfo.htm

Carnelian 1

Cat's Eye

Chalcedony

Chrysoberyl

Chrysocolla

Chrysoprase

Citrine

Copper

Coral

Danburite

Diamond

Diaspore

Diopside

Emerald

Fluorite

Garnet

Gold

Golden Beryl

Goshenite

Grossular

Hiddenite

2

Iolite

Jade

Jasper

Kunzite

Kyanite

Labradorite

Lapis Lazuli Larimar

Malachite

Moonstone

Morganite

Onyx

Opal

Orthoclase

Pearl

Peridot

Platinum

Prehnite

Pyrite

Pyrope

3

Quartz

Rhodochrosit Rhodolite e

Rose Quartz

Ruby

Rutilated Quartz

Sapphire

Scapolite

Silver

Smoky Quartz

Sodalite

Spessartite

Spinel

Spodumene

Sunstone

Rhodonite

4

Tanzanite

Thulite

Tiger's Eye

Topaz

Tourmaline

Tsavorite

Turquoise

Uvarovite

Variscite

Zircon

Zoisite

- See more at: http://www.minerals.net/GemStoneMain.aspx#sthash.1HdpXCdo.dpuf

1. Agate From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Agate /ˈæɡət/ is a microcrystalline variety of silica, chiefly chalcedony, characterised by its fineness of grain and brightness of color. Although agates may be found in various kinds of rock, they are classically associated with volcanic rocks and can be common in certain metamorphic rocks.[1]

Etymology and history The stone was given its name by Theophrastus, a Greek philosopher and naturalist, who discovered the stone along the shore line of the river Achates (Greek: Ἀχάτης) sometime between the 4th and 3rd centuries BC.[2] Colorful agates and other chalcedonies were obtained over 3,000 years ago from the Achates River, now called Dirillo, in Sicily.[3] 5

Ancient use

Agate is one of the most common materials used in the art of hardstone carving, and has been recovered at a number of ancient sites, indicating its widespread use in the ancient world; for example, archaeological recovery at the Knossos site on Crete illustrates its role in Bronze Age Minoan culture.[4]

Formation and characteristics Most agates occur as nodules in volcanic rocks or ancient lavas where they represent cavities originally produced by the disengagement of volatiles in the molten mass which were then filled, wholly or partially, by siliceous matter deposited in regular layers upon the walls. Agate has also been known to fill veins or cracks in volcanic or altered rock underlain by granitic intrusive masses. Such agates, when cut transversely, exhibit a succession of parallel lines, often of extreme tenuity, giving a banded appearance to the section. Such stones are known as banded agate, riband agate and striped agate. In the formation of an ordinary agate, it is probable that waters containing silica in solution— derived, perhaps, from the decomposition of some of the silicates in the lava itself—percolated through the rock and deposited a siliceous coating on the interior of the vapour-vesicles. Variations in the character of the solution or in the conditions of deposition may cause a corresponding variation in the successive layers, so that bands of chalcedony often alternate with layers of crystalline quartz. Several vapour-vesicles may unite while the rock is still viscous, and thus form a large cavity which may become the home of an agate of exceptional size; thus a Brazilian geode lined with amethyst and weighing 35 tons was exhibited at the Düsseldorf Exhibition of 1902. Perhaps the most comprehensive review of agate chemistry is a recent text by Moxon cited below. The first deposit on the wall of a cavity, forming the "skin" of the agate, is generally a dark greenish mineral substance, like celadonite, delessite or "green earth", which are rich in iron probably derived from the decomposition of the augite in the enclosing volcanic rock. This green silicate may give rise by alteration to a brown iron oxide (limonite), producing a rusty appearance on the outside of the agate-nodule. The outer surface of an agate, freed from its matrix, is often pitted and rough, apparently in consequence of the removal of the original coating. The first layer spread over the wall of the cavity has been called the "priming", and upon this base zeolitic minerals may be deposited. Many agates are hollow, since deposition has not proceeded far enough to fill the cavity, and in such cases the last deposit commonly consists of drusy quartz, sometimes amethystine, having the apices of the crystals directed towards the free space so as to form a crystal-lined cavity or geode. On the disintegration of the matrix in which the agates are embedded, they are set free. The agates are extremely resistant to weathering and remain as nodules in the soil or are deposited as gravel in streams and shorelines.

6

Types of agate A Mexican agate, showing only a single eye, has received the name of cyclops agate. Included matter of a green, golden, red, black or other color or combinations embedded in the chalcedony and disposed in filaments and other forms suggestive of vegetable growth, gives rise to dendritic or moss agate. Dendritic agates have fern like patterns in them formed due to the presence of manganese and iron oxides. Other types of included matter deposited during agate-building include sagenitic growths (radial mineral crystals) and chunks of entrapped detritus (such as sand, ash, or mud). Occasionally agate fills a void left by decomposed vegetative material such as a tree limb or root and is called limb cast agate due to its appearance. Turritella agate is formed from silicified fossil Elimia tenera (erroneously considered Turritella) shells. E. tenera are spiral freshwater gastropods having elongated, spiral shells composed of many whorls. Similarly, coral, petrified wood and other organic remains or porous rocks can also become agatized. Agatized coral is often referred to as Petoskey stone or agate. Greek agate is a name given to pale white to tan colored agate found in Sicily back to 400 B.C. The Greeks used it for making jewelry and beads. Even though the stone had been around centuries and was known to both the Sumerians and the Egyptians, both who used the gem for decoration and for playing important parts in their religious ceremonies, any agate of this color from Sicily, once an ancient Greek colony, is called Greek agate. Another type of agate is Brazilian agate, which is found as sizable geodes of layered nodules. These occur in brownish tones interlayered with white and gray. Quartz forms within these nodules, creating a striking specimen when cut opposite the layered growth axis. It is often dyed in various colors for ornamental purposes. Certain stones, when examined in thin sections by transmitted light, show a diffraction spectrum due to the extreme delicacy of the successive bands, whence they are termed rainbow agates. Often agate coexists with layers or masses of opal, jasper or crystalline quartz due to ambient variations during the formation process. Other forms of agate include Lake Superior agate, carnelian agate (exhibiting reddish hues), Botswana agate, blue lace agate, plume agates, moss agate, tube agate (with visible flow channels or pinhole-sized 'tubes'), fortification agate (which exhibit contrasting concentric banding structure reminiscent of concentric defensive ditches and walls etc around ancient forts ), fire agate (which has internal flash or 'fire', the result of a layer of clear agate over a layer of hydrothermally-deposited hematite), Mexican crazy-lace agate, which often exhibits a brightly colored, complexly banded pattern (also called Rodeo Agate and Rosetta Stone depending on who owned the mine at the time).

Uses in industry and art Industry uses agates chiefly to make ornaments such as pins, brooches or other types of jewelry, paper knives, inkstands, marbles and seals. Agate is also still used today for decorative displays, 7

cabochons, beads, carvings and Intarsia art as well as face-polished and tumble-polished specimens of varying size and origin. Because of its hardness and ability to resist acids, agate is used to make mortars and pestles to crush and mix chemicals. Because of the high polish possible with agate it has been used for centuries for leather burnishing tools. Idar-Oberstein was one of the centers which made use of agate on an industrial scale. Where in the beginning locally found agates were used to make all types of objects for the European market, this became a globalized business around the turn of the 20th century: Idar-Oberstein imported large quantities of agate from Brazil, as ship's ballast. Making use of a variety of proprietary chemical processes, they produced colored beads that were sold around the globe.[5] Agates have long been used in arts and crafts. The sanctuary of a Presbyterian church in Yachats, Oregon, has six windows with panes made of agates collected from the local beaches.[6] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agate

The Mineral agate Agate is the banded form of the mineral Chalcedony, which is a microcrystalline variety of Quartz. Agate is the most varied and popular type of Chalcedony, having many varieties on its own. Although the pattern on every Agate is unique, the locality of an Agate will provide resemblances in banding style and color, thus lending many Agates with a geographic prefix. Some examples are Laguna Agate (named after Ojo Laguna, Mexico) or Botswana Agate (after the African country of Botswana). Other variety names used connote specific colors or patterns, such as Fire Agate or Eye Agate. Agate usually forms in rounded nodules or knobs which need to be sliced open to bring out the internal pattern hidden in the stone. Most Agate is ugly in its natural state; specimens must be polished to bring out their full beauty. Much of the Agate sold to collectors has been treated, in the form of tumbled stones or polished slabs. Popular collector forms of Agate include nodules or geodes sliced in the middle into two polished cross-sections, or thin slabs from nodule or geode cross-sections. The formation of Agate is most often from deposition of layers of silica filling voids in volcanic vesicles or other cavities. The layers form in stages with some of new layers providing an alternating color. Since the cavities are irregularly and uniquely shaped, each Agate forms its own pattern based on the original cavity shape. When a cavity is completely filled, it forms a solid mass of Agate, but often it is only partially filled, leaving a hollow void which often has crystalline Quartz growths on its innermost layer. This is the cause of Agate forming the outer lining of most geodes. Agate is often dyed to enhance its colors. This is especially true of Agate from Brazil. Bright neon colors such as bright blue and red are rarely natural.

8

Agate is named after the Achates River (now known as the Dirillo River) on the island of Sicily, Italy, whose upper waters were an ancient source of this gemstone. - See more at: http://www.minerals.net/mineral/agate.aspx#sthash.reAMqJ2l.dpuf

Agate Gemstones by Size This table shows distribution of Agate gemstone sizes that are listed on this site. This can give a good indication as to the general availability of this gemstone in different sizes. General Information A variety or type of: Chalcedony, which is a variety of Quartz Iris Agate - An iridescent variety of Agate. Onyx - A monochromatic Agate with black and white banding. Varieties/Types: Sardonyx - A monochromatic Agate with red/brown and either black or white banding. Chemical Formula

SiO

2

Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Photos of natural/un-cut material from mindat.org Agate Treatments Much agate is dyed to give strong and commercially acceptable colours. The material is sawn and shaped before dyeing. Immersion in a hot sugar solution followed by immersion in concentrated sulphuric acid and heating gives black; a blue colour, once called Swiss lapis, is produced by immersion in potassium ferrocyanide and subsequent warming in a solution of ferrous sulphate to give a precipitate of Berlin blue. Chromium alum or potassium dichromate may be used to give green or bluish green, and nickel compounds give a brighter, apple green. Impregnation with iron compounds and heating may give reddish brown and red colours. Yellow to greenish yellow is obtained by heating dry agate that has been treated with concentrated hydrochloric acid. Physical Properties of Agate 6.5 to 7 Mohs Hardness Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 2.60 to 2.64 Specific Gravity Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references None Cleavage Quality Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Uneven Fracture Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Optical Properties of Agate 1.530 to 1.543 Refractive Index Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Uniaxial/+ Optical Character Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references 9

up to to 0.004 Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Absent Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) None Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001)

Birefringence Pleochroism Dispersion Colour

Banding of different colours. Colours are generally pale though varied; natural colours are green, yellow, red, reddish brown, white and bluish Colour (General) white, among others. Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Translucent,Opaque Transparency Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Waxy Lustre gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) Fluorescence & other light emissions Varies with bands: partly strong; yellow, blue-white Fluorescence (General) Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Crystallography of Agate Trigonal Crystal System gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) Microcrystalline aggregates Habit Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Geological Environment It occurs in filling cavities, and individual bands are concentric to the external surface of the mass or nodule. Agate geodes are found in basic Where found: lavas and other igneous flow rocks and have probably been formed by silica deposition in cavities created by gases. Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Further Information Mineral information: Agate information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities Peru 

Huancavelica Department o

Huancavelica Province 

Ascencion District

10



Yauricocha Parish 

Yanacodo

UK 

Scotland o

Tayside (Angus) 

[Specimen in the Natural History Museum, London]

Montrose 

Usan 

Blue Hole

USA 

California o

Siskiyou Co. 

Klamath Mts 

Cinnabar Camp 



Unnamed Gemstone occurrence (1)

U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.

Utah o

Juab Co. 

Thomas Range 

Topaz Mountain 

Unnamed Agate deposit

U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-51.html

2.Chrysoberyl Chrysoberyl is named after Greek "chrysos" - gold, plus "beryllos" - beryl, a name used from antiquity for gold-coloured beryl.

11

Chrysoberyl forms transparent to translucent yellow, yellowish-green, golden yellow or brown multiple contact and penetration twinned or prominently striated short prismatic crystals with vitreous lustre. Chrysoberyl is cut into fine gemstones of remarkable clarity and high lustre. Chatoyant chrysoberyl shows an eye when translucent and cut into cabochon. 70 photos

Chrysoberyl Gemstones by Colour This table shows the variety of hues this gemstone can be found in. Click on a photo for more information.

Chrysoberyl Gemstones by Size This table shows distribution of Chrysoberyl gemstone sizes that are listed on this site. This can give a good indication as to the general availability of this gemstone in different sizes. General Information Alexandrite - A variety of Chrysoberyl which displays a color change. Varieties/Types: Cymophane - Chrysoberyl Cat'e eye. BeAl Chemical Formula

2

O

4

Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) More from other references Photos of natural/un-cut material from mindat.org Physical Properties of Chrysoberyl 8.5 to 0 Mohs Hardness Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 3.69 to 3.81 Specific Gravity Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Brittle Tenacity Anthony et al, Handbook of mineralogy (2001) Good Cleavage Quality Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Uneven,Conchoidal Fracture Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Weak conchoidalMore from other references Optical Properties of Chrysoberyl 1.746 to 1.763 Refractive Index Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references

12

Optical Character

Birefringence

Pleochroism

Dispersion Chatoyancy

Biaxial/+,Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 0.007 to 0.013 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Yellow - weak: colorless - light yellow - yellow-(green); Green - weak: yellowish - olive-yellow - (colorless) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 0.015 Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Star 4 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)

Colour Golden-yellow, green-yellow, green, brownish, red Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Yellow, Fe3+ in octahedral coordination. Color-change (alexandrite), Cr3+ in Causes of Colour octahedral coordination W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Transparent,Translucent,Opaque Transparency Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Vitreous Lustre Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) More from other references Fluorescence & other light emissions Usually none. Green: weak, dark red Fluorescence (General) Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Crystallography of Chrysoberyl Orthorhombic Crystal System Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Pseudo-hexagonal, multiple contact and penetration twinned or prominently striated short prismatic crystals Habit Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) More from other references Geological Environment Characteristic of some granite pegmatites associated with high-grade mica Where found: schists or reaction zones in ultramafic rocks; also detrital in placers. Anthony et al, Handbook of mineralogy (2001) Colour (General)

13

Inclusions in Chrysoberyl Clouds of tiny rutile needles, actinolite, goethite needles, liquid fingerprint -Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p 3 Healing cracks, liquid and two-phase inclusions, growth and twinning structures -Gemmological Tables, Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, 2004, p 25 Further Information Mineral information: Chrysoberyl information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities Australia  Western Australia o

Cue Shire 

Poona 

o

[var: Alexandrite] Groat, L.A., Giuliani, G., Marshall, D.D., and Turner, D. (2008): Ore Geology Reviews 34, 87-112. Aga Khan Mine

Dowerin Shire 

[var: Alexandrite] 66(6):985-1002

Dowerin 

Dowerin Chrysoberyl pit

MinMag

Downes and Bevan (2006)

Austria 

Salzburg o

Hohe Tauern 

Habach valley 

Nasenkopf 

Leckbachscharte

Brazil 

Bahia o

Campo Formoso ultramafic complex 

Pindobaçu 

o

Curaçá

[var: Alexandrite] Pinto and Pedrosa-Soares (2001)

Carnaiba Mine [var: Alexandrite]

14



Curaçá River Valley 





Espírito Santo Cassedanne and Roditi (1993)

o

Colatina

o

Pancas (Vila de Pancas)

J. Hyrsl (2009)

Goiás o

Minaçu 



Caraíba mine

[var: Alexandrite] Petersen et al. (2002) Serra Dourada

Minas Gerais o

Antônio Dias 

Hematita 

o

Itaitinga mine

Ferros 

o

[var: Alexandrite] ; Emeralds of the World English extraLapis Vol. 2 2002 pp4651

Esmeralda de Ferros Mine

[var: Alexandrite]

Jequitinhonha valley 

Malacacheta district 

Setubinha 



Novo Cruzeiro



Padre Paraíso 

[var: Alexandrite] Cassedanne and Roditi (1993)

Fogo creek

Faísca claim

Cassedanne and Roditi (1993)

[var: Alexandrite]

L. Barbosa (2009)

Bulgaria  Sofiya Oblast (Sofia Oblast)

15

o

Dolni Okol

Burma (Myanmar)  Mandalay Division o

Pyin-Oo-Lwin District 

Mogok Township 

Bernardmyo 





Pingu-taung east

Kyatpyin North 



Ah-chauk-taw

Kyatpyin Central 



Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Kyauk-sin (Rock Elephant)

[var: Alexandrite] Themelis, Ted, 2008, Gems and Mines of Mogok. [var: Alexandrite] Themelis, Ted, 2008, Gems and Mines of Mogok.

Mogok Valley 

Le-U-le-taw



Le-U-thet-kachan



Pyant Gyi mine (Pyan Gyi)

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok  Lin-yaung-chi (Bright Light Rays) Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok  Myaw-pyet Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok  Ohn-bin-ywe-htwet (Coconut[var: Alexandrite] Themelis, Tree mine) Ted, 2008, Gems and Mines of Mogok.  Shwe-pyi-aye Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Pein-Pyit (Painpyit; Pyan Pyit) Ted Themelis (2008) Gems &  Htan-yan-sho mines of Mogok

Czech Republic  Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok [var: Alexandrite] geological prospecting, 2008 - 2009, Czech geological Organization 16

o

Liberec Region 

Jizerské Mtn (Iser Mtn) 

Jizerská louka (Iser meadow; Iserwiese)

India 

Chattisgarh (Chhattisgarh) o

Raipur District 



[var: Alexandrite] Michelou (2006)

Deobhog area

Orissa

Choudhuri (1993)

and

Gurachary

Madagascar  Antananarivo Province o

Analamanga Region 

Ankazobe Pegmatite Field 

Anjozorobe District 

o

Miakanjovato pegmatite

Vakinankaratra Region 

Sahatany Pegmatite Field (Mt Ibity area) 

Sahatany Valley 



Antsofimbato pegmatites

Fianarantsoa Province o

Henn et al. (1996)

Horombe Region 

Ranohira District 

Ilakaka Commune 

Ilakaka gem deposit

- Ranorosoa, N. (1986): Etude mineralogique des pegmatites du champ de la Sahatany, Madagascar. These de Doctorat de l`Universite Paul Sabatier, Toulouse [var: Alexandrite] Giuliani, G., Fallick, A., Rakotondrazafy, M., Ohnenstetter, D., Andriamamonjy, A., Ralantoarison, T., Rakotosamizanany, S., Razanatseheno, M., Offant, Y., Garnier, V., Dunaigre, C., Schwarz, D., Mercier, A., Ratrimo, V., and Ralison, B. (2007): Mineralium Deposita 42, 251-270.

17



Toamasina Province (Tamatave) o

Alaotra-Mangoro Region 

Ambatondrazaka District 

Ambatosoratra Commune 

 

Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 47

Andreba pegmatite

Ampanorana Est

Pezzotta (1999)

Lac Alaotra (Lake Alaotra) 

Lac Alaotra Chrysoberyl Pegmatites

Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 46 Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 46

Russia 

Urals Region o

Middle Urals 

[var: Alexandrite] Hochleitner (2005)

Sverdlovskaya Oblast' 

Ekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk) 

Malyshevo 

Izumrudnye Kopi area

[var: Alexandrite] Hochleitner (2005)



Artemovskoye depsoit [var: Alexandrite]



Aul'skoye deposit

[var: Alexandrite]



Cheremshansko e deposit



Krasnobolotnoy e deposit [var: Alexandrite]



Krupskoye deposit (Lyublinskoye; [var: Alexandrite] Tokovoi priisk)

18





Malyshevskoe deposit (Mariinskoe) Ostrovnoye deposit

[var: Alexandrite]

[var: Alexandrite]



Pervomaiskoye deposit [var: Alexandrite] (Troitskoye)



Shag deposit



Starkovskoye deposit



Sverdlovskое deposit (Sretenskoye)

[var: Alexandrite] [var: Alexandrite]

[var: Alexandrite]

Sri Lanka  Central Province o 

Sabaragamuwa Province o

Ratnapura District 

Balangoda



Kuruwita



Rakwana



Ratnapura 



Milisenda and Henn (1999)

Elahera District

Gem gravels

[var: Alexandrite]

Milisenda and Henn (1999) [var: Alexandrite] Gemexplorer.org [var: Alexandrite] Econ Geol (1981) 76:733-738

Southern Province o

Matara District 

Milisenda and Henn (1999)

Matara

19

 

Deniyaya

Western Province o

Kalutara District 

[var: Alexandrite]

Horana

Tanzania  Arusha Region o

Dumbawanga District 

o

Lake Manyara 



Manghola

[var: Alexandrite] http://www.ganoksin.com/bo risat/nenam/tanzaniamines.htm [var: Alexandrite]

Magara

[var: Alexandrite] Emeralds of the World English extraLapis Vol. 2 2002 pp24-35

Ruvuma Region o

[var: Alexandrite] Milisenda et al. (1997)

Tunduru

USA 

Maine o

Sagadahoc Co. 



Topsham

New Mexico o

Rio Arriba Co. 

Petaca District 

[var: Alexandrite] Northrop, Minerals of New Mexico, 3rd rev. Ed., 1996

La Madera Mtn.

Zimbabwe  Masvingo o

Masvingo (Fort Victoria) 

Girdlestone Farm

[var: Alexandrite] [www.johnbettsfineminerals.com]

20



Novello Mine

[var: Alexandrite] J. E. Shigley et al. (2010), Gem Localities of the 2000s, Gems and Gemology, Fall 2010, pp. 188– 216

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-1039.html

3.Alexandrite

Alexandrite

was

named

after

Czar

Alexander

II.

It displays a color change (alexandrite effect) dependent upon the nature of ambient lighting. It is green in daylight, and light red in artificial incandescent light. 23 photos

Alexandrite Gemstones by Colour This table shows the variety of hues this gemstone can be found in. Click on a photo for more information.

Alexandrite Gemstones by Size This table shows distribution of Alexandrite gemstone sizes that are listed on this site. This can give a good indication as to the general availability of this gemstone in different sizes. General Information A variety or type of: Chrysoberyl Photos of natural/un-cut material from mindat.org Synthetic Alexandrite Synthetic alexandrite: Colour change - daylight: green to blue-green; incandescent light: red to violetred. Transparent; Hardness 8.5; RI 1.740 - 1.756; Birefringence 0.007 - 0.010; Biaxial/+; SG 3.70 - 3.72; Pleochroism: red/orange-yellow/green; Inclusions: Flux method: flux and crucible (platinum) residues; Pulling method: slightly curved growth lines, black bubble-like inclusions; Hydrothermal method: swirl21

like growth inhomogeneties, dark bubble-like residues, flat liquid inclusions; Fluorescence: SW and LW red - Gemmological Tables, Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, 2004, p 25 Physical Properties of Alexandrite 8.5 Mohs Hardness Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 3.69 to 3.81 Specific Gravity Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Optical Properties of Alexandrite 1.739 to 1.770+ Refractive Index Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Biaxial/+,Optical Character Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 0.007 to 0.013 Birefringence Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Red stones - strong trichroism: dark red - orange - dark green; Green Pleochroism stones - strong: dark green - orange - dark red Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Colour Green Colour (Daylight) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Red Colour (Incandescent Light) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Red Colour (Chelsea Filter) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Color-change, Cr3+ in octahedral coordination Causes of Colour W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Transparent,Translucent Transparency Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Fluorescence & other light emissions Weak red, synthetic: common stronger reactions Fluorescence (General) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Crystallography of Alexandrite Orthorhombic Crystal System Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Inclusions in Alexandrite Mica platelets, apatite, rutile, healing cracks, multi-phase inclusions, hollow tubes - Gemmological Tables, Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, 2004, p 25 Further Information Mineral information: Alexandrite information at mindat.org

22

Significant Gem Localities Australia  Western Australia o

Cue Shire 

Poona 

o

Groat, L.A., Giuliani, G., Marshall, D.D., and Turner, D. (2008): Ore Geology Reviews 34, 87-112. Aga Khan Mine

Dowerin Shire 

Dowerin

MinMag 66(6):985-1002

Brazil 

Bahia o

Campo Formoso ultramafic complex 

Pindobaçu 

o

Curaçá River Valley 

Caraíba mine

Goiás o

Minaçu 



Carnaiba Mine

Curaçá 



Pinto and Pedrosa-Soares (2001)

Petersen et al. (2002) Serra Dourada

Minas Gerais o

Antônio Dias 

Hematita 

o

; Emeralds of the World English extraLapis Vol. 2 2002 pp46-51

Itaitinga mine

Ferros

23

 o

Esmeralda de Ferros Mine

Jequitinhonha valley 

Malacacheta district



Novo Cruzeiro

Cassedanne and Roditi (1993)

Burma (Myanmar)  Mandalay Division o

Pyin-Oo-Lwin District 

Mogok Township 

Kyatpyin Central 



Pingu-taung east

Kyatpyin North 



Themelis, Ted, 2008, Gems and Mines of Mogok.

Kyauk-sin (Rock Elephant)

Themelis, Ted, 2008, Gems and Mines of Mogok.

Mogok Valley 

Ohn-bin-ywe-htwet (Coconut Tree mine)

Themelis, Ted, 2008, Gems and Mines of Mogok.

Czech Republic  Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen) o

Liberec Region 

Jizerské Mtn (Iser Mtn) 

Jizerská louka Iserwiese)

(Iser

geological prospecting, 2008 2009, Czech geological Organization meadow;

India 

Chattisgarh (Chhattisgarh) o

Raipur District 

Michelou (2006)

Deobhog area

Madagascar 24



Fianarantsoa Province o

Horombe Region 

Ranohira District 

Ilakaka Commune 

Ilakaka gem deposit

Giuliani, G., Fallick, A., Rakotondrazafy, M., Ohnenstetter, D., Andriamamonjy, A., Ralantoarison, T., Rakotosamizanany, S., Razanatseheno, M., Offant, Y., Garnier, V., Dunaigre, C., Schwarz, D., Mercier, A., Ratrimo, V., and Ralison, B. (2007): Mineralium Deposita 42, 251-270.

Russia 

Urals Region o

Middle Urals 

Hochleitner (2005)

Sverdlovskaya Oblast' 

Ekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk) 

Malyshevo 

Izumrudnye area

KopiHochleitner (2005)

Sri Lanka  Sabaragamuwa Province o

Ratnapura District 

Balangoda



Ratnapura 



Gem gravels

Gemexplorer.org Econ Geol (1981) 76:733-738

Western Province o

Kalutara District 

Horana

Tanzania  Arusha Region o

Dumbawanga District

http://www.ganoksin.com/borisat /nenam/tanzania-mines.htm

25

 o

Lake Manyara 



Manghola

Magara

Emeralds of the World English extraLapis Vol. 2 2002 pp24-35

Ruvuma Region o

Milisenda et al. (1997)

Tunduru

USA 

New Mexico o

Rio Arriba Co. 

Petaca District 

Northrop, Minerals of Mexico, 3rd rev. Ed., 1996

New

La Madera Mtn.

Zimbabwe  Masvingo o

Masvingo (Fort Victoria) 

Girdlestone Farm



Novello Mine

[www.johnbettsfineminerals.com]

J. E. Shigley et al. (2010), Gem Localities of the 2000s, Gems and Gemology, Fall 2010, pp. 188–216

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-109.html

4. Alexandrite and Cat's-eye Colors:

Yellow, yellowish green, green, brown, violetish red and greenish-blue color change

R.I.:

1.74 - 1.76

Durability:

Tough

S.G.:

3.5 - 3.8

Treatment:

None known

Hardness:

8 1/2 26

Availability: Alexandrite and catseye very rare. Yellows available Localities:

Brazil, Sri Lanka and Russia

Price:

Low/moderate to very expensive

Common shapes:

Ovals, rounds and cushions

Ironically, chrysoberyl varieties include two of the world's most exotic and expensive gems, alexandrite and cat's-eye chrysoberyl, while yellow or yellowish-green faceted chrysoberyl is a nondescript variety in the low t moderate price range. Chrysoberyl is a tough and durable gem, which is rare even in its unappreciated facete variety. Chrysoberyl, unqualified, refers to the yellow to greenish yellow transparent material. In spite of its good qualities, plain old yellow chrysoberyl is overshadowed by the spectacular charm of its siblings.

Alexandrite Alexandrite lives in an aura of mystery unrivaled by any other gemstone. Alexandrite was named after Cza Alexander I of Russia: it was first discovered in Russia on his birthday. Alexandrite was a gem fit for a Cza because it shared both of the royal colors: red and green. Fine quality alexandrite changes color in different light You could say it is the color of emerald by daylight, and the color of a ruby by candlelight. In reality it is mor accurate to say that in daylight or fluorescent light, it is a medium green to bluish green color and when illuminated by incandescent light-a regular light bulb- it will appear a violetish-red color. The stronger the colo change, the more expensive the stone and alexandrite can be very expensive indeed. Lower quality stones wil have a less dramatic change, retaining part of the green color in incandescent light or appearing brown in incandescent light. Alexandrite is fabulously rare. Do not confuse the real thing with the cheap imitation: man tourists have found fabulous buys of "alexandrite", generally in large round stones in Mexico, Beirut, Cairo, and Seoul, and other tourist destinations, for the princely sum of about five dollars. Many people believe they have a alexandrite treasure, but they actually have a synthetic corundum (sapphire) that is doped with chemicals to show a bluish to violetish color change.

Keep in mind a fine natural alexandrite is a truly rare stone; it is unlikely that an exquisite large one with perfec clarity will show up in some foreign market place at a bargain price of five dollars. Gemstones are about th same price around the world. The natural alexandrite does not have the blatant flash of its imitator; the real thin is subtle. The colors are different and no one whoever saw a real alexandrite would be fooled, but most peopl never get a chance.

Color change is not unique to alexandrite but no other gemstone changes in such an extreme manner. It is reall an amazing thing to see. Large stones are very rare and small ones, under five carats, are very expensive if th color change is strong.

Alexandrites can also occur in a cat's-eye form; of course a fine example is terrifically rare and prices increas according to the color change and quality of the eye.

27

Cat's-eye Alexandrite, Sri (Photo by ICA/Bart Curren)

Lanka

Inclusions? Like any other stone alexandrites range in clarity from eye clean to heavily flawed; of course, th stone will be valued accordingly if it is exceptionally clean or flawed; but color change is the first consideration.

If you are sincerely in the market for a fine alexandrite, you may have to do some searching to find one. B prepared to pay a high price for a high quality stone.

Alexandrites, as rare as they are, are mined in Brazil, Sri Lanka, and Russia. Fine stones are also found in Burm and Zimbabwe, but examples of these will be hard to find.

Chrysoberyl cat's-ey The term, cat's-eye, when unqualified, refers to the chrysoberyl catseye; but there are many other species tha have "eye" stones. Chatoyant refers to the ability of a gem to display an "eye". Chrysoberyl cat's-eyes really loo like the eye of a cat whether it is your household pet or a Siberian tiger.

Fine cat's-eyes may be yellow, yellowish green, or golden brown. In the finest qualities, the gems will be semi transparent and they will exhibit a sharp white eye. As you turn the stone around the eye will move. The bes cat's-eyes also exhibit a "milk and honey effect," when the stone is rotated, one side of the stone appear transparent, as other side takes on a creamy appearance. In large cat's-eyes, the milk and honey effect is a important consideration in valuing the stone. Cat's-eyes will always be cut in cabochon.

Sri Lanka and Brazil produce the most chrysoberyl cat's-eyes. This stone is an excellent choice for men. It has masculine appeal and it is very durable. A fine quality stone will be in the expensive range. Even a less tha perfect one will fall into the expensive range! http://www.ganoksin.com/borisat/nenam/chrysoberyl.htm

28

Alexandrite World Occurrences & Mining Localities "We're not lost. We're locationally challenged."John M. Ford.

Russian Alexandrite Brazilian Alexandrite Indian Alexandrite In 1831 Izumrudnye Kopi on the river Tokovaya were open by Yakov Kokovin, Director of the Ekaterinburg Lapidary Works and in 1833 the first alexandrite in the world was found in the mica schists of the Tokovaya river. The Hematita mine is known for the finest alexandrite, but today there are very few high quality alexandrites from Hematita on the market. A new owner has taken over the old Hematita mine and no one knows how much more the deposit can produce. The first mines in Deobhog began to produce some alexandrite in 2000 and currently producing the bulk of today´s alexandrite, but the focus of the current mining is in Andrha Pradesh province near the city of Vishakhapatnam. La Madera Mtn. Novo Cruzeiro Teafilo Otoni Serra Dourada Caraiba mine Carnaiba Mine Hematita Itaitinga Mine Esmeraldas de Ferros Izumrudnye Kopi Malyshevskoye Deobhog mines Mogok Horana Balangoda Ilakaka Lake Manyara Tunduru Girdlestone Farm Dowerin Confirmed findings of Alexandrite (1833 - 2008) Australia Brazil India Carnaiba Mine Caraiba mine Esmeraldas de Ferros Hematita Dowerin Deobhog mines Itaitinga Mine Novo Cruzeiro Teafilo Otoni Serra Dourada Madagascar Myanmar Russia Izumrudnye Kopi Ilakaka Mogok Malysheva mine Sri Lanka Tanzania USA Balangoda Tunduru La Madera Mtn. Horana Lake Manyara Zimbabwe Girdlestone Farm http://www.alexandrite.net/localities/

29

The Mineral almandine Almandine is the most common member of the Garnet group. It is also a popular gemstone and the most widely used Garnet in the gem trade. More gemstones are faceted from Almandine than any other type of Garnet. Only a small amount of Almandine crystals are transparent and light enough for gemstone use; most of the Almandine found is rough and opaque and not gem quality. Some Almandine Garnets display asterism when polished as cabochons, and are known as "Star Garnets". Almandine is often embedded in a mica schists, and forms very nice matrix pieces with perfectly formed symmetrical crystals. The schist matrix often breaks up due to weathering, resulting in the Almandine crystals breaking loose into individual, perfectly formed floater crystals which may be quite large. Chemical Formula Composition Variable Formula

Fe3Al2Si3O12 Iron aluminum silicate. The iron is sometimes partially replaced with magnesium and manganese. (Fe,Mg,Mn)3Al2Si3O12

Color

Dark red, reddish-brown, black. May also be multicolored black with reddish edges or tinges. Rarely pink or purple.

Streak

Colorless

Hardness

7.5 - 8.5

Crystal System Isometric 3D Atlas

Crystal

(Click for animated model)

Crystal Forms As well-formed dodecahedral and trapezohedral crystals, and occasionally in and Aggregates modified combinations of the two. Crystals may be striated or with stepped growth layers, and are sometimes warped into rounded ball-like forms. Also in dodecahedral crystal aggregates, grainy, massive, and as rounded waterworn crystals. Transparency

Transparent to opaque

Specific Gravity

4.3

Luster

Vitreous

Cleavage

None. May exhibit parting.

30

Fracture

Conchoidal to uneven

Tenacity

Brittle

Other Marks

ID

Paramagnetic (becomes magnetic upon heating).

In Group

Silicates; Nesosilicates; Garnet Group

Striking Features

Crystal form, color, and hardness

Environment

In regional metamorphic environments in mica schist, and in contact metamorphic hornfels. Also in igneous rocks in diorite and granite pegmatites, and as a sedimentary mineral in alluvial deposits.

Rock Type

Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic

Popularity 4)

(1-

2

Prevalence (11 3) Demand (1-3)

1

Almandine ON EBAY OTHER NAMES

Alamandine Almandite Oriental Garnet VARIETIES

Common Garnet - Refers

to

dark,

brownish-red

to

black,

opaque

Almandine

Garnet.

Precious Garnet - Refers to a deep red, transparent form of Almandine or Pyrope Garnet.

31

Syrian Garnet - Almandine

Garnet

with

a

slightly

purplish

tinge.

USES

When transparent, Almandine Garnet makes a very popular gemstone. Almandine Garnets are used in all forms of jewelry, and along with Pyrope make the most popular dark red jewelry gemstone. For more information, see the gemstone sections on Almandine and on Garnet. Well formed Almandine crystals are very popular among mineral collectors. Almandine is also industrially important for use as an abrasive, and when used as a sandpaper, it is known as garnet paper. NOTEWORTHY LOCALITIES

Almandine is a very common mineral, and is found worldwide. Only those localities which have produced excellent specimens are mentioned. Some of the best crystallized Almandine embedded in mica schist come from the classic locality of the Ziller valley, in the North Tyrol, Austria. Also high up in the Alps, in an occurrence spanning two countries, is the Granatenkogel Mountain, with the northern slope in the Ötztal, North Tyrol, Austria, and the southern slope in the Passiria Valley, Bolzano Province, Italy. Other important worldwide occurences include Šumperk, Moravia, Czech Republic; the Altay Mine in the Koktokay pegmatite field, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China; the Thackaringa District, Yancowinna Co., New South Wales, Australia; and Serrote Redondo, Pedra Lavrada, Paraíba, Brazil. In the U.S., perhaps the most well-known occurrences are Garnet Ledge and the Sitkine River on Wrangell Island, Alaska. This locality produces excellent crystals embedded in a shiny mica schist matrix. The Barton Garnet Mine, in Gore Mountain, North River, Warren Co., New York, touts itself as the world's largest Garnet mine, producing extensive amounts of Almandine for use as garnet paper. Very large crystals have come from there, they are all crude and incomplete. Large and historic Almandine crystals were found in various construction projects on the island of Manhattan (New York Co.) in New York City, New York over the past two centuries. In fact, one the largest complete Almandine crystals ever found in the U.S. originated from Midtown Manhattan, and is dubbed the "Subway Garnet". The New England states have a number of important Almandine occurrences, including Green's Farm, Roxbury, Litchfield Co., Connecticut (sadly this locality has just become closed to collectors); the Nathan Hall Quarry, East Hampton, Middlesex Co., Connecticut; the Russell Garnet mine, Russell, Hampden Co., Massachusetts; Greenwood, Oxford Co., Maine; and Mt. Apatite, Auburn, Androscoggin Co., Maine. Excellent trapezohedral crystals came from the Hedgehog Hill Quarry, Peru, Oxford Co., Maine.

32

Enormous Almandine crystals were found in the Sedalia Mine, Salida, Chaffee Co., Colorado, often coated with a mica layer; and lustrous dark crystals come from Garnet Hill, Ely, White Pine Co., Nevada. North Carolina has several localities, most noteworthy is Spruce Pine, Mitchell Co. Large Almandine crystals, including those that display asterism, are found at Emerald Creek, Latah Co; and Fernwood, Benewah Co., Idaho. - See more at: http://www.minerals.net/mineral/almandine.aspx#sthash.vexOSpNo.dpuf http://www.minerals.net/mineral/almandine.aspx

4. Almandine Garnet Without doubt Almandine is the oldest Garnet known to mankind. It is also the most common Garnet.

Almandine of typical colour, checkerboard cut Origin of name: after the city of Alabanda near Miletos and Ephesos in Asia Minor (Turkey). Pliny the Elder mentions Alabanda as a Garnet cutting and trade center. Garnets from Alabanda had a reputation of being particularly valuable. Can be confused with: other red Garnets and other red stones like Spinel and Rubellite (red Tourmaline). Localities: the biggest Almandine deposits are in Asia. The most important source is, and has been for thousands of years, India. Most likely the Garnets, which the Romans thought to have come from Carthage, Ethiopia and Alabanda, actually were of Indian origin and had found their way to the Mediterranean via the Silk Route. Interestingly, the Indian garnet deposits are located in the north of the Subcontinent, whereas most other Indian gemstones are found in the southern states of Orissa, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. Only Orissa boasts a sizeable Rhodolite deposit, most others are in Rajasthan. Other important Asian Almandine deposits are Pakistan´s Swat Valley, Sri Lanka and Thailand. The most important Almandine localities on the African continent are in Zambia (Mazabika River), Tanzania and in southern Kenya. Of the numerous other localities all over the world the following three shall be mentioned for reasons of oddity:

33

In the USA there are many deposits, some of which are quite productive. Unfortunately the greatest part of the material found is of merely mineralogical interest. The USA produced some stunningly large, well-formed crystals of up to 9kgs. One 4.4 kg crystal was found during excavations in New York City, at the intersection of 35th Street and Broadway. Gem quality Almandine is found only occasionally and does not find it´s way to Europe as it is all soaked up by American amateur gem cutters. Also worth mentioning is the Barton Mine in the Adironback Mountains, New York State, which was founded at the end of the 1880ies by Henry Barton. When Young Henry was a jeweller´s apprentice, he was shown some Garnets which a customer had found. Several years later Barton set up a shop for woodcarving and abrading tools in Philadelphia. He remembered the Garnets and actually located the deposit. As an abrasive the garnets were far superior to the glass and emery paper he had sold so far and the mine was operative until 1984. Another odd story took place in Australia. At the end of the 19th century substantial amounts of garnets were found in rivers in the Northern Territory and taken for Ruby. This of course led to a rush. In no time at all no less than twentyfour ruby companies were founded, which all collapsed immediately, when the real nature of the stones was officially established. Last but not least we want to point out the formerly substantial deposits in the Ziller Valley and the Ötz Valley in Austria, our home country. The Ziller Valley in particular was home to a thriving Garnet industry in the 19th century. The stones were mostly used as abrasives but quite a lot of gem quality material was found, as well. Today no more gemmy garnets are found but the well-grown crystals, sometimes measuring several centimeters, are popular with mineral collectors the world over. History: since the 17th century Pegu, a former kingdom in what today is Myanmar (Burma), is named as a source of Almandine. However, since in all of Burma there are no Garnet deposits worth mentioning and since the very few stones, which are found occasionally, are of rather unpleasing brownish red colour, one may safely assume that Pegu Almandine actually was Indian Almandine. Most likely Pegu was a trade and maybe also a cutting center. Until the end of the 19th century one also spoke of "Syrian" Garnets. Because of their fine purplish red these stones were highly sought-after and fetched rather high prices. However, the word "Syrian" is a corruption of "Syriam", which is the name of a city south of Pegu and south of the former capital of Yangun (Rangoon). Syriam is known to have been a trading center, possibly also for Indian Garnets. http://www.edelsteine.at/dictionary/almandin/

Almandine Gemstones by Colour This table shows the variety of hues this gemstone can be found in. Click on a photo for more information.

34

Almandine Gemstones by Size This table shows distribution of Almandine gemstone sizes that are listed on this site. This can give a good indication as to the general availability of this gemstone in different sizes. General Information A variety or type of: Garnet Chemical Formula

Fe

3

Al

2

(SiO

4

)

3

Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Photos of natural/un-cut material from mindat.org Physical Properties of Almandine 7 to 7.5 Mohs Hardness Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 3.95 to 4.30 Specific Gravity Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Brittle Tenacity Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Indistinct Cleavage Quality Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Conchoidal Fracture Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Optical Properties of Almandine 1.770 to 1.820 Refractive Index Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Isotropic Optical Character Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Anomalous double refractionMore from other references Absent Pleochroism Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) 0.027 Dispersion Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) (Rare) star 4/6/12 Chatoyancy Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Colour Red, violet-red Colour (General) Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Causes of Colour Red, Fe2+ in distorted cubic coordination 35

W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Transparent Transparency Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Vitreous Lustre Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Fluorescence & other light emissions Fluorescence Inert (General) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Crystallography of Almandine Isometric Crystal System Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Trapezohedral, dodecahedral Habit Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Inclusions in Almandine Rutile needles intersecting on different planes (70°-110°), low-relief rounded crystals - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p. 3 Zircons with tension cracks, oriented rutile needles, apatite - Gemmological Tables, Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, 2004, p 27 Further Information Mineral information: Almandine information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities Austria 

Tyrol o

North Tyrol 

Zillertal 

Stillupgrund (Stillup valley) 



Staebler and Pohwat (2008)

Stapfen Alp

Zemmgrund 

Garnet gorge



Horn glacier



Roßrugg ridge

Staebler and Pohwat (2008) Staebler and Pohwat (2008) Staebler and 36

Pohwat (2008) Brazil 

Tocantins

Eeckhout et al. (2004)

Burma (Myanmar)  Mandalay Division o

Pyin-Oo-Lwin District 

Mogok Township 

Bernardmyo 







Panlin

Chaung-gyi 

Kyauk-wa



Shan-konzan

Mogok Valley 

Yebu-kalar-gon



Yebu-thapanbin-kyar (Thabapin)

On-dan 

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Hanamataw-lay (Royal Small Sister)

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok 37





On-dan-pyant

Pein-Pyit (Painpyit; Pyan Pyit) 

Kyini-taung



Pein-pyit-le-taw



Pyant Gyi mine (Pyan Gyi)

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Canada 

Nunavut Territory o

Baffin Island 

Wilson (2007)

Pond Inlet

India 

Andhra Pradesh o

Visakhapatnam District 



Viswanath a (1982)

Pāderu

Rajasthan (Rajputana) o

Ajmer Division 

Ajmer District 

Sarwar Mines

G. Choudhar y and J. Panjikar (2009)

38

o

Jaipur Division 

Jhunjhunu District 

 o

Simla

Saladipura Cu-Zn deposit

Udaipur Division 

Sirohi District 

Viswanath a (1982)

Deri-Ambaji Zn-Pb-Cu deposit

Viswanath a (1982) G. Choudhar y and J. Panjikar (2009)

Madagascar  Fianarantsoa Province o

Horombe Region 

Ihosy District 

Sakalalina Commune 



Ankaditany

Toamasina Province (Tamatave) o

Alaotra-Mangoro Region 

Ambatondrazaka District 



F. Danet (2009)

F. Danet (2009)

Star garnet locality

Tuléar Province (Toliara) o

Anosy Region (Fort Dauphin Region) 

Taolañaro District (Fort Dauphin) 

Ranopiso Commune 

Schmetzer et al. (2001, 2002)

Cap Andrahomana

Pakistan  Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (North-West Frontier Province)

Jackson (1992) 39

o

Swat District (Swat Valley) 

Swat

Russia 

Northern Region o

Karelia Republic 

Ladoga Region 

Pitkyaranta District (Pitkäranta District) 

P. Lyckberg (2009)

Sortavala 

Kitelskoe (Kitelsk; Kitelskoye) Sn-Zn deposit

Sri Lanka  Sabaragamuwa Province o

Ratnapura District 

G. Zoysa (2009)

Ratnapura 

Gem gravels

USA 

Alaska o

Wrangell-Petersburg Borough 

Wrangell Island 

Wrangell 



Crawford et al. (2005)

Garnet Ledge

Idaho o

Benewah Co. 

Camas Cove District 

Ream (2000)

Emerald Creek Placer

40



Montana o

Lewis and Clark Co. 

East Helena 

Eldorado Bar 

E.Ya. Kievlenko (2003) Geology of gems, p. 70

Eldorado Bar deposit (Eldorado Strip Mine)

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-452.html

OCCURRENCE: In peridotites, kimberlites, and serpentine rocks, and sands and gravels derived from their weathering; also in eclogite and other basic igneous rocks. Utah; New Mexico; Arkansas; North Carolina. Czechoslovakia; Brazil; Argentina; Tanzania; Transbaikalia, USSR; Bingara, N.S.W, Australia: Anakie, Queensland, Australia; Ottery, Norway. Arizona: a component of ant hills. Umba Valley, East Africa: shows color change (see below) South Africa: in kimberlite and eclogite associated with diamond; fine color The best known pyrope is from near Trebnitz, Czechoslovakia, the so-called Bohemian garnets. The garnets occur in volcanic breccia and tuffs and conglomerates. These garnets provided a major local industry in the nineteenth Century, but the deposits are exhausted. An enormous quantity of pyrope from these mines was sold. http://www.gemsociety.org/article/garnet-jewelry-and-gemstone-information/

5.Amazonite Amazonite is green, blue-green gem variety of Microcline. It was named after Amazon River, from which certain green stones were formerly obtained, however it is doubtful whether Amazonite occurs in the Amazon area. General Information A variety or type of: Microcline, which is a variety of Feldspar Other Names/Trade Names: Amazon Stone Chemical Formula

KAlSi

O 41

3

8

Amazonite Treatments Amazonite – colour is lost on heating to over 300°C and can be restored by irradiation if heating was insufficient (500°C) to cause water loss. Often dyed (uniform color), impregnated with wax or coated with plastic (scratch test, hot point test) Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p 8 Physical Properties of Amazonite 6 to 6.5 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Mohs Hardness Identification (2010) More from other references 2.55 to 2.57 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Specific Gravity Identification (2010) More from other references Brittle Tenacity Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Perfect Cleavage Quality Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Uneven,Conchoidal Fracture Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Optical Properties of Amazonite 1.522 to 1.530 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Refractive Index Identification (2010) More from other references Biaxial/Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Optical Character Identification (2010) More from other references 0.008 to 0.010 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Birefringence Identification (2010) More from other references Weak Pleochroism Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Weak Dispersion Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) 42

Colour Green, blue-green Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Translucent,Opaque Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Opaque with white gridlike pattern, rarely translucentMore from other references Vitreous Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001)

Colour (General)

Transparency

Lustre Fluorescence & other light emissions Fluorescence (General)

Fluorescence (Short Wave UV)

Fluorescence (Long-Wave UV)

Weak; olive-green Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Some amazonite will fluoresce medium or weak red Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Possible yellow-green Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references

Crystallography of Amazonite Triclinic Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Prismatic Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001)

Crystal System

Habit Further Information Mineral information: Significant Gem Localities

Amazonite information at mindat.org

Burma (Myanmar)  Mandalay Division o

Pyin-Oo-Lwin District 

Mogok Township

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

43



Kyatpyin North 

Pan-taw (Pandaw)

Madagascar  Mahajanga Province (Majunga) o

Betsiboka Region 

Tsaratanàna District 

Andriamena Commune 

Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 43

Mahabé-South pegmatite

Peru 

Huancavelica Department o

Huancavelica Province 

Huachocolpa District

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-184.html

5. Amzonite Gemstone Information: Amazonite is considered as a transparent to solid gemstone with a pretty green tone. It is also described as green variety of the mineral known as “Microcline”. Amazonite was named after the Amazon River located in South America. In fact, there are no Amazonite minerals that exist in the Amazon area. So, most probably, this stone was named due to its similarity, which is in a green color as a hot rainforest. Amazonite is a stone categorized in the orthoclase microcline feldspar as a group of minerals. It is a green-tone, translucent crystal. This green stone was found in Amazon; however, it was not possible an Amazonite so the two is not quite related. In fact, Copper was the unusual factor for the green color of an Amazonite, but it is now usually believe due to some trace quantities of lead. Amazonite is usually often transpires with Smoky Quartz minerals and it is belong with an inter-group of Albite in granite pegmatite. Lamination and white streaks are quite ordinary, but not pleasing.

44

The white streaks in fact, are the Albite that has fully grown with the Amazonite into the crystal variety. The finest material is considered as a solid green and it is well-polished into perfect beads and jewelry settings. Most of this Amazonite was originated from the Russia, but good quality can be established in Virginia, Colorado, and Pennsylvania. Composition: Crystal Structure: Triclinic KALSi3O8 (K=Potassium AL=Aluminum Si=Silica O=Oxygen) Composition: Vitreous to pearly Luster: 6 Hardness: Perfect in 2 directions Cleavage: Streak: White http://www.gemrockauctions.com/learn/gemstone-articles/amazonite-gemstone

Amazonite (sometimes called "Amazon stone") is a green variety of microcline feldspar.[1][2][3] The name is taken from that of the Amazon River, from which certain green stones were formerly obtained, but it is doubtful whether green feldspar occurs in the Amazon area. Amazonite is a mineral of limited occurrence. Formerly it was obtained almost exclusively from the area of Miass in the Ilmen Mountains, 50 miles southwest of Chelyabinsk, Russia, where it occurs in granitic rocks. More recently, high-quality crystals have been obtained from Pike's Peak, Colorado, where it is found associated with smoky quartz, orthoclase, and albite in a coarse granite or pegmatite. Crystals of amazonite can also be found in Crystal Park, El Paso County, Colorado. Other localities in the United States which yield amazonite include the Morefield Mine in Amelia, Virginia.[4] It is also found in pegmatite in Madagascar and in Brazil. Because of its bright green color when polished, amazonite is sometimes cut and used as a gemstone, although it is easily fractured. For many years, the source of amazonite's color was a mystery. Naturally, many people assumed the color was due to copper because copper compounds often have blue and green colors. More recent studies suggest that the blue-green color results from small quantities of lead and water in the feldspar.[5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonite

6. Amber From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

45

Amber is fossilized tree resin (not sap), which has been appreciated for its color and natural beauty since Neolithic times.[2] Much valued from antiquity to the present as a gemstone, amber is made into a variety of decorative objects.[3] Amber is used as an ingredient in perfumes, as a healing agent in folk medicine, and as jewelry. There are five classes of amber, defined on the basis of their chemical constituents. Because it originates as a soft, sticky tree resin, amber sometimes contains animal and plant material as inclusions. Amber occurring in coal seams is also called resinite, and the term ambrite is applied to that found specifically within New Zealand coal seams.[4]

Composition and formation Amber is heterogeneous in composition, but consists of several resinous bodies more or less soluble in alcohol, ether and chloroform, associated with an insoluble bituminous substance. Amber is a macromolecule by free radical polymerization of several precursors in the labdane family, e.g. communic acid, cummunol, and biformene.[13] These labdanes are diterpenes (C20H32) and trienes, equipping the organic skeleton with three alkene groups for polymerization. As amber matures over the years, more polymerization takes place as well as isomerization reactions, crosslinking and cyclization. Distribution and mining

Amber is globally distributed, mainly in rocks of Cretaceous age or younger. Historically, the Samland coast west of Königsberg in Prussia was the world's leading source of amber. About 90% of the world's extractable amber is still located in that area, which became the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia in 1946.[19] Pieces of amber torn from the seafloor are cast up by the waves, and collected by hand, dredging, or diving. Elsewhere, amber is mined, both in open works and underground galleries. Then nodules of blue earth have to be removed and an opaque crust must be cleaned off, which can be done in revolving barrels containing sand and water. Erosion removes this crust from sea-worn amber. Dominican amber, especially Dominican blue amber, is mined through bell pitting, which is dangerous due to the risk of tunnel collapse.[20] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber

Amber is the fossilized, hardened resin of trees, ranging in age from less than a million to more than 300 million years old. Tree resin, initially a sticky semi-liquid, first hardens by losing volatile components, which evaporate into the air over periods from a few days to a few years. This is followed by a second stage of hardening in which the resin molecules polymerize (link with each other to form larger molecules), a process which can take anywhere from several tens of thousands of years to millions of years. After polymerization the amber becomes insoluble (or much less soluble) in organic solvents like acetone, toluene, alcohol, or gasoline. Young tree resins (sometimes known as "copal") are often misleadingly marketed as "amber", or euphemistically as "young amber", but the term Amber should properly be limited to the ancient polymerized resins that do not become sticky again when a drop of organic solvent is applied. 46

On the other hand, the most ancient ambers (early Cretaceous or older) tend to become too brittle to use in jewelry. True amber of lapidary quality comes mainly from the Baltic region (principally Poland and Lithuania), with some production also in Mexico (Chiapas), the Dominican Republic, and Burma. Most so-called "amber" marketed from Colombia and Madagascar is much too young to qualify as true amber. Amber is mostly drop or nodular shaped with a homogeneous structure, it has yellow and brown colour. Inclusions of insects or parts of plants are common. Amber is an ancient biological gem material. One of the earliest examples of worked amber are beads from Gough’s cave in southern England, dated 11 000–9000 BC. Amber Treatments Heated in oil to improve clarity, disc-like fractures: "sun spangles". Heated in nitrogen-rich atmosphere to create a darker shallow surface coloration. At darker color, higher RI, lower and darker fluorescence: LW - inert to weak yellowish-orange to dark brownish-orange. Magnification: clouds of tiny gas bubbles below surface. Coloration may fade with prolonged exposure to sunlight. Green color may be created by heat-treatment in autoclave. Reconstructed small amber pieces warmed and compressed together: immersion in alcohol reveals hazy outline and different hue of individual pieces, elongated and flattened gas bubbles. LW: strong patchy chalky blue - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p 7 Amber Simulants Newly created resins (copal), other synthetic resins and yellow glass. Ambroid is made from smaller pieces of the genuine amber, which are welded at 140-250 degrees C (284-482 degrees F) and 3000 atmospheres pressure into a substance that is easily mistaken for natural amber. - Gemstones of the world, Walter Schumann, 2001, p 228 Physical Properties of Amber 2 to 2.5 Mohs Hardness Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references 1.05 to 1.10 Specific Gravity Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Brittle Tenacity Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) None Cleavage Quality Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Conchoidal Fracture Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Optical Properties of Amber 1.539 to 1.545 Refractive Index Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references

47

Optical Character Birefringence Pleochroism Chatoyancy

Isotropic Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) None Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Absent Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Yes Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004)

Colour Yellow, white, red, green, blue, brown, black Colour (General) Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Blue to green, yellow to orange to red to brown, Fluorescence under visible light in Dominican amber; blue is due to light (Rayleigh) scattering in Baltic amber Causes of Colour Charge-transfer processes in large organic molecules W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Transparent,Translucent,Opaque Transparency Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Resinous Lustre Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Fluorescence & other light emissions Bluish-white to yellow-green Fluorescence Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) (General) More from other references Fluorescence (Long- Common moderate to strong (chalky)-blue to yellow-(green) Wave UV) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Crystallography of Amber Amorphous Crystal System Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Inclusions in Amber Flow lines, gas bubbles, small organisms, parts of plants trapped - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p 7 Insects and pieces of plants, bubbles, discoidal stress spangles with radiating lines - Gemmological Tables, Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, 2004, p 8 Further Information Mineral information: Amber information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities Baltic Sea Burma (Myanmar)  Kachin State

48

o

Myitkyina District 

Hukawng Valley

Dominican Republic  Santiago Province o

Cordillera Septentrional

Italy 

Sicily

Peru 

Amazonas Department o

Santiago river Amber occurrence

Russia 

North-Western Region o

Kaliningradskaya Oblast' 

Yantarny (Jantarny; Palmnicken) 

Primorskoe (Pal'mnickenskoe) amber deposit 



Anna Amber mine

Primorskoe amber deposit (Pal'mnickenskoe)

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-188.html

Geographic Occurrence of Amber Amber in the United States A dark amber could be found in Kansas in the lignite beds along the Smoky Hill River, Ellsworth County, but the beds are no longer accessible because of the Kanopolis Reservior. Less than 50 pounds were found before the area was flooded. This amber was discovered by George Jelinek and is referred to as jelinite. An interesting article featuring Kansas amber, Bacteria and protists from Middle Cretaceous amber of Ellsworth County, Kansas (page down), is by Benjamin M. Waggoner, when he was associated with the Dept. of Integrative Biology, University of California at Berkeley, USA. Learn more about Kansas Amber, an interesting fossil resin, that is extremely rare, very brittle, and not obviously fossiliferous. If you read Polish, go to a Kansas Amber article at http://www.geo.uw.edu.pl/JEWELLER/13PJ/11burszt.pdf, by Barbara Kosmowska-Ceranowicz and Susan Ward Aber, that appeared in the Polski Jubiler, the Polish Jeweller. 49

Other states in which amber has been found include:  

    

Alaska: amber found in lignite and believed to be derived from ancient swamp cypress trees. Arkansas: more than 900 insects, arachnids and plant inclusions have been isolated in the amber from lignite beds. This is known as the largest deposit of amber in North America (Grimaldi, 1996, p. 46). It is supposedly found in near Malvern, geologically in the Claiborne Formation, which is of Eocene age. (Arkansas amber collection preserved in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University.) California: amber is found in Tertiary (Eocene) clay shales, Simi Valley, Ventura County. Maryland: amber of upper Cretaceous age was found in early part of this century. Massachusetts: before 1883 a 340 gram (12 oz.) specimen of amber was found on Nantucket Island in Tertiary greensand and marl formation. Montana: found in the Hell Creek Formation, Cretaceous age, near Glendive. New Jersey: amber was found in marl (fertilizer) pits, Cretaceous glauconitic sands, that are no longer worked. A significant primitive ant inclusion was found in 1967; this ant provided the link between tiphiid wasps and the most primitive known living ants. Hundreds of pounds of amber have been taken from sites in central New Jersey. Late Cretaceous age amber preserved a rich variety of insects and plants, from miniature flowers to a mushroom! Numerous articles have been written on these amber finds, including online Scientific American sites, such as November 2002, Gladiators: A New Order of Insect; March 28, 2001, Ancient Tick Poses New Questions; and November 14, 2000, Ancient Ant in Amber.

Alsom, amber was found along the New Jersey/New York border in the Sayreville Clay Member of the Raritan Formation, which is Late Cretaceous in age and in the Raritan Bay area. For more New Jersey amber site information, visit the life in amber page. 

   



New Mexico: small amounts found in coal. According to Grimaldi (1996), amber is found in the San Juan Basin, Fruitland Formation, 75 million year old. A definitive botanical origin of of this amber is known because the amber is found embedded in the logs of Taxodiaceae (sequoia and bald cypress). North Carolina: small quantities of Cretaceous amber in lignite beds and amber or copal specimens have been found in recent years after storms. Tennessee: the first known insect discovered in North American amber was here in 1917, identified as a caddis fly. Texas: found in Cretaceous and Tertiary deposits. Washington: an abandoned coal mine near Issaquah is the location of amber in the Tiger Mountain Formation (Eocene). Plant fragments, usually cedar (Cupressaceae), are found embedded in the yellow, orange, and red amber, but no insects. Some of these finds are housed at the University of Washington's Burke Museum in Seattle. Wyoming: Steve Levine, a geologist, found amber in the mid to late 1970s. It came from the Battle Spring Formation, a carbonaceous un-altered arkose sandstone, Eocene in age. It was a dark colored nodule, shattered from blasting at Western Nuclear's Seismic Mine at Jeffrey City, Wyoming. Another Wyoming amber described by Kosmowska-Ceranowicz, Giertych, and Miller in 2001, was found in Upper Cretaceous deposits (Cedarite from Wyoming: Infra red and radiocarbon data. Prace Muzeum Ziemi Nr. 46, 77-80). This resin, described as reddish-yellow 50

and very brittle, was found embedded in the Lance Formation, a compact, lime-free grey loam. Kosmowska-Ceranowicz classified it in the same group as the jelinite from Kansas, the cedarite group of fossil resins.

Amber in the Baltic Region The Baltic Sea region has been the original source for amber since Prehistoric times. Although it is not known exactly when Baltic amber was first used, it can be linked to the Stone Age populations. Amber of Baltic origin was found in Egyptian tombs that date back to 3200 B.C., establishing the archeological barter and trade routes. Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia have some 100 Neolithic burial sites in which amber is included. European sea trade was dominated by the Vikings from 800-1000 A.D., with the "gold from the north", and Scandinavia continues to be a major exporter of amber today. For information may be found on amber archeology and trade routes on the recovery page.

A map showing a region, from Poland east through Russia, displays some of the important sites for Baltic amber today. 

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





 

Denmark: amber is found primarily along the west coast of Jutland, from the southern border with Germany to the tip of Skagen. In 1940 a large number of amber beads, dating from 25002200 B.C., were discovered in Jutland. They are currently on display at the Skive Museum. The region, including the west coast of Denmark and adjacent Germany, is the originating area for the Bronze Age amber trade route to the Mediterranean. Amber was more plentiful in this region in the past than at present. It has been estimated that about 80% of the amber sold by Denmark today, is imported into the country from Poland, the CIS and Germany. Sweden: the southwest tip, as well as several islands in the Baltic, host amber. It is collected off the beaches, especially after storms. Germany: is especially famous for skilled lapidaries, with the most famous gem industry area, Idar Oberstein. Amber is found along the northern portion of Germany, from both the coastline with the Baltic and inland along the Elbe river. Germany also imports amber from the CIS. German amber is featured at Amber: A Perfect Fossil Trap (In German too!). Poland: along the northwest side of the Bay of Danzig or Gdansk Bay, Baltic amber is frequently found in the layer in which it formed. Amber deposits were somewhat depleted by the end of World War II, though it can still be found all along the Baltic coastline and somewhat inland, as well as along the border with Germany, from the sea to the Oder River. Russia: a small outlier of Russia, an area called Samland, in the Kaliningrad Oblast, continues to be one of the largest concentrations of amber in the Baltic area. Kaliningrad is home to Yantary, an amber museum, and is believed to supply over two-thirds of the world's amber and 99% of the Baltic amber in recent times. It is not only rich in quantity, but also in the variety of types found. Lithuania: bordered by the productive Kaliningrad area, the amber rich, blue earth layer extends into Lithuania. This country has one of the larger amber museums in the world. A product in demand from the some Lithuanian amber was amber varnish, which was used on ship decks and fine violins. To learn more, visit the formation of amber in Lithuania , from the Mizgiriai family. Latvia: another Baltic state rich in amber, is also the site of the School of Applied Arts (Liepaja). This is one of the few schools in the world that specializes in artistic amber processing. Estonia: another country with Baltic Sea access and amber. The use of pottery marked the beginning of the early Stone Age or Neolithic Era (first half of fifth millennium to the middle of the second millennium BC). In Estonia, pottery skills arrived around the beginning of the fourth 51

millennium, 2500 BC, and the pots were decorated with dimples and indentations (Laur et.al., 2000, p. 15). This distinctive pattern was assigned to the "comb-pottery culture," a group of people who also carved amber figures for ornamentation and burial inclusion for the "next life" (Laur et.al., 2000, p. 15). The extent of comb-pottery settlements stretched from northern Finland to eastern Prussia and Baltic amber was traded among these populations. The combpottery culture is considered to be the direct ancestors of the later Baltic Finns, or the Estonians, Finns, and Lavonians (Laur et.al., 2000, p. 16). The Iron Age began some 2,000 years ago in Estonia, with iron smelting; amber was one of the trading commodities at this time with peoples of the Roman Empire (Laur et.al., 2000, p. 20-1). The importance of Baltic amber to these people in the south is underscored by a Roman historian, who ..."mentioned that in Rome, one would pay 'more than for a living man' for even the smallest amber object" (Laur et.al., 2000, p. 21)! The Baltic region includes localities in Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Frisian Islands, Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia. Other localities for Baltic amber include the Czech and Slovak Republics, Switzerland, France, United Kingdom. Amber also comes from many parts of Asia (what is called Chinese amber is a pale color to a red and heavily crazed). 

England: along the coast of Kent, Essex and Suffolk, the southern North Sea, small amounts of amber can be found. English amber is usually golden or cloudy yellow, with its source not exactly known. Amber artifacts found in prehistoric graves in England are not necessarily from the English amber sites.

Other Amber Sites 







Dominican Republic: this amber is classed as retinite, because it contains no succinic acid; it is primarily of Tertiary (Oligocene) age. When exposed to UV light, all Dominican amber fluoresces blue or green shades. Jewelry designed by Dominican artisans tends to have a distinct quality reflecting the Taino Indian culture of the past. The Dominican Republic is the most plentiful source of amber outside of the Baltic area. Visit Keith Luzzi's site TerraTreasures and Schwing's site on A New Look at Dominican Amber for more information. Myanmar (formerly called Burma): burmite, has been used by Chinese craftsmen as early as the Han dynasty (206 B.C. to 220 A.D.) and rarely reaches any market outside of China. Burmite contains 2% succinic acid, less than Baltic amber, but still considered a succinite. See The London Natural History Museum's Geology Bulletin (page down), Volume 56(1), June 2000, for an issue devoted to articles on Burmeses amber, such as A Review of the History, Geology and Age of Burmese Amber (Burmite) by Zherikhin and Ross, among other interesting articles. Also, visit http://home.fuse.net/paleopark/amber3.htm, Burmite, Burmese Cretaceous Amber, by Ron Buckley. Lebanon: amber from Lebanon is Lower Cretaceous in age or about 130 million years ago. This amber oozed from a Kauri Pine forest and contains some of the oldest embalmed insects known, as well as fossil plants, animals, and feathers. Also, Lebanese amber was traded by Phoenicians some 5,000 years ago. Find out more about this amber in the book, Lebanese Amber: The Oldest Insect Ecosystem in Fossilized Resin, by George O. Poinar, Jr. and Raif Milki. Romania: rumanite, brownish-yellow and contains considerable sulfur. A variety of "black amber" is actually deep red, blue, or brown when held to a light source. There is no truly black amber. The so-called "black amber" is usually jet, a variety of lignite coal.

52



 



 



Sicily: simetite, yellow, red, blue, or green varieties with less succinic acid than Baltic amber (Tertiary-Miocene/Oligocene age). The simetite resin source-tree is related to Burseraceae protium, an angiosperm, rather than a conifer. Most simetite is found in museum collections, jewelry with simetite is rare. Mexico: amber is found in Chiapas and only recently publicized; classed as a retinite (from a leguminous tree). Visit http://www.mexican-amber.com/, Mexican Amber, by Cardell Calhoun Canada: chemawinite or cedarite fossil resin has great scientific importance because of its wellpreserved inclusions of insects, spiders, and mites. It also contains pollen grains, spores, and fragments of plants from the Upper Cretaceous period. The first deposits to be studied extensively were at Cedar Lake, Manitoba. It was suggested that these deposits were secondary, that is redeposited from an unknown distant source. Amber is also found in the Foremost Formation (75 million years old) near Medicine Hat, Alberta. Grassy Lake, Alberta is another Canadian site which has yielded many fossil insects (Grimaldi, 1996, p. 25). Japan: amber found in coal beds is used for making lacquer and none is exported. The amber deposits are found in the Taneichi and Kunitan Formations (85 million years old) near Kuji and 120 million year old formations in Chõshi. Specimens may be viewed at the Kuji Amber Museum and the National Science Museum in Tokyo. Tanzania: these deposits are older than copal resin, but younger than Baltic amber. New Zealand: ambrite, a transparent, yellow variety of true fossil resin. New Zealand also has Kauri copal, a natural resin resembling amber. Kauri copal radiates from the Kauri pine, Agathis australis, which live over 1000 years reaching heights of 120-160 feet (40-50 meters). Kauri copal has been found buried as deep as 300 feet (100 meters) and is extremely old. It does not contain succinic acid and does not polish well, though it can contain insect inclusions and resemble amber in color. The Kauri Museum located at Matakohe, Northland, New Zealand is an interesting site detailing the copal and copal producing tree. Greenland: retinite found along the southeast and southwest parts of the country

http://academic.emporia.edu/abersusa/geograph.htm

7. Amethyst From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Amethyst is a violet variety of quartz often used in jewelry. The name comes from the Ancient Greek ἀ a- ("not") and μέθυστος methustos ("intoxicated"), a reference to the belief that the stone protected its owner from drunkenness. The ancient Greeks and Romans wore amethyst and made drinking vessels of it in the belief that it would prevent intoxication. It is one of several forms of quartz. Amethyst is a semiprecious stone and is the traditional birthstone for February.

Geographic distribution Amethyst is produced in abundance from the state of Minas Gerais in Brazil where it occurs in large geodes within volcanic rocks. Many of the hollow agates of southwestern Brazil and Uruguay contain a crop of amethyst crystals in the interior. Artigas, Uruguay and neighboring Brazilian state Rio Grande do Sul are large world producers exceeding in quantity Minas Gerais, 53

as well as Mato Grosso, Espirito Santo, Bahia, and Ceará states, all amethyst producers of importance in Brazil. It is also found and mined in South Korea. The largest opencast amethyst vein in the world is in Maissau, Lower Austria. Much fine amethyst comes from Russia, especially from near Mursinka in the Ekaterinburg district, where it occurs in drusy cavities in granitic rocks. Many localities in south India yield amethyst. One of the largest global amethyst producers is Zambia in southern Africa with an annual production of about 1000 tonnes. Amethyst occurs at many localities in the United States.[11] Among these may be mentioned: the Mazatzal Mountain region in Gila and Maricopa Counties, Arizona; Red Feather Lakes, near Ft Collins, Colorado; Amethyst Mountain, Texas; Yellowstone National Park; Delaware County, Pennsylvania; Haywood County, North Carolina; Deer Hill and Stow, Maine and in the Lake Superior region of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, and Ontario in Canada. Amethyst is relatively common in Ontario, and in various locations throughout Nova Scotia. The largest amethyst mine in North America is located in Thunder Bay, Ontario. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amethyst

AMETHYST AND GREEN AMETHYST Basic information about gemstone Quartz Species Amethyst Variety Light pinkish violet to a deep Colour purple Typical cutting style Faceted or cut into cabochones Hardness Mohs scale 7 Good Toughness

Amethyst is a pale lilac to deep purple variety of quartz – the variety that has been the most-prized for centuries. Until XIX century the gem mainly came from Russia and because of its rarity was considered to be equal to ruby, emerald and sapphire. With the discovery of plentiful sources in Brazil, however, the gem has become more readily available, and, as a result, more affordable. Sometimes amethyst and citrine colors are found in the same crystal of quartz. These bicolor yellow and purple quartz gemstones are called ametrine. Green amethyst Quartz crystal or cluster that is green in color is often called green amethyst or praseolite. Although often cut as a gemstone, praseolite is actually quite rare in nature. Most praseolites on the market are heat treated amethyst. When heat treated, the amethyst from most locations transforms into yellow or orange 54

citrine. From a few locations, a green color results. These locations include Montezuma, Brazil, and Arizona. Naturally occurring praseolite has been reported from Poland Sources of gemstone The majority of amethyst today comes from Africa and South America. Generally, Africa is regarded as a source of small quantities of the finest material whilst South America is a prolific source of the lightercolored, less expensive stones. In Africa, Zambia has long been known as the source of the best quality, deeply saturated amethyst; and “Zambian” is often used as a term to describe top-color stone (even if it comes from another part of the world). However, African amethyst can also be extremely dark – detracting from its appearance and, consequently, reducing its value. Amethyst from Africa often comes in small sizes (to 10 carats). Brazil, with Para and Rio Grande do Sul mines, is the major source of South American amethyst. The amethyst mined in Para state of Brazil, called Maraba, is often less saturated (lighter) – but also more uniform in color – than amethyst from other Brazilian sources. Maraba stones usually have high clarity and are often large in size. Other sources of amethyst include Uruguay and Argentina, US state of Arizona, Canada, India, Madagascar, Mexico, Myanmar (Burma), Namibia, Sri Lanka, and Tanzania http://www.uraldb.ru/en/amethyst-cp.aspx

Occurrence Amethyst is also found in igneous, and certain metamorphic rocks, as those contain enough radioactive trace elements for a sufficient irradiation of the crystals. Amethyst from sedimentary rocks is very rare, and the crystals are usually very pale in color. As the ubiquitous iron is built into the crystal lattice, amethyst is sometimes found in ore deposits. However, to be built into the quartz crystal lattice, the iron needs to be present as Fe3+, and not as Fe2+. Amethyst can probably not form in watery solutions that contain a large amount of reducing agents, like H2S or methane, CH4, as these would either stabilize Fe2+ or reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+. Oxygen present in the watery solution will cause the formation of Fe3+. For example, in many ore deposits the minerals in the part that came under the influence of meteoric waters have been altered and oxidized, and because of its rusty overall appearance, this part is called an iron gossan. One might speculate that amethyst scepters that seem to form at a later stage and lower temperatures (which translates into "nearer to the surface") than the underlying crystal also formed under the influence of oxidizing meteoric waters. This is an example for amethyst from low temperature hydrothermal veins. The crystals are from a cavity in massive green fluorite. In addition to the pale amethyst color, there are superficial inclusions of hematite as dark spots and as finely dispersed red cover. To the right there's a bluegreen fluorite that got damaged when opening the pocket because it was attached to the opposite wall. From Grube Clara, Oberwolfach, Schwarzwald, Germany.

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Locations and Specimen Amethyst is found at many places all over the world. Today the economically most important producers of gem amethyst are Brazil and Uruguay. Amethyst is also commercially mined in Canada, Pakistan, Madagascar, or Finland, just to name a few countries. You'd be surprised to see how difficult it is to get a hold of an amethyst from the European Alps. Here amethyst occurs only at a few spots, mostly as scepters grown on rock crystals, or as scepter- and skeleton quartz aggregates. Afghanistan

10mm 1024x826 107kb - 2494x2012 500kb Double terminated amethyst crystals from Maquar, Zarkishen Mountain, Kuh-i-Sulaiman Mountains, Ghazni Province, sit in a Calcite matrix. Their color is usually very dark, with a slightly brighter and more milky prism. Austria The most famous amethyst localities in Austria are in the Zillertal Alps, a mountain chain bordering Italy at the southern end of the Zillertal valley in Tyrol. Amethyst from this location once used to be cut for jewelery, but now the prices for good Zillertal specimen by far surpass the value of even an excellent cut stone from Uruguay.

Alpine amethyst seems to have been formed mainly as scepters as a second generation on older quartz crystals. They grew probably in a cooler solution than the old crystals. Amethyst from Alpine locations is said to pale more quickly in sunlight.

An amethyst scepter on top of a colorless quartz from the Mörchnerkar in the Zillertal, Tyrol, one of the few productive areas for amethyst in the Alps. You still need to be very lucky to find one, and good specimen carry a hefty price tag.

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This is an unusually large and dark amethyst also from the Mörchnerkar area in the Zillertal. The picture was shot at an exhibition during the "Mineralien Hamburg" show 2004, so don't expect to find anything this large yourself.

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Only the very tips of these parallel grown skeleton quartz crystals from the Gigalitz near the Floitenkees in the Zillertal show an amethyst coloration. The association of skeleton growth and amethyst color zones is not uncommon.

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Another example of a combination of scepter-like and skeleton growth forms and zonar amethyst color. From the Mörchnerkar area in the Zillertal. The crystals have a slightly rough surface and are not perfectly clear, but the color is quite deep for its size. The irregular shape at the left side of the specimen and the kidney-shaped indentation on the large rhombohedral crystal face are not damages but typical skeleton quartz growth forms.

Brazil Immigrants from the Idar-Oberstein area in Germany were the first to systematically exploit the agate and amethyst deposits in Brazil and Uruguay in the early and mid 19th century. Most amethyst comes from Rio Grande do Sul, where it is found as crystals outlining gas cavities in basalt, forming nice and sometimes quite large druses.

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This large gas cavity with its three "fingers" covered with dark amethyst crystals has been worked out of basalt in Rio Grande Do Sul. Seen at the "Mineralien Hamburg 2004" mineral fair.

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Between Iraí and Planalto, Rio Grande do Sul, flower-like groups of prismatic amethyst crystals can be found in cracks in basalt. The color of the crystals is usually pale with shades of pink. The bluish patches in the center of the "flower" are chalcedony. The crystals of trigonal habit are shiny but distorted and show stair-like patterns on the rhombohedral faces similar to the ones frequently seen on pink quartz.

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Dark amethyst scepters with an icing of "Conchinit", actually Hematite, Fe2O3, from the Mina Conselneiro, Pena, Minas Gerais (so it is not from Rio Grande Do Sul as most Brazilian amethyst). The specimen is probably from an igneous rock or pegmatite deposit.

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5mm 1174x1006 137kb Amethyst from a druse with goethite, FeOOH, inclusions, Rio Grande do Sul. As mentioned earlier, inclusions of iron minerals can frequently be found in amethyst. The crystals have well developed prism faces, which is not common on amethyst from volcanic druses, and show a patchy distribution of color. The goethite inclusions form very typical bundles of yellow to brown needles that look a bit like a broom (second picture).

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One half of a vertically cut amethyst crystal with epitactically intergrown inclusions. Golden vshaped brooms made of goethite, FeOOH, have grown perpendicular to the rhombohedral faces. The goethite grew in two phases reflecting the changing environmental conditions, and judging from the parallel banding of the brooms, each phase has by itself been very unsteady. The final inclusions are made of an unknown greenish mineral. Except for being from Brazil, I don't know the exact origin of the crystal.

Canada One of the few areas in western countries where amethyst is commercially mined is the Thunder Bay area at Lake Superior in Ontario, Canada. However important this location may be, very few specimen have made it to fairs on this side of the Atlantic, so I have to apologize for the lack of images and can only point you at related web sites:  Ontario Amethyst - Ontario's Mineral Emblem, in particular: Ontario Amethyst - Geology of Amethyst in the Thunder Bay area  An image at the Caltech site that gives you an idea of the crystals' size

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Many amethysts from the Thunder Bay area bear inclusions of red hematite in the out-most layers of the crystals, like this specimen. The red "caps" on the violet crystals give them a very peculiar look. The hematite cap is not a continuous layer, but is made of small, circular, and flat inclusions.

Finland There is an amethyst mine in northern Finland, running its own web page in Finish, English and German: www.amethystmine.fi.

Germany The Idar-Oberstein area used to be a major source of gem quality amethyst until German emigrants started to exploit South American sources in the 19th century. Today, there is no commercial mining of amethyst or agate in Germany, just a few fee-collecting sites where rockhounds can try their luck. The Juchem quarry at Niederwörresbach north of Idar-Oberstein is probably the best-known feecollecting site in Germany. It is mined for volcanic rocks (andesite, dacite, basalt), but on the weekends rockhounds are allowed in. One can find agate, amethyst, calcite, and smoky quartz, but the prospect depends on the actual mining situation in the quarry, and good quality amethyst is rare. Nevertheless, the quarry attracts rockhounds from quite a distance, even from the Netherlands. Should you plan to go there, I would recommend to bring heavy tools, including a medium sized sledge hammer, and to lower your expectations.

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A typical example of an amethyst geode from the Juchem quarry at Niederwörresbach. Note its round, egg-like shape and the white coating. The white color is caused by partially weathered agate.

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This is a small druse from the Juchem quarry that developed in a gas cavity in dacite, with pale amethyst crystals growing on a thin layer of agate. It was partially filled with calcite that has been dissolved. Its egg-like shape is typical for small to medium-sized geodes in volcanic rocks.

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This specimen is from an irregular geode that formed in a crack inside basalt. It is from the Mannbühl quarry in Dannenfels, east of the Donnersberg in the Pfälzer Wald. The amethyst crystals are a little grayish due to many goethite inclusions and coatings. The crystals are shortprismatic, some of them double-terminated. The white crystals are calcite.

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Amethyst-quartz consists of several generations of amethyst crystals that have grown onto each other, it usually does not show any free crystal tips. It occurs as vein fillings in cracks in various rocks, often in ore deposits. In the upper part of the specimen there are banded vein agate fillings and pseudomorphs after an unknown mineral. One can also see the zonar color distributions that is so typical for amethyst. The specimen is from Geyer in the Erzgebirge mountains, Saxony. Greece Greece is more famous for its prase location, Serifos, but one can also find nice amethyst on this island.

Recently finds of amethyst and smoky quartz have been reported from the alpine-type fissures at the southern slopes of the Rhodopes mountains in northern Greece, bordering Bulgaria.

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A very nice amethyst scepter sits sideways on an older smoky quartz prism. The scepter shows a very pronounced zonar coloration with a milky core and amethyst color under the rhombohedral faces and a few red flakes of hematite. The specimen came from an alpine-type cleft near the village of Dasoto in the Kato Nevrokopi Basin, Drama, Northern Greece. Donated by Anastasios Tsinidis.

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These amethyst crystals contain inclusions of red and shiny, elongated flakes of hematite. They point roughly in the direction of crystal growth. This is not uncommon in amethyst, although goethite needles can be found much more often. Like the former specimen, it is also from an alpine-type cleft near the village of Dasoto in the Kato Nevrokopi Basin. Donated by Anastasios Tsinidis.

Hungary

20mm 2272x1440 360kb Very unusual amethyst comes from Nyíri in the Zempléni Mountains, Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County, in Hungary. From the distance it looks like botryoidal chalcedony of amethyst color, but it is made of radially grown amethyst crystals. The crystal aggregates have a silken shine and are translucent.

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A close-up of the previous specimen, showing the radially growing amethyst crystal aggregates.

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Italy

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20mm 1164x882 222kb - 2328x1764 716kb Amethyst from Osilo on the island Sardinia has made its way into many collections. Not related to any of Sardinia's famous ore deposits it is located in a young volcanic landscape near Sassari in the northern part of the island. The amethyst is found in greenish trachyte layers in quarries in the vicinity of the village of Osilo. The amethyst bearing rock is soft and almost crumbly, so collecting is not too hard [3]. Amethyst typically occurs in small gas bubbles along with yellow, white, or greenish calcite, and brown siderite. Osilo amethyst appears as small (usually well below 5 cm), prismatic crystals of various habits. Individual Crystals are common, groups of parallel intergrown crystals can also be found. The crystals are very evenly colored, although usually not very deeply. Many crystals are clear and transparent, but I've also found some odd-shaped translucent crystals. If the color was more intense, one could - at a first glimpse - mistake the specimen for Las Vigas amethyst, as in both cases the prismatic crystals sit on a greenish matrix rock. Crystals can be hexagonal prisms with both r and z rhombohedral faces, or trigonal "Muzo-like", with distorted prisms and only r faces present. Many crystals show signs of fenestration or "skeletized" rhombohedral faces. Even more interesting are some odd-shaped "telescope" scepters (inverted scepters, with the next generation of crystals being more narrow than the preceding one).

The first image shows a small, evenly colored skeleton amethyst on a calcite and siderite matrix. A nice group of parallely grown amethyst crystals can be seen in the next picture. The matrix is covered by pale gray-green calcite, and some of the crystals are found on the amethyst crystals. These crystals are unusually large for Osilo. Below a few groups of parallel-grown amethysts with reversed scepter habits, again surrounded by calcite crystals. The last image shows single reverse scepter crystals that are partially covered by brown calcite crystals and some siderite.

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Kazakhstan

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5mm 1083x945 110kb - 2166x1890 347kb Very beautiful amethyst is found at the west coast of Lake Balkhash, near Preozersk, Dzhezkazgan Oblast. Small individual short prismatic crystals sit on a quartzite matrix, often accompanied by much smaller quartz crystals. The prisms of the mostly double-terminated crystals are almost white, whereas the tips are intensely colored. The look of good specimen is as distinguished as that of Mexican amethyst.

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Madagascar

10mm 1224x950 137kb - 2448x1900 411kb The area around Lac Alaotra in central Madagascar and the area along the northeastern coast are a source of amethyst scepters. The amethysts from the central part probably all come from pegmatites, while the amethysts from the north eastern region are found in veins and vugs (some of which are said to be similar to alpinotype vugs) in gneisses.

The specimen to the right is from Andilamena, north of Lac Alaotra. The scepter itself only shows very small m-faces (leading to a short-prismatic habit) and the former prism-faces (or mfaces) of the first generation crystal are covered by small white crystals of similar habit that are oriented parallel to the scepter.

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Interesting amethysts with multiple phantom-like color zones come from the area around Ankazobe. They show a Tessin-like habit and the color phantoms are confined to the center of the prism. Most phantoms appear cloudy and not very well defined like in this crystal. An exception from that rule can be seen in the growth forms chapter.

Mexico Some of the nicest amethyst comes from Mexico. Two spots are really famous: Amatitlan, Guerrero, and Las Vigas, Veracruz. Mexico's amethysts are rarely used for jewelery, though, because deeply colored crystals suited for lapidary work are much too rare. Amethysts are nevertheless mined by the local population and sold as specimen to collectors and traders.

The mountain village Las Vigas (now officially called "Profesor Rafael Ramirez") lies 200 km east of Mexico City in the province of Veracruz. The exact location is about 15 km north of Las Vigas near the village Piedra Parada. The first detailed description of the location and its petrology came from ->Lieber and Frenzel. The amethyst crystals grew in pockets in an volcanic rock of andesitic composition. The rock contains many small gas cavities, but the amethyst grew in clefts and vugs, sometimes along quartz veins, and not in geodes, as most amethyst from volcanic rocks do.

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Typical Las Vigas amethyst appears as groups of individual prismatic crystals. Unlike the amethyst of most other locations, these really look like rock crystals that turned violet. They are usually transparent, with the most intense color at the tips. Some crystals show a zonar coloration, with violet phantoms inside the crystal. The crystals are mostly small, around 2-3 cm, only rarely they approach 10cm. Both normal prismatic habits and more trigonal habits can be found. All crystals seem to contain small amounts of hematite inclusions, and small fluid inclusions are not uncommon. The first image shows a deep violet group of crystals with normal habit, one of my favorite specimens. The crystals sit on a matrix that is covered by tiny sparkling quartz crystals.

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The second image shows a group of elongated crystals with very small z-faces and a "Muzolike", trigonal habit. The crystals sit on a crumbly, weathered andesite matrix. Note the inclusions of small red hematite flakes at the base of the crystals.

The second famous amethyst locality in Mexico is the village of Amatitlan in the State of Guerrero. A good description of the locality has been written by ->Ontiveros, Wilson and Megaw. The amethyst crystals come from pockets in skarn deposits that formed during the intrusion of a granitic magma into dolomitic limestones and shales. Amethyst of similar shape comes from skarn rocks on the island of Serifos, Greece, and from veins in volcanic intrusions in limestones at the village of Porkura in Romania (->Stöhr), but these locations have produced a much smaller number of specimen.

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It's easy to recognize amethyst from Amatitlan. They are mostly translucent, with the most intense color at the prism and the base and white or colorless tips. Usually the violet gets more 72

and more reddish and finally brown towards the base of the crystals. The crystals often grew in small groups that radiate from a common point, and most of them show smaller crystals sprouting from them. Fluid inclusions formed like negative crystals are quite common, and the reflections inside the upper half of the big crystal are caused by a large "negative crystal". A detailed view of the negative crystal is shown in the section Inclusions section.

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The next specimen is less typical for Amatitlan amethyst: it is transparent, and the depth of the color is not gradually increasing to the base, but more patchy, forming multiple phantoms. The tips are still colorless. Note the many negative crystal inclusions. The same specimen is used to demonstrate zonar coloration on top of this page.

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This specimen has been labeled "Urugua Amethyst, Mexico". While Mexico sounds reasonable, I couldn't find out anything about "Urugua". The crystals are a bit pale, with the most intense color located phantom-like inside the prism, so Guerrero might be a good guess.

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On mineral fairs one can frequently see traders that have piled up hundreds of ball-shaped and still closed coconut geodes and offer some sort of "open-you-own-geode service". These geodes have probably collected from crumbly weathered volcanic rocks in and around the Sierra Gallegos near Las Choyas, Chihuahua (the geodes are sometimes named Choyas geodes). This is one of the most productive areas for geodes in the world. Most material comes from the farm Rancho Mesteno. The geodes will contain colorless quartz, smoky quartz, agate, calcite or amethyst. A distinguishing feature of the geodes is an outer layer of dark brown calcite and a bright, almost powdery coating of weathered volcanic tuff. The specimen to the right is a medium-sized geode that has an outer shell of brown calcite, followed by layers of bluish chalcedony and colorless quartz with violet tips.

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Namibia

10mm 714x1007 100kb A scepter amethyst with skeleton growth and water inclusions from the Brandberg mountains. Some of the small water bubbles can be seen in the central part of the crystal. The combination of scepter and skeleton growth is quite common for amethyst from the Brandberg and also for those from the nearby Goboboseb Mountains. It can also be frequently observed in Alpine amethysts.

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A smoky quartz with amethyst colored zones from a pegmatite or miarole in granite (on the flip side there are traces of orthoclase feldspar and epidote). There are numerous fluid inclusions as well as thin needles and flakes of hematite in the crystal, well visible in the lower right crystal. Bought in Uis, from the Brandberg area, possibly from a pegmatite deposit north-west of the Brandberg.

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These parallel grown dark amethyst scepters form the extension of a milky quartz prism in a quartz orthoclase matrix (pink and reddish crystals). It is very likely from a pegmatite in the Brandberg area.

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A small group of parallel grown amethyst crystals sits on a granite matrix. The crystals contain numerous inclusions of red hematite flakes. Note the small shiny s-face with its typical striations left of the center of the image; so far the Brandberg area and the neighboring Goboboseb mountains are the only locations where amethyst can be found with accessorial faces. Probably from a miarole pocket in the Brandberg area.

There is a nice gallery of Namibian amethysts and quartzes at http://www.mb-minerals.de/.

Nigeria

20mm 1024x805 180kb - 2424x1905 750kb This is so called amethyst-quartz from the Jos Plateau in Nigeria. Several generations of amethyst crystals have formed layers in a crack that reflect periodically changing growth conditions. Similar specimen can be found at many other locations, for example Saxony, Germany.

Norway

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Norway has a couple of amethyst locations that in some respect resemble those in the Alps. Shortprismatic crystals and scepters are most common.

The image shows short-prismatic crystals associated with dolomite and pyrite from Stange, Hedmark, east of Lake Mjøsa in Southern Norway.

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A small amethyst scepter sits between smaller elongated quartz crystals. The color is concentrated under the rhombohedral faces. Its origin is only about 20 kilometers west from that of the former specimen, it is from Toten, east of Raufoss, Vestre Toten, Oppland, west of Lake Mjøsa in Southern Norway.

If you want to see more, you should have a look at Kai Helge Andersen's mineralcollector page, who has quite a few amethysts on display, most of them from Norway.

Pakistan

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10mm 1024x826 123kb - 2494x2012 366kb This piece from Wana, Waziristan, has probably been first partially dissolved and later healed, resulting in the mosaic-like surface structure. A similar pattern can be seen at a corroded smoky quartz from Shigar Valley, also in Pakistan, at the "Growth Forms" section. This specimen is evenly colored, while others from the same location sometimes show the most intense color along some edges, however still quite pale. Triangular flakes of red hematite can be seen inside the crystal.

Russia

approx. 50mm 975x1024 96kb The most important amethyst locations of Russia lie in the Murinska region in the Ural mountains, right next to the even more famous beryl and topaz mines. They have been exploited in the 18th and 19th century, and were once as important as the Sri Lanka, Indian and German sources, until cheaper material started to flow in from South America. The amethyst occurs in pockets inside quartz veins in weathered granite. They resemble amethyst from alpine locations in being short-prismatic, a bit scepterlike, and of an uneven color. From what I have seen so far, the crystals seem to be more idiomorphic than their relatives from the Alps. Some of them have assumed a very deep and good color, like the specimen on the picture from Miass, also in the Ural Mountains. The picture was taken at the Russia Special Exhibit at the "Mineralien Hamburg 2005" fair.

South Africa Since a couple of years very nice cactus quartz, also known as spirit quartz, from South Africa is frequently offered on fairs. Most of the crystals still have a first generation tip that has not been encrusted by younger crystals. There are white, yellow, and smoky crystals, but pale amethyst seems to be most common. Intensely violet crystals are the most wanted and are more and more difficult to get.

There has been some confusion about the exact location of the specimen. First, "Magaliesberg" was said to be the origin (and there were different interpretations of what "Magaliesberg" 80

actually meant), then, after a few years, the labels on the mineral fairs were changed to say Marble Hall, a small town about 120 km north east of Pretoria. Meanwhile, the location has been corrected again, and is now said to be the area around the former Boutenhouthoek and Mathys Zyn Loop farms, about 45 km south west of Marble Hall, or 80 km north east of Pretoria (Sprich et al., 2003; Cairncross et al., 2004).

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So far the "mining operations" are carried out as a subsidiary business by local farmers. The crystals are found in quartz veins in a granitic rock of the well known Bushveld intrusion complex. The host rock is approximately 2 billion years old, but it's not clear when the quartz veins have formed and how old the crystals are. The first image shows a dark colored specimen with one crystal broken off, so the six-sided prism of the first-generation crystal can be seen underneath the smaller amethyst crystals.

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The second image shows a group of medium-sized cactus quartz crystals in the most common lilac color.

Sweden Ransäter, Värmland

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Deeply colored amethyst from a vein in mica schist near Torsby, Värmland, about 100km north of Lake Vänern.

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Tanzania

20mm 987x1000 205kb - 1974x2000 684kb The image shows complex intergrown amethyst crystals of artichoke habit from Gailo, Morogoro Mountains. The crystals contain inclusions of irregularly distributed goethite needles.

Uruguay

20mm 939x1006 149kb - 1878x2012 469kb Uruguay amethyst is renown for its deep color. This specimen is a part of a typical drusy geode from basalt. Its crystals show a polysynthetical twinning "fingerprint" pattern on the r but not the z rhombohedra. A detail view of the pattern is shown on top of this page.

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USA

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1024x727 200kb A very pale amethyst scepter sits on a citrine-colored crystal whose tip is still visible as a yellow phantom. On the bottom there is another smoky phantom, although a bit blurred. This crystal is from the ridge of Peterson Mountain (or Petersen Mountain), Washoe County, NV, on the Nevada-California border. The location is better known among rockhounds as "Hallelujah Junction" and is renown for its multicolored quartz crystals. More about this location can be read in the U.S.A. paragraph of the Smoky Quartz section. On the second photo the crystal is shown in front of the pocket it came from. More images of the deeper colored amethyst scepters from that location can be seen on Kai Helge Andersen's mineralcollector page.

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The Kingston Range, San Bernardino County, south of Death Valley, California, is largely composed of granitoid rocks of partially porphyric structure. At the eastern slopes one can find small prismatic quartz and sometimes amethyst crystals in pockets, miaroles and in drusy quartz veins. There once was an amethyst claim, but the amethyst seems to be very sensitive to light and rarely of jewelery quality. Should you plan to go there: this is a wilderness area, so check the actual regulations for outdoor activities first. The first image shows dark and evenly colored amethysts in a small pocket. The pocket was associated with a quartz vein.

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The quartz slab covered with small and pale amethyst crystals came from the same vein that was associated with the specimen in the former image. Different from the crystals in the pocket, these crystals have a more trigonal habit with very small z-faces and are colored at the tips only.

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The third image shows prismatic crystals from a druzy quartz vein. Not all crystals in the pockets were violet, some where slightly smoky or colorless.

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Another specimen from the same pocket as the one in the previous image. The host rock is a granitoid igneous rock with a porphyric structure. The crystals show split growth at their base. Kingston Range, San Bernardino County, California.

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This lilac amethyst is part of a geode from the "Potato Patch" location, at the Hauser Geode Beds, Southern California. http://www.quartzpage.de/amethyst.html

The name comes from the Ancient Greek ("not intoxicated"), a reference to the belief that the stone protected its owner from drunkenness. The ancient Greeks and Romans wore amethyst and made drinking vessels of it in the belief that it would prevent intoxication. General Information A variety or type of: Quartz Chemical Formula

SiO

2

Amethyst Treatments Heat treatment between 878 - 1382 degrees F (470 - 750 degrees C) produces light yellow, red-brown, green, or colorless varieties. The original color an be restored by X-ray radiation. - Gemstones of the world, Walter Schumann, 2001, p 118 Physical Properties of Amethyst 7 Mohs Hardness Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 2.65 Specific Gravity Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Brittle Tenacity Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Very brittle None Cleavage Quality Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) 87

Conchoidal Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Optical Properties of Amethyst 1.544 to 1.553 Refractive Index Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 0.009 Birefringence Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Weak: (gray)-purple - reddish-purple Pleochroism Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 0.013 Dispersion Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Colour Purple, violet, pale red-violet Colour (General) Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Some amethysts lose some color in daylight. Colour (Daylight) Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Reddish Colour (Chelsea Filter) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Violet to purple, O2+→Fe4+ charge transfer, due to irradiation. Causes of Colour W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Transparent,Translucent Transparency Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Fluorescence & other light emissions Inert to weak greenish or bluish Fluorescence (General) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Crystallography of Amethyst Trigonal Crystal System Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Hexagonal prisms Habit Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Geological Environment Found in geodes in alluvial deposits. Where found: Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Inclusions in Amethyst Typical "zebra stripe" pattern, 2 phase inclusions in veil-like pattern - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p 7 Healing cracks ("tiger-stripes"), Brazilian law twinning - Gemmological Tables, Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, 2004, p 9 Fracture

88

Further Information Amethyst information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities

Mineral information:

Afghanistan  Ghazni Province (Gazni Province) o

Qarabagh District 

Zarkashan Mt (Zarkishen; Zerkishen) 

Laurs (2002)

Maquar

Bolivia 

Santa Cruz Department o

Sandoval Province 

La Gaiba District 

Anahi Mine (Anay Mine; Anai Mine)



Ayoreita mine



Pobre mine (Mina Pobre)

Laurs (2001, 2010)

Laurs (2001, 2010) Laurs (2001, 2010)

Brazil 

Bahia o

Caetité 



Couto (2000) Brejinho das Ametistas

Rio Grande do Sul o

Alto Uruguai region 

Ametista do Sul



Planalto

o

Erechim (Erichim)

o

Palmeira das Missões (Palmeiras)

o

Passo Fundo

Priester (1999)

Balzer (1999) Rocks & Min.:5:131. Rocks & Min.: 5:131. Rocks & Min.:5:131. 89

 o 

Bela Vista (Bella Vista)

Salto do Jacuí

Rondônia o

Porto Velho 

R. Batista and D. Epstein (2000)

Cacharai mine (Caxarai; Caxarari)

Burma (Myanmar)  Mandalay Division o

Pyin-Oo-Lwin District 

Mogok Township 

Kyauk-Pyat-That 





Kabaing (Ka-Pine; Khabine)

Mogok Valley 

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Shwe-pyi-aye

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Sagaing Division o

Katha District 

Wuntho 

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Choukpazat

Cambodia  Rattanakiri Province (Ratanakiri Province; Rotanokiri Province)

Ngu and Ngoc (1986)

Canada 

Ontario o

Thunder Bay District 

Garland (2004)

McTavish Township 

Ontario Gem Mine



Thunder Bay Amethyst Mine (Amethyst Mine

Sinkankas (1997) Sinkankas (1997) 90

Panorama) India 

Madhya Pradesh

S. Fernandes (1999)

Kenya 

Eastern Province o

Kitui District 

Henn and Milisenda (2001)

Baobab Mine

Madagascar  Antananarivo Province o

Analamanga Region 

Ankazobe Pegmatite Field 



Antsahalava pegmatite

Antsiranana Province o

Diana Region (Northern Region) 



Pezzotta (1999)

Ambilobe District

Fianarantsoa Province o

Horombe Region 

Ranohira District 

Ilakaka Commune 



Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 44

Madagascar extraLapis English No.1, p. 92

Ilakaka gem deposit

Toamasina Province (Tamatave) o

Alaotra-Mangoro Region 

Andilamena District 

Aurisicchio et al. (1999)

Andilamena (Anohlamena)

Mexico 91



Guerrero o

Mun. de Zumpango del Rio 

Ontiveros et al. (2004)

Amatitlán 

Amatitlán Mine

Ontiveros et al. (2004)

Namibia  Erongo Region o

Brandberg area 

o

Goboboseb Mts

Platveld Mine

Michelou (2006)

Nigeria 

Taraba State o

Laurs and Koivula (2003)

Jalingo

Peru 

Ancash Department o

Casma

Russia 

Eastern-Siberian Region o

Sakha Republic (Saha Republic; Yakutia) 



Obman

Far-Eastern Region o

Magadanskaya Oblast' 



V. Bukanov (1999)

P. Lyckberg (2009)

Kedon

Northern Region o

Murmanskaja Oblast' 

V. Bukanov (1999)

Kola Peninsula

92



Tersky Bereg 



Korabl Cape

Urals Region o

Southern Urals 

Chelyabinsk Oblast' 

Sanarka

South Korea  Gyeongsangnam-do (Kyongsang-namdo) o

Yang et al. (2001)

Eonyang

Sri Lanka  Sabaragamuwa Province o

Ratnapura District 

Ratnapura 

Gem gravels

Uruguay  Artigas Department o

Gilg et al. (2003)

Artigas 

Santa Ana Quarry

mindat.org

USA 

Arizona o

Maricopa Co. 

Mazatzal Mts 

Four Peaks 

Lowell and Koivula (2004)

Four Peaks Amethyst Mine (Arizona Amethyst Mine)

93



Georgia o

Wilkes Co. 

Laurs (2005)

Jacksons Crossroads

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-198.html

8. Ametrine What is Ametrine? Most people have never heard of ametrine and are very surprised to see purple and yellow in a single transparent gemstone. Ametrine is a rare gemstone with a finite supply that is produced in commercial quantities at only one mine in the world. It is a relative newcomer to the gemstone trade, being available in small quantities for just a few decades. Ametrine is a variety of bicolor quartz that has zones of amethyst (purple) and citrine (golden yellow) in contact with one another in a single crystal. The words AMEthyst and ciTRINE were combined to yield the name "ametrine," which is widely used in the gemstone trade. This material is known by other lessfrequently used names including: "amethyst-citrine," "trystine," "bicolor amethyst," "bicolor quartz," and "bolivianite." The bolivianite name is a response to the material being designated as the national gemstone of Bolivia.

Where is Ametrine Produced? Ametrine is rarely found in nature. Almost all of the world's commercial ametrine production has been from the Anahi Mine in southeastern Bolivia. The mine has been operated by Minerales y Metales del Oriente S. R. L. since 1989. The Anahi Mine is in a dolomitic limestone of the Murcielago Group, a sequence of limestones up to 1500 feet thick that dip to the southwest in the area of the mine. Some zones within the Murcielago Group are heavily silicified, causing them to resist weathering and stand up above the surrounding Pantanal lowlands as prominent north-south trending ridges. The Anahi Mine is in a ridge at a location where the dolomitic limestone is faulted and silicified. [1] Most of the mining activity is done underground, with a small amount of production at the surface. [2] Hydrothermal activity has facilitated the growth of quartz within fractures and vugs of the dolomitic limestone. The walls of these openings are often covered with a thick layer of massive quartz with euhedral quartz crystals growing inwards towards the center of the cavities. Some of these are crystals of ametrine; many have been etched by later hydrothermal activity.

94

Physical Properties of Ametrine Color

purple amethyst in contact with golden-yellow citrine

Streak

colorless - harder than a streak plate

Luster

vitreous

Diaphaneity Cleavage

translucent to transparent none - breaks with conchoidal fracture

Mohs Hardness

7

Specific Gravity

2.6 - 2.7

Chemical Composition

SiO2

Diagnostic Characteristics

conchoidal fracture, amethyst and citrine in a single crystal

Crystal System

hexagonal

http://geology.com/minerals/quartz/ametrine.shtml Colour-zoned variety of Quartz, which consists half of amethyst and other half of citrine. General Information A variety or type of: Quartz Synthetic Ametrine Color boundary may be bended and/or parallel to optic axis - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p 7 Physical Properties of Ametrine 7 Mohs Hardness Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 2.65 Specific Gravity gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) Optical Properties of Ametrine 1.544 to 1.553 Refractive Index Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Uniaxial/+ Optical Character gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) 0.009 Birefringence gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) 0.013 Dispersion gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) Colour Colour (General) Violet, yellow, with zones of purple and orange 95

Gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) Transparent,Translucent Transparency gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) Vitreous Lustre gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) Fluorescence & other light emissions Inert to weak greenish or bluish Fluorescence (General) gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) Crystallography of Ametrine Trigonal Crystal System gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) Inclusions in Ametrine Irregular planes of 2 phase inclusions - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p 7 Further Information Mineral information: Ametrine information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities Bolivia 

Santa Cruz Department o

Sandoval Province 

La Gaiba District 

Laurs (2001, 2010)

Anahi Mine (Anay Mine; Anai Mine)

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-7606.html

9.Andalusite Andalusite is an aluminium nesosilicate mineral with the chemical formula Al2SiO5. Andalusite is trimorphic with kyanite and sillimanite, being the lower pressure mid temperature polymorph. At higher temp and pressure, andalusite may convert to sillimanite. Thus, as with its other polymorphs, andalusite ia an aluminosilicate index mineral, providing clues to depth and pressures involved in producing the host rock.

Varieties The variety chiastolite commonly contains dark inclusions of carbon or clay which form a cruciform pattern when shown in cross-section.

96

A clear variety first found in Andalusia, Spain can be cut into a gemstone.[5] Faceted andalusite stones give a play of red, green, and yellow colors that resembles a muted form of iridescence, although the colors are actually the result of unusually strong pleochroism. It is associated with mica schist which increases alkali content in ultimate product and so it has not been exploited economically so far.

Occurrence Andalusite is a common regional metamorphic mineral which forms under low pressure and low to high temperatures. The minerals kyanite and sillimanite are polymorphs of andalusite, each occurring under different temperature-pressure regimes and are therefore rarely found together in the same rock. Because of this the three minerals are a useful tool to help identify the pressuretemperature paths of the host rock in which they are found. An example rock includes hornfels. It was first described and named after the type locality in the Ronda Massif, Málaga, Andalusia, Spain in 1789.[3][4]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusite Andalusite is named after the Spanish province Andalusia where transparent gem-quality crystals were first found. Faceted andalusite stones give a play of red, green, and yellow colours because of strong pleochroism. General Information Chiastolite - Crystals of Andalusite containg cross-shaped inclusions of Varieties/Types: carbon. Viridine - A manganese-bearing, green Andalusite. Chemical Formula

Al

2

SiO

5

Andalusite Treatments It is reported that olive-green material from Brazil changes to pinkish when heated (Sinkankas, 1972), while brown material is reported (Smith et al, 1978) to fade above 800°C to colorless. Irradiation could conceivably reverse these changes (Nassau, 1984 Physical Properties of Andalusite 7.5 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification Mohs Hardness (2010) More from other references 3.05 to 3.21 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification Specific Gravity (2010) More from other references 97

Tenacity Cleavage Quality Fracture Heat Sensitivity

Refractive Index

Optical Character

Birefringence

Pleochroism

Dispersion

Colour (General)

Causes of Colour

Transparency

Brittle Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Good Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Uneven Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Yes Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Optical Properties of Andalusite 1.627 to 1.650 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Biaxial/Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 0.007 to 0.013 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Orange/brown stones - strong trichroism: yellow olive green - reddish brown; Yellow stones - strong: yellow - olive-green - red-brown; Green stones strong: yellow - olive green - red-brown Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 0.016 Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Colour Green, yellowish-green, brown, pink, colourless Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Green and brown, pleochroism Fe2+ -O- Ti4+ charge transfer. Dark green, Mn3+ in octahedral coordination W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Transparent,Translucent,Opaque Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references

98

Vitreous Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Fluorescence & other light emissions Weak; green, yellow-green Fluorescence (General) Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Inert to moderate green to yellowish green Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification Fluorescence (Short Wave UV) (2010) More from other references The brownish greenstones from Brazil often show Fluorescence (X-RAY) greenish yellow under X-rays. Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth edition (2006) Crystallography of Andalusite Orthorhombic Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification Crystal System (2010) More from other references Prismatic habit with vertically striated prisms which are nearly square in section and capped with pyramids Habit Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth edition (2006) More from other references Geological Environment A result of contact metamorphism of argillaceous sediments, also in regionally metamorphosed schists. Where found: Rare in granites and pegmatites, which however afford the largest crystals. Detrital in some sandstones. Anthony et al., Handbook of mineralogy (2003) Inclusions in Andalusite Rutile needles - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p 4 Needle-like crystals, liquid inclusions - Gemmological Tables, Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, 2004, p 16 Further Information Mineral information: Andalusite information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities Lustre

Australia  South Australia o

Olary Province 

Mount Howden Mine

[var: Chiastolite] Gems, Sixth Edition, Michael O’Donoghue, 2006, p. 381

Brazil 

Minas Gerais

99

o

Jequitinhonha valley 

Diamantina 



Sopa

Itinga 

Jenipapo district

Burma (Myanmar)  Mandalay Division o

Pyin-Oo-Lwin District 

Mogok Township 

Kyauk-Pyat-That 





Kabaing (Ka-Pine; Khabine)

Mogok Valley 

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Ohn-bin-ywe-htwet (Coconut Tree mine)

Pein-Pyit (Painpyit; Pyan Pyit) 

Htan-yan-sho



Pyant Gyi mine (Pyan Gyi)

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Madagascar  Fianarantsoa Province o

Horombe Region 

Ranohira District 

Ilakaka Commune 

Madagascar extraLapis English No.1, p. 92

Ilakaka gem deposit

Sri Lanka  Sabaragamuwa Province

100

o

Ratnapura District 

Ratnapura 

Gem gravels

USA 

California o



[var: Chiastolite] Gems, Sixth Edition, Michael O’Donoghue, 2006, p. 382

Madera Co.

Colorado o

Gunnison Co. 

Box Canyon District 

Unknown Gemstone Occurrence (MRDS 10016409)

U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-217.html

andalusite, (Al2SiO5), aluminum silicate mineral that occurs in relatively small amounts in various metamorphic rocks, particularly in altered sediments. It is found in commercial quantities in the Inyo Mountains, Mono county, Calif., in the United States; in Kazakhstan; and in South Africa. Such deposits are mined as a raw material for refractories and porcelain used in spark plugs and other products. For detailed physical properties, see silicate mineral (table 2). Andalusite of gem quality occurs as greenish or reddish pebbles in Minas Gerais, Brazil, and in Sri Lanka. The variety chiastolite (also called cross-stone, or macle), characteristic of clay slates near a granite contact, forms elongated prismatic crystals enclosing symmetrically arranged wedges of carbonaceous material. In cross section, it shows a black cross on a grayish ground; polished cross sections of the mineral are sometimes worn as charms. It is polymorphous with kyanite and sillimanite.

9. Andesine

101

Andesine feldspar is composed of 50-70% albite and 30-50% anorthite. Andesine was first described in 1841 for an occurrence in the Marmato mine, Colombia. It is named after the Andes mountains of South America. Andesine is found in a range of colours, from red, honey-red to orange, yellow, champagne and green. General Information A variety or type of: Feldspar Chemical Formula

Na(70-50%)Ca(30-50%)(Al,Si)AlSi

2

O

8

Andesine Treatments Red and green: immersion - green center with red outer section may suggest a potentially copper diffused stone - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p 9 Physical Properties of Andesine 6 to 6.5 Mohs Hardness Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 2.65 to 2.69 Specific Gravity Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Brittle Tenacity Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Perfect Cleavage Quality Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Uneven,Conchoidal Fracture Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Optical Properties of Andesine 1.543 to 1.564 Refractive Index Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Biaxial/+,Optical Character Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 102

Birefringence Dispersion

Colour (General)

Transparency Lustre

Fluorescence (Short Wave UV) Fluorescence (LongWave UV)

Crystal System

Where found:

Mineral information:

More from other references 0.007 to 0.011 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Weak Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Colour Light pink, also white, gray, yellowish, greenish. Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Transparent,Translucent,Opaque Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Vitreous,Dull (Earthy) Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Vitreous to dull Fluorescence & other light emissions Blue, pink, yellow, yellowish brown. Weak red emission with an even weaker blue surface related luminescence has been reported for red andesine from the Democratic Republic of Congo. Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Red andesine from the Democratic Republic of Congo fluoresced a weak to medium orange. Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Crystallography of Andesine Triclinic Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Geological Environment Andesine is only a minor constituent in most granites and syenites but is the dominant feldspar in a wide range of igneous rocks of basic to intermediate and certain igneous rocks called appropriately andesites. It is also found in some metamorphic rocks as a minor constituent. Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Further Information Andesine information at mindat.org

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-220.html

The Gemstone Andesine Andesine is a red feldspar gemstone, sometimes with greenish hints and a slight labradorescent effect. Andesine is a relatively new gem on the market. It first appeared in 2003, though its exact origins were never fully disclosed. There are those who believe that a limited deposit of natural red Andesine from an alluvial source in Congo is the origin of this material. Although this is possible, it has yet to be proven. Aside from a possible natural stock from the Congo, the material on the market today is produced in 103

China by artificially enhancing Labradorite through diffusion treatment with copper. Chemical Formula

(Na,Ca)Al1-2Si3-2O8

Color

Red, Green, Yellow, Orange, Pink, Multicolored

Hardness

6 - 6.5

Crystal System

Triclinic

Refractive Index

1.560 - 1.568

SG

2.69 - 2.70

Transparency

Transparent to translucent

Double Refraction

.008

Luster

Vitreous

Cleavage

2,1 - basal ; 2,1 - prismatic ; 3,1 - pinacoidal.

Mineral Class

Plagioclase feldspar (Also see the minerals Andesine and Labradorite))

Andesine ON EBAY

ALL ABOUT

Andesine has a lovely red, reddish pink, and orange-pink color. This pretty color gave it a unique position as a new gemstone, because can rival the color of other more valuable red gemstones. However, it is still soft for a gemstone, and it is prone to cracks from pressure. A few examples of Andesine may even exhibit a color-changing effect in different lighting. The problem with Andesine is its lack of authentication. The original Andesine gems being sold were lacking details in their color treatment and origination. Although some claim the original gemstones from Congo as naturally colored, much of the material being offered for sale today is copper-diffused Labradorite. A class action lawsuit has been filed against one of the companies that popularized the diffused material for their lack of disclosure that the gemstone is synthetically colored.

USES

Andesine is faceted into gemstone cuts, and can be used in various forms of jewelry. It is sometimes used as an inexpensive replacement for more expensive red gemstones such as Ruby and Spinel.

OTHER NAMES



Andesine-Labradorite

104

Andesine TREATMENTS AND ENHANCEMENTS

The color of the Andesine gemstones being produced in China is produced by subjecting Labradorite to diffusion treatment with copper. Andesine SOURCES

The origin of Andesine gemstones is uncertain. The original source where this gem was supposedly discovered in a natural, untreated state is in the Congo, near the Nyaragongo Volcano. The source for the diffused material is the Inner Mongolia of China.

SIMILAR GEMSTONES

Andesine should not be confused with Sunstone, which is a natural reddish feldspar gem. Sometimes Andesine gems are intentionally mislabeled as Oregon Sunstone to promote higher prices. Sunstone can easily be distinguished by its glitter effect, or aventurescence. http://www.minerals.net/gemstone/andesine_gemstone.aspx

10 .Andradite

Andradite is a species of the garnet group. It was named after the Brazilian mineralogist José Bonifácio de Andrade e Silva (1763–1838). General Information A variety or type Garnet of: Demantoid - A green variety of andradite. Varieties/Types: Melanite - A black variety of andradite. Topazolite - A yellow-brown variety of andradite. 105

Chemical Formula

Ca

3

Fe

2

(SiO

4

)

3

Physical Properties of Andradite 6.5 to 7 Mohs Hardness Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 3.70 to 4.10 Specific Gravity Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references None Cleavage Quality Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Conchoidal Fracture Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Optical Properties of Andradite 1.88 to 1.94 Refractive Index Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Isotropic Optical Character Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Anomalous double refractionMore from other references 0.057 Dispersion Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Reddish brown variety may show chatoyancy and, in other Chatoyancy cases, iridescence caused by twinning planes Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Colour Black, colourless, green, yellow-green, yellow Colour (General) Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Yellow-green, Fe3+ in octahedral coordination. Green (demantoid), Cr3+ in octahedral coordination. Yellow (topazolite), to black (melanite), various charge transfer Causes of Colour processes and dispersed ion absorption involving Fe and Ti. Multicolors, diffraction W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Transparent,Translucent Transparency Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Subadamantine,Vitreous Lustre Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Fluorescence & other light emissions Inert Fluorescence (General) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Crystallography of Andradite 106

Isometric Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Dodecahedral, trapezohedral Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Geological Environment In skarns from contact metamorphosed impure limestones or calcic igneous rocks; in chlorite schists and serpentinites; in alkalic igneous rocks, then typically titaniferous. Anthony et al, Handbook of mineralogy (2001) Further Information Andradite information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities

Crystal System Habit

Where found:

Mineral information: Burma (Myanmar)  Mandalay Division o

Pyin-Oo-Lwin District 

Mogok Township 

Kyatpyin Central 

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Ye-U-gyi (Big Water Well)

Canada 

Québec o

Chaudière-Appalaches 

Les Appalaches RCM 

Saint-Joseph-de-Coleraine 



Yukon Territory



Kerman Province

Wilson (2007)

Mine Lac d'Amiante (Lake Asbestos mine; LAB mine; Black Lake mine) Wilson (2007)

Iran

o

Baft District 

Laurs (2002)

Soghan

107

Italy 

Lombardy o

Sondrio Province 

Zang (2008)

Malenco Valley

Japan 

Honshu Island o

Kinki Region 

Nara Prefecture 

Hainschwa ng and Notari (2006)

Yoshino-gun 

Tenkawa village 

Kohse mine

Madagascar  Antsiranana Province o

Diana Region (Northern Region) 

Ambanja District 

Maherivaratra Commune 

Danet (2009)

Antetezambato (Tetezambato) 

Antetezambato Demantoid-Topazolite Mine

Mali 

Kayes Region o

Bafoulabé Circle 

Arrondissement Diako

Namibia  Erongo Region o

Karibib District

Brightman and Tunzi (1995)

[var: Demantoid ] Laurs (2002) 108



Tubussis Farm 22 (Tubussis; Tubusis; Tubessis) 

Green Dragon Mine

Russia 

Urals Region o

Middle Urals 

Sverdlovskaya Oblast' 

Ekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk) 

o

[var: Demantoid ] Zang (2008)

Poldnevaya village

Southern Urals 

Chelyabinsk Oblast' 

Ufaley District (Ufalei District) 

Korkodin 

[var: Demantoid ] Korchevska ya (2006)

Korkodinskoe demantoid deposit (Karkodinskoe; Novo-Karkodinskoe)

Sri Lanka  Sabaragamuwa Province o

Ratnapura District 

Ratnapura 

Gem gravels

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-223.html

10 . Melanite

109

Opaque, black variety (Greek - black) of Andradite, referred to as "titanian andradite". Melanite forms jet-black crystals with subadamantine to vitreous lustre. The material has been faceted General Information A variety or type Andradite, which is a variety of Garnet of: Chemical Formula Ca

3

Fe

Mohs Hardness Specific Gravity Cleavage Quality Fracture

Refractive Index Optical Character Dispersion

Colour (General)

Causes of Colour

2

(SiO

4

)

3

Physical Properties of Melanite 6.5 to 7 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 3.70 to 4.10 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) None Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Conchoidal Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Optical Properties of Melanite 1.855 to 1.895 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Isotropic Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 0.057 Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Colour Jet-black Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Black, various charge transfer processes and dispersed ion absorption involving Fe and Ti. W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) 110

Translucent,Opaque Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Subadamantine,Vitreous Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Crystallography of Melanite Isometric Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Dodecahedral, trapezohedral Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Further Information Melanite information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities

Transparency Lustre

Crystal System Habit

Mineral information: Sri Lanka  Sabaragamuwa Province o

Ratnapura District 

Ratnapura 

Gem gravels

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-7443.html

Australia  Tasmania o

King Island 

Grassy 

King Island Scheelite Mine

Austria 

Tyrol o

East Tyrol 

Virgen Valley 

Prägraten 

R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993)

Gösleswand (Goslerwand)

Bolivia 111



Cochabamba Department o

Ayopaya Province 

Schultz (2004)

Laguna Khoallaqui

Brazil 

Minas Gerais o

Serra do Salitre 



Santa Catarina o



Serra do Salitre carbonatite

Lages

Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS OpenFile Report 09-1139; Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J., 2009, Carbonatites of the world, explored deposits of Nb and REE; database and grade and tonnage models: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1139, 17 p. and database. Comin-Chiaramonti, P., de Barros Gomes, C., Castorina, F., di Censi, P., Antonini, P., Furtado, S., ... & Scheibe, L. F. (2008). Geochemistry and geodynamic implications of the Anitápolis and Lages alkaline-carbonatite complexes, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Geology, 32(1), 43-58.

São Paulo o

Itapirapuã

http://www.igc.usp.br/geologi ausp/iga/art.php?artigo=7

Canada 

British Columbia o

Golden Mining Division 

o

Ice River Alkaline Complex

Liard Mining Division 

Kechita River area

Jennifer Pell (1994) Carbonatites, Nepheline Syenites, Kimberlites and Related Rocks in British Columbia. Brithish Columbia Ministry of Energy Bulletin 88. Jennifer Pell (1994) Carbonatites, Nepheline Syenites, Kimberlites and Related Rocks in British Columbia. British Columbia 112





Rugged Mountain intrusion

Ontario o

Sudbury District 

Chapleau Township 



Lackner Lake complex

R. P. Sage (1988) Geology of Carbonatite - Alkalic Rock Complexes in Ontario: Lackner Lake Alkalic Rock Complex District of Sudbury. Mines and Minerals Division Ontario Geological Survey Study 32

Québec o

Laurentides 

Deux-Montagnes RCM 

Oka 



Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS OpenFile Report 09-1139

Nemegosenda Lake

Lackner Township 



Ministry of Energy Bulletin 88. Neill, I. & Russel, J.K. (1983) Mineralogy and chemistry of the Rugged Mountain pluton: a melanite-bearing alkaline intrusion. British Columbia Geological Survey Paper 19931, 149-157.

Yukon Territory o

Dawson Mining District 

Tombstone Mts

Oka complex

Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS OpenFile Report 09-1139; David H. Watkinson (1972) Electron microprobe analysis of melilite and garnet from the Oka complex, Quebec. Can Mineral 11:457-463 Flanders, A.M., Harris, M.J., Kearns, L. and Hart, C.J.R., 2007. Micropetrology and mineral geochemistry of the Tombstone and Deadman plutons, Tombstone Plutonic Suite, central Yukon. In: Yukon Exploration and Geology 2006, D.S. Emond, L.L. Lewis and L.H. Weston (eds.), Yukon Geological Survey, p. 149156.; Olade, M.A., Goodfellow, W.D. (1979). 113

Lithogeochemistry and hydrogeochemistry of uranium and associated elements in the Tombstone Batholith, Yukon, Canada. In Geochemical Exploration 1978, Proceedings of the Seventh International Geochemical Exploration Symposium, J.R. Watterson, P.K. Theobald (ed.), Association of Exploration Geochemists, p. 407-428. Chile 

Atacama Region o

Copiapó Province 

José Carlos Mañuz Sanz specimen

Inca de Oro

China 

Hebei Province o

Handan Prefecture 

She Co. 



Fushan Mine

Liaoning Province (Manchuria; Dongbei Region) o

Dandong Prefecture 

Fengcheng Co. 

Saima complex 



Zhang Jinmin and Cao Zhengmin (1988): Contributions to Geology and Mineral Resources Research 3(2)

Saima Deposit Research Group, Beijing Institute of Uranium Geology (1978): Scientia Sinica 11(3), 365-389

Saima U-REE deposit

Sichuan Province o

Liangshan Autonomous Prefecture 

Xichang Co.

Rubo Zhang, Chongliang Du, and Zaoyun Long (2003): Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology 24(3), 5-8

114



Taihe intrusion 

Xichang REE occurrence

Czech Republic  Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen) o

Karlovy Vary Region 

Kraslice (Graslitz) 

o

Tisová

Ústí Region 

Ústí nad Labem (Aussig) 

Mariánská Skála (Mariánská hora; Marienberg)

Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaïre)  Kasaï (Kasaï-Occidental) o 

Ulrych, J. et al. (2000): Tertiary phonolite laccolith of Mariánská hora hill, N. Bohemia: geological, petrological and mineralogical characteristics. Acta Montana IRSM AS CR, series A No. 15 (116), p. 5-44.

Edwards, M.G. (1917) The American Mineralogist, 2, #7, 88-89.

Kasai river alluvials

Kivu o

Beran, P.: Mineralogie ložiska Cu (Ag, Au, Co) rud Tisová u Kraslic. Bulletin mineralogickopetrografického oddělení Národního muzea v Praze, 1997, roč. 4-5, s. 65-77.

Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS OpenFile Report 09-1139

Bingo carbonatite

France 

Auvergne o

Cantal 

Riom-ès-Montagnes 

Menet 



J. Aubouin, R. Brousse, J.P. Lehman : "Précis de Géologie", Dunod, 1967

Puy d'Augoules

Rhône-Alpes

115

o

Rhône 

Le Bois d'Oingt 

Chessy-les-Mines 

Chessy copper mines

Germany  Baden-Württemberg o

Kaiserstuhl 

Bötzingen 







Fohberg Quarry (Hauri Quarry)

Niederrotweil 



Fricke, G., (1988): Der Kaiserstuhl und seine Minerale, Der Aufschluss, Vol. 39(2), 74-76

Henkenberg

Oberbergen 

Neunbrunnen



Pulverbuck

Oberrotweil 

Eichberg



Kirchberg Quarry

Schelingen 

Orberg - Badberg area 



http://omnibus.unifreiburg.de/~weisenbt/9Kaiser stuhl/Kaiserstuhl.pdf

Rhineland-Palatinate

Badloch Quarry

Aufschluss 1988(2), 79 Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990 Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990 Fricke, G., (1988): Der Kaiserstuhl und seine Minerale, Der Aufschluss, Vol. 39(2), 74-76 Keller, J., Williams T. (1995): Niocalite and Wöhlerite from the alkaline and carbonatite rocks at Kaiserstuhl, Germany, Mineralogical Magazine, Vol.: 59, 561-566 in the collection of Ch.&H. Schäfer 116

o

Eifel 

Niederzissen 

Hannebach 

Perler Kopf

Greece 

Aegean Islands Department (Aiyaíon) o

Kykládes Prefecture 

Cyclade Islands (Cyclades; Kikladhes; Nomos Kikladhon) 

Econ. Geol. 102 (2007) 12691294.

Tinos Island 

Panormos Bay

Greenland  Kitaa Province (West Greenland) o

Paamiut (Frederikshåb) 

http://www.koeln.netsurf.de/ ~w.steffens/green.htm

Frederikshåbs Isblink

Guinea 

Los Archipelago (Los Islands)

India 

Gujarat o

Vadodara District 

Chhota Udaipur 

Ghori

R. N. Sukheswala and S. F. Sethna (1967) Giant pseudoleucites of Ghori, Chhota Udaipur, India. American Mineralogist 52:1904-1910.

Italy 

Abruzzo

Comodi, P., Liu, Y., Stoppa, F., & Woolley, A. (1999). A multimethod analysis of Si-, S- and 117

o

L'Aquila Province 

Carsoli 

Pietrasecca 



Grotta del Cervo

Campania o

Naples Province 

Somma-Vesuvius Complex 

Monte Somma 





REE-rich apatite from a new find of kalsilite-bearing leucitite (Abruzzi, Italy). Mineralogical Magazine, 63: 661-672.

Carati M., 1982. Guida alla mineralogia vesuviana. Guide Calderini, Bologna.

Pollena - Trocchia area 

Lagno di Pollena



Pollena quarries

Mt Vesuvius

M. Carati - Guida alla mineralogia vesuviana Calderini, Bologna, 1982 Rath, G. vom, 1877: Über einige durch vulkanische Dämpfe gebildete Mineralien des Vesuvs, Verhandlungen des Naturhistorischen Vereins der Rheinlande, 144-167

Latium o

Frosinone Province 

Patrica 



o

Fosso di Monte Acuto

Supino 

Fosso Pisciarello

Rome Province 

Stoppani, F.S. & Curti, E. (1982): I minerali del Lazio. Editoriale Olimpia, Firenze, 291 pp.

Alban Hills

Fratangeli, G., Severa, C. (1996): I minerali nei proietti di Supino (FR). Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 3/1996, 251-256 De Michele, V. (1974). Guida mineralogica d'Italia. Istituto Geografico De Agostini, Novara, 2 vol 118



Ariccia 



Frascati



Rocca di Papa 





Corcolle



Osteria dell'Osa

A. Del Caldo, C. Moro, C.M. Gramaccioli, M. Boscardin: Guida ai Minerali - Fabbri ed. 1973

Osa quarry

No reference listed A. Del caldo - Località mineralogiche consigliate: Le vulcaniti laziali: Notizie del Guppo Min. Lombardo - 1, March 1971, pp. 6-8 - (This publication later changed its name in Rivista Minealogica Italiana)

Sacrofano Caldera 

Magliano Romano 



Hannibal Fields

Mariani P., Scaini G.: "I minerali d'Italia" - Rizzoli, 1978 – Klaproth, M.H. (1810): Chemische Untersuchung des Melanits, Beiträge zur chemischen Kenntniss der Mineralkörper, Fünfter Band, Rottmann Berlin, 168-172

Rome





Parco Chigi

Fosso Attici

Tolfa Mts District 

Allumiere 

Spizzicatore Hill

Stoppani, F.S. & Curti, E. (1982): I minerali del Lazio. Editoriale Olimpia, Firenze, 291 pp. Della Ventura G., Bellatreccia F., Cámara F., Oberti F., Lorand J.P., Parodi G.C., Carlier G., Di Domenico D. – 2006 Carbon-bearing cordierite from Allumiere (Tolfa volcanic center, Latium, Italy): occurrence, crystal-structure and FTIR microspectroscopy. Periodico di Mineralogia, V. 75, pp. 113–126.

119

o

Viterbo Province 

Bassano Romano



Làtera volcano 

Gradoli 



Onano 



Cresta, S., Duronio, F., Mancinella, D. (2002): Geositi e sistema delle arre protette del Lazio: idee per la geoconservazione. Il Cercapietre, 1-2/2002, 48-55 Burli, M., Caponera, I., Signoretti, E. (2007): Le "sanidiniti" di Monte Saliette (Valentano, VT). Il Cercapietre. Not. del Gruppo Mineralogico Romano, 1-2: 13-18 No reference listed

Vetralla

Lombardy o

Bergamo Province 

Cene 

Rossa Valley 



Mt Saliette

- Signoretti, E. & Bosco, P. (2001): Le cave di Gradoli e Onano. Il Cercapietre, 1/22001, 10-25

Vico Lake 



Montenero quarry

Valentano 



Poggio Pinzo

Di Domenico Dario specimen

Monte Bò

Maida, F. (2002): Descrizione delle specie e varietà di minerali e loro ritrovamento nella Bergamasca. G.O.M. Gruppo Orobico Minerali Novecento Grafico, Ed., Bergamo 82 pp. (geologic part by F. Pezzotta).

Sardinia o

Cagliari Province 

Assemini 

Stara, P. (1990): La miniera di San Leone (CA). Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 3/1990, 121-136.

San Leone Mine

120



Trentino-Alto Adige o

Trento Province 

Fassa Valley 

Monzoni Mts 



De Michele, V. (1974). Guida mineralogica d'Italia. Istituto Geografico De Agostini, Novara, 2 vol.

Toal del Malinverno

Tuscany o

Grosseto Province 

Liotti L., 1991. I minerali dei vulcani laziali a Pitigliano (Grosseto). Riv. Mineral. Ital., 15 (3): 121-139.

Pitigliano 

Case Collina (Toscopomici quarry)

Japan 

Honshu Island o

Chubu region 

Gifu prefecture 

Neo-mura 

o

Sawaki, T. (1988) Journal of Mineralogy, Petrology and Economic Geology, 83, 357373 (in Japanese with English abstract).

Nogohakusan (Nogo-Hakusan)

Chugoku Region 

Hiroshima prefecture 

Hiba-gun 



Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan)

Kushiro

Okayama Prefecture 

Takahashi City 

Bitchu-cho-fuka (Bicchu-chofuka)

Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan)

121

 o

Fuka mine

Tohoku Region 

Iwate Prefecture 

Esashi City 



Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan)

Akagane mine

Tono City 

Miyamori 



Shiraishi

Ohmine mine (Omine mine)

Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) Dr. Matsuo Nambu ore collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan)

Kazakhstan  Birdzhankol´skii 

Kostanay Province (Qostanay Oblysy; Kostanai Oblast') o

Sarbaiskoe deposit (Sarbai Mine; Sarbay Mine)

o

Sokolovskoe Iron Mine (Sokolovskiy Mine; Sokol'noye Mine)

Yaiba Sakaguchi

Richard Dale collection & prior Mindat photos

Kenya 

Rift Valley Province o

South Rift Valley 

Shombole

Peterson, TD 1989 Peralkaline Nephelinites I. Comparative petrology of Shombole and Oldoinyo Lengai, East Africa. Contrib Mineral Petrol v 101, p 458-478

Kyrgyzstan  Irisu Malawi 

Phalombe District

Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS OpenFile Report 09-1139 122

o 

Tundulu Complex

Zomba District o

Nchisi Island (Chilwa Island; Shirwa Island)

Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS OpenFile Report 09-1139

Mali 

Kayes Region o

Bafoulabé Circle 

Arrondissement Diako 

Baga diggings



Bendougou village (Bendoukou village; Benduko village) 



Damandi Firman diggings

Fatoumanéné

Karel Bal Collection Currier, R. H., Pohl, D., (2011), Mineral Collecting in Mali, Mineralogical Record: 42(3): 231-250 Rock H. Currier, Demetrius Pohl (2011) Mineral Collecting in Mali. Mineralogical Record 42:231-250

Mexico 

Chihuahua o

Mun. de Julimes 

General Lázaro Cárdenas (Colonia Lázaro Cárdenas) 



Ojos Españoles Mine (La Prieta Linda Mine; Ojos Españoles skarn)

San Luis Potosí o

Mun. de Charcas 

Yves Masson specimen

Charcas 

Morelos Mine

Morocco 123



Meknès-Tafilalet Region o

Er Rachidia Province 

various added photos

Imilchil

Namibia  Karas Region o

Lüderitz District 



Jour Pet 39:2123-2136

Dicker Willem (Dicker Wilhelm; Garubberg)

Otjozondjupa Region o

Otjiwarongo District 

Okorusu Mine (Okarusu Mine)

Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I. (2002): USGS Open-File Report 02-189.

Norway 

Finnmark o



Sørøya 



Bøe, P. (2001): Geologi og mineralogi på Sørøya i Finnmark. Bergverksmuseets Skrift 18, 23-29

Hasvik

Haraldseng

Sturt, B.A. & Ramsay, D.M. (1965): The alkaline complex of the Breivikbotn area, Sørøy, northern Norway. Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse. 231, 1-164. ; Michalsen, A. (2010): Minerallokaliteter på Sørøya, Vest-Finnmark- den grønne øya i nord. Norsk Bergverksmuseum Skrift.43: 41-52

Telemark o

Nome 

Fen Complex 

Mitchell, R.H. (1980): Pyroxenes of the Fen alkaline complex, Norway. American Mineralogist. 65: 45-54

Melteig Farm

124

Paraguay  Concepción Department o

Alan R. Woolley: Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, part 1, 206 (BMNH, London, 1987)

Cerro Chiriguelo

Peru 

Ucayali Department o

Coronel Portillo Province 

Pucallpa

Stewart, J.W. (1971) Neogene peralkaline igneous activity in eastern Peru. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 82, 2307-2312.

Russia 

Eastern-Siberian Region o



Sakha Republic (Saha Republic; Yakutia) 

Aldan Shield



Vilyui River Basin (Vilui River Basin; Wilui River Basin)

P.M. Kartashov data

Northern Region o

Murmanskaja Oblast' 

Kola Peninsula 

Turii Cape 

www.koeln.netsurf.de/~w.stef fens/tury.htm

Turii alkaline Massif (Turiy massif)

Slovakia  Banská Bystrica Region o

Rimavská Sobota Co. 

Tisovec 

Koděra et all.,1990: Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, I-III, 1590p

Magnet hill

Solomon Islands

125



Malaita Province o

Malaita Island (Mala Island) 

Mineralogical Magazine,1980, VOL. 43, PP. 587-96

Kimberlite locality

Spain 

Canary Islands o

Las Palmas Province 

Fuerteventura 

Fuerteventura Basal Complex 



Badajoz 

Burguillos del Cerro 

La Judia Mine



Monchi Mine

Murcia o



-Barrera J.L.,Fernandez S., Fuster J.M.,Ibarrola E., (1981) Ijolitas-Sienitas-Carbonatitas de los macizos del norte del Complejo Plutónico Basal de Fuerteventura (Islas Canarias). Bol.Geol y Minero T. XCII-IV (309-321).

Extremadura o



Barranco of Esquinzo area

-Barrera J.L.,Fernandez S., Fuster J.M.,Ibarrola E., (1981) Ijolitas-Sienitas-Carbonatitas de los macizos del norte del Complejo Plutónico Basal de Fuerteventura (Islas Canarias). Bol.Geol y Minero T. XCII-IV (309-321).

Monchi Mine, Burguillos del Cerro, Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain Minerales de la Región de Murcia; M. Muelas, Jordi Gil (1996)

Abarán

Valencian Community o

Alicante 

Albatera

126



Hondón de los Frailes 

Los Serranos Quarry

Sri Lanka  Sabaragamuwa Province o

Ratnapura District 

Ratnapura 

Ceylon Aluvial Mine, (Book, Co. 2002)

Gem gravels

Sweden 

Medelpad o

Sundsvall 

o

Sandström, F., Binett, T., Wiklund, C. & Vikström, J. (2010): Alnöområdets geologi och mineralogi. Litiofilen. 27 (2) :14-42

Alnö

Timrå 

Söråker

Switzerland  Grischun (Grisons; Graubünden) o

Puschlav (Poschiavo Valley) 

Selva 



Schaffhausen o

Bargen 



Quadrada

Romani E. (2000): Andar per cristalli - Tesori nascosti. Centro studi del Museo mineralogico naturalistico di Bormio, 151 p.

Oberbargen

Wallis (Valais) o

Zermatt - Saas Fee area

Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz. Wepf (Basel), p. 39 Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Verlag Wepf & Co. (Basel), p. 38 127



Matt Valley 

Zermatt 

Findel glacier (Findeln glacier; Findelen glacier) area 





Rimpfischwäng range

Gorner glacier area 

Breithorn



Schwärze (Schwärze glacier)

Christian Bracke Collection

Christian Bracke Collection

Saas Valley 

Saas Fee 

Fee glacier 

Eastern moraine



Felskinn

Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz, Wepf Verlag, 1998, ISBN 3-85977-200-7

Taiwan 

Taiwan Province o

Hualien Co. 

Wan-Lon 

Hon-Nieng Serpentine Quarry

UK 

Scotland o

North West Highlands (Sutherland) 

Livingstone, 2002, p. 186

Assynt

128



Loch Borrolan 

Allt a'Mhuillin

USA 

Alaska o

Nome Borough 

Koyuk District 



Rube Creek Mine

Arizona o

Gila Co. 

Sierra Ancha Mts 

Sierra Ancha District 



Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 111.

Workman Creek Valley

Arkansas o

Garland Co. 

o

Wilson Springs (Potash Sulfur Springs)

Hot Spring Co. 

American Mineralogist, Volume 74, pages 132-140, 1989 Jay Ellis Ransom,1974, Gems and Minerals of America

Magnet Cove





U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225.

Diamond Jo Quarry

Erickson, Ralph Leroy; Blade, Lawrence Vernon (1963) Geochemistry and petrology of the alkalic igneous complex at Magnet Cove, Arkansas. USGS Prof. Paper 425 American Mineralogist, Volume 7 4, pages 113-131, 1989

California o

Humboldt Co.

W. S. Wise (2006) research at UCSB

129



Coastal Range 

o

Coyote Peak

Inyo Co. 

McAllister, James Franklin (1955), Geology of mineral Death Valley National Park deposits in the Ubehebe Peak quadrangle, Inyo County,  Nelson Range California. California Division Mines, Special Report 42, 63 pp.: 59; Pemberton, H. Earl  Ubehebe District (1983), Minerals of California;  Unnamed Ti occurrence Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 489. 

Panamint Mts (Panamint Range) 

o

Ubehebe District

McAllister, James Franklin (1955), Geology of mineral deposits in the Ubehebe Peak quadrangle, Inyo County, California. California Division Mines, Special Report 42, 63 pp.: 56; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 495.

San Benito Co. 

Diablo Range 

New Idria District 

Junnila Mine



Picacho Peak 

Clear Creek area 



www.mineralsocal.org

MT Jeanne's pit No. 2

San Benito River headwaters area 

Dallas Gem Mine area 

Am Min 51:381-387

Dallas Gem Mine (Benitoite 130

Mine; Benitoite Gem Mine; Gem Mine) 

Santa Rita Peak Rob Lavinsky (ex. David Bristol specimen) 





Perovski te Peak (Perovsk www.mineralsocal.org ite Hill)

South of the Dallas Gem Mine

Bolander, L. Ph., Jr. (1950), New California mineral: perovskite: The Mineralogist: 18: 65; Moller, W.P. (1965)  Chlorite Minerals of southern San Schist Benito County, California. Gems and Minerals: 331: 28Knob 32; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert area W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 195, 286, 325; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 170, 322. Unnamed Pabst, Adolf (1951), Minerals Garnet of the serpentine area in San occurrence Benito County, California Rocks & Minerals: 26: 482; Moller, W.P. (1965) Minerals of southern San Benito County, California. Gems and Minerals: 331: 28-32; Howie, R.A., Wooley, A.R., Scoon, J.H., Tyler, R.C., and Walsh, J.N. (1968) The role of titanium and the effect of TiO2 on the cell size, refractive index, and specific gravity in the andradite-melaniteschorlomite series. Mineralogical Magazine: 36: 778; Isaacs, T. (1968) Titanium substitution in andradites. 131

Chem. Geol.: 3: 219; Schwartz, K.B., Nolet, D.A., and Burns, R.G. (1980) Mössbauer spectroscopy and crystal chemistry of natural Fe-Ti garnets. American Mineralogist: 65: 144; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 498. 

Colorado o

Clear Creek Co. 

o

Clear Creek

Gunnison Co. 



White Earth District (Powderhorn District) 

Huntsman Gulch



Iron Hill (Iron Hill carbonatite complex)

Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.

Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B.; USGS ProfessionaL Paper 197A

Connecticut o

New Haven Co. 

New Haven 



Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.

East Rock

Dana, Edward S. (1877): On the occurrence of Garnets with the Trap of New Haven, Connecticut. American Journal of Science Series 3, Volume 14, page 215.

New Jersey o

Sussex Co. 

Frankford Township 

Wykertown 



Am.Min.: 35: 500-507 (1950), Milton, C. & Davidson, N.: 500

Wykertown nepheline syenite intrusive

Franklin Mining District

Rock Currier 132



Franklin 



Libertyville 

New York



North Carolina o



Rock Currier

Wantage Township 



Franklin Mine

Beemerville main nephelinesyenite mass

Rutgers Univ. Bull. #5, Pt 1:5354.

The Minerals of New York City & Its Environs, New York Mineralogical Club Bull. Vol. 3, No. 1, Manchester, J.G. (1931): 84. Gems and Minerals of America - Jay Ellis Ransom-1974

Avery Co.

Washington o

Okanogan Co. 

Oroville District 

Cannon, B. (1975): Minerals of Washington, p.44

Oroville 

Ellenham Mtn area



Kruger Mountain

Minerals of Washington, Bart Cannon, 1975

http://www.mindat.org/min-7443.html

Andradite is a species of the garnet group. It is a nesosilicate, with formula Ca3Fe2Si3O12. Andradite includes three varieties:   

Melanite: Black in color, referred to as "titanian andradite".[5] Demantoid: Vivid green in color, one of the most valuable and rare stones in the gemological world.[6] Topazolite: Yellow-green in color and sometimes of high enough quality to be cut into a faceted gemstone, it is rarer than demantoid.[6]

133

It was first described in 1868 for an occurrence in Drammen, Buskerud, Norway.[3][2][6] Andradite was named after the Brazilian statesman, naturalist, professor and poet José Bonifácio de Andrade e Silva (1763–1838).[2][6]

Occurrence

Black crystals of andradite : melanite

It occurs in skarns developed in contact metamorphosed impure limestones or calcic igneous rocks; in chlorite schists and serpentinites and in alkalic igneous rocks (typically titaniferous). Associated minerals include vesuvianite, chlorite, epidote, spinel, calcite, dolomite and magnetite.[2] It is found in Italy, the Ural Mountains of Russia, Arizona and California and in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast in Ukraine. As the other garnets andradite crystallizes in the cubic space group [[Ia3d]], with unit-cell parameter of 12.051 Å at 100 K.[7] The spin structure of andradite contains two mutually canted equivalent antiferromagnetic sublattices [8] below the Néel temperature (TN=11 K [9]). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andradite NOTEWORTHY LOCALITIES

Though Andradite is a less common form of Garnet, there are many fine localities for this mineral. The most historical and well-known occurrence of the Demantoid variety is the Val Malenco, Sondrio, Italy. Another Italian Demantoid locality is the Val D'Ala. Good single crystals of Demantoid come from the Ural Mountains of Russia, especially at Korkodinskoe. A toothpaste-green Demantoid was recently discovered in Ghazni Province, Afghanistan; and deep emerald-green Demantoid from Soghan, Kerman Province, Iran. Two important African Demantoid occurences are Antetezambato, near Ambanja, Antsiranana Province, Madagascar; and Karibib, Erongo Region, Namibia (at the Tubussis 22 Farm and Usakos). Andradite of all colors comes from the famous occurences of Dal'negorsk, Primorskiy Kraj, Russia (especially at the Sinerechenskoye skarn occurrence). A dark greenish-brown Andradite comes from Marki Khel, Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan; and excellent dark lustrous crystals from Dashkesan, Azerbaijan. Good crystals, including an iridescent type, were found in the Kohse mine, Tenkawa, Japan. 134

Very good Topazolite comes from Condove, Val D'Susa, Italy; and Melanite from San Vito, Monte Somma, Vesuvius, Italy. A rusty-brown Andradite comes from Mega Xhorio, Serifos Island, Greece; and sugary-textured crystals from Monforte, Portalegre District, Portugal. Very large brown and black Andradite crystals come from the Kayes Region, Mali, especially at Trantimou. An exceptional pink and red variety comes from the Kalahari manganese fields in South Africa, most notably in the Wessels Mine (Hotazel) and in the N'Chwaning Mines. In Canada, a rich emerald-green Demantoid in amphibole came from a find in the Jefferey Mine in Asbestos, Québec. Also in Quebec is the famous Mont St. Hilaire deposit; and the Thetford Mines (and nearby Black Lake), which produce fine Andradite including deep green Demantoid. Lustrous black Melanite comes from the Ojos Espanoles Mine, Lázaro Cárdenas, Chihuahua, Mexico. In the U.S,. a famous Andradite locality of brownish-green crystals and bronze Topazolite in dense crystal groupings is Stanley Butte (and Quartzite Mountain), in the San Carlos Indian Reservation, Graham Co., Arizona. Very large Andradite crystals come from Garnet Hill, Calaveras Co., California; and excellent lustrous black Melanite and Topazolite from several mines in the New Idria District in the Diablo Range, San Benito Co., California. Brownish-red crystals come from the Nightingale District, Pershing County, Nevada. Good large single crystals of Melanite come from Magnet Cove, Hot Spring County, Arkansas; and the Cornwall Iron Mines, Lebanon Co., Pennsylvania. Andradite is abundant in Franklin and Ogdensburg, Sussex Co., New Jersey, and though mostly in massive form, good crystals have come from there as well. COMMON MINERAL ASSOCIATIONS

Albite, Orthoclase, Calcite, Tremolite, Wollastonite, Serpentine, Biotite, Chlorite, Hedenbergite, Magnetite, Diopside, Epidote - See more at: http://www.minerals.net/mineral/andradite.aspx#sthash.RG7uAq4l.dpuf http://www.minerals.net/mineral/andradite.aspx Andradite SOURCES

The original historical deposits of Demantoid were in Russia. A new more extensive deposit of Demantoid is in Namibia, with other lesser-scale deposits in Madagascar, Afghanistan, Iran, and Italy. Deposits of the other forms of Andradite, including Topazolite and Melanite, are in Russia, Azerbaijan, Italy, Mali, Mexico, and the U.S. (Arizona and California). - See more at: http://www.minerals.net/gemstone/andradite_gemstone.aspx#sthash.pTH9Ghfi.dpuf http://www.minerals.net/gemstone/andradite_gemstone.aspx

Organic Gemstones     

Amber Coral Ivory Jet Pearl o o



Cultured Pearl Natural Pearl Tortoise Shell 135

Inorganic Gemstones                                     

 

Amblygonite Andalusite Anglesite Apatite Aragonite Axinite Azurite Barite Benitoite Beryl Beryllonite Brazilianite Calcite Cassiterite Celestite Cerussite Chalcedony Chrysoberyl Chrysocolla Corundum Cuprite Danburite Datolite Diamond Diopside Dioptase Dolomite Dumortierite Ekanite Enstatite Epidote Euclase Feldspar Fluorite Fuchsite G.G.G. Garnet o Almandine o Andradite o Grossular o Intermediate Species o Pyrope o Spessartite o Uvarovite Gypsum Hambergite 136

                                               

Hauyne Hematite Howlite Hypersthene Idocrase Iolite Jade Kornerupine Kyanite Lapis Lazuli Lazulite Malachite Meerschaum / Sepiolite Natural Glass Opal Peridot Petalite Phenakite Phosphophyllite Prehnite Pyrite Quartz Rhodochrosite Rhodonite Sapphirine Scapolite Scheelite Serpentine Sillimanite Sinhalite Smithsonite Sodalite Sphalerite Sphene Spinel Spodumene Staurolite Strontium Titanate Sugilite Synthetic Cubic Zirconia Synthetic Moissanite Synthetic Rutile Taaffeite Topaz Tourmaline Tugtupite Turquoise Y.A.G. 137

 

Zircon Zoisite

http://www.gemstonebuzz.com/andradite

11. Aquamarine

Aquamarine (from Latin: aqua marina, "water of the sea") is so named because of its seawater colour. It is a pale to medium blue, blue-green variety of beryl, probably the most common colour for gem quality beryl. Crystals of gem quality can be very large. Unique Brazilian aquamarines such as the Marta Rocha with a weight of 37.7 kg produced 57.200 carats of cut stones, the Urubu with a weight of 33.2 kg, the Jacueto with a weight of 19 kg, and others, are widely known. A deeper blue variety originally called Maxixe after the Maxixe mine in Brazil where it was found, is better referred to as Blue beryl (Maxixe). General Information A variety or type of: Beryl Varieties/Types: Blue Beryl (Maxixe) - Deep blue beryl. Significant stones Image

Name

Weight

Country of Origin

Papamel

552,500.00 cts Brazil

Marta Rocha

173,500.00 cts Brazil

Current Owner

138

Esterela de Alve

96,000.00 cts Brazil

Dom Pedro aquamarine 10,363.00 cts Brazil

Smithsonian Institution

Aquamarine Treatments Greenish hue removed by heat-treatment - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p 6 Lower qualities are heated to 725-850 degrees F (400-450 degrees C) to change them to the desired, permanent aquamarine blue. Higher heat will lead to discoloration. Colors can also be improved with neutron and gamma irradiation, but these changes do not last. - Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world, 2001, p 90 Aquamarine Simulants Blue topaz: trichroism (weak to none): colorless - (pinkish) - bluish; Chelsea: may appear yellowishgreenish, grayish, bluish, pinkish. Synthetic spinel and synthetic quartz: Chelsea: pinkish to red - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p 6 Synthetic Aquamarine Synthetic aquamarine can be produced but is uneconomical. - Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world, 2001, p 90 Physical Properties of Aquamarine 7.5 to 8 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Mohs Hardness Chart Gem Identification (2010) 2.66 to 2.80 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Specific Gravity Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Optical Properties of Aquamarine 1.570 to 1.592 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Refractive Index Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Uniaxial/Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Optical Character Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 0.005 to 0.009 Birefringence Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue 139

Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Dichroism: colorless to greenish bluish - blue to sky blue. Greenish-blue stones distinct: yellowish-greenish blue-green Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 0.014 Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006)

Pleochroism

Dispersion Colour Colour (General)

Colour (Chelsea Filter)

Causes of Colour

Blue, greenish-blue Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Greenish blue Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Light blue, Fe2+ in the channels of the structure. Darker blue, Fe2+-O-Fe3+ intervalence charge transfer. W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011)

Fluorescence & other light emissions Fluorescence (General)

Inert Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)

Crystallography of Aquamarine Crystal System

Habit

Hexagonal Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Long-prismatic habit, occasional vertical striations and growth and etch figures on the prism faces. E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of 140

gems (2003) Inclusions in Aquamarine Solid inclusions are quartz, muscovite, garnet (spessartine, almandine), tourmaline (Schorl?), apatite, and less often epidote, tantalo-columbite, cassiterite and hematite. Gas-liquid inclusions are concentrated as veils and thin tube-like channels parallel to the long axis of the crystal. There are also gas and multi-phase inclusions with halite, sylvite, muscovite and other minerals, which may occupy 30 to 40% of the vacuole volume. - Geology of gems, E.Ya. Kievlenko, 2003, p. 102 Common tube-like inclusions parallel to optical-axis - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p 6 Healing cracks, hollow tubes, two-phase inclusions, mica, ets - Gemmological Tables, Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, 2004, p 10 Further Information Aquamarine information at Mineral information: mindat.org Significant Gem Localities Afghanistan  Badakhshan Province (Badakshan Province; Badahsan Province) o

Jurm District 

Koksha Valley (Kokscha Valley; Kokcha Valley) 



Chapa Dara District 

Glas (2002) Dara-i-Pech pegmatite field (Darra-i-Pech; Darra-e-Pech; Pech; Peech; Page)

Nangarhar Province (Ningarhar Province) o

Surkh Rod District 



Jurm (Firghamu; Firgamu)

Konar Province (Kunar Province; Konarh Province; Konarha Province; Nuristan) o



Blauwet and Muhamm ad (2004)

Surkh-Rod (Surk-Rod) pegmatite field

Blauwet et al. (1997)

Nuristan Province (Nurestan Province; Nooristan Province; Nuristan) o

Du Ab District 

Nilaw-Kolum pegmatite field 

Glas (2002)

Mawi pegmatite

141

o

Kamdesh District 

Paprok Mine (Papruk Mine; Paprowk Mine)

Glas (2002)

Brazil 

Bahia o



Espírito Santo o

o

Mimoso do Sul

Menezes (2005)



Concordia Mine



Mimoso do Sul Mine

Muqui 



Couto (2000)

Guaratinga (Jaquetô)

São Domingos claim

Menezes (2005) Cassedan ne and Alves (1994)

Minas Gerais o

 o

Cassedan ne and Alves (1994)

Catugi Três Barras

Doce valley 

Governador Valadares



Golconda district 

 o

Resplendor

Jequitinhonha Valley 

Caraí

Golconda pegmatite

E.Ya. Kievlenko , Geology of gems, 2003, p. 113 Kievlenko E.Ya., Geology of gems, 2003, p. 113 Viana et al. (2002) Kievlenko E.Ya., Geology of gems, 2003, p. 113 142



Marambaia 



Barra de Salinas 

Barra de Salinas district

Itinga 

Taquaral 

Piauí Valley 

o

Medina



Pedra Azul (old Fortaleza)



Catuji

[var: Blue Beryl (Maxixe)] Kievlenko E.Ya., Geology of gems, 2003, p. 113 Cassedan ne and Alves (1994) Cassedan ne and Alves (1994)

Menezes (2005) Pioneira mine

Teófilo Otoni

Santa Maria de Itabira 

Ponte da Raiz mine



Santa Maria de Itabira mine

Paraíba o

Cassedan ne and Alves (1994)

Mucuri valley





Maxixe Pegmatite (José de Linto claim)





o

Cassedan ne and Alves (1994)

Coronel Murta 



Papamel Mine

Borborema mineral province

Menezes (2005) Cassedan ne and Alves (1994) Laurs (2004) Kievlenko E.Ya., Geology of gems, 143



Junco do Seridó 



Seridozinho pegmatite

Pedra Lavrada 



2003, p. 113

Alto Patrimônio

R. Wegner and O. Moura (2000)

Rio Grande do Norte o

Borborema mineral province 

Lajes Pintadas

BhaskaraRao (2002)

Burma (Myanmar)  Mandalay Division o

Pyin-Oo-Lwin District 

Mogok Township 





Bernardmyo 

Le-taw



Panlin

Chaung-gyi 

Lisu-konzan



Shan-konzan

Kin (Guard Post)

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ted Themelis (2008) 144









Kin-ko-lan-bauk

Kyatpyin North 

Bawmar



Pan-taw (Pandaw)



Pazun-seik (Pazon-Seit)

Kyauk-Pyat-That 

Kabaing (Ka-Pine; Khabine)



Sakangyi (Sakhan-gyi)



Thit-seint-kone

Mogok Valley 

Dattaw Hill 



Dattaw-mid

Ohn-bin-ywe-htwet (Coconut Tree mine)

Gems & mines of Mogok Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Kyi et al. (2005), Hlaing (2009) Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & 145



Pein-Pyit (Painpyit; Pyan Pyit) 



Pyant Gyi mine (Pyan Gyi)

mines of Mogok Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Shan State o

Kyaukme District 

Kyi et al. (2005)

Momeik Township 

Molo quarter 

Khetchel village (Cache village; Khat Che village) 

Palelni mine ("Kat Chay mine")

Kyi et al. (2005)

Canada 

British Columbia o

Atlin Mining Division 

Bennett 



Groat (2005), Wilson (2007)

Mt. Foster

Yukon Territory o

Watson Lake Mining District 

True Blue beryl property (Shark claims)

Groat (2005), Turner et al. (2007)

China 

Sichuan Province o

Mianyang Prefecture 

Pingwu Co. 

Liu (2005)

Mt Xuebaoding 

Huya township

146





Pingwu beryl mine (Huya W-Sn-Be deposit; Xuebaoding W-Sn-Be deposit)

Xinjiang Autonomous Region o

Yili Hasake Autonomous Prefecture (Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture) 

Aletai Prefecture (Altay Prefecture) 

Fuyun Co. (Koktokay Co.) 

Koktokay pegmatite field (Keketuohai pegmatite field) 

Altay Mine 



Tang et al. (2004), Liu (2005), Li (2009)

Koktokay No. 3 pegmatite (Altay No. 3 pegmatite)

Yunnan Province o

Nujiang Autonomous Prefecture 

Nujiang Valley (Gaoligong Mts; Gaoligong Shan)

Marshall et al. (2009)

Finland 

Southern Finland Region o

Luumäki 

Kännätsalo 

Karelia Beryl Mine pegmatite

Lyckberg (2004, 2005), Wise (2005)

India 

Tamil Nadu o

Karur District

Boehm (2000), Michelou (2006)

Kazakhstan  Karagandy Province (Qaragandy Oblysy; Karaganda Oblast') o

Akchatau (Aqshatau; Akschatau; Akchataul; Akshatau) 

Spiridono v (1998)

Akchatau Mine

147

Kenya 

Eastern Province o

Cairncros s (2005)

Embu (Kirimari)

E.Ya. Kievlenko ( 2003) Geology of gems, p. 112

Madagascar



Antananarivo Province o

Vakinankaratra Region 

Betafo District 

Mahaiza Commune 



Tsaramanga pegmatite (Tongafeno pegmatite)

E.Ya. Kievlenko , Geology of gems, 2003, p. 112

Antsiranana Province o

Sava Region (Northeastern Region) 

Andapa District 

Andapa Pegmatite Field 



Pezzotta (2001), Danet |(2007)

Ankitzka

Fianarantsoa Province o

Amoron'i Mania Region 

Ambatofinandrahana District 

Mandrosonoro area 

Laurs and Quinn (2002)

Ambatovita

148



Sakavalana mine

Mozambique  Zambezia Province o

Alto Ligonha District 

Mocuba District 

Mocuba



Muiâne pegmatite



Murrua (Morrua; Morrua Mine)

Namibia  Erongo Region o

Erongo Mountain

o

Karibib District 

Spitzkopje Area 

Klein Spitzkopje granite stock (Kleine Spitzkoppe) 

Stiepelmann Mine

Schafer and Arlt (2000), Schappm ann (2005), Cairncros s (2005) Schafer and Arlt (2000), Schappm ann (2005), Cairncros s (2005) Schafer and Arlt (2000), Schappm ann (2005), Cairncros s (2005) Jahn (2000), Jahn and Bahmann (2000) Jahn (2000), Jahn and Bahmann (2000), Glas (2002) Jahn (2000), Jahn and Bahmann (2000), Glas (2002), 149

Laurs (2002) 

Usakos 

Ameib Farm 60

Cairncros s et al (1998)

Nepal 

Kosi Zone (Koshi Zone) o

Sankhuwasabha District (Sankhuwa Sahba; Shankuwa-Sava) 

Phakuwa

Nigeria 

Kaduna State o



Gwantu

Nassarawa State (Nasarawa State) o



Kammerli ng et al. (1995)

Nasarawa Eggon

J. Micheou (2009)

Plateau State Lind et al. (1986)

o

Jos Plateau

o

Nanarawa Eggon 

Sabon Wana

Kammerli ng et al. (1995)

Pakistan  Gilgit-Baltistan (Northern Areas) o

Astor District (Astore District) 

Astor valley (Astore valley) 

o

Blauwet and Muhamm ad (2004)

Bulochi (Balochi; Balche; Bulache; Bulachi; Drot Balachi)

Baltistan 

Skardu District 

Basha Valley (Basha Nala; Basna)

Hammer and Muhamm ad (2004)

150







Bien



Dogoro

Braldu Valley 

Apo Ali Gun (Apaligun; Apaligon)



Baha



Byansahpi



Chhappu



Foljo (Folji; Fuljo; Pulji; Phuljo)



Nyet-Bruk



Nyet (Niit; Niyit; Niyil)



Teston (Tigston; Tisgtung; Tekston)

Haramosh Mts. 

Baralooma valley (Baralungma)



Drot



Sabsar (Supsar; Sapsir; Sabsir; Sabsan; Subsar)

Hammer (2003, 2004) Hammer (2003, 2004) Hammer and Muhamm ad (2004) Hammer and Muhamm ad (2004) Blauwet (2004) Blauwet and Muhamm ad (2004) Blauwet and Muhamm ad (2004) Blauwet and Muhamm ad (2004) Blauwet and Muhamm ad (2004) Blauwet and Muhamm ad (2004) Blauwet and Muhamm ad (2004) Blauwet and Muhamm ad (2004) Blauwet and Muhamm 151





o



Mungo (Munyo; Mango)



Yuno (Yunau; Yunas)

Chilas 

Raikot (Raikoot)

Blauwet and Muhamm ad (2004)

Gilgit District 







Shigar Valley

ad (2004) Blauwet and Muhamm ad (2004) Blauwet and Muhamm ad (2004) Blauwet and Muhamm ad (2004)

Diamar District (Diamir District) 

o

Shengus (Shingus)

Haramosh Mts. 

Dache (Dassu; Dasu; Haramosh-Dassu; Dacha)



Haramosh peak

Hunza Valley 

Chumar Bakhoor



Nagar (Nagir)

Sassi (Sasi; Sasli)

Blauwet and Muhamm ad (2004) Blauwet and Muhamm ad (2004) Blauwet and Muhamm ad (2004) Blauwet and Muhamm ad (2004) Blauwet and Muhamm ad (2004)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (North-West Frontier Province) o

Chitral District (Chitral Valley) 

Khan (1986)

Lutkho Valley

152



Garam Chashma

Russia 

Eastern-Siberian Region o

Transbaikalia (Zabaykalye) 

Chitinskaya Oblast' 

Nerchinsk (Nertschinsk) 

Nerchinsk Gem mines 



P. Lyckberg (2005)

Adun-Cholon Range 

Hoppevskaya Gora (Schorl Mountain)



Sherlovaya Gora



Soktuj Gora (Mount Soktuj)

Hochleitn er (2005) P. Lyckberg (2005)

Urals Region o

Middle Urals 

Sverdlovskaya Oblast' 

Yuzhakovo Village 

P. Lyckberg (2009)

Alabashka pegmatite field 

Kazennitsa vein (Kazionnitsa)



Mokrusha Mine

Sri Lanka  Sabaragamuwa Province o

Ratnapura District 

Balangoda



Ratnapura

Dissanaya ke et al. (2000) Econ Geol 153



Gem gravels

(1981) 76:733738

Tajikistan  Viloyati Mukhtori Gorno-Badakhshan (Viloyati Badakhshoni Kuni) o

Pamir Mts 

Skrigitil (1996)

Rangkul' Highlands 

Rangkul' pegmatite field

Ukraine 

Zhytomyr Oblast' (Zhitomir Oblast') o

Volodarsk-Volynskii (Volodars'k-Volyns'kyy; Wolodarsk-Wolynskii)

Koivula et al. (1993), Lyckberg (2005)

USA 

California o

San Diego Co. 

Mesa Grande District 

Gem Hill 



Mauthne r (2008)

Mesa Grande Mine

Pala District 

Pala 

Chief Mountain 

Elizabeth R. Mine (Hazel W. claim) 



Sinkankas (1997)

Oceanview Mine (Oceanview adits; new Oceanview workings)

Colorado o

Chaffee Co. 

Potucek (2005)

Mt Antero

154



Connecticut o

Middlesex Co. 

East Hampton (Chatham) 



Oxford Co. 

Buckfield 

 o

Sinkankas (1997)

Bennett Quarry

Stoneham

Potucek (2005)

Sagadahoc Co. 

Topsham

New Hampshire o

Cheshire Co. 

o

Wise (2005)

Alstead 

Big Mine (Davis Mine; Gilsum & Bowers Mine; Golding-Keene Mine; Rhoda Mine; Tripp No. 2 Mine; Victory Mine)

Grafton Co. 

Groton 



Slocum Prospect

Maine o



Jarnot (2005)

Wise (2005) Palermo No. 1 Mine (Palermo No. 1 pegmatite)

North Carolina o

Cleveland Co. 

Shelby 

(Tarper Mine)

155



Old Plantation Mine 



Plantation Emerald Mine

Utah o

Tooele Co. 

Spring Creek 

Unknown Gemstone (MRDS - 10020427)

Vietnam  Yenbai Province (Yen Bai Province)

U.S. Geologica l Survey, 2005, Mineral Resource s Data System: U.S. Geologica l Survey, Reston, Virginia. Michelou (2006)

Zambia 

Eastern Province o

Chipata District 

Lukusuzi National Park 

o

Mambwe and Sikatali (1994)

Kapilinkesa Mine

Lundazi District

Milisenda et al. (2000), Carranza et al. (2005)

Zimbabwe  Mashonaland East o

Mutoko District (Mtoko District) 



Mutoko parish (Mtoko)

Mashonaland West o

Cairncros s (2005)

Karoi District (Urungwe; Hurungwe District)

Milisenda et al. (2000), Cairncros s (2005) 156



Mwame Mine



Mwami (Miami) 

Milisenda et al. St Anns Mine (St Anne Mine; St Anne's Mine; St Ann's Mine) (2000), Cairncros s (2005)

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-289.html

12. Beryl

The name beryl comes from India and has always been associated with the gemstone. Beryl is praised for its transparency, high hardness, and beautiful colours with wide range of tones and shades. Several colour varieties of beryl are used as gemstones. Deep green beryls are called emeralds, greenish blue to pure blue - aquamarine, pale, almost colourless - goshenite, light yellow-green to golden-yellow heliodor, rose and pink beryl is morganite, red variety is bixbite. Maxixe-type beryl is characterized by a bright blue colour which fades in the sunlight. The crystals are prismatic, they may be very large, even gigantic and in pegmatites may reach lengths of 2 to 3 m and widths of 0.5 to 1 m. General Information Aquamarine - Blue/green variety of beryl. Blue Beryl (Maxixe) - Deep blue beryl. Emerald - Deep green variety of a beryl. Goshenite - Colorless variety of beryl. Varieties/Types: Heliodor - Yellow variety of beryl. Morganite - Pink variety of beryl. Red Beryl - A red gem variety of beryl, also known as 'bixbite', Riesling Beryl - A strongly dichroic (pale green / golden yellow) beryl. Vorobyevite - A caesium-bearing variety of beryl. Chemical Formula

Be

Al

Si

O 157

3

2

6

18

Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Significant stones

Beryl Treatments Colourless, yellow-green, and pale beryls can be transformed into blue and dark blue aquamarines and bright blue maxixe-type beryls by heat treatment or irradiation by X-rays, gamma-rays, electrons, and by combining heat treatment and irradiation. - E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 72 Synthetic Beryl Beryl can be synthesized by such methods as: flux-fusion process (fluxing), hydrothermal process, gas transport reaction, and others. Mostly emerald is produced for commercial jewellery purposes. Synthesis of aquamarine and other gem varieties is considered commercially unprofitable (it is technically easier and cheaper to imitate them with synthetic corundum). A synthetic material, beryllium indialite, which is a structural analogue of beryl, and glasses of the same composition, which are easily synthesized, are promising for use as raw cutting material. - E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 72 Physical Properties of Beryl 7.5 to 8 Mohs Hardness Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 2.60 to 2.90 Specific Gravity Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Indistinct Cleavage Quality Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Uneven,Conchoidal Fracture Eugenii Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems (2003) More from other references Optical Properties of Beryl 1.560 to 1.604 Refractive Index Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Uniaxial/Optical Character Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 0.003 to 0.010 Birefringence Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Red beryl - distinct: (orangy)-red - purplish-red; Golden beryl - weak: Pleochroism yellowish - greenish-yellow; Green beryl - distinct: yellow-green - bluegreen 158

Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 0.014 Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) More from other references Star: may show brownish to black body color, "colorless" when viewed from the side Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Colour Colourless, green, blue, yellow, yellow-green, pink, red Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Dark blue (Maxixe and Maxixe type), CO3(Maxixe-type), and NO3 (Maxixe) color centers due to irradiation. Light blue (aquamarine), Fe2+ in the channels of the structure. Darker blue (aquamarine), Fe2+-O-Fe3+ intervalence charge transfer. Green: yellow + blue, O2→Fe2 charge transfer and Fe2+ in the channels. Green (emerald, mint beryl), Cr3+ and/or V3+ in octahedral coordination. Red, Mn3+ in octahedral coordination. Pink (morganite), Mn2+ in octahedral coordination W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Transparent,Translucent Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Vitreous Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Crystallography of Beryl Hexagonal Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Prismatic Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Geological Environment Beryl minerals occur in granites and granite pegmatites, in mafic metamorphic rocks and in high-temperature hydrothermal veins and in vugs in rhyolite. Significant Gem Localities

Dispersion

Chatoyancy

Colour (General)

Causes of Colour

Transparency Lustre

Crystal System Habit

Where found:

Afghanistan  Badakhshan Province (Badakshan Province; Badahsan Province) o

Jurm District 

[var: Emerald] Schwarz and Giuliani (2002c); Kalukiewicz (2005)

Khaash

159



Koksha Valley (Kokscha Valley; Kokcha Valley) 



Konar Province (Kunar Province; Konarh Province; Konarha Province; Nuristan) o

o

[var: Heliodor] Glas (2002)

Dara-i-Pech pegmatite field [var: Aquamarine] Glas (2002) (Darra-i-Pech; Darra-e-Pech; Pech; Peech; Page)

Narang District 

Badel Mine (Budel Mine)

[var: Emerald]

Laghman Province (Lagman Province; Nuristan) o

Dawlat Shah District 



[var: Aquamarine] Blauwet and Muhammad (2004)

Chapa Dara District 



Jurm (Firghamu; Firgamu)

[var: Emerald] Laurs (2001)

Shamya

Nangarhar Province (Ningarhar Province) o

Surkh Rod District [var: Aquamarine] Blauwet et al. (1997) 



Surkh-Rod (Surk-Rod) pegmatite field

Nuristan Province (Nurestan Province; Nooristan Province; Nuristan) o

Du Ab District E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 110 

o

Nilaw-Kolum pegmatite field 

Kolum pegmatites



Mawi pegmatite

Kamdesh District

[var: Aquamarine] Glas (2002) [var: Aquamarine] Glas (2002)

160



o



Paprok Mine (Papruk Mine; Paprowk Mine)

Nurgaram District 

Korgun Mine



Lamonda Mine

[var: Emerald] Laurs (2001)

[var: Emerald] Laurs (2001)

Panjsher Province (Panjsheer Province; Panjshir Province; Panjsher Valley; Panjshir [var: Emerald] E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, Valley) 2003, p. 96 o

o

Bazarak District [var: Emerald] Bowersox et al. (1991), Bowersox and Chamberlin (1995)



Bakhi Mine (Dahane Revat Mine)



Butak Mine



Buzmal Mine (Buzmul Mine; Bizmal Mine; Dashti Rewat [var: Emerald] Sachanbinski et al. (2003), Fijal et Mine) al. (2004), Pardieu and Soubiraa (2006a)



Dah-Mikeni Mine (Mikeni Mine)



Khenj Mine (Dah-Khenj Mine; Dar Khenj Mine)



Rewat emerald occurrence [var: Emerald] E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, (Riwat) 2003, p. 96

[var: Emerald] Bowersox et al. (1991), Bowersox and Chamberlin (1995)

[var: Emerald] Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110 [var: Emerald] Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110

Khinj District 

Darun Mine

[var: Emerald] Bowersox et al. (1991), Bowersox and Chamberlin (1995)

Australia  New South Wales o

Clive Co. 

[var: Emerald] Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 26

Torrington

161

 o

Gough Co. 

Emmaville (Vegetable Creek) 



Emerald Mine

[var: Emerald] E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, de Milhou's lode (de 2003, p. 96 Milhou's reef; Emerald mine)

Western Australia o

Cue Shire 

 o

Aga Khan Mine

Menzies Shire 

[var: Emerald] E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 94

Riverina Station 

o

[var: Emerald] Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 26

Poona

Wonder Well

[var: Emerald] Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 26

Port Hedland Shire 

Wodgina Mine (Wodgina pegmatite; Main tantalite dyke)

[var: Emerald] Wilson (1995), Henry (2005), Sutherland (2006)

Austria 

Salzburg o

Hohe Tauern 

 

[var: Emerald]

Felben valley Scheelite deposit

Habach Valley 

Nasenkopf 

Leckbachgra ben (Leckbachrin

[var: Emerald] A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs (1989)

162

ne) 





Eme rald depo sit

Leckbachsch arte

Untersulzbach valley 

Kessel gorge (Kesselklamm)

Brazil 

Bahia o

 o

Açude Sossego (Nôzinho)

[var: Emerald] E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 95

Brumado (Bom Jesus dos Meiras) 

o

[var: Emerald] Couto (2000)

Anagé

Serra das Éguas

[var: Emerald] Rob Lavinsky.



Pirajá deposit



Pomba pit

[var: Emerald] Schwarz et al. (1990), Couto (2000)

Campo Formoso ultramafic complex 

Campo Formoso 



Socotó emerald deposit

[var: Emerald] Emeralds of the World English extraLapis Vol. 2 2002 pp24-35

Pindobaçu 

Carnaiba Mine

[var: Emerald] Couto (2000)



Formigo Mine



Trecho Velho[var: Emerald] E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 91

[var: Emerald] E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 91

163

o

Guaratinga (Jaquetô)

o

Pilão Arcado 

o

Tauá 

[var: Emerald] E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 90

[var: Emerald] Schwarz et al. (1990), Couto (2000) Fazenda Boa Esperança

Espírito Santo o

o

Mimoso do Sul

[var: Aquamarine] Menezes (2005)



Concordia Mine



Mimoso do Sul Mine

[var: Aquamarine] Menezes (2005)

Muqui 



Fazenda do Plombo

Ceará o



[var: Emerald] Couto (2000)

Vitória da Conquista 



Salininha mine

[var: Aquamarine] Couto (2000)

São Domingos claim

[var: Aquamarine] Cassedanne and Alves (1994)

Goiás o

Mara Rosa district

o

Pirenópolis 

o

[var: Emerald] Emeralds of the World English extraLapis Vol. 2 2002 pp24-35

Porangatu 

o

Emerald locality

[var: Emerald] E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 90

Porangatu deposit

Santa Terezinha de Goiás District 

[var: Emerald] E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 92 [var: Emerald] E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 91

Campos Verdes 

Emerald mines

[var: Emerald] Emeralds of the World English extraLapis Vol. 2 2002 pp24-35

164



Minas Gerais o

Antônio Dias 

Hematita 

o

Itaitinga mine

Catugi 

o

[var: Emerald] Kanis (2001, 2002); Levinson et al. (2001)

[var: Aquamarine] Cassedanne and Alves (1994)

Três Barras

Doce Valley 

Conselheiro Pena



Galiléia 

Sapucaia do Norte 





o

[var: Heliodor] Cassedanne and Alves (1994)

Urucum mine (Tim mine; Córrego do [var: Morganite] Kievlenko E.Ya., Geology of Urucum pegmatite) gems, 2003, p. 113 [var: Aquamarine] E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 113

Golconda district 



Sapucaia Mine (Proberil mine)

Governador Valadares 

E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 113

Golconda pegmatite

Resplendor

[var: Aquamarine] Kievlenko E.Ya., Geology of gems, 2003, p. 113

[var: Aquamarine] Viana et al. (2002)

Iron Quadrangle 

Itabira

[var: Emerald] Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 35



Belmont mine



Piteiras mine

[var: Emerald] Kanis (2001, 2002); Levinson et al. (2001); Mossman (2001); Preinfalk et al. (2002); 165

Rondeau et al. (2003) 

o

Nova Era 

Canta Galo mine



Capoeirana claim

[var: Emerald] Kanis (2001, 2002); Levinson et al. (2001); Mossman (2001); Preinfalk et al. (2002); Rondeau et al. (2003) [var: Emerald] Kanis (2001, 2002); Levinson et al. (2001); Mossman (2001); Preinfalk et al. (2002); Rondeau et al. (2003)

Jequitinhonha Valley 

Caraí 

[var: Aquamarine] Kievlenko E.Ya., Geology of gems, 2003, p. 113 Marambaia 



[var: Aquamarine] Cassedanne and Alves (1994)

Coronel Murta 

Barra de Salinas 





Papamel Mine

Barra de Salinas district

Paineira claim (Carlau claim)

[var: Aquamarine] Cassedanne and Alves (1994)

[var: Morganite] Milisenda and Bank (2005)

Itinga 

Monte Belo 



[var: Heliodor] Kievlenko E.Ya., Geology of gems, Urubu mine 2003, p. 113 (Vulture mine; Uruba mine)

Taquaral 

Piauí Valley 

Maxi [Aquamarine var: Blue Beryl (Maxixe)] Kievlenko xe E.Ya., Geology of gems, 2003, p. 113 Peg mati te (José 166

de Linto clai m)

o



Medina



Pedra Azul (old Fortaleza)

Catuji 



o 

[var: Aquamarine] Menezes (2005) Pioneira mine

Teófilo Otoni

[var: Aquamarine] Menezes (2005)

Santa Maria de Itabira 

Ponte da Raiz mine



Santa Maria de Itabira mine

Santa Maria do Suaçui

[var: Aquamarine] Cassedanne and Alves (1994)

[var: Aquamarine] Laurs (2004) E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 113

Paraíba o

Borborema mineral province 

Junco do Seridó 



[var: Aquamarine] Kievlenko E.Ya., Geology of gems, 2003, p. 113

Seridozinho pegmatite

Pedra Lavrada 



[var: Aquamarine] Cassedanne and Alves (1994)

Mucuri valley 

o

[var: Aquamarine] Cassedanne and Alves (1994)

Alto Patrimônio

[var: Aquamarine] R. Wegner and O. Moura (2000)

Rio Grande do Norte o

Borborema mineral province 

Lajes Pintadas



Tenente Ananias

[var: Aquamarine] Bhaskara-Rao (2002)

[var: Emerald] Miisenda (2007)

167



Tocantins o

Monte Santo do Tocantins

[var: Emerald] Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 35

Bulgaria  Sofiya Oblast (Sofia Oblast) o

Dolni Okol

Burma (Myanmar)  Mandalay Division o

Pyin-Oo-Lwin District 

Mogok Township 



[var: Aquamarine] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Bernardmyo 

Le-taw



Panlin

[var: Aquamarine] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Chaung-gyi 

[var: Aquamarine] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & Lisu-konzan mines of Mogok





Shan-konzan [var: Aquamarine] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Kin (Guard Post) 





[var: Aquamarine] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & Kin-ko-lanmines of Mogok bauk

Kyatpyin North [var: Aquamarine] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok



Bawmar



Pan-taw (Pandaw)



Pazun-seik [var: Aquamarine] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & (Pazon-Seit) mines of Mogok

Kyauk-Pyat-That 

Kabaing (Ka-

[var: Aquamarine] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

[var: Aquamarine] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

168

Pine; Khabine)





Sakangyi (Sakhan-gyi) [var: Aquamarine] Kyi et al. (2005), Hlaing (2009)



Thit-seintkone

Mogok Valley 

Dattaw Hill 





Ohn-binywe-htwet [var: Aquamarine] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & (Coconut mines of Mogok Tree mine)

[var: Aquamarine] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & Pyant Gyi mines of Mogok mine (Pyan Gyi)

Yamethin District 



[var: Aquamarine] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & Datt mines of Mogok awmid

Pein-Pyit (Painpyit; Pyan Pyit) 

o

[var: Aquamarine] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Yamethin Township

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Shan State o

Kyaukme District 

Momeik Township 

[var: Aquamarine] Kyi et al. (2005)

Molo quarter 

Khetchel village [var: Aquamarine] Kyi et al. (2005) (Cache village; Khat

169

Che village) 

Palel ni mine ("Kat Chay mine ")

Canada 

British Columbia o

Atlin Mining Division 

 

Tungsten 

[var: Emerald] Marshall et al. (2004), Groat et al. (2008)

Lened property

Ontario o

Kenora District 

Brownridge Township 



[var: Emerald] Marshall et al. (2004), Groat et al. (2008)

Taylor #1 pegmatite

Dryden 



Mt. Foster

Northwest Territories o



[var: Aquamarine] Groat (2005), Wilson (2007)

Bennett

[var: Emerald] Groat, L.A., Giuliani, G., Marshall, Ghost Lake emerald D.D., and Turner, D. (2008): Ore Geology Reviews occurrence 34, 87-112.

Yukon Territory o

Watson Lake Mining District

[var: Aquamarine] Groat (2005), Turner et al. (2007)



True Blue beryl property (Shark claims)



Tsa Da Glisza property (Regal [var: Emerald] Emeralds of the World - extraLapis

170

Ridge)

English No.2 (2002) p. 33

China 

Sichuan Province 



[var: Aquamarine] Liu (2005)

Yunnan Province o

Nujiang Autonomous Prefecture [var: Aquamarine] Marshall et al. (2009) 

o

Nujiang Valley (Gaoligong Mts; Gaoligong Shan)

Wenshan Autonomous Prefecture 

Malipo Co. 

Dayakou emerald mine

Colombia  Boyacá Department o

[var: Emerald]

Guavió-Guatéque Mining District 

Mun. de Chivor 

o

[var: Emerald] Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 26

[var: Emerald] Emeralds of the World English extraLapis Vol. 2 2002 pp36-45

Chivor Mine

Vasquez-Yacopí Mining District 

Mun. de Maripí 

La Pita 





[var: Emerald] Johnson et al. (2000), Michelou (2001, 2005, 2006), Boehm (2002), Fritsch et al. (2002), Vuillet et al. (2002), Campos-Alvarez and Roser (2007) La Pita Mine

Polveros

Mun. de Muzo 

Cincho Mine

[var: Emerald] Johnson et al. (2000), Michelou (2001, 2005, 2006), Boehm (2002), Fritsch et al. (2002), Vuillet et al. (2002), Campos-Alvarez and Roser (2007) [var: Emerald] Banks, D.A., Giuliani, G., Yardley, B.W.D., and Cheilletz, A. (2000): Mineralium Deposita 35, 699-713.

171





Coscuez Mine (Cosquez Mine)



Muzo Mine



Pava Mine



La Glorieta

[var: Emerald] Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 33

Yacopí Mine

Mun. de San Pablo de Borbur 



[var: Emerald] Min.Rec.:20(5):394.

[var: Emerald] Banks, D.A., Giuliani, G., Yardley, B.W.D., and Cheilletz, A. (2000): Mineralium Deposita 35, 699-713.  Tequendama Mine [var: Emerald] Banks, D.A., Giuliani, G., Yardley, B.W.D., and Cheilletz, A. (2000): Mineralium Deposita 35, 699-713. Mun. de Otanche

 

[var: Emerald] Emeralds of the World English extraLapis Vol. 2 2002 pp36-45

[var: Emerald] Emeralds of the World - extraLapis Peña Blanca Mine English No.2 (2002) p. 33 (Peñas Blancas Mine)

Cundinamarca Department o

Guavió-Guatéque Mining District 

Mun. de Gachalá



Mun. de Ubalá 

Buenavista Mines

[var: Emerald] Giuliani et al. (1990,1995,2000), Bosshart (1991), Schwarz (1991,1992) Branquet et al. (1999)

[var: Emerald] Giuliani et al. (1990,1995,2000), Bosshart (1991), Schwarz (1991,1992) Branquet et al. (1999)

Egypt 

Red Sea Governorate o

Eastern Desert 

Sikait-Zabara region 

[var: Emerald] Emeralds of the World English Emerald mines (incl. extraLapis Vol. 2 2002 pp24-35 Gebel Zabara; Wadi Abu Rusheid; Wadi Gimal; Wadi Sikait; Wadi Umm Debaa; Wadi Umm Kabu)

172

Finland 

Southern Finland Region o

Luumäki 

[var: Aquamarine] Lyckberg (2004, 2005), Wise (2005)

Kännätsalo 

Karelia Beryl Mine pegmatite [var: Emerald]

India 

Rajasthan (Rajputana) o

Ajmer Division 

Ajmer District 

 

[var: Emerald] Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p.25

Bubani mine

Rajgarh pits

[var: Emerald]

Tamil Nadu o

Karur District

o

Salem District 

[var: Aquamarine] Boehm (2000), Michelou (2006)

[var: Emerald] Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 26

Sankari Taluka

Italy 

Piedmont o

Verbano-Cusio-Ossola Province 

Ossola Valley 

Vigezzo Valley 

[var: Emerald] Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 29

Trontano 

Pizzo Marc io

Kazakhstan 173



Eastern Kazakhstan Province (Shyghys Qazaqstan Oblysy; VostochnoKazakhstanskaya Oblast') o



Delbegetey emerald deposit

Karagandy Province (Qaragandy Oblysy; Karaganda Oblast') o

Akchatau (Aqshatau; Akschatau; Akchataul; Akshatau) 



[var: Emerald]

[var: Aquamarine] Spiridonov (1998)

Akchatau Mine

Kostanay Province (Qostanay Oblysy; Kostanai Oblast') o

Drazhilovskoye W-Mo deposit

Kenya 

Eastern Province o

[var: Aquamarine] Cairncross (2005)

Embu (Kirimari)

[var: Aquamarine] E.Ya. Kievlenko ( 2003) Geology of gems, p. 112

Madagascar  Antananarivo Province o

Analamanga Region 

Ankazobe Pegmatite Field Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 44 

Anjozorobe District 



Miakanjovat o pegmatite

Ankazobe District 

Ankazotsifan Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 44 tatra pegmatite



Bevony



Tsarasaotra Madagascar, extraLapis, English No.1, 2001, p. 44

Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 44

174

pegmatite (Tsaratsaotra pegmatite)

o



Antaniditra



Antsahalava pegmatite

Betafo District 

Ambohimanambola Commune Pezzotta (2001), Danet (2007) 







Anjanabonoi na pegmatites

Mahaiza Commune 

[var: Aquamarine] Pezzotta (2001), Danet |(2007)

Tsaramanga pegmatite [var: Aquamarine] E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of (Tongafeno gems, 2003, p. 112 pegmatite)

Vohitrakanga pegmatite

Pezzotta (2001), Danet (2007)

Sahatany Pegmatite Field (Mt Ibity area) 



Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 44

Vakinankaratra Region 

o

Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 44

Sahatany Valley 

Ankarinarivo pegmatite



Tsarafara Sud E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 110 (Ankadilava)

Vorondolo pegmatite district

Antsiranana Province

[var: Morganite] E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 111

Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 50 Pezzotta (2001)

175

o

Sava Region (Northeastern Region) 

Andapa District 

Andapa Pegmatite Field 



Andravory PegmatiteMadagascar - extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 41 field 

Andravory Massif

Fianarantsoa Province o

[var: Heliodor] Laurs and Quinn (2002)

Ambatofinandrahana District 

Mandrosonoro area 

Ambatovita [var: Aquamarine] Laurs and Quinn (2002) 

Saka vala na mine

Atsimo-Atsinanana Region 

Isahara Pegmatite Field 

o

Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 42

Amoron'i Mania Region 

o

[var: Aquamarine]

Vohémar District 



Ankitzka

Vangaindrano pegmatites

Laurs and Quinn (2002)

Laurs and Quinn (2002)

Horombe Region 

Ranohira District Madagascar - extraLapis English No.1, p. 92 

Ilakaka Commune 

Ilakaka gem 176

deposit 

Ikalamavony Pegmatite Field 

Ikalamavony District Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 61 

o

Bevaondran o pegmatite

Vatovavy-Fitovinany Region 

Mananjary District 

Mananjary emerald District 



[var: Emerald] Emeralds of the World English extraLapis Vol. 2 2002 pp24-35

North Zone 

Amb odib [var: Emerald] Henn and Milisenda (2001) akol y



Amb odiv [var: Emerald] Emeralds of the World - extraLapis andri English No.2 (2002) p. 28 ka

South Zone 

Amb [var: Emerald] Emeralds of the World English ato extraLapis Vol. 2 2002 pp24-35 mam eno



Amb odib [var: Emerald] Emeralds of the World - extraLapis onar English No.2 (2002) p. 28 y



Kianj avat [var: Emerald] Vapnik et al. (2006) o



Mor [var: Emerald] Emeralds of the World English afen extraLapis Vol. 2 2002 pp24-35

177

o 

A n k a d i l a l [var: Emerald] E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, a 2003, p. 89 n a M i n e



Mahajanga Province (Majunga) o

Betsiboka Region 

Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 42

Tsaratanàna District 



Andriamena Commune

Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 43



Ambatohara nana pegmatite Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 44 (Androfia)



MahabéSouth pegmatite

Berere Pegmatite Field 

Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 43

Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 42

Ambatohara nanaMadagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 42 Ambony pegmatite

178

(South) 



o

Analila pegmatite

Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 42

Antsakoa I pegmatite

Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 42



Antsakoa II pegmatite Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 42



Befilao



Pegmatite near Mahajamba Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 42 River

Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 42

Sofia Region 

Bealanana District Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 42 



Toamasina Province (Tamatave) o

Alaotra-Mangoro Region 

Andilamena District



Lac Alaotra (Lake Alaotra) 



Bas Maevarano Pegmatite Field

Lac Alaotra Chrysoberyl Pegmatites

Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 46

Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 47

Tuléar Province (Toliara) o

Southwestern Region 

Benenitra District 

[var: Emerald] Emeralds of the World English extraLapis Vol. 2 2002 pp 52-59

Ianapera Commune 

Ianapera

179

emerald deposit (Sakalava) Mozambique  Zambezia Province o

Alto Ligonha District 

Maria III Emerald Mine



Mocuba District 



Muiâne pegmatite



Murrua (Morrua; Morrua Mine)



Mutala pegmatite area 

o

Namacotche Mine



Namacotcha Pegmatite



Niane Emerald Mine

[var: Emerald] Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 28 [var: Aquamarine] Schafer and Arlt (2000), Schappmann (2005), Cairncross (2005) [var: Aquamarine] Schafer and Arlt (2000), Schappmann (2005), Cairncross (2005) [var: Aquamarine] Schafer and Arlt (2000), Schappmann (2005), Cairncross (2005) J. Marques (2009) Bettencourt-Dias and Wilson (2000) Bettencourt-Dias and Wilson (2000) [var: Emerald] Bettencourt-Dias and Wilson (2000)

Gilé District 

Gilé

[var: Emerald] Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 28 

o

Mocuba

[var: Emerald]

Rio Maria III Mine

Uape 

Maria Norte Mine

[var: Emerald] Schappmann (2005)

Namibia  Erongo Region o

Erongo Mountain

o

Karibib District

[var: Aquamarine] Jahn (2000), Jahn and Bahmann (2000) [var: Aquamarine] Jahn (2000), Jahn and Bahmann (2000), Glas (2002)

180



Spitzkopje Area 

Klein Spitzkopje granite stock (Kleine Spitzkoppe) 



Usakos 

o

Ameib Farm 60

[var: Aquamarine] Cairncross et al (1998)

Swakopmund District 

Arandis 

Rössing Mountains Area [var: Heliodor] Glas (2002), Laurs (2002) 



Stiepelmann [var: Aquamarine] Jahn (2000), Jahn and Mine Bahmann (2000), Glas (2002), Laurs (2002)

Hoffnungsstr ahl pegmatite

Hardap Region o

Maltahöhe District 

[var: Emerald] Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 28

Neuhof Reserve Farm 100

Nepal 

Kosi Zone (Koshi Zone) o

Sankhuwasabha District (Sankhuwa Sahba; Shankuwa-Sava) [var: Aquamarine] 

Phakuwa

Nigeria 

Kaduna State o

Gwantu

o

Nandu Village

[var: Aquamarine] Kammerling et al. (1995)

[var: Emerald] Vapnik and Moroz (2000)

181

 

Nassarawa State (Nasarawa State) o



Nandu Mine

Nasarawa Eggon

[var: Aquamarine] J. Micheou (2009)

Plateau State [var: Aquamarine] Lind et al. (1986)

o

Jos Plateau

o

Nanarawa Eggon [var: Aquamarine] Kammerling et al. (1995)

Norway 

Akershus o

Eidsvoll (Eidsvold) 

Minnesund 

[var: Emerald] Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 30

Byrud Emerald Mine

Pakistan  Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) o

Bajaur Agency 

o

Barang-Turghao (Mor-Darra)

Mohmand Agency 

Ganadao (Gandahab) 



[var: Emerald] E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 97

[var: Emerald] E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 97

Mt Tora-Tigga

Gilgit-Baltistan (Northern Areas) o

Astor District (Astore District) 

Astor valley (Astore valley) 

Bulochi (Balochi; Balche; Bulache; Bulachi; Drot Balachi)

[var: Aquamarine] Blauwet and Muhammad (2004)

182

o

Baltistan 

Skardu District 





Basha Valley (Basha Nala; Basna) 

Bien



Dogoro



Doko

[var: Aquamarine] Hammer and Muhammad (2004)

[var: Aquamarine] Hammer (2003, 2004) [var: Aquamarine] Hammer (2003, 2004) [var: Emerald] Hammer (2004)

Braldu Valley 

Apo Ali Gun [var: Aquamarine] Hammer and Muhammad (Apaligun; (2004) Apaligon)



Baha



Byansahpi



Chhappu



Foljo (Folji; Fuljo; Pulji; [var: Aquamarine] Blauwet and Muhammad Phuljo) (2004)



Nyet-Bruk



Nyet (Niit; [var: Aquamarine] Blauwet and Muhammad Niyit; Niyil) (2004)



Teston (Tigston; Tisgtung; Tekston)

[var: Aquamarine] Hammer and Muhammad (2004) [var: Aquamarine] Blauwet (2004) [var: Aquamarine] Blauwet and Muhammad (2004)

[var: Aquamarine] Blauwet and Muhammad (2004)

[var: Aquamarine] Blauwet and Muhammad (2004)

Haramosh Mts. 

Baralooma [var: Aquamarine] Blauwet and Muhammad valley (2004) (Baralungma )

183



Drot



Sabsar (Supsar; Sapsir; Sabsir; Sabsan; Subsar)





o

[var: Aquamarine] Blauwet and Muhammad (2004)

[var: Aquamarine] Blauwet and Muhammad (2004)

Shigar Valley 

Mungo (Munyo; Mango)



Yuno (Yunau; Yunas)

[var: Aquamarine] Blauwet and Muhammad (2004)

[var: Aquamarine] Blauwet and Muhammad (2004)

Diamar District (Diamir District) 

Chilas 

o

Shengus (Shingus)

[var: Aquamarine] Blauwet and Muhammad (2004)

[var: Aquamarine] Blauwet and Muhammad (2004) Raikot (Raikoot)

Gilgit District 

Haramosh Mts. 



[var: Aquamarine] Blauwet and Muhammad Dache (Dassu; Dasu; (2004) Haramosh-Dassu; Dacha)



Haramosh peak



Khaltaro (Rayjud; Kaltoro)

[var: Aquamarine] Blauwet and Muhammad (2004) [var: Emerald] Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 24

Hunza Valley 

Chumar Bakhoor

[var: Aquamarine] Blauwet and Muhammad (2004)

184

  

Nagar (Nagir)

Sassi (Sasi; Sasli)

[var: Aquamarine] Blauwet and Muhammad (2004) [var: Aquamarine] Blauwet and Muhammad (2004)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (North-West Frontier Province) o

Chitral District (Chitral Valley) [var: Aquamarine] Khan (1986) 

Lutkho Valley 

o

Garam Chashma

Swat District (Swat Valley) 

Gujar Killi Valley deposit (Gujar Kili)



Mingora mining district (Mingora Mine)





Farooq mine



Islamia trench



Mine No. 2



Mine No. 3

Swat

[var: Emerald] Arif et al. (1996), Aboosally (1999)

[var: Emerald] Arif et al. (1996), Aboosally (1999) [var: Emerald] Econ Geol (1986) 81:2022-2028 [var: Emerald] Econ Geol (1986) 81:2022-2028 [var: Emerald] Econ Geol (1986) 81:2022-2028 [var: Emerald] Econ Geol (1986) 81:2022-2028 [var: Emerald] Arif et al. (1996), Aboosally (1999)

Peru 

Junín Department o

Cerro Runa Tullo (Runatullo)

Russia 

Eastern-Siberian Region o

Transbaikalia (Zabaykalye) 

[var: Morganite] Badanina et al. (2008) Chitinskaya Oblast'

185



Urals Region o

Middle Urals 



E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 109

Adui 

Semininskaya mine



Shemeiskoye deposit



Tysyachnitsa mine

E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 109 [var: Emerald] E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 109

Kamenka massif

[var: Emerald]



Gryaznovskie Vershiny occurrence [var: Emerald]



Veins No.17 and 18

[var: Emerald]       



[var: Emerald] [var: Emerald] [var: Emerald] [var: Emerald] [var: Emerald]

Sarapulka District (Murzinka) 

Kop' Uspenskogo [var: Emerald] and Glinskoye occurrences



Murzinka

[var: Heliodor] Emlin (1996) 186

Mine (Mursinsk; Murzinsk; Murzinska) 

Yuzhakovo Village 

Alabashka pegmatite field

E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 108



Kaze nnits a vein [var: Aquamarine] P. Lyckberg (2009) (Kazi onni tsa)



Mok rush a [var: Aquamarine] Mine



Start sevs kaya E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 108 mine

Somaliland  Hargeisa (Hargeysa) o

Borama District 

[var: Emerald] Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 29

Boorama

South Africa  Limpopo Province [var: Emerald] E.Ya. Kievlenko (2003) Geology of gems, p. 89

o

Leydsdorp

o

Murchison Range 

Gravelotte 

[var: Emerald] Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 28

Gravelotte Emerald

187

Mine 

Cobra pit

Spain 

Galicia o

Pontevedra 

A Cañiza 

[var: Emerald] Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 30

A Franqueira

Sri Lanka  Sabaragamuwa Province o

Ratnapura District 

Balangoda



Ratnapura 

Gem gravels

[var: Aquamarine] Dissanayake et al. (2000)

No reference listed [var: Aquamarine] Econ Geol (1981) 76:733-738

Tajikistan  Viloyati Mukhtori Gorno-Badakhshan (Viloyati Badakhshoni Kuni) o

Pamir Mts 

Rangkul' Highlands 

[var: Aquamarine] Skrigitil (1996)

Rangkul' pegmatite field

Tanzania  Arusha Region o

Dumbawanga District 

o

Manghola

Lake Manyara 

[var: Emerald] Emeralds of the World English extraLapis Vol. 2 2002 pp52-59

Magara

[var: Emerald] [var: Emerald] Bank (1986) Emerald deposits in Africa, Goldschmiede und Uhrmacher Zeitung, 188

Vol. 84, No. 9, pp. 161-163 

Rukwa Region o

Sumbawanga District 

[var: Emerald] Dirlam et al. (1992)

Kalambazite

Ukraine 

Zaporozhskaya Oblast' (Zaporiz'ka; Zaporozh'e) o

Priazovie 



Krutaya Balka deposit

Zhytomyr Oblast' (Zhitomir Oblast') o

Volodarsk-Volynskii (Volodars'kVolyns'kyy; Wolodarsk-Wolynskii)

[var: Aquamarine] Koivula et al. (1993), Lyckberg (2005)

USA 

California o

San Diego Co. 

Mesa Grande District 

Gem Hill [var: Morganite] Rocks & Min.:63:21.





Himalaya Mine (Himalaya dikes; Himalaya pegmatite)



Mesa Grande Mine [var: Aquamarine] Mauthner (2008)

Pala District 

Pala [var: Morganite] Sinkankas (1997) 

Chief Mountain

189



 

Ramona 

Chaffee Co. 

[var: Goshenite] mindat.org

[var: Aquamarine] Potucek (2005)

Mt Antero

Connecticut o

Middlesex Co. 

East Hampton (Chatham) 



Little Three Mine (Little 3 mine)

Colorado o



Sinkankas (1997)

Ramona District 



Osborn, P. (2005) Personal communication between Phillip Osborn of Hemet and Scott L. Ritchie of Temecula, California; description of beryl discovery on southwestern most Oceanview lode exposure; March.

[var: Aquamarine] Jarnot (2005)

Slocum Prospect

Maine o

Oxford Co. 

Buckfield 



o

Bennett Quarry

Paris 



[var: Aquamarine] Sinkankas (1997)

Mount Mica Quarry

Stoneham

Sagadahoc Co.

[var: Morganite] Potucek (2005)

[var: Aquamarine] Potucek (2005) [var: Aquamarine]

190

 

Topsham

New Hampshire o

Cheshire Co. 

Alstead 

o

Grafton Co. 



Groton 

Palermo No. 1 Mine (Palermo No. 1 pegmatite)



Palermo No. 2 mine

[var: Aquamarine] Wise (2005)

[var: Heliodor] Wise (2005)

New Mexico o

Sierra Co. 

Paramount Canyon 



Beryllium Virgin claim

Taylor Creek Tin District (Black Range Tin District) 



Big Mine (Davis [var: Aquamarine] Wise (2005) Mine; Gilsum & Bowers Mine; Golding-Keene Mine; Rhoda Mine; Tripp No. 2 Mine; Victory Mine)

Round Mountain

[var: Red Beryl] http://www.agmc.info/nm_mineral_locations.ht m#Paramount%20Canyon,%20Sierra%20Co.,%20 New%20Mexico

[var: Red Beryl] Northrup, Minerals of New Mexico, 3rd Rev. Ed., 1996

North Carolina o

Alexander Co. 

[var: Emerald] E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 77

Ellis Mine

191



o

Hiddenite 

Emerald Valley Mine



Rist Mine (North America Emerald Mine)

Shelby 

(Tarper Mine) 

Old Plantation Mine 

[var: Aquamarine]

Plant ation Eme rald Mine

Mitchell Co. 

Spruce Pine District 

Little Switzerland



Spruce Pine 



[var: Emerald] Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 33

Cleveland Co. 

o

[var: Emerald] Rocks & Min.:60:84.

Crabtree Mine (Big Crabtree Emerald Mine)

[var: Emerald]

[var: Emerald] Rocks & Min.:60:92.

Utah o

Beaver Co. 

Wah Wah Mts 

[var: Red Beryl] L. Ream (1979) Famous Mineral Localities: The Thomas Range, Wah Wah Mountains, and Vicinity, Western Utah. Mineralogical Record 10:261-278; Van King

Ruby Violet claims (Violet mine; Red

192

Emerald) o

Juab Co. 

Thomas Range 

Maynard's claim (Pismire Knolls)



Solar Wind claim



Starvation Canyon (Searles Canyon)



o

[var: Red Beryl] Van King [var: Red Beryl] Christian Bracke Collection

Topaz Mountain 



[var: Red Beryl] Am Min 19:82-88; Bowling, R. (2011) Topaz from Utsh's Maynard Mine Extra Lapis English 14:22-25

The Cove (Topaz Valley)

[var: Red Beryl] J. Holfert, W. Mroch, J. Fuller (1996) A Field Guide to Topaz and Associated Minerals of the Thomas Range, Utah (Topaz Mountain) Vol I HM Publishing 103pp

Wild Horse Springs [var: Red Beryl] A Field Guide to Topaz and (Wildhorse Springs) Associated Minerals of the Thomas Range, UtahJohn Holfert et al, 1996

Tooele Co. 

Spring Creek 

[var: Aquamarine] U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Unknown Gemstone Survey, Reston, Virginia. (MRDS - 10020427)

Vietnam  Yenbai Province (Yen Bai Province)

[var: Aquamarine] Michelou (2006)

Zambia 

Copperbelt Province o

Ndola District 

Ndola 

[var: Emerald] Kafubu Emerald District 

Kagem Emerald

[var: Emerald] Emeralds of the World English extraLapis Vol. 2 2002 pp52-59

193

Mine 

  

Pirala Mine [var: Emerald] Milisenda C.C., Malango V., Taupitz K.C. (1999) Edelsteine aus Sambia - Teil 1: Smaragd. Gem: Z. Dt. Gemmol. Ges., Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 9-28 Kamakanga area [var: Emerald] Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 29 Sachin Emerald Mine [var: Emerald]

Eastern Province o

Chipata District 

Lukusuzi National Park 

o

[var: Aquamarine] Mambwe and Sikatali (1994)

Kapilinkesa Mine

Lundazi District

[var: Aquamarine] Milisenda et al. (2000), Carranza et al. (2005)

Zimbabwe  Mashonaland East o

Mutoko District (Mtoko District) 



Mutoko parish (Mtoko)

Mashonaland West o

Shmakin and Wedepohl (1999), Milisenda et al. Karoi District (Urungwe; Hurungwe (2000) District)   

Green Walking Stick deposit [var: Heliodor] Milisenda et al. (2000), Cairncross (2005), Wise (2005) Mwame Mine [var: Aquamarine] Milisenda et al. (2000), Cairncross (2005) Mwami (Miami) 



[var: Aquamarine] Cairncross (2005)

Masvingo

St Anns Mine (St Anne Mine; St Anne's Mine; St Ann's Mine)

[var: Aquamarine] Milisenda et al. (2000), Cairncross (2005)

[var: Emerald] Zwaan and Touret (2000); Zwaan et al. (2004); Zwaan (2006)

194

o

Bikita Area 

o

Masvingo (Fort Victoria) 

o 

Chikwanda

Novello Mine

Mayfield farm

[var: Emerald] Zwaan and Touret (2000); Zwaan et al. (2004); Zwaan (2006) [var: Emerald] Zwaan and Touret (2000); Zwaan et al. (2004); Zwaan (2006)

Matabeleland South o

Gwanda - Filabusi District 

o

Filabusi (Filibusi) 

Mustard deposit



Pepper deposit

[var: Emerald] E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 89

[var: Emerald] E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 89

Mweza Range (Wedja) 

Sandawana-Belingwe District 

Sandawana Mine (Zeus mine)

[var: Emerald] Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 29

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-819.html

13. Aventurine A variety of Quartz containing glistening fragments (usually mica), which can be cut and polished as a gemstone. Most commonly when the general public encounter this stone it is in the form of green stone beads that can be anywhere from a pale to a medium green colour. Frequently these beads have been treated with oil to make the stone look a darker colour than it would naturally or even dyed to make the colour more attractive. Aventurine can also be other colours but the most common colour is green. Aventurine is a general term that is used by different commercial interests to mean several different kinds of stones.

Classification of Aventurine mindat.org URL:

http://www.mindat.org/min-436.html Please feel free to link to this page.

195

Other Names for Aventurine Synonyms:

Adventurine Avanturine Aventurine Quartz Indian Jade

Czech: Aventurin Dutch: Aventurien Finnish: Aventuriinikvartsi French: Aventurine Other Languages: German: Aventurin-Quarz Hebrew: ‫אוונטורין‬ Latvian: Avanturīns Lithuanian: Avantiurinas Portuguese: Aventurina indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found. Austria 

Styria o

R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätte n Österreichs (1993)

Mariazell

China 

Xinjiang Autonomous Region o

Akesu Prefecture (Aksu Prefecture; Aqsu Prefecture) 

Wensu Co. (Onsu Co.) 

Sazileke aventurine mine

Czech Republic  Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen) o

Liberec Region

Yanling Tang (2005): Nonmetallic deposits of Xinjiang, China [Zhongguo Xinjiang Fei Jinshu Kuangchuang]. Geological Publishing House (Beijing), 289 pp. geological prospecting, 2008 - 2009, Czech geological 196



Jizerské Mtn (Iser Mtn) 

Organization

Jizerská louka (Iser meadow; Iserwiese)

Germany  Baden-Württemberg o

Black Forest 

Wolfach 

Oberwolfach 

Rankach valley 



Clara Mine

Kaiser, H. (1984): Die Grube Clara zu Wolfach im Schwarzwald. Verlag Karl Schillinger, Freiburg im Breisgau, 102 pp. (in German)

Saxony o

Erzgebirge 

Johanngeorgenstadt District 

Johanngeorgenstadt

Wittern: "Mineralfundo rte in Deutschland", 2001

India 

Andhra Pradesh o



Nellore District

Karnataka o

Bellary district 

o

Metri

Hassan District 

Belvadi



Sindagere

Richard M. Pearl: "Minerals of India", Mineral Digest, vol. 2. Richard M. Pearl: "Minerals of India", Mineral Digest, vol. 2. Richard M. Pearl: "Minerals of India", Mineral Digest, vol. 2. Richard M. Pearl: 197

"Minerals of India", Mineral Digest, vol. 2. 

Tamil Nadu o

Richard M. Pearl: "Minerals of India", Mineral Digest, vol. 2.

Chennai (Madras) 

Coimbatore District

Japan 

Honshu Island o

Chubu Region 

Niigata Prefecture 

Itoigawa City 

Ohmi 

Slovakia  Bratislava Region o



Oyashirazu beach

Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590k

Pezinok Co. 

Alfredo Petrov, field collected specimens

Modra

Košice Region o

Košice Co. 

Jasov (Jossau; Joss) 

Zábava Mines

Koděra et all.,1990: Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, I-III, 1590p

South Africa 198



Limpopo Province Leydsdorp

o

Murchison Range 

o

Gravelotte

Minerals of South Africa

Soutspansberg District 



Minerals of South Africa

o

Santor farm

Minerals of South Africa

Mpumalanga Province o

Barberton District

Minerals of South Africa

USA 

Arkansas o



Hot Spring Co.

Nebraska o

Bayard

Vermont o

Rutland Co. 

Shrewsbury 



MacFall (1975) Gem Hunter's Guide

Round Hill

Virginia o

Albemarle Co. 



The Minerals and Gemstones of Nebraska CSD U Neb EC 2

Morrill Co. 



Jay Ellis Ransom,1974, Gems and Minerals of America

Wisconsin

Shadwell Mine (Chalottesville Quarry)

Minerals of Virginia 1990 by R. V. Dietrich R&M 73:11-12 pp 378-399 199

o

Wood Co. 

Veedum quarries

Wisconsin Mineral Locality Index

http://www.mindat.org/min-436.html

Aventurine

The name aventurine derives from the Italian "a ventura" meaning "by chance". Aventurine is a feebly translucent, fine-grained to compact variety of Quartzite, the surface of which has a speckled, metallic sheen, usually of a reddish-brown colour, but occasionally yellow, white, blue or green. This appearance is caused by the presence, in the colourless quartz substance, of numbers of enclosures (scales of mica, plates of chrome-mica fuchsite, etc.), which can always be seen with the aid of the microscope, and sometimes with a simple lens, or with the naked eye. General Information A variety or type of: Quartzite Chemical Formula

SiO

2

Synthetic Aventurine Aventurine-glass is an artificial product which resembles natural aventurine but possesses an even finer appearance. It is a colourless glass in which are embedded numerous small red octahedra, the faces of which are equilateral triangles. The chemical composition of the material, the well-defined crystalline form, together with the red colour and strong metallic lustre of the enclosures, point to the fact that the latter consists of metallic copper. The much lower hardness of aventurine-glass, together with the form of the enclosures, which can be readily made out with a lens, definitely distinguishes it in all cases from natural aventurine and from sunstone. - Precious stones, Max Bauer, 1968, p 503 Physical Properties of Aventurine 7 to 6.5 Mohs Hardness Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 200

2.64 to 2.69 Specific Gravity Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Brittle Tenacity Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) None Cleavage Quality Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Conchoidal,Splintery Fracture Max Bauer, Precious stones (1968) Optical Properties of Aventurine 1.544 to 1.553 Refractive Index Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Biaxial/Optical Character Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 0.007 to 0.010 Birefringence Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Absent Pleochroism Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) None Dispersion Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Colour Green, red-brown, gold-brown Colour (General) Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Reddish Colour (Chelsea Filter) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Green, chromian mica (fuchsite) inclusions. Greenish yellow, color center. Causes of Colour W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Translucent,Opaque Transparency Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Fluorescence & other light emissions Green aventurine: reddish Fluorescence (General) Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Crystallography of Aventurine Triclinic Crystal System Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Massive Habit Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) 201

Geological Environment Occurs both in primary deposits and also as loose pebbles. Where found: Max Bauer, Precious stones (1968) Inclusions in Aventurine Aventurescence caused by platy inclusions of green mica (fuchsite) - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p 7 Further Information Mineral information: Aventurine information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities Austria 

Styria o

Mariazell

Max Bauer, Precious stones (1968)

India 

Karnataka o

Bellary district 

Max Bauer, Precious stones (1968)

Metri

14. Quartzite

Quartzite is a metamorphic rock, consisting of small grains of Quartz which have been recrystallized to form a tough interlocked mass. It is formed through heat and pressure or through gradual silica cementation at lower temperatures and pressures. Green aventurine is a variety of quartzite which contains included platy crystals of the green chromerich fuchsite mica, which are responsible for green colour of the rock and for red glow seen under the Chelsea filter. Some of this material may show a greenish glow under UV. Rich white to reddish brown colour of aventurine quartz is caused by presence of iron. 202

Quartzite can be used for beads, cabochons and other small articles of jewellery. Most green aventurine quartz comes from India. Reddish brown varieties occur in the south of Spain. Bluish white quartzite with red to brown patches and pyrite inclusions has been reported from the IdarOberstein area, Rheinland Pfalz, Germany. General Information Aventurine - A variety of Quartz containing glistening fragments, usually of mica, but Varieties/Types: sometimes hematite, goethite or chlorite.

Specific Gravity

Refractive Index

Mineral information:

Physical Properties of Quartzite 2.64 to 2.69 Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Optical Properties of Quartzite 1.55 Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Further Information Quartzite information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities

Austria 

Styria o

Mariazell

[var: Aventurine] Max Bauer, Precious stones (1968)

Germany  Rhineland-Palatinate o

Hunsrück 

Idar-Oberstein

India 

Karnataka o

Bellary district 

[var: Aventurine] Max Bauer, Precious stones (1968)

Metri

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-42811.html

The Gemstone Aventurine Aventurine is a compact variety of Quartz / Chalcedony containing small included flakes or scales that 203

give it a glistening effect. The inclusions are usually Muscovite mica, but may also be Hematite or Goethite. Though the color of Aventurine is most often associated with green, it can also be other colors such as gray, orange, and brown. However, color types other than green are uncommon, and rarely used as gemstones or ornamental material. Chemical Formula

SiO2

Color

Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, Brown, Gray

Hardness

6.5 - 7

Crystal System

Hexagonal

Refractive Index

1.54 - 1.55

SG

2.63 - 2.65

Transparency

Opaque. May be translucent when backlit on the edges.

Double Refraction

.009

Luster

Vitreous, waxy

Cleavage

Indiscernible

Mineral Class

Quartz / Chalcedony

- See more at: http://www.minerals.net/gemstone/aventurine_gemstone.aspx#sthash.YZQDgDWQ.dpuf ALL ABOUT

Aventurine gemstones can range from a light to dark green color. The green coloring agent of green Aventurine is Fuschite, which is a chromium-rich variety of Mucovite. The Fuschite is usually finely included within the Quartz, sometimes very heavily. For this reason, Aventurine is sometimes classified as a rock since it is technically a combination of two minerals However, most experts still treat Aventurine as a variety of Quartz, as the Fuschite is more likely an inclusions rather than a mineral combination. The shimmering or glistening effect exhibited on Aventurine is known as aventurescence. This effect can be weak or more intense, depending on the size and density of the inclusions. The color of Aventurine can also vary based on the inclusions, and a single gemstone may have lighter and darker color zones. Most Aventurine has a grainy or sugary texture in a natural state, though this is usually removed when polished into a gemstone.

USES

Aventurine is used as a minor stone for jewelry, as cabochons or beads mostly for necklaces and bracelets. It is also used as an ornamental stone for carvings and bookends, and is a popular aquarium stone. - See more at: http://www.minerals.net/gemstone/aventurine_gemstone.aspx#sthash.YZQDgDWQ.dpuf

http://www.minerals.net/gemstone/aventurine_gemstone.aspx

204

15. Benitoite

Benitoite was discovered at the beginning of the 20th century in San Benito County (therefore the name), California, USA. A very rare gem with beautiful colour, high birefringence and dispersion, tough, does not have heat sensitivity, exhibits strong blue fluorescence under SW UV. Gem-quality crystals are usually small (rarely larger than 1 carat). The largest facetted benitoite on public display is a 7.5 ct gem in the Smithsonian museum. There are other larger flawless stones in existence, all in private collections.

General Information Chemical Formula

BaTiSi

3

O

9

Benitoite Treatments The deep blue color observed in some benitoite may have the same iron-titanium charge-transfer origin as does the blue in sapphire. It is doubtful that any of the corundum heat treatments could be applied successfully, however, since benitoite has a much lower melting point, being a silicate of composition BaTiSi3O9. G. Rossman has found (unpublished data) that benitoite gradually loses its blue color on heating in air at 600°C for 19 h. Irradiation with cobalt 60 returned some of the color center that is unrelated to the natural color – Nassau (1984) Heat-treatment may produce pinkish orange colors - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p. 3 Only the rare colourless benitoite can be heat-treated and will change to peachy/orange colour. Blue benitoite cannot be heat-treated. - Personal communication, 2014. Physical Properties of Benitoite 6 to 6.5 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Mohs Hardness Identification (2010) More from other references 3.61 to 3.68 Specific Gravity Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem 205

Identification (2010) More from other references Brittle Tenacity Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Indistinct Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world Cleavage Quality (2001) More from other references Conchoidal Fracture Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Optical Properties of Benitoite 1.757 to 1.804 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Refractive Index Identification (2010) More from other references Uniaxial/+ Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Optical Character Identification (2010) More from other references 0.047 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Birefringence Identification (2010) DoublingMore from other references Strong dichroism: blue - colorless Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Pleochroism Identification (2010) More from other references 0.039 to 0.046 Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition Dispersion (2006) More from other references Colour Blue, purple, pink, colourless Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world Colour (General) (2001) More from other references Blue, Fe2+-O-Ti4+ charge transfer Causes of Colour W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Transparent,Translucent Transparency Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Adamantine,Subadamantine,Vitreous Lustre Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world 206

(2001) More from other references Fluorescence & other light emissions Weak to bright chalky blue. Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Fluorescence (Short Wave UV) Identification (2010) More from other references Inert Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Fluorescence (Long-Wave UV) Identification (2010) More from other references Crystallography of Benitoite Hexagonal Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Crystal System Identification (2010) More from other references Tabular Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition Habit (2006) More from other references Geological Environment In natrolite veins cutting glaucophane schist in a serpentine body (San Benito Co., California, USA); in a magnesio-riebeckite-quartz Where found: phlogopite-albite dike cutting serpentinite (Ohmi, Japan). Anthony et al, Handbook of Mineralogy (2001) Inclusions in Benitoite Color zoning. Crystals inclusions such as tiny white crossite fibers - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p. 3 Inclusions of crossite fibers, micro-neptunite and a newly classified micromineral Barioparovskite. Personal communication, 2014. Further Information Mineral information: Benitoite information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities USA 

California o

San Benito Co. 

Diablo Range 

New Idria District

NJMMh, 16 (1987) / Wise, W.S & Gill, R.H. (1977): Minerals of the 207



San Benito River headwaters area 

Dallas Gem Mine area 

Dallas Gem Mine (Benitoite Mine; Benitoite Gem Mine; Gem Mine)

Benitoite Gem mine. Mineralogi cal Record 8, 442-452

16. Neptunite

Neptunite is named after Neptune, Roman god of the sea, because it was found with aegirine, which was named after Aegir, the Scandinavian sea god. Neptunite forms translucent or opaque black or very dark red prismatic crystals with square crosssections. The crystals of Neptunite show piezoelectricity.

General Information Chemical Formula

KNa

2

Li(Fe

Mohs Hardness

Specific Gravity Tenacity Cleavage Quality Fracture

2+

,Mn

2+

)

2

Ti

2

Si

8

O

24

Physical Properties of Neptunite 5 to 6 Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references 3.19 to 3.23 Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Brittle Anthony et al, Handbook of Mineralogy (2001) Perfect Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Conchoidal 208

Refractive Index Optical Character Birefringence Pleochroism Dispersion

Colour (General) Transparency

Lustre

Crystal System Habit

Where found:

Mineral information:

Anthony et al, Handbook of Mineralogy (2001) Optical Properties of Neptunite 1.692 to 1.734 Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) The RI for the alpha, beta and gamma rays is 1.692, 1.702 and 1.734 Biaxial/+ Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) 0.029 to 0.045 Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Pale yellow - yellow-orange - orange to red-brown Anthony et al, Handbook of Mineralogy (2001) Extreme Anthony et al, Handbook of Mineralogy (2001) Colour Black or very dark red Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Translucent,Opaque Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Vitreous Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Strong vitreous lustreMore from other references Crystallography of Neptunite Monoclinic Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Prismatic crystals with square cross-sections Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Geological Environment Occurs in natrolite veins cutting a glaucophane schist in a serpentinite body Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Further Information Neptunite information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities

USA 

California o

San Benito Co. 

Diablo Range 

New Idria District

Gems, Sixth Edition, Michael O’Donog hue, 2006, p. 433 209



Picacho Peak 

Clear Creek area 

Hernandez 

Clear Creek 



Mina Numero Uno

San Benito River headwaters area 

Dallas Gem Mine area 

Dallas Gem Mine (Benitoite Mine; Benitoite Gem Mine; Gem Mine)

Wise, W.S & Gill, R.H. (1977): Minerals of the Benitoit e Gem mine. Mineral ogical Record 8, 442452

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-2883.html indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found. Czech Republic Moravia (Mähren; Maehren) Vysočina Region Moravské Budějovice Šebkovice

Třebíč

Krmíček, L., Cempírek J., Havlín A., Přichystal A., Houzar S, Krmíčková M, Gadas P. (2011): Mineralogy and petrogenesis of a Ba–Ti– Zr-rich peralkaline dyke from Šebkovice (Czech Republic): Recognition of the most lamproitic Variscan intrusion. In: Lithos, 121 (2011), 75-86; Elsevier. KRMÍČEK L. 2010: PreMesozoic lamprophyres 210

Nebkovice

and lamproites of the Bohemian Massif (Czech Republic, Poland, Germany, Austria). Mineralogia - Special Papers, vol. 37, pp. 38-46

Japan Honshu Island Chubu Region specimens in numerous japanese collections

Niigata Prefecture Itoigawa City Hashidate Kinzandani (Kanayamadani) Ohmi Ohmi river (Ohmi-gawa)

specimens in numerous japanese collections The Mineral Species of Japan (5th ed) Matsubara Hiroaki Tano specimen

Kanto Region Tokyo Prefecture Nishi-Tama-gun

Ohe Rikosha specimens, and collector labels.

Okutama-cho Shiromaru mine (Hakumaru mine) Kyushu Region Oita Prefecture Ohe Rikosha specimen Saeki City Shimoharai mine USA Arkansas Hot Spring Co.

Barwood, H (1995), Benitoite and Joaquinite in Arkansas, Min.News: 11(5):2, 5.

211

Magnet Cove Diamond Jo Quarry Jones Mill Quarry (Martin Marietta Quarry; Highway 51 Quarry; Mid-State Quarry)

EDS id Chris Stefano

California Fresno Co. Big Creek-Rush Creek District Rush Creek deposit

[MinRec 33:161]; Canadian Mineralogist (2001): 39:1053-1058.

Big Creek Esquire No. 7 claim Rush Creek Esquire No. 1 claim

Kern Co. Lost Hills Lazard area (1)

Lazard area (2)

Alfors, J.T., M.C. Stinson, R.A. Matthews & A. Pabst (1965), Seven new barium minerals from eastern Fresno County, California: American Mineralogist: 50: 319; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 466. Reed, Ralph Daniel & J.P. Bailey (1927), Subsurface correlation by means of heavy minerals: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin: 11: 363; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (18661966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 288; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California: 466, 484. Reed, Ralph Daniel & J.P. Bailey (1927), Subsurface correlation by means of heavy minerals: American Association of Petroleum 212

Geologists Bulletin: 11: 363; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (18661966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 102. Mariposa Co. El Portal [MinRec 30:414] Eagle Peak [1] Incline Sanbornite deposit San Benito Co. Diablo Range www.benitoitemine.com New Idria District Junnila Mine Picacho Peak Clear Creek area William S. Wise (1982) Hernandez Strontiojoaquinite and bario-orthojoaquinite: two new members of the Clear Creek joaquinite group . American Mineralogist Mina Nu 67:809-816. mer o Uno Victor claim (Victor Pabst, Adolf (1978) Zur Mine) morphologie des taramellits. Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen: 25: 245256; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 465-466, 467; American 213

Mineralogist (1984): 69: 358-373; Joseph F. Cooper Jr., Gail E. Dunning, Ted A.Hadley (2003) Minerology of the Victor Claim, Clear Creek Area, New Idria District, San Benito County, California. San Benito Mountain Natural Area San Benito Peak (San Benito Mountain) Southwest of San Benito Peak San Benito River headwaters area Dallas Gem Mine area Dallas Gem Mine (Benitoite Mine; Benitoite Gem Mine; Gem Mine) (TL)

William S. Wise (1982) Strontiojoaquinite and bario-orthojoaquinite: two new members of the joaquinite group . American Mineralogist 67:809-816. Louderback, George Davis & Walter C. Blasdale (1909), Benitoite, its mineralogy, paragenesis and mode of occurrence: University of California, Department of Geological Sciences Bulletin: 5: 331; Louderback, George Davis & Walter C. Blasdale (1907), Benitoite, a new California gem mineral, with chemical analysis by Walter C. Blasdale: University of California, Department of Geological Sciences Bulletin: 5: 149153; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (18661966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 102; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 372, 466; Wise, W.S & Gill, R.H. (1977): Minerals of the Benitoite Gem mine. Mineralogical Record 8, 214

442-452. North of the Dallas Gem Mine Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Unnamed Reinholt Press: 467. Benitoite occurrence Tulare Co. Dumtah

Mineralogical Record: 34(2): 159-166

Baumann prospect (Bauman Ranch) Montana Meagher Co. Gordon Butte

Chakhmouradian A.R. & Mitchell R.H. (2002) The mineralogy of Ba- and Zrrich alkaline pegmatites from Gordon Butte, Crazy Mountains (Montana, USA): comparisons between potassic and sodic agpaitic pegmatites. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 143, 93-114. ; Chakhmouradian, A. R. & Mitchell, R. H. (2002): The mineralogy of Ba- and Zrrich alkaline pegmatites from Gordon Butte, Crazy Mountains (Montana, USA): comparisons between potassic and sodic agpaitic pegmatites. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 143, 93-114.

http://www.mindat.org/min-624.html Locations for Benitoite Benitoite has been found in several localities in the vicinity of the Dallas, or "Benitoite" Gem Mine (see Figures 4, 5 & 6) as recent owners Bill Forrest and Buzz Gray named it. However, only the Benitoite Gem Mine has produced gem quality benitoite in commercial quantities. The Junnila mine located about 7-8 km to the northwest of the Benitoite Gem mine also has allegedly 215

produced some gem benitoite but it is a very small and insignificant amount. Three other known deposits containing benitoite are located near the Benitoite Gem Mine. They are: the Numero Uno Mine, the Victor Claim and Santa Rita Peak Property. Benitoite from these three locations, all within a 10 km radius of the Benitoite Gem mine is generally very poor in quality but the classic triangular shaped crystals are found at each locality. Verified occurrences of benitoite have documented from the following localities: in Japan, in serpentinite along the Kinzan-dani River; at Broken Hill in New South Wales, Australia in gneiss of granitic composition; in Arkansas at the Diamond Jo quarry near Hot Springs in lithophysae found in syenite (Henry Barwood, personal communication, 1997); and in near Big Creek in the Sierra Nevada foothills of eastern Fresno County where it occurs as minute grains associated with an occurrence of granodiorite (this is located about 200 km to the east of the San Benito localities). Earlier reports of the mineral being found as grains in Texas and Belgium were misreported as benitoite. Bentonite - a clay mineral - was the mineral identified at those locations (Henry Barwood, personal communication, 1997). It is highly probable that benitoite occurs elsewhere in the world and it is only a matter of time until new occurrences for the mineral are found. It is also likely that additional localities for benitoite exist in the vicinity of the Benitoite Gem mine.

Benitoite is a prized gemstone of extreme rarity. It is in very high demand for both gemstones and as specimens and its popularity is continuing to expand. People all over the world are discovering the vast array of rare and valuable colored gemstones and how exciting and exotic they can be. Gem benitoite is more rare than other well-known gemstones such as diamond, ruby, emerald and even tanzanite by orders of magnitude! It is a true rarity among gemstone collectors and the availability of quality stones will likely never be high as the original deposit is in the waning years of its viability. What are left at the mine are a few dissected blocks cross cut by mineralized veins, a fair amount of colluvium and the old mine dump material. The large contiguous blocks that provided the numerous specimens of the past are depleted however. There is a possibility that the Junnila mine may have some very minor reserves of gem benitoite but the deposit is rather small and the overwhelmingly vast majority of the benitoite at that locale is a very low grade (Laurs et al, 1997, references a dubious occurrence of gem benitoite at the Junnila mine.) The Junnila mine was worked recently (1999) for fresnoite and that deposit is more or less exhausted. In all probability, the gem material that exists today will be added to only from future workings of the Benitoite Gem Mine. I know from personal experience that it is difficult to obtain high quality benitoite specimens and gem rough. I attend many shows around the world and only rarely are quality specimens of benitoite available. High quality specimens always command a premium, as the supply of these is quite limited

http://www.benitoite.com/benitoite/benitoit.sht ml 216

17. Bloodstone (Heliotrope)

Bloodstone is an opaque, dark-green Chalcedony with red spots. An old name still used in Europe is heliotrope (Greek - sun turner). Used often as seals for men's rings and for other ornamental objects. In the trade, the term blood jasper is sometimes used. Bloodstone, however, is not a jasper at all, even though a radial structure with spherical aggregates can simulate a grainy appearance. General Information A variety or type of: Chalcedony, which is a variety of Quartz Other Names/Trade Names: Heliotrope Chemical Formula

Mohs Hardness Specific Gravity

Refractive Index Optical Character Birefringence

Colour (General) Causes of Colour Transparency

SiO

2

Physical Properties of Bloodstone 6.5 to 7 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 2.55 to 2.70 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Optical Properties of Bloodstone 1.530 to 1.543 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Uniaxial/+ Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) 0.003 to 0.009 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Colour Dark green/greenish-blue with small red blood-like spots Gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) Particles of chlorite or included hornblende needles cause the green color. Red spots are caused by iron oxide. Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Translucent,Opaque 217

Lustre

Crystal System Habit

Mineral information:

Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Semitransparent to opaque Waxy,Resinous Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Crystallography of Bloodstone Trigonal Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Fibrous to grained aggregate Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Further Information Bloodstone information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities

USA California Inyo Co. Death Valley National Park Symons, Henry Heilbronner (1940), Quartz gem stones of California: Rocks & Minerals: 15: 41; Murdoch, Joseph & South End of Death Valley Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (18661966): California Division Mines & Jubilee Pass Geology Bulletin 189: 317. Unnamed Gemst one occurr ence

Death Valley

Siskiyou Co.

Symons, Henry Heilbronner (1940), Quartz gem stones of California: Rocks Cascade Range & Minerals: 15: 41; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of Bogus Mountain California, Centennial Volume (18661966): California Division Mines & Bogus Mountain gemstone Geology Bulletin 189: 318. occurrence Klamath Mts Cinnabar Camp Unnamed Gemstone occurrence (1)

U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-7616.html 218

indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found. Australia Western Australia Meekatharra Shire www.rubianna.com.au Peak Hill Goldfield Ruby Well Canada Nova Scotia

Leiper (ed.), 1966. The Agates of North America

Czech Republic Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen) Liberec Region Duda, Rejl, Slivka: "Mineralien", 1991 Kozákov (Kosakow) Votrubec quarry Germany Saxony-Anhalt Harz Elbingerode

Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001

Büchenberg Mine India Gujarat Rajkot District

Richard M. Pearl: "Minerals of India", Mineral Digest, vol. 2.

Morvi Italy Trentino-Alto Adige Trento Province Fassa Valley

Exel, R. (1987): Guida mineralogica del Trentino e del Sudtirolo. Athesia, Bolzano, 204 pp.

219

Buffaure Group Giumella Valley Romania Hunedoara Co. Techereu (Tekerő) Maramureș Co.

Primics, G. (1886): Das Vorkommen der derben Quarzvarietäten bei Tekerő. Földtani Közlöny, 16, 347-353. Own found 2006

Seini Slovakia Banská Bystrica Region Banská Štiavnica Co. Banský Studenec Žiar nad Hronom Co. Sklené Teplice

Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590 Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590

South Africa Northern Cape Province Kalahari manganese field

Martins da Pedra collection

Kuruman USA California Inyo Co. Death Valley National Park Symons, Henry Heilbronner (1940), Death Valley Quartz gem stones of California: Rocks & Minerals: 15: 41; Murdoch, Joseph & South End of Death Valley Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (18661966): California Division Mines & Jubilee Pass Geology Bulletin 189: 317. Unnamed Gemst one occurr ence 220

Kern Co.

Troxel, Bennie Wyatt & P.K. Morton (1962), Mines and mineral resources of Kern County, California: California Division Mines & Geology County Report No. 1, 370 pp.: 91-92; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 345.

California City Castle Butte

Los Angeles Co. Lang Tick Canyon Mint Canyon [town] Mint Canyon Riverside Co. Orocopia Canyon San Bernardino Co. Ballarat area Wingate Pass area Brown Mountain San Bernardino Mts Big Bear District Big Bear City Canyon Spring

Sterrett, Douglas Bovard (1913), Gems and precious stones: Mineral Resources U.S., 1912, part 2: 1050; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 318. Sterrett, Douglas Bovard (1911), Gems and precious stones. Mineral Resources of the United States for 1910, part 2; Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey: 872; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 318.

Siskiyou Co.

Symons, Henry Heilbronner (1940), Quartz gem stones of California: Rocks Cascade Range & Minerals: 15: 41; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of Bogus Mountain California, Centennial Volume (18661966): California Division Mines & Bogus Mountain gemstone Geology Bulletin 189: 318. occurrence

221

Klamath Mts Cinnabar Camp Unnamed Gemstone occurrence (1)

U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.

Colorado Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels Grand Co. Willow Creek Park Co.

Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels

South Park Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels Antero Junction Agate Creek Connecticut New Haven Co.

Sohon, 1951. Connecticut Minerals

Southbury Georgia Burke Co. Girard District Girard Milhaven

Minerals of Georgia: Their properties and occurrences. Robert Cook GGWRD Bull 92

Minerals of Georgia: Their properties and occurrences. Robert Cook GGWRD Bull 92

Catoosa Co. Ringgold

Minerals of Georgia: Their properties and occurrences. Robert Cook GGWRD Bull 92

Ooltewah Road Chatham Co.

Kunz,1892: Gems & Precious Stones of N. America, p.135.

Maine Lincoln Co.

Van King

Monhegan Plantation

222

Monhegan Island Lobster Cove Washington Co. Morrill and Hinckley, 1959. Maine Mines and Minerals vol.2

Perry Gin Cove Loring Cove New York Orange Co. Craigsville Town of Blooming Grove Blooming Grove

Morrill and Hinckley, 1959. Maine Mines and Minerals vol.2 The Minerals of New York City & Its Environs, New York Mineralogical Club Bull., Vol. 3, No. 1, Manchester, J.G. (1931): 69. The Minerals of New York City & Its Environs, New York Mineralogical Club Bull., Vol. 3, No. 1, Manchester, J.G. (1931): 66.

Oregon MacFall, 1951. Gem Hunter's Guide, 1st ed.

Hood River Co. Hood River Jackson Co.

The Mineralogist, v.4,no.7,p.18. Brownsboro Pennsylvania Lancaster Co. State Line Chromite District

Lapham & Geyer, 1965. Mineral Collecting in Pennsylvania

Fulton Township Cedar Hill Quarry (Stoltzfuss Quarry) Rhode Island Providence Co. AmMIn 11:334-340 Cumberland Diamond Hill

223

Texas Brewster Co.

http://www.omsinc.org/archives/Orecutts_Jan04.pdf

Alpine Woodward Ranch Davis Mts

R&M 66:3 pp 196-224 Cathedral Mountain quadrangle

http://www.mindat.org/min-7616.html

18.

Carnelian

Carnelian is probably named after the colour of the kornel cherry because of its colour. It is brownish red to orange, translucent to opaque Chalcedony variety. When held against the light, the colour variety shows stripes, natural carnelian shows a cloudy distribution of colour. General Information A variety or type of: Chalcedony, which is a variety of Quartz Other Names/Trade Cornelian Names: Chemical Formula

SiO

2 Physical Properties of Carnelian

Mohs Hardness Specific Gravity

6.5 to 7 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 2.58 to 2.64 Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) 224

More from other references None Cleavage Quality Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Uneven Fracture Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Optical Properties of Carnelian 1.535 to 1.539 Refractive Index Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Uniaxial/+ Optical Character Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) 0.003 to 0.009 Birefringence Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Absent Pleochroism Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) None Dispersion Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Colour Red, orange, reddish Colour (General) Gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) Orange to red, submicroscopic to microscopic inclusions of hydrous Fe oxides Causes of Colour W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Translucent,Opaque Transparency Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Semitransparent to opaque Waxy,Resinous Lustre Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Fluorescence & other light emissions Blue-white Fluorescence (General) Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Crystallography of Carnelian Trigonal Crystal System Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Fibrous to grained aggregate Habit Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Further Information Mineral information: Carnelian information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities Peru Huancavelica Department Huancavelica Province

225

Ascencion District Yauricocha Parish Yanacodo Sri Lanka Sabaragamuwa Province Ratnapura District Ratnapura

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-9333.html

19.

Chalcedony

Although in general terms Chalcedony is a fibrous cryptocrystalline variety of Quartz, recent studies have shown that much Chalcedony is a mixture of cryptocrystalline quartz and mogánite, another silica mineral related to quartz but with a different crystal structure. Chalcedony is probably named after an ancient town at the Bosporus. General Information A variety or Quartz type of: Agate - A banded variety of Chalcedony. Iris Agate - An iridescent variety of Agate. Onyx - A monochromatic Agate with black and white banding. Sardonyx - A monochromatic Agate with red/brown and either black or white banding. Varieties/Typ Binghamite - Chatoyant Chalcedony with fibres of hematite/goethite. es: Bloodstone - A dark green/greenish-blue Chalcedony with small red blood-like spots. Carnelian - A red to orange variety of Chalcedony. Chrome-Chalcedony - Emerald green Chalcedony, colored by chromium. Chrysocolla Chalcedony 226

Chrysoprase - A green Chalcedony coloured by inclusions of Ni minerals. Dendritic Agate - A chalcedony containing contrasting branching, or dendritic, mineral inclusions. Moss Agate - A translucent chalcedony containing green strands of chlorite. Fire Agate - A variety of Agate containing iridescent spheroids of limonite. Jasper - Jasper is a dense, opaque, microcrystalline variety of Chalcedony. Dallasite - A variety of Jasper from Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Orbicular Jasper - Jasper containing numerous spherical inclusions. Petrified Wood - A decorative type of fossil wood where the original organic material has been replaced - usually by chalcedony, agate, opal, etc. Pietersite - Chalcedony with embedded fibers of amphibole minerals, causing chatoyancy. Sard - A brown to brownish-red translucent variety of Chalcedony. Chemical Formula

SiO

2 Physical Properties of Chalcedony

6.5 to 7 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 2.55 to 2.70 Specific Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Gravity More from other references Cleavage None Quality Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Uneven Fracture Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Shell-likeMore from other references Optical Properties of Chalcedony 1.530 to 1.543 Refractive Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Index More from other references Optical Uniaxial/+ Character Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) 0.003 to 0.009 Birefringence Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Absent Pleochroism Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) None Dispersion Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Colour All colours Colour Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Commonly (General) bandedMore from other references Mohs Hardness

227

Purple, microscopic sugilite inclusions. Purple, color center similar to that found in amethyst. Blue to greenish blue (chrysocolla quartz), microscopic to sub-microscopic Causes of inclusions. Green (chrysoprase), microscopic inclusions of nickeliferous clay-like material. Colour Orange to red (carnelian, jasper), submicroscopic to microscopic inclusions of hydrous Fe oxides W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Translucent,Opaque Transparency Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Semi-transparent to opaqueMore from other references Waxy Lustre Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) More from other references Fluorescence & other light emissions Fluorescence Often yellowish-green (General) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Crystallography of Chalcedony Crystal Trigonal System Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Fibrous to grained aggregate Habit Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Geological Environment Chalcedony is deposited in a variety of environments and deposition is commonly at low temperatures. Light-coloured material with no marked banding is often found as a late hydrothermal deposit or an alteration product in acidic to basic igneous rocks, tuffs and Where found: breccias. It is vary common as crusts, as vein and cavity fillings. Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Spectrographic Data Calculated Spectra: Click spectra for more information Chrysoprase - Locality: Unknown Further Information Mineral Chalcedony information at mindat.org information: Significant Gem Localities Burma (Myanmar) Mandalay Division Pyin-Oo-Lwin District

[var: Chrysoprase] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

228

Mogok Township Bernardmyo Pyaung Gaung Zalat-taung

[var: Chrysoprase] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Kyauk-Pyat-That Kabaing (Ka-Pine; Khabine)

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Czech Republic Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen) Hradec Králové Region [var: Jasper] No reference listed Jičín (Jitschin; Gitschin) Doubravice Madagascar Mahajanga Province (Majunga) Sofia Region Analalava District

[var: Jasper] mindat.org

Ambolobozo Marovato Morocco Meknès-Tafilalet Region Khénifra Province Midelt

[var: Jasper] mindat.org Upper Moulouya lead district Aouli

Netherlands Gelderland [var: Jasper] mindat.org IJssel river Peru Arequipa Department

[var: Chrysocolla Chalcedony]

229

Caraveli Province Acarí Huancavelica Department Huancavelica Province Ascencion District

[var: Agate]

Yauricocha Parish Yanacodo Huánuco Department [var: Jasper] Tantamayo rhodonite occurrence Ica Department Pisco Umay

[var: Chrysocolla Chalcedony]

Lily Mine (Lilly Mine) Lima Department Cañete Province

[var: Jasper]

Miraflores jasper occurrence Puno Department [var: Jasper] Jasper occurrence Poland Lower Silesia (Dolnośląskie) Ząbkowice District

[var: Chrysoprase] Gemstones of the world, Walter Schumann (2001)

Ząbkowice (Frankenstein) Portugal Beja District Mértola [var: Jasper] mindat.org Alcaria Ruiva Balança Mine Russia Urals Region

[var: Jasper] Занимательная минералогия, Ферсман А., 1953, стр. 50

230

Southern Urals Orenburgskaya Oblast' Orsk Polkovnik Mt Sri Lanka Sabaragamuwa Province Ratnapura District

[var: Carnelian]

Ratnapura UK Scotland Tayside (Angus) [var: Agate] [Specimen in the Natural History Museum, London]

Montrose Usan Blue Hole USA Arizona

[var: Petrified Wood] Gemstones of the world, Walter Schumann, 2001, p.148

Navajo Co. Holbrook Petrified Forest National Park

[var: Petrified Wood] Petrified Forest California Imperial Co. Jacumba Mts Jacumba District

U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.

Boulder Park Unnamed Gemstone prospect

231

Inyo Co. Death Valley National Park Death Valley South End of Death Valley

[var: Jasper] Symons, Henry Heilbronner (1940), Quartz gem stones of California: Jubilee Pass Rocks & Minerals: 15: 41; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of Unnam California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): ed California Division Mines & Geology Ge Bulletin 189: 317. ms ton e occ urr en ce

Kern Co. Kramer District

[var: Petrified Wood]

Boron San Diego Co. San Ysidro Mts Dulzura Southeast of Dulzura Unnamed gemstone occurrence

Kunz, George Frederick (1906), Precious stones: Mineral Resources U.S., 1905: 1323-1358; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 318.

Santa Clara Co.

[Jasper var: Orbicular Jasper] Melhase, John (1934), A diversity of many fine minerals available in California for collectors: Oregon Santa Cruz Mts Mineralogist: 2(7): 7; Mineralogist, The (1935): 3(3): 34; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert Paradise Valley W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Unspecified Gemstone Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 318; occurrence www.cst.cmich.edu/users/dietr1rv/jasper.h tm 232

Siskiyou Co. Cascade Range Bogus Mountain Bogus Mountain gemstone occurrence

[var: Bloodstone] Symons, Henry Heilbronner (1940), Quartz gem stones of California: Rocks & Minerals: 15: 41; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 318.

Klamath Mts Cinnabar Camp Unnamed Gemstone occurrence (1)

[var: Agate] U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.

Tulare Co.

[var: Chrysoprase] Tucker, W. Burling (1919), El Dorado, Lassen, Modoc, Tehama, and Tulare Counties: California Mining Ivanhoe Bureau. Report 15: 911; MacFall (1951), Gem Hunter's Guide, 1st ed.; Goodwin, Venice Hills Joseph Grant (1958), Mines and mineral resources of Tulare County, California: Unnamed Semiprecious GemstoneCalifornia Journal of Mines and Geology (Report 54): 54(3): 344; Murdoch, Joseph & occurrence [1] Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 318; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 350, 424. Tennessee Knob [var: Chrysoprase] Kunz, George Frederick (1899), Precious stones: Mineral Resources Deer Creek Chrysoprase Mine U.S., 1898: 589; Tucker, W. Burling (1919), Tulare Counties: California Mining Bureau. (Chrysoprase workings; Report 15: 911; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert Gemstone occurrence) W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 318.

Minnesota Crow Wing Co.

[var: Binghamite] Gemstones of the world, W. Schumann, 2001, p. 204

Cuyuna North Range Montana Lewis and Clark Co.

E.Ya. Kievlenko (2003) Geology of gems, p. 70

233

East Helena Eldorado Bar Eldorado Bar deposit (Eldorado Strip Mine) Nevada [var: Petrified Wood] Gemstones of the world, Walter Schumann, 2001, p.148

Humboldt Co. Virgin Valley District Utah Iron Co. Unknown Gemstone Occurrence (MRDS - 10090815) Juab Co. Thomas Range Topaz Mountain

U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.

[var: Agate] U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.

Unnamed Agate deposit

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-960.html

20.

Chrysocolla

The name Chrysocolla derives from Greek chrysos - gold and kolla - glue, referring to its use as a flux in soldering gold. The term was used from antiquity. 234

Pure chrysocolla is a soft and fragile material. Much of the chrysocolla used in jewellery consists of very attractive cabochons of green or blue chrysocolla impregnating either rock crystal or opal. Chrysocolla is often found in a matrix of quartz, in which case the optical and physical properties may be closer to those of quartz. Chrysocolla covered by druses of small sparkling quartz crystals is called "Drusy Chrysocolla" and is very popular for jewelry. It is found in Peru. The rarest and best quality is chrysocolla chalcedony with turquoise-like colour, but harder and chemically more stable than turquise. It comes from several copper mines in Arizona, Mexico, Taiwan and Peru. See also: Eilat Stone, a blue-green gem material from Israel that contains Chrysocolla. General Information Other Names/Trade Abdollah-Giw Turquoise Names: Chemical Formula

(Cu,Al)

2

H

2

Si

2

O

5

(OH)

4

· nH

2

O

Physical Properties of Chrysocolla 2 to 4 Mohs Hardness Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 2.00 to 2.45+ Specific Gravity Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Brittle Tenacity Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) None Cleavage Quality Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Conchoidal Fracture Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Optical Properties of Chrysocolla 1.460 to 1.570 Refractive Index Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Biaxial/Optical Character Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) 0.023 to 0.040 Birefringence Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Absent Pleochroism Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) 235

More from other references None Dispersion Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Colour Green to blue veins and patches Colour (General) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Blue, Cu2+ in octahedral coordination Causes of Colour W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Opaque Transparency Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Vitreous,Waxy Lustre Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Fluorescence & other light emissions Fluorescence None (General) Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Crystallography of Chrysocolla Monoclinic Crystal System Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Compact grape-like aggregates (botryoidal) Habit Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Geological Environment Chrysocolla is a mineral of secondary origin occurring in the oxidized zones of copper deposits where it may be mixed with malachite or Where found: turquoise Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Inclusions in Chrysocolla Common intergrown with chalcedony, malachite and others - Gemmological Tables, Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, 2004, p 12 Further Information Mineral Chrysocolla information at mindat.org information: Significant Gem Localities Israel Southern District (HaDarom District) Eilat

Gems, Sixth Edition, Michael O’Donoghue, 2006, p. 400 Timna Valley

236

King Solomon Mine Peru Arequipa Department Caraveli Province Acarí Ica Department Pisco Umay

J.Hyrsl (2012) Gemstones of Peru, p. 50

Lily Mine (Lilly Mine) Lima Department Cañete Province USA Arizona Gila Co. Globe-Miami District mindat.org Globe Hills District Globe Hills Globe

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-1040.html

Chrysocolla Chalcedony A blue-green chalcedony coloured by inclusion/mixture with chrysocolla (and possibly other copper minerals). General Information A variety or type of: Chalcedony, which is a variety of Quartz Gem Chrysocolla Other Names/Trade Names: Gem Silica Further Information Mineral information: Chrysocolla Chalcedony information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities Peru

237

Arequipa Department Caraveli Province Acarí Ica Department Pisco Umay Lily Mine (Lilly Mine)

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-27278.html Formula: Cu

2-x

Al

x

(H

2-x

Si

2

O

System: Orthorhombic Lustre: Vitreous, Waxy, Earthy

5

)(OH)

4

· nH

2

O (x < 1)

Colour: Hardness:

Green, bluish green, ... 2½ - 3½

Name: The name was first used by Theophrastus in 315 B.C. and comes from the Greek chrysos, meaning "gold," and kolla, meaning "glue," in allusion to the name of the material used to solder gold. André-Jean-François-Marie Brochant de Villiers revived the name in 1808.

A mineral of secondary origin, commonly associated with other secondary copper minerals, it is typically found as glassy botryoidal or rounded masses or bubbly crusts, and as jackstraw mats of tiny acicular crystals or tufts of fibrous crystals. Copper-bearing allophane can look similar. Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Chrysocolla. Currently in public beta-test.

Classification of Chrysocolla IMA status:

Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered" The name is often used for any massive, globular, glassy, blue to green copper-bearing silicate minerals which have not been specifically identified as to species. Multiple analyses of different compositions have been offered over the years. Chrysocolla is usually X-ray amorphous with crystallites too small to give a crystal's Explanation of diffraction pattern (see Rruff pattern below). Looking at the electronic environment of status: Cu in chrysocolla specimens it has been found to resemble spertiniite suggesting that chrysocolla is a mixture of spertiniite and chalcedony or opal (www.slac.stanford.edu/cgi-wrap/getdoc/slac-pub-12232.pdf), which is improbable, however. Strunz 8th 8/E.21-20 edition ID: Nickel-Strunz 9.ED.20 10th (pending) 238

edition ID:

Dana 7th edition ID:

9 : SILICATES (Germanates) E : Phyllosilicates D : Phyllosilicates with kaolinite layers composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets 74.3.2.1 74.3.2.1

Dana 8th edition ID:

74 : PHYLLOSILICATES Modulated Layers 3 : Modulated Layers with joined strips 14.2.5

Hey's CIM Ref.:

14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum 2 : Silicates of Cu http://www.mindat.org/min-1040.html mindat.org URL: Please feel free to link to this page.

Occurrences of Chrysocolla Geological Setting:

Found in the oxidation zone of copper deposits, often encrusting or replacing earler secondary minerals.

Physical Properties of Chrysocolla Lustre: Diaphaneity (Transparency): Colour: Streak: Hardness (Mohs): Hardness Data: Tenacity: Cleavage: Fracture: Density (measured):

Vitreous, Waxy, Earthy Translucent, Opaque Green, bluish green, blue, blackish blue, or brown Light green 2½ - 3½ Measured Brittle None Observed None Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal 1.93 - 2.4 g/cm3

Crystallography of Chrysocolla Crystal System: Cell Parameters: Ratio: Unit Cell Volume: Morphology:

Orthorhombic a = 5.7Å, b = 8.9Å, c = 6.7Å a:b:c = 0.64 : 1 : 0.753 V 339.89 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell) Crystals fine acicular to fibrous, more often found as cryptocrystalline botryoidal 239

Twinning:

aggregates and crusts. None reported.

Optical Data of Chrysocolla Type: RI values:

Biaxial (-) nα = 1.575 - 1.585 nβ = 1.597 nγ = 1.598 - 1.635 δ = 0.023 - 0.050

Maximum Birefringence: Chart shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration. Surface Relief: Moderate

Chemical Properties of Chrysocolla Formula:

Cu

2-x

Al

x

(H

2-x

Si

2

O

5

)(OH)

4

· nH

O (x < 1)

2

Simplified for Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4·nH2O (x < 1) copy/paste: Essential Al, Cu, H, O, Si elements: All elements listed in Al, Cu, H, O, Si formula:

Relationship of Chrysocolla to other Species

Related Minerals Nickel-Strunz Grouping): -+

9.ED.05 Dickite

Al

9.ED.05 Kaolinite

Al

9.ED.05 Nacrite

Al

9.ED.05 Odinite

(Fe,Mg,Al,Fe,Ti,Mn)

9.ED.10 Halloysite

Al

2

2

2

2

(Si

(Si

(Si

(Si

2

2

2

2

O

O

O

O

5

5

5

5

)(OH)

)(OH)

)(OH)

4

4

4

2.4

)(OH)

((Si,Al)

2

O

5

)(OH)

4

4 240

9.ED.10 Hisingerite

3+ (Si O )(OH) · 2H O 2 2 5 4 2

Fe

9.ED.10 Halloysite-7Å Al

2

(Si

9.ED.15 Amesite

Mg

9.ED.15 Antigorite

Mg

9.ED.15 Berthierine

(Fe

9.ED.15 Brindleyite

(Ni,Al)

9.ED.15 Caryopilite

(Mn,Mg)

9.ED.15 Chrysotile

Mg

9.ED.15 Cronstedtite

Fe

9.ED.15 Fraipontite

(Zn,Al)

9.ED.15 Greenalite

Fe

9.ED.15 Kellyite

Mn

9.ED.15 Lizardite

Mg

2

3

(Si

O

2

(Si

3

(Si

O

2

4

)(OH)

,AlMg)

(Si,Al)

3

)(OH)

5

5

3+

,Fe

4

O

2

O

2

4

(OH)

5

)(OH)

5

)(OH)

5

((Si,Al)

2-3

2

O

5

)(OH)

4

4

4

4

2+ 3+ 3+ Fe ((Si,Fe ) O )(OH) 2 2 5 4

3

((Si,Al)

(Si

2-3

9.ED.15 Manandonite LiAl

9.ED.15 Népouite

)(OH)

5

Al(AlSiO

2+

3

O

2

O

2

O

2

5

)(OH)

5

)(OH)

4

4

2+ Al(AlSiO )(OH) 2 5 4

3

4

(Si

2

(BSi

(Ni,Mg)

3

O

3 (Si

5 O

2

)(OH)

10 O

4

)(OH)

5

6

)(OH)

4

241

9.ED.15 Pecoraite

Ni

9.ED.15 Guidottiite

Mn

9.ED.20 Allophane

(Al

9.ED.20 Imogolite

Al

9.ED.20 Neotocite

(Mn,Fe,Mg)SiO

(Si

O

2

2

3+

(Fe

)(SiO

3

SiO

)(OH)

5

3+

Fe

2

O

2

(OH)

3

SiO

)

2

4 )(OH)

5

·H

3

2

3+ 3+ Sb (SiO ) (OH) 2 4 2 CuSiO

14.2.2 Shattuckite

Cu

14.2.3 Plancheite

Cu

14.2.6 Litidionite

Cu

5

8

5

·H

3 (Si

2

(Si

8

Si

6

CuNaKSi

14.2.7 Reinhardbraunsite Ca

5

(SiO

14.2.8 Cuprorivaite

CaCu[Si

14.2.9 Kinoite

Ca

2

4

4

Cu

2

2

O

O

)

17

2

(OH)

)(OH)

22

O

O

O

6

O

4

O

O

9.ED.25 Chapmanite

14.2.1 Dioptase

2

4

3+ Bi(SiO ) (OH) 2 4 2

Fe

4

· 2.5-3H

1.3-2

9.ED.25 Bismutoferrite Fe

Related 14.2.4 Gilalite Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping: -+

3

· 7H

4

2

2 ·H

2

O

O

10 )

2

10

(H

2

(OH,F)

2

]

O)

2

[Si

3

O

10

]

242

14.2.10 Stringhamite

CaCu(SiO

14.2.11 Apachite

Cu

9

Si

4

10

)·H

O

2

29

O

· 11H

2

O

Other Names for Chrysocolla Abdollah-Giw Turquoise Synonyms:

Chrysocollite Demidovite

Other Languages:

Beaumontite (of Chalcostaktite Jackson) Copper Chrysokolla Pitchblende Liparite (of Dillenbergite Casoria)

Basque: Krisokola Catalan: Crisocol·la Dutch: Chrysocolla Chrysocolle Cuivre carbonaté vert (of French: Haüy) Cuivre Hydrosiliceux Galician: Crisocola Chrysokoll Berggrün Chalcostaktit Chalkostaktit Demidovit Dillenbergit German: Kieselkupfer Kieselmalachit Kupferkiesel Kupfermalachit Pechkupfer Pechkupfer (of Hausmann) Hebrew: ‫כריזוקולה‬ Italian: Crisocolla

Chalkostaktite

Chrysocole

Cornuite (of Rogers)

Crysocolla

Llanca

Somervillite (of Dufrénoy)

Polish: Portuguese:

Chryzokola Crisocola

Simplified Chinese: 硅孔雀石 Slovak:

Spanish:

Swedish:

Chryzokol Crisocola Chalcostaktita Chalkostaktita Demidovita Dillenbergita Koppargrün

Japanese: 珪孔雀石 Latin: Varieties:

Viride montanum

Aluminian Chrysocolla Aluminian Ferrian Chrysocolla Cyanochalcite

Other Information Health

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. 243

Warning: You should always treat mineral specimens with care. Industrial Uses: A very minor ore of copper.

http://www.mindat.org/min-1040.html 21. Chrysoprase

Chrysoprase

Chrysoprase is an attractive apple-green form of Chalcedony that is coloured by nickel. One of the most prized forms of Chalcedony. Colour can fade in sunlight and when heated, colours may recover under moist storage. Used as cabochons, for necklaces, and for ornamental objects. In earlier centuries, it was used as a luxurious decorative stone for interior decorations. General Information A variety or Chalcedony, which is a variety of Quartz type of: Chemical Formula

SiO

2 Physical Properties of Chrysoprase

Mohs 6.5 to 7 Hardness Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 2.58 to 2.64 Specific Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Gravity More from other references Brittle Tenacity Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Cleavage None Quality Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Optical Properties of Chrysoprase 244

Refractive 1.530 to 1.543 Index Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Optical Uniaxial/+ Character Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Birefringenc up to to 0.004 e Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Pleochrois Absent m Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) None Dispersion Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Colour Colored by nickel: (yellowish)-green Colour Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) (General) More from other references Colour Greenish (Chelsea Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Filter) Green colour is caused by microscopic inclusions of silicates with Ni-bearing layers Causes of (willemseite, népouite, etc). Colour Gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) More from other references Translucent,Opaque Transparen Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) cy More from other references Fluorescence & other light emissions Fluorescenc None e (General) Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Crystallography of Chrysoprase Crystal Trigonal System Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Microcrystalline aggregates Habit Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Geological Environment It occurs in quartz veins in nickel-bearing rocks or in veins in laterites overlying Ni-bearing serpentinites Where (Queensland) and associated with jadeite in veins in serpentinized gabbro and ultramafic found: inclusions (Lower Silesia.) Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Spectrographic Data Calculated Spectra: Click spectra for Chrysoprase - Locality: Unknown more 245

information Further Information Mineral information Chrysoprase information at mindat.org : Significant Gem Localities Burma (Myanmar) Mandalay Division Pyin-Oo-Lwin District Mogok Township

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Bernardmyo Pyaung Gaung Zalat-taung Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Poland Lower Silesia (Dolnośląskie) Ząbkowice District

Gemstones of the world, Walter Schumann (2001)

Ząbkowice (Frankenstein) USA California Tucker, W. Burling (1919), El Dorado, Lassen, Modoc, Tehama, and Tulare Counties: California Mining Bureau. Report 15: 911; MacFall (1951), Ivanhoe Gem Hunter's Guide, 1st ed.; Goodwin, Joseph Grant (1958), Mines and mineral resources of Tulare County, California: California Journal of Venice Hills Mines and Geology (Report 54): 54(3): 344; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Unnamed Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866Semiprecious 1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin Gemstone 189: 318; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of occurrence California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 350, 424. [1] Tennessee Knob Kunz, George Frederick (1899), Precious stones: Mineral Resources U.S., 1898: 589; Tucker, W. Deer Creek Burling (1919), Tulare Counties: California Mining Chrysoprase Mine Bureau. Report 15: 911; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert (Chrysoprase W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial workings; Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Gemstone Geology Bulletin 189: 318. occurrence)

Tulare Co.

246

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-952.html TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found. Argentina Catamarca Andalgalá Department

Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry collection & photo

Campo del Pucará Australia New South Wales Parry Co. MR 04316 Nundle Hanging Rock Queensland Queensland Government Mining and Safety website

Greenvale Greenvale Laterite Mine Rockhampton Region Marlborough Candala Chrysoprase Mine (Cobra Southern) Gumigil Chrysoprase Mine (Marlborough) Widgee-Kilkivan District

David Baker Queensland Government Safety and Mining website Queensland Government Mining and Safety website

South Australia North West Province Mount Davies Area Pipalyatjara Mines Yapan Mines

Gemstones - South Australian Chrysoprase, MESA Journal 2, July, 1996.

Gemstones - South Australian Chrysoprase, MESA Journal 2, July, 1996.

Western Australia 247

Kalgoorlie-Boulder Shire Fetherston, J., Stocklmayer, S., Stocklmayer, V.(2013): Gemstones of WA, Geological Survey of WA

Bulong Bulong opal deposits Taurus chrysoprase deposit

Fetherston, J., Stocklmayer, S., Stocklmayer, V. (2013): Gemstones of WA, Geological Survey of WA

Gindalbie Station MINEDEX Database 2006. Binti Binti Leonora Shire Mount Margaret Goldfield Anaconda Mine (Eulaminna) Ten Mile Outcamp Marshall Pool deposit Yundamindra Station Eucalyptus Mine Meekatharra Shire

Kim Macdonald collection

Fetherston, J., Stocklmayer, S., Stocklmayer, V(2013): Gemstones of WA, Geological Survey of WA Fetherston, J., Stocklmayer, S., Stocklmayer, V. (2013): Gemstones of WA, Geological Survey of WA Outback Mining Company

Murramunda Community Menzies Shire Comet Vale Goongarrie Hill chrysoprase mine

Grguric, B. A., Pring, A., Bevan, A. W. R. and Downes, P. J. (2006): The minerals of Comet Vale, Western Australia. Austral. J. Mineral. 12, 9-23. Fetherston, J., Stocklmayer, S., Stocklmayer, V. (2013): Gemstones of WA, Geological Survey of WA

Yerilla Station Chrysoprase Mines of Australia Yerilla Chrysoprase Mine Ngaanyatjarraku Shire West Musgrave Block Jamieson Community (Mantamaru)

Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku website

Jamieson

248

Chrysoprase Mine (Mantamaru) Wingellina Community Wingellina NiLaterite Deposit Wingellina prospect

Outback Mining Company

Fetherston, J., Stocklmayer, S., Stocklmayer, V.(2013): Gemstones of WA, Geological Survey of WA

Roebourne Shire Roebourne Tourist Bureau and Perth Rock Hunting Club

Roebourne Weerianna Mine Brazil Bahia

Tony Nikischer

Burma (Myanmar) Mandalay Division Pyin-Oo-Lwin District Mogok Township

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Bernardmyo Pyaung Gaung Zalat-taung

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Germany Saxony Chemnitz Markersdorf

Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001

Diethensdorf Quarry Erzgebirge Freiberg District Glauchau St Egidien

Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001 H. Vollstädt, R. Baumgärtel: "Einheimische Edelsteine", 2nd. ed., Steinkopff (Dresden), 1977

249

Japan Honshu Island Chubu Region Niigata Prefecture Alluvial cobbles in innumerable collections; common.

Itoigawa City Ohmi Oyashiraz u beac h Kazakhstan Karagandy Province (Qaragandy Oblysy; Karaganda Oblast') Karkaralinsk Rayon Karkaralinsk (Qarqaraly; Karsakpaj; Qarsaqpaj; Kaskelen) Saryku-Boldy deposit (Sarykul'-Boldy) Zhana-Arkinskii rayon Pstan

Pavel M. Kartashov data

Gems of Kazakhstan, - textbook, Almaty, 1999, v.1, pp. 71-73 (in Rus.)

Madagascar Toamasina Province (Tamatave) Alaotra-Mangoro Region Ambatondrazaka District

Behier, J. (1963): Carte mineralogique de Madagascar. Archive Service Géologique Madagascar. A 1871

Nickelville Peru Ayacucho Department

Petersen, G.G. (1970) Minería y metalurgía en el antiguo Peru. Arqueologicas, 12 140pp. (Museo Nacional de Antropologia y Arqueologia, Lima)

Poland

250

Lower Silesia (Dolnośląskie) Ząbkowice District

No reference listed

Ząbkowice (Frankenstein) Szklary (Gläsendorf) Kozmice (Kosemitz; Kosemutz) Szklary Chrysoprase Mine

http://www.bruschke.org/regionen/schlesien/k osemitz/kosemitz.htm Spangenberg, K., and Müller, M. (1949): Die lateritische Zersetzung des Peridotits bei der Bildung der Nickelerzlagerstätte von Frankenstein in Schlesien. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 1(5/6), 560-572

Portugal Aveiro District Marques de Sá, J. & Leal Gomes, C. (2010): Les mines de cuivre et nickel de Palhal et Telhadela, Albergaria-a-Velha, Aveiro, Portugal. Le Règne Minéral, 92, 36-47.

Albergaria-a-Velha Branca Palhal Mine Russia Urals Region Southern Urals Orenburgskaya Oblast'

Mikhailov, B.M. (2000): Lithology and Mineral Resources 35(4), 351-364.

Svetlyi Buruktal District Buruktal massi f Tanzania Dodoma Region Haneti-Itiso area

Graetsch, H. A. (2011): Microstructure and origin of colour of chrysoprase from Haneti (Tanzania). Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie Abhandlungen, 188, 111-117.

USA

251

Arizona Gila Co. Globe-Miami District Globe Hills District Globe Hills Globe O l d D o m i n i o MacFall (1951), Gem Hunter's Guide, 1st ed. n v e i n s y s t e m B u f f a l o H i 252

l l O l d D o m i n i o n M i n e ( O l d D o m i n i o n s h a f t ; G l o b e 253

a n d T r a n s i t M i n e ; O l d D o m i n i o n a n d U n i t e d G l o b 254

e M i n e ) Miami-Inspiration District Inspiration MiamiInspir ation depo sit In s p i r a t i o MacFall, 1951. Gem Hunter's Guide, 1st ed. n M i n e L i v e O a k p i t

255

( K e y s t o n e ; J o e B u s h ; O x H i d e ; T h o r n t o n ; R e d H i l 256

l ; C y p r u s M i a m i ) La Paz Co. Plomosa Mts Plomosa District Perry Chrysoprase Mine

Keith, Stanton B. (1978) State of Arizona Bureau of Geology and Mineral Technology, Geol. Sur. Br. Bull. 192, Index of Mining Properties in Yuma Co., Arizona: 170 (Table 4); Arizona Bureau of Mines file data.

Mohave Co. Weaver District River Mountains western slopes California Amador Co. Ione Mooney prospect (Mooney claims)

Butte Co.

Univ. of AZ Bull. 41 (1916-17), Mineralogy of Useful Minerals in AZ: 30; Galbraith, F.W. & Brennan (1959), Minerals of AZ: 85. Root, L.L. (1927) Twenty-third report of the State Mineralogist. California Mining Bureau Report 23, 456 pp.: 149; Carlson, D.W. & W.B. Clark (1954), Mines and Minerals of Amador County, California: California Journal of Mines and Geology: 50(1): 211; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 316; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 344. Engineering and Mining Journal (Engineering & Mining Journal) (1907), Mining news: 84: 653; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), 257

Magalia District

Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 316.

Magalia Chrysoprase occurrence Calaveras Co. Foothill Copper Belt Copperopolis

Copperopolis Mine (California U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Mine; Pacific Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Mine; Virginia. Voorhees Mine; Jefferson Lake Mine; Calaveras Asbestos Ltd. Mine; American Mine) Pardee District Valley Springs area Kern Co. California City Cache Creek Plumas Co. Edmanton District (Meadow Valley District) Meadow Valley

Tulare Co. Ivanhoe

U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. Troxel, Bennie Wyatt & P.K. Morton (1962), Mines and mineral resources of Kern County, California: California Division Mines & Geology County Report No. 1, 370 pp.: 91-92; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 345. Butler, 1995. Rockhounding California, p.142. Kunz, George Frederick (1902), Precious stones: Mineral Resources U.S., 1901: 755; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 317. Tucker, W. Burling (1919), El Dorado, Lassen, Modoc, Tehama, and Tulare Counties: California Mining Bureau. Report 15: 911; MacFall (1951), Gem Hunter's Guide, 1st ed.; Goodwin, Joseph 258

Venice Hills Unnamed Semiprecious Gemstone occurrence [1]

Lindsay Todds Hill (Todds Hill & Chrysoprase Hill) Lindsay Chrysoprase Mine (Lindsay Chrysoprase deposit)

Orosi Stokes Mountain Chrysoprase deposit (Stokes Mountain deposit)

Tennessee Knob Deer Creek Chrysoprase Mine (Chrysoprase workings; Gemstone occurrence)

Grant (1958), Mines and mineral resources of Tulare County, California: California Journal of Mines and Geology (Report 54): 54(3): 344; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 318; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 350, 424. Kunz, George Frederick (1905a), Gems, jewelers’ materials, and ornamental stones of California: California Division Mines Bulletin 37, 171 pp.: 76; Tucker, W. Burling (1919), El Dorado, Lassen, Modoc, Tehama, and Tulare Counties: California Mining Bureau. Report 15: 226-253, 258-266, 271-308, 911; Goodwin, Joseph Grant (1958), Mines and mineral resources of Tulare County, California: California Journal of Mines and Geology: 54: 467; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 283, 318; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California: 350. Kunz, George Frederick (1899), Precious stones: Mineral Resources U.S., 1898: 589; Tucker, W. Burling (1919), El Dorado, Lassen, Modoc, Tehama, and Tulare Counties: California Mining Bureau. Report 15: 226-253, 258-266, 271-308, 911; Goodwin, Joseph Grant (1958), Mines and mineral resources of Tulare County, California: California Journal of Mines and Geology (Report 54): 54(3): 467; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 350. Goodwin, Joseph Grant (1958), Mines and mineral resources of Tulare County, California: California Journal of Mines and Geology: 54: 375-376; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 350.; Kunz, George Frederick (1899), Precious stones: Mineral Resources U.S., 1898: 589; Tucker, W. Burling (1919), Tulare Counties: California Mining Bureau. Report 15: 911; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 318. 259

Oakland Magnesite Company prospect (Deer Creek and Murdoch, "Minerals of California" 1966 p. 298 North Mine; Oakland Magnesite Mine; Langley lease) Visalia Tucker, W. Burling (1919), El Dorado, Lassen, Modoc, Tehama, and Tulare Counties: California Mining Bureau. Report 15: 911; Murdoch, Unnamed Chrysoprase Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of occurrence [1] California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 318. Colorado Chaffee Co. Sedalia District

("Minerals of Colorado, updated & revised", by Eckel, Edwin B., 1997)

Sedalia Mine (Jackpot Adit; Adits Nos. 1-3; Dewey Adit; Sedalia Copper Mine) ? Garfield Co. Grand Co.

Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels

Middle Park Mineral Co. Creede District Mollie S. Mine Monte Carlo Mine

U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.

Massachusetts Berkshire Co.

Western Massachusetts Geologic Resource Inventory, 3rd Ed., Alan R. Plante (Privately Published), 1994

Florida Florida Chrysoprase? Locality ? New York

Dana 6:191.

260

St. Lawrence Co. Belmont's Mine North Carolina

Pratt,Joseph Hyde.,1933,Gems and Gem Minerals of North Carolina: American Mineralogist,Vol.18,No.4,April,1933

Buncombe Co. Burke Co.

Gems and Minerals of America- Jay Ellis Ransom-1974 Kuntz American gems and precious stones

Macon Co. Oregon Douglas Co.

Kuntz American gems and precious stones Riddle District Nickel Mountain Malheur Co. Malheur District (Mormon Basin District)

U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.

Berry Nickel Occurrence Rhode Island Providence Co. AmMIn 11:334-340 Cumberland Diamond Hill Vermont Windham Co. Newfane

Rocks & Min. Vol. 71, (1996)

Adams Brook nickel prospect

http://www.mindat.org/min-952.html

22. Citrine 261

The name Citrine is derived from its lemon yellow colour. Natural citrines are rare. Most commercial citrine is heat-treated amethyst or smoky quartz. Because the color is now caused by finely distributed iron minerals (mostly hematite and goethite), heated amethyst is not a citrine in the strict sense. Quartz colored by inclusions of any kind is not called a citrine.

General Information A variety or type of: Quartz Chemical Formula

SiO

2

Citrine Treatments Routinely produced by heat-treatment of (smoky) amethyst: reddish tint, may show reddish-brown hematite inclusions (surrounded by crack). Non-dichroic unlike natural - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p 7 Citrine Simulants Large quantities of amethyst, usually of lesser quality, are heated to turn it yellow or orange and sold as "citrine." Because the color is now caused by finely distributed iron minerals (mostly hematite and goethite), heated amethyst is not citrine in the strict sense. Thin coatings of iron oxides on colourless quartz, as well as inclusions of yellow iron oxides ("limonite"), may simulate citrine. Physical Properties of Citrine 7 Mohs Hardness Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 2.65 Specific Gravity Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Brittle Tenacity Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Very brittle Cleavage Quality None 262

Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Conchoidal Fracture Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Optical Properties of Citrine 1.544 to 1.553 Refractive Index Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Uniaxial/+ Optical Character Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) 0.009 Birefringence Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Natural: weak; yellow - light yellow. Heat-treated: none Pleochroism Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references 0.013 Dispersion Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Star 6 Chatoyancy Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Colour Light yellow to dark yellow, gold-brown Colour (General) Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Yellow to orange, O2-→Fe3+ charge transfer, various Al3+ related color centers. Causes of Colour W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Transparent,Translucent Transparency Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Vitreous Lustre Gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) Fluorescence & other light emissions None Fluorescence (General) Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Crystallography of Citrine Trigonal Crystal System Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Hexagonal prisms with pyramids Habit Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Further Information 263

Mineral information:

Citrine information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities

Bolivia 

Santa Cruz Department o

Sandoval Province 

La Gaiba District 

Laurs (2001, 2010)

Anahi Mine (Anay Mine; Anai Mine)

Brazil 

Minas Gerais o

Doce valley 

Conselheiro Pena 

Ferruginha 



Macri et al. (2006)

Sapo Mine

Paraíba o

Borborema mineral province 

Junco do Seridó 

Kievlenko E.Ya., Geology of gems, 2003, p. 113

Seridozinho pegmatite

Burma (Myanmar)  Mandalay Division o

Pyin-Oo-Lwin District 

Mogok Township 

Bernardmyo 



Ah-chauk-taw

Kyauk-Pyat-That 

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Kabaing (Ka-Pine; Khabine)

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Canada 264



Ontario o

Thunder Bay District 

McTavish Township 

Sinkankas (1997)

Ontario Gem Mine

Madagascar  Antananarivo Province o

Analamanga Region 

Ankazobe Pegmatite Field 

o

Antsahalava pegmatite

Vakinankaratra Region 

Mandoto District 

Anjoman-dRamartinina Commune 



Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 44

Danet (2009)

Bevitsika Massif

Fianarantsoa Province o

Atsimo-Atsinanana Region 

Pezzotta (2001)

Isahara Pegmatite Field

Sri Lanka  Sabaragamuwa Province o

Ratnapura District 

Ratnapura 

Gem gravels

Uruguay  Artigas Department o

Artigas

Gilg et al. (2003)

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-1054.html 265

System: Trigonal Colour: Yellow - Orange Lustre: Vitreous Hardness: 7 Name: From citrina (color as yellow as citron).

Argentina Catamarca Antofagasta de la Sierra Department

Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry

Salar del Hombre Muerto Incahuasi Mine Belen Department

Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry

El Portezuelo Granite

http://www.papachacraminerals.com.ar/english/ab outpap.htm.

Papachacra Misiones Wanda mines Tucumán Graneros Department Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry´s collection.

Cerro Quico Piedras Blancas deposit Tafí del Valle Department

Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry´s collection. Cerro Loma Pelada Cerro Pichao Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry Milagro Mine El Infiernillo El Infiernillo pegmatite

Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry

Quebrada del Barón Australia 266

New South Wales Clive Co. Patrick Gundersen Torrington Bismuth Dam Drake Co. Ewingar State Forest

P.Gundersen (personal communication)

Ewingar Creek Gough Co. Torrington district Butlers Road Dalcoath lodes

Personal collection

Metallogenic Study and Mineral Deposit Data Sheets: Grafton-Maclean Metallogenic Map (SH/5610, SH/56-11), Geological Survey of New South Wales, 2001: HF Henley, RE Brown, JW Brownlow, RG Barnes and WJ Stroud. Published by the Geological Survey of New South Wales.

Yancowinna Co. Minerals of Broken Hill, W.D. Birch (Ed), 1999 Broken Hill Northern Territory Central Desert Shire Harts Range (Harts Ranges; Hartz Range; Hartz Ranges)

NT MInes + personal collecting

Jinka Mine Old Station Well area NT Mines + personal collecting Queensland Tablelands Region Mount Surprise

http://www.nrm.qld.gov.au/mines/fossicking/pdf/o briens_creek.pdf

O’Briens Creek Fossicking Area

267

South Australia Mt Lofty Ranges South Mt Lofty Ranges (Adelaide Hills)

Paul Stahl collection

Echunga Chapel Hill Diggings Victoria Dunn, E.J.,(1913). Bulletins of the Geological Survey of Victoria No. 25. The Woolshed Valley, Beechworth. Department of Mines.

Beechworth area Reedy Creek (Reid's Creek) Austria Carinthia Hohe Tauern

G. Niedermayr, I. Praetzel: Mineralien Kärntens, 1995

Goldberg group Große Fleiß valley Hocharn Innerfragant Wurten

Weißs Paar, W.H., and Niedermayr, G. (1998): e Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Mineralogischen e Gesellschaft 143, 425-435. h o us e Kleine Fleiß valley Hoher Sonnblick G. Niedermayr, I. Praetzel: Mineralien Kärntens, 1995 South w es 268

t sl o p e Roter Mann

G. Niedermayr, I. Praetzel: Mineralien Kärntens, 1995

Zirmsee area Goldz ec hs ch ar te (G ol R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten dz Österreichs (1993) ec hk o pf sc h ar te ) Hafner group Pölla valley Lanisch G. Niedermayr, I. Praetzel: Mineralien Kärntens Große (1995) r H af n er Lower Austria Waldviertel Dobersberg

R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993)

Brunn ? 269

Litschau

R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993)

Salzburg Hohe Tauern Gastein valley Siglitz - Bockhart area Siglitz Bockhart Gold Mining District Siglitz a di t (I m A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs, 1989 h of U nt er b a u a di t; I m h of a di t) Rauris valley Hüttwinkl valley

R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993)

Alteck - Hoher

270

Sonnblick area Hoher S o n n bli ck L e i d e n f r o s t N o r t h Gerd Stefanik collection f a c e Styria Graz Wildon

H. Meixner: Carinthia II 143./63.:96-97 (1953) Weitendorf Basalt quarry ?

Upper Austria

- Hans Commenda, in: Übersicht der Gesteine und Mineralien Oberösterreichs, II. Minerale.

271

Mühlviertel Rohrbach Lembach im Mühlkreis Bolivia Santa Cruz Department Sandoval Province La Gaiba District

No reference listed

Anahi Mine (Anay Mine; Anai Mine) Brazil Minas Gerais Karel Bal Collection Corinto Doce valley Conselheiro Pena Mineralogical Record (2009) 40:273-292 Ferruginha Sapo Mine Galiléia Laranjeiras

[MinRec 21:411]

Alto da Pitorra Jequitinhonha valley Diamantina

Rafael Corrêa-Silva

São João da Chapada Mucuri valley Teófilo Otoni

Proctor, K. (1984). Gem pegmatites of Minas Gerais, Brazil: exploration, occurrence, and aquamarine deposits. Gems and Gemology, 20(2), 78-100.

Paraíba Borborema mineral province

Kievlenko E.Ya., Geology of gems, 2003, p. 113

272

Junco do Seridó Seridozinho pegmatite Rio Grande do Sul Gaúcha range Burma (Myanmar) Mandalay Division Pyin-Oo-Lwin District Mogok Township

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Bernardmyo Ah-chauk-taw Kyauk-Pyat-That Kabaing (Ka- Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Pine; Khabine) Canada Ontario Hastings Co. Identified by Mineral Associates Inc. Wollaston Township Coe Hill Gold Thunder Bay District Pearl Station

Ontario Gem Company

Ontario Gem Mine Yukon Territory

www.alpinegems.net

China Guangdong Province Shaoguan Prefecture Joe Freilich specimen Lechang Co. Lechang Mine 273

Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Ulaan Chab League (Wulanchabu Prefecture) Chahar Right Middle Banner (Chaha'er Youyi Zhongqi)

Yantian Guo and Guangming Tian (1979): Geology and Prospecting 15(8), 29-34

Dajingliang Au deposit Czech Republic Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen) Central Bohemia Region Čáslav (Tschaslau) Golčův Jeníkov Uhlířské Janovice Talmberk Karlovy Vary Region Lázně Kynžvart (Bad Königswart)

Novák, J.: Výskyt rutilu západně od Golčova Jeníkova. Věstník ÚÚG, 1959, roč. XXXIV, s. 409 415.

Sejkora, J., Hejný, M.: Minerály severní části Ratajské zóny (Českomoravská vrchovina). Časopis pro mineralogii a geologii, 1984, roč. 29, č. 2, s. 212. Černý, P., Veselovský, F.: Pegmatit Bílý kámen (Weisser Stein) u Kynžvartu. Minerál, 2000, roč. 8, č. 1, s. 10-16.

Bily Kamen pegmatite Liberec Region Jizerské Mtn (Iser Mtn) Jizerská louka (Iser meadow; Iserwiese) Liberec

geological prospecting, 2008 - 2009, Czech geological Organization

Fengl, M.: Mineralogie těžených fluoritových ložisek (1.). Minerál, 1998, 6, 2, 243–252.

Křižany Lomnice nad Popelkou (Lomnitz an der Popelka) Pauliš, P.: Nejzajímavější mineralogická naleziště Čech II. Kutná Hora: Kuttna, 2003, s. 49-50. Morcínov South Bohemia Region Historic mineral collection National museum of Czech Republic

Písek U obrázku quarry

274

Moravia (Mähren; Maehren) Vysočina Region

V. Mátl: Lokalita Česká mez u Žďáru n. Sázavou, Minerál,1995,roč.1,č.1,

Žďár nad Sázavou Česká Mez Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaïre) Katanga (Shaba) Katanga Copper Crescent

Safaa Yu collection

Lubumbashi (Elizabethville) ? Lwena (Luena) Information Eric Greene Germany Bavaria Franconia Fichtelgebirge Wunsiedel Göpfersgrün

F. Müller: "Bayerns steinreiche Ecke", 2nd. ed. (1984), pp. 49-59

Johan n es M in e Franconian Forest Kronach

Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", 1990

Rotschreuth Hesse Taunus S. Weiß: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990

Weilmünster Phillipstein Diabase works

275

North Rhine-Westphalia Sauerland

various added photos

Brilon Hagen Hohenlimburg Oege Hohe nli S. Weiß: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", m Weise (Munich), 1990 b ur g q u ar ry Rhineland-Palatinate Hunsrück Stromberg

S. Weiß: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990

Limestone quarries Saxony Erzgebirge

Lapis 30(7/8):78-80 (2005)

Schneeberg District ? Vogtland Tannenbergsthal

Tröger, S. (2008): Der Bergbau um Gottesberg im Sächsischen Erzgebirge. Lapis 33 (2), 22-27; 50.

Gottesberg Greece Thraki Department (Thrace; Thracia) Évros Prefecture

Christos Spiromitros - Chris Spiromitros collection

Crossroad of Dadia Hungary 276

Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Co. Zemplén Mtns (Tokaj Mtns) Szakáll & Weiszburg: Telkibánya Telkibánya Gyepü Hill ? Jó Hill ? Kánya Hill ? Medve Hill ? Sinta Hill ?

Szakáll & Weiszburg: Topographia Mineralogica Hungariae II.

Szakáll-Gatter: Hungarian Mineral Species, 1996

Heves Co. Mátra Mtns Koch: Minerals of Hungary, 1985 Gyöngyösoroszi Altáró ? Iceland Capital Region Hvalfjordur Hvammsvik India Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad District Kazakhstan Karagandy Province (Qaragandy Oblysy; Karaganda Oblast')

Weisenberger, T. & Selbekk, R.S. (2009): Multi stage zeolite facies mineralization in the Hvalfjordur area, Iceland. International Journal of Earth Sciences. 98 (5), 985-999

http://minerals.gps.caltech.edu/AMETRINE/Index.h tm.

Evseev, A. A. (1995) Kazaknstan and Middle Asia. A brief Mineralogical Guide. World of Stone 8:24-30

Kent Massif Madagascar Antananarivo Province Analamanga Region Ankazobe Pegmatite Field

Pezzotta, F.(1999): Madagaskar. Das Paradies der Mineralien und Edelsteine. ExtraLapis nr 17, p. 44 (in german, short notice)

Antsahalava pegmatite 277

Vakinankaratra Region Betafo District Vohitrakanga pegmatite Mandoto District AnjomandRamartinina Commune

Behier, J. (1963): Carte mineralogique de Madagascar. Archive Service Géologique Madagascar. A 1871

Behier, J. (1963): Carte mineralogique de Madagascar. Archive Service Géologique Madagascar. A 1871

Bevitsika Massif Sahatany Pegmatite Field (Mt Ibity area) Sahatany Valley

Pezzotta, F. & Praszkier, T. (2013): Giant liddicoatites from Estatoby pegmatite, Madagascar. Minerals- The Collector’s Newspaper. Issue # 6, 1317

Estatoby (Antaneti nilapa) Tsarafara Sud Pezzotta, F. (2011): Neufunde in Madagascar-Edle (Ankadilav Liddicoatite in Spitzenqualität. ExtraLapis 41, 66-71 a) Fianarantsoa Province Amoron'i Mania Region Ambatofinandrahana District Pezzotta F., Guastoni A., Forner H., Demartin F., Kristiansen R. (2004) : Exceptional chiavennite Ambatovita associated with pezzottaite from the Sakavalana Pegmatite, Ambatovita, Madagascar. Web site of Sakav Mineralogical Society of America. al www.minsocam.org/msa/Pegmatites.html a n a m in e Atsimo-Atsinanana Region Pezzotta, F. (1999): Madagaskar. Ein Paradies voll mit Mineralien und Edelsteine. ExtraLAPIS No 17: 64-65 (german edition) Isahara Pegmatite Field Mandrosonoro area

278

Mexico Chihuahua Mun. de Aquiles Serdán Santa Eulalia District West Camp Rob Lavinsky Aquiles Serdán Potosí M in e San Luis Potosí Mun. de Charcas www.matsminerals.com/html/mexico_sl1.html. Charcas Aurora Mine San Bartolo Mine

Panczner (1987): 177.

Mozambique Zambezia Province Alto Ligonha District

Geotrade Bohemia

Tulua Pegmatite (Tulu Pegmatite) Gité Rio Maria III Mine Namibia Erongo Region Amir Akhavan collection Karibib District Otjozondjupa Region Otjiwarongo District

various added photos

Okorusu Mine (Okarusu Mine)

279

Norway Aust-Agder Evje og Hornnes Landsverk

Revheim, O. (2006): Landsverk 1, Jokeli-bruddet i Evje. Norsk Bergverksmuseum Skrift. 33: 41-50

Landsverk 1 Feldspar Quarry (Jokeli) Buskerud Viktor Strøm Collection (pers. com to Egil Hollund 2011)

Hurum Grimsrudbukta area Lauvåsen

Sætre

Citrine locality

Røyken Follestad

Larsen, K.E. & Nordrum, F.S. (2013): Noen funn av mineraler i Norge 2012-2013. Norsk Bergverksmuseum Skrift. 50, 111-117 Nordrum, F.S. & Larsen, A.O.(1999): Einige neue Mineralfunde aus dem Gebiet DrammenHolmestrand in Norwegen. MineralienWelt 10 (6):57-61 Nordrum, F. S. and Larsen, A.O. (1999): Einige neue Mineralfunde aus dem Gebiet DrammenHolmestrand in Norwegen. Mineralien Welt nr 6, 57-61 Nordrum, F.S. (2012): Noen funn av mineraler i Norge 2011-2012. Norsk Bergverksmuseum Skrifter. 49, 117-124

Østfold Halden

Egil Hollund Collection Mjølnerudmoen

Rogaland Bjerkreim P. Andresen collection (2006) Ørsdalen Glassberget Peru Piura Department

Petersen, G.G. (1970) Minería y metalurgía en el antiguo Peru. Arqueologicas, 12 140pp. (Museo Nacional de Antropologia y Arqueologia, Lima) 280

Sechura Province Cerros de Illescas Poland Lower Silesia (Dolnośląskie) Awdankiewicz M. & Szymański M. 2009: New data on the structure, emplacement mode and postmagmatic alteration of the Grzędy trachyandesites (Lower Permian), the Intra- Sudetic Basin. Mineralogia - Special Papers, vol. 34, p. 11

Wałbrzych District Czarny Bór Grzędy quarry Portugal Guarda District Guarda

Martins da Pedra collection Gonçalo Castanho Mine Russia Urals Region Southern Urals Chelyabinsk Oblast' Astaf'evskoe quartz deposit (Astafievskoe)

Pavel M. Kartashov

Yuzhnyi quarry Western-Siberian Region Polar Urals Rob Lavinsky specimens Tyumenskaya Oblast' Olkhovka Slovakia Banská Bystrica Region Banská Štiavnica Co.

281

Banská Štiavnica (Schemnitz) South Africa Gauteng Province Johannesburg

Minerals of South Africa

Northern suburbs Mpumalanga Province Mkobola district

(Error for yellow iron-stained quartz; not true citrine.)

Boekenhoutshoek area (Boekenhouthoek) Spain Castile and Leon Salamanca Arroyo, A. and Calvo, M. (1995). El cuarzo citrino de Villasbuenas (Salamanca). Revista de minerales. 1: 86-89.

Villasbuenas Amistad mine (Margarita mine) Sri Lanka Sabaragamuwa Province Ratnapura District

Ceylon Aluvial Mine, (Book, Co. 2002) Ratnapura Gem gravels UK England Co. Durham North Pennines [J.Ralph Collection]

Weardale Bollihope District Yew

282

Tr e e M in e Cornwall Camborne - Redruth - St Day District Kea Baldhu Wheal Ja n e (F al [Golley & Williams, 1995 - "Cornish Mineral m Reference Manual", 51] o ut h C o ns oli d at e d M in es ) Redruth Wheal Buller Mount's Bay District Marazion

[Golley & Williams, 1995 - "Cornish Mineral Reference Manual", 51]

[Golley & Williams, 1995 - "Cornish Mineral Reference Manual", 51]

St Michael's Mount 283

St Austell District Lostwithiel [Golley & Williams, 1995 - "Cornish Mineral Restormel Reference Manual", 51] Royal Iron Mine (Trinity Mine) St Just District St Just Botallack

Golley, P. & Williams, R. (1995): Cornish Mineral Reference Manual. Endsleigh Publications (Truro), Botall 104 pp. ac k M in e Carn Gloose [Golley & Williams, 1995 - "Cornish Mineral Reference Manual", 51] Somerset Banwell

Paul Render Banwell Hill

Scotland Strathclyde (Bute) Isle of Arran

Bauer, M. (1904) Precious Stones. Volume II. Dover Publications.

Goat Fell Ukraine Crimea Oblast' Crimea peninsula

Tischenko A. data

Karadag Reserve (Kara-Dag) Uruguay Artigas Department

California Federation of Mineralogical Societies Mineral Notes and News: Bulletin, Issues 121-154

284

Artigas USA Arizona Cochise Co. Huachuca Mts Hartford District (Huachuca Mountains District)

C. Wellington Rose, II;

Miller Canyon Arkansas Saline Co. Salem

Rocks & Min.:63:122; Stone, et al (1973). Arkansas Talc Co. Mine (Warner Mine; Duke Warner Mine)

California Alameda Co. Diablo Range Livermore District (Tesla District) Livermore

Rocks & Min.: 15:41.

New m a n M in e Los Angeles Co.

Carnahan, V. (1967), Minerals of Los Angeles County, part 1, Catalina Island, Palos Verdes and Soledad Basin: Los Angeles County Natural History 285

Santa Catalina Island Interior of Santa Catalina Island

Museum Alliance Quarterly: 6(2): 27; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 346.

Unspecified Quartz occurrenc es Marin Co.

Pelletier, 1962. Mineral Species & Localities of Marin County

San Diego Co. Pala District Pala Chief Mountain Elizab et h R. M in e (H Stephenson, J. (2007), Pala District Opens Wide: az Oceanview Mine Strikes It Big. Mineral News: Pala el International, Fallbrook, CA. December. W . cl ai m ) O c e a n v i e w

286

M i n e ( O c e a n v i e w a d i t s ; n e w O c e a n v i e w w o r k i n g s ) 287

Hiriart Mountain (Hariat Mtn; Harriot Mtn; Heriart Mtn; Heriot Mtn; Hiriat Hill) San

Weber, F. H. 1963. Geology and mineral resources P of San Diego County, California. California Division e of Mines and Geology, County Report 3: p. 111. dr o M in e (P e dr o m in e)

Tourmaline Queen Mountain (Pala Mtn; Queen Mtn) Tour m Fisher, J. 2002. Gem and rare-element pegmatites ali of southern California. Mineralogical Record, Vol. n 33: pages 378-381. e Q u e e n M in 288

e ( M S 6 4 5 8; Q u e e n m in e; T o u m ali n e Q u e e n gr o u p; T o ur m ali n e Q u e e n N o. 1 289

cl ai m ; T o ur m ali n e Q u e e n N o. 2 cl ai m ; T o ur m ali n e Q u e e n N o. 3 cl ai m ) Ramona District Ramona

San Diego Mining Company (1996)

Hercules Mine 290

(Beryl claim; Hercules claim; Hercules group; Hercules prospect) Warner Springs District Chihuahua Valley Carmelita Mine (Big Spring mine; Blue Gem claim; Crest Gem Ritchie, S. 2000. History of the Carmelita Gem Mine mine; in the 20th Century. Southern California Gem Elinor deposit; Industries web publication: July. Elinor mine; Estudillo mine; French Pete mine; MS 6130; Peter Cabat mine) Colorado Douglas Co.

Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels

Devils Head Pegmatite District Jefferson Co. South Platte Pegmatite District Park Co.

Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels

Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels Lake George ring complex

291

Connecticut

Januzzi, 1976. Mineral Localities of CT and Southeastern NY State; Samuel Robinson (1825) A Catalogue of American Minerals, with their localities. Boston

Litchfield Co. Salisbury Middlesex Co.

Sohon, 1951. Connecticut Minerals Haddam Portland Collins Hill Strickland pegmatite (Stricklan d-Cramer Quarry; Strickland -Cramer Mine; Strickland -Cramer FeldsparMica Quarries) Strickl a n d Q u ar ry (E ur ek a Q u ar ry ) New Haven Co. East Haven

Rocks & Min.: 70:381; Rocks & Minerals (1955) 30:351-358

Samuel Robinson (1825) A Catalogue of American Minerals, with their localities. Boston

292

Georgia

Gems and Minerals of America- Jay Ellis Ransom1974

Rabun Co. Upson Co.

Gems and Minerals of America- Jay Ellis Ransom1974

Iowa Lee Co. Maine Androscoggin Co. Auburn No reference listed East Mount Apatite District Hatch Farm Prospect ? West Mount Apatite District Guidebook 1 to Mineral Collecting in the Maine Keith Quarry Pegmatite Belt Pg 2 (Towne Quarry) Oxford Co. Greenwood

Mineral News (1993) 9:2 p. 8

Tamminen Quarry Sagadahoc Co. Georgetown

Thompson, W.B., et.al., 1991, Maine Mineral Localities, 2nd edition, Maine Geological Survey, Consolidated Feldspar Augusta. Quarries (Goldings) ?

Massachusetts Essex Co. Gloucester Rockport

Gleba, 1978. Massachusetts Mineral & Fossil Localities ; Sears, John Henry (1905): The Physical Geography, Geology, Mineralogy and Paleontology of Essex County 293

Franklin Co.

Emerson, B. K. (1895): A Mineralogical Lexicon of Franklin, Hampshire, and Hampden Counties, Massachusetts (USGS Bulletin 126).

Leverett Hampshire Co. Easthampton Manhan Mines (Loudville Mine; Southampton Lead Mine; Northampton Lead Mine)

Hitchcock, Edward (1835): Report on the Geology, Mineralogy, Botany, and Zoology of Massachusetts, p 489. Also, P. Cristofono collection 2009.

Missouri Crawford Co. Missouri Brown Iron Belt

R&M 73:2 pp 98-117

Scotia Iron Bed Mines Scotia No. 1 mine Randolph Co. Montana

R&M 73:2 pp 98-117

Beaverhead Co. Pioneer Mts

Gobla, M.J. (2012) Montana mineral locality index. Rocks & Minerals, 87, #3, 208-240.

Elkhorn Hot Springs area Crystal Park Nevada Elko Co.

NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada

Tuscarora District Washoe Co. Hallelujah Junction area

Rocks & Minerals 82:415-418

Petersen Mountain (Hallelujah 294

Junction [sic]) Crystal Tips No. 2 pit Petersen Mountain NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada Quartz Mines Peavine District NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada Votaw property New Hampshire Coos Co.

Rocks & Min 65:295 (1990)

Gorham Stark Diamond Ledges locality Stratford South Percy Peak locality

Morrill, 1960. NH Mines and Mineral Localities. Rocks & Minerals (2005) 80:242-261 New Hampshire Mineral Locality Index Rocks & Min 80:249; Rocks and Minerals, (1990) 65:286-296 Harvard Mineralogical Museum, no. 129369.

Grafton Co. Groton Nashua Min. Soc. Display Cat., 1995 Palermo No. 1 Mine (Palermo No. 1 pegmatite) New Jersey

Gems and Minerals of America -Jay Ellis Ransom1974

Morris Co. Somerset Co. Warren Township Stirling Brook ("Carnelian Creek")

A Quest for New Jersey Minerals, Robert Speiser(1978):10.

New Mexico Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed. Grant Co.

295

New York Westchester Co. Bedford North Carolina Alexander Co. Adams Hiddenite and Emerald Mine (Alexander prospect; Abernathy prospect; Hiddenite Mine; Warren Mine; Turner Mine) Hiddenite Rist Mine (North America Emerald Mine) Stony Point Iredell Co. Love Valley Old Jolly Place

Mineralogical Record (2002) 33:263

Rob Lavinsky Speer,Wade Edward.,(2008) Emerald Crystal Pockets Of The Hiddenite District Alexander Co., North Carolina:The Geological Society of America Kunz, 1892. Gems & Precious Stones of N. America,p.117 Wilson,W.F and McKenzie,B.J,1978,Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina,Information Circular 24

Rhode Island Providence Co. Cumberland Diamond Hill Foster

Samuel Robinson (1825) A Catalogue of American Minerals, with their localities. Boston

Lincoln Lime Rock

Rocks & Minerals (1986): 61: 286-289

Conklin quarry Texas Brewster Co.

http://www.omsinc.org/archives/Orecutts_Jan04.pdf

296

Alpine Woodward Ranch Gillespie Co. R&M 66:3 pp 196-224 Amethyst Hill Washington King Co. Green Ridge Purple Hope No. 4 claim Zambia Luapula Province Mansa District Serenje North-Western Province

Peter Beckwith collection Peter Beckwith collection Lapis 36 (12), p.14 P Cristofono collection

http://www.mindat.org/min-1054.html last modified: Thursday, 28-Apr-2011 23:40:54 CEST Document status: complete Citrine is a transparent, yellow macrocrystalline quartz variety. Natural citrine is very rare, in fact almost all the material offered on the market under that name is not natural citrine, but heat treated amethyst. The two pictures to the right show a citrine crystal from Hasawarka, Russia. When illuminated directly from the front, the crystal appears very dark and almost green. But when the crystal is illuminated from behind, its real color is revealed: a deep and homogeneously distributed yellow. In jewelery, faceted citrine used to be sold as "gold topaz". I don't know if that is still common practice, but as far as I know the traders codex does not allow this anymore. On this web site, I do not call quartz citrine if it is yellow because of inclusions of iron oxide minerals, but ferruginous quartz or "eisenkiesel". Thus I use a different definition: Citrine is a transparent yellow quartz variety whose color is caused by colorizing agents that are built into the crystal lattice and whose color is not caused by inclusions of other minerals. I do this for reasons of consistency in the naming, but by gemologists' standards it is o.k. to call a quartz with finely distributed iron minerals, including heat-treated amethysts, a "citrine".

297

If you checked different sources in books and in the Internet, the explanation for the yellow color that is almost exclusively given is: traces of iron. However, there seem to be at least 2 kinds of citrine that differ in the cause of the color and possibly in their inner structure (see "Specific Properties").

Specific Properties Going through the literature to learn about the causes of the greenish-yellow, yellow or orange color is leaving an impression that there are at least 2 different yellow quartz varieties, and at least 3 if you count heat treated amethyst.

Whatever the cause of the color and however much people differ on what qualifies as "citrine", the common denominator seems to be that the colorizing agent should be more or less evenly and finely distributed in the crystals and that the crystals should appear transparent. Nobody calls a yellow but opaque crystal or a clear crystal with yellow grainy or fibrous inclusions a citrine. Note: the following names "aluminum citrine" and "iron citrine" are not officially approved, I just made them up as a convenient label. "Aluminum Citrine" Like the color of smoky quartz, the color of this type of citrine is caused by irradiation and traces of aluminum built into its crystal framework. The yellow can be very deep with shades of green, but usually is a little pale. This citrine shows a very weak dichroism, that is, its color changes a bit depending on the angle of the incoming light (see Physical Properties for an explanation).

This citrine will actually loose its color upon heating to more than 200°C, and the yellow color will occur again when the crystal is irradiated with x- or gamma-rays. This is not the case for heat treated amethyst (see below), which turns yellow at - very high - temperatures that will turn natural citrine white. Some smoky quartz from certain locations (e.g. Peterson Mountain, Nevada) shows a yellow tone in parts of its crystals. Some yellowish smoky quartz can even be turned into citrine by careful heating, because the color centers in citrine are more stable and the smoky color disappears before the yellow. "Aluminum citrine" is usually evenly colored, though "phantoms" of smoky quartz are found occasionally. It is probably impossible to distinguish heat treated smoky quartz from true citrine, as it is impossible to identify an artificially irradiated citrine. You have to check reports about the location to be sure. Why citrine turns out yellow and not smoky despite the fact that the same trace elements are built in is still a matter of debate. In studies on Brazilian quartz crystals that were artificially irradiated to determine high-purity specimen for industrial use, Jung, 1992, found that the ratio of the amount of aluminum and the amount of lithium built into the crystal lattice is possibly a critical factor. Crystals with a Li:Al ratio of close to 1 will assume the typical smoky quartz or black (morion) color upon irradiation, whereas crystals with a Li:Al ratio of about 0.5 will assume a honey color and those with a Li:Al ratio of less than 0.3 will turn yellow. The depth of the color varies with the absolute amount of Li and Al, and the yellow may be faint or very dark.

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This type of citrine can basically appear in the same crystal habits and crystal forms as rock crystal or smoky quartz, but good crystals are said to be rare. It can show accessorial crystal faces, like the dipyramidal s- or the trapezoidal x-face, just like rock crystal and smoky quartz. A citrine showing these faces is most likely not a heat treated amethyst. "Iron Citrine" Quartz crystals artificially grown from a hot watery silica solution (hydrothermal synthesis) turn out yellow if iron compounds are added to the solution. The iron seems to be incorporated into the crystal lattice. Although these quartzes sometimes lack the polysynthetical twinning that is common in natural amethyst, they are converted into amethysts by irradiation. It is likely that at least some of the natural citrines fall into the same category. "Heated Amethyst" It used to be quite common to produce "citrine" by heating amethyst. For this the amethyst does not need to have a deep color, faint or almost gray specimen may also assume a deep yellow or orange color upon heating. Once offered in great amounts, crystallized mineral specimen treated in such a way have actually almost disappeared from fairs, as collectors apparently don't want to pay that much for something that has been artificially altered. Heat treated amethyst is sold by the lot as "citrine" for lapidary purposes. As the distribution of color of amethyst is very different from that of most natural citrine, a heat treated amethyst is easily recognized: the yellow color is most intense in the tips, and the color might be more concentrated under the r-rhombohedra or patchy. Yellow or orange quartz in druzy geodes is most likely - and I would tend to say always - heated amethyst. Goethite inclusions are very suspicious, of course. On the other hand, citrine crystals showing accessorial faces can hardly be heat treated amethyst. If the crystal is clear, you can check for dichroism: natural citrine is often slightly dichroic, whereas heated amethyst is not (see Physical Properties for a method to check this). Note: according to the lapidary traders codex it is o.k. to call heat treated amethyst citrine.

Occurrence Citrine occurs in the same environments as smoky quartz, mostly intrusive igneous rocks which contain traces of radioactive elements whose radiation cause the coloration.

Locations and Specimen Citrine is a rare quartz variety. It is found in good quality in Brazil, Madagascar, and Russia. Recently artichoke like crystals from Kongo have shown up on fairs. Very few locations in the Alps (all in Austria) have yielded citrine, the already rare alpine amethyst is much more common. There are also a couple of locations of smoky quartz with shades of yellow, Peterson Mountain a.k.a. Hallelujah Junction has already been mentioned. 299

Brazil This citrine comes from Minas Gerais, Brazil. The friendly trader told me it would actually be a "Brasilit" (German spelling), and very likely had been subject to some treatment. "Brazilite" is a synonym of baddeleyite, ZrO2, and "brasilianite" is NaAl3[(OH)2|PO4]2. I couldn't find out anything more about "Brasilit" than it might possibly be a name for honey colored citrine. This specimen is not honey colored like what I saw on the few pictures on the Internet, but more lime colored. The honey colored material looked a bit like heated amethyst to me. The specimen shown here is almost certainly not a heated amethyst, because there is a small s-face on one of the crystals. So the only possibilities I could think of would be a moderately heated smoky quartz or an irradiated rock crystal. I've shown the specimen to an mineralogist and to an expert for jewelery, but both hadn't heard of an actual use of such treatments, and of course, there are no hints within the crystal itself that point to anything like moderate heating or irradiation. You can't tell just by looking at it, as you can with heat treated amethyst. Meanwhile I'm pretty sure it's a natural citrine. A slightly smoky citrine with very even color from Corinto, Minas Gerais. The surface structure on the prism faces indicates Brazil law domains, very similar to the ones on the specimen from Russia. Since their color centers are related, smoky quartz and citrine may show all kinds of transitions. A lot of citrine from Minas Gerais is of more or less smoky yellow or orange color. This specimen has an evenly colored yellow-orange core, but the outer layers with the skeletal quartz surface patterns show smoky color along some of the edges. Crystals like the one shown are found in pegmatite pockets around the cities of Araçuaí and Itinga, Jequitinhonha valley, Minas Gerais. Congo Citrines with a typical artichoke quartz habit have recently appeared on the market, first very few of them, but batches of large crystals since 2006. They are found in weathered rock at small scale mining operations at Lueni, Katanga province.

Most crystals are at least a bit smoky in color. One can frequently see faint smoky phantoms. Their most characteristic feature is the candle quartz habit (some would call it artichoke quartz habit) that apparently can be found in all specimen from that location. A more smoky specimen is shown at the growth form section. Citrine of similar habit is said to come from the Andes mountains.

Kazakhstan This crystal from Akjaylan in eastern Kazakhstan shows several smoky layers parallel to the large rhombohedral face. It has been found in a pegmatite and there is still some mica attached at the crystal's base. It is also a very nice demonstration of what the stripes on the prism come from: it's just a pattern of alternating rhombohedra and prisms, the last stair step being visible at the crystal tip.

300

Madagascar This crystal from Anjoma, Madagascar, shows a citrine phantom underneath a clear smoky tip and serves as another example of a combined citrine/smoky quartz. The yellow color is most intense at the base of the crystal. Namibia A clear and very pale citrine crystal on microcline feldspar from a miarole pocket in granite at the western Erongo mountains. The crystal would qualify as a stubby Tessin or transitional habit crystal. Its surface is etched, as many crystals from pegmatite and miarole pockets. Russia The specimen to the right is the same jewelery grade citrine shown on the pictures on top of the page (found at Hasawarka in the Ural mountains) from a different perspective, and partially illuminated from the back so one can see its dark yellow color. It looks very different from the burnt amethyst you usually get, with a dark homogeneous color and nicely developed prisms. The prism shows an interesting pattern of lines parallel to the planes of the rhombohedra, leading to a mosaic of triangles. This pattern is very likely due to a Brazil law twinning of the crystal that has been revealed by natural etching.

Matrix specimen of citrine are difficult to get. This one is from Perekatnoye near Aldan, Yakutia. There are brown phantoms of smoky quartz color zones under the rhombohedral faces at the crystal tips. The brown-red patches on the matrix are caused by iron compounds. U.S.A.

A pale citrine-colored scepter from Peterson Mountain, California/Nevada. This crystal is slightly dichroic (I thought it is not, but I checked again and it is). It appears to be not perfectly clear, but the latter is in part due to the fact that the crystal's surface has been etched naturally. The crystal has spent several days in HCl and has been brushed thoroughly, so the color is not caused by a superficial stain of limonite. Judging from the tone of the color and my erroneous belief that the crystal is not dichroic, my first guess was that the color is caused by iron, either embedded in compounds or built into the crystal lattice. And since this crystal has been found in a small pocket in the same granite that produces smoky quartz, and thus has been subject to prolonged high energy radiation, I wondered why it is not purple like the many other amethyst found at that locality and speculated that this is a ferruginous quartz. After I have checked the crystal again and found that the crystal is dichroic, I would say that this is probably a true citrine.

http://www.quartzpage.de/citrine.html

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23. Copper

24. Coral

The word Coral is derived from the ancient Greek word "korallion" - coral. Historically, this word was used to describe the precious red coral from the Mediterranean. The Coral is a branching skeleton-like structure built by polyp-bearing marine animals that live in colonies and are found throughout the world in the seas and oceans from freezing polar regions to equatorial reefs and at all depths. The branches are generally 20-40 cm in hight and up to 6 cm thick.

General Information Chemical Formula

CaCO

3

Coral Treatments Dyed: mostly with polymer treatment, color and resin concentration in fractures, cavities and branches junctions. Hot point test (acetone test in some cases) may reveal the treatment. Dyed pink to red from white variety: color dignostic if from "bamboo" type (natural color is white to brownish). Dyed blue from grayish: commonly with resin treatment: light blue color concentration in pits and cracks - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p 9 Coral Simulants Artificial pressed product (ceramics) consisting of calcite - Red; opaque; RI 1.486 - 1.658; Birefringence 0.172; Uniaxial/-; SG 2.60 - 2.70; Hardness 3.5 - 4; Trigonal. - Gemmological Tables, Ulrich Henn and 302

Claudio C. Milisenda, 2004, p 3 Physical Properties of Coral 3 to 4 Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references 2.60 to 2.70 Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Brittle Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) None Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Irregular,Splintery Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001)

Mohs Hardness

Specific Gravity

Tenacity

Cleavage Quality

Fracture Optical Properties of Coral

1.486 to 1.658 Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) White and redMore from other references Uniaxial/Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) 0.160 to 0.172 Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) White and redMore from other references Absent Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) None Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001)

Refractive Index

Optical Character

Birefringence

Pleochroism

Dispersion Colour

Colour (General)

Red, pink, white, orange, blue, brown Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) 303

Translucent,Opaque Walter Schumann, Gemstones of Transparency the world (2001) More from other references Fluorescence & other light emissions Dull purplish-red Fluorescence (General) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Crystallography of Coral Trigonal Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Crystal System Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Distinctive wavy parallel fibrous structure Habit Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Further Information Mineral information: Coral information at mindat.org

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-42717.html

Rudra Centre Talks on Red Italian Coral – Triangular Gemstone: The Coral Stone Of The Powerful Planet Mars Posted on October 11, 2013

We all know that there are a wide selection of gemstones with attractive colors, radiant appearances, and different significance. One great example is the diamond since it is considered as the most valuable and popular gemstone in the whole world. However, today we will not talking about diamonds, we will talk about the precious Red Italian Coral – Triangular gemstone. People believe that gemstones are one of the most valuable things around the world. In fact, when embedded in jewelries, its worth may climb to thousands of dollars. We all know that there are a wide selection of gemstones with attractive colors, radiant appearances, and different significance. One great example is the diamond since it is considered as the most valuable and popular gemstone in the whole world. However, today we will not talking about diamonds, we will talk about the precious Red Italian Coral – Triangular gemstone. 304

What Is Red Italian Coral Gemstone?

Precious Coral or famously known as Red Coral is a type of Corallium rubrum (a marine coral). It is known for its hardness and its deep red color. Red coral normally grows under the deep see for about 10 to 300 meters below sea level and is mostly found on rock with low sedimentation. This stone originally have a small leafless bushes shape and grow about a meter height. The skeleton of this red coral branch is the main ingredient to create a gemstone. The skeleton is being treated and polished to create a shinny shimmering red hued gemstone and is sometimes cut on different shapes such as round, oval, and triangle. There are several names of red coral stones available in the market nowadays and most of the names vary from its shape and where it was made. One great example is the Red Italian Coral – Triangular gemstone.

The Benefits And Meaning

According to Vedic astrology and Navagraha gemology, red coral is the gemstone of the powerful planet Mars. Planet Mars are known on several astrological names such as Kaju, Mangal, Angaraka, Chevvai, and Bhoomi Putra. It can provide numerous positive attributes such as courage, vitality, aggression, initiative, and vigor. Now, since red coral are connected to this planet it also represents all of its benefits. This includes bringing good fortune and prosperity especially if the wearer is undertaking challenges in life. It also provides the wearer strength and bravery to face any obstacles or mile stones in life and the controlling the blood system of the wearer.

The Proper Way Of Wearing The Gemstone

A lot of people believe on the deeper meaning every gemstone aside from its typical characteristics and value. However, what you need to know is that there are a variety of methods used to find the right gemstone to wear. Since all gemstones represent a particular planet as per astrological analysis, then most probably this is a favorable way to determine what type gemstone suits you best. knowing the planet matches your characteristics and field of professionalism is very important to find the right gemstone for you. Moreover, choosing the correct metal for your red coral is important whether if it is in the form of ring or bracelet. Also, every gemstone should be worn on the right finger. If the right gemstone for you is the Red Italian Coral – Triangular then you should wear it on your ring or index finger. 305

http://www.abnewswire.com/ 25. Danburite

Danburite was first found in Danbury (therefore the name), Connecticut, USA. Danburite is little known as a gemstone, but its popularity is growing. Its crystals have excellent clarity and they are easy to cut into brilliant attractive gems. Cut stones of 3-6 carats or more (up to 100 carats).

General Information Chemical Formula CaB

Mohs Hardness

Specific Gravity

Cleavage Quality

Fracture

Refractive Index

2

(SiO

4

)

2

Physical Properties of Danburite 7 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 2.97 to 3.03 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Imperfect Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Uneven,Conchoidal Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Optical Properties of Danburite 1.627 to 1.639 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 306

More from other references Biaxial/+,Optical Character Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 0.006 Birefringence Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Weak: pale yellow - yellow Pleochroism Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 0.017 Dispersion Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Colour Yellow, yellow-brown, brown, pink, colourless Colour (General) Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Transparent Transparency Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Vitreous Lustre Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Fluorescence & other light emissions Weaker than LW Fluorescence (Short Wave UV) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Inert to bright blue or blue-green Fluorescence (Long-Wave UV) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Red Thermoluminescence Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Crystallography of Danburite Orthorhombic Crystal System Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Prismatic with rhombohedral to square cross-section Habit Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) More from other references Geological Environment Danburite occurs in granites and in metamorphosed carbonate rocks Where found: associated with hydrothermal activity Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Inclusions in Danburite "Fingerprints", parallel growth tubes (may create chatoyancy) - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p 4 307

Further Information Danburite information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities

Mineral information: Burma (Myanmar) Mandalay Division Pyin-Oo-Lwin District

Mogok Township Mogok Valley

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Dattaw Hill Dattawmid Dattawpya nt & Dat Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok taw cha ung Le-U-le-taw Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Le-U-thetTed Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok kachan Ohn-bin-ywehtwet Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok (Coconut Tree mine) Shwe-pyi-aye Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok YebuthapanbinTed Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok kyar (Thabapin) Yebu (Hot Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Water) Pein-Pyit (Painpyit; Pyan Pyit) Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Htan-yan-sho Pyant Gyi mine Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok (Pyan Gyi)

308

Yamethin District Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Yamethin Township Sagaing Division Katha District Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Wuntho Choukpazat Japan Kyushu Region Miyazaki Prefecture Gemstones, Arthur Thomas, 2009, p.116 Takachiho Toroku mine Oita Prefecture Gems, Sixth Edition, Michael O’Donoghue, 2006, p. 403

Ono-gun Obira mine Madagascar Antananarivo Province Vakinankaratra Region Betafo District Ambohimanambola Commune Anjanabonoina pegmatites Mexico Baja California (Baja California Norte; BC Norte) Mun. de Ensenada La Huerta Verde Mine San Luis Potosí

Gemstones, Arthur Thomas, 2009, p.116

309

Mun. de Charcas Charcas USA Connecticut Fairfield Co. Danbury Danburite type locality

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-1218.html 26. Diamond

A diamond (from the ancient Greek adámas, meaning "unbreakable," "proper," or "unalterable") is one of the best-known and most sought-after gemstones. Diamonds have been known to humankind and used as decorative items since ancient times; some of the earliest references can be traced to India. The hardness of diamond and its high dispersion of light – giving the diamond its characteristic "fire" – make it useful for industrial applications and desirable as jewellery. Perhaps the most famous use of the diamond in jewellery is in engagement rings, which became popular in the early to mid 20th century due to an advertising campaign by the De Beers company, though diamond rings have been used to symbolize engagements since at least the 15th century. Varieties/Types: Chemical Formula

General Information Nano-Polycrystalline Diamond - An synthetic polycrystalline diamond. C Diamond Treatments 310

The irradiation of a type Ia diamond, followed by heating at 800°C, resulted in diamonds having a yellow or orange colour. This treatment is easily detected because an absorption line is also produced between 594 and 595 nm; this absorption is very rarely seen in a faceted natural fancycoloured diamond. With a type Ib diamond, either natural or synthetic HPHT, irradiation followed by annealing produces a treated pink diamond. Radiation Followed by High Temperature (c.1400 °C) can give the diamond an attractive green colour. A tinted yellow (cape) diamond could be given a fancy canary yellow colour by HPHT processing.Following this processing, it is possible to subject the diamond to irradiation and annealing at 800 °C. It gives the diamond a pink or mauve colour. Diamond Simulants An enormous number of materials, both natural and artificial, have been used as diamond simulants for thousands of years. Glass, quartz and other gemstones have been used throughout recorded history to simulate Diamonds, but a true diamond simulant must have the high dispersion that is characteristic of diamond, and ideally be hard enough to be used as a gemstone. lead glass - a glass with a high refractive index, has been used to simulate diamond for a very long time, it is of course much softer than diamond. cubic zirconia, or CZ, is probably the most economically important diamond simulant, in use since the 1970s it is very similar visually to diamond but very low cost to produce. Strontium titanate is an artificial gemstone that was used frequently as a diamond simulant from the mid 1950s until the 1970s. Yttrium Aluminium Garnet or YAG, and Gadolinium Gallium Garnet or GGG, are two artificial garnet-type gemstones that were frequently used as diamond simulants in the early to mid 1970s, until the availability of cheap Cubic Zirconia. Moissanite, or silicon carbide, is a much more recent synthetic gemstone, having been first produced commercially in 1998. Unlike most other diamond simulants, it has a very high hardness - second only to diamond itself in the gem world, with higher refractive index and dispersion than diamond. Synthetic Diamond Synthetic diamond: Colourless, yellow, brown, green, blue, red, pink; Transparent; Hardness 10; RI 2.417; Opt. isotropic; SG 3.52; Perfect cleavage; Fluorescence: SW - distinct yellow, yellowish-green or whitish-yellow; Inclusions: metallic residues (partly magnetic), internal growth and colour zoning Gemmological Tables, Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, 2004, p 31 Physical Properties of Diamond 10 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification Mohs Hardness (2010) More from other references 3.50 to 3.53 Specific Gravity Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) 311

More from other references Perfect Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Cleavage Quality Tables (2004) More from other references Conchoidal,Splintery Fracture Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references High temperatures can induce etchings on the facets. Heat Sensitivity Therefore special care must be taken during soldering! Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Optical Properties of Diamond 2.417 to 2.419 Refractive Index Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Isotropic Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification Optical Character (2010) Anomalous double refractionMore from other references None Pleochroism Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) 0.044 Dispersion Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) More from other references Colour Colorless, yellow, brown, rarely green, blue, reddish, orange black Colour (General) Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Transparent,Translucent,Opaque Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Transparency Tables (2004) More from other references Adamantine,Greasy Lustre Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Adamantine to greasyMore from other references Fluorescence & other light emissions Very variable: Colorless and yellow: mostly blue; Brownish and greenish: often green Fluorescence (General) Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Weaker reaction if any. Yellow: rare weak yellow to Fluorescence (Short Wave UV) orange. Blue: rare yellowish to bluish Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification 312

(2010) More from other references Usually blue (and yellow phosphorescence). Colorless (near-colorless): tylically strong blue. Yellow: inert to strong blue, yellow (also green, rarely orange). Pink (and red): mostly blue (yellowish to orangy Fluorescence (Long-Wave UV) phosphorescence). Blue: rare orangy. Green, brown: green Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Most diamonds show a rather uniform bluish white glow; the exceptions are those diamonds which show a yellow glow under Fluorescence (X-RAY) UV and show a similar glow under X-rays but this is not always so. Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Crystallography of Diamond Isometric Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification Crystal System (2010) More from other references Mainly octahedrons, also cubes, rhombic dodecahedrons, twins, plates. Habit Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Geological Environment It is known to be the product of the deep-seated crystallization of ultrabasic igneous magmas which Where found: have intruded as dikes or pipes of kimberlite or lamproite Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Inclusions in Diamond Inclusions: olivine, garnet, diopside, graphite, tension and cleavage cracks, growth zoning, twinning lamellaes - Gemmological Tables, Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, 2004, p 31 Further Information Mineral information: Diamond information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities Angola Lunda Norte Province Cambulo City Council

Khar'kiv et al. (1992)

313

Calonda Camafuca-Camazambo Mine Camutue mine Lunda Sul Province

Khar'kiv et al. (1992)

Catoca kimberlite field

Levinson et al. (1992)

Catoca Mine Australia New South Wales Murchison Co.

Barron et al. (1996)

Bingara Northern Territory Roper Gulf Shire gemexplorer.org Borroloola Merlin diamond mine Western Australia Derby-West Kimberley Shire Jaques (1994) Ellendale Ellendale 11 Ellendale 4 Ellendale 9 Wyndham-East Kimberley Shire Lake Argyle area

Jaques (1994) Jaques (1994) Chapman et al. (1996), Gemexplorer.org

Argyle mine (Argyle AK1 pipe) Botswana Central District Letlhakane

Levinson et al. (1992)

Letlhakane Mine Orapa Levinson et al. (1992) Orapa Mine

314

Southern District Ngwaketse North District Levinson et al. (1992) Kanye Jwaneng Mine (Jwaneng pipe) Brazil Mato Grosso Diamantino-Alto Paraguai District Nortelândia

Cassedanne (1989)

Santana river Camargo farm Santana mine

Cassedanne (1989)

Juína Sorriso river

Cassedanne (1989)

Chicória farm Minas Gerais Cassedanne (1989) Coromandel Datas (Dattas) Cassedanne (1989) Datas de Cima claim Jequitinhonha valley Diamantina

Cassedanne (1989)

Jequitinhonha river São João da Chapada Cassedanne (1989) Campo Sampaio claim Grão Mogol São Gonaçalo do Abaeté

N. Haralyi (1998) Cassedanne (1989)

Abaeté River (Rio Abaeté) Burma (Myanmar) Kachin State Myitkyina District

U Hlaing (1999)

315

Tanai Township (Tanaing Township) Putao District Shan State

Kammerling et al. (1994)

Kyaukme District Hlaing (1990) Momeik Township Mohauk Tanintharyi Division Myeik District

Hlaing (1990)

Theindaw Canada Northwest Territories Lac de Gras

gemexplorer.org

Diavik Mine Ekati Mine Central African Republic Mambéré-Kadéï Prefecture

Pell (1994)

Censier and Tourenq (1995) Carnot China Hunan Province Changde Prefecture R. Li (1999)

Taoyuan Co. Yuan river placers (Yuanjiang placers) Liaoning Province (Manchuria; Dongbei Region) Liaodong Peninsula Dalian Prefecture

Janse (1995)

Wafangdian Co. Fuxian kimberlite field Laotiangou

316

Pipe No. 30 Toudaogou (incl. Pipes No. 51; 68 & 74)

Janse (1995)

Pipe No. 50 Toudaogou Janse (1995) placer Wafangdian Pipe No. 42

Janse (1995)

Shandong Province Linyi Prefecture Yimeng Mtns (Yimeng Shan) Mengyin Co. Mengyin Kimberlite field

Dobbs et al. (1994)

Changma Kimberlite belt Changma diamo nd mine Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaïre) Kasaï-Oriental Mbuji Mayi (Bakwanga)

Janse (1995)

Miba Mine Kasaï (Kasaï-Occidental) Janse (1995) Kasai river alluvials Ghana Eastern Region Birim diamond field

Levinson et al. (1992)

Akwatia Mine

317

Western Region Bogoso

Levinson et al. (1992) Birum River

Guinea Kankan Region Kérouané Prefecture A. Janse (1999) Gbenko Aredor Mine Guyana Cuyuni-Mazaruni Region Imbaimadai

Levinson et al. (1992)

Mazaruni river Potaro-Siparuni Region Kangaruma District Levinson et al. (1992) Potaro River Kaietur Falls India Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad District gemexplorer.org Golconda Golconda Mines Madhya Pradesh Panna District Chatterjee and Rao (1995) Panna Panna Mines Indonesia Kalimantan Island (Borneo Island) gemexplorer.org Kalimantan Selatan Province (South Kalimantan

318

Province) Riam Kanan Cempaka Martapura Kalimantan Tengah Province (Central Kalimantan Province)

Janse and Sheahan (1995) Janse and Sheahan (1995)

Muarateweh Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) Vallée du Bandama region Katiola department

Janse (1996)

Tortiya (Tortia) Lesotho Mokhotlong District Maluti Mts.

gemexplorer.org

Letseng-La-Terae Mine (Letseng Mine; Lets'eng Mine) Mali Kayes Region Janse (1996) Kéniéba Circle Namibia Karas Region Lüderitz District

Gurney et al. (1991)

Elizabeth Bay Mine Orange River mining area Janse (1995) Auchas mine Daberas Mine

Janse (1995)

Russia Eastern-Siberian Region Krasnoyarsk Territory (Krasnoyarsk Kray; Krasnoyarskii Krai) Anabarskii massif

Russian gemstones encyclopedia, V. V. Bukanov, 2006, p. 36

Popigai river

319

Popigai impact crater (Popigayskii crater) Sakha Republic (Saha Republic; Yakutia) Daldyn-Alakit kimberlite field

Levinson et al. (1992)

Alakit-Markha Krasnopresnenskaya pipe Levinson et al. (1992) Sytykanskaya pipe Levinson et al. (1992) Yubileinaya pipe Duval et al. (1996) (Jubileinaya; Jubilee) Daldyn Duval et al. (1996) Udachnaya-Vostochnaya pipe (Udachnaya pipe) Zarnitsa pipe Duval et al. (1996) Mirny Internatsionalnaya Mine (Inter Mine) Mirny Mine (Mir Mine; Mir Pipe; Myr Pipe) Nakyn kimberlite field (Nakynsky kimberlite field) Sredne-Markhinsky region Botoubinskaya Mine Nyurbinskaya deposit Sputnik kimberlite pipe Northern Region

Duval et al. (1996)

Duval et al. (1996)

A. Janse (1999)

A. Janse (1999) Levinson et al. (1992)

Arkhangel'skaja Oblast' Zimny Bereg District

Possoukhova et al. (1999)

Zimny Bereg kimberlite field Verkhotina occurrence Zolotitsa occurrence Smirnov (1993) Arkhangel'sky pipe Lomonosov pipe 33rd International Geological Congress (2008) session AAA-11 Metallogeny of the Arctic region: Diamondiferous kimberlites of the East Eurorean Platform: Specific features; Smirnov 320

Pionersky pipe

(1993) Smirnov (1993)

Sierra Leone Eastern Province Kenema District

A. Janse (1999)

Tongo-Panguma Field Kono District gemexplorer.org Koidu-Yengema Northern Province Levinson et al. (1992) Sewa River South Africa Free State Province Lejweleputswa District Theunissen

A. Janse (1999)

Theunissen kimberlite field Star Mine Xhariep District Koffiefontein

Janse (1995, 1996)

Koffiefontein Mine Gauteng Province Pretoria Janse (1995, 1996) Cullinan Premier Mine (Cullinan Mine) Limpopo Province Mokopane District (Potgietersrus)

Janse (1995, 1996)

Marsfontein Mine Swartwater Marnitz kimberlite cluster

Janse (1995, 1996)

The Oaks mine

321

Venetia mine Northern Cape Province

Janse (1995, 1996)

Francis Baard District Janse (1995, 1996) Kimberley Bultfontein Mine Dutoitspan Mine Kimberley Mine Wesselton Mine Warrenton Mount Rupert

Janse (1995, 1996) Janse (1995, 1996) Janse (1995, 1996)

Janse (1995, 1996)

Bellsbank Mines Namakwa District (Namaqualand) Gurney et al. (1991) Annex Kleinzee Mine Gordonia District Lime Acres

Janse (1995, 1996)

Finsch mine Tanzania Ruvuma Region gemexplorer.org Tunduru Shinyanga Region Mwadui

Dirlam et al. (1992)

Mwadui Mine (Williamson Mine) USA Arkansas Pike Co.

Pell (1994) Murfreesboro

Colorado Larimer Co. Johnson and Koivula (1996) State Line Kimberlite District Kelsey Lake

322

Venezuela Bolívar Coenraads et al. (1994) Guaniamo Quebrada Grande River Coenraads et al. (1994) Quebrada Grande placers Zimbabwe Manicaland Mutare District (Umtali District) gemexplorer.org Chiadzwa Marange diamond fields Matabeleland South Beitbridge District

Duval et al. (1996)

River Ranch Mine Midlands Zvishavane District gemexplorer.org Zvishavane (Shabani; Shabanie; Shavani) Murowa Mine

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-1282.html OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF DIAMOND

Whenever possible, I provide, in parentheses, today's equivalent prices in US dollars. These prices take account of inflation and are based on available historical exchange rates. The inflation rate is calculated on the assumption that 1 oz. of gold has always the same value; only due to a loss, with time, of currency value it takes more money to buy the same 1 oz. of gold. Diamond has been found in all five continents, but not to the same extent in each. It has been longest known in Asia, where the famous old Indian deposits have probably been known and worked from the earliest times; now, however, they are almost completely exhausted. In close geographical connection with these are the deposits in Borneo, but the supply from this island, in comparison with the rich treasure of India, has always been limited. Reported discoveries of diamonds in the Malay Peninsula, where, according to one account, the famous Regent of the French crown jewels was found, in Pegu and Siani and the islands of Java, Sumatra and Celebes, are for the most part unauthenticated; and the same may be said of the reported occurrence in China (province Shan-tung), Arabia, Cambodia. 323

In America the famous Brazilian diamond-fields were discovered at the beginning of the eighteenth century, and have compensated for the exhaustion of the Indian mines; the mines in the States of Minas Geraes and Bahia have given the richest yield of stones. Finds have been made in another parts of the South American continent, namely in ex British Guiana; Guyana, Venezuela and Brazilian State of Roraima. Well authenticated, but of little commercial importance, is the occurrence of diamond in the United States of North America; a small number of stones having been found in the eastern States of Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Kentucky, Virginia, Wisconsin, and in the western States of California and Oregon. Reported occurrences in other parts of the American continent, namely Sierra Madre in Mexico, and the gold mines of Antioquia in Colombia, South America, require confirmation. The continent of Africa is, at the present time, by far the most important source of diamonds, which have been collected here since the late sixties in ever increasing numbers, far surpassing the yield from any other region. The exact locality of the deposits is on the Vaal River, and in the neighborhood of the town of Kimberley, both these localities being in the division of Griqualand West in the north of Cape Colony; also in the adjoining Orange River Colony, which, however, is of far less importance. Compared with the yield of the African fields, all others are insignificant, although in comparatively recent times the markets of the world were supplied from the sources which are now of such minor importance. During last 100 years, the diamond fields of the Cape are the source of 90 per cent of the stones, which come into the market. The reported occurrence of diamonds in the auriferous sands of 'the river Gumel, in the province of Constantine, in Algeria, is unauthenticated; three stones were said to have been found here in 1833, but nothing more has been heard of this reputed discovery. The statement of Dr. Cuny, an African traveler, that in the fifties a whole camel-load of diamonds was brought from Western Africa to Darfur seems rather incredible, or he was talking about diamonds from Siera Leone. Later Congo becomes an important source of mainly industrial diamonds. The presence of alluvial diamonds in sands, on seashores of Namibia, is well known. In Europe, diamonds have been found in Russia, in the Urals in the east, and in Lapland in the west; the stones are, however, met with only in small numbers, and their importance lies in their mineralogical rarity. The occurrence in Russia is of major economical importance. Diamonds have been found in recent times in Australia, especially in New South Wales, not altogether in inconsiderable numbers; and Australian stones are at least mentioned in the markets. Finally we must record the interesting fact that diamond is not only a constituent of the earth's crust, but also of extra-terrestrial bodies, the presence of small stones having been reported to be found in several meteorites. With regard to the mode of occurrence of diamonds, it is to be noted that in the majority of localities they are found in secondary deposits, such as sands and gravels. These masses of debris produced by the weathering of the original mother-rock of the diamond are usually entirely loose and incoherent; occasionally, however, as in Brazil and India, they are converted by cementing materials into firm conglomerates, breccias and sandstones. In Brazil these rock masses, like the loose sands and gravels at other places, lie on the surface, and must therefore be reckoned among 324

the most recent deposits of the earth's crust. In India, and to a certain extent also in Brazil and North America, the diamantiferous fragmentary rocks belong to earlier geological periods, being interbedded with some of the oldest rocks, and thus representing the sands and gravels of very remote ages. When these older fragmentary rocks come to the surface, they are themselves in course of time attacked by weathering agents and supply material for new secondary deposits, from which the ordinary process of washing wins diamonds. These relations will be further considered with the description of each special diamantiferous deposit. The nature and character of the original mother-rock, in the debris of which the diamond is now found, has nowhere been determined with the certainty and clearness that is desired, although many important steps have been made towards the solution of this problem. In the following pages we will consider in detail the facts connected with each well-established occurrence of diamond, and endeavor to determine the origin of the stone in each case so far as the available observations permit. In any case it is certain that the original mode of occurrence and the motherrock are not the same at all localities: in some cases the mother-rock is without doubt one of the older crystalline rocks; in other cases it is highly probable that diamond originated as a secondary mineral in the rock known as itacolumite, as will be specially considered when we come to treat of the Brazilian deposits. In the South African diamond-fields, the stones are found for the most part embedded in a green serpentine-like rock; known as kimberlite, instead of in loose sands as is more usually the case. This mode of occurrence, which is not peculiar to this locality, and differs from that of all others, will be considered in detail under its appropriate heading. The different diamantiferous deposits will be dealt with below in the following order: 1. India. 2. Brazil. 3. Borneo. 4. South Africa. 5. Venezuela and Guyana. 6. Australia. 7. Congo. 8. Angola. 9. Guinea. 10. Sierra Leone. 11. Russia. Diamond Geology [ 1 India 3 4 5 6 7 8 Brazil 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Borneo 22 South Africa 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Venezuela, Guyana 42 Australia 44 Argyle Congo 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 Angola 57 58 59 Guinea ]

http://www.minelinks.com/alluvial/diamondGeology1 .html 325

Diamonds Australia’s substantial diamond resources are mostly associated with the world-class Argyle deposit in the Kimberly region of Western Australia. Other smaller resources are associated with small diamond pipes at Ellendale in Western Australia and Merlin in the Northern Territory with each containing about five million carats. Australia’s diamond exports are worth about $600-700 million a year. Geoscience Australia provides a range of geoscience data and information to encourage and support exploration for new diamond resources in Australia.

Diamond Uses Gem quality diamond is used in jewellery. Lower quality diamonds are used in a wide range of industrial applications, especially in cutting tools and abrasives because diamond is the hardest naturally occurring material. Further information about diamond, its distribution and use are given in the Australian Mines Atlas diamond fact sheet.

Diamond Production and Exports

Hand sorting diamonds © Australian Mines Atlas Australia’s diamond production of about 16 million carats is almost entirely from the Argyle mine in Western Australia. However, Argyle’s output has reduced substantially from 30-40 million carats a year to current levels as production from the open pit winds down and under ground mining ramps up. Despite this Argyle remains to the largest single source of diamonds, supplying about 20 per cent of world natural diamond production. About five per cent of Argyle production is gem, about 45 per cent cheap gem and the remainder of industrial grade. A small amount of diamond totalling about 200 000 carats, including high quality yellow diamonds, is produced from the Ellendale mine. Trial mining is being conducted at the Merlin project. Nearly all Australia diamond production is exported, mostly to India. Diamonds were discovered in Australia near Bathurst in New South Wales in 1851, about the same time as gold. Scattered alluvial diamond occurrences were subsequently found in all States 326

in the course of alluvial gold and tin mining but not in the Northern Territory. Around 300 000 carats of diamonds were mined from the Copeton, Bingara and Cudgegong alluvial fields in New South Wales, mostly in the period 1867-1922. Large scale mining of diamonds commenced in 1985 at the Argyle pipe in Western Australia, following its discovery in 1979. Production from Argyle established Australia as a major producer of diamonds. Information on Australia’s mineral production and exports is given in Australia’s Mineral Statistics produced quarterly and Australian Commodities produced twice yearly by the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES).

Diamond Resources Australia is estimated to have about 16 per cent of the world’s Economic Demonstrated Resources (EDR) of industrial quality diamonds, the third largest after the Democratic Republic of Congo and Botswana. Australia’s gem and near-gem quality diamond resources are similarly large but detailed information on world resources are not available. Australia’s national inventory of diamond resources are updated annually in Australia’s Identified Mineral Resources. Geoscience Australia produces maps of Australia’s operating mines, mineral deposits, and endowment (including diamond).

Diamond exploration and discovery Australia’s large areas of Precambrian cratons are considered prospective for diamond and large areas of the continent have been explored at least at the reconnaissance level during the past 40 years. Current levels of diamond exploration in Australia are low, reflecting a lack of recent success and the difficulties in exploring areas with extensive regolith and sedimentary cover. Most of the exploration is focussed in the Northern Territory, Western Australia and South Australia. Highlights of mineral exploration, including diamonds, are reviewed annually in Australia’s Mineral Exploration Review and Australia’s Identified Mineral Resources.

Geoscience Programs Australia’s continental-scale geophysical data provide an important framework for diamond exploration. The map of Australia’s diamond deposits, kimberlites and related-rocks shows the distribution of kimberlites, lamproites, lamprophyres, carbonatites and other alkaline rocks of deeper mantle origin in relation to continental structure as shown by the total magnetic intensity image of Australia.

http://www.ga.gov.au/minerals/mineralresources/diamonds.html 327

27. Diaspore

Diaspore is named from Greek "diaspheirein" - to scatter, alluding to its usual descrepitation when strongly heated. Diaspore forms greenish-brown, yellow, colourless, sometimes pinkish or white platy crystals with vitreous lustre. Some specimens may show a slight colour change from greenish in daylight to pinkish brown under tungsten light. Mamaris area in Mugla Province, Turkey seems to be the source of all large gem-quality crystals that have been faceted to date. General Information Varieties/Types: Colour-change diaspore - Diaspore showing a noticable colour change effect. Chemical Formula AlO(OH)

Mohs Hardness

Specific Gravity

Cleavage Quality

Refractive Index Optical Character

Physical Properties of Diaspore 6.5 to 7 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 3.30 to 3.40 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Perfect Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Perfect and easyMore from other references Optical Properties of Diaspore 1.702 to 1.750 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Biaxial/+ Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 328

More from other references 0.048 Birefringence Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) DoublingMore from other references Rare Chatoyancy Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Colour Greenish-brown, colourless, white, yellow, bluish, pink. Colour (General) Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Greenish Colour (Daylight) Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Pinkish brown under tungsten light Colour (Incandescent Light) Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Transparent,Translucent Transparency Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Vitreous,Pearly Lustre Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) On cleavage surfaces mother-of-pearl lustre. Crystallography of Diaspore Orthorhombic Crystal System Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Platy crystals Habit Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Geological Environment Diaspore may be formed by the hydrothermal alteration of aluminous Where found: minerals and may be a hydrothermal mineral in some alkalic pegmatites. Further Information Diaspore information at Mineral information: mindat.org Significant Gem Localities Turkey Aegean Region Muğla Province

Gems, Sixth Edition, Michael O’Donoghue, 2006, p. 304

Yatağan Menderes River

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-1285.html 329

28. Diopside

Diopside is named after Greek word for "double appearance" because of its crystal shape. It is one of the most common members of the Pyroxene Group. Diopside has a number of gem-quality varieties, including intense green Chrome diopside and fine blue Violane. Black diopside exhbiiting asterism or the Star effect is known. Usual weight of cut stones is 1 - 20 carats. Compact fine-grained varieties are used as jewelry-industrial stone. General Information Chrome-Diopside - A chrome-bearing green variety of diopside. Varieties/Types: Lavrovite - A green vanadium-bearing variety of Diopside. Violane - Violet-blue Manganese-bearing variety of diopside Chemical Formula CaMgSi

Mohs Hardness

Specific Gravity

Cleavage Quality

Fracture

2

O

6 Physical Properties of Diopside 5 to 6 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 3.22 to 3.40 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Good Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Uneven Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Optical Properties of Diopside 330

1.664 to 1.730 Refractive Index Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Biaxial/+ Optical Character Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 0.024 to 0.030 Birefringence Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Common trichroism: light green - yellow green - dark green Pleochroism Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 0.017 to 0.020 Dispersion Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Black star: white sharp rays (commonly 4) Chatoyancy Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Colour Green, yellow, colourless, brown, black Colour (General) Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Green (Chromian Diopside), Cr3+ in octahedral coordination; V3+ in octahedral coordination. Yellowish green, Fe2+ in octahedral Causes of Colour coordination W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Transparent,Translucent,Opaque Transparency Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Vitreous Lustre Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Fluorescence & other light emissions Violet, orange, yellow, green. Fluorescence (General) Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references No respond Fluorescence (Short Wave UV) Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Some green specimens show green Fluorescence (Long-Wave UV) Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Dull mustard-yellow glow Fluorescence (X-RAY) Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Crystallography of Diopside Monoclinic Crystal System Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 331

More from other references Prismatic crystals with nearly square cross-section and twinning common Habit Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) More from other references Geological Environment Typical of metamorphosed siliceous Ca, Mg-rich rocks of the pyroxene-hornfels or epidote-amphibolite facies; common in skarns, Where found: Ca, Mg-rich gneisses and schists, and some kimberlites and peridotites. Less common in alkalic olivine basalts and andesites. Anthony et al, Handbook of mineralogy (2001) Inclusions in Diopside Magnetite needles: may react to magnet - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p4 Magnetite, healing cracks, liquid inclusions - Gemmological Tables, Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, 2004, p 19 Further Information Mineral information: Diopside information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities Burma (Myanmar) Mandalay Division Pyin-Oo-Lwin District Mogok Township

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Bernardmyo Injauk Kyauk-Pyat-That Wet-loo (Wetloo) Marble Ark Bawpadan Kadoke-tat (Army Fortress) Kyauk-poke (Rotten Stone) Kyauk-sar-taung

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Kyauk-saung-Kyatpyin Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Kyauk-saung Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok 332

Pyaung-pyin-ahnout (Pyaung-pein west) Sin-thé-gyant

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Thé-dut-sho-Kyatpyin Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of (Night-bird) Mogok Yankin-taung (Safe Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Hill) Mogok Mogok Valley Dattaw Hill Dattaw-mid

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Laungpy it mi ne Dattaw-pyant Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of & DattawMogok chaung Dattaw-upper Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Lin-yaung-chi (Bright Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Light Rays) Mogok Myaw-taung Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Oak-saung-taung (Oh Saung Taung; Phayar-taung) Ohn-bin-ywe-htwet Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of (Coconut Tree Mogok mine) Pein-Pyit (Painpyit; Pyan Pyit) Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Htan-yan-sho Pyant Gyi mine (Pyan Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Gyi) Mogok Italy Aosta Valley Saint-Marcel

[var: Violane] Gemstones of the world, W.Schumann, 2001, p.190

Prabornaz Mine (Praborna Mine) Piedmont

[var: Lavrovite] 333

Russia Eastern-Siberian Region Prebaikalia (Pribaikal'e) Irkutskaya Oblast'

[var: Lavrovite]

Lake Baikal area Slyudyanka (Sludyanka) Sakha Republic (Saha Republic; Yakutia) Aldan Shield Aldan [var: Chrome-Diopside] Gadiyatov (1996) Inagli Massif Inagli chrome diopside deposit USA New York St. Lawrence Co. De Kalb Township

Gems, Sixth Edition, Michael O’Donoghue, 2006, p. 405

De Kalb

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-1294.html

Chrome-Diopside

334

Chrome-Diopside is a chrome-bearing variety of Diopside with strong emerald green colour. General Information A variety or type of: Diopside Other Names/Trade Names: Chromian Diopside Chemical Formula

Mohs Hardness

Specific Gravity

Cleavage Quality Fracture

Refractive Index

Optical Character

Birefringence

Colour (General)

(Ca,Cr)MgSi

2

O

6

Physical Properties of Chrome-Diopside 5 to 6 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 3.22 to 3.40 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Distinct Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Conchoidal Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Optical Properties of Chrome-Diopside 1.668 to 1.703 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Biaxial/+ Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 0.024 to 0.030 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Colour Emerald green 335

Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Reddish Colour (Chelsea Filter) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Green, Cr3+ in octahedral coordination Causes of Colour W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Transparent Transparency Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Vitreous Lustre Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Crystallography of Chrome-Diopside Monoclinic Crystal System Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Prismatic, massive Habit Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Geological Environment Kimberlites and apoultramafic metasomatites Xenoliths in Where found: alkali basalts. E. Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems (2003) Further Information Mineral information: Chrome-Diopside information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities Russia Eastern-Siberian Region Sakha Republic (Saha Republic; Yakutia) Aldan Shield Aldan Inagli Massif

Gadiyatov (1996)

Inagli chr om e diop side dep osit 336

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-10648.html 29. Emerald

The name emerald derives from Greek "smaragdos" - green stone. It is the most precious stone in the beryl group. Its green is incomparable, and is therefore called "emerald green". Emerald is highly evaluated for its deep bright green colour, transparency and rather high hardness. It has maintained, along with diamond and ruby, the dominant position among gemstones since ancient times. The crystals are usually small with average length of 2 - 5 cm and width of 1 - 1.5 cm. Larger crystals are usually semitransparent to opaque. Flawless faceted emeralds exceeding 5 carats are rather rare. The emerald is often clouded by inclusions, they are not classified as faults but show the difference between natural and synthetic stone. General Information A variety or type of: Beryl Chemical Formula

Al

2

Be

3

Si

6

O

18

Significant stones Image

Name

Weight Country of Origin

Mogul Emerald

217.80 cts Colombia

Hooker emerald

75.47 cts Colombia

Current Owner Unidentified Private Owner

337

Chalk Emerald

37.80 cts Colombia

Duke of Devonshire Emerald

Mohs Hardness

Specific Gravity

Tenacity Cleavage Quality Fracture

Refractive Index

Optical Character

Birefringence

Pleochroism Dispersion

Colour (General)

Colombia

Smithsonian Institution

Chatsworth House

Physical Properties of Emerald 7.5 to 8 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 2.67 to 2.78 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 2.68Colombia; 2.67-Brazil; 2.68-Zambia/Zimbabwe; 2.70Afghanistan/Pakistan/India; 2.68-Australia; 2.71-Ural; 2.68MadagascarMore from other references Brittle Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Indistinct Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Uneven,Conchoidal Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Optical Properties of Emerald 1.565 to 1.602 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 1.568Colombia; 1.565-Brazil; 1.580-Zambia/Zimbabwe; 1.578Afghanistan/Pakistan/India; 1.565-Australia; 1.577-Ural; 1.580MadagascarMore from other references Uniaxial/Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 0.004 to 0.010 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 0.005Colombia; 0.005-Brazil; 1.580-Zambia/Zimbabwe; 0.007Afghanistan/Pakistan/India; 0.005-Australia; 0.006-Ural; 0.006MadagascarMore from other references Strong dichroism: yellow green - blue green Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 0.014 Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Colour Emerald green, green, slightly yellowish-green Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) 338

Colour (Chelsea Filter)

Causes of Colour Transparency

Fluorescence (General)

Crystal System Habit

Where found:

More from other references Pinkish to "wine red", depending on chromium content (may remain greenish). Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Colombia: wine red (chromium rich); Brazil: green to dark red; Zambia: green to red; Zimbabwe: weak reddish common; Afghanistan/Pakistan: commonly pinkish to "wine red"; India: usually dark green; Australia: brownish, greenish or pinkish; Ural: dark red common Green, Cr3+ and/or V3+ in octahedral coordination. W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Transparent,Translucent,Opaque Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Fluorescence & other light emissions Usually inert Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Crystallography of Emerald Hexagonal Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Hexagonal prisms Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Geological Environment Emeralds are formed by hydrothermal processes associated with magma and also by metamorphism. Deposits are found in biotite schists, clay shales, in limestones, with pegmatites. Mining is nearly from host rock, where the emerald has grown into small veins or on walls of cavities. Alluvial placers are very unlikely to come about as the density of emerald is near that of quartz. Therefore, rare secondary deposits are mostly formed by weathering. Significant Gem Localities

Afghanistan Badakhshan Province (Badakshan Province; Badahsan Province) Jurm District

Schwarz and Giuliani (2002c); Kalukiewicz (2005)

Khaash Konar Province (Kunar Province; Konarh Province; Konarha Province; Nuristan) Narang District Badel Mine (Budel Mine) Laghman Province (Lagman Province;

Laurs (2001)

339

Nuristan) Dawlat Shah District Shamya Nuristan Province (Nurestan Province; Nooristan Province; Nuristan) Nurgaram District Korgun Mine Lamonda Mine Panjsher Province (Panjsheer Province; Panjshir Province; Panjsher Valley; Panjshir Valley) Bazarak District Bakhi Mine (Dahane Revat Mine) Butak Mine Buzmal Mine (Buzmul Mine; Bizmal Mine; Dashti Rewat Mine) Dah-Mikeni Mine (Mikeni Mine)

Laurs (2001)

Laurs (2001) E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 96

Bowersox et al. (1991), Bowersox and Chamberlin (1995) Bowersox et al. (1991), Bowersox and Chamberlin (1995) Sachanbinski et al. (2003), Fijal et al. (2004), Pardieu and Soubiraa (2006a)

Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110 Khenj Mine (Dah-Khenj Mine; Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Dar Khenj Mine) Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110 Rewat emerald occurrence E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 96 (Riwat) Khinj District Bowersox et al. (1991), Bowersox and Chamberlin (1995) Darun Mine Australia New South Wales Clive Co. Torrington

Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 26

Emerald Mine Gough Co. Emmaville (Vegetable Creek)

E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 96

340

de Milhou's lode (de Milhou's reef; Emerald mine) Western Australia Cue Shire

Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 26

Poona Aga Khan Mine Menzies Shire Riverina Station Wonder Well Port Hedland Shire

E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 94 Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 26

Wilson (1995), Henry (2005), Sutherland (2006) Wodgina Mine (Wodgina pegmatite; Main tantalite dyke) Austria Salzburg Hohe Tauern Felben valley Scheelite deposit Habach Valley Nasenkopf Leckbachgrabe n (Leckbachri A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs (1989) nne) Emeral d de pos it Leckbachschart e Untersulzbach valley Kessel gorge (Kesselklamm) 341

Brazil Bahia Couto (2000) Anagé Açude Sossego (Nôzinho) Brumado (Bom Jesus dos Meiras) Serra das Éguas Pirajá deposit Pomba pit Campo Formoso ultramafic complex Campo Formoso

E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 95

Rob Lavinsky.

Schwarz et al. (1990), Couto (2000) Emeralds of the World English extraLapis Vol. 2 2002 pp24-35

Socotó emerald deposit Pindobaçu Couto (2000) Carnaiba Mine Formigo Mine E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 91 Trecho Velho E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 91 Pilão Arcado Couto (2000) Salininha mine Vitória da Conquista E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 90 Fazenda do Plombo Ceará Tauá

Schwarz et al. (1990), Couto (2000) Fazenda Boa Esperança

Goiás E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 90 Mara Rosa district Pirenópolis Emerald locality Porangatu

Emeralds of the World English extraLapis Vol. 2 2002 pp24-35 E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 92

Porangatu deposit Santa Terezinha de Goiás District Campos Verdes Emerald mines Minas Gerais

E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 91 Emeralds of the World English extraLapis Vol. 2 2002 pp24-35 Kanis (2001, 2002); Levinson et al. (2001) 342

Antônio Dias Hematita Itaitinga mine Iron Quadrangle Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 35

Itabira Belmont mine Piteiras mine

Nova Era Canta Galo mine Capoeirana claim

Kanis (2001, 2002); Levinson et al. (2001); Mossman (2001); Preinfalk et al. (2002); Rondeau et al. (2003) Kanis (2001, 2002); Levinson et al. (2001); Mossman (2001); Preinfalk et al. (2002); Rondeau et al. (2003) Kanis (2001, 2002); Levinson et al. (2001); Mossman (2001); Preinfalk et al. (2002); Rondeau et al. (2003)

Rio Grande do Norte Borborema mineral province

Miisenda (2007)

Tenente Ananias Tocantins Monte Santo do Tocantins

Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 35

Bulgaria Sofiya Oblast (Sofia Oblast) Dolni Okol Canada Northwest Territories Tungsten

Marshall et al. (2004), Groat et al. (2008)

Lened property Ontario Kenora District Brownridge Township Ghost Lake emerald occurrence Taylor #1 pegmatite

Groat, L.A., Giuliani, G., Marshall, D.D., and Turner, D. (2008): Ore Geology Reviews 34, 87-112.

Marshall et al. (2004), Groat et al. (2008)

343

Yukon Territory Watson Lake Mining District

Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 33

Tsa Da Glisza property (Regal Ridge) China Xinjiang Autonomous Region Kashi Prefecture (Kashgar Prefecture; Qeshqer Prefecture) Tashiku'ergan Co. (Taxkorgan Co.; Tashqurqan Co.)

Blauwet et al. (2006), Michelou and Pardieu (2009), Schwarz and Pardieu (2009)

Daftar (Dabtar) Yunnan Province Wenshan Autonomous Prefecture Malipo Co.

Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 26

Dayakou emerald mine Colombia Boyacá Department Guavió-Guatéque Mining District Mun. de Chivor

Emeralds of the World English extraLapis Vol. 2 2002 pp36-45

Chivor Mine Vasquez-Yacopí Mining District Mun. de Maripí La Pita

Johnson et al. (2000), Michelou (2001, 2005, 2006), Boehm (2002), Fritsch et al. (2002), Vuillet et al. (2002), Campos-Alvarez and Roser (2007)

La Pita Mine Polveros

Johnson et al. (2000), Michelou (2001, 2005, 2006), Boehm (2002), Fritsch et al. (2002), Vuillet et al. (2002), Campos-Alvarez and Roser (2007) Mun. de Muzo Banks, D.A., Giuliani, G., Yardley, B.W.D., and Cheilletz, A. (2000): Mineralium Deposita 35, 699713. Cincho Mine Coscuez Mine (Cosquez Emeralds of the World English extraLapis Vol. 2 Mine) 2002 pp36-45 Muzo Mine Min.Rec.:20(5):394. Pava Mine Banks, D.A., Giuliani, G., Yardley, B.W.D., and 344

Tequendama Mine

Cheilletz, A. (2000): Mineralium Deposita 35, 699713. Banks, D.A., Giuliani, G., Yardley, B.W.D., and Cheilletz, A. (2000): Mineralium Deposita 35, 699713.

Mun. de Otanche La Glorieta

Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 33

Yacopí Mine Mun. de San Pablo de Borbur Peña Blanca Mine (Peñas Blancas Mine) Cundinamarca Department Guavió-Guatéque Mining District Mun. de Gachalá Mun. de Ubalá Buenavista Mines

Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 33

Giuliani et al. (1990,1995,2000), Bosshart (1991), Schwarz (1991,1992) Branquet et al. (1999)

Giuliani et al. (1990,1995,2000), Bosshart (1991), Schwarz (1991,1992) Branquet et al. (1999)

Egypt Red Sea Governorate Eastern Desert Sikait-Zabara region Emerald mines (incl. Gebel Zabara; Wadi Abu Rusheid; Wadi Gimal; Wadi Sikait; Wadi Umm Debaa; Wadi Umm Kabu)

Emeralds of the World English extraLapis Vol. 2 2002 pp24-35

India Rajasthan (Rajputana) Ajmer Division Ajmer District

Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p.25

Bubani mine Rajgarh pits

345

Tamil Nadu Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 26

Salem District Sankari Taluka Italy Piedmont Verbano-Cusio-Ossola Province Ossola Valley

Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 29

Vigezzo Valley Trontano Pizzo Ma rci o Kazakhstan Eastern Kazakhstan Province (Shyghys Qazaqstan Oblysy; VostochnoKazakhstanskaya Oblast') Delbegetey emerald deposit Kostanay Province (Qostanay Oblysy; Kostanai Oblast') Drazhilovskoye W-Mo deposit Madagascar Fianarantsoa Province Vatovavy-Fitovinany Region

Emeralds of the World English extraLapis Vol. 2 2002 pp24-35

Mananjary District Mananjary emerald District North Zone

Ambod Henn and Milisenda (2001) iba kol y Ambod Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 iva (2002) p. 28 346

ndr ika South Zone Ambat Emeralds of the World English extraLapis Vol. 2 om 2002 pp24-35 am en o Ambod ibo Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 nar (2002) p. 28 y Kianjav Vapnik et al. (2006) ato Morafe Emeralds of the World English extraLapis Vol. 2 no 2002 pp24-35 A n k a d i l a E.Ya.Kievlenko, l Geology of gems, 2003, p. 89 a n a M i n e Tuléar Province (Toliara) Southwestern Region Benenitra District Ianapera Commune

Emeralds of the World English extraLapis Vol. 2 2002 pp 52-59

Ianapera emerald deposit (Sakalava) Mozambique 347

Zambezia Province Alto Ligonha District Maria III Emerald Mine Niane Emerald Mine Gilé District

Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 28 Bettencourt-Dias and Wilson (2000) Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 28

Gilé Rio Maria III Mine Uape

Schappmann (2005) Maria Norte Mine Namibia Hardap Region Maltahöhe District

Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 28

Neuhof Reserve Farm 100 Nigeria Kaduna State

Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 28

Gwantu Nandu Village

Vapnik and Moroz (2000) Nandu Mine Nassarawa State (Nasarawa State) Michelou (2007) Nasarawa Eggon Plateau State E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 90 Jos Plateau Norway Akershus Eidsvoll (Eidsvold) Minnesund

Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 30

Byrud Emerald Mine Pakistan Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) Bajaur Agency

E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 97

Barang-Turghao (Mor-Darra) 348

Mohmand Agency Ganadao (Gandahab)

E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 97

Mt Tora-Tigga Gilgit-Baltistan (Northern Areas) Baltistan Skardu District

Hammer (2004)

Basha Valley (Basha Nala; Basna) Doko Gilgit District Haramosh Mts.

Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 24

Khaltaro (Rayjud; Kaltoro) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (North-West Frontier Province) Swat District (Swat Valley) Gujar Killi Valley deposit (Gujar Kili) Mingora mining district (Mingora Mine) Farooq mine Islamia trench Mine No. 2 Mine No. 3 Swat

Arif et al. (1996), Aboosally (1999)

Arif et al. (1996), Aboosally (1999) Econ Geol (1986) 81:2022-2028 Econ Geol (1986) 81:2022-2028 Econ Geol (1986) 81:2022-2028 Econ Geol (1986) 81:2022-2028 Arif et al. (1996), Aboosally (1999)

Russia Urals Region Middle Urals

E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 109

Adui Semininskaya mine E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 109 Shemeiskoye deposit Tysyachnitsa mine E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 109 Kamenka massif Gryaznovskie Vershiny occurrence 349

Veins No.17 and 18 Sverdlovskaya Oblast' Ekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk) Malyshevo http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/1 Izumru 994/9434094.pdf; Dan Weinrich dny e Ko pi are a A r t e m o v s k o y e d e p s o i t A u l ' s k o y e d e 350

p o s i t K r a s n o b o l o t n o y e d e p o s i t K r u p s k o y e Dan Weinrich d e p o s i t ( 351

L y u b l i n s k o y e ; T o k o v o i p r i i s k ) M a l y s h e v s k o e d e p o s 352

i t ( M a r i i n s k o e ) O s t r o v n o y e d e p o s i t P e r v o m a i s k o y e

353

d e p o s i t ( T r o i t s k o y e ) S h a g d e p o s i t S t a r k o v s k o y e d e 354

p o s i t S v e r d l o v s k о е d e p o s i t ( S r e t e n s k o y e ) Sarapulka District (Murzinka) Kop' Uspenskog o and Glinskoye occurrence 355

s Somaliland Hargeisa (Hargeysa) Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 29

Borama District Boorama South Africa Limpopo Province

E.Ya. Kievlenko (2003) Geology of gems, p. 89 Leydsdorp Murchison Range Gravelotte Gravelotte Emerald Mine

Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 28

Cobra pit Spain Galicia Pontevedra A Cañiza

Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 30

A Franqueira Sri Lanka Sabaragamuwa Province Ratnapura District Ratnapura Gem gravels Tanzania Arusha Region Dumbawanga District Manghola Lake Manyara Magara

Rukwa Region

Emeralds of the World English extraLapis Vol. 2 2002 pp52-59

Bank (1986) Emerald deposits in Africa, Goldschmiede und Uhrmacher Zeitung, Vol. 84, No. 9, pp. 161-163 Dirlam et al. (1992) 356

Sumbawanga District Kalambazite Ukraine Zaporozhskaya Oblast' (Zaporiz'ka; Zaporozh'e) Priazovie Krutaya Balka deposit USA Maine Sagadahoc Co. Topsham North Carolina Alexander Co.

E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 77

Ellis Mine Hiddenite Rocks & Min.:60:84. Emerald Valley Mine Rist Mine (North America Emerald Mine)

Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 33

Cleveland Co. Shelby (Tarper Mine) Old Plantation Mine

E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 78

Plantati on Em era ld Mi ne Mitchell Co. Spruce Pine District

357

Little Switzerland Spruce Pine Crabtree Mine Rocks & Min.:60:92. (Big Crabtree Emerald Mine) Zambia Copperbelt Province Ndola District Ndola Kafubu Emerald District Kagem Emerald Emeralds of the World English extraLapis Vol. 2 Mine 2002 pp52-59 Pirala Mine Milisenda C.C., Malango V., Taupitz K.C. (1999) Edelsteine aus Sambia - Teil 1: Smaragd. Gem: Z. Dt. Gemmol. Ges., Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 9-28 Kamakanga area Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 29 Sachin Emerald Mine Zimbabwe Mashonaland West Karoi District (Urungwe; Hurungwe District) Masvingo

Kanis and Schwarz (2002)

Zwaan and Touret (2000); Zwaan et al. (2004); Zwaan (2006)

Bikita Area Chikwanda Masvingo (Fort Victoria) Novello Mine Mayfield farm

Zwaan and Touret (2000); Zwaan et al. (2004); Zwaan (2006) Zwaan and Touret (2000); Zwaan et al. (2004); Zwaan (2006)

Matabeleland South Gwanda - Filabusi District E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 89 Filabusi (Filibusi) Mustard deposit Pepper deposit

E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 89 358

Mweza Range (Wedja) Sandawana-Belingwe District

Emeralds of the World - extraLapis English No.2 (2002) p. 29

Sandawana Mine (Zeus mine)

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-1375.html 30. Fluorite

The word Fluorite derived from the Latin "fluo" - to flow, because the mineral is used as a flux in iron smelting. Fluorites from certain localities exhibit a very strong fluorescence, due to impurities in the crystal. In 1852 the phenomenon of fluorescence was named after fluorite. It also gave the name to its constitutive element fluorine. Fluorite has a wide range of colours, which depends on impurities, exposure to radiation, and the size of the colour centers. Colour distribution is often zonal or spotty. Fluorite can be used in jewelry, cut into beads. But it is not widely used as a semiprecious stone because of its low hardness.

General Information Varieties/Types: Blue John - A banded white/purple variety of Fluorite from England. Other Names/Trade Names: Fluorspar Chemical Formula

CaF

2 Physical Properties of Fluorite 359

4 to 0 Mohs Hardness Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 3.00 to 3.25 Specific Gravity Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Brittle Tenacity Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Perfect Cleavage Quality Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Perfect and easyMore from other references Conchoidal Fracture Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Optical Properties of Fluorite 1.432 to 1.436 Refractive Index Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Isotropic Optical Character Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references None Birefringence Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Absent Pleochroism Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) 0.007 Dispersion Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Colour Colourless, pink, red, brown, green, yellow, blue, violet. Colour change: blue/violet, smoky brown/lilac Colour (General) Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Smoky-brown (from India) Colour (Daylight) Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Mauve (from India) Colour (Incandescent Light) Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Violet, Mie scattering on calcium microcrystallites. Blue Y3+ + F vacancy +2 electrons. "Emerald" green ("chrome fluorite"), Sm2+. Yellowish green, color center containing Y3+ and Ce associated with an F vacancy. Yellow, O3 Causes of Colour color center = O2 substituting for fluorite. Pink, YO2 color center (Y3 + O3-2). Color change, Y3+ associated color center and Sm2+, with minor influence of a Ce3+ associated color center W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) 360

Transparent,Translucent,Opaque Transparency Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Vitreous Lustre Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Fluorescence & other light emissions Commonly blue to violet or green Fluorescence (General) Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Inert to strong blue to green Fluorescence (Long-Wave Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) UV) More from other references Some specimens phosphoresce Phosphorescence Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) May show triboluminescence Triboluminescence Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) May show thermoluminescence Thermoluminescence Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Crystallography of Fluorite Isometric Crystal System Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Cubic, massive Habit Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Geological Environment Fluorite occurs in low-to-high temperature hydrothermal veins, granites Where found: and granite pegmatites Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Inclusions in Fluorite Negative crystals, two- or three-phase inclusions, healing cracks, crystal inclusions - Gemmological Tables, Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, 2004, p 1 Further Information Mineral information: Fluorite information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities Burma (Myanmar) Mandalay Division Pyin-Oo-Lwin District Mogok Township

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Kyatpyin North Pan-taw (Pandaw) 361

Pazun-seik (Pazon-Seit) Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Pein-Pyit (Painpyit; Pyan Pyit) Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Pyant Gyi mine (Pyan Mogok Gyi) Yamethin District Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Yamethin Township France Rhône-Alpes Gems, Sixth Edition, Michael O’Donoghue, 2006, p. 412

Haute-Savoie Chamonix Peru Ancash Department Pallasca Province Pasto Bueno District Huánuco Department Dos de Mayo Province Huallanca District Huanzala Mine Pasco department Pasco province Huayllay district Huaron mining district Alimon Mine (Animon Mine) UK England Co. Durham North Pennines

Gems, Sixth Edition, Michael O’Donoghue, 2006, p. 412

Weardale

362

Frosterley Fisher, J.E., and L. Greenbank, 2000, The Rogerley Mine, Weardale, County Durham, England. Rocks and Minerals, Rogerley 75(1), 54-61. Min e

Rogerley Quarry

Derbyshire [var: Blue John] [www.thamesvalleyminerals.com]

Castleton Old Tor Mine Treak Cliff Mine (Treak Cliff Cavern)

[var: Blue John] Fluorite: The Collector's Choice. Extra Lapis English No. 9

USA Illinois Hardin Co. Illinois - Kentucky Fluorspar District

Gems, Sixth Edition, Michael O’Donoghue, 2006, p. 412

Cave-in-Rock Sub-District Cave-in-Rock

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-1576.html 31. Garnet

Garnet is a name given to a group of closely related silicate minerals sharing the same isometric structure. In mineralogy the term garnet has been expanded to include other non-silicate minerals with the same structure, but in gemmological usage, garnet relates specifically to the various mineral species listed below. 363

General Information Almandine - An iron-aluminium Garnet. Almandine-Pyrope - Garnets intermediate between Almandine and Pyrope. Rhodolite - A rose-red variety of Garnets from the Almandine to pyrope series. Andradite - A calcium iron garnet. Demantoid - A green variety of andradite. Melanite - A black variety of andradite. Topazolite - A yellow-brown variety of andradite. Andradite-Grossular - Garnets intermediate between andradite and grossular. Mali Garnet - Grossular-andradite type garnet from Mali, West Africa. Grossular - A calcium aluminium garnet. Hessonite - A golden orange to brown variety of grossular. Varieties/Types: Hibschite - A grossular containing hydroxyl ions. Hydrogrossular - A grossular containing hydroxide (OH). Transvaal Jade - A compact green massive jade-like variety of grossular. Tsavorite - An emerald-green variety of grossular. Malaia Garnet Pyrope - A magnesium aluminium garnet. Chrome Pyrope - A violet chrome-bearing variety of pyrope. Pyrope-Spessartine - Garnets intermediate between pyrope and spessartine Umbalite - A light pink to purple pyrope, originally from the Umba River, Tanzania. Spessartine - A manganese aluminium garnet. Uvarovite - A calcium chromium garnet. Chemical Formula X

3

Z

2

(SiO

4

)

X = Ca, Fe, etc 3 Z = Al, Cr, etc

Physical Properties of Garnet 6.5 to 7.5 Mohs Hardness Gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) 3.55 to 4.33 Specific Gravity Gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) Brittle Tenacity Gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) None Cleavage Quality Gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) Conchoidal Fracture Gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) Optical Properties of Garnet 1.730 to 1.895 Refractive Index Gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) Isotropic Optical Character Gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) 0.022 to 0.057 Dispersion Gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) 364

Colour Colourless, yellow, yellow-green, green, red, Colour (General) pinkish red, pale pink, violet-red, brown, black Gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) Transparent,Translucent Transparency Gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) Subadamantine,Vitreous Lustre Gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) Crystallography of Garnet Isometric Crystal System Gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) Trapezohedral, dodecahedral, massive Habit Gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) Further Information Mineral information: Garnet information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities Afghanistan Konar Province (Kunar Province; Konarh Province; Konarha Province; Nuristan) Chapa Dara District

[var: Spessartine] Quinn and Laurs (2004)

Dara-i-Pech pegmatite field (Darrai-Pech; Darra-e-Pech; Pech; Peech; Page) Australia Northern Territory Central Desert Shire Harts Range (Harts Ranges; Hartz Range; Hartz Ranges)

F.L. Sutherland (1999)

Rex Mine Austria Tyrol North Tyrol Zillertal

[var: Almandine] Staebler and Pohwat (2008) Stillupgrund (Stillup valley) Stapfen Alp

365

Zemmgrund [var: Almandine] Staebler and Pohwat (2008) Garnet gorge Horn glacier Roßrugg ridge

[var: Almandine] Staebler and Pohwat (2008) [var: Almandine] Staebler and Pohwat (2008)

Azerbaijan Daşkəsən District (Daskasan; Dashkyasan) Dashkesan

Smith and Smith (1995)

Dashkesan Co-Fe deposit (Dashkezan) Brazil Tocantins Burma (Myanmar) Mandalay Division

[var: Almandine] Eeckhout et al. (2004)

Pyin-Oo-Lwin District

[var: Spessartine] Kyi et al. (2005)

Mogok Township Bernardmyo Panlin Chaung-gyi Kyauk-wa Shan-konzan

[var: Almandine] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok [var: Almandine] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok [var: Almandine] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Kyatpyin Central Ye-U-gyi (Big Water Well) Kyatpyin North

[var: Andradite] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

[var: Spessartine] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & Pazun-seik (Pazon- mines of Mogok Seit) Kyauk-Pyat-That Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Auk-inbyae (Lower Open-Pit) Kabaing (Ka-Pine; Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Khabine) Thurein-taung Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Mogok Valley [var: Almandine] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Yebu-kalar-gon Yebu-thapanbin- [var: Almandine] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & 366

kyar (Thabapin)

mines of Mogok

On-dan Hanamataw-lay (Royal Small Sister) On-dan-pyant Pein-Pyit (Painpyit; Pyan Pyit) Htan-yan-sho Kyini-taung Pein-pyit-le-taw Pyant Gyi mine (Pyan Gyi) Yamethin District Yamethin Township Sagaing Division

[var: Almandine] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok [var: Almandine] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok [var: Grossular] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok [var: Almandine] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok [var: Almandine] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok [var: Almandine] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok [Grossular var: Hessonite] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Katha District Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Wuntho Choukpazat Canada Nunavut Territory Baffin Island

[var: Almandine] Wilson (2007)

Pond Inlet Québec Chaudière-Appalaches Les Appalaches RCM Saint-Joseph-de-Coleraine

[var: Andradite] Wilson (2007)

Mine Lac d'Amiante (Lake Asbestos mine; LAB 367

mine; Black Lake mine) Estrie Le Val-Saint-François RCM [var: Grossular] Wilson (2007) St-Denis-de-Brompton Orford Nickel mine Les Sources RCM [var: Grossular] Amabili et al. (2004, 2008) Asbestos Jeffrey Mine (JohnsManville Mine) Yukon Territory China Fujian Province

[var: Grossular] Amabili et al. (2004, 2008) [var: Andradite] Wilson (2007)

Sanming Prefecture

[var: Pyrope]

Mingxi Co. Zhangzhou Prefecture Yunxiao Co. Tongbei Wushan Spessartine Mine Hainan Province (Hainan Island) Ding'an Co. Penglai

[var: Spessartine] Ottens (2004)

[var: Pyrope]

[var: Pyrope] Penglai Gem deposit

Jiangsu Province Nanjing Prefecture

[var: Pyrope]

Luhe District Tibet Autonomous Region Nyingtri Prefecture (Linzhi Prefecture)

[var: Uvarovite] He et al. (2000)

368

Bomi Co. Yigong Tieshan Quarry Czech Republic Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen) Ústí Region [var: Pyrope] Zang and Gilg (2008) Třebenice (Trebnitz) Podsedice (Podseditz) India Andhra Pradesh Visakhapatnam District Viswanatha (1982) Eastern Ghats Belt Airport Hill Pāderu Rajasthan (Rajputana)

[var: Almandine] Viswanatha (1982)

Ajmer Division Ajmer District

[var: Almandine] G. Choudhary and J. Panjikar (2009)

Sarwar Mines Bhilwara District Rampura-Agucha Zn-(Pb) deposit

S. Fernandes (1999)

Jaipur Division Jhunjhunu District

[var: Almandine] Viswanatha (1982)

Simla Saladipura Cu-Zn deposit Udaipur Division

[var: Almandine] Viswanatha (1982)

Sirohi District Deri-Ambaji Zn-Pb-Cu deposit Ambaji deposit

[var: Almandine] G. Choudhary and J. Panjikar (2009)

[var: Grossular] Viswanatha (1982)

369

Iran Kerman Province Baft District

[var: Andradite] Laurs (2002)

Soghan Italy Lombardy Sondrio Province

[var: Andradite] Zang (2008)

Malenco Valley Japan Honshu Island Kinki Region Nara Prefecture [var: Andradite] Hainschwang and Notari (2006)

Yoshino-gun Tenkawa village Kohse mine Kenya Coast Province Taita Taveta District

[var: Grossular]

Voi Lualenyi Mine Tsavo National Park

[var: Grossular] Kane et al. (1990) [Grossular var: Tsavorite] Keller (1992)

Scorpion Mine Rift Valley Province Turkana District [var: Pyrope] Barot (1993) Lodwar Lokirima Kyrgyzstan Naryn Oblast [var: Pyrope] Dolon paleovalley

370

Madagascar Antananarivo Province Vakinankaratra Region Betafo District Mahaiza Commune

[var: Spessartine] E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 112

Tsaramanga pegmatite (Tongafeno pegmatite) Antsiranana Province Diana Region (Northern Region) Ambanja District Maherivaratra Commune Antetezambato [var: Andradite] Danet (2009) (Tetezambato) Antetezam bato Dema ntoidTopaz olite Mine Fianarantsoa Province Horombe Region Ihosy District

[var: Almandine] F. Danet (2009)

Sakalalina Commune Ankaditany Ranohira District Ilakaka Commune

Hanni (1999)

Ilakaka gem deposit

371

Mahajanga Province (Majunga) Betsiboka Region Tsaratanàna District

Madagascar - extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 43

Andriamena Commune Toamasina Province (Tamatave) Alaotra-Mangoro Region [var: Almandine] F. Danet (2009) Ambatondrazaka District Star garnet locality Tuléar Province (Toliara) Androy Region Bekily District Ambahita Commune

[var: Pyrope] Henn (1999)

Color-changing Garnet Mining Area Ambahata ny Anosy Region (Fort Dauphin Region) Taolañaro District (Fort Dauphin) [var: Almandine] Schmetzer et al. (2001, 2002) Ranopiso Commune Cap Andrahomana Southwestern Region Ampanihy District Ejeda Commune Betioky District Mali Kayes Region

[Grossular var: Tsavorite] Laurs (2003)

Madagascar - extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 90 [var: Andradite] Brightman and Tunzi (1995)

372

Bafoulabé Circle Arrondissement Diako Nioro du Sahel Circle Arrondissement Sandaré

[var: Grossular] Dameron (2008)

Sandaré Mongolia Arhangay Aimag Hangai highland [var: Pyrope] Dill et al. (2004, 2006) Tariat Shavaryn Tsaram Mozambique Niassa Province

[Almandine-Pyrope var: Rhodolite] J. Marques (2009)

Cuamba Namibia Erongo Region Karibib District Tubussis Farm 22 (Tubussis; Tubusis; Tubessis)

[Andradite var: Demantoid] Laurs (2002)

Green Dragon Mine Kunene Region [var: Spessartine] Palfi (2005) Marienfluss Nigeria Oyo State Iseyin Pakistan Gilgit-Baltistan (Northern Areas)

[var: Spessartine] Michelou (2007) [var: Spessartine] Michelou (2007)

Baltistan Skardu District

[var: Spessartine] Blauwet (2008)

Braldu Valley Hoh Nala

373

Seydar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (North-West Frontier Province) Swat District (Swat Valley)

[var: Almandine] Jackson (1992)

Swat Russia Eastern-Siberian Region Sakha Republic (Saha Republic; Yakutia) Daldyn-Alakit kimberlite field [var: Pyrope] P. Lyckberg (2009)

Daldyn UdachnayaVostochnaya pipe (Udachnaya pipe) Mirny

[var: Pyrope] P. Lyckberg (2009) Mirny Mine (Mir Mine; Mir Pipe; Myr Pipe) Vilyui River Basin (Vilui River Basin; [var: Grossular] Evseev (1994) Wilui River Basin) Akhtaragda River mouth (Achtaragda River [var: Grossular] Evseev (1994) mouth) Chernyshevsk [var: Grossular] Evseev (1994) Far-Eastern Region Primorskiy Kray Kavalerovo Mining District

[var: Grossular] Smith and Smith (1995)

Dal'negorsk (Dalnegorsk; Tetyukhe; Tjetjuche; Tetjuche) Northern Region Karelia Republic [var: Almandine] P. Lyckberg (2009) Ladoga Region Pitkyaranta District 374

(Pitkäranta District) Sortavala Kitelskoe (Kitels k; Kitelsk oye) Sn-Zn deposi t Urals Region Middle Urals Permskaya Oblast' Gornozavodskii area Saranovskaya Village (Sarany)

[var: Grossular] Kolesar (1997)

Saranovski i Mine (Saran ovsko e) Sverdlovskaya Oblast' Asbest

[var: Grossular] Smith and Smith (1995)

Bazhenovskoe deposit Ekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk) [Andradite var: Demantoid] Zang (2008) Poldnevaya village Southern Urals Chelyabinsk Oblast' Ufaley District (Ufalei District)

[Andradite var: Demantoid] Korchevskaya (2006)

Korkodin

375

Korkodins koe deman toid deposi t (Karko dinsko e; NovoKarko dinsko e) Zlatoust Nazyamskie Mts Akhmatov [var: Grossular] Evseev (1993) skaya Kop' (Achm atovsk Mine) South Africa Transvaal Sri Lanka Central Province

[Grossular var: Transvaal Jade]

[var: Pyrope] Milisenda and Henn (1999) Elahera District North Central Province Polonnaruwa District

Milisenda and Henn (1999)

Pollonnaruwa Sabaragamuwa Province Ratnapura District

Chandrajith et al. (1998)

Balangoda Rakwana Chandrajith et al. (1998) Kollonnagam Ratnapura [var: Andradite] Gem gravels Uva Province

[Grossular var: Hessonite] G. Zoysa (2009) 376

Moneragala District Kataragama (Katharagama; Katirkamam) Okkampitiya

[Grossular var: Hessonite] G. Zoysa (2009) [var: Pyrope-Spessartine]

Tanzania Arusha Region Dumbawanga District

http://www.ganoksin.com/borisat/nenam/tanz ania-mines.htm

Manghola Loliondo [var: Spessartine] Pardieu (2007) Nani Hill Dodoma Region Mpapwa District (Mpwampwa) Dirlam et al. (1992) Mpapwa Winza Manyara Region Simanjiro District [var: Grossular] Pardieu (2007) Lelatema Mts Merelani Hills (Mererani) D-Block Mine [var: Grossular] Pardieu (2007) Ruvuma Region gemexplorer.org Tunduru Thailand Kanchanaburi Province Bo Phloi District Bo Phloi USA Alaska Wrangell-Petersburg Borough

Frazier and Frazier (1990)

Petersburg District

377

Alaska Garnet; Wrangell Garnet Mine Wrangell Island Wrangell

[var: Almandine] Crawford et al. (2005)

Garnet Ledge California San Diego Co. Ramona District

[var: Spessartine] Laurs and Knox (2001)

Ramona Little Three Mine (Little 3 mine) Warner Springs District Chihuahua Valley Carmelita Mine (Big Spring mine; Blue Gem claim; [var: Spessartine] mindat.org Crest Gem mine; Elinor deposit; Elinor mine; Estudillo mine; French Pete mine; MS 6130; Peter Cabat mine) Siskiyou Co. Klamath Mts Happy Camp

Melhase, John (1935c), Some garnet localities of California: Mineralogist: 3(11): 23; Murdoch, Greens Bar placer Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): Unnamed California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin Gemst 189: 196. one occurr ence (4) 378

Preston Peak Unnamed gemstone occurrence (6)

[var: Grossular] Gems & Minerals (1963): July: 20-22; USGS (2005), Mineral Resources Data System (MRDS): U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, loc. file ID #10286810.

Idaho Benewah Co. [var: Almandine] Ream (2000) Camas Cove District Emerald Creek Placer Montana Lewis and Clark Co. East Helena Eldorado Bar

[var: Almandine] E.Ya. Kievlenko (2003) Geology of gems, p. 70

Eldorado Bar deposit (Eldorado Strip Mine) Zambia Eastern Province [var: Pyrope] Johnson et al. (1999) Lundazi District

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-10272.html 32.

Tiger's Eye

379

Tiger's eye is a variety of Quartz which exhibits a fascinating and constantly shifting light effect since the alternating silky gold and brown bands keep reversing their appearance with the slightest change in position of the light source or of the stone. This effect is caused by parallel intergrowth of Quartz crystals and altered amphibole fibres that mostly turned into limonite. Tiger's eye was believed to be a Quartz pseudomorph after the blue asbestos known as crocidolite. The iron from the decomposed crocidolite has oxidized to a brown colour, keeping the fibrous structure. Recently Heaney and Fisher (2003) gave another interpretation of Tiger's eye origin: ".. we argue that tiger's-eye classically exemplifies synchronous mineral growth through a crack-seal vein-filling process." Tiger's Eye is widely used as an ornamental and lapidary rock. General Information A variety or type Quartz of: Varieties/Types: Falcon's Eye - Trade name for a blue variety of Tiger's Eye. Chemical Formula SiO

2

Mohs Hardness

Specific Gravity Cleavage Quality Fracture

Refractive Index Optical Character

Physical Properties of Tiger's Eye 6.5 to 7 Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references 2.58 to 2.64 Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references None Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Conchoidal Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Optical Properties of Tiger's Eye 1.534 to 1.540 Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Uniaxial/+ 380

Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) None Birefringence Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Absent Pleochroism Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) None Dispersion Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Chatoyant Chatoyancy Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Colour Gold-yellow, gold-brown Colour (General) Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Opaque Transparency Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Vitreous Lustre Gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) Fluorescence & other light emissions None Fluorescence (General) Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Crystallography of Tiger's Eye Trigonal Crystal System Gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) Fibrous aggregate Habit Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Further Information Mineral information: Tiger's Eye information at mindat.org

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-3960.html

33.

Heliodor (Golden Beryl)

381

Heliodor is named after Greek "helios" - sun and "doron" - gift. It has a lemon to honey-yellow colour. Heliodor and Golden Beryl are names given to the yellow varieties of Beryl. Many modern sources regard the two names as synonymous, although some sources state that the name Heliodor should be reserved for greenish-yellow beryl only, with the more golden coloured varieties being listed as Golden Beryl. General Information A variety or type of: Beryl Other Names/Trade Names: Golden Beryl Physical Properties of Heliodor 7.5 to 8 Mohs Hardness Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 2.68 to 2.72 Specific Gravity Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Brittle Tenacity Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Indistinct Cleavage Quality Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Conchoidal Fracture Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Optical Properties of Heliodor 1.566 to 1.579 Refractive Index Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Uniaxial/Optical Character Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 0.005 to 0.009 Birefringence Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Weak: golden-yellow, green-yellow Pleochroism Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) 0.014 Dispersion Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Chatoyancy Yes 382

Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Colour Lemon to golden yellow Colour (General) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references The golden yellow color is attributed to Fe3+ ions. Causes of Colour Color in the Beryl group. (2009) Transparent,Translucent,Opaque Transparency Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Crystallography of Heliodor Hexagonal Crystal System Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Hexagonal prisms Habit Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Inclusions in Heliodor Planes of tiny 2 phase inclusions - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p 6 Further Information Mineral information: Heliodor information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities Afghanistan Konar Province (Kunar Province; Konarh Province; Konarha Province; Nuristan) Brazil Espírito Santo Mimoso do Sul

Glas (2002)

Menezes (2005)

Mimoso do Sul Mine Minas Gerais Doce valley Galiléia Cassedanne and Alves (1994) Sapucaia do Norte Sapucaia Mine (Proberil mine) Jequitinhonha Valley Caraí

Cassedanne and Alves (1994) Marambaia 383

Itinga Monte Belo Urubu mine (Vulture mine; Uruba mine) Medina

Kievlenko E.Ya., Geology of gems, 2003, p. 113

Cassedanne and Alves (1994)

Madagascar Antananarivo Province Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 50 Vorondolo pegmatite district Fianarantsoa Province Mahajanga Province (Majunga)

Laurs and Quinn (2002)

Betsiboka Region Pezzotta (2001) Tsaratanàna District Andriamena Commune Namibia Erongo Region Karibib District Spitzkopje Area Klein Spitzkopje granite stock (Kleine Spitzkoppe)

Jahn (2000), Jahn and Bahmann (2000), Glas (2002), Laurs (2002)

Stiepelmann Mine Swakopmund District Arandis Rössing Mountains Area

Glas (2002), Laurs (2002)

Hoffnungsstrahl pegmatite Nigeria Nassarawa State (Nasarawa State) J. Micheou (2009) Nasarawa Eggon Russia 384

Urals Region Middle Urals Sverdlovskaya Oblast' Sarapulka District (Murzinka)

Emlin (1996)

Murzinka Mine (Mursinsk; Murzinsk; Murzinska) Yuzhakovo Village Alabashka pegmatite field Mokrusha Mine Sri Lanka Sabaragamuwa Province Ratnapura District Dissanayake et al. (2000) Ratnapura Gem gravels Ukraine Zhytomyr Oblast' (Zhitomir Oblast') Volodarsk-Volynskii (Volodars'kVolyns'kyy; Wolodarsk-Wolynskii)

Koivula et al. (1993), Lyckberg (2005)

USA Connecticut Middlesex Co. Jarnot (2005) East Hampton (Chatham) Slocum Prospect Maine Oxford Co.

Sinkankas (1997)

385

Buckfield Bennett Quarry New Hampshire Grafton Co. Wise (2005)

Groton Palermo No. 1 Mine (Palermo No. 1 pegmatite) Palermo No. 2 mine

Wise (2005)

Zimbabwe Mashonaland West Karoi District (Urungwe; Hurungwe District) Green Walking Stick deposit

Shmakin and Wedepohl (1999), Milisenda et al. (2000) Milisenda et al. (2000), Cairncross (2005), Wise (2005)

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-6727.html

34.

Goshenite

Goshenite is a colorless variety of beryl, named after locality in Goshen, Massachusetts (USA). Goshenite is used as imitation for diamond and emerald by applying silver or green metal foil to the cut stone. The gem value of goshenite is relatively low. General Information A variety or type of: Beryl

386

Chemical Formula

Be

3

Al

2

Si

6

O

18

Goshenite Treatments Goshenite can be colored yellow, green, pink, blue and in intermediate colors by irradiating it with highenergy particles. The resulting color depends on the content of Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Fe, and Co impurities. Ibragimova, E. M. et al.(2009). "Correlations between admixtures and color centers created upon irradiation of natural beryl crystals". Physical Properties of Goshenite 7.5 to 8 Mohs Hardness Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 2.60 to 2.90 Specific Gravity Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Indistinct Cleavage Quality Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Conchoidal Fracture Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Optical Properties of Goshenite 1.562 to 1.615 Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Refractive Index Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Uniaxial/Optical Character Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 0.003 to 0.010 Birefringence Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 0.014 Dispersion Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Colour Colourless Colour (General) Gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) Transparent,Translucent Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Transparency Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Vitreous Lustre Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Crystallography of Goshenite 387

Crystal System Habit

Hexagonal Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Prismatic Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009)

Further Information Mineral information: Goshenite information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities Burma (Myanmar) Mandalay Division Pyin-Oo-Lwin District Mogok Township

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Bernardmyo Panlin Chaung-gyi Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Lisu-konzan Shan-konzan Kin (Guard Post)

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Kin-ko-lan-bauk Kyatpyin North Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Bawmar (Baw Mar mine) Pan-taw (Pandaw) Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Pazun-seik (PazonTed Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Seit) Kyauk-Pyat-That Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Kabaing (Ka-Pine; Khabine) Thit-seint-kone Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Mogok Valley Dattaw Hill

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Dattawmid Ohn-bin-ywehtwet Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok (Coconut Tree 388

mine) Pein-Pyit (Painpyit; Pyan Pyit) Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Pyant Gyi mine (Pyan Gyi) Pakistan Gilgit-Baltistan (Northern Areas) Astor District (Astore District) Astor valley (Astore valley)

E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 110

Bulochi (Balochi; Balche; Bulache; Bulachi; Drot Balachi) Sri Lanka Sabaragamuwa Province Ratnapura District Econ Geol (1981) 76:733-738 Ratnapura Gem gravels USA California San Diego Co. Mesa Grande District Gem Hill Himalaya Mine (Himalaya dikes; Himalaya pegmatite)

Fisher, J. 2002. Gem and rare-element pegmatites of southern California. Mineralogical Record, Volume 33, Number 5: pages 390-396, photographs.

Pala District Pala

Osborn, P. (2005) Personal communication between Phillip Osborn of Hemet and Scott L. Chief Mountain Ritchie of Temecula, California; description of beryl discovery on southwestern most OceanviewOceanview lode exposure; March. Mine (MS 389

6452; MS 6848; Ocean View Mine) Ramona District Ramona

mindat.org

Little Three Mine (Little 3 mine)

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-7555.html

35.

Grossular

The name grossular is derived from the botanical name for the "gooseberry" - grossularia, in reference to the green garnet of this composition that is found in Siberia. Other shades include cinnamon brown (cinnamon stone variety), red, and yellow. General Information A variety or type of: Garnet Hessonite - A golden orange to brown variety of grossular. Hibschite - A grossular containing hydroxyl ions. Varieties/Types: Hydrogrossular - A grossular containing hydroxide (OH). Transvaal Jade - A compact green massive jade-like variety of grossular. Tsavorite - An emerald-green variety of grossular. Chemical Formula

Ca

3

Al

Mohs Hardness

2

(SiO

4

)

3

Physical Properties of Grossular 7 to 7.5 390

Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 3.55 to 3.73 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Specific Gravity Identification (2010) More from other references None Cleavage Quality Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Conchoidal Fracture Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Optical Properties of Grossular 1.730 to 1.760 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Refractive Index Identification (2010) More from other references Isotropic Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Optical Character Identification (2010) Anomalous double refractionMore from other references 0.020 Dispersion Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Colour Colourless, yellowish-green, green, brown, yellow Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Colour (General) Tables (2004) More from other references Green (tsavorite), V3+ in octahedral coordination. Orange (hessonite), Mn2+ in distorted cubic Causes of Colour coordination, Fe3+ W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Transparent Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Transparency Tables (2004) More from other references Vitreous Lustre Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Fluorescence & other light emissions Dense grossular: strong - red-orange Fluorescence (General) Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Colorless to greenish: weak yellowish-green Fluorescence (Short Wave UV) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem 391

Identification (2010) Colorless to greenish: weak orangy Fluorescence (Long-Wave UV) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Crystallography of Grossular Isometric Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Crystal System Identification (2010) More from other references Dodecahedral, trapezohedral Habit Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Inclusions in Grossular Healing cracks, two-phase inclusions, crystal inclusions, growth lines - Gemmological Tables, Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, 2004, p 24 Further Information Mineral information: Grossular information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities Burma (Myanmar) Mandalay Division Pyin-Oo-Lwin District Mogok Township

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Pein-Pyit (Painpyit; Pyan Pyit) Htan-yan-sho Pyant Gyi mine (Pyan Gyi) Yamethin District Yamethin Township

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok [var: Hessonite] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Canada Québec Chaudière-Appalaches Les Appalaches RCM Saint-Joseph-de-Coleraine

Wilson (2007)

Mine Lac d'Amiante (Lake Asbestos mine; LAB mine; Black Lake mine) 392

Estrie Le Val-Saint-François RCM Wilson (2007) St-Denis-de-Brompton Orford Nickel mine Les Sources RCM Amabili et al. (2004, 2008) Asbestos Jeffrey Mine (JohnsManville Mine)

Amabili et al. (2004, 2008)

India Rajasthan (Rajputana) Jaipur Division Viswanatha (1982) Jhunjhunu District Simla Udaipur Division Sirohi District Viswanatha (1982) Deri-Ambaji Zn-Pb-Cu deposit Ambaji deposit Kenya Coast Province Taita Taveta District Voi Lualenyi Mine Tsavo National Park

Kane et al. (1990) [var: Tsavorite] Keller (1992)

Scorpion Mine Rift Valley Province Turkana District [var: Tsavorite] Barot (1993) Lodwar Lokirima Madagascar

393

Tuléar Province (Toliara) Southwestern Region [var: Tsavorite] Laurs (2003) Ampanihy District Ejeda Commune Mali Kayes Region Bafoulabé Circle

Brightman and Tunzi (1995)

Arrondissement Diako Nioro du Sahel Circle Arrondissement Sandaré

Dameron (2008)

Sandaré Russia Eastern-Siberian Region Sakha Republic (Saha Republic; Yakutia)

Evseev (1994)

Vilyui River Basin (Vilui River Basin; Wilui River Basin) Akhtaragda River mouth Evseev (1994) (Achtaragda River mouth) Chernyshevsk Evseev (1994) Far-Eastern Region Primorskiy Kray Kavalerovo Mining District

Smith and Smith (1995)

Dal'negorsk (Dalnegorsk; Tetyukhe; Tjetjuche; Tetjuche) Urals Region Middle Urals Permskaya Oblast'

Kolesar (1997)

Gornozavodskii area Saranovskaya Village

394

(Sarany) Saranovskii Mine (Saranovsk oe) Sverdlovskaya Oblast' Asbest

Smith and Smith (1995) Bazhenovskoe deposit

Southern Urals Chelyabinsk Oblast' Zlatoust Nazyamskie Mts

Evseev (1993)

Akhmatovskaya Kop' (Achmatov sk Mine) South Africa Transvaal Sri Lanka Sabaragamuwa Province

[var: Transvaal Jade]

Ratnapura District G. Zoysa (2009) Ratnapura Gem gravels Uva Province Moneragala District Kataragama (Katharagama; Katirkamam) Okkampitiya

[var: Hessonite] G. Zoysa (2009)

[var: Hessonite] G. Zoysa (2009)

Tanzania Manyara Region Simanjiro District

Pardieu (2007)

Lelatema Mts

395

Merelani Hills (Mererani) D-Block Mine

Pardieu (2007)

USA California Siskiyou Co. Klamath Mts Preston Peak

Gems & Minerals (1963): July: 20-22; USGS (2005), Mineral Resources Data System (MRDS): U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, loc. file ID #10286810.

Unnamed gemstone occurrence (6)

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-1755.html

36.

Hiddenite

Hiddenite is named after A.E. Hidden who discovered the stone in 1879 in North Carolina. Hiddenite is a pale- to emerald-green variety of Spodumene. General Information A variety or type of: Spodumene Chemical Formula

Mohs Hardness

Specific Gravity

LiAlSi

2

O

6

Physical Properties of Hiddenite 6 to 7 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 3.15 to 3.21 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 396

Tenacity Cleavage Quality Fracture

Refractive Index Optical Character Birefringence Pleochroism Dispersion

Colour (General) Colour (Chelsea Filter) Causes of Colour Transparency Lustre

Fluorescence (General)

Crystal System Habit

Where found:

Brittle Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Perfect Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Uneven Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Optical Properties of Hiddenite 1.657 to 1.681 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Biaxial/+ Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 0.014 to 0.016 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Distinct trichroism: yellow green - green - blue green Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 0.017 Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Colour Yellow-green, green-yellow, emerald-green Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Pinkish Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) The coloring agent is chromium. Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Transparent Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Vitreous Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Fluorescence & other light emissions Very weak: red-yellow Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Crystallography of Hiddenite Monoclinic Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Prismatic, tabular Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Geological Environment Deposits occur in granite pegmatite. Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Further Information 397

Mineral information:

Hiddenite information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities

Sri Lanka Sabaragamuwa Province Ratnapura District Ceylon Aluvial Mine, (Book, Co. 2002) Ratnapura Gem gravels USA North Carolina Alexander Co. Rocks & Min.:60:84. Hiddenite Emerald Valley Mine Rist Mine (North America Emerald Mine)

Rocks & Minerals 79:5 p 344; Rocks & Min. (2007) 82:243

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-7740.html

37. Iolite (Cordierite) Cordierite (Iolite)

Cordierite was discovered in 1813 and is named after the French geologist Louis Cordier. It is also called Iolite (Greek - violet), and is sometimes misleadingly termed "Water sapphire". Cordierite is famous for its remarkable trichroism: deep violet-blue (looking down the length of the prism) - blue-gray or yellowish-brown (when viewed through the sides). Oriented correctly Cordierite 398

can be cut into attractive deep blue faceted gems. "Bloodshot Iolite" originates from Sri Lanka. It has a distinct reddish sheen or aventurescence, caused by hematite and goethite inclusions. Varieties with Cat's eye effect and weak asterism are known. General Information Other Names/Trade Iolite Names: Chemical Formula

Mg

2

Al

4

Si

5

O

18

Physical Properties of Cordierite Mohs Hardness

Specific Gravity Tenacity Cleavage Quality Fracture

Refractive Index

Optical Character

Birefringence

Pleochroism Dispersion Chatoyancy

Colour (General)

7 to 7.5 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 2.56 to 2.66 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Brittle Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Good Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Uneven,Conchoidal Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Optical Properties of Cordierite 1.542 to 1.578 Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Biaxial/+,Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 0.008 to 0.012 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Strong trichroism: colorless to yellowish - pale blue - dark (violet)-blue Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 0.017 Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Yes Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Colour Mostly (violet)-blue 399

Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Violet to blue, Fe2+-O-Fe3+ charge transfer. Red, hematite and/or Causes of Colour lepidocrocite inclusions W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Transparent,Translucent Transparency Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Vitreous,Greasy Lustre Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Fluorescence & other light emissions None Fluorescence (General) Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Crystallography of Cordierite Orthorhombic Crystal System Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Short prismatic crystals and may be pseudohexagonal Habit Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Geological Environment Most gem material occurs as water-worn pebbles. Apart from alluvial, occurs Where found: in a variety of environments, including altered aluminous and igneous rocks. Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Inclusions in Cordierite Tabular parallel brownish-red iron oxide: may cause glittery effect (bloodshot iolite) - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p 6 Inclusions: hematite, rutile, apatite, mica, etc. - Gemmological Tables, Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, 2004, p 7 Further Information Mineral information: Cordierite information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities Burma (Myanmar) Mandalay Division Pyin-Oo-Lwin District Mogok Township

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Mogok Valley Ohn-bin-ywe-htwet (Coconut Tree mine)

400

Canada Manitoba

Gems, Sixth Edition, Michael O’Donoghue, 2006, p. 419

Finland Southwestern Finland Region Salo Kisko Orijärvi India Karnataka Tumkur District S. Fernandes (1999) Koratagere Taluk Bidaloti Pavagada

S. Fernandes (1999)

Tamil Nadu Madurai District

S. Fernandes (1999)

Ganguvarpatti Panrimali

S. Fernandes (1999)

Madagascar Antananarivo Province Vakinankaratra Region Antsirabé 2 District Lefevre and Thomas (1997) Ibity Commune Ibity massif Ambatomanoana Norway Telemark Kragerø Kragerø Archipelago Steinsund

401

Sannidal Barland Russia Western-Siberian Region Altaiskii Krai Gornyi Altai

Y. Shelementiev (1999)

Kharlovo Kharlovskoye Fe-Ti deposit Sri Lanka Sabaragamuwa Province Ratnapura District Milisenda and Henn (1999) Ratnapura Gem gravels USA California Lake Co. Mayacmas Mts (Mayacamas Mts) East Mayacmas District Howard Springs Unnamed Gemstone occurrence (1)

Brice, J.C. (1953), Geology of Lower Lake quadrangle, California: California Division Mines Bulletin 166; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (18661966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 314.

Connecticut Tolland Co. Union Cordierite locality

402

www.gemdat.org/gem-5119.html

38. Jade

In strict gemmological terms, jade relates to two minerals jadeite or nephrite found as tough finegrained rocks ideal for carving. Differentiation between jadeite and nephrite is based on properties, but the term Jade is used as a description of both. The name Jade is derived from Spanish word for "stone of the loins" - hip stone, as it was seen as a protection against and cure for kidney deseases. General Information Jadeite Varieties/Types: Jadeite-jade Nephrite Physical Properties of Jade 6 to 7 Mohs Hardness Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) 2.90 to 3.38 Specific Gravity Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Brittle Tenacity Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) None Cleavage Quality Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Splintery Fracture Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Optical Properties of Jade 1.600 to 1.688 Refractive Index Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) 0.020 to 0.027 Birefringence Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) 403

Pleochroism Dispersion

Colour (General) Transparency

Crystal System Habit

Mineral information:

Absent Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) None Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Colour Green, also all other colours Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Translucent,Opaque Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Crystallography of Jade Monoclinic Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Intergrown grainy or fine fibrous aggregate Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Further Information Jade information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities

Australia South Australia Eyre Peninsula [var: Nephrite] Nichol (2000) Cowell Cowell Jade Province Outcrops 1 - 110 Burma (Myanmar) Kachin State Mohnyin District (Moe Hnyin District) Hpakant Township (Hpakan; Phakant; Phakan) Hpakant-Tawmaw Jade Tract

[var: Jadeite] Ou Yang (1999)

Hpakant (Hpakan; Phakant; Phakan) Phakant Mine Lonkin Maw-Sisa Sate Mu (Sine Naung) Seng Tong Tawmaw (Tawhmaw; Taw Maw)

[var: Jadeite] Ou Yang (1999) [var: Jadeite] Ou Yang (1999) [var: Jadeite] Ou Yang (1999) [var: Jadeite] Ou Yang (1999) [var: Jadeite] Ou Yang (1999)

404

Mohnyin Township (Moe Hnyin Township) [var: Jadeite] Ou Yang (1999) Mawhun Sagaing Division Hkamti District Hkamti Township (Khamti) [var: Jadeite] Ou Yang (1999) Nansibon mining district Nansibon (Namsibum; Manhsibon; Manshibon; Namsipon) Natmaw (Nawmaw; Nathmaw)

[var: Jadeite] Ou Yang (1999)

Canada British Columbia Liard Mining Division [var: Nephrite] Nichol (2000) Cassiar Cassiar Mine Dease Lake Cuba Guantánamo Province

[var: Nephrite] Nichol (2000) [var: Jadeite] Garcia-Casco et al. (2009)

Sierra del Convento Italy Liguria Genova Province

[var: Nephrite] Nichol (2000) Sestri Levante Libiola Mine Japan Honshu Island Chubu Region Niigata Prefecture

[var: Jadeite] Chihara (1999)

Itoigawa City Hime River (Himekawa)

405

Kotaki River (Kotakigawa) Kazakhstan Karagandy Province (Qaragandy Oblysy; Karaganda Oblast')

[var: Jadeite] Chihara (1999)

Balkhash Region (Balqash; Karatas; Prebalkhashie) [var: Jadeite] Spiridonov (1998) Krasnyi Oktyabr' Itmurundy massif (Itmuryndy) Russia Eastern-Siberian Region Krasnoyarsk Territory (Krasnoyarsk Kray; Krasnoyarskii Krai) Sayan Mts

[var: Jadeite] Spiridonov (1998)

Western Sayan range Borusskoe deposit (Kashkarakskoe) Western-Siberian Region Polar Urals Nenetskiy Autonomous Okrug

[var: Jadeite] Yushkin (1996)

Kharp Pusyerka (Lot 88) Switzerland Grischun (Grisons; Graubünden) Puschlav (Poschiavo Valley) Selva

[var: Nephrite] Nichol and Giess (2005)

Scortaseo (Scurtaseu) Taiwan Taiwan Province Hualien Co.

[var: Nephrite] Adams and Beck (2009)

Fengtien nephrite belt Turkey

406

Marmara Region Bursa Province [var: Jadeite] Okay (2002) Tavşanlı Zone Orhaneli USA California Monterey Co. Santa Lucia Mts (Santa Lucia Range) Los Burros District Plaskett Cape San Martin [var: Nephrite] Paradise (1985) Jade Cove Cape San Mart in pros pect (Jade Cove pros pect) Wyoming Fremont Co.

[var: Nephrite] Ward (1999)

Granite Mts

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-10403.html

39. Jasper 407

Jasper is usually considered as Chalcedony; sometimes, however, scientists put it in a group by itself within the quartz group because of its grainy structure. The name jasper is derived from the Greek and means "spotted stone". The finely grained, dense jasper contains up to 20 percent foreign materials, which determine its colour, streak, and appearance. Uniformly colored jasper is rare, usually it is multicolored, striped, or flamed. Sometimes jasper can be grown together with agate or opal. There is also some fossilized material. General Information A variety or type of: Chalcedony, which is a variety of Quartz Dallasite - A variety of Jasper from Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Varieties/Types: Orbicular Jasper - Jasper containing numerous spherical inclusions. Chemical Formula

SiO

2 Physical Properties of Jasper

Mohs Hardness Specific Gravity Cleavage Quality Fracture

Refractive Index Optical Character Birefringence

6.5 to 7 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 2.58 to 2.91 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references None Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Conchoidal,Splintery Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Optical Properties of Jasper 1.540 (+/-) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Uniaxial/+ Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) None Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references 408

Absent Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) None Dispersion Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Colour All colors, mostly striped or spotted. Colour (General) Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Orange to red, submicroscopic to microscopic inclusions of hydrous Fe oxides Causes of Colour W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Opaque Transparency Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Fluorescence & other light emissions None Fluorescence (General) Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Crystallography of Jasper Trigonal Crystal System Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Microcrystalline aggregate Habit Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Geological Environment Occurs as extensive beds of sedimentary or metamorphic origin. Jasper occurs as a cavity filling or as nodules or veins in iron ores. It occurs in altered igneous Where found: rocks and in detrital deposits. It may occur in variegated red to brown colours as a petrifying agent of wood. Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Further Information Mineral information: Jasper information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities Pleochroism

Czech Republic Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen) Hradec Králové Region No reference listed Jičín (Jitschin; Gitschin) Doubravice Madagascar Mahajanga Province (Majunga) Sofia Region

mindat.org

409

Analalava District Ambolobozo Marovato Morocco Meknès-Tafilalet Region Khénifra Province Midelt

mindat.org Upper Moulouya lead district Aouli

Netherlands Gelderland mindat.org IJssel river Peru Huánuco Department Tantamayo rhodonite occurrence Lima Department Cañete Province Miraflores jasper occurrence Puno Department Jasper occurrence Portugal Beja District Mértola mindat.org Alcaria Ruiva Balança Mine Russia Urals Region Southern Urals

Занимательная минералогия, Ферсман А., 1953, стр. 50

410

Orenburgskaya Oblast' Orsk Polkovnik Mt USA California Inyo Co. Amargosa Range Symons, Henry Heilbronner (1940), Quartz gem stones of California: Rocks & Minerals: 15: 41; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume Jubilee Pass (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Unnamed Geology Bulletin 189: 317. Gemst one occurr ence [2] Santa Clara Co. [var: Orbicular Jasper] Melhase, John (1934), A diversity of many fine minerals available in Santa Cruz Mts California for collectors: Oregon Mineralogist: 2(7): 7; Mineralogist, The (1935): 3(3): 34; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Paradise Valley Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Unspecified Geology Bulletin 189: 318; Gemstone www.cst.cmich.edu/users/dietr1rv/jasper.htm occurrence Siskiyou Co. Black Mts

Klamath Mts Cinnabar Camp

U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.

Unnamed Gemstone occurrence (1)

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-2082.html

411

40. Kunzite

Kunzite is the pink to light purple gem variety of the mineral Spodumene. Kunzite is named after the US mineralogist G.F.Kunz, who first described this gem in 1902. General Information A variety or type of: Spodumene Chemical Formula

LiAlSi

2

O

6

Kunzite Treatments Irradiation of pink or purple manganese-containing kunzite produces an intense, deep green color, which fades very rapidly (1h or so) in light or on gentle heating. This change was first reported in 1909 by Meyer; Przibram and Caffyn (1956) give this and other early references. Almost any form of irradiation produces this change. Kunzite from Madagascar produces a brown color (Przibram and Caffyn, 1956), which fades extremely rapidly to the usual green color, which itself fades rapidly. The color of heat-bleached kunzite can be restored by irradiation, which must be followed by heating or exposure to light to remove the green (and possibly brown) colors which form simultaneously. The pink color of kunzite fades on heating to about 500°C, but can be restored by irradiation (colorless to pink) followed by heating. Here too, light has been noted to bleach the color of some kunzite, at least to some extent over extended periods of time (Sinkankas, 1963). Low temperatures, in the 100-250°C range, are used to convert a bluish or purplish pink into a lighter, clearer pink color - Nassau (1984) Color may be improved or "created" by artificial irradiation (not detectable) -Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p 4 Physical Properties of Kunzite 6 to 7 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Mohs Hardness Identification (2010) More from other references 3.15 to 3.21 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Specific Gravity Identification (2010) More from other references Tenacity Brittle 412

Cleavage Quality

Fracture

Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Perfect Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Uneven Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Some kunzite is light sensitive and the colour will fade over time when exposed to strong sunlight (in particular kunzite where the colour has been created/enhanced using irradiation).

Light Sensitivity Natural kunzite from Pala, California is believed to be much more stable, with some specimens left in the sun for over six months without fading. gemdat.org management team (2012) Optical Properties of Kunzite 1.657 to 1.681 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Refractive Index Identification (2010) More from other references Biaxial/+ Optical Character Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 0.014 to 0.016 Birefringence Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Strong trichroism: colorless - pink - violet Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Pleochroism Identification (2010) More from other references 0.017 Dispersion Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Colour Pink, violet-pink Colour (General) Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Coloring agent is manganese. Causes of Colour Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Transparency Transparent 413

Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Vitreous Lustre Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Vivid vitreous Fluorescence & other light emissions Moderate to strong pink to orange (weaker to SW) Fluorescence (General) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Orange Fluorescence (Short Wave UV) Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Orange Fluorescence (Long-Wave UV) Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Crystallography of Kunzite Monoclinic Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Crystal System Identification (2010) More from other references Prismatic, tabular Habit Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Geological Environment Deposits occur in granite pegmatite. Where found: Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Inclusions in Kunzite There are frequently aligned inclusions such as tubes or fractures. - Gemstones of the world, Walter Schumann, 2001, p 114 Further Information Mineral information: Kunzite information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities Afghanistan Konar Province (Kunar Province; Konarh Province; Konarha Province; Nuristan) Chapa Dara District

E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 110

Dara-i-Pech pegmatite field (Darra-i-Pech; Darra-ePech; Pech; Peech; Page)

414

Nuristan Province (Nurestan Province; Nooristan Province; Nuristan) Du Ab District

Bowersox and Chamberlin (1995)

Nilaw-Kolum pegmatite field Kolum pegmatites Mawi pegmatite Nilaw pegmatites Wama District (Vama District) Kantiwa pegmatite field (Kantiway)

Bowersox and Chamberlin (1995) Bowersox and Chamberlin (1995) Bowersox and Chamberlin (1995)

Brazil Minas Gerais Doce valley Proctor (1985) Água Boa Urupuca mine Galiléia Proctor (1985) Urucum mine (Tim mine; Córrego do Urucum pegmatite) Resplendor Proctor (1985) Madagascar Sri Lanka Sabaragamuwa Province

E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 110

Ratnapura District Ceylon Aluvial Mine, (Book, Co. 2002) Ratnapura Gem gravels USA California San Diego Co. Pala District

Sinkankas (1997)

Pala

415

Tourmaline Queen Mountain (Pala Mtn; Queen Mtn)

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-2289.html 41. Kyanite (Cyprine)

Kyanite is named after Greek word for "blue", because of its colour. Some fine specimens have sapphire-blue colour with violet pleochroism. Kyanite has a wide variations of hardness in the same crystal depending on direction (across or along axes). It complicates the cutting of this material. Cut stones reach 10 - 15 carats. Varieties with alexandrite effect and cat's eye are known. General Information Other Names/Trade Names:

Disthene

Chemical Formula Al

2

SiO

5 Physical Properties of Kyanite

Mohs Hardness Specific Gravity

4 to 7 Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) 4 - 4.5 along axes; 6 - 7 across axesMore from other references 3.55 to 3.70 416

Tenacity Cleavage Quality Fracture

Refractive Index

Optical Character

Birefringence

Pleochroism

Dispersion Chatoyancy

Colour (General)

Causes of Colour

Transparency

Lustre

Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Brittle Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Perfect Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Splintery Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Optical Properties of Kyanite 1.710 to 1.735 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Biaxial/+,Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 0.012 to 0.033 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Blue stones - strong trichroism: colorless/pale blue - (greenish or violet)-blue - dark blue Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 0.020 Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Rare Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Colour Blue, blue-green, green, brown, yellow, red, colourless Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Blue, Fe2+-O-Ti4+ charge transfer, Fe2+-O-Fe3+ charge transfer, Fe2+ and Fe3+ in octahedral coordination can all be involved, with contribution from Cr3+ in octahedral coordination. Green, V3+ in octahedral coordination; Fe3+ in octahedral coordination. Orange, Mn3+. Color change, Cr3+ in octahedral coordination W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Transparent,Translucent Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Vitreous,Pearly Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) More from other references Fluorescence & other light emissions 417

Fluorescence (General)

Weak; red Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Blue: usually reddish Fluorescence Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) (Long-Wave UV) More from other references Crystallography of Kyanite Triclinic Crystal System Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Often fibrous Habit Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Geological Environment Kyanite occurs in gneisses and schists and in granite pegmatites. Where found: Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Further Information Mineral Kyanite information at mindat.org information: Significant Gem Localities Kenya Coast Province Taita Taveta District

Natural History Museum Vienna collection

Mangari Madagascar Fianarantsoa Province Horombe Region Ranohira District

Madagascar - extraLapis English No.1, p. 92

Ilakaka Commune Ilakaka gem deposit Mozambique Serra do Menucué

Gems, Sixth Edition, Michael O’Donoghue, 2006, p. 422

USA Montana Lewis and Clark Co.

E.Ya. Kievlenko (2003) Geology of gems, p. 70

418

East Helena Eldorado Bar Eldorado Bar deposit (Eldorado Strip Mine)

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-2303.html 42. Labradorite

A type of feldspar consisting of between 30-50% Albite and 50-70% Anorthite. Labradorite was named after peninsula of Labrador in Canada, where it was first found. It shows labradorescence - a shiller effect in lustrous metallic tints, often blue and green, and sometimes the complete spectrum. This effect is caused by interference of light from lattice distortions resulting from alternating microscopic exsolution lamellae of high- and low-calcium plagioclase phases. General Information A variety or type of: Feldspar Other Spectrolite - Trade name for a Labradorite from Finland that shows the spectral Names/Trade colours especially effectively. Names: Chemical Formula Na(30-50%)Ca(70-50%)(Al,Si)AlSi

2

O

8

Physical Properties of Labradorite Mohs Hardness

6 to 6.5 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 419

2.69 to 2.72 Specific Gravity Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Brittle Tenacity Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Perfect Cleavage Quality Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Uneven Fracture Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Optical Properties of Labradorite 1.554 to 1.573 Refractive Index Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Biaxial/+ Optical Character Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 0.007 to 0.011 Birefringence Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references From the Congo, red stones show weak pleochroism whilst greenstones have Pleochroism distinct greenish yellow to bluish green pleochroism Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Low (0.012) Dispersion Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) But the combination of a high polish and minute inclusions can simulate the effect of moderate dispersion Colour Dark gray, black-gray, labradorescent: blue-green, golden yellow, purple, bronze colour Colour (General) Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Multicolors, diffraction of light by the internal lamellar structure. Red (in the material from Oregon), submicroscopic metallic copper particles. Green and Causes of Colour orange could be Cu+ W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Transparent,Translucent,Opaque Transparency Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Vitreous Lustre Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Fluorescence & other light emissions Fluorescence (Short The intensity is diminished and fluorescence is a weak chalky pinkish orange Wave UV) Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Fluorescence (Long- Red stones (Congo) fluoresced weak to distinct orange and greenstones (Congo) 420

Wave UV)

appeared distinctly orange Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Crystallography of Labradorite Triclinic Crystal System Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Platy, prismatic Habit Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Geological Environment A common constituent of anorthosites, norites, basalts and gabbros as well as other igneous rocks. In the metamorphic environment it occurs in gneisses derived Where found: from basic rocks. Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Inclusions in Labradorite Transparent stones: common elongated black inclusions (ilmenite) - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p 6 Red hematite platelets, black magnetite needles, ilmenite - Gemmological Tables, Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, 2004, p 10 Further Information Mineral Labradorite information at mindat.org information: Significant Gem Localities Burma (Myanmar) Mandalay Division Pyin-Oo-Lwin District Mogok Township

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Kyauk-Pyat-That Thurein-taung

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-2308.html

42. Lapis Lazuli 421

Lapis Lazuli (Arabic and Latin - blue stone) can be described as an impure variety of the mineral Lazurite, however more accurately it is a type of rock containing primarily Lazurite (25-40%), Calcite and Pyrite (also augite, diopside, enstatite, mica, hornblende, sodalite, haüyne). It has a very distinctive blue colour (due to the Lazurite). Too much pyrite causes a dull, greenish tint. In the best-quality specimens, the colour is evenly distributed, but in general it is spotty or striated. As well as use in carvings and gems, it has been used for millennia as a blue pigment when ground to a fine powder (known as ultramarine). General Information A variety or type Lazurite of: Chemical Formula

(Na,Ca)

8

Mohs Hardness

Specific Gravity Cleavage Quality Fracture

Refractive Index Birefringence Pleochroism

[(SiO

4

,S,Cl)

2

I(AlSi)

4

]

6

Physical Properties of Lapis Lazuli 5.5 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 2.50 to 3.00 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Indistinct Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Conchoidal Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Optical Properties of Lapis Lazuli 1.500 to 1.670 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references None Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Absent Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) 422

None Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Colour Lazur blue, violet, greenish-blue Colour (General) Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Opaque Transparency Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Vitreous,Greasy Lustre Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Fluorescence & other light emissions Strong: white, also orange, copper-coloured Fluorescence (General) Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) May show a pinkish response Fluorescence (Short Wave UV) Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Orangy to pinkish spots (calcite) Fluorescence (Long-Wave UV) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Crystallography of Lapis Lazuli Isometric Crystal System Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Rare; dense aggregates Habit Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Geological Environment Occurs mainly in association with leucite or nepheline in nepheline syenites, phonolites and related undersaturated Where found: igneous rocks. Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Inclusions in Lapis Lazuli Pyrite inclusions, spots and veins of calcite - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p 8 Further Information Mineral information: Lapis Lazuli information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities Dispersion

Afghanistan Badakhshan Province (Badakshan Province; Badahsan Province) Khash & Kuran Wa Munjan Districts

Bowersox and Chamberlin (1995)

Koksha Valley (Kokscha Valley; Kokcha Valley)

423

Sar-e Sang (Sar Sang; Sary Sang) Ladjuar Medam (Lajur Madan; Lapislazuli Mine; Lapislazuli deposit) Burma (Myanmar) Mandalay Division Pyin-Oo-Lwin District Mogok Township

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Bernardmyo Injauk Lay-bauk (Taung-me) Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Chaung-gyi Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Chaung-gyi-ah-le-ywa Gurkha-konzan Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Lisu-konzan Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Mana-Lisu Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Shan-konzan Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Kyatpyin North Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Bawmar (Baw Mar mine) Kyauk-Pyat-That Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Kabaing (Ka-Pine; Khabine) Marble Ark Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Chin-theit-taung (Lion's mountain) Mogok Valley Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Dattaw Hill Mogok

424

Dattaw-mid Laungpy it mi ne Dattaw-pyant Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of & DattawMogok chaung Yebu-thapanbin-kyar Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of (Thabapin) Mogok Chile Coquimbo Region Limarí Province Ward (1996) Ovalle Cazadero river Russia Eastern-Siberian Region Prebaikalia (Pribaikal'e) Spiridonov (1998) Irkutskaya Oblast' Lake Baikal area Tajikistan Viloyati Mukhtori Gorno-Badakhshan (Viloyati Badakhshoni Kuni)

Spiridonov (1998)

Pamir Mts

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-2330.html

43. Larimar

425

Larimar is named after its discovery locality in Filipinas Larimar Mine, Los Checheses, Sierra de Baoruco, Barahona Province, Dominican Republic. Larimar is a trade name for massive light- to sky-blue variety of Pectolite from Dominican Republic. This compact material yields attractive cabochons. Larimar may be used as a turquoise substitute. General Information A variety or type of: Pectolite Chemical Formula

Ca

2

NaHSi

3

O

9

Physical Properties of Larimar 5 to 0 Mohs Hardness Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 2.74 to 2.90 Specific Gravity Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Optical Properties of Larimar 1.595 to 1.645 Refractive Index Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Biaxial/+ Optical Character Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) 0.032 to 0.038 Birefringence Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Colour Blue, bluish-white, white, gray Colour (General) Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Opaque Transparency Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Fluorescence & other light emissions Fluorescence (Short Wave UV) Yellow or orange 426

Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Crystallography of Larimar Triclinic Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Further Information Larimar information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities

Crystal System

Mineral information: Dominican Republic Barahona Province Sierra de Baoruco

Los Checheses Filipinas Larimar Mine

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-29025.html

44. Malachite

Malachite is named after Greek word for "mallow" because of its resemblance to the leaves of the Mallow plant. It is a green, very common secondary copper mineral with a widely variable habit. Malachite shows a banding of light and dark layers with concentric rings, straight stripes and other figurative shapes caused by its shell-like formation. Malachite was popular in ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome and was used for jewelry, amulets, as a powder for eye shadow and colouring pigment. Nowadays it is popular for jewelry and ornaments. Malachite dust is toxic and must not be inhaled during cutting and polishing. 427

Azurmalachite is an extremely colourful massive material that combines the rich hues of malachite and azurite.

General Information Chemical Formula

Cu

2

(CO

3

)(OH)

2

Malachite Treatments Malachite often takes a rather poor polish and paraffin wax is used to improve the appearance and hide small cracks; epoxy resins could be similarly used - Nassau (1984) The surface can be hardened with artificial resin. - Gemstones of the world, Walter Schumann, 2001, p 176 Physical Properties of Malachite 3.5 to 4 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Mohs Hardness Identification (2010) More from other references 3.25 to 4.10 Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world Specific Gravity (2001) More from other references Perfect Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world Cleavage Quality (2001) More from other references Conchoidal,Splintery Fracture Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Sensitive to heat and hot waters. Heat Sensitivity Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Optical Properties of Malachite 1.655 to 1.909 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Refractive Index Identification (2010) BlinkingMore from other references Biaxial/Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Optical Character Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references 0.250 to 0.254 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Birefringence Identification (2010) More from other references Pleochroism Absent 428

Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references None Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world Dispersion (2001) More from other references Colour Deep saturated green and show characteristic banding Colour (General) Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) More from other references Green, Cu2+ in octahedral coordination Causes of Colour W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Opaque Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Transparency Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Vitreous,Silky,Dull (Earthy) Lustre Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Fluorescence & other light emissions None Fluorescence (General) Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Crystallography of Malachite Monoclinic Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Crystal System Identification (2010) More from other references Aggregates of radial fibres with botryoidal forms or stalactitic/stalacmitic structure Habit Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Geological Environment Malachite occurs as a common secondary mineral in the oxidation zone of copper ore Where found: deposits and can be an ore of copper. Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Inclusions in Malachite Often intergrown with azurite, turquoise, chrysocolla - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p 4 Further Information 429

Mineral information:

Malachite information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities

Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaïre) Katanga (Shaba) Katanga Copper Crescent Kolwezi District Mashamba West Mine Namibia Otjikoto Region (Oshikoto) Gems, Sixth Edition, Michael O’Donoghue, 2006, p. 426

Tsumeb Tsumeb Mine (Tsumcorp Mine) Peru Arequipa Department Caraveli Province Acarí Ica Department Pisco Province Angelina copper mine (Angelina III mine) Lima Department Huarochiri Province Yauricocha Moquegua Department Russia Urals Region

J.Hyrsl (2012) Gemstones of Peru, p. 55

Middle Urals Sverdlovskaya Oblast'

Gems, Sixth Edition, Michael O’Donoghue, 2006, p. 426

Ekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk) USA Arizona

Galbraith, F.W. & D.J. Brennan (1959), Minerals of AZ: 37. 430

Cochise Co. Mule Mts Warren District Bisbee

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-2550.html 45. Moonstone

Moonstone is a potassium feldspar of the orthoclase species with white shimmer, similar to moonshine (therefore the name), called adularescence. Thin alternating layers of orthoclase and albite create the light interference in this material that is responsible for its "shiller" or "floating moon effect". General Information A variety or type of: Orthoclase, which is a variety of Feldspar Other Names/Trade Chandra Kanta Moni Names: Chandrakanta Chemical Formula

KAlSi

Mohs Hardness

Specific Gravity

Cleavage Quality

3

O

8

Physical Properties of Moonstone 6 to 6.5 Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) 2.56 to 2.60 Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Perfect Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables 431

(2004) Uneven,Conchoidal Fracture Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Optical Properties of Moonstone 1.518 to 1.527 Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables Refractive Index (2004) More from other references Biaxial/Optical Character Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) 0.006 to 0.007 Birefringence Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Absent Pleochroism Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) None Dispersion Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Colour Colourless, white, adularescent with a silvery or bluish sheen, green, brownish, reddish. Colour (General) Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Transparent,Translucent Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables Transparency (2004) More from other references Vitreous Lustre Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Fluorescence & other light emissions Weak; bluish, orange Fluorescence (General) Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Inert to orangy-(reddish) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification Fluorescence (Short Wave UV) (2010) More from other references Inert to blue (and pinkish) Fluorescence (Long-Wave UV) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Crystallography of Moonstone Monoclinic Crystal System Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) 432

Prismatic Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Geological Environment The most prominent source is in the gravels and pegmatites Where found: Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Inclusions in Moonstone Typical "centipede" inclusions - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p 8 Habit

Healing cracks, crystal inclusions, cleavage cracks - Gemmological Tables, Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, 2004, p 5 Further Information Mineral information: Moonstone information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities Burma (Myanmar) Mandalay Division Pyin-Oo-Lwin District Mogok Township

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Bernardmyo Injauk Lay-tha-apyaTed Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok taw Chaung-gyi Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Gurkha-konzan Lisu-konzan Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Shan-konzan Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Kin (Guard Post) Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Kin-ko-lan-bauk Kyatpyin North Bawmar (Baw Mar mine) Kyauk-Pyat-That

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Kabaing (Ka- Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Pine; Khabine) Thurein-taung Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Marble Ark Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

433

Ohn-binKyatpyin Win-hta-yan (Fence) Mogok Valley Dattaw Hill

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Dattawmid Dattawpya nt & Dat Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok taw cha ung Le-U-le-taw Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Mintada (King's Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Bridge) Myaw-pyet Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Myaw-taung Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Nga-yant-inn (old PanTed Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok sho; Padansho) Ohn-bin-ywehtwet Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok (Coconut Tree mine) Shon-ban-gyi Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Shon-ban-lay Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Shon-dawTed Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok myaing Shwe-pyi-aye Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Yebu-kalar-gon Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok YebuthapanbinTed Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok kyar (Thabapin) Yebu (Hot Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Water) Pein-Pyit (Painpyit; Pyan Pyit) Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

434

Htan-yan-sho Kyini-taung Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Pyant Gyi mine Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok (Pyan Gyi) Sri Lanka Sabaragamuwa Province Ratnapura District

Gemexplorer.org

Ratnapura Gem gravels

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-2774.html 46. Morganite Morganite is named after the American banker and collector J.P Morgan. Morganite, also known as "pink beryl", "rose beryl", "pink emerald", and "cesian (or caesian) beryl", is a rare light pink to rose-coloured gem-quality variety of beryl. Orange/yellow varieties of morganite can also be found, and colour banding is common. The pink colour of Morganite is unstable and fades when heated to 500°C. The colour can be restored by radioactive bombardment. General Information A variety or type of: Beryl Morganite Treatments Often heat-treated to remove the salmon tint. Color may created by irradiation of colorless beryl (not detectable) - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p 6 Physical Properties of Morganite 7.5 to 8 Mohs Hardness Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 2.71 to 2.90 Specific Gravity Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Optical Properties of Morganite 1.573 to 1.600 Refractive Index Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Uniaxial/Optical Character Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 435

0.005 to 0.009 Birefringence Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Distinct: pale pink - bluish-pink Pleochroism Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Colour Soft pink to violet, also salmon-colored. Colour (General) Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Pink, Mn2+ in octahedral coordination Causes of Colour W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Fluorescence & other light emissions Inert to weak pink to purplish Fluorescence (General) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Moderate apricot reaction suggest a possible synthesis Fluorescence (Long-Wave UV) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) There is an intense, but not bright, crimson glow. Fluorescence (X-RAY) Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Crystallography of Morganite Hexagonal Crystal System Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Crystals are short-prismatic to thick-tabular form. Habit E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems (2003) Further Information Mineral information: Morganite information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities Afghanistan Badakhshan Province (Badakshan Province; Badahsan Province) Jurm District Blauwet and Muhammad (2004) Koksha Valley (Kokscha Valley; Kokcha Valley) Jurm (Firghamu; Firgamu) Konar Province (Kunar Province; Konarh Province; Konarha Province; Nuristan) Glas (2002) Chapa Dara District

436

Dara-i-Pech pegmatite field (Darra-i-Pech; Darra-e-Pech; Pech; Peech; Page) Nuristan Province (Nurestan Province; Nooristan Province; Nuristan) Du Ab District

E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 110

Nilaw-Kolum pegmatite field Kolum pegmatites Mawi pegmatite Kamdesh District

Glas (2002) Glas (2002)

Paprok Mine (Papruk Mine; Paprowk Mine) Brazil Minas Gerais Kievlenko E.Ya., Geology of gems, 2003, p. 113

Doce Valley Conselheiro Pena Galiléia

Kievlenko E.Ya., Geology of gems, Urucum mine (Tim mine; Córrego 2003, p. 113 do Urucum pegmatite) Governador Valadares E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 113 Jequitinhonha Valley Coronel Murta Cassedanne and Alves (1994) Barra de Salinas Barra de Salinas district Paineira claim (Carlau claim)

Milisenda and Bank (2005)

Burma (Myanmar) Shan State Kyaukme District Kyi et al. (2005) Momeik Township Molo quarter Khetchel village (Cache village; Khat Che village)

Kyi et al. (2005)

Palelni mine ("Kat 437

Chay mine") E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 110

Madagascar Antananarivo Province Vakinankaratra Region Betafo District

Pezzotta (2001), Danet (2007)

Ambohimanambola Commune Anjanabonoina pegmatites Sahatany Pegmatite Field (Mt Ibity area) E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 111

Sahatany Valley

Ankarinarivo pegmatite Tsarafara Sud (Ankadilava) E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 110 Fianarantsoa Province Amoron'i Mania Region Ambatofinandrahana District Laurs and Quinn (2002) Mandrosonoro area Ambatovita Sakavalana mine Mozambique Zambezia Province Alto Ligonha District Mutala pegmatite area Namacotche Mine Namacotcha Pegmatite

J. Marques (2009)

Bettencourt-Dias and Wilson (2000) Bettencourt-Dias and Wilson (2000)

Pakistan Gilgit-Baltistan (Northern Areas) Astor District (Astore District) Blauwet and Muhammad (2004) Astor valley (Astore valley) Bulochi (Balochi; Balche; Bulache;

438

Bulachi; Drot Balachi) Baltistan Skardu District Blauwet and Muhammad (2004) Haramosh Mts. Drot Shengus (Shingus) Diamar District (Diamir District) Chilas

Blauwet and Muhammad (2004)

Blauwet and Muhammad (2004) Raikot (Raikoot)

Russia Eastern-Siberian Region Transbaikalia (Zabaykalye) Chitinskaya Oblast' Badanina et al. (2008) Krasnyi Chikoy Malkhan pegmatite field (Malchan; "Malechansk") Sri Lanka Sabaragamuwa Province Ratnapura District Dissanayake et al. (2000) Ratnapura Gem gravels USA California San Diego Co. Mesa Grande District Rocks & Min.:63:21. Gem Hill Himalaya Mine (Himalaya dikes; Himalaya pegmatite)

439

Mesa Grande Mine

Mauthner (2008)

Chief Mountain

Sinkankas (1997)

Pala District Pala

Elizabeth R. Mine (Hazel W. claim) Oceanview Mine (Ocean view adits; Sinkankas (1997) new Oceanv iew workin gs) Oceanview Mine Osborn, P. (2005) Personal (MS 6452; MS communication between Phillip 6848; Ocean Osborn of Hemet and Scott L. Ritchie of View Mine) Temecula, California; description of beryl discovery on southwestern most Oceanview lode exposure; March. Hiriart Mountain (Hariat Mtn; Harriot Mtn; Heriart Mtn; Heriot Mtn; Hiriat Hill) Sinkankas (1997) White Queen Mine (Queen mine; White Queen prospect) Maine Oxford Co. Sinkankas (1997) Buckfield Bennett Quarry Paris Potucek (2005) Mount Mica Quarry

440

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-2783.html

47. Onyx Layer stone with the combination of a black base and a white upper layer, also called true onyx or Arabic onyx. Onyx is also a name sometimes used for unicolored Chalcedony (e.g., black onyx). The name Onyx has its origin in the Greek language and means "fingernail", probably because of its weak transparency. Onyx Treatments Black chalcedony ("onyx") is assumed to be dyed - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p 7 Physical Properties of Onyx 6.5 to 7 Mohs Hardness Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 2.55 to 2.70 Specific Gravity Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Optical Properties of Onyx 1.530 to 1.543 Refractive Index Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Uniaxial/+ Optical Character Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Colour Straight color bands (black with white layer) Colour (General) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Opaque Transparency Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Crystallography of Onyx Trigonal Crystal System Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Further Information Mineral information: Onyx information at mindat.org

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-2999.html 441

48. Opal

The name is derived from an Indian (Sanskrit) word for "stone". It is divided into three subgroups: Precious Opal, yellow-red Fire Opal, and Common Opal. Their physical properties vary considerably. General Information Common Opal - Opaque variety of Opal, shows no play of colour. Agate Opal - Opal showing concentric banding as in agate. Andean Opal - A greenish-blue variety of opal found in Peru. Girasol - Bluish-white translucent Opal with reddish reflections. Honey Opal - An orange-brown Common opal. Hyalite - Colourless, water-clear opal with a strong sheen. Hydrophane - A milky variety of Opal that turns translucent or transparent when immersed in water. Jasper Opal - A brecciated Jasper cemented by opal. Milk Opal - A white Common opal. Moss Opal - Milky opal containing dendritic inclusions Pink Opal Prase Opal - A green variety of Common opal. Semiopal - Historic name for an opal without opalescence Varieties/Types: Wax Opal - A yellow-to brown Opal with a waxy lustre. Wood Opal - Petrified wood replaced with Opal. Fire Opal - A red to yellow variety of Opal. Precious Opal - A variety of Opal that displays play-of-colour. Black Opal - The variety of Precious Opal with a dark background colour. Boulder Opal - A variety of Precious Opal found in Queensland, Australia. Crystal Opal - Transparent to translucent Precious Opal where colour play is visible both on the surface and in the interior. Harlequin Opal - Transparent to translucent Precious Opal with effective mosaic-like colour patterns. Matrix Opal - A rock consisting of a (usually) silicified matrix containing veins or blebs of Precious opal. Water Opal - A transparent Precious opal with a gelatinous appearance and a bluish sheen. White Opal - Precious Opal with a white background.

442

Chemical Formula

SiO

2

+H

2

O

Significant stones Image

Name Galaxy Opal

Weight

Country of Origin

Current Owner

3,749.00 cts Brazil

Flame Queen Opal 263.18 cts

Australia

Jack Plane Collection

Andamooka Opal 203.00 cts

Australia

Queen Elizabeth II

Opal Simulants Several good imitations made from glass or plastic are known. In 1970, a synthesis of White opal and Black opal succeded. Fakes are prepared by colouring Black opal or Matrix opal in order to liven up the play-of-colour. - Gemstones of the world, Walter Schumann, 2001, p 152 Synthetic Opal Synthetic opal: RI 1.440 - 1.450; opt. isotropic; SG 1.74 - 2.07; Colours: colourless, white, black, red; Play of colour: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet; Transparent to opaque; Hardness 5.5 - 6.5. Clearly separated colour patches, "lizard-skin effect", columnar structure perpendicular to the "lizard-skin effect" - Gemmological Tables, Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, 2004, p 1 Physical Properties of Opal 5 to 6.5 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Mohs Hardness Identification (2010) More from other references 1.98 to 2.25 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Specific Gravity Identification (2010) Highly porous opal may show much lower SGMore from other references Brittle Tenacity Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) None Cleavage Quality Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Conchoidal,Splintery Fracture Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world 443

(2001) More from other references Optical Properties of Opal 1.37 to 1.52 Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world Refractive Index (2001) More from other references Isotropic Optical Character Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) None Birefringence Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Absent Pleochroism Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) None Dispersion Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Colour Black, white, colourless, red, yellow, bluish Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Colour (General) Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Multicolors (play of color opal), diffraction by the regular stacking of silica spheres. Orange to red (fire opal), microscopic to sub-microscopic inclusions of iron hydrous oxides. Green (prase Causes of Colour opal), microscopic to submicroscopic nickeliferous clay-like inclusions W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Transparent,Translucent,Opaque Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Transparency Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Vitreous Lustre Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Fluorescence & other light emissions Commonly green or yellow, occasionally greenyellow, rarely yellow or red Fluorescence (Short Wave UV) Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Many WHITE and light opals glow bluish-white Fluorescence (Long-Wave UV) and phosphorescence yellowish-green 444

Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Crystallography of Opal Amorphous Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Crystal System Identification (2010) More from other references Kidney- or grape-shaped aggregates Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world Habit (2001) More from other references Geological Environment Much of the finest opal occurs in thin seams and has to be recovered together with its underlying rock (matrix). Alternatively some Where found: fine opal is found as nodules. (‘nobbies’ in Australia). Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Inclusions in Opal Swirl-like exsolutions, goethite, chalcedony etc., liquid- and multiphase inclusions - Gemmological Tables, Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, 2004, p 1 Further Information Mineral information: Opal information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities Australia New South Wales Finch Co.

Thomas et al. (2006)

Lightning Ridge Yungnulgra Co. Thomas et al. (2006) White Cliffs Queensland Paroo Shire

Cooper and Neville (2007)

Yowah opal field Quilpie Shire Kyabra Co.

Opal, Lithographie, 2007

445

Keeroongooloo Friday Mine Quilpie

[Precious Opal var: Boulder Opal] Opal, Lithographie, 2007 Eromanga Opal Field [Precious Opal] Cooper and Neville (2007)

Winton Shire Cooper and Neville (2007) Opalton Winton

Wise (1993)

South Australia Central North

Townsend (2006, 2009)

Coober Pedy Stuart Creek Stuart Creek Opal Diggings North West Province Mintabie district

Townsend (2006, 2009)

Townsend (2006, 2009)

Mintabie opal field Stuart Shelf Andamooka Ranges

Townsend (2006, 2009)

Andamooka opal fields Victoria Sunbury

Opal, Lithographie, 2007

Emu Creek Brazil Pará São Geraldo do Araguaia

Farrar (2007)

Manoel Ambrósio Ranch Piauí Pedro II Boi Morto Mine Rio Grande do Sul Canada

Knigge and Milisenda (1997)

[var: Fire Opal] H. Henriques

446

British Columbia Vernon Mining Division Downing (2003) Vernon Klinker prospect Ethiopia Afar Province Mazzero et al. (2009) Welo (Wello; Wollo) Delanta Wegeltena (Wegel Tena)

Mazzero et al. (2009)

Tsehay Mewcha Amhara Province Mezezo

Mazzero (2003) Yita ridge [var: Fire Opal] Banerjee and Wenzel (1999)

Honduras Lempira Department

Viti and Gemmi (2009) Erandique Indonesia Jawa Island (Java Island) Banten Province

Laurs (2001) [Precious Opal] Laurs (2001)

Kali Maya Sumatera Island (Sumatra Island) Bengkulu Province (Benkoelen Province; Benkulen Province) Lambert and Brown (1994) Rejang Lebong District (Rediang Lebong District) Tambang Sawah Mexico Durango Mun. de Mapimí

[Common Opal var: Pink Opal]

447

Mapimí Hidalgo Mun. de Zimapán

[var: Fire Opal] Coenraads and Zenil (2006)

Zimapán Jalisco Mun. de Magdalena Magdalena Tepucanapa Mine Unica Mine

[var: Fire Opal] Michelou (2006)

[Precious Opal] mindat.org [Precious Opal] mindat.org

Peru Arequipa Department Caraveli Province Acarí Acari Mine Ayacucho Department

Hyrsl (2001, 2007)

Saisa Ica Department Ica Province [Precious Opal var: White Opal] Ica Monte Rosa Mine Pisco Province [Common Opal var: Honey Opal] Pisco Tanzania Arusha Region Dumbawanga District

http://www.ganoksin.com/borisat/nenam/tanzaniamines.htm

Manghola Dodoma Region Keller (1992) Haneti-Itiso area USA Idaho

Sinkankas (1997)

448

Clark Co. Spencer Spencer Opal Mine Louisiana Vernon Parish [Precious Opal] Gaber (2007) Hidden Fire Opal Mine (Louisiana Opal Exchange Mine) Mississippi Gaber (2007) Claiborne Co. Nevada Humboldt Co.

Sinkankas (1997)

Virgin Valley District Oregon Lake Co.

[var: Fire Opal] Laurs and Quinn (2003)

Juniper Ridge Opal Mine Morrow Co. Holzhey (1997) Opal Butte

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-3004.html 49. Orthoclase

449

Orthoclase is transparent to opaque, often colourless or champagne colour Potassium Feldspar. The name derived from Greek "straight fracture" and refers to the two cleavages present in this mineral that meet virtually at right angles to each other. General Information A variety or type of: Feldspar Adularia - A gemmy colourless variety of Orthoclase. Varieties/Types: Moonstone - A variety of Orthoclase that exhibits a strong blue adularescence. Sanidine - A triclinic Potassium Feldspar found in lavas. Chemical Formula

KAlSi

3

Mohs Hardness

Specific Gravity

Tenacity

Cleavage Quality

Fracture

Refractive Index

Optical Character

Birefringence Pleochroism

O

8 Physical Properties of Orthoclase 6 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 2.54 to 2.61 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Brittle Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Perfect Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Uneven Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) More from other references Optical Properties of Orthoclase 1.518 to 1.536 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Biaxial/Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 0.005 to 0.008 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Weak 450

Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) More from other references Low: 0.012 Dispersion Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) More from other references Colour Colourless, yellow Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Colour (General) Tables (2004) More from other references Yellow, Fe3+ in tetrahedral coordination. Pink to red, microscopic hematite and/or lepidocrocite inclusions Causes of Colour W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Transparent Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Transparency Tables (2004) More from other references Vitreous,Pearly Lustre Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) May be pearly on cleavage surfacesMore from other references Fluorescence & other light emissions Yellow stones show weak orangy-red Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification Fluorescence (General) (2010) More from other references Green orthoclase: moderate green Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification Fluorescence (Short Wave UV) (2010) More from other references Weak blue or cream. Occasionally weak-to-strong reddish Fluorescence (Long-Wave UV) orange. Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Crystallography of Orthoclase Monoclinic Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification Crystal System (2010) More from other references Tabular Habit Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Geological Environment Orthoclase is a component of many rocks and is typically Where found: found in acidic and alkaline igneous rocks particularly in granite pegmatites and syenites. 451

Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Inclusions in Orthoclase -emptyFurther Information Orthoclase information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities

Mineral information: Austria Salzburg Hohe Tauern Habach valley

[var: Adularia]

Nasenkopf Leckbachscharte Burma (Myanmar) Mandalay Division Pyin-Oo-Lwin District Mogok Township

[var: Moonstone] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Bernardmyo Injauk Lay-tha-apya-taw [var: Moonstone] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Chaung-gyi [var: Moonstone] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Gurkha-konzan Lisu-konzan [var: Moonstone] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Shan-konzan [var: Moonstone] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Kin (Guard Post) [var: Moonstone] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Kin-ko-lan-bauk Kyatpyin Central Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Inn-gaung-pyant Pingu-taung-pyant Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Kyatpyin North [var: Moonstone] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Bawmar (Baw Mar 452

mine) Kyauk-Pyat-That [var: Moonstone] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & Kabaing (Ka-Pine; mines of Mogok Khabine) Thurein-taung [var: Moonstone] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Marble Ark [var: Moonstone] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ohn-bin-Kyatpyin Win-hta-yan [var: Moonstone] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & (Fence) mines of Mogok Mogok Valley Dattaw Hill

[var: Moonstone] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Dattawmid Dattawpyant & [var: Moonstone] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & Datta mines of Mogok wchaun g Le-U-le-taw [var: Moonstone] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Lin-yaung-chi [var: Sanidine] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & (Bright Light mines of Mogok Rays) Mintada (King's [var: Moonstone] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & Bridge) mines of Mogok Myaw-pyet [var: Moonstone] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Myaw-taung [var: Moonstone] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Nga-yant-inn (old [var: Moonstone] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & Pan-sho; mines of Mogok Padan-sho) Ohn-bin-ywehtwet [var: Moonstone] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & (Coconut Tree mines of Mogok mine) Shon-ban-gyi [var: Moonstone] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Shon-ban-lay [var: Moonstone] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok 453

Shon-daw-myaing [var: Moonstone] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Shwe-pyi-aye [var: Moonstone] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Yebu-kalar-gon [var: Moonstone] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Yebu-thapanbin[var: Moonstone] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & kyar mines of Mogok (Thabapin) Yebu (Hot Water) [var: Moonstone] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Pein-Pyit (Painpyit; Pyan Pyit) [var: Moonstone] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Htan-yan-sho Kyini-taung [var: Moonstone] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Pein-pyit-le-taw Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Pyant Gyi mine [var: Moonstone] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & (Pyan Gyi) mines of Mogok Madagascar Tuléar Province (Toliara) Anosy Region (Fort Dauphin Region) Betroka District

[var: Sanidine]

Mahasoa East Commune Benono Itrongay (Itrongahy)

[var: Sanidine]

Sri Lanka Sabaragamuwa Province Ratnapura District Ratnapura Gem gravels USA California El Dorado Co. Mount Tallac

[var: Moonstone] Gemexplorer.org

[var: Adularia] [var: Adularia] Rogers, Austin Flint (1912), Notes on rare minerals from California: Columbia University, School of Mines Quarterly: 33: 376; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 184. 454

Fallen Leaf Lake South side of Fallen Leaf Lake Unnamed Gemst one occurr ence Zimbabwe Mashonaland West Karoi District (Urungwe; Hurungwe District)

Gemstones, Arthur Thomas, 2008, p.147

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-3026.html 50. Pearl

Pearl is a mixture of mineral and organic material formed with the soft living tissue of a shelled mollusk. Chemically pearls are made of calcium carbonate (mainly aragonite or a mixture of aragonite and calcite). Pearls have been used for adornment for 6,000 years. Pearls do not require any processing because they show full gloss and attractive lustre in their natural state. Pearls are used as gemstones, but are not regarded as true minerals due to their organic origin. Physical Properties of Pearl 2.5 to 4.5 Mohs Hardness Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references 455

2.60 to 2.85 Specific Gravity Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references None Cleavage Quality Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Uneven Fracture Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Optical Properties of Pearl 1.52 to 1.66 Refractive Index Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Black: 1.53 - 1.69More from other references 0.156 Birefringence Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Absent Pleochroism Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) None Dispersion Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Colour White, pink, silver-, cream-, golden-coloured, green, blue, black. Colour (General) Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Translucent,Opaque Transparency Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Fluorescence & other light emissions White pearls: common light blue to light yellow; Yellow and golden pearls: yellowFluorescence (Longgreen, greenish brown to dark brown; Black: commonly pink to (orangy)-red Wave UV) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Crystallography of Pearl Orthorhombic Crystal System Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Geological Environment Formed by saltwater oysters, some fresh-water mussels and more rarely by other Where found: shellfish. Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Further Information Mineral Pearl information at mindat.org information: Significant Gem Localities Australia Northern Territory

456

Arafura Sea French Polynesia Tuamotu-Gambier Tuamotu Archipelago (Tuamotus)

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-42674.html 51. Peridot (Olivine)

Peridot is a gem-quality Olivine. The name "Peridot" is believed to have originated from the Arabic word faridat, meaning "gem", or alternatively, as the Oxford English Dictionary suggests, it came from classical Latin pæderot - a kind of opal. The colour of peridot gems can vary from yellow- to olive- to brownish-green, depending on quantity of iron in the crystal structure. The most valued colour is a dark olive-green. General Information Varieties/Typ Fayalite - An iron-dominant olivine mineral. es: Forsterite - A magnesium-dominant olivine mineral. Other Names/Trade Olivine Names: Chemical Formula

(Mg,Fe)

2

SiO

4 Physical Properties of Peridot

Mohs Hardness Specific Gravity

6.5 to 7 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 3.27 to 3.48 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 457

Tenacity Cleavage Quality Fracture

Refractive Index Optical Character Birefringence

Pleochroism Dispersion Chatoyancy

Colour (General) Causes of Colour Transparency

Lustre

Fluorescence (General) Crystal System

Brittle Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Indistinct Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Conchoidal Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Optical Properties of Peridot 1.650 to 1.710 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Biaxial/+ Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 0.035 to 0.038 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) DoublingMore from other references Weak: yellow-green - green - (colorless) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 0.020 Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Rarely star 4/6 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Colour Green, yellow-green, brown-green Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Yellowish green, Fe2+ in octahedral series coordination. Green, Fe2+ with minor amounts of Cr3+ in octahedral coordination W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Transparent Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Vitreous,Greasy Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Fluorescence & other light emissions None Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Crystallography of Peridot Orthorhombic Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 458

Habit

More from other references Short, compact prisms, vertically striated. Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Spectrographic Data

Calculated Spectra: Peridot - Locality: Pakistan Click spectra for more information Peridot - Locality: Pakistan Inclusions in Peridot Disk-like "lily pad", black chromite octahedrons, glassy rounded drops - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p 4 Discoidal cracks often with a dark chromite crystal at the centre (lily pads), needle-like inclusions, healing cracks, minute fluid droplets - Gemmological Tables, Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, 2004, p 17 Further Information Mineral Peridot information at mindat.org information: Significant Gem Localities Burma (Myanmar) Mandalay Division Pyin-Oo-Lwin District Mogok Township

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Bernardmyo Htin-shu-taung Le-taw Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Panlin Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Pyaung Gaung Kammerling et al. (1994) Zalat-taung Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok China Jilin Province (Manchuria; Dongbei Region) Jilin Prefecture

Henn (1999)

459

Jiaohe Co. Jiaohe peridot deposit Egypt Red Sea St John's Island (Zagbargad; Zabargad; Zebirget; Seberged; Topazios)

Brooker et al. (2004)

Ethiopia Sidamo-Borana Province Megado

Kammerling and Koivula (1995)

Megado-Mega area Kyrgyzstan Naryn Oblast Dolon paleovalley Norway Møre og Romsdal Vanylven

[var: Forsterite] mindat.org

Gusdal Olivine Pit (Åheim Olivine Pit) Pakistan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (North-West Frontier Province) Mansehra District

gemexplorer.org

Kaghan Valley Naran Sapat Gali (Soppat; Suppat; Sumpat; Sumput)

Hammer (2004)

Sri Lanka Sabaragamuwa Province Ratnapura District [var: Forsterite] Ratnapura Gem gravels 460

USA Arizona Gila Co. San Carlos Indian Reservation gemexplorer.org

San Carlos Peridot Mesa (Peridot occurrence 38)

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-7710.html 52. Prehnite

Prehnite is named after Dutch Colonel Hendrik Von Prehn, and was first described in 1789 for an occurrence in Haslach, Harzburg and Oberstein, Germany. Individual crystals are rare. Faceted gems are seldom fully transparent and don't show "fire". Prehnite is usually cut into cabochons or carved. Extensive deposits of gem quality prehnite occur near Wave Hill Station in the central Northern Territory, of Australia. Prehnite cat's is known. General Information Chemical Formula

Ca

2

Al

2

Si

3

O

10

(OH)

2

Physical Properties of Prehnite 461

Mohs Hardness

Specific Gravity Tenacity Cleavage Quality

Fracture

Refractive Index

Optical Character

Birefringence

Pleochroism

Dispersion

Chatoyancy

Colour (General)

Transparency

Lustre

6 to 6.5 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 2.80 to 2.95 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Brittle Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Good Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Uneven Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Optical Properties of Prehnite 1.611 to 1.673 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Biaxial/+ Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 0.021 to 0.039 Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Absent Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references None Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Yes Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Colour Oily yellowish-(greenish) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Translucent Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Usually translucentMore from other references Vitreous,Pearly Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Fluorescence & other light emissions 462

None Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Crystallography of Prehnite Orthorhombic Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Radiating fibrous aggregate Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Geological Environment Occurs as a secondary or hydrothermal mineral in veins or cavities in mafic volcanic rocks or in granite gneisses or syenites Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Further Information Prehnite information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities

Fluorescence (General)

Crystal System

Habit

Where found:

Mineral information: Australia Northern Territory

Gemstones of the world, W. Schumann, 2001, p.188

Victoria-Daly Shire Wave Hill Canada Québec Estrie Les Sources RCM Asbestos

Gems, Sixth Edition, Michael O’Donoghue, 2006, p. 440

Jeffrey Mine (JohnsManville Mine) USA Virginia Fairfax Co. Culpeper Basin

Gems, Sixth Edition, Michael O’Donoghue, 2006, p. 440

Centreville

463

Fairfax quarry (Centreville Quarry; Sisslers Quarry)

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-3277.html 53. Pyrite The name pyrite derived from Greek - fire, as it produces sparks when knocked. Because of its similarity to gold, pyrite is often called Fool's gold. It is metallic shiny and has pale brass-yellow hue. General Information Other Names/Trade Iron Pyrites Names: Chemical Formula

FeS

2 Physical Properties of Pyrite

Mohs Hardness

Specific Gravity Tenacity Cleavage Quality

Fracture

Refractive Index

Optical Character Birefringence

6 to 6.5 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 5.00 to 5.20 Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Brittle Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Indistinct Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Uneven,Conchoidal Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Optical Properties of Pyrite Cannot be determined Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Isotropic Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references None Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) 464

Absent Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) None Dispersion Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Colour Brassy yellow to silver Colour (General) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Opaque Transparency Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Metallic Lustre Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Strong metallic lusterMore from other references Fluorescence & other light emissions None Fluorescence (General) Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Crystallography of Pyrite Isometric Crystal System Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Pyritohedral, octahedral, penetration and contact twins and granular and stalactitic Habit masses are also common Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) More from other references Geological Environment Pyrite forms under a number of different conditions and in many different Where found: rock types. Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Further Information Mineral information: Pyrite information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities Pleochroism

Burma (Myanmar) Mandalay Division Pyin-Oo-Lwin District Mogok Township

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Chaung-gyi

465

Kyauk-wa Kyauk-Pyat-That Kabaing (KaPine; Khabine) Marble Ark

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Bawpadan Kyauk-poke (Rotten Stone) Mogok Valley

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Lin-yaung-chi Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok (Bright Light Rays) Shwe-pyi-aye Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Peru Huánuco Department Dos de Mayo Province Huallanca District Huanzala Mine

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-3314.html 54. Pyrope-Spessartine

Pyrope-Spessartine is a Garnet intermediate in composition between Pyrope (magnesium aluminium garnet) and Spessartine (manganese aluminium garnet). 466

Pyrope-Spessartine presents a colour change under different sources of light. General Information A variety or type of: Garnet Varieties/Types: Umbalite - A light pink to purple pyrope, originally from the Umba River, Tanzania. Chemical Formula

Mg

3

Al

2

(SiO

4

)

3

-Mn

2+ Al (SiO ) 3 2 4 3

Physical Properties of Pyrope-Spessartine 7 to 7.5 Gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) 3.62 to 4.33 Specific Gravity Gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) Brittle Tenacity Gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) None Cleavage Quality Gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) Uneven,Conchoidal Fracture Gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) Optical Properties of Pyrope-Spessartine 1.730 to 1.820 Refractive Index Gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) Isotropic Optical Character Gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) 0.022 to 0.027 Dispersion Gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) Colour Transparent Transparency Gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) Vitreous Lustre Gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) Crystallography of Pyrope-Spessartine Isometric Crystal System Gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) Further Information Mineral information: Pyrope-Spessartine information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities Mohs Hardness

Tanzania

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-42911.html 467

55. Quartz

Quartz (named after a Slavic word for "hard") is the most common mineral found on the surface of the Earth. A significant component of many igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks, this natural form of silicon dioxide is found in an impressive range of varieties and colours.

Varieties/Types:

General Information Amethyst - A purple variety of Quartz. Ametrine - A mixture of Amethyst and Citrine in the same crystal. Aqua Aura - Clear quartz artificially coated with thin layer of metal to turn it iridescent. Chalcedony - A cryptocrystalline variety of Quartz. Agate - A banded variety of Chalcedony. Iris Agate - An iridescent variety of Agate. Onyx - A monochromatic Agate with black and white banding. Sardonyx - A monochromatic Agate with red/brown and either black or white banding. Binghamite - Chatoyant Chalcedony with fibres of hematite/goethite. Bloodstone - A dark green/greenish-blue Chalcedony with small red blood-like spots. Carnelian - A red to orange variety of Chalcedony. Chrome-Chalcedony - Emerald green Chalcedony, colored by chromium. Chrysocolla Chalcedony Chrysoprase - A green Chalcedony coloured by inclusions of Ni minerals. Dendritic Agate - A chalcedony containing contrasting branching, or dendritic, mineral inclusions. Moss Agate - A translucent chalcedony containing green strands of chlorite. Fire Agate - A variety of Agate containing iridescent spheroids of limonite. Jasper - Jasper is a dense, opaque, microcrystalline variety of Chalcedony. Dallasite - A variety of Jasper from Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Orbicular Jasper - Jasper containing numerous spherical inclusions. Petrified Wood - A decorative type of fossil wood where the original organic material has been replaced - usually by chalcedony, agate, opal, etc. Pietersite - Chalcedony with embedded fibers of amphibole minerals, causing chatoyancy. Sard - A brown to brownish-red translucent variety of Chalcedony. 468

Citrine - A yellow to yellow-orange or yellow-green variety of Quartz. Iris Quartz - A quartz showing rainbow colours. Mystic Quartz - Clear cut quartz coated with thin layer of titanium on pavilion. Prase - Prase is a leek-green variety of Quartz. Prasiolite - A green variety of Quartz. Rock Crystal - A transparent colourless variety of Quartz. Rose Quartz - Pink variety of Quartz. Rutilated Quartz - A clear Quartz shot through with golden needles of rutile. Smoky Quartz - Smoky-grey, brown to black variety of Quartz. Morion - Sometimes synonymous with Smoky quartz, but often reserved for nearly black Smoky quartz. Tiger's Eye - Chatoyant yellowish-brown variety of Quartz. Falcon's Eye - Trade name for a blue variety of Tiger's Eye. Chemical Formula

SiO

2 Physical Properties of Quartz

Mohs Hardness

Specific Gravity Cleavage Quality Fracture

Refractive Index Optical Character Birefringence Pleochroism Dispersion

Colour (General)

7 to 0 Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references 2.65 Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references None Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Conchoidal Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) More from other references Optical Properties of Quartz 1.544 to 1.553 Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Uniaxial/+ Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) 0.009 Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Weakly dichroic Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) 0.013 Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) More from other references Colour Brown, black, colourless, green, pink, violet, white, yellow, orange, purple Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) 469

Violet to purple (amethyst), O2+→Fe4+ charge transfer, due to irradiation. Blue, inclusions of blue dumortierite or tourmaline. Green ("greened amethyst" or prasiolite, Fe2+. Green (aventurine quartz), chromian mica (fuchsite) inclusions. Greenish yellow, color center. Yellow to orange (citrine), O2-→Fe3+ charge transfer, various Al3+ related color centers. Smokey (smoky quartz), color center Causes of Colour related to the Al3+ impunity. Pink (rose quartz), charge transfer between a substitutional Ti4+ and an interstitial Ti3+ unstable color center O- ion bridging between substitutional aluminum and substitutional phosphorus atom; dumortierite inclusions. White (milky quartz), scattering of light by inclusions larger than the visible wavelengths. W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Transparent,Translucent,Opaque Transparency Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Vitreous Lustre Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Fluorescence & other light emissions Shows no fluorescence Fluorescence (General) Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Crystallography of Quartz Trigonal Crystal System Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Prismatic Habit Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Geological Environment Quartz occurs in epithermal veins; it is a characteristic mineral of granites and Where found: granite pegmatites and is found in sandstones and quartzites. It occurs in hydrothermal metal deposits and in carbonate rocks where it is common. Significant Gem Localities Afghanistan Ghazni Province (Gazni Province) Qarabagh District Zarkashan Mt (Zarkishen; Zerkishen)

[var: Amethyst] Laurs (2002)

Maquar Bolivia Santa Cruz Department Chiquitos Province

Collyer et al. (1994)

470

Rincón del Tigre Sandoval Province La Gaiba District

[var: Amethyst] Laurs (2001, 2010)

Anahi Mine (Anay Mine; Anai Mine) Ayoreita mine [var: Amethyst] Laurs (2001, 2010) Pobre mine (Mina Pobre) [var: Amethyst] Laurs (2001, 2010) Brazil Bahia Caetité

[var: Amethyst] Couto (2000) Brejinho das Ametistas

Minas Gerais Doce valley Conselheiro Pena

[var: Citrine] Macri et al. (2006)

Ferruginha Sapo Mine Macaco mine

Macri et al. (2006)

Galiléia Sapucaia do Norte

[var: Rose Quartz] Wilson (1999)

Sapucaia Mine (Proberil mine) Jequitinhonha valley Coronel Murta

Macri et al. (2006)

Morro Redondo mine Paraíba Borborema mineral province Junco do Seridó

[var: Citrine] Kievlenko E.Ya., Geology of gems, 2003, p. 113

Seridozinho pegmatite Rio Grande do Sul

[var: Amethyst] Priester (1999)

471

Alto Uruguai region Ametista do Sul Planalto Erechim (Erichim) Palmeira das Missões (Palmeiras) Passo Fundo

[var: Amethyst] Balzer (1999) [var: Amethyst] Rocks & Min.:5:131. [var: Amethyst] Rocks & Min.: 5:131. [var: Amethyst] Rocks & Min.:5:131.

Bela Vista (Bella Vista) Salto do Jacuí Rondônia Porto Velho

[var: Amethyst]

[var: Amethyst] R. Batista and D. Epstein (2000)

Cacharai mine (Caxarai; Caxarari) Burma (Myanmar) Mandalay Division Pyin-Oo-Lwin District Mogok Township

[var: Citrine] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Bernardmyo Ah-chauk-taw Injauk Panlin Pyaung Gaung Zalat-taung

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok [Chalcedony var: Chrysoprase] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok [Chalcedony var: Chrysoprase] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Chaung-gyi Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Chaung-gyi-ah-leywa Gurkha-konzan Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Lisu-konzan Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Kin (Guard Post) Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Kin-ko-lan-bauk Kyatpyin North [var: Smoky Quartz] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems Bawmar (Baw Mar & mines of Mogok mine) Kyauk-sin (Rock Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Elephant) Pan-taw (Pandaw) Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok 472

Pazun-seik (PazonTed Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Seit) Kyauk-Pyat-That [var: Amethyst] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & Kabaing (Ka-Pine; mines of Mogok Khabine) Sakangyi (Sakhan[var: Rock Crystal] Kammerling et al. (1994) gyi) Thit-seint-kone Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Thurein-taung Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Yadanar-kadaykadar Loke-khetTed Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok inn (Work site No. 1) Marble Ark Pyaung-pyinTed Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok ahnout (Pyaung-pein west) Mogok Valley Dattaw Hill Dattawmid Dattawpyant & Datta wchaun g Le-U-le-taw Lin-yaung-chi (Bright Light Rays) Mintada (King's Bridge) Myaw-pyet Nga-yant-inn (old Pan-sho; Padan-sho)

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

473

Ohn-bin-ywehtwet (Coconut Tree mine) Shon-ban-gyi Shon-ban-lay Shon-daw-myaing Shwe-pyi-aye

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok [var: Amethyst] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ye-bauk-thayar Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Yebu (Hot Water) Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok On-dan Hanamataw-lay (Royal Small Sister) Pein-Pyit (Painpyit; Pyan Pyit)

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Htan-yan-sho Ko-miles-le-taw Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Mansin/Thetkachan (Mansi; Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Mance/Thetkachan) Pyant Gyi mine Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok (Pyan Gyi) Yamethin District Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Yamethin Township Sagaing Division Katha District Wuntho Choukpazat Cambodia Rattanakiri Province (Ratanakiri Province; Rotanokiri Province) Bo Kham Canada Ontario

[var: Amethyst] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

[var: Amethyst] Ngu and Ngoc (1986) Ngu and Ngoc (1986)

[var: Amethyst] Garland (2004) Thunder Bay District McTavish Township

[var: Amethyst] Sinkankas (1997) 474

Ontario Gem Mine Thunder Bay Amethyst Mine (Amethyst Mine [var: Amethyst] Sinkankas (1997) Panorama) Czech Republic Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen) Hradec Králové Region [Chalcedony var: Jasper] No reference listed Jičín (Jitschin; Gitschin) Doubravice India Madhya Pradesh Burhanpur District Kenya Eastern Province Kitui District

[var: Amethyst] S. Fernandes (1999) [var: Iris Quartz]

[var: Amethyst] Henn and Milisenda (2001)

Baobab Mine Madagascar Antananarivo Province Analamanga Region Ankazobe Pegmatite Field

[var: Rose Quartz] Madagascar - extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 44

Anjozorobe District Miakanjovato pegmatite Antsahalava pegmatite

[var: Amethyst] Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 44

Vakinankaratra Region Betafo District Mahaiza Commune

[var: Rose Quartz] E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 112

Tsaramanga pegmatite (Tongafeno pegmatite) Mandoto District [var: Citrine] Danet (2009) Anjoman-dRamartinina 475

Commune Bevitsika Massif Vorondolo pegmatite district

Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 50

Antsiranana Province Diana Region (Northern Region)

[var: Amethyst] Pezzotta (1999)

Ambilobe District Sava Region (Northeastern Region) Andapa District

[var: Smoky Quartz] Danet (2009)

Andapa Pegmatite Field Ankitzka Vohémar District

[var: Smoky Quartz]

Andravory Pegmatite field

[var: Rose Quartz] Madagascar - extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 41

Fianarantsoa Province Amoron'i Mania Region [var: Rose Quartz] Pezzotta (1999) Ambositra District Tsimanahy Atsimo-Atsinanana Region [var: Citrine] Pezzotta (2001) Isahara Pegmatite Field Horombe Region Ranohira District Ilakaka Commune

[var: Amethyst] Madagascar - extraLapis English No.1, p. 92

Ilakaka gem deposit Mahajanga Province (Majunga) Betsiboka Region Tsaratanàna District

[var: Smoky Quartz] Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 43

Andriamena Commune Mahabé-South

476

pegmatite Sofia Region Analalava District [Chalcedony var: Jasper] mindat.org Ambolobozo Marovato Toamasina Province (Tamatave) Alaotra-Mangoro Region [var: Amethyst] Aurisicchio et al. (1999) Andilamena District Andilamena (Anohlamena) Lac Alaotra (Lake Alaotra) [var: Smoky Quartz] Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 46 Lac Alaotra Chrysoberyl Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. Pegmatites 46 Mexico Guerrero Mun. de Zumpango del Rio Amatitlán Amatitlán Mine

[var: Amethyst] Ontiveros et al. (2004)

[var: Amethyst] Ontiveros et al. (2004)

Morocco Meknès-Tafilalet Region Khénifra Province Midelt

[Chalcedony var: Jasper] mindat.org Upper Moulouya lead district Aouli

Mozambique Zambezia Province Alto Ligonha District Murrua (Morrua; Morrua Mine) Nanro Pegmatite (Nacuissupa Pegmatite; Naquissupa Pegmatite)

Bettencourt-Dias and Wilson (2000)

[var: Rose Quartz] Bettencourt-Dias and Wilson (2000)

Namibia 477

Erongo Region Brandberg area

[var: Amethyst]

Goboboseb Mts Platveld Mine Netherlands Gelderland

[var: Amethyst] Michelou (2006)

[Chalcedony var: Jasper] mindat.org IJssel river Nigeria Taraba State [var: Amethyst] Laurs and Koivula (2003) Jalingo Peru Ancash Department [var: Amethyst] Casma Pallasca Province Pasto Bueno District Arequipa Department Caraveli Province

[Chalcedony var: Chrysocolla Chalcedony]

Acarí Huancavelica Department Castrovirreyna Province Castrovirreyna District Pampa Blanca Huancavelica Province Ascencion District [Chalcedony var: Agate] Yauricocha Parish Yanacodo Huánuco Department [Chalcedony var: Jasper] Tantamayo rhodonite occurrence Ica Department

478

Pisco Umay Lily Mine (Lilly Mine) Junín Department Yauli Province Morococha District Ticlio Mine La Libertad Department Sanchez Carrion Province Huamachuco Mundo Nuevo Mundo Nuevo Mine Lima Department Cañete Province

[Chalcedony var: Jasper]

Miraflores jasper occurrence Pasco department Pasco province Huayllay district Huaron mining district Alimon Mine (Animon Mine) Puno Department [Chalcedony var: Jasper] Jasper occurrence Poland Lower Silesia (Dolnośląskie) Ząbkowice District

[Chalcedony var: Chrysoprase] Gemstones of the world, Walter Schumann (2001)

Ząbkowice (Frankenstein) Portugal

479

Beja District Mértola [Chalcedony var: Jasper] mindat.org Alcaria Ruiva Balança Mine Russia Eastern-Siberian Region Prebaikalia (Pribaikal'e) Irkutskaya Oblast' Zheleznogorsk

Smith and Smith (1995)

Korshunovskoye Iron mine (Korzunovskoe ; Korzhunovska; Korshunovskiy) Sakha Republic (Saha Republic; Yakutia) [var: Amethyst] V. Bukanov (1999) Obman Far-Eastern Region Magadanskaya Oblast'

[var: Amethyst] P. Lyckberg (2009)

Kedon Northern Region Murmanskaja Oblast' Kola Peninsula

[var: Amethyst] V. Bukanov (1999)

Tersky Bereg Korabl Cape Urals Region Southern Urals [var: Amethyst] Chelyabinsk Oblast' Sanarka

480

Orenburgskaya Oblast' Orsk

[Chalcedony var: Jasper] Занимательная минералогия, Ферсман А., 1953, стр. 50

Polkovnik Mt South Korea Gyeongsangnam-do (Kyongsang-namdo) [var: Amethyst] Yang et al. (2001) Eonyang Sri Lanka Sabaragamuwa Province Ratnapura District Ratnapura Gem gravels

[Chalcedony var: Carnelian]

[var: Amethyst]

Tanzania Dodoma Region Mpapwa District (Mpwampwa) Dirlam et al. (1992) Mpapwa Rubeho Mtn UK Scotland Buchan Grampian (Banffshire)

[var: Smoky Quartz] No reference listed

Cairngorm Tayside (Angus) Montrose Usan

[Chalcedony var: Agate] [Specimen in the Natural History Museum, London]

Blue Hole Ukraine Zhytomyr Oblast' (Zhitomir Oblast') Volodarsk-Volynskii (Volodars'k-Volyns'kyy; Wolodarsk-Wolynskii)

Smith and Smith (1995)

Uruguay Artigas Department [var: Amethyst] Gilg et al. (2003) Artigas Santa Ana Quarry

[var: Amethyst] mindat.org 481

USA Arizona Maricopa Co. Mazatzal Mts [var: Amethyst] Lowell and Koivula (2004)

Four Peaks Four Peaks Amethyst Mine (Arizona Amethyst Mine) Navajo Co. Holbrook Petrified Forest National Park

[Chalcedony var: Petrified Wood] Gemstones of the world, Walter Schumann, 2001, p.148

[Chalcedony var: Petrified Wood]

Petrified Forest California Imperial Co. Jacumba Mts Jacumba District Boulder Park

[Chalcedony] U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.

Unnamed Gemst one prospe ct Inyo Co. Amargosa Range

[Chalcedony var: Jasper] Symons, Henry Heilbronner (1940), Quartz gem stones of Black Mts California: Rocks & Minerals: 15: 41; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): Jubilee Pass California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin Unnamed 189: 317. Gemst one 482

occurr ence [2] Kern Co. Kramer District

[Chalcedony var: Petrified Wood]

Boron San Diego Co. San Ysidro Mts Dulzura

[Chalcedony] Kunz, George Frederick (1906), Precious stones: Mineral Resources U.S., 1905: 1323-1358; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Southeast of Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Dulzura Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines Unnamed & Geology Bulletin 189: 318. gemst one occurr ence Santa Clara Co. [Jasper var: Orbicular Jasper] Melhase, John (1934), A diversity of many fine minerals Santa Cruz Mts available in California for collectors: Oregon Mineralogist: 2(7): 7; Mineralogist, The (1935): 3(3): 34; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb Paradise Valley (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines Unspecified & Geology Bulletin 189: 318; Gemstone www.cst.cmich.edu/users/dietr1rv/jasper.htm occurrence Siskiyou Co. [Chalcedony var: Bloodstone] Symons, Henry Cascade Range Heilbronner (1940), Quartz gem stones of California: Rocks & Minerals: 15: 41; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of Bogus Mountain California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): Bogus Mountain California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 318. gemstone occurrence Klamath Mts Cinnabar Camp Unnamed Gemstone occurrence (1)

[Chalcedony var: Agate] U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.

483

Tulare Co.

[Chalcedony var: Chrysoprase] Tucker, W. Burling (1919), El Dorado, Lassen, Modoc, Tehama, and Tulare Counties: California Mining Ivanhoe Bureau. Report 15: 911; MacFall (1951), Gem Hunter's Guide, 1st ed.; Goodwin, Joseph Grant Venice Hills (1958), Mines and mineral resources of Tulare Unnamed Semi- County, California: California Journal of Mines and Geology (Report 54): 54(3): 344; Murdoch, precious Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of Gemstone occurrence [1] California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 318; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 350, 424. Tennessee Knob [Chalcedony var: Chrysoprase] Kunz, George Frederick (1899), Precious stones: Mineral Deer Creek Chrysoprase Resources U.S., 1898: 589; Tucker, W. Burling (1919), Tulare Counties: California Mining Mine (Chrysoprase workings; Gemstone Bureau. Report 15: 911; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, occurrence) Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 318.

Georgia Wilkes Co.

[var: Amethyst] Laurs (2005)

Jacksons Crossroads Minnesota [Chalcedony var: Binghamite] Gemstones of the world, W. Schumann, 2001, p. 204

Crow Wing Co. Cuyuna North Range Montana Lewis and Clark Co. East Helena Eldorado Bar

[Chalcedony] E.Ya. Kievlenko (2003) Geology of gems, p. 70

Eldorado Bar deposit (Eldorado Strip Mine) Nevada

[Chalcedony var: Petrified Wood] Gemstones of the world, Walter Schumann, 2001, p.148

484

Humboldt Co. Virgin Valley District North Carolina Cleveland Co. Shelby (Tarper Mine) Old Plantation Mine Plantation Emeral d Mine Utah Iron Co. Unknown Gemstone Occurrence (MRDS - 10090815) Juab Co. Thomas Range Topaz Mountain

[Chalcedony] U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.

[Chalcedony var: Agate] U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.

Unnamed Agate deposit

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-3337.html 56. Rhodochrosite (Manganesespar)

485

Rhodochrosite (Greek - rose coloured) is usually raspberry red and pink colour. The aggregates are light-dark stripes with zigzag bands. Transparent crystals are rare. General Information Chemical Formula

Mn

2+

CO

3

Physical Properties of Rhodochrosite Mohs Hardness

Specific Gravity Tenacity Cleavage Quality Fracture

Refractive Index

Optical Character

Birefringence

Pleochroism

4 Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references 3.45 to 3.70 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Brittle Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Perfect Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Uneven,Conchoidal Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Optical Properties of Rhodochrosite 1.578 to 1.820 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) BlinkingMore from other references Uniaxial/Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 0.208 to 0.220 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) DoublingMore from other references Distinct: pinkish-red - colorless/light pink Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references

486

0.015 Dispersion Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Colour Pinkish to red Colour (General) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Pink to red, Mn2+ in octahedral coordination, with minor Fe2+ Mn3+ in Causes of Colour octahedral coordination W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Transparent Transparency Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Vitreous,Resinous Lustre Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Fluorescence & other light emissions Under both forms of UV there is a pink response from the mineral as a Fluorescence (General) whole though individual specimens may not show much. Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Fluorescence (Long-Wave Inert to yellow UV) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Crystallography of Rhodochrosite Trigonal Crystal System Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Commonly aggregates with botryoidal forms Habit Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Geological Environment Rhodochrosite occurs as a primary mineral in low- to moderatetemperature hydrothermal veins, also in metamorphic deposits and in Where found: carbonatites. Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Further Information Mineral information: Rhodochrosite information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities Argentina Catamarca Saadi and Grasso (1992) Andalgalá Department Capillitas Mine

Gems, Sixth Edition, Michael O’Donoghue, 2006, p. 443

Burma (Myanmar) 487

Mandalay Division Pyin-Oo-Lwin District Mogok Township

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Kyatpyin North Pan-taw (Pandaw) Pazun-seik (PazonTed Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Seit) China Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Wuzhou Prefecture Cangwu Co. Liubao Wutong Mine (Wudong Mine) Japan Hokkaido Shiribeshi Province Shakotan peninsula

Gems, Sixth Edition, Michael O’Donoghue, 2006, p. 443

Furubira Inakuraishi mine Peru Ancash Department Aija Province Huaraz La Merced Huinac mine

488

(Winac mine) Pallasca Province Pasto Bueno District Huayllapon Mine Gems, Sixth Edition, Michael O’Donoghue, 2006, p. (Huallapon Mine) 443 Huancavelica Department Huancavelica Province Ascencion District Yauricocha Parish Carmen Huyaco Junín Department Yauli Province Morococha District Austria Duvas mine Manuelita Mine Lima Department Oyon Province Uchucchacua Mine South Africa Northern Cape Province Kalahari manganese field Hotazel

Gems, Sixth Edition, Michael O’Donoghue, 2006, p. 443

Hotazel Mine Kuruman N'Chwaning Mines

Gems, Sixth Edition, Michael O’Donoghue, 2006, p. 443

N'Chwaning I Mine N'Chwaning II Gems, Sixth Edition, Michael O’Donoghue, 2006, p. Mine 443 USA 489

Colorado Park Co. Alma District Mount Bross

Gems, Sixth Edition, Michael O’Donoghue, 2006, p. 443

Sweet Home Mine (Home Sweet Home Mine)

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-3406.html 57. Rhodolite

Purplish red or rose-color Garnet between pyrope and almandine in composition. General Information A variety or type Almandine-Pyrope, which is a variety of Garnet of: Physical Properties of Rhodolite 7 to 7.5 Mohs Hardness Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 3.84 +/Specific Gravity Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Optical Properties of Rhodolite Refractive Index 1.760 +/490

Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Isotropic Optical Character Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Anomalous double refraction Colour Red, brownish-red, violet-red Colour (General) Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) (Dark) red Colour (Chelsea Filter) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Reddish purple, Fe2+ in distorted cubic coordination Causes of Colour W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Transparent Transparency Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Crystallography of Rhodolite Isometric Crystal System Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Inclusions in Rhodolite Orientied rutile needles, apatite, undulatory extinction - Gemmological Tables, Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, 2004, p 25 Further Information Mineral information: Rhodolite information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities Kenya Rift Valley Province Turkana District Barot (1993) Lodwar Lokirima Mozambique Niassa Province J. Marques (2009) Cuamba Sri Lanka Central Province G. Zoysa (2009) Elahera District

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-6719.html 491

58. Rhodonite

The name Rhodonite derived from Greek "rhodon" - rose. It has dark red colour with black dendritic inclusions of manganese oxide. Transparent crystals are rare and seldom exceed 1g in weight but they can be cut as excellent gems. General Information Chemical Formula

Mohs Hardness

Specific Gravity

Cleavage Quality Fracture

Refractive Index

Optical Character

Birefringence

(Mn,Fe,Mg,Ca)SiO

3

Physical Properties of Rhodonite 5.5 to 6.5 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 3.40 to 3.76 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Perfect Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Conchoidal Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Optical Properties of Rhodonite 1.711 to 1.752 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Biaxial/+ Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 0.010 to 0.014 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 492

Pleochroism Dispersion

Colour (General)

Causes of Colour

Transparency Lustre

Fluorescence (General)

Crystal System

Habit

Where found:

Mineral information:

Distinct: yellowish-red - pinkish-red - yellowish-red Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references None Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Colour Red, gray-red - (opaque); red, orange-red (transparent) Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Pink, Mn2+ in octahedral coordination, with minor Fe2+. Mn3+ in octahedral coordination W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Opaque Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Vitreous,Dull (Earthy) Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Fluorescence & other light emissions Inert Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Crystallography of Rhodonite Triclinic Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Commonly tabular or cleavable masses. Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) More from other references Geological Environment Rhodonite occurs in manganese deposits formed by hydrothermal contact and regional metamorphism. Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Further Information Rhodonite information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities

Australia New South Wales Yancowinna Co.

Gems, Sixth Edition, Michael O’Donoghue, 2006, p. 444

Broken Hill Brazil Minas Gerais

Gems, Sixth Edition, Michael O’Donoghue, 2006, p. 444 493

Conselheiro Lafaiete (old Queluz de Minas) Morro da Mina Mine Peru Huánuco Department Tantamayo rhodonite occurrence Lima Department Oyon Province Uchucchacua Mine Russia Urals Region Middle Urals Sverdlovskaya Oblast' Ekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk)

Gems, Sixth Edition, Michael O’Donoghue, 2006, p. 443

Kurganovo Kurganovskoe deposit Sedel'nikovo Gems, Sixth Edition, Michael Malosedel'nikovskoeO’Donoghue, 2006, p. 444 deposit USA California MacFall, 1951. Gem Hunter's Guide, 1st ed.; Bradley, W.W. (1936), Thirtysecond report of the State Klamath Mts Mineralogist: California Division Mines Report 32: 217; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Happy Camp Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Greens Bar placer Division Mines & Geology Bulletin Unnamed Gemstone 189: 323. occurrence (4)

Siskiyou Co.

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-3407.html 494

59. Rose Quartz

Rose quartz (named after its pink colour) is a type of Quartz which exhibits a pale pink to rose red hue. Rose quartz is often crackled, usually a little turbid. Colour can fade. Traces of included rutile needles cause 6-rayed stars when cut en cabochon. General Information A variety or type Quartz of: Chemical Formula SiO

2 Physical Properties of Rose Quartz

Mohs Hardness Specific Gravity Tenacity Cleavage Quality Fracture

Refractive Index Birefringence Pleochroism Dispersion Chatoyancy

7 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 2.65 Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Brittle Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Very brittle None Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Conchoidal Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Optical Properties of Rose Quartz 1.544 to 1.553 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 0.009 Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Weak: pink - pale pink Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) None Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Star 4/6 495

Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Common star effect under transmitted light Colour Strong pink, pale pink. Colour (General) Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Pink, charge transfer between a substitutional Ti4+ and an interstitial Ti3+ unstable color center O- ion bridging between substitutional aluminum and Causes of Colour substitutional phosphorus atom; dumortierite inclusions. W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Translucent Transparency Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Commonly cloudy (semi-transparent) Fluorescence & other light emissions Inert to weak purple Fluorescence (General) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Crystallography of Rose Quartz Trigonal Crystal System Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Prisms, mostly compact Habit Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Further Information Mineral information: Rose Quartz information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities Brazil Minas Gerais Doce valley Galiléia Wilson (1999) Sapucaia do Norte Sapucaia Mine (Proberil mine) Burma (Myanmar) Mandalay Division Pyin-Oo-Lwin District Mogok Township

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Kyauk-Pyat-That

496

Kabaing (KaPine; Khabine) Yamethin District Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Yamethin Township Madagascar Antananarivo Province Analamanga Region Ankazobe Pegmatite Field

Madagascar - extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 44

Anjozorobe District Miakanjovato pegmatite Vakinankaratra Region Betafo District Mahaiza Commune

E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 112

Tsaramanga pegmatite (Tongafeno pegmatite) Vorondolo pegmatite district Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 50 Antsiranana Province Sava Region (Northeastern Region) Vohémar District

Madagascar - extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 41

Andravory Pegmatite field Fianarantsoa Province Amoron'i Mania Region Pezzotta (1999) Ambositra District Tsimanahy Mozambique Zambezia Province

Bettencourt-Dias and Wilson (2000)

497

Alto Ligonha District Murrua (Morrua; Morrua Mine) Nanro Pegmatite (Nacuissupa Pegmatite; Naquissupa Bettencourt-Dias and Wilson (2000) Pegmatite) Sri Lanka Sabaragamuwa Province Ratnapura District Ratnapura Gem gravels

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-3456.html 60. Rutilated Quartz

Rutilated quartz, is a variety of Quartz with needle-like rutile inclusions, embedded in it. The rutile needles can be reddish, golden, silvery, or very rarely greenish. General Information A variety or type of: Quartz Chemical Formula

Mohs Hardness Specific Gravity

SiO

2 Physical Properties of Rutilated Quartz 7 to 0 Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) 2.65 Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) 498

Cleavage Quality Fracture

Refractive Index Optical Character Birefringence Dispersion

Colour (General) Transparency Lustre

Crystal System Habit

None Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Conchoidal Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Optical Properties of Rutilated Quartz 1.544 to 1.553 Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Uniaxial/+ Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) 0.009 Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) 0.013 Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Colour Brown, black, colourless, green, pink, violet, white, yellow, orange, purple Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Transparent,Translucent,Opaque Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Vitreous Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Crystallography of Rutilated Quartz Trigonal Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Prismatic Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Inclusions in Rutilated Quartz

Golden needles of rutile. Mineral information:

Further Information Rutilated Quartz information at mindat.org

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-3485.html

61. Sapphire

499

The name Sapphire derives from Greek "sappheiros" - blue. In antiquity, any blue stone such as lazurite, was called Sapphire. At first only the blue variety was called Sapphire. Today corundums of gemstone quality of all colours except red are called Sapphire. The most desired colour is a pure cornflower-blue. Some blue and grayish-blue Sapphires (Sri Lanka, Thailand, Tanzania, Colombia, and others) exhibit a reddish or violetred tint under artificial light - the alexandrite effect which is caused by admixtures of chromium and vanadium, the intensity is related to the concentration of these elements. Inclusions of rutile needles cause a silky shine; aligned needles cause a six-rayed star sapphire. Sapphires are commonly worn in jewelry. Because of remarkable hardness (9 in Mohs Scale), Sapphires are used in some non-ornamental applications (scientific instruments, high-durability windows, etc.) General Information A variety or type of: Corundum Padparadscha - A salmon-pink coloured Sapphire. Varieties/Types: Star Sapphire - A chatoyant sapphire showing asterism. Chemical Formula

Al

2

O

3

Significant stones Image

Name

Weight Country of Origin

Black Star of Queensland, Star Sapphire

733.00 cts Australia

Star of India

563.35 cts Sri Lanka

Logan sapphire

422.99 cts Sri Lanka

Current Owner Smithsonian Institute

500

Burma (Myanmar)

Star of Asia

330.00 cts

Pride of Queensland

169.00 cts Australia

Ceylon

151.00 cts Sri Lanka

Midnight Star

116.75 cts Sri Lanka

Stewart (Stuart) Sapphire

104.00 cts

British Crown

Click here to view all significant Sapphire gemstones Sapphire Treatments Star-diffusion(titanium): Surface-diffusion on a gem already cut into cabochon shape: strong star effect occuring at and just below the surface. Fiber-optic light: shallow fuzzy whitish surface layer. Very fine "silk", thin fabric structure. In most cases, unlike natural, the rays do not show a 90° orientation to color zoning (crystal faces). Diffusion (beryllium): Most corundum with orangy hue, strong bi-coloration and saturated colours, typically yellow, orange, red-orangy, orangy-pink, pink-purple, hot pink, and padparadscha colour are beryllium treated. Other colours may also result or be improved by this treatment (typically ruby, blue and green sapphires): standard tests are limited especially for clean light gems. Very high heat treatment is required to diffuse the colouring agent into the gem. Resulting inclusions are distorted melted guest crystals such as white formless zircon (often with gas bubble). Most melted crystals are surrounded by discoid fractures often with dendritic pattern (partial recrystallization); they often show a cottony appearence. Dot-like inclusions are common. Colour concentration may be seen arround melted guest crystal. Colour zone following the shape of the gem (rim with distinct coloration from core): immersion in methylen iodide (or coconut/baby oil), diffused transmitted light, frosted complementary colour filters (blue for yellow-orangy). YELLOW - Heat-treated: darken temporarily if heated (spoon and lighter 2 min or 15 min within 1 cm of 150W spot light). Yellow-orangy once produced by irradiation: colour fading permanently if heated. Diffusion: colourless to yellow-orangy rim, blue haloes/spots (internal diffusion). Synthetic overgrowth can often be seen at girdle and culet: roiled appearance in transmitted light, light areas between crosspolarizing filters. BLUE – Heat-treated: dot-like partially dissolved “silk”, rounded melted crystals surrounded by discoid fractures, diffused colour banding, blue spots. 501

GRAYISH-BLUE and WHITISH to WHITE, semitransparent sapphires with silky lustre due to rutile microinclusions, called "geuda" in Sri Lanka, become transparent and acquire a beautiful, bright blue colour after calcination at temperatures of 1600°C and higher. This is caused by the resorption of rutile and transfer of Ti4+ ion into the crystal lattice of corundum. This Ti4+, in combination with Fe2+, produces a colour centre. The intensity of the acquired colour is related to the ratio of iron and titanium admixtures in the initial raw material. Increased iron content results in an excessively dark colour (Harder, 1992). Some COLOURLESS and PALE YELLOW iron-bearing sapphires (Sri Lanka and others) become bright yellow after annealing in oxidizing conditions due to an increase in the number of chromophore centres Fe3+ and Fe3++Fe3+. Surface diffusion: looking table down with diffused transmitted light (immersion): colour concentration at facet junctions, in cracks, around girdle (cabs), uneven facet to facet colour distribution. May show natural colour zoning. THERMAL DIFFUSION method is more universal and is suitable for treatment of pale-coloured sapphires, which are depleted in iron or do not contain oriented inclusions. In these cases the cut sapphires are exposed to a long (one day and more) exposure to temperatures of 1800 to 1900°C in a powder of titanium and iron oxides. Chromium oxide is used to produce pink and red colours, strontium for orange, cobalt for bright blue, etc. The diffusion of chromophore elements produces colour in a thin superficial layer of sapphire to a depth of tenths of a millimeter (Hanni, 1982). In the 1980s the world market was saturated with annealed light blue and blue sapphires, which caused problems in distinguishing them from rare and more expensive stones with natural colour. "Fire marks", the discoid cracks of internal tension, are easily observed at medium magnification; the complete disappearance of CO2 inclusions; melted surfaces of large solid inclusions; the occurence of a network of small, thin channels; the sharp contrast between coloured and almost colourless zones; the decrease of dichroism, etc. are evidence of thermal processing. - E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 41 Sapphire Simulants Some imitations are made from doublets-blue cobalt glass with a crown of garnet or a crown of green sapphire and a pavillion of synthetic blue sapphire. Lately doublets have appeared using 2 small natural sapphires. - Gemstones of the world, Walter Schumann, 2001, p 86 Physical Properties of Sapphire 9 Mohs Hardness Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 3.95 to 4.03 Specific Gravity Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Brittle Tenacity Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) None Cleavage Quality Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Fracture Uneven,Conchoidal 502

Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Optical Properties of Sapphire 1.762 to 1.788 Refractive Index Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Uniaxial/Optical Character Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 0.008 to 0.009 Birefringence Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Pink sapphires - strong: pink - pinkish-red; Orange/brown stones - distinct: brownish-orange - orangy to colorless; Yellow sapphires - weak: light yellow - yellow-(orangy); Violet/purple sapphires - distinct: bluish-purple - yellow-brown/orange; Blue Pleochroism sapphires - strong: dark (violetish) blue - greenish-blue; Green sapphires - distinct: yellow-green - green to blue-green Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 0.018 Dispersion Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Star 6 - (rare)12 Chatoyancy Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Colour Blue in various tones, colorless, pink, orange, yellow, green, purple, black Colour (General) Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references In artificial incandescent light, some sapphires can appear to be Colour (Incandescent Light) ink-colored or black-blue. Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Green synthetic: usually red. Pink: reddish. Colour (Chelsea Filter) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) The coloring agents in blue sapphire are iron and titanium; and in violet stones, vanadium. A small iron content results in yellow Causes of Colour and green tones; chromium produces pink, iron, and vanadium orange tones. Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Transparent,Translucent,Opaque Transparency Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Subadamantine,Vitreous,Pearly Lustre Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Pearly on parting surfaces Fluorescence & other light emissions 503

Green synthetic: commonly orange to dark red. Yellow/orange: inert to strong orange. Pink: inert to orangy-red; synthetic: Fluorescence (General) commonly strong orangy-red. Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Colorless: mostly inert, sometimes dark red-(orangy), synthetic: common (chalky) blue. Green: inert to weak orangy-red. Yellow/orange synthetic: (very) weak yellowish-orange to Fluorescence (Short Wave UV) pinkish-red. Blue: weaker if any; Synthetic: mostly chalky blue(green). Heat-treated blue: the colorless portions of the gem may fluoresce chalky blue-(green) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Colorless: inert to orangy-red; colorless synthetic: inert. Green: inert. Yellow/orange synthetic: strong yellowish to reddish Fluorescence (Long-Wave UV) orange. Blue: inert to orangy-red. Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Crystallography of Sapphire Trigonal Crystal System Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Doubly pointy, barrel-shaped, hexagonal pyramids, tabloidshaped Habit Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Geological Environment Host rocks of sapphire are dolomotized limestones, marble, Where found: basalt, or pegmatite. It is mined mainly from alluvial deposits or deposits formed by weathering, rarely from the primary rock. Inclusions in Sapphire Partially healed fractures ("fingerprint", "fly's wing"), rutile needles ("silk") intersecting at 60°-120° and other guest crystals. For pink stone: cluster of transparent rounded or angular crystals (zircon) - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p. 2 Further Information Sapphire information at Mineral information: mindat.org

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-3529.html 62. Spessartine

504

The name is a derivative of Spessart in Bavaria, Germany, the type locality of the mineral. Spessartine is an orange to red-brown colour variety of Garnet. Physical Properties of Spessartine 7 to 7.5 Mohs Hardness Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 4.12 to 4.18 Specific Gravity Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Brittle Tenacity Anthony et al, Handbook of mineralogy (2001) None Cleavage Quality Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Conchoidal Fracture Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) More from other references Optical Properties of Spessartine 1.789 to 1.820 Refractive Index Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Isotropic Optical Character Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Anomalous double refractionMore from other references 0.027 Dispersion Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Colour Yellowish-orange, orange, orange-red, red, brownish-red Colour (General) Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Orange, Mn2+ in distorted cubic coordination Causes of Colour W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Transparency Transparent 505

Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Vitreous Lustre Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Fluorescence & other light emissions Inert Fluorescence (General) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Crystallography of Spessartine Isometric Crystal System Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Dodecahedral, trapezohedral Habit Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) More from other references Geological Environment Common in granite pegmatites, granites, and rhyolites. Formed in some skarns and metasomatic manganese-rich rocks adjacent to igneous intrusions or in Where found: regionally metasomatized areas. Anthony et al, Handbook of mineralogy (2001) Inclusions in Spessartine "Fingerprint" (made up of 2 phase inclusions), rutile needles - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p. 3 Further Information Mineral information: Spessartine information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities Afghanistan Konar Province (Kunar Province; Konarh Province; Konarha Province; Nuristan) Chapa Dara District

Quinn and Laurs (2004)

Dara-i-Pech pegmatite field (Darra-i-Pech; Darra-ePech; Pech; Peech; Page) Burma (Myanmar) Mandalay Division Pyin-Oo-Lwin District

Kyi et al. (2005)

Mogok Township Kyatpyin North Pazun-seik (Pazon-

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

506

Seit) China Fujian Province Zhangzhou Prefecture Yunxiao Co. Ottens (2004) Tongbei Wushan Spessartine Mine Madagascar Antananarivo Province Vakinankaratra Region Betafo District Mahaiza Commune

E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 112

Tsaramanga pegmatite (Tongafeno pegmatite) Namibia Kunene Region Palfi (2005) Marienfluss Nigeria Oyo State Iseyin Pakistan Gilgit-Baltistan (Northern Areas)

Michelou (2007) Michelou (2007)

Baltistan Skardu District Blauwet (2008) Braldu Valley Hoh Nala Seydar Sri Lanka

507

Sabaragamuwa Province Ratnapura District Ratnapura Gem gravels Tanzania Arusha Region Loliondo

Pardieu (2007)

Nani Hill USA California San Diego Co. Ramona District Laurs and Knox (2001) Ramona Little Three Mine (Little 3 mine) Warner Springs District Chihuahua Valley Carmelita Mine (Big Spring mine; Blue Gem claim; Crest Gem mine; Elinor mindat.org deposit; Elinor mine; Estudillo mine; French Pete mine; MS 6130; Peter Cabat mine) 508

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-3725.html

63. Spinel

Spinel classifies a whole group of related minerals; only a few are of gemstone quality. The species gemologists designate as spinel occurs in all colors, the favorite being a ruby-like red. Large stones are rare.

Varieties/Types:

General Information Ceylonite - A spinel containing Fe2+ Gahnospinel - A Spinel rich in zinc Pleonaste - Iron rich Spinel.

Chemical Formula

MgAl

2

O

4

Significant stones Image

Name

Weight

Catherine the Great's Ruby

414.30 cts

Timur Ruby

361.00 cts

Catherina Spinel

146.43 cts

Country of Origin Afghanistan

Current Owner

Russian State

The British Crown.

Tajikistan

Unknown

509

Black Prince's Ruby

Afghanistan

Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom

Synthetic Spinel Synthetic spinel (flux grown): colour - red, blue; Transparent; Hardness 8; RI 1.716 -1.719; Isotropic; SG 3.58 - 3.62; Inclusions: flux residues; Fluorescence for red synthetic spinel: SW and LW - red. Synthetic spinel (flame fusion grown): All colours; Transparent, (opaque: lapis lazuli-like); Hardness 8; RI 1.720 - 1.740; Isotropic; SG 3.58 - 3.80; Inclusions: gas bubbles, rarely curved growth lines, distinct anomalous birefringence (undulatory extinction); Fluorescence: Colourless: LW commonly green, SW commonly white to bluish; Blue: LW occasionally red, SW occasionally blue; Green: SW commonly green; Yellow: LW and SW commonly green; Yellow-green: LW commonly green; Red: LW and SW commonly red - Gemmological Tables, Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, 2004, p 22, 23 Physical Properties of Spinel 8 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification Mohs Hardness (2010) More from other references 3.54 to 3.70 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification Specific Gravity (2010) More from other references Indistinct Cleavage Quality Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Conchoidal Fracture Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Optical Properties of Spinel 1.710 to 1.735+ Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification Refractive Index (2010) More from other references Isotropic Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification Optical Character (2010) Anomalous double refractionMore from other references Absent Pleochroism Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) 0.020 Dispersion Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Rare star 4/6 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification Chatoyancy (2010) More from other references Colour 510

Red, pink, orange, blue, violet, blue-green Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Colour (General) Tables (2004) More from other references Pink to red: inert to fluorescent red. Rare cobalt blue: reddish. Colour (Chelsea Filter) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Violet to purple, Cr3+ in octahedral coordination and Fe2+ in tetrahedral coordination. Cobalt blue, Co2+ and Fe2+ in tetrahedral coordination. Bluish green Fe3+ and Fe2+ in tetrahedral coordination. Green (synthetic Causes of Colour spinel), Cr3+ in octahedral coordination. Pink to red, Cr3+ in octahedral coordination W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Transparent Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Transparency Tables (2004) More from other references Vitreous Lustre Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Fluorescence & other light emissions Red spinel: strong - red; blue spinel: weak - reddish, Fluorescence (General) green. Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Pink to red: inert to reddish. Blue: inert. Rare cobalt blue: normally inert. Fluorescence (Short Wave UV) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Pink to red: inert to red-(orangy). Blue: greenish. Rare cobalt blue: weak to moderate red. Colorless and light green: inert to moderate orangy-red. Fluorescence (Long-Wave UV) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references There is a moderate glow of crimson colour for red and pink spinels. Some purple to mauve specimens Fluorescence (X-RAY) glow plum-colour to lilac. Other specimens respond green. Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Crystallography of Spinel Isometric Crystal System Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification 511

(2010) More from other references Octahedra though some specimens may show dodecahedron or cube faces. Habit Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) More from other references Geological Environment Spinel is formed at high temperatures as an accessory in igneous rocks, in regionally and contact Where found: metamorphosed limestones and in other contexts. Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Inclusions in Spinel (Parallel rows of) tiny octahedrons - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p 3 Spinel octahedrons, boehmite tubes, apatite, octahedral negative crystals, healing cracks Gemmological Tables, Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, 2004, p 21 Further Information Mineral information: Spinel information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities Afghanistan Kabol Province (Kabul Province) Surobi District (Sorobi District)

Hughes (1994)

Jegdalek ruby deposit (Jagdalek; Jagdalak; Jagdalik) Burma (Myanmar) Kachin State Mohnyin District (Moe Hnyin District) Hpakant Township (Hpakan; Phakant; Phakan)

Smith and Bosshart (2001)

Nanyazeik (Nayazeik; Naniazeik; Nanyarseik) Mandalay Division Pyin-Oo-Lwin District Mogok Township

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Bernardmyo Ah-chauk-taw 512

Htan-saing Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Htin-shu-myaing Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Htin-shu-taung Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Injauk Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Lay-bauk (TaungTed Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok me) Lay-tha-anee-taw Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Le-taw Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Panlin Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Chaung-gyi Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Chaung-gyi-ah-leywa Gurkha-konzan Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Kyauk-wa Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Mana-Lisu Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Shan-konzan Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Wa-hkan-sho Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Kathé (Kathe) Kyauk-paukkyatpyin Lu-hta-pyant Tagaung-nanndaing Kin (Guard Post)

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Kin-ko-lan-bauk Kyatpyin Central Baw-lon-gyi (Big Ball)

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Baw-longyi east Baw-longyi west Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok (Bonlon west) Baw-lon-lay Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok (Small Ball) Gyoung-U-bar Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Inn-gaung-pyant Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Pingu-taungTed Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok 513

pyant Pingu-taung west Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Sinkwa (east) Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ye-U-gyi (Big Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Water Well) Kyatpyin North Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Bawmar (Baw Mar mine) Kyauk-sin (Rock Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Elephant) Pan-taw Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok (Pandaw) Kyauk-Pyat-That Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ah-tet-inbyae (Open Pit) Gwebin (Gwe Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Tree) Kabaing (Ka-Pine; Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Khabine) Kyauk-pyat-thatTed Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok atay-pyant Thit-seint-kone Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Thurein-taung Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Myan Gyi mine (Myai ngGyi mine ) Wet-loo (Wetloo) Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Yadanar-kadaykadar LokekhetTed Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok inn (Wor ksite No. 1) Lone-sho (Wor Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok ksite No. 514

2) Marble Ark Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Bawpadan Chin-theit-taung (Lion's Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok mountain) Dan-dagu-taung Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Kolan Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Kyauk-poke (Rotten Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Stone) Kyauk-sar-taung Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Kyauk-saungTed Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Kyatpyin Kyauk-saung Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Kyi-taung (Clear Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Mountain) Myeme (Black Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Earth) Maynetaung (Red Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Grou nd Hill) Pyarswelsho (Bee Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok hive Gully ) Ohn-bin-Kyatpyin Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Pyaung-pyinahnout Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok (Pyaung-pein west) Pyaung-pyin Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Sin-thébyant Than-tayar (Hundred Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Billions) Thé-dut-shoTed Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Kyatpyin 515

(Night-bird) Win-hta-yan Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok (Fence) Yankin-taung Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok (Safe Hill) Mogok Valley Dattaw Hill DattawpyantTed Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok & Datta wchau ng Dattawuppe Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok r Ha-pha-lar-sho Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ho-mine-sho Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Lay-bin-sin Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Le-U-le-taw Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Le-U-thet-kachan Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Lin-yaung-chi (Bright Light Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Rays) Mintada (King's Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Bridge) Myaw-pyet Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Nga-yant-inn (old Pan-sho; Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Padan-sho) Oak-saung-taung (Oh Saung Taung; Phayartaung) Ohn-bin-ywehtwet Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok (Coconut Tree mine) Shon-ban-gyi Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Shwe-daing Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Shwe-pyi-aye Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ye-bauk-thayar Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Yebu-kalar-gon Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok 516

Yebu-thapanbinkyar Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok (Thabapin) Yebu (Hot Water) Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok On-dan Hanamataw-lay Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok (Royal Small Sister) Pein-Pyit (Painpyit; Pyan Hughes (1997) Pyit) Anyant-taung Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok (Hmya-taung) Htan-yan-sho Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ko-miles-le-taw Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Mansin/Thetkachan (Mansi; Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Mance/Thetkachan) Pein-pyit-le-taw Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Pyant Gyi mine Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok (Pyan Gyi) SSNPLO mines Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Yamethin District Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Yamethin Township Sagaing Division Katha District Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Wuntho Choukpazat Cambodia Krong Pailin Municipality (Pailin Municipality) Hughes (1994) Pailin District China Fujian Province Sanming Prefecture Mingxi Co. Hainan Province (Hainan Island) Ding'an Co.

517

Penglai Penglai Gem deposit Jiangsu Province Nanjing Prefecture Luhe District Madagascar Fianarantsoa Province Horombe Region Ranohira District

Milisenda et al. (2001)

Ilakaka Commune Ilakaka gem deposit Tuléar Province (Toliara) Anosy Region (Fort Dauphin Region)

[var: Pleonaste] Pezzotta (1999)

Betroka District Pakistan Gilgit-Baltistan (Northern Areas) Gilgit District Hunza Valley Ganesh

Hammer (2004)

Russia Eastern-Siberian Region Sakha Republic (Saha Republic; Yakutia) Aldan Shield Evseev (1994)

Aldan Emeldzhakskoe phlogopite deposit (Emel'dzhak) Far-Eastern Region

518

Primorskiy Kray Roshchino Kedrovaya river Nezametnoe deposit (Nezametny gold mine) Sri Lanka Central Province G. Zoysa (2009) Elahera District Sabaragamuwa Province Ratnapura District Balangoda Rakwana Ratnapura Gem gravels

Dissanayake et al. (2000)

Dissanayake et al. (2000) Dissanayake et al. (2000) [var: Gahnospinel]

Uva Province Badulla District

Milisenda and Henn (1999)

Badulla Tajikistan Viloyati Mukhtori Gorno-Badakhshan (Viloyati Badakhshoni Kuni) Pamir Mts Khorog Region Shakhdara Range Lyangar corundum occurrence Pyandzh River Valley Gemexplorer.org Kukh-i-Lal (Kukhilal; Kuhilal) Gem spinel Bowersox and Chamberlin (1995) deposit Tanzania 519

Morogoro Region Mahenge

Hyrsl (2001)

Chipa Ipanko Ketuti Mbarabanga

Hyrsl (2001) Hyrsl (2001) Quinn and Laurs (2004)

Ruvuma Region Pardieu (2007) Tunduru Thailand Kanchanaburi Province Bo Phloi District Bo Phloi Trat Province Bo Rai District Bo Rai Bo Waen Nong Bon Mines USA California San Luis Obispo Co. San Luis Obispo Unnamed Gemstone occurrence Vietnam Yenbai Province (Yen Bai Province) Luc Yen An Phu (Anfu) Luc Yen Mine

Kunz, George Frederick (1883), American gems and precious stones: Mineral Resources U.S., 1882: 486; Kunz, George Frederick (1905a), Gems, jewelers’ materials, and ornamental stones of California: California Division Mines Bulletin 37, 171 pp.: 47; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 346. Pardieu and Senoble (2005) Pardieu and Senoble (2005) Gemexplorer.org

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-3729.html 64. Spodumene 520

The name refers to the mineral spodumene (Greek - ash-colored) because the common non-gem crystals are mostly opaque, white to yellowish. For a long time gem verieties have been known as hiddenite and kunzite; since the 1970s some isolated transparent colorless varieties have been found. Most recently light yellow and green varieties have also been known. Rarely displays the cat's eye effect.

Varieties/Types:

General Information Hiddenite - Pale-to-emerald green variety of Spodumene. Kunzite - A pink gem variety of Spodumene.

Other Names/Trade Triphane Names: Chemical Formula

LiAlSi

2

O

6

Physical Properties of Spodumene Mohs Hardness

Specific Gravity Tenacity Cleavage Quality Fracture

Refractive Index

6 to 7 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 3.15 to 3.21 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Brittle Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Perfect Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Easy and perfect prismatic cleavageMore from other references Splintery Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Optical Properties of Spodumene 1.657 to 1.681 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 521

Biaxial/+ Optical Character Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 0.014 to 0.016 Birefringence Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Yellow stones - distinct: very light yellow - yellow - deep yellow Pleochroism Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 0.017 Dispersion Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Colour Colourless, green, lilac, pink, white, yellow Colour (General) Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Purple to pink (kunzite), Mn3+ in tetrahedral coordination, Mn3+ in octahedral coordination. Emerald green (hiddenite), Cr3+ in octahedral coordination with also unstable Mn4+ color center; V3+ in octahedral coordination. Paler green, Causes of Colour unstable Mn4+ in octahedral coordination plus Fe2+→Fe3+ charge transfer; Fe3+ in octahedral coordination. Greenish yellow to brownish orange, color center of unknown structure W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Transparent Transparency Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) More from other references Vitreous Lustre Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Fluorescence & other light emissions Fluorescence (Short Much weaker orange-yellow Wave UV) Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Yellowish-green stone: inert to weak orangy-yellow Fluorescence (LongHerve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Wave UV) More from other references Yellow-green spodumene gives a fairly strong glow but with no phosphorescence Fluorescence (X-RAY) or change of colour. Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Crystallography of Spodumene Monoclinic Crystal System Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Highly characteristic flattened and striated prismatic Habit Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) More from other references Geological Environment Where found: Spodumene is a common constituent of lithium-rich granite pegmatites. 522

Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Inclusions in Spodumene Growth and etch tubes, healing cracks, liquid and multi-phase inclusions - Gemmological Tables, Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, 2004, p 18 Further Information Mineral information: Spodumene information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities Afghanistan Konar Province (Kunar Province; Konarh Province; Konarha Province; Nuristan) Chapa Dara District

[var: Kunzite] E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 110

Dara-i-Pech pegmatite field (Darra-i-Pech; Darra-ePech; Pech; Peech; Page) Nuristan Province (Nurestan Province; Nooristan Province; Nuristan) Du Ab District

[var: Kunzite] Bowersox and Chamberlin (1995)

Nilaw-Kolum pegmatite field Kolum pegmatites Mawi pegmatite Nilaw pegmatites Wama District (Vama District) Kantiwa pegmatite field (Kantiway)

[var: Kunzite] Bowersox and Chamberlin (1995) [var: Kunzite] Bowersox and Chamberlin (1995) [var: Kunzite] Bowersox and Chamberlin (1995)

Brazil Minas Gerais Doce valley [var: Kunzite] Proctor (1985) Água Boa Urupuca mine Conselheiro Pena Proctor (1985) Barra do Cuité Galiléia Urucum mine (Tim mine; Córrego do

[var: Kunzite] Proctor (1985)

523

Urucum pegmatite) Resplendor

[var: Kunzite] Proctor (1985) [var: Kunzite] E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 110

Madagascar Antananarivo Province Vakinankaratra Region Sahatany Pegmatite Field (Mt Ibity area)

Lefevre and Thomas (1997)

Sahatany Valley Pakistan Gilgit-Baltistan (Northern Areas) Astor District (Astore District) Astor valley (Astore valley)

E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 110

Bulochi (Balochi; Balche; Bulache; Bulachi; Drot Balachi) Sri Lanka Sabaragamuwa Province Ratnapura District [var: Kunzite] Ceylon Aluvial Mine, (Book, Co. 2002) Ratnapura Gem gravels USA California San Diego Co. Pala District Pala [var: Kunzite] Sinkankas (1997) Tourmaline Queen Mountain (Pala Mtn; Queen Mtn)

524

Stewart Mi ne (M S 616 2; Ste wa rt Lith ia mi ne) North Carolina Alexander Co. [var: Hiddenite] Rocks & Min.:60:84. Hiddenite Emerald Valley Mine Rist Mine (North America Emerald Mine)

[var: Hiddenite] Rocks & Minerals 79:5 p 344; Rocks & Min. (2007) 82:243

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-3733.html 65. Sunstone (Aventurine feldspar)

Sunstone is a plagioclase feldspar that has red, more rarely green or blue glitter which is caused by light reflections from tiny hematite or goethite platelets. The name derives from sunstones believed to have been used for navigation in the Middle Ages. 525

Sunstone is the official gemstone of Oregon, USA. General Information A variety or type of: Feldspar Chemical Formula

(Ca,Na)(Al,Si)

2

Si

2

O

8

Physical Properties of Sunstone 6 to 6.5 Mohs Hardness Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 2.62 to 2.67 Specific Gravity Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Brittle Tenacity Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Perfect Cleavage Quality Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Splintery Fracture Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Optical Properties of Sunstone 1.525 to 1.552 Refractive Index Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Biaxial/Optical Character Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 0.007 to 0.010 Birefringence Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Weak or absent Pleochroism Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) None Dispersion Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Colour Reddish-brown, brownish-red, golden brown. Aventurescent Colour (General) Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Translucent,Opaque Transparency Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Fluorescence & other light emissions Dark brown-red Fluorescence (General) Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) 526

Crystal System Habit

Mineral information:

Crystallography of Sunstone Triclinic Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Rare, solid aggregates Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Further Information Sunstone information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities

Australia Northern Territory Central Desert Shire Harts Range (Harts Ranges; Hartz Range; Hartz Ranges)

Brown and Bracewell (1984)

Kong Mines USA Oregon Harney Co.

Johnston et al. (1991)

Ponderosa Sunstones Mine (Pinkie Nos. 1-4 Claims) Lake Co. Plush

Henn and Bank (1992) Dust Devil Mine

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-10984.html

66. Tanzanite

527

Tanzanite is called after the East African state of Tanzania, it was discovered in the Mererani Hills of Northern Tanzania in 1967. Tanzanite is the blue-purple variety of Zoisite, it is noted for its remarkably strong trichroism, appearing sapphire blue, violet and burgundy depending on the position of crystal. Tanzanite also appears differently when viewed under alternate lighting conditions. In good quality the colour is ultramarine to sapphire blue; in artificial light, it appears more amethyst violet. Tanzanite is universally heat treated to produce a range of hues between bluish-violet to violetish-blue, it has no effect on price. General Information A variety or Zoisite type of: Chemical Formula

Ca

2

Al

Mohs Hardness

Specific Gravity Tenacity Cleavage Quality Fracture

Refractive Index Optical Character

3

(SiO

4

)

3

(OH)

Physical Properties of Tanzanite 6.5 to 7 Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references 3.35 Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Brittle Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Perfect Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Uneven Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Optical Properties of Tanzanite 1.685 to 1.707 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Biaxial/+ 528

Birefringence

Pleochroism

Dispersion Chatoyancy

Colour (General)

Causes of Colour

Transparency

Fluorescence (General) Fluorescence (Long-Wave UV)

Crystal System Habit

Where found:

Mineral information:

Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 0.006 to 0.013 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Violet/purple stones - strong trichroism: strong blue - purple - greenish (to brownish) yellow; Blue stones - strong: strong blue - purple greenish-yellow Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 0.030 Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Yes Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Colour Sapphire blue, amethyst, violet Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Blue, (heat treated), V4+ in octahedral coordination; with V3+ in octahedral coordination. Brown-violet, V3+ in octahedral coordination (treatment turns blue). Green, Cr3+ in octahedral coordination. W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Transparent Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Fluorescence & other light emissions Inert Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Rare bluish Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Crystallography of Tanzanite Orthorhombic Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Multifaced prisms, mostly striated Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Geological Environment Tanzanite occurs in calcareous rocks, including metamorphosed dolomite and calcareous shales subjected to regional metamorphism. Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Further Information Tanzanite information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities 529

Tanzania Manyara Region Simanjiro District Lelatema Mts

Malisa (2003)

Merelani Hills (Mererani) A-Block Mine B-Block Mine C-Block Mine D-Block Mine Mawaya pit Samax Mine

Malisa (2003) Malisa (2003) Malisa (2003) Malisa (2003) Malisa (2003)

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-3885.html 67. Thulite

Dense, opaque, pink or mottled pink-and-white variety of Zoicite that was first found in Norway and named after Thule, the ancient name for that country. Thulite is used as a gemstone and carving material in the manufacture of jewellery and ornamental objects. Physical Properties of Thulite 6 to 7 Mohs Hardness Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 3.1 Specific Gravity Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Perfect Cleavage Quality Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004)

530

Conchoidal Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Optical Properties of Thulite 1.695(+/-) Refractive Index Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Biaxial/+ Optical Character Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 0.006 to 0.013 Birefringence Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Colour Pink to red variety of zoisite, often mottled white and gray Colour (General) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Pink, Mn3+ in presumably octahedral coordination Causes of Colour W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Opaque Transparency Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Crystallography of Thulite Orthorhombic Crystal System Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Massive Habit Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Further Information Mineral information: Thulite information at mindat.org Fracture

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-3955.html 68. Tiger's Eye

Tiger's eye is a variety of Quartz which exhibits a fascinating and constantly shifting light effect since the alternating silky gold and brown bands keep reversing their appearance with the slightest change in 531

position of the light source or of the stone. This effect is caused by parallel intergrowth of Quartz crystals and altered amphibole fibres that mostly turned into limonite. Tiger's eye was believed to be a Quartz pseudomorph after the blue asbestos known as crocidolite. The iron from the decomposed crocidolite has oxidized to a brown colour, keeping the fibrous structure. Recently Heaney and Fisher (2003) gave another interpretation of Tiger's eye origin: ".. we argue that tiger's-eye classically exemplifies synchronous mineral growth through a crack-seal vein-filling process." Tiger's Eye is widely used as an ornamental and lapidary rock. General Information A variety or type Quartz of: Varieties/Types: Falcon's Eye - Trade name for a blue variety of Tiger's Eye. Chemical Formula SiO

2

Mohs Hardness

Specific Gravity Cleavage Quality Fracture

Refractive Index

Optical Character Birefringence Pleochroism Dispersion Chatoyancy

Physical Properties of Tiger's Eye 6.5 to 7 Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references 2.58 to 2.64 Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references None Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Conchoidal Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Optical Properties of Tiger's Eye 1.534 to 1.540 Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Uniaxial/+ Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) None Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Absent Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) None Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Chatoyant Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Colour 532

Gold-yellow, gold-brown Colour (General) Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Opaque Transparency Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Vitreous Lustre Gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) Fluorescence & other light emissions None Fluorescence (General) Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Crystallography of Tiger's Eye Trigonal Crystal System Gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) Fibrous aggregate Habit Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Further Information Mineral information: Tiger's Eye information at mindat.org

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-3960.html 69. Topaz

Topaz is named from Greek "topazion" for a type of gemstone, probably after Sanskrit "tapas" fire, alluding to the brilliance of gem-quality material. Topaz has been known from antiquity. Pure topaz is colorless and transparent but is usually tinted by impurities; typical topaz is wine, yellow, pale gray, reddish-orange, or blue brown. It can also be white, pale green, blue, gold, pink (rare), reddish-yellow or opaque to transparent/translucent. Varieties/Types:

General Information Imperial Topaz - Strong orange, pinkish or red topaz. 533

Mystic Topaz - Topaz artificially coated with titanium or another metal to give a multicoloured sheen. Chemical Formula

Al

2

SiO

4

(OH,F)

2

Physical Properties of Topaz Mohs Hardness

Specific Gravity

Cleavage Quality Fracture

Refractive Index

Optical Character

Birefringence

Pleochroism

Dispersion

Colour (General)

Causes of Colour

8 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 3.49 to 3.57 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Perfect Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Conchoidal Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Optical Properties of Topaz 1.606 to 1.644 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Biaxial/+ Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 0.008 to 0.011 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Pink topaz - distinct: colorless - pale pink - pink; Red topaz - distinct: dark red - yellow - pinkish-red; Orange/brown - distinct: yellow-brown - brown; Yellow topaz - weak: pale yellow - honey-yellow - yellow; Violet/purple topaz - distinct: colorless - pale pink - purple; Blue topaz - weak: colorless - (pinkish) - bluish; Green topaz weak: colorless - light green - blue-green Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 0.014 Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Colour Colourless, yellow, yellow-brown, reddish-brown, blue, green, pink, red, violet Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Blue, color centers of unknown structure. Green, yellow and blue color centers. Yellow, color center of unknown nature. Orange ("imperial topaz"), yellow color center and Cr3+ in octahedral coordination. Pink, Cr3+ - in 534

octahedral coordination. Reddish brown ("sherry topaz"), yellow and red color centers. W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Transparent Transparency Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Vitreous Lustre Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Fluorescence & other light emissions Pink: weak - brown; Red: weak - yellow-brown; Yellow: weak - orange-yellow Fluorescence (General) Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Colorless, blue: inert to yellow-(greenish); golden, brownish, pink: often Fluorescence (Longyellow-orangy Wave UV) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Crystallography of Topaz Orthorhombic Crystal System Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Prisms with multi-faceted ends, often 8-sided in cross-section striations along length. Habit Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Geological Environment Topaz occurs most commonly in such igneous rocks as granites, granite pegmatites and rhyolites, occupying veins or cavities. Resulting most often Where found: from late-stage pneumatolytic action, topaz is commonly found in greisen. Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Inclusions in Topaz Liquid inclusions, two- and three-phase inclusions, healing cracks, needle-like crystals - Gemmological Tables, Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, 2004, p 13 Further Information Mineral information: Topaz information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities Afghanistan Badakhshan Province (Badakshan Province; Badahsan Province) Jurm District Blauwet (2004) Koksha Valley (Kokscha Valley; Kokcha Valley) Jurm (Firghamu; Firgamu)

535

Nangarhar Province (Ningarhar Province) Surkh Rod District

Menzies (1995)

Surkh-Rod (Surk-Rod) pegmatite field Nuristan Province (Nurestan Province; Nooristan Province; Nuristan) Kamdesh District

D. Blauwet (2009)

Paprok Mine (Papruk Mine; Paprowk Mine) Brazil Bahia Espírito Santo Minas Gerais Iron Quadrangle

Mossman (2001)

Ouro Preto Antônio Pereira district Mossman (2001) Topaz mine Cachoeira do Campo district Mossman (2001) Dom Bosco Main district Saramenha

Menzies (1995)

Vermelhão Mine Rodrigo Silva district Boa Vista

Morteani et al. (2002)

Euclase pegmatite Capão do Lana mine Mossman (2001) Jequitinhonha Valley Caraí

Morteani et al. (2002)

Marambaia Medina Virgem da Lapa

Mossman (2001) Morteani et al. (2002)

Xanda mine (Xandra mine)

536

Rondônia Ariquemes

Morteani et al. (2002)

Maçangana (Massangana) Burma (Myanmar) Mandalay Division Pyin-Oo-Lwin District Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Mogok Township Bernardmyo Lay-tha-apya-taw Chaung-gyi Gurkha-konzan Shan-konzan Kin (Guard Post) Kin-ko-lan-bauk Kyatpyin Central Pingu-taung-pyant Kyatpyin North

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Kyauk-sin (Rock Elephant) Pan-taw (Pandaw) Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Pazun-seik (Pazon-Seit) Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Kyauk-Pyat-That Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Kabaing (Ka-Pine; Khabine) Sakangyi (Sakhan-gyi) Hughes (1997) Thit-seint-kone Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Yadanar-kaday-kadar

Mogok Valley

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Loke-khet-inn Mogok (Worksite No. 1) Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

537

Dattaw Hill Dattaw-mid Dattaw-pyant & Dattawchaung Le-U-le-taw

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Lin-yaung-chi (Bright Light Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Rays) Mogok Ohn-bin-ywe-htwet Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of (Coconut Tree mine) Mogok Shwe-pyi-aye Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Pein-Pyit (Painpyit; Pyan Pyit) Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Htan-yan-sho Yamethin District Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Yamethin Township Canada British Columbia Atlin Mining Division Wilson (2007, 2010) Bennett Mt. Foster China Jiangxi Province Ganzhou Prefecture Dayu Co.

B. Ottens (2009)

Xihuashan ore field Piaotang Mine Xinjiang Autonomous Region Yili Hasake Autonomous Prefecture (Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture) B. Ottens (2009) Aletai Prefecture (Altay Prefecture) Fuyun Co. (Koktokay Co.)

538

Koktokay pegmatite field (Keketuohai pegmatite field) Altay Mine Koktokay No. 3 pegma tite (Altay No. 3 pegma tite) Kazakhstan Karagandy Province (Qaragandy Oblysy; Karaganda Oblast') Akchatau (Aqshatau; Akschatau; Akchataul; Akshatau)

Smith and Smith (1995)

Akchatau Mine E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 110

Madagascar Fianarantsoa Province Atsimo-Atsinanana Region

Milisenda et al. (2001)

Isahara Pegmatite Field Horombe Region Ranohira District Milisenda et al. (2001) Ilakaka Commune Ilakaka gem deposit Mahajanga Province (Majunga) Betsiboka Region Tsaratanàna District

Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 43

Andriamena Commune Mahabé-South pegmatite Toamasina Province (Tamatave) Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 46 539

Alaotra-Mangoro Region Andilamena District Mozambique Zambezia Province Alto Ligonha District

J. Marques (2009)

Naipa mine Namibia Erongo Region Karibib District Cairncross (2005)

Spitzkopje Area Klein Spitzkopje granite stock (Kleine Spitzkoppe) Pakistan Gilgit-Baltistan (Northern Areas) Astor District (Astore District) Astor valley (Astore valley)

Muhammad (2004)

Bulochi (Balochi; Balche; Bulache; Bulachi; Drot Balachi) Baltistan Skardu District Braldu Valley Apo Ali Gun (Apaligun; Apaligon) Baha Chhappu Foljo (Folji; Fuljo; Pulji; Phuljo) Gyaiungu (Goyungu; Goyangu; Goyungo) Nyet-Bruk Nyet (Niit; Niyit; Niyil) Haramosh Mts. Chamachhu

Blauwet (2004)

Blauwet (2004) Muhammad (2004) Blauwet (2004) Blauwet (2004) Muhammad (2004) Blauwet (2004) Muhammad (2004)

540

Chamachhu Pegmatites Drot Muhammad (2004) Sabsar (Supsar; Sapsir; Muhammad (2004) Sabsir; Sabsan; Subsar) Shengus (Shingus) Muhammad (2004) Shigar Valley Muhammad (2004) Mungo (Munyo; Mango) Muhammad (2004) Yuno (Yunau; Yunas) Muhammad (2004) Gilgit District Menzies (1995) Gilgit Ishkapul (Ishkapal) Sassi (Sasi; Sasli) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (North-West Frontier Province)

Blauwet (2004) Muhammad (2004)

Mardan District Einfalt (2002) Katlang Ghundao hill Russia Eastern-Siberian Region Transbaikalia (Zabaykalye) Chitinskaya Oblast' Krasnyi Chikoy

Evseev (1994)

Malkhan pegmatite field (Malchan; "Malechansk") Danburitovaya pegmatite vein Urals Region Middle Urals Sverdlovskaya Oblast'

Evseev (1994)

Sarapulka District (Murzinka) Murzinka Mine (Mursinsk; Murzinsk; Murzinska)

541

Yuzhakovo Village P. Lyckberg (2009) Alabashka pegmatite field Mokrusha Mine Southern Urals Chelyabinsk Oblast' Plast Kochkar' District Chuksin ruby placer deposit Sanarka

[var: Imperial Topaz]

Sri Lanka Central Province Matale District

G. Zoysa (2009)

Rattota Sabaragamuwa Province Ratnapura District Balangoda Ratnapura Gem gravels

G. Zoysa (2009)

G. Zoysa (2009) Econ Geol (1981) 76:733-738

Tajikistan Viloyati Mukhtori Gorno-Badakhshan (Viloyati Badakhshoni Kuni) Pamir Mts Kukurt Rangkul' Highlands Skrigitil (1996) Mika pegmatite Ukraine Zhytomyr Oblast' (Zhitomir Oblast') Volodarsk-Volynskii (Volodars'k-Volyns'kyy; Wolodarsk-Wolynskii) USA California

Evseev (1994)

Fisher (2002, 2008)

542

San Diego Co. Ramona District Ramona Little Three Mine (Little 3 mine) Colorado Park Co. Tarryall Park Fisher (2002, 2008) Spruce Grove campground Topaz Mountain Gem Mine (Matucat Road deposits) Maine Sagadahoc Co. Topsham Montana Lewis and Clark Co. East Helena

E.Ya. Kievlenko (2003) Geology of gems, p. 70

Eldorado Bar Eldorado Bar deposit (Eldorado Strip Mine) Utah Juab Co. Drum Mts

U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Detroit District (Drum District; Joy Survey, Reston, Virginia. District) Unknown Gemstone Abrasive - Garnet (MRDS - 10108664)

543

Vietnam Lam Dong Province Thanh Hoa Province

Pham et al. (2004) Pham et al. (2004)

Xuan Le Zimbabwe Mashonaland West Karoi District (Urungwe; Hurungwe District) Mwami (Miami)

L.F. Marsh and F. Mutugumbate (2009)

St Anns Mine (St Anne Mine; St Anne's Mine; St Ann's Mine) Midlands Gweru District (Gwelo District)

L.F. Marsh and F. Mutugumbate (2009)

Somabula

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-3996.html 70. Tourmaline

Even though tourmaline has been known since antiquity in the Mediterranean region, the Dutch imported it only in 1703 from Sri Lanka to Western and Central Europe. The gave the new gems a Sinhalese name, Turamali, which is thought to mean "stone with mixed colors". By heating and subsequent cooling, as well as by applying pressure, e.i. by rubbing, a tourmaline crystal will become electrically charged. It will then attract dust particles as well as small pieces of paper (pyro- and piezo-electricity). Varieties/Types:

General Information Achroite - A colourless variety of Tourmaline 544

Chrome-Tourmaline - An emerald-green variety of tourmaline. Dravite - A sodium magnesium aluminium tourmaline species. Elbaite - A sodium lithium aluminium tourmaline species. Cuprian Elbaite - A copper-bearing Elbaite. Paraíba Tourmaline Indicolite - A blue gemmy variety of tourmaline (usually elbaite). Liddicoatite - A calcium lithium tourmaline species. Rubellite - A pink to red gem variety of tourmaline. Schorl - A sodium iron aluminium tourmaline species. Uvite - A calcium magnesium aluminium tourmaline species. Verdelite - A green gem variety of tourmaline Watermelon Tourmaline - A variety of Tourmaline with colour zoning showing a pink core and green edges. Na(Li Chemical Formula

1.5

Al

1.5

)Al

6

(Si

6

O

18

)(BO

3

)

3

(OH)

3

(OH)

Gemdat.org, Management Team (2012) Formula for elbaite, one of several tourmaline group minerals. Synthetic Tourmaline Synthetic tourmalines are used only for research purposes. The stones, offered as synthetic tourmaline, are rarely tourmaline-colored synthetic spinels. - Gemstones of the world, Walter Schumann, 2001, p 112 Physical Properties of Tourmaline 7 to 7.5 Mohs Hardness Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 2.85 to 3.35 Specific Gravity Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Brittle Tenacity Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Poor Cleavage Quality Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Very poorMore from other references Sub-Conchoidal Fracture Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Optical Properties of Tourmaline 1.614 to 1.666 Refractive Index Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Uniaxial/Optical Character Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 0.014 to 0.040 Birefringence Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 545

More from other references Pink tourmaline - distinct: colorless-pink - pinkish-red; Orange/brown tourmaline strong: yellowish-brown - dark(greenish)-brown; Yellow tourmaline - distinct: pale yellow - dark yellow; Violet/purple tourmaline - strong: light purple - purple; Blue Pleochroism strong: light blue - dark blue; Green - strong: yellow-green - dark green Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 0.017 Dispersion Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Tourmaline cat's eyes exist in various colors, but only in the green and pink varieties. Chatoyancy is usually strong, caused by thin tube-like inclusions. Some tourmalines show a slight change of color in artificial light. They have a vitreous Chatoyancy sheen ob crystal surfaces, a greasy sheen on fractured surfaces. Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Colour Multi-colored crystals are common Colour (General) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Transparent,Translucent,Opaque Transparency Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Vitreous Lustre Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Fluorescence & other light emissions Fluorescence Mostly inert (General) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Crystallography of Tourmaline Trigonal Crystal System Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Prismatic to acicular crystals Habit Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) More from other references Inclusions in Tourmaline Thread of fiber-like capillaries often plaited in net-like pattern. Angular thin film mirror-like inclusions. Tube-like 2 phase inclusions running parallel to crystal's length: may create chatoyancy - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p 5 Flat, film-like liquid inclusions, parallel oriented hollow tubes, needle-like mineral inclusions Gemmological Tables, Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, 2004, p 14 Further Information Mineral Tourmaline information at mindat.org information: Significant Gem Localities 546

Afghanistan Badakhshan Province (Badakshan Province; Badahsan Province) Jurm District Glas (2002) Koksha Valley (Kokscha Valley; Kokcha Valley) Jurm (Firghamu; Firgamu) Kabol Province (Kabul Province) Surobi District (Sorobi District)

Garnier, V., Giuliani, G., Ohnenstetter, D., Fallick, A.E., Dubessy, J., Banks, D., Vinh, H.Q., Lhomme, T., Maluski, H., Pêcher, A., Bakhsh, K.A., Long, P.V., Trinh, P.T., and Schwarz, D. (2008): Ore Geology Reviews 34, 169-191.

Jegdalek ruby deposit (Jagdalek; Jagdalak; Jagdalik) Konar Province (Kunar Province; Konarh Province; [var: Achroite] Bowersox and Chamberlin Konarha Province; Nuristan) (1995) Chapa Dara District

[var: Indicolite] Bowersox and Chamberlin Dara-i-Pech pegmatite field (Darra(1995) i-Pech; Darra-e-Pech; Pech; Peech; Page) Vora Desh Bowersox and Chamberlin (1995) Nuristan Province (Nurestan Province; Nooristan Province; Nuristan) Bargi Matal District Bowersox and Chamberlin (1995) Pachigram (Pachighram) pegmatite field Mualevi pegmatite Du Ab District Nilaw-Kolum pegmatite field Kolum pegmatites Mawi pegmatite Nilaw pegmatites Kamdesh District Paprok Mine (Papruk Mine; Paprowk Mine) Nuristan District

E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 110

Glas (2002) Glas (2002) [var: Indicolite] Glas (2002)

Glas (2002) Korgal pegmatite field (Korghal; 547

Kurghal) Wama District (Vama District) Glas (2002) Kantiwa pegmatite field (Kantiway) Parun (Paroon; Parown) pegmatite [var: Indicolite] Glas (2002) field Tsotsum pegmatite Bowersox and Chamberlin (1995) Brazil Bahia Brumado (Bom Jesus dos Meiras) Cassedanne and Roditi (1996) Serra das Éguas Pomba pit Minas Gerais Doce Valley

Menezes (2009)

Conselheiro Pena Ferruginha Steger (1999) Sapo Mine Itatiaia mine Jonas Mine (João Pinto mine) Divino das Laranjeiras Linópolis

[var: Rubellite] Cassedanne and Roditi (1996) [var: Rubellite] Steger (1999)

Steger (1999)

Pamaró mine Galiléia Urucum mine (Tim mine; Córrego do Urucum pegmatite) Itambacuri

[var: Elbaite] Kievlenko E.Ya., Geology of gems, 2003, p. 113

[var: Indicolite] Cassedanne and Roditi (1996) Santa Rosa mine São José da Safira Aricanga mine Cruzeiro mine Pederneira claim Jequitinhonha Valley Coronel Murta

[var: Verdelite] Menezes (2009) Cassedanne and Roditi (1996) [var: Rubellite] Cassedanne and Roditi (1996) [var: Indicolite] Menezes (2009) [var: Indicolite] Cassedanne and Roditi (1996)

548

Barra de Salinas Barra de Salinas district Itinga Monte Belo

[var: Indicolite] Cassedanne and Roditi (1996)

Pirineus claim Urubu mine (Vulture mine; [var: Rubellite] Bastos (2002) Uruba mine) Virgem da Lapa Cassedanne and Roditi (1996) Manoel Mutuca Mine Paraíba Borborema mineral province Kievlenko E.Ya., Geology of gems, 2003, p. 113 Junco do Seridó Seridozinho pegmatite Salgadinho São José da Batalha Batalha mine

[Cuprian Elbaite var: Paraíba Tourmaline] Wilson, W. E. (2002): Cuprian elbaite from the Batalha Mine, Paraíba, Brazil. Mineralogical Record, 33: 127-137

Rio Grande do Norte Borborema mineral province Parelhas

Johnson et al. (2000)

Boqueirão pegmatite (Boqueirãozinho) Capoeira 2 Mine (Mulungu Johnson et al. (2000) Mine) Burma (Myanmar) Mandalay Division Pyin-Oo-Lwin District Mogok Township

[var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Bernardmyo

549

Htan-saing Htin-shu-myaing

[var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Htin-shu-taung [var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Injauk Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Lay-tha-apya-taw [var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Chaung-gyi [var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Kyauk-wa Shan-konzan [var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Kathé (Kathe) [var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Lu-hta-pyant Kin (Guard Post) Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Kin-ko-lan-bauk Kyatpyin Central [var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Inn-gaung-pyant Pingu-taung-pyant [var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Kyatpyin North [var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & Bawmar (Baw Mar mines of Mogok mine) Kyauk-sin (Rock [var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & Elephant) mines of Mogok Pan-taw (Pandaw) [var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Kyauk-Pyat-That [var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ah-tet-inbyae (Open Pit) Auk-inbyae (Lower [var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & Open-Pit) mines of Mogok Kabaing (Ka-Pine; Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Khabine) Tha-gyi-loo [var: Dravite] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Thit-seint-kone Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Wet-loo (Wetloo) [var: Elbaite] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Mogok Valley Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

550

Dattaw Hill Dattawmid Dattawpyant & [var: Dravite] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & Dattaw mines of Mogok chaung Le-U-le-taw [var: Elbaite] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Le-U-thet-kachan [var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Lin-yaung-chi (Bright Light Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Rays) Nga-yant-inn (old [var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & Pan-sho; mines of Mogok Padan-sho) Ohn-bin-ywehtwet [var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & (Coconut Tree mines of Mogok mine) Shon-ban-gyi Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Shon-ban-lay Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Shwe-pyi-aye Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok On-dan Hanamataw-lay (Royal Small Sister) On-dan-pyant Pein-Pyit (Painpyit; Pyan Pyit)

[var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok [var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Htan-yan-sho Ko-miles-le-taw Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Kyini-taung Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Mansin/Thetkachan (Mansi; [var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & Mance/Thet- mines of Mogok kachan) Pein-pyit-le-taw Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Pyant Gyi mine [var: Dravite] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & (Pyan Gyi) mines of Mogok 551

Yamethin District Yamethin Township Sagaing Division Katha District

[var: Elbaite] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

[var: Schorl] Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Wuntho Choukpazat Shan State Kyaukme District

[var: Rubellite] Kyi et al. (2005)

Momeik Township Molo quarter

Glas (2002)

China Xinjiang Autonomous Region Yili Hasake Autonomous Prefecture (Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture) Aletai Prefecture (Altay Prefecture) Fuyun Co. (Koktokay Co.)

Tang et al. (2004)

Koktokay pegmatite field (Keketuohai pegmatite field) Yunnan Province Nujiang Autonomous Prefecture

Wu (2004)

Nujiang Valley (Gaoligong Mts; Gaoligong Shan) India Rajasthan (Rajputana) Ajmer Division

[var: Schorl]

Rajgarh pits Kenya Coast Province

Simonet (2000, 2006)

552

Kwale District Lasamba Hill Taita Taveta District Collection of NHM, Vienna Mangari Voi

Simonet (2000) E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 110

Madagascar Antananarivo Province Vakinankaratra Region Betafo District

Laurs (2000) Ambohimanambola Commune Anjanabonoina pegmatites Andrembesoa Commune FKT Antsentsindran [var: Rubellite] Lacroix, A. (1912): Sur quelques o minéraux des pegmatites du Vakinankaratra (Madagascar). Bulletin de la Société française Antsongo de Minéralogie, Paris 35 , 76-84 mbato gem mine Mahaiza Commune Tsaramanga pegmatite (Tongafeno pegmatite) Manapa pegmatite Field

[var: Schorl] E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 112

Dirlam at al. (2002) Antsikoza pegmatite Vohitrakanga pegmatite Danet (2007) Sahatany Pegmatite Field (Mt Ibity area) Sahatany Valley

E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 111

Ankarinarivo 553

pegmatite Manjaka (Ampatika; Sahananana) Tsarafara Sud (Ankadilava)

Dirlam at al. (2002) E.Ya. Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 110

Fianarantsoa Province Amoron'i Mania Region

Pezzotta (1999)

Ambositra District Atsimo-Atsinanana Region Pezzotta (2006) Isahara Pegmatite Field Camp Robin area Matsiatra Region Ambohimahasoa District

Pezzotta (2006)

Valozoro tourmaline deposits Horombe Region Ranohira District Ilakaka Commune

Madagascar - extraLapis English No.1, p. 92

Ilakaka gem deposit Matsiatra Region Ikalamavony Pegmatite Field Ikalamavony District

Danet (2006)

Bevaondrano pegmatite Ivohibato Alakamisy-Itenina District Alakamisy-Itenina gem deposit (Lacamisinten) Toamasina Province (Tamatave) Alaotra-Mangoro Region

Milisenda et al. (2001)

Pezzotta (2006)

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Ambatondrazaka District Nickelville Lac Alaotra (Lake Alaotra) Lac Alaotra Chrysoberyl Pegmatites Tuléar Province (Toliara)

[var: Schorl] Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 46 [var: Schorl] Madagascar, extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 46

Anosy Region (Fort Dauphin Region) Amboasary District

Madagascar - extraLapis English No.1, 2001, p. 64

Tranomaro Commune Anjahamiary pegmatite Mozambique Cabo Delgado Province mindat.org Montepuez District Zambezia Province Alto Ligonha District Muiâne pegmatite Naipa mine Nanro Pegmatite (Nacuissupa Pegmatite; Naquissupa Pegmatite)

[var: Indicolite] Henn and Bank (1997)

[var: Indicolite] Henn and Bank (1997) [var: Indicolite] Schafer and Arlt (2000)

Namibia Erongo Region Karibib District

[var: Indicolite] Schneider and Seeger (1992)

Neuschwaben Farm 73 (Neu Schwaben) Otjua Farm 37 [var: Indicolite] Mossman (2002) Otjua Mine Usakos Usakos Tourmaline Mine

[var: Indicolite] Schneider and Seeger (1992) Beard (1999)

Kunene Region Damaraland District

Mossman (2002)

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Uis (Groot Uis) Uis Pegmatites Nepal Bheri Zone Bassett (1987) Jajarkot District Gandaki Zone Koivula et al. (1994) Manang District Kosi Zone (Koshi Zone) Sankhuwasabha District (Sankhuwa Sahba; Bassett (1987) Shankuwa-Sava) Hyakule Phakuwa Nigeria Oyo State Henn (2001) Komu pegmatites Pakistan Azad Kashmir Muzaffarabad district

Laurs et al. (1998)

Donga Nur Gilgit-Baltistan (Northern Areas) Astor District (Astore District) Astor valley (Astore valley)

E.Ya.Kievlenko, Geology of gems, 2003, p. 110

Bulochi (Balochi; Balche; Bulache; Bulachi; Drot Balachi) Baltistan Skardu District Glas (2002) Braldu Valley Hoh Nala Haramosh Mts. Baralooma valley (Baralungma)

Glas (2002)

556

Stak Nala

[var: Indicolite] Laurs et al. (1998)

Gilgit District Laurs et al. (1998) Gilgit Russia Eastern-Siberian Region Transbaikalia (Zabaykalye) Chitinskaya Oblast' Krasnyi Chikoy Malkhan [var: Rubellite] Godovikov and Bulgak (1993) pegmatite field (Malchan; "Malechansk") Danburitov aya pegma tite vein Mokhovay a pegma [var: Rubellite] Godovikov and Bulgak (1993) tite vein Sosedka pegma [var: Rubellite] Godovikov and Bulgak (1993) tite vein Urals Region Middle Urals Sverdlovskaya Oblast' Rezh District Smith and Smith (1995) Lipovka pegmatite field Lipovka Mine (Lipovs kaya 557

Mine; Lipova ya Mine) Sri Lanka Central Province Milisenda and Henn (1999) Elahera District Sabaragamuwa Province Ratnapura District

Milisenda and Henn (1999)

Ratnapura Gem gravels

[var: Achroite]

Tajikistan Viloyati Mukhtori Gorno-Badakhshan (Viloyati Badakhshoni Kuni) Pamir Mts Khorog Region

Skrigitil (1996)

Shakhdara Range Vez-Dara River Valley Kukurt Turakulominsky ruby deposit Rangkul' Highlands Skrigitil (1996) Rangkul' pegmatite field Tanzania Arusha Region Dumbawanga District

http://www.ganoksin.com/borisat/nenam/tanz ania-mines.htm

Manghola Manyara Region Simanjiro District Dirlam at al. (1992) Lelatema Mts Merelani Hills (Mererani) Ruvuma Region

gemexplorer.org 558

Tunduru USA California San Diego Co. Mesa Grande District [var: Elbaite] Min.Rec.:20(5):399. / Foord, E.E. (1977): Famous mineral localities. The Himalaya Dike System. Mineralogical Record 8, 461-475

Gem Hill Himalaya Mine (Himalaya dikes; Himalaya pegmatite) Pala District Pala Chief Mountain

Pala Chief Mine (Chief mine; MS 6452; Salmon s mine) Up

Morgan and London (1999) p e r S a l m o n s V i e w 559

p r o s p e c t Tourmaline Queen Mountain (Pala Mtn; Queen Mtn) Stewart [var: Indicolite] Fisher et al. (1999) Mine (MS 6162; Stewar t Lithia mine) Tourmaline Queen Mine (MS 6458; Queen mine; Touma line Queen group; Tourm [var: Elbaite] Fisher, J. 2002. Gem and rarealine element pegmatites of southern California. Queen Mineralogical Record, Vol. 33: pages 378-381. No. 1 claim; Tourm aline Queen No. 2 claim; Tourm aline Queen No. 3 560

claim) Ramona District Ramona

Morgan and London (1999)

Little Three Mine (Little 3 mine) Warner Springs District Warner Springs Cryo-Genie Mine [var: Achroite] Laurs (2001, 2002, 2004) (Cindy BCryogenie claim; Lost Valley Truck Trail prospect) Maine Oxford Co. [var: Achroite] Freeman (2005) Newry Dunton Gem Quarry Paris [var: Achroite] Freeman (2005) Mount Mica Quarry North Carolina Cleveland Co. Shelby (Tarper Mine) Old Plantation Mine Plantation Emeral d Mine Vietnam Yenbai Province (Yen Bai Province) Luc Yen An Phu (Anfu) 561

Khai Trong Mine Minh Tien Mine Tan Lap Mine

Pham et al. (2004) Pham et al. (2004) Pham et al. (2004)

Zambia Central Province Mkushi District Mkushi

Milisenda et al. (2000) Mkushi Pegmatite Region Jagoda Mine

Zimbabwe Mashonaland West Karoi District (Urungwe; Hurungwe District) Mwami (Miami)

Glas (2002)

St Anns Mine (St Anne Mine; St Anne's Mine; St Ann's Mine)

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-4003.html

1.Zoisite Introduction Ruby-Zoisite, also known as anyolite, is the natural combination of ruby and zoisite crystals in a single specimen. Zoisite, the same mineral as tanzanite, provides an earthy green color while ruby lends pink and red highlights. Ruby-zoisite is usually shaped as cabochons or carved into decorative objects. Ruby-Zoisite was first discovered in 1954 in Tanzania. The name anyolite derives from the word for "green" in the native language of the Masai tribe. Ruby-Zoisite has a hardness of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale, and is thus of moderate hardness. Ruby-Zoisite colors Buying Ruby-Zoisite Where is Ruby-Zoisite found? Common Ruby-Zoisite Treatments

Click to Enlarge

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World-famous Ruby-Zoisite Ruby-Zoisite gemology Ruby-Zoisite legends & lore

Ruby-Zoisite colors The green zoisite rock carries black hornblende inclusions and large, but mostly opaque, ruby. Cut and polished ruby-zoisite specimens vary by color, according to the presence of ruby. Most specimens will display three colors -green, black and red.

Buying Ruby-Zoisite Even large specimens are offered at affordable prices.

Clarity Due to its massive inclusions most ruby-zoisite are opaque.

Cut Usually shaped in cabochon cut, or carved in decorative shapes.

Ruby-Zoisite location and deposits Ruby-Zoisite, like tanzanite, is only found in Tanzania.

Common Ruby-Zoisite treatments There are no common treatments for Ruby-Zoisite known.

World-famous Ruby-Zoisite Ruby-Zoisite didn't make it to the gemstone hall of fame.

Ruby-Zoisite gemology Species: Zoisite Color: Green with black and opaque ruby inclusions Chemical composition: Ca2Al3(Sio4)3(OH) calcium aluminum silicate Crystal system: Orthorhombic, multifaced prisms, mostly striated Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs scale) Specific gravity: 3.35 Refractive index: 1.691 - 1.700 Birefringence: +0.009 Color of streak: White, Fluorescence: None

The Ruby-Zoisite zodiac, myth & legend As a lesser-known and relatively new gemstone, ruby-zoisite produces a blank page in the books of myth, history, wisdom, the zodiac scheme or the relation between planets and mankind. First Published: October-30-2006

Last Updated: February-25-2011

© 2005-2014 GemSelect.com all rights reserved. Reproduction (text or graphics) without the express written consent of GemSelect.com (SETT Company Ltd.) is strictly prohibited.

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Variscite is a hydrated aluminium phosphate mineral (AlPO4·2H2O). It is a relatively rare phosphate mineral. It is sometimes confused with turquoise; however, variscite is usually greener in color. Variscite is a secondary mineral formed by direct deposition from phosphate-bearing water that has reacted with aluminium-rich rocks in a near-surface environment. It occurs as fine-grained masses innodules, cavity fillings, and crusts. Variscite often contains white veins of the calcium aluminium phosphate mineral crandallite. Variscite is sometimes used as a semi-precious stone, and is popular for carvings and ornamental use. It was first described in 1837 and named for the locality of Variscia, the historical name of the Vogtland, in Germany. At one time, variscite was called Utahlite. At times, materials which may be turquoise or may be variscite have been marketed as "variquoise". Appreciation of the color ranges typically found in variscite have made it a popular gem in recent years.[4] Variscite from Nevada typically contains black spiderwebbing in the matrix and is often confused with green turquoise. Most of the Nevada variscite recovered in recent decades has come from mines located in Lander County.[5]

Variscite This page is currently not sponsored. Click here to sponsor this page.

Little Green Monster Variscite Mine, Clay Canyon, Fairfield, Oquirrh Mts, Utah Co., Utah, USA © Kristalle and Crys

Show Variscite Photos (642)

Formula: AlPO4· 2H2O System: Orthorhombic Lustre: Vitreous, Waxy

Colour: Pale to emerald-green, ... Hardness: 3½ - 4½

Member of: Variscite Group

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Name:

For Variscia, an old name for Vogtland, the German district where the mineral was first discovered. Dimorph of: Metavariscite Variscite-Strengite Series. The orthorhombic dimorph of Metavariscite. Pseudo-tetragonal-dipyramidal crystals may be confused with wardite. Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Variscite. Currently in public beta-test.

Classification of Variscite IMA status: Approved 1967 Strunz 8th 7/C.09-50 edition ID: Nickel-Strunz 8.CD.10 10th (pending) edition ID: 8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES C : Phosphates without additional anions, with H2O D : With only medium-sized cations, RO4:H2O = 1:2 Dana 8th 40.4.1.1 edition ID: 40 : HYDRATED NORMAL PHOSPHATES,ARSENATES AND VANADATES 4 : (AB)5(XO4)2·xH2O Hey's CIM Ref.: 19.7.5 19 : Phosphates 7 : Phosphates of Al alone mindat.org http://www.mindat.org/min-4156.html URL: Please feel free to link to this page.

Type Occurrence of Variscite Type Locality: Meßbach Quarry, Meßbach, Plauen, Vogtland, Saxony, Germany Year of 1837 Discovery:

Occurrences of Variscite Geological Deposited from phosphatic waters reacting with aluminous rocks at surface or near-surface conditions. Setting:

Physical Properties of Variscite Lustre: Vitreous, Waxy Diaphaneity Transparent, Translucent (Transparency):

Colour: Pale to emerald-green, bluish green, colourless to white, pale shades of brown or yellow, rarely red; Colourless to pal green in transmitted light. Streak: White Hardness 3½ - 4½ (Mohs): Cleavage: Distinct/Good

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Good on {010}, poor on {001}. Fracture: Irregular/Uneven, Splintery Comment: Sub-conchoidal to conchoidal when fine-grained or glassy. Density 2.57 - 2.61 g/cm3 (measured): Density 2.59 g/cm3 (calculated): Comment: Density of 2.2 to 2.5 observed in microcrystalline and massive varieties.

Crystallography of Variscite Crystal System: Orthorhombic Class (H-M): mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal Space Group: Pbca {P21/b 21/c 21/a} Cell a = 9.822Å, b = 8.561Å, c = 9.63Å Parameters: Ratio: a:b:c = 1.147 : 1 : 1.125 Unit Cell V 808.81 ų Volume: Z: 8 Morphology: Uncommon in crystals, pseudo-octahedral {111}, with {001} and additional forms as modifying faces only, lathlike. Commonly fine-grained massive, nodular, stalagtitic, crustiform, veinlets; chalcedonic, opaline. Twinning: On {201}, rare.

Variscite

Cut slab of Variscite at the Smithsonian. Specimen is roughly 0.5 m wide.

http://www.mindat.org/show.php?id=4156&ld=1

Zoisite Zoisite

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The mineral zoisite is named after the collector Zois. It was first found in the Sau-Alp mountains in Austria, in 1805. It was originally

called

saualpite.

Gem-stone

quality

specimens

have

only

recently

been

found.

The gemstone members of the group are tanzanite, thulite and anyolite

General Information Varieties/Types:

Anyolite - Green Zoicite rock with black hornblende inclusions and large ruby crystals. Tanzanite - A variety of Zoisite with a blue to blue-violet colour. Thulite - A pink variety of Zoisite forming opaque masses.

Chemical Formula

Ca Al (SiO )(Si O )(O,OH) 2

3

4

2 7

Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004)

Zoisite Treatments The mineral zoisite, Ca2Al3Si3O12OH, also occurs in a gem form called tanzanite, discovered only in 1967 (Hurlbut, 1969). Although a few, deep violet-blue dichroic crystals have been found, the majority of this material occurs with a brownish color having a strong violet-red/deep blue/yellow-green trichroism. Heating for about 2 h to 370°C converts the yellow-green component into a deep blue, leaving only a violet-red/deep blue dichroism and the desired color closely resembles sapphire. Some material is said to require a temperature over 600°C. The color is stable to 900°C, but above this temperature water is lost and a dirty yellow results. The causes of the color and color change have not yet been established with certainty; Gubelin and Weibel have summarized this and the

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gemology (Gubelin and Weibel, 1976) - Nassau (1984) Heat-treatment of brownish-greenish-bluish crystals produces Tanzanite color - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p 3

Physical Properties of Zoisite Mohs Hardness

6 to 7 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)

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Specific Gravity

3.20 to 3.50 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)

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Cleavage Quality

Perfect Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004)

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Fracture

Conchoidal Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009)

Optical Properties of Zoisite Refractive Index

1.685 to 1.707 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)

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Optical Character

Biaxial/+

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Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)

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Birefringence

0.006 to 0.013 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)

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Pleochroism

Strong Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009)

Dispersion

0.0196 Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009)

Chatoyancy

Rare Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)

Colour Colour (General)

Green, brown, red-violet, bluish-green Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004)

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Causes of Colour

Blue, (tanzanite - heat treated), V4+ in octahedral coordination; with V3+ in octahedral coordination. Brown-violet, V3+ in octahedral coordination (treatment turns blue, tanzanite). Green, Cr3+ in octahedral coordination. Pink (thulite), Mn3+ in presumably octahedral coordination W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011)

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Transparency

Transparent,Translucent,Opaque Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004)

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Lustre

Vitreous Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009)

Crystallography of Zoisite Crystal System

Orthorhombic Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010)

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Habit

Prismatic Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006)

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Geological Environment Where found:

Occurs in medium-grade regionally metamorphosed crystalline schists formed from igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic rocks relatively high in calcium. Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006)

Inclusions in Zoisite "Fingerprint", graphite (black), hematite (hexagonal) - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p 3 Healing cracks, growth tubes, graphite - Gemmological Tables, Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, 2004, p 20

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Further Information Mineral information:

Zoisite information at mindat.org

Significant Gem Localities Pakistan Gilgit-Baltistan (Northern Areas)

Blauwet (2006)

Baltistan Skardu District Shigar Valley Alchuri (Alchori; Aschudi) Tanzania Arusha Region Mundarara Mine (Mdarara) Manyara Region

Dirlam et al. (1992)

Simanjiro District Lelatema Mts Merelani Hills (Mererani) A-Block Mine B-Block Mine C-Block Mine D-Block Mine Mawaya pit Samax Mine http://www.gemdat.org/gem-4430.html

[var: Tanzanite] Malisa (2003) [var: Tanzanite] Malisa (2003) [var: Tanzanite] Malisa (2003) [var: Tanzanite] Malisa (2003) [var: Tanzanite] Malisa (2003) [var: Tanzanite] Malisa (2003)

Zoisite 571

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Tanzanite Merelani Hills (Mererani), Lelatema Mts, Simanjiro District, Manyara Region, Tanzania © Rob Lavinsky

Show Zoisite Photos (357)

Formula: {Ca2}{Al3}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH) System: Orthorhombic Lustre: Vitreous

Colour: Colourless, purple, ... Hardness: 6 - 7

Member Epidote Group of: Name:

Named after Sigmund Zois, Baron von Edelstein (1747-1819), Austrian scholar who financed mineralcollecting expeditions. Dimorph Clinozoisite of: Epidote Group. The orthorhombic dimorph of Clinozoisite. The only orthorhombic member of the Epidote Group. Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Zoisite. Currently in public beta-test.

Classification of Zoisite IMA status: Valid - first described prior to 1959 (pre-IMA) - "Grandfathered" Strunz 8th 8/C.23-100 edition ID: Nickel-Strunz 9.BG.10 10th (pending) edition ID: 9 : SILICATES (Germanates) B : Sorosilicates G : Sorosilicates with mixed SiO4 and Si2O7 groups; cations in octahedral [6] and greater coordination Dana 8th 58.2.1b.1 edition ID:

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58 : SOROSILICATES Insular, Mixed, Single, and Larger Tetrahedral Groups 2 : Insular, Mixed, Single, and Larger Tetrahedral Groups with cations in [6] and higher coordination; single and doubl groups (n = 1, 2) Hey's CIM Ref.: 16.9.8 16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals 9 : Aluminosilicates of Ca mindat.org http://www.mindat.org/min-4430.html URL: Please feel free to link to this page.

Type Occurrence of Zoisite Type Locality: Prickler Halt, Ladinger Spitze - Speikkogel area, Saualpe, Carinthia, Austria Year of 1805 Discovery:

Occurrences of Zoisite Geological Medium grade regionally metamorphosed rocks, eclogites, blueschist facies metamorphic rocks. Setting:

Physical Properties of Zoisite Lustre: Vitreous Diaphaneity Transparent, Translucent (Transparency): Comment: Pearly on cleavage {010} Colour: Colourless, purple, greyish-white, grey, yellowish-brown, yellow, pink, green Streak: White Hardness 6 - 7 (Mohs): Tenacity: Brittle Cleavage: Perfect Perfect on {010} Imperfect on {100} Fracture: Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal Density 3.15 - 3.36 g/cm3 (measured): Density 3.35 g/cm3 (calculated):

Crystallography of Zoisite Crystal System: Orthorhombic Class (H-M): mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal Space Group: Pnma {P21/n 21/m 21/a} Cell a = 16.19Å, b = 5.54Å, c = 10.03Å Parameters: Ratio: a:b:c = 2.922 : 1 : 1.81 Unit Cell V 899.62 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell) Volume: Z: 4 Morphology: Prismatic crystals, columnar to compact, massive

Chemical Properties of Zoisite Formula: {Ca }{Al }(Si O )(SiO )O(OH) 2 3 2 7 4 Simplified {Ca2}{Al3}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)

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for copy/paste: Essential Al, Ca, H, O, Si elements: All elements Al, Ca, H, O, Si listed in formula: Common Fe,Mn,Mg,Cr,Ti,Ca,Na,V,Sr,H2O Impurities:

http://www.mindat.org/min-4430.html

2. Zircon

Zircon has been known since antiquity, albeit under various names. Today's name is most likely derived from the Persian language ("golden colored"). Because of its high refractive index and strong dispersion, it has great brilliance and intensive fire. Zircons with the highest values in optical properties are designated as high zirons, those with the lowest values as low zircons. In between are the medium zircons. General Information Hyacinth - Yellow-red to red-brown zircon. Varieties/Types: Starlite - Blue heat-treated zircon. Chemical Formula

ZrSiO

4

Zircon Treatments The brown varieties are heat-treated at temperatures of 1472-1832 degrees F (800-1000 degrees C), producing colorless and blue zircons. These colors do not necessarily remain constant; ultraviolet rays or sunlight can produce changes. - Gemstones of the world, Walter Schumann, 2001, p 108 Synthetic Zircon Synthetic zircons are only of scientific interest. - Gemstones of the world, Walter Schumann, 2001, p 108 Physical Properties of Zircon Mohs Hardness 7.5 574

Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) High typeMore from other references 3.93 to 4.73 Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world Specific Gravity (2001) More from other references Brittle Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Tenacity Identification (2010) May show abraded facet junctions, brittleness increasing with heattreatmentMore from other references Indistinct Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world Cleavage Quality (2001) More from other references Conchoidal Fracture Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Optical Properties of Zircon 1.810 to 2.024 Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world Refractive Index (2001) More from other references Uniaxial/+ Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Optical Character Identification (2010) More from other references 0.045 to 0.059 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Birefringence Identification (2010) High typeMore from other references Red zircon - distinct: purplish-red - reddishbrown; Orange/brown zircon - weak: yellowbrown - red-brown; Yellow - weak: honey-yellow - brown-yellow; Blue - strong: colorless to gray Pleochroism blue; Green - weak: brownish-green - green Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 0.039 Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) Dispersion In the heat-treated colourless material when facetedMore from other references Low type: star 4 Chatoyancy Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem 575

Identification (2010) Colour Colourless, blue, green, yellow-green, yellow, green-brown, brown, yellow-red, red Colour (General) Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Blue color: greenish; green color: may appear pinkish Colour (Chelsea Filter) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Blue, U4+. Red, Nb4+ color centers. Causes of Colour W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Transparent,Translucent Transparency Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Vitreous Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world Lustre (2001) Vitreous luster to a brilliant sheen.More from other references Fluorescence & other light emissions Blue: very weak - light orange. Red and brown: weak - dark yellow Fluorescence (General) Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Inert to orangy-yellow Fluorescence (Short Wave UV) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Crystallography of Zircon Tetragonal Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Crystal System Identification (2010) More from other references Short, stocky 4-sided prisms with pyramidal ends Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world Habit (2001) More from other references Geological Environment Most gem zircon occurs as pebbles in gem Where found: gravels. Significant Gem Localities Australia Northern Territory

Faulkner and Shigley (1989) 576

Central Desert Shire Harts Range (Harts Ranges; Hartz Range; Hartz Ranges) Mud Tank Queensland Central Highlands Region

F.L. Sutherland (1999)

Anakie Burma (Myanmar) Mandalay Division Pyin-Oo-Lwin District Mogok Township

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Bernardmyo Ah-chauk-taw Injauk Panlin

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Kyatpyin Central Baw-lon-gyi (Big Ball) Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & Baw-lonmines of Mogok gyi west (Bonlon west) Inn-gaung-pyant Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Pingu-taungTed Themelis (2008) Gems & pyant mines of Mogok Sinkwa (east) Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Kyauk-Pyat-That Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & Auk-inbyae mines of Mogok (Lower OpenPit) 577

Kabaing (Ka-Pine; Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & Khabine) mines of Mogok Tha-gyi-loo Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Thurein-taung Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Wet-loo (Wetloo) Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Yadanar-kadaykadar Lokekhet- Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & inn mines of Mogok (Wor ksite No. 1) Marble Ark Ohn-bin-Kyatpyin Mogok Valley

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Dattaw Hill DattawTed Themelis (2008) Gems & pyant mines of Mogok & Datta wchau ng Lin-yaung-chi Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & (Bright Light mines of Mogok Rays) Nga-yant-inn (old Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & Pan-sho; mines of Mogok Padan-sho) Ohn-bin-ywehtwet Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & (Coconut mines of Mogok Tree mine) Shwe-pyi-aye Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Yebu (Hot Water) Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok Pein-Pyit (Painpyit; Pyan Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & 578

Pyit) Htan-yan-sho Pyant Gyi mine (Pyan Gyi)

mines of Mogok

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Sagaing Division Katha District Wuntho

Ted Themelis (2008) Gems & mines of Mogok

Choukpazat Cambodia Krong Pailin Municipality (Pailin Municipality) mindat.org Pailin District Rattanakiri Province (Ratanakiri Province; Rotanokiri Province) mindat.org Ba Kev (Bo Kheo; Bo Kham; Bakeo; Phumi Ba Key; Andaung Pich; Andaung Pech) China Fujian Province Sanming Prefecture Mingxi Co. Hainan Province (Hainan Island) Ding'an Co. Penglai Penglai Gem deposit Jiangsu Province Nanjing Prefecture Luhe District Kyrgyzstan Naryn Oblast Dolon paleovalley Madagascar Fianarantsoa Province Horombe Region

Hanni (1999)

579

Ranohira District Ilakaka Commune Ilakaka gem deposit Tuléar Province (Toliara) Anosy Region (Fort Dauphin Region)

Hanni (1999)

Betroka District Russia Far-Eastern Region Primorskiy Kray Roshchino Kedrovaya river Nezametnoe deposit (Nezametny gold mine) Urals Region Southern Urals Y. Shelementiev (1999) Chelyabinsk Oblast' Ilmen Mts Vishnevye Mts Y. Shelementiev (1999) (Vishnyovye; Cherry) Sri Lanka Central Province Milisenda and Henn (1999) Elahera District Sabaragamuwa Province Ratnapura District Balangoda Embilipitiya (Embilipitya; Ambilipitiya) Giant Crystal Quarry Ratnapura

Milisenda and Henn (1999)

Milisenda and Henn (1999) Milisenda and Henn (1999) 580

Gem gravels

Econ Geol (1981) 76:733-738

Tanzania Ruvuma Region gemexplorer.org Tunduru Thailand Kanchanaburi Province Trat Province

E.Ya. Kievlenko (2003) Geology of gems, p. 44

Bo Rai District Bo Rai Bo Waen Nong Bon Mines Vietnam Đồng Nai Province Xuan Loc (Huan Loc basalt lava field)

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-4421.html 3. Cubic Zirconia

An artificial gem. It has been frequently used as a diamond simulant. General Information ZrO Chemical Formula

Mohs Hardness

2

+ CaO or Y

2

O

3

or MgO

Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Physical Properties of Cubic Zirconia 8.5 581

Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 5.50 to 6.00 Specific Gravity Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Optical Properties of Cubic Zirconia 2.150 to 2.182 Refractive Index Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Isotropic Optical Character Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Colour All colors Colour (General) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Transparent,Translucent Transparency Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Slight "seethrough"More from other references Fluorescence & other light emissions Fluorescence Commonly greenish-yellow to yellow-orangy (General) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Crystallography of Cubic Zirconia Isometric Crystal System Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Inclusions in Cubic Zirconia May show feathers-like inclusions - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p 1

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-39976.html Occurrences of Zircon Geological Setting:

An accessory mineral in igneous and metamorphic rocks.

Physical Properties of Zircon Lustre: Adamantine, Vitreous, Greasy Diaphaneity (Transparency): Transparent, Translucent, Opaque Comment: Greasy when metamict Colour: Colourless, yellow, grey, reddish-brown, green, brown, black Streak: White Hardness (Mohs): 7½ Tenacity: Brittle Poor/Indistinct Cleavage: Indistinct on {110}{111} Fracture: Conchoidal Density (measured): 4.6 - 4.7 g/cm3 Density (calculated): 4.714 g/cm3 582

Crystallography of Zircon Crystal System: Class (H-M): Space Group: Cell Parameters: Ratio: Unit Cell Volume: Z: Morphology: Twinning: Comment:

Tetragonal 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) - Ditetragonal Dipyramidal I41/amd {I41/a 2/m 2/d} a = 6.607(1) Å, c = 5.982(1) Å a:c = 1 : 0.905 V 261.13 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell) 4 Tabular to square prismatic crystals On {101} May be metamict

http://www.mindat.org/min-4421.html 3. Variscite

Variscite was first described in 1837 and named after Variscia, the historical name of the Vogtland, Germany. Variscite can be cut into cabochons, used for carvings and ornamental objects. It is sometimes confused with turquoise, but variscite usually has greener colour. General Information Amatrice Other Names/Trade Chlor-utahlite Names: Utahlite Chemical Formula

Mohs Hardness

AlPO

4

· 2H

2

O

Physical Properties of Variscite 4 to 5 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 583

Specific Gravity Tenacity Cleavage Quality

Fracture

Refractive Index

Optical Character

Birefringence

Pleochroism Dispersion

Colour (General)

Colour (Chelsea Filter) Causes of Colour

Transparency

Lustre

More from other references 2.42 to 2.58 Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Brittle Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Perfect Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Conchoidal Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Optical Properties of Variscite 1.560 to 1.594 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Biaxial/Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references 0.031 Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Missing Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Perceptible Anthony et al, Handbook of mineralogy (2001) Colour Green, yellow-green, green-blue Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Pinkish to red Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Green, Cr3+ presumably in octahedral coordination W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Translucent,Opaque Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Waxy Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) More from other references 584

Fluorescence & other light emissions Strong; pale green, green Fluorescence (General) Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Inert to green Fluorescence (Short Wave UV) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Inert to whitish green Fluorescence (Long-Wave UV) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Crystallography of Variscite Orthorhombic Crystal System Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Massive Habit Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) More from other references Geological Environment Variscite is typically deposited from phosphate-bearing waters in contact with aluminous rocks. Where found: Michael O’Donoghue, Gems, Sixth Edition (2006) More from other references Further Information Mineral information: Variscite information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities Brazil Minas Gerais Doce valley Galiléia Sapucaia do Norte

Gems, Sixth Edition, Michael O’Donoghue, 2006, p. 462

Sapucaia Mine (Proberil mine) Peru Junín Department Yauli Province USA Utah Box Elder Co.

U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.

Unknown Gemstone (MRDS 585

10020488) Unknown Gemstone Occurrence U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources (MRDS - 10020489) Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. Unknown Gemstone Occurrence U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources (MRDS - 10091681) Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. Utah Co. Oquirrh Mts Fairfield Clay Canyon Little Gems, Sixth Edition, Michael O’Donoghue, 2006, Gre p. 462 en Mo nste r Vari scit e Min e

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-4156.html Antigua and Barbuda Redonda Island

[var: Ferrian Variscite] Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 760.

Argentina Córdoba Punilla Department Tanti

Mr. Nelson Valenzuela. Cerro Blanco pegmatite district El Criollo Mine

586

Jujuy Humahuaca Department Aguilar district

Milka K. de Brodtkorb (2002) Las Especies Minerales de la Republica Argentina. Vol. 1 (elements, sulphides and sulphosalts). (Asociacion Mineralogica Argentina)

Aguilar mine Australia New South Wales Rous Co. Rocks & Min.:64(5):410. Chillingham Unnamed Quarry Yancowinna Co. Broken Hill

Australian Min. 3:1 (1997)

Kintore opencut Northern Territory Tennant Inlier

No reference listed

Tennant Creek Queensland Moreton Bay Region

Dion Glastra M. collection

Dayboro Mount Isa - Cloncurry area Gunpowder District Mount Gordon

Day, B. E. & Beyer, B. D. (1996): Some mines of the Mt Isa district. Part 3 - The Mt Oxide mine. Australian J. of Mineralogy 2 (1), 3-10.

Mount Oxide Copper mine North Burnett Region Mount Perry South Australia Eyre peninsula

Duggan, et al., Can. Min. 28,125131(1990) Francis, G.L., 2010. Minerals from the South Middleback Range deposits 20032008. (self published) 44pp. 587

Middleback Range Iron Duke Complex Iron Duchess Iron Knob No reference listed Iron Monarch open cut Mt Lofty Ranges North Mt Lofty Ranges Barossa Valley Angaston Moculta Phosphate Quarry (Klemm's Quarry) Kapunda

Frost, R.L., S.J. Mills, and K.L. Erickson, (2004), Thermal decomposition of Tom's quarry (Tom's peisleyite: a thermogravimetry and hot Phosphate quarry; stage Raman spectroscopic study. Clutterbuck Bros; PM Thermochimica Acta, 419(1-2): p. 109315; Sobey; BHP; ML 114.; 4993) Robertstown Francis, G.L., Peisley, V., 2012. Minerals from Fairview and St John's phosphate Fairview Quarry (Fairview deposits, South Australia. (self Phosphate Workings; published). Lily Dora; Baldina) Tasmania Dunorlan

Bottrill & Baker (in prep) Catalogue of minerals of Tasmania

Punches Terror Queenstown district Ralph Bottrill et al in prep. Mount Lyell Mines ? Prince Lyell Mine

Bottrill RS & Baker, WE (in prep) Catalogue of Minerals of Tasmania. Mineral Resources Tasmania

588

Southern Islands

Bottrill & Baker (in prep) Catalogue of minerals of Tasmania

Pedra Branca Victoria Dunkeld Deschamps quarry Mansfield Phosphate Hill Rural City of Wangaratta Greta South Greta South turquoise field Parish of Edi Whitfield Edi-Cheshunt turquoise field Variscite Mine South Gippsland Shire Hoddle Range

No reference listed Fish Creek Lavers Hill Swan Hill Rural City Kunat

No reference listed Lake Boga granite quarry

Western Australia East Pilbara Shire Rudall River District Telfer Mine Meekatharra Shire

Downes, P. J., Hope, M., Bevan, A. W. R. and Henry, D. A. (2006): Chalcocite and associated secondary minerals from the Telfer gold mine, Western Australia. Austral. J. Mineral. 12, 25-42. Min.Mag. 39,577-579(1974)

589

Milgun Station Milgun Variscite Mine (Mount Deverell) Mount Deverell East

Sawback Range prospect

Mount Padbury Station Dimble Creek 1 and 2 Perenjori Shire Weelhamby Lake Ninghanboun Hills

Ninghanboun Hills serpentinite

Fetherston, J., Stocklmayer, S., Stocklmayer, V.(2013): Gemstones of WA, Geological Survey of WA Fetherston, J., Stocklmayer, S., Stocklmayer, V.(2013): Gemstones of WA, Geological Survey of WA Fetherston, J., Stocklmayer, S., Stocklmayer, V.(2013): Gemstones of WA, Geological Survey of WA [var: Ferrian Variscite] Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 7th edition, revised and enlarged, 1124 pp. 760. Simpson (1931-1932) Journal of the Royal Soceity of Western Australia: 18: 69; Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 18371892, Volume II: 936.

Upper Gascoyne Shire Nickel, E. H. et al. (2008): The Woodlands variscite-gold occurrence in the north Gascoyne region of Western Australia. Woodlands variscite deposit (Low Australian Journal of Mineralogy 14, 2736. Hill; Waldburg variscite deposit)

Woodlands station

Austria Lower Austria Waldviertel Mühldorf

R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993)

Trandorf Styria

Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of 590

Frohnleiten

James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 18371892, Volume II: 759.

Mixnitz Leoben Brandberg

Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 18371892, Volume II: 759; R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993)

Belgium Hainaut Province (Henegouwen; Hennegau) Mons

Schnorrer-Köhler, G., (1988): Mineralogische Notizen IV, Der Aufschluss, Vol. 39, 153-168

Blaton Mont-des-Groseillers Luxembourg Province Stavelot Massif Vielsalm

Daltry, Vaughn & Deliens, Michel (1994) The Type Mineralogy of Belgium . Annals of the Belgium Geological Society 116:15-28

Bihain Bolivia Oruro Department Dalence Province [MinRec 32:472] Huanuni Huanuni mine Potosí Department Rafael Bustillo Province (Bustillos Province) Llallagua Siglo Veinte Mine (Siglo XX Mine; Llallagua Mine; Catavi) Sud Chichas Province Atocha-Quechisla District

[MinRec 32:474]

Kempff, O., Paar, W.H., Tawackoli, S.: "Minerales de Bolivia", 115pp (La Paz, 2009) 591

Cerro Chorolque Chorolque Mine Brazil Goiás Mato Grosso

Rui Nunes December 2010 P Haas collection

Ribeirão Cascalheira Minas Gerais Doce valley Conselheiro Pena Boa Vista pegmatite Eduardo mine

Collection from Elmar Lackner. New find from 2006.

Field Trip Guide, Eastern Brazilian Pegmatite Province, 4th International Symposium on Granitic Pegmatites, 2009

Galiléia Sapucaia do Norte Proberil claim Sapucaia Mine (Proberil mine)

Resplendor Itapecerica Itatiaiuçú

[var: Ferrian Variscite] Rob Lavinsky specimen Cassedanne, J.P. & Baptista, A. (1999): Famous Mineral Localities: The Sapucaia Pegmatite Minas Gerais, Brazil. Mineralogical Record, 30: 347-360 + 365 Robinson, G.W. (1993): What's New in Minerals ? Mineralogical Record 24: 49 No reference listed Luiz Alberto Dias Menezes,Fo.

Serra de Itatiaiuçú mine Paraíba Borborema mineral province Am Min (1955) 40:55-63 Pedra Lavrada Alto Patrimônio Bulgaria Haskovo Oblast (Khaskovo Oblast)

Kunov, A. & Petrov, P. (2001): Beaverite from the Chala gold-base metal ore deposit: a new mineral for Bulgaria. 592

Mineralni Bani Obshtina

Geokhimiya, Mineralogiya i Petrologiya 38, 67-71.

Spachievo ore field (Spahievo ore field) Chala Mine Kardzhali Oblast (Kurdzhali; Kărdžali; Kurdjali) Momchilgrad Obshtina Obichnik Au-Ag deposit

Kunov, A. & Mandova, E. (1997): Supergene minerals of the Obichnik AuAg deposit (Eastern Rhodopes). Spisanie na Bulgarskoto Geologichesko Druzhestvo 58, 19-24. (in Bulgarian)

Canada Northwest Territories Mackenzie District Can Min vol 25 pp 221-226 (1987) Fort Norman Golden Deposit Yukon Territory Watson Lake Mining District Maggie Wilson Itsy Mts Itsy Lakes Cape Verde Barlavento Islands

Figueiredo, M. O.; Pereira da Silva, T.; Veiga, J. P.; Chevallier, P. (2003): Phosphatization of basaltic rocks from Sal Island, Cape Verde Archipelago: A microtopochemical approach using synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence. Journal de Physique IV: Proceedings, 104 (X-Ray Microscopy), 399-402.

Sal Island

China Fujian Province Nanping Prefecture Yanping District

Zhaolin Li, Jinzhang Zhang, Qizhi Wu, and Zhonghui Ouyang (1983): Mineral Deposits 2(2)

Nanping pegmatite field (Xikeng pegmatite field) 593

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region

Xunyi Wang (1982): Acta Mineralogica Sinica 2(2), 154-156

Guilin Prefecture Guizhou Province Bijie Prefecture

Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I. (2002): USGS Open-File Report 02-189.

Zhijin Co. Xinhua P-REE deposit Hunan Province Chenzhou Prefecture

Damao Wu and Yansong Tan (1981): Geology and Prospecting 17(9), 34-36; Anthony, J.W. et al.: Handbook of Mineralogy

Suxian District

Jinyinzhai Mine (Chenxian Mine; Sanerlin Mine; U deposit No. 320) Unnamed U deposit (1) Hunan 230 Laboratory, Hunan 305 Geological Team, Wuhan Geological Institution X-ray Laboratory (1976): Acta Geologica Sinica 50(2), 203-204. Jiangxi Province Fuzhou Prefecture Chongren Co. Xiangshan Uranium ore field

Rengui Wu and Dagan Yu (2000): Uranium Geology 16(4), 204-211

Hengjian U deposit (U deposit No. 611; Fuzhou Mine) Le'an Co. Xiangshan Uranium ore field Zoujiashan ore district

Rengui Wu and Dagan Yu (2000): Uranium Geology 16(4), 204-211

U deposit No. 6122 Ji'an Prefecture Suichuan Co.

Yunhuai Lin and Shiyang Chen (1985): Geology and Prospecting 21(3), 23-31 594

Xigang Ta-Nb deposit Shangrao Prefecture Dexing Co. Yinshan ore field Yinshan Mine Yanshan Co. (Qianshan Co.) U deposit No. 34 Xinjiang Autonomous Region Bayin'gholin Autonomous Prefecture (Bayingolin Autonomous Prefecture; Bayinguoleng Autonomous Prefecture) Lopnur Co. (Yuli Co.; Weili Co.)

Mangen Li, Baoqun Hu, Lihong Bai, Guolin Guo, Zhengqi Wang, and Zhenxing Wang (2007): Geotectonica et Metallogenia 31(3), 353-358

Rengui Wu and Dagan Yu (2000): Uranium Geology 16(4), 204-211

Keqiao Chen, Tinggao Yu, Cunhuan Huang, and Zhizhong Peng (1981): Geological Review 27(4), 360-364

Muqiongkudouke phosphate deposit Yili Hasake Autonomous Prefecture (Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture) Aletai Prefecture (Altay Prefecture) Qinghe Co. (Qinggil Co.; Chinggil Co.)

Denghong Wang, Yuchuan Chen, and Zhigang Xu (2001): Acta Geologica Sinica 80(3), 419-425

Baixing pegmatite field Colombia San Andrés y Providencia Department Malpelo Island

Czech Republic Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen) Central Bohemia Region Hořovice (Horschowitz; Horowitz) Třenice Zaječov

[var: Ferrian Variscite] Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 760. Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 18371892, Volume II: 759; Pauliš, P.: Nejzajímavější mineralogická naleziště Čech. Kutná Hora: Kuttna, 2000, s. 101. Zepharovich (1867) Königliche Akademie 595

der Wissenschaften, Wien, Sitzber.: 56: 24. Karlovy Vary Region Horní Slavkov (Schlaggenwald) Krásno (Schönfeld) Vysoký Kámen

Sejkora, J., Ondruš, P., Fikar, M., Veselovský, F., Mach, Z. & Gabašová, A. (2006): New data on mineralogy of the Vysoký Kámen deposits near Krásno, Slavkovský les area, Czech Republic. Journal of the Czech Geological Society 51, 43-55.

Greisen deposit Liberec Region Jilemnice (Starkenbach)

Pauliš, P.: Dufrenit z Poniklé v Krkonoších. Minerál, 2003, r. 11, č. 3, str. 166 – 168

Poniklá Plzeň Region Rokycany (Rokitzan; Rokytzan) Těškov South Bohemia Region Písek Čížová

Janouš, F.: Minerály z Kněží hory u Těškova (okres Rokycany), Minerál, 1995, roč. 3, č. 6, s. 367-369. Sejkora J., Cícha J., Jebavá I.: Minerální asociace fosfátů z Čížové u Písku (Česká republika). Bulletin mineralogickopetrografického oddělení Národního muzea v Praze, 2011, 19, 1, 1-26.

Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaïre) Katanga (Shaba) Katanga Copper Crescent MinRec 20:287-288 Shinkolobwe Shinkolobwe Mine (Kasolo Mine) Kivu Lueshe Mine

Sud-Kivu Lusungu River District Kobokobo pegmatite

Nasraoui, M., Bilal, E., & Gibert, R. (1999). Fresh and weathered pyrochlore studies by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy coupled with thermal analysis. Mineralogical Magazine, 63(4), 567-567. Mills, S. J., Birch, W. D., Kampf, A. R. & van Wambeke, L. (2010) Kobokoboite, Al6(PO4)4(OH)6•11H2O, a new mineral from the Kobokobo pegmatite, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 596

European Journal of Mineralogy, 22(2) France Auvergne Allier Frank de Wit collection; Uwe Kolitsch collection and SXRD-analysis

Ébreuil Échassières Beauvoir quarry Le Mazet vein Les Montmins Mine (Ste Barbe vein) Languedoc-Roussillon

Luigi Chiappino collection Le Règne Minéral, (33), 5-25. Berbain,C., Riley, T., Favreau, G., (2012): Phosphates des pegmatites du massif des Albères (Pyrénées-Orientales). Le Cahier des Micromonteurs. 117, 121-172

Pyrénées-Orientales Albères massif Limousin Creuse Soumans Montebras

Patureau, J., Chiappero, P-J. & Lebocey, J. (2011): Mines et minéraux de Montebras, Soumans, Creuse. Le Règne Minéral. 99, 5-33

Montebras Mines Midi-Pyrénées Aveyron Jean-Marie Laurent Collection Rieupeyroux Prévinquières area Tarn Castelnau-de-Brassac Fumade

GAYRAUD, L. (2010): Gisement de phosphates de Castelnau-de-Brassac aux environs de Fumade (Tarn), Le Cahier des Micromonteurs, 107, 12-17.

Phosphate occurrence Pays de Loire

Lheur C. (1993), Les minéralisations de l'ancienne carrière de La Floquerie près de Pannecé (Loire-Atlantique), Le Cahier 597

Loire-Atlantique

des Micromonteurs, n°4, pp: 14-21

Pannecé La Floquerie Quarry French West Indies Martinique

[var: Ferrian Variscite] Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 760.

de la Perle Island

Germany Bavaria Franconia Fichtelgebirge Meier, S. (2007): Das Flötztal im südlichen Fichtelgebirge. Lapis 32, 17-20; 58.

Fichtelberg Mehlmeisel Rotenfels (Rotenfels im Flötztal) Upper Palatinate Auerbach Nitzlbuch (Nitzelbuch)

Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990

Maffei Mine (Nitzelbuch Mine) Oberpfälzer Wald Mücke, A. & Keck, E. (2011): Karbonate aus dem Pegmatit von HagendorfSüd/Opf.: Zusammensetzung, Waidhaus Verbreitung und begleitende PhosphatMineralien (Apatit, Hagendorfit und Hagendorf Eosphorit-Gruppe) - darunter einige Neufunde (Triplit, Mineralien der Hagendor Arrojadit-Dickinsonit Reihe, Goyazit und f Variscit). Aufschluss 62, 87-117. South Pegm

Vohenstrauß

598

atite (Corn elia Mine; Hage ndorf South Open Cut) Silbergrube Hesse Odenwald A. Wittern: Mineralfundorte in Deutschland, Schweizerbart (Stuttgart), 2001

Heppenheim Kirschhausen Görzklinge Wetzlar Rodheim-Bieber Dünsberg Waldgirmes Rotläufchen Mine North Rhine-Westphalia

Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", 1990

Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", 1990

Sauerland Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001

Meschede Bestwig Föckinghausen quarry Sundern Altenhellefeld Limestone quarry Hellefeld Hardtkopf Stockum quarry

Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001

Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001 Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland 599

West", 1990 Warstein Hirschberg David Mine (Christiansglück Mine)

S. Weiß: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990

Rhineland-Palatinate Westerwald Wied Iron Spar District in the collection of Christof Schäfer

Neuwied Dernbach Schöne Aussicht Mine Saxony-Anhalt Harz Stolberg Großer Auerberg

Gröbner, J., W. Hajek, R. Junker & J. Nikoleizig (2011). Neue Mineralienschätze des Harzes. S.112. Papierflieger-Verlag, Clausthal-Zellerfeld.

Quarry at the Holzchaussee Saxony Chemnitz Frankenberg Langenstriegis

Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 18371892, Volume II: 759.

Slate outcrops Erzgebirge Ehrenfriedersdorf Greifenstein Rocks Freiberg District

Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001 Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001 600

Oberlausitz Görlitz Neißeaue

Witzke, T. & Giesler, T. (2013): Seltene Phosphate und Vanadate von Emmerichswalde bei Görlitz/Sachsen. Mineralien-Welt 24 (2), 40-55

Emmerichswalde Niesky Horscha Pansberg Quarry Vogtland Plauen Meßbach Meßbach Quarry (TL)

Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001; Witzke, T. & Giesler, T. (2007): Der Schieferabbau Pansberg bei Horscha in der Lausitz, Sachsen. Lapis 32 (7-8), 68-73; 86. Journ.prakt.Chem.(1837) 10, 506; Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 18371892, Volume II: 759.

Thuringia Gera Ronneburg U deposit Lichtenberg Absetzer Mine (dump) Lichtenberg open cast Reust Mine

T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998(7/8), 26-64

T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998(7/8), 26-64 T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998(7/8), 26-64

Zeulenroda Mineralien-Welt 18 (5) (2007) 32-34. Weckersdorf Hungary Heves Co. Mátra Mtns Parádfürdő

Szakáll: 100 Hungarian Mineral Loc., 2004

Etelka mine Iran

601

Yazd Province Yaghubpur, A., and Mehrabi, B. (1997): J. Sci. I. R. Iran 8(2), 117-126.

Bafq (Bafgh) Kushk Mine Ireland Co. Cork Tracton

No reference listed Minane Bridge Laharran Quarry ? Italy Sardinia Cagliari Province Villaputzu Arcu Genna Arrela

Mariani P., Scaini G.: "I minerali d'Italia" Rizzoli, 1978 and A. Del Caldo, C. Del Moro, C.M. Gramaccioli, M. Boscardin M. "Guida ai Minerali" Fabbri ed. Milano, 1981 and De Michele V. (1975) – Guida Mineralogica d’Italia – Ist. Geogr. De Agostini, Novara

Tuscany Lucca Province Senesi F., 2000. Koninckite e altri fosfati della miniera del Pollone (Valdicastello Carducci, Lucca). Riv. Miner. Ital., 1: 4648.

Apuan Alps Pietrasanta Valdicastello Carducci Pollone Mine Japan Hokkaido Hidaka Province

Ito (1975) Chigaku Kenkyu, 26, 217-220. Monbetsu (Mombetsu) Konomai mines (Kohnomai mine) Honshu Island Chubu Region

Alfredo Petrov specimen (from K. Watanabe collection); Takashi Yamada, Tokuhei Tagai, Takeshi Kojiro, Akira Harada, and Yasuhiro Kosuge (1999) Rare 602

Shizuoka Prefecture Shimoda City Rendaiji

Minerals from Kawazu Mine, Shizuoka Prefecture. Chikyu-Wakusei Godo-Taikai Koen-Yoshi (Abstract of the Joint Meeting of the Societies of Earth and Planetary Sciences), conference presentation, Mc-002

Kawazu mine (Rendaiji mine; Rendaizi mine) Chugoku Region Yamaguchi Prefecture Hinomaru-Nako mine Kazakhstan Zhambyl Province (Jambyl Oblysy; Dzhambulskaya Oblast') Talas Alatau Range (Talas Ala-Too Range) Djabagly Mts (Zhabagly Mts)

Matsubara, S. & A. Kato: Phosphates from the Hinomaru-Nako mine, Abu-cho, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Western Japan: Mem.Natn.Sci.Mus., Tokyo, 30,167183(1998) Ankinovich, E.A, Bekenova, G.K., Shabanova, T.A., Zazubina, I.S., and Sandomirskaya, S.M. (1997): Mitryaevaite, Al10((PO4)8.7(SO3OH)1.3)10AlF3.3OH2O , a new mineral species from a Cambrian carbonaceous chert formation, Karatau Range and Zhabagly Mountains, Southern Kazakhstan. Canadian Mineralogist 35(6), 1415-1419.

Kyrgyzstan Osh Oblast Alai Range (Alay Range) Karpenko, V.Yu. et al. Zapiski RMO 138(1)83(2009)

Fergana Valley Fergana Kara-Chagyr Mountain Malaysia Borneo Island Sarawak

Mineralogical Magazine (1983): 47: 7980.

Niah Great Cave (Gunong Jerneb) Mali 603

Sikasso Region

Gineste, C. (2012): N'golokasso, une occurrence de phosphates dans le Sud Mali. Le Cahier des Micromonteurs, 32012, 110-120

Ngolokasso Mexico Coahuila Mun. de Cuatrociénegas Cuatro Ciénegas (Cuatrociénegas de Carranza; Venustiano Carranza)

Forti, P. et al. (2006): ACTA CARSOLOGICA 35/1, 79–98.

Limestone caves Rosillo cave Queretaro Mun. de Tolimán Panczner (1987): 389. Soyatal Santa María de Miera Mine Mozambique Zambezia Province Alto Ligonha District

Dias, M. Bettencourt and Wilson, W. E., 2000, Mineralogical Record, 31:459-497.

Nahora Pegmatite Namibia Erongo Region Karibib District

Von Bezing, L., Bode, R., and Jahn, S., (2008) Namibia Minerals and Localities. Edition Schloss Freudenstein, Bode Verlag GmbH, Haltern. 409 (in English).

Usakos Sandamap North Farm 115 (Sandamab) Sandamap pegmatite (Sandamab pegmatite) Pacific Ocean Clarion-Clipperton zone Clipperton Island (Ile de Clipperton; Ile de la

Der Aufschluss 36:117-119

[var: Ferrian Variscite] Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight 604

Passion)

Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 760.

Peru Junín Department J.Hyrsl (2012) Gemstones of Peru, p. 79 Yauli Province Poland Świętokrzyskie Świętokrzyskie Mts (Holy Cross Mts) Wiśniówka Wielka

Gucwa, I.; Pelczar, A.; Wieser, T. (1960): Variscites from Wisniowka (Holy Cross Mts.). Bull. Acad. Polon. Sci., Ser. Sci., Geol. Geograph. 8 (1), 37-43.; J. Witkowski

Portugal Bragança District Torre de Moncorvo Felgar Cabeço da Mua Mine Fragas da Carvalhosa Mine Vinhais Ervedosa Viana do Castelo District Ponte da Barca São Lourenço de Touvedo

Pedro Alves collection. Characterized by p-XRD

Pedro Alves collection António Manuel Ináçio Martins collection

Self-find by Nuno Afonso; optical and XRD analysed

Pedra da Moura Mine Ponte de Lima Moreira do Lima

Pedro Alves collection

Lourinhal quarry Viseu District Mangualde Quintela de Azurara Nossa Senhora da Esperança quarry 605

Romania Hunedoara Co. Onac, B. P. (2009): ACTA CARSOLOGICA 38/1, 27-39

Cerna valley Limestone caves Hunedoara

Onac, B.P., Kearns, J., Breban, R., and Pânzaru, S.C. (2005): Proceedings of the Annual Scientific Session of The Geological Society of Romania, Rosia Montana, 20-21 May 2005, 93.

Cioclovina cave

Suceava Co. Suceava district http://minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu Iacobeni (Jakobeny; Jacobeny; Jakabfalva) Arschitza mine Russia Urals Region Southern Urals Chelyabinsk Oblast' Plast Kochkar' District

Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data

Svetlyi Baturovsk ii quarr y Rwanda Western Province Bijyojyo Gatumba District Buranga pegmatite

Bertossa, A., 1967. Inventaire des minéraux du Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Géologique de Rwanda 4, 25-45. Bertossa, A., 1967. Inventaire des minéraux du Rwanda. Bulletin du Service Géologique de Rwanda 4, 25-45.; Daltry, V.D.C. and O. von Knorring (1998) TypeMineralogy of Rwanda with Particular Reference to the Buranga Pegmatite. 606

Rubindi pegmatite

Geologica Belgica 1:1-9 F. Hatert, P. Lefèvre, A.M. Fransolet, M.R. Spirlet, F. Fontan, P. Keller : "Ferrorosemaryite, []NaFe2+Fe3+Al(PO4)3, a new phosphate mineral from the Rubindi pegmatite, Rwanda", Bull. Liaison S.F.M.C., Vol. 16, 2004, pp 44-45.

Senegal Tambacounda Region Falémé River basin Saraya

Gineste, C. & Bantsimba, C. (2005): Sénégalite et phosphates associés de Kouroudiako, Falémé, Sénégal. Le Règne Minéral, 65, 13-24.

Mount Kourou Diakouma (Kouroudiako) Slovakia Banská Bystrica Region Banská Bystrica Co. Špania Dolina Revúca Co. Sirk Železník (Vashegy) Košice Region Košice Co. Košice (Kaschau)

Koděra, M., a kol.: Topografická mineralogie Slovenska. Sv. 3 Sed-Ž, Bratislava, Veda 1990, s. 1247-1256. Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 18371892, Volume II: 759. Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590k

South Africa Limpopo Province Thabazimbi Minerals of South Africa Glenover carbonatite Glenover phosphate mine Mpumalanga Province

Martini, J.E.J. et al (1997), "Mbobo Mkulu Cave, South Africa", in "Cave Minerals of the World" (1997) 607

Nelspruit District Mbobo Mkulu Cave Spain Castile and Leon

Arribas, A.; Galán, E.; Martín Pozas, J.M.; Nicolau, J. & Salvador, P. (1971): Estudio mineralógico de la variscita de Palazuelo de las Cuevas, Zamora (España). 115132. Emilio Galan. & Salvador Mirete. ( I.G.M.E.1979): Introducción a los Minerales de España. 312. Collection J.A.CENDON. Collection Francisco Javier Gutierrez Nuez. Jordi Fabre

Zamora Aliste Palazuelo de las Cuevas

Bercianos de Aliste Catalonia

F. Costa et al. , "Current Research in Geology Applied to Ore Deposits", P. Fenoll Hach-Ali et al. Editors, University of Granada, Spain, 1993.

Barcelona Baix Llobregat Gavà Bruguers

Bareche, E (2005) "Els minerals de Catalunya. Segle XX" Ed. Grup Rocabruna Mines Mineralògic Català, Barcelona, 269 p. Sant Feliu de Llobregat Collserola mountain range Santa Creu d'Olorda

Bareche, E. (2005): "Els minerals de Catalunya: segle XX". Grup Mineralògic Català & Institució Catalana d'Historia Sansón quarr Natural. Barcelona. y (Sans on quarr y) ?

Barcelonès Barcelona city J L Bravo collection Collserola mountain range Santa Creu 608

d'Olorda Sot de les Mines Maresme Tordera

Marc C collection

Rialls quarry (Montpalau quarry) Vallès Occidental Montcada i Reixac Montcada hill quarry (Pedrera del Turó de Montcada)

Mineralogistes de Catalunya (1997), VII (1): 34-55

Galicia Pontevedra Juan Usoz Tomiño Vilachán do Monte Sweden Lappland Kiruna district Svappavaara

Bjällerud, C-G. (1989): Phospate minerlas from the Leveäniemi Iron Mine, Svappavaara, Sweden. Mineralogical Record. 20(5):343-346

Leveäniemi Mine Taiwan Taiwan Province New Taipei City Ruifang District

James Huang

Jinguashi Mine (Chinkuashih Mine) UK England

No reference listed

609

Cornwall St Austell District Treverbyn Stenalees Gunheath China Clay Pit Hensbarrow UK Journal of Mines and Minerals, No. 14 China Clay Pit p27 Wadebridge District St Endellion

No reference listed

Treore Mine Cumbria North and Western Region (Cumberland) Braithwaite District BMS Database

Causey Pike Scar Crag Cobalt Mine Devon North Devon

BMS Database Filleigh High Down Quarry Wales Swansea (West Glamorgan; Glamorgan) Ian Jones collection Bishopston Pwll Du Head Uruguay

610

Lavalleja Department Eckel, E.B. and Milton, C. (1953) Economic Geology, 48, #6, 437-446.

Minas Cliffs north of Minas USA Alabama Cherokee Co.

Min.Rec.:20(5):361.

Indian Mountain Arizona Apache Co. Navajo Indian Reservation Monument Valley

Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 412.

Monument No. 2 channel Monument No. 2 Mine Cochise Co. Mule Mts Warren District Rolf Luetcke Bisbee Cole Mine (Cole shaft; Cole No. 3) Arkansas Garland Co.

Arthur E. Smith (2008) Mineral News, 24, #8, 7-8.

Avant Dug Hill

de Linde Pits Rocks & Minerals (2010) 85:346-350 Stuart Schmitt deposit (H. Rocks & Min.:64:296. de Linde No. 3 Mine) Crystal Springs Arthur E. Smith (2008) Mineral News, 24, 611

#8, 7. Hot Springs Hot Springs Water Works Wilson Springs (Potash Sulfur Springs) Union Carbide Mine

Arthur E. Smith (2008) Mineral News, 24, #8, 8.

R&M 70:3 pp 154-170

North Wilson pit Montgomery Co. Mauldin Mt.

Rocks & Min.: 56:190.

Mauldin Mountain Quarries Montgomery County Quarry North Mountain

Rocks & Min.: 63:112.

North Mountain Mine (Stenger Mine; Copper Lume Mine)

Rocks & Min.: 63:113; 64:294; Sick (1984).

Polk Co. Big Fork

Rocks & Min.:63:118. Bigfork Wavellite prospect (Aleshire prospect)

California El Dorado Co. Slate Mts Slate Mountain

Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 380; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 304, 311; www.mineralsocal.org

Slate Mountain Mine Colorado Routt Co.

Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels

Hahns Peak District (Columbine District) Florida Polk Co. Central Florida Phosphate District (Bone

Denicourt, R., Micromounters of New England program, NE meeting program, May 1984; Marc V. Hurst (2012) Central Florida Phosphate District. Southeastern Geological Society Field Trip Guidebook 612

Valley)

No. 57

Homeland Clear Spring Mine Noralyn/Phosphoria Mines (IMC- Marc V. Hurst (2012) Central Florida Agrico) Phosphate District. Southeastern Geological Society Field Trip Guidebook No. 57 Noralyn Mine Georgia Burke Co. Girard District

Jason Smith & M.E. Ciriotti (2005) [[email protected]]

Girard Lincoln Co. Graves Mountain

Barwood,Henry.,(1999)Phosphate Minerals at Graves Mountain,Georgia;Graves Mountain and Magruder Mine,Southeastern Geological Society Guidebook No.38,April 2325,1999

Idaho Ream, Lanny R. 2004. Idaho Minerals, 2nd edition, Revised and Updated

Fremont Co. Two Top Creek Nevada Elko Co.

NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada Carlin District Rain Mine Woodruff Canyon

NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada Esmeralda Co. Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Candelaria District (Columbus District) Salisbury Dana, Yale University 18371892, Volume II: 769; Rocks & Minerals, Nov. 1999. Candelaria-Sigmund group NBMG Bull 78 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Esmeralda County, Nevada Los Angeles Gem Co. group (Miss NBMG Bull 78 Geology and Mineral Moffet mine; Blue Boy mine; Deposits of Esmeralda County, Nevada; 613

Blue mine; Persian Blue mine; Pirate No. 3 claim) Unnamed prospect (2) Unnamed prospect (3) Coaldale District

NBMG Rept 17 Turquoise Deposits of Nevada (1968) NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada

Holland claim Sigmund claim Unnamed prospects Wilson-Capps claim Crow Springs District Crow Spring mine (Blue Friday mine; Petry mine) Margaritte mine (Star mine; Copper Queen mine) Gilbert District Carr-Lovejoy group Goldfield District

NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada NBMG Bull 78 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Esmeralda County, Nevada NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada

NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada NBMG Bull 78 Geology and Mineral Deposits of Esmeralda County, Nevada NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada

Vindicator Mountain Eureka Co. Carlin Trend Maggie Creek Subdistrict Gold Quarry Mine (Maggie claims; Nevada Bureau of Mines & Geology Sample Site No. 1560; Deep West Ore Body) Cortez District

MinRec 26(5):449-469.

[var: Redondite] NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada

Lynn District Elko

MinRecord 26:467

Carlin Gold mine Genesis pit Goldstrike Mine

NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology 614

Online Documents OF06-19 - Nevada Uranium and Thorium Occurrences Humboldt Co. Buffalo Mountain District Lone Tree Mine Iron Point District Valmy Silver Coin Mine

NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada

Dr. William S. Wise presentation to Northwest Micro Mineral Study Group on 1 May 2004, Update on Mineralogy of the Silver Coin Mine, Iron Point District, Edna Mountains, Humboldt Co., Nevada

Osgood Mts Potosi District Redhouse Barite Mine Twin Creeks Mine

Rocks & Minerals, Nov. 1999

NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada

Lander Co. NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada Ackerman Canyon Variscite mine Birch Creek District NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada Damele mine Bullion District Color Back mine (Turquoise Boy mine) Grey Eagle mine Reese River District

Rockpick Legend specimen NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada

Apache Variscite mine Lyon Co. Yerington District Jeremy Zolan Yerington Mason Pass Mineral Co. Candelaria District

Collection of Kelly Starnes 1990

615

Candelaria Silver Mine Northern Belle pit Dees Prospect

NBMG Bull 58 Geology and Mineral Resources of Mineral County, Nevada

Silver Star District NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada Dunwoody-Pritchard group Halley's Comet mine (Clara mine) NBMG Rept 17 Turquoise Deposits of Nevada (1968) Nye Co. Manhattan District

NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada

Manhattan Consolidated Mine Tom Molly mine (Train prospect) NBMG Bull 99B Geology and Mineral Resources of Northern Nye County, Nevada; USGS Bull 723 Vashegyite Gem mine NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada Northumberland District NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada P & S mine Pershing Co. Humboldt Range [MinRec 39:297]; MinRec 32:239 Willard District Willard Mine Rye Patch District

NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada

New Mexico Santa Fe Co.

Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed.

Cerrillos District North Carolina Alamance Co. Snow Camp

Jason B. Smith collection

Snow Camp Mine (Holman's Mill Mine)

616

Cleveland Co. Kings Mountain District

indentified by EDS, 2004

Foote Lithium Co. Mine (Foote Mine) Randolph Co. MinRec 8:392-393 Carolina Pyrophyllite mine Pennsylvania Centre Co. State College

U.S. Geological Survey/ U.s. Department of the Interior

Skytop Interstate 99 Skytop roadcut Cumberland Co. Carlisle Waggoners Gap Route 74 Mount Holly Springs Moores Mill

Reed, Juliet C. (1976), Annotated Biblio. of Minerals New to the Pennsylvania List 1965-1974, The Mineralogical Society of PA, Inc.: 76-77; Grant, Raymond W. (Apr, 1973), Pa Mins. (PM), PM(124), Keystone Newsletter. Reed, Juliet C. (1976), Annotated Biblio. of Mins. New to the Pa List 1965-1974, The Mineralogical Soc. of PA, Inc.: 76; Gordon, S. G. (1925), "Variscite.... & Other Phosphates, from Moore's Mill, Cumberland Co., PA," Mineral Note No. 2:4-7, Acad. Nat. Sci. of Phila. Proc., Vol. 77, (1926).

Snyder Co. Perry Township Mount Pleasant Mills Lime Ridge

K. Cabaniss & L.E. Kearns (2011) The 38th Rochester Mineralogical Symposium, April 14-17, 2011, lecture abstracts, page 13.

National Limestone Co. Quarry

617

South Carolina Cherokee Co. Kings Creek District

Rocks & Minerals 54:4 pp173-175

Kings Creek Mine West Pit ? South Dakota Lawrence Co.

Loomis, T. (2011), "News from the Black Hills, South Dakota", Mineral News, in press

Lead District Wharf Mine Trojan District

R&M 75:3 pp 156-169 Clinton Mine Tennessee Cocke Co.

R&M 72:4 pp 268-270

Wood Mine Utah Box Elder Co. Pilot Range

UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah

Lucin District Empire Mine (Tecoma Hill No. 18 Mine) Lucin Utahlite Hill Edison Bird Mine Utahlite claim (Lucin Varisc ite)

Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 18371892, Volume II: 769. J. Marty (1995) Minerals of the Utahlite Claim (Edison and Bird Mine), Lucin, Box Elder County, Utah. Microprobe 8-2:410; U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological 618

Survey, Reston, Virginia.; Shubat, M. A. (1988). Scandium-bearing Aluminum Phosphate Deposits of Utah. Utah Geological and Mineral Survey, Department of Natural Resources and Energy, State of Utah. RI 209 West Utahlite Hill U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Variscite Occurrence Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. Promontory Mts Promontory District

UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah

Promontory Point Snowville

UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah Unknown Gemstone (MRDS - 10020488) U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. Unknown Gemstone Occurrence (MRDS - U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral 10020489) Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. Unknown Gemstone Occurrence (MRDS - U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral 10091681) Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. Salt Lake Co. Rob Lavinsky Murray Tooele Co. Oquirrh Mts Mercur District (Camp Floyd District) Golden Gate Mine Mercur Mine Sparrowhawk Mine Stansbury Mts Amatrice Hill

UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah

UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 18371892, Volume II: 759, 837.; American 619

Mineralogist 27:443; Shubat, M. A. (1988). Scandium-bearing Aluminum Phosphate Deposits of Utah. Utah Geological and Mineral Survey, Department of Natural Resources and Energy, State of Utah. RI 209 Uintah Co. [www.johnbetts-fineminerals.com] Vernal Utah Co. Oquirrh Mts Fairfield Clay Canyon Little Green Monster Variscite Mine Mercur District

Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 18371892, Volume II: 958, 976. Wilson, W. (2010): The Clay Canyon Variscite Mine, Fairfield Utah. Mineralogical Record. 41:321-349. U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.

Clay Canyon Northwestern Clay Pit Unknown Prospect (MRDS U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral - 10012724) Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. West Fritz Prospect U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. Virginia Buckingham Co. Farmville District

Mitchell, R.S. & Fordham, O.M., Jr., Southeastern Geology 28(2),81-86(1987)

Sprouses Corner Willis Mountain Mine Fairfax Co. Giles Co. Pearis Mountain

Minerals of Virginia, 1990 by R. V. Dietrich Minerals of Virginia 1990 by R. V. Dietrich

620

Rockbridge Co. Lyndhurst-Vesuvius District

Rocks & Min.: 57: 20-22 & 60: 168.

Kelly Bank mine Wisconsin Dodge Co. Rocks & Min. Vol. 73 (1998) Iron Ridge District (Neda Iron District) Iron Ridge Mines Iron Ridge mine (Neda mine; Oliver mine) Mayville Shaft Mine

Mineralogy of Wisconsin By William S. Cordua, When iron was king in dodge county by George G. Frederick Minerology of Wisconsin by William S. Cordua and When Iron was King in Dodge County by George G. Frederick

Jackson Co. Rocks & Min. Vol. 73 (1998) Merrillan Uzbekistan Kyzylkum Desert Central Kyzylkum Region Pavel M. Kartashov data Auminzatau Mts Dzhentuar U deposit Lyavlyakan-Beshkak ore field Beshkak U deposit Kokpatas village Alisay Venezuela Dependencias Federales Los Roques Archipelago Gran Roque Island

Solodov, I.N., Nesterova, M.V., Shugina, G.A., Ganina, N.I., Shulik, L.S., and Solodov, D.I. (2001): Lithology and Mineral Resources 36(1), 43-62. Mineraly Uzbekistana(Minerals of the Uzbekistan) - izd."FAN" UzbSSR-vol.1-4 1976-1977 [var: Ferrian Variscite] Shepard (1877); Jambor, J. L. (1963): Elroquite and phosphochromite discredited. Can. Mineral. 7, 676-677. [var: Ferrian Variscite] Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight 621

Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 760.

http://www.mindat.org/show.php?id=4156&ld=1

4. Uvarovite

Uvarovite is one of the rarest of the garnet group minerals, and is the only consistently green garnet species, with a beautiful emerald-green color. It occurs as well-formed fine-sized crystals. It was discovered in 1832 by Germain Henri Hess who named it after Count S.S. Uvarov (1765-1855), a Russian statesman and amateur mineral collector. General Information A variety or type Garnet of: Chemical Formula Ca

3

Mohs Hardness

Specific Gravity Cleavage Quality Fracture

Refractive Index

Cr

2

(SiO

4

)

3

Physical Properties of Uvarovite 7.5 to 0 Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references 3.77 Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references None Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Conchoidal Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Optical Properties of Uvarovite 1.87 622

Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Isotropic Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) 0.014 to 0.021 Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Colour Green Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Inert to reddish Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Bright green due to chromium Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Translucent,Opaque Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Vitreous Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Fluorescence & other light emissions Inert Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Crystallography of Uvarovite Isometric Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Trapezohedral, dodecahedral Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Geological Environment Uvarovite is formed from the metamorphism of impure siliceous limestones and some other rocks that contain chromium. Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Further Information Uvarovite information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities

Optical Character Dispersion

Colour (General) Colour (Chelsea Filter) Causes of Colour Transparency Lustre

Fluorescence (General)

Crystal System Habit

Where found:

Mineral information: China Tibet Autonomous Region

Nyingtri Prefecture (Linzhi Prefecture) Bomi Co.

He et al. (2000)

Yigong Tieshan Quarry 623

Russia Urals Region Middle Urals Permskaya Oblast' Gornozavodskii area Burlakov and Avdonin (2006) Saranovskaya Village (Sarany) Saranovskii Mine (Saranovs koe)

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-4125.html 5. Turquoise

Turquoise was one of the earliest gems to be used for personal adornment. It was used by Ancient Egypt rulers around 5500 BC. The name Turquoise dates to 16th century and derived from Old French word for "Turkish", because it entered Western Europe through Asia Minor. Turquoise is opaque sky-blue, blue-green or apple-green stone with brown, dark gray, or black veins of other minerals or the host rock. It can also be intergrown with malachite and chrysocolla.

Mohs Hardness Specific Gravity

Physical Properties of Turquoise 5 to 6 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references 2.30 to 2.90 624

Cleavage Quality Fracture

Refractive Index

Optical Character

Birefringence Pleochroism Dispersion

Colour (General) Colour (Chelsea Filter) Causes of Colour

Transparency

Lustre

Fluorescence (General) Fluorescence (Long-Wave UV) Crystal System

Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references None Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Conchoidal Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Optical Properties of Turquoise 1.610 to 1.650 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Biaxial/+ Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references 0.040 Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Absent Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) None Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) Colour Light blue, bluish-green, green, greenish-blue Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) Commonly with brownish or black veinsMore from other references No reaction Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Blue, Cu2+ in octahedral coordination W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Translucent,Opaque Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Strong transmitted light: appears opaque to semi-translucentMore from other references Waxy,Dull (Earthy) Arthur Thomas, Gemstones (2009) Fluorescence & other light emissions Weak; green-yellow, light blue Walter Schumann, Gemstones of the world (2001) More from other references Inert to moderate whitish blue Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Crystallography of Turquoise Triclinic 625

Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) More from other references Fine-grained, massive aggregate, partly as nodules or botryoidal groups Habit Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) More from other references Inclusions in Turquoise May contain inclusions of pyrite, calcite, etc - Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p 5 Further Information Mineral information: Turquoise information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities China Hubei Province Shiyan Prefecture Liu (1999)

Yun Co. Yungaishi Mine (Yungaisi Mine; Yungai Mine) Kenya Coast Province Taita Taveta District Voi Mexico Sonora Mun. de Cananea

Sinkankas (1997)

Cananea USA Arizona Cochise Co. Dragoon Mts Turquoise District (Courtland-Gleeson District)

Sinkankas (1997)

Gleeson Turquoise Mountain 626

Mule Mts Warren District

Sinkankas (1997)

Bisbee Gila Co. Globe-Miami District Miami-Inspiration District Miami Sleeping Beauty Peak Copper Cities Mine area Copper Cities Mine (Slee ping Sinkankas (1997) Beau ty Mine ; Lost Gulch Mine ; Yello w Meta l Mine ; Diam ondH Mine ) Graham Co. Gila Mts

Sinkankas (1997)

Lone Star District (Safford District; Dos

627

Pobres District) Sanchez Safford deposit (Spalding; Lindsey and Anderson claims; Sanchez Copper deposit; Esperanza Mine) Greenlee Co. Shannon Mts Copper Mountain District (CliftonMorenci District) Sinkankas (1997) Morenci Morenci Mine (Morenci pit; Phelps Dodge Morenci Mine; Morenci-Metcalf) Mohave Co. Cerbat Mts (Cerbat Range) Wallapai District Cerbat District

Sinkankas (1997)

Cerbat Turquoise Mountain (Mineral Park property) California San Bernardino Co.

Sinkankas (1997)

Baker Colorado Saguache Co.

Sinkankas (1997)

628

Bonanza District (Kerber Creek District) Villa Grove Turquoise Mine (Hall Turquoise Mine; Villa Grove Mine; Turquoise Lode and Turquoise Blue Lode Claims) Teller Co. Sinkankas (1997) Cripple Creek District Nevada Nevada, Lithographie, 2013, p. 53

Esmeralda Co. Lone Mountain District Lander Co. Bullion District

Nevada, Lithographie LTD, 2013

Lander Blue mine Old Tenabo placer Cortez District

Sinkankas (1997) Sinkankas (1997)

Fox Mine (Cortez Turquoise mine) Nye Co. Tonopah District Sinkankas (1997) Tonopah Royal Blue Mine New Mexico Grant Co. Burro Mountains District

Sinkankas (1997)

Tyrone Area Burro Chief Mine

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-4060.html 6. Tsavorite

629

Green to emerald green variety from Kenya and Tanzania; discovered in the early 1970s. It takes its name from Tsavo area in Kenya. General Information A variety or type Grossular, which is a variety of Garnet of: Physical Properties of Tsavorite 7 to 7.5 Mohs Hardness Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) 3.55 to 3.73 Specific Gravity Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Optical Properties of Tsavorite 1.735 to 1.744 Refractive Index Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Isotropic Optical Character Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Anomalous double refraction Colour Emerald green Colour (General) Ulrich Henn and Claudio C. Milisenda, Gemmological Tables (2004) May appear pinkish-red if chromium-rich Colour (Chelsea Filter) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Green, V3+ in octahedral coordination. Causes of Colour W. William Hanneman, Pragmatic Spectroscopy For Gemologists (2011) Fluorescence & other light emissions Inert Fluorescence (General) Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Crystallography of Tsavorite Isometric Crystal System Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, Blue Chart Gem Identification (2010) Inclusions in Tsavorite Rows or "feathers" of tiny negative crystals, fluid inclusions, asbestos fibers -Blue Chart Gem Identification, Herve Nicolas Lazzarelli, 2010, p. 3 630

Mineral information:

Further Information Tsavorite information at mindat.org Significant Gem Localities

Kenya Coast Province Taita Taveta District Voi Tsavo National Park Keller (1992) Scorpion Mine Rift Valley Province Turkana District Barot (1993) Lodwar Lokirima Madagascar Tuléar Province (Toliara) Southwestern Region Laurs (2003) Ampanihy District Ejeda Commune Tanzania Manyara Region Simanjiro District Lelatema Mts

Pardieu (2007)

Merelani Hills (Mererani) D-Block Mine Pardieu (2007)

http://www.gemdat.org/gem-7836.html

631

632