B405-00

American Water Works Association ANSI/AWWA B405-00 (Revision of ANSI/AWWA B405-94)

AWWA STANDARD FOR

SODIUM ALUMINATE

Effective date: January 1, 2001. First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors May 15, 1960. This edition approved June 11, 2000. Approved by American National Standards Institute October 6, 2000.

AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION 6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, Colorado 80235

Copyright © 2000 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

AWWA Standard This document is an American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification. AWWA standards describe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and administrative information normally contained in specifications. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be evaluated by the user of the standard. Until each optional feature is specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA publication of a standard does not constitute endorsement of any product or product type, nor does AWWA test, certify, or approve any product. The use of AWWA standards is entirely voluntary. AWWA standards are intended to represent a consensus of the water supply industry that the product described will provide satisfactory service. When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an official notice of action will be placed on the first page of the classified advertising section of Journal AWWA. The action becomes effective on the first day of the month following the month of Journal AWWA publication of the official notice.

American National Standard An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. The existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person has approved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard. American National Standards are subject to periodic review, and users are cautioned to obtain the latest editions. Producers of goods made in conformity with an American National Standard are encouraged to state on their own responsibility in advertising and promotional materials or on tags or labels that the goods are produced in conformity with particular American National Standards. CAUTION NOTICE: The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front cover of this standard indicates completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. ANSI procedures require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., New York, NY 10036; (212) 642-4900.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher.

Copyright © 2000 by American Water Works Association Printed in USA

ii Copyright © 2000 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

Committee Personnel The AWWA Subcommittee on Sodium Aluminate, which developed this standard, had the following personnel at the time: Ted A. Barber Jr., Chair

T.A. Barber Jr., Coca-Cola Co., Atlanta, Ga.

(AWWA)

Herbert Beck, Nalco Chemical Company, Naperville, Ill.

(AWWA)

J.W. Patterson, J.W. Patterson Environmental Consultants, Silverthorne, Colo.

(AWWA)

R.S. Schultz, Bloomington Water Works, Hudson, Ill.

(AWWA)

The AWWA Standards Committee on Iron Salts, Aluminum Salts, and Related Coagulant Aids, which reviewed and approved this standard, had the following personnel at the time of approval: Joe E. Brown, Chair Gene Shull, Vice-Chair Consumer Members B.S. Aptowicz, Philadelphia Water Department, Philadelphia, Pa.

(AWWA)

T.A. Barber Jr., Coca Cola Company, Atlanta, Ga.

(AWWA)

J.E. Brown, United Water Service, Houston, Texas

(AWWA)

J.P. Corless, Washington Suburban Sanitary District, Laurel, Md.

(AWWA)

S.A. Dolan, United Water Delaware, Wilmington, Del.

(AWWA)

E.D. Lowther, American Water Works Service Company, Marlton, N.J.

(AWWA)

C.A. Owen, City of Tampa Water Department, Tampa, Fla.

(AWWA)

R.S. Schultz, Bloomington Water Works, Hudson, Ill.

(AWWA)

J.S. Trotter, City of Bloomington Utilities, Bloomington, Ind.

(AWWA)

D.P. Wolz, City of Wyoming, Grandville, Mich.

(AWWA)

iii Copyright © 2000 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

General Interest Members M.B. Alvarez, CH2M Hill, Orlando, Fla.

(AWWA)

K.K. Au, American Water Works Service Company, Belleville, Ill.

(AWWA)

D.T. Duke, Engineer, East Liverpool, Ohio

(AWWA)

J.D. Edwards, Burgess & Niple Ltd., Columbus, Ohio

(AWWA)

J.J. Gemin, Earth Tech Inc., Kitchener, Ont.

(AWWA)

R.D. Harriger, Eaglebrook Inc., Williamsburg, Va.

(AWWA)

P.J. Olson,* Standards Engineer Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo.

(AWWA)

J.W. Patterson, J.W. Patterson Environmental Consultants, Silverthorne, Colo.

(AWWA)

L.W. VandeVenter, Metcalf & Eddy Inc., Wakefield, Mass. B.H. Wilder, Atlanta, Ga.

(NEWWA) (AWWA)

Producer Members D.E. Gordon, QC Corporation, Baltimore, Md.

(AWWA)

L.N. Hjersted, Kemiron Inc., Bartow, Fla.

(AWWA)

C.B. Lind, General Chemical Corporation, Syracuse, N.Y.

(AWWA)

J.J. Pavlicek, PVS Technologies, Detroit, Mich.

(AWWA)

K.S. Salmen, Nalco Chemical Company, Naperville, Ill.

(AWWA)

Gene Shull, Fe3 Inc., Bacliff, Texas

(AWWA)

R.A. Smith, Woodbury, Conn.

(AWWA)

*Liaison, nonvoting

iv Copyright © 2000 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

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Copyright © 2000 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

Contents All AWWA standards follow the general format indicated subsequently. Some variations from this format may be found in a particular standard. SEC.

PAGE

SEC.

Foreword

PAGE

2

References .......................................... 1

3

Definitions ................................................ 2

4

Requirements

4.1

Physical Requirements......................... 2

4.2

Chemical Requirements ....................... 2

4.3

Impurities.............................................. 3

I

Introduction ........................................ vii

I.A

Background......................................... vii

I.B

History. ............................................... vii

I.C

Acceptance. ........................................ viii

II

Special Issues ....................................... ix

II.A

Handling Precautions. ......................... ix

III

Use of This Standard........................... ix

III.A

Purchaser Options and Alternatives ... x

5

Verification

III.B

Modification to Standard...................... x

5.1

Sampling ............................................... 3

IV

Major Revisions..................................... x

5.2

Test Procedures .................................... 4

V

Comments.............................................. x

5.3

Rejection................................................ 6

Standard

6

Delivery

1

General

6.1

Marking................................................. 6

1.1

Scope ...................................................... 1

6.2

Packaging and Shipping ...................... 7

1.2

Purpose .................................................. 1

6.3

Affidavit of Compliance........................ 7

1.3

Application............................................. 1

v Copyright © 2000 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

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Copyright © 2000 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

Foreword This foreword is for information only and is not a part of AWWA B405. I.

Introduction.

I.A.

Background.

Sodium aluminate (Na2Al2O4) is used to improve hardness

reduction and coagulation when softening water with lime or lime and soda ash. It can also be used in conjunction with alum to improve coagulation. Sodium aluminate is a manufactured product obtained by combining aluminum oxide (Al2O3) with sufficient excess causticity for stabilization. Sodium aluminate is produced either as a solid or liquid. The solid form is a white or brown granular material containing 60–80 percent Na2Al 2O4 (19.75–26.33 percent aluminum). The density of solid sodium aluminate is 800 kg/m3 (50 lb/ft3). Liquid sodium aluminate is a concentrated solution containing approximately 30–45 percent Na2Al 2O4 (9.87– 14.80 percent aluminum). The specific gravity of liquid sodium aluminate is 1.45–1.60. Refer to material safety data sheets (MSDS) available from the supplier or manufacturer for safety information. I.B.

History.

Prior to May 15, 1960, a tentative standard for sodium

aluminate was designated AWWA B405-59T. On May 15, 1960, the first edition was approved.

Subsequent revisions to AWWA B405 were prepared by the

AWWA Standards Committee on Iron Salts, Aluminum Salts, and Related Coagulant Aids and approved by the AWWA Board of Directors in 1983, 1989, and 1994. This edition was approved by the AWWA Board of Directors on J une 11, 2000. I.C.

Acceptance.

In May 1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency

(USEPA) entered into a cooperative agreement with a consortium led by NSF International (NSF) to develop voluntary third-party consensus standards and a certification program for all direct and indirect drinking water additives. Other members of the original consortium included the American Water Works Association Research Foundation (AWWARF) and the Conference of State Health and Environmental Managers (COSHEM). The American Water Works Association (AWWA) and the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA) joined later.

vii Copyright © 2000 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

In the United States, authority to regulate products for use in, or in contact with, drinking water rests with individual states.* Local agencies may choose to impose requirements more stringent than those required by the state. To evaluate the health effects of products and drinking water additives from such products, state and local agencies may use various references, including two standards developed under the direction of NSF, ANSI†/NSF‡ 60, Drinking Water Treatment Chemicals—Health Effects, and ANSI/NSF 61, Drinking Water System Components—Health Effects. Various certification organizations may be involved in certifying products in accordance with ANSI/NSF 60. Individual states or local agencies have authority to accept or accredit certification organizations within their jurisdiction. Accreditation of certification organizations may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Annex A, “Toxicology Review and Evaluation Procedures,” to ANSI/NSF 60 does not stipulate a maximum allowable level (MAL) of a contaminant for substances not regulated by a USEPA final maximum contaminant level (MCL). The MALs of an unspecified list of “unregulated contaminants” are based on toxicity testing guidelines (noncarcinogens) and risk characterization methodology (carcinogens). Use of Annex A procedures may not always be identical, depending on the certifier. AWWA B405-00 addresses additives requirements in Sec. 4.3 of the standard. The transfer of contaminants from chemicals to processed water or the residual solids is becoming a problem of greater concern. The language in Sec. 4.3.2 is a recommendation only for direct additives used in the treatment of potable water to be certified by an accredited certification organization in accordance with ANSI/NSF Standard 60, Drinking Water Treatment Chemicals—Health Effects. However, users of the standard may opt to make this certification a requirement for the product. Users of this standard should also consult the appropriate state or local agency having jurisdiction in order to 1.

Determine additives requirements, including applicable standards.

2.

Determine the status of certifications by all parties offering to certify

products for contact with, or treatment of, drinking water.

*Persons in Canada, Mexico, and non-North American countries should contact the appropriate authority having jurisdiction. †American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., New York, NY 10036. ‡NSF International, 789 N. Dixboro Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48105.

viii Copyright © 2000 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

3.

Determine current information on product certification.

II.

Special Issues.

II.A.

Advisory information on product application.

Unlike many other floccu-

lant chemicals purchased in liquid form, liquid sodium aluminate is usually purchased by weight of product, including water. This standard provides methods for analyzing insoluble matter, available sodium aluminate, soluble silica, total sodium oxide, and excess sodium oxide. This standard applies to sodium aluminate produced by currently recognized methods of manufacture. If other methods or raw materials are used, impurities could be present that might be inconsistent with good water treatment practices. In such cases, additional tests by the manufacturer may be required to demonstrate that the product is suitable for water treatment purposes. III.

Use of This Standard.

AWWA has no responsibility for the suitability or compatibility of the provisions of this standard to any intended application by any user. Accordingly, each user of this standard is responsible for determining that the standard’s provisions are suitable for and compatible with that user’s intended application. III.A.

Purchaser options and alternatives. When purchasing sodium alumi-

nate under the provisions of this standard, the following items should be covered in the purchaser’s specifications: 1.

Standard used—that is, AWWA B405, Standard for Sodium Aluminate, of

latest revision. 2.

Physical form and quantity required (Sec. 4.1).

3.

Size and type of container to be used (Sec. 6.2).

4.

Affidavit of compliance, certified analysis, or both, if required (Sec. 6.3).

5.

Commercial solid sodium aluminate containing additives such as clay to

improve the feeding or coagulating characteristics or stabilizers to improve shelf life is available. Use of these additional materials requires changing the limitations on insoluble matter (Sec. 4.1.2) and chemical requirements (Sec. 4.2). Together, sodium aluminate and additives (clay and stabilizers) must conform to impurity limitation requirements (Sec. 4.3). 6.

Liquid sodium aluminate may lack stability after storage for more than

30 days. Purchasers may wish to expand on the stability requirements based on individual need. (Sec. 4.1.1)

ix Copyright © 2000 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

7.

All chemicals, such as glutamates, added to sodium aluminate to improve

stability during storage shall be products of food-grade quality (or better) approved by the Federal Food and Drug Administration. 8.

Whether the recommended compliance with ANSI/NSF Standard 60,

Drinking Water Treatment Chemicals—Health Effects, is to be required. If this certification is to be required, the purchaser’s specifications shall read, “This material shall be certified as suitable for contact with or treatment of drinking water by an accredited certification organization in accordance with ANSI/NSF Standard 60, Drinking water Treatment Chemicals—Health Effects.” 9.

In the event that an analysis by a referee laboratory is required, the

assignment of testing costs should be addressed (Sec. 5.3.1). 10.

Whether an analysis by a certified laboratory for the presence of barium,

cadmium, chromium, mercury, nitrate, nitrite, selenium, antimony, beryllium, cyanide, nickel, thallium, iron, and manganese is to be required (Sec. 6.3). III.B.

Modification to standard.

Any modification to the provisions, defini-

tions, or terminology in this standard must be provided in the purchaser’s specifications. IV.

Major Revisions.

Major changes made to the standard in this revision

include the following: 1.

The acceptance clause (Sec. I.C) has been revised to approved wording.

2.

A new section on product certifications (Sec. 4.3.2) has been added.

3.

Item numbers 8, 9, and 10 have been added to Sec. III.A. Purchaser Options

and Alternatives. 4.

A bulk sampling procedure was added (5.1.4.1.1).

5. A revised test procedure for insoluble matter—solid has been added (Sec. 5.2.1). V.

Comments.

If you have any comments or questions about this standard,

please call the AWWA Volunteer & Technical Support Group, (303) 794-7711 ext. 6283, FAX (303) 795-7603, or write to the group at 6666 W. Quincy Ave., Denver, CO 80235.

x Copyright © 2000 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

American Water Works Association

ANSI/AWWA B405-00 (Revision of ANSI/AWWA B405-94)

AWWA STANDARD FOR

SODIUM ALUMINATE SECTION 1: Sec. 1.1

GENERAL

Scope This standard describes sodium aluminate (Na2Al 2O4) in both liquid and solid form for use in water supply service. Sodium aluminate according to this standard is a combination of sodium oxide (Na2O) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) with sufficient excess causticity (sodium oxide) for stabilization.

Sec. 1.2

Purpose The purpose of this standard is to provide purchasers, manufacturers, and suppliers with the minimum requirements for sodium aluminate, including physical, chemical, packaging, shipping, and testing requirements.

Sec. 1.3

Application This standard can be referenced in specifications for purchasing and receiving sodium aluminate and can be used as a guide for testing the physical and chemical properties of sodium aluminate samples. The stipulations of this standard apply when this document has been referenced and then only to sodium aluminate used in water supply service.

1 Copyright © 2000 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

2

AWWA B405-00

SECTION 2:

REFERENCES

This standard references the following documents. In their latest editions, they form a part of this standard to the extent specified in this standard. In any case of conflict, the requirements of this standard shall prevail. ASTM* E11—Standard Specification for Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Purposes. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. APHA,† AWWA, WEF.‡ AWWA, Denver, Colo. (19th ed., 1995).

SECTION 3:

DEFINITIONS

The following definitions shall apply in this standard: 1.

Liquid sodium aluminate:

The liquid form of sodium aluminate is a

concentrated solution containing approximately 30 to 45 percent Na 2Al2O4. 2.

Manufacturer:

The party that manufactures, fabricates, or produces mate-

rials or products. 3.

Purchaser:

The person, company, or organization that purchases any

materials or work to be performed. 4.

Solid sodium aluminate:

The solid form of sodium aluminate defined in

this standard is a white or brown granular material containing 60 to 80 percent sodium aluminate. 5.

Supplier:

The party that supplies materials or services. A supplier may or

may not be the manufacturer.

*American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. †American Public Health Association, 1015 15th St. N.W., Washington, DC 20005. ‡Water Environment Federation, 601 Wythe St., Alexandria, VA 22314-1994.

Copyright © 2000 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

SODIUM ALUMINATE

SECTION 4: Sec. 4.1

3

REQUIREMENTS

Physical Requirements* 4.1.1

Form and size.

Solid sodium aluminate shall be dry (<25 percent free

water), clean (<1 percent foreign matter), and free of lumps. The solid form shall be pulverized or granular, as specified. Liquid sodium aluminate shall be sufficiently stable for prolonged storage of more than approximately 30 days. 4.1.2

Insoluble matter.

Solid sodium aluminate shall contain no more than

1.0 percent insoluble matter. Liquid sodium aluminate shall contain no more than 0.5 percent insoluble matter.

Sec. 4.2

Chemical Requirements 4.2.1

Available soluble sodium aluminate.

Solid sodium aluminate shall con-

tain a minimum of 60 percent available soluble sodium aluminate. Liquid sodium aluminate shall contain a minimum of 30 percent available soluble sodium aluminate. 4.2.2

Excess sodium oxide.

Solid sodium aluminate shall have excess sodium

oxide (Na2O) of at least 3 percent by weight to ensure complete combination with the aluminum oxide (Al2O3), but it shall not exceed 5 percent by weight reported as sodium oxide. Liquid sodium aluminate shall have excess sodium oxide of at least 4 percent by weight to ensure complete combination with the aluminum oxide, but it shall not exceed 8 percent by weight reported as sodium oxide.

Sec. 4.3

Impurities† 4.3.1

General.

The sodium aluminate supplied according to this standard

shall contain no substances in quantities capable of producing deleterious or injurious effects on the health of those consuming water that has been properly treated with sodium aluminate. 4.3.2

Product certifications.

Sodium aluminate is a direct additive used in the

treatment of potable water. This material should be certified as suitable for contact with or treatment of drinking water by an accredited certification organization in accordance with ANSI/NSF Standard 60, Drinking Water Treatment Chemicals—

*All sieve numbers referred to in this standard are US Standard Sieve Series numbers, as specified in ASTM E11. †See Sec. I.C of the foreword.

Copyright © 2000 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

4

AWWA B405-00

Health Effects. Evaluation shall be accomplished in accordance with requirements that are no less restrictive than those listed in ANSI/NSF Standard 60. Certification shall be accomplished by a certification organization accredited by the American National Standards Institute.

SECTION 5: Sec. 5.1

VERIFICATION

Sampling 5.1.1

Sampling point.

Samples shall be taken at the point of destination.

5.1.2

Amount of shipment to be sampled.

Five percent of the packages or

containers shall be sampled, but a minimum of 5 packages and a maximum of 15 packages in any one shipment shall be sampled. No sample shall be taken from a broken package. 5.1.3

Sampling method, sample size, and handling for solid form.

5.1.3.1

Granular or pulverized sodium aluminate may be sampled by using a

sampling tube at least 3/4 in. (19 mm) in diameter. If the solid sodium aluminate is handled by conveyer or elevator, a mechanical sampling arrangement may be used. 5.1.3.2

The gross sample shall weigh at least 10 lb (5 kg), and shall be mixed

thoroughly and divided to provide three 1-lb (0.50-kg) samples. 5.1.3.3 The samples shall be sealed in airtight, moistureproof, plastic containers. 5.1.3.4

Each sample shall be labeled for identification and shall be signed by

the sampler. A chain-of-custody form shall accompany all samples and shall be properly completed by the individuals handling the samples. 5.1.4

Sampling method, sample size, and handling for liquid form.

5.1.4.1

The contents of each container to be sampled shall be mixed thoroughly

by rolling or by other means. A portion shall be taken from each container of such size that the total gross sample shall consist of at least 10 qt (10 L). 5.1.4.1.1

When collecting a representative composite sample from a tank car or

tank truck, at least five different portions shall be taken. The portions shall be taken from locations well distributed in depth and area or at timed intervals during discharge, in order to obtain a representative sample. The five portions making up the composite sample shall be mixed in a clean, dry plastic container to give the composite sample at least a 10 qt (10 L) volume.

Copyright © 2000 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

SODIUM ALUMINATE

5.1.4.2

5

After thorough mixing of the gross sample, three 0.5-qt (0.5-L) samples

shall be sealed in airtight plastic bottles. When sampling, large quantities of air must not be introduced into the product for this will affect the stability of the aluminate. 5.1.4.3

Each sample container shall be labeled for identification and shall be

signed by the sampler. A chain-of-custody form shall accompany all samples and shall be properly completed by the individuals handling the samples. 5.1.5

Laboratory examination.

Laboratory examination by the purchaser of

one of the three samples collected according to Sec. 5 shall be completed within 10 working days after receipt of the shipment. 5.1.5.1

Test samples. Test samples shall be obtained from sealed material

samples delivered to the laboratory. Material samples shall be unsealed only when it is necessary to remove quantities of the material for testing. This shall be performed quickly, and the material samples shall then be resealed for future reference. 5.1.5.2

Retention. Samples shall be retained for at least 30 days after date of

receipt or until the load of sodium aluminate has been completely used, whichever is longest before they are discarded. 5.1.6 5.1.6.1

Sample preparation. Solid sodium aluminate. The material sample delivered to the labora-

tory shall be quartered to approximately 3.5 oz (100 g), and this amount shall be reduced by mechanical grinding or by hand in a mortar to a size that all of it passes a No. 30 sieve. After thorough mixing, the test portion shall be stored in an airtight container and weighed out rapidly to avoid a change in moisture content. 5.1.6.2

Liquid sodium aluminate. Liquid sodium aluminate shall be mixed

thoroughly before a portion is withdrawn for examination, and the bottle shall be kept sealed after the test portion has been removed.

Sec. 5.2

Test Procedures Methods of testing solid sodium aluminate for insoluble matter, available sodium aluminate, soluble silica, total sodium oxide, and excess sodium oxide are given in this section. Section 5.2 also describes methods of testing liquid sodium aluminate for insoluble matter, available sodium aluminate, and excess sodium oxide. 5.2.1 5.2.1.1

Insoluble matter—solid. General. Insoluble matter is determined by filtering a weighed sample,

washing and weighing the filtered matter, and calculating the percent undissolved solids.

Copyright © 2000 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

6

AWWA B405-00

5.2.1.2 1.

Procedure.

Dry and accurately weigh (±0.0001g) a piece of 5.5 cm Whatman 934-AH

glass microfiber filter paper. 2.

Accurately weigh (±0.0001g) 5 g of sample in a tared beaker. Dissolve the

sample in 150 mL of DI water. 3.

Using a vacuum filtration flask, Buchner funnel, and aspirator, filter the

sample. 4.

Wash the beaker with 50 mL of DI water and pour the wash water through

the filter. Repeat with two additional washings. 5.

Dry the filter paper in an oven at 100–105° C to constant weight. Let cool

in a desiccator. 6.

Accurately reweigh the filter paper. This value minus the weight in step 1

is the weight of the undissolved solids. 5.2.1.3

Calculations

weight of undissolved solids ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- × 100 = percent undissolved solids weight of sample (step 2) 5.2.2

(Eq 1)

Available sodium aluminate—solid.

5.2.2.1

Reagents.

1.

1.0N sodium hydroxide solution.

2.

Carbon dioxide gas (may be generated and suitably washed in the

laboratory or obtained from a commercial cylinder). 3.

Phenolphthalein indicator.

5.2.2.2 1.

Procedure.

Dissolve 5.0 g of the sample in a mixture of 80 mL 1.0N sodium hydroxide

solution and 70 mL distilled water. 2.

Stir thoroughly and then boil gently for 15 min in a beaker covered with a

watch glass. If necessary, add distilled water to replace the volume lost. 3.

Filter through a quantitative filter paper (Whatman No. 42 or equivalent).

4.

Wash residue with hot distilled water until it is free from hydroxide

alkalinity. (See the note following step 5.) 5.

Save the filtrate, including wash water, to determine available sodium

aluminate (Sec. 5.2.2) and soluble silica (Sec. 5.2.3).

Copyright © 2000 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

SODIUM ALUMINATE

7

NOTE: During the first analysis on a given sample, the filtrate may need to be tested for hydroxide alkalinity to determine the amount of wash water required to remove the alkalinity from the residue. 6.

Transfer the filtrate (step 5) to a 500-mL volumetric flask, cool to

approximately room temperature, and make up to 500 mL with distilled water. 7.

Mix thoroughly, measure 50 mL into a 250-mL beaker and add 75 mL of

hot distilled water. 8.

Place the beaker in a boiling-water bath and bubble carbon dioxide

through the solution at the rate of four bubbles per second. Continue bubbling until precipitation is complete (approximately 30 min). 9.

When precipitation is thought to be complete, discontinue bubbling and

allow the precipitate to settle. Remove some of the supernatant liquid and pass carbon dioxide through it. If no precipitate forms, the alumina has been precipitated completely. Return the supernatant to the beaker. If preferred, the phenolphthalein indicator may be added to the solution before gassing begins, and the gassing may be continued for 20 min after the color of the indicator has disappeared. 10.

Filter with suction through two quantitative filter papers (Whatman

No. 42 or equivalent) supported in a platinum cone or glass funnel. Wash thoroughly and carefully with hot distilled water. Save the filtrate and wash water to determine the total sodium oxide (Sec. 5.2.4). 11.

Dry the paper and residue in a tared platinum crucible and ignite at

1,000°C to constant weight (approximately 1 hr). 12.

Cool in a desiccator and weigh quickly to avoid the absorption of moisture.

The weight of the crucible and residue minus the tared weight of the crucible is equal to the weight of the alumina. 13.

From the weight of alumina, subtract the weight of soluble silica

(Sec. 5.2.3) to obtain the net weight of alumina. 5.2.2.3

Calculations.

weight of AL2 O 2 – weight of soluble SiO2 = net weight of AL2 O 3

net weight of Al2 O 3 ----------------------------------------------------------------- × 100 = percent Al2 O 3 weight of sample (0.5 g) percent Al2 O 3 × 1.608 = percent Na2 Al 2 O 4

Copyright © 2000 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

(Eq 2)

(Eq 3)

8

AWWA B405-00

5.2.3

Soluble silica—solid.

5.2.3.1 1.

Reagent.

Concentrated hydrochloric acid.

5.2.3.2

Procedure.

1.

Measure 50 mL of the filtrate from Sec. 5.2.2 into a 250-mL beaker.

2.

Acidify with concentrated hydrochloric acid.

3.

Evaporate to dryness and bake for 1 hr at 180°C.

4.

After the baked residue has been cooled, add 15 mL of concentrated

hydrochloric acid and 15 mL of distilled water. 5.

Heat to boiling, filter through a quantitative filter paper (Whatman No. 42

or equivalent), and wash the residue with hot distilled water until free from chloride. (See the note following step 8.) 6.

Dry the residue and paper in a tared platinum crucible.

7.

Ignite to constant weight.

8.

Cool in a desiccator and weigh. The weight of the crucible and residue

minus the tared weight of the crucible is equal to the weight of the soluble S1O2. NOTE: During the first analysis of a given sample, it may be necessary to test the wash water for chloride to determine the amount of washing required so that the filtrate is free of chloride. Refer to Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater of latest revision for determining chloride in water. 5.2.3.3

Calculations.

weight of residue ----------------------------------------------------------------- × 100 = percent soluble SiO 2 weight of sample (0.5 g) 5.2.4

Total sodium oxide—solid.

5.2.4.1

Reagents.

1.

1.0N sulfuric acid.

2.

1.0N sodium hydroxide.

3.

Phenolphthalein indicator.

5.2.4.2 1.

(Eq 4)

Procedure.

Transfer the filtrate obtained from determining the available sodium

aluminate [Sec. 5.2.2.2 (10.0)] to a 500-mL Erlenmeyer flask. 2.

Add 25 mL 1.0N sulfuric acid and boil gently for 30 min to expel the carbon

dioxide. 3. Cool and titrate with 1.0N sodium hydroxide with phenolphthalein as indicator.

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SODIUM ALUMINATE

5.2.4.3

9

Calculations.

V4  V 4 0.040 g NaOH V – ------ (V ) – V × ------------------------------------------- ×  ------ 3 1 V 2 mL 1.0N NaOH  V 5 5

× 100/W = percent NaOH

percent NaOH × 0.7748 = percent sodium oxide as Na2 O

percent NaOH × 0.7748 = percent sodium oxide as Na O 2

(Eq 5)

(Eq 6)

Where: V1 = millilitres, 1.0N H2SO4 = 25 mL (step 2, Sec. 5.2.4.2) V2 = millilitres, 1.0N NaOH titrant (step 3, Sec. 5.2.4.2) V3 = millilitres, initial 1.0N NaOH volume = 80 mL (step 1, Sec. 5.2.2.2) V4 = millilitres, sample aliquot = 50 mL (step 7, Sec. 5.2.2.2) V5 = millilitres, total sample volume = 500 mL (step 6, Sec. 5.2.2.2) W = grams, sample weight = 5.0 g (step 1, Sec. 5.2.2.2)

5.2.5

Excess sodium oxide—solid. Obtain total percent sodium hydroxide as in

Sec. 5.2.4. Then ( total percent sodium hydroxide as NaOH ) – ( 0.488 × percent Na2 Al2 O 4 + 1.33 × percent soluble SiO 2 ) = ( excess sodium hydroxide as NaOH )

(Eq 7)

(percent excess NaOH) × 0.7748 = percent excess sodium oxide as Na2 O (Eq 8)

5.26

Insoluble matter—liquid.

Starting at step 1 of Sec. 5.2.1, follow the

procedure for determining insoluble matter in solid sodium aluminate, except 50–60 g of sample should be used rather than the 5 g used in 5.2.1.2. 5.2.7

Available sodium aluminate—liquid.

5.2.7.1

Reagents.

1.

Concentrated hydrochloric acid.

2.

Concentrated ammonium hydroxide.

3.

Ammonium nitrate solution, 1 percent.

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10

AWWA B405-00

5.2.7.2 1.

Procedure.

Make the filtrate obtained from Sec. 5.2.6 up to 500 mL with distilled

water. 2. Transfer 25 mL of the solution to a 250-mL beaker and dilute to about 175 mL. 3.

Add approximately 7 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid. Using a pH

electrode to monitor pH, adjust the solution to pH 7.5 with ammonium hydroxide. 4.

Bring the solution to a boil, allow it to settle, and then filter through

quantitative filter paper (Whatman No. 42 or equivalent). 5.

Wash with hot 1 percent ammonium nitrate solution.

6.

Redissolve the precipitated aluminum hydroxide on the filter paper with a

one-to-one hydrochloric acid solution and wash the precipitate off the paper alternately with this solution and hot ammonium nitrate. 7.

Wash into the original beaker and repeat the precipitation as before.

8.

Wash thoroughly with hot ammonium nitrate solution and finally with hot

water until the filtrate is free from chloride. (See the note following step 10.) 9.

Dry the filter paper and its contents in an oven at about 100°C and burn

off the paper slowly in a tared crucible. 10.

Finally, ignite over a blast lamp for 5 min, weigh quickly, and reignite to

constant weight. 11.

Calculate the weight of the residue, which is equal to the weight of the

crucible and the residue minus the tared weight of the crucible. NOTE: During the first analysis on a given sample, it may be necessary to test the filtrate for chloride to determine the amount of washing required to ensure that the filtrate is free from chloride. Refer to Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater of latest revision for determining chloride in water. 5.2.7.3

Calculations. weight of residue ----------------------------------------------× 1.608 × 100 = percent sodium aluminate weight of sample

5.2.8

Excess sodium oxide—liquid.

5.2.81

Reagents.

1.

0.02N sulfuric acid.

2.

Phenolphthalein indicator.

Copyright © 2000 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

(Eq 9)

SODIUM ALUMINATE

5.2.8.2 1.

11

Procedure.

Measure 25 mL of the solution from the 500-mL flask (Sec. 5.2.7) and place

in a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask. 2.

Dilute to approximately 100 mL with distilled water.

3.

Titrate with 0.02N sulfuric acid with phenolphthalein as indicator.

5.2.8.3

Calculations.

40 g NaOH 1L V 3 × -------------------------- × C × -------------------------------- × 1 mole NaOH 1, 000 mL

V2 ------ × 100/W = percent NaOH V1

0.2286 V 3 = percent NaOH

(Eq 10)

percent NaOH × ( percent Na Al O × 0.488 ) = 2 2 4 percent excess sodium hydroxide ( NaOH )

(Eq 11)

percent excess NaOH × 0.7748 = percent excess sodium oxide as Na 2 O

(Eq 12)

Where: C1 = normality of H2SO4 = 0.02N (Sec. 5.2.8.1) V1 = millilitre, sample aliquot volume = 25 mL (step 1, Sec. 5.2.8.2) V2 = millilitre, total sample volume = 500 mL (step 1, Sec. 5.2.7.2) V3 = millilitre, volume of 0.02N H2SO4 titrant (step 3, Sec. 5.2.8.2) W

= grams, sample weight = 7.0 g (Sec. 5.2.6)

5.2.9

Alternative test procedures.

The test procedures specified in this stan-

dard are traditional in nature and have been widely used throughout the water industry. Alternative procedures may be acceptable by mutual consent between the purchaser and supplier.

Sec. 5.3

Basis for Rejection. 5.3.1

Notice of nonconformance.

If the sodium aluminate delivered does not

meet the requirements of this standard, a notice of nonconformance must be provided by the purchaser to the supplier within 10 working days after receipt of the shipment at the point of destination. The results of the purchaser’s tests shall prevail, unless the supplier notifies the purchaser within five working days after receiving the notice of nonconformance that a retest is desired. On receiving the request for a retest, the purchaser shall forward to the supplier one of the sealed samples taken in accordance

Copyright © 2000 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

12

AWWA B405-00

with Sec. 5.1. In the event that the results obtained by the supplier on retesting do not agree with the test results obtained by the purchaser, the other sealed sample shall be forwarded, unopened, for analysis to a referee laboratory agreed on by both parties. The results of the referee analysis shall be accepted as final.

SECTION 6: Sec. 6.1

DELIVERY*

Marking 6.1.1

Required.

Each shipment of material shall carry with it some means of

identification. The net weight of the contents, the name of the manufacturer, and the brand name, if any, shall be marked legibly on each package, drum, or other container. Other markings as required by applicable laws and regulations shall be marked legibly on each package. When shipped in bulk, this information shall be provided in accordance with applicable regulations. 6.1.2

Optional.

The container may also bear the statement “This material

meets the requirements of AWWA B405-00, Standard for Sodium Aluminate,” provided that the requirements of this document are met and the material is not of a different quality in separate agreement between the supplier and purchaser.

Sec. 6.2

Packaging and Shipping Packaging and shipping of sodium aluminate shall conform to current federal, state, and local regulations. 6.2.1

Solid-form packaging and shipping.

Solid sodium aluminate shall be

shipped in nonreturnable fiber drums or in special moistureproof or alkali-resistant multiwall paper bags. 6.2.2

Liquid-form packaging and shipping.

Liquid sodium aluminate shall be

shipped in bulk or in steel drums. 6.2.3

Net weight.

The net weight of the packages shall not deviate from the

recorded weight by more than ±1.0 percent. If the purchaser takes exception to the weight of the material received, it shall be based on a certified unit weight of not less than 10 percent of the packages selected at random from the entire shipment. However, not less than 10 or more than 25 packages need to be weighed.

*Governmental packaging and marking references reflect US requirements. Users of AWWA B405 from Canada, Mexico, and non-North American countries should verify applicable local and national regulatory requirements.

Copyright © 2000 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved

SODIUM ALUMINATE

Sec. 6.3

13

Affidavit of Compliance and Certified Analysis The purchaser may require the manufacturer or supplier to provide an affidavit attesting that the sodium aluminate provided according to the purchaser’s specifications complies with all applicable requirements of this standard. The purchaser may also require that the supplier provide a certified analysis of the sodium aluminate. The purchaser may also elect to use in-house analytical equipment to analyze the product to ensure that it complies with this standard.

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