Battlefield Chemistry.pdf

No hacker mentality? :D Empty the browser cache, scroll through all pages of the patent and copy the .tiff files out of the browser cache. Then empty the browser cache again, scroll through the next patent and so on.... :;

Rhadon

January 2nd, 2003, 03:00 PM

Jelly: This problem has been solved more than one year ago... I prefer the method utilizing AlternaTIFF since it is so much more comfortable.

megalomania

January 2nd, 2003, 03:15 PM

FOr me the only option is still trolling through the cache and opening the tiffs in an image viewer. Alternatiff has never worked on my computer for some reason. Of course I find the pdf files on espace to be much better anyway.

nbk2000

January 2nd, 2003, 03:22 PM

There's several different versions of AlternaTIFF. You may wish to check their site for the latest version. Or, if you're using a really old computer, it may not be able to handle the processing, regardless of plug-ins. AlternaTIFF allows you to save TIFF files, so why do you do screenshots? :confused: I, personally, prefer to get the patents off the USPTO site. Then I can use photoshop to edit the downloaded pages to extract the images for use in the DVD. Whereas, trying to do that from a PDF, means loss of image quality, and maybe not at all if it's locked. <small>[ January 02, 2003, 02:27 PM: Message edited by: nbk2000 ]

Rhadon

January 2nd, 2003, 03:38 PM

NBK: Only before I heard of AlternaTIFF I tried to make screenshots, because the QuickTime plugin doesn't allow you to save the images.

blazter

January 2nd, 2003, 06:26 PM

Actually rhubarb leaves aren't that toxic. A book I have says that the toxic compound in the leaves are oxalic acid and its salts. The mechanism for toxicity is that the oxalates bind to serum calcium and it forms calcium oxalate crystals in the kidneys which lead to renal failure. The oral LD50 for oxalic acid is listed as 375mg/kg for rats on the MSDS. Oxalic acid poisoning is also quite treatable, and the book recommends calcium gluconate by IV to replenish serium calcium and diuretics to prevent calcium oxalate crystals from forming in the kidneys. On a side note, apparently the stalks of rhubarb aren't toxic at all, and around here rhubarb pie is fairly popular. I have actually eaten the raw stalks and it is a pretty unique taste, but it is quite tart.

OUAGADOUGOU

January 24th, 2003, 09:44 AM

Chloropicrin from CHCl3!? :cool: Thats what I`we been thinking about a month ago. Cutefix, Rhadon do you have any specifics or refs on this procedure. If not I`ll look into this when I have time. Could it be possible to chloinate CH2Cl2 in the presence of CuCl2 catalyst? Just a guess. Has anyone heared about something like this? <small>[ January 24, 2003, 08:51 AM: Message edited by: OUAGADOUGOU ]

Polverone

January 25th, 2003, 01:09 AM

Chloropicrin. Kirby E. Jackson; Chem. Rev.; 1934; 14(2); 251-286.

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Mills prepared chloropicrin by the nitration of chloroform, by heating seven volumes of chloroform with sixteen volumes of nitric acid (containing much nitrogen peroxide) in a sealed tube to 90-100 degrees Celsius for 120 hours. It was

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recommended that the tube be kept at an angle of 30 degrees with the bottom of the bath, as it appeared that a more nearly horizontal position involved the destruction of any nitro compounds that may be formed, while an upright position caused the reaction to proceed with excessive slowness.

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Datta and Chatterjee were able to obtain an 85 per cent yield of chloropicrin when acetone was added to ten parts of a slightly warmed mixture of two parts of nitric acid and three parts of hydrochloric acid, warmed for some time on the water bath, and then steam distilled. When allyl alcohol was gradually added to a mixture of the acids (2:3) with occasional warming on the water bath, its transformation was complete. In like manner ether and ethyl alcohol were converted into chloropicrin. And, as the result of extensive investigations, the found that whenever an organic compound broke up destructively under the influence of aqua regia, chloropicrin was invariably produced.

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Cyanide is really very very easy to make if you can get an old inorganic chemistry book. It envolves using coal gas and sodamide.

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but the only source i have for this is a couple of tom clancey novels.

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Clancy gets a lot of stuff whispered in his ears from his fans in the armed forces. That's why his stories are so realistic.

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I guess you mean "based on real-world hardware" when you say "realistic." The political situations and characters he comes up with are generally just macho bullshit. In that sense he has the same strength/weakness as many science fiction authors: he never lets realistic human behavior or culture get in the way of an interesting idea. But I digress. What I find really questionable is the idea that military personnel know a lot about the technology behind their equipment. I've talked to a number of military people - not just ordinary grunts, but technicians in charge of specialized hardware - who really don't know the principles behind the equipment they use, or who wrongly extrapolate from their own training into related items. And military folks are famous for their tall tales. Maybe Clancy gets fed only good stuff from competent people, maybe he gets told something that sounds cool and he just uses it. I don't know, and it has been too long since I've read any of his books to start investigating specific examples. But just like a good sniper doesn't necessarily make a good gunsmith, a good ICBM technician doesn't necessarily make a good reference on the improvisation of nuclear weapons... and so forth.

cutefix

March 14th, 2003, 09:02 PM

And a good writer does not need to understand detailed military information either . He will be fed with information from his entourage of researchers and he does not have any idea either if these people were fed bullocks by certain military people they interviewed knowing that classified stuff(related to specific military hardware) are seldom given ro shown to journalists. What he need is to catch the attention of his readers then that will result in better book sells and send him laughing to the bank how his tall tales enriched his bankbook. :p

NightStalker

March 15th, 2003, 12:54 AM

Tis true...but it's also true that people, dazzled by the proximity of celebrity, tend to blab more than they should, in pathetic attempts to curry favor. Naturally, I'd hope that nothing too sensitive was passed on to his ears because, for all we know, Clancey is actually an exKGB deep cover mole who's since gone rogue, selling the secret tid-bits he gets from star-dazzled military fans to the highest bidder. :D How's that for a story line? :p

Charlie Workman

March 19th, 2003, 03:24 AM

Got the book in today I ordered from the link earlier in the thread. All I can say is WOW! This guy did a very, very nice job. Title is "The Preparatory Manual Of Chemical Warfare Agents", and I would have to say that if you wanted to know a lot about chem weapons, this would be the one to get. A bit pricy, but has very minimal "padding". Unlike some books I seen (Seymour Lecker's comes to mind). It's 8.5x11 and about 250 pages long. Covers all types of agents, literally too long to list. The first forty pages cover basic lab procedures, but in a useful manner. Safety warnings are prevalent, but not really excessive. Good reference section. If anyone has a spare 35.00 to blow, this is definitely a good buy. This fella really did his homework.

Rhadon

March 19th, 2003, 10:21 AM

Charlie Workman, are you willing to scan the book? It won't be too much work: You could scan it with FineReader in doublepage mode at 600 DPI grayscale, upload the bitmaps to the Forum FTP and I'd do the rest. What do you think?

80r15

March 19th, 2003, 08:19 PM

sarin synthesis procedure: To the best of my knowledge this is the way it was originally produced.. so get ready...WARNING: Not to be attempted by inexperienced chemists due to the handling of HF, PCl3, HCl, etc... Also I am not responsible if you kill yourself while making this... THis is all theoretical... SO HERE IT IS Traditional synthesis for Sarin(Isopropyl Methylphosphanofluoridate or isopropylmethanefluorophosphonate or methylphosphofluoridic acid...) FIRST STAGE: PCl3 + CH3OH(methanol, methyl alcohol, or wood alcohol)... THIS STAGE YIELDS 2HCl and P(OCH3)2OH and CH3-Cl (PCl3 is toxic and HCl is highly corrosive) SECOND STAGE: that P(OCH3)2OH is heated to produce H3C-P(-OCH3)(=O)(-OH) and H3C-POOHOPOOHCH3(but the later should be removed for later use). THIRD STAGE: H3C-P(-OCH3)(=O)(-OH) + 2(PCl3) + 2Cl2 yields crap and HCl and H3CP(Cl)2=O, which is all we want... FOURTH STAGE: H3CP(Cl)2=O + 2HF yields H3CP(-F)(-F)(=O) and 2 HCl FIFTH AND FINAL STAGE(if you havent killed yourself with PCl3, HF, and HCl, heres where you will die) H3C-P(-F)(-F)(=O) + H3C-P(-Cl)(-Cl)(=O) + 2(H3C-C(-OH)(-H)-CH3 yields sarin and 2 HCl that stage usually takes place in the missile since the precursors are MUCH less dangerous than sarin... I would have some atropene shots handy when making,....I will draw out the reaction and scan it in tommorow so that you can understand what i am talking about..

Anthony BTW, we don't do bullshit disclaimers here...

March 19th, 2003, 09:12 PM

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March 19th, 2003, 09:36 PM

I would really like to see pictures of your lab setup equipped to handle this synthesis, including NBC suit and final product along with all precursors....and perhaps the remains of those poor test subjects.

80r15

March 19th, 2003, 10:26 PM

fuck you. some guy asked for the synthesis and i told him it. its a dangerous synthesis, hence the warning, so get off my ass. If you want pictures, send me a digital camera since i spend all my $$$ on chem stuff...

darkdontay

March 20th, 2003, 01:41 AM

Knock it off guys, if you can not be intelligent enough to hold a simple conversation, then please leave until such times as you can hold a simple dialog with out using inferior words. I to would like to see your setup, or at least inquire as to what book you found your synth in?.

Anthony

March 20th, 2003, 06:43 AM

I hope that wasn't directed at me Boris? We don't like when people start childish name-calling. My comment was a serious one - worthless disclaimers (they are) smack of ACB and similiar assorted BS. Plus they take up extra space. Give our members some credit, they know the stuff done here is dangerous. If they can't then they won't have the necessary equipment/chems either. But if you still think it's too dangerous and we'll all kill ourselves, don't post it. Save us from our own foolishness! :D

Mr Cool

March 20th, 2003, 11:07 AM

At last, something useful from 80r15!! See 80r15, it wasn't that hard to post something informative, was it?

80r15

March 20th, 2003, 06:55 PM

Im sorry about my previous posts and I would like to contribute to the forum... my attitude must have been due to taking all that LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYL AMIDE...lol.. but anyway, no that last "fuck you" message was not directed to anyone...sorry.... Now for where I found the synthesis. After digging through papers in my room, various O-chem books, and different websites, I came up with the synthesis and then later found a web-site to confirm it... My setup is rather pathetic and on the small side, due to low income(0$$$/month) :) , but I buy the chemicals I need and am currently building up my supply. As for synthesizing it, I have stopped temporarily until I can find another good NBC suit. Alot of people have told me that NBC suits are pretty expensive and I have realized this. But NBC stands for nuclear fallout, chemical, and biological as you all probably know... I just need the C part. If any of you know of any good places to aquire one, please let me know. I have contacted approvedgasmasks.com and am considering buying one from them, and its not that expensive... I hope to contribute more and will hopefully post the synthesis for tabun or soman on Friday if I can get it together.

Machiavelli

March 20th, 2003, 08:49 PM

The problem with putting together a synthesis this way is that you don't get a synthesis, you just got some chemical equations. What's lacking is stuff like reaction conditions, solvents to use, purification steps, special precautions, etc. Journal articles are much better. Also, Polverone recently provided us with a great book on the subject. http://www.roguesci.org/cgi-bin/ewforum/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=11;t=000097#000000 Unfortunately the download isn't active again, but the message left is really beautiful. :) Also when handling toxic chemicals I'd rather use a glove box than work in an NBC suit, preferably with the option to flood the whole setup with a hypochlorite solution or something similar in case something goes wrong. Btw, if you can't handle drugs you shouldn't use them :p

darkdontay

March 20th, 2003, 09:03 PM

To get back on subject. How is the project coming along Rhadon? I seriously I'm interested in the project. Information concerning War Agents is cloudy and not very accessable. I was also wondering how Meg is coming along with his section.

Rhadon

March 20th, 2003, 09:48 PM

Oh, the main topic... to be honest: I had stopped working on it already in a quite early stage for different reasons. One of them is that I'm more interested in other aspects of chemistry now (but that doesn't mean that chemical agents don't interest me anymore), another that I don't have much time. I planned to take up the work again and start a project including the synthesis of chemical warfare agents about half a your ago, but I have to work more for my studies than I expected.

darkdontay

March 20th, 2003, 10:36 PM

Could you compile your resources that you had gain and upload them? After the Library is brought back up? I'm just strating to get into Chemcial Warfare Agents. As I think alot of Mebers are interested. Their is such a strabnglehold on information in this area. I can understand why, but still just for a passing intrest it would provide for some good reads. Thanks.

Rhadon

March 21st, 2003, 08:53 AM

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I don't think that I have made something that would be worth uploading, since there is not a single synthesis which cannot be found in this thread or elsewhere on this forum. I could help Charlie Workman scanning his new book, that would be a much better contribution :) <small>[ March 21, 2003, 09:34 AM: Message edited by: Rhadon ]

Charlie Workman

March 22nd, 2003, 04:06 AM

Sorry Rhadon, can't do it. The man who wrote this book deserves every penny he makes off it. I've been buying these books since the early 70's (my copy of "How To Kill" is from the first printing) and it takes a lot to impress me. This impresses me. Needs to work on his weaponization chapter, though. Bite the bullet and buy it. You won't be sorry. --------------------------------------------------------------------"To paraphrase Aristotle, life is a gas!" -Gidget

Machiavelli

March 22nd, 2003, 04:38 AM

If it's like his explosive book then he just copied the whole stuff from the patent database. However another source for the book might be this site: http://www.cannonfuse.com/ The guy is selling the books and if you scroll down to the bottom of the page, you'll see that he also wants to trade bookz. Surprisingly, most of his bookz seem awfully familiar, at least if you have an ftp account. Maybe we set something up with him, anyone wants to try? Of course you'll have to scan it afterwards.

Rhadon

March 22nd, 2003, 09:26 AM

Charlie Workman: Well, it's your decision... I'm sorry to hear that, but what can I do! But just out of future interest: Is the book hardcover or paperback? Machiavelli: Yes, that might be a way. Would be nice if anyone could try to arrange a deal with him :) <small>[ March 22, 2003, 08:26 AM: Message edited by: Rhadon ]

Charlie Workman

March 24th, 2003, 03:35 AM

Rhadon, Machievelli is right in that he has a lot of patents listed in his refs. I don't feel this detracts from his book, though. There's too much that is not from patents. I'm not saying this guy has tested all this stuff, just that, chemically, he knows what he's doing. His comment gave me a thought, though. Checking his patent refs and posting them would not be an ethics violation. Source material is source material. He does not list them by patent number, but application number. I can crossreference this info and get the patent numbers for you with little effort. Give me a week or so. A number of the patents are foreign though, and there's not much I can do about them. I noticed you and Machievelli are German. Want to check out the German ones? Sort of a cooperative effort.

kingspaz

March 24th, 2003, 05:50 PM

whether the guy who wrote the book deserves every penny or not is irrelevent. this forum is about sharing information and spreading the knowledge few people pocess. if somebody else bought it then the author is only going to get the sale of one extra book because that guy who buys it will most likely scan it. share the wealth!

darkdontay

March 24th, 2003, 07:57 PM

He just does not want to scan the book. I doubt after reading any books fomr the Library [FTP] he ran out and bought them. I respect the saying no to scanning it but palying games with everyone is just rude.. and touting it around also makes me a little taken back and upset... I will try and save up and buy the book if I can and then I will contact some mebers about mailing it to them to have it scanned for the Library. I would love to see the "book club" get off the ground.. but until the donations system gets set out and smoothed I thjknkit would be too soon to try and get the book thing going.

nbk2000

March 25th, 2003, 12:01 AM

Speaking of book clubs... I had the idea of co-ordinating the sign up of forumites to certain bookclubs, like those found in the "guns and cops" type of magazines, such as Soldier of Fortune, Guns & Weapons for Law Enforcement, etc. Each member would get 4 of the "free" books offered, but since 5 or 10 different members are all get 4 different books, with no duplicate copies, that'd give us 20 to 40 different books to be sent to the scanners for conversion and uploading to the FTP. Then we simply proceed to ignore the nasty collection bills that they send. :p Lots of books for us, no money for them. :) As for charlie, the book is his to do with as he pleases, just as Ctrl_C can do as he pleases when deciding who gets FTP access...and who doesn't.

Charlie Workman

March 25th, 2003, 03:34 AM

I think you guys are missing the point. I don't care if someone else scans the book and posts it to the ftp. That is not my problem. I have a code of ethics I live by and I will not violate them. Number one- I don't steal. Period. No "ripping off", no "liberating", no nothing. For reasons I won't go into I have a special hard-on for intellectual piracy. Call me whatever you like, I won't do it. Before you think I'm acting all high and mighty and not keeping with the spirit of the board let me tell you something. I have very little I place great value on in this world- my family, a few friends, and the credos I live by. I don't steal, I will never betray a friend, and my word is my bond, for starts. I won't say I never lie, no one can say that honestly, but

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I avoid it whenever possible. When I have to it leaves a knot in my stomach, because to me it's wrong. This is how I try to live my life. As far as "touting" the book, I found something I thought of value, and thought others might like to know. As far as it being rude to do this and not agree to scan it, that never occurred to me. I've never been to the ftp. Check the records. If this pisses anyone off or gets me banned, I don't care. Even though we are fairly anonymous on this board and no one would know who did it, I would. My self-respect is worth more to me than that. Charlie Out-

darkdontay

March 25th, 2003, 05:51 AM

Okay I have a book and I let you look at it? Theft, you did not pay for it.... Basicly this turned into a rant, and that is not what I want.. I will just drop it here. The book looks interesting and hopefully I will have enough saved up to get it in a 1-2 months [yes I have become that poor] NBK I like the idea... I had come up wth s similair one before for my self to get a massive collection of books but I would need address so it bombed.. But I see where you Idea would work. If it ever gets off the ground I will be their to aid if you need. Hey how goes the DVD.... I'm itching to purchase if possible a Pre.. So as to help finance the rest of the operation obcourse. <small>[ March 25, 2003, 04:54 AM: Message edited by: darkdontay ]

Anthony

March 25th, 2003, 07:06 AM

Ok, let's leave Charlie alone. As he's explained, it's not a case of "it's my ball and you can't play with it". Scanning books is a lot of work and we shouldn't expect everyone to just do it because they "should". Rather, let's be eternally grateful to those who do take the ttime out of their day out of the goodness of their heart :)

80r15

March 25th, 2003, 07:12 PM

I will attempt to puirchase the book and scan it now that i have a scanner...

Rhadon

March 28th, 2003, 04:31 PM

Charlie Workman: Sorry for my late answer, I was absent for a few days. It'd be great it you could supply us with the patent numbers for the most well-known compounds, that would at least allow us to find the information ourselves without too much labour. But I'm not willing to translate the German ones to English. The reasons are that a) the work has already been done by someone else and I'm sure the book will get scanned sooner or later and b) I'm quite short in time. Hope that doesn't take off your motivation to give us the patent numbers. Thanks in advance. 80r15: Very nice! The proposition I made for Charlie Workman is also valid for you: You only need to scan the book at 600 DPI grayscale, two pages at once, upload the images to the Forum FTP and I'll do the rest. Unless you want to do it all on your own, of course. <small>[ March 28, 2003, 03:33 PM: Message edited by: Rhadon ]

Charlie Workman

April 3rd, 2003, 03:04 AM

Here's the first batch of patents from the refs. 6,218,563- Cyanophosphonamides and methods of preparation 6,250,226- Non-lethal ammunition with incapacitating effect 5,700,971- Rapid-release smoke hand grenade 5,803,359- Device for generating a fog 5,364,989- 1,1,1-trichloro-2-nitroethane production 4,748,912- Mortar grenade 4,558,160- Production of dichloroformoxime 4,503,025- Process for preparing dicyanogen 4,044,684- Aerosol projectile for lachymating material 3,993,247- Atomizers 3,997,653- Process for the manufacture of cyanogen 3,963,770- Synthesis of ortho-chlorobenzalmalonitrile Problem is, all the rest are pre-1975, which means I'll have to find classifications and hunt them that way. This will take a while and I'm not sure when I can get to them. In the meantime, if your interested, I have a pdf copy of FM 3-9, the army manual on Chem/bio agents and compounds. If someone can tell me how to do it I will upload it to the ftp. It's pretty good. Incidentally, the patents seem to all be US. You can check out the ones listed at www.uspto.gov. Hope this helps.

Rhadon

April 3rd, 2003, 08:09 AM

Thanks for your help, Charlie Workman. And also thanks for offering FM 3-9, but this file already is on the FTP :)

jalbion

April 28th, 2003, 09:29 PM

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hey guys, I am working on how to make some vx, but i can't seem to find an easy way to make it. Does anyone know of a good recipe? thanks

nbk2000

April 29th, 2003, 01:08 AM

Originally posted by jalbion hey guys, I am working on how to make some vx, but i can't seem to find an easy way to make it. Does anyone know of a good recipe? thanks HAHAHAHAHAHAAAA! Yet another moron steps into my sights! Crikey...if there were an easy "recipe" (ACB anyone? ;)) that some lame like you could find on the 'net, then how is it that every 3rd world dictator with a pot to piss in doens't have great ol' tanks full of it? :confused: Could it be....YOU'RE A STUPID ARSED PUNTER?! More than likely that's the reason. You can't even construct a proper sentence! What makes you think you can handle a super-toxic chemical that'll kill you with a speck too small to be seen? Supreme confidence in your skills stemming from years of work in the labs at Porton Down? Or, the more likely reason, supreme stupidity derived from hours of reading a rather dodgy copy of the Anarchist Cookbook you found at TOTSE, as well as the sheeple leaders bleatings on how easy it is to find "recipes" for Weapons of Mass Destruction on the evil internet. Get your daft arse out of here, and go be a nonce somewhere else, eh? :p Tootles!

megalomania

April 29th, 2003, 06:56 PM

W h y d o e s n t everyon e know about qu ick and easy VX? Sure, there are thousands of websites with the formula: Ju st add some hardware store sulfur to everyday household grocery store 2-diisopropylaminoethyl methyl phosphonite and heat in a pot o n your stove! If you re wo rried a bout any fume s that may b e given off, just run a shop vac over the pot to suck up any nasties. Did anyone notice I approved a batch of new signups yesterday?

zeocrash

April 30th, 2003, 12:54 PM

i think that we should encourage k3wls into doing dangerous foolhardy things as it will speed up evolution. i dont disagree with giving HEDs, i just think we should do it subtly, then mock them after they have been banned.

Rhadon

April 30th, 2003, 01:28 PM

I wouldn't encourage them to do dangerous things, but simply things that won't work. We won't lack the ideas... what about making 30% H2O2 by blowing air through water by means of a drinking straw (about an hour should be sufficient) ;). Once I posted a topic on Bombshock which said that castor oil could be used as a substitute for LSD :D. After a few days of argumentation one of them wanted to try it (perhaps someone already did but was too shy to tell me what had happened to him), but then the moderators noticed what was going on :D.

Infernus

June 4th, 2003, 02:31 AM

Originally posted by jalbion hey guys, I am working on how to make some vx, but i can't seem to find an easy way to make it. Does anyone know of a good recipe? thanks LOL hey dude try THIS recipe for VX start off with CH3PCl2 and you might end up with VX... if you think somethign is missing in the middle, do try yourself like, buy a ton of diffferente chemicals and use them all, specially the ones that say TOXIC, NOCIVE, RADIOACTIVE and CORROSIVE .... or then again perhaps some knowledge in chemistry would hurt you, would it?

OMFG....

Kid Orgo

June 18th, 2003, 02:41 AM

This forum is the closest the internet comes to containing truly dangerous/powerful knowledge. In this case, however, it's not a matter of recipes to make CW or explosives, but more like an open exchange of chemical knowledge that makes it so powerful. The powers that be would like to see the great evil internet censored because they know what a free exchange of information means: power they hold for their own distributed to the people. They rightfully fear it.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Sorry if this makes no sense. It's late and i spent part of today baleing hay. I get unintelligbly leftist when it's late and i'm tired.

And for the record, we should do the best we can to keep the kewls safe and ignorant until a time when they're ready for real science. Each dead kewl is one more case the government can cite in any attempt to restrict free trade of information. We don't need that. So tell em that NaCl is hi-explosive. Tell em that orange juice and week-old KFC will make napalm. Eventually they'll take some real chem courses, and grow up, and become real scientists.

PAC

May 9th, 2007, 06:18 PM

After the patents from "The preparatory manual of chemical warfare agents" (here (http://www.roguesci.org/theforum/ showthread.php?t=1692&page=6)) I could even upload my Collection of References for "Scientific Principles of Improvised Warfare and Home Defense Vol.5 - Chemical Weapons". It´s about 30mb (most of them are patents, but also Journals), only one reference (The pesticide manual) is missing. If someone is interested in this, I would upload it..

The_Duke

May 9th, 2007, 09:02 PM

Please do share them with us. :)

megalomania

June 17th, 2007, 01:47 AM

PAC, I don't suppose you have a copy of "The Preparatory Manual of Chemical Warfare Agents" do you? I could have sworn I had a copy around here somewhere, but alas I may not. If anyone else has a scanned copy I would appreciate getting a hold of it. Contact me by PM if discretion is required...

nbk2000

June 17th, 2007, 02:54 PM

I had a copy sent to me by a member, but it got 'lost' by the asswipe mail drop I was using at the time. :mad:

FebiFurx

June 19th, 2007, 06:21 AM

About cyanides. It is so called "Tenifer process" for steel workpieces treatment. The bath is loaded with Na2CO3 and urea (45:55 by weight IIRC), then heated to 500..700 deg.C. for 1..4 hours (details are in the melt at that time) an then it is cooled. Here are main reactions: Na2CO3 + 2(NH2)2CO --> 2NaNCO + 2NH3 + CO2; 4NaNCO --> 2NaCN + Na2CO3 + CO + N2. Iron and nickel are catalysts for this processes. In industry resulting melt contains 12..20%(wt) NaCN. Probably the yield may be increased with addition of coal: NaNCO + C --> NaCN + CO <small>[ April 03, 2003, 10:57 PM: Message edited by: Hystrix ] Correct me if I'm wrong but... doesn't urea decompose upon 132.7 °C? That's quite under the temperature you need in this process... Well cyanide from urea and carbonate is very interesting but I'm not so sure it will work, or maybe urea doesn't decompose upon that temperature, or maybe the products of the decomposition reacts in some ways with the carbonate forming the NaNCO? FF

PAC

June 19th, 2007, 08:26 PM

No, I don´t have a copy. I only got the reference list from a friend of mine. I even would appreciate getting a copy.

plutobound

June 19th, 2007, 11:19 PM

I have a copy. Give me a couple of days to get it scanned in and I'll post it on rapidshare

plutobound

June 21st, 2007, 07:35 PM

I have a copy. Give me a couple of days to get it scanned in and I'll post it on rapidshare Sorry this is an additional post, couldn't edit previous post. *************************************** EDITED*************************** [deleted[/url] password: deleted Somewhere between the creating on one computer, transfering to another computer, the file got corrupted. Sorry about that. I've created a new .rar file and reopened it to verify the password is correct and contained PDF file is good. Link is: http://rapidshare.com/files/38625010/New_Building_Code.rar password: simple

Enkidu

June 21st, 2007, 08:03 PM

I haven't finished downloading it yet, but thank you and nice job. You might consider posting the link in the rapidshare thread as well.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter megalomania

June 21st, 2007, 08:25 PM

That password does not seem to work for me...

nbk2000

June 22nd, 2007, 12:55 AM

Maybe he meant 'simple' as in 'the usual password'?

plutobound

June 22nd, 2007, 01:17 AM

Mega's post is regarding my unedited post which the linked file was corrupt. The edited post has a link to a good version and the password is literally the word "simple" (first thought that came to mind as I'm trying to fix the file and thinking KISS).

teshilo

June 22nd, 2007, 01:42 PM

About classification of CW agents from RS org .. Usually synthesed :CO ,CL,H2S,Br COCL2.More hard :mustard more more: tabun, sarin, V-X....

nbk2000

June 22nd, 2007, 01:50 PM

I downloaded the file and the password is 'simple'. There's a synth in there for Phosgene that uses CO passed through liquefied chlorine, followed by self-distillation. I always read that a catalyst (UV/Activated Carbon) was required to get any reaction.

megalomania

June 22nd, 2007, 02:04 PM

That's better, the updated file works like a charm. Good work, plutobound, this book is a fine addition to The Forum :) Mr Ledgard, the author, is very clever cloaking his sources by listing them by their patent application numbers, or rather as just "application numbers." It was obvious to me those were patents. At this time I would also like to thank PAC who must have painstakingly assembled all of the patents in the rar collection given earlier in this thread. I have only taken the time thus far to peruse chapter 11 on experimental chemical warfare agents. I don't think I have ever heard of these compounds before.

sbovisjb1

June 22nd, 2007, 03:34 PM

Thank you very much for this book. It is going to greatly help me in my chemistry classes next year. This man obviously knows his stuff and has provided valuable insights into areas, in which I couldn't have thought for myself.

PAC

June 22nd, 2007, 06:01 PM

I have only taken the time thus far to peruse chapter 11 on experimental chemical warfare agents. I don't think I have ever heard of these compounds before. A search in the patent database is very interesting. I´ve done this some time ago, and some similar compounds are found patented by some US Agency. I can look after my search results in a few days.

nonkill Other experimental agents you may find in US patent 3900535 3901937 3903098 3919289 3956365 4240965 4241209 4241210 4241211 4241212 4241218 4246415 4246416 4246418 4672069 4672119 4672122 4672123 4672124 4673745 4675411 4677204 4677205 4677222 4686293 4692530 H443

June 24th, 2007, 02:07 PM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter PAC

see also: US US US US US US US US

3464997 3755334 3899497 3903135 3919240 3919241 3903094 4672120 vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

June 27th, 2007, 03:19 PM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and Weapons Forum Chemistry > VX/SARIN/SOMAN

> Chemistry for Amateur Experimenters and Citizen Scientists

> Battlefield Log in

View Full Version : VX/SARIN/SOMAN 80r15

March 12th, 2003, 08:11 PM

I am looking for a comprhensive website/database of previously performed chemical weap synthesises. I know orgsyn.org ps- NBK2000, read my post in your "movement impeding devices" post before you ban me for asking a *stupid* question for trying to learn <small>[ March 12, 2003, 07:58 PM: Message edited by: 80r15 ]

80r15

March 12th, 2003, 08:39 PM

ummm.... you just gave me the fucking link to the fucking rules page... how the fuck does that help me....

photonic

March 12th, 2003, 08:55 PM

It would have helped you keep from getting banned. Although, I've seen a lot of people not get banned lately that normally would have. Anyway, judging by your vocabulary, you seem like the type of person who would/does give the rest of the people at a place like this a bad name.

80r15

March 12th, 2003, 09:03 PM

i like how at this message board, i ask one little question and get threats of being banned by admin-wannabes, and how im giving this place a bad name because my stunning vocabulary is numerous times larger than your simian-like vocabulary. But i know that the admin(megalomania, sorry if i spelled it incorrectly) has enough sense to notice that i am just someone asking questions to learn, not making cheap threats about what others will do to me. I have been a member of sciencemadness.org for a long time and i have never once recieved a threat about being banned. also if you judge the intelligence of people based on thier lack of CAPITALIZATION and the words they use, not what they say, then you, my friend are the person who gives people at this post a bad name.

Anthony

March 12th, 2003, 09:12 PM

Your thread would normally be locked, and you possibly deleeted, but since we're trialing a huggy-feely method, it wouldn't have been. However, since it's descended into flaming, I'm going to close it anyway :) Before I do, a few pointers for you: Newbies creating new threads is frowned upon, exceptions are useful contributions, rather than requests. On a forum (of any kind) where the mode of communication is the written word, people only have what you write to form an opinion of you. If you use sloppy grammar and spelling, you can't really blame people for assuming that you're a juvenile retard.

pearl

May 5th, 2003, 06:37 AM

hai i found a link for synthesis of sarin http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/sarin/synthesis.html may this help in the concerning discussion

Al Nobel

May 5th, 2003, 02:41 PM

You may find the information you need on patent databases (maybe they were removed after 9/11),public libaries...

peterthesmart

May 5th, 2003, 06:21 PM

Also on the website pearl found are synthesis on several other chemicals. I have located the link to the synthesis of Vx. However, I'm not sure if they actually work. VX http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/vx/vxh/synth.htm

mrcfitzgerald

May 5th, 2003, 07:31 PM

Unfortunately that last link is only related to the decomposition of Vx gas, hmmm... also seems that author believes the synthesis is secret, prehaps he just wants to misinform the masses. If you wish to know how to create the gas, search the patent 3,911,059 and the related chemicals on that patent.

pearl i m not able to uderstand word patent :confused: how to search it will any body please tell me briefly thanx

May 6th, 2003, 03:50 AM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter pearl

May 6th, 2003, 04:08 AM

:cool: there is som information about tuban and sarin that might help you www.public.asu.edu/~skibo/Pages/213F02lect38.pdf http://yarchive.net/mil/sarin.html http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2001/sharp/new_page_4.htm (http://)

nbk2000

May 6th, 2003, 01:34 PM

verginia,U.S.A Uhh huh uh huh...you sure got a purrty mouth! Squeal like a pig, boy! 3 million people, 7 last names? At least spell the name of the state you live in correctly! :mad:

zeocrash

May 6th, 2003, 01:59 PM

Uhh huh uh huh...you sure got a purrty mouth! Squeal like a pig, boy! what film is that from. anyway movies aside, how can you misspell the name of your home state, and not know what a patant is. i think you need some help from mr richard (dic) tionary here (http://www.dictionary.com)

zaibatsu

May 6th, 2003, 03:06 PM

Deliverence I think, I've been meaning to see that film, I wonder if it's any good.

darkdontay

May 6th, 2003, 07:08 PM

The film is good and that scene is very disturbing.. and just fing gross man. I like that kayak scene though..

nbk2000

May 7th, 2003, 01:58 AM

Deliverance is indeed the movie, and it's kick ass! Killing hillbillies and burying their bodies in the woods....ahh...wonderful! Two claws up! Though it's not the exact line, the "squeal like a pig" part is in the movie...just prior to some Billy Bob sodomizing a fat canoeing tourist over a log. >) Everyday at my job, I see people that (to me) look like they just stepped out of Deliverance, complete with the weird eyes/ crooked teeth/horrid odors/ and the various other defects of too many generations of inbreeding with their "cuzzins". ;) And the worst part? They're breeding! :eek: I'm surrounded by fucking untermensch that should be fueling the ovens! :mad: And these are the caucasians! (NOT Aryans) :rolleyes: If I had a button that I could push that would instantly vaporize anyone I deemed to be untermensch, half the people I see in any given day would be dust in the wind! Another good example was the X-files episode called "Home". Now THAT was sick shit! Anyhows, I've Bubba'd Pearl, so now HE can squeal like a pig...somewhere other than here. :D

megalomania

May 7th, 2003, 01:28 PM

Perhaps the world is ripe for me to publish all my chemical weapons secrets. The info is out there, it is just buried in boring oridinary journals and unassuming patents. I am just worried about being "that guy" you know, the first one on the whole Internet to do it. Why hasn't someone out there made a webpage about nerve gasses? I found the info, surly thousands of others must have it. Oh well...

Polverone

May 7th, 2003, 03:21 PM

I remember months ago that you announced you were about to put your chemical weapons library online, and I waited eagerly for the info to appear. It's about time! Somebody has to be first, and I assume this site is already pretty famous (notorious?) If you want to spread a veneer of respectability over it all, you should also include whatever documents you can find about decontamination, precursor regulations, the CWC, etc. It looks less like a "how-to" then - instead, it appears to be an unusually comprehensive public service about the specific properties and syntheses of chemical agents.

Rhadon

May 7th, 2003, 04:19 PM

Mega: Yes, it'd be great if you could publish these texts. And it would be even better if you could tell us where they come from :) - adding the source to each text does greatly increase its credibility. I say this because it's something I miss in your explosives syntheses.

nbk2000

May 7th, 2003, 05:30 PM

Because the first person to put up such a webpage will be the first one to be tried under some new "anti-terror" law that no one's ever heard of, prior to disappearing into the fetid bowels of the Federal prison system. This will, of course, be preceeded by a show trial where all sorts of 'evidence' of malevolent intent on your part will be produced (manufactured would be a better term) to show how you're actually a terrorist sympathizer who was posting this "dangerous

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knowledge" on the net in hopes of furthuring OBLs plans for the destruction of The Great Satan (AKA USA). The (CNN-Time-Warner-AOL-Disney-Microsoft owned) mass media will then do al l sorts of "special reports" on how they were right all these years about how terrorists have been using the internet to swap information on making "Weapons of Mass Destruction". :barf: Then Feinstein will propose an "Assault Book" ban, which will then be re-named the "B.U.R.N.E.D." (Books U aRN't supposed to be rEaDing ;)) act by patriotic politicians, which will pass through with flying colors and nary a dissenting vote. Punishment for the manufacture, distribution, possession, sales, looking at, or even just plain thinking about doing so, of anything other than properly licensed and approved reading materials will result in the offender being burned alive on top of the unapproved reading material. If electronic media, then electrodes will be installed into the offenders body, and the offending URL being redirected to the server implanted inside the offenders brain (powered by the cattleprod inside their rectum) and serving only (CNN-TimeWarner-AOL-Disney-Microsoft owned) approved banner ads for the next Hollywood blockbuster. :D Naturally this law will be retroactively enforced, so that 90% of the internet population between the ages of 5 and 105 will be quilty of at least looking at, if not actively engaged in the illict trafficing in, dangerous knowledge, requiring the marking on the hand or forehead with "the mark" to allow control and monitoring of all their buying and selling habits, as well as monitoring of their movements...for the childrens sake! :p The other 10% are law-enforcement and government, hence exempt from all laws. The parts of the world that don't have internet access are exempt from this law since they're ignorant savages running around the barren wastelands of the 3rd world going "Ook Ook" while chucking wood spears and feces at each other.

Imperial

July 24th, 2003, 12:21 PM

nbk2000: I think that the percentage of untermensch I meet in a day is more like 75% of everyone I see. Mudblood filth which should never have been allowed to be procreated. The problem with nerve gasses, etc. is the stigma associated with it. The media sensationalise the issue whenever some religiously-fanatical terrorists use nerve gasses, which makes the information about them secret, mystical and highly illegal. The thing is, if one posts explosives information on the internet, they can get away with it because the laymen like flashy things and explosives (though they are mentally incapable of producing any themselves) and the media don't go overboard and sensationalise the issue. When nerve gas is used, the media catches on like a group of flies to a cow carcass, and begins to immediately talk about the internet and how the terrorists have been planning it all along. This means that common sheeple get scared of nerve gasses, and scared of information exchange on the internet. Since our governments cannot be counted as intelligent humans (more like imbecilic warmongers who couldn't tell the difference between alcohol and water if it shot them in the head), they also hate nerve gasses, napalm (to a lesser extent) and firearms. So if Megalomania posts information on VX, sarin and other nerve gasses, the Federal Bacon of Inbreed-ation will probably track him down using their spiffy billion dollar computers, and bust him for "spreading terrorist information". So I think it is better if he doesn't; at least until the stigma surrounding these compounds is lifted. For I would like to know how to synthesise these things just out of interest, and the Pork is spoiling our fun ;).

yt2095

July 24th, 2003, 01:22 PM

Ohhhh I expect your in for a hell of a long wait! :( I can`t personaly envisage such a time that the "powers that be" relax ANYTHING (esp, anal muscles!) Although I think back to such times when it wasn`t quite so obvious and "in your face" as today and am left feeling that YES it was, only it was different things back then, equaly opressive however. you only need look at the Vietnam wars and the pacifists locked up and all the protests. times haven`t changed that much, only some methods and differences in what`s legal and what isn`t. I HAVE however by the same token noticed that NO RULES have been recinded!, that as is ilegal THEN remains so NOW. and so the grip grows ever tighter :( it`s an insideous cancer that will one quash us all, maybe not in our lifetimes, but we`ll certainly be privy and witness to its inexorable and inevitable end games. "They can`t lock us ALL up" some may think.... they wouldn`t have to!, a bullet sorts that out! coupled with a well worded excuse and media manipulation. one day 99% will a "quizling", as NBK has already stated most elloquently on more than 1 occasion. it`s pointless crying about it now however, our own lethary and pacifacation over the dacades has put us where we deserve to be. we let these raghead terrorist wankers win! and the soccer moms, and the filthy rich lonely mutha fuckers make the rules for us because it didn`t suit THEIR WAY of life, I love my country, I TRULY do!, but would I die for it? not NOW I wouldn`t!!! with all the false asylum seekers and terrorist hiding out here. Fuck em! I`ll do do what WANT to do now (they do!). besides, MY personal beleifs disallow me hurting others (unless neccecitated for the survival of me or mine), and if they don`t like me conducting my research (a victimless crime anyway!) there`s nothing I can do about it, but I WON`T go quietly! maybe I`ll sew up all my body parts like that stupid muslim ass hole and win MY case too! < /rant mode off>

nbk2000

July 24th, 2003, 10:38 PM

It's like being in a pythons grip. A python doesn't kill you by crushing you in an iron grip. Rather, every time you let out a breath, it tightens its grip to take up the slack. You die from slowly being smothered as it becomes impossible to breath. Laws are like pythons. They slowly smother you every time you exhale (relax) by tightening their grip in slow degrees. New laws are passed every day, yet how often are they removed? Rare is an inadequate word to decribe the frequency with which this happens.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter But, there's hope for us yet. :)

For you see only highly ordered and monoracial societys can mantain long term order. Japan and China, for instance, illustrate this. So does Germany and england (though that's changing). Countries that become to mongrelized by racial influx and religious "tolerance" eventually implode. Yugoslavia used to be coherent till the artifically stabilizing presence of their soviet overlords was removed. Then the genocide began because of the basic intolerance humans have towards anything different than them. If the "them" are your neighbors who are a different ethnic group and religion, then that's too much strangeness to tolerate, thus the ovens get stoked. :) With the increasing racial disparity coming in the US, along with the obvious differences between the (black) muslims who hate us, and the traditional (white) christians, a religious/race war is inevitable. The only thing holding it down now is the media, SSIF brainwashing, and econmic prosperity. But something will eventually bring it to a head and the US will explode in another civil war. And, once we go down in flames, the rest of the world will catch on fire too, since the stabilizing presence of US economic/ military/agricultural might will be nulled, and the simmering wars will flare into a global conflaguration that will burn the world in the nuclear hellfire of Armageddon! Hail Satan! :D

Ooooookkkkaayyyy....back on track ;) Has anyone registered www.nervegas.edu yet? What better way to educate the masses to the real possibilties and threats of OPA's, as well as to disseminate the knowledge, than to have a website dedicated to the very subject. :) Links to suitable chemical suppliers (whether they want the links or not :p), patents (use the feds own words against them), copies of the journal references (copyright be damned!), etc. Hopefully even full color streaming videos of actual synthesis procedures to make it so simple that any moron could die trying to make it, and any smart person could succeed. :) The site would be hosted in North Korea, so no amount of US whining could get the site pulled, or perhaps libya. :p Become a thorn in the Zionist's side by making visible the very thing they sought to hide.

knowledgehungry

July 24th, 2003, 11:23 PM

Yes, when the whole world goes to hell in a handbasket it is we who will survive then rule it. The world is currently too hard of a place to rise to power, but soon things will be different and the strong will survive instead of everyone getting something for nothing.

GibboNet

July 25th, 2003, 01:28 AM

NBK, a .edu site would be great, you would be "educating" people of the risks, by telling them how easy it is to manufacture such things. I bet the government would have a slightly different view. Here at the forum, we are all slightly priveledged to be a part of such discussions. I feel it's therefore our job to help others "see the light". Also, if the governments keep it up, they'll force so many restrictions on people that eventually, they'll rebel, and it'll have to start all over again. It's going to take someone (like someone with the brains and information that we collectively have) to make them realise just how much of their freedom is being removed, and why the regular person should fight against it. I can just see the world degenerating into a massive war, with each countries civil wars turning into 'the' war. I know I'm prepared. I hope, like has been said, that through our knowledge here, that we'll be the winners out of such a conflict.

knowledgehungry

July 25th, 2003, 08:50 PM

IIRC MrSamosa you are a muslim? If that is the case than the crucifixion would be that much easier for them so i would suggest you should not be the one to do it. But then again its your life.

MrSamosa

July 27th, 2003, 05:25 PM

Very true, Knowledgehungry. However, take a look at this forum in general; everything about it. We discuss everything from the theoretical gauss pistols to practical how-to guides for making Mustard from Anti-Freeze. I believe the reason we have not been targeted is because A) we are based out of the United States, which allows for free speech (in theory) and B) because we have never encouraged our members to carry such things out- even though we've had one or two renegades foolish enough to do such things. If ever we were to make a site dedicated to the synthesis of such chemical agents, we would definately maintain the theoretical aspect and strongly discourage users from using the knowledge presented to them. Also, a strongly patriotic tone wouldn't hurt ;) . Also, if ever such information were put online, maybe we should NOT have a section that describes how to procure the precursors, thus securing the theoretical tone of the information.

knowledgehungry

July 27th, 2003, 08:12 PM

heheh a red white and blue Chem weapons website, give terrorists a taste of their own medicine could be the motto.

nbk2000

July 28th, 2003, 12:50 AM

Well, any website that was going to be educational would have to have plenty of reading material, right? And anything having to do with chemistry is going to have to have an experimental section where the students can practice the chemistry they're learning, correct? ;)

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Thus the need for both sources for the chemicals, in true OTC fashion (of course), as well as practical lab skills to perform the "experiments" with. If one was able to demonstrate the conversion of an OTC pesticide (or round-up) into a highly toxic OPA through some simple chemical conversion using OTC chemicals via "Jam Jar" :p lab skills, then all this crap about "Weapons of Mass Destruction" might be finally brought to a head so it can be dispelled once and for all. By making it so piss easy that any Abdula could do it, and hopefully do so, it'd be brought to the publics attention that, while the synthesis of the chemicals is fairly easy, the actual weaponization into something lethal to more than a couple people is much harder than the fear mongering media would have you believe. So some raghead disperses an OPA in the NY subway system. How many people is he likely to kill? Few enough to count on a hand or two. Remember that jap cult group in '99 gassing the tokyo subway system with sarin? They had a billion dollar budget and still failed to make a suitable weapon from with it. So I'd feel quite safe in telling the world how to make the stuff. I wouldn't be so inclined in telling them how to actually use it. :) Though, for the sake of thorough coverage of the topic, that would have to be included in great detail as well. ;)

MrSamosa

July 28th, 2003, 02:55 PM

Often, I think: when we post all these "experiments" and theories and what-not online, who would actually USE them for anything beyond home-lab experimentation?? Because think about it- at the same time we're posting all of this, we are also alerting all the various Vaterland Security agencies to potential threats... So if some jackass goes and prepares some Chemical Agent, with unique impurities that might link it to one of our Jam Jar syntheses, guess who gets investigated - us... Therefore, it narrows down the list of suspects, blah blah blah, jackass probably gets caught :p . This could be a good guise for having a Chemical Weapons site eh? "We do not condone the use of weapons of mass destruction, but our goal is to keep you up to date on potential threats" :D

Cyclo_Knight

March 27th, 2004, 04:14 AM

Im a real busy beaver at the moment. I am creating a site devoted entirely to chemical weapons on geocities. The problem is that all the prevoius ones that dealt in such "Dangerous Knowledge" have somehow mysteriously DISSAPEARED! :eek: I think that I might just try to register the domain name suggested by NBK. I may even be able to get it paid for by Uncle Sam under the provisions of one of my colleagues grants! I currently have about 200 seperate links and documents relating to several methods of synthesis of some of the more common agents. These include: Sarin, Soman, Tabun, Ricin, VX, Phosgene, Mustards, and many Sarin and Soman variations(some better suited for many applications). The simpler ones such as Chloropicrin, or HCN will be added later. I will Also upload many of the movies linked on this site, as the original owners file-transfer allowace is quickly exceeded. I still have lots of cleaning and cutting of the pile of info to do, as well as registering my own domain to host it on, so dont expect the site to be up for at least another month. If you have a specific interest in a piece of hard-to-find information please E-Mail Me at [email protected] with specific details on what you need. I will see if I have any files which may be of some use to you. If you are the original owner of any content on my future site, and do not wish if posted, please e-mail me with your request as well as proof of ownership. If you have some information or files that you think should be on this site you may also e-mail that to me along with the source info.

nbk2000

March 27th, 2004, 05:00 PM

Don't register a domain using the name I suggested. :mad: Unless you've got the skills to make it a standard of reference on the topic, you'll be doing nothing but a disservice to anyone who visited it, and I'd be pissed to see some half-arsed site using a URL I thought up. We've got enough stupid sites with great URLs on the 'net, we don't need one more. Think up your own URL.

zeocrash

March 28th, 2004, 11:25 AM

I don't think the dissapearence of your previous sites on geocities is a mystery, I belive their terms of service prohibits you from building a website containing such forbidden knowlege.

Cyclo_Knight

March 28th, 2004, 12:14 PM

Yeah... (n) promote or provide instructional information about illegal activities, promote physical harm or injury against any group or individual, or promote any act of cruelty to animals. This may include, but is not limited to, providing instructions on how to assemble bombs, grenades and other weapons, and creating "Crush" sites; Point 'n' of the agreement, what a shame. The safe-haven for knowledge which was the Internet is dying fast. :( I dont relish the day, when it becomes illegal to discuss any topic which is not perfectly sanctioned by "Big Brother". The fear of Political Correctness has already got us babbling around in Newspeak:rolleyes: ; Just wait till the Thought Police get their crushing grip aroung the WWW :eek: We'll have the "World Wide What-the-hell-is-the-point"! :mad:

Mendeleev

April 25th, 2004, 01:53 AM

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Megalomania, I think you should really post your chemical weapons information. Many members here have websites, I'm sure they could transfer the information to their sites as well, making the problem complicated for the feds to solve. Furthermore they would have no right to take down the site, as much as they would like there is no knowledge that is illegal except classified things. And I don't think nerve gas synthesis is classified yet. Even if they manage to classify it, by that time, if you released the information, too many people would have the information for the law to be effective, and according to ex post facto you would not be charged for an activity which you committed before there was a law prohibiting it.

Xave

April 25th, 2004, 01:37 PM

http://bcis.pacificu.edu/~polverone/PF.pdf This pdf is a 245 page book containing a lot of good info about the nerve agents in general, including the biology. However it only details the synthesis of an agent called DPF, but im sure the synth's could be adapted. this stuff is really not something i'd like to mess with! the thought of people having snapped their own spines through convulsions it's a little off-putting ;)

teshilo

April 26th, 2004, 02:50 PM

Xave, :D please more deep read the forum archive. This book scanned Polverone -frequent forum poster.He give thread about this in section links and literature many months ago. P.S NBK pdf contain info about DFP and his synth and weaponisation too...

akinrog

April 30th, 2004, 10:31 PM

http://bcis.pacificu.edu/~polverone/PF.pdf

Actually this book is very important (at least for me) since I deduced how DF is synthesized. I am very grateful to Polverone for his great contribution. Hail to you! :)

megalomania

April 30th, 2004, 11:35 PM

I'm not worried about releasing the information (in for a penny in for a pound I say) it is just a lot of work to get everything ready. Finding good, reliable, detailed, and accurate chemical weapons information is a difficult prospect that requires a considerable amount of research. My sense of perfection requires me to get everything right the first time and do a good job. After all I am my harshest critic, and my website is written for me.

thermobaric

November 6th, 2006, 10:13 PM

'http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA283855&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf' Detailed synthesis of some soman analogs.

FullMetalJacket

November 9th, 2006, 08:04 AM

For so long, I have been immersing myself in the science and practice of asymmetrical warfare. it is my fondest wish in life to get my degrees, and join the 59th Chemical Company or their Australian equivalent, if there is one. But I want to know how these agents work, I want to have at the very least understood how they are produced, and more preferably done small-scale experimenting, perhaps in a laboratory environment. Before that can happen, however, we need to know. The CCL has so much promise, all those tasty names that for so long have led to, a rather heart-breaking homer simpson image... Megalomania, I'm asking you as a fellow lover of science. Nay, I'm begging you. Let us know. Let us learn.

megalomania

November 11th, 2006, 09:09 PM

I have bad news and good news on this front. The good news is I am systematizing my research process to rape resources one by one of everything I can get, and I am going through some online databases getting unique compounds that have popped up in the literature one by one. I hope to get a ground swell of new energetic materials added to my website after I complete the journal orgy of acquiring all the references. My primary focus is on energetic materials, but I shall be branching out to chemical weapons, poisons, select pharmaceuticals, and some pesticides. The bad news is this is such a major and ongoing effort that I will be swamped reading many thousands of journal articles, patents, books, and other documents that it will be a few years. Yes, I said years. I am afraid every hour I spend writing a new procedure for my website is an hour lost acquiring references on another compound. I intend to take advantage of my reference resources while I still have them. I have to plan trips to Michigan and Pennsylvania to get at their journal databases, and god forbid even to Kansas if I am unlucky. Not every university has the requisite databases of journals and reference works, so I am hitting the road for some excruciatingly boring weekends sneaking around the libraries of some of the nations larger schools systematically downloading journals, and excerpts from books. What drives me to do this? Why I want to help the Rogue Science community as much as possible, so I am willing to go above and beyond where I have already gone to acquire the best material in the world. Maybe if I made money off of The Forum and I did not have to work I could devote myself full time to this, but it just isn’t so. Maybe some donations would help defray the cost of my trips.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter I am, quite simply, engaged in something that is complicated, requires all of my mental faculties, utilizes all of my scientific training, and will eat up a considerable portion of my free time to provide a service gratis. Perhaps I should encourage some community involvement?

FullMetalJacket

November 12th, 2006, 08:22 PM

I'd be glad to help with anything I can after this week, I just have exams for the next few days but then I have about two months completely free. I was planning to use it for updating MY articles (I'm article staff at a0tu) but this would be even better.

Alexires

November 14th, 2006, 04:40 AM

I would like to help as well Mega. Point me in a direction and give me some idea what you want, and I shall investigate. You can email or PM me if you like.

simply RED

November 18th, 2006, 05:46 AM

I finally got university diploma and decided to continue further (MC/PhD) with teraherz and hv-spectral research. Time is running out and I'm working minimum 15 hours a day to achieve these goals (this is the faith of people without connections). Unbelievably lot of information was gathered on the "EMW" topics, but time to systemize and write it is still missing. BTW: Originally Posted by Xave http://bcis.pacificu.edu/~polverone/PF.pdf Where is this book now?

nbk2000

November 18th, 2006, 08:00 AM

I'm assuming the PF.pdf file you're looking for is this one? Some aspects of the chemistry and toxic action of organic compounds containing phosphorus and fluorine http://www.sciencemadness.org/library/books/phosphorus_fluorine_toxicity.pdf

thermobaric

December 19th, 2006, 08:17 PM

These cached sites seem to have some info regarding sarin synthesis. http://72.14.203.104/search?q=cache:9c_Urwx2ApMJ:article.pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/ppv/ RPViewDoc%3F_handler_%3DHandleInitialGet%26journal %3Dcjc%26volume%3D41%26calyLang%3Deng%26articleFil e%3Dv63-333.pdf+sarin+synthesis&hl=en&gl=ca&ct=clnk&cd=35&client=firefox-a http://72.14.203.104/search?q=cache:x445_XAPPVIJ:article.pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/ppv/ RPViewDoc%3F_handler_%3DHandleInitialGet%26journal %3Dcjc%26volume%3D38%26calyLang%3Deng%26articleFil e%3Dv60-198.pdf+sarin+synthesis&hl=en&gl=ca&ct=clnk&cd=14&client=firefox-a

nbk2000

December 31st, 2006, 07:03 PM

Trioctyl phosphate (TOF) [CAS 1806-54-8] or Tris(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate [CAS 78-42-2] were (are still?) used by the military as simulant agents for VX. Also, TOF is used to to formulate a CS-based liquid tear gas agent called CSX, which is 1% CS dissolved in 99% TOF (% by weight). vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and W eapons Forum C h e m istry > Sodium Fluoride

> Chemistry for Am ateur Expe rimenters and C itizen Scientists

View Full Version : Sodium Fluoride simply RED

> Battlefield Log in

August 10th, 2001, 02:45 PM

The NaF is said to be a good poison, but the sources ca n't say waht exactly is the l e t h a l d o s e . http://www.m aebrussell.com /Fluoride.htm l This link gives som e info on NaF. PMJB says that the lethal dose is about one grain, That must be 1/437 of an ounce. PMJB says that a rice grain sized pa rticle ma y be lethal. But the other sources say it is about 5-10 gram s. Do you know th e exact lethal dose.

jin

August 10th, 2001, 07:34 PM

i read som ewhere the toxic amount of sodium fluoride was 5-10m g per kg for sm all children and m inium l e t h a l d o s e o f 3 2 m g per kg of body weight in adults.has anybody extracted any fluoride salts from too th paste?

CyclonitePyro

August 11th, 2001, 01:36 AM

Those bastards put that shit in our water, tooth paste, m outhwash, and when you get a fluoride treatment a t the dentist theres m ore places than that I can't think of. There's a lot of good info on this stuff around the net about alterior motives for giving us the stuff, there is no evidence that it actually helps your teeth, when taken in excess it turns your teeth black. Not to sound paranoid but a lot of people will tell you it makes people more act sheepish and passive. I've heard it's in m ilk but not listed.

CyclonitePyro

August 11th, 2001, 01:20 PM

http://www.newnetizen.com / m e d i a c o v e rups/flouridedrug .htm Here we go, this is what I'm talking about. Scary stuff, this guy I know is in the water business, every time he goes to put a water system in a doctors house they say h ow they don't want flouride in their water, or they want it ou t.

xoo1246

August 31st, 2002, 03:44 PM

And in your Coca Cola light and m any other products yo u f i n d a s p a r t a m e that will when it is heated to above 30(your body is 37) degrees celcius decom p o s e i n t o m ethyl alcohol wich in the body will break down into formaldehyde and form ic acid. From M o n s a n t o , t h e c o m pany that gave us Agent Orange and various other nice little chem icals. <sm a l l > [ A u g u s t 3 1 , 2 0 0 2 , 0 2 : 4 4 P M : M e s s a g e e d i t e d b y : x o o 1 2 4 6 ] < / s m a l l >

mr.evil

August 31st, 2002, 04:03 PM

well, i use Sodium fluoride for washing m y m outh(i don't really know why the dentist sucribed me th is, but i guess for the protective flu oride layer on theets...) a nyway, it's a solution of 0,05ml Na F on 1ml water...btw, it has a *strange* sm ell. edit: typo

James

August 31st, 2002, 05:01 PM

Actually, the fluoride source I have (for m y teeth) is Sta nnous Fluoride.

kingspaz

August 31st, 2002, 05:08 PM

this topic is about the lethal dose of NaF not your mouthwash. edit: just to address m r.evils reply below this post was aim ed primarily at james since he provided absolutely nothing relevent. <sm a l l > [ A u g u s t 3 1 , 2 0 0 2 , 0 6 : 3 4 P M : M e s s a g e e d i t e d b y : k i n g s p a z ] < / s m a l l >

mr.evil

August 31st, 2002, 05:46 PM

King s p a z , i did n't m eant to post crap here, sorry but what i was trying to say was that i use NaF, so in little doses it isn't dangerous or s o m ething. Sorry.

Polverone

S e p t e m b e r 3 rd, 2002, 02:57 AM

N a F d o e s n ' t s e e m to be a much better poison than other easily accessible chemicals. It also has pretty low solubility in water. KF is m uch m ore solu ble. I ha ve a few hundred grams of NaF an d it actually cam e with fewer safety warning s than m y l e a d nitrate. NaF has also been used as a rot/insect preventative, IIR C.

simply RED

S e p t e m b e r 3 rd, 2002, 07:00 AM

NaF and KF are a lot m o r e p o i s o n o u s t h a n l e a d nitrate. NaF causes poiso ning in quantities as low as 5-10m g/kg. 5g is letahl for adults without medical treatm e n t . T h e s y m pthom s include vo miting, diarhea, never trem ors, bloody stools,dehydratation... follo wed by paralysis! tha F ion binds the calcium 2+ and causes dehydratation which destroys the ion balance in the organism . Actually AgF is m uch m ore deadly! It is the m ost sadistic poison to my m ind! AgF + HC l= AgCl(p) + HF!!!!!!

Polverone

S e p t e m b e r 3 rd, 2002, 04:46 PM

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AgF may be "eviler" but it doe s n ' t s e e m like a great choice, since it has to carry a round that heavy Ag+. The Merck index lists l e t h a l d o s e s f o r N a F a n d K F o f 1 8 0 - 2 5 0 m g p e r k g , d e p e n d i n g o n t h e a n i m a l a n d m o d e o f a d m inistration. This doesn't seem all that great. Consider that approxim ately 23 m g/kg of barium ion can be lethal - i.e. about 35 m g / k g o f B a C l 2 , a r o u n d a fifth the m a s s o f t h e N a F d o s e . How are you going to convince som e b o d y t o c o n s u m e 5 g of a salt with relatively low solubility? Cook them an extra -special burrito with lots of m asking flavor? Or m aybe your target isn't human, but it's not like there's a lot of glory in outwitting stray dogs. P o i s o n i n g s a r e g o o d f o r m urder m ysteries but they are only a m iniscule fraction of all reported homicides. W e can conclude that either poisoning is a great way to kill witho ut detection, or that m ost killings are not sufficiently prem e d i t a t e d t o b e d o n e with poison, or that poisoning does not offer co mpelling benefits over other m e t h o d s . I r e a l l y n e e d t o f i n d a g o o d b o o k o n poisons to scan. This isn't rea lly battle field chem istry, e ither. Som e organic fluorine com p o u n d s m a k e p o t e nt weapons, but you can't cook special NaF burritos for an entire army.

simply RED

S e p t e m b e r 3 rd, 2002, 05:42 PM

Fluorides are good for slow po isoning also! The chronic effect of fluoride posioning is extremely destructive to the hum a n body... I don't know the taste of NaF, or KF(what is their taste?) but it will be extremely easy to kill gipsys with it! Also lam bda cyhalothrine (karate insecticide) is a good choice! Leth a l d o s e 8 0 % f o r h u m a n s 5 0 m g/kg. It is a nerve poison, interacts with the nerve ion channel that it cannot be closed and remains open! C y a n i d e i s g o o d f o r p eople, as well as fluoroacetates, FLUO ROETHANOL, organic nitriles, sodium nitrite, zinc phosph ide, white P , a m anita p halloides m ushro om- all they are readily available for everyone who wants to use them ...

Al Koholic

S e p t e m b e r 4 th, 2002, 09:15 PM

SO chronic poisoning results from a long-term exposure to fluoride ion eh? I haven't heard this before but that isn't to say its not so. I wonder just because of the presence of fluoride in city water and the fact that for the last 18 years or so (e ver since I ' v e b e e n b r u s h i n g m y teeth) I have been swallowing th e toothpaste at the end cause I didn't m i n d t h e t a s t e a s a k i d a n d n ow it is just habit. Feel fine thoug h...no developm ental disabilities or particualr susce ptibility to ailm ents. The levels of fluoride required for chronic poisoning must be fairly high (relative to the city water content etc). At least the fluoride ion has a full valency or then there would re ally be p roblems. Free radicals scare me m ore. Al

nbk2000

S e p t e m b e r 4 th, 2002, 10:13 PM

I read that, back in the 40's, ALCOA (The alum inium manufacturers consortium ) had all this flouride waste left over from all t h e a l u m i n i u m they m a d e f o r W W 2 and, rather than have to pay for disp osal of this poiso nous chemical, cam e up with the clever idea of getting paid to put it in the drinking water since "It strengthens teeth!". :rolleyes: W ell, tooth rot m a y h a v e b e e n a p r o b l e m back then, but I'd say m ost americans don't live in Deliverance country anymore. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and Weapons Forum

> Chemistry for Amateur Experimenters and Citizen Scientists

> Battlefield Chemistry

> 5 step DHMP synthesis

View Full Version : 5 step DHMP synthesis 80r15

Log in

March 13th, 2003, 07:44 PM

I have the 5 step DHMP synthesis for sarin, but I am wondering if anyone has performed the synthesis and what kind of percent yields they got. Also if anyone knows any other methods of synthesizing sarin with higher percent yields, feel free to post the synthesis steps.

megalomania

March 14th, 2003, 01:38 AM

Is that one of the earlier routes? I have a reference that speaks ill of other methods, calling them tedious or impure, specifically the ones from the 1950’s. The one I have makes use of di-isopropyl methylphosphonate reacted with carbony chloride giving isopropyl methylphosphonochloridate. This latter chemical is reacted with sodium fluoride in methylene chloride to give Sarin. A second process is to is to reflux a mix of methylphosphonic dichloride and methylphosphonic difluoride (made from methylphosphonic dichloride) with isopropyl alcohol. I have also acquired some references for making di-isopropyl methylphosphonate and methylphosphonic dichloride.

Energy84

March 14th, 2003, 02:19 AM

Sorry Mega, I think you lost him after the word "reference". Just take a look at some of his other posts... :rolleyes: http://www.roguesci.org/cgi-bin/ewforum/ultimatebb.cgi? ubb=get_topic;f=4;t=000306 I'd say 80r15 is lucky to still be around, even without NBK here at the moment...

megalomania

March 15th, 2003, 12:36 AM

Thank you energy for that link, I have not laughed this much in a while. Uaually only nbk can get me cackling with wanton glee :D I would hope, 80r15, that you are not going to actually try and make a checmial weapon, the chemistry may be easy but the synthesis is VERY dangerous even if you have a real laboratory. Nothing less than a negative pressure glove box should be used with these things.

80r15

March 15th, 2003, 02:03 PM

Negative pressure glove box you say??? hmmm... lol. No I don't want to make it, but was curious about the first method they used to create it. The process was actually the DMHP process nad yes it was an early process. I know the synthesis is dangerous, but I could prob pull it off w/ a NBC chemical suit :)

zeocrash

March 15th, 2003, 03:34 PM

where is NBK anyway, i'm begining to miss his prescence around here

VX

March 15th, 2003, 07:49 PM

80r15, you seem to have a lot of confidence in your chemistry knowledge, and lab skills, and have stated previously that you 'know organic chemistry'. That is, in my opinion an extremely arrogant comment to make. Very few people in the world can truly claim to know organic chemistry, I doubt that you are one of them. Well my question is, exactly what experience do you have? After all if it turns out that you have a PhD in chemistry, I am sure that you will receive a lot more patience from other members. However turning up here and starting boasting about how easy and safe it is to make nerve agents etc, with no proof or discussion on the matter is fairly arrogant, and is bound to get you flamed. Surely you see that? <small>[ March 15, 2003, 09:14 PM: Message edited by: VX ]

photonic

March 15th, 2003, 09:15 PM

Not that my opinion is of any real significance here, but I must say I would take great pleasure in watching NBK exterminate this fellow in typical fashion. Even though we're trying some huggy-feely thing, having people like him distracts from intelligent discussion. If you'll take notice, nothing fruitful has come of any thread 80r15 has been involved in. I also think that we should encourage him to synthesize these nerve agents. It's a win-win situation. If he succeeds, he can contribute the knowledge to the forum. If he doesn't, problem solved. :cool:

80r15

March 15th, 2003, 11:28 PM

too late dumb ass. been there synthesized that... you guys act like synthesizing sarin or mustard gas is rocket science. and no i dont have a PhD in organic chem yet, but there are some things i know. one of them being that *anyone* with a brain and a $98.50 NBC suit can EASILY make sarin from info on the web. Now to understand what your doing is different... So you said if I do synthesize them I can contribute to the forum....So, what do you want to know???(next proj: VX)

megalomania

March 15th, 2003, 11:54 PM

Well there are two questions I would like to ask. #1 Where can one get a NBC suit for under $100? I have only seen them for way more than that. #2 Could you provide a link to one site (except here) on the net that has a synthesis for any chemical weapon because I have yet to find one out there. Every time I look I can't find a damn thing; good thing for libraries...

Energy84

March 16th, 2003, 01:08 AM

Well then, if your word is considered 'proof' that you've done it before, then I guess it would be safe to admit that I had once built an M1 Abrams tank from plans that I found on the internet. Of course, it's NEVER BEEN TESTED, but I have done it. Really. I keep it under my bed so that nobody will find it. And it was pretty easy to build too. Just had to save up all my soup cans! :rolleyes:

photonic

March 16th, 2003, 02:36 AM

Well, I don't mean to burst anybody's bubble, but that's not really any great accomplishment. I'm not usually one to brag, but I just don't think you guys should be so proud. Synthesizing sarin, vx, and an M1 Abrams are all well and good. However, they don't compare to my George Washington Carver style F-22 Raptor. I h4x0r3d the plans from Lockheed-Martin and then added my own special twist. Unlike 80r15 though, I have pictures. The lighting is bad and so are the pictures, but I assure that any resemblace the picture may have to a toy F-14 covered in creamy Peter Pan peanut butter is purely coincedence. All parts, including the tomahawk cruise missile with a 790 Megaton warhead(not visible in picture), were synthesized and assembled using only peanuts and a cordless drill. F-22 Raptor Picture <small>[ March 16, 2003, 10:03 PM: Message edited by: photonic ]

zeocrash

March 16th, 2003, 08:33 AM

lol yuo all sux0r. i've crafted my own private army put of daschunds and petrol. they're damn good pilots too, (you should see them dogfight). anyway thae main disagreement we have with you 80, (apart from thae fact you're probably the_ed or madfag's new identity) is the fact you're an arrogant motherfucker. Now i doubt you have any justification for saying that you know organic chemistry(unless you have an aptly named friend). My grandad has a phd in organic chemistry and

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was a former chemical weapons research scientist, he could say that he knew organic chemistry, but not you. I recon we should keep 80 arround, as like a pet troll. we could poke him with sticks and keep amused

80r15

March 16th, 2003, 08:50 AM

sarin was tested on a hamster and other assorted animals I got for cheap at my local pet store....Get NBC suit at http://approvedgasmasks.com/ No one website has synthesis procedure(actually one had a .pdf for it, but i lost the url...) but by searching around at different sites and bookstores you can put the pieces together and figure it out... btw, the sarin did work because the hamster..... and photonic, your "link" doesnt work <small>[ March 16, 2003, 07:51 AM: Message edited by: 80r15 ]

Mr Cool

March 16th, 2003, 10:10 AM

80r15, are you also a55m45t3r (or R1ngm45t3r) on Sciencemadness? I noticed the same mad faces, the same stupid style of the name, similar questions. Some examples (mad faces removed because they went over the limit per post!):

quote:

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If you know some sites that have syntehsis info on any nerve agnets OR you yourself know the syntehsis steps, could you please post them here? ALSO, would a semi-high temperature explosion destroy a nerve gas. For example, if you had a piece of TriNitro TOluene detonated to disperse Sarin or Tabun, would the nerve agent be destroyed. If not, I assume It would just be pushed out and up by the hot air blast. Also I assume that there are temperatures that destroy nerve agents, and is anyone aware of what those temperatures are??? THANK YOU Edit by Polverone: enough with the mad faces already! Edit by madscientist: let's try to keep a remotely serious air to our posting styles... I stand with Polverone on this. By the way, thanks Samosa for making this thread worthwhile with your contributions.

---

quote:

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Sarin/HF Now I have read/heard various things about HF, such as it decomposes bones and it corrodes the heart(thanks nbk2000 @ rougesci.com), but how much is true, because i was considering preparing a little bit... And also what is the best way to synthesize HF and SARIN Thank you

---

quote:

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i buiold tesla coils, and do computer science just like you polverone. i know CaF2 +H2SO4 yields HF.... but is that the best way. my freind nbk2000 says it gives small yeilds. well anyway yeah i dont hurt people, im not somekiindof suicide bomber, just a guy who loves chemistry and likes to know stuff. and polverone, its me (aim = b0r15666 or hotsauceaoand1 or real gsg9) but nowall i use is b0r15666

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quote:

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in various texts it is proclaimed that sarin is one chemical step removed form ball point pen ink. what is that step?????????

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quote:

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...my freind nbk2000...

---

Hmmm...I think NBK would be your friend in the same manner as Bubba or Tyron would be

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your friend...he'd allow you to continue living, simply because it'd give him so much pleasure to see you writhing in agony on the end of his dick. :p But, seriously, NBK seems to much more selective in his associations than to associate with a LOSER who can't even make one proper sentence, let alone an elite weapon like sarin, or "5@r1|\|", as you'd call it. I'd vote for "The (h)Ed" being the newest fodder for the HED chamber. Same deliberately stupid posting style, same infantile thought process, same...well...ed. :D You know you're a very sad example of humanity when even madscientist has to correct you! :p 'Course, the only reason you're still around to post sixteen wonderfully instructive and informative posts :rolleyes: is because staff is trying to be a little less stringent with the rules, but you're the proverbial fly in the ointment, bad apple in the bushel, and all that...you're fucking it up for everyone else. Congratulations! You've succedded with at least one thing in your life...even if it was to stink up The Forum with the smell of shit that dribbles from tips of your fingers onto a keyboard. I KNOW you wouldn't have lasted past your first post on The Forum if NBK was present. Though I am wondering why you've been allowed to stay here as long as you have, since you've proven yourself (repeatedly) to be an incurable imbecile, good for nothing more than maggot fodder for the BFL section. You want peace? Well I'm sure we can arrange to give you some piece...after we break it off in your neck! :mad: Kruschev was a lying piece of shit too, how appropriate that you'd quote him. "Stop calling me names! Waaaaa!" What a sad little bitch boy you'd make. To quote a famous book (forgot the title): "Crucify Him!"

Machiavelli

March 18th, 2003, 01:25 PM

A little kid wrote

quote:

---

and you fucking dumb shit, you can make sarin from a chemical largly found in ball-point pen ink

---

Nope, the referred chemical is thiodiglycol and you can make mustard from it, not sarin. If you copy something you still need to understand it. Now go home little parrot or you won't get any more cookies.

Polverone

March 18th, 2003, 02:58 PM

Delete this, please. On second thought I was not contributing anything of relevance to chemistry, just dragging this thread further into general board commentary. <small>[ March 18, 2003, 02:44 PM: Message edited by: Polverone ]

vulture

March 18th, 2003, 03:09 PM

Let's not turn this thread into another roguesci--madscience war because of some dumb shit spewing his shit on both the boards shall we? Oh, and 80r15. You are so knowledgeable on organic chemistry right? I can wait for your instructions on how to synthesize phorone in great yield, how to produce HNIW and ONC from OTC stuff and how to synthesize tetranitratopiperazine without TFAA. Anxiously awaiting.... <small>[ March 18, 2003, 02:10 PM: Message edited by: vulture ]

Ezekiel Kane

March 18th, 2003, 03:11 PM

80r15, you're not Boris from The Red Square are you? Far more likely some poseur who uses his 13373|) name and quotes. In any event, I'm not so sure I like this 'huggyfeely' atmosphere. We're getting distracted from E&W to focus on flaming k3wls - not good for effective research and development in our community. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and Weapons Forum

> Chemistry for Amateur Experimenters and Citizen Scientists

> Battlefield Chemistry

> chloroform bomb Log in

View Full Version : chloroform bomb goiterjoe

June 29th, 2001, 01:41 PM

I'm new to here and don't know if this has been discussed before, but here it is anyway. take one of those short ziplock bags and fill it with 400g of sodium hypochlorite powder(like pool shock or pow dered bleach). take this bag, seal it except for at the corners, and slide it into a one liter plastic bottle(they tend to have a wider mouth. next fill the bottle with 200ml of hardware store acetone. screw the cap on, shake it until the bag breaks open, and walk aw ay. the sodium hypochlorite will react hot and fast with the acetone to produce trichloromethane(chloroform) and sodium formate. the reaction w ill run hot enough to boil the chloroform and pressurize the container. the excess acetone in the reaction will try to eat through the plastic, and eventually the cap will weaken enough to blow off and pump volumes of chloroform gas everyw here, knocking out anyone standing nearby.

Mick

June 29th, 2001, 02:00 PM

um....wtf? Dick H.E.A.D.

deezs

June 29th, 2001, 03:26 PM

I think you should hold your mouth for a while, and read through all the archives. But first you should apologize for the shit, you have posted. If the gods (moderators) has a nice day, perhaps you w ill not banned for life. You have to learn a lot...

goiterjoe

June 29th, 2001, 03:32 PM

what, has this been discussed here before? not sure w hat your problem is based on the short and meaningless response you gave.

goiterjoe

June 29th, 2001, 03:38 PM

if you don't think it works, then w hy don't you try it out before you bash my post. SWIM has made chloroform several times this way for welding plexiglass and used the resultant sodium formate to produce performic acid by converting to formic acid w ith sulfuric acid. the formic acid is distilled and stirred into 30% hydrogen peroxide to produce performic acid. when this reaction is done to acquire the reagents, the acetone is very slowly dripped onto the powdered bleach to prevent boilover. if it is all added at once, like as said in the first post, you end up with a problem on your hands(or somebody elses).

Anthony

June 29th, 2001, 07:17 PM

I works because the same process is w ritten as a synthesis for chloroform in NBK2000's PDF.

Rhadon

June 29th, 2001, 07:22 PM

Surely you'll be able to synthesize CHCl3 that way, but knocking out people w ith this method won't w ork. Chloroform is not as powerful as you might think, everyone will be able to get aw ay before he's w eakened enough to go down. An odorless gas would be another thing...

PYRO500

June 30th, 2001, 02:26 AM

yeah, like a tank of N<sub>2O burst open with a charge. and we are M<sub>g< /sub>ODS the G is silent http://theforum.virtualave.net/ubb/smilies/smile.gif

goiterjoe

June 30th, 2001, 07:18 AM

it doesn't happen because a book says so, it happens due to some basic principles of organic chemistry. and a person can't run away from a chloroform cloud if they're asleep. hell, if they're awake when the shit goes off in a closed room, it's not like there is that far they can run. if you've never tried knocking a person out with chloroform, then don't bitch about how weak it is because you don't know. Swim's seen a person hit the floor after walking in a room where a person was synthing a 2 liters using a gasmask.

nbk2000

June 30th, 2001, 12:49 PM

Having chloroformed myself and others w ith a saturated cloth, I can say that it's not instantaneous. Even breathing hard and fast, it takes about a minute for resistance to weaken. Plus, the reaction will be running very hot, meaning the total amount of chloroform produced w ill be just a fraction of the possible yeild. It MUST be run cold to prevent formate production which is a useless byproduct if your intent is to incapacitate people. Much better would be to take the liter bottle, fill it almost full of premade chloroform, and a few ounces of concentrated sulfuric acid. A CO2 cartridge is dropped into the bottle just before use, the cap screw ed on, and the whole bottle turned upside down. The acid, being denser than the chloroform, will sink into the neck of the bottle (along with the powerlet), eating aw ay the lead seal of the powerlet till it ruptures, instantly overpressurising the bottle with hundreds of PSI, exploding almost a liter of chloroform into a mist. Expect people to come running out of the room, but falling dazed or unconcious moments afterw ards. -----------------"The know ledge that they fear is a weapon to be used against them" Go here (http://members.nbci.com/angelo_444/dload.html) to download the NBK2000 website PDF. Go here (http://briefcase.yahoo.com/nbk2k) to download the NBK2000 videos.

DarkAngel

July 1st, 2001, 06:47 AM

NBK w ouldn't you get a better chloroform fog if you use a small explosive? This could be made: You could seal 1 end of an PVC pipe w ith thin/lead by heating some and pour the liqued mass in to the PVC pipe and w hen it's not hot anymore you could putt some KCLO3/Suger mix in the PVC pipe. Than you put an heat ignited explosive in it like AP(Putty) The other end is seald with something else. And than it could be used as the same fashion as you discriped w ith the Co2 Cartridge,The KCLO3/Suger would be ignited when the H2SO4 has eated through the lead and than the AP would be sett of. I don't think it would result into an FAE as the AP burns so fast w ithout enough heat that it sett's of the Chloroform vapor,and the KCLO3/Suger mix would only burn before the explosion. But i have no idea what the results will be if AP-putty is used, Both method's are pretty dangerous but with my methode you could putt more lead inside the PVC pipe and the lead would act as a delay and if used you must use an acid concentration of 10% not 30% and don't putt to much lead in the pipe or you will just have a simpel pressure bottle explosive. -----------------ÐarkAngel For explosives and stuff go to Section1 http://www.section1.f2s.com And http://run.to/section1 (http://www .run.to/section1)

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[This message has been edited by DarkAngel (edited July 01, 2001).] [This message has been edited by DarkAngel (edited July 01, 2001).]

Agent Blak

July 1st, 2001, 12:35 PM

really need to look into w hat Chloroform will break down into when heated. It is composed of w hat? Cl2CO...right? If the above stated is the case when heated it could break down into Cl2 + CO both of w hich are fairly poisonous. If the object is to knock them out and not kill them this is something to take into consideration. What about using an atomizer on the end of a hand pumped fire extingisher. or perhaps something the is precharged. -----------------A wise man once said: "...There Will Be No Stand Off At High Noon ... Shoot'em In The Back And, Shoot'em In The Dark" Agent Blak-------OUT!!

Ezikiel

July 1st, 2001, 04:45 PM

Hey Blak .... the last I checked chloroform was CHCl3 and it does not decompose unless it is heated with H2O or anything that w ill hydrolize it. And CHCl3 decomposes into COCl2. How about using a black powder charge. They use it in movies to vaporize napthalene. -----------------"Go out in a BLAZE OF GLORY"

nbk2000

July 1st, 2001, 06:30 PM

Hmmm...heat breaks chloroform dow n into phosgene, a WW1 poison gas. Point behind chloroform bomb is to incapacitate, not kill. Thus heat = bad idea. PVC burster = shrapnel = bad idea. Prepressurized container OK, except what are you going to use that can resist the solvent action of chloroform and contain the pressure? A fire "extinguisher" could be pressurized, but then there's the weight. Plus it would take a bit of time to eject the chloroform. Even 10 seconds gives time for someone w ith quick reflexes to react. A simple powerlet in a 2 liter bottle will instantly overpressurize the bottle, and the explosion of the bottle will spray the chloroform into a nice cloud. Don't forget that chloroform is highly volatile and w ill evaporate into vapor within a few seconds at most after spraying. If you need command control, rather than random timing, use a small charge of black powder in a plastic bag ABOVE the chloroform, not in it. A tablespoon or two should be enough. This way only a miniscle amount of phosgene w ould be produced by the burning of chloroform vapor. Not enough to harm, let alone kill. Also, remember that people exposed to chloroform w ill first pass out, then go comatose, then stop breathing, after contined exposure. So if used this, and left them in the room, within a few minutes you'd have a room full of dead people. Even in the best of circumstances, 1 in 3,000 people have a fatal reaction to anesthia where their body temperature skyrockets and cooks their brain. 1 in a 1,000 die regardless and that's under hospital conditions. Figure a 1 in 20 or higher in this sitution for fatalities. If the idea is instant incapacitation with no regards to fatalities, than hydrogen cyanide w ould be better suited. Instant knockout in low levels (half ounce per 1,000 CFT), rapid dispersal, easily made, and antidote available. -----------------"The know ledge that they fear is a weapon to be used against them" Go here (http://members.nbci.com/angelo_444/dload.html) to download the NBK2000 website PDF. Go here (http://briefcase.yahoo.com/nbk2k) to download the NBK2000 videos.

goiterjoe

July 3rd, 2001, 01:46 PM

phosgene is a very ineffective war gas (Obviously someone didn't study WW1 CW, otherw ise they'd know that phosgene caused 80% of gas fatalities then. NBK2000). if your intentions were to incapacitate the person permanently, you could pack some culture tubes w ith sodium sulfide and stopper them off with aluminum foil. then add a molar excess of sulfuric acid to the plastic bottle and cap it. shake it and leave it. the sulfuric acid will dissolve the aluminum away until it reaches the sodium sulfide, at which point it will rapidly convert into hydrogen sulfide gas and pop the aluminum foil out of the culture tube. the reaction will proceed fairly fast after this point, and eventually there will be enough pressure to blow the cap off the bottle(sometimes it helps to shave a little off the threads to help lower the failure pressure of the bottle.) H2S is more deadly than cyanide gas, but your body is able to better recover from H2S than HCN because H2S doesn't mess up your cell structure. it has the smell of rotten eggs, but in lethal doses it is almost impossible to smell because it drow ns out your olfactory glands really fast. heat parrafin(or other heavier petroleum byproducts) with sulfur should also produce hydrogen sulfide, albeit in much low er quantities. [This message has been edited by nbk2000 (edited August 20, 2001).]

Ericm115

August 20th, 2001, 03:30 AM

I guess this is kinda on topic. I didnt w ant to start a new topic and get flamed for not seeing this one - anyw ays. Can someone tell me more of the properties of chloroform? such as safety. Also with chlorobutanol. I dont mean to doubt NBK's pdf, but I am just looking for some other opinions. What effects does chlorobutanol have, how long does it take, is it safe? Has anyone ever tried either of these with luck? Thanks.

Mr Cool

August 20th, 2001, 02:40 PM

I know that chloroform is carcinogenic.

Victim

August 20th, 2001, 09:05 PM

All this information is good an all, but this is the Improvised Weapons section correct..?

MrSamosa

June 30th, 2002, 06:38 PM

Sorry to bring up an old topic, but it didn't make sense to start a new one for a simple question... It w as mentioned that heating Chloroform to decomposition w ith water produces Cl2 + CO, the two precursors for making Phosgene. NBK mentioned that the higher temperatures produces Phosgene. Usually when synthesizing Phosgene though, there needs to be some catalyst...usually light or organic matter (activated charcoal, piece of tree bark, etc). If one were to try to decompose Chloroform to produce Phosgene, is the organic matter necessary to synthesize the Phosgene? If it isn't, w ould it increase the yields? Is this an easier w ay for producing Phosgene? Or is it easier/more reliable to stick to the old method of CO + Cl2 in the presence of a catalyst?

nbk2000

July 1st, 2002, 05:32 AM

The lab process of catalytically combining CO +Cl2 is still the most efficient w ay to make phosgene. But, the thermal decomposition of chloroform is easier. It might be more efficient to reflux the chloroform with a spiral of red-hot nichrome suspended in the vapors, just like the process for making ketene from acetone. Considering how cheaply chloroform can be made from acetone and pool chlorinator, you could easily afford to have crappy yields and still get enough phosgene to gas a house.

inferno

July 1st, 2002, 09:40 AM

Simply pressure-bursting a soft drink or otherw ise plastic bottle w on't spread the chloroform very effectively i dont think. IME of bursting them (with NaOH and Al foil) they make a loud bang but the contents of the bottle, well the gaseous products at least, don't get spread far. I did see a 2 litre lemonade bottle make a probably ~ 8cubic metre cloud of vapourized NaOH once, but only once.

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There would be better ways to spread the chloroform, probably using a blasting cap inside a plastic baggie of CHCl3.

nbk2000

July 2nd, 2002, 12:17 AM

Chloroform is highly volatile. If it's poured out, it'll disappear in a minute or two. I've seen 2 liter soda bottle bombs explode too. It'll spray the chloroform quite nicely, thank you very much. Nothing to prevent you from installing a misting nozzle attached to a dip tube in the screw on cap for the bottle and pressurizing it w ith acid/bicarb.

inferno

July 2nd, 2002, 07:39 AM

NBK - Was the bottle burst with NaOH/Al foil or dry ice? If it w as w ith dry ice, it probably had more material in it than a NaOH one, and so had more to spread...Maybe im wrong but the ones ive seen/done dont spread much Anyway ill stfu im going off topic

MrSamosa

July 2nd, 2002, 07:03 PM

I guess how much it spreads is secondary if it is being set off in a confined area. From my experience w ith NaOH/Water solutions + Aluminum Foil in a 16 oz Pepsi Bottle, it spreads vaporized NaOH around a 5 ft radius and a gooey burny black liquid about 2-3x as far. This is assuming that the bottle is stood straight up, not lying on its side. Even so, don't forget that gasses diffuse. Forgive the crude example, but when you pass wind...the smell spreads across the whole room, does it not? Even if it is not spread very far immediately, it w ill diffuse across the whole room. And the Chloroform being spread by an explosion, it should do that somewhat quickly. This is not counting the fact that the Chloroform will be a liquid very briefly before it evaporates to a gas. The split second that it is a liquid, it w ill be spread across the whole room before it volatilizes. The concentration may not be too high, but it will be spread. <small>[ July 02, 2002, 06:52 PM: Message edited by: MrSamosa ]

PrimoPyro

August 6th, 2002, 12:17 AM

Goiter! I didn't know you were a member here. [happy happy, I know someone] Why did you never report your success w ith the ethanol method at home? Chromic tried it several times with failure to control the reaction, and Ive wanted to know if this would work for a long time now. You w ere able to isolate formic acid from the reaction after liberation with acid? This is good new s to me. Good to see you here. How do I PM at this site, eh? The buttons are all so tiny. :p PrimoPyro

zaibatsu

August 6th, 2002, 01:25 AM

You can't PM Primo, you have email for that kind of thing. PMs are for the Mods/Admins use only.

PrimoPyro

August 6th, 2002, 01:37 AM

Ah, yes. Thank you zaibatsu. I have discovered quite a variety of functions I have presented to me only to be told I don't have this ability, then asked, "What are you thinking!? " Hahahahaha, that's cute. Man, this site would have really helped me out a lot when I w as really into this sort of thing a few years back. But I still like reading about it and posting info. :) Haha, "Newbie" how ironic. Any chance I can get the spelling changed to "Newbee" ? I'd be forever gracious, and even might perform a sexual favor or two for any female mods in thanks. :p Who rated me? Ack! I've been labeled! What does zaibatsu mean? Is it Japanese? I'm gonna look it up on an online translator. PrimoPyro

kingspaz

August 6th, 2002, 06:46 AM

primo, try and stick to the topic and don't clutter the thread with useless babble.

nbk2000

August 6th, 2002, 08:59 AM

He's from The Hive. They have a different style of postings there. HERE, however, w e try to keep discussions on topic as much as possible. Keep this in mind Pyro. BTW, "zaibatsu" is a japanese term for a cooperative grouping of businesses.

PrimoPyro

August 7th, 2002, 12:17 AM

I understand perfectly. I hadn't the intention of making it a common occurence. You'll often find my ramblings to contain lots of good information pertinent to the subject. Just not in this one. :D My experience with the Hive has been rather pleasant and I only have good things to say about the residents there. I'd like to assume the same could be said for the view s from the members here, but somehow I don't get that feeling. Regardless of where I'm from, my purpose here is the same as your defining purpose: To assimilate and disseminate information regarding energetic chemistries and w eaponry related to these energies. PrimoPyro <small>[ August 06, 2002, 11:18 PM: Message edited by: PrimoPyro ]< /small> vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and Weapons Forum extending volatile agent persistence

> Chemistry for Amateur Experimenters and Citizen Scientists

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View Full Version : Polymeric foam bubbles as a means of extending volatile agent persistence nbk2000

September 6th, 2002, 02:01 PM

I found a tube of a polymeric bubble mix in the trash that normally sells in the toy stores for about $4 for about 10ml. The difference between this stuff and the stuff you can make from dish detergent is the toy stuff forms a "solid" bubble that can be picked up, stacked, and otherw ise handled in a much more vigorous manner than any soap bubble could w ithstand. And, after testing it, I found that the bubbles last a w hile. After 8 hours 1/3rd of the bubbles remained intact. After 24 hours, most of them had disappeared, but there w ere still a few that were intact. I blew very hard on them, and they remained intact. Only when I touched them did they finally break. From w hat I've observed of them, the bubble mix contains PVA (PolyVinyl Alcohol), w ith probably a bit of crosslinker, glycerine, and other additives. There's a patent number on the packaging, but it describes the bubble wand, not the bubble mix itself. :mad: Anyways, I was thinking, that since the bubbles remain intact, that means they would retain a gas w ithin them for as long as they lasted. These bubbles could then be used to contaminate an area for hours using volatile (and easy to make) gaseous agents, like hydrogen cyanide or phosgene, that would otherw ise dissipate within a few minutes. Who would think a blob of foamy bubbles to be dangerous? < img border= "0" title="" alt="[Wink]" src="wink.gif" /> This conforms to the RTPB of deception. Everyone has played with bubbles as a child, therefore bubbles are associated w ith harmless fun, not chemical weapons. A victim w ouldn't think twice about walking on them, or wiping them with their hands. The bubbles w ould be blown onto an area where they would stick, to be later stepped upon, sat on, or otherwise ruptured to release the agent. They would gradually rupture on their own, releasing a continuous supply of toxic agent that w ould make a contaminated area hazardous for an extended period of time. This would be especially effective indoors, where sunlight and strong winds couldn't accelerate the breakdown. Indoors, the bubbles ability to resist strong breezes (such as fans), would make decontamination more difficult since simple ventilation would no longer be effective. Actual mechanical breakage of the bubbles would be required to release the agent and make it susceptible to venting, greatly complicating decontamination. As an added threat - a less volatile, and more toxic, agent could be added. This would be along the lines of a vesicant like mustard or CX, or orticants like CS. These w ould contaminate the target zone w ith a more persistant hazard as the bubbles degraded, while the volatile agent presents an immediately lethal threat. With Hydrogen Azide, you could have both a highly toxic gas, and a highly explosive threat, all in one package. Blow the foam w ith a binary reaction of Azide + Acid, emplace an initiator (or blow on something that'll spark), and there you go. Either the target gets blown up or, if he takes too long, the bubbles breakdow n and release the toxic azide gas to poison him.

NoltaiR

September 6th, 2002, 05:57 PM

One thing you have to watch out for is to make sure that the biological/volital agent which you plan on deploying contains no solvent (whether in a liquid or gaseous form) that could break down the polymer that holds the bubble(s) together and therefore cause your agent to be released prematurely. Or even w orse, w hile you are putting the agent in yourself. <small>[ September 06, 2002, 04:59 PM: Message edited by: NoltaiR ]

Al Koholic

September 7th, 2002, 03:34 AM

THe gas inside the bubbles wouldn't necessarily remain stationary. There is always the possibility of the gas diffusing out of the bubble or the atmospheric gas diffusing in.

nbk2000

September 7th, 2002, 08:49 AM

That's called "diffusion". And, yes, it w ill happen, but the rate of diffusion of a gas (unconfined in a bubble), will be much greater than that gas which is confined. The greater the molecular weight of the gas, the less it w ill diffuse. Hydrogen, being the smallest, zips through rubber quite readily, whereas CO2 does not. So HCN would diffuse quicker than phosgene, since HCN is lighter than phosgene (M.W.-wise).

Al Koholic

September 7th, 2002, 12:08 PM

Maybe I am unfamiliar with this type of bubble mix and the nature of the bubbles which it forms but...if the bubble is anything like a soap bubble (a moist membrane), then the rate of diffusion w ill be much higher (especially if the gas you are using happens to be soluble in the bubble mix). Of course this would be possible by using a gas w ith the opposite polarity of the solvent the bubbles are based on.

nbk2000

September 7th, 2002, 05:48 PM

It's NOT moist, since the bubble mix dries to form a bubble made of PVA plastic. PVA is impervious to most non-aqueous chemicals.

Boob Raider

September 7th, 2002, 09:10 PM

The idea is sound but I was kinda wondering about the agent reacting with the bubble mix as the bubble mix is meant to to contain air w ith a low conc. of O2 and higher conc. of CO2 and higher amounts of H2O vapor (breath). There is a high possibility of premature popping of the bubbles. I can't think of many ways you can test the life of the bubble with various agents ... let alone a safe method. Only thing I can think of is make bubbles with the agent, put a gas mask on and stand there with a stop w atch :p . Oh, how many smoke detectors can detect these sorta agents besides CO ? So then w hen ever you w ould hear the alarm go off .... you would know a bubble popped. :D but then if this would work then the smoke detection system will undergo spasms too when bubbles pop in the target building. < img border="0" title="" alt="[Eek!]" src="eek.gif" /> Actually can't the PVA be nitrated or something to make a shitty explosive with a bit of nito in it ? <small>[ September 07, 2002, 08:12 PM: Message edited by: Boob Raider ]

megalomania

September 8th, 2002, 04:12 AM

The deviousness of your mind never ceases to amaze me nbk :D Indeed this would allow for a nasty semi-persistent chemical delivery agent that w ould be seemingly impossible to clean up without releasing more agent. I have seen the commercials for this stuff and if I remember correctly it is rather like a permanent bubble, yet it can be popped over time. I purpose a means of testing this by starting out w ith a nice sulfur containing compound specificially one of those stinky ones like hydrogen sulfide or that stuff they put in natural gas. Something that can be smelled at low concentrations. You would not need sophisticated equipment to test this. One could disperse the agent and check back every few hours to determine if there is still a detectable odor and viable bubbles. I wonder how long those bubbles last as they are intended? I can imagine this being sprayed into the ventilation area of a school or into a remote area of a building w here they will every so slowly release their payload. This type of weapon could sustain a continual low dosage of nerve gas that w ould build up over time poisoning people unknowingly, then they die at home. One could spray it into a manhole cover of a sewer before a parade, or squirt in onto the shrubbery in front of a police station. Even if the bubbles last no more than a few hours it will negate the necessity of having containers filled with the toxic agent w ith timer release pressure valves. One could drill a hole into an enemies house and fill up the crevice betw een the floor boards or w alls. One could even send bubbles afloat into a crowded football arena; everyone loves bubbles :) Why w ith a good wind one could let their bubbles fly from the comfort of a Manhattan home to send them right into the Harlem projects. There are plenty of simulant materials one could use to test this. Hydrogen w ould be a good idea for permeability and diffusion. Why not give it the ol Haber try with some chlorine. Using OTC pesticides may be a good approximation of some nerve gasses. Something like w asp/hornet killer in a can contains not only a toxic molecule but petroleum distillates as w ell. If death is not your game this stuff could be a nifty chaos weapon. The bubbles could just as easily be filled with tear gas, stink bomb stuff, skunk odor, or the odor added to natural gas. One may even try a corrosive agent amd spread the bubbles out over a crow ded parking lot at the local Wal Mart. What about squirting a few under an enemies car seat so the stink lingers on… The possibilities are seemingly endless. This is a “Fight Club” worthy idea, heh heh. <small>[ September 08, 2002, 03:16 AM: Message edited by: megalomania ]

nbk2000

September 8th, 2002, 09:13 AM

I could see it working well with H2S. It's as toxic as HCN, but has that annoying rotten egg smell that might warn a potential target. So, a pile of H2S bubbles is injected into the targets area. As the bubbles burst, a faint stink is detected. However, the sense of smell is rapidly fatigued and the ability to smell it is lost. Thus, the victims think the smell has "gone away". Reality is that the gas concentration is

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continuing to rise as the bubbles continue to burst, building up to a lethal concentration. :D Coroner is convinced of some kind of utility gas leak, since it was a prolonged gassing, because H2S is too volatile to have otherwise poisoned the targets over the course of a day. If only they knew of the slightly wet spot under the foundation of the house... A big pile of bubbles at a playground or school yard w ould have tons of little spaw ns...I mean children...rolling around in it w ithin minutes of recess. Little do the little hellspawn know of the blistering, blinding, hellfire of the mustard gas that aw aits w ithin. Oh, and bubble foam makes a wonderful sound suppressant. A small explosion can take place under a pile and the only thing felt is a low thump...no real noise at all. Same thing with gunshots...prepositioned weapon smothered under a pile of bubbles...bullets/frags fly...and not a sound to be heard except that of people screaming as they die.

Boob Raider

September 8th, 2002, 11:24 AM

I think polyurethane insulating foam (or similar) has been used to supress breaching charge sounds :p . Although it is good idea .... like said earlier about the image of bubbles being harmless fun :D and also that the medical report would suggest a gas leak poisoning :D . Although the only problem I can see is the bubble life consistant expectancy depending on the agent :rolleyes: .

nbk2000

September 8th, 2002, 12:21 PM

I doubt it's polyurethane...that decomposes upon heating into hydrogen cyanide! As for bubble life w hen used w ith various agents...testing. :)

nbk2000

September 9th, 2002, 09:43 AM

Well, some further test results: Larger bubbles last longer. The bubbles are definately air tight as they 'pop' when stepped on or flicked, similar to bubble-w rap, only not as loud. It takes at least 5 seconds in the air before the bubbles form a skin capable of contact with a surface, otherw ise they burst. When they pop in mid-air before the 5 seconds, the bubble mix drops like a bird turd, and is quite sticky and moist. After 5 seconds, it deflates slowly and floats down like a snow flake and is rather dry, but still sticky. The bubbles are quite durable as a number of them were sucked against the air intake grill for the A/C, and remained intact for at least a half hour before bursting. Bubbles blown using CO2 from a cylinder sank to the ground within seconds, while breath blown bubbles would float about in the air for up to several minutes before landing. Bubbles blown into clumps lasted longer than singular bubbles. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + From these observations I got several other ideas: Bubbles could also be used to make normally persistant agents non-persistant. For instance, mustard gas is normally going to hang around for days or w eeks in cold w eather. However, since a bubble has hundreds (or thousands) of times the surface area of a drop of similar w eight, this could greatly increase agent volatilization, making it last only hours. The bubble also has a greatly increased volume, making contact much more likely given similar agent dispersal weight. For instance, a droplet of 10 micrograms weight of mustard will cause a dime sized blister. This amount of agent will barely cover the end of a small paperclip. The chances of this miniscule droplet coming in contact with a person is remote unless directly applied. Whereas, a bubble containing the same amount of agent in polymeric bubble form, could occupy a space of up to 3/4"diameter, and an equal distance out from the surface it's sitting on. For a given agent weight, you could contaminate a square yard of surface with aerosol droplets, or a cubic yard with bubbles. This makes even close proximity to a surface a hazardous proposition since you'd likly not even feel the bubble breaking on you since it's so light and flimsy. And the polymer is quite sticky and adherent. Bubbles will float quite a distance before adhering to something, and with no real pattern to it, contrary to aerosols w hich settle out at predictable rates. I've got some Deliverence country right across the street from me, so I'm going to blow some bubbles there and see how w ell they drift through woods. Pictures to come.

vulture

September 9th, 2002, 10:33 AM

If the bubbles don't allow gas diffusion, one could use them as incendiary agent if a pyrophoric agent (aluminiumtriethyl, etc) is used. Ofcourse the process of filling the bubbles would be quite hazardous then. Another idea, if one would use an agent which quickly degrades w hen exposed to air, one could stick 2 bubbles together with the precursors and if they pop the agent is created in situ, thus at the right time and w hen it's most effective. However yields would be low depending on the volatility and the reactivity of the precursors.

nbk2000

September 11th, 2002, 09:59 AM

Well, it's been two days ($*+ hours) since I blew the bubbles at w ork. Not surprisingly the vast majority of them are gone. However...there arestill a few that look as if they were blown minutes ago. These bubbles are the ones that landed on glass or plastic surfaces. Not surprising since these surfaces are smooth and non-porous. As for the woods test...failure. :( Not so much as the bubbles not forming and drifting...which worked fine...but simply that the woods are so dense that I couldn't follow or find the bubbles as they drifted off into the thick of it. The few that I could find didn't show up in the pictures I took with my POS digital camera. :mad: Here's a shot of w here I launched my BOD (Bubbles O' Death :D ) so you can see what I'm talking about. Panoramic view of test site Even if the bubbles only lasted an hour, that'd be 55 minutes longer than HCN would otherw ise remain on target. A vast improvement considering how it's only bubbles being used. I've also w ondered if it'd be possible to use bubbles made of a UV protectant to disperse spores during daytime hours. Most biowarfare scenarios assume a night attack because of the rapid degradation of BW agents in sunlight. However, if electrostaticly charged spores (assuming anthrax) were to be blown into bubbles of a similarly charged polymeric solution containing UV protectants (Think SPF100 ), than the spores would likely remaining suspended since they're all of similar charge, and thus repelling from each other and the bubble w alls. Once the bubbles are broken on landing or getting sucked into A/C system air intakes, the spores are released on target to work their black magic. :) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Oh, and I can't believe no-one (including myself) missed coing up with this joke earlier. Everyone loves "Bubbles"...Michael Jackson especially! :p ("Bubbles" is the name of the freaks pet chimp) <small>[ September 11, 2002, 10:28 AM: Message edited by: nbk2000 ]

Jhonbus

September 11th, 2002, 01:43 PM

The bubbles lasting many hours on smooth surfaces is interesting. The bubbles w ill also last a long time on tiled surfaces (subways), and polished stone such as marble. (government/corporate buildings...) Charging the spores w on't work. Because charge repels itself, in a sphere, all charge will move to the outside, so the spores will get stuck to the bubble.

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nbk2000

September 27th, 2002, 01:09 PM

I was fiddling around w ith some "canned air" and the bubble mix and noticed something. That bubbles blow n by mouth sat with just a little of the bubble flattened out on the bottom part touching the ground. Whereas, the bubbles blow n w ith the canned air (actually a freon), sat very low, with almost a third of the bubble being in contact with the ground. Obviously, the denser the gas, the more flattened the bubbles would be. Further testing in order. Also, I had the idea that the bubbles could be useful in capturing a person in a vehicle. A sprayer filled with chloroform w ould blow it through an air induction venturi (to increase bubble volume) into the passenger compartment. Being that the bubbles (more accurately foam) is wind resistant and sticky, the target wouldn't be able to vent the anesthetic by rolling down the window since it would be a sticky mass adhering to itself. Sure, some would get blown out, but not all of it. Also, it would physically block vision. The device would be soda can size to allow for simply tossing through an open w indow onto the back seat/floor, where it would await remote activation at an appropriate moment...like when they're stopped at a deserted intersection. :D Speed would be important. If it could fill up the passenger compartment of an average car in a couple of seconds with chloro-foam < img border="0" title="" alt="[Wink]" src="w ink.gif" /> , then they wouldn't really have any time to react to it before being immersed in the stuff. High volume, low pressure, and a VERY dense bubble mix (to resist rupturing) w ould probably work.

nbk2000

November 11th, 2002, 05:41 AM

I read this while surfing around. I thought it rather a funny coincidence. < img border= "0" title="" alt="[Wink]" src="wink.gif" /> http://ww w.dansdata.com/toys.htm

quote:< /font>< hr /> Any kid who can weave a militaristic fantasy around shooting a bubble gun should get some sort of medal for imagination. I suppose they could pretend the bubbles contain nerve gas :D or something, but apart from that they're stuck w ith imagining they're a cute little video game dragon, at best. < /font>

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Hmm...matte black...thickened VX...muhahHAHAHAHA!

Agent Blak

November 11th, 2002, 06:28 PM

NBK2000, You know you are of the Sickest men(Beast) I have ever met. When it is combined w ith your endless imagination I can only assume that you have a lot of time that you spend by yourself.... I would like to add how incredibley proud I am :D You could utilize this concept greatly for blowing open Boxes couldn't you; As follows: you would preasurize to cans, one with O2 and one with Acetlyne. the nozzle of both the cans would be stuck into a small hole(3/8") that you drilled. The box filles with a bunch of foam. you insert a squib or blasting cap(electric), take cover and let 'er go. ...Just an Idea vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Decapacitation, not decapitation - Archive File Anthony

> Battlefield Log in

March 17th, 2003, 08:53 PM

Spudgunner A new voice Posts: 33 From : M O , U S A Registered: JAN 2001 posted February 04, 2001 01:18 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Has anybody ever tried to make a cs gas grenade or anything of the sort? I think I h a v e a d e c e n t i d e a . I n s t e a d o f u s i n g t h a t stuff, try simple cinnamon oil. I hear you saying "what a retard, this isnt Home Ec". W ell, the PURE cinnam on oil is some very potent stuff. I was he lping m o m m a k e s o m e cinnam on candy during last holidays, and when she added the oil, about 3 d r a m s , o r s o m e t h i n g l i k e h a l f a t e a s p o o n , I a m not sure, to the very hot m elted sugar m ix, the oil started boiling and putting o u t s o m e horrid fum es. Sure they sm elled nice, but if you inhaled any of the vapor, you would start choking. It also d o e s a very nice job of m aking your eyes water and not being able to see very well. I am telling you this stuff is BAD! You would have to be able to boil it though an d then release th e gas through vents. Another thing to really piss som ebody off, is put it in their food. You cannot recognize it as cinnam o n . I t d o e s n o t s m ell like cinnam on until it has been really hot. It does not taste like cinnam on in pure form . In fact, it does not have m uch of a taste if you g et the pure stuff in your m outh, it simply m a k e s i t g o n u m b. I had a little o n a spoon spreading the candy out, a little oil got o n it, i licked the candy, and m y lip started going n u m b! Of course, maybe it isnt as bad a s I a m m aking it out to be, but I think it is. Sorry for such a long post. O h, and BTW , you cannot u se cinnam on extract or any such g arbage. The PURE oil is fairly expensive when buying in the little dram containers. IE, 1 USD a dram . Although they do sell a 16 ounce bottle som e place. You could fill a large house with fum es from that much. Anyway, I hope you all get a chance to try it and tell m e if it is as bad for you as I seem to think it is. Spud

The Real Freq uent Poster Posts: 136 From : C olum b u s , O H Registered: DEC 2000 posted February 04, 2001 06:55 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Not to long a go I decided to m a k e s o m e p r e t t y h o t c h i l i . I h a p p e d a c r o s s s o m e h a b a n e r o ' s , n e v e r h a v i n g e x p e r i e n c e d t h e m I thought, "W hy not?" After dicing three of them I decided to sautee them to cook a little of the hea t out (ya know their hottness h a s b e c o m e legendary so I th ought I'd be care ful as to not m ake the chili unedible). I think I flashed every last bit of the oils out of the diced pepp ers as they hit the skillet. The whole apt was filled with the smell and the fum e s c h o k e d m y r o o m m a t e and I, out of the apt. W e braved the saturated air to open all the windows and to turn on all the fa ns, we then went outside for a while leaving the door open. In a half hour it was very bearable, but the smell stayed for days. P e p p e r s p r a y h a s g o t t o b e effective. I thought about pressing the oils out of a few and extra cting with ether or acetone. I think a pepper oil dam p e n e d s m o k e m ixture would be worth a try, but I don't really want to be a test subject.

J Moderator Posts: 605 From : U n i t e d K i n g d o m Registered: SEP 2000 posted February 05, 2001 08:12 AM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Does anybody know the active ingredient in onions that makes eyes water? If this could be extracted easily, the uses are obvious. T h i s r e m i n d s m e, the other day I cook ed a particularly revolting meal. It was fried chicken , rice, and soy sa uce, but I m a d e t h e m i s t a k e o f a d d i n g s o m e Blue Dragon fish sauce. This is Anchovy extract with salt. W hen I poured this into the frying pan, most of it evaporated giving off a terrible sm ell. One of m y h o u s e m ates who was in the kitchen at the tim e actually had to leave because he couldn't stand it. I went on to eat the meal so as no t to waste the chicken. Any more than 2 chicken breasts coated in this stuff would have m a d e m e v o m i t : - ( T h i s h a s g i v e n m e a n i d e a . A s m all, slow burning pyrotechnic charge could be used to evaporate a bottle of this fish sauce, creating an unbarable sm ell. The container would have to be m etal with the charg e u n d e r n e a t h , p e r h a p s i n a c a r d b o a r d container. A whole bottle evap orated in an enclosed space would m a k e l i f e v e r y u n p l e a s a n t . N o t m u c h u s e a s a w e a p o n o n i t s own, but a fairly simp le and effective revenge technique. An easier m ethod would be to leave it in a frying pan on a m e d i u m temperature if you had access to your targets kitchen. BTW , it's incapacitation, not decapacitation. J -----------------"If the aquarium water has to be drunk don't waste the fish. In fact they'll probab ly be the easiest to eat even if you don't need the water. The cat is next in the pot." - John 'Lofty' Wiseman [This message has been edited by J (edited February 05, 2001).]

Agent Blak Freq uent Poster Posts: 765 From : S k . C a n a d a Registered: SEP 2000 posted February 05, 2001 09:08 AM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------I don't know if this will help but anyways. I work at a resteraunt. sometim es we are m e a n t h e g u y o n d i s h e s . W e would put cajuan spice thro ugh the fan and point it back there. or put oil(canola) in a pan and som e cajuan, heat it up until it was alm ost ready to catch fire and then take it ba ck there. W e would put some water(H20) not a lot; It is alm ost unbarable.

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-----------------A wise man once said : "... As He W aits For T h e T i m e W h e n T h e L a s t B e c o m e First And, The First Shall Becom e last" --R ATM Agent Blak-------OUT!!

xyz

March 18th, 2003, 05:50 AM

IIR C, it is sm all am o u n t s o f H 2 S O 4 i n o n i o n s t h a t m a k e p e o p l e ' s e y e s w a t e r .

metafractal

March 18th, 2003, 07:04 AM

T h e a l k a l o i d f o u n d i n c h i l l i e s t h a t m a k e s y o u r m outh feel like its on fire is capsaicin. Its structure can be fo und here. Extracting this may be po ssible, but to get it pure, you would probably need to synth it. Even the habaneros that The Real talk s of only contain a tiny bit of C apsaicin! The hottest chillies in the world can approach levels of 7%, but all of what we layman consider hot chillies contain around 0.5% (take a look at this pdf). If one could synth large am ounts of this substance, we have an im m oblizing chem i c a l w e a p o n o n o u r h a n d s , d e s i g n e d b y m other nature herself!

Machiavelli

March 18th, 2003, 03:43 PM

Could it be that you're trying to invent pepper spray? If so, you're off m uch cheaper with extracting capsaicin rather than synthesizing it.

Ezekiel Kane

March 20th, 2003, 02:12 PM

You can get cinnam on oil here for under $70/pint. Any thoughts on practical application of this as a potential chem ical warfare agent? Pe rhaps one who wanted to use it in such a m anner would hook a source of the oil up to a portable/disposable heat generator and leave it in an air vent.

Al Koholic

March 20th, 2003, 05:19 PM

xyz, the chem ical in the onion itself is not H2SO4. The onion contains (+)-S-propenyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide which is converted to Thio p r o p a n o l s u l f o x i d e o n c e t h e o n i o n t i s s u e h a s b e e n d a m a g e d b y c u t t i n g . T h i s g e t s i n y o u r e y e s a n d r e s u l t s i n t h e production of sulfuric acid. Pre tty neat!

xyz

March 25th, 2003, 06:08 AM

SO<sub>3 should have a similar effect then.

vulture

March 25th, 2003, 09:12 AM

Yes, but only stronger. The problem with SO<sub>3 is that it cannot be used as a chem ical agent because it reacts explosively with water. That m eans it will violently react with air humidity to form sulfuric acid. O fcourse, the tiny hot droplets of sulfuric acid in the air m a k e q u i t e a p o tent weapon too. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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> Chemistry for Amateur Experimenters and Citizen Scientists

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> Visine a diuretic/laxative when taken orally? Log in

View Full Version : Visine a diuretic/laxative when taken orally? Tyler_Durden

October 2nd, 2002, 09:38 PM

I do not have ANY idea as to the validity of this bit of information I stumbled upon on an unrelated site:

quote:

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"If you put visine (an eye-wash solution) in a businessmans drink, it will send him to the bathroom pretty quickly, and keep him there for some time. Working class bartenders have been doing this for years."

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This implies that visine, when taken orally, is either a diuretic or a laxative. Here is some information on the "original" visine (there are several now) taken directly from http://www.prodhelp.com/eyecare/eye_care7.shtml ...

quote:

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Product Description For fast relief of redness due to minor irritation of eyes caused by conditions such as smoke, dust, other airborne pollutants and swimming. Highlights Fast Acting Formula. Gets The Red Out®. Store between 2 and 30 degrees C (36 and 86 degrees F). Available sizes: 0.5 fl. oz. (15mL) and 1.0 fl. oz. (30mL).

Uses Relieves redness of the eye due to minor eye irritations. Directions Instill 1 to 2 drops in the affected eye(s) up to 4 times daily. Should not be used if Visine-imprinted neckband on bottle is broken or missing. Warnings If you experience eye pain, changes in vision, continued redness or irritation of the eye, or if the condition worsens or persists for more than 72 hours, discontinue use and consult a physician. If you have narrow angle glaucoma, do not use this product except under the advice and supervision of a physician. When using this product, pupils may become enlarged temporarily. As with any drug, if you are pregnant or nursing a baby, seek the advice of a health professional before using this product. Overuse of this product may produce increased redness of the eye. If solution changes color or becomes cloudy, do not use. To avoid contamination, do not touch tip of container to any surface. Replace cap after using. Remove contact lenses before using this product. PARENTS NOTE; Before using with children under 6 years of age, consult your physician. Keep this and all drugs out of the reach of children. In case of accidental ingestion, seek professional assistance or contact a Poison Control Center immediately. Ingredients Active Ingredient: Tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride 0.05%. Inactive Ingredients: Benzalkonium chloride, boric acid, edetate disodium, sodium borate, sodium chloride, purified water. Questions Check out our Frequently Asked Questions page or call 1-800-223-0182, weekdays 9am to 5pm (EST).

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Anyone have any idea how valid that first quote is? I plan on calling the customer service line some time, hopefully I can get some good information that way. I think I will call and say "my son accidentally swallowed some visine original, and we called the poison control center and they said not to worry about it. however, he has had to go to the bathroom constantly all day since it happened"... this seems like a better route than "hey, if someone drinks this will it make them have to use the bathroom a ton?" I dunno.... what do you all think?

Eliteforum

October 2nd, 2002, 09:42 PM

You could always buy some and do some testing.. :D

MrSamosa

October 2nd, 2002, 10:32 PM

The "ouch" test works with some things, and I admit that I use it a lot. "Does this gas burn?....Ahhh!!! My eyes!!!" However, when it comes to actually ingesting things it is never a good idea! Call the poison control center and do what Tyler suggested - "My son just swallowed some Visine Tears, is he going to die!?!?" Try to sound like a Panicked Soccer-Mom/Dad But, as far as testing on others go, as far as I'm concerned it's free game - so long as they don't know you did it. hehehe.

hodehum

October 3rd, 2002, 04:44 AM

Ah ha Took me a while but I found it. An overdose or Boric acid (one of the Ingredients) can cause both vomiting and diarrhea, you can find the info here. Boric Acid also has a whole lot of other (fun) effects such as (taken from web site) Body as a whole fever twitching of facial muscles twitching of arms, hands, legs, feet convulsions significant decrease in urine output no urine output collapse Skin blisters skin changes-pink to red bluish colored lips and fingernails sloughing of skin other skin manifestations Gastrointestinal vomiting - mucous, blood, blue-green color diarrhea - mucous, blood, blue-green color Heart and blood vessels low blood pressure Nervous system drowsiness coma I would imagine it would be a whole lot easier to use 100% boric acid (sold as Cockroach

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Killer) and mix it with into a strong solution, as it isnt very toxic about the same as sodium cloride. Some information about how toxic it is can be found here. This would make it good for disrupting someones daily routines as such, and wouldnt stand much of a chance of killing the poor sod unless you just went completely overboard. edit - wait I just found this site that contradicts the other on the toxicity. <small>[ October 03, 2002, 03:51 AM: Message edited by: hodehum ]

nbk2000

October 3rd, 2002, 05:55 AM

Urban legend, nothing more. As for boric acid, it'd take a shitload of it to do what's listed. And it tastes nasty as hell too, so good luck getting someone to ingest it.

A-BOMB

October 3rd, 2002, 10:53 AM

My grandfather told me about something called curtin oil or crustion oil, or something like that, can't seem to remember what. That his brother put in a door to door salesmans drink when he came by there farm during the Depression.

Boob Raider

October 12th, 2002, 02:54 PM

This is a plant called purging croton (Croton tiglium) picture is here > http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/library/kohler/1761_089.jpg This is what the plant is reputed for > Seeds contain one of the most purgative substances known ; also quite vesicant; once used as emmenagogue. Homeopathically used for gastroenteritis, pustulose eczema, conjunctivitis, and mastitis. Here the reader should be warned that homeopathic practitioners use some very poisonous plants in very dilute concentrations. Like so many plants, this contains both cancer-causing and cancer correcting compounds. According to Pettit (1977), phorbol is the cocarcinogenic substance of Croton tiglium. For a man, about four seeds, (Loved one : What did he did he die off *sob* ? Coroner : He died of shitting :D ) for a horse, about 15 seeds represent a lethal dose. On the other hand, Pettit and Cragg (1978) list Phorbol 12-tiglate 13-decanoate as active at doses of 60-250 ug/kg against the PS-tumor system (Duke and Ayensu, 1984). In Malaya a single kernel is eaten as a purgative; when purging has gone far enough, coconut milk is drunk to stop it. And this is what all it contains > C.S.I.R. reports that the oil contains 3.4% toxic resin. Of the acids, 37.0% is oleic, 19.0% linoleic, 1.5% arachidic, 0.3% stearic, 0.9% palmitic, 7.5% myristic, 0.6% acetic, 0.8% formic, with traces of lauric, tiglic, valeric, and butyric, plus some unidentified. I bet there is more info on www.botanical.com <small>[ October 12, 2002, 11:50 PM: Message edited by: Boob Raider ]

Agent Blak

October 12th, 2002, 08:21 PM

Why not use something that is intended for the purpose. Syrup Icepac(sp?) is a good choice. It is discussed in my first aid course.

TheBicher

October 13th, 2002, 01:52 AM

A friend of mine was telling me that in his Navy days they used to give visene to give people the runs badly, but that was a long time ago and i'm sure the ingredients have changed a little, but it could still have the same effect. As for being an urban legend, you very well could be right, but either way you should just do as Agent Black says and use something made for that. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and W eapons Forum > Chemistry for Am ateur Expe rimenters and C itizen Scientists C h e m istry > R icin/etha nol/acetone cocktail?

View Full Version : Ricin/ethanol/acetone cocktail? Arkangel

> Battlefield Log in

March 21st, 2003, 09:44 AM

This story is about Ricin in Paris I don't know anything about ricin, but I'm curious if the following statem ent is true.

quote:

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Mr Sarkozy told French radio that the quantities of the substance were "non-lethal", although they were found with ethanol and acetone. "A m i x t u r e o f t h e t h r e e c a n m a k e a n e x t r e m e l y n a s t y p o i s o n , " h e s a i d .

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Could it be that the other chem s were for m a k i n g a n e x p l o s i v e , s o m ething to deliver the ricin explosively perhaps?

darkdontay

March 21st, 2003, 03:22 PM

W a s h e j u s t k e e p i n g i t i n a m e d i u m , a s both with stave off if just left with in the open? I mean using them to store it? Just a thought.

Ezekiel Kane

March 21st, 2003, 05:46 PM

Ricin is a poison foun d in castor beans, reporte d to have killed adult hum ans with as little as one m illigram in its pure form . The WRM suggests, to extract ricin from castor beans: A d d a t e a s p o o n o f s o dium hydroxide to two ounes of hot water, stir, and let cool. Add 2 oz castor beans to the mixture and allow to soak for an hour. Pou r off the water an d remove the outer husks from the beans with tweezers. Put what's left of the beans in a blender along with 4 oz of acetone for every ounce of beans used. Blend until it becom es milky, and allow to sit in an airtight glass jar for three days. Shake the jar, and filter off all of the liquid, saving the pulp. Allow to dry as long a s necessary, and if it doesn't dry into a nice powder, add m ore acetone and filter again. Although I haven't personally used this method to obtain ricin, no com petent individual co uld be hurt in the process. Use c o m m o n s e n se, wear gloves if you think youre going to spill som e on your hands. Be care ful, this isn't sugar - even inhalation can be fatal.

80r15

March 21st, 2003, 06:47 PM

Can castor beans be bought at any store?

PyroTech

March 21st, 2003, 07:39 PM

I saw a program on d iscovery about ricin, there was a la d y w h o k i l l e d h e r h u s b a n d , u s i n g c a s t o r b e a n s . I t d o e s n o t n e e d s t o b e purified, she just crushed the beans, a nd m ade a nice little powder. The dead, that you'll get from ricin, is cruel, dia rrhoea and feeling terrible are so me of th e s y m p t o m s o f b e i n g e x p osed to ricin. I don't have any experience with this, this is just what I saw on tv.

Ezekiel Kane

March 22nd, 2003, 04:35 AM

To answer 80r15's question, yes, castor beans can be purchased at nearly any ga rdening supply store - they won't think you're in the least suspicious or repo rt the pu rchase to any government agency.

VX

March 22nd, 2003, 02:43 PM

Ezekiel Kane, The ricin wou ld be in the solvent, not the rem aining pulp. The only point of keeping the pulp would be to do another extraction on it, to extract the rem aining ricin. Lots of detailed ricin information can be found here

80r15

March 22nd, 2003, 09:35 PM

H a s a n y o n e e x p e r i m ented with ricin/ca stor beans on lab animals or people :) ??? I was cu rious how long it takes to kill the victim wiht what dosage per body weight.... So I guess on tom morows(Su ndays) agenda it will be 1. go to gardening store and buy a couple of kilos of ca s t o r b e a n s 2. buy 100 ham s t e r s a n d o t h e r a s s o r t e d r o d e n t s 3. put 1 and 2 togeth er lol Also I didnt want to start a new post, so does a nyone have any info on the synth of LSD or the current price for 1 kilo???

Ezekiel Kane

March 23rd, 2003, 03:03 AM

I've read tha t death comes swiftly, within 12-24 hours, and that after that period of tim e, if the target is still alive, it's likely that he will fully recover. I don't know how you could survive, con sidering inhalatio n is lethal... A KILO of LSD? You're joking, right? Dude...acid com es in sheets with anywhere from a few dozen to 200 or so hits, each hit containing up to 100 m cg of a cid. By the blotter, 100 hits will run you maybe a couple hundred... that's at most 10 m g. You're talking about a kilo - that's enough to feed the entire n ation's d emand for acid for three m onths, I mean christ - you're talk ing about a hundred thousand blotters full of acid. If you want that m uch acid, I would recom mend you synthesize it yourself. edit: R h o d i u m has some nice syntheses. <sm all>[ March 23, 2 0 0 3 , 0 4 : 0 8 A M : M e s s a g e e d i t e d b y : E z e k i e l K a n e ] < / s m a l l >

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter 80r15

March 23rd, 2003, 09:40 AM

I was planning on setting up a lab, synthesizing it m yself, then finding som e large scale drug dealer to sell it too... While im fantisizing, I might as well dream i have an apache.... :)

zeocrash

March 23rd, 2003, 10:06 AM

aaah 80r15 i was beginin g to think your detestable sm a r t a s s s e l f h a d v a n i s h e d . anyway, back to the ricin. i was thinking that the acetone would make the ricin either m ore absorbable, or m o r e d i s p e r s a b l e

VX

March 23rd, 2003, 12:24 PM

A so lution of ricin could be used to 'paint' or otherwise coat random objects such as solid food, knives, etc. The item t o b e coated with ricin would be dipped into a ricin solution, and then allowed to dry. The result would be a fine ricin coatin g. 80r15, if you did do that, you will be killed by the currant main supplier o f LSD within days.

Ezekiel Kane

March 23rd, 2003, 03:55 PM

I don't know about THAT...first off, I doubt he would produce it rapidly enough to be noticed by the com petition at first. Second, the dealers value money more than friends - if you could give them a better deal, they'd certainly protect their assets. Then again the DEA reports th at there are less than a dozen acid cooks synthesizing the vast majority of the nation's acid. It m akes you think - there's probably a reason for that...

Boob Raider

April 2nd, 2003, 02:02 PM

Fellas ..... Ricin is a protein and is a huge molecule. Ricin is NO T s o l u b l e i n a c e t o n e . T h e r e i s a l s o a n a l k a l o i d p r e s e n t i n c a s t o r beans called Ricinine (LD50 - 15-20m g/kg IIRC) which is respon sible for the toxicity of the acetone fraction . T h e a c e t o n e fraction also rem oves fats/oils/lipids from the pulp inturn concentrating the ricin content to ~8-10%. Ricin is extrem ely cytotoxic and interfere s with eukaryotic RNA synthesis. LD50 ~3ug/kg IIRC. If I we re you .... I would stay the fuck away from that stuff. There are a # of routes one can poison oneself. A couple of ugs can induce acute p u l m o n a r y e d e m a (lungs start flo oding with fluid ) if inhaled. If som ehow it enters the bloodstream ... they are royally fucked and can't unfuck them selves as there is no antidote. It takes about 48hrs to die d uring which period one suffers high Hypertherm ia (body tem p is ~40-42*C) b ody pain s/ aches etc and a shit load of other undesired stuff. Ricin is detoxified by 5% NaOCl soln, ~80*C tem p, etc H o p e I p r o v i d e d e n o u g h i n f o t o m a k e s o m eone think really hard before attempting anything to do with ricin and similar stuff :rolleyes: . I b e l i e v e t r e a t m e n t o f t h e ( a c e t o n e u n treated) pulp with a cellulase (in its approp tiate buffer) and then with Triton X-100 (polyethylene glycol aka PEG with other salts etc added can be b ought) will cause cell lysis. The Triton X-100 will dissolve the lipid bilayer proteins/cellular p roteins and Ricin (1m l of Triton X-100/ 100mg tissue). Centrifuge, collect supernatant and I think addition of Isopropanol will cause proteins to ppt also 70% trichloroacetic acid (1pt T CA/4pts protein soln). Further purification is com plicated as it requires weird chromatography colum ns. Hope this was useful. :p

Sarevok

April 27th, 2003, 10:41 PM

Ricin is greatly com m o n a r o u n d h e r e . I c o u l d a d q u i r e s o m e b e a n s , b u t I a m a m aladroit and I won't try to extract ricin from the beans. Originally posted by Ezekiel Kane A d d a t e a s p o o n o f s o dium hydroxide to two ounes of hot water, stir, and let cool. Add 2 oz castor beans to the mixture and allow to soak for an hour. Pou r off the water an d remove the outer husks from the beans with tweezers. Put what's left of the beans in a blender along with 4 oz of acetone for every ounce of beans used. Blend until it becom es milky, and allow to sit in an airtight glass jar for three days. Shake the jar, and filter off all of the liquid, saving the pulp. Allow to dry as long a s necessary, and if it doesn't dry into a nice powder, add m ore acetone and filter again. Acco rding to the US Patent 3,060,165 (http://cloud.prohosting.com /itwas009/P_3,060,165.zip), your process is wrong. But I did not tried neither. If som eone wishes to try, I th ink it's b etter to follow the process of the p atent.

Charlie Workman

April 28th, 2003, 03:48 AM

Sarevok is right. Wha t you get from that is de-oiled seed pulp. It's a first step, but definitely not the pure article. Kurt Saxon touted this as ricin in the "Weaponeer", a perio dical he published in the m id 80's. John Minnery sent him a copy of the patent m entioned, which is the U.S. Arm y process. He then revam ped the process based on this information. It wa s found that you could extract the ricin using concentrated sodium chloride solution and precipitate it with m a g n e s i u m sulphate. A pretty pure product resulted.

Nihilist

April 29th, 2003, 08:33 PM

I think the ethanol would be to help th e a b s o r p t i o n p r o c e s s , b e c a u s e o f t h e m e m brane structure of your cells, the o uter wall is permeable to ethanol, lipids, fats etc.

Sarevok

January 18th , 2 0 0 4 , 0 3 : 1 6 P M

"Ricin is comm o n a r o u n d h e r e " -- I m eant Ricinus, the plant, not ricin, th e protein. I collected some thoughts about extracting ricin from ca s t o r b e a n s u s i n g a m etho d sim ilar to the p atent's, but simplier: Inform ation I found [Source] - Ca s t o r b e a n s c a n b e c r a c k e d u s i n g l y e a n d p l i e r s [ n b k 2 0 0 0 . p d f , p a g e 1 9 9 ] - Acetone dissolves castor oil from the castor beans, without rem oving the ricin [n b k 2 0 0 0 . p d f , p a g e 1 9 9 ] - Ricin is water soluble [US Patent #3060165, column 1, lines 69,70] - Ricin can be extracted from the de-oiled crushed castor beans using wa ter with a pH of 3 -4,5 [US Patent #3060165, colum n 1, lines 51,52] - Soda water has a pH of about 4 [Q uím i c a n a A b o r d a g e m d o C o t i d i a n o , m y g e n e r a l c h e m istry book]

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter One could do this: 1. Soak the castor be a n s i n a q u e o u s l y e s o l u t i o n a n d c r a c k t h e b e a n s u s i n g a p l i e r [ n b k 2 0 0 0 . p d f ] . T h e r i c i n i s o n t h e b e a n s . 2. Use water-free acetone to dissolve the castor oil from the beans and filter that. The ricin is still on the beans because it isn't acetone soluble. 3. Agitate the de-oiled beans using soda water (has pH about 4, which is between the required pH range of 3-4,5). The ricin is now on the water, because its water soluble. 4. Filter that, discard the solid. Ricin is still on the water, without much castor oil o r other shit. W ould this work? The water from stage 4 would have an y ricin? Or this is just a waste of tim e? If it works, the water would probably be lethal if ingested or injected, wouldn't it? I think it would be m uch safer than the original m ethod, because one would not handle the pure solid ricin.

vulture

January 18th , 2 0 0 4 , 0 6 : 0 3 P M

- Soda water has a pH of about 4 W hat exactly do they refer to as soda? Soda usually is Na2CO 3, which is a base and has a pH of about 10 in concentrated solution.

streety

January 18th , 2 0 0 4 , 0 6 : 5 5 P M

I think he means carbonated water. Water with pressurised CO2 dissolved in it.

atomophile

January 18th , 2 0 0 4 , 0 6 : 5 5 P M

W ith all this talk of which solvents/processes will do the job of re moving the ricin, there is one im portant aspect still missing. Even if the solvent works, there will be at least som e d e gradation of the protein, I believe from disulfide rupture. I've read that incorporation of m ercaptoetha nol can prevent this. Also a loss of water occurs, there are several H2O m olecules that are not part of the protein m olecule but m ust be left. Sort of like water of crystalization.

Sarevok

January 18th , 2 0 0 4 , 0 9 : 3 7 P M

Streety is right about what I m eant with "soda water". According to the Babylon Translator (www.babylon.com ): Soda water water charged under pressure with carbon dioxide gas. I know a sod ium carb o n a t e s o l u t i o n i s b a s i c , s i n c e N a O H i s a s t r o n g b a s e a n d H 2 C O 3 is a weak acid, as I know 1+1 =2... :mad: Sorry for the misinterpretation . Edit: It is "Sprudelwasser" or "Sodawasser" in germ an, "Seltz" in italian, "spuitwater" in dutch and "de l'eau de Seltz" in french. I t h i n k b e l g i a n s s p e a k s o m e o f t h e a b ove, right?

charger

January 29th , 2004, 12:20 AM

I have some experience with the raw castor bean. These are not always fatal if eaten. A friend of mine, who isn't the brightest o f p e o p l e , a t e a b o u t 8 b e a n s a n d c h e w e d t h e m well. Th e only side effect was a weekend with a sick stom a c h vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : "impotent" agent frostfire

October 10th, 2002, 12:29 PM

does anybody know if there is ever a chemical w eapon created to basically cause impotence on all male living beings? Medicine like depo-provera has been known to "eliminate" pleasure from rape convicts etc, but can it be airborne spread?? <small>[ October 10, 2002, 06:41 PM: Message edited by: frostfire ]

nbk2000

October 10th, 2002, 01:03 PM

To what purpose? So they have limp dick...doesn't stop someone from pulling a trigger. Maybe as a psychological warfare weapon against someone, but with viagra...

NoltaiR

October 10th, 2002, 01:36 PM

frostfire, I got to say that although you have always been a useful contributor to this forum, what the hell w ere you thinking when you made this thread? Is there some next door neighbor you have that keeps you up all night w ith his w ifes moans and screams? The only thing I could see as a useful weapon would be possibly a bioligical poison that would cause sterilization in men which would therefore eliminate the targeted people from reproducing.

Anthony

October 10th, 2002, 02:42 PM

Maybe someone is having an "all men are pigs!" day

trinitro

October 10th, 2002, 03:27 PM

I briefly read an article in a men's magazine some time ago,(it was about cooperations betw een chinese and israeli intelligense), that the Mossad used a particular spray containing Cesium (the element) to "tag" suspected terrorists. Due to the radiation they w here able to track these individuals. A side-effect of the Cesium w as that the suspect would suffer impotency. Don't think You will be able to get it from Your local pharmacy still...

nbk2000

October 10th, 2002, 04:43 PM

Now there's an idea! Radiological tagging for tracking/identification. I wonder how well you could use the smoke detector radiation source for such things? Maybe as point ID, but distance? Forget it.

PYRO500

October 10th, 2002, 06:01 PM

IIRC KNO< sub>3 used to be listed at an impotence causing agent but I have had alot of trouble actually finding sources that prove this. Is anyone brave enough to take KNO< sub> 3 preferably someone who isn't gonna get laid real soon and isn't afraid of nitrite poisoning! I also don't know the LD< sub>50 of it but know it has one beacuse it gets converted to poisonious nitrite in the stomach. <small>[ October 10, 2002, 05:02 PM: Message edited by: PYRO500 ]< /small>

frostfire

October 10th, 2002, 06:40 PM

<small>[ October 23, 2002, 12:30 AM: Message edited by: frostfire ]

NoltaiR

October 10th, 2002, 06:48 PM

Haha... Well on the informative side... I don't think KNO3 has anything to do with impotency. In fact I have heard (the credentials of the source are questionable) that viagra actually contains KNO3. Also KNO3 is used to preserve meat and can be bought from some large grocery stores for such purpose. Now-a-days though KNO3 has mostly been replaced with a mix of NaNO3 and NaCl (table salt) due to the fact that the FDA claims that consuming too much KNO3 througout a lifetime can have cummulative results of causing cancer. So a lot of the old farmers ate a lot of KNO3 back in the day (mostly when making sausage)... and they still were the ones who had 10-12 children... doesn't sound like they had a problem with impotency to me though..., :rolleyes: And the NOx that pyro500 speaks about forming in the stomach is the prime reason of the possible chance of cancer. And for those of you interested, the NOx formation is caused simply by the reaction of the KNO3 with stomache acids. (anybody know what those might be off hand?) <small>[ October 10, 2002, 05:52 PM: Message edited by: NoltaiR ]

Energy84

October 10th, 2002, 07:04 PM

Sounds like somebody has been having trouble w ith a current/previous boyfriend Yes KNO< sub> 3 has been used in food before. I have seen it in sausage recipes and such. I've also tasted the stuff, and (obviously) it's much saltier than regular table salt. I'd imagine that you w ould need at least a tsp to notice any effect, but I could be w rong. I just licked my finger and picked a little up w ith it w hen I tried it, to no effect . Good luck masking the taste though :o . It's pretty nasty stuff.

irish

October 10th, 2002, 07:16 PM

NoltaiR I think stomach acid is mostly dilute hydrochloric acid. I,ve no idea w hat else is in it though. Irish

frostfire

October 10th, 2002, 07:53 PM

edit: everything is in 0EZ0's post <small>[ October 23, 2002, 12:31 AM: Message edited by: frostfire ]

PYRO500

October 10th, 2002, 09:46 PM

I found out the lethal dose could be around 15-20 grams although the source said there could be higher amounts taken w ith no ill effects. I volunteer to be the guniea pig for this experiment, I took 3.5g of it at about 4:30 and although I didn't try to get a stiffie I did manage to get one a few min ago (~8:45) I am going to take about 2.5g before I go to bed tonight. Energy84 is correct, this stuff is pretty nasty tasting, I had to take a shot of it with soda to enen swallow it, it was probobly the nastyest tasting substance I've ever put in my mouth. I'm sure if you held some of this stuff in your mouth for a few seconds you'd start drooling all over the place and be running for something to rinse your mouth out with. I plan on taking it for about 2 or 3 days and I'll update the results here.

NoltaiR

October 10th, 2002, 10:06 PM

I was wondering who would be the first to volunteer so they could have an excuse to be able to tell the rest of the forum w hen they get a w oody :D edit: w ith all joking aside, just becareful pyro500; the old farmers used to take a spoon of it and eat it just to taste for the purity.. but they consumed it all their lives so their stomaches were ready for it. But for someone that is just testing it for the first time, make sure you mentally note everything that you feel while you are on this... 'therapy' <small>[ October 10, 2002, 09:09 PM: Message edited by: NoltaiR ]

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter EP

October 10th, 2002, 10:08 PM

I don't know much about chemical weapons for impotence, but I do know that during the Apartheid era in South Africa they worked with China on a biological weapon that would specifically target blacks and make them sterile. I don't know how much success they had, I w ould not be surprised if China is still working on it.

PYRO500

October 10th, 2002, 10:49 PM

Ugh! I just dow ned 3 grams of that stuff! Let me tell you I don't think there's any getting used to it! It's 9:54 PM now , almost 10:00 lets see what I feel like tommorow . <small>[ October 10, 2002, 09:51 PM: Message edited by: PYRO500 ]< /small>

frostfire

October 10th, 2002, 11:09 PM

hey, geez, this suppose to be informative, not suicidal...and don't you still need to go to state indoctrination facility (forum name for school...) tomorrow ? anyway, whatever the result is I much appreciate it. That experiment in South Africa is very interesting, let's see if I can dig more into it

PYRO500

October 10th, 2002, 11:20 PM

Yes, I have to go to the Facility tommorrow, w hy do you ask? I think a bunch of 15-18 year old girls in tight clothes will be a pretty good test, any comments :)

0EZ0

October 11th, 2002, 12:34 AM

Hey everyone, long time no see :p .

quote:< /font>< hr /> gastric juice, thin, strongly acidic (pH varying from 1 to 3), almost colorless liquid secreted by the glands in the lining of the stomach. Its essential constituents are the digestive enzymes pepsin and rennin, hydrochloric acid, and mucus.

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< font size= "2" face= "Verdana, Arial, Helvetica">Taken from < a href="http://ww w.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/ A0820302.html" target="_blank">http://w ww.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0820302.html Back on topic, I have read in a medical paper that the drug ATENOLOL(TENORMIN)has Drug induced Impotence listed in it's complications and associations. Another piece of information i found was: Drug induced impotence - A great variety of prescription drugs, such as blood pressure medications, anti-anxiety and anti-depressant drugs, glaucoma eye drops, and cancer chemotherapy agents are just some of the many drugs associated with impotence. Hormone induced impotence - Hormonal abnormalities such as increased prolactin (a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland), steroid abuse by body-builders, too much or too little thyroid hormone, and hormones administered for prostate cancer may cause impotence. Rarely is low testosterone responsible. Thats about all I have from from a little bit of searching. Sorry I haven't been posting much, it's been a busy time. And a fracture I recieved from my participation in sport didn't help either :rolleyes: . A little off-topic, but here are a few sites discussing health affects of Nitrates: http://ww w.checnet.org/healthehouse/chemicals/chemicalsdetail.asp?Main_ID=278 http://w ww-ehs.ucdavis.edu/enviro/factshts/fsnitrat.html http://ww w.alliedkenco.com/data/nitrite_and_nitrate.htm< /a> ............... Edit- Ooooh.. found more :D

quote:< /font>< hr /> Prescription medications often cause ED as a side effect. Some tw o hundred known medications fall into this category including: Antihypertensives medications significantly: beta-blockers e.g. Atenolol, Propanolol and Tenorium. Diuretics medications e.g. HydroDiuril and Lasix. Ace Inhibitors/Calcium Channel Blockers medications e.g. Vasotec, Lotension, Cardizem, Norvasc periodically cause Impotence, however, they are generally represent an excellent alternative medication for individuals with drug induced Impotence. Antidepressant/Antipsychotic medications of almost any label can also result in Impotence e.g. Prozac, Elavil, Zoloft, Thorazine, Haldol. Note: Many other medications in a variety of classes can periodically cause Impotence. If you are taking a prescription medication or over-the-counter medication, regularly, please consult with your physician. However, never alter a dosage or discontinue a medication w ithout the advice of your physician. LH-RH Analogs/Antiandrogen medications e.g. Lupron Depot®, Eulexin, Nilandron®, Casodex®, etc. These medications are used in the treatment of prostate cancer. They function by decreasing the production of testosterone in the testes and adrennal glands. The decrease in testosterone often results in Impotence. Chemotherapy/Radiation therapy are also significant contributors to Impotence. These drugs/treatments are used in the treatment of cancer.

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Taken from here . <small>[ October 10, 2002, 11:43 PM: Message edited by: 0EZ0 ]< /small>

Jhonbus

October 11th, 2002, 12:18 PM

High doses of C<sub>2< /sub>H< sub>5 OH can cause this effect, as I'm sure some of us have discovered, much to our cost... :o

PYRO500

October 11th, 2002, 06:08 PM

I took 3.5 grams at 7 this morning, it seems that it takes a while to kick in (I was testing my abilitys scientificly at school I assure you :) ) possibly up to 1.5 2 hours. While it did kick in ( I think) I could still get half "on" and it had almost no effect on my sex drive, I plan to continue this experiment monday so more info possibly then. I would say that KNO3 will make you temporarily impotent ( and make you piss like a race horse) at the dosage I've been taking it hasn't really cause e a whole lot of trouble.

xyz

October 18th, 2002, 10:14 PM

PYRO500, how much KNO3 do you think would be required for someone to lose bladder control? Me and one of my friends had the idea that you could add enough KNO3 to someone's food so that it tasted rather salty but not salty enough that they wouldn't eat it, have a large jug of w ater or any other drink on the table as w ell (this can also be spiked with a VERY small amount of KNO3, small enough that they can't taste it) as the salty taste will make them drink lots of water as well. It would work particularly well on guests w ho didn't w ant to make w hoever cooked the meal feel insulted by saying it w as too salty.

PYRO500

October 18th, 2002, 11:09 PM

I don't think it causes you to loose bladder control, rather it is a diruetic and causes water to be excreted from your system more rapidly. Also to me KNO3 is something that tastes like nothing else, I w ouldn't say it really tastes like table salt at all, if you add it to someones food chances are they WILL taste it.

xyz

October 19th, 2002, 01:00 AM

I have only tasted tiny amounts so that is probably why it tasted like salt to me

BrAiNFeVeR

October 19th, 2002, 08:08 AM

I agree with Pyro500, it doesn't taste like NaCl at all, if it contact the tongue, it is allmost as it is very cold ... I can't really describe it, but maybe your KNO3 is not very pure ...

PYRO500

October 19th, 2002, 12:30 PM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Hmm, I'll try fractional recrystalization and see. I think it's probobly just me though. The reason why it tastes cold is that KNO3 along w ith Ammonium Nitrate, both are salts that break down in water and it takes energy to do so thus the reactions are endothermic.

Zach

October 19th, 2002, 02:35 PM

would its effect as a diuretic be usefull for helping to purge the body of undesirable traces? ( i.e if you've got a piss test... ). or would it just make you dribble like a leaky faucet?

MoToMaStR

November 15th, 2002, 07:11 AM

My fathers father w as in the navy, my mothers father was in the army, her mother was in the air force, my dad was in the marine core and my mother was a state trooper.I just yesterday signed up and swore oath into the united states marine core. BOTH my parents told me that the military has done this for probably the past 35 years atleast. They put salt-peter in the salt, which is suppose to keep you from getting a hard-on. I dont see w hy you'd need a boner in the marines, (in bunks/show ers around 80 other men) but eating something thats used in the process of making gunpowder probably isnt all that good for you. Just a though,.... dont eat the salt if you ever join the service.

PYRO500

November 15th, 2002, 06:09 PM

What's with that urban legend! that legend is pretty old and from my esperiences KNO3 dosen't really w ork. I have herd several variations on it too, such as it's in the food in the salt... in the water etc...

Bander

December 2nd, 2002, 05:42 PM

I've done quite a bit of reseach on the subject since I once had a plan to put saltpetre in the school food as a senior prank. And I can say from both what I've read on the net, and expierements on myself that it has no effect, besides perhaps a placebo if you truly believe it w ill work. Too bad really, it would of been great to throw in the ketchup before prom or such. :D The stories you here about the military putting KN0<sub>3< /sub> in the food are indeed rumors. After all, no group of young men would ever want to admit to themselves that the intense mental and physical stress of training camp could actually be the cause of their impotence. Thus, an ego saving rumor about KN0< sub> 3. While saltpetre may be out, a quick < a href="http://ww w.google.com/search?q=drug+ induced+ impotence&sourceid=opera&num=0&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8" target= "_blank">google search< /a> reveals many a drug that cause varying levels of impotence. All confirming 0EZ0's post above.

vulture

December 2nd, 2002, 06:03 PM

I know that XTC causes temporary impotence (no, no personal experience :p ) and that's why sextacy mixes viagra and XTC to get the best of both w orlds. Well, the best...It makes the user stick his "w urst" into every hole available...cheers.

Agent Blak

December 2nd, 2002, 10:55 PM

The military would be most likely to use it in the Ration Packs(Rat Packs) as a preservative. I have seen a view recipes for Beef Jerky and such with KNO3 an ingredient. It w ould be simply an added bonus if it were to dull sexual urges. In an enviroment such as an AirCraft Carrier where some 4,000+(mostly men) it may be "Part of The Recipe." Most of the Sailors etc. I doubt very many consider it being in the food. It probabley did w ork but it all is relevant to the amount you consume; also somethings have to build up in your system to become affective.

Zach

December 2nd, 2002, 11:49 PM

X is not a drug I would take again. Viagra would be *ahem* fun, I guess, but mixing them... I'd say no. give someone a dose of X w hen they arent looking... it fucks w ith you if you dont know you're on it.

inFinie

August 4th, 2003, 04:43 PM

In here, Turkey they used to put alum (K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.xH20 x is 24 or 10 as i can remember) in soldier's food for temporary impotence. And it works, but i don't know how much do they put.

zeocrash

August 4th, 2003, 07:10 PM

wasn't bromide used in WW1 to supress a soldier's sex drive. i'm not exactly sure what bromide it w as, though

metafractal

August 6th, 2003, 06:26 AM

On the note of carcinogenic meat preservatives: I was always under the impression that nitrates and nitrites formed carcinogenic nitrosamines. But maybe that w as only nitrites... What could KNO3 + HCl yield that is so dangerous?

rooster

August 6th, 2003, 11:22 AM

It w ould yield some HNO3... Not a very pleasant thing to have in your stomach, is it. In those small amounts, I dont think it really does matter, it is probably so that the meat producers cant be sued.

cutefix

August 8th, 2003, 12:57 AM

Hmnn, Roughly KNO3 + HCl = KCl + HNO3 The nitric acid can create a xanthoproteic reaction in the stomach walls and then some parts will have yellow ish colour?Just like the reaction of dilute nitric acid on your skin.Then It w ill fool the digestive system that it had jaundice due to the yellow ing of some tissues :D

X-Wulf

August 8th, 2003, 02:05 AM

Speaking of urban legends w.r.t. the military adding impotent inducing chems to soldiers' food, in this part of the world (South Africa) it's supposedly copper sulphate! Probably quite a good sign that our authorities aren't the brightest lights on the christmas tree ... let's see: 2HCl + CuSO4 -> H2SO4 + CuCl2 note to self: never join SA armed forces :D About the whole apartheid sterilising our indigenous friends w ith the help of the chinese and all ... well, we were taught about apartheid right up 'till the end of high school, and whilst I wouldn't put it past them, I've never even heard a rumour of this before. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Electromelting process for salts vurr

March 26th, 2003, 06:35 AM

for those,who do not have special apparatus... needed:

power source: ..100V.. ..5A.. AC(m elting only)or DC(+electrolysis) heat resistant pot (or smth.to melt in ) 2 metal/carbon electrodes,cables heat isolating material:sand,glass wool,(increases effectivness) some p o t a s s i u m or sodium hydrohide g ranules [/list=a]and in one breath: put hydroxide granules on top of the salt,m o i s t e n t h e m slightly,and apply electricity(to granules!) without shortening electrodes... tested: s o d i u m cyanate to cyanide (AC),~50gram s , s o m e m i n u t e s s o d i u m chloride to so dium (DC)

vulture

March 26th, 2003, 01:00 PM

I'm sorry but I don't see the point of your post here. I t s e e m s t h a t you are referring to a way of strongly heating salts, but on the other hand you talk about electrolysis products ( s o d i u m )? It is norm al that high am perage electrolyses produces alot of heat, because the m olten salt has a high resistance com p a r e d t o m etals. In fact, electrolysis of sodium chloride on industrial scale uses the heat produced by the cu rrent flow to keep the salt m olten.

vurr

March 27th, 2003, 03:05 AM

idea is:if you DO NO T own a special hi-cost apparatus for m elting salts , you DO have a alternative,how to start heating of salts from low tem perature . you can apply voltage to salts,but they do not conduct and so th ey do not melt. but m oistened(!) hydroxide pellets do conduct electricity ,and so good,that this can be used for initiating of m elting nonconductive salts. AC current is for simp le heating,allowing for exam ple to convert cyanate to cyanid e and ca rbonate m ixture . or,if you need electrolysis,use DC...

metafractal

March 27th, 2003, 04:41 AM

Vulture, I think what hes trying to say is that his design is a two in one- it melts the salts thereby allowing electrolisys to be p e r f o r m e d u p o n t h e m to isola te radica ls or metals which would otherwise be unob tainable. Vurr, if you want us to take this s e r i o u s l y , p l e a s e b e m ore descriptive in your posts. Preferably include diagrams and a source for your inform ation. It is also worth noting in som ething like this, that the in dustrial processes often a d d s m all am ounts of various other salts to the products to reduce their m elting tem p e r a t u r e . K C l ( I I R C ) , f o r e x a m p l e , i s a d d e d t o N a C l w h e n p r o d u c i n g s o d i u m m e t a l .

vurr

March 27th, 2003, 09:09 AM

It's one in one. It's for those ,NOT having indu strial ovens,but still want to m e l t s o m e t h i n g a t h o m e. Goal is :getting a initial molten zone in cold,solid salt with current and hydroxide pellet(zone is ~1/10 part of a cm<sup>3.and it em its visible red light.). Then that m olten zone will increase by size,invoking solid salt without hydroxide(tens of cm<sup>3 ). i n f o s o u r c e : u n e x p e c t e d r e s u l t s i n h o m e e x p e r i m ents. diag ram s : 6 a m p fuse + 1 kilo watt variable tran sformer + wires, nothing m ore. W hat to m elt or to electrolyse, is secondary. And maybe it should be in "ch emistry related" forum . <sm all>[ March 27, 2 003, 08:46 AM: Message edited by: vurr ] vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Pepper Sprays-Australia green beret

October 17th , 2 0 0 2 , 1 1 : 2 4 P M

W ell its mighty good to be back, good to see you all. I've been doing a bit of searching around recently and I've found that pepper spray can be purchased LEGALLY in Australia. I dont know if anyone new this already but I'll tell you all where to get it; Perth, you can get it at some army disposals, just grab a P e r t h p h o n e book and ring them to see if they sell it.The only problem is, they(the one I contacted) won't ship it, you have to com e in to the store to buy it. Here are the types you can get; W hite 50gram Can (dosent specify bra nd or anything else) K O p e p p e r s p r a y 5 0 m l- 36 gram capacity Pepper shield O.C. spray Pepper spray with UV dye 20g capacity 10% O.C. O.C. is oleoresin capsicum The cheapest is $25a u and the m ost expensive is $39a u I a m still trying to find out if any of them will ship it to me, maybe someone from perth is willing to help? Also these people sell Batons, night vision and heaps of other good stuff. You can visit their website at; www.wellingtonsurplus.com .au Hope this was of som e assistance.

green beret

October 18th , 2002, 12:29 AM

Sorry to disapoint you all but, the only spray available is the white 50g can and when that sells out, they wont be ge tting a n y m ore

Eliteforum

October 18th , 2 0 0 2 , 0 2 : 3 0 P M

Perhaps you could ask them where they get it from . I don't know it stores are allowed to reveal there sources though? :con f u s e d :

the resourceless reaperman

October 18th , 2 0 0 2 , 0 3 : 1 7 P M

How about m a k i n g t h e p e p p e r s p r a y ? i t s e e m s like a good altern ative.

darkdontay

October 18th , 2 0 0 2 , 0 3 : 1 9 P M

No no that would be going to far.. what sick dem ented person would have the balls to dare allready have talked about it.. Oh yeha NBK has allready covered that m any tim es before... This thread just looks like a sham e l e s s S P A M A D If you realy want som e m an .. do research look up what is in m ost sprays, are their any pats out their on them .. Look for all the information you can on them a n d m ake it your self., It is allways better to be self sufficent rather then a dependant. Just m y view. ---------------G r e e n B e r e t i s a n o l d m e m ber, and no t one to advertise, rather just tryin g to help AU p e o p l e - Z a i b a t s u <sm all>[ October 18, 2002, 04:25 PM: Messag e edited by: zaibatsu ]

the resourceless reaperman

October 18th , 2 0 0 2 , 0 3 : 2 7 P M

I'm sorry I'll check for that kind of thin g from n ow on :)

Iv4

Novem ber 8th, 2002, 09:58 AM

Your crim e i s r a p e o f t h e e n g l i s h l a n g u a g e . Your sentence? HED. <sm all>[ Novem b e r 0 9 , 2 0 0 2 , 0 5 : 4 2 A M : M e s s a g e e d i t e d b y : n b k 2 0 0 0 ] < / s m all>

kingspaz

Novem ber 9th, 2002, 06:58 AM

i know for a fact the pigs use acetone as a solvent and volatalising agent in their pepper spray (they didn't use it on me by the way). i t h i n k a g o o d i d e a w h o u l d b e t o b u y s o m e R E A L L Y h o t c h i l i s m a k e a m a s h f r o m t h e m i n t h e b l e n d e r , a d d s o m e alcohol, filter the chili body parts out then e vapourate the alcohol to leave the chili oil. then m ix with som e acetone and put it in a bottle. they use a fair bit of acetone, 50%?

SATA NIC

Novem ber 9th, 2002, 10:46 AM

Defence sprays are legal all around au stralia, as long as the supplier (sh o p ) b o u g h t t h e m b e f o r e t h e b a n . T h i s d o e s n ' t s t o p m o s t s h o p o w n e r s i m porting m ore and saying they got it before the ban .... Therefore the sprays will be around for a while yet. I know this for a fact. (a friend of a friend... etc.) Stock up now if you want, b e c a u s e t h e c o m mercial sprays are going to be the safest / m ore useful way to do things. For all the ch e a p a s s e s , ( l i k e m e) then there are plenty of improvised sp rays put there to try.

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D e c e m ber 12th, 2006, 12:50 AM

i know for a fact the pigs use acetone as a solvent and volatalising agent in their pepper spray... Acetone will dissolve m ost plastic bottles. Just stick with the alcohol, that's a good enough solvent. +++++++++ Don't quote whole posts in the future. NBK

FullMetalJacket

D e c e m ber 22nd, 2006, 02:13 AM

In perth, look at W ellington Surplus for all that kind of gear.

MaHem87

D e c e m ber 23rd, 2006, 09:37 AM

Thanks Dude. Obviously you live som ewhat close to m e, as I'm a Perth Boy too. Midlan d Surplus, in Perth, and I think Freo as well, if I r e m e m ber correctly.

Code Red

D e c e m ber 24th, 2006, 04:07 AM

Sorry to disapoint you all but, the only spray available is the white 50g can and when that sells out, they wont be ge tting a n y m ore Must have a hell of alot of sto ck left, considering it's still for sale, in '06.:rolleyes: FullMetalJacket, the link to the store you mentioned is in the first post!;)

FullMetalJacket

D e c e m ber 29th, 2006, 07:41 PM

haha, you're right. My bad.

cyclosarin

January 17th , 2007, 07:25 AM

C a p s i c u m spray is described as a controlled weapon for WA on the police website, suggesting that it is as legal to own as bows, daggers and swords.

FullMetalJacket

January 28th , 2007, 05:13 AM

If it is declared with the proper docum entation, yes. There are 'Controlled' and 'Restricted' weapons classes, possession of the form er without a licen se is illegal and possession of the latter in any circumstance is illega l.

cyclosarin

January 29th , 2007, 04:48 AM

I believe you need a "lawful excuse" for possession of a controlled weapon but I've never heard of needing a licence or any documentation for that m atter. OC or "Pepper Spray", as it is colloquially known, is described under the W eapons Act as a "controlled weap on". Norm ally, a person cannot possess or carry a "controlled weapon" for the purpose of self defe nce, however, in the case of "pepper spray" the law is different. Regulation 7(2) perm its a person to carry "pepper sp ray" for lawful defence, if that person has, on reasonable grounds, a suspicion or belief that he will require the "pepper spray" to defend himself. Therefore, the carrying o f "pepper spra y" for those reasons is legal, but the burden of proof to show that the person had this "reason able belief or suspicion" rem ains with the person fou nd carrying it. In other words, the onus of proving this does not rem ain with the prosecution.

knowledgehungry

January 30th , 2 0 0 7 , 0 3 : 0 6 P M

You need a license to own pepper spray, or a b ow in Aus? I guess America really is the "greatest nation o n God's green Earth".

cyclosarin

February 6th, 2007, 11:09 AM

You need a license to own pepper spray, or a b ow in Aus? I guess America really is the "greatest nation o n God's green Earth". In W A it is possible to own a crossbow without a licence so I assum e that this app lies to other weapons in its class.

Alexires

February 7th, 2007, 07:08 AM

In SA you ne ed to be 18 to buy knives, swords, crossbows (can't get pistol crossbows) bows, shurik en, etc. I believe they are classified as prohibited weapons and if you buy one, you need to register it with the firea rm s departm ent at your local piggery.

mike-hunt

January 1st, 2008, 07:19 AM

I h a v e p u r c h a s e d p e p p e r s p r a y on line in Australia with no problem s . At http://www.kitbag.com.au/category3 30_1.htm I suggest any Australian's wanting som e get it wile you can.

cyclosarin

January 1st, 2008, 08:25 AM

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I noticed the other day that Bunbury (W A) Arm y Surplus was advertising pepper spray as well.

Charles Owlen Picket

January 1st, 2008, 09:21 AM

Just as an aside, have you fellows considered developing a source for oleolresin-capsicum (sp) and working on a more DIY m odel? Admittedly I don't live in Oz but when I have a wee challenge on procurement, I look to the basics. I'd be willing to bet that with a bit or applied science and some organic source you could "write your own ticket" & have anything you'd care to . [Including a "stun-grenade" m odel using a burst charge fo r area-le vel irritant am plification, etc, etc.]

shrub

February 19th, 2008, 07:04 AM

In perth you can buy pepper spray in deli's and newsagents its not that hard to find. Also you need a license to buy batons from wellington surplus.

Red Beret

February 20th, 2008, 11:29 PM

Y e a h , I h a v e m y own chillie plant now! Even if you were a lazy son of a bitch, all you would have to do is pu t your ch illies though a blender with som e v o d k a , l e m on juice, or vine gar, etc and strain the slu ice throu gh cheesecloth or similar after letting the m ess sit for 24hrs. Then just load it into your spray module and you are se t. Not the most high perform ance spray but it will work....could also mix it with oil to provide a "sticking" effect. On the subje ct of explosively dispersed irritants, what about cayenne pepper, that burns like hell? If one had even a basic knowlege of explosives, it wouldn't be hard to rig a bursting charge in a container of cayenne pepp er or chilli powder. BP should be OK, internal burst charge, soft walled container. Should work wonders in a closed area. A sm all pipe or cardboard tube closed at one end, designed to always land "m uzzle up", loaded with BP followed by a wad and then the irritant, should work very well. Essentially it's a mortar. Scale it up or down, whatever takes your fancy.

The_Juggler

July 10th, 20 08, 09:1 8 AM

T a s m ania has really low security on bo ws and the like. You can buy a bow on your own if you look 16, or a high-powered slingshot for only $25. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : ferrocyanide to cyanide and Fe powder vurr

March 26th, 2003, 07:02 AM

y ne e d p o t a s s i u m ferri/ferrocyanide com p l e x s a l t a n d p o t a s s i u m form iate K<sub>3[Fe(CN)<sub>6]orange salt K<sub>4[Fe(CN)<sub>6]yellow salt H C O OK (or p otassium carbonate/hydroxide + formic acid) melting point: 160<sup>0C m ix them (to have relative 6 m oles of K<sup>+ total),m elt them at 160<sup>0C,it turns black,let it cool down,dissolve ,filter out Fe (m etal) dust... PS. Ni catalyst recovery m etho d?: nickel form ia te decom poses to Ni powder in boiling brake fluid/o il... could someone test it's catalytic activity in hydrogenation process? (Ni(HCO O)<sub>2is very little soluble in water) (it's no m ore Raney Ni) vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Weaponization of Chemical Agents MrSamosa

October 24th, 2002, 04:15 PM

While we've discussed, very generally of course, the syntheses of different chemical agents and potential means of dispersal (aerosol, explosive, water guns, etc.), we have not given MUCH consideration to weaponization (although there has been some discussion). Let's face it- many Chemical Agents, when used pure, are not as effective as they could be. Similarly, many toxic or aggressive chemicals that we do not consider to be useful as Chemical Weapons can be made to be so. Take Sarin for example; it is acutely toxic, very volatile, and not particularly persistent (although it persists to some degree). Imagine how much better it would be if it were dissolved in something less volatile, thus giving it increased persistence. Or, perhaps you combine it with Phosgene Oxime or Lewisite to allow better penetration through the epidermis. The combinations are endless, and it all depends on what you want the chemical to do. This flexibility allows you to "customize" Chemical Weapons to be most effective in very specific situations. I'm interested in some of your ideas on weaponizing various chemical agents. Any Aggressive chemical, do not limit yourselves to the orthodox military chemical weapons. Some ideas that I have come up with are: Carbon Monoxide/Hydrogen Cyanide- This would be ideal for indoor gassing. It would probably consist mostly of CO, since it is more easily obtained than HCN. The purpose of the HCN would be to cause the targets to lose consciousness while the CO does the actual killing. A way to deploy this would be by adding H2SO4 to Formic Acid (HCOOH) and Potassium Cyanide (KCN). The H2SO4 will react with the KCN, liberating HCN, as well as dehydrate the HCOOH, liberating CO. My question is - how readily does HCOOH react with KCN? G-Agent/Phosgene Oxime- The violent action of Phosgene Oxime against the skin would allow for better absorbtion of the nerve agent. Also, on skin contact, Phosgene Oxime tends to cause vomiting...thus requiring you to take off your gas mask, thus causing you to get a bad whiff of the G-Agent. Also, Phosgene Oxime likes to attack rubber, as is used on gas masks and chemical-protective gloves :D . Thickened G-Agents- Provides lower volatily/greater persistency at target area. Fluoroacetates dissolved in Nitrogen Mustard- Terror weapon, plain and simple. The Fluoroacetates cause the immediate killing while the survivors are covered in Blisters and have the risk of Cancer. CNS Stimulant/CNS Depressant- While it seems the two would simply counteract each other, here is the idea behind it: the stimulant causes the immediate and more severe poisoning. As the victim is treated with the antidotal Atropine Sulfate, it magnifies the effects of the CNS Depressant, ideally causing an overdose of Atropine and stopping the heart and diaphragm. Carbon Monoxide- I don't know how to describe this...but the idea was mentioned in War Gases with Iron Pentacarbonyl. It reacts with the Activated Carbon in the gas masks and releases Carbon Monoxide. However, it is incredibly unstable, decomposing by mere changes in light. Do you know of anything more stable that could be used for such purposes? <small>[ December 29, 2002, 06:48 PM: Message edited by: MrSamosa ]

Boob Raider

October 25th, 2002, 01:40 AM

The problem with using CO is that it is easily detected by smoke alarms. I don't think that HCOOH reacts with KCN or NaCN but if you want to be safe .... use oxalic acid to prepare CO but also CO2 is formed I think. Actually is there something called cyano phosgene, meaning (CN)2CO. Is it possible to prepare it by passing COCl2 through alcoholic KCN. CO can also be stored in Ni(CO)4 being a colorless liquid that decomposes at 60*C, Cr(CO)6 being a white crystaline powder that is quite stable. Thats what I know off.

nbk2000

October 25th, 2002, 05:04 AM

KCN would react with formic ACID to release HCN. KCN will do so even just with the CO2 (carbonic acid) in the atmosphere.

zeocrash

October 25th, 2002, 01:16 PM

how about a thickened g agent, dispersed through a dry riser system in a building, this would provide a large amount of evapouration, during and just after it had been sprayed, but being thicker it would then sit on the floor and linger for a long period. also another idea is to make quick dispersing chemical agents, that would clear the area of life, then disperse and allow you to enter the recently gassed area. this would be useful for armed roberies rather than terrorist attacks, but still

MrSamosa

October 25th, 2002, 08:18 PM

Interesting idea, zeo. While the stealthy, more deadly mass-gassings are ideal for terrorist acts, the quick non-persistent gassings seem better suited for the quick bank robbery. Gas, run in, get out. It's so simple- you can buy the poison gas precursors more easily than a handgun. And, the targets won't have time to react- they'll be unconscious too soon . If they run, they breathe faster and take in more of the agent. Potential chemical agents for such operations would include Hydrogen Cyanide or Diisopropyl Fluorophosphate. However, in another thread, it suggested that Chloroform may also be suitable. What about Nitrous Oxide, would its knock-out action be fast enough? The molecule CO(CN)2 may seem possible, simply combine HCN and CO, right? Unfortunately, it won't work that way :( . You end up with Acetone Cyanohydrin, which looks something like this: CH3C(OH)(CN)CH3. However, this compound is not entirely useless. In fact, it is quite acutely toxic and seems simple enough to synthesize. On contact with water, it quickly dissociates to Acetone and Hydrogen Cyanide...so it would seem likely that it is still HCN that does the killing. Not much data has been found on its toxicity, save for a few fish killings. However, it seems as if it is a more practical weapon than Hydrogen Cyanide. Its LC50 is 126 ppm...reasonable, I suppose. Also, it is a lachrymator, if you are interested in making victims suffer. I will have to look more into this, and Cyanohydrins in general. EDIT: Look at this page for a better explanation of the nucleophilic addition of Hydrogen Cyanide to aldehydes and ketones: http://www.chemguide.co.uk/mechanisms/nucadd/hcntt.html <small>[ October 25, 2002, 07:20 PM: Message edited by: MrSamosa ]

Machiavelli

October 25th, 2002, 08:42 PM

Before we start confusing terms, I'd like to define weaponization. Weaponization is a process that turns a substance or a mixture of substances into an agent, the transgression from a molecular structure to a weapon, from the laboratory to the battlefield. This involves for instance: -Stabilizing the substance to allow secure storage without a significant loss of potency. Example: The distillation of mustard to remove impurities which cause its degradation. -Adjusting the physical properties of the agent. Examples: The use of gelators to increase the persistency of your substance for area denial, absorbing it on powdered silica for use as an airborne agent, mixing it with a low boiling solvent to produce a thin substance layer upon dispersal as a liquid to aid in vaporisation, using additives or solvents to lower the freezing point -Adjusting the chemical properties of the agent. Examples: Mixing with DMSO to improve penetration through the skin, (micro)encapsulation to protect the agent from air, sunlight and decontamination chemicals -Specific anti-protection measures Examples: HCN or PFIB have a tendency to saturate mask filters very quickly, so it can be used as so-called "mask breakers" together with another agent to increase its lethality, combining a normal agent with sharp abrasive crystals or metal pieces to weaken and penetrate protective clothing, covering your agent carrier with a water soluable

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Since I really need my beauty sleep now, I'd just like to add one more thing, remember that weaponization is the practical side of chemwar. So it would be nice if we could stay practical, meaning eg no posts about the perfect agent being a green jelly that can climb stairs but instead suggesting how you could turn your agent into this and try to use references for your ideas. While the web is not very informative in this respect, I suspect that the patent databases might hold some treasures. And if you want to know if something works, you could test it yourself, using eg an organophosphate pesticide of low toxicity to mimic nerve agents. Anyway, Good night

MrSamosa

October 25th, 2002, 09:39 PM

I was reading War Gasses again tonight (ahh, my favorite book...Thanks to whoever uploaded it to the FTP!). I take back my previous post, that there is no CO(CN)2...there is. Oops :p . It says that it is made from Dinitrosoacetone, but gives little more information than that. This would effectively combine CO and HCN, since those are its hydrolysis products. Anyhow, another agent that interested me was Dichloroethyl Ether. It is basically Mustard with Oxygen in place of the Sulfur. However, it is "...destitute of vesicant power," which can be attributed to, "...the fact that dichloroethyl ether, unlike dichloroethyl sulphide, cannot penetrate the epidermis." Well then, a seemingly easy solution to this problem would be to combine it with DMSO! Correct me if I'm wrong, but the Sulfur compounds used as Mustard Precursors tend to be the hardest ot obtain, no? So by eliminating the Sulfur altogether, it seems it would be easier to synthesize...

Machiavelli

October 26th, 2002, 03:40 AM

Mr.Samosa, you think you could maybe open up another thread for novel agents? I'm quite happy that you brought up the important issue of weaponization, but if it gets mixed up with other topics such as novel/unusual agents or dispersal mechanisms we may get one more useless chaotic thread and this would be a shame.

nbk2000

October 26th, 2002, 04:58 AM

That would be me you'd be thanking for War Gases. :) As Mach said, weaponization is the process of taking an agent (that's you've already developed) and turning it into a weapon you can use. This topic is storage and deployment. You're veering off topic into developing the agent in the first place. We already have a thread for that. Post there. Patent literature is riff with all kinds of goodies that can be used for CW. Look in the Literature and Links section under the Patents topic by me for plenty of "inspirational" material. :D Also, there's plenty of reference material on CW on the net, but you have to have pretty good searching skills to find it since the stuff with the details isn't going to say "How to make Sarin in 10 easy steps" (though look for that article here soon ). Rather, it'll be buried amongst United Nations Iraqi weapons inspections reports and other esoterica that isn't going to have any "buzzwords" you'd know to search for unless you've already read some of these reports and know what to look for. Also, I'd not be surprised if a lot of material was pulled from the net after the 9/11 hysteria. A lot of material about explosives (for instance) was pulled from LANL's website shortly after that. Like terrorists are going to be interested in thermodynamic modeling of waveform effects. :rolleyes:

megalomania

October 28th, 2002, 03:38 PM

I liked that bit about chemical weapons interfering with the operation of chemical protective equipment, it got me to a thinkin. If one was to disperse a chemical weapons, when evil communists have taken over your country and you are a freedom fighter, it is likely the evil communists will be using the latest in protective equipment. For example Duponts line of Tychem suits. Dupont is kind enough to provide a complete list of breakthrough times for chemicals tested on their gear. They have even listed some chemicals that “terrorists” are likely to use. In the interests of maintaining democracy it is important to know what chemical will destroy their protective gear the fastest. The data can be found at http:// personalprotection.dupont.com/protectiveapparel/technicalinfo/chemwar.htm for chemical warfare agents and http://personalprotection.dupont.com/protectiveapparel/technicalinfo/tychem.htm for general chemicals. I think it is Tychem BR that they recommend for military operations. The big winner is 3-picoline with a breakthrough time of only 11 minutes. The next closest is ethyl acrylate with a breakthrough time of 14 minutes. They may opt to go for a lesser protective suit than the better quality Tychem BR, so lets see what other chemicals can eat through that thin layer of safety. Tychem QC will be gone in 15 minutes with o-nitrochlorobenzene, and quite possibly immediately with many other chemicals (if the abbreviation imm. mean immediate, it does not say). Tychem SL won’t last but 12 minutes with dimethylamine, 1,1-dimethylhydrazine, or acetonitrile, 14 minutes with ethylacetate, and 18 minutes with VM&P Naphtha (you can buy that at any hardware store). Tychem 7500 lasts a mere 14 minutes with acetonitrile, and it has an imm. for dichloromethane. Tychem 10000 seems a bit stronger, but it won’t last much against chlorine trifluoride, 14 minutes, or 15 minutes with silane. I gather Tychem TK is the op of the line, but against bromine it is goo in 15 minutes. Ahh I found the key at http:// personalprotection.dupont.com/protectiveapparel/technicalinfo/chemicaldatabas e.html which says imm is immediate. There are then many chemicals which can eat through Tychem QC and SL brands. Bromine seems to be the worst culprit, quickly rendering military BR suits useless. The mere existance of chemicals that react with protective clothing should be taken as fact that the suit will be eaten through. Workers will more likely get the chemicals on their gloves and boots, unless they are wading in the stuff. Otherwise a little bit of chemical spread around or present as vapor will take much longer to break through. Weaponizing chemical agents to be a cleanup nightmare requires no more than mixing in a few of these nasties. A mix of bromine with silane would seem to do the job quickest of all, as long as these are compatible with the desired warfare agent. Anyway, these is just a theoretical idea to make a warfare agent more warlike. <small>[ November 01, 2002, 12:17 AM: Message edited by: megalomania ]

zeocrash

November 1st, 2002, 08:13 AM

i read an article about chemical weapons in focus magazine, (if you live in the UK its worth buying) anyway aparently a method of weaponising lethal chemical agents is to mix them with a gas that causes nausea (i cant remember the one they mentioned) acording to the magazine the gas either was not stopped by or seeped in through the sides of the gas mask. this causes vomiting, and no one can stay in a mask full of vomit, or they will drown. this means that the mask must be removed, leaving the user exposed to the lethal gasses. (if anyone has any info on nausea inducing agents, please let me know)

Bitter

November 1st, 2002, 10:42 AM

"i read an article about chemical weapons in focus magazine, (if you live in the UK its worth buying) anyway aparently a method of weaponising lethal chemical agents is to mix them with a gas that causes nausea (i cant remember the one they mentioned) acording to the magazine the gas either was not stopped by or seeped in through the sides of the gas mask. this causes vomiting, and no one can stay in a mask full of vomit, or they will drown. this means that the mask must be removed, leaving the user exposed to the lethal gasses." They did that in WW1 with phosgene/chloropicrin mix. It's unlikely that modern military gas mask filters will be as easily penetrated, although some of the filters used by the police are proofed ONLY against tear gas- not against other chemical and biological agents.

MrSamosa

November 2nd, 2002, 10:20 AM

By MrSamosa :)

quote:

---

G-Agent/Phosgene Oxime- The

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violent action of Phosgene Oxime against the skin would allow for better absorbtion of the nerve agent. Also, on skin contact, Phosgene Oxime tends to cause vomiting...thus requiring you to take off your gas mask, thus causing you to get a bad whiff of the G-Agent. Also, Phosgene Oxime likes to attack rubber, as is used on gas masks and chemical-protective gloves .

---

I'm concerned about the difficulty in the handling and storing of something that is designed to be uncontrollable. When you mix in all the agents designed to penetrate protective clothing with the super-toxic Chemical Weapon, how are you to protect yourself while you synthesize it? And once you have it synthesized, how are you to disperse it without either killing yourself or alerting the targets of an attack? My idea is to store the binary components of the agents. With the binary components, you should mix in Freon (NBK's excellent idea) and thickeners. The Freon can be detected at very low ppm by Freon detectors, should there be a leak. Also, if there is a leak, the thickeners will prevent the chemicals from rapidly volatilizing, posing a vapor hazard. Therefore, you will have early warning and easier clean up. In the case of Fluorinated G-Agents and their precursors, here is something else to think about. The Fluorine is extremely reactive and will almost always form some amount of HF to corrode your equipment. Not only that, but they too (in this case) will be active Cholinesterase inhibitors. Here is my idea: According to the more orthodox synthesis of G-Agents, Dimethyl PhosphonylChloride is Fluorinated to DimethylPhosphonyl Fluoride (DF), which is then reacted with an alcohol to form the G-Agent. Suppose you leave out the Fluorination and the "Binary"/Final Step. Instead of storing nasty Fluorine compounds, you store more manageable Dimethyl Phosphonylchloride. Here is where the generic "Binary" plan starts to get interesting. Instead of mixing the binary components at the site, you will mix them shortly before launch-time: First you will distill off the impurities (Freon, Thickeners, etc.) and then synthesize the agents. In the case of the speical example with the G-Agents that I gave, you will Fluorinate the Dimethyl PhosphonylChloride and then react it with the Alohol. Next, you will weaponize the agent, according to the desired mission (i.e.: custom agents for every mission). Finally, you would load it into the weapons. In this way, you handle the actual weapon for the least amount of time. Also, it gives you more flexibility with the agent, allowing it to be customized for every mission. For each mission, there will be some guidelines that need to be met: Do you want it to be volatile, or persistent? Dusty, vapor, or aerosol? Anti-protective equipment? Irritating or not? etc. Instead of having to choose between prefabricated weapons, you simply build the weapon according to the guidelines of the mission. What I don't see being addressed though is that many of these "extras" will give off some warning to the presence of an agent. Maybe they will cause unconsciousness, irritation, or have a recognizable odor. This is not something you want, unless the weapon has fast knock-out action; in which case odor doesn't matter. <small>[ November 02, 2002, 12:38 PM: Message edited by: MrSamosa ]

nbk2000

November 3rd, 2002, 03:40 AM

What you just described is what most people would do anyways, since an experimenter doesn't have to store an agent for 20 years, ship it to anywhere in the world during any kind of weather, and have it ready to use at a moments notice. Anyways, ground fiberglass fibers very readily penetrate clothes and skin. Mixed in a slurry with an agent, it'll break the skin in thousands of places, leaving it vulnerable to penetration. It'll also work it's way through all but the toughest protective clothing. Also, freons can be detected in the part per billionth range, much lower than most CWs are detectable, let alone dangerous.

Machiavelli

December 8th, 2002, 07:02 AM

While this article doesn't offer really new insights, it gives a nice overview of weaponization issues. http://www.nti.org/e_research/e3_20b.html

MrSamosa

December 8th, 2002, 11:22 AM

I found an article a few weeks ago that deals with the weaponization of T2-Toxin. Here are some suggestions for this particular agent, even though it is not a true Chemical Weapon. The Soviets dissolved T2 into Polypropylene Glycol, which proved to be an effective carrier for the weapon. However, I believe that they had some success with Ethylene or Propylene Glycol (I can't remember which one). To increase penetration via dermal exposure, they would mix in DMSO. To even further increase penetration through skin and to amplify the original effects, traces of Nerve Agents, usually Soman, were added. That's all I can think of right now, especially since I lost the link :( However, this does open up a new box of ideas in terms of weaponization: Suppose we were to combine Toxin weapons with existing Chemical weapons. The Chemicals would serve merely to increase the Toxin's effects and make them even more poisonous than they already are; needless to say, they tend to be more potent than chemical agents. Also, Toxin weapons are much easier to obtain than Chemical Precursors. Just think: How much red tape to you have to cut through to obtain a few Castorbeans for Ricin production? Now, how much do you have to cut through to obtain Phosphorus Oxychloride to make a Nerve Agent? Of course, you can follow some very indirect method which involves obtaining White Phosphorus from Chicken bones and Sodium Fluoride from Toothpaste...but this makes production extremely expensive. However, once you have a few Castorbeans, just plant a few of them and you ensure an almost unlimited, private supply of the beans. As such, Toxins tend to be much cheaper. For this reason, for use in said weaponization involving Toxins/Chemical Agents, the Toxin will serve as the workhorse while the Chemicals support it. I think I am becoming redundant now. :) <small>[ December 29, 2002, 06:55 PM: Message edited by: MrSamosa ]

Machiavelli

December 9th, 2002, 03:59 PM

If you want to make 1 kg of VX you'd need aproximately 7 kg of chemicals. Then you have your VX, adsorb it on silica and you've got a finished chemical warfare agent. To produce 1 kg of Ricin, you'd first need about 100 kg of castor beans, forget about growing these from your handful of seeds. Now with castor beans you're lucky, because they're produced in large scale, but if you want other plant toxins or mycotoxin like T2/Aflatoxin then I wish you good luck with getting the raw materials and/or hiding a huge fermenter at home. Unless you're playing around with genetic engineering, most poisons are a major pain in the ass for medium to large scale production. And while Ricin is far more toxic than VX it's also far more sensitive to enviromental degradation and far more difficult to weaponize.

nbk2000

December 10th, 2002, 12:56 AM

"The European Union has temporarily banned pistachios from Iran. There's concern the nuts contain a mold, aflatoxin B-1, that can be a cancer hazard." Right...concerned about ragheads getting nut cancer? Not bloody likely. More like they don't want them to import tons of aflatoxin mold for making weapons.

Charlie Workman

December 10th, 2002, 03:04 AM

If you've got a place where they won't be disturbed, castor beans will flourish to a remarkable degree if a relatively short period of time. I had an open field next to my apartment building in SoCal that had a few of the bushes growing in it. They plowed it up to clear the "weeds" and by the next year it was practically covered. I had plenty of beans to experiment with, and still have a 3 pound coffee can full of them stored away 15 years later. Wonder what the shelf life is? Find a fairly secluded spot, preferrably away from where kids go, and cast the seeds out broadcast. By the next season you should be up to your ass in them.

nbk2000

December 10th, 2002, 04:11 AM

There's a university library in california that has a 5 volume set printed by the war department right after WW2 that reviewed all the aspects of chem/bio war known up to that point in GREAT detail. It was originally classified, but later it was de-c in the 80's or so. These volumes are HUGE. Think of the giant dictionaries at the library that weigh like 20 pounds. That kind of huge. (If I ever go back, and they're still there, I'll PAY someone to steal them...mine...all mine! BWAHAHAA!) In one of them was details of the weaponization of ricin. The allies had experimented with 1% ricin in water, explosively dispersed from thin walled bombs. Even after the heating, and the random particle size dispersion, it was still deemed at LEAST as lethal as sarin. Though without the immediate fatalities.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter If a person could make a collodial slurry of ricin particles (2-5 micron range) in a highly volatile inert solvent (thinking Freon) to protect from heat labilization, then you could have some real fun with it. The enemy would be thinking conventional bomb with failed accelerant ignition when, in fact, the bomb was just a disperser for the REAL weapon.

simply RED

December 13th, 2002, 06:43 AM

Burning fluorinated hydrocarbons in the air can release large ammounts of deadly HF! example: CH2F2 +O2 =CO2 + 2HF The interesting thing about fluorinated hydrocarbons is that they are not poisonous (if not burned), So you can fill a big container with Fluorine containing hydrocarbons and gasoline , wrap a cylinder of TNT on it and create thermobaric, igniting and chemical weapon. Nobody will survive if it expolode in closed area. Also everybody can aquire chloroacetic acid from the chem suplier and turn it to fluoroacetic. ClCH2-COOH + AgF = FCH2-COOH + AgCl (AgF is soluble in water, AgCl, AgBr and AgI are not). Fluoroacetic acid is used directly or turned to fluoroacetate. Deadly dose 50% 5mg/kg. Fluoroethanol is a very good example of deadly metabolism poison, in the body it is oxidized to mono fluoroacetic acid.(deadly dose 50% 10mg/kg).Almost impossible to detect(tastes like alcohol, smells allike...)

nbk2000

December 14th, 2002, 11:25 AM

I took a spider I had left in a cup and replaced the air in the cup with 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane, the filling from a canned air duster. The spider didn't do much of anything for a couple of minutes, just stood there. Then it started jumping around like crazy, flipping over on it's back and twitching. I immediately opened the cup and blew fresh air into it. The spider kind of just lingered before doing the death curl. Oddly enough, the next time I looked at it a couple of hours later, it was alive again. Though, given how lethargic it is, I think I retarded it somehow, or the effects are long lasting. First thing that came to mind was that the spider was holding its breath (immobile) then, when it finally had to breath, the gas freaked it out before anesthetizing it. I've done this experiment before with CO2. The spiders just go dormant till the air is cleared, then come back to life. Now, I've tried to get it to burn with a lighter flame (the gas, not the spider :p ), but it doesn't. I know that refrigerant gases can be decomposed in fires, and the breakdown products are toxic, but I believe they need an existing fire to do so since they don't burn themselves. A ceramic tube furnace heated to the proper heat should be useable for decomposing freons into the toxic products.

simply RED

December 14th, 2002, 02:53 PM

Dichloroethane burns to HCl, CO2 and H2O when ignited in a mix with gasoline. The flame is slightly green and it burns fully(nothing left). So my prediction (100%) is that a mix of difluoro ethane (or more fluorinated ethane) iand gasoline will burn to HF, H2O, CO2...(maybe some more products) Freons burn to phosgene :) . vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and W eapons Forum > Chemistry for Am ateur Expe rimenters and C itizen Scientists C h e m istry > Extraction of Toxin s from M o l d s

View Full Version : Extraction of Toxins from Molds MrSamosa

> Battlefield Log in

March 27th, 2003, 12:57 PM

I had done a bit of research o n T-2 Mycotoxicosis for a class in school not too lon g a g o , a n d I f o u n d s o m e inform ation worthy of notice. It's nothing terribly new, but it should be sufficiently useful... It concerns T-2's solubility. :) It is soluble in DMSO, Alcohols, Acetone, Ether, and Propylene Glycol. It is alm ost insoluble in water. Its vapor pressure is no t very high, but when d issolved in a volatile solvent, it decreases. That's all the solvents I can rem e m ber now, but there are a few m ore. So, now the question com es to mind... How would we get the crude toxin to begin with? Th e obviou s answer is to culture the m old. Unfortunately, m y e x p e rience in Biology is som ewhat limited (going only to a highschool general biology class), and m y Microbiology experience even more lim ited (informal ed ucation; just going throug h a siste r-in-law's m e d i c a l b o o k s ) . S o , d o e s anyone know the proper m eth od to culture m o l d s ? ? T h e d e s i r e d F u s a r i u m m olds are ubiqu itous in the soils of alm ost every part of the world. Corn tends to be the growing m e d i u m , hence T2 Mycotoxicosis' comm o n n a m e of "Moldy Corn Disease." It grows best in tem peratures around 70 d e g r e e s Fahrenheit (I *think* that's som ewhere in the area of 2 5 d e g r e e s C e l s i u s ) . T h a t ' s t h e e x t e n t o f m y i n f o r m ation so far, but I would like help in developing a "theoretical" m eans of producing Fusarium m olds and extracting th e resulting toxin... This is what I am thinking: -Get a soil sam p l e a n d s o m e corn, and mix them in with a sufficient am ount of water (as Fusarium m olds love water too!) to m ake a "nutrient slurry" (Forgive m y horrible nom enclature). -Store the slurry in the proper environment to prom ote growth for a m onth or so. - W h e n s u f f i c i e n t a m o unts of mold grow, pour the slurry into Acetone or som e other organic solvent. This should dissolve the T2 which is produced by the Fusarium m old, and leave everything else undissolved . -Filter out the unwanted soil and corn, and keep the T-2 Solution. -Distill out th e T-2. Does my logic seem right? Or would this just make an ugly mess? Also, what would be the best m e a n s o f d iscouraging the growth of competing m o l d s ?

Mr Cool

March 27th, 2003, 03:12 PM

W ell, you wouldn't want to use acetone to dum p the soup of stuff into be cause it'll mix too well with the water, lowering the toxin's solubility too m uch. Be tter to use ether or som e other no n-polar, and do a double-layer extraction a few times. This will also lower the amoun t of ionic salts present in your product. T h e m e t h o d a s y o u d escribed will give a m ix of m any fungi and bacteria, with the m ost com m on or the most vigorous colonising the nutrien t first and largely preventing anything else from growing. W hat we need to find is a co ndition that the required fusarium species will tolerate, or even like, that the other com m o n o r g a n i s m s will not. eg if fusarium sp can survive and grow at low temperatures, like in a fridge, then soil could be added to cold, sterilised corn/water/trace nutrient paste and then left to colonise for a few weeks/m o n t h s a t 5 * C . A s s u m ing, in this hypothetical exam ple, that the desired fungus tolerates these conditions the best, it will colonise the nutrient an d then it can be allowed to warm u p a n d b e p u t i n m o r e s u i t a b l e growing cond itions. Since the nutrient would already be totally co lonised by fusarium sp., little else should grow. I have used t h i s m e t h o d t o i s o l a t e p h o t o b a c t e r i u m p h o s p h o r e u m from a dead sea fish, although in this case it is easy to get a pure culture because you can see the colonies glowing, so they can be collected exclu sively and m o v e d o n t o c l e a n g r o w i n g m e d i u m . O b v i o u s l y t h e s p e c i a l c o n d i t i o n s n e e d e d m ight not be tem perature related, it could be pH, light, high salt concs., trace levels of toxins, etc. A better way might be to provide conditions ideal for fusarium sp to grow in naturally, and wait in the hope that your corn or whatever is colonised. This way you are not deliberately adding any other organism s , a n d t h e m e d i u m s h o u l d b e c o l o n i s e d b y what you want (sooner or later, you m ight need a few tries) if you get the conditions right for the organism . Identification of a succesfully colonised growing m e d i u m m ight be hard. W hen you've grown a load of the m ould, wizz it up (m e d i u m a n d a l l t o g e t t h e m ycealium, which I can never spell, and not just the fruiting b o d i e s o n the surface) in your solvent in a blender, wait for it to settle, decant, wizz with more solvent, etc. Repeat this four or five tim es, I would imagine. Collect the solvent washings, and evapou rate. Before you do this, save a bit of your colony, so that you don't have to go to the trouble of isolating one again. I like microbiology (although the photobacterium e x p e r i m e n t i s p r o b a b l y t h e o n l y s e r i o u s o n e I ' v e d o n e ) , m a y b e I ' l l h a v e a g o at this one day...

nbk2000

March 28th, 2003, 02:09 AM

Most T2 producing fungi glow under U V light, enabling d etection. Aflatoxin producing fungi are endem ic to peanuts, so search peanuts with a U V lamp till you find som ething that glows, then culture it. Biology is very com plicated, so much study at a uni library is in order, before you can successfully culture anything, let alone m ass produce.

Boob Raider

March 28th, 2003, 03:59 AM

As far as Aflatoxin is concerne d ..... Aspergillus flavus is responsible for afla production when it is grown on peanuts, if it were to be grown on soy beans ... one ends up with soya sauce. Although trying to use soya sauce as a culture doesn't work as it is pasturised (sp?) but if you know someone who makes their soya sauce .... then you can make your aflatoxin :D . None of the tricothecene m ycotoxins are that potent. They are m ostly in the mg/Kg range (ie LD 50). Also if you find old peanut jars ... chances are the top layer m ight glow bluish under UV due to aflatoxin. <sm all>[ March 28, 2 0 0 3 , 0 3 : 0 4 A M : M e s s a g e e d i t e d b y : B o o b R a i d e r ] < / s m all>

Einsteinium

April 2nd, 2003, 04:27 PM

W ell... even if you sucessfully grows your fungi (which is a damn pain with alm ost any of them m ostly due to contam i n a t i o n with aspergilius (that dreaded green m old), bacillus sub tilis and the penicilium s, lem m e tell ya) it will take you quite m uch efforts to cleanly separate the toxins from all o ther crap in the solvent. Y ou definitivly wan t to wash the extracts several tim e s

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with water, brine (NaC l/H<sub>2O ), and other m ildly polar solvents like ch loroform where the toxin is insoluble but the contam inants are (or where th e contam inants are insoluble but the toxin is). Don't even think of distilling such a toxin as it will m ost likely d ecom p o s e b e f o r e i t ' s b o i l i n g p o i n t , e v e n u n d e r a g o o d v a c u u m . Well, it m ight not but I wouldn't try it o ut unless h a v i n g s o m e ref about it. Anyway, if th e extracted toxin is still a little contam inated with other stuff, it should still be very effective :D

Mr Cool

April 2nd, 2003, 05:39 PM

Ooh, thanks for adding another potential source of source m aterial to m y list - organically grown, raw, unsa l t e d p e a n u t s . D o you think the toxin/fungus m ight be why you som etimes get a peanut which tastes really bad? I will also try organically grown wheat for F. Roseum . Currently I'm growing the fungi from soil on som e gowth medium that I've m ade from corn, a dash of oats, a vitam in tablet, and enough water to m ake it pasty and sticky. If anything usefu l happens I'll find the scrap of paper on wh ich I wrote down exactly what I did, bu t I REALLY don't expect anything too useful from this attem pt. Maybe just a nice mould garden :) .

quote:

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As far as Aflatoxin is concerned ..... Aspergillus flavus is responsible for afla production when it is grown on peanuts

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quote:

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W ell... even if you sucessfully grows your fungi (which is a dam n p ain with almost any of them mostly due to contam ination with aspergilius (that dreaded green mold)

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Hm m m...

Boob Raider

April 2nd, 2003, 07:13 PM

Mr.C o o l i f y o u m a k e y o u r m e d i u m 10% saline with NaCl .... it will retard the growth of rhizzopus (sp?) type m o u l d s . M o s t m ycotoxin producing fungi will grow. Like NBK and I said b efore UV fluoresces Aflato xin and T-2 with a bluish color. It is quite difficult isolating A.flavus fro m t h e o t h e r a s p e r g i l l u s s p e c i e s a n d t h e s a m e holds true for fusarium etc. you need a m i c r o s c o p e a n d a m y c o l o g y h a n d b o o k a s t h e r e is not m uch difference in colony a p p e a r a n c e t o t h e n a k e d e y e .

Haggis

April 2nd, 2003, 11:30 PM

I'm not sure if it's uploaded and I don't have a ccess to the FTP, but the book "Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents a n d C o m p o u nds" has a nice entry on the T-2 T richothecene Mycotoxin. It is on page 89 and 90. There is som e very good information in the back of this book about general toxins, sources, sym ptom s, properties, protection, routes of entry, treatment and toxicity. No inform ation on isoloation, cultivation or weaponization however. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and W eapons Forum C h e m istry > Fusaric Acid

> Chemistry for Am ateur Expe rimenters and C itizen Scientists

View Full Version : Fusaric Acid MrSamosa

> Battlefield Log in

April 2nd, 2003, 12:55 PM

This is an interesting chem ical, as it is found in m any plants as a poison. Howeve r, it is not an insanely complex structure. It is, in fact rather simple... I cannot draw a picture for you now, but the nam e should give you an idea: "Butyl Pyridinecarboxylic Acid." Basically, a COO H attatched to the 2 C arbon on the Pyridine ring, and a Butyl group attatche d t o t h e 5 C a r b o n . It is acutely toxic, but I do not know its mode of action unfortunately. Its Oral LD50 in rats is abou 230 mg/kg. Nothing spectacular, but I do think it is worth som e consideration. Now, the que stions... What precursors could be used in this? I found a re levant synthesis on a web site, but unfortunately it is for registered users o nly! http :// web.mit.edu/chem istry/rld/totalsyn/fusaricacid.html there is the link... does anyone have an account?

nbk2000

April 3rd, 2003, 12:37 AM

18 gram s a s a n L D 5 0 for a 70 k g h u m an is terrible! Better to make TEPP using the pyridine, which has a few m illigram s LD50 .

Mr Cool

April 3rd, 2003, 09:11 AM

Or m aybe ricinine, LD<sub>50 of around 20m g. It would be quite a bit more com plicated to m a k e t h o u g h .

Boob Raider

April 3rd, 2003, 02:27 PM

It is obtained in the acetone fraction along with cellular lipids of the castor bean pulp. The acetone fraction doesn't contain a ny ricin so its toxcicity is due to ricinine. I posted some ricin info in the Ricin/ethanol/acetone thread. But an LD50 of 18 gram s is pathetic. There are tonns of other things more toxic tha n that. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and Weapons Forum

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> Aldehydes to bis(halo-alkyl) ethers Log in

View Full Version : Aldehydes to bis(halo-alkyl) ethers MrSamosa

April 4th, 2003, 12:55 PM

This is a remarkably simple procedure I came across yesterday. So simple, in fact, that I could barely believe it! While going through an MSDS for my newly bought 37% Formaldehyde :) (I bought it from the Pet Store, if you're interested...sold in the Fish section as an anti-fungal for fish infections), I came across in the "Incompatabilities" section a passage saying, "Reaction with Hydrochloric Acid forms bis(chloromethyl) ether, an OSHA regulated Carcinogen." If you have gone through War Gases, you will recall that a potential war gas was bis(chloro-ethyl) ether, and you would also recall that it is just as poisonous as Mustard Gas, but lacks the skin action due to its inability to penetrate the skin. Now, this is where the weaponization comes in... Imagine this: React Acetaldehyde with Hydrochloric Acid to form bis(chloroethyl) ether, then dissolve that in DMSO (if possible, I have to check its solubilities :( ). Theoretically, you should have something very close to Mustard! If it is intended simply as an inhalant, reacting said Aldehyde with Hydriodic Acid would be preferable, because the Iodine in place of the Chlorine atom makes the compound more poisonous. I read of another reaction, done by some guy named Treitschke, who formed the bis(chloromethyl) ether using Paraformaldehyde and dried HCl Gas. But I could not find very in-depth information of his process, simply a brief mention of it :( . I will be trying this with my formaldehyde over the weekend, and I will hopefully be able to report back myh results on monday. btw- sorry for the series of new, and somewhat half-way researched posts. But, due to problems at home, I only have half an hour to do all my computer use at school! As such, I still come up with a series of ideas during my "down-time," but I do not have time to fully research them before posting. If you've noticed, I barely respond to any existing threads, although I'd really like to. So I sincerely apologize for my "flood" of new threads, but I hope their topics are worthy of a new thread :) .

Einsteinium

April 4th, 2003, 04:39 PM

Actually the reaction between formaldehyde and HCl to produce chloroethers is very specific to formaldehyde. Higher aldehydes like acetaldehydes reacts through enols intermediates and you ends up with aldols. I uploaded a picture of both mechanism on the FTP (AldehydetoMustard.jpg) to show how it proceeds. Also, the bromo and iodo counterparts are easier to make, more toxic but less volatile and less cheap to make thus reducing their utility as war "gas" (more like vapours than gas). Good luck with formaldehyde/HCl if you ever try it. [Edit: I should have mentionned that with acetaldehyde, the reaction with HCl dosen't stop at the aldol product, it condense further to paraldehyde, an illegal hypnotic drug ] <small>[ April 05, 2003, 12:31 AM: Message edited by: Einsteinium ]

Mr Cool

April 5th, 2003, 08:15 AM

Aha, this explains why (CH<sub>2O)<sub>n's MSDS says that it absolutely must not be stored with conc. HCl... I was wondering why that was! Now, time to mix some (CH<sub>2O)<sub>n with some conc. HCl :D .

MrSamosa

April 7th, 2003, 12:37 PM

After going through Organic Synthesis Database, I found a very simple procedure for producing bis(holomethyl) ether. It proceeds as follows: 1. A mixture of Concentrated Sulfuric Acid and Paraformaldehyde (Or Formaldehyde; either way works just fine) are placed in an ice bath. 2. Slowly, Ammonium Chloride is added, while taking care to avoid the loss of HCl. 3. After a few hours (IIRC, 5 hours), the reaction is finished and the layer of bis(chloromethyl) ether is separated. 4. The product is then purified by neutralizing with Sodium Hydroxide and drying under a vacuum. Since not everybody has Ammonium Chloride on hand, I imagine that Sodium Chloride could be substituted with the yields relatively unaffected. NaCl + H2SO4 has never failed before! :D Now, here is the problem... My Formaldehyde is only 37%. 50% of this is water. Water is bad for bis(chloromethyl) ether, because it eventually breaks it down. So if possible, I would like to have this take place in as dry an environment as possible. Would it be possible to get rid of the water from the Formaldehyde solution without the use of distillation? I was thinking that I could simply use an excess of H2SO4 in the Sulfuric/Formaldehyde mix, but I'm not sure how successful this would be. I always like to have a second opinion on my ideas, because my chemicals are expensive and difficult for me to come by :( . I don't think I will actually be doing this anyway though... I am too afraid of getting lung cancer.

Einsteinium

April 9th, 2003, 05:31 PM

I believe you would need quite an excess of sulfuric acid to achieve that, unfortunatly at theses concentrations it will simply cleave the ether leaving you with chloroalkylsulfates&Co. But... you could simply polymerize your formalin into paraformaldehyde. I don't have a clean lab procedure for this, but here's what Dr. Vogel's says about it: "By evaporating an aqueous solution [of formaldehyde] paraformaldehyde or paraform [CH<sub>2O]<sub>n, an amourphous white solid, is produced ; it is insoluble in most solvents" It's from A.I. Vogel, A textbook of practical organic chemistry p.319 - Excellent reading, an old organic chem bible, you can get it here: http://www.rhodium.ws/chemistry/vogel3.html (thanks Polverone!) He also states that if you evaporate a 60% formaldehyde solution with sulfuric acid as a catalyst, it will polymerize to trioxane, the simpliest "crown ether", quite stable if my memory serves me well but I'm not certain. Overall it seems simple; ventilation, evaporation and filtration. I might try it on a very small scale using Cu/O<sub>2 and methanol to produce some formalin since I have none on my hand at the time then post the results back here. BTW bis(chloromethyl)ether isn't of very high toxicity (I mean, for use as a chemical warfare agent), it find its use in many organic reactions as it introduces ether bridges cleanly, a friend of mine tells me that he did such a reaction once and wasn't particularly freaked out by the coumpound. <small>[ April 09, 2003, 07:16 PM: Message edited by: Einsteinium ]

nbk2000

April 9th, 2003, 09:51 PM

30 grams of paraformaldehyde is mixed with 80 grams of concentrated sulphuric acid (98%) in a 300 mL flask. The mix is cooled in ice and continuously stirred while 155 grams of sodium bromide is added in small portions. Upon refluxing for 10 minutes, the para dissolves and an oily layer of dibromomethyl ether floats to the top. It is seperated and purifed by distillation. It's a colorless liquid of very high density (2.2) and high volatility. Insoluble in water, it dissolved easily in ether and acetone. By heating at 140 ° C, with more para and water, methyl bromide and formic acid is formed. It's slightly more toxic than phosgene.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Para is available as a chemical toilet sanitizer. Cost $8/pound Sulphuric acid as drain opener. Cost $15/gallon Sodium bromide as spa chemical. Cost $2/2 oz. packet. Given how everything needed to make it is readily available, it'd be a good candidate for use as a weapon for use against a single person, or small group of people. If you're willing to lose some product, and aren't concerned about high purity, you could make it in a wine bottle and siphon off the top layer for immediate use, skipping the need for reflux and distillation. Not too difficult for making something more toxic than phosgene, the gas that killed 80% of the soldiers who died from CW use in the Great War.

megalomania

April 10th, 2003, 01:54 AM

Dichlorodiethyl ether has been used in the past as a chemical weapon, in WWI naturally, but it is not very useful. From a military perspective it doesn’t really do anything to you, no painful blisters, no choking gasping masses, no blinded victims to speak of. It is just lethal. It is rather like cyanide because you just up and die one day. This would make a more effective terrorist weapon as large groups of people could be exposed to the chemical for long periods of time since they would not freak. I suppose that would be a terror-less weapon. Consider the proposed system of masking the chemical weapon with pleasant odors and you have a candidate (to be used only on communist invaders of course). They even used this stuff as an anesthetic in the long long ago, of course that was before they cared about peoples lives… Dichlorodiethyl ether must be procured the old fashioned way, via a condensation reaction with ethylene chlorohydrin and sulfuric acid just like diethyl ether is made. I have been doing a lot of searching of the Internet for this information, but this is all I could come up with. If anyone has ready access to Faith, Keys, and Clark Industrial Chemicals it should say much the same. I don’t currently have a copy, so if someone would be so kind as to check… I am hoping to use dichlorodiethyl ether as an intermediate in the preparation of THF prepared by all OTC sources. The same ethylene chlorohydrin that makes the ether can make ethylene oxide, which should extend the carbon chain by two via a Grignard reaction. The resulting dihydroxydibutyl ether can be broken forming two equivalents of 1,4butanediol, which is readily cyclized with another condensation reaction forming THF. I should mention I will be attempting to get the ethylene chlorohydrin by electrolyzing ethyl alcohol in salt solution. I don’t hold much hope that yields will be great this way, but this method is easier than other means of preparing ethylene chlorhydrin, from antifreeze for example. Being a cheap bastard with utilities included the alcohol route seems most economical.

Einsteinium

April 10th, 2003, 02:15 AM

Wouldn't a simple radicalar chlorination (light-catalyzed, preferably) of diethylether vapours be simpler than the chlorohydrin route? The radicalar chlorination product wouldn't be as pure since much chlorination will happens at the carbon adjacent to the oxygen instead of the terminal carbon but I guess theses isomers would be quite toxic as well.

nbk2000

April 10th, 2003, 04:10 AM

I assume dichlorodiethyl ether is another name for dichlorethyl ether?

Mr Cool

April 10th, 2003, 05:09 PM

Dichlorodiethyl ether refers to CH<sub>2Cl-CH<sub>2-O-CH<sub>2-CH<sub>2Cl, which would be the same as di(chloroethyl) ether. Dichloroethyl ether could be this, or CHCl<sub>2-CH<sub>2-O-CH<sub>2-CHCl<sub>2 (+ isomers). That's what I reckon.

megalomania

April 10th, 2003, 08:00 PM

Light catalyzed addition of chlorine to ether will work, and it more or less favors the formation of dichlorodiethyl ether. There will naturally be byproducts if the reaction runs long enough, which must be purified. I suppose it is 6 of one, half a dozen of the other between chlorination and epoxidation. I have other uses for both chlorhydrin and ethylene oxide, so I favor that route because I have them on hand. Epoxidation leads to a higher yield and purer product if you have the precursors. I think it is favored industrially because of this. The chlorination route may perhaps appeal to a broader audience because of the more simplistic OTC nature of the reactants. Ether is easy enough to make in large quantities, and chlorine generating compounds can be had by all. I think I will have to try this just to satisfy my curiosity. I suppose I should call the product 2,2'-dichlorodiethylether, although by convention just saying dichloroether is assumed to be the same thing.

simply RED

April 24th, 2003, 08:05 AM

http://ntp-db.niehs.nih.gov/NTP_Reports/NTP_Chem_HS_HTML/NTP_Chem1/Radian111-44-4.html It seems not to have the toxicity of S and N mustards, but the formula looks quite like s mustard, only the S is substituted with O. It must be irritant.

MrSamosa

April 24th, 2003, 12:46 PM

Symptoms of exposure to this compound include irritation of the eyes, skin, eyes, stomach and respiratory tract; coughing, nausea, retching, lung lesions, pulmonary edema, dermatitis, conjunctivitis, lachrymation and liver and kidney injuries. Save for the skin necrosis and blistering, notice how similar the effects of 2,2'-Dichloroethyl Ether are against the body. The big difference, it would seem, is that their is less of a delay between exposure and onset of symptoms. I believe for Mustard, the delay is between 1-3 hours for the symptoms to appear, and blistering begins to appear about a day after exposure. In terms of use as a weapon, 2,2'-Dichloroethyl Ether seems to have more use as a solvent for more potent agents than as a weapon in itself. However, if I should say so again, 2,2'-Dichloroethyl Ether seems to have great potential use should a way be found for it to penetrate the epidermis. However, I cannot say this for sure, because I cannot find any information regarding its action against cells. Mustard causes skin necrosis by interfering with intra-cellular chemical exchanges, and I can't find any information regarding 2,2'-Dichloroethyl Ether doing this. I am just assuming it does, because of the similar structure :) . But, so it goes, to assume is to make an ass of u and me ;) .

nbk2000

April 25th, 2003, 02:42 AM

If I remember correctly, the reason DDE doesn't have the same effect as mustard is because it's not lipid soluble, meaning that it's not absorbed into the fatty molecules of the skin, thus unable to breach the skin to effect the cellular structure of the skin in any meaningful way. If it was able to get through the outer layers of the epidermis, then it would be absorbed into the watery parts of the skin tissue, where it would cause damage. Combining an orticant (skin/pore inflammatory) like CN/CX, or perhaps mechanical abrasives like fiberglass dust, would be one possible means of getting the agent through the skin into the deeper tissues. I don't know if the MW is within the range for DMSO to carry it through. The skin, while seemingly porous, is in fact more like a seive. It can block molecules above a certain size range, while letting smaller ones through. It's similiar to the way that the porous protective clothing of NATO is vulnerable to agents of certain particle size. If the particles are very small, their brownian behavior makes them unable to penetrate, lacking sufficient mass/energy to act like dust, being more like gases, thus too "volatile" to penetrate. Whereas more massive particles are too big to fit through the pores.

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So the particles have to be "just right" to have sufficient mass to penetrate, while still being small enough to fit through the pores. Then there's the furthur complication of water/fat solubilities, alkyation clevage, yada yada...all the stuff that the Big Boys have spent untold billions and years to research. For all that, Mustard gas is still the King of the war gases, since nerve agent vapors are protected against by simple masks, whereas mustard vapor requires full body protection. OPA's are complicated to make, compared to mustard, which (as anyone who read my article on it) can be made from anti-freeze in buckets and such. DDE should best be thought of as a lung injurant, rather than a vesicant, since that'd be it's primary kill mode. Also, there's the time/exposure ratio to realize. Unlike HCN, which the body can detoxify (below a certain threshold) for an indefinate period of time, exposure to other chemicals (like DDE) cause cumulative damage. The lower the concentration, the longer the exposure required to effect a kill, but the greater the probability of doing so since the target would be fatally exposed without having experienced any irritation that could give warning. Thus, for DDE, you'd either want to use sudden mega-dosing to give lethal exposure in a few seconds (directly being sprayed upon/explosive dispersal in confined space), or a very low level exposure over the period of many hours so that the target never notices (gassed while sleeping). vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and W eapons Forum C h e m istry > allergies

> Chemistry for Am ateur Expe rimenters and C itizen Scientists

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View Full Version : allergies zeocrash

April 6th, 2003, 03:37 PM

OK i m y hayfever started this week (major bum mer), but this go t me thinking about the u s e o f t h i n g s s u c h a s p o l l e n a s incapacitating agents. Hayfever is relatively com m o n , and can be very inconvenient. Im a g i n e t h i s t h e n , y o u h a v e a l a r g e b o d y o f t r o o p s c o m e i n g i n t o your country, and to slow them down, you spray them with pollen. now this pollen gets down and causes hayfever in a significant propotrion of the army, but they will not know to protect against it as their detectors are looking for chem ical weapons, not com m o n t h i n g s s u c h a s p o l l e n . another substance (for m o r e l e t h a l p u r o p s e s ) w o u l d b e p e a n u t o i l . s o m e p e o p l e h a v e v e r y s e v e r e / l e t h a l a l e r g i e s t o p e a n u t oil, and so a vapourised cloud of this could have very severe consequences for the troops. m eaning that they would have to stop and tend to the affected soldiers This is really a theoretical idea, any com m ents.

Anthony

April 6th, 2003, 06:19 PM

I don't think the pollen is such a great idea, as the effe ct is sm all com pared to the effort of releasing it over the tro ops - you m ight as well just drop something harmful. Peanut oil might be good, as long as the allergy isn't too uncom mon. It's easily available and harm less for an average person to handle. Only a small number of the target would have any effect, but when the imm une targets see their com rad es clucth ing their swelling throats and dropping dead, they're going to becom e rapidly paranoid about a gas attack, though their detectors show nothing. Until they could get verification that there is no real gas/nerve attack, and that their detectors aren't playing up, the y'd probably stop advancing or even fall back.

MrSamosa

April 11th, 2003, 12:46 PM

I believe that the best allergy to explo it would be Poison Ivy. Po ison Ivy oil (its actual name eludes me at the m o m ent) can be quite dangerous when burnt...many states in the U S have outlawed burning Poiso n Ivy for this reason. As you would imagine, on inhalation it cause s intense irritation and swelling, th us blocking the respiratory system . Also, Poison Ivy is not terribly difficult to find.

A-BOMB

April 11th, 2003, 01:04 PM

I can tell you poison ivy is the m ost evil plant ever created! My mother with get it just walking past it or washing my work clothes after I've been out cutting it down (teach that dam n plant to grow over m y f e n c e ! ) b u t s o m e p e o p l e don't get it. For e x a m p l e m y g r a n d m other can reach into the bush and rip it out of the ground bare handed and not get it the sam e with my father, m e I got a 50/50 odds of getting it som e tim es I can walk right through it and not get it and som etimes I do. But then t h e r e i s m y m o t h e r s s i d e o f t h e f a m ily they get it just by looking at it (well except m y grandfather). So it it may not be the best anti-personal we a p o n .

darkdontay

April 11th, 2003, 08:15 PM

Som e people though have random Allergies, for me; These used to be deathly allergic to th ogh now they just m ake me very sick for a day. MSG Red Dye 40 Yellow 4,5 It would be nice to find som e d a t a o n M o s t c o m m on allergies, ones of which people are deathly allergic and then build from their... It would be sweet to have just a couple drops o f peanut oil be all you need to dro p s o m eone. It would not draw m uch attention and whop would think to check you for it?

xyz

April 12th, 2003, 07:18 AM

A lot of peop le are allergic to bee stings, does anyone know if this is an allergy to m ethanoic acid or is there a small amount o f s o m ething else in the sting ? I h a v e n o k n own allergies. <sm all>[ April 12, 2003, 06:19 AM: Message edited by: xyz ]

metafractal

April 12th, 2003, 09:24 AM

I t h i n k b e e s a r e u n i q u e i n t h e insect world. From what I've read they don t use form ic acid like ants/beetles/just abo ut anything e l s e d o , b u t i n s t e a d t h e c o m p lex organic substance hyaluronidase. It m a k e s s e n s e w h e n y o u t h i n k a b o u t i t - h o w m a n y p e o p l e do you hear about that are allergic to ant bites? At first hyaluronidase looks like a protein, but exam ination in rasm ol reveals that its just a very com plicated organic compound. For a very brief description of its chemistry along with a .pdb model (click on the picture at the top, you'll need rasm ol- www.openrasm ol.org /), see this page.

xyz

April 12th, 2003, 10:22 PM

Interesting, I thought bee stings were methanoic acid, this would make sense because pe ople use bases to ease the pain o f bee stings. Or is it that the com pound that you have just m entioned is acidic and is destroyed by the bases?

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April 13th, 2003, 12:37 AM

I d i d s o m e m ore research, and found that bee venom is actually m ade up of 18 different substances, hyaluronidase is just o n e m a j o r c o m p o n e n t o f t h e m . See this page for the com position. I wa s wrong about hyaluronidase not being a protein. It actually is one, but no one is sure of it's e xact structure. The model provided in m y previous post is only an approxim ation, so rasm ol co uld not recognize that it was a protein. It is very hard to determ ine th e acidity of proteins, but it is very uncom m o n f o r t h e m to be acuteley basic or acidic. I doubt its straightforward as to why a base would break down som e of the s e c o m p o u n d s . I t c o u l d b e t h a t t h e y ' r e a l l s u s p e n d e d in form ic acid. Then, when you put a base on it, it either just neutralizes the formic acid and leaves all the other components active, or m aybe the formic acid is required to catylize the burning affects of the other com p o n e n t s o f t h e b e e v e n o m , thereby rendering them inactive. I'm no biologist, so I'll leave the question open to others. <sm all>[ April 12, 2003, 11:39 PM: Message edited by: m etafractal ]

darkdontay

April 13th, 2003, 01:30 AM

I have been looking a little bit so far, but ws wondering if any co lleges have com plied a to p 10 list of most com m o n deadly allergies that could very well lead to a nice start.. I like the ieda of bee venom , but I would see it as a very complx protein that would not lend easily to being created in the home workshop lab.

Anthony

April 13th, 2003, 02:33 PM

I'm not sure about th e suitability of bee venom . I've never met anyone who was allergic to it, and is it even effective by inha lation?

zaibatsu

April 13th, 2003, 02:50 PM

People who are allerg ic to bee /wasp stings og into anap hlactic shock don't they? That'd close off your throat (in extreme reaction). A couple of people I know have an allergy to it, and m ainly they'd just have to take som e anti-histam ines after bein g stung. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and Weapons Forum Chemistry > Poison darts

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View Full Version : Poison darts Ericm115

> Battlefield Log in

August 19th, 2001, 09:02 PM

Does anyone have any ideas for a simple homemade dart that would inject a toxin upon impact. Also, what would be a good substance to use for knockout purposes. like a tranquilizer dart. Thanks!

Heavy Recoil

August 19th, 2001, 09:38 PM

What kind of dart, thrown, blowgun, airgun, custom gun? also what country are you from, what chemicals. I am working on a blowgun dart based on a siringe(sp?) pdf and mpg movie, when I gut back from my friends (he has a digital camera) ill post it -----------------"I'm not an assassin. killing is more of a hobby with me."' Robert A. Heinlein

Ericm115

August 19th, 2001, 10:08 PM

Im talking about a dart for a blowgun. I live in the USA, and I am also actually asking advice as to what chemicals I use. I dont want to hurt anyone, just a tranquilization effect. Anyways, I appreciate any help you can give me. Thanks

BoB-

August 19th, 2001, 11:21 PM

A single Datura, or Belladona leaf steeped in a bottle of tequila is probably the most intoxicating substance on earth, Shaman used it as a truth serum. Of course with EVERY tranquilizer, theres a risk that you could cause an OD, it would be a better idea to avoid those people all together rather than inject someone with something that could kill them, and could be traced back to you.

Mr Cool

August 20th, 2001, 02:38 PM

A bit of chloral hydrate would do it, but causing an OD is a very real possibility. I can't remember the exact method, but it involves reacting ethanol with chlorine gas, probably at elevated temperatures, and then reacting the chloral with water. Perhaps chlorine could be bubbled through 50% ethanol to make the hydrate?

BaDSeeD

August 20th, 2001, 10:00 PM

Ketamine can be used for the tranq in a dart. In fact it IS used as an animal tranquilizer. If i remember correctly.. it still is a problem with the teenage stoners in the UK, and you can probably find it around some of the college campuses in the US.

-----------------BaDSeeD Knowledge is the true power, ignorance will bring your demise.

mrloud

August 22nd, 2001, 07:30 AM

Finding a toxic substance is easy enough. The tricky bit is reliably getting it inside a person. If I am not mistaken, commercial darts use a plunger device to inject the chemical. On impact, the inertia of the plunger keeps it moving forward pushing the drug through the needle. A small syringe could be adapted to fly in a stable manner. Itd just need some sort of aerodynamic drag at the back of it like a feather. More weight at the front of the syringe would be needed to keep the point towing the feather along behind it. You'd also need to add some weight to the plunger so that it 'plunged' on impact. Another idea would be to use a chemical reaction to inject the drug. For example, on impact a small weight shoots forward and breaks a thin piece of glass. This allows two chemicals to mix which react and produce a gass. The gas expands and squirts the drug out the needle. The sort of thin glass I would use would be microscope slide covers. They are thin as a hair and about 2cm square in size. I think you have many hours of experimentation ahead of you Ericm115.

BaDSeeD

August 22nd, 2001, 01:34 PM

Tranquilizer darts dont use the inertia of the dart to inject the substance into a person or animal. They use a small explosive that detonates on impact to force the plunger forward. http://www.cap-chur.com/images/explodsyringe.gif

-----------------BaDSeeD Knowledge is the true power, ignorance will bring your demise.

Jhonbus

August 22nd, 2001, 10:05 PM

A note with tranquilizer darts: Unless you miraculously manage to hit a vein with your dart, the chemical is going to be injected intramuscularly. With most anaesthetics, it will take about 30 minutes until the target is unconscious. Also you are at a much greater risk of killing the victim because you'll need a higher dose than IV dosage, and the curve of concentration in the body will be a lot longer. These things really aren't feasible, that's the reason they only exist in James Bond and computer games.

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PS: My IP is banned for some reason so I came in on a proxy to post this, and it takes a long time. Also inconvenient. But I guess it means I'll just post when I have something very pertinent to say. [This message has been edited by Jhonbus (edited August 22, 2001).]

Agent Blak

August 26th, 2001, 08:28 PM

The Syringe with a weight on the pluger doesn't work doesn't fly fast, far, or accurate enough. that combine with the fact the it doesn't inject ery much if any of the payload. you could try using some silver fulminate(extracted from Whipper-Snaps) or Armstrongs from toy Caps. BTW- it is good to be back -----------------A wise man once said: "...There Will Be No Stand Off At High Noon ... Shoot'em In The Back And, Shoot'em In The Dark" Agent Blak-------OUT!!

zeocrash

October 4th, 2002, 05:05 AM

i was thinking, why not pass on the tranqillizers as incapacitants, and use something like histamine.

quote:

---

Histamine is the hormone produced when the body has a minor infiction, it causes body tissue to swell up and allow white blood celd in

---

it could be very incapacitating to a man if his limbs swelled up. this could be fatal on head and neck shots though as it would cause the throat to swell up, or would cause swelling of the brain

Gr3yscale

October 4th, 2002, 06:03 AM

I have been interested in blowguns for ages and have made some pretty good darts. I bought "BLOWGUNS the breath of death" by Michael D. Janich I would reccomend you dont, its shit. it didnt really tell me anything I didnt already know. I will scan it tho if someone wants it badly. In the book Janich describes darts made from syringes. they suck hard. he does however, describe a dart made from a .223 case with a primer, the tail attaches over the primer so that when it strikes a target the tail will hit the primer like a firing pin. the open end of the cartridge has a hypodermic needle in. I thought this design was allright, heavy though. in the poisons section he talks about curare (apparently its used in vetenray medicine) the chapter basically goes on like; bla bla bla bla rat poison, bla bla bla wear gloves, use a cone to insert the dart into the gun (so you dont get poison on the mouthpiece and dont stick yourself with it. ask me about the darts/blowguns I made if youre interested.

nbk2000

October 4th, 2002, 07:43 AM

Fortunately the "Blowguns: Breath of death" book is on the FTP, so you don't have to scan it. Unfortunately, many is the time I've bought a book that, from the catalog blurb, sounded really good, only to get it and find it's a piece of shit. Now though, thanks to the FTP, we don't have to worry about that problem. Someone buys it and, whether it sucks or not, scans it in and posts it for everyone else to get for free. Thus, the publishers of sucky books only get paid for one copy of a P.O.S. book, rather then a couple dozen like they'd otherwise get. :p

Mick

October 4th, 2002, 01:32 PM

the problem with explosive or chemical plunging mechanisms, is if you produce to much gas it may force its way past the plunger and into the victim, possibly causing embolism.(it takes a fair wack of air to cause an embolism, but still not that much) an idea i had to fix this would be a small wax covered hole where the plunger bottoms out, that way any excess propelant could vented into open air when the plunger reaches the bottom of the tube. another drug that could be used is GHB. only takes a small dose to send someone into a stupor, doesn't take much to kill someone either - usualy as little as a grams difference. also, because the dart would more then likly be injecting into fat or muscle you'll have up the dosage ever so slightly, which means if you acctually manage to hit a vein you run the risk of giving them an OD. would be more effective would be gasing someone. i have NFI about what gases could be used, or how easy they are to create. but i would imagine there would be less chance of fucking it up and OD'ing someone(depending on the gas) <small>[ October 04, 2002, 12:35 PM: Message edited by: Mick ]

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October 11th, 2002, 10:42 PM

A shot to the neck is not that difficult With a blowpipe, or most other devices. If you have the time to line up your target there is no reason to not be able to take 'em out. If it is a non-lethal option; you can give them a "local". Immobilize them with a shot to the thigh/shoulder/etc.(think large muscle mass).

imported_reodor_felgen

October 14th, 2002, 02:24 PM

Like Mr Cool said ch loral hydra te is a very good choice for a tranqu ilizer. You may find a very easy pro ce dure at Rh o d i u m s page ( http://rhodium.ws/chemistry/ chloralhydrate.html ). Another perhaps easier way to go would be with Chlorobutanol. It involves treating a mixture of acetone and chloroform with a hydroxide such as KOH or NaOH to yield the tranquilizing drug Chlorobutanol (Look here for a nice write-up: http://rhodium.ws/chemistry/ chlorobutanol.txt ). I also found these two write-ups from the book Recreational Drugs by Professor Buzz. I cannot say that I have ever tried the butal chloral hydrate prep nor neither ever heard of it, but it does sound reasonable. Butal Chloral Hydrate. Acetaldehyde is cooled to about -10ø with a continuous current of dry chlorine passing through it. When the aldehyde is saturated, the temperature is slowly raised to 100ø, while still maintaining a current of chlorine. The product is washed with sulfuric acid and fractionally distilled. Collect the fraction boiling at 163-165ø, and redistill. Mix with one ninth of its weight of water, cool to precipitate, filter, and recrystallize with water. Butyl chloral hydrate is a hypnotic capable of analgesic effects. Dosage: 300 to 1,200 ma, mp 78ø. Chloral hydrate: Dry ethyl alcohol is saturated with dry chlorine, first at room temp for 24 hours, then at a boil, under reflux, for 24 hours. Take care not to allow atmospheric moisture into the reaction. Cool to get a crystalline mass, which is filtered and distilled with concentrated sulfuric acid to give crude chloral. To make chloral hydrate; you must purify the crude chloral by fractionally distilling and collecting the fraction, boiling at 97øC. Treat one molecular portion of chloral with one portion of water (distilled). Heat will soon develop as pure, large, transparent masses on cooling in a refrigerator or freezer. These crystal masses are filtered soon after the reaction was initiated and then recrystallized with the minimum amount of water (boiling) that it takes to dissolve them. Mp: 57-58ø. EDIT: Just realised that Butal Chloral Hydrate is the same thing as chlorobutanol. I'll let the procedure stand anyways. I'm in a ruch so I don't have the time to fix it <small>[ October 14, 2002, 01:49 PM: Message edited by: reodor_felgen ]

Korfaction

October 15th, 2002, 09:49 AM

About the poisons you can use on your darts... You can try to use some specific poisons, for hypodermic or immobilizing darts (then curare is great), i don't know much about that. Yet in a lethal goal, I would advise you to learn about alkaloïds. Why ? A few years ago, I made searches on poisons on the web and in encyclopediae, and it seems that they are very poisonous in high conc., even with low quantities. They are present in lots of plants (datura, and many I don't know the English name), and methods to extract them are fairly easy to do. If I remember well you only need to make an extraction in solvents (water, acetone..) in a certain way to get waste of many other chemicals, then you have a small quantity of alkaloids and other products, but with a low quantity you'll get enough to knock out/kill someone. Sorry for my english if you don't understand something or want more infos ask me, this weekend i'll look in my archives to find out all i had learnt about them.

croc

August 27th, 2004, 08:21 AM

A couple of posts which was lost in the iDefence incident. __________________________________________________ _______________Name: pandos Join date: Jun 2003 Post date: June 14th, 2004, 10:31 AM Posts: 11 Greyscale mentioned curare, but curare is a muslce paralyzing agent. It will cause asphyxia and obviously cause death if enough is used...I would not recommend using it on anything that you dont mind killing. I ventured to the Amazon a few years ago on vacation with a group of friends and a group of natives were selling small amounts of purified curare paste. I bought a little, tipped a dart and shot it at a small animal (I do not recall what it was) and the animal died within 20 minutes of being hit. __________________________________________________ _______________ __________________________________________________ _______________Name: Draken99 Join date: Jun 2004 Posts: 4 Hi, I'm not absolutely sure if Irecall it correct but I think I read long ago that the injection can be done by overpressure inside the syringe. The needle has to have a special form with the hole not at the tip but somewhere at the side. the opening is kept colsed by a rubber ring that will slide up on impact or better on penetration opening the hole. The dart is a cylinder with that needle on the front and a little valve on the end. By the valve a little co2 or whatever can be pressed into tne cylinder forming the Overpressure.

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I hope you understand what i mean :confused: Greets Draken __________________________________________________ _______________

meselfs

August 28th, 2004, 10:14 PM

I did a few experiments with just the IV needle and plunger methode, the only problem I found was that the amount of liquid you can inject is limited. There was aboslutely no compromise of accuracy or range, but the other catch was that the gun was 1.5 meters long and 5/8" ID...

AiKiCrow

January 7th, 2007, 07:25 PM

Why reinvent the wheel? It seems to me that tranq darts are cheap, efficient, and effective, check them out. http://www.wholesalegoods.net/Merchant2/merchant.mvc?Screen=CTGY&Store_Code=WGI&Category_Code=tranqdarts then check out their effects on a real life psychotic human "rhino". http://www.thebrushback.com/Archives/underarmourguy_full.htm

FullMetalJacket

January 9th, 2007, 12:29 PM

My blowgun is a metre of metal pipe, ID of 15mm. Right now it shoots glass-headed pins jabbed through foam earplugs, which I get for free and are a perfect seal and fit. With a decent puff from my lungs, i routinely get about thirty metres out of these. As for tranquilizers, look into succinylcholine, pancuronium and vencuronium bromide. If we wanted to get really 'reinventing the wheel' you could try steeping certain frogs in toluene to obtain some batarachotoxin. But that's a little more lethal...

tiac03

January 9th, 2007, 04:37 PM

Mine is just an aluminum arrow with the back cut off and the metal plug in the front pulled out. Connected a plastic cone to the end as a mouth piece. Types of darts used are cut wire, cut wire with one end hammered flat and then sharpened into an arrow head config, and some 1 inch screws with round heads that I keep as stunners or "get outta my yard" for anything that doesn't need killing. (Screws are loaded head first and threading is where the cotton is wrapped) I use cotton balls that I just twist around the dart before using it. (back part of dart I make slightly rough so that I can place a cotton ball on it then when I turn the dart it pulls up some of the cotton until it fits the blow gun snugly.) Upside about using old arrows is that they are already camoflaged.

nbk2000

January 9th, 2007, 04:50 PM

Succinylcholine, pancuronium and vencuronium bromide are NOT tranquilizers, but muscle paralyzers.

FullMetalJacket

January 10th, 2007, 03:15 AM

Sorry, you're right, I used the wrong words there. *cowers*

InfernoMDM

January 11th, 2007, 07:38 AM

I obviously know little about chemistry but I was thinking about a delivery system. I don't have one handy but I am sure there are photos online, and maybe someone has a set sitting around. The US military uses a auto injector system that is powered by a large spring inside the base. It is released when the needle area is depressed. I know that some people have auto injectors for bee related allergies. You could either reverse engineer or modify one possibly to inject whatever substance you want.

Match

January 11th, 2007, 08:38 AM

I know that some people have auto injectors for bee related allergies. You could either reverse engineer or modify one possibly to inject whatever substance you want. Epinephrine (adrenalin) in whats called a 'EPI-PEN' is what you're referring to. From what I've read it dispenses .3 mg of adrenalin in a 0.3ml solution when you jam it into your quadricep. To acquire one of these bad boys you need a prescription and a decent amount of cash. They also only have a 1 year shelf life... I figure you'd be able get one off of a buddy for free once they expire. http://www.epipen.com/ http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/60/Epipen.jpg Identifying patients risk (how doctor's determine if you require a Epi-pen) http://www.anaphylaxis.com/pro/6_4_2.cfm

InfernoMDM

January 11th, 2007, 04:35 PM

There actually two doses when you do it. I wanted to say it was atropine(sp?) and 2-Pam(SP again maybe?) to knock the epinephrine/atropine out of your system. Not completely sure. I know they carry that on ambulances for people who gotten

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I come across these regularly in my job, but haven't found the need to have the set around except when I was in the sandbox. More to the point the smaller injector would probably be more useful. I'll try to get one and play with/post pictures the next time I am around one.

FullMetalJacket

January 11th, 2007, 09:46 PM

...The US military uses a auto injector system that is powered by a large spring inside the base. It is released when the needle area is depressed. I know that some people have auto injectors for bee related allergies... EpiPens... Now that is an interesting idea!

mike-hunt

December 8th, 2007, 03:11 AM

I have experimented with syringes as darts and found problems weighting the plunger to get them to self inject on impact . An alternative to using blow gun would be a small hand gun style cross bow, haven't used one my self as they are hard to obtain here . I have used following dart design with home made long bow and injected half to ¾ of a 1 ml insulin syringe into a lounge cushion. Dart is a 1 ml insulin syringe with rear finger grips removed - attach in front of right size pen tube with glue plunger moves freely inside pen tube arrow fits inside pen tube held in place temporally by candle wax- the arrow both guides the dart and provides adequate power on impact to inject most of the syringe contents. it takes a little experimentation and arrow may need weighing down more at tip . I here heroin is a good drug for knocking people out and easily obtainable in most places allough deliverd by this method would take 20 to 30 minutes to fully enter the blood stream. If you relay only want to scare the shit out of some one no poison at all is necessary .

ccw8076

December 9th, 2007, 04:21 PM

Back in the day, I and some friends experimented with how to do this using the otc blow dart guns that you can buy at sporting goods stores etc. We found that it is possible to inject some sort of liquid into a subject using a stationary dart with no moving parts at all. The principle is that it works like a quill or a fountain pen. You cut a very small groove down the length of the dart for about an inch or so, then you carve a small hole at the top of the groove, as deep as you can make it in something that small. This acts as a well-and-channel system. All you have to do is dip the dart in whatever you want, then gently cover the well and about half of the groove with wax. However, make a TINY hole at the top of the well so that air can come in. The dart will penetrate the subject and the initial force will cause some of the liquid to enter, and create a vacuum in the well, which will cause the air to rush in the hole you made and push the rest of the liquid out. The whole system works not unlike the suction thing when you clean a fish tank. Under our tests, it was effective in delivering the liquid into the subject 95% of the time, but capable of delivering the whole load only 60% of the time. Not terribly reliable, but pretty good for otc materials.

Man Down Under

December 9th, 2007, 05:24 PM

Sounds similar to the bifurcated smallpox inoculation needle. http://www.imageenvision.com/md/0004-0703-0820-2104.jpg

gaussincarnate

December 10th, 2007, 01:15 AM

How about those really, really thin PYREX tubes (<1mm thick, I think). They would be a pain to sharpen, but the benefits should outweigh this. I think that you could immerse them in a solution of whatever you want to fill them with, evaporate the liquid and crystalize the solid, and repeat until the tube is full. If the chemical is soluable enough in water, the majority of it should be injected fairly quickly. The major benefit is that since the toxin is solid, it is not necessary to inject it. It should just dissolve out. The tubes are thin enough that they should get impressive penetration. Between that and the substantially higher doses that you could deliver with solids could make this very effective (plus they are very cheap). Unfortunately, unless you are using a 1mm ID blowgun, you would need to make a sabot for it, though it should not be difficult. I would be much more worried about how to sharpen them, though. They bend so much that it is almost impossible to put any pressure on them and not break them.

Bacon46

December 10th, 2007, 10:09 AM

I have also been experimenting with syringes as darts. I am using 0.5ml syringes. The O.D. just happens to be .22" or 22 caliber. When you grind off the finger tabs on the syringe and cut off back end of the plunger shaft they fire nicely out of a 22 rifle. I use 22 caliber ramset charges as propellant. They are available at most hardware stores. I haven’t got past stabilizing the flight to make them accurate enough to hit anything. My next attempt at flight stabilization is going to be attaching a piece of kite string to the back end of the syringe and then coil it around the plunger shaft. Hopefully when the syringe exits the barrel the string will uncoil and act like a kite tail to stabilize the flight. I am using 1 gallon plastic bottle full of water as a target and colored water in the syringe. I keep a video camera focused on the target If I can get the thing to fly straight enough to hit the target I will post the video. I attach two pieces of stainless steel wire to the plunger shaft to give it enough mass so that kinetic energy drives it home upon impact.

Tinton

December 14th, 2007, 09:21 AM

Correct me if I am wrong, but wouldn't blood pressure need to be overcome in order for these needles to work?

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Maybe one could use DMSO? A vial, or paintball like design that has the knockout drug contained, and when it hits a person it splatters, and the toxins absorb into the skin. And just a suggestion, phenol kills in seconds when injected into the bloodstream.

ccw8076

December 15th, 2007, 02:31 AM

The advantage of using a dart, instead of a paint ball gun or a rifle or anything else, is it's possibility for stealth. Whereas if you wanted to kill someone with a rifle, then just shoot them. The Japanese used poison darts effectively by blowing the darts into certain pressure points on the neck or back which would knock the victim out, then after they woke up, they would not know what had happened and would not be aware that poison was in their body. This allowed the use of less deadly toxins with longer incubation periods. And to answer the question, no you would not have to counteract the blood pressure in order for the dart to work. Mostly the dart will puncture into muscle, and the toxin will be released there. You don't have to hit a blood vessel in order for them to work, depending on the compound used, although that would be ideal. I heard an interesting story once that a hit was carried out by the unnoticed injection of poison deep into the marks shoulder muscle, where it stayed until the mark got himself a massage and it was released into his blood stream; killing him. I am sure that's impossible, but an interesting premise, no?

Man Down Under

December 15th, 2007, 02:44 AM

Bulgarian exile Vladimir Kostov: http://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/case_umbrella/clues.html

gaussincarnate

December 16th, 2007, 02:57 AM

I think that using a bacterial culture would work more efficiently than a chemical toxin. You could just swab the bacteria onto the dart immediately before use, eliminating the need for complicated injection systems. Also, a relatively small amount is required to have the desired effect. Bacteria could also give you a range of effects, depending on what kind of bacteria you use and in what concentration. You could kill them, just make them really sick, or for all I care, put some of those bacteria that they use now to make insulin into their bloodstream. I am thinking something along the lines of the premise of Komodo dragons; several species of bacteria in very concentrated amounts, so much so that any treatment severe enough to treat the infection will kill the target. If a bunch of overgrown lizards can do it, you can too. The best part is that all that is needed to destroy the evidence is bleach. It would kill all of the bacteria (also nice for safety) and then all that would be left to do is burn the culture and you're in the clear. There is no distinctive firing pin marking or grooving like in rifles, just a little piece of spiky wire. You do not even need to hit a blood vessel. Add something to it to prevent them from feeling the impact (like whatever leaches, etc. use) and they will never notice, since the dart will likely fall out, leaving a small puncture wound with minimal bleeding and no conspicuousness. Use a disease frequently transmitted by biting insects, and you may just have the perfect murder.

ccw8076

December 16th, 2007, 02:33 PM

I don't think that you have ever been shot with a blow dart before. First off, it hurts really bad, and the time for the pain to register in your brain is not long enough for a anesthetic to work. Second, the dart will not fall out, I had to use a pair of needle nose pliers, and some raw hide. And third, yes bacteria cultures work, but they have to be delivered in a certain way. they must be delivered in solution into the body, or else the impact of the dart will eject the specimen onto the skin or the shallower tissues, at which time they will either expire (on the skin) or be destroyed by the antibodies in the blood stream. A specimen must be delivered into the muscle tissue in order for it to be able to incubate enough to release the poisonous byproducts and cause death. The two most commonly used in this capacity are: Tetanus and Botulism.

Tonfa45

December 26th, 2007, 12:35 PM

Might I suggest using a paintball capsule? You can use either .40/.43 cal or .68 cal in blowguns or paintball markers. You can put them together with your own mixtures of all kinds and it does not require complicated construction. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Laxitives Q

August 14th, 2001, 03:52 PM

I know epsom salts{magnesium sulphate} and liquid paraffin make you shit your pants,but how much of them will do the job quickly+effectively?There this prick I know...I don't want to kill him.

c0deblue

August 14th, 2001, 05:56 PM

A mixture of cascara and mineral oil is also reputed to have a very high "velocity of detonation" - enough to keep someone in the s(h)itting position from morning to night. As to dosage I really couldn't say, but I'm curious about how you're proposing to overcome what appears to be a profound mutual dislike and get him to swallow what you want him to --- "Hi guy, let's stop fightin' and be friends. Here, drink this ..." http://theforum.virtualave.net/ubb/smilies/smile.gif

kingspaz

August 14th, 2001, 06:03 PM

my dad ate a whole bar of laxative chocolates. he thought it was normal chocolate. ahahahaahahhaha...he was shitting for hours!!!

BoB-

August 14th, 2001, 06:40 PM

TacoBell http://theforum.virtualave.net/ubb/smilies/biggrin.gif

megalomania

August 15th, 2001, 02:03 AM

If you don't know the dosage of magnesium sulfate to give, then don't do it. It can be poisonus. I suggest sticking with over the counter laxitives, they will do the job with far less to swallow, and proper dosage guidelines on the box. -----------------For the most comprehensive and informative web site on explosives and related topics, go to Megalomania's Controversial Chem Lab at http://surf.to/megalomania

jin

August 15th, 2001, 11:23 AM

i was just looking at some childrens joke shop laxitives called mr.s.hits krapalot sugar its ingredients are sugar,magnesium sulphate theres about two tea spoons of the stuff in the packet.the only directions are put sugar into a hot drink and retire to a safe distance.

-A-

August 15th, 2001, 09:56 PM

I agree with megalomania, just go to the pharmacist and tell him you haven´t gone to the bathroom in 4 days and you need something powerful.

Anthony

August 15th, 2001, 10:10 PM

"excuse me, I've got a shit the size of Texas jammed in my bowels, what's the strongest laxative you've got - that is unnoticable when mixed with coffee?" Waddling when walking would make the whole act more convincinghttp://theforum.virtualave.net/ubb/smilies/biggrin.gif

DarkAngel

August 16th, 2001, 04:45 PM

Give me some laxitive or i'll sh.. No but i saw a few guys buying that stuff sometime ago they wanted to putt it inside a drink of a teacher but they didn't do it because they where to scared http:// theforum.virtualave.net/ubb/smilies/frown.gif

-----------------ÐarkAngel For explosives and stuff go to Section1 http://www.section1.f2s.com And http://run.to/section1 (http://www.run.to/section1) [email protected]

Teck

August 20th, 2001, 05:55 AM

Whats Cascara? and whats the ratio?

mrloud

August 20th, 2001, 11:02 AM

Have you considered something to induce vomiting instead? Syrup of Ipacec is diguised almost perfectly by the taste of scotch & Coke. Only a small amount is needed and will ruin someones night at a party good and proper. I tried it on myself and it certainly was effective.

J

August 20th, 2001, 02:04 PM

I expect it would be easier to get him to eat the chocolate than some dodgy chemicals. Just send it to him gift wrapped with a note from a 'female admirer'. Obviously, repackage it first! A word of warning: the joke stuff that you put in tea makes the drink taste foul; he'll notice. J -----------------Download the forum archive from my yahoo briefcase (http://uk.y42.briefcase.yahoo.com/bc/thejuiceuk/lst?.dir=/&.src=bc&.view=l) PGP key available here (http://pgpkeys.mit.edu/) (ID = 0x5B66A792)

DarkAngel

August 20th, 2001, 03:55 PM

Coffee would be better as it haves a strong taste.

A-BOMB

August 20th, 2001, 05:49 PM

Imagine before a football game that you attach to all the water lines a superlaxative and put out of order signs on all the mens restrooms and locked them if you could and rig all the taps at the beer stands the same way and all the guy that have to shit were would they go if the restrooms are locked? Imagine the havoc!http:// theforum.virtualave.net/ubb/smilies/wink.gif -----------------live by the bomb

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Chade

September 4th, 2003, 04:33 PM

A much better (and easier) trick, if you want to get at someone you don't like, is one my old chemistry teacher told me. Apparantly he and his mates would slip a few grams of phenolpthalein into the victims tea or coffee. Phenolpthalein is clear in a pH neutral or acid solution, and I don't know what it tastes like, but apparantly this guy didn't notice it. It's a useful indicator, because it turns pink in an acidic solution. When this guy went to the toilet, a lovely, not to mention unnerving stream of pink urine was produced. On a side note, it's kinda hard to get hold of phenolpthalein nowadays, as it's a suspected carcinogen. So maybe this trick isn't as safe as it once was.

knowledgehungry

September 4th, 2003, 05:17 PM

My father mentioned that to me once, he said either he or one of his friends did that to one of their friends with no adverse effects.

nbk2000

September 5th, 2003, 12:24 AM

Phenolpthalein used to be the active ingredient in an OTC laxative, ex-lax I believe, but was removed as being "carcinogenic". Certainly it would work as a laxative, but what about taste? I don't know. I know that chloropicrin will do a real job on someones intestines, killing off the flora and causing the lining to slough off, making bloody diarrhea for weeks thereafter. :) Only a drop or two will do it.

FrankRizzo

September 6th, 2003, 12:10 AM

Phenolpthalein can be found in most children's chemistry sets. The nice thing about it is that it can be applied to someone's drinking glass and left to evaporate the solvent (usually alcohol). The thin film of Phenolpthalein (white film) left behind is virtually unnoticeable and will easily dissolve in whatever liquid is put in the glass afterward. A few drops (3-4) in a normal sized glass (8oz) is all it will take.

cypher13

September 12th, 2003, 11:49 PM

The best laxative of this type of which I am aware is ordinary contact lens cleaning solution. If you choose to use it, don't do it on the cheap: buy Bausch and Lomb or some other name brand - money was never better spent. It's a very strong, non-toxic detergent, that loosens fecal matter from the intestinal walls and even adds a bit of water to the delightful mixture. A little bit goes a very long way. No more than a few drops in a Starbucks Venti Caffe Latte should be adequate. Naturally, it is water-soluble and is odorless, colorless and tasteless when this dilute. You will enjoy the results of your handiwork in about a half an hour. A

knowledgehungry

September 13th, 2003, 12:09 AM

http://www.epinions.com/well-review-1B94-2CBA4B76-399D7132-prod5 On the topic of laxatives, enjoy.

Flake2m

September 13th, 2003, 06:36 AM

This gives me some ideas to work on how to taint the entire staffs supply of coffee. My idea though involves adding a laxitive that is solid at room temperature into there supply. Of course the staff make coffee for themselves and after a few cups (believe me teachers need coffee) they will be really feeling it afterwards. You'd need a fairly powerful laxitive because you generally only use about two teaspoons of coffee per cup. I was actually thinking of using chocolate flavoured laxitive to give the coffee that Mocha taste ;). You can't say that I don't give the teachers the shits sometimes:p .

sauvin

October 10th, 2003, 03:42 AM

Is it an urban legend that Visine used to contain a substance that would cause involuntary urination? If not, any idea what that substance might be? vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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> Chemistry for Am ateur Expe rimenters and C itizen Scientists

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View Full Version : choking smoke Purple Fire

June 20th, 2002, 04:20 AM

i recently fou n d i n t h e b a c k o f a c u p b o a r d s o m e old chlorate in jar. i remem bered that it was from a while b ack when i was e x p e r i m enting with m aking potassium chlorate. i had a feelin it was pretty impure, but to m a k e s u re i tried it anywa y. i ground s o m e u p a n d m ixed it with a ratio of 5:1 by volume with sulfur (i was only testing it so i couldnt be bothered weighing it, and sulfur was the only fuel i had on hand). I m ade a large pile, fused it, lit it and stood back. it burne d with a flam e a n d p o u r e d o u t o c e a n s a nd oceans of disgusting choking sufurous fumes and i very quickly got the hell away from it. from about a 1 and 1/2 teaspoons of the stuff i got a HUGE volum e o f t h e s m o k e a n d t h e l i t t l e b i t i i n h a l e d h a d m e c o u g h i n g a n d h a c k i n g f o r about an hour or so afterwards. i was wondering if this would h ave any practical application, if i could work out the ratio to use with proper chlorate to get the s a m e effect. if oyu could light and drop a cannister of this, you could easilly gain enough tim e t o e s c a p e f r o m a n y o n e c h a s i n g you. i wouldnt even want to think abou t what would happen if you lobbed it in through the window of a sm all room full of people!

stanfield

June 20th, 2002, 04:25 AM

very interresting ! I nerver tested chlorate and sulfur because many guys said it's pretty unstable but I will try this one with a few quantity ! W hat are the sm o k e p r o d u c e d b y t h e c o m b u s t i o n ? see ya !

mr.evil

June 20th, 2002, 09:46 AM

Maybe off topic but anyway, I d i d s o m e tests with Zn com positions, with BP it burns with huge am ounts of thick, white some(with 1gram , i setted m y lab full o f s m o k e ) S o i g u e s s Z n i n s m o k e b o m bs will work super! Now, i have a Digital cam so i do some tests with it. sorry for going off topic, i will start a new topic about Zn.

Anthony

June 20th, 2002, 01:09 PM

W hat got you hacking is sulphur dioxide. It works best when the S is in e xcess in the mixture 5:1 NaClO3/S is too m uch o x i d iser. Strictly, you shouldn't use m ixtures co ntaining chlorates and sulphur die to incom patability issues. That stuff is pretty good considering you can pick the ingredients up cheaply just about anywhere, it works wonders on asmatics too :) I rem e m b e r h e a r i n g t h a t e x p o s u r e t o s u l p h u r d i o x i d e c a n c a u s e n o s e b l e e d s f o r n o a p p a r e n t r e a s o n u p t o t w o w e e k s l a t e r . This would explain cases where I've had nose bleeds, but I couldn't say for sure that the SO2 was the cause.

vulture

June 20th, 2002, 03:57 PM

If you want to make it really nasty, you should work out the oxygen balanced ratio for the chlorate/S mix and than add 25% of KNO3 extra. W hen it burn s the chlorate will decomp ose first and deliver the o xygen for the S to combust, while the KNO3, being a weaker o x i d izer, will decom p o s e s o m ewhat later and sim ply pro duce NOx. S o m e of the NOx will oxidize the SO2 to SO 3, which forms sulfuric acid in contact with the m u c o u s ( s p ? ) m e m b r a n e s a n d l u n g s of the victim , while the rest of the NOx will oxidize to NO 2 in contact with atm o s p h eric oxygen. Now you have a nice m i x o f S O 2 , SO3 and NO2.... inhale deeply... :D

kingspaz

June 20th, 2002, 06:47 PM

we shouldn'r forget this mix is sensitive and prone to spontaneo us ingnition due to the following: H+ + ClO 3- <=> HClO3 = boom ...the H+ being pro v i d e d b y o x i d e s o f s u l p h u r reacting with m ositure to form acidic conditions. i t h i n k a g o o d i d e a t o m a k e t h i s m ix much safer would be the addition of 10% vaseline to coat all the powder reducing friction a n d a l s o t o m a k e i s p r e s s a b l e s o l e s s p r o n e t o initiation by friction if the particles cannot m ove.

stanfield

June 21st, 2002, 07:12 AM

So, In other words : what is th e best ratio ? (with vaseline)

Mad Scientist

June 21st, 2002, 05:37 PM

Actually, the reason for spontaneous ignition is sim ilar to what you said, but not exactly the sam e. :) The sulfur oxidizes, forming trace quantities of sulfur dioxide (which departs from the com position im m e d i a t e l y , d u e t o i t b e i n g a gas). Sulfu r trioxide, however, rem ains. The sulfur trioxide will react with a chlorate. For exam ple: 2KClO3 + SO 3 --> K2SO4 + C l2O5 C l 2 O 5 i s * e x t r e m e l y * u n s t a b l e a n d d e com p o s e s e x p l o s i v e l y i m m ediately upon form ation. 2Cl2O5 --> 4ClO2 + O 2 ClO2 is also explosive. 2ClO2 --> Cl2 + 2O2

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That's also why chlorates explode upon contact with concentrated sulfuric acid. 2KClO3 + H2 SO4 --> 2HClO3 + K2SO 4 2HClO3 + [SO 4]-2 --> Cl2O5 + [SO4]-2*H2O And then, of course, the Cl2O5 decomposes explosively, as explained above.

Purple Fire

June 21st, 2002, 09:07 PM

look in back on that it was probably pretty stupid mixing sulphur with an im pure chlorate that had b een in a drawer for the the last X m onths :o but oh well, looks like som e t h i n g o o d h a s c o m e o u t o f i t ! i v e b e e n m essin around with different oxidisers in sulphur and ive found that about 5:1 suphur to KMnO 4 works qu ite well, but not as well as the chlo rate. i havent got any 'proper' potassium ch lorate around at the m o m ent so i cant try that :( by the way, i am m ild ly asthm atic so no wonder i was co ughing for ages! rather unpleasent, im being very careful with this stuff now!!! <sm all>[ June 21, 2002, 08:10 PM: Message edited by: Purple Fire ]

A_W

June 22nd, 2002, 08:57 AM

W hat about a KNO3+S mix? I'm pretty sure that KNO3 as an oxidizer would result in a less sensitive/unstable m ix than chlorates and perm anganates. :) I don't know anything about ratios though, but since KNO3 is a weaker oxidizer than chlorates and perm a n g a n a t e s , o n e w o u l d h a v e t o u s e m ore oxidizer if KNO3 was to be used. Mayb e a 50/5 0 ratio? As m y KNO3 stock is quite low, I would like to hear othe r p e o p l e s r e s u l t s w i t h t h e e s e k i n d o f m i x e s b e f o r e I d o t e s t i n g s a n d waste all of my KNO3.

Jack Ruby

June 22nd, 2002, 04:55 PM

I f y o u a d d B a k i n g S o d a ( N a H C O 3; I think) to a com p you will slow the burn down. This is good if yo u a h a v e m ix tha t has a habit of turning sm oke canisters into grenades. It can also be used to neutalize any Acid that form s ; T h u s m a k i n g t h e m i x a s a f e r. W e tried a m ix awhile back and had great outcom e. 3-parts KC lO3 1-part KNO3 2-parts Suga r 2-Parts Sulfu r 2-Parts Sm o k e l e s s This was ground, then mixed to form a hom ogenous mixture. A small amount of Acetone is then added to make a stiff paste. It is then form ed in to a rod o r ball. The fuse is a attached to it when it is being formed. It is then placed in a the container and coarse sand it pour over top(about 1/2"). The reason for the sand is it stops the Smo k e c o m p from lighting(Fla m e s ) . W e f o u n d t h a t f a r m o r e s m o k e w a s p r o d u c e w h e n w e u s e d t h a t s a n d . T h e s m oke was quite choking aswell.

0EZ0

June 22nd, 2002, 11:30 PM

:) Quick Note: Sodium Bicarbonate, AKA Baking Soda is CHNaO3 or NaHC O 3 It is added to some pyrotechnic com positions to reduce/eliminate acidity, thus increasing stability to com positions p rone to s p o n t a n e o u s c o m b u s t i o n f r o m traces of acid. <sm all>[ June 23, 2002, 01:43 AM: Message edited by: 0EZ0 ]

Mad Scientist

June 23rd, 2002, 02:07 AM

Eh? Baking soda, also called sodium hydrogen carbonate, and sodium bicarbonate, is NaHCO3.

0EZ0

June 23rd, 2002, 02:41 AM

Mad Scientist, C h e m finder comes up with: Sodium bicarbonate [144-55-8] S y n o n y m s : B a k i n g s o d a ; S o d i u m a c i d c a r b o n a t e ; S o d i u m Hydrogen Carbonate; Bicarbona te of soda; Carbonic acid m o n o s o d i u m salt; carbonic acid sodium salt (1:1); col-evac; jusonin; m o n o s o d i u m h y d r o g e n c a r b o n a t e ; m o n o s o d i u m carbonate; m eylon; NEUT; soda mint; sodium hydrocarbonate; soludal; CHNaO 3 84.00687 Other sources have NaHCO3 written for Sodium Bicarbonate... Anyways, back on top ic. W h a t o t h e r s m o k e c o mpositio ns use sulfur, and how da ngerous are they when inhaled?

Phoenix i m a d e s o m e red phosphorus mix with ocidizers it sm o k e g r e a t a n d t h e f u m e s a r e t o x i c P 2 O 5 that react with water to phosphorus acid but it always went off when i m ixed it d o e s s o m eone now which oxidizer can be used with red phospho rus??? i thought ma ybe m a n g a n e s e d i o x i d b u t i h a v e n t a n y s o i culd not try it anyone knows??

June 23rd, 2002, 12:03 PM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Jack Ruby

June 23rd, 2002, 06:23 PM

T o t h e b e s t o f m y knowledge Manganese DiOxid is a Cat. in Pyrotechnic C omps. I could be wrong though. R e d P h o u s p h o r u s i s f a i r l y d a n g e r o u s d ue to how reactive it is. I avoid it at all cost.

vulture

June 24th, 2002, 04:21 AM

If you've been stupid enough to use phosphorus with KClO3 or KMnO4, please increase your insurance. And P2O5 is not toxic. Don't ever m ix KClO3 /P/S, it's highly friction an d impact sensitive, it can explode upon ignition. MnO 2 can be used as an oxidizer: 3 M n O 2 -> Mn3O 4 + O2

Jack Ruby

June 24th, 2002, 06:49 PM

"Don't ever mix KClO3/P/S, it's highly friction and im pact sensitive, it can e x p l o d e u p o n i g n i t i o n . " A lot of com ps do. or did you m ean It m a y e x p lode when m i x e d d r y ? I h a v e h e a r d o f t h a t h a p p e n i n g . I t h a p p e n e d t o K . S . a few years back. P2O5. Doesn't it react with air to form Phousphoric Acid? what ha ppens when you get That in your lungs? From the source I h a v e ; P h o u s p h o r u s i s a g r e a t s m o k e p r o d u c i n g a g e n t . L e t s n o t f o r g e t a b o u t t h e s i m ple things also(Car tires, Plastic, etc.).

PYRO500

June 24th, 2002, 10:34 PM

That perticular m ix I would say is more dangerous than what Kurt Saxon blew his fingers off with. The com p u n d h e u s e d w a s armstrong's m ix witch is KClO3+RP but I rem ember that KC lO3+S is also a very sensitive com p u n d m e a n i n g y o u h a ve 2 sensitive com p o u n d s i n o n e .

Purple Fire

June 25th, 2002, 02:59 AM

how in gods nam e ha ve we strayed from KClO3 : S s m o k e m ixtures to the hazards of Armstrongs m ixture? Anyway, i have continued m y experim ents with KMnO4 and sulfur and the results are changing every tim e!!! im using the sam e sulfur with the same permanganate all very dry and ground to the sam e d e g r e e a n d y e t s o m e o f t h e m ixtures produce LOTS o f s m o k e , s o m e b a r e l y i g n i t e , a n d s o m e j u s t g o P P P O O O O O OFFFFF!!! and its all gone! why the hell is this stuff so unrelyable? vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Acrolein MrSamosa

June 26th, 2002, 05:46 PM

This was brought up in the Self Defence thread, but I feel it really deserves a thread of its own...I was just thinking about posting something on it anyway. Acrolein is made by removing 2 Water Molecules from Glycerol. It is a really nasty gas: highly flammable, very toxic, and causes some skin damage. It can also form explosive peroxides when stored. Here is an excerpt from its MSDS ( http://www.jtbaker.com/msds/ a1538.htm ):

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11. Toxicological Information Toxicological Data: - Toxicological Data Oral rat LD50: 26 mg/kg; Inhalation rat LC50: 18 mg/m3 / 4 H; Skin rabbit LD50: 200 mg/kg. - Irritation Data Skin rabbit (std Draize, 2 mg / 24 H): Severe; Skin rabbit (open Draize, 5 mg): Severe; Eye rabbit (std Draize, 50 ug / 24 H): Severe; Eye rabbit (std Draize, 1 mg): Severe. Investigated as a tumorigen, mutagen, reproductive effector. Carcinogenicity: EPA / IRIS classification: Group C - Possible human carcinogen.

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If you haven't downloaded "War Gases" off the FTP, you really should; very interesting and useful. In this book, it describes the synthesis of Acrolein by dehydrating Glycerol (100 gm) using a Potassium Bisulphate (80 gm) and anhydrous Sodium Sulphate (20 gm) and heating to 160-180 degrees celsius. It also mentioned that other chemicals can be used to dehydrate the Glycerin, such as phosphoric acid or boric acid. As of right now, I only have Boric Acid (H3BO3) on hand. I also have 80% Glycerin on hand (The laxative kind..hehe). Using Boric Acid, I should only get 30-40% of the theoretical yields, but I think this will for the better. The impurities will make the Acrolein store better, since they will delay its polymerization. Once Acrolein has polymerized, it loses its irritating properties and is worthless. My problem is that I do not know how to figure out the ratio of 80% Glycerol/20% Water to 100% Boric Acid powder. I'm interested in this because of its relatively easy synthesis, which would make it a good choice as an improvised Chemical Weapon. EDIT- I realized this would be better in the "Battlefield Chemistry" section. Could a moderator please move it. <small>[ June 26, 2002, 05:00 PM: Message edited by: MrSamosa ]

kingspaz

June 26th, 2002, 06:39 PM

moving....

Rhadon

June 26th, 2002, 06:51 PM

As usual, the polymer can be decomposed to the monomer by heating it. That means: Distill your mixture of acrolein and polymerized acrolein and you get pure acrolein again. As by chance, last week I re-opened a test tube which I filled with a tiny amount of acrolein about two years ago. The odour was still quite pungent, thus I think that the polymerization is rather slow. And (answering your post in the self defense thread): Some people, e.g. those described in the self defense thread, simply derserve acrolein in their face. But you're right to warn us, not last because this face could be our own <small>[ June 26, 2002, 06:58 PM: Message edited by: Rhadon ]

MrSamosa

June 26th, 2002, 09:47 PM

Rhadon- how did you make your Acrolein? Or did you buy it from a chemical supplier? Pure Acrolein (without stabilizers) polymerizes quickly, in a few weeks, I think. But impure or with stabilizers, it can be stored for "Many Months" [War Gases]. I suppose when it comes time to use though, pure Acrolein is desirable. The higher toxicity will make up for the lower persistence. Maybe you could have cans of "disacryl" (Polymerized Acrolein), and have some way of heating them to release the Acrolein gas? The heat source could obviously not involve burning because of Acrolein's high flammability.

cutefix

June 27th, 2002, 04:26 AM

Well, if you know about cooking.You can generate acrolein in the kitchen by allowing your frying oil to overheat, until it forms a smoke.Then you will feel that your eyes watery stung by its acrid penetrating fumes. That is acrolien. Most of these fats are triglycerides;so for example ;triplamitin or glycerol tripalmitate contains a molecule of glycerol attached to three molecules of palmitic acid. If these is broken down by heat it will separate into its components.T he glycerol will then be converted to acrolein as you will notice by the pungent smell

Rhadon

June 27th, 2002, 02:01 PM

I made the acrolein myself by NaHSO4 and glycerine. Since I only distilled it one time it should still contain considerable impurities, probably mostly glycerine. Nevertheless, it's a very strong irritant. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Insects as Weapons nbk2000

November 4th, 2002, 07:33 AM

http://pub8.ezboard.com/bantfarm Not your toystore ant farms either, but some seriously BIG mamba-jamba antfarms, like you'd raise a million fire ant colony in. Also, http://www.zimage.com/~ant/antfarm/read/read.html More ant farm fun. Why ant farms, you ask? Well, raising venomous insects is an article that's going to be included in the DVD, so it's part of my research. I've got a couple of blackwidows and brown recluses in a cooler full of ice, to see how well they store. Had them on ice for a week so far and they're still perky when thawed. :) No pesky feeding is needed when they're hibernating, plus they're safe to handle cold, taking a minute or so to thaw out. <small>[ November 15, 2002, 11:00 PM: Message edited by: nbk2000 ]

NoltaiR

November 4th, 2002, 08:52 AM

A forum about raising ants... I have seen it all now.. :p

vulture

November 4th, 2002, 01:26 PM

Why do I think that you want to genitically manipulate ants to produce methanol/methanal instead of formic acid NBK? :D

vir sapit qui pauca loquitur

November 4th, 2002, 02:01 PM

Exactly how did you come by these black widows? (that is if you didn't just pick them off the ground :D ) and what are they like to handle (docile/aggressive ?) It sounds like a brilliant way to store something for future use, any plans to milk the spiders for the venom? It would take a while but the toxicity would lend its self to quite a few plans :D I know someone with access to a spitting cobra, he's beeen able to milk the thing of over 50 cc's takes a while but when you happen to be a zoo keeper you happen to be able to spend a while doing things to snakes :p after looking at that forum i HAVE to say this, the hoards of evil bulldog ants :D will soon be marching in my area http://www.geocities.com/ brisbane_wasps/BulldogAnt.htm muahahahahahahaah! <small>[ November 04, 2002, 01:24 PM: Message edited by: vir sapit qui pauca loquitur ]

nbk2000

November 4th, 2002, 05:12 PM

I picked up the BW's from a woodpile. As for handling them, I can't really say since I DON'T. I just keep them in some clear slurpie cups (seperately) buried in ice. Though I've seen them being handled (bare handed! ) on a TV show by some spider expert. Apparently they're quite timid. I know that BW venom is extremely toxic, though how you'd "milk" one of the bastards...let alone hundreds.

EP

November 4th, 2002, 08:45 PM

I remember reading that black widow venom is about 15 times more poisonous than rattlesnake venom. However because the amount in a spider is so small, they are rarely deadly. I've seen em in the wild while hiking, and they are far smaller than most people think. I doubt there is a practical way of getting the venom out of them, so you'd be better off just tossing a handful of them at the target! :p

Anthony

November 4th, 2002, 09:08 PM

Mortar & pestle?

Crow

November 4th, 2002, 10:05 PM

Anthony, I doubt dring them and crushing them would do little as the spider would probably save all its energy to keep itsself alive as you are dring it, and will stop producing venom :rolleyes: . I suppose you could get the venom the same way you get it from snakes but I'm not sure on where the venom sack is. If the sack is in an accessable place and you have plenty of BW's, just pull 'em off. NBK what are you going to use this for? Some sort of drug? (I have seen people take shots of whiskey with rattle snake venom and its appearently quite powerfull :D ) Or will you just place the venom in some sort of food and poison someone, or even just inject the venom straight into your vitim?

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November 4th, 2002, 10:33 PM

Sounds like I'm gonna have to keep my eyes peeled. I've seen a BW in my house one time. I was just chaseing it around the floor a bit until I noticed the telltale red markings on it's ass end. The little buggers really are smaller than I thought they would be though. Too bad, she's grease now... :rolleyes:

Fear

November 4th, 2002, 11:23 PM

I've seen them milked before, on a documentary, using a very small hair sized pipet, clamping forseps, and a mild microscope. seams like it was a lot of work for a small amount of venom.

nbk2000

November 5th, 2002, 04:14 AM

Pretty, isn't it? The venom glands are in the part of the body with the legs, not the "belly" with the hourglass on it. Taken from http://spiderpharm.com/venoms/ techniqu.htm

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Venom gland dissection produces a very crude and often inconsistent product when compared with properly milked venoms. Nevertheless, gland extraction has its place, particularly for which are difficult to milk or when milking is not practical for other reasons. Relatively few precautions are required. If frozen spiders are used it is a good idea to remove the abdomen while they are still solid. Otherwise, the glands may be degraded by digestive enzymes released by disrupted intestines. The glands are also be rinsed in isotonic solutions after dissection to remove hemolymph and other contaminants from dissection. Venom Apparatuses and Venom Apparatus Extracts: The venom 'apparatus' includes the glands, chelicerae and associated tissues. Typically this is obtained from anesthetized or freshly thawed spiders by twisting the chelicerae to break the pleural membranes and gently pulling out the glands which are attached by delicate venom ducts. The glands are rinsed in saline, dabbed dry on tissue paper and frozen on dry ice. Venom Glands and Venom Gland Extracts: The procedures are identical, except that the glands are removed from chelicerae. This is a simple procedure for most spiders since the glands are exposed after pulling the chelicerae. The glands of sac spiders, mygalomorphs and some others lie entirely within the chelicerae and have to dissected out.

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There's also an electrical means of venom collection, but that's time consuming. It's easier to just rip the glands out of their bodies.

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The neurotoxic venom of the Latrodectus genus contains six active components with a molecular weight of 5,000-130,000 Dalton. The venom affects the motor nerve end plates of neuromuscular synaptic membranes by the bindings of gangliosides and glycoproteins at the synapses. This allows the channels for sodium influx into the neurons to remain open, resulting in the release of acethylcholine and norepinephrine into the synapses, thereby inhibiting reuptake/ reverse taking. The result is the excessive stimulation of motor nerve end plates. It is necessary to note that the venom spreads through the lymphatic system. A bite by the female spider produces LATRODECTISM. Local manifestations. The local reaction is limited: pair of red small spots evolves at the site, there is also a small erythema, edema and numbness. The neurotoxic venom produces symptoms after 15 minutes to six hours later. Usually, the shorter time before the onset of symptoms, the more severe the envenomation. Systemic manifestations. A sharp pain occurs at the bite site, but later also involve the limb and other skeletal muscles (trunk), particularly muscles of the chest, abdomen (intense abdominal pain has been mistaken for an acute appendicitis), thighs (muscle rigidity, fibrillation, contractions, tremor) and face. Sweating, contorted, grimaced face with blepharoconjunctivitis, lacrimation and ptosis is called "facies latrodectismica" (Lat.). Nausea, weakness, hyperesthesias, hyperreflexia, sezures, and diaphoresis are also arising. Extreme restlessness occurs, and symptoms are resolved within 24-48 hours, but may last several days with more severe envenomations. Cardiopulmonary manifestations include bronchorrhea, hypertension, and tachycardia. Others: "Pavor mortis" Lat.- fear of death, vomiting, priapism, urinary retention, thirst, salivation, convulsions, and interference with speech can occur.

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Given how such a tiny amount of venom is capable of doing this, it'd be a relatively simple matter to yoink out a couple dozen venom sacks from BW's, mix them up with distilled water, and slam it into someone with a syringe to ensure they die a hideous death. Eating it wouldn't have any effect, so injection is needed. I wonder what it'd be like to have the FULL venom (not the normal tiny bites worth) of a dozen BW's injected into a person, and how they'd die. Wouldn't be pretty or painless, that's for sure. You aussies have the funnel web spider, which is very toxic, and easily milked. Simply tap it with a stick and it rears up with fangs dripping with venom that can be sucked up with a pippette. Also, the concept of insects as weapons is underappreciated. Insects are tiny, easily breed in vast numbers, cheap,

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disposable, autonomous, and can be quite deadly. A bucket of fire ants blown into a room through a small tube snaked through a wall would quickly clear out anyone inside. The ants are aggressive, the stings hurt like hell, and will seek out the targets without you having to guide them. :D You can swat them by the score, but there's thousands more where those came from, body armor and guns are useless against them, and being covered in pissed off insects is a definite distraction. <small>[ November 05, 2002, 03:47 AM: Message edited by: nbk2000 ]

BoB-

November 5th, 2002, 07:48 AM

I was just wandering about the practicallity of animals as weapons, feral dogs could be trained to kill, then realeased in path of the target, the dogs are put to sleep, and the event is called a tragic accident. Also if dogs can be trained to track a specific person by smell, why cant they be traied to kill a specific person as well? Imagine breeding untracable assasin dogs. The dogs could even have there teeth swabbed in ricin dissolved in parrafin, The dogs will only lick off a small amount, but more than enough ricin will be broken off during an attack. Of course this removes the "accident" element but insures death. NBK, if the victim is allergic to a specific insect then only one bite could prove fatal. Many people are allergic to bees, and fireants, and these insects find there way into homes all the time. You disable the victims phone, and hide they're keys in the coach cushions, you shake the insect(s) container to make it aggresive before realeasing it. Then after the victim has passed on or gone into shock, you reconnect the phone line and establish your alibi. Insects are very usefull, domesticated crickets learn to recognize certain people, and will only stop chirping when threatened or when a new person walks into the room. Has anyone ever seen "Eek the cat"? there was a short cartoon on that show that featured bee weapons, Imagine throwing a box of bumble bee's into a room and after a delay having the box fragment, or open, sending extremly pissed off bees everywhere. Bees would be ideal since they fly and are therefore more difficult to outrun. Insects would also be one hell of a way to control movement, if the police try to come in through a certain hallway they are met by hundreds of thousands of bees and fireants, this would also prevent hostages from escaping through this exit. The airducts could also be filled with bees (since ants would just crawl out the vents) to prevent uninvited guests from entering. If I were a rich mad genius I would train bees to only bite people wearing a certain color of clothes, then I would paralze the insects ability to produce venom, then after milking it of all its current venom, I would replace it with Ricin dissolved in a nontoxic solvent. Repeat a few hundred times and you have an army of serial killers that will never talk, and only attack boys in blue. Muhahahahahahaha.

nbk2000

November 5th, 2002, 08:14 AM

Actually, there's a chemical attractant that you can buy at stores that's used with traps to attract wasps and hornets to their deaths. However, if you were to spray this attractant onto someone who was allergic to such insects and a nests worth of them *just so happened* to fly into a locked room where this person was sleeping... Also, I've read of how the toxic component of the ricin protein has been genetically added into the E. Coli bacteria and used for cancer research. Now, I also know that insects can have certain bacteria living inside of them. IDEA: Wasps or such with this toxic ricin protein added into their venom through either genetic engineering, or direct injection of the toxin into their venom sacks via microsyringes like those used for injecting microliter amounts of fluid into gas chromatographs. Do so while the buggers are cold, and keep them on ice till ready for use. Spray target with small amount of attractant and release cold wasps into locked room. Bugs thaw...target gets stung a few times...dies a week later of delayed allergic reaction to wasp stings. Dogs trained to kill isn't a new idea. Even saw about some guy who trained a dog to kill his wife when it heard a certain word on her favorite TV show. Naturally while he was at work. :D Would have been the perfect crime since it was written up as a "tragic case of dog gone insane", if homie hadn't bragged about it later on. :rolleyes: By then the dog had been destroyed, but circumstantial evidence was enough. I LOVED Eek! That show would have me laughing so hard some times I was in serious danger of pissing my pants. The bees were used by the dinosaurs in the show. <small>[ November 05, 2002, 07:19 AM: Message edited by: nbk2000 ]

Crow

November 5th, 2002, 12:21 PM

Dog training is always a good idea, except for the fact that most people are afraid of large dogs growling at them and will usually run. If you want a true trained assassin train a monkey. Monkeys are expensive, but they are easily trained and anyone would let one climb on their back. Yes, im taking this a bit far, but it's good to think of these things.

nbk2000

November 5th, 2002, 05:13 PM

NO way I'm letting some monkey I just saw climb on MY back!

irish

November 5th, 2002, 06:01 PM

talking about australian spiders we also have what we call white tips or white tails, that inject a bacteria in the venom that starts the flesh rotting. could this be culturd in a pedri dish etc. I wonder,I know little about bio. PS the rotting will not stop until cut out

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edit= I will try to add more info. tonight I ran out of time. <small>[ November 05, 2002, 05:40 PM: Message edited by: irish ]

EP

November 5th, 2002, 07:05 PM

Insects have been used in warfare before. In the 1930's Japan attacked China with plague infested fleas. The US and Russia, along with other countries, had (have?) large facilities to produce millions of fleas and mosquitoes to carry plague, yellow fever etc. :

nbk2000

November 6th, 2002, 04:05 AM

I meant the insects themselves, not as carriers for biological agents. DUH! Are you sure it's a bacteria that causes the rot? The brown recluses I have also cause spreading tissue necrosis, but it's caused by a toxic protein that causes cellular death, and the resulting decay products cause a chain reaction in the surrounding tissue.

EP

November 6th, 2002, 04:57 AM

I know what you meant, I just said that because some people seemed to think insects had never been used for this type of thing before so I was giving an example of a previous use of insects. I think in South Africa they used (or at least experimented with) insect and snake venom along with the classics like anthrax. My picture of Eek didn't show up in my post above... :( :p edit: odd...it works now...whatever. <small>[ November 06, 2002, 03:57 AM: Message edited by: EP ]

irish

November 6th, 2002, 06:54 AM

I am not positive that it's bacteria but I know people that have been bitten by them and it's not pretty. this is worth a look http://www.austmus.gov.au/ factsheets/white_tailed_spider.htm also this http://adelaidegraham.tripod.com/clinic.html IRISH edit= hit post instead of preview <small>[ November 06, 2002, 06:10 AM: Message edited by: irish ]

knowledgehungry

November 6th, 2002, 07:00 PM

Has anyone thought about the use of Bullet ants? they are Lethal, big and aggressive. Information on bullet ants Fun Fun

nbk2000

November 6th, 2002, 11:53 PM

Problem is that they only live in south america, where there's no forumites. So, we have to address the needs of the majority of our membership in the US, europe, and oz.

megalomania

November 7th, 2002, 01:27 AM

Why just this summer I was entertaining the idea of breeding mosquitoes. You see I live near a swamp, and in an area currently infected with the West Nile Virus. I’m not quite as much up to speed with biology as I am with other sciences, but I am sure the information is out there to extract and culture the virus, or to just breed the infected bugs. Since the first plague victim would likely be me, this one stays theory. Most social insects use pheromones I believe to communicate danger. Ordinary honey bees can be agitated by isoamyl acetate (pear essence), a chemical I have synthesized before.

knowledgehungry

November 7th, 2002, 07:57 PM

I stumbled across this as a way to purchase bullet ants (in the UK at least) Bullet ants for sale it is kind of expensive but its cheaper than flying to south america.

nbk2000

November 8th, 2002, 04:45 AM

You can buy a whole colony from these guys! :) That means breeding them in large numbers. Fear my Ant and Chicken army! BWAHAHAHAHAAA! Think there's anywhere that sells the funnelweb spiders? And how to get them through customs... I've read that the early US BW program raised mosquito larva on moist papertowels, and feed them blood from shaved

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animals. I'm thinking those furless cats would make perfect food. :) They look too freaky to be allowed to live! :D <small>[ November 08, 2002, 03:47 AM: Message edited by: nbk2000 ]

Mr Cool

November 8th, 2002, 05:10 PM

Wow, a bullet ant colony is a bit pricey... Now that you mention it, I'm sure I remember a pet shop near me having a Black Widow in a few years ago. It's possible that I dreamt/imagined it, but I have this image in my mind of a little perspex box full of bark and stuff with a label stating "Black Widow". Maybe it was a male (= less nasty, right?) or a less dangerous variety if I really did see it. I'll check soon, to see if they do have anything (I haven't been in a pet shop for ages, so I don't know what they've had recently). Of course you can get scorpions which could be good if you could bred large numbers, and tarantulas which would be useful to scare people to or away from places if they know nothing about spiders. NBK, be careful if your chickens get hungry, it could start a bit of a fight... <small>[ November 08, 2002, 04:13 PM: Message edited by: Mr Cool ]

chemwarrior

November 8th, 2002, 08:05 PM

NBK, have you ever considered using cryonics to put something like a scorpion to 'sleep'? I dont believe it would be too difficult, and I believe that I have an article somewhere that gave step-by-step instructions as how you could do it to a cat/ dog and bring it back. It didnt seem too hard at the time, and you could have a nice little arsenal of killer scorpions, or if you got inventive, infect a dog with some disease, freeze it, then when needed, bring it out of hibernation. Since it was frozen, the bacteria SHOULD be in hibernation as well, and if I remember anything from biology, it will have to get inside another host before comming out of hibernation. EDIT: NBK, Im pretty sure that Ive seen a rather backwater store (It may have been at one of those flea markets...) but it was selling rare and unusual animals and if Im not mistake, they had a small tank of funnle webs spiders. This also happened to be in Kansas. I found the place when visiting relatives, so Ill ask them if they remember the place and if the guy still sells 'em <small>[ November 08, 2002, 07:12 PM: Message edited by: chemwarrior ]

nbk2000

November 9th, 2002, 05:04 AM

The beautiful thing about having a funnel spider in the US would be that there's no antivenom available here for a nonindigenous species. :) Only the australians stock it. Therefore, anyone bit here has a better than 50% chance (I think) of dying from the bite. More advantages are that there is NO assay available for the detection of funnel web spider venom. :) But only the Sydney funnel web spider (Atrax robustus) is known to have caused deaths in humans. All the other 37 species can cause illness, but death is very rare. More detailed info on the funnelweb spider bite: http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic548.htm A refrigerator is adequate to cause spider hibernation. A freezer would kill them in short order, so just above freezing is enough. Though, I've thought about how scientists have used genetic engineering to give tomatos the gene from jellyfish that keeps them from freezing in artic waters, so that the tomato can be frozen without turning to mush. Well, couldn't the same thing be done to insects so they won't die during freezing weather? Imagine what it would be like if pest insects didn't die off for a season but, rather, slept during the cold, only to come to life during any mild days. They could continue eating, breeding, and infecting all year round. <small>[ November 09, 2002, 04:10 AM: Message edited by: nbk2000 ]

Mr Cool

November 9th, 2002, 08:42 AM

After searching the internet, I've found that breeding pairs of Hairy Desert Scorpions sell for about £30, as do most tarantula species. That scorpion is the only one I could find that was for sale and had a warning about its sting, and it was only sold to people of 18+ whereas the others were for sale to 16+ year olds. So you could breed them and keep them in cold storage to prolong their life, then when you have an arachnid army a thousand strong you can do whatever you want with them. Remember, one sting is apparently very painful, many stings would likely be fatal. Black Widows sell for about $10, but I couldn't find breeding pairs. In fact I could only find one place (US only) that sold them at all. I think bees might be more practical and easier to breed large numbers of, since you wouldn't need heaters, live food etc. And bees make yummy honey, scorpions make fuck-all.

xyz

November 10th, 2002, 12:51 AM

I have read something about a scorpion being able to survive being frozen solid inside a block of ice and that it will reanimate when thawed out. The trouble with scorpions is that they aren't actually all that dangerous, the only recorded death in Australia from a scorpion was when a 20cm+ scorpion stung a baby. I am interested in this whole ant farm thing as I have a colony of bull ants ( 3cm long red things that hurt like fuck when they bite you) within walking distance from my house.

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nbk2000

November 10th, 2002, 06:30 AM

Ants get stepped on...nobody tries stepping on scorpions. :D Besides, scorpions have a reputation of being dangerous. I've never yet seen a movie where the scorpions didn't kill someone with a single sting. And this is what the sheeple have implanted in their heads. Whereas ants...they get no respect. No matter how dangerous they actually are (like "bullet" ants), you'd think nothing about stepping on one, or swatting one. It's not unusual for people to step on fire ant mounds thinking they're going to squash some ants and have some laughs. It isn't until 10,000 pissed off ants swarm over their bodies, biting and stinging, that the dumbfuck realizes what a mistake he just made. But that's no good as a deterent before the fact. A room crawling with scorpions is a room no-one is going to walk into. :)

Korfaction

November 11th, 2002, 06:01 AM

While trying to get poison from an animal source, maybe scorpions is the easiest to milk, as the dart is easy to handle with pliers. And you keep the scorpion alive, so you can milk it once every day for example, and store the poisonous substance, waiting to have enough, and/or an occasion to use it. You then just have to be sure it won't decompose by itself in the storage. Because it's interesting to raise ants or spiders, but I think that killing a spider to get its venom is pretty stupid: what is the price of a spider, compared to the quantity you'll get ? Such a low quantity doesn't even always kill a person though it's 15 times more powerful than rattlesnake venom (for example). One dose would require you to kill several spiders, to get dilute venom in various gland liquid. Ants could be a way of getting poison: the problem is you need to have a whole colony. It takes place, and one's hobby may not be to take care of its 20K ants. btw it would still be a bit difficult to get the poison. Formic acid used to be made of crushed ants, filtered, you guess it wasn't a great method, but it worked. You need to crush your bullet ants... 3£ the worker, it's a pretty expensive venom. :rolleyes: And you need to construct a colony, which will take several years to developp (about 5 years for normal black ants). Last, snakes can be grown, there are small deadly snakes in Amazonia, and like for scorpions the venom is easier to get, without killing your "pet". But if you're fond of these little insects, you can both enjoy their company and get venom for any purposes. I personnally would like raising a small small colony of ants (I admire their organisation) but for poison I would try to extract alkaloïds from oleander, also very deadly, and really easy to get. (extracting alkaloids is not really difficult --> search Google, i found it in an encyclopedia). Or a single scorpion, but I would be bored of giving it some small insects... I should let it in my garden Any comments ?

nbk2000

November 12th, 2002, 04:37 AM

Very large insects like bullet ants wouldn't have to be killed to get their venom since they have sizeable stingers. Though it'd certainly be an exercise in patience if you wished to grow thousands of them. But as a one "shot" thing, and considering the exotic nature of the toxins and the very high likelyhood of there being a lack of antivenom in your neck of the woods, it could be worth it.

Fukineh

December 10th, 2002, 08:58 PM

Fire ants seem to be an easy way to get the job done if you have enough of them. As I'm sure several of you have felt a fire ant bite, I was privileged with a unique kind of attack while in Texas when I was about 8. While changing, several fire ants got in my swimsuit. 20 seconds later, my testicles where stinging like crazy, and all my efforts of grabbing myself to crush them (in a public place I might add) angered the ants even more. The result: lots of pain, humiliation, and temporary elephantitus of the testicles. Anyway, even on water these ants are painful. They can cluster in little balls to float, and if you released enough of them in the middle of a lake around an unsuspecting victim, they would all crawl onto the persons head and attack. Unless you can swim underwater with your eyes being stung, your pretty much fucked if your in this situation: no where to go but down. Here is a new method of ranged attack I just thought of for people who are allergic to bees or people you just want to share some pain with. Collects a swarm of killer bee's into one small container what brakes easy and load it into your trusty high caliber pneumatic cannon (3'' barrel should do). Shake the container to enrage to insects, then lob the cartridge at low pressure onto your unsuspecting foes: Instant attack from the sky. You could always shoot it right at them but this would be an obvious attack and might stun or kill the bees, while a low speed lob would seem to simply be a gift or punishment from the heavens :o (the individual may just think the gods hate them if they are that kind of person, and go into hysteria and paranoia). <small>[ December 10, 2002, 08:00 PM: Message edited by: Fukineh ]

nbk2000

December 10th, 2002, 10:02 PM

"Killer Bees"? Got a URL for where we can buy some "Killer Bees" from? :rolleyes: BTW, I finally got tired of keeping my spiders on ice. I'd say it's safe to say you can store them on ice for several months and

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still keep them alive and perky when they warm up. I had a neat little fight club going with widows versus recluses. Widows won. :) Though victory was mine when the widows went up against my boot. :p <small>[ December 10, 2002, 09:06 PM: Message edited by: nbk2000 ]

knowledgehungry

December 10th, 2002, 10:07 PM

I saw a TV show on PBS about killer bees. It turns out there are some in California, but i wouldnt want to go around catching them my self.

Fukineh

December 10th, 2002, 11:46 PM

Fine, use genetically mutated killer humming birds instead of killer bees :D . I have been thinking about your "Fight Club" idea for a while NBK, except I was thinking of creating a miniature war zone instead. You could get two colonies of enemy ants and create two "empires" separated by water. You could inflict natural disasters and supernatural events upon your minions (ex. fires, explosions, ah... yellow rain from the heavens). You could also drop ants into enemy territory and watch natures cruelty, followed by bridging the water gap or sending an army over seas to create total war and chaos. I don't know, that would just be kind of a power trip- to play supreme ruler or god. Unless of course you're campaigning for insect rights. I personally do n't mu rder ants, I just call upon certain natural disasters which include fire and wa ter, not squishin g.

nbk2000

December 11th, 2002, 01:48 AM

And I thought I had issues... But, already beat you to it by about 20 years. I too did the same thing in my backyard. It was great fun when the "dam" was destroyed by a "meteor" and the ant "city" was wiped out by a torrent of water. :D Though I think we're tending to drift from the topic at hand. BTW, "murder" ants? :confused: How can you "murder" something that has no intelligence and isn't even a mammal for Gods sake? I guess this makes me a speciest as well as a racist. :p <small>[ December 11, 2002, 12:52 AM: Message edited by: nbk2000 ]

Mick

December 11th, 2002, 09:05 AM

okay, i have to admit..making an ant fight club would be pretty cool. build a few nests, #1 with bull ants, #2 with fire ants, #3 wih termites, and #4 with regular old black ants. after a few months of feeding them and letting them build there nests into super colonies, join the 4 farms together in a large arena. chances are, they'd prolly ignore each other..altho, i don't think the black ants and termites will. however it would be pretty cool if they did fight, and raid each others nests for food. yeah..issues..i know :D

Arthis

December 11th, 2002, 09:50 AM

I wonder what could make ants fight together ? You need to grow the 2 races in a small place, for them to need more vital space. For sure termits and ants will fight, but ants are stronger. Maybe you would need to equilibrate the teams: more termits and few bull ants, or less termits and many black standard ants ... make few experiments to determine the best proportions :D For ideas of battlefields, I would suggest (Unreal... ) you separate the bases with water: 3 bases with a little resources, and connected to a larger place to fight, collect food, etc...

PYRO500

December 11th, 2002, 04:19 PM

"Massed opposing armies fight each other along a front. The fighting continues for days, and hundreds die. This is not trench warfare among men. The armies are the weaver ants of African forests. The ants are so fierce that when the battle is resolved and the boundries of the opposing colonies have been fixed, a "no-ant's-land" exists between them where ants from each side do not dare to enter." That's from Isaaic Asimov's Book of facts, full of many interesting things :) As far as ants go I beleve that each colony has diffrent pheromones and thus no ant from on colony can invade another colony and steal their shit. IIRC a while back someone disected an ant and took pheromones from one and made all the other ants follow the pheromone trail :) that would be pretty cool if you could force ants into a huge opposing army and have them hold at bay untill you set them off with a toothpick of pheromones and start your war. Just think of it... You could test battle field combat strategys when it comes to mass gatherings of armies :) would that be cool or what? Check out this link to see how ferce these ants really are: http://www.fortunecity.com/ greenfield/tigris/883/1folder/withprey.html <small>[ December 11, 2002, 03:24 PM: Message edited by: PYRO500 ]

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter green beret

December 11th, 2002, 10:51 PM

Ive often thought about using insects as a weapon, or a distraction at the very least, one idea I had was to somehow fill a jar with wasps, stir them up and make them very angry, then throw this jar into the target room/area, one idea I had to ensure the jar would break was to carefully file a ring around the circumference of the jar, never tested to see if this could actually be done though. Another theoretical idea was to have the lid made of alfoil, increasing the chances of a puncture, hence releasing them. To bad though if the jar didnt break and it was thrown back at you

nbk2000

December 11th, 2002, 11:11 PM

There are stingerless species of wasps and bees. I, too, have long thought about the utility of a swarm of pissed off (yet harmless) wasps buzzing around inside a closed space. Ever seen the reaction from people in a car when a bee gets sucked in? Arms start flying, people flapping around like fish out of water, and other crazy antics. Now multiply that by a few thousand in a room. :) Ever seen the movie "Arachnophobia"? The end, when there's thousands of spiders crawling on every surface of the house, swarming over everything? I guarantee you that such a scene would turn ANYONE into a hysterical bitch. <small>[ December 11, 2002, 10:16 PM: Message edited by: nbk2000 ]

green beret

December 11th, 2002, 11:55 PM

I know all too well the reaction from a wasp or bee getting sucked into a car :rolleyes: I have seen aracnaphobia, thats one of the reasons I started thinking about insects as weapons, like you said, a scene like that would turn anyone into a crazy bitch, imagine releasing a whole box load of spiders into someones house during the black of night, cut the power too.....

Tended Tripod

October 2nd, 2003, 02:06 AM

The problem with raising spiders for venom, despite the hardship of getting the venom, is that spiders are cannibals. I read something in National Geographic on the textile industry and how they wanted to use spider silk to make cloth, but couldn't because they just eat eachother. It's off topic but they used genetic engineering to get goats to produce the proteins required to make spider silk, and then got the proteins out of the goats milk. They then process it and voila: shit loads of stuff thats a helluva lot stronger than steel by weight.

nbk2000

October 2nd, 2003, 02:57 AM

Fortunately, insects don't require exercise to remain alive. You could keep them in film cans and feed them through holes that are too small for them to fit through. Extracting the venom would be an incredibly tedious task. I'd just use them alive as autonomous weapons that would engage the victim on their own. I've also thought of the utility of using microsyringes to replace the venom in the stingers of wasps/hornets with a buffered solution of crystalline ricin toxin. You'd have to take it down to the crystalline state of purity to affect a lethal dose in the tiny amount of fluid that an insect could inject in one sting, but the delivery method would insure a kill if the victim was stung, especially by multiple insects. They'd be incited to attack the target by using a selective pheromone that they emit when they swarm a target, which would be covertly sprayed on the target prior to releasing the insects from downwind (so they can track the scent).

zeocrash

October 2nd, 2003, 04:13 AM

wouldn't ricin kill the insect, being a cytotoxin. or would theis be unimportant because the length of time this would take to happen

nbk2000

October 3rd, 2003, 01:44 AM

I don't think the bugs would be bothered by the ricin in any significant way that would preclude their use for this. Also, I don't think insect blood is evenly remotely similar to mammilian blood, so they may even be immune to ricins blood destroying effects.

Sarevok

October 3rd, 2003, 02:04 AM

Originally posted by nbk2000 I don't think the bugs would be bothered by the ricin in any significant way that would preclude their use for this. Also, I don't think insect blood is evenly remotely similar to mammilian blood, so they may even be immune to ricins blood destroying effects. The seeds from the castor bean plant, Ricinus communis, are poisonous to people, animals and insects.(Source : Ricin Toxin from Castor Bean Plant) (http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/toxicagents/ricin/ricin.html). I do believe insects need protein synthesis to survive like us, so ricin is toxic to them, since the cytotoxic effects of ricin mess up with the protein synthesis.

nbk2000

October 4th, 2003, 01:01 AM

As I said, if they live long enough to serve their purpose, who cares? :) And all the better if they do die within a couple of

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days, so that they can't accidentially zap your own forces. Thought how would a person go about getting it into the bugs in a rapid fashion? Manually using a microsyringe to drain their venom sacs, then filling it back up with ricin solution, would be incredibly tedious for more than a couple of the buggers. I read about how cancer researchers had attached the toxic part of the ricin molecule to e. coli which was able to reproduce the toxin. Perhaps infect the insects with such a strain? But then there's always the remote risk of it spreading to native insect populations, and wouldnt' that be a bitch? :eek:

pyromaniac_guy

October 5th, 2003, 12:17 AM

Originally posted by nbk2000 I read about how cancer researchers had attached the toxic part of the ricin molecule to e. coli which was able to reproduce the toxin. Perhaps infect the insects with such a strain? But then there's always the remote risk of it spreading to native insect populations, and wouldnt' that be a bitch? :eek: living in a swamp of malathion fumes if the authorities figure it out in time.... OR... living in a real world version of 'the stand', but without fun charaters like trash can man and flagg

man i better hurry up and buy me a missile silo to live in..

sauvin

October 8th, 2003, 04:55 AM

Assuming that the "active" protein in ricin acts in a more or less linear fashion, and also assuming that metabolic rates between man and insect are not markedly different, I would be led to believe that an insect afflicted with the ricin would die in an amount of time commensurate with their significnatly smaller body masses. Such a line of reasoning may be further exacerbated with my suspicion that an insect's metabolic rate would be considerably higher than man's. Survival times for ants, wasps and other potential weapons may even be a small handful of hours.

Sarevok

October 9th, 2003, 01:08 AM

Originally posted by sauvin Assuming that the "active" protein in ricin acts in a more or less linear fashion, and also assuming that metabolic rates between man and insect are not markedly different, I would be led to believe that an insect afflicted with the ricin would die in an amount of time commensurate with their significnatly smaller body masses. Such a line of reasoning may be further exacerbated with my suspicion that an insect's metabolic rate would be considerably higher than man's. Survival times for ants, wasps and other potential weapons may even be a small handful of hours. There's no active protein in ricin. Ricin is a protein. Pardon me, I should have not said that! I'm not your teacher. Effects of a protein synthesis inhibitor on the hormonally mediated regression and death of motoneurons in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8419521&dopt=Abstract) - Here a protein synthesis inhibitor (CHX. Its weaker than ricin, but works on a similiar way, inhibiting protein synthesis) is injected on insects. They survive for some days, good enough to use them as weapons.

sauvin

October 10th, 2003, 03:19 AM

I've already posted elsewhere an explanation of the concept "nobody is my teacher". Short form: I can learn something from anybody, but nobody is expected to proactively teach. Any idea how heat stable the protein is?

anthracis

October 13th, 2003, 07:52 AM

On topic: blister beetles (also named "spanish fly"? I'm not sure, you should know better...) have a strong poison, cantharidin ( see http://www.abvt.org/canth.html or search the web yourself). I'm profoundly disgusted of poisons as a weapon but I couldn't help myself... :(

AsylumSeaker

November 1st, 2003, 06:40 AM

How about.. an improvised claymore using a low power explosive to lob semi dethawed jumping ants in the direction of the target? :D If you are an aussie then you will know what jumping ants are, and that they sting like crazy. I think I remember hearing that Australian bullants can stay frozen for months at a time. Its just because their bodies are so basic. Nests of them buried in snow can become re-active after long winters or something. Not that we have much snow over here though.

Jacks Complete

February 28th, 2004, 01:07 PM

I haven't been able to find this on-line:

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Thief lays honey trap Employees at the Kmart in Sedalia, Missouri, were left to fight off a toilet full of bees as a thief made off with $60 worth of stolen goods. Police recieved a call at 4.18pm from a staff member at the store, who reported that a man had concealed several stolen items while in the men's toilet. The man then realeased about 100 bees, apparently small honeybees, in the room and fled the store in the commotion that followed, according to police reports. "I'm sure it was so we would be more concerned about the bees than about anything else," said store Manager Lancy Ulrich.

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A customer found the bees and reported them to a staff member, Mrs Ulrich said. Staff took insecticides off the shelves and killed the bees. "We do have associates here who are allergic to bees," said Mrs Ulrich. I'm sure if a customer that was allergic to bees went in there it would be a dangerous situation." {I'm astounded someone stating something so banal had the sense to kill the bees! She sounds like typical management fodder.} Staff members suspect the thief made off with $61.48 in stolen merchandise. Because of the confusion, witnesses were unable to offer a description of the suspect, except to say he is a white man in his early-to-mid twenties, police said. -Page 36, Bizarre, Sept 2003

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Seems like a lot of hassle for less than £40 worth of stuff! But the point is, it worked and he got away scot-free!

Piglet

March 7th, 2004, 09:04 PM

How about simply training a pride of lions to do ones bidding. Both effective and practical... No, practically you could train a horse to follow audio cues (which you do via a video/audio link) and get the thing to gallop headlong towards your enemy carrying a 100Kg nailbomb (also radio detonated). A 21st centuary horse whisperer.

nbk2000

March 8th, 2004, 01:17 AM

Perhaps someone didn't bother reading the title of the thread before posting in it? You know...the thing at the top of the page that says "Insects as Weapons"? There's already an "Animals as Weapons" thread. You may wish to post your horse bomb idea there. :rolleyes:

Piglet

March 8th, 2004, 06:28 AM

I know it was a bit off topic but it was a joke (you have heard of them?) I mean, spiders are arachnids, not insects (I thought) and what about scorpions. Don't see you complaining about those?

nbk2000

March 9th, 2004, 12:29 AM

Spiders and scorpions aren't insects? What are they, then? Mammals? :rolleyes:

atlas#11

March 9th, 2004, 04:43 PM

Spiders are arachnids, I don't know what the hell scorpions are but I would guess they are arachnids. Black widows only average about a half inch from leg to leg but when I lived in vegas we had them living out by the trash cans and they would have abdomens the size of those old 50 cent coins(about an inch and a half)! I thought of using them as a weapon last year when I met my world geo. teacher :mad: . How could they blame you unless the assaliant was captured and you had left some clue on it? As long as the spider is native to that area it would just be another horrible accident :D . With some steroid or something you could get them to grow bigger and have more venom so you could assure a quick death, slow and painful is best but now days they have antivenoms and antidotes for anything so the quicker the better. The only problem I can see is getting the spider in a position where it will be certian to bite them without getting caught. The neck is the best place for obvious reasons but the skin is sensitive on a concious person so they would brush it off before it got a chance to bite. A concious target would be very difficult, I wouldn't even try it. A bee maby but not a spider if their alert, a bee will be able to land on them and sting before they can remove it. If your going to try and introduce poisons in to your insects or arachnids then you will eliminate the "horrible accident" part of it, and you may as well inject them yourself. Of course you would have a great aliby by not being any where near their at the time of attack but it still lables it as a murder and their will be an extensive investigaition. Bees and wasps are great for distractions or just all around chaos. I have a freind who keeps bees and he could lend me his suit and I could just harvest nests from around the woods and then go throwing them through windows :D . Has anyone seen a black jacket? The reason for using them is they can sting multiple times, are huge and loud when they fly, and they freaking hurt like hell. I have huge nests of these bastards hanging off my shed and the trees around here in the summer. Immagine what a whole school shut in the lunchroom with a full pissed off nest of these would look like. I think I'll try this :D ! Placing it in someones locker and shuting it after taping up the vents would be great, Maby rig it to fall out or get riped open when they open the locker? Glove compartments on cars? Cabinets?

Jacks Complete

March 9th, 2004, 07:08 PM

Piglet, don't bait the mods. Perhaps a few biologists wouldn't class spiders as insects, but everyone else would! Pinning a cabinet or safe shut on a hornet nest could be funny. I have to wonder what would happen if you just let the thing land, then crushed it with both size 9's? Do we think the nest would loose big time, or would enough escape to be a viable threat? Perhaps some form of armour would be useful? Ripping the side off the nest would be very much better, but how? Note I have no real experiance with this stuff, since I'm in the UK, so bees/wasps are about the worst we have, native.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter nbk2000

March 10th, 2004, 03:55 AM

A wasp nest showing up overnight in a persons locker isn't going to be considered "natural" anyways, so might as well load them up with something extra. ;) Rather than even making a feeble effort at deniability by using a natural nest, load the bugs up in perforated tubes with partitions that seperate them from each other (if they're not from the same nest), and rig up an ejector mechanism that will softly disperse them onto the target. I saw an interesting tidbit in the "Do electric fruitflies dream of electric bananas" (yet another cultural reference to Bladerunner) thread that said fruitflies respond to anesthetics the same as humans, at the same dosage levels. So, if this applied to wasps or ants or whatnot, then dope up the little buggers :D with a narcotic that'll keep them docile for a known period of time, and place them where they're needed so that they'll be waking up and ready for action at the needed time. I've experimented with this idea (on spiders) using 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane from a canned air duster to immobilze them. I put the bug in a small test tube, sealed with a one-hole stopper, and flushed out the air with the duster, sealing the stopper hole with blu-tack. The spider would stop moving almost immediately, though it was still awake, just holding its breath. Yes, I can tell when they hold their breath, because they stop pumping their abdomen. After a couple of minutes, when it can no longer hold its breath, it starts thrashing about, as there's no oxygen in the atmosphere for it to breath. After a bit of this, it does the "death curl", as anyone who's used bugspray will recognize, where the legs fold up against the body. Now, if you let it sit like that for a minute or so, then take it out and put it in a new test tube, it'll be awake again after about 10-15 minutes. Being very simple creatures, short-term oxygen deprivation doesn't cause any lasting effects, unlike mammals which would be vegetablized. I've been able to gas the same spider about a dozen times in one day, with no apparent damage, as it still responded vigourously to been poked by running away, and even web making. The longest I've been able to let a spider remain in the gas, and still recover afterwards, was about 4 minutes, which required the better part of a day for recovery and seemed to result in some sort of retardation as I was able to snip off part of a leg without it running. Any longer and they stay dead. Size of insect, species, exact gas composition, exposure time, etc, would all require testing to ensure repeatable results. At the least, being able to gas a canister full of deadly insects, and reliably inert them, would be useful for the attacker, by ensuring he doesn't get swarmed by his own weapons while setting them up for deployment. Also, there are scents that are specific to each species, that attract, repel, enrage, and whatnot. Having a supply of these would increase effectiveness, because you could induce attack behavior on cue, rather than hoping for victim initiated behavior, which is rather random chance.

Jacks Complete

March 12th, 2004, 07:51 AM

Glad you liked my thread! Here is something related:

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Wasps sniff out danger New Scientist vol 175 issue 2355 - 10 August 2002, page 20

THE US military is drafting wasps and training them to give an early warning of chemical weapon attacks. In the wild, the small predatory wasp Microplitis croceipes uses its ultra-sensitive sense of smell to locate its caterpillar prey, in which it lays eggs. But it can easily turn its talents to detecting other chemicals. Glen Rains at the University of Georgia, Tifton, says the wasp can pick up scents at a concentration of one part in a thousand billion - a hundred thousand times weaker than the lowest concentrations detectable by commercial "electronic noses". It takes just a few minutes to train the wasps to detect a chemical threat. They are exposed to a very weak, non-toxic puff of the target chemical and, for the first three times, are given access to a bowl of sugary water as a reward. After that, the wasps will head for the source of the scent, says Torsten Meiners at the Free University of Berlin, who's been working with the team in Georgia. The team has now trained the wasps to detect a range of neurotoxins and explosives and is working on a prototype handheld detector that would use the wasps as its "nose". The device works by sucking air samples through a short pipe into a cartridge containing a few wasps. If the wasps smell the target chemical, they dive down the pipe looking for its source. In the process, they break a beam of light inside the pipe, triggering an alarm. Such a device could be carried into battle by soldiers to use as an early-warning system for chemical weapons attacks. James Randerson

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So, if it works for tiny amounts of chemicals, perhaps pheromones? You could train your weapons to swarm on any target... Now wouldn't that be fun! It seems this forum is rapidly becoming the place to be for things like this. Perhaps we should put a funding proposal together for the CIA? Ten million to spend on making deadly toys...

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Maverick

March 13th, 2004, 01:50 AM

Actually, there's a chemical attractant that you can buy at stores that's used with traps to attract wasps and hornets... <small>[ November 05, 2002, 07:19 AM: Message edited by: nbk2000 ] Hi everyone, this is my first post so please be kind ;) . Ok first off I?m not sure if it's the same chemical attractant nbk was talking about but Banana Oil, which is commonly available in grocery stores, is, or mimics closely, the honey bee pheromone which bees use to alert other bees that their in danger (i.e. hive under attack type stuff). note: "Banana oil" is what they use for artificial banana flavoring. I don't think this stuff is actually in real bananas so i wouldn?t go smashing up bananas and chasseing after bees with them. For all you chem people out there, the chemical is isoamyl acetate and can easily be synthesized (and regularly is in high school and college orgo classes). I'll get back to you with the synthesis later. Anyway, my original idea on the subject was to soak a sponge in the stuff, put it in a tupperware with holes for ventilation, and duck tape the container to a remote control car thus providing me with my very own army of angry remote control bees. I haven't gotten the chance to try it yet but i plan to fairly soon and will get back to you on the success/failure. Also there have been a number of posts regarding the subject of insect anestitizeation. For long term storage cold would work best, but for short term stuff like dissections or draining/filling venom sacs, ether fumes are probably a better option. As for natural poisons there are plenty of other things that are MUCH more toxic and easier to obtain. I wouldn't waste my time draining the venom sacs if you only wanted a potent poison. Well, that?s my 2 cents.

nbk2000

March 13th, 2004, 04:41 AM

If the little bastards are actually THAT sensitive, they'd have uses other than CW detection, thought that's good too. Cash has a particular odor to it that dogs are able to detect. It's appartently the residual cocaine that contaminates most of the US currency that they sniff up. So...train your wasps to sniff out cash/coke/meth, and take them for a walk through the corridors of public storage units. :) Many times have cops found millions of dollars in cash and drugs in public storage units. Hehehehe....let loose a huge swarm of cash sniffing wasps from downwind of a cash collection business (AKA Armored car company) like Brinks, and watch the doors fly open! :D If a person had those little transponders that researchers attach to bees backs to follow them, you could let loose a trained swarm in isolated areas that are know to be popular for drug production labs or fields of "green" and follow them to the source of the "honey". ;) As CW detectors, they might be useful for approaching your covert stash and detecting a leak before you're close enough to get zapped by your own shit, as they're far more sensitive than a chemical detector would be. Wonder if they could be used as sentinels to warn of creeping piggies? Something like the lubricant oils on guns, or the polymers typically used in weapons stocks like kraton or ABS, would attract the bugged bugs, which are monitored by a computer that would alert when a concentration of the little bastards accumulated somewhere nearby, thus signalling possible intruders. Mosquitoes zoom in on humans through octenol emitted from our skin, so that's possible cueing material.

Jacks Complete

March 14th, 2004, 08:08 PM

I was thinking something like your last one, as they would be great "guards"! I wonder if you could somehow train them the opposite way, aversion training? You could have them swarm on ANY human, except you. Only people wearing CKOne or something could get near... Swarming on gun oil or cordite wouldn't be so hot when you came back from the range, though... Have to think of something that the police wear that no-one else would - perhaps trace scents of Kevlar or Nomex? Or perhaps train them to swarm on your "mark", and do the "injection with ricin" (or whatever) idea! It would be interesting to see how the bodyguards reacted to that threat! ("Sir, you must put on your anti-bee suit! There could be some more around!") I doubt any politico would get (re)elected if they went pressing the flesh in a beekeeper suit.

nbk2000

March 15th, 2004, 04:59 AM

I could see a child with phermone coated hands giving a big hug to a politico, children being above suspicion, just prior to a swarm of many thousands of lethal insects being released downwind. The target, the scented devil spawn, and it's handler, are all taken out, resulting in a double cut-out from you. :) Bodyguards would be worthless against an insect swarm. Too many, too small, too fast, too lethal. :D Plus, it's not the BG's would be capable of coherent thought as hundreds of insects were stinging the shit out of them. It'd be every man for himself and Devil take the hindmost. ;) Body armor, pop-up shields, counter-snipers, perimeter security alarms, bomb-sniffing dogs, etc. etc...useless. MWAHAHAHA! TRelying on the bugs not to attack a certain aversive smell would be suicide. What if the part of the scent that they are trained for is removed from the scent? What if CKone has some trace smell removed to save money, and its absence isn't detectable to a human, but is a big part of the scent that the bugs detect?

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You'd be up shit creek without a paddle, my friend. As to something the cops would have on them that you wouldn't...only thing I can think of would be a weapon and it's related oils and lubricants, as you'd know about the bugs sensitivity to such scents and would take steps to avoid getting them on you. Oh....use the smell of CS and CN to train them, as piggies almost always have that on them, and it's not like you'd have any on hand, choosing much more lethal chemicals to use.

Jacks Complete

March 17th, 2004, 03:34 PM

Good thinking. :) The smell of coffee and donuts might work, too... I was thinking of the aversion response as a mechanism for when all went to hell. You keep the same bottle of something (perhaps more specific than CKOne, which was just a for instance) so you can walk (fairly) calmly through the whole panic whilst everyone else is dropping to the ground. Great for the last stand escape. SWAT teams might be too well covered for this to work fast, though. With a gas mask, body armour and so on, there probably isn't much exposed skin for "when insects attack" though. Maybe just for the marked targets, then...

atlas#11

March 17th, 2004, 04:08 PM

SWAT won't have much exposed skin but 9/10 people have a natural fear of bees and wasps. They would be distracted at the very least plus you would be shooting them through a smoke screen with thermals and your own home defenses would be in effect as well. The wasp swarm is perfect for that extra edge. Think of the horror, you, standing in the middle of a swarm of millions of deadly wasps, uneffected by them and maliciously laughing as your adversaries drop dead one by one. As for the offensive use, Nbk's idea is great, afterwards they would have pheremone detection sniffers and insect repellant and all kinds of other things to try and avoid being stung but you could simply train your swarms to track the repellant and get them anyways, fool proof! Unless they wore protective suits they would be dead. It would be far less traceable than a bomb and much harder to deal with than a sniper. For good measure, I would somehow train them to, after killing the target go nuts and attack everybody else near by. That should make it more entertaining to watch. I would love to see the headlines on that one :) .

Jacks Complete

March 17th, 2004, 04:19 PM

That is a simple one! Train 1/3 of the wasps to go for the main target, and 2/3 for anyone who smells like fear! Just tweak the proportions as you see fit. Train a few hundred to swarm on anyone dumb enough to open fire, for example.

atlas#11

March 17th, 2004, 05:25 PM

Finding a way to train more than one of them will be key. With more than one if one stings the simulated target and the other does not then the one will be rewarded for nothing. you could build a device that trains them one at a time quickly and repeatedly that way you would generate a well trained army wrather than a random swarm in which only one will single out the target and the rest will go free for all. I suggest a series of small mazes made from pvc tubinging with a small rubbery object with the scent on it as the simulated target to train them. Using the object to piss them off and make them sting it would be a good way to give them the idea that stinging = food then get them to track the scent through the cheap small maze and sting the target and give them some sugar water. Hmm, sounds like a good thing to try out. I will try this as a practicle joke(like stinging a single person once daily until he goes insane), and post results. It will be a while though. This could be done easily and it would be difficult for the target or the pigs to figure out why mother nature suddenly started hating them :D . catching the wasps this summer will be easy(engine starting fluid would freeze them enough no?) and keeping them in the freezer and releasing them from a small container while still frozen will be a snap. Now, if only I could find a scent that is always on this "target" then I will make his life miserable until my supply of blood thirsty wasps runs out.

Skean Dhu

March 17th, 2004, 06:20 PM

I beleive NBK hinted at this a post or two ago, But Bees ,wasps and the like 'hunt' by pheremone(sp?) scents. When a victim is stung a chemical is released into the air that lets the other insects no that an intruder has been found, they are in effect 'lit up' similar to the way a laser guided bomb follows the laser point. All one would need to do is collect and concentrate the pheremone for their weapon of choice. @AtlasAll that needs to happen is for one bee to find its way around the uniform/protection of the SWAT member and then you'll have one angry bee buzzing around underneath all your clothing. That would be very distracting,

nbk2000

March 18th, 2004, 03:41 AM

Go to a store that sells wasp traps and they'll likely have wasp lure liquid. This is where I first got the idea, since the instructions say VERY clearly to AVOID getting ANY on you, lest you be attacked. :D People may also wish to read the thread from the beginning, where this has already been mentioned. :mad: And you DO NOT freeze the bugs. That kills them (again, as previously mentioned!). Rather, you keep them LITERALLY on ice, in containers stored in an ice chest filled with ice. That's cold enough to immobilize them without killing them.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Imagine a few fake "beer" cans filled with lethal insects, in an ice chest, at a picnic or ralley where the target was at. ;)

atlas#11

March 18th, 2004, 12:26 PM

Nbk, what insect did you freeze that died? I have had ants and one unidentified beetle in the freezer for over a year now and they thaw out and run around like their fresh out of the nest. Wasps can't take too much cold which is why they use ether to freeze the wasps in their nests. I supose their is a certian temperature that they can tolerate but still be immobile. It's not like their in short supply so testing can't hurt. Wasps do hybernate so they can go dormant for a long period. If I spot any I will try testing this, I know that grasshoppers will go in to a form of hybernation when put in the fridge over night for fishing bait. It's kind of funny, they just start moving very slowly after the first hour and when they try to jump they just fall off the twig.

nbk2000

March 20th, 2004, 12:32 AM

Spiders. I've also frozen roaches in solid cubes of ice, melted the ice, and watched them skitter off! :eek: Truly, they shall inherit the earth! ;) I'd say that you'd want to get the insects just cool enough to keep them immobile, or at least very lethargic, without taking it any lower, to ensure maximum viability.

atlas#11

March 22nd, 2004, 05:06 PM

Freaking roaches! Yes I would have a hard time biting anyone with my body temp below 10C so I would call them safe If they could not move, not that I would hold them in my hand but safe from escaping. Yesterday afternoon I was poking around down behind my house and noticed that the groung for several yards was coated with spiders web. The little bastards had a city insulated from the cold and were catching ants and small flying insects by the thousands. It is dried out indicating that it has been their awhile but wherever you step atleast two little grey spiders will take off running. Who said they are incompatible? Some of them might be but these guys would have to be compaitble if they can live in this big web and not kill each other. Unfortunatly, these are nonvenomus root spiders so are of no use as assasins but maby for a prank or something. If nothing else, it is entertaining to throw ants on to the web and watch them be pounced on by hundreds of brown spiders.

vulture

March 22nd, 2004, 05:20 PM

Are musquitos the only insects capable of transferring malaria? Or how bout the tse tse fly in africa?

atlas#11

March 22nd, 2004, 10:48 PM

I'm not sure, but if their was another insect capable of carrying it we would probably know about it by now. That would be great, leathal in one bite, and still look like an accident. Perhaps we could develop some form of streptocaccus to be carried by our wasps and have it immune to antibiotics so it just develops in to scarlet fever and they die. It would look like some dumb kid slacked off on his penicilin pills and the strep grew immune and then he got stung and the wasp gave it to him, even if they were suspicious, it's not like they can get any proof off of a smashed wasp if you do your job well. Maby the next time it starts going around I'll stock up on penicilin and take some cultures. I would have done this already but I lack the equipment to keep myself out of harms way. This could be developed to be non lethal and make a great weapon of war(it's hard to aim when your vomiting your guts out). But honestly, who wants it to be non leathal? vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and Weapons Forum > Chemistry for Amateur Experimenters and Citizen Scientists Chemistry > Hydrofluoric acid synthesis

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> Battlefield Log in

June 28th, 2002, 07:09 PM

has anyone got any info on the synthesis of HF? seem like a pretty interesting chemical as far as bio-warfare goes.

Rhadon

June 28th, 2002, 07:22 PM

Basically there is no problem: H2SO4 and CaF2(*) yields HF... but there are practical problems: What kind of material can be used when leading the resulting HF into water? I'd like to perform this synthesis myself, but I cannot imagine another container which lets a stopper fit tight than an erlenmeyer flask or a test tube (and these are made of glass) when looking at my avaibale apparatuses. And I don't aim to stand in a cloud of HF. (*) CaF2 isn't poisonous and thus easy to get. If I remember correctly the reason is that the toxicity of fluorides is based on their ability to bind whith calcium.

rikkitikkitavi

June 28th, 2002, 07:25 PM

classical lab-method : heating CaF2, fluorite with H2SO4. CaF2 isnt poisonus because its almost insoluble in water. Soluble fluorides are very toxic. Beware, it reacts with glass (SiO2 + 4HF => SiF4(g) + H2O) (seems like someone was quicker than me, phone rang.. :) anyway, materials of construction: absolutely dry HF doesnt react with ordinary steel. Weak acid can be kept in plastic containers. Monell metal(a nickel alloy) is resistant to both HF and HF in solution. /rickard <small>[ June 28, 2002, 06:32 PM: Message edited by: rikkitikkitavi ]

MrSamosa

June 28th, 2002, 08:07 PM

I have an Ammonium Bifluoride (NH4FHF) Solution used for cleaning automobile tires. It's easy to make Hydrogen Fluoride from this; all you do is add another strong mineral acid. I use Hydrochloric Acid. The yields aren't anything spectacular since it's only about a 5% solution, but it makes Hydrogen Fluoride fumes. I'm sure you can figure out a way to bubble the fumes through water to make Hydrofluoric Acid. You know, you can BUY Hydrofluoric Acid as a hubcap cleaner. A friend of mine knows people who use it to clean tractor-trailers. It's a common chemical, just not common concentrated. If you're considering its use as a Chemical Weapon, then the binary components can easily be combined on-sight for use. No, it won't be nearly as effective as ready made Hydrogen Fluoride, but it should get the job done. It's not like you're going to have to worry about impurities giving it an irritating effect, as is the case with Sarin or other Nerve Agents. HF is one of the most acidic gasses already; so with or without impurities, you will know you're being gassed. <small>[ June 28, 2002, 09:02 PM: Message edited by: MrSamosa ]

Flake2m

June 29th, 2002, 09:20 AM

I would be very careful when synthesising HF. As rikkitikkitavi said:

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Beware, it reacts with glass (SiO2 + 4HF => SiF4(g) + H2O)

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My chemistry also teacher told me: If you spill conc H2SO4 on you the burn will eventually heal, however if you get HF on you then you will probaly die :( because the HF creates a bio-chemical reaction with your body. so this would make it a very good chemical weapon :D Remember that flourine is the most reactive element in the universe (correct me on this). Most compounds that store flourine are often contain flourine themselves. So something like PVF should be able store flourine without any problems.

nbk2000

June 29th, 2002, 10:08 AM

HF production isn't a topic for discussion in the BC section since it isn't itself a proper CW agent. It is, however, used in the synthesis of several CW agents such as sarin and octylfluoride and poisons like 1080, so that puts it back here. Lead is inert to HF, wet or dry, since it forms a passivating layer. Or you can use readily available teflon tubing and such to conduct the gas. To concentrate OTC HF acid (like Wink rust remover) you add baking soda to it till nuetralized. Then dry. Mix the crystals with concentrated H2SO4 and heat.. The anhydrous HF is unreactive to pyrex glass, and is used for preparing sarin. Conduct the fumes through a small amount of water to get the fuming acid

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An HF solution of under 60% won't cause any immediate burning sensation on contact with the skin, but when over 30% concentration, it will be absorbed through the skin where it will bind with the calcium in the body, causing heart attack and bone disintegration. So just make it about 40-50% and proceed to spray your victim down with a supersoaker full of the stuff. Also, as far as I know, it's not immediately corrosive to rubber, which may open up water ballons as a weapon.

vulture

June 29th, 2002, 10:12 AM

HF is so dangerous because it penetrates through the skin easily and starts breaking down bone material and in the process it sets free poisonous fluorides. Well, you are half correct when you say fluorine is the most reactive compound. Fluorine is the strongest oxidant known, together with Francium or Caesium it's one of the most reactive compounds. Because it's so reactive, do not attempt to make it by reacting F2 and H2, the mixture autoignites into a violent explosion even at -200C.

megalomania

June 29th, 2002, 01:15 PM

I had a chemistry professor once tell me that there are very very few chemists who do any research with fluorine, and those that do are rather crazy. A HF burn is rather painful I hear, and it does not really even heal. The flesh may come back but the pain remains deep inside you for years to come, hence the reason few deal with fluorine compounds. They also tend to be highly explosive when they react. The original developer of Teflon expected to be killed or injured by his 'discovery' because that's what fluorine usually does.

MrSamosa

June 29th, 2002, 03:58 PM

I believe one of the Geneva Protocols listed acid vapors as Chemical Weapons and banned them. So HF is technically a chemical weapon. I think Sodium or Potassium Fluoride would be better when it comes to making Sarin though. When Hydrofluoric Acid reacts with DC (DimethylPhosphonyl Chloride), it yields the desired DF (DimethylPhosphonyl Fluoride) and Hydrochloric Acid. If I know my chemistry properly, and if this will react at all, the Sodium/Potassium Fluoride creates Sodium/Potassium Chloride. Simply put, it's less acids to deal with. In addition to that, the glass equipment should be sufficient to carry out these reactions, opposed to the less common materials needed for Hydrofluoric Acid.

Polverone

June 29th, 2002, 04:41 PM

It's interesting to note that certain fluorine compounds - such as NaF and KF - are regulated under the chemical warfare conventions because of their utility as precursors in chemical weapon manufacture. I'm pretty sure nobody tracks lab-sized quantities of these salts, though. If you have a choice between KF and NaF, definitely get the KF. It is far more soluble than NaF. Likewise, react your Whink with potassium carbonate/hydroxide instead of the sodium salt. Back in Ye Olde Times (before plastics), hydrofluoric acid was stored in wax bottles. I imagine that, for low-temperature reactions, a wax-coated glass or metal container could temporarily serve without degradation. I've once made HF from CaF2 and H2SO4. I didn't have any suitably resistant containers. I just did it in a glass test tube and observed the destruction of the glass. I have plenty of CaF2 left. I'm just not eager to die a horrible death attempting to make HF in bulk.

inferno

June 30th, 2002, 05:40 AM

I thought Pyrex glass was pretty much 100% corrosion (by acids at least) proof? Maybe that was just for H<sub>2</ sub>SO₄, but as it's just the H+ that corrodes it, should Pyrex be fine? A Pyrex Erlenmeyer flask should do fine, with a rubber stopper and hose bubbled into a Pyrex beaker/flask. I also don't intend on making this, but it should work fine with Pyrex.

vulture

June 30th, 2002, 12:49 PM

No, every glass, even pyrex, consists of at least 80% SiO2 which is attacked by the fluorine ion because it has a much greater electronegativity than oxygen. Normally the H+ ion attacks, but if the rest of the acid is more reactive, then that will be the attacking ion. If you had bothered to read the above posts you would have seen the following reaction: SiO2 + 4HF -> SiF4 + 2H2O

Flake2m

July 2nd, 2002, 12:40 PM

I short: Do not go near pure flourine or HF it is very x 10^23 nasty shit. Flourine is SO reactive that is has been found to react with the noble gas Xenon . Compounds such as XeF6 has been discovered because of these crazy scientists working with Flourine.

Fl4PP4W0k

July 2nd, 2002, 01:30 PM

NBK... May I ask why one would be interested in making Sarin :p And about filling water ballons with Hydrofluoric acid... uh... that sounds like theyd be AWFUL hard to tie...

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"Slippery..son of a... goddamn.. get in the.." *POP* "Oh...Fuck Me" You'd hope to be wearing damn thick gloves... But that makes those little bastards even HARDER!!! to tie :( Also... There was a report a few years back of a geologist who was working in his shed with hydrofluoric acid, when he spilt a beaker on his pants (duh). Apparently he wigged out, jumped into the pool and later on died in hospital from blood poisoning. I cant remember the details... but thats gotta hurt.

MrSamosa

July 2nd, 2002, 06:48 PM

I remember that story... It was 60% HF he was working with. He knocked over a container of HF, which spilled in his lap (ahh, the poor guy). He did not have any Calcium Gluconate gel, so the best he could do was call an ambulance and jump into the pool to try to relieve the pain. When the ambulance came, he was passed out in the pool, as I recall. He died from a lack of Calcium, which caused a heart-attack...if I know my Biology/Pathology properly. As mentioned before, the H+ in HF isn't what causes the bulk of the injury. It is the F- that penetrates down to the bones, depleting Calcium, which in turn stops your heart (heart needs Calcium in order to beat).

VX

July 3rd, 2002, 06:56 PM

I thought that the F- ion reacts with the Ca2+ in the bone to form CaF2, which, being extremely insoluble in water exists as a precipitate in the blood. This precipitate is what causes the heart to fail as it collects in the heart, and blocks it. Also it's worth mentioning that HF is classed as a weak acid (less that 50% of the molecules are dissociated in water) I am not sure of it's exatct value though.

Purple Fire

July 3rd, 2002, 09:28 PM

A friend of my fathers had a pretty close call with some fluorine gas. He owns a company that does something with ceramics (cant remember what). A company that did teflon coatings (I think) went bust, and he bought a small furnace from them that they use for melting the teflon with. They set up this furnace and fired it up, then realised that the temperatures they were using it at were significantly higher than those it had been used for with the teflon. The layer of teflon that had biult up around the sides and floor of the furnace broke down and started giving off fluorine gas. The workshop started filling with the gas and the guy noticed that the windows of his office had started to be attacked and were going cloudy. He got everyone out and no one was hurt, but still... I remember reading somewhere that if you get HF on your skin it starts burning its way down through the skin, and that the only way you can stop it is to inject a really strong alkali solution underneath, so it attacks its way down to there and then is neutralised. Is that true? Even so, I wouldnt go near hydrofluoric acid if you fucken PAID me!

Ctrl_C

July 3rd, 2002, 10:10 PM

just a side note: XeF6 is used in microprocessor etching. Part of the technique makes XeF4 which has been found to be extremely explosive. <small>[ July 03, 2002, 09:10 PM: Message edited by: Ctrl_C ]

MrSamosa

July 3rd, 2002, 11:27 PM

The burns by Hydrofluoric Acid are not really the problem. No, it won't burn and burn and burn. You'd probably get a worse burn from Hydrochloric Acid...but this burn would heal a lot faster. The real threat is from the Fluoride Ion which reeks havoc on the Calcium in your bones. To treat HF burns, they use Calcium Gluconate gel. I don't think I'd want to inject any strong alkali solutios into my body anyway, I don't care what the problem is :) .

VX

July 4th, 2002, 08:44 AM

Injecting an alkali would do no use whatsoever anyway. This is because the alkali would react with the HF to form a fluorine salt. This salt would probably be very soluble (depends on alkali). Then instead of having a low concentration of F- ions in your body (In the acid most of them remain covalantly bonded to the H+ ion, and so stable and safe), you suddenly have all them released into the body. Which will attack you much faster. The only way to combat HF is to react the F- ion into a stable, non toxic molecule using Calcium Gluconate gel.

vulture

July 5th, 2002, 06:21 AM

Let me get something straight here, Teflon = PTFE = PolyTetraFluorEthylene right? Now, what kind of gas would heated PTFE produce?

Machiavelli

July 5th, 2002, 07:32 AM

The most interesting pyrolisis product is PFIB, perfluoroisobutylene. It's been discussed a bit in the improvised chemical weapons thread.

VX

July 5th, 2002, 08:30 AM

Just a small thing, but PTFE actualy stands for polytetraflouroethene.

vulture

July 5th, 2002, 05:23 PM

I'm very sorry VX, but according to my chemistry encyclopedia and according to DIN 7728-1:1988-08 (confuse the enemy with

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facts, a classic american court strategy ) PTFE stands for Polytetrafluorethylene . No hard feelings....

kingspaz

July 5th, 2002, 06:19 PM

vx and vulture, you are both right. it stands for both. according to my chemsitry book its poly(tetrafluorethene) the part in brackets shows the monomer from which the polymer is formed. ethylene is the american/industrial/old way of writing enthene. in a similar way to acetic acid being the same as ethanoic acid or methyl alcohol being the same as methanol.

vulture

July 5th, 2002, 06:40 PM

Sorry kingspaz, but I still have to disagree. Ethyl stands for 2 carbon atoms which are single bonded and can accept in total six other bonds, four for the flourine and the two other for making the link. Ethene are two carbon atoms double bonded leaving only four possible bonds which would be taken by the fluorine and then it couldn't connect to the other molecules anymore. I think what you are trying to say is that one of the production intermediates is tetrafluorethene, which than moves the double bond under influence of a polymerisation catalyst to connect with two molecules on it's sides.

VX

July 5th, 2002, 07:16 PM

PTFE is fully saturated, i.e. it has no double bonds. Ethene C2H4 has a C=C bond, and potential to form another two covalent bonds when the double bond opens up, which is what happens when C2F4 polimerises. Ethyne C2H2 has a triple bond and therefore potential to form an extra four bonds. Once fully saturated both molecules will have 6 bonds, excluding the covalent bond joining the two Carbons. Edit: According to the the IUPAC naming system the proper modern name is as I said. The same as simple Poly(ethene) AKA polythene. p.s. I do hope to God I understand this correctly as this did come up on my Chem A level paper a the other week! <small>[ July 05, 2002, 06:27 PM: Message edited by: VX ]

VX

July 5th, 2002, 09:08 PM

OK, I've thought about this for a while and I think I know where the misunderstanding is coming from. Vulture, if I am right it seems that you think that tetraflouroethene is formed by saturating a molecule of ethyne (acetylene) with flourine across the triple bond. I.e. C2H2+2F2---> CHF2CHF2,This may be the case. (I don’t know for sure, but it seems feasible) but I do know that their is a double bond in the monomer and the monomer is C2F4. Is this the reaction pathway ? Ethyne (C2H2) gets fully saturated with F, and then the molecule gets oxidised by removing the remaining two H atoms to reform the double bond? (There are no H atoms in PTFE) Either way according to modern IUPAC naming rules, it does not matter what the starting material is for a compound, only in this case what the actual monomer unit is for the polymer. i.e. If it is made from ethyne is irrelevant. The monomer is tetraflouroethene, and so the polymer is called poly(tetraflouroethene). If the monomer itself was tetreflouroethyne, then PTFE would be poly(tetrafoluroethyne) By the way this is NOT a flame in any way. I just wanted to clear things up, which I hope I have now done? ------you missed an 'e' on poly(tetrafluoroethene) - kingspaz <small>[ July 06, 2002, 08:21 AM: Message edited by: kingspaz ]

kingspaz

July 6th, 2002, 09:40 AM

VX i agree with all you have said but i'd like to add these pics. Vulture, trust me, i'm a doctor <small>[ July 06, 2002, 08:42 AM: Message edited by: kingspaz ]

vulture

July 6th, 2002, 03:20 PM

You guys didn't understood me, what I said is exactly what those pictures show. Keep in mind that ethene is not the same as ethylene. Anyways, were getting way off topic here.

pyromaniac_guy

July 7th, 2002, 01:56 AM

a note on working with f and hf. when we had an excimer laser insalled in my shop the service tech STRONGLY suggested that we do away with stainless gas lines and used copper as it had much better passivation properties. I belive that NBK suggested lead as well. If copper works, and so deos lead, well then you ahve yourself something to make labware with, as well as solder joints...

Sparky

July 20th, 2002, 08:01 PM

I just thought I'd add my two cents: As other people noted, HF reacts with glass. So, if you wanted a source for it, it is sold to etch (frost) glass with.

Boob Raider

August 31st, 2002, 03:18 AM

Sorry but I have to clarify this ... Alkane(Ethane, C2H6), Alkyl group(Ethyl, C2H5-), Alkene(Ethene aka Ethylene, C2H4) , Alkyne(Ethyne aka Acetylene, C2H2).

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So both of you were correct. Back to HF.... How would one get the F from HF ? I am suspecting electrolysis (some oxidizer might kick it out too). Once the H and F are seperated one could make a really powerful fuel cell :D . So would Pt react with F or HF. Just thinking of another application besides CW agent or a precursor for one. :p What about NaFO3 and KFO3 and NF3 ? Anybody know anything about them ?

MrSamosa

August 31st, 2002, 03:30 AM

You should look in the Fluoroacetates thread, it has some information about Hydrofluoric Acid. No oxidizer will expel the Fluorine, because Fluorine has the highest electronegativity and is thus the strongest oxidizer. Electrolysis would be the only way. Fluorine reacts with anything, so yes it will react with Pt. Has anyone heard of Silicon Fluoride (SiF4)? Usually, it's the result of doing something wrong in the lab, and therefore not somethign you'd like to have around. I can't find any toxicological information on it, although I know it is quite toxic. It is made by putting Silica in Hydrofluoric Acid. I was at Home Depot the other day, and in the plumbing section I saw some Teflon Glue. Would it work to line some glassware with this glue so that it would be resistant to etching by HF?

vulture

August 31st, 2002, 11:23 AM

NF3 is highly unstable and explosive, like all nitrogen halogens. Fluorates don't exist, because fluorine has a higher electronegativity than oxygen. When you look at other halogenates like ClO3, you'll see that the halogen always has a lower electronegativity than oxygen. SiF4 is a colorless and toxic gas with acidic smell. With water it reacts to H2SiF6. Normally teflon glue should make the glass resistant to HF if it's well covered. Teflon glue tends to be very expensive though.

THe_rEaL_dEaL

January 23rd, 2003, 12:49 AM

Plain and Simple if you dont have LOTS of Calcium Gluconate then dont even consider messing with HF in high concentrations. That is unless you have long white hair and have a death wish <small>[ January 22, 2003, 11:52 PM: Message edited by: THe_rEaL_dEaL ]

Marvin

January 23rd, 2003, 03:21 PM

HF is a very weak acid, becuase the more electronegative the halogen, the stronger the HF bond, and so the more energy required to dissociate. Fluorates and perfluorates dont exist, but the reason generally taught is that fluorine is too small to be able to expand its octet. The point about electronegativity is interesting and could well be valid, but I'm not sure if it holds water on its own, classical oxidation states often bear little resemblence to whats actually going on. Ignoring complexing agent effects, or polymerisation, the nitrogen halides trend look like this. NI3 is endothermic, NBr3 is less endothermic, NCl3 is even less, NF3 continues the trend by being exothermic, and therefore not explosive. Unfortunatly I dont have reliable numbers for this easily to hand. Think of it as the increasing stability of the N-Hal bond over the largest energy producer, N triple bond N which stays the same. Just in case anyone is in any doubt. Poly Tetra Fluoro Ethene/Ethylene are equally as valid. Rather dissapointing for my 100th post, but maybe I'll post something useful later instead. Not here though, I abhor chemical warfare. Fritz Haber should have been aborted for the good of the planet.

nbk2000

January 23rd, 2003, 05:31 PM

HF is used in "superacid" systems, usually with antimony pentafluoride. I believe the same with Silicon trifluoride. Unfortunately, not much info on the actually preparation of superacids is to be found on the net. This sort of info is still "analog" (books) for the most part, so would have to be scanned in from there. Superacids have various uses, the most obvious being destroying things. Almost nothing can hold them, not even wax or teflon. That's why they have to be made in situ when they're needed. The main use is in the petrochemical industry for cracking hydrocarbons. In our field, we'd be interested in using them for destroying things. The military is researching their use to dissolve and destroy tanks, trucks, and anything else! In the PDF "Safe Cracking" by Wayne Yeager (FTP), he mentions how euro thieves use acids to dissolve their way into safes. Surely some sort of superacid system is being used. Though I have to wonder at the time it might take, and the danger of destroying the contents.

Sarevok

February 15th, 2003, 12:56 AM

Posted by VX:

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"I thought that the F- ion reacts with the Ca2+ in the bone to form CaF2, which, being extremely insoluble in water exists as a precipitate in the blood. This precipitate is what causes the heart to fail as it collects in the heart, and blocks it.

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Also it's worth mentioning that HF is classed as a weak acid (less that 50% of the molecules are dissociated in water) I am not sure of it's exatct value though."

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HF: 8% Since NBK mentioned "super acids" I got a link about it. http://www.psc.edu/science/ Klein2000/getting_jump_on_superacids.pdf <small>[ February 15, 2003, 11:05 AM: Message edited by: Sarevok ]

Polverone

February 15th, 2003, 04:13 AM



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An advice to anyone trying to do HF: don't do it. It is far more dangerous than any explosive.

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Ah, truly you have spoken as one without experience. I don't mean to flame you, so I will rant instead. People almost always assume that the devil they don't know is worse than the devil they do. The other day in lab a biochemistry professor was regaling us with anecdotes about explosives. She said that when old jars of picric acid become dried out, they could explode just if you opened them, so the bomb squad often gets called to dispose of them. Now I know that bomb squads do get called to dispose of old picric acid, but personal experience and every explosives reference I've seen lead me to believe that picric acid isn't nearly as sensitive as that tale would suggest. She thinks that dry TNP is horrendously dangerous. I've been cruising around some of the lower class mayhem/chemistry forums on the net trying to spread the gospel of the homemade cyanide. I can almost always find one or even several posts/threads from people who would like to make this substance, probably because they've seen too many episodes of Murder, She Wrote. Interesting item number one is that no matter how many people have previously seemed interested in cyanides, few seem to notice my meticulously detailed and personally verified procedure for making NaCN when I post it. Maybe I should just say "mix household ammonia and weed killer and YUO HAVE MADE TEH CYANIDE!!1!." Interesting item number two is that when the discussion does turn to cyanides, I hear all the time things like "if you make it at home you will die" and "I would never want to make something so dangerous!" The irony, of course, is that this is coming from kids who set off pipes full of matchheads and crank out acetone peroxide like they're baking cookies. They fear what they don't know when death lurks much closer. And now we have the not-so-wise words that HF is more dangerous than any explosive. Hypothetical situation: would you rather work with 50 grams of 70% HF or one of -50 -50 -50 -50 -50 -50

grams silver fulminate grams nitrogen tri(iodide, bromide, chloride) grams methyl perchlorate grams dimeric acetone peroxide grams Armstong's mixture grams manganese heptoxide ?

HF has hazards that explosives don't and vice-versa. Skin contact with explosives, while generally not advised, isn't the disaster that it is with HF. On the other hand, static electricity near HF is never going to cause a disastrous explosion. HF is nasty stuff but it was regularly used by chemists for many years before we had modern safety equipment, OSHA, and all the rest. Some of those chemists even lived to be very old. Safety warnings are well advised when we're talking about such a potentially dangerous chemical, but dismiss it outright as too dangerous for any amateur? Hogwash. The hydrogen fluoride is just as afraid of you as you are of it :p

a_bab

February 16th, 2003, 08:29 PM

You're right. People are afraid of the things they don't know. And the tendency is always to exagerate the facts. As pyranha fish for instance. There were several death cases among some chemists who were trying to isolate fluorine from HF, but this was due to the lack of equipment, of care and so on. For god sake, the gas mask wasn't invented then! There were no latex gloves, no googles, no protection at all. Bunsen himself when studied golden fulminate was injured because of an explosion, as expected. He wasn't able to see almost a year ! But now we have plenty of protective measures. Still the legend remains. What I can say from my experience is that HF is indeed a hazardous chemical, but once properly manipulated, it won't bite you. I once got a HF burn; I spilled some on my finger with one ocassion. Well, it wasn't enough to disolve my bones aka Harry Potter . The danger with HF is rather in intoxication than in burning. The side effects are drastical; the teeth loosing is one of the mildest. What is true about the HF is that once it gets near the nail, it'll be sucked by the tissue under the nail and the imediate effect it'll be loosing of the affected nail. That's why it's written that HF causes the nail to fall. Well, I saw by myself which is the mecanism. And it hearts alot. I didn't lost the nail, but the healing is a slow process.

Sarevok

February 17th, 2003, 02:25 AM

Have a look: Grade 1 hydrofluoric acid (HF) burns of the fingertips. The patient has severe pain (maximum middle digit) with only minimal redness of the nail beds. Grade 3 hydrofluoric acid (HF) burns of the fingertips. Note how the nailbed and tip of the fingers have severely been injured, but the nails show no damage. Some info: Medical Treatment Properties and Graphs Public Report Synthesis: CaF<sub>2 + H<sub>2SO<sub>4 —(200°C)—> CaSO<sub>4 + 2HF CaF<sub>2 can be bought with no problems (at least in Brazil). You can easily achieve 200°C at your kitchen. HF

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter destroys most containers, but not all. Posted by nbk2000:

quote:

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The anhydrous HF is unreactive to pyrex glass, and is used for preparing sarin.Conduct the fumes through a small amount of water to get the fuming acid.

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<small>[ February 18, 2003, 02:53 AM: Message edited by: Sarevok ]

a_bab

February 17th, 2003, 01:50 PM

My wound wasn't close to these, but it was very painfull. The nailbed actually absorbes the HF like a toilet paper, hence these horrible wounds. I was burned with 33% HF.

vulture

February 17th, 2003, 03:28 PM

HF will dissolve all types of glass including quartz. Normal glass is mostly SiO<sub>2 which is only dissolved by HF, that's why glass is used as a reaction vessel. However, normal glass suffers from severe erosion in contact with alkalimetalhydroxides. Pyrex glass has improved resistance to this because it contains B<sub>2O<sub>3, MgO, Na<sub>2O,... However, all of these oxides dissolve in HF, so pyrex glass is NOT resistant to HF.

Sarevok

February 17th, 2003, 11:32 PM

Posted by vulture:

quote:

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HF will dissolve all types of glass including quartz. Normal glass is mostly SiO2 which is only dissolved by HF, that's why glass is used as a reaction vessel. However, normal glass suffers from severe erosion in contact with alkalimetalhydroxides. Pyrex glass has improved resistance to this because it contains B2O3, MgO, Na2O,... However, all of these oxides dissolve in HF, so pyrex glass is NOT resistant to HF.

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NBK said pyrex can be used. You are disagreeing? Sinner! :p Ok, no pyrex, but what type of containers can be used? Teflon or Lead will work to condut HF gas to water and store it? This is important, the synthesis is useless without knowledge about the proper equipment.

Polverone

February 18th, 2003, 01:58 PM

Glasses will resist HF if it is absolutely anhydrous. But it is hard to prepare absolutely anhydrous HF from the beginning. Even CaF2 + conc. H2SO4 won't produce a perfectly dry acid. I think, in one of the Making of America books converted to PDF by a_bab, that lead was the traditional material used for HF production/distillation. Of course it's a little harder to find lead pipes nowadays, but you could probably fashion something out of sheet lead and copper. I would think Teflon-coated vessels would be even better but I would also think they'd be more expensive.

Dathai

February 18th, 2003, 02:42 PM

Hello. Heres almost everything I know about HF. Appereance:colourless liquid. Melting Point:-35c Boiling Point:108c. Stability:Stable.Do not store in glass containers.Light sensitive.Incompatible with strong bases,metals,glass,leather,water,alkalies,concreat e,silica,sulphides, cyanides,carbonates. Toxicology: Extremely Toxic!.May be fatal if inhaled or ingested.Causes serious burns. Personal Protection: Rubber gloves,face mask or safety glasses,apron and good ventalation.Do not work without calcium gluconate gel available to treat burns,Do not work this alone!! I would have put in more but it wasnt really relative.

Machiavelli

February 18th, 2003, 03:51 PM

Hmm, while I don't know how good your chemical knowledge is, at least you know how to use google :) But what does "it wasnt really relative" mean?

kingspaz

February 18th, 2003, 04:25 PM

think he means relavent :)

Sarevok

February 18th, 2003, 11:16 PM

Posted by Polverone:

quote:

---

I think, in one of the Making of America books converted to PDF by a_bab, that lead was the traditional material used for HF production/distillation. Of course it's a little harder to find lead pipes nowadays, but you could probably fashion something out of sheet lead and copper. I would think Teflon-coated vessels would be even better but I would also think they'd be more expensive.

---

Lead tubing, Sulfuric Acid, CaF<sub>2... well, at least it's possible. It's very useful - can be used to make Sarin and other chemical weapons as said before, or as a "superacid". Anyone knows something about how Antimony Pentafluoride can be obtained?

Dathai

February 19th, 2003, 02:32 PM

Machiavelli your right my chemical knowledge isnt as good as most of the people on this site but Ive got enough to get me by and know what your talking about.Oh and I didnt use Google I used Eircom it has tonnes of information about basics,medium and advanced chemistry

Nihilist

February 20th, 2003, 12:02 AM

you can get small lead tubes from some dry cell batteries, although it is a bit dangerous to get them out. If you break off the top of a fairly large dry cell there should be 4 or 6 big tubes made of lead( though i'm not sure of the purity of the lead obtained this way or how easy it would be to make these into containers for HF).

Tuatara

February 20th, 2003, 05:02 AM

You can buy lead sheet from a plumbing or roofing supply shop - its used as a flashing for covering joins in iron roofing. It comes on a roll, about a foot wide, so you should be able to get a nice long piece. Then just wrap it around a mandrel, fold the edges over to form a nice seam, then beat the crap out of it to seal it.

Sarevok

February 21st, 2003, 03:49 AM

Posted by Tuatara:

quote:

---

You can buy lead sheet from a plumbing or roofing supply shop - its used as a flashing for covering joins in iron roofing. It comes on a roll, about a foot wide, so you should be able to get a nice long piece. Then just wrap it around a mandrel, fold the edges over to form a nice seam, then beat the crap out of it to seal it.

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Wonderful. :cool: But how much it costs?

Aaron-V2.0

March 20th, 2003, 11:41 PM

Of course now it's Lead! Dont forget that you can melt lead with one of those butane crack pipe lighters. A complete seal would be much better than hammering it.

Chade

September 9th, 2003, 10:44 PM

First let me say, bugger. I'd just finish typing this whole darn post, and you can see how long it it, then I dropped the keyboard, and it landed on the ESC button. Wiped the whole thing. Well fuck it, I'm typing the whole thing again. Ok, So, Hydrofluoric acid. I managed to pick up a trilogy of science books published in 1891 for just £20 from a charity shop. They consist of articles (5-10 pages roughly) on a variety of science topics. Several are of interest to this forum. Most notable are the three articles 'Firing a shot', which details ballistics, and such wonders as how to find muzzle velocity using 1891 equipment, 'A Cannon shot' Which gives an excellent digest of black powder theory, and 'Modern explosives', which, considering when this was written, gives a very nice overview of nitrated explosives at the time. For the purposes of this topic though, the two of interest are 'A chemical laboratory', and the uninspiringly titled 'flint'. The second gives the best info for our purposes. I've got it scanned, it's 4.15 Mb. It's all in greyscale with diagrams. I've got OCR software, but it took me two hours just to do the frst two pages with all the reformatting needed, so stuff it. I also can't access the FTP, so if anyone wants to read it to verify it's not already there, and then upload it, that's fine with me. (No copyright worries! 1891 remember!) Anyway, here's the highlights of the relevant article. Flint starts by looking at an ordinary bit of flint, then looking a bit closer. It's SiO2, mostly, same as glass and quartz (and a whole host of other stuff). Now HF reacts with SiO2 so even partially fluorinated compounds will be gradually eroded. Lead or platinum are resistant. Now I'm sure a few folk won't be able to afford a platinum alembic, so for those of us in the cheap seats, we need lead. (most of the locals here seem to get theirs off nearby rooves!) As described, beat or melt it into shape. It's really malleable, and you can cut lead sheet with tin snips or even strong scissors. I'd fold the edges together twice over to provide a stronger join. What you'd want is a base plate with a lip around the edge for the top half of your apparatus to sit on. The top half of the apparatus is essentially a big lid which sits in the lip. The idea is to have a sort of moat with a dry area in the middle. The moat is filled with sulphuric acid (I'm suddenly getting interesting ideas of toy soldiers) and the lid sits in it to make an air tight seal, and the HF won't react with H2SO4. (although the lead will, so freshen it each time you do the experiment. A lead pipe leads into a container of water to make a saturated HF solution. This being an old book, before the days of fluorinated plastics and teflon, they also use gutta percha for piping and containers to hold the saturated acid solution. This is a naturally occuring plastic. Obviously Fluor spar works too, but if you fancy getting enough to carve into usable apparatus, best hope your chisel doesn't slip. So, that's the apparatus, but what goes inside? The fluorine compound back then was fluor spar (also known as fluorospar). This stuff's everywhere as the following attests: "Fluor-spar is a mineral of very wide distribution. Some of the finest crystals occur in the lead-veins of the Carboniferous Limestone series in the north of England, especially at Weardalè, Allendale and Alston Moor. It is also found in the lead and copper-mines of Cornwall and S. Devon, notably near L-iskeard, where fine crystals have been found, with faces of the sixfaced o ctahedron replacing the corners of the cube. In C ornwall fluorspar is known to the miners as cann. Fine yellow fluorspar occurs in some of the Saxon mines, and beautiful rose-red octahedra are found in the Alps, near GOschenen. Many localities in the United States yield fluor-spar, and it is worked commercially in a few places, notably at Rosiclare in southern Illinois." -http://89.1911encyclopedia.org/F/FL/FLUOR_SPAR.htm So that's UK and US guys happy. If you can't find a spot where you can walk by and pick it off the floor, most rock and mineral shops sell it. It's cheaper to get an uglier rock than a polished stone though.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Now the easy part, take a dish and boil up fluor spar in Sulphuric acid. Set it going somewhere you aren't and with a bit of glass suspended above it. When it's done, you'll come back and find that the glass polish is gone and it's pitted. (unless you've done too much, and your glass is gone!) Try painting wax on the surface and you can make your own frosted glass patterns. Boil this mix of H2SO4 and fluor spar in your alembic on a low heat sand bath and make HF solution. Crude, but it works. If, for some reason you need to break down glass, NaOH works also, as does KOH. One method describes boiling Sodium hydroxide in a glass bowl with ground glass. The ground glass is reacted before the container, although that is still attacked. Words of warning for those who keep their caustic soda in glass containers. It will probably survive, but you may contaminate your alkali with Na2SiO2. Reminds me of the other day I kept some 1 molar NaOH on an old pop bottle. Some must have precipitated in a clump at the bottom then re-dissolved. The heat melted the plastic and NaOH solution started leaking all over the place. Irritating stuff in every sense. I'm eventually planning on making HF, as its action on glass is an intermediate for making silicon. Now, health issues. Latest news is that Calcium gluconate is not used, and even if it was, it seems to be getting the same press as cardiac defibrilators. Both are treated as a panacea by the uninformed, but they only work in about 10% of cases. First thing to do with a burn is to irrigate with water for five minutes. (or do what that guy did, and jump in the pool) Then gently rub in the calcium gel. if' you're stuck by yourself, you'll probably be too busy screaming in pain unless it's a minor burn, so make sure you've got someone who can give you first aid. They'll be the ones saving your life, so explain things carefully in advance. Fluorine and HF are unforgiving at best. if something has gone wrong with homemade equipment, most times a pot of calcium chloride gel on the workbench won't be much help. Now, even though it's more toxic if it gets in your bloodstream (calcium gluconate can be given in an IV) what is now recommended in the emergency rooms is use of a lab staple, Calcium chloride, as it's got much more calcium by weight. If you don't have some, you can get it as a room dehydrator refill, and purify it. It's pretty pure (over 99%) to start with, but it's likely to get into your bloodstream, so get rid of anything that's not CaCl2. Mix it with KY jelly (which is water soluble) to make the calcium gel. Some emergency doctors recommend drinking 1-5% CaCl2 solution as it binds the fluorine, but in a pinch, and you can bet you'll be in a pinch here, any calcium rich compound or antacid will do. Milk, calcium carbonate solution, or milk of magnesia are good substitutes. You can make HF without having this stuff ready, but it's no problem to have around. In the extreme cases, like you just dunked your hand in a saturated HF solution, I'd seriously considering hacking off the hand before that fluorine gets into you bloodstream. I've not seen the effect with very high doses, but I'd rather lose the hand than risk my life that much. Emergency treatment of HF acid burns: http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic181.htm Finally, Fluorine and HF victims: Humphrey Davy of England: poisoned, recovered. George and Thomas Knox of Ireland: both poisoned, one bedridden 3 years, recovered. P. Louyet of Belgium: poisoned, died. Jerome Nickels of Nancy, France: poisoned, died. George Gore of England: fluorine / hydrogen explosion, narrowly escaped injury. Henri Moissan of France: poisoned several times, success, but shortened lifespan. Humphrey Davy is one smart son of a bitch. If it can get him, I for one am taking extreme care when I get around to making it. Lots more Fluorine info here: http://www.lateralscience.co.uk/Fluorine/Fluorine.html

pyromaniac_guy

October 5th, 2003, 12:24 AM

Originally posted by nbk2000 *snip* An HF solution of under 60% won't cause any immediate burning sensation on contact with the skin, but when over 30% concentration, it will be absorbed through the skin where it will bind with the calcium in the body, causing heart attack and bone disintegration. So just make it about 40-50% and proceed to spray your victim down with a supersoaker full of the stuff. Also, as far as I know, it's not immediately corrosive to rubber, which may open up water ballons as a weapon. i have never worked with HF, but I KNOW that flourine gas certainly has a destinctive smell in even minute quantities... does 50% HF not ahve any distinctive smell to it? In other words, just because your victem's skin isnt immedialty melting off, would they not be suspicious of getting hozed with the funky smelling water?

Anthony

October 5th, 2003, 07:38 AM

I've not noticed any smell when working with 48% HF, it was in a fume cupboard and I wasn't getting too close, but under the same circumstances you do notice smelly chems (ammonium hydroxide, acetic acid etc).

simply RED You can make an effective HF granade. The key is NH4F. Ammonium fluoride. http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/AM/ammonium_fluoride.html Ammonium fluoride burns with strong nonmetal conatining oxidizers to give HF. 5NH4F + 3NH4ClO4 = 5HF + 4N2 + 3HCl + 12H2O

October 10th, 2003, 07:06 AM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter

It gives off a good cocktail of HF and HCl. For good burning - add charcoal powder.

MrSamosa

October 10th, 2003, 08:24 AM

If I recall correctly from Material Safety Data Sheets, HF has an Acrid odor... I have never smelled it, though. I have a bottle of 2-3 % HF from rust remover, and I have never even opened it. However, I have smelled Ammonium Bifluoride solution. It is not a very strong odor, like Ammonia or Chlorine or such, but it is noticeable- kind of like a "light" Ammonia smell, but nonstingy. If some of it were spilled, you should be able to smell it (Unless you are in a fume hood, because as I said, it's not a very strong odor). Hmm, never thought about burning NH4F, but this will be something I have to try now. Something new to play around with. A HCl/HF combination would be best though, if you are considering it solely on a basis of cost. Sadly though, I have no Chlorates or non-metal containing oxidizers (my Oxidizers are Sodium/Calcium Hypochlorite and Potassium Permangante only :( ).

Anthony

October 10th, 2003, 02:41 PM

BTW, 40% HF will dissolve its way through a pyrex flask easily overnight. You'd think that someone with a degree in chemical engineering (not me!) would have realised that...

teshilo

October 10th, 2003, 02:59 PM

Maybe used Pyrex coating inside PTFE (teflon) tape.HF non eat it,and PTFE resistance high temperature.

pyromaniac_guy

October 11th, 2003, 02:51 AM

Originally posted by teshilo Maybe used Pyrex coating inside PTFE (teflon) tape.HF non eat it,and PTFE resistance high temperature. how do you propose to coat the inside of a flask with ptfe tape? i would think it would be much easier to just use ptfe labware

teshilo

October 11th, 2003, 10:56 AM

Why flask,pyrex tube very avaiable and coat inside tube PTFE very simple.

Chade

October 11th, 2003, 02:52 PM

I'd have thought it'd be a bit of a nightmare trying to cover the whole interior surface of a flask with that tape. It's never that good at sticking to itself, and it will hardly stick to glass at all. Add to that the fact that you only need the tinyest gap for the acid to leak through and attack the glass, and when you pour the acid in, it'll just swirl the tape around in there and it'll hardly contact the flask walls at all. I guess you'd be coating the neck of the flask as well as the stopper given that the fumes are also corrosive and pure HF has a boiling point around 20 degrees C, which would make it almost impossible, and you'd have to get the rest of the tape through that gap to apply it to the inside. The whole exercise sounds more difficult than making a ship in a bottle. Maybe you were thinking of a wide necked jar, or something, with some other sort of PTFE tape. Maybe the type you use has an adhesive backing? Well, not that I've ever seen anything like that, it wouldn't work anyway, as the acid would seep under and destroy the adhesive coating. Rather like trying to use sellotape on something that's going to go underwater. Perhaps there's some theoretical way to get this to work, but i dont think it's remotely feasible, and a bit daft when other HF resistant materials are easily acquired (flourinated glass, plastics, lead) I happened across this story while looking up HF stuff: Years back, one of our operators where I worked (not the current company) got HF contact. Since it was late on a Friday, she didn't want to spend her own time getting treatment, so she waited until Monday so she could get treatment on company time. I gather she paid dearly for her weekend--IIRC, she returned to work, with a much greater respect for HF burns. What kind of idiot gets HF burns then waits two days for treatment? I hear that dilute solutions are not even noticable on your skin until about 12 hours later, then the deep tissue damage hurts like nothing on earth. Interesting fact, HF isn't tecnically a strong acid, but a weak one. Doesn't seem to make it any less dangerous. Some info on getting calicum gluconate. Very useful stuff for this kind of work. http://www.biotech.ufl.edu/EM/data/hydroflouricacid.html You can make it from NaOH and HF, or Glucose (aq) + Cu2+ +NaOH -> Sodium Gluconate + Cu2O(red) (not balanced) I have to confess, I don't know the chemical formula for gluconates, so I can't see if these methods look feasible.

Nevermore

November 5th, 2003, 12:25 PM

Today i met a worker that described me his adventure with HF. He was working at Montedison (a famous italian company) with 40% HF, when he had a accident: he broke his protective gloves (probably eat up by HF) and touched the acid with his middle fingertip of the right hand. He didn't notice the contact until 2-3 minutes later when felt a burning stinging pain, then he realised what happened, and washed his hands.. unfortunately the HF was already making his way to the bone, the man told me in around 4 hours his finger tip became progressively gray white, then the nail started to discolour too and the finger started to swell, at this point he started to feel a bumping pain. After the supervisor saw what happened he sent him promptly to the hospital with a paper describing what happened, at the hospital his fingertip was quite swollen and very white, they promptly made 4 injection on the fingertip, applied a cream, then

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made a big injection on the shoulder. On the next day the finger was not swollen anymore, he told me took around 3 months to regain the sensitivity, and almost the same time till the burning was completely repaired, he lost the nail but it grow back after some months. He suffered of pain on the fingertip for a couple of years after the accident, but at now, 20 years later, he doesn't feel anything particular.. Note that i didn't ask him about that, we were just chatting about Hg melting gold, then switched to H2SO4 and HNO3 melting gold, then i said that Hf is the most dangerous..and he told me everything.. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and Weapons Forum

> Chemistry for Amateur Experimenters and Citizen Scientists

> Battlefield Chemistry

> MCX, the Triple Threat agent Log in

View Full Version : MCX, the Triple Threat agent nbk2000

December 3rd, 2002, 01:47 AM

While we were dow n, I had time to do some further research into the use of chemical agents during the Waco Seige. An interesting bit of info came up in a law suit by one of the survivors against the feds. This w as info about the toxic effects of DCM/MC (dichloromethane/methylene chloride) when combined w ith CS and fire. MC is a very potent, fast-acting inhalation general anesthesia agent, nearly on a par with Halothane, the most potent agent currently used in surgical anesthesia. The narcotic effects of MC follow a pattern. Anyone caught in the spray itself would experience tachycardia and possibly cardiac arrest. MC is known to sensitize the heart, particularly if the person is already under stress or fearful. In the case of most inhalation general anesthetics this effect is most pronounced if the person experiences a rapid change in the air concentration--partial pressure of the compound--of the agent. As the MC/CS cloud expanded within the building anyone exposed would experience difficulty in breathing due to the CS. The MC, being a potent anesthetic agent, would tend to alleviate the pain as narcosis set in and the brain began to shut dow n. It has been show n that a concentration of 0.46% (volume) in inhaled air will eliminate spontaneous movement, leaving the victims unable to flee to fresh air, leaving them trapped in a toxic atmosphere. MC is flammable in a vapor concentration greater than 12-14%. It is generally considered nonflammable so long as it is used in well-ventilated areas or in the open air. But within the confines of a building, the immediate area of release w ould be too rich in fuel (MC) to combust. This bubble of gas would then expand, getting mixed with more oxygen until it reached its flammibility range. At this point, if there's an ignition source, the vapor will ignite in a flash fire. During combustion, both chemicals involved produce toxic smoke. CS generates hydrogen cyanide (an asphyxiant), while MC generates hydrogen chloride and chlorine (both corrosive edema inducers). Both give copious amounts of carbon monoxide (asphyxiant). DCM itself is decomposed by the liver in CO, w hich impairs blood oxygenation. When combined w ith an oxygen deficient atmosphere, toxic gases, respiratory stressors (CS/HCl/ CL<sub>2), and greatly increased oxygen demand caused by the fight or flight response, it can be predicted with a high level of confidence that the target will expire from lack of oxygen. :) If the gas doesn't ignite, it'll continue to dilute to below it's igniton range, but will still be powerfully irritating and incapacitating. (BTW, dogs are used for testing anesthetics since they're very similar to humans in response and dosages. Something to keep in mind w hen testing such things. :) ) Oh, and MC is also a solvent for many CW agents, such as H, CX, G and V series, etc. This w ould be preferable for high stakes attacks. I'll refer to such a MC/CW mix as MCX. Envisioned uses w ould be to use as an adjunct to conventional attack such as fragmentation weapons. A suicide bomber could have his bombs on his chest, with the MCX in a plastic bag on his back in a knapsack or such. When he exploded, his body w ould absorb the flame, preventing premature ignition, but the shrapnel would penetrate and disperse the MCX over the scene. As the survivors are recovering from the initial shock, they're being anesthetized or confused by the MC, making them more likely to remain exposed to the X for a longer period of time, increasing its effectiveness. This would also complicate rescue efforts since the first responders would also be hindered by the MC, requiring use of protective equipment to avoid falling victim themselves, thus increasing response times/possibly taking out trained personnel/and increasing terror. Also, MC penetrates and irritates the skin, increasing its permeability to other agents. As the vapor cloud expanded, it could flash fire on any ignition source, spreading the fire must faster than it would by normal spread. The flashfire w ould then create the toxic combustion products in addition to any additional trauma by thermal effects. Even after a flashfire, there'd still be uncombusted MCX remaining to contaminate the scene. Given all these factors, I believe MCX would be more effective than a neat CW agent in a small scale attack because of the synergistic effects. :D In a conventional style bombing, a container of the material could be placed outside of the initial fireball radius so that it'll be shattered by fragmentation/blast with no risk of premature ignition from the fireball. <small>[ December 03, 2002, 12:53 AM: Message edited by: nbk2000 ]

mongo blongo

December 3rd, 2002, 10:31 AM

http://216.239.51.100/search?q=cache:qjqwqXuHpOAC:ehis.niehs.nih.gov/roc/ninth/rahc/dichloromethane.pdf+dichloromethane&hl= en&ie= UTF-8< /a> When DCM is heated to decomposition it emits highly toxic fumes of phosgene gas.

Polverone

December 4th, 2002, 01:15 AM

Have you worked with DCM before? I've never inhaled such a high vapor concentration that I found it irritating, nor have I felt myself growing lightheaded or otherw ise feeling that that the chemical was affecting me. Now granted, I wasn't in a confined space w here DCM had just been explosively dispersed. But if it takes, say 0.25% DCM in air to affect humans in a short period of time, and your hypothetical attacker sets his device off in a room that is 10x10x3 meters in size, and the ambient temperature is 20 degrees Celsius (say, this is starting to sound like a textbook story problem...), then about 2.6 kg of DCM need to be instantly vaporized without decomposition to reach the 0.25% air concentration.I don't know how easily one could accomplish this w ith explosives. There obviously needs to be much, much more DCM in the air for the vapor mixture to be flammable. DCM vapor is heavier than air and there aren't any people hanging on the ceiling anyway, so you probably don't need to take the full 3 meter height of the room into consideration, except that the air will likely be in a turbulent state and distribute the vapor throughout the w hole room, not just near the floor. DCM is inexpensive and readily available, true, but from personal experience it just doesn't seem potent enough to justify it taking up valuable mass/space in your hypothetical bomber's payload.

nbk2000

December 4th, 2002, 05:07 AM

I haven't deliberately inhaled DCM, no, but I have chloroform, which is less potent, and found it rather dizzying on brief exposures. Now it would take a bit of it to establish a suitable concentration, maybe too much for a suicide bomber to carry. But, then again, I have the feeling that too many of the suicide bombers are using poorly designed weapons. Too much explosive is being used. You don't need a huge blast to propel fragments at lethal velocity. If they used less explosive (a rare commodity in their situation), and made what explosive used more effective by complicating escape and rescue of the w ounded, they might start upping the body count. Also, decomposition isn't a real problem, as long as it isn't all burned up in an instant by the explosives fireball. Some decomposition would indeed be desirable because of the toxic byproducts of such decomposition. Vehicles w ould have no carry weight restrictions and, given the ready availability of DCM in civilized countries, could be a "poor mans" CW agent when used with a car bomb in a confined area such as a crowded street or underground parking lot during a mall holiday rush.

MrSamosa

December 5th, 2002, 07:21 AM

I don't think that excessive amounts of DCM w ill be necessary for such an application. What we are not considering right now is the average man's response to such an attack. When a person here's a big *BANG*, sees people getting torn apart by shrapnel, is himself knocked over, what does he do? The fight or flight mode kicks in and the adrenal starts pumping. The heart starts to beat faster, and that means you have to breathe faster to support it. Therefore, should there be a chemical agent about, you're breathing a lot more of it faster. On another note, should people try to run away, that means they breathe faster as well. This w as the mistake many soldiers made at Ypres during WW1 when they were first exposed to Chlorine- they tried to run. They never made it very far because of their faster breathing. Of course, the Ypres attack used considerably more of the gas than a suicide bomber w ould. How ever, for a conventional bombing, this idea could most certainly be applied. EDIT: on a side note, I downloaded a 35 chapter Army Textbook dealing with the response, rescue, cleanup, and treatment following a Chemical or Biological strike. 50megs.com won't let me upload the zipfile because it is "too big." It is really only 4.6 mb, and a decent read. I think that it would be a good idea to know the ways of your adversary when you are planning to beat them...so if anyone wants to host it for me... :)

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Anthony

December 5th, 2002, 07:54 AM

MrSamosa, upload it to ctrl_c's FTP

nbk2000

December 5th, 2002, 08:20 AM

If you still have the URL for that file, you could post it here. Though I'm assuming you'd have done that already if you still had it, correct? Also, w hile it's possibly (or maybe even likely) that most of the people w ould be able to flee before being exposed long enough to be incapacitated by the DCM anethesia, though not likely escaping the X agent exposure, the same can't be said for the injured who are too fucked up to flee the scene. They're the ones w ho are going to be snuffed out (RTPB No survivors). And, one could even say that using DCM in a weapon is, in fact, being human and merciful, since those too injured to flee were likely to die anyways. In fact, you're given them a merciful death by anesthetizing them, much like you'd put an old dog to sleep. :) Also, DCM has a pretty fast knock-dow n effect, able to render active adults unconcious in less than 20 seconds (according to the lawsuit info). Maybe if it w as combined with HCN rather than a less active CW agent, it would drop people dead in their tracks. Also, I could see using neat DCM in a sprayer (like MACE) for capturing someone alive (hopefully). Spray 'em in the kisser and w atch them drop like a sack o' potatos. :D

Agent Blak

December 6th, 2002, 03:34 AM

Now we are talking... In a video I w atched ont he History of ninjitsu they speak briefly about a chemical compound used to incapaciatate the mark; It was a pow der thrown in to the face. Never said what it was. The ablity to knock someone out consistantly and instantly is a big plus.

nbk2000

December 6th, 2002, 04:40 AM

There's a very real risk of killing your target with DCM. In massive doses, like they'd get being sprayed in the face with it, their hearts could stop, CNS damage, or hyperthermic reaction could induce an uncontrolable fever that burn their brains up into a vegetative state. So, while it MAY be used to capture someone, I'd only use it if the possibility of capturing them alive is needed, but dead's OK too. It might even be useful as a lethal weapon w ith rapid knock-dow n, like HCN, only w ithout the extreme toxicity that could endanger you as well. DCM needs more than .1% volume in air to begin having effects, whereas HCN is lethal at >.15oz/1,000CFT, orders of magnitude more potent. Spray them in the face, step back, let them pass out or become incapable of defending themselves, then finish them off. Not directly related, yet similar, is a robber who's jacked a couple of stores in my local area. He poses as a customer, gets a cup of HOT coffee, goes the register to pay for it, and w hen the drawer is open, throws the scalding hot coffee in the cashiers face and grabs the money draw er. One clerks been blinded, another hasn't, but both have 3rd degree burns on their face and neck. This attack method isn't new, but it reinforces the reasoning behind my personal routine of dumping all coffee as soon as I get on shift. Thus there is NO hot liquids in the store to throw at me. :p Only soda. And anyone who throw s a cup of soda on me is getting Romper Stompered with my steel toe boots. :D

MrSamosa

December 6th, 2002, 10:20 PM

Have you considered Fluorocarbons? Although they don't cause the same knock-out action as Chloroform or DCM, they can still be CNS depressants. It is generally not very flammable, like DCM, but in certain concentrations in the air can be burned. In addition to the usual Carbon Oxides formed from burning, Hydrogen Fluoride and Carbonyl Fluoride are also formed. The latter is particularly nasty; more toxic than Phosgene and a more severe lachrymator. Furthermore, Fluorocarbons such as 1,1-Difluoroethane and Tetrafluoroethane are readily available for the purpose of dusting off computer hardware. They come in convenient compressed air cans. Perhaps a small charge taped to the can could be used to puncture it and thus spread the chemical around to a dangerous concentration. At that point, a secondary charge could start a fire, which would cause the Fluorocarbon's breakdown to even deadlier chemicals.

Fl4PP4W0k

December 16th, 2002, 05:46 AM

1,1,1,2- Tetrafluoroethane is indeed used in those PC Duster cans... Strictly for purpouses of scientific research... I inhaled a lungful of 50% TFE and air. Similar to a weak nitrous high - about 20s of just a really fucked up light headed feeling. Impaired balance, memory, hearing etc... Increased heart rate was also noticed. So... I tried a lungful of straight TFE. Like a nitrous high but not.... as good. Incapacitated for sure... I tried to run - mimicing a panic situation - and got about 10 steps before falling on my face with a big ass grin :D Thus, in an enclosed environment I believe that tetrafluoroethane could be used as something to 'slow people down' or something... though out in the open very large amounts would be needed. I tried spraying myself in the face, and taking a breath, but all I received was a slight 'buzz'. So it wouldnt be too effective for that route of administration. I have not experimented with a continuous flow of this stuf (...suicide...) though I am sure it COULD have some definite knockdown abilities. Or atleast sufficient confusion. TFE is not flammable... on the can it has a label w ith "non flammable gas under pressure" The amounts required of this substance are quite noticeably less than nitrous oxide to gather similar effects... though i would recommend N2O as a recreational substance apparently extended inhalation of TFE can cause liver problems (probably not much more than the odd binge :D ) No negative after effects were noticed in any 'experiments'. All effects w ore off by the 5 minute mark.

Boob Raider

January 9th, 2003, 02:29 PM

I have can of Poly super Strippa made by LePage. In first aid area of the label it states it contains DCM/MC and methanol and on the front it says it is non-flammable. It also contains a gelling agent. So since it is non-flammable, methanol content could be low. On the other hand, I tried smelling the stripper and registering an odor of DCM, it has a very mild odor and doesn't smell like CHCl3, but I didn't feel a thing as far anesthising goes, I feel more woozy when I am dismanteling Li batteries. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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> Battlefield Log in

July 6th, 2002, 04:20 AM

im not sure if i should post yet but i was wondering if anyone has thought of the use of flox glove sap as a poison as an improvised weapon iv been interested in plan poisions for the simple fact its esay to get seeds for alot of them and its esay to extract the oils and sap from them and they are lethal. id like any imput as to plant poisions that are as readily esay to get from a nursary in seed form just like foxglove

VX

July 6th, 2002, 06:03 AM

Yeah ,I’ve considered it a lot. It I actually wanted to poison someone/ thing that is the way that I would go. I would not use the sap though, I would extract pure the toxin itself, most plant toxins are alkaloids and these can all be extracted using one common method which is not too demanding.... Could be a nice way to spend a Sunday afternoon :) . My garden and the whole surrounding area to me is now covered in flowering foxglove. Look here here for how to extract alkaloids. (This is not the best site, I was looking at a realy good one the other day, but I can't seem to find it now. The method is about the same though. It's just that some sites go into a lot more of the theory of why it works, I like that. Anyway I’m in a rush now (got to go to work :( ), search google for several good pages. This same method can also be used to seperate pure caffine from tea bags/ coffiee. Edit: spelling <small>[ July 06, 2002, 04:33 PM: Message edited by: VX ]

cutefix

July 6th, 2002, 06:04 AM

Ricin from castor bean plant is a likely candidate...

MrSamosa

July 6th, 2002, 07:33 AM

Ricin (Castorbean, Ricinus Communis) and Abrin (Rosary-beads) are both good plant toxins. Once you have extracted the toxin from these seeds, mixing them in with some Carbon Tetrachloride makes a good Aerosol Spray... You can try Oleander plants, they have Cyanogen Glycosides in all parts. There are countless other plants that have Strychine or Atropine in them. Many mushrooms are extremely toxic as well. <small>[ July 06, 2002, 06:43 AM: Message edited by: MrSamosa ]

nbk2000

July 6th, 2002, 10:17 AM

Newbie posting a new topic, wrong section, raping the english language, semi-illiterate... :rolleyes: What ELSE could you do to get banned? I don't know, but you're not going to get the chance to show me because you're out of here! :p

VX

July 6th, 2002, 05:45 PM

The mushrooms are extremely interesting as many mushroom toxins are actually proteins. These inhibit RNA polymerase B and hence protein synthesis. I discussed this in detail not to long ago in another thread <small>[ July 06, 2002, 04:46 PM: Message edited by: VX ]

Mick

July 6th, 2002, 09:11 PM

he has posted it in the right section. Battlefield Chemistry Discussion of the synthesis and procurement, of non-explosive agents including poisons, chemical weapons, riot gasses, and biological agents. i really think that was a bit unfair, at least his first post created some discussion that was at least interesting and intelligent. granted his spelling was a bit fucked, but mine isn't exactly a beacon of shining light at times. could have given him a warning. but, your the mod, so i suppose its up to you :D <small>[ July 06, 2002, 08:12 PM: Message edited by: Mick ]

Jumala

July 7th, 2002, 12:09 AM

Foxglove is very often to find and very poisonous but aconitum napellus (blauer Eisenhut, free translated = blue ironhad)is the most poisonous plant (in Europe) and it is a often used as ornamental plant in parks and gardens. Contact with your skin can be enough for the first weak poisoning symptoms.

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FragmentedSanity

July 10th, 2002, 07:45 AM

Correct me if Im wrong - but wasnt foxglove used as a heart medication in times long gone? I know its a poison but Id assume that the lethal dose would have to be kinda high - but as suggested alkaloid extraction would be a good way to go. Does anyone know if that would work on Deadly Nightshade? (atropine is the main toxin in this) and could a simple water extract (boiling the berries and reducing to a syrupy conscistancy) work. Are there any good books on the subject? and more importantly does anyone have some to load onto the FTP - it seems a lot of people are interested in natural toxins - prehaps that could be the subject for a future "special project" If we had a good document on the topic I at least would find it useful :) A good reference that some may not have thought of is "Legal Highs" The document is aimed at using plants to get high obviously - but the thing to remeber is that most of the substances can be fatal if enough is given. In some its a fine line between bizzare psychadelic experiences and agonizing death (things like belladonna etc.) Mushrooms are very interesting in this field. One in particular - Im not sure of the name tho and dont have time to look it up right now - but i think it was as simple as heartstopper or something similar. the interesting part was that death came suddenly 3 days after ingestion - by which time all traces of the toxin have been flushed from the body leaving the autopsy to reveal nothing but a heart attack. later FS

nbk2000

July 10th, 2002, 09:18 AM

Mick, you're a day late and dollar short. This topic didn't start out here, but was rather MOVED here by me. And you're right, as admin, banning someone IS up to me. To me, anyone who can't capitalize the letter "I" when referring to themselves is a stupid bugger who deserves a good reaming. Alkaloids are good poisons only because of their ready availability. However, they'tre readily detectable in any decent toxscreen. Protein poisons are much better because they degrade into common components in the body, complicating detection. Poisons like ricin or coneshell venom are proteins, Digitalis used to be used as a heart medication. Still is in synthetic form.

Machiavelli

July 10th, 2002, 09:53 AM

Digitalis alkaloids are still used as heart medication, but alternatives are prefered as the gap between therapeutic and toxic doses is very narrow. Eisenhut is definitly a good candidate for a humanicide, the only possible problem is that the active alkaloid, Aconitin is not that stable, it's easily hydrolized. The english name is Monkshood and Stanfield would call it Aconit Napel :) Toxic doses of the plant starts at 0.2g, for the alkaloid itself it starts at about 1 mg cutaneous! The alkaloid content seems to peak during winter. Unfortunately I don't know a good english reference book for toxic plants, but you might want to check out a university library or ask a toxicologist. For our German members I highly recommend "Giftpflanzen-Pflanzengifte", it's the best book on the subject I've ever read, covers pretty much everything, has chemical data for all alkaloids, 1090 pages and at 21 euros it's dirt cheap. So if you're interested in toxic plants get this book! Info from amazon.de: http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/ASIN/3933203317/qid=1026304078/sr=8-1/ ref=sr_aps_prod_1_1/028-2342736-8506104

Boob Raider

August 23rd, 2002, 02:19 AM

Actually ..... Digitalis and related toxins are glucosides (digitoxin, digitonnin etc.). I am pretty sure they paralyze the heart if OD'ed. Strychnine is a kick ass alkaloid. Road side vets in India used to use it to put dogs to sleep (dead in 3-4 mins). Over stimulation paralyzes the nervous system. Angel's Trumpet aka Thorn Apple, Jimson Weed, I think if not the common names of same plant they r common name of closely related species of Datura. The contain varying amounts of atropine, daturine, hyoscyamine, scopolamine(an anesthetic) and a shit load of other alkaloids in minute amounts. Also another candidate is Amanita phalloides aka the death cup aka death angel is a very toxic mushroom. The alkaloid amanitine and others are potent hepatotoxins. There are a shit load of fungi out there which could kill (potency varies a lot) oh and hallucinogenic fungi rock :D Anatoxin is one alkaloid which I think is comparable to saxitoxin and it can be isolated from Anabaena flos aquae and/or Aphanizomenon flos aquae. Although I am still looking for the algae. I have pics but I don't know how to post them. Their on my Hard Drive.

Cricket

August 23rd, 2002, 06:31 AM

I have always thought a good way to kill some one would be by milking a poisonous snake (Tipan would be good, or a Corral snake since it takes up to 12 hours for symptoms to appear) and puting it into them. The delivery would be tough. I think the best would be to buy/steal one of those monkey tranqulisers and fill it up with the refrigerated venom and shoot it from a blow gun (they make slow rifle rounds too). But conventional drugs could be a fine choise too, to make it it look like an OD or drug suicide. Acid (LSA/LSA) would be good I think, very potent. Just extract/purify it from the street drug and put in coffee or like the venom, in a blowgun. Just a couple thoughts...

pyromaniac_guy cricket,

August 23rd, 2002, 03:24 PM

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how would hitting someone with a tranq dart filled with poison look like a drug od? If the particular venom you refer to takes 12 hours to affect a person, dont you think it would stand to reason that your average person would say "fuck i've just been hit by a blow gun dart... i better report it and see what i've just been injected with" if you use something fast acting, like a massive drug OD, then unless you hit the person with a dart in a place where one normally shoots up, it's not going to look like an intentional suicide or an od [ie people who commit suicide, dont OD by shooting up a syringe full of heroine into the middle of their back]. Finally, if you do use something fast acting, then you have to go to the scene of the crime and swipe the dart, otherwise it will be a very obvious piece of evidence suggesting it wasnt an od... Halfway decent idea the snake bite venom, but as far as delivery goes, you might as well just use a gun, walk up to your target, and blast um... I think a slightly more realistic aproach would be to get your target high, or very drunk... bring them out to a nature trail where poisonous snakes are known to live, and inject um with the snake venom from a syringe. Obviously it will help if you study photos of snake bites, and try and make the injection site look like this (ie multiple puncture wounds).. the person would have to be f'ed up enough to be totally helpless, ie TOTALLY drunk, roofies maybe, ect... You dont want them walking out to get help, tell the authorities what you did... nor do you want to put them anywhere TOO remote... if the body seriously decomposes or is mauled by scavengers, all the evidence of your painstakingly faked 'natural' death will be erased.... then again, even this is a highly far fetched scenario... and it requires you to have intimate acess to your target...

Chade

September 4th, 2003, 07:33 PM

Ahhh, deady nightshade. You can't beat it. What else conjures up such romantic images? Just me then? OK. But it's still kinda groovy. The active ingrediant is an alkaloid called Solanine, a glycoside. in small doses, it's medicinal (for epilepsy, amongst other things) in moderate doses, it's hallucinogenic, and was used in greek bacchanals and orgies. In large enough doses, it's fatal. Symptoms seem to vary, but always include nausea. One report even claimed victims lost the ability to speak when poisoned. Potentially useful, no? Symptoms generally occur after 812 hours, but your stomach is empty, on average, 6 hours after eating a good meal. this means the nausea won't help you vomit up the solanine. Solanine is a neurotoxin which, obviously, attacks the central nervous system. It inhibits your productions of acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that breaks down Acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter. All well and good, but here's the cool part. Solanine occurs in most of the plants in the nightshade family (Solanaceae). The nightshade family includes potatoes. Remember your mum telling you not to eat green potatoes? That's why. The alkaloid is found in the green part of the potato plant. Just bury some in the back yard until they grow. A new shoot can contain a lethal dose of Solanine. Not likely, but that stat is often quoted as a warning for safety purposes. Even regular potatoes contain Solanine, but you'd need over thirty to do you in (at 160ilb, with medium sized potatoes). Solanine also occurs in the following little gems: Aubergine, Cayenne, Chilli, Green and red peppers, Paprika, Tomato Green tomatoes work like green potatoes. Multiple poisoning at the whistle stop cafe anyone? Clearly, deadly nightshade (Atropa Belladonna) is your best bet for ease of extraction, but no-one will bat an eyelid if you're growing spuds. very few people know how deadly they can be. most animals have the sense not to touch them, but there's reported cases of poisonings in ducks and horses. It's a white crystalline bitter tasting substance: C45 H73 N O15 http://grandfinale.at.infoseek.co.jp/solanine.htm It's not easily absorbed by your intestines, but it is easily removed and doesn't accumulate in your tissues. After hitting your bloodstream, it will mostly be gone within 12 hours. If you survive, that is. Your gut also contains bacteria that hydrolyse Solanine into a safer form. If it were not for all these defence mechanisms, the lethal dose would be far lower. LD = 590 mg/ kg Now, there have been reported cases of Solanine poisoning when making tea from tomato leaves. I'm guessing if you had left that tea in an evaporating dish, you'd be left with a residue that contained high levels of Solanine. I guess one could opt for drying out peeled green potato skins, along with shoots, stalks and leaves from blooming potato plants, then boiling them for a while and evaporating down the resulting solution. On a side note, if I were ever to use a plant based poison (not that I would, I'm a lovely person), I'd go for Death cap or Destroying Angel toxins. (Yes, I know a fungi isn't a plant, but you get the idea.) 90% fatality rate, but the bugger of it is that spending a day as sick as a dog, you think you've got better, only to find out a little later that your kidneys don't work anymore. Whoops! [edit - added useful link] Just found this site that give details of the extraction using Ammonia and Ethanol. More importantly, it offers Solanum dulcamara seed for sale. http://www.aros.net/~lambo/dulcamara/dulcamara01.htm

wrench352

September 6th, 2003, 05:57 AM

I have foxglove,nightshade,jimsonweed even a little cannabis growing wild down here especially the nightshade.tons of it down by the railroad track near my house

knowledgehungry

September 6th, 2003, 11:23 AM

Arent you lucky, do you also have lots of wildlife or stray animals, if so you could be very useful, testing methods of extraction and delivery on animals, then you could weigh the corpses and approximate the lethal dose per Kg.

Sparky

September 6th, 2003, 12:10 PM

Deadly nightshade is a weed around here too. Chade, you keep mentioning growing your own potatoes to get the Solanine. If it occurs in green potatoes then there is no reason to wait a whole season to get them. Just buy a bunch and leave them out in the bright sun for a while to make them plenty green. Even a bucket of potatoes left out in the sun for a few hours will render them unedible. I don't know why this

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happens or if it would be more effective cutting up the potatoes first to give more surface area exposed to the sun.

Al Nobel

September 6th, 2003, 08:34 PM

Just a sidenote on nightshade plants: one of their psycoactive alkaloides scopolamin was used by the US army as an truth drug. Hyosciamus niger and datura stramanium contain this alkaloid. So my question is how to extract this alkaloid out of the plants? It´s easy to extract all alkaloids out of a plant to poison someone, but I don´t know how to isolate one of them. My problem is that I don´t need all the other psycoactive substances as hyoscamin,cause a mix of the psycoactive parts would only cause a "nice" trip/dead to the victim. This mix is still usefull cause the LD and the dose you need to endrug a person are quite the same. So if you want to stop/kill a person it´s still usefull. To make a long story short any help would be appreciated, cause I have access to most of the interesting nightshade plants.

wrench352

September 6th, 2003, 11:59 PM

first to Al,yes theres plenty of critters to test on here-there aint much worse than a feral cat.part of my job is to clar this stuff out of the paddocks so horses dont get at them.I'm told one berry from deadly nightshade can kill a horse.there about the size of a pea,purple when ripe. second about the scoplamine-the jimson weed is full of it sometimes kids eat the seeds to trip.But I have heard its not very pleasant.currently theres some kind of south american psychotrope going around the Orlando area.botannical in nature,cant remember the name,again not very pleasant.I heard about it as a warning on the news,only one in ten who try it come back for more.

nbk2000

September 7th, 2003, 02:02 AM

Fractional liquid chromatography would be the way to go. :) Go to polverone's website, and you'll find some SciAm AmSci files on chromatography that I gave him, and you should be able to get started from there. ;) You'll also need to find a reagent that will give you a color indication with the alkaloid that you wish to extract. Then, after you've collected your elution fractions, you can use a spot plate to test a drop from each one till you find the ones that have your desired alkaloids, than process just those fractions to collect the solid alkaloid. :D Another possible way to ID the fractions would be by using a polariscope to determine the degree of rotation caused by the various organic components in the solvent, though that may be too complex to start with. Where I'm at, there are none of these type of plants, so if I had the money for the equipment, I'd be happy to do the work of extracting the alkaloids in exchange for getting the plants sent to me in the first place. :D

bobo

September 7th, 2003, 07:02 PM

The green potatoes may contain some poison, but are not the berries of the potato plant the most dangerous part?

wrench352

September 8th, 2003, 01:41 PM

NBK I have found a good quantity of foxglove and several specimens of deadly nightshade.I think the deadly nightshade is out of season though because the buds have yet to set.I think it would be another month till they have ripe berries.I dont have any need for the extract but dont mind contributing to your research.I will drop you a line when they're ready if you want.How much will you need for research.It will not take long to find an unlimited supply. While on my nature walk I was thinking that nobody would last long under interrogation with combination scoplamine/ electroshock.A person would very quickly breakdown.I have'nt seen jimson weed lately but I have seen it here before.

Chade

September 14th, 2003, 10:18 PM

I've been doing some research into this and, god help me, I've started getting fascinated by Solanine. (I'm a bit of a science geek) I'm currently asking around various government agencies (UK) to ask whether it's legal to extract small quantities of solanine, and prescicely what the laws are. I imagine I'll probably get blocked at some point, given that I'm only an amateur scientist, but even if I do I'll be able to relay what the laws are, so at least everyone else here will be more informed. I could just do it, but I don't fancy getting caught with any quantity of refined poison, just in case. I guess one of our US forumites would be better placed to investigate the legalities over there, although I think they'd vary by state. So far the environment agency has passed me onto the food standards agency, and the health and safety executive. They'll quite possibly also required me to check with Defra as well. (If only I had a lawyer to ask!) I'll post if I get a useful reply, as I think some people would be interested in the legalities of extracting poisons and plant alkaloids. My planned experiment was to grow a bunch of potato plants and test the solanine levels at various points to tell what parts had highest concentrations and what affected Solanine production. My idea is that, just as certain conditions tend to yellow plants, or make them more green, (influence chlorophyll production) varied conditions would affect solanine production (perhaps independantly?). This would of course apply, in some way, to all nightshades. Somewhat oddly, the LD 50 I gave (for rats - 590 mg/kg) seems to bear little resemblance to anything. Mice, for example, can eat twice their dose without any lethality, but humans have a lethal dose of 3-6 mg/Kg. What the hell's up with that? We really seem out of luck when it comes to our ability to resist Solanine. Our lethal dose seems about a twentieth of theirs and that's only if we eat ours, and you inject theirs directly into their abdomen (IP LD50 = 67-75 mg/kg). Just goes to show, we should ban animal testing. Not for ethical reasons, just because it's shit. To Bobo, I wasn't sure about what you'd said, hence my idea for a little experimentation, but from the link at the bottom of this post, they cite an example of berries having 0.45mg/g glycoalkaloid (I can only guess whether this random sample of potato berries was representative) while an example of peel had 1.4 to 1.5 mg/g. That's far more as a percentage in the peel, and you can get more of it. I've yet to investigate the levels in various other parts of the plant. To Sparky, You're dead right that if you want Solanine in a hurry, that's definately the way to go. I'm not in a hurry, and I'll

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find potato plants easier to explain that a set of potatoes left in the sun. (I suppose you could follow Anthony's/Holly's example and claim they're keeping you sane?) Cutting up the potatoes shouldn't make too much difference, as you'd probably just use the peel which contains 30-80 percent of the active ingredient. I'm not sure whether the solanine is only produced by the skin, or throughout, so I can't say whether it'd speed production in the flesh of the potato, but it wouldn't help the peel. NBK took the words right out of my mouth when he mentioned chromatography. I was going to try column chromatography, as I think it's more useful for getting larger quantities out of a material. The columns can be inches in diamater, but the bigger they get, the longer they take to pack. There is, however, a german patent (which I'm still translating) that gives details of an extraction using 0.1-20% acetic acid (so vinegar should work) followed by treatment by a protease. Trouble is isolating which protease they mean, and seeing it it's available. (a few proteases, for example in winemaking, are OTC. If it's not a method that can be crowbarred into a home lab like yours and mine, The best method is the one in the other link I've provided. The Potato has two toxic agents, both anticholinesterase agents. This is their defence mechanism. Any bugs try to suck on a potato plant, and they get left with a nasty old aftertaste. The glycoalkaloids are Solanine and Chaconine, both present in the plant as salts in a ratio of 2:3 respectively. In the German patent, the acetic acid converts the salts to solanine and chaconine. The salts are water soluble, and so you can simply peel the potatoes, and dry the peel. Then powder it* and add water. You can boil it without lowering Solanine levels (as several ill or dead people who tried too cook the badness out of green spuds found out!) and then filter it off. You get a crude glycoalkaloid by: "Precipitation with ammonia at a pH above 10 at 70oC" This gets a toxic mix of glycoalkaloids including the two we want. Although there is no data for chaconine solubility (possibly because it's not known?) the review I've linked to tells us, very helpfully, that Solanine is practically insoluble in water, ether and chloroform, but readily soluble in hot alcohol. (I presume they mean ethanol, not just any old alcohol) So this provides us with an excellent method to get hold of some solanine. Wash the precipitate with water, ether and chloroform. That should remove most impurities, ready for column chromatography (if it's even needed by that point) These last two are not everyday solvents, but the synthesis is often discussed on elsewhere on the forum. I'd probably end with a column chromatography step in my experiment to make sure my analysis was more accurate. I'll start with something like a glass column filled with chalk, using an ethanol solvent. The review gives details of other chromatography methods including TLC, but I'm personally going to try my own way before I attempt to get hold of the monosodium phosphate and ethyl actate I'll need for that. This whole method could be tweaked a little for most plant alkaloids, once you know what they're soluble in. I'll feel quite safe experimenting with small amounts of Solanine. (although I'll do it in my fume hood, just for the hell of it) mostly because it's not chronic or carcinogenic (about the only thing that isn't!) so if you don't die, or get really close to dying, you should make a full recovery quickly from any exposure. *(segue: This totally reminds me of the old crapbook notion of smoking dried banana leaves. Solanine does work as a hallucinogen, although it'll make you sick as a dog if you take that much. Maybe the old banana skin idea was someone trying out a different fruit and something got mixed up along the way?) The best Solanine link I've found: http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/htdocs/Chem_Background/ExecSumm/ChaconineSolanine.html Click the index at the bottom of that page to get a very detailed breakdown on solanine. Includes LD50 for a large range of animals, and accounts of human solanine poisoning. The german patent for solanine extraction: DE10060512

nbk2000

September 14th, 2003, 11:05 PM

No buearacrat will approve your experiments in extracting poisons from potatos. Why? Well, what if you did get permission, and proceeded to use the poison on your neighbors, killing several. Who's on the hook for giving you the OK? Ahhhh....that right, the official, who's career and pension are things of the past. That's why it'll never happen. Oh, and just by even asking, you've likely put yourself on the short list of people to round up as "potential terrorists" when the pols next need to coverup a SNAFU on their part by diverting public attention with some highly publicized "terrorist" arrests. Not that any real terrorist would seek permission in the first place, but you know that reality has nothing to do with a pols career. ;) Also, I don't think solanine a very effective poison, requiring a quarter gram for the average human adult male. Things like aconitine can kill with just a few milligrams. But if you can manage to extract it, more power to you, though asking permission in these times of hysterical knee-jerk reactions is asking for a Bubba'ing. :D

anthracis

October 13th, 2003, 08:46 AM

Well, you've probably heard of aflatoxin right? The toxin produced by certain species of mold (Aspergillus flavus mainly)......It could prove a "silent killer". There is a great deal of information regarding this subject on the web. Below some quick links: http://www.highfiber.com/~galenvtp/vtlafltx.htm http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/bw_ii/bw_tabf.htm http://www.usda.gov/gipsa/newsroom/backgrounders/b-aflatox.htm We are lucky that only good people are reading these posts...:o

bloodbob

October 18th, 2003, 05:40 AM

Incase anyone is interested in similar toxins to what this topic was started on the oleander produces variey similar toxins that also act on the sodium channel in the heart.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter akinrog

December 6th, 2003, 08:15 PM

In my opinion Digitalis series plant extracts digitoxin, digitonin, etc. are best for poisioning since they are not alkoloids but (cardiac) glicosides. The latter makes them hard to analitically determine. But in case of alkoloids their metabolization products are easy to identify and its sympthoms are like poisioning. However when digitalis derivatices are ingested, they cause a heart attack at a dose of only 30 mg (maybe wrong about the dose). I don't know if this is crap, but many secret agents or intelligence personnel are said to carry digitaline tablets to suicide or kill other people since poisioning only causes a deadly heart attack and its metabolizing products cannot be identified by analitic methods. In case of a person who is middle aged and smoking, the most probably death indictment shall be normal death. Once I had several links to extract digitalis cardiac glicosides. If I can find them again, I shall post them here. Hope this helps.

ossassin

December 11th, 2003, 07:44 PM

Besides the potatoes, are any good plants found in the US? If so, in which regions are they found? All of the plants so far sound like they come from Europe. Thanks.

grandyOse

December 14th, 2003, 03:41 PM

ossassin; tobacco and datura stramonium are as American as chevrolet. reSEARCH.

ShadowAlchemist

January 6th, 2004, 11:33 PM

It may be a good thing that i "cant" create new threads seeing as the conditions for being Be-HED'ed are quite comprehensive; So this space will do me fine :) As a full time distiller/part time alchemist i have lots of time for valuable research. This sector of my research revolves around the concentration of CN in the different varieties of stone fruit seeds/pits; Cherries, plums etc. Before you all question my judgement, yes CYANIDE is present in alot of stone fruit pits and even plant material. What concentration i have no idea, although i assume it would me minute. There are very few reported deaths from people 'eating' the seeds, but in 18th western europe there were numerous deaths. This is because the Distillers were making plum spirit while crushing and fermenting plums & seeds combined...MMM CYANIDE POISONING! LOL Anyways, i am now extra vigilant in removing seeds before i ferment fruit, but i am quite interested in the idea of obtaining/ extracting an extremely toxic posion cost effectively and with minimal arousal. EG The local chem supply joint might get a little suspicious if you ask for 100Ml of Potassium Cyanide. Point made! Well i am currently on a crusade to obtain information on the concentrations of cyanide in various types of fruit seed and whether or not it is viable and SAFE to do so. Of course dealing with CN is never SAFE, but nonetheless i shall keep you guys informed about my findings. Interestingly, the highest concentration of cyanogenic glycosides, is in the oil if apricot seed. The interesting part though..It is concentrated in a vitamin, B17. Now B17 is a relatively harmless vitamin, except when it is ingested. When Apricot Extract(B17) is ingested, it reacts with an enzyme called glucuronidase and then produces a metabolite of CN. Which will obviously kill, if the dosage is high enough. Funnily enough, in the 50's they developed a radical drug called "Laetrile", which is derived from Apricot seed oil and was used in cancer patients. I must mention that they tweaked with Laetrile a little, so that when ingested it would release Hydrogen Cyanide...HEHEHE They believed that small doses of cyanide being released internally would kill tumours. (There was little evidence of this, but i guess they thought "Why Not?") Btw, Laetrile is still used and sold legally in Mexico.

DimmuJesus

January 7th, 2004, 11:02 AM

This is a subject that has always interested me greatly. I made mention in another thread of the books Silent Death and The Poisoner's Handbook. If read things that cover all forms and poisons and methods of poisoning. However, something I haven't been able to find, and when it comes to this the texts I have read are unclear, but what poisons/toxins are deadly if smoked? What when burned is lethal, in terms of a plant or even a concentrated poison? If you were trying to poison somebody with a poisoned cigarette, or laced marijuana, what would one use? I see that many who have posted here have already proved themselves far more knowledgable than myself on this subject, so I hope maybe someone can offer some guidance.

ShadowAlchemist

January 8th, 2004, 01:35 AM

I am assuming many poisons could be administered by inhaling, seeing as various types of plant material contain poisons. It all depends on what you define a deadly poison?! Also I cannot prescribe to you the best poison to use in a laced cigarrette. Some poisons can kill you instantly whereas others take years to take affect. I also think that by lacing a joint, you are only going to be able to harm someone you have a current relationship with. If you have read numerous text about poisons, then i find it hard to believe that they havn't mentioned which poisons are administerable via smoking/inhaling. If I ever wanted to do such a thing(which I wouldn't), I would use some form of inorganic arsenic. However, prolonged exposure to low does of arsenic, will cause skin discolouration and ugly little warts. Find an online posion encyclopedia and research different poisons!

DimmuJesus

January 8th, 2004, 01:48 AM

See, I agree that it's odd that I haven't been able to find much about smoking poisons. They just aren't very specific in that area. Many things mention that they are deadly if inhaled, but as I understand it many poisons lose their effectiveness when they are actually burned. I think inhaling particles of something is different than the smoke since the burning may possibly change the chemical compound. Then again, there are several somewhat safe things that when burned will actually release toxic gas or fumes. I was reading in another thread about the effects of burning teflon. I also have learned that burning Sodium Metabisulfite will release Sulfur Dioxide. I wonder if in a small amount of Sodium Metabisulfite, like you would lace into a cigarette or marijuana, would release enough Sulfur Dioxide to be lethal.

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Something that you mention Shadow is that point of someone you have a close relationship with. I guess it would be common sense to point out that anyone else in a room, the poisoner included, can be harmed by the poisonous smoke. If someone does decide to experiment with this, please keep this in mind when your "lab rat" uses it. And also be aware that other people who may be close to your victim could potentially be harmed as well, whether you want them to be or now.

simply RED

January 8th, 2004, 04:57 AM

Hg or HgCl2(sublimate). opium derivates, organic chloride pesticides, the hexachlorocylcohexane will be very effective, freon 12, organic fluorides(one example mentioned in the teflon thread). perchloroethylene when ignited in the presence of oxidizers produces fosgene. liquid bromine evaporates easily in fire. Talium chlorides, phosphorous chlorides, fluorides, bromides, oxibromides... berilyum chloride. Very effective are halogenated alcohols, organic acids, aldehydes and ketones. Organic hydrazine derivates mixed with mild oxidizer produce nitrous oxides and numerous nitroso derivates. All these become very deadly when burned, smoked, heated. Such toxin can be engineered by searching for solid-liquid phase reaction that produces toxins, example: CaF2 + NaHSO4.xH2O produces HF. AND MY FAVOURITE: NH4F! 2NH4F + 3/2O2 = N2 + 3H2O + 2HF Without oxigen: NH4F = NH3 + HF = NH4Fgas(untypical sublimation). Again very toxic. Enough? by the way: where to download books Silent Death and The Poisoner's Handbook?

DimmuJesus

January 8th, 2004, 05:20 AM

Thank you to simply RED for that response. I will have to research more into that. I don't know of any place to download those books. I own both in printed text form, which I purchased from Amazon.com. There are many other places that have them available as well. Silent Death is written by Uncle Fester and is in it's Second Edition. The Poisoner's Handbook is written by Maxwell Hutchkinson, published by Desert Publications.

Mr Cool

January 8th, 2004, 08:31 AM

Some of those I wouldn't really call poisons... eg bromine is far too irritating for a lethal dose to be administered easily. If you want a poison to be delivered by smoking, it needs to be stable. Coniine (2-propylpiperidine) looks very stable, and would vapourise easily. It is also relatively easy to synthesise in the pure form, being the first alkaloid to be made in the lab. Take a look: http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/hemlock/synthesis.htm Some unsaturated coniine-like alkaloids are actually more toxic, so maybe use a less effective reducing agent than sodium in ethanol. Fluoroacetates, fluoroethanol etc would work well too. But not big things like tetrodotoxin. Too likely to decompose..

ShadowAlchemist

January 10th, 2004, 02:07 AM

Some very interesting proposals red..thanks :) This is unrelated to 'death by smoking' but it relates to what i mentioned earlier about cyanide concentrations in apricot seed. It seems that in the seeds of unripe apricots and plums, exists a toxin called Amygdalin. Amygdalin Releases cyanide when it interacts with the enzyme, emulsin. Now Emulsin is also present in unripe plum seeds..but not apricot. So in theory, if 'Unripe' Apricot seed oil extract is ingested and you have emulsin & glucuronidase(which occurs naturally) in your system, then both B17 and Amygdalin will react and release cyanide into your bloodstream. Not a pretty sight i imagine ;) If Ripe Apricot seed extract is ingested, then only the B17 vitamin will react. If the unripe plum seed extract is ingested then you will have amygdalin release cyanide into your body. I read that the LD for CN is 0.06g. Dimmujesus, i know that i sure as hell wont be testing for sulfur dioxide gas ;) Although it couldnt be any worse than what is already in cigarettes. Did you know that cyanide is also a byproduct of cigarette smoke?

simply RED

January 10th, 2004, 08:59 AM

Mr Cool, very good link!! What about nicotine in pure state, or chrystalized nicotine. It evaporates, right, and has no smell or taste. A cigarette with 0,5 grams nicotine :). It may not kill but will certainly do demage. Ordinary tobaco can be soaked in saturated solution of nicotine. Is the alpha amanitine in the amanita phalloides destroyed by heat, can it evaporate? Yes, the upper suggestions are not all deadly. Actually i have thought about some of them in the past as possible to be combined with a bomb. Or napalm with dichloroethane or freon for example.

ChemHacker

January 17th, 2004, 05:26 AM

Originally posted by ShadowAlchemist So in theory, if 'Unripe' Apricot seed oil extract is ingested and you have emulsin & glucuronidase(which occurs naturally) in your system, then both B17 and Amygdalin will react and release cyanide into your bloodstream. You don't need emulsin to decompose amygdalin. It is readily decomposed by dilute HCl acid (stomach acid) into glucose, benzaldehyde, and hydrogen cyanide. If the concentration of HCl is high enough, it decomposes into glucose, mandelic acid, and ammonia (which of course forms ammonium chloride). Laetrile, vitamin B-17, and amygdalin are different names for the same substance. A bit of info regarding extraction of amygdalin can be found here: http://23.1911encyclopedia.org/A/AM/AMYGDALIN.htm BTW: A good source to research the chemicals in a wide variety of plants can be found at the Agricultural Research Service (http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/farmacy.html) Your posts don't suggest a great deal of knowledge about these compounds nor do they say much about your research skills. I strongly advise you not to play around with cyanogenic compounds until you have acquired a good working knowledge of chemistry and adequate lab skills. I don't intend this as an insult, but rather as a piece of friendly advise. What you don't know CAN kill you!

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January 18th, 2004, 03:49 PM

"A cigarette with 0,5 grams nicotine . It may not kill but will certainly do demage. Ordinary tobaco can be soaked in saturated solution of nicotine." I have already experienced a nicotine intoxication and trust me you feel unbearable effect even under a poisonous dose. The guy would just throw away the cigarette well before lethal or "damaging" dose because of the horrible effects it does at first (like being out of breath for minutes and completly panicked even though you breath plenty of air and major coordination and mental confusion).

Macaman

April 9th, 2004, 04:55 PM

Correct me if Im wrong - but wasnt foxglove used as a heart medication in times long gone? I know its a poison but Id assume that the lethal dose would have to be kinda high - but as suggested alkaloid extraction would be a good way to go. Does anyone know if that would work on Deadly Nightshade? (atropine is the main toxin in this) and could a simple water extract (boiling the berries and reducing to a syrupy conscistancy) work. Are there any good books on the subject? and more importantly does anyone have some to load onto the FTP - it seems a lot of people are interested in natural toxins - prehaps that could be the subject for a future "special project" If we had a good document on the topic I at least would find it useful :) A good reference that some may not have thought of is "Legal Highs" The document is aimed at using plants to get high obviously - but the thing to remeber is that most of the substances can be fatal if enough is given. In some its a fine line between bizzare psychadelic experiences and agonizing death (things like belladonna etc.) Mushrooms are very interesting in this field. One in particular - Im not sure of the name tho and dont have time to look it up right now - but i think it was as simple as heartstopper or something similar. the interesting part was that death came suddenly 3 days after ingestion - by which time all traces of the toxin have been flushed from the body leaving the autopsy to reveal nothing but a heart attack. later FS The fatal dose of atropine is not known; doses of 200 mg have often been used therapeutially for mental illness, and as much as1000 mg has been survived. In children, 10 mg or less may be lethal. Table 25?3. EFFECTS OF ATROPINE IN RELATION TO DOSAGE DOSE EFFECTS 0.5 mg Slight cardiac slowing; some dryness of mouth; inhibition of sweating 1.0 mg Definite dryness of mouth; thirst; ac celeration of heart, sometimes pre ceded by slowing; mild dilatation of pupil 2.0 mg Rapid heart rate; palpitation; marked xerostomia; dilated pupils; some blur ring of near vision 5.0 mg All of the above symptoms marked; speech disturbed; difficulty in swal lowing; restlessness and fatigue; head ache; dry, hot skin; difficulty in mic turition 10.0 mg Above symptoms more marked; pulse and rapid and weak; iris practically oblit more erated; vision very blurred; skin flushed, hot, dry, and scarlet; ataxia, restlessness, and excitement; halluci nations and delirium; coma

Symptoms arid Signs. These develop promptly after ingestion of the drug. The mouth becomes dry and burns; swallowing and talking are difficult or impossible, and there is marked thirst. The vision is blurred and photophobia is prominent. The skin is hot, dry, and flushed. A rash may appear, especially over the face, neck, and upper part of the trunk; desquamation may follow. An atropine rash is more likely to occur in children. The body temperature rises and, `especially in infants, may reach alarming heights (109 ° F or more). The pulse is weak and very rapid, but in infants and old people tachycardia may not be pronounced. Palpitation is prominent, and the blood pressure is elevated. Urinary urgency and difficulty in micturition are sometimes noted. Abdominal distention may develop, especially in infants. The patient is restless, excited, and confused, and exhibits weakness, giddiness, and muscular incoordination. Gait and speech are disturbed. Nausea and vomiting sometimes occur. The behavior and mental symptoms may suggest an acute organic psychosis. Memory is disturbed, orientation is faulty, hallucinations (especially visual) are common, the sensorium is clouded, and mania and delirium are not unusual. The diagnosis of an acute schizophrenic episode or alcolhic has been mistakenly made. From The Pharmacolcgical Basis of Therapeutics by Goodman and Gilman Atropine is a good way to drive someone crazy but not to kill them. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and Weapons Forum

> Chemistry for Amateur Experimenters and Citizen Scientists

> Battlefield Chemistry

> Real life K3wL and Cyanide as a Weapon Log in

View Full Version : Real life K3wL and Cyanide as a Weapon nbk2000

December 15th, 2002, 12:29 AM

Behold the face of the enemy! This is what an anarchist looks like in real life. This waste of human protoplasm was living in the steam tunnels under a university when he got arrested. Joseph Konopka, 25, formerly of De Pere, Wis., was charged Monday with possession of a chemical weapon after federal agents found sodium cyanide and potassium cyanide in a Chicago Transit Authority storage room underneath the city's downtown Loop district. Yes folks, MERE possession of a cyanide salt is considered having a chemical weapon if the piggies want to get your ass. Mind you, this mastermind didn't have a ton of it. No, rather he had a vial containing 1 gram of sodium cynanide-sodium carbonate (homemade cyanide?) when he was arrested Saturday night, the FBI said. About 4 ounces of potassium cyanide and about nine-tenths of a pound of sodium cyanide were discovered in the passageway. So, 1 and 1/4 pound of cyanide is considered the same as having a WMD (Weapon of Mass Destruction) to the pigs. (full story @ http://demo.baseview.com/dm2/main/275417012277880.php ) Another version (@ http://www.vnunet.com/News/1130825 ) says that when he was arrested, authorities found five pounds of cyanide and a wirelessly equipped laptop secreted in the utility tunnel. So now he's a anarchist hacker terrorist armed with a weapon of mass destruction. :rolleyes: I'm sure the pork is going to find drug recipes and kiddie porn on his computer too for a Royal Flush. :D I did a google search with "cyanide arrest" and got more than 10,000 hits! <small>[ December 14, 2002, 11:50 PM: Message edited by: nbk2000 ]

Fl4PP4W0k

December 15th, 2002, 03:10 AM



quote:

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Joseph Konopka, 25, who uses the pseudonym Dr Chaos

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:rolleyes: Methinks hes a Southpark fan :D

quote:

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Konopka was wanted for acts of vandalism in association with a group calling itself Realm of Chaos. According to reports in USA Today, Realm of Chaos is a disparate group of teenagers based in Wisconsin that vandalised and damaged power stations and cellular phone and radio towers.

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Hmmm.... Those dont really sound like terrorist activites. Fucking up power stations and cellphone towers :| Woo. Yeehaw. "Hey everyone! Look at me! Im hardcore! Im destroying government property. VIVA ANARCHY!!!" :rolleyes: What a sad fucker :p

nbk2000

December 15th, 2002, 03:25 AM

Well, at least 2 of our members/visitors have made international headlines, so I'm happy, knowing our membership is of a higher standard. :) It'd be interesting to know if this loser visited any of our *snik*competitors*hehehee* sites. Wonder if they have any members called "Dr. Chaos". Sounds like a TOTSE name to me.

xoo1246

December 15th, 2002, 05:54 AM

US vs. Joseph Konopka: http://news.findlaw.com/cnn/docs/terrorism/uskonopka031102cmp.pdf Or if you don't have acrobat reader. http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/konopka1.shtml I assume this is his personal homepage? http://www.geocities.com/konopka101/work.html <small>[ December 15, 2002, 05:14 AM: Message edited by: xoo1246 ]

nbk2000

December 15th, 2002, 06:20 AM

I just love the way the term "chemical weapon" is so vaguely defined as to include anything from pool bleach to oven cleaner. Just because the guy is homeless doesn't mean that he's planning a chemical weapons attack. He may have the cyanide to kill off verminous rats that live in steam tunnels. And, I think the fact that he had the stuff locked up in a private room, in an unused section of tunnels, would show that he wasn't deliberately endangering the public. Stupid, yes, but harmless.

Anthony

December 15th, 2002, 12:33 PM

Where's the reference to theforum? :confused:

nbk2000

December 15th, 2002, 01:46 PM

There's no reference to the Forum in any of the stories. I was just commenting on past media events that we had members involved in.

MrSamosa

December 15th, 2002, 01:58 PM

Yep, he's really gonna take thousands of lives in a horrific gas attack using a few grams of NaCN and KCN. Still, I can understand the piggy definition of Chemical Weapons: Chemicals that are used as weapons. Simple enough. But then the question is whether they should fit under the category of "Weapons of Mass Destruction" or not. Clearly, oven cleaner is NOT a Weapon of Mass Destruction. However, this really should give us a "heads up." On another note, I found a website that sells chemicals and equipment to individuals/students. http://www.postapplescientific.com/ . That's nothing too new, but what surprised me was that they were selling Phosphorus Oxychloride . I am wondering if that is safe to order in lab sized quantities without being asked questions

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Here is the part of the site with POCl3: http://www.postapplescientific.com/reagents/ppot.html <small>[ December 15, 2002, 01:01 PM: Message edited by: MrSamosa ]

nbk2000

December 15th, 2002, 02:24 PM

You can order a kilo of Phosphorous Pentachloride for half of what they want for the POCl. Then, simply react the PCl5 with water to make the POCl + HCl. It's less suspicious, cheaper, and freight is less. I'd define a chemical weapon as anything that has been used as a CW by a national army, or researched for such use. Though, give me oven cleaner and I could summon forth darkling wraiths to claim souls with it. :D Sodium cyanide is NOT a chemical weapon. It's a poison, same as rat bait, which is NOT a CW by anyones definition. Now, if it had been converted into HCN, THEN it would be a CW. BUT, they apparently didn't find any acid, nor apparatus of any sort like flasks or such.

Mick

December 15th, 2002, 02:48 PM

just media hype. as NBK said, they found no acids, flasks so he probably didn't have intent to make a CW however, his previous record of vandalism, links to realm of choas(wtf? totse ahoy!) and general disreguard for society would be used when it goes to trial to show that, altho he didn't have the equiptment to manufacture HCN - he more then likely would have. (in other words, he'll be convicted because "he might have done it". which is a direct contradiction of the way the law is suppose to work - "he might not have done it".) anyways, no doubt they'll prolly pay off some tweaker to say he was going to buy the equiptment from him to convert it to HCN. which will show intent and he'll be fucked. <small>[ December 15, 2002, 02:00 PM: Message edited by: Mick ]

megalomania

December 15th, 2002, 11:25 PM

You know what a chemical weapon is, and I know what a chemical weapon is, but lets face it, the vast majority of people in the world today are mere sheep who equate any chemical as bad. We have seen this time and time again, any spill, leak, release, or dumping sets the anthills scrambling with cries the sky is falling. Most adults at least know what cyanide is, and they know it is bad, so it is not a far stretch for the cops to grunt “Him have bad chem, could kill, bad man.” The fact that he is a homeless wastrel cannot but hurt his case. He obviously will not be able to afford any attorney and I am sure his overworked public defender will do all he can to clear his client from his docket. Even if his lawyer does bother to look up the fact that possession of chemicals isn’t actually against the law (lawyers at least get an education as opposed to cops) the damage will be done. He may get off but the coppers will get their budget increase to buy riot shields and interrogation instruments. Technically a sharpened stick could kill every human being on the entire planet. Do we ban all trees? Give it time. The sheeple can wrap their heads around sticks, but they crap their pants when they whisper about the legend of the cyanide toting anarchist lurking in the dank recesses of the sewers. Of course this guy probably didn’t have a plausible reason to possess any chemical. He compounded this by storing it in public property. It all leads to our all knowing and infinitely wise government singing the sheep to sleep, all safe in their beds, with dreams of giving up their freedoms so Big Brother doesn’t lop off their heads. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Pesticides and Harmful Breakdown Products MrSamosa

July 8th, 2002, 02:42 AM

I've been researching a few readily-obtainable Organophosphate Pesticides and their potential as AntiCholinesterase agents. The one that I spent the bulk of my time researching was Malathion. Malathion can be found at the local K-Mart (For those of us in the USA) in a 50/50 solution of Malathion/ Water for about $11 USD. It is also sold as a dusting powder, but I'm not sure of the concentrations of that. Ordinarily, Malathion is pretty harmless to mammals. But, through oxidation, a dangerous breakdown product called Malaoxon is formed. Malaoxon is an active Cholinesterase inhibitor. I know that Malaoxon is toxic to mammals...although I have not been able to find an LD50 or if it even has the potential for causing death. All I can really confirm is that it causes liver damage and has nasty interactions with other medicines, particularly ones that affect/are broken down by the liver. Now, how many people take Advil? Aside from drug interactions, Malaoxon is particularly toxic to children, the elderly, and the sick. Another Pesticide I looked into was Parathion and its oxidation product Paraoxon, which is considerably more toxic than Malathion/Malaoxon. It is also odorless. I abandoned research into Parathion because it is not easily obtained and the EPA is considering banning it. Here is the problem- what could be used to breakdown Malathion? Several different articles mentioned "different bacteria and microorganisms", but none mentioned specifically which organisms. I also read in another article that Malathion, even without the help of microorganisms, will break down to about 8% Malaoxon and other products. I'm sure there is a better way to break Malathion down to Malaoxon with halfway decent yields...to figure out a way would allow us to easily produce the "poor man's Nerve Gas".

nbk2000

July 8th, 2002, 05:49 AM

Surely there's some chemical means of oxidation that could be used instead of bacteria or such.

MrSamosa

July 8th, 2002, 02:44 PM

A quick look at the MSDS for 80.7% Malathion turned up this:

quote:

---

INCOMPATIBILITY WITH OTHER MATERIALS: Alkaline and Acidic conditions and materials. Oxidizing materials. Mildly corrosive to metals such as steel, iron and copper.

---

Perhaps this is the way to chemically decompose Malathion? Very simple it seems. Just add an oxidizer. Another MSDS said to avoid reducing agents. I will have to buy some of this pesticide and do some experimenting...when I get some more money. I would appreciate if someone could help me though, because I don't have access to many chemicals or to any glassware. <small>[ July 08, 2002, 01:55 PM: Message edited by: MrSamosa ]

pyromaniac_guy

July 8th, 2002, 07:20 PM

you may also want to consider sevin, 1-napthyl methylcarbamate as a cholinesterase inhibitor. The material is a common agent in the us, as well as extreemly inexpensive...

MrSamosa

July 8th, 2002, 07:49 PM

From my initial searches on Google, Carbaryl Sevin looks very appealing as a Cholinesterase Inhibitor. But, what appeals to me even more is one of the precursors...Methyl Isocyanate. There was an accidental release of this in Bhopal, India which killed over 2,000 and wounded many thousands more. Perhaps if Sevin were mixed in with DMSO, to allow it to better absorb through the skin? What I'm really trying to do is not simply BUY Pesticides and use them as Chemical Weapons, but to find ways to modify them to make them better. It's a bit more challenging, and I like challenges =).

pyromaniac_guy

July 8th, 2002, 09:50 PM

Mr Samosa, Even if it was absorbed through the skin better, sevin has a very low toxicity for higher forms of life, something like .2g per kg... You would definatly want to use it as a precursor to something a bit more fun if it is to have any use as a chemical warfare agent

MrSamosa

July 9th, 2002, 02:55 AM

After looking into Sevin, I've come to the conclusion that it would not make a good chemical weapon...unless its detection properties are minimal or can be reduced. Carbaryl, or Sevin, is a carbamate. Applied to this topic, that means that it IS a Cholinesterase inhibitor, but the anti-cholinesterase effects are reversed after exposure stops. That means that in order to kill or seriously injure, one must be under constant exposure. In order to assure this, the detection properties must be minimized. Malaoxon on the other hand is an Organophosphate. Although it may not be quite as toxic as Sevin, the effects last considerably longer. Also, generally Organophosphates tend to be more toxic than Carbamates. I like Sevin though. It can probably still be made use of...

MrSamosa

July 12th, 2002, 05:59 PM

I was thinking...what about a mixture of Carbaryl with an Organophosphate pesticide, or just mixtures of different Organophosphates? I like the idea of mixtures because the body mechanisms needed to breakdown one poison can be inhibited by the other, thus increasing the toxicity. I doubt this will work as I plan, but maybe the Malaoxon would increase the Carbaryl's effects? Maybe the Carbaryl will cause the quicker, more severe injuries while the Malaoxon prevents the body from detoxifying the poisons? It's hard to put in words what I'm thinking, so I hope you are able to understand it. However, in an MSDS for 57% Malathion and the rest being a mixture of Xylene, T-Mulz Light Aromatic, Cumene, and Trimethyl Benzene , it says it is incompatible with Carbaryl =(. Oh well, this is brain storming...can't expect too much from it yet. EDIT- I keep forgetting to mention this: Malaoxon is 40 times more acutely toxic than Malathion . <small>[ July 12, 2002, 08:11 PM: Message edited by: MrSamosa ]

MrSamosa

July 16th, 2002, 07:41 AM

I'm sorry to make 3 posts in a row in this thread, but I like to break my thoughts down into smaller, to-the-point, one-general-idea posts. I have found another Insecticide that is of much interest. It is Diazinon and is an Organothiophosphate. You can find it in K-Mart under the name "K-brand Diazinon". It is 22% Diazinon combined with Petroleum Distillates. As is, it's LD50 isn't TOO bad... 300-400 mg/kg for rats. The results vary significantly, some state it to be much lower than that. Diazinon, like Malathion and other Organothiophosphates, has an oxidized form called "Diazoxon" which is an active cholinesterase inhibitor and significantly more potent. Both Diazinon and Diazoxon can be toxic through dermal exposure, thus making them more versatile chemicals. Like other Organophosphates, Diazoxon (this is the form that is of interest to us) is Lipid soluble. As a weapon, this is worth noting because it allows it to better penetrate the Central Nervous System and cause prolonged seizures, hyperthermia, and other fun things. The way Diazinon has been oxidized in lab tests was by using 5% Sodium Hypochlorite or with Calcium Hypochlorite (not sure of the concentrations with this). Other articles simply state that "An excess of Chlorine in water" will do the job. The first way seemed strange to me, because I thought that the Sodium Hypochlorite would destroy organophosphates? Correct me if I'm wrong...

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Also, if there is low water and the Diazinon is in acidic conditions, it breaks down to tetraethylpyrophosphate (TEPP), which is extremely toxic. On the core Phosphate molecule of Diazinon, there are two Ethyl Groups attatched to the Phosphate group. A PDF file I found stated "Ethanol AChEs are rarely toxic due to their short duration of action." Since I'm an idiot when it comes to OP Chemistry, can someone tell me if it would be possible to replace the Ethyl Groups with another alcohol? <small>[ July 16, 2002, 06:46 AM: Message edited by: MrSamosa ]

A-BOMB

July 16th, 2002, 08:56 AM

Except there is one thing wrong with that, they pulled Diazaon off the shelf. Because I'll been looking for it and now they all sell this Diazion replacement and I asked a clerk there and he said the Diazion was too lethal and some idiot got poisoned by it and so I bought a can of the replacement and it don't kill bugs worth shit! And It costs more too!

MrSamosa

July 16th, 2002, 07:22 PM

I can find Diazinon just fine here in Maryland...22%, 5%, 2%, it's all over the place. I guess I better stock up on it before it's no longer sold in K-Mart. I'm going to buy some tomorrow to do some testing. Sucks for you all though, who can't get a hold of it...I'll focus more time on Malathion then, for your sake.

A43tg37

July 16th, 2002, 09:20 PM

Here in Georgia (at least where I'm at) Diazinon is still fairly plentiful as the liquid form, but the pellet/granule form is getting harder and harder to find (not that that really matters; the liquid would almost certainly be more useful in any synthesis). One form of Diazinon that particularly interests me is a paint additive called "Bug Stuff". Whereas most pesticide Diazinon is 22-30% pesticide and the rest inert ingredients, Bug Stuff is 87% Diazinon. The only disadvantage is that it is comparitively more expensive, selling in paint and wallpaper stores for around $4 for a one ounce (easily pocketable) bottle, but at that high of purity, it might well be easier to use in producing TEPP or Diazoxon.

A-BOMB

July 16th, 2002, 11:11 PM

Well here in Pennsylvaina I've trying to find grandual form for killing ants and I can't find it anywhere (home depot,lowes,k-mart,wallymart,etc...etc...etc) you are lucky but I am luckier my grandfather still has a small can of DDT if anyone is interested.

MrSamosa

July 17th, 2002, 12:46 PM

Anyhow, I just bought 1 Quart (32 oz) of 22.4% Diazinon from K-Mart. They don't have much left, unfortunately...but I don't know many gardeners who want the stuff anyway. They all do their best to avoid it, which is good for me. Does anyone know what kind of protection I should take as I run my tests on it (different ways of oxidizing it, ways to purify the Diazinon)? I will make solutions of Sodium Hypochlorite and Sodium Hydroxide for decontamination. For clothing, all I have are some cheap plastic gloves (i know this won't do shit, but it makes me feel more secure), a C-5/ M-69 Canadian Gas Mask with a relatively new NATO Filter, some Jungle Boots, and a WindBreaker I wear to cover my arms and shirt. As I work, I plan to have a mirror and flashlight to test how my eyes respond to light every few minutes... I will be working in my garage which is quite warm this time of year, so I will have the Diazinon in an ice-bath most of the time, to prevent it from evaporating. EDIT- I've dreamt about one test...by freezing the pesticide. In my dream, I froze 100 mL in a normal freezer, in an attempt to separate the Daizinon from the other chemicals. I don't know what these "inert ingredients" are, but they give the insecticide a creamy-white color, almost like milk. It smelled like a mixture of grass and epoxy. Freezing failed to separate the liquids. Does anyone have other ideas? I was thinking maybe using Cooking Oil (a Lipid) to try to separate them. The Cooking Oil is a lipid, which Diazinon is soluble in and hopefully the other chemicals aren't. I just want some ideas so I don't waste my precious dream-time =). <small>[ July 17, 2002, 05:47 PM: Message edited by: MrSamosa ]

Boob Raider

August 25th, 2002, 11:25 AM

I don't have many ideas .. but from what it sounds like ..... the milky appearance could be due to an emulsifier and something water based to dilute the diazion with. So I would suggest instead of using cooking oil or something that non-volatile .... use petrol, or diesel or something. Oh btw in India, many pestisides were sold in solutions with kerosene, so petrol should work. Oh and here is another synthetic toxin (I was searching on Yahoo) : DIOXIN Aromatic compound, any of a group of contaminants produced in making herbicides (e.g., Agent Orange), disinfectants, and other agents. They have two benzene rings connected by a pair of oxygen atoms; when substituents on the rings are chlorine atoms, the molecules are particularly toxic. The best known, usually called simply dioxin, is 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, or 2,3,7,8-TCDD. It is extremely stable chemically, does not dissolve in water but does in oils (and thus accumulates in body fat). Its human toxicity is disputed and the subject of continuing research.

nbk2000

August 25th, 2002, 03:28 PM

Dioxin isn't immediately toxic to humans though. Sure, it may cause cancer, but that's not the topic on hand. It IS, however, extremly toxic to animals, birds especially. In Italy many years ago, there was a dioxin release of a few dozen kilos. Birds 50 miles downwind just fell out of the sky, dead. Horses, cows, dogs, cat, etc...dropping dead for miles. People...nothing. Oh sure, the cancer and luekemia (SP?) rate went up a few percent, but so what? Dioxin does have some humble orgins though. Seems you can make it by chlorinating DDT, which is itself made from chloral hydrate, made by chlorinating alcohol.

MrSamosa

August 25th, 2002, 04:27 PM

Who ever said Chemical Weapons have to be used against people :cool: . What I see from Dioxin is a weapon of economic warfare. I believe Winston Churchill was worried about this during WW2, I can't remember his exact quote though. Basically he was concerned about herbicides wiping out their crops, biological agents for killing cattle, poisons in the water, etc. etc. If you can destroy a food supply though, that is an easy way of affecting a large population...and the dispersal seems like it would be easier. Killing plants is easier than killing people. Think of unconventional uses!

megalomania

August 27th, 2002, 02:06 AM

Both the Malathion and Diazinon structures have the makings of thiosarin. Not really thiosarin itself actually, but a close derivative. One would have to selectively remove the esters, and then rebuild the molecule in your image (faster, stronger, and better than before, the 6 million dollar molecule…). Just off the top of my head I would say hydrolysis to a carboxylic acid may be the way to go. You could saponify Malathion to reduce it to a diol. That diol should react with HF to attach a F on there (not selectively, you will get a mix of mono and di fluorinated products). You could then reconvert the remaining OH of the phosphonyl into a suitable ester. Oh I forgot the pyrimidide part (the substituted sulfide arylamine attached to the phosphorus). I am not sure how to knock off that –S–X portion of the molecule off hand. The reason I chose Malathion as a better starting material is because of it though. I suspect it can be removed with little trouble. Less so than Diazinon, which would make quite the mess with three esters to remove. I gather sulfides react the same as ethers do, which would mean HF acid may not be the best as it will attach an F as well. Instead of HF for attaching that fluorine you could SOF2 or PF3, and then use another HX acid to break the sulfide apart while attaching a more readily reacted halogen. Another way to go would be to remove the sulfide first with HX, attach an alkyl group to that, convert the esters to alcohols, replace one of those with fluorine, and reform an ester with your choice of alcohol. Viola, sarin or soman. Actually thiosarin or thiosoman. I am just brainstorming as well, some research will be required here. EDIT: oops, I completly confused those compounds. The arylamine part is actually on Diazinon. This dosn't change anything I said above, I should then say first remove the sulfide-ester. The arylamide of Diazinon is just one of the three esters that is removed just like the other two. I should also like to emphasize why I disliked Diazinon, it is because I feel yield would be lower if you had to deal with 3 identical -OH functional groups. These could not be selectively converted, wheras with Malathion you can remove

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter the sulfide, and then deal with only two -OH groups.

<small>[ August 27, 2002, 01:18 AM: Message edited by: megalomania ]

megalomania

August 27th, 2002, 04:23 AM

I have decided to explain what I mean graphicially, with a graphic :) In this proposed reaction we first remove the sulfide by replacing it with a halogen. Since HCl reacts very poorly, and HF not all all, we preferably use HI or HBr. I think HBr would be easier to get a hold of. We then react the halide with lithium dimethylcuprate (easily prepared) to replace the Br with a methyl group. An alternate process to this would be to react the halide with some sodium cyanide to give yourself a tabun structure. In our third step we saponify and aciduate the ester to form a thiophosphoryl diol. If you are following the tabun route you would use dimethylamine instead of saponifying thus making an amide. You would get a diamide to some degree. In our fourth reaction we wish to get a phosphonofluoridothionate. Unfortunatly it is rather difficult to attach a fluorine directly to phosphorus, but we can easily exchange with a bromine ion. We then brominiate with Ph3Br2 and react that product with ammonium fluoride in acetonitrile. You might be able to get such an exchange with chlorine, first chlorinating with PCl5, and then replacing with F with ZnF2. It is rather difficult to replace a chlorine with a fluorine, which is why the bromine route is preferable. This would lead us to a dihalogenated product, not good. I do not know what yields you would get, but assuming the halogenation process is not very efficient, you could separate out the dihalogenated product and hydrolyse it back into a diol and try again, so there is no waste at least. Our final step is to add some oh so rare and hard to obtain ethyl or isopropyl alcohol (pinacolyl alcohol for the truly resourceful). There then is thiosarin with isopropyl, thiosoman with pinicolyl alcohol, and of course all of the other unnamed derivitaves with all the other types of alcohols (like cyclothiosarin with cyclohexanol). Now then my chemistry assumes these reactions will work with phosphorus. These reactions are derived from carbon chemistry. Except, that is, for the phosphonofluoridothionate part which is real. I obtained that information from the journal ‘Bulletin Academie Polonaise des Sciences Serie des Sciences Chimiques’ Vol. 17 No. 2 pg 75-77, 1969 by B. Pliszka-Krawiecka, M. Mikolajczyk, and J. Michalski. That is quite the name for a journal. Why, it occurs to me that none of the chemicals involved here are particularly hard to obtain or prepare. We have no harsh temperatures, or super pressures. The only problem I foresee is attaching a single fluorine instead of two in the fourth step. After further research I have found that thioesters can be easily replace by reacting with an alcohol. With this method we can remove the sulfide portion simply by adding an alcohol, which gives us a triester. In fact this gives us a similar molecule to Diazinon. I shall have to look into using that substance and route later.

MrSamosa

October 29th, 2003, 11:49 AM

Haven't heard from this therad in a long time, have we? But, I have some more useful information to contribute. I came a cross this link not too long ago, and it has some good information on entomology, insecticides, and cholinesterase inhibition-- including tables and detailed explanations of reactions: http://wcb.ucr.edu/wcb/schools/CNAS/ entm/tmiller/1/modules/page25.html Relating to this thread, they discussed how to change the P=S bond to a P=O bond. In their tests, they used Brominated Water-- not something too difficult for the amateur. In the case of Diazinon undergoing degradation to TEPP, do you suppose that H2O2 could accomplish this? Being an oxidizer, it could be used to replace the Sulfur. Following the oxidation, it becomes H2O, and could thus be used to further Hydrolize the resulting Diazoxon... or is my logic flawed here? After looking freshly at Mega's graphic, I see something interesting- could the leaving group on some insecticides be replaced with a more reactive one?? For example, could the worthless carboxlyic acid in Malathion be substituted with a more reactive Halogen, as Mega says?? Because if that's true, then simple Diethyl Thiophosphonobromide/ iodide/etc. would themselves be potent and relatively stable cholinesterase inhibitors, and with much less effort than continuing the synthesis to full-blown Thiosarin. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Fluoroacetates MrSamosa

July 24th, 2002, 07:23 PM

Fluoroacetates are a very interesting groups of poisons. They are derivatives of Fluoroacetic acid, which as its name implies is fluorinated Acetic Acid. They are very acutely toxic through ingestion and inhalation of the dust. Here are some LD50 values for Sodium Fluoroacetate: ORL-RAT LD50 0.2 mg kg-1 IPR-MUS LD50 15 mg kg-1 SCU-RBT LD50 0.3 mg kg-1 Fluoroacetates work by interfering with the Krebs/Citric Acid cycle and reacting with Coenzyme A and Oxaloacetic Acid forming Fluorocitric Acid, which blocks the Krebs Cycle and causes a build up of Citric Acid. An interesting note: Fluorocitric Acid is itself a poison, which could cause secondary poison if say a wild animal eats another creature which has been poisoned. But of course, you wouldn't expect many humans to go about eating their dead . I've heard a few things about Fluoroacetates, such as "their synthesis is straight-forward" and "is outlined in organic chemistry books," but I have not been able to find anything on their synthesis. Not on the Organic Synthesis database, not on google, nowhere. Does anybody have information about Fluoroacetates? <small>[ July 24, 2002, 06:24 PM: Message edited by: MrSamosa ]

Rhadon

July 24th, 2002, 09:10 PM

I don't see a problem in making it if you are ready to risk it and can get the substances which are needed... Obviously, you'll either need fluoroacetic acid (or fluorine and acetic acid) for the synthesis. Do you have access to fluorine or HF? Making fluoroacetic acid from fluorine and acetic acid should work exactly like making chloroacetic acid from chlorine and acetic acid. This synthesis is popular and you'll surely find it somewhere. It should be as simple as leading F2 through boiling acetic acid with P as a catalyst. The problem is the toxicity of the unreacted F2 und that P ist hard to get (controlled substance in the US if I remember correctly). If you actually want to do it, I think the easiest and cheapest way to get fluorine is the following: (1) CaF2 + H2SO4 --> 2 HF + CaSO4 (2) 2 HF + H2O2 --> F2 + 2 H2O EDIT: Step (2) doesn't work! See Pu239 Stuchtiger's post. You can use any oxidizer in step (2), the stronger the better. Usually KMnO4 is used, but H2O2 is cheaper. When making chlorine, I use MnO2, because it is the cheapest. But I don't recommand using MnO2 here because the reaction would "consume" considerable amounts of your precious F-. Rhadon <small>[ July 25, 2002, 05:51 PM: Message edited by: Rhadon ]

A43tg37

July 24th, 2002, 09:24 PM

According to Rhodium's page on synthesizing chloroacetic acid ( http://www.rhodium.ws/ chemistry/chloroacetic.html ), Red P is not absolutely essential as a catalyst; one can also use sulfur. Even though it is somewhat less efficient, it is much cheaer and easier to obtain. Theoretically, it should work as a catalyst in making fluoroacetic acid as well.

Rhadon

July 24th, 2002, 09:49 PM

The fluorination could also be done by electrolysis of a mixture of acetic acid and HF. This method should be the easiest by far. The idea is from Madscientist.

MrSamosa

July 25th, 2002, 12:02 AM

The closest I have to HF right now is Ammonium Bifluoride 5% solution(NH4FHF..ABF from here on). It has one F-, the other F is bonded a Hydrogen. This is very close to HF, has a pH of about 2, and in water or cleaning solutions (which I have) forms HF. I suppose this could be used in some reactions though. What I was considering doing though was to react the ABF with Potassium Hydroxide to yield Potassium Fluoride. I'm not positive if this will work, the most information I can give related to this is that ABF reacts with bases to form Ammonia Gas and reacts with Acid to form HF. I would like to react the KF with H2O2 or another oxidizer, possibly Calcium Hypochlorite, to yield the necessary F2. I'd prefer using KF or NaF because they are easier to handle than HF. Can anyone see why this definately would not work? If it won't, I'm sure I can go to a Do It Yourself store and pick up some Wink Rust Remover (10% HF) and purify it. <small>[ July 24, 2002, 11:11 PM: Message edited by: MrSamosa ]

Pu239 Stuchtiger

July 25th, 2002, 01:26 AM

The element fluorine can only be liberated electrochemically. No oxidizer will react with HF and liberate F2. Edit: Noticed that I had said something that was had already been posted... <small>[ July 25, 2002, 12:28 AM: Message edited by: Pu239 Stuchtiger ]

kingspaz

July 25th, 2002, 07:44 AM

i'd just like to add that this is because fluorine has the highest electronegitivity and is therefore the most powerful oxidiser. if its the most powerful oxidiser then it cannot be oxidised by any other chemical. just thought i'd explain what Pu was saying.

nbk2000

July 25th, 2002, 08:33 AM

Making it way too hard here. Chlorine through acetic acid -> chloroacetic acid Chloroacetic acid + KF -> Fluoroacetic acid + KCl Though you're actually supposed to start out with methyl acetate, rather than straight acetic acid if you want the highly toxic methyl fluoroacetate.

kingspaz

July 25th, 2002, 02:37 PM

would it be easier to use iodine as it would involve no bubbling? also the CH2ICOOH would react with the KF much more easily. CH2ICOOH + KF --> CH2FOOH + KI although iodine may not be reactive enough to work...i think also the reaction must be in light to work...i know it does when halogens react with alkanes.

nbk2000

July 25th, 2002, 02:49 PM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter

The Gods have smiled upon their creations and give them the gift of knowledge. Or in this case a horribly needed lesson in toxchem. :D Here's some info I extracted from a file I have. I omitted a lot of the more technical and arcane stuff for clarity and brevity. This means only 1 chart and no citations or footnotes. You want all that, buy the DVD. :) +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ The class of compounds known as "fluoroacetates" comprises the esters of fluoroacetic acid and of higher w-fluorocarboxylic acids, of the general formula: F(CH2)COOR Various other fluorine compounds, such as fluoroalcohols, a-fluoroacetamide, and their derivatives are generally included in this class. They are collectively named "fluoroacetates" because their toxic properties are similar to those of methyl fluoroacetate. The discovery of this class of substances was reported in 1896 by Swarts, who prepared methyl fluoroacetate (Bull. soc. chim. 3, 15, 1134 (1896)). Over the next forty years several "fluoro-acetates" were described, but it was not until the high toxicity of 2-fluoroethanol and of fluoroacetic acid was recognized in 1936 that systematic study resulted. The first compound investigated for possible chemical warfare use was methyl fluoroacetate. Many other "fluoroacetates" were prepared and tested for their toxicities, particularly in Poland and England. During World War II, it was planned to use these compounds especially as water contaminants, because of their stability in water solution and their lack of taste or odor. The "fluoroacetates" are highly toxic when inhaled, injected, and to some extent when absorbed through the skin. They act as convulsant poisons with a delayed effect. Unlike the other haloacetates they do not possess lachrymatory properties, and unlike the fluophosphates (nerve gases) they are completely devoid of myotic activity. Table listing various Fluoro compounds properties and LD50s (VERY LARGE .gif, but only 25K in size...photoshop people...learn it, live it, love it! ) (Technicals details omitted for brevity) 1. Methods of preparation It consists, in the case of methyl fluoroacetate, in heating at 190-200°C. for 10-15 hr. methyl chloroacetate with an excess of potassium fluoride in an autoclave. Yields of 60% and 90% are reported. Sodium fluoride under the same conditions gave very poor yields. CICH2COOCH3+ KF -> FCH2COOCH3 + KCl Several other fluoroacetates have been prepared by using this method. The yields varied from 20 to 90 per cent. The best conditions for the reaction are: (a) complete dryness of the starting materials, (b) large excess of potassium fluoride, 10 to 50 per cent, (c) strong agitation, and (d) high temperatures. This method was used in the United States for the preparation of methyl fluoroacetate on a pilot-plant scale. Other methods for preparing alkyl fluoroacetates are based upon the following reactions: (More obscure shit deleted for brevity) (d) Ester interchange between ethyl fluoroacetate and an alcohol, such as 2-ethyl-1-hexanol or dodecyl alcohol, in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid as the catalyst. Yields varying from 60% to 80% were obtained (US patent#2409859 2-Ethyl Hexyl Fluoroacetate (highly toxic and easy to make)). Properties and reactions: The unsubstituted alkyl esters of w-fluorocarboxylic acids are generally colorless stable liquids of very faint fruit-like odors. Methyl fluoroacetate is practically odorless, concentrations of one part per million being undetectable, and it is completely miscible with most of the organic solvents as well as with mustard gas (2,2'-dichlorodiethyl sulfide). The solubility in water is about 15 per cent. (Yet more stuff...detailing hydrolysis in water...yawn...) Treatment of an aqueous solution of methyl fluoroacetate with an excess of calcium hydroxide (lime) and evaporation under vacuum yields a crystalline residue of calcium fluoroacetate. This salt, mixed with sulfuric acid and distilled under reduced pressure, gives a 90% yield of fluoroacetic acid. When an excess of aqueous ammonia is added to methyl fluoroacetate, cooled in ice water, a crystalline precipitate of alpha-fluoroacetamide is obtained in quantitative yield. It is a stable compound and is as toxic as methyl fluoroacetate. C. 2-FLUOROETHYL ESTERS OF w-FLUOROCARBOXYLIC ACID 2-Fluoroethyl fluoroacetate: A 77.4 per cent yield of this fluoroacetate was obtained by refluxing for 30 min. a mixture of fluoroacetyl chloride with 2-fluoroethanol. FCH2COCl + FCH2CH2OH -> FCH2COOCH2CH2F + HCl Properties: 2-Fluoroethyl fluoroacetate is a colorless liquid of very faint odor. The vapor pressures at 0°, 15°, and 30°C. are respectively 0.45, 1.28, and 3.29 mm. The 2-fluoroethyl esters of higher w-fluorocarboxylic acids are colorless mobile liquids with a pleasant fruit-like odor and fairly high boiling points. Toxicological tests show that the 2-fluoroethyl esters are more toxic than the corresponding unsubstituted ethyl esters. 2-Fluoroethyl e-fluorocaproate is the most toxic compound of this series. It is eleven times as toxic as methyl fluoroacetate (mole for mole). D. w-FLUOROALCOHOLS A simpler method of synthesis was developed in 1943. It consists in heating ethylene chlorohydrin and potassium fluoride at 135°C. for 4 hr. in a rotating autoclave. CICH2CH2OH + KF -> FCH2CH2OH + KCl The yield was 42 per cent. Sodium fluoride under the same conditions gave very poor yields. This reaction can also be carried out at atmospheric pressure by using high-boiling organic solvents, such as ethylene glycol, glycerol, diethylene glycol, or polyethylene glycol, either singly or in admixture. A 42.5 per cent yield of 2-fluoroethanol was obtained by reacting ethylene chlorohydrin with potassium fluoride at 170-180C. in a mixture of ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol (antifreeze). (More tecnobabble) 2. Properties and reactions of 2- fluoroethanol 2-Fluoroethanol is a colorless liquid of very faint odor, resembling that of ethyl alcohol. The vapor pressures at 0°, 15°, and 30°C. are respectively 5.55, 14.3, and 40 mm. (96). It is miscible with water in all proportions and readily dissolves calcium chloride and calcium nitrate. 2-Fluoroethanol reacts with phosphorus trichloride, in the presence of pyridine, giving an unstated yield of tris(2-fluormethyl) phosphite, (FCH2CH2O)2P, a liquid acting as a depressant on the central nervous system. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ It'd seem to me that the easiest thing to make would be 2-fluoroethanol by refluxing of EtC and KF in glycerine or ethylene glycol. The EtC can be prepared via the processes in my "antifreeze mustard gas" post (search the archives) using easily obtainable antifreeze and pool acids. Another possiblility is to make MeFAc using a similar process of refluxing MeClAc with KF in a solvent, thus removing the need for an autoclave (looks around room...nope...don't see it. Must have left mine at work :p ) Might get crappy yeilds, or it may not work, but it'd be worth trying before investing in an autoclave. <small>[ July 25, 2002, 01:52 PM: Message edited by: nbk2000 ]

Rhadon

July 25th, 2002, 06:46 PM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Correcting myself:

Quoting Pu239 Stuchtiger:

quote:

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No oxidizer will react with HF and liberate F2

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Pu239 Stuchtiger, you're probably right. I thought that HCl and HF can be treated similar in this respect, but they apparently can't. <small>[ July 25, 2002, 05:48 PM: Message edited by: Rhadon ]

MrSamosa

July 26th, 2002, 09:42 AM

To NBK- Do you think you could do me, and all the other forumites, a big favor (ahh, as if you do not do enough for us; giving us knowledge, writing PDFs...)? I find the idea of Mustard from AntiFreeze very interesting, and I'm sure there are plenty of others who feel the same. However, I am having much trouble finding it in the Archives. My guess is that since some of the 2001 Archives, from August-December are inaccessable (atleast on my computer), the topic was probably made during those months; hence my inability to reach it. So, what I am asking is if you could please repost that topic for all the new-comers of the Forum to see :) . If not, thanks anyway.

nbk2000

July 26th, 2002, 09:59 AM

Here's the relevant portion about preparing chlorohydrin. You'll have to go to the FTP and download the older archvies since the original article was back in sep '00. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Ethylene glycol is placed in a distillation apparatus and heated up to 148° C and at the same time a slow current of dry hydrogen chloride gas is passed through it. The water and chlorohydrin formed distill s off and is collected. Gradually the temperature of the bath is increased to approximately 160° C till the chlorohydrin distillation is complete. The processing of 100 grams of glycol takes about 16 hours to complete. The distillation product is first freed from hydrochloric acid by washing with sodium carbonate and then washed with 2-3 times it's volume of ethyl ether. The ether solution is removed and completely dried over freshly melted sodium carbonate. Two distillations supply one pure product boiling between 128° C and 131° C. Yield, about 60 % of the theoretical.

MrSamosa

August 25th, 2002, 05:16 PM

Unfortunately, I don't have access to distillation apparatus...maybe I will build one of those improvised ones later. Anyhow, I've found a mixture of Hydrochloric Acid and Hydrofluoric Acid. I have plenty of HCl right now so what I'm interested in is the HF. My plan to separate the two is to add 27% H2O2 to release Chlorine Gas and form HF dissolved in H2O. Seeing as the H2O2 will not react with the HF, I figured this method would work pretty well. My next step would be to freeze the solution in an attempt to separate the HF and H2O, since HF has a significantly lower melting point than water. Sorry if this is another stupid idea where basic knowledge of chemistry would show would not work, but can anyone tell me what is wrong with it, or atleast a better way to go about with the separation?

rikkitikkitavi

August 25th, 2002, 06:00 PM

sounds like a good idea in theory, but it have some practical drawbacks. I have used HCl+H2O2 extensivly to process PCB:s , since it is a very effcicent etching solution. Left standing it produces Cl2 only slowly, like most reactions where the products are gaseous, unless the reactants are of high concentration. The mix was usable after a one week period. Boiling might increase rate of reaction though I never did that of course. Try it out :) There is the possibility to neutralize the acid-mix with CaCO3. CaF2 is almost insoluble so it preciptates. The HF can be reformed with H2SO4 (CaF2+H2SO4 => CaSO4 + 2HF (g) /rickard vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Poison Gas Attacks in Gaza Strip MrSamosa

> Poison Gas Attacks in Gaza Strip Log in

January 21st, 2003, 10:08 PM

I remember reading about this story a while back, but couldn't find many English-language news articles covering this. Basically, the Palestinians are alleging Nerve Gas attacks while the Israelis have claimed it was CS. This was an interesting article.. http://www.mediamonitors.net/jamesbrooks2.html . It deals with a series of alleged Israeli Poison Gas attacks in Khan Younis Refugee Camp, starting on February 11, 2001. For some background information, that day was 6 days after Ariel Sharon's landslide victory, and also a particularly violent day in the Gaza Strip. In response to gunfights and rioting, the Israeli trooops fired "tear gas" canisters, employing some, "rainbow gas." The colors of the smoke changed colors from green to pink to black and, in some cases, was also reported to be white. At first, the Palestinian protestors cried, "This gas does nothing! Throw some more!" because they did not experience the immediate irritation normally associated with tear gas. However, about fifteen minutes later, they began suffering from stomach pains, convulsions, seizures, vomiting, fainting, and even coma - all symptoms associated with Nerve Agent Poisoning. However, there were no reported deaths caused by this gas. Nevertheless, it seems to be very unpleasant. Normally, the effects of Nerve Agents cease after 60 hours or so. But the symptoms of this chemical disappear and keep reappearing for extended periods of time. There was one boy who was still suffering convulsions 2 weeks after exposure. Such attacks were repeated several times in Khan Younis. I'm not so much concerned about the political situation in the Middle East, and I would appreciate it if this thread did not degenerate into whose God is better than whose, which race is better than which other, etc. etc. Let's keep the discussion confined to the new gas and speculation of what it may be. With the United States now employing Israeli "anti-terror" tactics, such as indefinate detentions and such, do you think it is likely that this new gas could be used in the USA? <small>[ January 21, 2003, 09:11 PM: Message edited by: MrSamosa ]

chemwarrior

January 21st, 2003, 10:11 PM

No, because I dont think the people would stand for that. It seems too much like Hitler too their simple minds.

nbk2000

January 21st, 2003, 11:54 PM

All those symptoms sound like a BZ related compound. Any mention of hallucinations, dry mouth, memory loss?

MrSamosa

January 22nd, 2003, 05:39 AM

No reports of dry mouth or hallucinating, just victims reporting, "I had a bad headache, and then i don't remember anything. Now I'm waking up in the hospital." In that time period, family and medical workers reported extreme hyper activity, with the victims thrashing around violently, requiring several adults to hold down. One interesting symptom, however, was skin blotching. One girl stated that where, "It used to hurt is now stained." That is the only symptom i can think of not related to anticholinesterase agents. I did not see anything of Myosis, or pinpoint pupils, which is typically an indicator of anti-cholinesterase poisoning. I like the Israeli's idea of weaponization though - their gas was mint smelling. Palestinians said that, "The gas smelled good. It smelled like mint and tasted sweet, you wanted to breathe more." Now, imagine if someone were to disperse a nerve agent in a mall, but mixed in some nice food smells. People like food, and would therefore try to breathe more of the scent. Then, if they rae hungry, they will walk toward the source; or, the location of the gas disperser, where concentrations of the given agent are even higher. EDIT- this PDF file deals mostly with the personal experiences with those poisoned by the gas. It doesn't jump to conclusions as much as the earlier link did: http://www.littleredbutton.com/gas_interviews/interviews.pdf <small>[ January 22, 2003, 04:41 AM: Message edited by: MrSamosa ]

megalomania

January 23rd, 2003, 02:14 AM

Now that is a very intriguing idea MrSamosa. I wonder how many malls have a perfume store, or a food court, or any craft joint peddling what I like to call “stinky stuffs” because I usually can’t stand them. A pleasant smelling nerve agent or other CW could be disguised as a perfume and spread in front of the store. The odor of fried food added to a CW agent that is then spread at the local fair or football game would go unnoticed. I wonder if there are common odors that people have an increased probability of inhaling? If I had to guess now I would say mint is one if the Israelis did indeed weaponize such a thing. The assuredly did research into the matter. This would certainly add new meaning of stopping to smell the roses if a cloud of rose smelling vapor descended on a crowd of unsuspecting targets.

nbk2000

January 23rd, 2003, 02:31 AM

I too flee from places that sell "stinky stuff", which is usually potpourri. BLECH! Whatever the smell, it would be best to have one appropriate to the situation. The smell of popcorn in a crowded theater would be unnoticed. The same smell in a...actually, I was about to say it would be inappropriate for a "?"...and realized I couldn't think of anywhere where the smell of popcorn wouldn't be welcomed or possible. I've smelled it in high security prisons, army barracks, hospitals, malls, and probably anywhere else worth gassing. Now if you could just come up with a canned popcorn smell (I'm sure someone out there has) that wouldn't interact with, nor be overpowered by, the CW agent, then you'd have yourself a right dangerous weapon. One where people, rather than fleeing, actually stay and inhale MORE...voluntarialy! :D Fruity smells like apples, oranges, or bananas are usually very pleasant to smell. French fries are good too. Doughnuts would be perfect for piggies.

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Why go to the trouble of producing smoke in a succession of colors? Why add (as we assume) an exceptionally attractive fragrance and taste to the poison gas? Was it all intended to give the canisters a less threatening aspect? Could there have been an effort to produce a "crowd-pleasing effect"--and so increase the toxic exposure?

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Indeed, it seems the kikes have learned their lesson well from the Nazis. People aren't afraid of pleasant smelling things that are pleasing to the eyes. <small>[ January 23, 2003, 03:08 AM: Message edited by: nbk2000 ]

MrSamosa

January 23rd, 2003, 06:03 AM

hmm... They were friendly Gas Shells . Anyhow, have you ever noticed the fragrance machines in different stores? In small shops, convenience stores, and gas stations they can be found directly above the doorway. Their purpose is to calm the shopper, causing him to make bad decisions. They are very easy to fill- just open the cover, pour in the smelly crap, and close it again. The rest it does on its own. I can easily imagine some poisonous, volatile liquid being mixed in with the fragrance. It would not be very hard, since nobody thinks to protect their fragrance machines. Still,

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter doing it without being conspicuous is the tricky part...

A good example that I can think of where the smell increased mortality was during WW1 with Phosgene. Phosgene has a mild, even pleasant smell in low concentrations and does not cause immediate pain either. However, it proved to be the greatest killer during WW1. <small>[ January 23, 2003, 05:15 AM: Message edited by: MrSamosa ]

megalomania

January 24th, 2003, 12:25 AM

I have inspected one of those machines in considerable detail. I noticed the curious instrument in the bathroom at work and decided to see what the hell it was. It uses a battery operated fan, like a computer case fan, and a small canister of gelled fragrance. The canisters are quite easy to replace, just remove the old one and drop in a new one. The whole operation could be done quite rapidly, but you would need to know what size of canister to use, or take the original to use for you schemes later. It would seem easier just to deploy such a device of your own making. You can buy small cans of gelled fragrance for your car; I use these. A simple battery connection to a computer fan could suck the fumes from the can and disperse it. Put some double sided tape on the device, attach it to the inside of a trash can, and be off. This may indeed by a suitable poor mans way of dispersing a nerve gas. I have envisioned the use of remotely activated pressurized containers of toxic gas hidden inside public trash cans or under manhole covers, but this is a Hollywood version for people with money and resources. A gelled nerve gas would have a higher persistency over time, it would take longer to make its presence known, and it is less likely to kill you right off the bat when you place your device. A little battery operated fan kicking up toxic gas all day in a crowded shopping mall may not be dramatic, but it would eventually do some damage. Thousands of people may be exposed to the gas who would return to work or home a few hours later, and then they begin to exhibit symptoms. Emergency personnel would not be able to identify the source of the gas right away, maybe not for a few days, while people would be dropping all over the city. Their first assumption would be a massive citywide gas attack, or at least the media would think this. There is another option similar to this. In the book Rainbow 6 by Tom Clancy a terrorist organization was going to add a bio weapon to the water tanks of coolant water used in large fan blown misters. These things work like humidifiers blowing a cooling water mist. There are now small battery operated versions of these out there at novelty shops. I have seen the infomercials, usually in the summer. It would not seem like much of a stretch to get one of these, crack it open to learn the technology, and build a few dozen of your own. All you really need is a small battery powered pump to force a liquid through an atomizer tip. I also think it should not be that hard to attach a simple series of capacitors that must charge up before the device will work, thus giving the person a minute or two before the device activates after it is turned on. The easiest to obtain fragrances would be simple esters that smell like fruits. These should not react with nerve gasses being esters themselves. Any cheap perfume should suffice, but if increased receptiveness to the stink is your goal a better brand may be wise. The US government currently has a research program to develop a super stinky agent for a less-than-lethal weapon. It would not surprise me if they also had a concurrent program to make a super pleasant agent for some nefarious purpose. The same musings I spend 5 minutes writing they spend 5 years and 5 billion dollars perfecting.

nbk2000

January 24th, 2003, 01:53 AM



quote:

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The same musings I spend 5 minutes writing they spend 5 years and 5 billion dollars perfecting.

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Don't hate the playa', hate the Game. :D If you used a thickened OPA with a powerful miotic effect, like tabun, than you could cause nightblindness as doses below that needed to cause any other noticable effect (drooling, twitching, etc) that would alert the the use of a CW. This night blindness would persist for several days. Replacement of the deodorizer in the restroom of a crowded sports facility prior to a night game would likely results in quite a few fatalities as people drove home on crowded streets and freeways, all while being effectively blind in the darkness. :) With the persistance of the effect, you'd likely see a rise in accidents for the next week, none of which would immediately be attributable to any kind of CW attack. If the agent was dispersed for an extended time at low sub-lethal doses, you'd be able to cause a delayed reaction of several hours or days before the classic OPA exposure symptoms manifested themselves seriously enough to warrant hospitalization. The people who worked at the target would be the first to be hospitalized, given their prolonged exposure, so the clustering of these victims would give away the location of the attack, but not necessarily the time. Mustard would have an excellent terror effect given how it can cause blepharospasm (look it up :p ) and conjunctivitis so severe that the victims are effectively blinded for days or weeks at a time. And it can do this at exposure levels so low that no other symptoms of H exposure, besides horseness of the throat and chronic cough, will manifest. Plus, the image of lines of blinded soldiers marching in single file, hands on the shoulders of the man in front of them, is one that readily comes to mind when Mustard Gas is mentioned. The psychology of a weapon is just as important as the actual effect of it. Fear is the power, terror is the key! H is much easier to make and handle than an OPA, though it is still very dangerous to the maker. <small>[ January 24, 2003, 12:56 AM: Message edited by: nbk2000 ]

nbk2000

April 10th, 2003, 04:16 AM

I found an easy OTC source for mint oil. It's used as an "enviromentally friendly" bug killing spray. It comes in either hand pumped spray, or aerosol, with 10% mint oil with the remainder being water. Cost is about $5 for 6 oz. Nothing beats smelling minty fresh on the morgue slab, eh? vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : What well known nerve gas info? megalomania

> Battlefield Log in

August 16th, 2002, 01:49 AM

I have been reviewing my chemical weapons information as of late and I have been tinkering with my website preparing to add some wonderful new stuff. I have been reviewing other websites looking for minor details when it occurred to me that there is actually no chemical weapons information on the web about synthesis. What strikes me as odd are the many ‘upstanding’ websites out there that allude to the “well known procedure of preparing this nerve gas” or “all those other websites that give the synthesis” while at the same time saying they would never provide such info. They all say the other guy's site has it... Well where the hell are those sites? Has anyone actually seen one? Are there thousands of websites teeming with chemical synthesis information for any chemical weapon, or even a reference to such data? I found an article by Scientific American from last November about the great availability of chemicals just waiting to be used by terrorists. All they had to do was call up Aldrich and order the chemicals:

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By following one of the well-known recipes for sarin—mixing dimethyl methylphosphonate, phosphorus trichloride, sodium fluoride and alcohol in the right amounts and sequence—he could have made 280 grams of the stuff or a comparable amount of soman or GF. (That’s more than 100 teaspoonfuls.) All this for $130.20 plus shipping and handling.

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Well gee, is that all? How naive of them to think everyone can just order what they want from Sigma and get it the next day. And what is this well known ‘recipe’ for Sarin? Well known to whom, organophosphate chemists, or the rest of us? I suspect that ‘recipe’ is one of the earlier methods by which sarin was first prepared. The conclusion of the article is that tighter restrictions are needed on chemical precursors. I find that especially funny since they are rather easy to skirt. Oh my no, whatever will the terrorists do if they can’t order from Sigma? It would be horrible if they made their own phosphorus trichloride by exposing phosphorus to chlorine. Will they shut down KFC as a source of bones from which white P can be had? Perhaps they think dimethyl methylphosphonate is the only means by which sarin can be made. I would hate to think what would happen if they used the much more convenient refluxing of methylphosphonyldichloride with methylphosphonyldifluoride and evil isopropyl alcohol. So, has anybody seen another website that actually has any synthesis info on any nerve agent? Does anybody know the ‘well known recipe’ for sarin that uses dimethyl methylphosphonate? If this is all so easy why haven’t a bunch of kewls already done it? <small>[ August 16, 2002, 12:50 AM: Message edited by: megalomania ]

nbk2000

August 16th, 2002, 08:10 AM

You'd find the sarin "recipe" on the same site that has the polio virus "recipe". Along with convenient links to all the chemical suppliers to whip it up in your kitchen. :D What they mean by "well known" is (well known) to any practiced researcher with access to a large university library, subscribed online access to JACS, Med-Line, etc. Thank God that the k3wLs are too ignorant to figure this out or we'd have kiddiez gassing themselves with 43ArZo/\/\E N3RV gAZ.

MrSamosa

August 17th, 2002, 01:53 AM

The Dimethyl Methylphosphonate synthesis is the original way Sarin was prepared, I believe. Here's the general reaction (of course, excluding ratios, temperatures, and all the necessary information ): Methanol is reacted with Phosphorus Trichloride to produce Dimethyl Methylphosphate (DMMP). The DMMP is heated, causing the transformation to Trimethyl Phosphate (TMP). Phosphorus Trichloride is reacted with TMP in the presence of Chlorine gas to yield Methyl PhosphonylDichloride. Methyl Phosphonyl Chloride is fluorinated using Hydrogen Fluoride, Sodium Fluoride, or Potassium Fluoride producing Methyl PhosphonylDifluoride (DF). In the final step, Methyl PhosphonylDifluoride is reacted with DiMethyl Phosphonylchloride and Isopropyl Alcohol to make Sarin. Information relating to the synthesis of Nerve Agents is all over the place, the US Patent Office database is a great source. I just wrote a list of Nerve Agent-related patents in the Links and Literature section...relating to the precursor Monofluorophosphoric Acid. I think you will find more useful information on OP pesticides than you will on actual nerve agents...and the leap from a powerful pesticide to a nerve agent is not a big one. I think that this would be the easiest synthesis thus far, requiring mostly OTC chemicals. Once again, the general reaction: Phosphorus Pentoxide (produced by burning Phosphorus extracted from Matchbook strikers...atleast, that's what I understand from some older posts) is poured into Hydrofluoric Acid to make Difluorophosphoric Acid. By heating in a Sodium Hydroxide solution, one Fluoride ion is lost and forms a Monofluorophosphate salt. Heating the Silver salt (doh, expensive metals) with Methyl, Ethyl, or Isopropyl Iodide forms the corresponding Dialkyl ester. More information on this method can be found in the patents. It's not Sarin, but you can get something quite close, and quite potent...Di-isopropyl Fluorophosphate (DFP) comes to mind. What I want to know now though, is would it be possible to replace one of the Methyl groups in Dimethyl Fluorophosphate with an Isopropyl group; thus making Sarin? I haven't gone over all of the patents yet; I just pulled this info. off a website about toothpaste, so I can't tell you anything about the equipment yet.

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EDIT- Oh, and try the Organic Synthesis database for information on the synthesis of precursors, I've found it to be very useful...I'm sure you've already checked there though, but just making sure . <small>[ August 17, 2002, 01:01 AM: Message edited by: MrSamosa ]

megalomania

August 17th, 2002, 02:07 PM

I have read a rather disparaging article recently that stated some of the chemical literature may actually be intentionally falsified to cause complications for the ‘uninformed’ attempting to make such substances. The article said the conditions are precisely altered to dissuade only capeable scientists, or the ‘alchemical art’ is left out so that only a trained scientist could determine the reaction conditions. How rude of them. Now I will have to carefully examine each and every process to determine if the temperature is off, or if the amounts of reactants and solvents are askew. I doubt the older literature bothers with such deception, but modern sources may at that. Of course that article could itself be a means of deception. It is certainly true that the ‘alchemical art’ is frequently left out, as demonstrated by the above reaction given by MrSamosa. The experts seem to be of the universal opinion that only a scientist with some graduate training could ever synthesize a nerve gas (and live). They also seem to think that anyone with the knowledge to make such stuff would not have the knowledge to use it, and vice versa. There have even been calls to remove such information from publicly available sources, such as patent databases. Specifically such concerns have arisen in Great Britain. I suggest everyone save a copy of those patents now in preparation for the time when they do take it away. From what I gather about nerve gas chemistry, one could substitute just about any alcohol to make a myriad of different compounds of similar lethality. For example, there is little difference between sarin, soman, cyclosarin, and cyclosoman except for the choice of alcohol used to make the ester. One is certainly not limited to the major published nerve gasses, indeed there are thousands of possible variants one could employ. This much was stated in the article I was reading, in fact I should post a link when I finish reading it. It gives a good foundation about what can and cannot be done with clandestine chemical weapons. As an aside, I am looking for a British patent concerning the preparation of VM nerve gas. The chemical name is O-Ethyl-S-[2(diethylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothioate. This is quite similar to VX, O-Ethyl-S-[2(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothioate, but I would still like to see the patent. The reference I have mentions there is such a patent and it is a British patent. They were trying to be clever by not mentioning what the patent number is. I tried a search of espace but found no mention of VM nerve gas or several variations of that formula name. If anyone knows of this patent, please post the number. Thank you.

Polverone

August 17th, 2002, 07:23 PM

If online journal censorship comes around (Rhodium thinks it's already here for certain high-potency drug analogs) then it will be time to go through paper at the library. Tedious, slow, but not unbearable. Electronic patents censorship is slightly harder to deal with, since they're not going to be at the local university and it's going to be pretty suspicious if you show up wanting to look at all the dangerous patents censored from the online database. Nevertheless, I'm sure this is an area where the Forum can shine. The actual synthesis is probably going to be... very difficult. I can't estimate any better than that. Aum Shinrikyo failed to carry out an effective nerve agent attack and they had graduate-level chemists, billions of dollars in resources, and fanatical dedication. I do always get a chuckle out of articles that suggest weapons of mass destruction can be whipped up in your kitchen. Sure, if your kitchen has a high performance fume hood, tens of thousands of dollars worth of equipment, and comes with a noquestions-asked account with JT Baker... Oh, and if you have a PhD chemist and/or microbiologist (depending on your path to destruction) who lives in your refrigerator. What about other highly toxic chemicals? Fentanyls, synthetic opiates thousands of times stronger than morphine, are extremely potent depressants and can cause death in the milligram range. *And* they've already been clandestinely synthesized at least once, by some East Coast drug chemist in the 1980s who sold them, extremely diluted, for recreational use. He was eventually caught and jailed but it at least provides proof of concept. Plus, since they have been used as recreational drugs, the denizens of the Hive are inclined to locate and store information about them. And they're not going to be effectively detected/countered by standard methods designed for nerve agents. None of these items are going to be easy to synthesize, but organophosphates aren't the only chemicals worth considering. And, if you're willing to accept a considerable drop in potency, there are some pretty easy to prepare poisons that would certainly give WW I chemical weapons a run for their money. Methyl isocyanate, the chemical that killed and sickened thousands of people in Bhopal, India, is only a hop, skip, and jump away for a moderately knowledgeable individual with a few household materials.

Chaoslord

August 18th, 2002, 11:26 AM

Mega : have you tried earching for ALKYLPHOSPHONOTHIOLATES ? it's the name of those kind of compounds, so it should be easier that way I have the VX patent (US) an the only change to the VM prepatarion should be the amino-alcohol (2-Diethylamino-ethanol instead of 2-Diisopropylamino-ethanol) anyway, i think THAT should work, shound't it? P.S. :any of u guru's can find the synthesis for the Dichloro Methyl Phosphine? Ch3PCl2 sample image : <small>[ August 18, 2002, 10:47 AM: Message edited by: Chaoslord ]

nbk2000

August 18th, 2002, 12:09 PM

Polverone, the clandestine drug you're referring to was known as "China White". Actually, it was MPPP (forgot the technical name). Problem with it was that, if heated too long/too hot/too much acid, some or most of it was converted to MPTP, a nuerotoxin that destroys brain cells and induces immediate (and severe) Parkinsons.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter There were quite a few addicts who got "frozen". That gave such a bad rep to synthetics that nobody will buy them. MPTP is fairly easy to make (compared to VX), induces the parkinsons with just a milligram or two (by any route), and is irreversable. I've thought it would make quite the terror weapon since it leaves its victims alive, but trapped in crippled or paralyzed bodies. Blow a cloud of dusty MPTP through a building full of lawyers and judges and watch the roaches twitch. :D Unfortunately, some asshole writer for the show "Law and Order" had to go and use it for a story line. :mad: Now there's the chance people would know what you were referring to by MPTP if they overheard you talking about it, and companies on the lookout for sales. It be good for mixing in with poisons for bullets. Even if you don't kill them then, they'll be fucked up for life. I've looked quite a bit over the years for CW info on the net. It's really not there to be found. Oh sure, you can find all kinds of crap about the enviromental effects, de-milling, arms control, precursors used (but not synths), etc. But an actual how to make it? No. That's what the journals and books have over the net. Festers "Silent Death" (I upped to the FTP) has the basic procedures detailed adequately. It looks like it'll be up to us to be the site that everyone else is referring to. :D Aum Shinriko screwed up, not in product quality, but in weaponization. They had two plastic bags of the DF and Iso that were mixed by simply poking with an umbrella tip?! No wonder it didn't work. Well, I shouldn't say that since 12 people DID die, and thousands sickened...but compared to a unitary agent with proper aerosol dispersion? Weak. It was nothing more than a puddle on the floor.

megalomania

August 18th, 2002, 04:23 PM

I was remiss in my previous post about VM as I did not check my VX patents first (*whine* it was clear up stairs). After making that post I went to get my patents, both the British and the US patent. Indeed they describe non-specific functional groups, not VX exclusively. I have reviewed the formula and have concluded that VM is merly a matter of using a different R group. The patent database is actually my last resort. I was fortunate that a trip to the reference library yielded a considerable number of references for nerve gasses and explosives. I requested these articles be sent to me by the dozens this past spring. I had all of these articles coming from all over the US, with them having full knowledge of who I am, and they have to copy the article so they can see what it is. Basically the task of dusting off my requested tomes, copying them, and sending them to my library is delegated to some lazy undergrad who I doubt is sharp enough to determine from the journal title exactly what it is he is copying. Journal titles do not say "How to synthesize SARIN nerve gas!" oh my no, they say "The Preparation and Physical Properties of Isopropyl Methylphosphonofluoridate.” As a matter of fact I had the collected edition of the Journal of the Chemical Society sent to me for that one, all 3 massive volumes from 1960, so no one knows which article I extracted from there. My point being I have no trouble getting journals thus far. Furthermore, most of the real good stuff is not available in electronic format. Even my online journal database only extends back to 1996 for even venerable journals. In the future I expect this to change, but will they weed out the ‘good stuff’ by then? I will stick to the tried and true method. Of course I do have a stack of journals sitting right next to me that I have no idea what they are for… I forgot to write down what references led me to request them and reading them is not always obvious if they are for precursors, or general functional groups, and especially the ones that aren’t in English (what in the hell am I going to do with a Chinese journal?!?). Even so I have the info, and I will eventually make use of it. Ironically the best sources for references to synthesis articles are journal articles themselves. This means you have to have a journal to begin with. I have the above mentioned article on sarin synthesis. That journal references what I believe to be the original method of synthesis (Saunders, “Phosphorus and Fluorine,” Cambridge Univ. Press, 1957, p. 93. also in Sartori, Chemical Review, 1957, 48). My journal disparages this information saying the method of synthesis is tedious and gives impure product, as good a reason as any not to bother. Even so I may get it one day. That ref is actually a book (somewhat harder to get), and I can’t quite remember if Chemical Review publishes full text articles, but that would be a better source. I could also check Quinchon, J. et al, Bulletin. Societe Chimique de France, 1961, 1084, 1086 and Boter, H.L. et al, Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas, 1966, 85, 147, 919. I don’t suppose and French Forumites happen to have these lying around? I suppose the one I have is quite good enough. In truth an intense literature search was sufficient for me to quite readily find many references to the synthesis for many chemical weapons. Once I stumbled on a starting point that is (the Dictionary of Organophosphorus Compounds). I also used those handy websites that refuse to divulge synthesis details, I used the names and molecular structures of the nerve gasses they provided to fine tune my literature search (and I came up with a jackpot). To recap, this was quite easy… if you happen to be an experienced searcher of chemical literature, with a reference library at your fingertips, access to expensive literature searching software, and can use a network of national libraries to access the world’s journals (all for free as well). I have these things, do you? Muhahahaha!

Polverone

August 18th, 2002, 04:58 PM

Mega: you say your chem journal databases only go back to 1996. Is this ACS or other journals too? Because for several months now all the ACS journals have been full-text online all the way back to 1870 or whenever it was that they started publishing. I have access to Tetrahedron Letters and a few other miscellaneous sources that I can't access online, but my #1 source is ACS online. Does anybody know about other English-language journals that have online versions? Preferrably online versions having archival material as well as recent articles?

megalomania

August 20th, 2002, 01:06 AM

My journal collection is a system of about 3 thousand journals of all types (not just scientific) which only seems to extend back to 1996 so far. It is not affiliated with the actual journals in that they have a say in the content. It is created by a company who charges big bucks to grant access and they in turn buy the rights to display the articles. This is different from the ACS system. However, I do have access to the actual journals themselves. This is probably why there

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is not (yet) access to their electronic system. There is something invigerating about clamboring about all those dusty tomes with the promise of such a vast wealth of knowledge just waiting to be revealed. It is an innefficient process though. Somewhere out there is a university or library with access open to all... what do you think it would take to create a mirror of the entire ACS database? Perhaps all one needs is an external hard drive with spidering software and a little bit of time. Ahh, such a great treasure could then be disseminated to the masses :D I forgot to mention my blurb on dichloromethylphosphine. Don't quote me on this, but it looks like a job for a Grignard reaction. A nice aldehyde, like formaldehyde, would add a methyl group in place of one of those chlorines. This reaction would also replace 1, 2, and all 3 chlorines to some degree, so purification is in order. Ether is out for most Grignards involving chlorine, use THF instead. <small>[ August 20, 2002, 12:17 AM: Message edited by: megalomania ]

PrimoPyro

August 20th, 2002, 03:10 AM

If going to manufacture an anelgesic depressant of severe potency, to be used for lethal intoxication, here is the compound for you: This is the t-BuOOPr- analog of fentanyl, and replaces the phenethyl function with the t-BuOOPr group. Fentanyl analogs are beyond being described as "potent." This adjective does them little justice. For instance, a very weak analog of fentanyl, the open chain analog 2,3-seco-fentanyl, has an ED50 of 0.35mg/kg. Fentanyl itself has an approximate ED50 of 0.0011mg/kg. That is 1.1 micrograms per kilogram. That is not a lot of drug to kill someone. And there are fentanyl analogs far more powerful than this. For synthetic opioids, the LD50 (which I dont have access to those figures so you'll make do with ED50's) is usually 3-4 times the ED50, as a rough estimate. Carfentanil and cis-3-methylfentanyl have approximate/equal potencies, only varying slightly. Carfentanil oxalate salt has an ED50 of 0.0006mg/kg and cis-3-methylfentanyl has an ED50 of 0.00058mg/kg, and another source I have (The Designer Drugs Directory, ISBN:0-444-20525-X) states that 300 micrograms of cis-3-methylfentanyl is lethal. And then we have this lovely compound here. Do you know what the ED50 of this beauty is, as if these compounds previously stated were not postent enough? 0.000028mg/kg 28 fucking nanograms per kilogram ED50. As was discussed at the Hive, it is quite possible you might suffer respiratory depression by merely LOOKING at this compound through a glass window. [EDIT:]NBK2000, MPTP is extremely easy to make, if you go by Grignard Reaction of phenylmagnesium bromide added to Nmethylpiperidone, forming the tertiary alcohol which is very easily dehydrated to MPTP in assumedly decent yields at least. The amine should not inhibit Grignard action because it is tertiary and has no protons. I think the dehydration can occur with simple KHSO4 even. Easy. [EDIT#2]Ha! Cool, I was right about that synthetic pathway, it is an improvement on the original synthesis procedure. The Grignard WILL react with N-methyl-4-piperidone to produce the alcohol, which is "undesireably unstable" in hot acid. So KHSO4 would make a great dehydrating agent to prepare MPTP. Just quench the grignard with KHSO4 and heat, and voila, MPTP in one reaction. :D Source: The Chemistry of Mind Altering Drugs, pg.79; ISBN: 0-8412-3253-9 PrimoPyro <small>[ August 20, 2002, 02:29 AM: Message edited by: PrimoPyro ]

nbk2000

August 20th, 2002, 09:23 AM

I've heard the Mossad hitsquads have snuffed a few arabs using a weapon that blows a cloud of a fentanyl analog into the targets face, causing almost immediate death. What's the time for effect from these derivatives? Are we talking seconds, minutes, hours? Certainly nanogram toxicities would make forensic analysis very difficult, if not impossible. Such things may be better suited to murders, rather than mass terror. Also, isn't the pathways and precursors for these things rather complicated? In my research into analogs (pre-hive), it was a rather involved process with many restricted precursors, or complicated workarounds. It'd seem to me that the analogs would be better off being sold, and the money being converted into more conventinal weaponary, for which the larger amounts per dollar, and known effects, would compensate for lower LD50s. Though the MPTP was a much easier thing to make, it still needs the piperidene. Is there a ready source of that? I thought I remember reading about an electrolytic conversion of THF into it. Or maybe that was pyridine... :confused: Phosgene wouldn't be as "sexy", but you could blow up a tanker car of it in the middle of a city and wipe out a few thousand people with only a couple pounds of cheap explosive. Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication. :D

PrimoPyro

August 20th, 2002, 02:13 PM

Piperidine is not needed, 4-piperidone is. Traditionally, in the USA at least, piperidone itself is heavily watched, but seek the northern cold for the N-methyl derivative and you shan't bee disappointed. Sad fact is not everyone will be able to make this in their time, and many will die trying. But this only means that the sources' not being available everywhere doesn't even matter, since not everyone can sue it anyway. Anyone with the skill to make fentanyl can acquire the needed precursors, either by sourcing them or by synthesizing them.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Yes, it was pyridine reduction that yielded the piperidine, and it is quite easy too, with CTH. But piperidine is worthless unless you like PCP. And there ARE workarounds that involve ingenious reaction mechanisms, but they lengthen the synthesis pathway much too far to be desirable. As for the reaction time, minutes at the longest, seconds are much more likely for the more potent compounds (fentanyl and above) if introduced via either IV or inhalation. Opioids react very quickly. Personally, I'd rather whip up a batch of carfentanil over tabun or sarin anyday. I dont like phosphorus halides. Icky. PrimoPyro

pyromaniac_guy

August 21st, 2002, 02:09 AM

from mega:

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Somewhere out there is a university or library with access open to all... what do you think it would take to create a mirror of the entire ACS database? Perhaps all one needs is an external hard drive with spidering software and a little bit of time. Ahh, such a great treasure could then be disseminated to the masses

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A friend of mine mused over what it would take to produce an offline copy of the IEEE database... Aparently they use software to detect systematic downloads, and have their database set up in such a way as to preclude the easy use of a spider type program... ie their main search engine may be at ieee.org, but when you display a journal article you are actually pulling data from a redirect that goes from abc.com to xyz.com, so unless you know ahead of time where all the 'good stuff' is, you arent going to snag the whole thing.... If anyone can come up with a way to snag such databases, I'll dedicate a high speed connection, and storage space up to a tb or so of hd space for it... a good buddy of mine works for a cable isp, and has acess to ungodly amounts of bandwidth, if a dedicated 24/7 highspeed dsl doesnt cut it, then i can go to a much aftter pipe if need be...

MrSamosa

August 22nd, 2002, 10:00 AM

Hmmm...not much love for nerve agents, is there? Many highly toxic organophosphates CAN be made in your kitchen...but not efficiently. Putting commong OP pesticides through a few additional reactions can either give you a nerve agent, a crude nerve agent, or a precursor to a stronger nerve agent. Tetraethyl Pyrophosphate is a good example, just breakdown Diazinon using an oxidizer. Wait about a day or two, and distill the TEPP from the other products (due to TEPP's high volatility, I don't think much heat will be necessary for this). Diazinon can still be bought off certain gardening websites, and if you're lucky, in the local hardware store. TEPP (LD50= 1.13 mg/kg orl rat) is almost as toxic as Sarin (LD50 = 1 mg/kg orl rat). The only problem I can think of with TEPP is difficult storage: reacts with metals, highly flammable, highly toxic, and causes skin damage. But that is the same with many OP's, and I guess that's what probably turns a lot of you off towards them; particularly the Fluorinated ones. I on the other hand, do not really make anything... I just research and figure out how different things are made; but never actually make them. So for me, Nerve Agents are exciting :) . Maybe, for the sake of ease of production, Chlorine could be substituted for Fluorine? Chloro-Sarin comes to mind. I'm not sure about how big the difference in toxicity would be, but I doubt that it would make a dramatic difference (it is still very acutely toxic). All that is needed in the leaving group is something particularly reactive, so the core Phosphorus can quickly bond to the active site on the Cholinesterase. That problem solved, a lot of the other processes involved in Nerve Agent synthesis are not as difficult as one would think, not minding the costs of personal protection and warning equipment. If you aren't planning to use Fluorine as the leaving group, that cuts costs for a Nerve Agent-producing lab. Nevertheless, in terms of Flourinated Organophosphates...I think that DFP would be an excellent choice due to the relatively non-suspicious chemicals involved in its synthesis as well as its prompt knock-out action, similar to that of Hydrogen Cyanide. It is also colorless, odorless, and otherwise undetectable; aside from its typical nerve-agent symptoms. If we're going to get into other fun poisons though, I'd have to say my favorite would be Sodium Fluoroacetate dissolved in a Nitrogen Mustard... If you don't die, you suffer from fluid-filled blisters and bone marrow damage :D . <small>[ December 28, 2002, 02:51 AM: Message edited by: MrSamosa ]

James

August 23rd, 2002, 06:10 PM

I read on a website (no, I never take notes) that the new nerve gas detectors all use the photo ressonance of the P-F bond. I suppose theoretically a chlorinated (as opposed to fluoridated) nerve gas might be undetectable by it.

MrSamosa

August 23rd, 2002, 07:17 PM

I read about that too, James. It seems a little strange to me though that the detectors are based off the P-F bond. Tabun is a well-known Nerve Agent, can be easily synthesized by decently supplied chemist, yet it does NOT contain the P-F group...it doesn't even contain a Halogen attatched to the core P. Instead, it contains a P-CN group. There has to be something more to these detectors, otherwise there is a big security hole that could easily be exploited. On another note, if you are in search of Hydrofluoric Acid, I found some as a limescale remover in a local Pool-Spa shop. It was a mixture of Hydrofluoric Acid and Hydrochloric Acid. These two can probably be separated with little effort. I'm sure most of you have known about this for some time, but I just felt like bringing it up since we were talking about Fluorine.

zeocrash

October 3rd, 2002, 11:51 AM

OK well, i recently aquired a copy of a the reinhold condensed cheical dictionary sixth edition, This is an 8" thick red book containing information on most substances you can imagine while the entry for sarin provides little information as to how to make sarin :( , the entry for tabun is far more helpful

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Tabun...

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use, proposed as a military nerve gas and experimental choline sterase inhibitor. toxic effects similar to parathion

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so i looked at the entry for parathion. this says

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Parathion... derivation: from sodium ethylate, thiophosphoryl chloride and sodium para nitrophenate. uses: insecticide...

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from what i have seen, parathion is still on sale as an industrial insecticide according to the dictionary/ bible it makes a suitable substitute for tabun nerve gas, and it is fairly unknown.

vir sapit qui pauca loquitur

October 3rd, 2002, 12:07 PM

Not sure that this will help, but a chemistry professor introduced me to a book "assorted book of nasties" and he gave me a guided tour of the items that he made, and it was quite a large and scary list. mostly nerve gasses (soman/vx) unfortunatly he passed away before I could ask him some questions (he was a mad but brilliant professor) and i was wondering, if I should post up a few recipies? I dont have access to a scanner at the momment but I can type in entire syntheses to post, the subject is most interesting. but the only tests conducted by myself would be using DMSO and various organo-phosphate based insecticides on evil mutts that inhabit the local area.

MrSamosa

October 3rd, 2002, 04:02 PM

You should see the thread "Pesticides and Harmful Breakdown Products"...it deals mostly with OP pesticides, their dangerous oxon breakdown products, and their conversion to more lethal Nerve Agents. Anyhow, Parathion is certainly a potential chemical weapon. If I remember correctly, it has a median lethal dose of 30 - 50 mg/kg. Although that is not at the level of other Organophosphate-type Nerve Agents, Parathion is extremely toxic and should not be overlooked. There have been numerous accidents involving this pesticide, and keep in mind: 30-50 mg/kg is still a very small amount. Even more toxic is the oxidation product of Parathion, Paraoxon. Nevertheless, this will be extremely difficult to find; definately not something found in the local hardware store. Furthermore, the EPA is considering banning Parathion; as it has done to a lot of effective and legitimate OP pesticides: Diazinon, Chlorpyrifos, etc. If you can still find Diazinon, you can break it down to TEPP and Sulfo-TEPP by means of oxidation. TEPP has a considerably low median lethal dose of 1.13 mg/kg. However, it is very easily hydrolyzed and therefore not persistent at all. S-TEPP would be a better choice as a chemical warfare agent due to higher persistency, at a small cost in toxicity. That considered, S-TEPP is still far more toxic than Parathion. What you want to keep in mind though is that to have a truly effective Organophosphate Pesticide, it needs to have a good leaving group. Perhaps understanding how OP's bond with Cholinesterase will help: (Nerve Agent)-X + HO-(Cholinesterase) --> (Nerve Agent)-O-(Cholinesterase) + HX. X is the leaving group. Usually, Fluorine is used because it is highly reactive. However, any Halogen may be substitued, as well as a -CN group. If it were my choice, I would prefer to use -CN. Why? Because Nerve Agent detectors depend on the P-F bond :D . Also, the HCN formed by the reaction with Cholinesterase aids in the poisoning. Pesticides do not use reactive leaving groups and are therefore, inherently less toxic than Nerve Agents. If you are modifying a pesticide, the first thing you will want to consider is replacing those worthless Alkyl- groups or Aromatic structures with a decent leaving group. Mega posted a way of doing this in "Pesticides and Harmful Breakdown Products." Aside from the leaving group, other things affect a G-Agent's toxicity. I have read that longer Carbon chains will yield increasingly higher toxicity until 6 Carbons are reached, at which point toxicity decreases. What I am interested in is the influence of different Alkyl groups to the products. That is to say: why does the Pinacolyl group allow the agent to penetrate the skin more readily than the Isopropyl group? Why is the Ethyl group less persistent in the body than the Methyl group? On another note, I have heard of Alkyl-Halides other than Alkyl Iodides being used in Nerve Agent syntheses, including the common Methyl Chloride. Can anybody confirm this? If this is accurate, then this could be yet another way to cut costs in said syntheses. <small>[ December 28, 2002, 03:05 AM: Message edited by: MrSamosa ]

NoltaiR

October 14th, 2002, 02:02 PM

We're not interested in something any grade schooler can find in the 3rd grade classroom library. :rolleyes: Details not found in "common" sources, or silence. One or the other. NBK <small>[ October 14, 2002, 02:17 PM: Message edited by: nbk2000 ]

nbk2000

October 19th, 2002, 07:53 AM

While perusing the USPTO site, I ran across this tidbit in a patent about using foam to nuetralize improvised chemical weapons (hey, got to keep up with the "enemies" counters, right? ) A mixture of diethyl malonate (DEM)(propanedioic acid, diethyl ester) and water (50/50 v/v) registers as a G-type CW agent to certain chemical weapon detectors such as the Graseby Ionics Chemical Agent Monitor (or CAM) and Chemical Agent Detection Systems Mark II (CADS II) stations. :D What possible use might this info have you ask? Well...what if you included said mix in with an otherwise everyday bomb, like the finland bombing? With a little acrolein or chloropicrin added in to let the piggies know there's something chemical about

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the explosion, when they whip out their newly aquired post-9/11 detectors, they'll go nuts when the thing screams out "NERVE GAS!". Well, here comes the entire national task force with their billion dollar state-of-the-fuckin'-art mobile hazmat lab flown in on a C-5 galaxy to the scene. After careful analysis, it's discovered to be $30 worth of harmless chemicals. Cost to respond to this "incident"...$50,000,000+. :D Multiply many times over..."boy crying wolf" syndrome kicks in. THEN whap them with the real deal. Because of previous false alarms, responders are lax in their protective posturing and are taken out by your (now real) CW agent. Methyl salicylate (oil of wintergreen at the pharmacy) registers as mustard gas too. <small>[ October 19, 2002, 06:55 AM: Message edited by: nbk2000 ]

Machiavelli

October 19th, 2002, 02:45 PM

This would also be very useful when you're up against cops or soldiers equipped with detectors and protection suits, since they have to change into their lovely bunny suits when the detector gets off while you at the same time can operate with your normal equipment. Once they get the trick it's probably too late. Same goes for EOD people who'll have to disarm bombs under hazmat conditions. And for something similar, in "Guerillas in the Mist" Bob Newman suggest a cheap alternative to mines for area denial: NATO NBC warning signs.

MrSamosa

October 19th, 2002, 06:02 PM

I see some alternate use for this, besides mere hoaxing. Yes, use the mix of said harmless chemicals and a lachrymator to alert people of its presence. Now, imagine this "agent" used in battle. Soldiers/Police force feel burning on the eyes and throat, they throw on all their protective gear. You, knowing that it is nothing dangerous, do NOT don protective gear. Therefore, the enemy force is now hindered by heavy chemical-proof equipment, their breathing slightly impaired by the gas mask. Try fighting in THAT, especially on a hot, humid day. NBK- you mentioned Chemical Detection stations...doesn't the military use the little strips that change colors according to what agent is present? I don't know the name of these strips, and you may very well have mentioned them. Anyhow, do you know if it would register as a G-Agent on those? I like this use of Chemical Weapons. Who ever said Chemicals had to be used to kill or incapacitate; why not just hinder fighting performance? On another note, I remember a story a few months ago where the Pentagon was evacuated because the Nerve Gas detectors went off. It turns out, all that was present was a pesticide mixture. Perhaps that could be used too?

Machiavelli

October 19th, 2002, 06:30 PM

Hmm, Mr.Samosa, that's exactly the same thing I suggested, apart from the lachrymator, which you shouldn't use if you're planning on operating unprotected yourself. A better method to suggest that you're using a chemical agent would be lightly colored smoke (if it's too thick it might look fake) and maybe something with a strong "chemical" smell like pyridine. I'm afraid this might not work with detection paper, since the paper works with a chemical reaction opposed to the normal detectors whích use physical properties. Here however your suggestion with the pesticide might work, since organophosphate pesticides are so similar in structure to organophosphate anthropocides.

nbk2000

October 19th, 2002, 08:23 PM

You wouldn't want to use ANY kind of pesticide since they're all toxic to some degree. All you'd need would be some NON-toxic chemical that has the P=F bonding so it'll set off the detectors. Thusly the enemy is all suited up in their easter costumes (bunny suits), while you're unencumbered by suit or masks. Tin or titanium tetrachloride could be mixed in to give a suitably "evil" appearance of gasous white vapors to an explosions residue to freak out survivors and give the responders the creeps. I don't know if the contact papers would respond to the simulant in the same manner as the CAM, but if it didn't, I don't think that'd be a big deal anyways, since they're much more likely to put their faith in the $10,000 machine screaming "NERVE GAS!", as compared to the 10 cent paper slip that says "There's nothing here.". :)

MrSamosa

October 20th, 2002, 02:04 AM

Here's an article on how the Nerve Agent detectors work: http://www.photonics.com/Spectra/Tech/Dec00/techNerve.html . Here's the relevant portion of it:

quote:

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The new device, developed at the University of California by postdoctoral researcher Jun Gao and a team led by Michael J. Sailor, is composed of a red laser pointer, a beamsplitter, two photodiodes and a porous silicon chip coated with a catalyst that reacts to phosphorous-fluorine bonds. The catalyst hydrolyzes P-F bonds to yield hydrogen fluoride, which etches the oxidized chip, said Sonia Létant, a postdoctoral researcher at the university and member of the team. The reflected laser beam generates interference fringes from the chip, and the chemical reaction changes its refractive index, producing a nonreversible shift in the fringes.

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As such, you will need something that produces HF on Hydrolysis...or at least something else that will etch that chip. The problem is, many Fluorides have a tendency to be toxic :( . As for the P-F bond that is what makes nerve agents so toxic, isn't it? :confused: Anyhow, it mentions a "Catalyst" that reacts to PF bonds. I know that Sodium and Potassium Hydroxide are regularly used to decontaminate Nerve Agents...do you think this is what they use in the detectors? This is addressing the cheap nerve agent detectors that they have installed in the Washington DC Subway system. I'm not sure how widely they are used though.

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nbk2000

October 20th, 2002, 03:20 AM

Sulfur is chemically similar to phosphorus, so you could possibly use a chemical with a S=F bond instead of P=F. There's many organophosphates that are virtually non-toxic, their just not well known because they're useless as pesticides or CW. But they'll still react in alarms. Though, if you have to make a harmless organophosphate, you might as well use the chemicals to make the real deal and dilute it to harmless concentrations that'll still set off the alarms, saving the remainder for the later, actual, attack.

zeocrash

October 25th, 2002, 04:41 PM

i'm not sure that you could easily make an s=f bond fit into the chemical, as sulfur has a different amount of outer shell electrons than phosphorous. an N=F bond might work though or an as=f /sb=f/bi=f bond, all of which are in the same group as phosphorous

Marvin

October 25th, 2002, 09:35 PM

Number of valence electrons in an atom does make a difference, but its by no means the be and end all of chemistry. P and S are in seperate groups, but they are chemically similar, the oxides are both good acid formers, they are both octet expenders and this is important, PCl3 and SCl2 are both used for similar purposes in organic chemistry as chlorinating agents, the hydrides are both weak acids, gasses and flammable. NH3 isnt flamable in air, and its basic in water, NCl3 is a so so chlrinating agent but if you had to put them in the periodic table on the basis of the bonds they form, youd be very hard pressed without looking at the total number of bonds they form with other atoms. Covalent and ionic radei are important, as are the ionisation energies. On balence these are more important than the total number of valence electrons which simply determine the total number of bonds an atom can form, rather than the quality (ie characteristics) of each bond. The number of valence electrons 'seem' to determine the property of each atom, but the more QM/spectroscopy you do the more you see its the ionisation energies of each electron (from which the orbitals and shells are derived) that determine the official number of 'electrons free for bonding' and not the other way around.

akinrog

January 25th, 2004, 12:56 PM

Greetings, from what I read from the post, I prepared a theoretical syntehsis for M//P//T//P (I am intermingling the name so it might escape the attention of indexing spiders, since I saw on google messages of this forum is indexed!! I know this forum is restricted part, but I cannot take any risks.)

I would like to learn your opinions about it. Regards (EDIT : I included a proposed synthesis.zip file but I cannot see it for a reason, although it is seen in the attachment list. If you cannot see it too, please let me know.)

Rhadon

January 25th, 2004, 02:25 PM

Your attachment didn't show up immediately because attached files have to be approved first.

vulture

January 25th, 2004, 02:44 PM

why does the Pinacolyl group allow the agent to penetrate the skin more readily than the Isopropyl group? Longer carbon chains make the agent more soluble in fatty acids, thus allowing skin penetration. However, if you pass a certain critical value, the solubility in bodily fluids will decrease, decreasing toxicity.

akinrog

January 25th, 2004, 05:14 PM

Hi, I found the following links on the net regarding meperidine synthesis (which is closely related to M//P//T//P Does any body know what is "bn" in the first link I posted? The second link shows how the synthesis diverts to either meperidine (synonym : demerol) or M//P//T//P 1. http://www2.umt.edu/medchem/teaching/medchem/mclect9.htm 2. http://holivo.pharmacy.uiowa.edu/morphine/chsix/mepersynth.html Hope this bit of info helps. P.S. Should I post this to NBK's memory killer thread?

nbk2000

January 26th, 2004, 04:39 PM

MPTP isn't a memory killer, since the victims are still fully aware of their past and have full recall, but they are trapped in bodies crippled by parkinsons, as the motor nuerons that control voluntary movement are killed by the metabolization product MPT+ (I believe it's called). This is what Tonya Harding should have used against Nancy Kerrigan. Not the blunt instrument of a thug with a pipe to a knee. :rolleyes: No subtlety. Though she'd have to have hired me to get such quality service. :)

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Leave the MPTP info here, as it's a lot closer to a nerve agent (as a terror agent) than a memory killer. PS: MPTP has been mentioned numerous times here on The Forum, so Google already "knows" about us. ;)

Piglet

March 7th, 2004, 07:06 PM

The LD50 of fentanyl is similar to that of morphine, about 71. The thienyl analogue of fentanyl (thiofentanyl) is about 800 x morphine. Add a 4-ethyl group for 6 times the potency. More powerful (and easier to make) than carfentanil. I think that the opiates and organophosphates are not the only class of highly toxic material. I hear that some modifications of the benzodiazipine system results in the destruction of GABA receptors. May I suggest modifying meclonazepam (strongest benzo known) replacing the 7 nitro with a 7 isocyano grouping. A similar change on PCP molecules results in highly toxic compounds destroying NMDA receptors.

nbk2000

March 8th, 2004, 01:27 AM

Is this speculation of active groups just something you've pulled out of your ass? Or do you have some citations to provide? I hate people who speak techno-babble to try and sound impressive, but who can't cite any documentation. I am impressed when someone can provide such citations, as it shows that they're not posers wasting bandwidth, and actually know something about what they speak of.

Piglet

March 8th, 2004, 06:22 AM

The 4-isocyanate of PCP is sold specifically to destroy NMDA receptors for animal experiments (like MPTP & 6 hydroxy tryptamine are sold to cause parkinsons symptoms). I'm trying hard to remember the seller. I'm pretty sure it's part of the Fisher group. The thought behind meclonazepam (like clonazepam but with a 4 methyl group is that it's activity is about 1000 times that of clonazepam & the isocyanate at the 7 position from the receptor shape (i.e. binding configuration). I'm not about to write a large essay on benzo binding, go look for youself.

nbk2000

March 9th, 2004, 12:27 AM

And what does destroying NMDA receptors do to a person?

Piglet

March 11th, 2004, 09:14 AM

NMDA is a vital metabolic inhibitor. That's why attaching things like PCP or ketamine knock you out. Imagine the opposite. I know that 'nerve agent' research is supposed to be stopped. but many 'research chemicals' are ideal for mass poisioing. MPTP was tested as an insectaside & fucked up some of the staff involved in making it. The benzodiazepines (especially meclonazepam) have, IMHO, the ability to be altered into rather vicious poisons. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and Weapons Forum Chemistry > Dirty Bombs

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View Full Version : Dirty Bombs Anthony

January 31st, 2003, 09:08 PM

The purpose of this thread is to discuss the best method for procuring the materials, building and deploying a "dirty bomb". "Dirty bomb" is a bit of a media buzzword at the moment, and many people akin it to some kind of nuclear weapon, though it is not. The construction is simple in theory, a radioative material dispersed by a HE device, or even a pyro composition - anything to get the material up into the air currents where it can be dispersed. The first effect of a dirty bomb is the initial blast (if obvious) which may function like a regular "bomb". Throwing schrapnel, wounding/killing, destroying buildings/property and causing panick and hysteria. The second effect, if the radioactive source is concentrated enough in the area which it is spread, is to cause "radiation sickness", which amongst other things cause burns on the skin. Further effects are an increased risk of cancer amongst the people exposed to the event, and those who continue dwelling, or spending time in the contaminated area. The risk of cancer rises from negligble to extremely high, depending on the circumstances. A dirty bomb will also cause *massive* hysteria amongst the population once news gets out about the bomb's nature. In Brazil, when a caesium chloride source was accidentally opened, barely anyone was contaminated, yet 10% of the city's population turned up at the hospitals demanding they be checked out. Despite being assured that they were at no risk. 10% doesn't sound so much, but it was over a million people! The dispersement of material was only slight and it wasn't a [engage hysteria] "terrorist" action. The cleanup operation will be lengthy and extremely costly, in the meantime, the effected area will be uninhabitable. Afterwards, despite being clean, the area would probably be abandoned. The sheeple will be afraid of the nuclear bogeyman and the land and property will be worthless. Imagine if this was the centre of a major or even capital city! If the dispersing blast is an eventful one, the radioactivity will presumably be soon discovered. I'm not sure how it would be detected, doubtfully by the emergency services who first attend the scene. It's possible that if levels weren't high enough to cause radiation sickness that the source would never be discovered. Just marked off as another IRA car-bomb. Sources scattered in non-dramatic ways would more likely never be discovered, such as being dispersed from a tall building. Although depending on your motives, this may not be your wish. As outlined above, any dirty bomb will cause huge problems with hysteria, even if the contamination and associated risk is slight at worst. Many radioactive sources would be useful for a dirty bomb, two immediately come to mind though: Caesium 137: A radioactive isotope of ceasium occurs naturally and is produced when uranium and plutonium absorb neutrons and undergo fission. Half-life is approx. 30 years. It is a beta and gamma emitter. 19 metallic caesium 137 sources were stolen from a hospital in America a few years ago, where they were used as a radiation source used from radiotherapy. Despite a large scale search they were never found. Due to it's physical nature, metallic caseium would be a poor choice for a dirty bomb. A fine powder is desired which will carry easily on the wind and thermal currents for many miles. For this reason caesium 137 chloride would be a better choice, being a fine powder. Some industrial uses for caseium are: *moisture-density gauges, widely used in the construction industry. *leveling gauges, used in industries to detect liquid flow in pipes and tanks. *thickness gauges, for measuring thickness of sheet metal, paper, film and many other products. *well-logging devices in the drilling industry to help characterize rock strata. I'm not sure which of these source might utilise caesium chloride. The source are plentiful though, they can be stolen from construction and industrial sites and often show up amongst scrap material. A source of caseium chloride is the USSR. Where through a bizare obsession with everything radioactive, it was once used in "seed irradiators". Metalic drums with a funnel tops approx 3-4ft tall, which were intended to increase farming productivity as though it were some kind of comic book storyline. As a guesstimate, each irradiator should contain around 100gm of caseium chloride. The amount was described as being able to be held in your hands. These and other sources lie scattered and abandoned about the former soviet empire. Another suitable radioactive source is Strontium 90:

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The half-life of Strontium 90 is 29 years and it is a beta emitter. Strontium is taken up via the gastrointestinal tract and collects in bone tissue. The biological half-life for strontium in humans is a good 35 years, the effective half-life for Sr-90 is 15.6 years. Maximum beta range in air: 10.62 m Maximum beta range in water: 1.1 cm Strontium 90 is chiefly used in Radioisotopic Thermoelectric Generators - a kind of nuclear battery which powers equipment. The decaying source provides heat to thermocouples which produce eletricty. Often used to power inacessible equipment such as light houses, oil rigs, weather stations, satelites or emergency equipment such as soviet radios. Approx a thousand of these radio units were made un Russia during th cold war and almost all of them are unaccounted for. Many seem to turn up in Georgia (not the state), cases exist where unshielded sources were discovered by fishermen. They took them to their camp to keep themselves warm during the night - the casing was approx 400*C. The next day the men were in hospital with most of their skin peeling off. The cleanup involved men handling the containers with 6ft pincers for no more than 40 seconds each. "Based on the best information available, the current inventory shows that 134 Sr-90 RTGs have been manufactured. DOE has information on roughly 50 out of these 134 RTGs that are within the United States (That's 84 unaccounted for in the US). These Sr-90 RTGs are located in seven states, including Alaska, Tennessee, Virginia, New Mexico, California, Texas and Washington. The table below details the current known storage locations:

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<pre style="font-size:x-small; fontfamily: monospace;">SITE RTG CUSTODIAN # OF RTGS Richland, Washington U.S. Department of Energy-Richland 2 Oak Ridge, Tennessee Oak Ridge National Laboratory 6 Yorktown, Virginia United States Navy 22 Houston, Texas Nuclear Sources and Service Incorporated 4 Albuquerque, New Mexico Sandia National Laboratories 1 Burnt Mt, Alaska United States Air Force 10 La Jolla, California General Atomics 2 TOTAL 47

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RTGs have radioactivity ranging from 3,300164,000 Curies (Ci), and there is one unit with 342,000 Ci. The average radioactivity of all units is 39,000 Ci. The Air Force RTGs at Burnt Mountain include nine units with 53,500 Ci each and a tenth unit with 164,000 Ci. The important thing - how big are the RTGs? Sr-90 RTGs range in size. The RTGs owned by the Air Force in Burnt Mountain, Alaska are approximately two feet in diameter by three feet in height (about the size of a garbage can). Because of their housing and extensive shielding, these units weigh from one to two tons each. Other Sr-90 RTGs range in height from 18-68 inches, in diameter from 14 to 52 inches, and weigh from 800 to almost 8000lbs. Heavy... Stealing one wholesale might be difficult. It's possible that you might be able to rip out the source from the shielding, dump it into a lead-lined container and make away with just that. It's largely presumed that the maker of a dirty bomb would die as a result. This isn't a problem for terrorists who have already shown a willingness to blow themselves up, or crash themselves in areoplanes into buildings. This would also be useful in removing a source from its shielding in order to steal it. Death as a result of dirty bomb construction might not be inevitable though, if simple precautions such as keeping the source and finished device in a suitable lead lined container and away from your dwelling. Limiting handling time would also lower the risk, say no more than a couple of minutes per day. A good respirator would be useful when handling a powdered (desired) source. The filters should probably be changed after each "session". As they'd be holding the source near to your face, they should also be discarded carefully. I wonder what other precautions are within the reach of the "amateur"? Various nuclear reactor waste may be useful as a source and probably isn't very well guarded or securely transported. There's a lot points that could be discussed and I'm very interested in what everyone has to think!

MrSamosa

January 31st, 2003, 11:48 PM

Have you considered raw Uranium Ore? I'm not sure how effective it would be, but there are countless Uranium mines in the South-West United States, many of them abandoned. While going into such abandoned mines is highly dangerous because of Radon accumulations, there is plenty of Uranium ore waiting outside of such mines for collectors and hobbyists; this is, at least, according to United Nuclear. Speaking of United Nuclear...they are also selling some Uranium ore. I am waiting for a "Super High Level" sample to come in before I buy some :D . I'm not sure how dangerous the raw ore would be, but Uranium Hexafluoride is quite toxic, and it could be made from raw Uranium. In fact, Uranium Hexafluoride is an intermediate in the process of Uranium Enrichment. Unless I'm mistaken, I believe it is made using Hydrofluoric Acid. I think anything with the word "Uranium" in it, which is quite well-known, will cause much more hysteria than something called "Caesium" or "Strontium."

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter As for dispersal, I imagine something similar to the first stage of a Fuel Air Explosion. Maybe the radioactive material would be dissolved in some volatile solvent, which in turn is spread by an explosion. The advantage of this is that when the solvent is spread, it evaporates quickly, leaving very fine particles of radioactive material, making it easier to inhale. Is it possible to speed up Uranium's decomposition to Radon? I think dispersing a Radioactive Gas would be far easier than a solid. <small>[ January 31, 2003, 10:55 PM: Message edited by: MrSamosa ]

nbk2000

February 1st, 2003, 12:11 AM

A copy of the "Los Alamos Primer" details the chemistry of uranium. Basically, you use acids to extract the uranium metal, convert to an oxide, then reduce with metallic calcium in an induction furnace to metallic uranium. You can react the metal or salt with gaseous HF to form UF6. There's mountains of uranium mine tailings that could be used as raw material for bulk extraction. I also believe it's possible to use cyanide/urea heap leeching with molecular seive filtering to obtain highly concentrated solutions for processing. I'd just use the oxide and use it in a pyrotechnic smoke mix to disperse radioactive uranium smoke into a crowd. The inhalation of radioactive uranium particles should ensure a rather spectacular increase in lung cancer rates for people in the area. :) There's quite a few experimental reactors ran by industrial and university concerns that use sub-kilo amounts of weapons grade uranium and plutonium. With plutonium being on the same toxicity level as VX, with radiation hazard 1/1000th of that, it wouldn't take much effort to rob one of these places for their nuke material. There's a WHOLE lot of radioactive waste in shallow waters of the northern ocean of the USSR. Some places have hard gamma waste in water as shallow as 16 feet! Enviromentalist groups seem to know a lot about where all the "good" waste is at, so I'd use them as a resource to figure out where to start trawling for rads. Dioxin isn't radioactive, but seems to be rather easily made, certainly within reach of anyone capable of making advanced explosives. It's too easy to make, in fact, with many industrial processes having to take special precautions to avoid making it accidently. This substance is extremely toxic to animals, though seemly of low toxicity to humans, capable of a "silent spring" scenario of birds dropping dead out of the sky and cattle keeling over dead in the fields. Some herbicide plant in italy exploded, releasing only 6 pounds of dioxin waste, resulting in animal kills for a hundred kilometers downwind. :o Imagine the panic in a city when dogs and cats fall over dead...birds dropping out of the sky, dead, onto crowded streets...doesn't take a genius to figure out how the sheeple would react... :D I don't think limiting yourself to the popular image of a "dirty" bomb being strictly radioactive is productive. I would think the term "dirty" would be better used to describe a bomb used to disperse a long term enviromental hazard for the purpose and intent of denying the use of the contaminated area for extended periods of time, using non-conventional NBC materials, that may or may not be fatal to the people immediately exposed to it. <small>[ January 31, 2003, 11:14 PM: Message edited by: nbk2000 ]

spydamonkee

February 1st, 2003, 12:51 AM

I recall a member talking about adding NaOH around an explosive device to create terror and panic from the burning, extreme pain & loss of sight that would follow. dont know if it amounts upto a dirty bomb but i think it is still i good idea for those with limited time, budget etc

darkdontay

February 1st, 2003, 01:01 AM

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/ 2711645.stm ************* Friday, 31 January, 2003, 00:13 GMT Al-Qaeda 'was making dirty bomb' Government says its evidence proves dirty bomb threat By Frank Gardner BBC security correspondent British officials have presented evidence which they claim shows that al-Qaeda had been trying to assemble radioactive material to build a so-called dirty bomb. They have shown the BBC previously undisclosed material backing up their claim. It includes secret intelligence from agents sent by Britain into al-Qaeda training camps in Afghanistan. Posing as recruits, they blended in and reported back. They revealed that Osama Bin Laden's weapons programme was further on than anyone thought. British officials said on Thursday Bin Laden now had gained the expertise and possibly the materials to build a crude radioactive bomb. The government says evidence suggests that by 1999, Bin Laden's priority was to develop a weapon of mass destruction. He had acquired radioactive isotopes from the Taleban to do this, officials said, adding that development work on the "dirty bomb" had been going on in a nuclear laboratory in the Afghan city of Herat. Evidence 'credible' The government even has al-Qaeda training manuals which detail how to use a dirty bomb to maximum effect. For a second opinion, the BBC showed some of the material to an expert on al-Qaeda.

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"I think this is genuine," said Dr Mustafa Alani, of the Royal United Service Institute. "It is credible. This is proof that al-Qaeda put a lot of effort into collecting information and educating other members of the organisation. "It is possible to produce this sort of weapon." British military personnel worked with intelligence officers to gather material which was taken to Porton Down defence research centre in Wiltshire. Their conclusion was that al-Qaeda had a small dirty bomb but probably not a full blown nuclear device. "From nuclear weapons the threat is very, very slim," said Gary Samore, a former US National Security Council member. To create one, he said, al-Qaeda would have needed to obtain weapons grade nuclear material - a difficult prospect. "On the other hand, the threat of a dirty bomb or radiological bomb, is much more plausible," he added. British officials say the "bomb" has never been recovered but at least one leading al-Qaeda weapons expert from Herat is still at large. Why the British government would release such top secret information has been questioned by some commentators in the Arabic world. Abdel Bari Atwan, the editor of Al Quds al Arabi, said it was an attempt to revive fears in Britain and the US about 11 September. "They would like to prove their point that there are links between Saddam Hussein and al- Qaeda," he said. *********** They find eveidence about everything and anything, and everyone. Yet they had no knowledge and blind to 9/11. More bush lies to keep the fear rolling on home. <small>[ February 01, 2003, 02:57 AM: Message edited by: darkdontay ]

Mr Cool

February 1st, 2003, 10:43 AM

MrSamosa: "I think anything with the word "Uranium" in it, which is quite well-known, will cause much more hysteria than something called "Caesium" or "Strontium."" You're probably right although, as we well know, sheeple fear the unknown... "Seez-ium? I doesn't no wot that is - PANIK!!!" There are also many abandoned uranium mines in Scotland and Cornwall for Brits. Search for (IIRC) "Dangerous laboratories" on google and you should find the relevant site. There are places where you can literally go with a geiger counter and come back with lbs of pitchblende if you do your research. Lol, I was just thinking how anyone monitoring my mail would be extremely suspicious right now... I've been getting chemicals, which no good sheep should be interested in, and recently a geiger counter... let's hope they don't come and kill me :(. "Is it possible to speed up Uranium's decomposition to Radon? I think dispersing a Radioactive Gas would be far easier than a solid." No. Although it'd be fun if you could speed up radioactive decay. Imagine if you could make it instantaneous, then any radioactive material could be made into a nuclear bomb because instead of the energy being released over thousands, millions or billions of years it could be released in milliseconds... But sadly it's not possible yet, and probably never will be.

Flake2m

February 1st, 2003, 11:36 AM

If you can make Dioxin then you could actually target specific industries. Lets say theres a chemist working a chemical plant. He gets fired becuase of job cuts. He could get revenge on the chemical plant by manufacturing Dioxin and then dumping it in a river or around the chemical plant. Chemical plant gets blamed. "There will be a silent spring" Iraqi Desolator - RA2

VX

February 1st, 2003, 02:14 PM

Also MrSamosa, radon gas would be far less effective as a persistent threat as it would be too finely dispersed within seconds to have any effect. Nobody would ever know that it was ever there. The whole point is that the radioactive material stays around for 'ever', if a gas is used this would clearly not be the case. Also in the UK there has been massive coverage on the news etc about a ricin manufacturing lab being discovered. Nobody I have spoken to had ever heard of ricin before its recent publicity, but they still fear it now. So I think that using less well known radioactive elements would cause an equal amount of fear as U, Pu etc. An interesting fact about uranium is that it is hardly radioactive at all! United Nuclear were at one point selling Uranium oxide fuel pellets, and they claimed that because they were so highly pure that they were less radioactive that their 'low level' samples. Perhaps a highly toxic compound could be made using radioactive isotopes of one of its constituent elements. Easy examples would be to use radioactive isotopes of Carbon and Nitrogen. Are their any particularly toxic (organic) compounds containing strontium, cesium, uranium, etc?? This would be a double threat, truly evil!! :D

MrSamosa

February 1st, 2003, 03:16 PM

Despite its low toxicity compared to Strontium-90 or Plutonium even, Uranium still has use as an areal-denial weapon. One must consider that rescue workers like to err on the safe side. That is to say, that should they detect even minute amounts of radiation, they will barricade the area for some time to come until it is thoroughly cleaned.

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I'd just use the oxide and use it in a pyrotechnic smoke mix to disperse radioactive uranium smoke into a crowd. The inhalation of radioactive uranium particles should ensure a rather spectacular increase in lung cancer rates for people in the area.

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Let's not forget that Uranium Oxide, when very dry, is quite pyrophoric. As such, I can see use for it in a pyrophoric-ignited Fuel Air Explosion. The fuel will cause the expected overpressure and burns, while the Uranium will leave residual radiation. I like the idea of making FAE's look as

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much like a tactical nuclear explosion as possible.

nbk2000

February 1st, 2003, 08:36 PM

One would also want to use disinformation in conjunction with the weapons to increase the psychological effect. If the UO was able to be used in the manner of a thermobaric/FAE, and was actually effective in destruction, than a little "conspiracy theory" campaign via e-mail, newsgroups, etc could be used to say that it wasn't a "dirty" bomb, but an improvised nuke that fizzled, and that's why it's got so much uranium contamination with such an intense blast effect. The gubernment would deny it, of course, which would just feed the conspiracy theory even more. All you'd need would be a well placed "leak" to lend credence to the "fizzle nuke" story, and it'd greatly increase the fear since the terr-or-ists would now have nukes, rather than just simple "dirty" bombs. :D

EP

February 1st, 2003, 09:04 PM

An analysis of a "dirty bomb" going off done by FAS: http://www.fas.org/faspir/2002/v55n2/ dirtybomb.htm

Jhonbus

February 5th, 2003, 10:57 AM

Another isotope to consider would be Americium 241. It has a fairly long half-life of about 450 years so it isn't very strongly radioactive, but its main benefit is that it is extremely easy to come by, given that it is used in many smoke detectors. I think the best (worst!) type of source for a dirty bomb is an alpha emitter. Simple fact is that you are not really going to cause much damage by exposing people from outside their bodies. If you want to do this you have to use gamma rays really, alpha particles are stopped by a few cm of air, or the very outermost layer of skin, and will cause no damage. Beta particles won't cause much damage as they too will hardly penetrate skin. Gamma rays will penetrate skin, but they will also tend to go straight through a person, so will also cause little damage. This means the way to cause damage is to ensure emitters are taken into the body. Then to use Alpha and beta emitters as these particles will be absorbed by the tissues. Thirdly, once inside the body, Alpha particles are the most damaging as they have a relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of 10, compared to the RBE of 1 beta and gamma have. In simple terms this means they cause 10x the damage per amount of energy lost by the particle. 241Am is an alpha emitter, so is ideal for this application. It should be particulised by fire or whatever, so it is inhaled. This would cause a large number of lung cancers, and probably radiation sickness too. An interesting consideration would be fast neutrons. These are thermalised by the hydrogen molecules in the water of the body, releasing huge amounts of energy. The neutrons are then captured by atoms in the body, nearly always making that atom radioactive. Fast neutrons have an RBE of about 15. However it is very difficult to produce them. It usually requires nuclear fusion. Thermal neutrons can be produced by irradiating certain materials such as berylium with alpha particles, IIRC. However this wouldn't really be usable as a weapon. Thermal neutrons also don't really have a very high RBE, though they do have the capability of making other materials radioactive, which alpha, beta and gamma cannot do. <small>[ February 05, 2003, 10:03 AM: Message edited by: Jhonbus ]

MrSamosa

February 5th, 2003, 12:19 PM

While Am-241 may seem like a good choice at first because it is available in common smoke detectors, there is one important problem with it. It is incredibly expensive- $1,500/gram, to be specific! And one gram is enough to make 5,000 smoke detectors. That means you need to count 5,000 smoke detectors for just 1 gram of Am-241 :( .

Jhonbus

February 5th, 2003, 01:28 PM

That's a shame! Well Alpha emitters are still the way to go, if you can find one that is easy to get in large enough amounts.

Mr Cool

February 7th, 2003, 02:35 PM

To be effective, many Curies would be needed. Alpha sources of this size do not seem to be very common, as they are not used for medical purposes and therefore could not be found in scrap yards etc. Anything that uses radiation to get hot would be good, as these would necessarily contain huge amounts of source material. Most use fission by-products such as Sr-90 or Cs-137, but some nuclear batteries contain Pu-238 or even Po-210, alpha emitters. These tend to be for space applications, and are therefore not common (and you would need to find the Po-210 ones quick!)... Although don't sea buoys occaisionally use nuclear batteries in some circumstances..?

Anthony

February 7th, 2003, 02:47 PM

Indeed they do, bouys, light houses, remote weather stations. Lots of remote applications, good thing about remote is there's no one around to see you stealing them :)

Sarevok

February 21st, 2003, 03:43 AM

Perhaps Uranium can be extracted from a mineral (it's less suspicious to buy a mineral than to steal radioactive material from hospitals and the like) and used as the radioactive material that the dirty bomb will spread. I found this: Uranium Extraction and Chemical Analysis Apatite material (...) was washed with an aqua regia solution (mixture of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid at a 3:1 ratio) to extract uranium. The procedure is described in the following. 1. Mix 750 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) with 250 mL of concentrated nitric acid(HNO<sub>3) in a large

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pyrex beaker. Pour the HNO<sub>3 slowly into the beaker containing the HCl. 2. Allow the aqua regia mixture to cool before using. 3. Weigh quantitatively one gram of the (...) (apatite) and place into a Teflon beaker. 4. Add 50 mL of aqua regia to the Teflon beaker. 5. Turn on the hot plate and place the beaker onto the hot plate. 6. Do not allow the acid to boil and spatter. Apply heat gradually and check the solution to ensureit does not spatter. 7. Leave beaker on the hot plate for two hours. Continually check the solution to ensure it does not go dry. 8. Add aqua regia in 10 mL increments if solution is approaching dryness. 9. After two hours, turn off the hot plate and allow the sample to cool. 10. Transfer the entire sample into a centrifuge tube using 5 mL deionized water. 11. Place the tube in a centrifuge and spin down at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes. 12. Pour and collect the supernatent into a separate container. 13. It is very important to measure the final volume of solution. Bring the supernatent up to 40 mL with deionized water. Source I don't have apatites to try this and I don't have enough knowledge to say if this works or no. Someone have any idea about the above process? It's possible to extract uranium from apatites using this method? <small>[ February 22, 2003, 12:07 AM: Message edited by: Sarevok ]

VX

February 21st, 2003, 01:52 PM

It probably is possible. However Uranium would make a poor choice for any 'dirty' bomb. This is because it's main isotope (238U) has a half life of 4.5 billion years..... Hence it is virtually non radioactive. In addition there is no advantage to using elemental isotopes over compounds of the elements, as the radioactivity remains the same regardless of the environment of the nucleus. So it seems a pointless task to extract the Uranium.

James

February 21st, 2003, 02:41 PM

IIRC Unrefined Uranian is roughly 90% U238, roughly ~9% U234 and less than 1% U235. However it has been some years since I read this so I may be misremembering. However the thought occurs to me that if a steady neutron source can be obtained, You can for more interesting isotopes. You should probably put a neutron reflector around the setup to increase yeild/foil detectors.

VX

February 21st, 2003, 07:16 PM

Natural Uranium is about 99.27% U238, and about 0.72% U235, and a tiny (0.0055%) amount of U234. From here

Sarevok

February 22nd, 2003, 01:54 AM

MrSamosa is right: Americium oxide, <sup>241AmO<sub>2, was first offered for sale by the US Atomic Energy Commission in 1962 and the price of US$ 1500 per gram has remained virtually unchanged since. One gram of americium oxide provides enough active material for more than 5000 household smoke detectors. :( Source Uranium won't work, Americium is more expensive than gold, Caesium must be stolen from a hospital (so, before you finish the dirty bomb you will be jailed and ass raped, as nbk2000 says) and Strontium:

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Sr-90 RTGs range in height from 18-68 inches, in diameter from 14 to 52 inches, and weight from 800 to almost 8000lbs.

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I give up. Let's do some Acetone Peroxide... <small>[ February 22, 2003, 01:01 AM: Message edited by: Sarevok ]

metafractal

February 22nd, 2003, 08:29 AM

I think the conclusino to be made from this discussion is that it is incredibly difficult to make a dirty bomb as an effective, lethal weapon. However, as stated earlier, one could be incredibly effective as a weapon to destroy the population (and therefore all industry) of a given area. Do you think that 80 year old Ms Lindool Fuckwit Sheepwoman III would think twice about leaving Idiotville that second after she hears that a 'terrorist attacked a shopping center only 10 miles from Idiotville with an explosive device that dispersed radioactive uranium'? The media will love every bit of it, and be a great service to you, constantly ranting & exaggerating the (non existant) life threatening effects. Hell, you could even use depleted uranium, and I think it would still have the same effect (terror)!

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I think this use for a dirty bomb have been vastly underestimated; can you imagine how even a superpower could be seriously crippled if you strategically target its places of concentrated cultural/industrial/economic power? Panicking people are uncontrollable, thereby temporarily kicking the country in the nuts. In the postmodern hell we live in, to the masses, things, events, and everything else, are what they represent, or what people think (i.e. have been told to think) they are, rather than what they actually are (i.e. their reality, use, etc.) Anyway, concerning the use of a dirty bomb for its actual radiation poisoning effect, while I was searching for a viable source of cheap, obtainable radioactive material I had the idea of obtaining caesium from a hospital by actually being perscribed it. While the actual material given to you through the perscription would be in minute quantities and bareley useful, it could reveal key information about it allowing you to obtain it by some other means. An established doctor may have no trouble stealing some, especially if he steals small amounts from many hospitals. Too bad though, its main use is for... wait for it.... GYNACOLOGICAL CANCER! Anyway, if you were really serious about it, for usefull radioactive material I think that you'd have a much better chance finding it in the east (i.e. chiana, or war torn chaotic nuclear playground 3rd world country) than the west. The problem is getting it back to where you want to use it. Nonetheless, I dont think that airport security is anywhere close to as infallible as they would have you believe. P.S. Wait, I've got the perfect material to use for a dirty bomb. Why not use FRANCIUM!!! It seems to be everywhere these days, I've got so much lying around the house I can bareley clean it all up!! :p :p . <small>[ February 22, 2003, 07:31 AM: Message edited by: metafractal ]

rjche

February 22nd, 2003, 08:54 PM

My understanding of dirty bomb whether it be radioactive, or pcbs, or lead, asbestos, or some other material demonized by the government scarecrows, is not in the damage it does to people, but its clean up cost. The public reacts hysterically to any chem spill, so to disrupt economy, cause pain and suffering to an enemy, etc. one does not have to be exotic. Radio active is radioactive to the ignorant public. Hell many even believe radiation from a microwave is the same as that from nukes. To get an idea just watch the hysteria of local haz mat crews if one spills diesel fuel on the road. I recall a large pcb transformer fell off a truck in the SE, and spilled many gallons of its oil on the roadside. Danged if they didn't dig up the whole area and haul it to a site, and rebuilt a section of the highway. Thats for a few gallons spilled there. But that river that goes by the GE plant that made pyranol in NY has tons of it lying in the bottom sediment and its ignored although many cities drink that water. It would cost too much to dig up that river so the govt just pretends not to see that, and the news has not been mentioned by local press lest it cause economic disaster. Throwing a fake grenade into a crowd does almost as much damage as a real one. People go ape when they see anything that triggers the hysteria planted in them by media publishing stupid exaggerations made by government's in high great for some attention. People going ape are as dangerous as shrapnel, poisons, and other stuff. Getting trampled by a few couch potato welfare queens whose stampeding foot area pressure can cause cracks in sidewalk blocks, is more disabling than most chemical warfare agents.

spydamonkee

February 23rd, 2003, 04:38 AM

For a really cheap & easy terror creating "dirty bomb" I really do think a few kg's of APAN used to spread many kg's of NaOH & mayb even abspestos among other nasties mixed in. It would easily cause mass terror, hysterics and confusion Edited a stupid spelling mistake <small>[ February 23, 2003, 05:37 PM: Message edited by: spydamonkee ]

Sarevok

February 23rd, 2003, 05:38 AM

The dioxin is perhaps the most viable idea. I've done some reading in Chlorine Online. The texts says that there are many types of dioxins, the most dangerous is the 2, 3, 7, 8, Tetrachloro-Dibenzodioxin. They have useful characteristics (for the dirty bomb): Dioxins are slow to evaporate (i.e. they have a low vapour pressure), do not dissolve readily in water, but are lipophilic (or fatloving) that is, soluble in fatty substances and in organic matter with fat-like properties. Dioxins do not react easily with other chemicals. These characteristics explain why dioxins are usually found adhered to or dissolved in fatty tissue where they can (bio)accumulate. In lakes and rivers, dioxins are often detected bound to sediment or other organic substances. Reading about unwanted dioxin formation in industries I found how they are made: Chlorine, Oxygen, Hydrogen and Carbon reacts to form dioxins. The reaction happens between 250°C to 500°C and it is catalyzed by CuCl<sub>2. <small>[ February 23, 2003, 08:46 AM: Message edited by: Sarevok ]

Machiavelli

February 23rd, 2003, 12:34 PM

The term 'dirty bomb' is used to describe a radiological weapon that kills or damages through radioactivity but without a nuclear explosion. If you want to discuss the issue of toxic warfare, please open up a new thread for it, otherwise everything gets mixed up, it's hard to find stuff and I can't execute kewls for not doing a proper search before posting :)

Anthony

February 23rd, 2003, 08:35 PM

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An un-named oil company in Nigeria has just admitted the loss of a quantity of radioactive metal...

Sarevok

February 23rd, 2003, 10:01 PM

Posted by Machiavelli:

quote:

---

The term 'dirty bomb' is used to describe a radiological weapon that kills or damages through radioactivity but without a nuclear explosion. If you want to discuss the issue of toxic warfare, please open up a new thread for it, otherwise everything gets mixed up, it's hard to find stuff and I can't execute kewls for not doing a proper search before posting

---

Posted by nbk2000:

quote:

---

I don't think limiting yourself to the popular image of a "dirty" bomb being strictly radioactive is productive. I would think the term "dirty" would be better used to describe a bomb used to disperse a long term enviromental hazard for the purpose and intent of denying the use of the contaminated area for extended periods of time, using non-conventional NBC materials, that may or may not be fatal to the people immediately exposed to it.

---



NightStalker

February 23rd, 2003, 11:36 PM

NOVA (in US) is going to have an episode about dirty bombs on tuesday night. Someone may wish to record it for upload to the FTP. :)

Machiavelli

February 24th, 2003, 05:13 AM

The thing is that the problems connected to aquiring/preparing and using radioactive materials are rather unique to this substance class, while the chemical stuff suits itself better to a discussion of 'toxic warfare' (Which was recently covered in a nice RAND study btw).

VX

February 24th, 2003, 02:38 PM

United nuclear have a section in their 'dangerous projects & fun experiments' section a topic entitled 'Build a Particle Accelerator'. The only problem being it isn't up yet, but when it is I will probably be making one. If someone was so inclined they could make a large one and leave it on for a while to created comparatively large amounts of radioactive isotopes. Does anyone have any simple plans for making a linear accelerator?

Mr Cool

February 24th, 2003, 03:56 PM

Simple linacs are easy. I read an article on making one, it was like the Scientific American articles but I don't think it was from there... it was in a big book, maybe it was a compilation of SciAm articles. It had all sorts of cool things in. Anyway, the Linac was, essentially, an evacuated glass tube, perhaps a foot or two long. At one end was a filament (used if you wanted to accelerate electrons I guess, otherwise a plain electrode would do). The other end was sealed with Al foil, supported by an Al grid. On the outside of the tube, at regular intervals, were perhaps ten or fifteen wire rings. These were formed by wrapping lengths of wire around the tube, and twisting the ends together. All the twisted ends of the rings were then aligned so that they pointed to each other. This, IIRC, helped to create a more even potential gradient along the tube, by corona discharge I think. The sample to be irradiated was placed near the Al foil that functioned as one electrode. If an electron beam was desired, the filament would be heated an made -ve by 500-1000kV, and the Al foil would be grounded. For other particles, a small amount of gas was allowed to remain in the tube - hydrogen for protons, deuterium for deuterons, for example (I suppose He would work for alphas, but you might get 1+ ions..?). The filament then would be +ve (no heating), and the Al foil -ve in relation to it (actually grounded, I think). They claimed succes at transmuting Li to Be, IIRC. They used VDG's to create the pd, a Cockroft-Walton voltage multiplier would be better since we have the luxury of HV diodes. Also it makes polymers harder and raises their mp's by forming cross-links. I think, though, that you would need a very big one to get useful amounts of radioisotopes! And the transmutations that you could perform would be limited by the accelerating pd that you could obtain, which would probably have a limit of 1MV max. Try to find the article, it was quite interesting. And I',m sure with modern materials it would be a lot simpler to produce.

A43tg37

February 24th, 2003, 08:59 PM

I don't really know if this belongs here or in a new topic, but if igured I'd put it here first...if this needs to be in a new topic, please move it. Check this out: http:// cgi.ebay.com/ws/eBayISAPI.dll?ViewItem&item=3210094561&category=413 All of this talk about uranium and United nuclear got me to serach on Ebay for uranium ores, and I found this....this rock measures 650,000 CPM (more than 6 TIMES as hot as the hottest ever offered by United Nuclear). It's a mixture of uranium ores, and at that high of a radiation level, undoubtedly contains small quantities of radium and thorium as well. The "buy it now" price is too rich for my blood, and the people bidding on it are using an auction stealer (they were the last time it was up for bid anyway), but it's certainly worth bidding on if you have the cash...hell, at that radiation level, one has to wonder how much refining it would need to be put in a "dirty bomb". Oh, and BTW this is NOT a plug for me (I'm not the guy selling it) or for him, or intended as advertising in any way...I just thought it was worth mentioning in a thread that covered good high level sources of radioactivity.

firebreether

February 25th, 2003, 12:18 AM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter A decent sized radium source can be at least as hot, and much cheaper than any uranium ores. Keep in mind that this is alot of uranium, typical sources will be 10,000 - 50,000 CPM depending on the ore. I think transmutation isnt really an effective way to produce any radioisotopes in quantities large enough for any effective dirty bomb. If you want quantity, stealing has got to be the way to go. Fear is a terrific weapon in itself though, so just dispersing uranium over a township will be definitely blown out of proportion by the media, and will cause fear.

VX

March 7th, 2003, 07:54 PM

It has been proven over time that a bomb does not need to blow up to cause fear/ chaos etc. A relatively small explosive device, arranged in such a way that if the bomb did go off would spread a relatively small amount of radioactive material could be equally effective at causing the sheeple to completely overreact. ..... So long as it didn't go off. Especially if it was 'found' at a school/ football game etc. Let me be clear, the 'bomb' would be planted and left. It must be perfectly capable of blowing up, however one would then proceed to ring the police/ tabloid papers etc and tip them off. (Who’s seen Die Hard with A Vengence? :D ) The bomb would be safely disposed of without blowing up (hence without proving to the general public that is was small and harmless) And the TV, newspapers etc would make the problem sound a million times worse than even a good bomb could have done! No matter what the police/ experts said about it being harmless people will not believe it. The fact would remain.... a 'dirty bomb' would have been found. The people who matter (the people who make the news) would simply not care how dangerous it really was, they would have the best story in the world..... Along with the power to cause mass hysteria (and sell papers) It would of course be far scarier to realise that 'terrorists' have the materials to do this sort of thing and are willing to, than for it to just happen one day (especially if the bomb was not very good anyway). People would have time to think about it and become worried.

cutefix

March 13th, 2003, 11:42 PM

I think the USA is the foremost promoter of dirty bombs. Dirty Bombs? Look at their wanton use of depleted uranium by the US and its allies . It was even blamed as one of the cause of the Gulf WAr syndrome as more than 300 tons of depleted uranium were used during the Gulf War. Now as their is a possibility of another war with Iraq and the US is supposedly stacking large amounts of uranium rich weapons that is even present in 2000 lbs GBU unit which are designed to penetrate highly reinforced bunkers.Depleted uranium is dirt cheap if compared to tungsten.Check it on the issue of wired news dated 02:00 AM Mar. 10, 2003 PT and more info about these uranium bombs.

Energy84

March 14th, 2003, 01:28 AM

VX, you are absolutely right. What you described actually happened in my school this week. On tuesday we were evacuated and sent home because one of the janitors found a 'suspicious package' in one of the washrooms. It turned out that some kid stashed his firecrackers in there. :rolleyes: Then yesterday (wednesday), someone called in a bomb threat and of course everybody panicked and once again evacuated the whole school. Finally today, only half the students showed up and going to class was not mandatory. Needless to say, people were scared shitless that a 'bomb' was found in the school. It turned out to be those triangle firecrackers from what I heard... :rolleyes:

megalomania

March 15th, 2003, 12:49 AM

I once slapped a radiation warning sticker on the box my Israeli gas mask came in (complete with Arabic type writing), sealed it up with a brick inside and dropped it at someones front door. I bet that would go over a lot better nowadays :D

Chade

September 6th, 2003, 03:18 AM

Mr Cool: 'it'd be fun if you could speed up radioactive decay. Imagine if you could make it instantaneous' This is sorta possible. For example, natural Uranium 235 fission is triggered by slow neutrons colliding with the atoms. You can speed it up by adding neutrons. As each decay gives out three neutrons, you can just pile more U 235 together, to increase the decay rate. When you get to 15 kg of pure (enriched) U235, you speed up the decay rate, and make it happen (more or less) instantaneously. I've seen film of someone doing this over a little town called Hiroshima. The Nagasaki bomb (fat man) used Plutonium 239, and was a bit more powerful. But these are a little over the top for dirty bombs. So, how to get a radioactive materaial? You've got two choices which boil down to finding it, or making it. Hands up if you've heard of David Hahn. He was a boy scout who went a little bit over the top when applying for his atomic energy badge. He made a fast breeder nuclear reactor in his shed. No I'm not kidding, but it's easier than it sounds. I first heard about this guy from some friends of mine (who are physics PHD students, so they know what they're talking about) and later caught a half hour program about him. I recorded it, and btw, any program that included the phrase 'We will show you, step-by-step, exactly how he did it, but please don't try this at home' has got to be worth recording. These steps are 'how-to'. I don't have the theory, but I might research it when I get a moment. Step one was enriching Thorium. He took thorium lantern mantles, which are apparantly still available in some places in the USA, and definately on Ebay. You blowtorch these down to a powder, bundle this with some Lithium from Lithium batteries, and wrap in aluminum foil. You heat this in cooking oil to get pure thorium 232. Like I said, fairly vague instructions, but it looked like a teaspoon of powder with the Li from one battery. The powder started out white, and ended up black. It didn't seem to have reacted with the foil. Thorium will decay into plutonium and uranium. Step two was building a neutron gun. Now a neutron source will make many other materials radioactive, so it's pretty useful.

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David, it should be noted, spent vast amounts of pocket money on old radium watches and smoke detectors. A shop near me sells smoke detectors at £4 a pop. Anyone beat that? OK, here's how the neutron gun works. When alpha particles (that's the nucleus of a helium atom) hits aluminum foil, it emits neutrons. Yes alpha particles can make neutrons that easily, and then they can make most other elements radioactive. So take a lead cubic box with walls 1mm thick and 15cm each side. Fill it with as much Smoke detector Actinium as you can get your tongs on, and duct tape it shut. Make a hole in the side and tape aluminum over the hole, so the alpha rays pass through the foil only. The Alpha radiation will be stopped by the foil, but the neutron radiation will pass out the other side and irradiate whatever you put in the way. In the show, they put a penny in front of the gap, to make it radioactive. This will only be as radioactive as your source, which will likely be weak. But you should be able to make small items radioactive enough that your own geiger counter will register it. If you're concerned about getting noticed, you can buy geiger counters OTC from electronics stores, or get them in kit form. If you fancy a challange, there are instructions on the net for building your own. http://www.rhunt.f9.co.uk/Electronics/Geiger/ Geiger_Page1.htm amongst other places. Do watch those voltages though. I made mine, powered by a 9V battery, turned it on, and shocked myself from the rectifier circuit (200V DC). I promptly dropped the counter, and after about a tenth of a second thought 'oh, no, I've broken it'. Picked it up, and damned if I didn't get shocked again. How's that for a stupid move? Davids' step three was extracting Radium from clocks by dissolving it in a solvent to remove the paint. Didn't say what solvent, but I'm guessing most forumites will have a few to try. Also Radium paint glows like buggery, and it's not often you get to see if an extraction has worked by the fact you've now got a bowl full of glowing green liquid. Very pretty chemistry. The cool thing was where he got his first clock. When old enough to drive, he strapped a geiger counter to his car and drove around clocking the radioactivity. He got a peak by an old antique shop, and followed it inside, to find an old radium clock. This does flag how easy it is to detect this stuff. If you don't want it detected, wrap it in Lead until you can't tell it's there with the most powerful geiger counter you can lay your hands on. Radiation follws an inverse square law which means if you detect 4clicks per second when you're a metre away, you'll only detect one click per second at two metres. (units not important here) Wrap it up so you cant detect it, then you're safe, and can be pretty sure you won't be found out unless someone's looking for you. Step four was building the reactor. The core was americium and radium wrapped in Al foil as a 3-4cm diameter sphere. This was surrounded by thorium cubes made by mixing thorium and charcoal and tamping down to 5cm cubes. Nine cubes, 3X3, then eight cubes on top of that (missing out the middle one) and eight more cubes on that. (this is a lot of gas mantles, but hell, we're making a fast breeder reactor here!) Pop your core in the center and add a final cube on the top, sealing the whole thing with duct tape. Poke two Cobalt drill bits into the middle alongside the core to act as control rods, and there you have it. It will sit there making Plutonium. The end of the story. David noticed his reactor was getting out of control, so he figured he'd get it the hell out of there. (after cacking his pants, I imagine) He put it in his boot and drove away. He got stopped after a half mile by the police, and had to explain his situation. shortly thereafter, men in protective suits came and took his shed away, and buried it in drums under the nevada desert. He was never charged with any offence, as they said he hadn't broken any laws. (not sure if that'd still apply?) Apparantly, he's now in the navy. On a nuclear sub. Oh yes. Personally, being a physicist, and not a chemist, I'd make my radioactive sources myself. Mr Cool is also dead right to say that linear particle accelerators are easy to make. Most people have them lying around the house anyway. Cathode ray tubes in Televisions accelerate electrons towards the screen until they hit a phosphorescent material, and they do it reliably, for many years. Hack one apart, and play with it a bit. Watch out for the high voltages on the capacitors and the back plate behind the tube though. They can hold lethal voltages a long time after they're off. We wouldn't want to do anything dangerous now, eh? I'm in the process of doing this at the moment, and it can provide a beta source which will last, not just years, but essentailly a life time. Now what is needed is a materal that will absorb beta radiation to give out alpha, or neutron radiation. It's possible this could even be done with trial and error, since it's only the elements you'd have to test. Alpha + Aluminum gives neutron radiation, so once you find a suitable material, you can produce radioactive materials, only limited by the strength of your cathode beam. You could up this by using Mr Cools accelerator. I've also got instructions somewhere from an old old book on making your own synchrotron. That'd do the buisness. I'll try and dig that book out actually. It's a later edition of a book that actually removed a chapter on how to do vivisection on animals, because the authour was a mite concerned that readers seemed to like trying it out. The neat thing is that no-one seems to care what you do with physics, compared to chemistry. It gets so much easier to buy the stuff you need, and even ask about it. Tell someone you're building a synchrotron. Most people will just say 'Mmmm, really...' and change the subject before you start talking about physics.

Anthony

September 6th, 2003, 09:47 AM

I believe the guy organised with a smoke detector manufacturer to buy broken detectors by the kilo.

alpha1991

September 19th, 2003, 04:34 AM

Anybody know a decent formula for dioxin? Have tried to synthesise before but no luck.:(

bobo

September 19th, 2003, 06:49 AM

Dioxin is a group of compounds, not a singular one. Read a bit about it before even thinking about making such crap. For example: http://www.ejnet.org/dioxin/

kingspaz

September 19th, 2003, 07:58 AM

alpha1991, you're a fucking retard. dioxins aren't radioactive so why the fuck post in the 'dirty bomb' thread? if you don't know what dioxins are how the fuck are you going to synthesise any?

TreverSlyFox

September 19th, 2003, 08:56 AM

Now I don't know anything about radioactive materials but my former occupation let me see the effects of fear and panic in sheeple in a non-radioactive enviroment. The average joe will panic in most situations in which he knows very little about whats going on, but just knows it's BAD and it might get him. The bomb would have to contain enough radioactive material for the

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average news reporter to get his hands on a giger counter and have it start clicking. From that point on the media would be using "sound bites" and "hot words" in their reporting of the "Nuclear Incident", "Dirty Bomb" and "Terrorist Attack". It wouldn't make one wit of difference what the level of radioactivity was just as long as a reading could be taken. A special edition of the major news papers would be published and every media net work would break programing to report it for the next week at least. The sheeple would be scared shitless and the majority within 50-100 miles would panic. Their greatest fear, fed by the recent publisity on "dirty bombs" would be the straw that broke the camels back. After 9-11 the sheeple are waiting for the other shoe to fall and this would be a boot. Set it off in a major financial center or industry town and it would be dead in a week, the stock market would drop again and the economy wouldl take a nose dive. There would be such a public outcry that the city would have to be leveled and carted off to a hazaredous waste facility. The sheeple will only need two words to set them off "NUCLEAR" and "TERRORIST"! The media has already done most of the leg work to start the panic, all it would take is the incident to set the whole thing in motion. One little thought in closing. What would it take to contaminate a towns water supply with a radioactive material, just enough to get a reading? Maybe you wouldn't take a dirty bomb at all.

nbk2000

September 19th, 2003, 02:03 PM

TreverSlyFox, stop putting the "Trever" at the bottom of your posts. This is not only annoying, but a violation of The Rules. Anyways, if the definition of "Terrorist" is someone who inspires fear in people, than that should make the media the biggest terrorists of them all, since they can get millions of people terrorized in just minutes. :D I would include Dioxin in the definition of a dirty bomb, since it would contaminate an area with the intent of rendering it uninhabitable, but that's just me.

WTF

September 25th, 2003, 05:44 PM

I wonder if it would be easyer to obtain some weapons grade plutonium or U235 that other radioactive materials, because there is so much of the stuff sitting around in nuclear bombs, and everything is for sale in the ex-soviet union (especially the breakoff states that have no money) If it was possible to obtain some then it is straight forward to make a nuclear bomb (Read "The Making of the Atomic Bomb,by Richard Rhodes), though if the nuke fizzles, it still will take out several city blocks, irradiate the general area and cause mass panic (and of course for a terrorist that's the whole objective)

kingspaz

September 25th, 2003, 06:25 PM

thats an interesting idea but would likely require big funding to obtain the isotopes. a fizzling nuclear bomb would make for one hell of a dirty bomb. it would be the ultimate dirty bomb as far as i can see.

WTF

September 26th, 2003, 12:01 AM

I think if you wanted to make a "fizzle" nuke, rather than the fullscale explosion, it would easyer to make, just take two chunks of plutonium, at less than critical mass, but grater than combined, and then make a mechanism to stick them together. When the two chunks got close enough together, a chain reaction would start and the plutonium would melt (and make a hell of a lot of radioactive isotopes, neutrons, etc). Coupled with a good old conventional explosive one could irradiate a very large area (depending on wind direction, strength). Personaly, if i went to the trouble of aquiring plutonium, and if I was a terrorist, I would go for the fullscale explosion. I have done some research on the internet on the toxicity of plutonium, and it seems that it being the "most deadly substance on earth" (as in toxicity) was a myth. Yes it is radioactive, but it is mostly an alpha emitter, which is almost harmless (it won't penetrate the skin). It also causes cancer if inhaled, but only after many years.

streety

September 27th, 2003, 08:35 PM

WTF, if you had enough plutonium to make a nuclear bomb fizzle you could make an efficient nuke for not much more effort. I would have thought a fizzling nuke would involve bombarding a subcritical mass of uranium or plutonium with neutrons. This would lead to the reaction starting but being unable to go to completion, hence fizzling. Another idea, although i'm not sure if it woud work might be to use hafnium-174 (not sure on the atomic number but I think this is right) If you bombard this with X-rays (relatively easy to make) it decays, releasing large amounts of gamma rays. The reason i'm not sure if this would work is because I don't think this is a self-sustaining process. However if it did work it would lead to a massive amount of radiation being released in a small space of time. I would imagine this would be accompanied by a lot of heat but there prtobably wouldn't be a major, long-term radiation threat apart from radioisotopes created by the gamma radiation bombardment. Anyway, just another idea. Chade: Fill it with as much Smoke detector Actinium as you can get your tongs on, and duct tape it shut. Make a hole in the side and tape aluminum over the hole, so the alpha rays pass through the foil only. This seems kinda pointless, alpha particles can be stopped by as little as a sheet of paper so surely actinium would block alpha particles as well. This means that if you had one block behind another it would only heat the forward block and virtually no alpha particles would get to your target. You could save yourself a lot of money and get just as good a yield. Chade: Now what is needed is a materal that will absorb beta radiation to give out alpha, or neutron radiation. Helium . . .In a mass spectrometer an electron beam is used to knock electrons off the sample. Feed Helium into this, knock off the electrons and what you have is an alpha particle. A bit of a long way of going about getting a neutron but it should

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WTF

September 27th, 2003, 09:47 PM

streety, 174 is the mass number of an isotope of hafnium, the atomic number being 72. I did some research on the x-ray bombardment of hafnium, and all I found was that when the APS X-ray beam was shone onto the sample of 31-yr. Hf-178, no detectable increase of the isomer decay occurred. (aps x-ray being Advanced Photon Source at Argonne national laboratory) in english, if you bombard a pure sample of hf-178 with x-rays at 100000 times the strength of a dental x-ray, nothing happens. source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2001-08/llnl-pcr081301.php

nbk2000

September 28th, 2003, 12:06 AM

From what I've read about nuke designs is that, as long as you have a critical mass, you will ALWAYS get a self-sustaining chain-reaction resulting in an explosion. The term "fizzle" doesn't refer to a failure to explode, just the degree of power, the variance of "fizzle" being as low as 10 tons of TNT compared to the 10KT possible from a fully optimized design using the same amount of fissiles. Also, Theodore Taylor of Los Alamos did a lot of work on the optimization of fission weapons, resulting in the construction of nukes small enough to fire from bazookas! :D He also did a lot of work on "improvising" nukes, using stuff like used reactor fuel (straight, no processing or isotopic seperation) to make and explode functional nukes. He said the difference between a hiroshima nuke using 99% Pu239 and irradiated thorium with 10%Pu240 was the difference between a bomb core the size of a grapefruit, and one the size of a beach ball. When you're using a material heavier than lead, that's a lot of weight, which matters when nation-states are building missile warheads. But that wouldn't matter squat to someone making it to vaporize a city as a revenge weapon. Oh, and Pu240 is a hard-gamma emitter, so it'd kill anyone not made of lead who got near it. But it'd still blow up a city. "The Curve of Binding Energy" really is required reading for anyone interested in improvised nukes.

Chade

September 28th, 2003, 01:49 AM

Wish I'd thought of that Streety. Yes, of course He nuclei as alpha can be made from irradiating Helium, which is ridiculously easy to acquire. A simple accelerator can then produce a stream of Alpha particles, and it all becomes an engineering problem not a million miles away from producing a dye laser. One source pumps the other, so an e-beam strikes a helium tube, the tube includes a strong electric field to accelerate the newly produced alpha particles away and you have a homemade beta source from the initial generator, an alpha source from the pumped tube, and if you use some aluminium foil as a target for the helium nuclei you could make a neutron source as well. This is so tempting to try, but I'm going to fight the urge to experiment too much with radiation before it all goes Hahnshaped. After all, it seems that this would be a method to easily (relatively) produce radioactive materials, but then, of course, they do tend to stay radioactive for quite a while. This seems like the sort of thing they could have done in one of those old scientific american 'amateur scientist' bits. I'd guess you'd need such high energy inputs that it would be very expensive, hence not commercially useful for plutonium production, but it would be possible to test the theory using some of the same stuff you'd use for home made lasers, and there's plenty of info on that on the net. I'm guessing that you'd encounter the same problems as with making lasers, along with the fact you now have radioactive gases sitting about. This all now becomes a question of yield, and cost. If you can find a correct reaction chain (and I've still not identified the one David used) and materials, you could produce Plutonium isotpes just as he did. This is assuming such a chain exists. Most likely, it will require very large atoms to start with, and hence ones that are already radioactive, hence regulated. Mind you, besides the name, there's no reason to make plutonium. You'll scare the shit out of anyone who knows you're making it, but there's loads of other, better stuff to use for home made dirty bombs. Plutonium is used in artificial pacemakers, as even in small (significantly sub-critical) masses will decay at such a rate they give out a lot of heat. This heat is used to power the pacemakers, as the alpha particles can't escape the case. From the fact that they're designed to sit in peoples chests for a number of years, we can surmise that none of the decay products are harmful either. So that particular isotope at least, is useless in a dirty bomb, and it's not cost effective for power generation if you use this method to get it. (No-one suggest extracting it out of people with heart trouble. That would just get messy) By the way, to NBK2000, as far as being a hard Gamma emitter goes, I thought Gamma rays tended not to be as bad, as they went, by and large, right through you. They only get stopped by thick plates of lead, because it takes that much matter in the way before they ionise it. It's not stopped by paper as alpha is, because it goes right through the paper, without affecting it at all. In the same way, if someone standing in front of you doesn't block out a significant fraction of the rays, that also means they don't absorb a significant fraction of the rays, and you're ok. The worst radiation to get hit by would be neutrons, then beta, then gamma, then alpha. The big problem with making weapons grade (over 92% Pu 239) Plutonium is that you can't have any contaminants in it if you want to make it go kaboom Nagasaki style, and contaminants include large quantities of Pu 240. There's no practical way to seperate these, as they have the same chemical properties, so what is typically done is to generate the Plutonium specifically for nuclear weapons by changing the fuel in a reactor before the 240 isotope forms. Essentially, 240 causes the same problems as any contaminant in an explosive. It can cause it to go off in your hand, or not at all. Except, in this case, it's slightly worse if it goes off in your hand. I'd be interested to see how Ted taylor dodged these problems. For the record, they have even invented yet another buzz-word you may have heard (cause god knows we didn't have enough) which is 'weapons usable'. This has been used to refer to any grade of Plutonium. I know it's been used to describe stuff as low as 5% plutonium, but I'm sure they'd use it to describe a smoke alarm if it suited them. As far as the Fizzle nukes go, you don't really need to bombard plutonium with neutrons to get it decaying. The reason the "Fat man" nagasaki bomb, which used Plutonium, was in several segments, blown towards the middle with explosives, was that it couldn't use the same method as the little boy Uranium Hiroshima bomb. That bomb had two hemispheres which were blown together, and reached critical mass. If you tried that with plutonium, the (just over) half critical mass would be deacying on its own at a much faster rate. By the time the bomb was set off (and Fat man was basically built then dropped on Nagasaki) you'd have a noticable drop in yield, if the weapon went off at all. A Uranium nuke doesn't fizzle, as you're just slapping two subcritical masses together at 1000 ft/sec. They didn't even test the

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Hiroshima bomb. They did need to test the Nagasaki bomb, which used a shaped high explosive charge (don't know the details of it, sorry) to produce a perfectly spherical implosion shock wave. This blasted all segments into the core in microseconds. If the shockwave was at all asymmetrical, any segment could have connected first and resulted in and explosion that, although devestating, and certainly both a nuclear bomb, and a dirty bomb, would produce far less fall out, damage a smaller area, and, more importantly, not be predictable, compared to a full nuke. The device is far less useful if not even you know what it's going to do. What you could do, is what the real guys researching this do, as a little snoop round wikipedia told me: The cobalt bomb uses cobalt in the shell, and the fusion neutrons convert the cobalt into cobalt-60, a powerful long-term (5 years) emitter of gamma rays. In general this type of weapon is a salted bomb and variable fallout effects can be obtained by using different salting isotopes. Gold has been proposed for short-term fallout (days), tantalum and zinc for fallout of intermediate duration (months), and cobalt for long term contamination (years). The primary purpose of this weapon is to create extremely radioactive fallout making a large region uninhabitable. No cobalt or other salted bomb has been built or tested publicly. This is a coating for nukes to make them useful as dirty bombs. Hands up if you believe the stuff about them never being built. Anyone? This method gives the use of a dirty bomb, with the fun of a nuke. Any weapon that gives out EMP blasts, and starts full scale firestorms has got to be the one to go for. Lastly, Streety, I think you're right about David being a bit free and easy with his Actinium. Maybe a thin parabolic shape of the actinium would have worked better. I think he was just using a sort of rough and ready method.

streety

September 29th, 2003, 02:39 PM

WTF: Thanks for the correction, saying the 'atomic number' of hafnium was 174 was a foolish mistake. As you say, its the mass number. It's also an interesting source as regards the Hafnium idea. I was getting my info from articles such as: http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99993406 http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99994049 These tout this technology as being almost established but it is certainly conceivable these articles were premature. On the other hand, perhaps the wrong wavelength of X-ray was used although I find it hard to believe they would make such a mistake. Anyway, as I said, it was only an idea. Even if it does work it probably wouldn't be feasible for the amateur to use. nbk2000: I know I've heard it's possible to make a nuke the size of a cigarette but I didn't think anyone had gotten close to this. Do you have any details on how he managed to miniturise them? Chade: Although this system would use very high voltages it shouldn't require all that much power. It would probably be very inefficient though.

nbk2000

September 29th, 2003, 04:48 PM

Gamma is the most dangerous of the three (besides nuetrons) exactly because it can zip through your body. That means that, instead of simply zapping your skin or exterior musculature (like alpha/beta), it gets to zap every organ in your body, including your bone marrow/nervous system/brain/etc. Much worse. And because it's so energetic, it strips off the electrons from the atoms of your cells, making a big pinball game of out of your body with all these energetic particles bouncing around inside you. :p I have no idea how mr. taylor got the nukes so small. If I did, I could be working for N. Korea, now couldn't I? ;)

streety

September 29th, 2003, 06:25 PM

I thought you might be holding out for an offer from somewhere that could feed, as well as pay you!;)

Chade

September 29th, 2003, 07:27 PM

Biological effectiveness of radiation is given by a quality factor. This is a factor by which you multiply the radiation exposure to get the dose in units called 'Rems'. This gives the effect on a pure living sample, for example, a culture of cells in a petri dish, or if the radiation was directed at an open wound, to directly attack living tissue. The quality factor for gamma radiation is 1, so the dose in rads is is the same as the dose in rems. For beta, the quality factor is 2, so the same dose in rads, is double the dose in rems compared to gamma or x-ray sources (see link). For neutron sources, the quality factor is 2-10 depending on energy, and for alpha it is 10. So on exposed flesh, alpha is the worst, but as it's stopped by the layer of dead skin we have, it is harmless when it hits us. This is why you can hold a smoke alarm actinium source in your hand, but if you eat it, it is five times worse than eating a same strength beta source as i's now directly ionising living tissue. The dead layer of skin has no effect on beta, as you need a thin sheet of aluminium to stop an equivalent beta source. This means the dead skin layer (our own radiation shield) only stops alpha, which shifts it to the bottom of the table of biological effectiveness. Gamma is less effective, because yes, one photon of gamma hitting a cell will do more damage, but the cross section of a photon is much smaller than a beta electron, so it's very unlikely to hit a cell. Any radioactive particle will only interact with, and therefore have any effect on, one particle. If a gamma particle passed through your body, it has had absolutely no effect on you. It only has any effect when it is absorbed, as it then ionises the atom it strikes. In DNA molecules, this often alters their structure and causes, in most cases, cell death, but sometimes causes a mutation, which can then give rise to cancerous growth. Beta will penetrate your body to a sufficient depth to attack most of your internal organs (several cm, depending on strength) as a human is a fairly good shield. Not that I want to give anyone ideas. ;) This means that every particle has been stopped by them, and the particles have been stopped because they have crashed into your human shields constituent atoms, ionising them, so all the radiation has gone into them, leaving none to go into you. Of course, all these forms of radiation will ionise, as they're generally referred to, and defined by the name 'ionising radiation' to distinguish from em radiation, thermal radiation, etc.

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The following link has the basics on calculating biological effectiveness, and there are loads more detailed links out there http://www.camd.lsu.edu/msds/TrainingTest/radtesttrain/page12.html [edit: sp, and slight clarification]

pyromaniac_guy

October 2nd, 2003, 12:07 AM

Originally posted by streety nbk2000: I know I've heard it's possible to make a nuke the size of a cigarette but I didn't think anyone had gotten close to this. Do you have any details on how he managed to miniturise them?

the smallest critical mass of all the known elements is about 1 kg for californium 251... you could build a very small bomb with this material, maybe one that weighes 5 or 6 lbs, but certainly not cigarette sized...but it would cost a few trillion $ to get that much califonium! Originally posted by Chade A Uranium nuke doesn't fizzle, as you're just slapping two subcritical masses together at 1000 ft/sec. They didn't even test the Hiroshima bomb. They did need to test the Nagasaki bomb, which used a shaped high explosive charge (don't know the details of it, sorry) to produce a perfectly spherical implosion shock wave. This blasted all segments into the core in microseconds. If the shockwave was at all asymmetrical, any segment could have connected first and resulted in and explosion that, although devestating, and certainly both a nuclear bomb, and a dirty bomb, would produce far less fall out, damage a smaller area, and, more importantly, not be predictable, compared to a full nuke. The device is far less useful if not even you know what it's going to do. . first off, not all uranium based nukes are gun assembly devices. they can be used in an implosion device just like plutonium. Second, gun devices CAN fizzle. if the HEU is contaminated with too much U233, if the assembly time is too long (ie if there is a problem with the barrel that is used to bring the two pieces together), or if the weapon is subjected to a flux of either nuetrons or hard x rays from another nearly nuclear detonation.

Originally posted by nbk2000 From what I've read about nuke designs is that, as long as you have a critical mass, you will ALWAYS get a self-sustaining chain-reaction resulting in an explosion. The term "fizzle" doesn't refer to a failure to explode, just the degree of power, the variance of "fizzle" being as low as 10 tons of TNT compared to the 10KT possible from a fully optimized design using the same amount of fissiles.

nope... if you have just barely greater than unity, ie a slightly crittical mass, then the reaction rate will be so slow that it is entierly possible to not have any explosion. los alamos built fast research reactors out of HEU and plutonium back int he day, 'clementine' and 'godiva' respectivly. these reactors were essentially nothing more than a chunk of the apropriate nuclear material that either had another chuink of nuclear material brought near it to make it critical, or had a control rod withdrawn, to remove a nuetron absorber. interestingly enough the godiva reactor was damaged by an exceptionally large pulse of fission (obviously these reactors were critical for only very breif periods of time. operation for greater than a few seconds would casue the reactors to damage themselves), and was rebuilt with improved saftey devices as 'godiva II'

Originally posted by Chade Personally, being a physicist, and not a chemist, I'd make my radioactive sources myself. Mr Cool is also dead right to say that linear particle accelerators are easy to make. if you are a physicist you got a whole lot wrong with your 'fast breeder reactor' story... first off all aluminum is piss poor at turning alphas into nuetrons. beryllium is best at doing this, but does so at the riddiculously low rate of something like 30 to 40 nuetrons per million alphas.. at that rate you might as well just use americiium as the radiological element to a dirty bomb.. same goes with particle accelerators. generating nuetrons with a small accelerator with a few MeV alpha just aint gunna do anything.... hell, the original work done with plutonium for the manhattan project used the berkley 60" cyclotron, a device that had a magnet the size of a school bus, and weighed a few hundred thousand pounds probably, and after something like 2 weeks of bombardment, they produced 2.77 micrograms of plutonium. that just ISNT a realistic route! if you really wanted to build a nuetron source, you would need a 30 MeV proton source and hit a high Z target... such spallation sources are the most efficent way to produce nuetrons, but 30 mev doesnt grow on trees... were tlaking an accelerator a good 10 or 20 meters long.

Originally posted by nbk2000 There's quite a few experimental reactors ran by industrial and university concerns that use sub-kilo amounts of weapons grade uranium and plutonium. With plutonium being on the same toxicity level as VX, with radiation hazard 1/1000th of that, it wouldn't take much effort to rob one of these places for their nuke material.

back in the early 90's the DOE instituted a program to get all of the high enriched uranium out of the hends of universities, ect, trading HEU fueld research reactor cores for LEU.... i have no idea how many, if any HEU research reactors are left out there, but I doubt the number of them is very large.... in all reality though, the level of enrichment wouldnt be anywhere nearly as important as the level of burn up in the used fuel... the more fission byproducts the better! (for the purposes of a dirty bomb)

ok... my own thoughts on the matter: with all this talk of transmutation to make radioactive substances, or mining uranium, i see only 3 realistic aproaches: 1) steal a radiography source from an industrial or medical facility 2) buy depleated uranium counterweights from an aircraft salavge company. they ARE out there, and are fairly easy to get... I emailed several companies that advertised on barnstormers.com and actually found 1 company willing to sell me DU counterweights sevreal years back... only problem was thye wanted me to take ALL the coutnerweights from the airplane (they probably had to pay to get rid of them) and i didnt feel like having 600 lbs of DU in my garage.. I was hoping to just get 1

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chunk for 'show and tell' 3) BUY a cobalt 60 radiography source... start a scientific welding buisness. call up the state and tel lthem you want to buy a cobalt 60 source for mobile radiography work. a permit is only a few thousand $ a year for even quite substantial amounts of Co 60... get your permit (nothing horribly special to do so, you dont even have to have a health physicist on staff in my home state) and then buy you some radioactive material. hell, you could even probably get away with buying more material than your permit allows by ordering from multiple vendors.

Chade

October 2nd, 2003, 06:09 AM

As far as the cigarette sized nukes went, I presumed that was a sub critical nuclear device that was referred to. For example, a smaller block of radioactive material that was heavily pumped with neutrons. Of course, it's theoretically possible to compess a material (for example in extremely high presure environments) to the electron degeneracy pressure without stopping its radioactive properties. So, although it doesn't help us much, you could have a smaller nuke in the heart of a white dwarf star. first off, not all uranium based nukes are gun assembly devices. they can be used in an implosion device just like plutonium. Second, gun devices CAN fizzle. if the HEU is contaminated with too much U233, if the assembly time is too long (ie if there is a problem with the barrel that is used to bring the two pieces together), or if the weapon is subjected to a flux of either neutrons or hard x rays from another nearly nuclear detonation. yep, thanks for the correction. or had a control rod withdrawn, to remove a nuetron absorber. Hmmm, has anyone every tried that mechanism for a nuke? It'd seem easy, but maybe with reduced storage time as the control rods got saturated. if you are a physicist you got a whole lot wrong with your 'fast breeder reactor' story... There might be a lot wrong with it regardless. I was re-telling the 'fast breeder story'. It's not something I did myself. And like I said, I'd not identified the reaction chain David used. As far as my idea went, it was just an idea, and one I suspected would not be feasible. Still, now I know the yields will be so low, it may be safe enough to try some small scale experiments. As far as universities not having any U or Pu, I do know that my uni had a neutron source of some type, shielded in what looked like a box about the size of a washing machine. As far as I know, they still have it. I remember when we were all shown round the labs the demonstrator said 'Yes, and we even have our own neutron source. Yes, that thing you're sitting on...' To which one of the students hopped off it rather quickly.

pyromaniac_guy

October 2nd, 2003, 01:35 PM

Originally posted by Chade (1)As far as the cigarette sized nukes went, I presumed that was a sub critical nuclear device that was referred to. For example, a smaller block of radioactive material that was heavily pumped with neutrons. Of course, it's theoretically possible to compess a material (for example in extremely high presure environments) to the electron degeneracy pressure without stopping its radioactive properties. So, although it doesn't help us much, you could have a smaller nuke in the heart of a white dwarf star.

(2)Hmmm, has anyone every tried that mechanism for a nuke? It'd seem easy, but maybe with reduced storage time as the control rods got saturated. (3) There might be a lot wrong with it regardless. I was re-telling the 'fast breeder story'. It's not something I did myself. And like I said, I'd not identified the reaction chain David used. As far as my idea went, it was just an idea, and one I suspected would not be feasible. Still, now I know the yields will be so low, it may be safe enough to try some small scale experiments. (4)As far as universities not having any U or Pu, I do know that my uni had a neutron source of some type, shielded in what looked like a box about the size of a washing machine. As far as I know, they still have it. I remember when we were all shown round the labs the demonstrator said 'Yes, and we even have our own neutron source. Yes, that thing you're sitting on...' To which one of the students hopped off it rather quickly. 1- a sub critical nuke is NOT a nuke. there would be no nuclear yeild from a nuke the size of a cigarette, no matter what material you used as the special nuclear material. such a device would simply be a dirty bomb 2- why would you want to use such a device for a nuclear explosive? even if you removed the control rod with sufficent speed, you would have a big gaping hole in the fissile material from where the rod was removed from, this would lower the effective density of the material, and increase the critical mass (or decrease the fission efficency with the same amount of material at normal density) 3- the story you were tlaking about was from harpers weekly, or readers digest. it may be urban legend, or it may be factual, but such a device was NOT a breeder reactor. there was no chain reaction because there was no criticality. there was (or they would serve no purpose) control rods, because there was no criticality. 4- oh there is plenty of radioactive material floating around at universities, but what NBK was talking about was highly enriched uranium used inr research reactors... There isnt a whole heck of alot of this floating around anymore. University of florida in gainsville changed out their reactor fuel to 20% back in '90 iirc previously they had been running with about 4.5 kg of HEU. this is enough enriched uranium that it would be plausible to build a sophisticated nuclear bomb with. the risk of theft is why most universities dont have that stuff around any more..

Chade

October 2nd, 2003, 08:13 PM

Ok, rather than resort to 'yes it is, no it isn't', I'll include references to back up my points. (1) A nuke refers to a nuclear weapon [1, 2] so I take that to mean any weapon that gets its force from nuclear energy, be it fission or fusion. I'm proposing a 'special material' such as HEU, or Plutonium. Hardly that special. And then taking a sub critical mass that won't explode on its own, as it does not produce enough neutrons to generate a self sustaining reaction [3]. The nuclear material will give out energy from the fission that naturally occurs in any radioactive material, but the energy produced will not be enough to cause an 'explosion'. In other words, it won't be enough to blast the material apart [4]. You then supply the neutrons, by whatever method, be it a neutron gun, a beam of high energy neutrons sent from a significant

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distance, or, in a conventional critical mass nuclear weapon, just more of the same substance. The neutrons cause extra fission, and more energy released. With a large mass (just sub critical) of radioactive material, and a strong source of neutrons, it is possible to incerase the decay rate, and hence the power output. If this can then generate enough energy to explode, I'd call that a small nuke. If you could get in enough neutrons to stimulate fission of the same proportion as a critcal mass, you'd get a nuclear device of power proportional to its weight. For example, if we say the critical mass for HEU was 15Kg [5], then 7.5KG, if it could be stimulated with neutrons so the same proportion of atoms split as in 7.5Kg of a 15Kg device going critical, you would have a nuclear device with half the power of a full 15Kg device. I've heard nothing about cigarette sized nukes, and that would seem to be pushing it a bit to say the least. You'd need one hell of a neutron input to make that go off. Even a 7.5Kg device as described would probably need more than half the neutron output of a full 15Kg nuclear explosion. And that's a lot of neutrons. My (admittadly playful) idea was that you could use a strong focused ray of neutrons, for example from a satellite (totally scifi here) to strike a sub critical nuclear device (nuke). Trouble is, you'd be far better off swinging your neutron source all over downtown to cause your death and destruction then. I can't see how it could be possible, thinking about it. (2) Why? Because it's there. How many inventions and innovations have come from trying to look at things a different way? Maybe it's be less efficient, but maybe it could have a use or application elsewhere. And maybe it doesn't have to be inside. Perhaps a case of Cobalt arount it, or a bath of heavy water? (3) Dear, dear, dear. The story was from none of those places, and I said where I heard it. From three Phd students in various fields of physics phenomonology, and from a half hour documentary on David Hahn [6]. I have to say, when they interviewed him, he didn't look like an urban legend. And when they showed the modelled version of his BREEDER reactor, it had cobalt fuel rods. (obviously the real one is still under the nevada desert.) The cobalt rods, I'm presuming, were there for safety, to ensure the reaction did not produce more plutonium than he could safely handle, but yes, the reaction chain produced plutonium, however little. If it 'breeds' radioactive fuel, then it is, by definintion, a breeder reactor [7]. And you do not need anything to be critical for control rods to be useful. They absorbed neutrons, making his reactor safer, controlling it. You said 'there was no chain reaction, because there was no criticality.' This prompted me to look back over my posts, to see if I'd said something blatently wrong, or made a typo. No, I didn't say there was any criticality (criticality of what, anyway? Do you mean going from a breeder to a fast breeder reactor? That would produce more fuel than was used, and control rods would become essential.) And nor did I say there was a chain reaction, which has an associated meaning already in nuclear physics. I said there was a reaction chain, meaning that from the initial materials fission products are formed, maybe irradiate again, maybe decay again, or whatever. All I was referring to was the chain of nuclear reactions that takes you from your initial radioactive materials to Plutonium. As I said, I don't know how that happened, and it'd take a while to research it. (4) I knew what he meant. I was just using it as an excuse to tell that anecdote. Ok, maybe that one wasn't worth it. And for all the nitpicking, you missed my real mistake. I called Davids device a 'Fast Breeder' reactor, when it was simply a breeder reactor. As far as I know, anyway. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]

Dictionary.com The Chambers dictionary http://howthingswork.virginia.edu/nuclear_weapons.html http://www.tpub.com/doenuclearphys/nuclearphysics29.htm - plus some basic maths http://www.oxfordresearchgroup.org.uk/publications/books/handbook/ch3.pdf OK, I have this on tape. If anyone wants a copy in the UK (PAL format) I can copy it for you. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/fasbre.html#c1

pyromaniac_guy

October 2nd, 2003, 10:26 PM

Originally posted by Chade The nuclear material will give out energy from the fission that naturally occurs in any radioactive material, but the energy produced will not be enough to cause an 'explosion'. In other words, it won't be enough to blast the material apart [4]. You then supply the neutrons, by whatever method, be it a neutron gun, a beam of high energy neutrons sent from a significant distance, or, in a conventional critical mass nuclear weapon, just more of the same substance. The neutrons cause extra fission, and more energy released. With a large mass (just sub critical) of radioactive material, and a strong source of neutrons, it is possible to incerase the decay rate, and hence the power output. If this can then generate enough energy to explode, I'd call that a small nuke. If you could get in enough neutrons to stimulate fission of the same proportion as a critcal mass, you'd get a nuclear device of power proportional to its weight. For example, if we say the critical mass for HEU was 15Kg [5], then 7.5KG, if it could be stimulated with neutrons so the same proportion of atoms split as in 7.5Kg of a 15Kg device going critical, you would have a nuclear device with half the power of a full 15Kg device. I've heard nothing about cigarette sized nukes, and that would seem to be pushing it a bit to say the least. You'd need one hell of a neutron input to make that go off. Even a 7.5Kg device as described would probably need more than half the neutron output of a full 15Kg nuclear explosion. And that's a lot of neutrons.

your lack of comprehension in matters you talk of is amazing, go back to washing bottles instead of trying to make people think you know what you are talking about. ready for a schooling? a 'critical mass' is a chunk of fissile material large enough so that the rate of nuetron loss to the outside world is less than the number of nuetrons that go on to stimulate other nucleons to undergo fission. if you have a critical mass of material and inject 1 single nuetron, the level of nuetrons running around inside said mass will begin to rise exponentially. the more critical a mass is, the faster the rise in number of nuetrons. thats the whole reason why a nuclear bomb explodes. a self suporting chain reactions liberated more and more energy untill the device physicaly destroys it's self, resulting in a pretty mushroom shaped cloud... NOW, if you take a chunk of fissile material of less than the crittical mass, you will NEVER get the material to generate more nuetrons than it looses to the environment. you would always have to pump more nuetrons in. thats why you cant just take a big 'nuetron gun' and aim it at an arbitrarily small chunk of fissile material and expect a small nuclear explosion. the number of nuetrons required to get a small chunk of fissile material to explode with ANY yeild is absolutly staggering. infact, there are no methods for generating such a burst of nuetrons, other than the possible exception of a nuclear bomb... do the math yourself instead of spouting off crap.. look at the bomb that exploded over hiroshima... 60 kg of uranium was in the bomb to make up the supercritical mass... about 700 grams, or lets say 3 moles of uranium fisioned. if you only had a sub critical chunk of uranium sized so that only 50% of the fission nuetrons triggered other fissions (ie the rest

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were lost to the environment) you would need to generate about 1.6 moles of nuetrons in the timespan of 1 fission generation to get that small chunk of uranium to explode with the same yeild as the little boy bomb. if you had a alpha source / beryllium nuetron generator, assuming 30 muetrons per million alphas, you would need an alpha source capible of producing about 3 x 10^28 alphas per 10 nanoseconds or acout 1.8 x 10^38 DPM of specific activity... lets just round that to about 10^28 curies.... oh, and keep in mind that such a large source of alphas would be putting out about 7.5 kilotonns worth of energy every 10 nanoseconds. only want a 'mininuke' to have 1 millionth the explosive force of hiroshima? a measly 15 kg of tnt nuclear yeild? wel lthen you would only need a 10^22 curie alpha source. unfortunatly it would still be putting out 7.5 kt of energy every 10 miliseconds... do you see now how futile it is to build a 'mini nuke' with a subcritical mass of fissile material and a nuetron source? you get more energy liberated in a wet fart than you would from any practical device that relied upon such a process.

Originally posted by Chade (2) Why? Because it's there. How many inventions and innovations have come from trying to look at things a different way? Maybe it's be less efficient, but maybe it could have a use or application elsewhere. And maybe it doesn't have to be inside. Perhaps a case of Cobalt arount it, or a bath of heavy water?

do you even understand what critical mass means? cobalt AROUND the mass? a crittical mass is one where more nuetrons are used internally to further a fission chane than that witch are lost outside the chunk of material. once it leaves the chunk of uranium/plutonium, it doesnt matter if you have a sleve of cobalt around it or cover it in silly putty. Hell, cobalt has a non zero scattering cross section, some there would be some amount of reflection going on and subsequent REDUCTION of the crittical mass... try to do what you propose and you will be one of those guys who die after seeing a blue flash of light :)

Originally posted by Chade (1) A nuke refers to a nuclear weapon [1, 2] so I take that to mean any weapon that gets its force from nuclear energy, by that deffinition, a smoke detector is a nuclear weapon, because it liberates 'nuclear energy'. as a rule of thumb a device isnt considered a nuclear weapon unless it produces a nuclear yeild of greater than the equiovalent of 20 lbs of tnt, at least fromt he standpoint of international treaties :) Originally posted by Chade (3) Dear, dear, dear. The story was from none of those places, and I said where I heard it. From three Phd students in various fields of physics phenomonology, and from a half hour documentary on David Hahn [6]. I have to say, when they interviewed him, he didn't look like an urban legend. And when they showed the modelled version of his BREEDER reactor, it had cobalt fuel rods. (obviously the real one is still under the nevada desert.) The cobalt rods, I'm presuming, were there for safety, to ensure the reaction did not produce more plutonium than he could safely handle, but yes, the reaction chain produced plutonium, however little. If it 'breeds' radioactive fuel, then it is, by definintion, a breeder reactor [7]. And you do not need anything to be critical for control rods to be useful. They absorbed neutrons, making his reactor safer, controlling it. You said 'there was no chain reaction, because there was no criticality.' This prompted me to look back over my posts, to see if I'd said something blatently wrong, or made a typo. No, I didn't say there was any criticality (criticality of what, anyway? Do you mean going from a breeder to a fast breeder reactor? That would produce more fuel than was used, and control rods would become essential.) And nor did I say there was a chain reaction, which has an associated meaning already in nuclear physics. I said there was a reaction chain, meaning that from the initial materials fission products are formed, maybe irradiate again, maybe decay again, or whatever. All I was referring to was the chain of nuclear reactions that takes you from your initial radioactive materials to Plutonium. As I said, I don't know how that happened, and it'd take a while to research it.

great.. you hurd it from phd students.. i have also heard the rocket powered thunderbird crashing into the side of a mountain story from phd students.... that doesnt make the story any more true... another school lesson. control rods, ie cobalt or a similar materal with a large nuetron absorption cross section are used to control the criticality of a nuclear reactor. This kid couldnt possibly have put together enough thorium to have a critcal mass, so any control rods would serve no purpose. furthermore, a reactor is a device that can maintain a self sufficent chain reaction, if criticality is not reached, then you dont have a reactor. what this kid built (if it's not urban legend) is not a breeder reactor, fast or otherwise... it's a nuetron source that happens to be sitting next tome fertile material (thorium)

Chade

October 3rd, 2003, 12:20 AM

OK, ok, calm down. NOW, if you take a chunk of fissile material of less than the crittical mass, you will NEVER get the material to generate more neutrons than it loses to the environment. you would always have to pump more neutrons in. thats why you cant ... Yes, absolutely. Given. I was talking about pumping in the full quantity of neutrons to cause the excess fission. In essence, throwing in VAST amounts of neutrons. And I said it was unfeasible. In fact, my words were: I can't see how it could be possible, thinking about it. We, as far as I can tell, agree on this. Sub critical nukes seem (never say never) to be impossible. (2) OK, that last sentence was an afterthought, without the thought. I freely admit that surrounding a critical mass will do no good whatsoever to stop an explosion. I take it back and beg forgiveness for a dumbass, ill concieved plan. (but it wasn't as it I was going to rush out and build one in my shed or anything) A nuke refers to a nuclear weapon [1, 2] so I take that to mean any weapon that gets its force from nuclear energy, Well, I wouldn't call a smoke alarm a weapon, so I think I'm OK on that score. And now that we've established that, barring a miracle, we can't have sub critical nukes, the whole thing becomes moot. Besides, the press use words however it suits them anyway, and everybody follows. As far a miracles go, it'd be one I'd like to see though. Imagine Jesus (or insert your favourite deity here) returns in all his glory, and decides it'd be kinda fun to wreak vengence on evildoers by lobbing subcritical nukes about the place. There's a

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religion I could get behind. (I'm so going to hell now!) great.. you hurd it from phd students.. And saw a half hour tv show, where they interviewed him. They interviewed people from his neighbourhood. They even tracked down the lady in the antiques shop where he bought one of his radium clocks. Seriously, if anyone in the UK wants a copy of this tape, I will sent it to you for free. If someone has a TV tuner card and can record it to upload onto the FTP, so much the better. I've set up a hotmail account especially. send an address, a PO box, or some location to [email protected]. control rods, ie cobalt or a similar materal with a large nuetron absorption cross section are used to control the criticality of a nuclear reactor. This kid couldnt possibly have put together enough thorium to have a critcal mass, so any control rods would serve no purpose. furthermore, a reactor is a device that can maintain a self sufficent chain reaction, if criticality is not reached, then you dont have a reactor. what this kid built (if it's not urban legend) is not a breeder reactor, fast or otherwise... it's a nuetron source that happens to be sitting next tome fertile material (thorium) OK, the definition as far as I know is that a reactor is one where the nuclear reaction is created and maintained. It's really stretching the limits as to whether you call it a reactor or not. I would, as it's making plutonium and on the short timescale, seemed (and I could be wrong) to be maintained by the excess radioactive material. On the other hand, there's a whole bunch of reasons why you wouldn't call it a reactor. I think this one's 50/50. He did have control rods in his device though. Cobalt absorbs neutrons. I don't know exactly why he added them. Perhaps they were elevated above the core in case he got too much neutron producion, and needed a safe way to reduce it. Maybe he was just following instructions and had ended up with a far less efficient device without realising it. Or maybe there was another reason. your lack of comprehension in matters you talk of is amazing, go back to washing bottles instead of trying to make people think you know what you are talking about. Can we end the flame war, and discuss how this affects the potential manufacture of dirty bombs now? Please? Without knowing the intricacies of what was done in that experiment, I don't know if the end result would have been any more effective as a dirty bomb than if he'd just blown the original radioactive components across town with conventional explosives. And I now can't see any feasible way of generating usable amounts of radioactive material yourself. All the methods left seem reduced to the (to my mind) rather dull methods, of needing radioactive materials to begin with. I've ordered the book NBK2000 recommended. but it'll be a couple of weeks wait. Maybe it'll allow me to get a bit more info on these interesting sounding experiments. I still think radioactive sources are ideal for dirty bombs as opposed to other substances (chemical or bacterial) as they stand up to much more extreme conditions, and hence, stronger explosives to disperse them further. Next most stable, and so dispersed next furthest, would be atomic contaminants, then more stable molecular chemical contaminants. On a side note, does anyone know whether prions would be effective biological agents if airborne? I'm thinking something like vCJD prions, as they are apparantly simpler even than virii. Perhaps they could be dispersed, with some protection from the most extreme conditions, by an explosive device? Very different type of dirty bomb indeed. I'm just thinking that if they are simpler than bacteria and virii, they might be more resiliant, and probably harder to detect.

nbk2000

October 3rd, 2003, 12:54 AM

Hi Ho, the Nuke is dead! Follow the Yellow Brick URL (http://www.roguesci.org/theforum/showthread.php?threadid=1638), sayeth the Wizard, NBK. ;)

pyromaniac_guy

October 3rd, 2003, 01:45 AM

Originally posted by Chade Without knowing the intricacies of what was done in that experiment, I don't know if the end result would have been any more effective as a dirty bomb than if he'd just blown the original radioactive components across town with conventional explosives. And I now can't see any feasible way of generating usable amounts of radioactive material yourself. All the methods left seem reduced to the (to my mind) rather dull methods, of needing radioactive materials to begin with.

i agree... transmutation on the home / terrorist scale would be unfeasible. you would be much better of just buying or stealing radioactive materials.

Originally posted by Chade

On a side note, does anyone know whether prions would be effective biological agents if airborne? I'm thinking something like vCJD prions, as they are apparantly simpler even than virii. Perhaps they could be dispersed, with some protection from the most extreme conditions, by an explosive device? Very different type of dirty bomb indeed. I'm just thinking that if they are simpler than bacteria and virii, they might be more resiliant, and probably harder to detect. this is actually a fairly interesteing idea, however i doubt prions would be suitable for delivery by an explosive mechanism. 140F or so is al lthats required to denature the prion that causes creutzfeldt jakob... BUT lets say you were able to get your hands on a vat of these prions (maybe after you steal the brain of a BSE aflicted cow) and you worked at the local all you can eat buffet... every day you spray the prions onto a cold portion of the meal, say the lettuce used for salads. since it may take decades for symptoms to apear after being exposed to such prions, can you imagine the shitstorm that would ensue when a whole town eventually develops vCJD?

Chade

October 15th, 2003, 08:00 PM

Ah, finally figured it out. I did say I'd look into it when I had a chance. Very irritating that that TV show, as you would guess, missed out certain key points of Hahns reactor (if you call it that) that would make it impossible for anyone to copy without knowing what was omitted and why. Basically stopping someone parroting his experiment and killing themselves. The big key factor was that his reactor core of Americium (241) and Radium (226) was intimately mixed with aluminium to make a core which emitted lots of neutrons. Basically it was as much alpha emitting material as possible mixed with material to absorb the alpha and emit neutrons. He actually used aluminium and beryillium, as beryillium is better at this process. Don't ask me why he didn't just use beryillium. I guess he couldn't get enough. The neutrons then hit the thorium (232) and convert it to plutonium. That's all it was. When I find out more details about this, it just seems quite disappointing. For example, although he had extracted radium from a variety of old clock hands, the bulk

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of his radium came from the clock he detected driving past with his geiger counter. Whoever had painted up the clock had left a full vial of radium in the back of it. What I had thought was happening was that materials were decaying into other forms, then bombarded with more radiation and decayed into other products. I thought this was why he had such a weird collection of elements all chucked in together. Turns out he was just dumping all his radioactive materials together to get the greastest effect. Also, as to the cobalt control rods, the program didn't really give the whole story here. The reactor, as it was just before David dismantled it, did have two cobalt drill bits. David had put these in just after the radioactivity shot off the chart, as a last ditch attempt to control the radioactivity. It didn't work, obviously, as he'd have been better served surrounding the core more effectively with cobalt, or another moderator, or just taking the core out. Incidentally, I hear that one key factor in Davids other experiments that hindered his progress is that he was unable to slow down his neutrons, which were travelling too fast for some interactions. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/ moder.html#c3 has some info on how you could moderate a reaction. Seems carbon is a good moderator, which is, I suppose, why he used it with the Thorium. I think if he'd just designed his reactor so he could flood the core with water, he'd be a lot better off. If I was trying it, I'd also work on casting a shell out of cobalt that could fit around the core in case of emergencies. Seems to me, having looked into it a bit more, that the physics behind it was sound, as far as making plutonium (in very small quantities) went. I'm nowwondering if you could get an appreciable amount of plutonium to use as a toxin, or in a small dirty bomb. Perhaps making enough colloidal plutonium oxide to drop into an air conditioning system. Davids own claim was "I believe I did produce a few atoms of, of plutonium. Maybe a couple fissions here and there, but I don't think anything sustained any kind of reaction. You see, I believe it was the thought that counted." Obviously there are no real figures for how much you'd produce in a home reaction, but you don't need a vast amount of plutonium to be toxic. I've heard microgram amounts will kill if inhaled or ingested in a fine enough powder, but I've not seen the studies this came from, or whether it's just one of those things that's been said so often it's become fact, like the old chestnut of men thinking of sex every seven seconds. (Now that's an urban legend) Still think it's unlikely, but there is a little voice piping up in the back of my head. The old saying 'It's remarkable what people can accomplish when they don't know what they're trying to do is impossible.' You'd need an almighty effort to get to the stage David Hahn reached, having the greatest trouble getting even small amounts of radioactive materials, which are, by and large, tightly controlled. If you wish to try out some experiments in radioactivity, the following may be of use... The (very limited) OTC radioactive survey: Americium (241) Extracted from smoke detectors, £4 detector has 1/5000 g Radium (226 + others) Extracted from radium paint, radium chloride, or pitchblende (1g in 10 Tonnes) Thorium (232) Thorium lantern mantles - Still available on ebay, possibly in some stores Tritium - Found in Night sights. David extracted it, took the sight to be repaired, took the tritium agian and went to a different shop to have it repaired. Repeat. Uranium (Ore) Pitchblende. Still found naturally in some places, if you have a sensitive geiger counter, a knowledge of geography of the area, and don't mind getting it piecemeal, you can go gathering. David managed to get all of these materials, but you'd need to get lucky or rich to get significant amounts. If you're doing your own investigations, there's shedloads you can experiment with, even if you're keeping it to a safe level. If you do start using your neutrons to irradiate things, and you end up with hahns problem of materials getting too radioactive, consider dumping certain items as near as poss to you nearest nuclear facility. If you're dumping stuff that can't be traced to you, it's best to do it somewhere it'll be detected and properly disposed of, and where there's a chance it'll be put down to their leaks. Somewhere that's fenced off, but not monitored, like a perimeter fence where the tighter security is further inside would be good. Or by a railway line or road into an installation for carrying nuclear materials I'd start with simple experiments with shielding for radioactive materials. Then making neutrons from alpha sources, and progress from there. Points for further study would be: possible yields of plutonium from a hahn style reactor, efficacy of various moderators, and neutron absorbers, Manufacturing beta and gamma sources from neutrons, decays of various materials when neutron irradiated, then irradiating the products to find more interesting chains of radioisotopes. Personally, I think you could get enough Plutonium to kill someone if you had a full Hahn reactor running, but that's a completely blind guess.

mrcfitzgerald

October 17th, 2003, 12:40 AM

Nice post, Chade - just one thought... The neutrons then hit the thorium (232) and convert it to plutonium Actually, the neutrons convert Thorium-232 into Uranium-233 (which interestingly enough, is a fissle matter w/ a critical mass of only 12Kg). But this alone does not explain the high radioactivity level found at his home, I am willing to bet the side reaction with the Thorium-231 impurities allowed significant formation of Uranium-232. Uranium-232 being significant as its decay chain includes many potent gamma emmiters (and exhibits 720 spontaneous fissions per second per kilo) ; the extent of U-232 formation worsens with unmoderated neutrons, as they directly transmute Th-232->U-232. According to Cary Sublette of the NuclearFAQ fame, The short half-life of U-232 also gives it very high alpha activity. Denatured U-233 containing 1% U-232 content has three times the alpha activity of weapon-grade plutonium, and a correspondingly higher radiotoxicity Assuming he had about 4Kg of thorium or so, with .5% th-231 - that corresponds to about 7Kg of weapon grade Pu (assuming he had converted all of the Th-231, which he most certainly did not). However even a few ounces of U-232 would still constitute a major radioactive hazard - certainly worthy of the clean up effort...

matjaz

December 6th, 2003, 06:56 AM

Originally posted by Mr Cool "Is it possible to speed up Uranium's decomposition to Radon?" ... No. Although it'd be fun if you could speed up radioactive decay. ... But sadly it's not possible yet, and probably never will be. Not that it could be employed here, but just as a curiosity: At least the decay constant of any nuclei decaying via electron capture can be "squeezed" up a bit. The trick is to force the K electrons to close in on the nucleus thus increasing the probability of en electron "entering" the nucleus at the moment the guy wants to go beta+.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Of course you need to maintain tremendous pressures for a period of time to see some extra decays. The little Pauli inside the atom doesn't like it at all... :) But, it can be done so as to make a measurable difference. They use high-powered pulsed lasers to heat/compress the matter. I hear that the fractional change in decay constant is on the order of 10^-8 per bar.

gkarmis

January 3rd, 2004, 03:08 PM

There is an analysis of what a dirty bob could do http://www.fas.org/faspir/2002/v55n2/dirtybomb.htm

daysleeper

January 16th, 2004, 02:49 PM

If the intent is to just spread mass panic, with a detectable amount of radiation, then thorium is the best material I think. It is highly available, I also know for a fact that even in the small amounts used it will set off geiger counters, part of my training at work. The tungsten tip used for TIG welding is the most obvious source, and no suspicion is arroused when bought. You simply buy the 2% thorinated Tungsten electrode . It is designated as electrode EWth-2, it has a red markings on one end for easy identification. Thorium oxide is added to the tungsten of certain TIG electrodes to aid in the emission of electrons from the elctrode to the base metal. A good source is EBAY, or Tigdepot.com Also, since tungsten is very brittle, smashing it into power is easy, to easy in fact, I hate dropping my TIG torch and having it land on the tip, pain in the ass having to take it out and re-shape it with my grinder and all. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and W eapons Forum C h e m istry > Ethylene Glycol

> Chemistry for Am ateur Expe rimenters and C itizen Scientists

> Battlefield Log in

View Full Version : Ethylene Glycol nbk2000

August 16th, 2002, 08:51 AM

Ethylene Glycol, besides being useful for making EGDN, is also a prim e precursor for the m anufacture of m u s t a r d g a s ( a s detailed in m y PDF). Now, usually, the easiest way to obtain this material OTC is in the form of anti-freeze. However, anti-freeze contains all sorts of other chem icals that need to be seperated, like surfactants/stabilizers/protectants/ etc, requiring fractional distilla tion and filtration to get to suitable purity. Not anym ore. :) I found a product that's comm on (at least in th e snowy US states), is 33% EG, with the other 66% being m ethyl alchohol which is easily removed by simply heating th e product in an open container. The product is called "De-icer". :D I'm sure you can find it in any autoparts store during th e c o l d s e a s o n . $1.30 for 16 ounces, which tra nslates into at least 5 ounces of EG. Probably m ore accounting for th e difference in density between MeOH and EG. I m e a s u r e d o u t 1 0 m L (graduated cylinder) and heated it at 180*F for two hours till constant volume. After m easuring the rem a i n d e r, I had 3.3 m L rem aining, thus 33% by vo lum e of the deicer is EG. If th is source is too expensive for m ass production, then it's at least suitable as an easy source of (technical grade) EG for use in EGDN synth and in sm all scale m ustard gas production before investing in large scale distillation equipm ent or bu lk chem ical purchases.

VX

August 16th, 2002, 05:12 PM

In the UK we have de -icer, but it's different to yours. For a start ours is in a blue can :D (about 500m l for 99p) But the big d ifference is that ours only contains iso propanol and a propellant... m aking it quite useless, for most things e x c e p t m elting ice.

PYRO500

August 16th, 2002, 06:51 PM

NBK posted a rather sim ple synthesis way back in septem ber 2000. I have the pd f archives but I think you should find it yourself. I believe the 2000 archives are on the ftp. Basicly what you do is turn the Ethylene Glycol into Ethylene Chlorohydrin by passing HCL gas through it. Yo u t h e n a d d s o d i u m sulfide and heat it to form thiodiglycol. The thiodiglycol is then neutralized and heated with HCL to create m ustard gas.

tom haggen

April 17th, 2004, 01:48 AM

son of a bitch, I finally got in gear and decided to purch a s e s o m e ethylene glycol. But all they had was they "Sum m e r D e icer"(Propylene glycol & Metho nal). Guess I'll ju st have to wait untill next winter.

Barcy

April 26th, 2004, 09:06 PM

Just a note that I find getting coolant concentrate 93% to 99% EG (Not Antifreeze) to be q uite com mon where I live (bloody hot area with 40 plus deg r e e s i n s u m m er). If you are going to go to the effort of fractional distallation to remove the im purities why not make it a decent am ount. As I am siting at m y com puter I am looking as a product called C astrol Anti Freeze Anti Boil Engine C oolant Concentrate. 95% EG and treated with a product called Deatonium B e n z o a t e . H o p e y o u c a n u s e t h i s .

nbk2000

April 27th, 2004, 04:45 PM

D e n a t o n i u m B e n z o a t e i s a s u p e r b i t t e r t a s t i n g s u b s t a n c e u s e d t o m a k e t h e g l y c o l u n a p p e a l i n g t o a n y o n e w h o m ight otherwise drink the sweet tastin g p o i s o n . I wonder if the DB can be destroyed by boiling the EG, as EG has a rather high Bp, rendering it 'tasty' again. ;)

Ropik

May 14th, 2004, 11:09 AM

NBK, I just wonder fro m which manufacturer is this useful De-icer? I was able to find abou four antifreezes called De-icer and I a m in doubt that all are so go o d a s t h i s o n e . Thanks.

nbk2000

May 14th, 2004, 06:32 PM

Prestone...................

Barcy

May 29th, 2004, 09:01 PM

Eure ka!, I just found a supposed 100% EG product and believe it or not is "100% Australian Made" (not comm on in this day and age). Nulon long life concentrated coolant "100% concentrate 1060gm /l EG. Au$34.95 for 5 litres from S u p e r C h e a p . 5 litres of EG...hhmm m m and suggestions what I could do with this? I have shied away from m aking NG, but with so much EG it

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter is hard not to give it a try.

I could try to rid the area of a few feral cats and the odd wild dog or dingo. Any suggested d o s e s o r m i x e s t o f e e d t h e s e anim a l s ?

croc

August 20th, 2004, 09:11 PM

Quote: "Any suggested doses or m ixes to feed these animals?" I d o n t think it is v ery toxic as a poison but it is u s e d a s a p r e c u r s o r t o m a k e a c o u p l e o f c h e m ical warfare agents . I h a v e 2 type s of antifreeze. O ne packaged by castrol the other by a place in m y state. Th e castrol has 95% EG v/v with 10 mg/k denatonium benzoate. The second one says it freezes at negative 19C and boils at 124C. it contains approx 1005 grams/liter E G a n d 1 0 p p m biteing agent. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and W eapons Forum C h e m istry > Acrolein

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View Full Version : Acrolein green beret

January 31st, 2003, 11:44 PM

Recently I have been looking into acro lein as a n irritant weapon and a substitute for pepper spray. For those who dont know, its m a d e f r o m sodium bisulfate and glycerine. I like it because manufacture is simple, and from what I have read, it is quite effective. I would like to know from anyone who has made this, or knows about it, as to its effectiveness etc. Also on the net while searching for info on this, I cam e across a page saying that acrolein was toxic and could have lasting a n d lifelong effects on ones health, I'm going to research it more bu t I dont want to be m essing with this stuff until I kn ow its sa fe. But if I do manufacture any, I'll post notes on which pro cedure I used and when I test this stuff :D I will let you know how we ll it works. As a sidenote, for any australians after soudium bisulfate, it can be obtained quite cheaply from Big W stores in the pool supply sectio n for aro und 9 dollars for three kilos. It is sold under the na me dry acid. <sm all>[ January 31, 2003, 10:45 PM: Messag e edited by: green beret ]

MrSamosa

February 1st, 2003, 0 8 : 4 0 P M

Acrolein can be deadly, actually. Also, it does not necessarily have to be prepared from Sodium Bisulfate, b ut rather any desiccant. The idea is to rem ove two m olecules of H2O from Glycerol, thus form in g Acrolein. If Bisulfate is not obtainable, try Boric Acid or Sulfuric Acid. From War Gasses, the process for Acro lein is by using 100g Glycerol, 80g P o t a s s i u m Bisulfate, 20g anyhydrous Sodium Sulfate, and heating to 160-180 degrees Celsius. Because Acrolein polymerizes very quickly to "Disacryl," which is worthless as an irritant, it is best to keep the Acrolein im pure. Pure Acrolein polym erizes faster than im pure Acrolein. Also, Hydroquinone is used as a stabilizer. Oh, and there is already a thread in th is very section about Acrolein, with the sam e n a m e as this o ne .

nbk2000

February 1st, 2003, 0 9 : 4 0 P M

Slowly dropping glycerine into preheated H2SO4 will also produce the acrolein. It's m ore toxic than phosgene but, because of its intensly irritating nature, likelyhood of anyone getting lethally gassed by it is very small. But that m ight not be the case if you spray the liquid into som e o n e s f a c e . I t ' s d a m aging to the skin, and would like ly blind a person, perm anently, if sprayed in their face. T h i s c o u l d b e s o m eth i n g y o u s e t u p a h e a d o f t i m e a s a h a r r a s m e n t w e a p o n . T h e g l y c e r i n e a n d b i s u l p h i t e a r e m i x e d a h e a d o f tim e a n d p l a c e d o n s o e m thing that'll generate enough heat to form the acrolein. Either a hotplate on a tim er, or a tim e ignited esbit stove, would work. As long as the container was sealed, it would likely last a long tim e prior to use sin ce the two chemicals do n't really react unless hea ted. :) <sm a l l > [ F e b r u a r y 0 1 , 2 0 0 3 , 0 8 : 4 0 P M : M e s s a g e e d i t e d b y : n b k 2 0 0 0 ] < / s m all>

a_bab

February 2nd, 2003, 06:50 PM

W ell NBK2000, than for your d elight I m ust tell you that a mix of acetone and liquid bromine will do nothing for 5 m inutes, but afterwards it'll react extremly violent, and hot, and ALL the products will be gaseous due to tem perature. It's quite amasing. If this reaction is done in a bottle, the jet formed from reaction can reach 2 m etters I know because I tried ! (and I cryed alot :( )An d the brom aceto ne IS a very good lacrima tor. I'd stick to this instead of acroleine.

nbk2000

February 2nd, 2003, 07:02 PM

Interesting! Though liquid brom ine is rather difficult to find around (most) peoples hom e s , a n d y o u o n l y h a v e a 5 m inu te window of opportunity, whereas the acrolein mix will sit, inert, for a long tim e till heated.

a_bab

February 2nd, 2003, 08:06 PM

Y e s , b u t y o u c a n i m a g i n e e a s i l y s o m e sort of system th at will mix the acetone an d bromime...So you can get plenty of time.

nbk2000

February 2nd, 2003, 09:40 PM

Obviously, but there's still the problem of obtaining liqu id brom i n e , t h o u g h I ' v e s e e n p o t a s s i u m b r o m i d e s a l t f o r s a l e a s a s p a chemical for $2/ounce. That could be processed to extract out the bromine.

a_bab

February 3rd, 2003, 09:27 AM

Exactly ! It can be done really easy, less dangerous than acroleine by simple m eans (testubes). I would rather prefer being intoxicated with brom acetone than with acroleine.

vulture

February 3rd, 2003, 07:46 PM

Bromine vapors aren't less hazardous then acrolein and you'll have to work with them when producing brom o a c e t o n e .

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter T h e n e a t t h i n g a b o u t b r o m ine is that it is a gas, but behaves lik e a liquid, it can be decanted from containers like liquids.

a_bab

February 3rd, 2003, 08:37 PM

W ell, have you EVER s e e n b r o m ine?! It's a gas as water is a gas ! It's very vola tile - tha t's true - but it's not a gas. Not in the norm al conditions at least (20 degrees C). It boils if I recall corectly at about 60 degrees.

nbk2000

February 4th, 2003, 12:06 AM

He's probably referrin g to the very den se bromine vapors that are always present at STP. These are "pourable" in the sam e sense as dry ice fog is "pourable".

VX

February 4th, 2003, 08:58 PM

A l o t h a s b e e n s a i d a b o u t c h l o r a c e t o n e , a n d b r o m oacetone as far as there use as lachrym ators goes. However, currently I am in possession of about 100g of iodine crystals. I wonder if iodo acetone will have sim ilar properties to the it at all
two above mentioned compounds. I can 't find any inform a t i o n a b o u t /> Has anyone ever tried to m a k e i t ? D o e s a n y o n e k n o w a n y u s e f u l is it m ore or less effective than chloro, and bromo acetone..... Can find on the organic synthesis database) Any info would b e greatly

nbk2000

February 4th, 2003, 09:48 PM

Iodoacetone is also an irritant, but less so than the others. In increasing order of potency is iodo-, chloro-, and brom o-. I don't know where fluoro- fits in since it's a ra ther contrary thing at tim e s . C h e c k t h e F T P f o r a b o o k c a l l e d " W ar Gases". It'll give you step-by-step procedures to follow.

green beret

February 7th, 2003, 10:55 PM

W ow, this stuff is better than I thought, I wont be using it as a pepper spray substitute though. I'd l i k e t o m i x s o m e u p . T h e good thing about it is that if you m ake it and can't use it like you planne d, just let it sit until it forms into a gum (not sure of the excact nam e or tim e frame for this), becom ing relatively benign. I th ink its le thal in concentartions of 0.35m g p er liter of air, quite good, but as nbk said, the irritating n ature of this m eans its unlikely m any people will inhale a lethal dose. Still undoubtedly effective t h o u g h . C o u l d b e u s e d t o d e n y a r e a a c c e s s , u n t i l t h e y g e t g a s m a s k s o f c o u rse :rolleyes: But...dosent chloropicrin penetrate gas m asks? Probably not modern ones anyway, I was going to say it could be mixed with chlopicrin, or something sim ilar. <sm all>[ February 07, 2003, 09:56 PM: Message edited by: green beret ] vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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February 3rd, 2003, 04:36 PM

This is an idea i had a few weeks ago.Why not cultivating your own disseases? You´re immun and can work without the risk of infecting yourself.I´m thinking of a virus like influenca (which kills several thousend people each year),an bacteriological infect or a sexuall dissease. The first problem would be to isolate the correct germ out of your blood (or out of other body fluids).What belongs to a virus you could use antibiotika to elliminate all bakteriological germs in your probe.In regard to bacterialogical germs its much more difficult to isolate them without proffessional and expensive laboratory equipment. The secound problem would be to cultivate a virus (cultivating bacteria is pretty easy).During my two biology semester I´ve heard about methods of implanting a virus into raw eggs to cultivate it. Any suggestions?

zeocrash

February 3rd, 2003, 06:29 PM

I had the same idea a few months ago, when i was on my back with flu. I believe duck eggs are used for the culturing of virri. in executive orders by tom clancey they use minced monkey kidneys for culturing ebola (sounds plausible), and i remember that in world war 2 the japs used slices of meat to culture virii on. so i suppose that you could use any form of meat, i'm not sure which parts would work better.

MrSamosa

February 10th, 2003, 12:49 PM

To determine which part of meat to use for culturing, I would imagine that it would require some research of the virus to be cultured. For example, Rabies seems to like to dwell in the brain, so maybe using brains to culture would work best. It would probably vary from Virus to Virus, and also maybe by the meats of animals which are more susceptible to infection by said virus than others. Monkeys, as we all know, are very susceptible to carrying the Ebola virus, and it therefore seems plausible that they would use a minced monkey kidney. Of course, I don't know a damn thing about Microbiology, and I'm just taking guesses :p .

Machiavelli

February 11th, 2003, 04:44 PM

The problem with virii is that they can't reproduce, they need to insert their genes into living cells which then produce copies of the virus. Therefore you use either living organisms like chicken embryos, guinea pigs etc or cell cultures. Growing bacteria is far easier, you just need the right strain and a growing medium which consists of stuff like agar, flour, various sugars and maybe some additives like minerals or antibiotics. The big problem with both cultures comes after you harvest them, because you get a big amount of sludge which you need to centrifuge or filter, dry and maybe purify somehow along the way. Then you have to mill your product and maybe improve it by applying coatings that block UV rays, prevent the particles from sticking together or even applying immunoinhibitors. And you always need to try to avoid killing your precious microorganisms through too much heat, mechanical stress, light, chemicals or bad karma. It's kinda similar to chemical agents, most of the work comes after you've obtained your killers. That is unless your happy with a crude mediocre weapon.

zaibatsu

March 27th, 2003, 01:49 PM

If a virus is found in brains, then you must culture it in brains. Virii don't reproduce, instead they use other cells to produce more virii. They are found in specialised tissue because they are adapted to that type of cell's protein synthesis. Thought that might be useful :)

Imperial

July 21st, 2003, 07:32 AM

Basically, virii aren't cells. There is debate as to whether they are really alive. What they do is insert their genetic material into a certain cell type and thus create copies of themselves. Different virii have different protein shells surrounding their genetic information, and these proteins are attracted to different proteins on different cells. Diseases like Mad Cow disease or Rabies would best be cultured in nervous (not necessarily brain) tissue, and diseases like Hepatitis would best be grown in blood (fresh blood). It is true that eggs are an excellent culture medium for many different virii, especially things like influenza, which was originally a poultry disease anyway. They contain many different cells which are currently reproducing, and a nice crop can be grown from them. The main problem when working with pathogens is safety. Culturing the pathogens is easy enough using the media mentioned by me previously, but the issue is preventing transmission to yourself or your friends. This is why I do not recommend growing diseases; when I came down with the flu I used some of my mucous and some duck eggs to create more flu virii. I ended up getting sick when I checked the cultures a few weeks later, even though my experiment was a success. Unless you have the proper tools (i.e. special suits, gloves, coats, etc.) and sterilisation facilities, growing diseases can be just as harmful as it is fun. I would never consider trying more harmful pathogens than the flu, etc. without the correct equipment, for nobody would want to infect themselves.

Arthis

July 21st, 2003, 08:36 AM

Of course, when growing diseases we suppose you have the required safety material. Stop being affraid by anything. We take our precautions. And you may suppose too that none of us has tried to devellop bacteriological weapons (only in our dreams ! ;)). If one is skilled to make cultures then why wouldn't he ? I think we can make our own production and safety systems to do that. Sterile box with gloves attached to the box (as in MI2, if you can't see), an admission system that can be remotely sterilised, etc... vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : OTC Phosgene Anthony

February 7th, 2003, 04:36 PM

Whilst scanning through the radio stations when stuck in traffic, I came across a report concerning a regular television program called "Rogue Traders". The idea of the program is to expose cow-boy traders by inviting them to work in a secret camera ridden house. The episode in question related to pest controllers. Having witnessed some of the trader's incompetancy with the poisons that they posessed, the makers of the program decided to see how easy it was to aquire poisons without the required paperwork/qualifications/licences. They phoned up a few companies, posing as a pest control company and managed to buy some quite interesting things with no more than a credit card number. Amongst the things they got were some "class A" poisons, the most interesting was described as a box of aluminium containers, that when water is added to them, release phosgene gas! No doubt that retailers of poisons are going to start doing the necessary background checks now that this program has been aired, but it won't affect other countries, where things are likely to be equally lax. Just goes to show what you can get with very little effort sometimes!

mongo blongo

February 7th, 2003, 05:53 PM

Yea I was watching that yesterday. That stuff that releases phosgene gas wet was in this very small bottle. I tried to see what was in it but I only caught a small glimpse of it. It said aluminum something or it could have been ammonium something. IIRC it was a green liquid. This dude called at his house and sold it to him at his door just like that!

Mr Cool

February 7th, 2003, 07:25 PM

Phosgene by hydrolysis... I'm trying to think what the other component was (assuming it was just one), but nothing obvious comes to mind. Maybe H-N=CCl2 (dichlorimine? I wouldn't be surprised if that existed as a cyclic trimer). Hmmm... but that hardly makes synthesis any easier than other methods. It would be fun to try and get some of that "just add water" phosgene, but I bet they have stopped selling it so readily, or worse, not stopped selling it but started listing all customers, possibly to give to the police to cross-reference with suspected al-Qua'eda sleeper agents, like you and me.

irish

February 7th, 2003, 08:51 PM

was it called foxtoxin or phoxtoxin ?, there is a weevil insecticide by that name sold to grain growers here as pellets, a half dozen or so do a silo so it's strong stuff :D . it comes in aluminium tubes about 12 by 4 cm. with about ten pellets in it, I can't find out the chemical's in it tho. it's extremly toxic to humans and can only be bought with a farm chemical users permit in Australia <small>[ February 07, 2003, 08:39 PM: Message edited by: irish ]

nbk2000

February 8th, 2003, 02:39 AM

Are you guys thinking of zinc phosphide? It forms phosphine gas when wetted down with water, and is extremely toxic, on par with HCN. You can buy it as 2% bait at hardware stores, but the pure stuff is restricted, for the obvious reasons. The only other thing I could think of would be triphosgene, a crystalline polymeric form of CG, that decomposes into phosgene when wet.

Boob Raider

February 10th, 2003, 10:52 AM

If it is used by grain growers to kill pests then it is most probably Zn3P2 or AlP or sometimes even Ca3P2 was used. That produces PH3 (Phosphine), just like NBK said. That used to be used for silo fumigation. Phosgene, to some extent hydrolyses to HCl and CO2 which would be damaging to both the seeds and the silo. I had about 500g of that stuff at one time but I hardly ever used it. It makes excellent smoke bombs though. :p

blackstar

February 19th, 2003, 03:16 AM

i read somewhere that phosgene is formed after chloroform is put away for too long <small>[ February 19, 2003, 02:17 AM: Message edited by: blackstar ]

zaibatsu

April 26th, 2003, 04:07 PM

Tada! While reading throught the latest "GunMart" I found an article on mole control. One of the methods mentioned was by using Aluminium Phosphide pellets, which release phosphine on contact with water. I guess that solves the puzzle then. Sorry about bringing up an old post, just thought I'd clarify it. I must say the security on purchasing this product is very low, I found a supplier that'd sell me 100g for £20, with no requirement of Health+Safety qualifications etc. This is sold as 57% Aluminium phosphide, a bit more potent than the 2% NBK2000 was talking about. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Practical Considerations for Phosgene Oxime MrSamosa

February 12th, 2003, 12:55 PM

This is according to the U S P a t e n t f o r t h e s y n t h e s i s o f P h o s g e n e O x i m e f r o m Chloropicrin. Unfortunately, I don't remebm er the p a t e n t n u m b er and have too little tim e on this com pute r to look it up. T h e g e n e r a l s y n t h e s i s i s a s f o llows: Chloropicrin is dissolved in an Aprotic Solvent, treated with dry HCl, and reduced with powdered Tin. I m ay be a bit off, but please co rrect me where I'm wrong. Anyhow, here are the sources I've found for the precursors: Chloropicrin- most simply produced fro m the re action between Nitromethane and Sodium Hypochlorite. Aprotic Solvent- the m ost easily obtain ed will be Tetrahydrofuran, which is PVC solvent. Dry HC l- efficiently and easily produced by adding concentrated sulfuric acid to Hydrochloric acid. Tin- some Solder, especially the ones with reduced lead , contain e v e n 9 0 % T i n ( s o m e e v e n m ore Tin, but i can't rem e m b e r specific percentages). I suppo se these could easily be powderized in a ball mill or by some other means... The most difficult thing, it see m s , w o u l d b e s t o r a g e . N o t o n l y i s P h o s g e n e O x i m e e x t r e m ely vicious towards the skin, but also towards anything that tries to contain it! It corrodes glass, metals, and rubber. So - that is the trick. W hat would be the easiest way to store Phosgene Oxime? Also, what about idea s for weaponization? Would it best be dispersed as a fine powder, to slip thro ugh protective clothing? O r d i s s o l v e d i n s o m e s o l v e n t , t o b e e a s i l y i n h a l e d ? O n e o b v i o u s i d e a w o u l d b e t o c o m bine it with other chemical agents that are less violent towards the skin, thus increasing their potency. On skin contact, Phosgene Oxime causes vom iting- which promp ts the person to rem o v e t h e g a s m ask to prevent drowning. Therefore, on removal of the ga s m a s k , t h e y b e c o m e s u s c e p t i b l e t o the other chemical agent. Sorry for the fragmen ted post, but I re ally do n ot have m uch tim e.

Mr Cool

February 12th, 2003, 01:25 PM

P h o s g e n e o x i m e is hideously nasty, but IIRC there's some reson why it was neve r used... polym erisation o r something I think. I don't know how you could store it etc (the first thing I'd try wou ld be PTFE, PVC etc. Highly haloge nated polym ers), but I do have a hint on how to powder tin (the least difficult bit of the whole proce dure..)! It changes crystal form a t a h u n d r e d a n d s o m e thing degrees I think, comm only refered to as "tin pest". After this temperature, it becomes brittle and would therefore easily be powdered. I don't think you'd have much luck otherwise, it'd be like trying to powder lead. Although I can't see why iron, zinc etc couldn't be used too. H<sub>2SO <sub>4 and NaCl wo uld be a better way to ma ke dry HC l. I haven't rea d the patent, but are you sure the HCl com es before the reduction? I can't think how it would react with chloropicrin.

a_bab

February 12th, 2003, 08:08 PM

The tin pest occures at LOW tem peratures, below 0 degrees C . Zn is a m etal that could be powdered at 200 degress C as is becomes very brittle. It is said that Napoleon lost a battle in Russia due to th e tin pest !

MrSamosa

February 13th, 2003, 12:39 PM

I know that one of the hazards with C hloropicrin is its re d u c t i o n t o P h o s g e n e O x i m e. This reductions works best in acid environm ents. Therefore, I think it would seem logical to add HCl first, to lower the pH of the solution. The tin, iron, or zinc would then be used to reduce the Chlo ropicrin to Phosgene Oxim e . This procedure is very simple, and I'm quite tem pted to try it. I don't predict that the equipment used in th e actual synthesis will be difficult to com e by or particularly expensive. The only thing that is stoppin g m e fro m testing this synthesis is trying to store it. Oh well- it's not som ething I'd want to be found with anyway, so if I ever do try it, I will m ost likely do som e q u i c k tests on it and then get rid of it...I don't feel like going to Guantanamo Bay . The reaction to produ ce HCl could be carried out in a corked bee r bottle with icemaker tubing throu gh the cork. The other end of the tubing would go to the reaction vessel containing the Chloropicrin dissolved in THF. Adding the m etal will be very easy, and the finding the proper reaction tim es will also be rather sim p l e . Y o u w o u l d b e l o o k i n g out for a color change (I can't rem e m ber if it's blue or gray upon addition of the Tin, and then changes color to blue or gray during the re action).

Polverone

February 13th, 2003, 08:54 PM

THF is kind of a pain to obtain in pure form from pipe g lue solvents, which typically contain a m ixture of you've found a particular source that you know is pure, by all m eans use it. In the U.S. I think the most solvent is DMSO, which is often sold in smaller pharm acies, "alternative health" stores, and farm supply livestock). The stuff sold in pharm acies is very pure, though it will cost m ore than if you ju st buy it from lab or technical grade . I don't im a g i n e y o u n e e d m uch solvent in any case.

Machiavelli Nitromethan to chloro picrin: US2365981 Chloropicrin to dichloroformoxime: US4558160 Chloropicrin to dichloroformoxime electrochem ical: US2918418

m aterials. But if easily obtained aprotic stores (for use on a chem ical com p a n y a s

February 14th, 2003, 09:20 AM

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They point out that everything should be anhydrous, so you should distill your solvent over a large am o u n t o f N a O H p e l l e t s and you should dry the HCl, too, m aybe pass it through s o m e silica gel or something. The best yields were obtained using THF as the solvent. The rea ction is bets carried out at -20°C-0°C . I n t h e e x a m p l e u s i n g T H F t h e y first cool down 400 ml of dried THF to 0°C, then bubble in 158.3 g of anhyd r o u s H C l ( m e a s u r e d by weighing the solution). 31.5 g of chloropicrin is added and then over a course of 2h15m in 45.1 g of tin powder are added while maintaining 0°C . Filtration and vacuum distillation yields 61.8% of the ox im e. FM 8-9 says: "Phosgene oxime is a white crystalline powder. It melts between 39-40° C, and boils at 129° C.By the addition of ce rtain c o m p o u n d s i t i s p o s s i b l e t o l i q u i f y p h o s g e n e o x i m e at room tem perature. It is fairly solub le in water and in organic solvents. I n a q u e o u s s o l u t i o n p h o s g e n e o x i m e is hydrolyses fairly rapidly, especia lly in the presence of alkali. It has a high vapour pressure, its odour is very unpleasant and irritating. Even as a dry solid, phosgene oxim e d e c o m p o s e s s p o n t a n e o u s l y a n d h as to be stored at low tem peratures." I think adsorbtion on silica would be good for weaponization, although I'm not sure, whether the free hydro xy groups in silica would promote hydrolysis.

OUA GAD OUGOU

February 24th, 2003, 11:40 AM

I know I'm a bit late but I just cam e across this thread. I dont rem ember wether the optimal m esh size of the tin is m entioned in the patent, but I guess that the sm aller the better. In m y oppinion it is q uite difficult to get the optim ally sm all size with mechanical grinding. Oxide formation on the surface of the m etal catalyst wuld also decrease efficeancy. W h e n g r o u n d a t h i g h t e m p e r a t u res oxidation would be even m o r e s e v e a r e . For such reduction m etal catalysts it is quite essential for the m etal to be in the reduced state (mo stly this is accomplished by hidrogenation). My suggestion for the prepn' of the substantially reduce d tin catalyst wou ld be to reduce it from a Sn salt solution (Sn2+) Alum inium (foil) would be the optimal reducer. Prepare an aquaeous solution of SnCl2 or SnSO 4, add Al foil in sm a l l p e e c e s and drip a little HCl sol. to remove the oxide lyer of the Al. Meta llyc Sn will form o n the surface of the Al via m e t h a s t h e s i s . Sn salts can be obtained quite easily i guess. Or can be prepared by dissolving Sn in an acid. Tin reacts w/ HCl only wery slowly, so H2 S O 4 s h o u l d b e u s e d ( S O 3 / SO2 a re forme d). vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : "Round Up" herbicide a potential CW? NightStalker

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March 12th, 2003, 01:53 AM

I was reading a file, and noticed something in a footnote, that said:

quote:

---

The P-Alkyl bond of the isoproplyamine salt of glyphosphate is structurally similiar to nerve agents. (Technologies Underlying Weapons of Mass Destruction, page 55, footnote 105)

---

I remember seeing this chemical on a label while doing my usual product survey, so I went to the hardware store and read a label for "Roundup" herbicide. Guess what it is? Glyphosphate, isopropylamine salt. :D (assuming this is the same stuff) Could this be altered by some simple process to greatly increase toxicity? Roundup is very expensive, but very common and considered "harmless", which would make it easy to steal in large quantities from commercial suppliers if it was useable for conversion into a CW. A terr could even make a killing (pun intended) off the stock market by converting roundup into a CW, dispersing it in an attack, and selling short on monsanto stock before the news that Roundup, Monsantos premiere product, is useable as a WMD. Or, perhaps, extort Monsanto for a "silence tax", to NOT release the process to the enviromentalist groups that would run with it like no tommorrow. :) This would cause an immediate recall, major drop in their stock, panic amongst the sheeple ("Terror weapon as close as the grocery store shelves! News at 10!"), etc. A twofor-one for a terr group, kill infidels, and make more money from the capitalists warmongers own fears to use against them later. :p

cutefix

March 13th, 2003, 11:29 PM

Nerve gas are acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and therefore more toxic. What ever this so called WMD claim said was possibly an exaggeration. This so called roundup will decompose easily once its done its action and its known to be harmless . It prime effect is on plsnts not on animals . Besides its toxicity value is still under study.Unlike the previous well known pesticides.

Haggis

March 17th, 2003, 01:20 AM

The highest concentration of Roundup sold is 50.2%. This concentration is sold in 1 quart containers for around 39.98. If you managed to get the active ingredient pure, (16.064 oz) it would cost 2.49 an ounce. Hardly a chemical (or a source) useful for any type of weaponization. This is assuming, of course, you are buying the Round-up.

metafractal

March 17th, 2003, 09:13 AM

Wow... I was thinking exactly the same thing browsing through the shelves of my hardware store just a few hours ago! Hagggis, I'm pretty sure you can get it pure here (Melbourne). My hardware store sells two types: concentrate (which appeared to be anhydrous, judging by the container, but I didnt see the material itself), and "ready to use" (not in our case!). Even if this isnt pure, it is one of the most common herbicides. It is also commonly sold with the trade names of 'Rodeo', 'Roundup', 'Sting', 'Polado', 'Glistar', 'Ron-Do', 'Rondo Logico', and 'Touchdown'. A structure of glyphosphate can be found here, and the isopropylamine salt here (Not sure about the second one, please excuse me if its something different). IIRC, this stuff is a suspected carcinogen, and a very mild irritant, nothing else for humans. In plants, however, Glyphosphate works by inhibiting the EPSP synthase in plants, which is vital for production of proteins and uptake of nutrients in plants. Therefore they die in a matter of days or weeks. So then it would follow that there is a simlar enzyme in humans that has a significantly different task (its no good if our victims are only going to get skinny and die over weeks!), but can still be inhibited by a similar mechanism. What this is, however, I am not knoledgable to know or determine. The stuff does work wonders against weeds! When my parents bought this block (10 acres), it was covered with blackberries. Could bareley walk a meter. After rigorous biannual spraying, three years later there was bareley a blackberry to be seen, and today there are none, uless you count the ones that grow over the fence from the neigbouring blocks! Anyway, thats the perfect excuse for buying in bulk/concentrate: you're clearing a block of noxious(sp?) weeds. The original patent for glyphophate as a herbicide can be found here (http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser%3FSect1=PTO1%26Sect2=HITOFF%26d=PALL%26p=1% 26u=/netahtml/srchnum.htm%26r=1%26f=G%26l=50%26s1=4,405,531.WKU. %26OS=PN/4,405,531%26RS=PN /4,405,531). Edit: No idea why that last link doesnt come up... oh well, copy and paste. <small>[ March 17, 2003, 08:14 AM: Message edited by: metafractal ]

simply RED

March 19th, 2003, 01:15 PM

The fight against the pest has always been a challenge. Thats why they use lambda cyhalothrine- aka "Karate" pesticide. Acts on the nerve ion channels LD-50 50mg/kg (in my experience with rodents even lower). Sold as 2,5%, could be easily purifed to 99,9%. Dimethoate, known as Bi-58, organophosphoric insecticide, LD-50 for humans 100mg/kg, no matter how high they claim to be, there were multiple suicides with this during last years in eastern europe. No smell, no colour...Sold widely to everyone. Both dimthoate and L-cyhalothrine are solid (when more than 90%). Dimekron, liquid mass, extremely high toxic, organophopsphoric insecticide 10 times more toxic than dimethoate. (Don't know if its still widely sold). For efective "pest" control, a mix of drugs and (or) medicines could be used. It is claimed that a mix of ecstasy and LSD can lead to tremendous psychic and physic disorder. Also MDMA + alcohol does well, organoposphates + liver demaging drugs. Just see what ferment destroys your poison and mix it with something that destroys the ferment. A mix of dimethoate and methamphetamine will be nice, since the the methamphetamine will release "adrenalin" and this will make the tremors caused by the Bi-58 deadlier. <small>[ March 19, 2003, 12:37 PM: Message edited by: simply RED ]

80r15

March 19th, 2003, 08:17 PM

I was browsing around my local Home Depot when some pesticides caught my eye. There was so much selection and so many different ingredients... I was just curious if anyone has tried purifying the pesticides, and if not, what is the most posionous OTC pesticide ingredient.. PS- if you are interested in pesticides, I would recomend "Silent Spring" by Rachel Carson... IF you skip over the useless, tree-hugging hippie crap you can find some interesting information about various pesticides, there creations, etc..

simply RED

March 20th, 2003, 12:38 PM

To purify pesticide you can : 1.evaporate the solvent(so i did with the karate). 2.Add something that is super soluble in the solvent, and the toxic ingredient is not soluble in. The same process as adding ammonium nitrate to chlorine water, or adding alcohol to KCN solution. The "pesticide" will chrystalize. You can also add something that dissolves the active ingredient, but the solvent is not sluble in. Then separate the layers and purify next. 3. Turn the pesticide into susupension and use filtering with micromembrane. 4. Absorb the toxic ingredient with something or use paper chromatography. Gather as much info as possible for the whole product. Perform operations safe and effective!

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September 22nd, 2007, 01:14 AM

If were one to administer it in appropriate amounts, paraquat causes death. Cases involving paraquat ingestion associated with suicide attempts or homicide attempts (mostly in SE Asia) have shown that given a sufficient dose, death from pulmonary fibrosis is inevitable, despite such heroic measures as (multiple in some cases) heart-lung transplants.

PAC

September 22nd, 2007, 02:28 PM

@metafractal: your link doesn´t work. The original patent is US 3799758, a shorter version can be found in "Scientific principles of improvised warfare and home defense Vol.5", page 4-52 (The patent is also in the reference archive I uploaded some time ago.)

ultma

September 23rd, 2007, 08:35 PM

If were one to administer it in appropriate amounts, paraquat causes death. there was a case here in NZ awhile back where "accidental poisoning occurred" the wife of the victim had poured a measure of paraquat in a glass for dilution, the husband filled the un-rinsed glass with water for a drink - the residue had not been washed out - he died. interesting is that high dose Vitamin C will protect against paraquat if taken before exposure but if taken after it will hasten your demise something to do with the Fenton cycle and free radical generation. But I think paraquat is very hard to come by here in NZ, great properties as a herbicide, breaks down fast in presence of light, fast acting etc, just too damn toxic for the sheeple.

PAC

November 10th, 2007, 06:38 PM

I now got "The pesticide manual". There is another patent mentioned (US4315765 Trialkylsulfonium salts of n-phosphonomethylglycine and their use...). By the way, Roundup contains 480g/l glyphosphate-isopropylammonium. Does anyone need the details from "the pesticide manual - a world compendium"?

Enkidu

November 10th, 2007, 09:26 PM

If it's digital, yes please.

PAC

November 10th, 2007, 09:59 PM

Glyphosate (http://rapidshare.com/files/68871312/G.rar.html) from: The pesticide manual, a world compendium, 9th Edition vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and Weapons Forum > Chemistry for Amateur Experimenters and Citizen Scientists Chemistry > Improvised Chemical Weapons

View Full Version : Improvised Chemical Weapons Viper4403

> Battlefield Log in

May 9th, 2001, 02:01 AM

I'm working on a file for chemical agents, and am trying to add some improvised ones. If anyone has any ideas can you please post and help me out. I need a) the name and chemicals involved in making whatever it is. b) what it does to the target. c) how it can be made (preferably home-made). d) can it be protected against? e) any other important notes, such as if there is a special delivery method, or if the agent is only effective on certain people. The types of agents I need are : Irritants (things like teargas, vomitgas) Incapacitants (make you unable to function) Blistering Agents (burn the skin) Casualty Agents (Lethal) Toxins (organic or similar types of poison) Also, as an added ittem, I am looking for new types of home-made improvised weapons. Anything that can be made out of simple materials in a short amount of time. Anyone who comes up with something I use can have their name in print as the source. So ham it up guys. I already am working on GHB as an incapacitating agent, but need to do more research. Any input?

Thanks for anything you contribute.

FadeToBlackened

May 9th, 2001, 06:33 PM

Well, most lachrymators ARE vesicants to a degree, not so much as mustard gas though. CN and CS are 2 examples, as is Chloroacetone. All 'considered' tear gas (lachrymators) but all are vesicants. ...oh btw, the only protection you can get from mustard gas is (to my knowledge) wearing a gas mask (for respiratory system) and Not letting it touch your skin. You can survive nerve gas attacks if treated fast enough (which is with 500mg of some stuff i dont remember and 2mg of atropine. It works to reactivate the cholinesterase and something else, like slow the effect of the agent or something.. dont remember) ...And even if it's not listed as a CW agent, it can be useful. You'd be surprised with what a little white phosphorus can do. It is pyrophoric, but find an efficient way of delivering it to the target and you'll have a weapon of nerve gas toxicity. VX (most toxic synthetic substance to my knowledge) is 5 or 10 mg. WP is ~15mg. [This message has been edited by FadeToBlackened (edited May 09, 2001).]

Agent Blak

May 9th, 2001, 10:14 PM

There is always good ole' Cl gas, Hydrogen Cyanide(HCN? Easy to make ask if you don't know how?), Phosegene, Vapourize Capsism(OC, extract from Peppers). I don't know what it is called but it is colourless gas that forms when Lime-Away and Chlorine Bleach are mixed(Don't think it is chlorine because chlorine is green...right?) NBK has a process in the PDF for Mustard Gas that He Claims work(Never Tried). HCl(aq) mix with Al puts off a fog like gas(not sure it it is poisonous).

-----------------A wise man once said: "...There Will Be No Stand Off At High Noon ... Shoot'em In The Back And, Shoot'em In The Dark" Agent Blak-------OUT!!

Agent Blak

May 9th, 2001, 10:24 PM

Ps. Ethly Mercaptin(Hydrogen Sulfide{H2S?} bubbled through Ethyl Alcohol) I am sure will be very affective for clearing buildings

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and It is poisonous if the concentartion is High enough. *wink

Alchemist

May 9th, 2001, 10:40 PM

I like Bromoacetone CH2BRCOCH3 better than Chloroacetone! It's made by treating Acetone with Bromine and Sodium or Potassium Chlorate as a catalyst at 30 to 40 degrees C. Bromine can be made by distilling delute Sulfuric acid (Battery acid) and Sodium Bromide (Pool Supplies) with Manganese Dioxide (Carbon/Zinc batteries [the black powder]) as a catalyst. P.S.1, This stuff is toxic! P.S.2, Anyone else know how to make any other Mercaptins easily? P.S., Agent black, do ya have any more info on that Ethly Mercaptin? ------------------

[This message has been edited by Alchemist (edited May 09, 2001).] [This message has been edited by Alchemist (edited May 09, 2001).]

Agent Blak

May 10th, 2001, 12:10 AM

No... to my knowledge you just bubble it through untill it stops absorbing H2S.

CragHack

May 10th, 2001, 12:29 AM

HCl(aq) mix with Al puts off a fog like gas(not sure it it is poisonous). i believe that be good ol' H<sub>2 gas my friend. Al is considered an active metal, and of course HCl is a mineral acid. not exactly a CW when considering the company it has to keep. But hey if you only breath in H<sub>2 and no O<sub>2 then i guess you are fucked. Best if lit though, nice fireball. I believe you see it as cloudy because of water vapor present in the gas. No big deal. -----------------"If you must, do it with intelligent people, at least they know how to talk to the cops." [This message has been edited by CragHack (edited May 09, 2001).]

Viper4403

May 10th, 2001, 12:47 AM

Substances I have concluded as viable thus far (improvised and invented) : CS (Teargas) Chloropicrin (PS) (Vomit Gas)Diphenylchloroarsine (DA) Formaldehyde (Tearing) Distilled Mustard (Blistering) Cyanogen Chloride (CK) (LETHAL) GHB (Incapacitant) Mercury (as a toxin) This is a list of items I am either 100% sure will be added to my file, or I am still researching. So please exclude these from your suggestions, except for advice on how to synthesize GHB, and its delivery as a weapon. More to come, thanks.

NightStalker

May 10th, 2001, 02:52 PM

Crag: hcl and al is a combination that works.. you're right that the chemical reaction produces no real toxic fumes but the heat vaporises big amounts of hcl, that form an agressive acid cloud. if you inhalated this it'll fuck up your lungs, eyes, nose etc... a good method of usung this is to make a glass jar full of hcl, wrapped in at least 30 layers of al foil. a small(!!!) charge in it breaks the jar and reaction starts... i once removed my mask too early after trying this, it was like sniffing the fumes over a bottle of hcl... and my charge had been ignited 10 minutes ago, in a small wooden building that had large windows with no glass in it... -----------------Death stalks silently....

jin

May 10th, 2001, 03:30 PM

i read somewhwere that selenium dioxide can be used as a toxic lung irritant and can easliy be made by adding selenium powder to a gunpowder type mix.the selenium dioxide being spread with the gunpowder gases in a inclosed space to damage the lungs of anybody inside the building.not sure how toxic it is

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Foodos

May 10th, 2001, 05:37 PM

GHB delivery is very easy, its through ingestion or injection, most common is ingestion, I say common, because it is becoming the most common "date rape" drug. People drop it into someones drink, and in 2 hours or less (I believe, though it depends on the grade or efficiency it was manufactured under) the victim of GHB goes to 'sleep' for 6hrs plus, it effectively knocks people out. It isn't skin porous though, I haven't seen, heard, found any reports on it being such.

FadeToBlackened

May 10th, 2001, 06:06 PM

And as far as biological toxins go, if you could get it, botulinum toxin A would be the way to go. Something on the order of .001mg (i read that somewhere..ill post it later) is lethal.

Agent Blak

May 11th, 2001, 01:14 AM

What about Mixing GHB with DMSO(50/50 maybe) then vapourize it with an atomizer, or you could shoot them with it out of a Water pistol or the like. How fast does it take some one down if it is introducewd into the blood stream?

-----------------A wise man once said: "...There Will Be No Stand Off At High Noon ... Shoot'em In The Back And, Shoot'em In The Dark" Agent Blak-------OUT!!

Viper4403

May 11th, 2001, 03:23 PM

What about other "street" drugs as weapons? How about MDMA (Exstacy)? It has some euphoric/hallucinogenic effects I believe.

FadeToBlackened

May 11th, 2001, 06:16 PM

Or some LSD maybe, its supposedly one of the most psychoactive substances known.

Agent Blak

May 11th, 2001, 06:40 PM

It also takes very little LSD to get the desired effect. -----------------A wise man once said: "...There Will Be No Stand Off At High Noon ... Shoot'em In The Back And, Shoot'em In The Dark" Agent Blak-------OUT!!

BoB-

May 11th, 2001, 06:45 PM

Agent Blak, the liquid GHB is usually more concentrated, OD's of this stuff cause coma or death. LSD or D-lysergic acid diethylamide, (C20H25N3O) would be evil as a weapon, when you drop acid you know what your taking, and can mentally prepare yourself for the journey, being randomly injected with the stuff would insure a bad trip. Found this on the Lycaeum (http://www.lycaeum.org/live) Dosage: Oral Threshhold- 10-50 ug Mild- 50-100 ug Medium- 100-250 ug Strong- 250-500 ug "Saturation Dose"- 500-1000ug and up A "standard" dose is canonically held to be 100 mcg, but the average "hit" sold today is typically around 50-75 mcg according to DEA analyses, in contrast with what are believed to be much higher doses (around 250 mcg) when LSD first appeared on the black market in the late 1960s Smoked Despite persistent uninformed reports of "pot laced with LSD", LSD cannot be smoked. It is destroyed by heat. Can any of the psychonauts confirm the average "hit" being 50-70 mcg? I'm more likely to beileve a dealer/maker than the DEA http://theforum.virtualave.net/ubb/smilies/biggrin.gif

Agent Blak

May 11th, 2001, 09:10 PM

How much Insulan(Sp?) does it take to induce unconsiousness? This I think could be very useful for kidnapping someone and not leaving drugs in their system(Insulan is naturally occuring). You could administer it via a BlowPipe/Dart.

------------------

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter A wise man once said: "...There Will Be No Stand Off At High Noon ... Shoot'em In The Back And, Shoot'em In The Dark" Agent Blak-------OUT!!

Gollum

May 11th, 2001, 09:56 PM

Insulin smells like shit though anyone with diabetes would know what it is. (Lots of people have it something like 1 or 3 in 10 people over age of 20).

PYRO500

May 12th, 2001, 01:11 AM

the problem with acid is that it takes around 30-45 min to work through the skin, however, like the fuckholes on the street that take it by eye it could work in around 5 min, this could blind someone though. as for the production of acid forget what you hear about beer containing ergot and hawiann baby woodrose seeds containing lsd, they dont, however, if you are willing to pay exorbant prices and get usda shipping forms filled out you can extract crude lysergic(sp)acid from them, take note that this all has to take place in a darkroom under stabe tempature. now insulin, it would ake a ton to knock a normal person out, this stuff effects dieabetics worse beacuse they cannot regulate their blood sugar very well, also the amount needed to take down a person could easily kill them beacuse you dont just pass out, you go into a coma, a big syringe of insulin would make a normal person woozy like they havent eaten in a while but it is not likely to be a canadate of blow guns, and they could test for it if they saw that the person died of lack of sugar to cells. a better poisin for blowgun darts is ketemene I beleve that can be taken through muscle tissue

Viper4403

May 12th, 2001, 10:59 AM

I wouldn't believe anything the DEA said that wasn't independently verified. What about the rumors that LSD was created by the US government AS a chemical weapon? GHB looks promising. Does anyone have any tips regarding synthesis? Is it fairly easy?

nbk2000

May 12th, 2001, 12:04 PM

Insulin is unusable as a "stun" weapon because the difference between a dose with no effect, coma, and death, is only a few milligrams. Doctors used to use it as a psychiatric treatment, "insulin shock", but stopped because of excessive fatalities. Succinylcholine chloride is better for paralyzing a victim because an effective dose is only 10 milligrams, effective in about 10 seconds. The paralysis wears off in about 3 minutes, leaving the victim too weak to fight. You cuff 'em and hog tie them before then of course. A lethal dose is about 10x as much as the effective dose, which is plenty of margin. The reaction between HCl acid and aluminum produces hydrogen, but also a lot of heat that boils the acid, releasing gaseous HCl. That's the visible cloud part of it. Cadmium is easier to get then selenium, being iside rechargable nicad batteries. It's a spiraled foil inside, like a ho-ho.

-----------------"The knowledge that they fear is a weapon to be used against them" Go here (http://members.nbci.com/angelo_444/dload.html) to download the NBK2000 website PDF. Go here (http://briefcase.yahoo.com/nbk2k) to download the NBK2000 videos.

hodehum

May 14th, 2001, 07:48 AM

Here is some information on all kninds of chem weapons (well maybe not all) http://www.opcw.nl/chemhaz/cwagents.htm

frostfire

May 15th, 2001, 04:36 PM

hey, back in the paranoia days, I always think that bacteria is the best bio weapon.. suppose you put 5 mg or about 500.000 collonies of anthrax or botulinum in a WELL SEALED evian bottle (and antidote of course), put it in the jacket 'n go in the airport.....I believe only pcychist can only detect it then. In the destined country, make a sealed compartment in a garage (sealed double glass wall with UV light and vacuum middle space), put 3 stages door with bleach in the door step and decontamination. Then put a lot of petri disk agar media in jar containers and start growing.....in one hour with human fever temperature, bacteria can grow to hundreds of its original colonies number.....so in a week, you have enough amount to cause almost unimaginable hazard.. Got the idea from the Ebola team back in the Sudan/Zaire outbreak + ......

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Foodos

May 15th, 2001, 06:22 PM

Speaking of Ebola, that would have to be the most lethal virus I can think of, biologically, it can kill you 9/10 times, a ton of other shit. If you wanted to take out the world, just fly over the country with a large container of Ebola Zaire (Zaire is the most lethal) with a detonator in the center, and detonate it over the jet stream in maybe 3 different parts of the world, then hide underground. (ala 12 monkeys, but all animals would be dead most likely)

BaDSeeD

May 15th, 2001, 10:30 PM

Ok guys... first off, Ebola (Zaire if you wish) would make a piss poor biological weapon. You failed to realize that Ebola is NOT airborne. There is the "legendary" strain known as Ebola Zaire Mayinga (sp) but it has never been captured, or proven to exist. This strain was named, and assumed to be airborne, because a very competent, and careful nurse had caught this strain. She was never known to be careless around needles, and is doubtful that she was having relations with a patient that had Ebola (ewww). This is how it was assumed to be airborne, as it can only be transmitted through bodily fluids. Unfortunately no samples were saved for study, or exploitation. And anyhow... Ebola isn't all that lethal anyhow. However if your looking for toxicity, pure botulism (sp again) is the most toxic substance known to man. There is said to be less than a teaspoon worth of pure botulism anywhere on the planet at one time (in nature). It is also said that a few ounces would be enough to kill nearly every living organism on the planet. Luckily (however you look at it), it is very fragile, and among the many things that kills it, sunlight is one of them.

-----------------BaDSeeD Knowledge is the true power, ignorance will bring your demise.

BaDSeeD

May 15th, 2001, 10:51 PM

I should rephrase that slightly. Botulinum neurotoxin is the most toxic substance known, however it is created by the botulism bacteria. There are several classifications... but i'm not going to do all that typing.

PYRO500

May 15th, 2001, 10:51 PM

botulisim dosent even compare to cone shell venom, and even that is less toxic than the most toxic substances.

Foodos

May 16th, 2001, 04:58 PM

there was a theory that Ebola Reston (USA outbreak) was airboarn, two monkey cages were across the room, one cage was infected, the other wasnt, their was never any contact between the two monkeys, and the opposing non-infected cage contracted the virus later on, though it could have been from the monkey spitting, it is a very likely possibility with the variety of the virus. I concede its not the most dangerous/deadly, appears so from virology studies pertaining to humans (as in # of outbreaks/scale/time) since if it were just number ofoutbreaks and scale, aids would take it.

frostfire

May 16th, 2001, 07:01 PM

yum if a terrorist want to do bad things in USA, why not explode the central desease control (CDC) hmmmm, is it Atlanta or Maryland.....the one mentoned in Hot Zone

BaDSeeD

May 18th, 2001, 01:23 AM

Pyro500 I think they asked what is the most toxic biological. I'm not sure a venom falls into that catagory. Ok... here's a question. Whats the most toxic substance on earth, manmade and naturally occuring? Whats the virus/bacteria (airborn... suitable for a bioweapon) with the highest mortality rate? I've tried to look online... but in my drunken state... i'm not having much luck (well maybe not drunken... but certainly buzzed).

-----------------BaDSeeD Knowledge is the true power, ignorance will bring your demise.

BoB-

May 18th, 2001, 08:33 AM

I'd have to say that form of the plague in the Blackdeath known as "pnuemonic". Its been theorized that the pnuemonic plague is responsible for most of the casualties in the black death, probably because its contagious. Its nearly always fatal.

CragHack

May 18th, 2001, 11:29 AM

are you sure you are not thinking of the "bubonic" plauge? i am not sure that there was a pnumonic plauge. All be it, the bubonic plauge, or the black death as you call it, was airborne (or is airborne) -----------------"If you must, do it with intelligent people, at least they know how to talk to the cops."

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May 18th, 2001, 04:44 PM

the airborn version of the virus is called the pnuemonic version, that is the bubonic plague became airborn after mutating

Bitter

May 19th, 2001, 03:42 AM

Saddam Insane supposedly has a hybrid version of ebola that had the airborne characteristics of anthrax.

PYRO500

May 19th, 2001, 01:30 PM

isn't he working on something they cal camel pox?

CodeMason

May 21st, 2001, 01:55 AM

The organo-phosphorus compounds are the most toxic neurotoxins (nerve gasses) known. (Seleno-carbamates are more toxic than VX, but their physical properties make them unsuitable for military useage. NBK2000) In this class is VX (0-ethyl S-(2diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothioate), which is one of the deadliest chemicals known, second deadliest nerve gas would be Sarin, then Tumbin (Did you mean "Tabun"? NBK2000). These can be destroyed by incineration, and the antidote consists of atropine and diazepam (valium). The most toxic substances known to man are: TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) and Botulinum (made by that bacteria) toxin. The best improvised toxic agent would probably be hydrogen cyanide, which is a synch to make, is corrosive, and one inhalation is enough to kill you (many field secret agents died this way, whilst making it from apple seeds.) (Apple seeds is not a viable means of production. NBK2000) [This message has been edited by nbk2000 (edited May 24, 2001).]

Machiavelli

May 21st, 2001, 01:38 PM

Originally posted by CodeMason: The organo-phosphorus compounds are the most toxic neurotoxins (nerve gasses) known. A neurotoxin is not the same as a nerve gas and organo-phosphorous compounds are not the most toxic neurotoxins, they are just the most useful ones from a military point of view. Considerations for an improvised attack might be different. In this class is VX (0-ethyl S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothioate), which is one of the deadliest chemicals known, second deadliest nerve gas would be Sarin, then Tumbin. These can be destroyed by incineration, and the antetode consists of atropine and diazepam (valium). There's neither tumbin, nor an antetode, if you're dealing with dangerous substances, you have to be a lot more precise or at least use the fucking spellchecker! The best improvised toxic agent would probably be hydrogen cyanide, which is a synch to make, is corrosive, and one inhalation is enough to kill you (many field secret agents died this way, whilst making it from apple seeds.) Where did you learn the part with the apple seeds? Mc Gyver? [This message has been edited by Machiavelli (edited May 21, 2001).]

Viper4403

May 21st, 2001, 03:33 PM

Batrachotoxin (from the Poison Arrow Frog) is also quite lethal, and has no antidote. I have included this in my research, but it is probably not useful for most as we can't guaranteee the availability of the frogs.

jin

May 21st, 2001, 08:13 PM

found some info on cyanide from seeds and nuts. www.ansci.cornell.edu/courses/as625/1998term/Koepke/amygdalin.html (http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/courses/as625/ 1998term/Koepke/amygdalin.html) i read somewhere mercuric chloride is more toxic by weight than potassium cyanide and easy to make from mercury thermometers i saw a tv programe where they distilled cabbages and onions to get a crude mustard gas has anybody got info on the process.

[This message has been edited by jin (edited May 21, 2001).]

simply RED What is the chemical formula of ethyl mercaptin? -----------------NO POLICE, NO SUMMONS, NO COURTS OF LAW NO PROPER PROCEDURE, NO RULES OF WAR NO MITIGATING CIRCUMSTANCE NO LAWYERS FEES, NO SECOND CHANCE! SEPULTURA [This message has been edited by simply RED (edited May 28, 2001).]

May 27th, 2001, 08:07 AM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter ANTI-SYSTEM

June 10th, 2001, 11:10 PM

Iv made the acid +Al thing mentioned by putting it into a bottle of some sort and put a small hole in the cap so the gas can escape preventing it from exploding. it gives off H and vaporized HCL which can be rather effective if used indoors. After all even getting a wif of the fumes from the bottle of acid can cause a person to start gagging. well thats what id use. i cant realy remember where i got this poison thing. Nor do i know if all of them work. i do know that some of the plants are poisonous from the fact that thay caused my dog to puke his gutts out after he decited to try a rather small sample of it. and ohter reasons. Sorry its all fuked up but thats how it gets coppied A List of Plant Poisons Autumn Crocus: The bulbs cause vomiting and nervous excitement. Azaleas: All parts produce nausea, vomiting, respiratory distress, prostration and coma. Fatal. Be Still Tree: All parts produce lower blood pulse, vomiting and shock. Fatal. Bleeding Hearts: Foliage and roots, fatal in large amounts. Buttercups: All parts may severely injure the digestive system. Camara: Green berries affects lungs, kidneys, heart and nervous system. Fatal. Campanilla : Be Still Tree (q.v.) Camotillo: Deadly Toxic. (Solanine) Fatal. Castor Beans: Produces vomiting, purgation, delirioun and coma. Contains ricin. Fatal. Common Oleander: All parts toxicc attacks heart. Fatal. Cherries: Wild and domestic twigs and foliage. Releases cyanide when eaten. Shortness of breath, excitement and fainting within minutes. Fatal. China Berry Tree: Attacks nervous system via fruit. Narcotic. China Tree: China Berry Tree (q.v.) Crab's Eye: Seeds, subcutaneous emplacement. Fatal within four hours. Crow Fig: Seed produce convulsions. Contains strychnine and brucine. Daphne: Berries have killed children. Fatal. Diefenbachia: All parts produce burning and irritation to tongue and mouth. Swollen tongue may block throat death can occur. (Under circustances, fatal.) Divine Mushroom: Produces hyper sensitivity, hallucinations and melancholia for several hours. Deliriant. Dutchman's Breeches: Bleeding Hearts (q.v.) Dumb Cane: Diefenbachia (q.v.) East Indian Snakewood: Produces convulsions. Contains strychnine and brucine. (Death possible due to exhaustion.) Elderberry: All parts except berry produce vomiting and digestive distress. Elephant Ear: Diefenbachia (q.v.) False Upas Tree: All parts produce convulsions. Contains strychnine and brucine. (Death possibel due to exhaustion.) Fish Poison Tree: Excites nervous system, causes spasms followed by deep sleep. Contains piscidine. Foxglove: Leaves stimulate the heart. Contains digitalis. Produces circulation disorder and confusion; may be fatal. Gabon Arrow Poison: Produces incapacitation through vomiting and purgation. Contains strophanthin and incine. Gloriosa Superba: All parts contain narcotic superbine and deadly poison colchicine (fatal dose 3 grains). Golden Chain: Bean-like seed capsules induce staggering, convulsions and coma. May be fatal. Guiana Poison Tree: CURARE taken from bark. Contains curare, strychnine and brucine. Produces respiratory collapse. Fatal - 1 hour. Hyacinth: Bulbs produce vomiting and purgation. Exhaustion may be fatal. Ipecacuanha: Root is powerful emetic also depressant. Iris: Stems cause severe but not fatal digestive distress. Jack-in-the-Pulpit: Roots contain crystals of calcium oxalate that cause intense irritation to mouth and tongue (similar to dumbcane) Jamaican Dogwood: Fish Poison Tree (q.v.) Jasmine: The berries produce severe nervous and digestive upest. Can ve Fatal. Jequiritz Bean: Crav's Eye (q.v.) Jimson Weed: All parts cause delirium. Has proven fatal. Kachita: Crow Fig (q.v.) Lantana: Camara (q.v.) Larkspur: Seeds and young plants produce severe nervous and digestive upset. May be fatal. Laurels: Azaleas (q.v.) Mayapple: Roots contain 16 active toxic substances. Fruit may cause diarrhea. Mexican Tuber: Camotillo (q.v.) Mistletoe: Berries - Fatal. Monkshood: Roots produce digestive upset and nervous excitement. Moonseed: Berries may be fatal. Narcissus: Hyacinth (q.v.) Nightshade: Unrie berries produce intense digesive and nervous upset. Fatal. Nux Vomica Tree: Crow Fig (q.v.) Oaks: Foliage and acorns affect kidneys; symptoms delayed days or weeks. Pain and discomfort. Oleander: Leaves and branches produce upset and induce heart attacks. Fatal. Extremely poisonous. Ololiuqui: Jimson Weed (q.v.) Poinsettia: Leaves Fatal. (One leaf will kill a child.) Poison Hemlock: All parts. Used as an executionary plant in ancient times. Fatal. Poison Ivy: Milky sap is skin irritant. Contains toxicodendrol. Poison Nut: Crow Fig (q.v.) Poison Tanghin: Causes voniting purgation and paralysis a.k.a. Ordeal Tree for obvious reasons. Contains cerberin and tanghinine.

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May be fatal. Potato: Vines and foliage produce severe digestive and nervous disorers. Contains alkaloid poisons. Pride of India: China Berry Tree (q.v.) Psychic Nut: Raw seeds produce violent purgation; death caused by exhaustion. Red Sage: Camara (q.v.) Rhubarb: Leaf blade produces convulsions followed by coma. Fatal. (large amounts, raw or cooked) Rosary Pea: A single pea has caused death. Castor Bean (q.v.) St. Ignatius' Bean: Produces convulsions. Contains brucine. Star of Bethlehem: Bulbs cause vomiting and nervous excitement. Thorne Apple: Jimson Weed(q.v.) Common cause of poisoning. Tomato: Vines and foliage produce digestive upset and nervous disorder. Related to Nightshade (q.v.) Contains alkaloid poisons. Trailing Poison Oak: Poison Ivy (q.v.) Upas Tree: Milky sap produces vomiting purgation and paralysis. Contains antiarin and used as arrow poison (Malaya). Fatal. Water Hemlock: All parts produce violent and painful convulsions. Many have died from Water Hemlock poisoning. Fatal. White Wooly Kombe Bean: Gabon Arrow Poison (q.v.) Wisteria: Seeds, pods produce digestive upset Yellow Oleander: Be Still Tree (q.v.) Yew: Foliage. Death occurs without any preliminary symptoms. Fatal. HELP STOP THE POPULATION EXPLOSION . . . POISON SOME ASSHOLE TODAY!

DarkAngel

June 11th, 2001, 09:11 PM

I heard on TV show ones that the peel of a nutmeg is very lethal and ...Mg? can kill ...People?(I can't remember how much and how many ppl it can kill) Does anyone knows more about this? -----------------DarkAngel For explosives and stuff go to Section1 http://www.section1.f2s.com And http://run.to/section1 (http://www.run.to/section1) [email protected]

CragHack

June 11th, 2001, 09:43 PM

pointsettas are very deadly. To humans and household pets. Disguise yourself as a caterer, put a few leaves in a V.I.P.'s salad and you are in business. -----------------"If you must, do it with intelligent people, at least they know how to talk to the cops."

cutefix

June 12th, 2001, 07:39 AM

The issue is on chemical weapons.I think Hydrocyanic acid as a fog would be lethal as will as the old fashioned chlorine gas which was well tested during World war I.It is hard to obtain or synthesize the very deadly sarin,soman,tabun or the most dreaded VX from commonly materials.

Agent Blak

June 13th, 2001, 09:36 PM

No doubt... you can't expect to be able generate exotic Chemical weapons in your home. But what is wrong with HCN, Cl2, or phosgene? they are all tried and true. If you are 10 feet away a 12 guage shell in a 3/4" pipe will kill just aswell as a .45ACP, plus the 12guage is easier to come by and so is the pipe. -----------------A wise man once said: "...There Will Be No Stand Off At High Noon ... Shoot'em In The Back And, Shoot'em In The Dark" Agent Blak-------OUT!!

cutefix

June 13th, 2001, 11:16 PM

Hello Dark angel,The active component of Nutmeg and Mace is Myristicin(It has a narcotic effect).When I was travelling to saudi arabia I realize it was banned to sell this spices.This arabs have very strict drug laws,before it was available but people love to mix nutmeg in tea and there was a strong effect in the central nervous system(causing hallucinations etc.),the cleric and the authorities were worried so an edict was issued banning it.

Anthony

June 13th, 2001, 11:33 PM

How toxic is hydrogen sulfide? It's easy to make but I'm wondering whether it's deadly enough to be considered a weapon? There have been cases of people farting in their sleep and then dying from inhaling the gas...

X-5

June 14th, 2001, 12:12 AM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Hello forum... Im fairly new here and it seems you all have a far better understanding of chem/bio warfare than me but here goes... Viper have you considered Biological agents? Botulism is a nasty thing and s quite simple to make. Also breeds rapidly under the right conditions, say a town/city water supply in a deep dark well... A mason jar filled with store bought mushrooms,smeared with soil and filled to the very brim (to avoid any air pockets) can be left in a dark area (NO sunlight,no oxygen) for 4-8 weeks producing several grams of fairly concentrated botulin-carrying mushrooms...Deluxe pizza anyone?

PYRO500

June 14th, 2001, 12:23 AM

Botulisim is moderately hard to make beacuse you have to keep it from air and not hot enough to kill it and it dies very quickly when exposed to air. how about a Brugmansia plant (aka angles trumpet) it is a fairly potent hallucinigen and can be fatal if too much is taken. it is very easy to make and only needs the plant witch all parts contain the toxin. the plant grows in the southeast region of the US, mainly florida. all that is needed is some of parts of the plant to be boiled in water making a potent tea witch can be drunk and cause hallucinations and in high doses death. it has a strong taste so a masking aid is needed (posion koolaid anyone?)

ANTI-SYSTEM

June 14th, 2001, 01:36 AM

i started to heear about the trumpet a while back seems every time i do hear about it is because the person died or went into a comma from it. also causes cesures.

PYRO500

June 14th, 2001, 01:59 AM

there's a few plants like it some are deadlyer than others, but it usually requires a large dose in a short time to do that

Machiavelli

June 14th, 2001, 06:27 AM

Originally posted by Anthony: How toxic is hydrogen sulfide? It's easy to make but I'm wondering whether it's deadly enough to be considered a weapon? There have been cases of people farting in their sleep and then dying from inhaling the gas... The stories about people dying from their farts are just urban folklore, to my knowledge. But hydrogen sulfide is a very strong nerve toxin. While it has a very strong smell in small concentrations, you can't smell it, if the concentration is too high, because it can paralyze the nasal nerves. Even though it's disgusting smell normally prevents people from overexposure, there have been a couple of deadly accidents, eg one worker who died, after he got a cloud of H2S in the face, when he opened a reaction vessel.

Mr Cool

June 14th, 2001, 12:37 PM

Well H2S is very easy to make. Put a powdered sulphide (iron and copper are good) into conc. H2SO4, and you'll get loads of it bubbling out extremely fast. Why not a cloud of chloroform or chloral? It'd knock people out, they'll lie there and breath in more and die if the dose is large enough. Or if you want to poison a drink put a few mL of concenttrated chloral hydrate solution into it (dissolved in ethanol). It'll be the same: they'll collapse and die shortly if you use enough. A good one is the well-known hemlock. Get the seeds, and do an alkaloid extraction on them (the kind with the acid, the base, and the polar and non-polar solvents. The alkaloid dissolves in one solvent, then it's acidified or maybe basified and dissolved into the other solvent blah blah blah. Erowid.org will have instructions). This will get you a very deadly mix of alkaloids, inluding things such as coneiine which is very toxic. Or combinations of MAO inhibitors... Or a cloud of plutonium dust! 1 gram can kill 20000 people if they inhale it!

ANTI-SYSTEM

June 14th, 2001, 03:33 PM

I also believe wood alcohol is a good toxin for it can be hiidden with normal alcohol. once in the body it turns to Fermeldahide. death occurs in 5days to a week.

Anthony

June 14th, 2001, 05:39 PM

Wood alcohol is mathanol. Methanol is toxic but the cure is ethanol, which is drinking alcohol. Because the body prefers to break down ethanol, the methanol is only broken down slowly so doesn't become lethal. Ethanol is drinking alcohol, so putting methanol in an alcoholic drink won't work (may if you put loads in it would), beer is a mixture of ethanol and methanol. Is hydogen sulfide of comparable toxicity to hydrogen cyanide?

PYRO500

June 14th, 2001, 05:44 PM

that was on americas most wanted was it not? the problem with that is that it may not kill you and it takes a while to die in witch you can be cured. also it repordedly tastes bad and only a desprate person would not refuse it

cutefix Toxicity comparison of Hydogen cyanide and hydrogen sulfide:

June 15th, 2001, 01:41 AM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter HCN - 300 ppm cause immediate death. H2S - 800 ppm cause immediate death.

Anthony

June 15th, 2001, 03:03 PM

Thanks, they still use a bucket of H2SO4 and drop sodium cyanide into it to execute people (they are strapped to a chair and the bucket is at their feet). So I dare say it would work with H2S. An idea would be a H2S pressure bottle "bomb", put some metal suphide in the bottle, when ready pour in some acid, cap the bottle and drop it in a bin in a crowded shopping centre/school corridor - bang! big cloud of H2S released.

frostfire

June 15th, 2001, 03:47 PM

just recently found a population of black widows here......hmmmm, death by accidents? is Sodium cyanide a freely sold chemical? (Not unless you live in Nevada where it's used in heap leaching. NBK2000)

[This message has been edited by nbk2000 (edited June 15, 2001).]

PYRO500

June 16th, 2001, 09:44 PM

the way they do gas chamber executions in the us is they have a bed or chair over metal grating and a plastic tray witch is filled with HCL and the tablets are dropped in when the time comes and no phone calls come in. at least that's the way in the us.

simply RED

June 17th, 2001, 05:03 PM

Another way to make H2S in big quantities: Add solid parafine(wax) to sulphur (1:1 in mass) in a retort( you could use every kind of suitable container of course). Heat the mixture. It starts to melt and H2S gas starts to form. The H2S forms according to the reaction: CnH2n+2 + (n+1)S=(n+1)H2S +nC You could fill a container with the gas or better to make it liquid(What is the temperature/pressure that the H2S goes liquid?) I m m a g ine ho w good will be to spread liquid H2S on someone s face http://theforu m.virtualave.net/ubb/smilies/smile.gif .

[This message has been edited by simply RED (edited June 17, 2001).]

CragHack

June 17th, 2001, 05:31 PM

Can you use something such as Aluminum sulphate, dropped in sulphuric acid to produce H<sub>2S? I found this info while i was searching the internet for the characteristics of H<sub>2S, Characteristics for Hydrogen-sulphide -Very poisonous and kills in small amounts. -At very low concentrations of less than 10-100 ppm, it gives off unpleasant odor - like to rotten eggs. -At 100 ppm the gas kills the sense of smell in 3-15 minutes and will cause you to cough or your eyes to water. -Over 100 ppm your eyes and throat may begin to sting. -At 200 ppm, your eyes and throat will begin to burn. and you will get Headaches. -Heavier than air. -Invisible. -Highly explosive. -Can destroy steel and rubber seals very quickly. -Very toxic. Only 600 ppm, or 0.06 of 1% will cause death if you are not treated very quickly. -Over 1,000 ppm may cause immediate death. I found this info in this article: http://www.workover.co.uk/hydrogen%20sulphide%20gas%20h2s/hydrogen_sulphide_detection.htm -----------------"If you must, do it with intelligent people, at least they know how to talk to the cops." [This message has been edited by CragHack (edited June 17, 2001).] [This message has been edited by CragHack (edited June 17, 2001).]

era5or

September 16th, 2001, 01:03 PM

Misc 25 parts paraffin with 15 parts sulfur by melting it in boiling water. Than add 7 parts kieselgur. At 170 °C and 0,5 gramm of this mixture you get 120mg HS. THis mixture is called "Sulfidogen" and selled by MERCK. Source http://www.muenster.org/uiw/fach/chemie/institut/wwu/haeusler2/s-std7.htm#7

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter I read in poor mans jb, that it would be necessary to use potash with potassion ferrocyanide to make Potassium Cyanide. I thought it would also work without potash. Does anyone know what the potash is good for? Maybe as catalyst?

[This message has been edited by era5or (edited September 16, 2001).]

FadeToBlackened

September 16th, 2001, 01:29 PM

I think it has been posted before that FeS + H2SO4 makes H2S.

era5or

September 16th, 2001, 03:03 PM

And it has nothing to do with my question! I want to know something about KCN, not H2S!

BoB-

September 16th, 2001, 08:18 PM

In some thread a while ago about tranquilizers, I mentioned that Belladona, and Datura, are powerful intoxicants, this is because they have 3 common Anticholinergenic Deleriants in there leaves, they are; scopolamine, atropine and hyoscyamine. Common OTC Dramamine contains anticholinergenic substances, I have no idea how to remove them however...

-----------------Was worldwar 1 called worldwar 1 before worldwar 2?

CodeMason

September 19th, 2001, 09:00 PM

What about HN<sub>3 gas? Similar toxicity to HCN I hear.

kingspaz

September 20th, 2001, 06:08 PM

dunno if this has been said but what about carbon monoxide? its odorless, tasteless and colourless. because of its slower action in comparison to nerve agents and other instant kill gases it would be too late by the time people realised the attack had happend. i think it kills by bonding to heamoglobin in the blood stronger than oxygen can bond to it so once a heamoglobin molecule has CO on it its useless. [This message has been edited by kingspaz (edited September 20, 2001).]

cutefix

September 24th, 2001, 02:23 AM

I think a poison that is odorless and colorless will be more dangerous than those materials which leave a smell.The problem with CO is it is suitable only in an enclosed area(it is volatile and light).Another important characteristic of deadly poison like the nerve gas is its persistence on the contaminated area.That is one reason, that make VX more lethal than Sarin.It is more viscous,therefore it persist more.

Demolition

September 24th, 2001, 06:13 AM

What about Anthrax.There are 100 million lethal doses in every gram of anthrax material. -----------------Demolition

simply RED

September 27th, 2001, 05:10 PM

That summer i dreamed of pure nicotine. I didn't make the poison because it is too dangerous but this really seems the best you can make at home. Some drops are lethal... I also dreamed of NaF. By the way, HF is extremely good if you can vaporise enough... For example, buy 40%HF from the chem suplier and put in the center a stick of dinamite in a test tube(not to be in contact with the acid. This seems a good idea to use it in enclosed buildings. -----------------With love and hatred i brought her chrystal vase! When she got home immediately broke it and was spread on the floor... The strange thing inside was C-4...

A_W

March 21st, 2002, 03:34 PM

Would nitrogendioxide(NO2) make a good chemical weapon? It is very poisonus, and easy to make.

TariqMujahid

March 21st, 2002, 04:44 PM

i believe Nitrogen Dioxide was used during WW1; but i may be wrong. It's about as effective as say, Chlorine. Atleast, i consider it about that effective. Similar to Chlorine, it is also a choking agent. When it reacts with the linings of your respiratory system, it forms Nitric Acid, which corrodes the linings of your lungs, and causes Pulmonary Edema. But in comparison to other Chemical Weapons, this is primitive. Think of Nerve Agents as machine guns...Nitrogen Dioxide is probably a Musket.

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April 2nd, 2002, 10:46 AM

As previously stated, H2S is easily made by melting a mixture of solid paraffin wax and sulfur. I recently trew away my paraffin wax because I never thought I would find any uses for it. Now I wonder if there is possible to use any replacements for it? Candle wax, vaseline etc. Also; if I was to make the H2S in a test tube, could a rubber stopper be used? (In a previous post it said that H2S eats rubber sealings. But a whole stopper?)

Jack Ruby

April 2nd, 2002, 02:27 PM

Parafin Wax Can be bought at a grocery store. It is used for canning(Jams, Beans, Fish, Etc.) a skill no survivalist should be with out. The Wax should be slightly Transparent but will look mainly white.

Ctrl_C

April 2nd, 2002, 02:53 PM

A synthesis for GHB could almost certainly be found on The Hive. Also, LSD is very difficult to make. I've heard something like 15 people supply the entire U.S. with acid. Ergot does not have to be imported, it grows on corn and rye. Its blackish and can be picked by hand. I've seen it before, it wouldn't be hard to collect a couple kilo's in a large field. Ergot cannot be cultured well, it needs to grow naturally. I expect LSD would not be hard to make, IF you could find a good procedure and somebody to talk to that knows what they are doing. H<sub>2S : all I know about this is there is about 100ppm in my nitrous tank and it makes breathing it impossible. You gag and cough and it tastes like shit. Not to mention it smells like rotten eggs. Btw, props to mega for offering a filterthrough-water solution to clean it out. EDIT: I mixed up H<sub>2S with SO<sub>2 which is what my nitrous tank has (had: I took it back today) in it. <small>[ April 05, 2002, 08:16 PM: Message edited by: Ctrl_C ]

rikkitikkitavi

April 2nd, 2002, 04:08 PM

melting Na2SO4 with carbon (high temperatures, 1100-1300 C) reduces the sulfate to Na2S. Mix Na2S with strong acid yields H2S. Works with potassium to, and probably calciumsulfate. powdered iron + sulfur gives FeS (exothermic redox classic reaction). /rickard

nbk2000

April 2nd, 2002, 05:26 PM

You can use kerosene, and probably vaseline, instead of the wax. When I made H2S, it was with the wax/sulfur method. The rubber of the stoppers got brittle and cracked, but it was just a surface effect. The stopper still worked as intended. Raw ergot can be used as a poison. It causes a very nasty effect called "Saint Viticus (SP?) Fire". This was an ancient affliction caused by improperly stored grains that were made into bread back in the middle ages. The ergot caused constriction of the cappilaries in the extremities, which caused a burning pain (pins and needles), followed by the extremities turning black, then green, then falling off. Extremities such as toes, fingers, ears, nose, penis, breasts, etc. Ouch. All this was accompanied by the Bad Trip From Hell with hallucinations of demons eating their flesh and whatnot. :D So go pick some blighted rye and wheat, grind up the powder, then add it to your favorite victims meal. Bon appetite'. If one had access to a bakery, or any place that used flour, this would ruin them. Tainted bread and all that....

Machiavelli

April 3rd, 2002, 10:34 AM

Yes, ergot is quite cute. But this poisoning thing is so small scale, let's get back to weapons of mass destruction. O ne of the most interesting concepts to me concerning b/c agents are "dusty agents", agents that have been adsorbed on a dust-like carrier eg powdered silica. Apparently this concept was used first by the Germans in WW2 when they prepared agents consisting of different mustards adsorbed on silica. As it seems the concept has been succesfully used with Sarin as well, but I've been unable to find reports of its use, while dusty mustard was used by Iraq against Iran. If you scale down the lethality a bit, powdered silica is also used for creating CS aerosols. Dusty carriers offer several advantages: -easy deployment, eg by low explosives or just releasing it in the wind -easy weaponisation, you can load this carrier with chemicals that are normally totally unsuitable as agents because they're not volatile enough or otherwise hard to spread. -good penetration, because the dust particles are so small, the dust can penetrate most protective suits. Also, it appears like the dust can penetrate the outer skin layers, which are a major barrier for most chemicals. Disadvantages: -after the dust settles down, it may be hard to get it airborne again if the ground is moist, so it's may not be so suitable for area denial. On the other hand CS mixtures have been re-areolized by walking people 2 months after they had settled down. -if you've ever worked with dust-like substances, you've noticed how they tend to spread everywhere, so it may be more

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dangerous to work with dusty agents compared to liquids For more infos I'll upload a few page of a declassifies report to the ftp. Well, now you had some food for thought, digest it :D

nbk2000

April 4th, 2002, 01:03 AM

Do you have the entire report available? Because it would be a good read. I've read how pollen has been tested as a carrier for toxins and CW agents. Free for the taking, though I don't know about the particle sizes. The file mentioned Silica Gel, which is freely available. That could be ground up in a ball mill to a suitable size, though only a very small range of particle sizes is suitable for use. Between 2-5 microns. Smaller is ineffective, larger settles out to rapidly and is too large to penetrate. It also seems that the vesicants are the most effective agent type to use as dusty agents. I wonder how effective a corrosive agent could be instead of vesicants. Something like lye or fuming nitric to burn and blister, without the complications and hazards of CW agents. Could this be used an a poor mans vesicant? The NBC proliferation file you uploaded is good reading too. Found some interesting tidbits that I'll be including in my book.

Machiavelli

April 4th, 2002, 07:03 PM

I got the full report now, I'll upload it after this post. As for the pollen, it would be interesting to know its adsorption values to determine its usefullness. Though I'd probably use commercial silica, it's freely available in the needed particle diameter (2-5 microns) eg as a surface treatment agent and for many other insuspicious uses, I just have to check on prices. The only problem is that silica tends to absorb moisture and then clumps together preventing the formation of an aerosol. I'm afraid impregnating it with lye or fuming nitric would make this only worse but I also think that the idea itself could work, just not with these chemicals. Maybe Sulfuric acid could do the job, I don't know. However, the problem with these mixtures would be that skin contact is noticeable the second you touch it, so it might not be able to stay long enough to do some real damage. It would also cause cough reflexes in the upper part of the respiratory system preventing the agent from getting deep into the lungs. Anyway, in my opinion that Germany used this mainly for mustards is that it allowed them to use very effective mustards that were otherwise hard to weaponize. They probably didn't do that much research on dusty nerve agents because they hadn't enough experience with them and because they were too afraid to use them in a first strike, at least that's my theory at the moment. So while dusty mustards seem to be the best researched agent of this class, I think the potential is far greater, that it's possible to use silica as a carrier for most toxic substances and maybe even micro-organisms. Anyway, my top choices for loading on silica would be OC and PCP. I suppose with OC you could use a rather crude chili extract and if you got enough silica produce a few cubic feet pretty quick. Now combine this with some low explosive charges and you've got enough equipment to clear some streets or buildings. And while PCP is not as simply made as most explosives it's still possible to synthesize for a good home chemist or it can be bought comparatively cheap on the black market. A heavy oral dose is around 10 mg, so it should be possible to give a large group of people some very nasty nightmares. Btw, it should also be possible to load the silica with extracts of wolfsbane or poison ivy to get some nasty vesicants. And if you don't use pesticides, use 100% biodegredable organic alcohol for the extraction and pure healthy diatomaceous earth as a carrier then even the hippies will love your chemical warfare agent :D

nbk2000

April 5th, 2002, 03:32 AM

I'd imagine that the absorbant effectiveness of pollen would vary widely depending on the type of plant you got the pollen from. The main value of using pollen, as compared to silica, would be the obscuring factor. Microscopic analysis would show common plant pollen, not man-made materials. The best thing would be to use pollen spores of a type common to the region and season you'd be dispersing the agent in. News at 11..."Killer Pollen!" :D There's plenty of solid chemicals that aren't hydroscopic that are corrosive to the skin. These could be used instead. Plus, it may be more effective if the carrier dust is abrasive, to help break the skin so the agent can get to the soft tissue underneath. G series agents are rather ineffective, compared to inhalational, through skin absorbtion. Too volatile. Much more effective are V-series and mustards. Phosgene Oxime (CX) would seem readily adaptable to a dusty weaponization since it's a powerful orticant that causes wheals and necrosis instantly on contact with skin. And it has an almost negligible vapor hazard, so once the dust settled, you'd be (relativly) safe from it. I noticed in the full article that 2 pages were folded upon themselves. These pages also mentioned the V agents use in a dusty configuration. The bastards did that as an "accidentially, on purpose" way of obscuring the information. PUNKS! :mad: Use earth friendly Humicides...because you only want to kill the people, not the planet." :p Dustys main purpose seems to be to penetrate the permeable NBC suits of NATO armies. Unfortunately, the hazmat fools wear impermeable capsule suits, so they'd be unaffected by a dusty. I'm sure there's other applications a person could think of.

Machiavelli

April 5th, 2002, 03:11 PM

I'm a bit sceptical about the deniability option with pollen, I guess they'd find out after a few days that there are some rather

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strange particles floating in the air, after all the amounts needed for forensics are rather small, then in the lab they analyze it and discover which agent was used and that it was loaded on pollen. Then they do a searcch on the net, find the forum and try to get you. Because they're too dumb to get you, they retaliate against the country that harbored you. Poor California :D About the Hazmat guys, well they may be protected but so what? The first time they'll show up is when the targeted population is either injured or dead and they just clean up the site so the corpses can be carried away. Since dustys are not very persistant anyway, Hazmat wouldn't disturb me that much. But I'd really like to watch them playing decontamination in the heat of summer in that sexy plastic dress :) What I like so much about the dust concept is that it makes chemwar a lot easier. After all, it's easier to disperse a pound of killer dust with a small low explosive charge than to construct spraying devices or use high explosives for liquid dispersal which might destroy some of the agent. And it offers so many agent options to choose from. Btw, that CX you mentioned sounds very interesting, especially for breaking up large formations (eg riot cops) very quick. Do you know a good synthesis for it? And to sway a bit from the subject, does anyone know something about "fourth generation" chemical warfare agents? The only chemical I've heard of in that context is Perfluoroisobutene, a possible choking agent. Its toxicity seems to be about 10 times that of phosgene and it's listed in the Chemical Weapons Convention. http://www.asanltr.com/ASANews-98/pfib.html "Toxicology of Perfluoroisobutene" It is produced during the pyrolisis of Teflon between 450-500°C. http://www.mindfully.org/ Plastic/PTFE-Pyrolysis-Combustion-Hazards.htm "An Industrial Approach to Evaluation of Pyrolysis and Combustion Hazards"

nbk2000

April 5th, 2002, 05:20 PM

I know that using pollen woldn't prevwent them from using chemical analysis to prove that an attack took place. What it would do is complicate detection of following attacks by simple detection of a man-made carrier like silica gel. Because they'd have to chemically analyize ALL pollen, rather than use simple (and rapid) optical detection of silica carrier, this would greatly complicate their detection of an attack. And this means delays in warning and decontamination, which means increased effectiveness. After all, as long as you use pollen native to the target zone, they'd have to collect many thousands of pollen particles to have enough agent to detect, whereas a single silica particle might be sufficient warning. Also, I'd like to see them try tracing the paperwork on pollen. :D Something they could do with silica if you don't make it yourself. If THEY want to nuke california in retaliation, they can be my guest. It's no longer part of the United States, but rather, an annexed state of Mexico, what with all the beaners that live here. Those haz-mat "rescue" drills we see on TV are a joke. Anyone who's in the know about CW know that, if you're still on site for the bunnysuited buffons to "rescue", you're either already dead or not worth saving. It's just body retrieval, nothing more. And since you can pretty much guess where they'd go to decon, nothing says you can't have a delayed projector attack on their staging area to take them out too. :D I've read about depolymerizing catalysts that can degrade/disintegrate rubber and plastic within minutes. That would make for an interesting CW agent. Mix that in as part of the dusty, and it'd break through the suit/mask and directly attack them. Unfortunately, details about what these chemicals are is rather scarce since it's part of the "Non-lethal" weapons research programs. Also, the support personnel are often wearing the army issue air-permeable suits that ARE VULNERABLE to dusties. So a small indoor attack to "bait" a response, followed by a larger scale projector attack with dusty CW would take out a lot of the technical/support personnel that would be on site. This would be a major "brain drain" on them since they're not prepared for such an attack. Loss of so many of their support people would severly hamper their future responses, and make them much more paranoid about future attacks. Liquid aerosols are more efficient than dust, but it's also much harder to get the proper particulate size via aerosols, compared to simply adding an agent to pre-sized carrier particles. It also has the benifit of being a solid, thus easier to handle than liquids. Also, much less likely to leak out of a weapon during storage/transport. As for CX, there's a process listed in War Gases on the FTP. A more modern process (US patent #4558160) uses chloropicrin (US Patent #3106588 [nitromethane reacted with liquid pool chlorinator]) dissolved in a solvent like THF (PVC pipe cleaner) saturated with HCl gas and reacted with tin powder to produce CX (dichloroformoxime). It's up to 60% effective in converting PS to CX. Tin is cheap at around $10/pound, and the tin chloride can be filtered out and reduced back to pure tin to be reused again and again. :) It may even be possible to use zinc instead of tin, which would halve the cost to $5/pound. I've read about PFIB in other CW texts. It degrades in the lungs into HF acid (OUCH! ). It seems like it'd be fairly simple to make too. Just take PTFE plastic, insert in a stainless steel U tube immersed in a molten salt bath heated to 475°C, and condense the resulting fumes to collect the 7°C boiling portion. I don't know how efficient this would be since I'm sure there's other breakdown fractions included. But PTFE is fairly cheap. I've been quoted $50/10 pounds of pellets. This was 10 years ago so... I've heard about a new russian nerve agent called "Novochok". No details yet, but it's supposedly an order of magnitude more lethal than VX, is a simple binary reaction that could be done with buckets, and uses agricultral chemicals not monitored by the CWC treaty.

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But there's no solid proof that this exists either. It could be just another holdover from the cold-war era "boogyman". <small>[ April 06, 2002, 11:09 PM: Message edited by: nbk2000 ]

Ctrl_C

April 5th, 2002, 09:29 PM

a little off topic but still on the subject. I have a booklet of chemical agent detection papers that I received from somebody (sorry I forget who) on The Forum. The front outside cover reads: Paper, Chemical Agent Detector, VGH, ABC-M8 NSN 6665-00-050-8529 Book of 25 Sheets The front inside cover reads: DETECTS LIQUIDS ONLY G (nerve) - [gold color] H (blister) - [red] V (nerve) - [green] The back inside cover reads: Instructions for Use of Paper Detach a sheet of detector paper from the book and attach it to clothing or place on a surface so that it can be exposed to drops of liquid or liquid splash of chemical agents. If colored spots appear, put on protective mask. Compare colored spot with colors on inside cover to determine type of agent. This paper will NOTT detect gas or vapor. The back outside cover reads: The paper may also be used to detect liquid contamination by placing the paper in contact with the suspect surface. A color change similar to that shown on the inside cover indicates the presence of chemical agents. NOTE: Certain G-agents give a red-brown color response which is intermediate between the typical H & G colors. 12-79 KBI76K003-001 Knowlton Brothers If anybody knows anything about this, please share.

nbk2000

April 5th, 2002, 10:28 PM

There's several military CW detectors that were used by the army that are patented. I used to have the #s, but I'd have to look them back up. Obviously, if one is messing around with CW, it'd be helpful to have a means of detecting them. I believe I already mentioned the use of freons for detection of leaks in your munitions. I don't think detector papers would work with a dusty agent since it's very probable that dusties work via vapor action only through warming by the body. I have a scanned book called "Detection of the War Gases" from the '30s that explains how to detect all the common agents of the day. It's rather massive though, so it'll have to wait till I get broadband for uploading to the FTP.

ENGINEERKILLER

April 6th, 2002, 01:57 AM

m8 paper is just expensive litmus paper alot of decons can give you false positive readings.there is another type of paper called m9 you put it on your nbc suit arms and legs it doesen't tell you what type of agent you have just detects the prescence of them.The army used to have the m8 chemical alarm (the guts look like a ruggedized gas chromatograpgh) but it has been replaced by the m22 it does actualy pick up dustys. I don't realy have alot of good releaseable information on dust agents but up up to about a year and half ago the term itself was classified. The civilian hazmat suits are pretty good, but compared to a steppo suit they leave alot to be desired . Our gross contamination suits have a built in cooling system 4 hour drager rebreather and a talk to transmit comunication system. They are actualy half way decent to be in .

nbk2000

April 6th, 2002, 03:07 AM

I've seen a portable body cooling system that uses a vest, cap, and leggings that hold tubes that have coolant circulated through them via externally worn pump. Like an A/C for a chemsuit. Don't know if it's still experimental. I've seen a useable system that use phase-transition salts to absorb the heat while liquifying. These have the advantage of being rechargable and much cheaper than an A/C system. But they'd only be good for an hour at most if it's warm and you're active. I've had an impermeable saranx bunnysuit. I started sweating like a sauna in 10 minutes wearing that thing, and I had to wear it for hours while I was working with my project. I'd certainly like a cooling system of any sort. How durable are the steppo suits? I'd imagine it's some kind of multiple layered butyl/viton/teflon/nylon blend? What about tear resistance? I'm wondering, regular granular silica gel, how much agent it could absorb. It wouldn't penetrate a suit, but it could greatly extend an agents presence on target. If the granules were coated with a substance that slowly wore off, and the granules were coated in varying degrees with this substance, then there'd be a constantly fresh supply of agent being exposed over a greatly increased period of time. Other granules could have a coating that would react to common decon agents, to form another agent, or to catalyticly neutralize the decon agent to render inefffective.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Just some possibilities to think of. Reminder: The pictures, the pictures!

TariqMujahid

April 6th, 2002, 04:58 PM

If you're going to store chemical weapons; for godsake, use binary agents! It's much easier, and much safer. Let's take the example Cyanide Gas. Are you going to mix Potassium Cyanide w/ Sulfuric Acid, then store it? If you do, you must have a death wish. It would make more sense to store the Potassium Cyanide and Sulfuric Acid separately, and then mix at the time of use. The same thing applies for Sarin- are you going to store MethylPhosphonyl DiFluoride, MethylPhosphonyl DiChloride, and Isopropanol together? So if there's a pinhole leak, you kill yourself? NO! The army doesn't do that, why should you? The army stores binary chemicals in different parts of the country. NBK's idea of Freon and Freon detectors is brilliant, and should be definately be used. I'm not sure about non-binary weapons, like Mustard or Phosgene though, or with the dust-based weapons.

nbk2000

April 6th, 2002, 11:18 PM

Unitary weapons are much more effective in delivering agent on target. The military didn't develop binary weapons because they're better, but because of political pressure from allied countries (like Germany) that didn't want possible accidential nerve gas releases on their turf. So, the army developed the binary system so the agent wasn't made till after firing at the enemy. However, binary systems suffer from many problems: Low effective agent weight Complex chemistry requiring catalysts, inhibitors, reaction moderators, etc Very limited stability on target Corrosive or irritating byproducts that defeat the purpose of using an otherwise undetectable agent Now, for something simple like KCN and H2SO4, simple dumping of the two chemicals in a bucket will generate the gas. BUT, if you created the HCN in a lab and liquified it, you could deliver more than 3 times the weight of HCN on target as you could generate on site. An example of why you don't want to use binary is the Aum Supreme Truth cult attack on the Tokyo subway back in the '90s. They used 2 bags of Sarin precursors that were poked to mix together and leak out of a bag. Only 15 people died. If it had been unitary Sarin, and properly dispersed by either vaporization or dust dispersion, it's very likely that hundreds, if not thousands, would have been killed. So, in conclusion Binary Sucks...Unitary Rules.

James

April 6th, 2002, 11:32 PM

They also probably forgot to aerosolize.

nbk2000

April 7th, 2002, 12:15 AM

To quote myself:

quote:

---

They used 2 bags of Sarin precursors that were poked to mix together and leak out of a bag.

---

Thus they OBVIOUSLY didn't aerosolize it. :rolleyes:

kingspaz

April 7th, 2002, 05:03 PM

would an old fire extinguisher make a decent storage/dispensor? it can hold a large amount of gas and a high pressure, also it isn't suspicious and can dispense the gas easily.

nbk2000

April 7th, 2002, 08:36 PM

Many tear gas dispenser are nothing more than converted fire extinguishers. On a fire extinguisher I had, it used a 3/4" pipe fitting. I could go to the hardware store and buy plugs, pipes, and valves that screwed right in. I blew it up, but I could have used it for gas as well. If I was using it as a hand held tear gas projector, I'd have the agent in a plastic bag inside of the shell attached to a ball

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valve. The reason for the bag is so that the agent will be dispensed regardless of the angle of the dispenser. The ball valve is the ON/OFF, and a hand squeezed sprayer handle (garden hose type) would be attached by a short length of hosing. This would be what you'd spray the target with. A fine mist to drift with the wind, a stream to reach out and touch someone, or a deluge to drench a room. If you used one as a chemical dispenser, you'd want to replace all the O-rings with viton rings. The regular rubber rings will disintegrate from contact with most CW agents. I'd see no reason why a person couldn't load up an extinguisher with a CW, then switch it with one on target. The rigged one could have a timer that would melt a fusible plug to release the agent during maximum effectiveness, or have a remote control to set it off when desired. If one used a dusty agent, then you could even just leave it on site and hope that someone starts a tiny fire that would require the use of an extinguisher. Boy, wouldn't they be surprised! :D

TariqMujahid

April 7th, 2002, 09:02 PM

Hmm...speaking of Dust based weapons, has anyone heard of Phosgene Oxime (Dichloroform Oxime/"nettle gas")? Don't confuse it with Phosgene, which is a choking agent; Phosgene Oxime is a blister agent. Like Lewisite, it forms blisters immediately on contact with the skin. It can be dispersed either as dust or as a gas. It is also very effective against a poorly equipped/unprepared population or military force. Why? When it contacts your skin, it causes nausea and vomiting. Therefore, when you start throwing up, you may take off your gas mask in order to vomit and then inhale the gas/dust. However, if you're wearing a full chemical protection suit, it's not so effective =). I haven't been able to find much information about it online or in books, so i can't give you the LD50 or LC50...just some basic information. <small>[ April 07, 2002, 08:03 PM: Message edited by: TariqMujahid ]

nbk2000

April 8th, 2002, 01:14 AM

Once again... :mad: Read my april 5th post where I detail Phosgene Oxime, and later give patent and bookz references for it's manufacture and toxicology. Either read an entire topic before you post, or be deleted. I'm not going to tolerate an echo of myself.

nbk2000

April 8th, 2002, 08:31 AM

After reading Anthony's topic about airbags, I got the idea of dusty agent using Sodium Azide. Consider the list of effects for azide exposure listed below. Inhalation: May cause irritation to the respiratory tract and mucous membranes, sore throat, coughing, dizziness, shortness of breath, and fainting. May be absorbed through inhalation. Symptoms may parallel ingestion. Ingestion: Highly Toxic! May cause breathlessness, pulmonary edema and rapid heart beat within 5 minutes. Nausea, vomiting, headache, restlessness, and diarrhea may occur within 15 minutes. Other symptoms may include low blood pressure, abnormal breathing, reduced body temperature, reduced body pH, convulsions, collapse and death. Skin Contact: Highly Toxic! Causes irritation, redness, and pain. May be absorbed through the skin; symptoms may parallel ingestion. Eye Contact: Causes irritation, redness, pain, and blurred vision. Sounds like some pretty nasty shit to spray someone with, doesn't it? It may even be useable as an FAE or thermobaric fuel. Attempts at decon using water will generate an even more toxic poison, hydrogen azide, which would also present an explosion hazard.

Celtick

April 8th, 2002, 09:05 AM

I'm with the Marines, here I also got some Handouts about NBC and such (I will try to scan them somewhere since I have no scanner) I also did a research paper at school about B&C warfare But its in Dutch if anyone is interested let me know.. P.S. also check: http://www.mitretek.org/ mission/envene/chemical/chem_back.html http://www.mitretek.org/mission/envene/ nbc.html Check - Chemical Warfare - Source list from my research paper - Cëltick at the forum FTP <small>[ April 08, 2002, 08:10 AM: Message edited by: Celtick ]

endotherm

April 8th, 2002, 09:42 PM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter What about some kind of toxin that immediately causes projectile vomiting? Are there any kind of easily made substances or household items that can cause this, and anything whose taste or appearance can be easily masked? This would be a great tool for revenge for the terrorist who does not want to kill their victims. - especially embarassing in a public restuarant! I am aware that Icepac syrup causes vomiting but I don't believe this is easily masked, or easily available. They use it in hospitals when it's necesarry to induce vomiting.

nbk2000

April 8th, 2002, 11:07 PM

Chloropicrin causes that kind of effect if ingested. It causes severe nausea, vomiting, colic, and diarrhea that can last for weeks. It's a potent tear gas, but is insoluble in water, and I believe it has a mild, even pleasant taste. If so, putting it in a cold soda would prevent vaporization, and would mask any taste. Once they downed it, they're going to be in a world of hurt! One drop will do it. And you can make it quite easily with nitromethane and liquid pool chlorinator. See above posts for details.

Celtick

April 11th, 2002, 09:04 AM

I converted Machiavelli's Dusty Agents Full report to PDF, I'll Upload it when I can connect to the forums FTP again.

TariqMujahid

April 13th, 2002, 02:32 AM

NBK mentioned a method of creating Chloropicrin using Nitromethane and Calcium Hypochlorite (according to the patent though, Sodium Hypochlorite should work too). I have a question for you NBK, if you have tried this, or anyone else who has done this. 1- I do not know many sources of Nitromethane, and I don't have any Nitric Acid to make it. However, at the local hobby store, there is a fuel for R/C cars and Dirt Bikes that is mostly Nitromethane. Although there are some other chemicals in there, usually Ethyl Alcohol or Methanol. Will these impurities drastically affect the reaction so that it cannot be done? Or will it just cause it to yield less pure, but usable, Chloropicrin? 2- Would the purity of some Sodium Hypochlorite drain cleaners be good enough for making Chloropicrin?

nbk2000

April 13th, 2002, 03:08 AM

Drain cleaner has lye in addition to the hypochlorite. Lye destroys chloropicrin. Better would be to use plain liquid pool chlorinator which is 10% Na Hypochlorite. As for the race car fuel, the methanol/ethanol would likely react with the hypo, but to what degree and what products would form, I don't know. Best to disill or boil off the alcohol. The will leave just NM and castor oil. The oil could be seperated or sopanofied with lye (maybe).

Polverone

April 13th, 2002, 04:22 AM

Bleaches that are solutions of sodium hypochlorite almost always contain NaOH also. It's an artifact of the manufacturing process. It's just not listed on the bottle because it's an "inert ingredient" for purposes of bleaching. Nitromethane forms explosive salts with alkalis like NaOH. I have seen what claims to be 100% calcium hypochlorite for sale for use in pools. This would probably be better.

nbk2000

April 13th, 2002, 06:43 AM

Ah, but the patent requires that you react the calcium Hypochlorite with NaOH to make NA Hypochlorite anyways. So you might as well use the liquid chlorinator. As long as the NaOH content is low, the loss would be minimal.

James

April 14th, 2002, 01:38 AM

Minor point: would it be possible to add either a weak acid or a buffer to the bleach to prevent the {formation of explosive salts|decomposition of nitro methane}.

nbk2000

April 14th, 2002, 04:13 AM

Maybe adding HCl acid would nuetralize the NaOH into inert salt. Though I don't know if the acid would react with the hypochlorite to release free chlorine gas. Perhaps an organic acid instead?

James

April 14th, 2002, 02:58 PM

I was thinkg that ideally you'd have hypochlorous acid (yeah right), but barring that either say baking soda or vinegar. Yes, I know I just racked up 600+ kewl points.

TariqMujahid I know my other question about the Hypochlorite hasn't been completely answered...

April 14th, 2002, 07:38 PM

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But, for now, I have a new quesiton: How could I go about turning Trichloroethylene (C2HCl3) into Dichloroethylene (ClCH2CH2Cl), a precursor for Sulfur Mustard? I know NBK wrote up something on making Mustard from Ethylene Glycol but this is another way to "skin the cat", and I feel it is worth talking about. Who knows- it might prove to an easier to make Mustard? TCE is easily obtained as a solvent or paint remover, so if this is possible, it provides a readily-available source for a Mustard precursor. Or, if you're too lazy to do this, heating TCE to decomposition (at about 87*C/189*F) can produce Phosgene.

nbk2000

April 14th, 2002, 11:58 PM

Dichloroethylene is an available solvent too. Though how is it a precursor for H? I'm not aware (or remember at the moment) of any process that uses that as an intermediate. I didn't answer your question specifically since I don't know the answer myself. Only experimentation would show if it's feasible.

TariqMujahid

April 15th, 2002, 12:54 AM

I have a list of precursors for different Chemical Weapons I found off a search on Google. It lists the precursor's name, common uses, and what is used as in a weapon. I would imagine that boiling Dichloroethylene with Sulfur should make Mustard and release Chlorine Gas as it is formed? I may be wrong, because I have just about no Chemistry experience. Shouldn't this work though? 4 Cl-CH2CH2-Cl + 2 S -(heating)--> 2 ClCH2CH2-S-CH2CH2Cl + 2 Cl2 On the Google search, I don't remember specifically what I searched; but it had a pretty detailed guide for how to set up and maintain a Chem/Bio Weapons facility. If I can find it again, I may upload it to the FTP.

nbk2000

April 15th, 2002, 01:01 AM

If only it was that simple. But it doesn't work that way unfortunately.

Hystrix

April 20th, 2002, 01:12 PM

What about boranes? They have very unpleasant odour and are toxic like HCN. Afaik MgB2 can be obtained by melting of boron oxide with Mg powder (temperature is about 750 degrees of Celsius). Mix MgB2 with sulfuric acid and run away You forgot also about arsenides... They make necrosis of skin. Mixed with acid or water, they give AsH3 (also very toxic stuff).

A_W

April 20th, 2002, 03:29 PM

NBK- HCl acid will indeed react with hypochlorite to release Cl gas. This is a common way to make the gas during chemistry demonstrations.

Bitter

April 20th, 2002, 08:39 PM

Boranes are going to be a little hard to get hold of, not to mention expensive.

TariqMujahid

April 20th, 2002, 09:07 PM

Do you know what ppm Boranes can be smelled at? If it's as good as HCN, than that sounds pretty good...but if it's a very smelly gas, it will alert people to its presence.

Hystrix

April 22nd, 2002, 01:00 PM

I think boranes are good "panic gases" (do you remember Anthrax? ): well, they are highly toxic (sorry, I can't find their lethal concentration now, but their toxicity EXCEEDS HCN) and they can be deadly. But due to their fucking smell (it recalls H2S or PH3) they can be detected rather easily. Well, keeping of them is rather problematic, but I said they can be used locally as a binary weapon (mixing boride and acid). TariqMujahid: btw, you said about trichloroethylene. Afaik it is good sleeping gas (as good as chloroformium but more stable). PS. If you need a "lethal gas", use VX or HN-1

TariqMujahid

April 22nd, 2002, 05:05 PM

Ahh, i'm sure we'd all LOVE to get our hands on VX...but unfortunately we don't know how to get it =(. There was a file though on the FTP that described VX Synthesis, wasn't there? I believe it was in German and a .ACE file. I downloaded it once, but I don't know which program runs .ACE files... Speaking of Nerve Agents, I was reading something yesterday about Soviet Chemical Weapons. It said how Soman (GD) was their weapon of choice, but they mixed it with some oil that made it more persistent. The oil gave it a yellowish color. So, I was thinking: A lot of G-Agents are actually toxic by skin contact. If you stay in a "Hot Zone" for too long and you just have a gas mask, you will be poisoned through the skin. Poisoning through the skin though takes a lot more of the Agent, but still not much more than a few drops of it. The thing is though, that if it spills on you normally, it evaporates too quickly to pose any danger. But what if we mixed a G-Agent, Soman preferably, with maybe...Mineral Oil? To make it less volatile. Then, when dispersed, the area will remain contaminated much longer than it usually would. Or, you could disperse it on things that are regularly touched, like railings on stairwells. So, when someone sets their hand on it, they get a lethal dose of the chosen agent. I suppose the same could apply for Mustard, since Mustard causes worse blistering as a liquid. That's all we really get out of Mustard anyway, seeing as it's little different than a choking agent (on inhalation, that is). I'm doubt Mineral Oil would do it though, because I just said that randomly...does anyone know what oils could be used to make chemical weapons less volatile?

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter <small>[ April 22, 2002, 04:07 PM: Message edited by: TariqMujahid ]

Celtick

April 22nd, 2002, 05:45 PM

You can unpack .ace files with this (freeware)program: XAce http://www.winace.com/ For more information on VX check: Mitretek's Background on Chemical Warfare - VX http://www.mitretek.org/home.nsf/ EnvironmentEnergy/VX

megalomania

April 24th, 2002, 03:04 PM

A good way to increase the lethality of the nerve agents is to mix it with DMSO so that it can penetrate the skin. I don't believe VX is very volatile as it is, so increasing that may not be very useful. I like the idea of mixing it with chemicals specificially designed to destroy chemical suits and to react with decontamenents, how very evil :) About making a powderized chemical weapon, ever see the pesticides that use powder? There are powders that contain pesticides for coating plants and the ground. The military uses a mixture of nerve gasses some time, along with DMSO. I happen to have a few references on chemical weapons I am looking over, which I will get around to publishing after I finish my paper on energetic binders and plasticizers. I have a synthesis for all your favorite nerve gasses: Tabun (GA), Sarin (GB), Soman (GD), Cyclosarin (GF), and VX. I will also be trying to get info on V-gas, cyclosoman, thiosarin, thiosarin, thiocyclosarin, and thiocyclosoman. There are also many other variants with different esters, halogens, and such to make many nasties nearly, if not equally, as deadly as the ones we all know and love. I even have about 50 other nasties that are not nerve gasses from the old days. I have no want of information, just time now (I have to squeeze this in with concurring projects on energetic binders, polynitrocubanes, nitric acid synth, and some misc new explosives).

A_W

April 24th, 2002, 03:37 PM

As we all know; phosgene is an extremely poisonus gas, with a lethal dosage as low as 4mg/m3 of air. VX, being the strongest nerve-gas existing (guiness book of world records 2000) is 300 times stronger than phosgene!! A gas this strong will obviously kill you in extremely small amounts. How can someone make (and use!) this at home without having a 1/1000000 chanse of surviving? :confused: I would certainly stick to "safer" alternatives.

Anthony

April 24th, 2002, 06:23 PM

I'm guessing protective clothing/equipment :)

TariqMujahid

April 25th, 2002, 01:53 AM

Mega- I love you man =). Can you tell me what books and references you are using to get your information from? VX is very dangerous to manufacture in your house, but one thing that makes VX a bit "safer" is its extremely low volatility. Therefore, there isn't as much of a vapor hazard as with Sarin or other G-Agents. What makes it less safe though, is that the slightest drop on your skin is enough to kill you. A drop 1/5 the size of a raindrop of VX is enough to take down the average adult. Depending on how you make it though...as a binary or unitary weapon...it may be safer. As a binary, you won't even have VX until you're ready to combine the two binary ingredients at the time of use. As a unitary weapon, you have to store ready-made VX, which can be dangerous for someone without adequate warning systems or on a low budget(then again, if you're making VX, I don't think you have a low budget...).

Hystrix

April 25th, 2002, 12:48 PM

GB synthesis: ------------PCl3 + CH3Cl + AlCl3 => [CH3PCl3][AlCl4] (mixing in organic solvent) [CH3PCl3][AlCl4] + 4H2O => CH3POCl2 + Al(OH)3 + 5HCl (cooling is required; water with a bit of acid) CH3POCl2 + (CH3)2CHOH + 3NaF => GB! + 2NaCl + NaHF2 (temperature is about 60 degrees C., in organic solvent, yield is about 85%) ------------------------GD synthesis: use this reaction: CH3POCl2 + (CH3)3CCH(CH3)OH + 3NaF => GD + 2NaCl + NaHF2 ------------------------GA synthesis: consequent treating of POCl3 with C2H5OH, (CH3)2NH and KCN ------------------------VX synthesis: -----------CH3POCl2 + C2H5OH + (C2H5)3N => CH3PO(OC2H5)Cl + (C2H5)3N*HCl; CH3PO(OC2H5)Cl + HSCH2CH2N(i-C3H7)2 + (C2H5)3N => VX! + (C2H5)3N*HCl or CH3PO(OC2H5)Cl + NaSCH2CH2N(i-C3H7)2 => VX + NaCl ------------------------These syntheses are described in the book: "War Chemicals", by Aleksandrov and Emel'yanov. Good luck! :)

TariqMujahid

April 25th, 2002, 04:08 PM

That's all well and good; but that's just the synthesis. Not a very detailed procedure for making it, unfortunately. It doesn't even include the names of the Chemicals...although they could easily be found =). But without ratios, reaction temperatures, etc, you can have dangerous runaway reactions, waste of chemicals, or it may not work at all...

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter nbk2000

April 25th, 2002, 04:40 PM

It's about as useful as posting: flour+eggs+butter+milk->biscuits :rolleyes: What's missing here? Quantities, quality, time, temperature, addition rates, heating and cooling, filtering, etc, etc. Don't just copy shit out of an encyclopedia. Dig up the lab synth articles and copy them in verbatim. Find details that most people aren't going to be able to find. Then you'll have contributed something useful to the Forum.

kingspaz

April 25th, 2002, 06:29 PM

but once you have the chemical equation you have something to build on.

megalomania

April 26th, 2002, 03:32 PM

Good news, I have found synthesis info for thiosarin, thiosoman, and the thiocyclos. I have revised my view on making VX even less volatile. I am thinking of standard military doctrine that says you attack with nerve gas before you send in the troops, and hope its gone when they get there. I forgot about its use as a retreat weapon to contaminate your position so the enemy can't use it. In a terrorist scenraio, mixing VX (or any nerve agent) with a viscous substance and smearing it about the target could contaminate it for months, if not forever. Imagine VX-vaseline smeared on the walls of a school. That would most likely ooze VX vapors over a very long time period. Imagine doing this before a police raid, they smash the door down and get it all over their body armor, not mere water washing could get that off. Mix a little DMSO in there too and one slip... You could even spread that stuff on park benches or the door handles of a victums car. Imagine a slick of it spread out on the sidewalk of a busy building, all those people walking on it it getting it on their shoes releasing nerve gas all day... there is a scary thought. Then again you can use it to kill weeds and garden pests. Well, uses of chemicals are none of my concern, I only like chemical synthesis. One thing I have discovered is that none of the syntheses are particularly difficult. In fact every one of these reactions involves an esterification reaction with a simple alcohol, this is the 'binary' part of the reaction. Sarin is made from isopropyl alcohol, Soman is from some pinacolyl alcohol, but I think than can be made from t-butyl lithium and ethenaldehyde, cyclosarin and cyclosoman from cyclohexanol. Same thing for the thio's but they start with a P=S instead of the usual P=O (I call this a phosphonyl, like carbonyl, but I don't know if that's a correct name). Then you have your choice of having F, Cl, Br, or I on the P as well (usually F, I am sure that makes the molecule more reactive, but not neccessarily more deadly). I have learned more than I care to about organophosphorus chemistry lately, I am just suprised nobody has published this info sooner. I am sorry to say that with over 60 different laboratory procedures for the preperation of chemical weapons that I have to publish, this may take me to the end of summer. I am still in an intense research phase right now, gathering up all the raw data I can while I can, later on I will distill it into meaningful information on my website :) <small>[ April 26, 2002, 02:35 PM: Message edited by: megalomania ]

nbk2000

April 26th, 2002, 07:44 PM

On the subject of binaries: People are mistaken in the idea that something like binary VX is "safe". QL (VX precursor that's reacted with the alcohol) is more toxic than cyanide, and as corrosive as sulphuric acid. It's only in comparison with the finished VX that it's considered "safe". Everything is relative. There's a patent in the knowledge section for mixing an agent with a polymeric thickner like plexiglass or polystyrene. This extends agent life by several times. But one could extend that to an indefinate agent lifespan by making it into impermable, crushable, capsules. If the agent was sealed inside teflon BB sized (or smaller), and scattered about, than the agent would be protected and immune from any decontaminate. Only when mechanical force ruptured the capsule, would the agent be exposed to countermeasures. These capsules could be scattered widely over an urban area, where it would lie in waiting for some one or thing to crush it. At which time the highly thickened agent would stick to the feet or wheel of the target, tracking the agent everywhere. It would be most effective over a highly foot trafficed area. Because the agent is encapsulated, there'd be no overt signs of an attack since no one is dropping dead immediately. Only after the area is walked over by crowds, and the agent concentration increases, would effects begin to be seen. The rescue crews would have a false estimate of the actual agent quantities on site since they'll have no idea of the actual number of capsules that have been dispersed. After a decon, the site would be declared "safe", but would become immediately hazardous again when anyone traverses the area. Mustard would be most effective since it causes eye injuries at concentrations lower than that required for fatalitites for nerve agents. And it absorbs into rubber (shoes and tires), wood, concrete, etc and is very persistant. You could turn an area into a very expensive (and dangerous) place to clean up. And mustard is very simple and inexpensive to make compared to nerve agents. No sense wasting exotic V agent on a low value target when a simple vesicant requires the same level of response by the "rescuers".

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Perhaps one could absorb it into the pores of silica gel pellets, then encapsulate in wax or polyethylene film, as a "poor mans" version of this concept.

megalomania

April 29th, 2002, 02:48 PM

Although I have much work to do yet, I will provide a 'trailor' to whet everyone's appetite. Consider this to be a template reaction for sarin, soman, cyclosarin, and cyclosoman. Remember the alcohol is what seperates these, and thats the easy part. Here is the general reaction: di-isopropyl methylphosphonate reacts with carbonyl chloride to yield isopropyl methylphosphonochloridate, which is converted into Sarin by sodium fluoride in a hot inert diluent CH<sub>3PO(O i-pr)<sub>2 --> CH<sub>3POCl(O i-pr) --> CH<sub>3POF(O i-pr) Our main precursor, di-isopropyl methylphosphonate, is prepared from methyl iodide and triisopropyl phosphite. Tirisopropyl phosphite is another matter... I have synth references on the way! I have another synthetic pathway, propan-2-ol is treated with an equimolar mixture of methylphosphonic dichloride and methylphosphonic difluoride in an inert solvent. Methylphosphonic difluoride is readily prepared by treating the dichloride with hydrogen fluoride. I have a ref for methylphosphonic dichloride synth on the way. It is this second method that lends itself well to preparing soman, and the cyclo's. None of the reaction conditions or reagents seem to be too exotic from what I can see, it's just making this stuff safely that is a problem. This information is not the original synthesis data, these preperations are later published improvements to make it easier :)

TariqMujahid

April 29th, 2002, 08:41 PM

Very Impressive, Mega; but I find it surprising that so far you've mentioned nothing about Tabun...which would probably be the easiest nerve agent to produce (although storage is another story)... While Sarin, Soman, the Thios and the Cyclos are well and good (I admit, I'm quite excited about the Thiosarin), Tabun has to be one of the easiest Chemical Weapons to produce. There's nothing TOO sophisticated in its synthesis, not even a fluorination step. A lot of people consider it of a different class than other G agents though. The general reaction for this is: Dimethylamine is reacted with Phosphorus Trichloride, then Sodium Cyanide, and finally Ethanol. Even the precursors are easy to come by. Could Triisopropyl phosphite be made the same way as Trimethylphosphite? I.E.: Combining Isopropanol with Phosphorus Trichloride? Damn though Mega... I've spent a long long time searching for Lab procedures and syntheses for the nerve agents, and studying organophosphates, and you've covered everything I have and much more in how long? a few months? When I've spent atleast a year? Maybe it's because of experience or my lack of, I don't know...but you make me jealous =).

megalomania

May 1st, 2002, 03:32 PM

I have not mentioned Tabun because the data I have is in German :) As I can only read maybe 20 words of German, I have to OCR it and send it to a translater website. I believe it is in a different class because its core phosphorus molecule is different from the rest of the G agents. I concentrate my researh into a big project where I request a flurry of books and journals for many different subjects, and then I sift throught it all to get what I want, and finally publish it. This takes awhile, but the end result is well worth the wait. :D

Flake2m

May 11th, 2002, 08:16 AM

An improvised chemical weapon that could cause maximum mayhem and chaos could be a hybrid FAE. Though instead of the FAE creating a huge fireball and burning everyone alive, The FAE could just disperse a chemical agent. You could use something like conc sulfuric acid as a chemical agent in the FAE, instead of a nerve agent. The explosion would cause chaos and the chemical agent would do the rest. Another idea would be to use this as a diversion, then while people are in a state of panic the real nerve agent could be dispersed. <small>[ May 11, 2002, 07:20 AM: Message edited by: Flake2m ]

Wicked

May 11th, 2002, 05:27 PM

Hmmz, how about some HCI gas spraying out of a paintball grenade or something. Maybe fill an air compressor at a car garage full of it. Then whenever someone gets a blow out and gos to check there tire, "IT BURNSSSSSS" heh heh. That idea, wouldnt be to fun though if it just blew out all of the gas at once,

kingspaz

May 11th, 2002, 06:06 PM

or if the HCl ate through the metal canister

Wicked

May 11th, 2002, 06:09 PM

Yeah that would suck ass too.

Celtick

May 12th, 2002, 08:08 AM



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I converted Machiavelli's Dusty Agents Full report to PDF, I'll Upload it when I can connect to the forums FTP again.

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look for Dusty Agents - converted by Cëltick.pdf in the uploads folder.

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May 25th, 2002, 06:19 PM

I`ve been thinking of SO2 (sulfur dioxide) as a chemical weapon. It could, of course not be used to kill people, but rather as some sort of tear gas. SO2 is very unplesant to inhale, even in small amounts, so I`d guess is makes a good improvised tear gas. It is also easy to make; just burn sulfur in air. This brings me to my point: Any suggestions on a good oxider/base powder to mix the sulfur with? If the powder was to be put inside a cannister, pure sulfur can`t be used. I was thinking maybe a 50/50 ratio of S and KNO3? What would the reaction(s) be?

TariqMujahid

May 25th, 2002, 08:15 PM

Sulfur Dioxide was actually the first chemical weapon used. No joke. It was used by the Spartans when they surrounded some city, I don't remember which one. I read that in some Cold-War era book in my school library titled "Chemical and Biological Warfare". I'm sure it has some good uses as a Chemical Weapon.

nbk2000

May 26th, 2002, 04:53 AM

Flake, the idea of using an FAE with a CW agent isn't new. It was studied by the army back in the '60s as a possible means of getting the agent into places it normally wouldn't go into. Such places being the interiors of large buildings, tunnels, and other places with "dead" air. The agent would be dispersed by normal means, thean an FAE would be air bursted over the agent cloud, dispersing it over a larger area, forcing it down to the ground, and shattering windows/doors with the airblast carrying the agent through the target structure. And there'd be no point in using an FAE as a "distraction" since it's just as lethal as most non-G/V CW agents on a pound/ pound basis if properly deployed. But a tactic used by the Iraqis during the iran/iraq war was to use the CW agent, then later use FAE/Napalm to burn off and dissipate any remaining agent to clear the area of evidience of use, and to decon it for friendly troop movement through the area. Wicked, you're a moron. Shut up and listen to what others here have to say for a while before I get pissed at you. Celtick, while the thought is appreciated, conversion to PDF is really a minimal effort. Rather, find more material of a similar nature and post that instead. We don't need people doing PDF conversions, we need people researching and posting material not normally found in "acceptable" information sources. Pu239 Stuchtiger, it's good that you're trying to find relevant info, but (FYI) anything written by "Madscientist" is bullshit with a capital SHIT. The fool used to be a moderator at Queerpier (Weirdpier) before joining as a member here. He was banned from here within a few posts for not being able to follow simple rules that everyone here (except the k3wlZ) have no problems with. That, and he's a moron armed with just enough school chemistry to make it "look good" to the uninitiated, but those with real chemistry skills know he doesn't know what the fuck he's talking about. Oh sure, he can write up all these equations and whatnot, but think about it...anything this fool can think up has either been synthesized and reported in the literature (Beilsteins, Merck, etc), or hasn't because it doesn't exist. Believe me, he's no nobel laureate so it isn't like he's thinking up things that professional chemists have missed. Notice how Madfag is the only one posting there? It's because he got ran off from even Queerpier for being an idiotic asshole. Besides, there already exists an explosive that produces phosgene and acts as a tear gas. It's also rather easily made by anyone here with skill. A quick search through my references revealed this. I'd suggest others do the same. Dinitrodichlorobenzene (COPAE, pg 140-141)

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Dinitrodichlorobenzene was tried as an explosive under the name of parazol. When mixed with TNT in high-explosive shells, it did not detonate completely, but presented interesting possibilities because the unexploded portion, atomized in the air, was a vigorous itch-producer and lachrymator, and because the exploded portion yielded phosgene.

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Download COPAE for the synth procedure, page 141. SO<sub>2 is about the weakest thing a person could use as a toxic gas. Just as easy to make, but as lethal as Hydrogen Cyanide would be Hydrogen Sulfide H<SUB>2. Any kind of metallic sulfide salt reacted with acid will produce it. TariqMujahid, you need to change your signature to english. This is an english language forum only. As per the rules "English is the only language allowed at The Forum, all posts in other languages will be deleted.".

TariqMujahid

May 26th, 2002, 11:14 AM

Hey, addressing an older reply to this thread concerning substituting Sodium Hypochlorite (Bleach) for Calcium Hypochlorite (Pool Chlorinator) in making Chloropicrin. I found an easy solution to this problem, extremely easy. I can only do easy things, you see =P. Anyhow, my mother decided to try my chemistry knowledge yesterday (not that I have much, she was just testing it). She poured Hypochlorite Bleach into a cup and let it sit in the window. After a few minutes, some crystals, resembling big tablesalt crystals (same shape), were precipitating to the bottom of the cup as the water evaporated. She asked me what it was, I told her it could either be Sodium Hypochlorite or Sodium Hydroxide. I decided to test these crystals in a not-too-sophisticated way. I simply poured some "Works" drain cleaner on it (20% HCl. Bad supplies =\). If it were Sodium Hydroxide, it would have bubbled a lot and heated up quickly. If it were Sodium Hypochlorite, it should have bubbled a little bit and warmed up more slowly. I know this isn't a great way of testing, if someone knows a better way please tell me. Anyhow, according to this test, they were Sodium Hypochlorite crystals. Since there never was really an answer to how to separate the Sodium Hydroxide from the Sodium Hypochlorite, I hope this was helpful. But I still have my doubts about this though, because the crystals must have SOME NaOH in them; it can't just

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<small>[ May 26, 2002, 10:18 AM: Message edited by: TariqMujahid ]

Flake2m

May 26th, 2002, 12:50 PM

My idea of the FAE dispersing a CW had a deeper meaning. This is a hypothetical situation: Some terroists could detonate several bombs at once in a busy are such as a market place. The bombs aren't designed to kill, just to create mayhem & chaos, they are stratedgically (I can't spell it) placed so they make most of the people near where the bombs went off running into a large crowded area (like herding cattle into a pen) . Then phase two of the plan comes into effect. A large device containing CW agents is detonated into the now highly populated area :( . Some of the people that survived the first set of blasts are now gassed alive as well as anyone else in the vicinity.

TariqMujahid

May 26th, 2002, 02:58 PM

Have you ever seen the movie "Air Force One" ? When the terrorists first hijacked the plane, one of the first things they did was have someone in the back throw a smokebomb. The passengers thought there was a fire, so they all began running to the front of the plane. The terrorists were waiting in the front of the plane and began gunning down the passengers. It's the same concept, of herding people into one area, and I guess the same could apply to the situation you speak of. Animals are pyrophobic. When you are touched by fire, you go into freak-out mode. That's why you saw people jumping out of the 100th floor of the Twin Towers; better the fall than the fire! Anyhow, using simple smoke bombs or a time-ignited molitov cocktail could cause that same amount of panic for a lot less money =).

10fingers

May 31st, 2002, 02:42 AM

This whole thread is just bad news for the Forum. On the one hand I agree with information being freely available but then theres a thing called DRAWING UNNECESSARY ATTENTION. All it would take is for some media asshole to read this and decide to make a story about it on the 6:00 news. Goodbye forum! I know that 99.99% of the people here are not seriously inclined to make any of this stuff. The media dummys don't know that! Explosives and most weapons have many other uses besides killing or injuring people. Chemical weapons do not. Is this a Forum for positive education or for terrorist wannabes? <small>[ May 31, 2002, 03:32 AM: Message edited by: 10fingers ]

Celtick

June 2nd, 2002, 04:25 PM

I don t agree, this forum is all about providing and discussing knowledge that s n ot rando mly available. We do nt give instructions on making Phos g e n e b o mbs, we re looking at synthesis and the theory of dispersing chem ical we a p o n s . Most of the information comes from patents that are available to everyone, linking or quoting them probably wont get the forum closed. Its almost the same as the newspapers mentioning HMTD and its easy manufacture, why not post a link at the end of the article immediately :D

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As we've said many times before, a forum like this almost certainly has a government following already, but the law prohibits interfering. Since this is a theoretical discussion board, and is also very much pro USA (e.g. the former Tariq Mujahid), I wonder under what grounds the feds might conceive to interfere with it.

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And how many forum members are seriously making HE s like HMX or CL-20? As for the use of explosives there on ly m ade for one thing; destruction. It s the same with Chemical Weapons there only made for destruction of (bacterial) life forms, (Chemical Weapons evolved from insect-killing chemicals) Its just a matter of how you use them.

megalomania

June 4th, 2002, 01:38 PM

The Forum is, was, and always shall be a place for discussions of any scientific matter. As I have said before, pure science has no right or wrong, no morality, no good or evil. It is a tool. It is only how science is used that these matters come into play. There is of course a line between theoretical discussion and the beginnings of outright plans. As long as there is a Constitution, the theoretical discussion will continue. As long as I am around, and the rest of the mods, there will be no plans. My social barometer tells me that the more controversial I am, the more I know I am doing the right thing. If I was a fed, I would be like to know what theoretical ideas people like us have so they can see if they have thought of that before. If I was a member of the media, I would not need this thread to paint us black, our mere name does it for most people. The media would never take the time to view the information or to get to know the people inside. Publicity, as they say, is publicity, and I will take it all. Ironically we have to weed out the bad to allow the good to talk freely. I will be the first to admit that The Forum is not nearly as open and free as it may seem, but that is simply to allow the controversial discussions to continue in the most intelligent manner. On how many other bulletin boards do the posters even progress beyond black powder and gasoline bombs? How many other scientific boards heckle and disparage the mere mention of explosives or chemical weapons? I am proud to be a member of the Explosives and Weapons Forum because we have a unique place that is open, free, and responsible. When we go too far I will know, and I will stop it. For now, I hear the world and it says we went too far long ago. But the world is not responsible; the world is controlled by a few fearful voices. I, we all, know better than to trust the herd. For me, knowledge is true power, and I suspect for many of you as well. The Forum, and its members, is the best there is. Let us keep the spark of freedom and knowledge alive in our small corner of cyberspace.

nbk2000

June 5th, 2002, 09:28 AM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Damn mega! You almost inspired me to start waving a flag. :D But that's just an invitation for the ATF to call you a militia member and shoot first. :p We're the best (and only) site of our kind. Period. I challenge ANYONE to point out another site that even begins to approach ours in content or quality. You can't.

Machiavelli

July 10th, 2002, 10:30 AM

Mr Samosa, I could make a very long post about what exactly you did wrong but to make it short, try to learn some basic chemistry before posting such ridiculous shit as "Somehow, the 3 Oxygens must be replaced by a Halogen and the Hydrogens gotten rid of...". Molecular model sets are nice to visualize certain reactions and molecules but chemistry doesn't work just by taking away an oxygen and attaching one of these green halogen balls. IT'S FUCKING KEWL! Now from dumbness back to destruction, mass destruction that is. NBK, I just read a document about gulf war illness that stated that a major health problem for the US forces in Iraq was a lung infection caused by a mixtue of very fine desert sand and pigeon shit. Do you know some possible shit candidates? I'm afraid your darling gas gangrene isn't suited for lung infection, since there's too much oxygen around for anaerobic bacteria, but apparently bat shit can cause similar inhalative inflammations, know anything else? I'd say take a mixture of wet shit and powdered silica, put it in a ball mill for a while, dry the resulting sludge 1. with silica gel under vacuum, mill again and you're finished. What do you think? If it works, it means cheap bw-agent in bulk :) The stuff may not be super efficient but it should be able to cause some problems... <small>[ July 10, 2002, 05:23 PM: Message edited by: Machiavelli ]

MrSamosa

July 10th, 2002, 02:03 PM

Thankyou for the flame Machiavelli. But unfortunately, insults are not very helpful, nor is saying "take some basic chemistry before posting dumb shit like..." I admit, my terminology is not perfect, and that was written late at night. What would REALLY be helpful is if you corrected my errors, told me what I did wrong, etc. You say "I could make a very long post about what exactly you did wrong but to make it short"...come on, don't be lazy, please write it all out. How else should I learn? Yes, I could and soon will be taking an entire chemistry course; but that post was based off of very basic knowledge of chemistry I've gotten from that Organic Chemistry Outline I downloaded. Sorry to chastise a moderator, but all he gave was a flame and nothing particularly useful. <small>[ July 10, 2002, 02:50 PM: Message edited by: MrSamosa ]

Machiavelli

July 10th, 2002, 07:19 PM

Well, you've got your PO(OH)3, very dilute of course. So you take it, knock apart the O-P bonding which is very strong by treating it with FeCl3. (Cl)- attacks, throws out (OH)- and forms POCl3 which magicaly isn't destroyed in your dilute acid. Now you go knock apart the O-H bond in an OH group which is extremely strong, too, to form H-Cl (which splits up into H+ and Clas soon as it sees some water). Now that you've managed to transform your rather unreactive phosphoric acid into a highly reactive acid chloride, you let it react with CH3Cl, I suppose you think that the (CH3)+ will attack the POCl3 and throw out a (Cl)- which reacts with the (Cl)from CH3Cl to form Cl2. Problem is, what you've been doing is playing puzzle, not chemistry. None of your reaction steps is possible, you destroy strong bonds to form weak ones, your 2. reaction forms one molecule out of 2 negatively charged species and one molecule out of 2 positively charged species. This explanation is greatly over-simplified, the problem is, you need a basic understanding of chemistry first before trying to plan a synthesis. Stuff like how different elements react, how strong the bonds formed during an reactio are, how many electrons are transferred, how reactive your products are and so on. You tried to fly a fighter jet before knowing how to switch gears on your bike. So take your chemistry course, learn from someone who gets paid to teach other people and answer their stupid questions and then I'll be glad to discuss every synthesis with you, but until then it's useless becaue you lack the understanding why some things do and some things don't work and this isn't the kind of understanding one can get from reading a few posts, no matter how good they are.

nbk2000

July 11th, 2002, 09:04 AM

Lungs aren't the only target for BW. Syphillus in the eye causes ulcerations and blindness. Shouldn't be too hard to find a syphillitic whore to get a culture from. It's a very hardy organism too. Grind up some silica to a nice dust with the organism embedded and blow it in peoples eyes. It should be a 'sharp' dust to cause irritation and cause people to rub it, thus embedding it in their eyes. There's some bacteria that lives in the hot springs of Yosemite that cause a 90%+ fatal meningitis that you can get just from simply getting the water on a cut. And it's immune to all antibiotics tested against it. That'd be some nasty shit to inhale. The hanta (SP? I was almost going to call it "hentai" :p ) virus that killed a lot of people back in the 90's is endemic to the mouse population of the islands off the coast of san diego. And it's transmitted via inhalation of dried mouse shit and urine. Start collecting that and add it to a carrier dust. Death is rapid, usually within 48 hours of symptoms. MrSamosa, I'll ban you for disrespect of staff if Mach wants it. We don't just pull things out of thin air as an excuse for flaming

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someone. And you didn't get flamed. If I did it, you'd know what flaming is. You were being corrected. You don't know jack shit about the chemistry of OPA's or their precursors. Methyl chloride is practically inert to acids and wouldn't react as you assume. If phosphoric acid could be used instead of PCl3, they (the Government) would be using that instead, but they're not. FeCl2 is too weak to catalyize a reaction. The process uses AlCl3 to convert PCl3 to POCl2. Go read the Merck index, read the patents, JACS citations, Belsteins, and all the other shit and get some understanding under your belt before spewing chemical theory diarrhea. The Forum isn't a place for learning about general chemical theory. That's what the schools, universities, and libraries are for. Learn there. Here, you'll just get banned for wasting our time. Get it right or get lost.

MrSamosa

July 11th, 2002, 08:36 PM

Alright, sorry for my ignorance when it comes to Organophosphate Chemistry. After reading how the first Organophosphates were synthesized, using Phosphoric Acid and an Alcohol, I got a little excited and spewed some bullshit. Once again, my apologies for this. NBK- you mentioned grinding up silica to a dusty carrier for a bacteria. I came across this from http://www.fas.org/nuke/intro/cw/produce.htm :

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Moreover, virtually all candidate incapacitating agents are solids at room temperature and would require drying and grinding to an inhalable particulate. Given the tendency of many compounds to acquire a static charge and agglomerate, the grinding is a nontrivial manufacturing problem.

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I do not know of Silica's properties, but generally speaking: if you grind up a solid without the proper equipment, you won't have a very high quality product, no matter how fine the powder is. Also, a lot of microorganisms are killed from rough handling such as grinding. Certain toxins, Ricin coming to mind, will be detoxified by such handling as well. Just some things to consider for manufacturing. <small>[ July 11, 2002, 07:43 PM: Message edited by: MrSamosa ]

cutefix

July 12th, 2002, 03:38 AM

A lot of work related hazards come from the unintentional reduction of gritty matter such as during mining,stone cutting,and even plain chiseling of a certain piece of rock to form into a sculpture.Even if the grit particles are heterogenous in size the danger is still existent from cumulative effect of respiratory ingestion.Therefore in order to protect workers from such occupational hazards;ample protective equipment should be worn by the working individual… Regarding the disintegration of microbes,it requires higher speeds and a different equipment set up;such as for example ultrasonic devices which are sometimes used in sterilization. Then I cannot attribute it to just plain grinding similar to the reduction of the particle size of inorganic matter, that microbes can be destroyed as such…. About silica,if it appears in the surroundings in finely devided state,and then breathed in by the individual continiously.The cumulative effect will result in an respiratory disorder known as silicosis.These may result in emphysema and other related lung disorder. As this gritty insoluble particles take time to kill an individual unless due to suffocation when ingesting large volumes of dusts,its use as a chemical weapon is nearly worthless.A chemical weapon can incapacitate or kill in miniscule amounts.

nbk2000

July 12th, 2002, 11:05 AM

The silica gel itself is merely a carrier for the infectious or toxic agents. As is, it's worthless. For grinding of biologicals, you'd use a cyclonic air grinder which would denature less than 10% of the agent. These are used to particulate the inhalable medicines used in ashmatic inhalers and such. I've also seen a design that uses opposed ultrasound speakers to create a standing wave that pulverizes materials (non-biological) to inhalable size. And absorbtion inside of a carrier would protect the agent inside the particules from destruction. Only that on the exterior surface would be destroyed, assuming you don't overheat it during grinding. You do know to keep your shit cooled, right? An alpha source such as polonium or americium (SP?) dissipates static charges instantly. The amer....whatever...is used in smoke detectors. Tiny amount, but it takes very little to nuetralize static. Also, there's chemical additives that do the same thing. Cling-free spray is one such chemical. Anti-agglomerates are trivial to obtain.

PYRO500

July 13th, 2002, 08:02 PM

Surprisingly enough by adding an alpha emitter to a substance that is sharp and tiny could allow alpha particles witch are normally stopped by the skin to penetrate deeper causing increased risk. I don't know how effective that would be as a radiogenic weapon or if the alpha particles would prove fatal for the bacteria in such small amounts. An idea I had was to combine a highly radioactive substance with another that would make it easily absorbable to key organs that normally are taking in that element or similar compound. I had the idea of something like poisoning a salt supply with curium iodide or something similar, if loosing all their bone marrow dosen't kill them thyroid cancer likely will.

nbk2000

July 14th, 2002, 12:22 PM

I'd think that inhaling radioactive alpha absorbed on silica dust would cause lung cancer. Though we're talking years down the road. Hmmm...radiological weapon that won't kill till years later. Thousands start dying of lung cancer, the only connection being attending a certain event 5 years previous. Evidence long since gone and discovering who's the responsible party impossible. Uranium ore is readily obtainable in the US by anyone interested in digging a hole in the south western states. The metallic uranium is easily seperated out by chemical means and emits beta and low energy gamma radiation. That could be converted into an iodide compound for dispersal.

Machiavelli

July 14th, 2002, 01:19 PM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter I don't know, something that might have an effect in 5 years doesn't seem very useful to me, it's so hard to integrate that into planning, now that the world has gotten so dynamic. For me, an actual attack should show an effect after a maximum of 6 months. Of course that doesn't include preparations, but after the gun is built and the trigger pulled I don't want to wait 5 years to find out whether I scored a headshot or just a flesh wound.

MrSamosa

July 14th, 2002, 02:34 PM

Personally, I think delayed results are better for those involved in the chemical/biological strike. Suppose you have immediate frying by the beta and gamma radiation...the victims of the attack will know something is up and go into freak-out mode. Everyone leaves the target area, and the attack is over. Lots of perfectly good radiological powder goes to waste. BUT, if the effects are delayed... They just go about their normal routines, never suspecting a thing. As far as anyone knows, no crime was committed; unless there are some weirdos who take geiger counters wherever they go. 5 years later, people start dying from lung cancer. Nobody knows what's going on. As NBK said, evidence of any attack is long since gone. Suppose there were an attack at Times Square though... Crowded area, lots of people. Everyone in New York City walks to get where they want and probably pass through Times Square quite often without even thinking about it. 5 years later, they would not remember that event since it's so common to them. Do YOU remember what streets you walked down 5 years ago? Therefore, it's very difficult to establish a specific connection which would greatly hinder any investigation.

Machiavelli

July 14th, 2002, 05:24 PM

MrSamosa, you're not getting my point. Of course you could kill some people that way (if it really works, which you'll find out 5 years later) but what's the use? You can't use it as a tactical weapon, because it needs years to take effect, you can't use it to terrorize/blackmail effectively, because that means you'd have to reveal your attack and the people can take countermeasures, I just don't see the payoff. Chemical/Biological weapons like all other weapons weren't built primarily to kill people, but to reach some other objective by killing people, eg deter an attack, defeat enemy forces, terrorize a population so they'll give in to demands, take out important enemy personal and so on. No matter how improvised your agent is, it'll cost money to produce, you'll risk your health/life producing it, if you're caught you'll get imprisoned or killed and when you die you'll go to hell. Why should someone risk all that just for killing 50, maybe 100 people?

nbk2000

July 16th, 2002, 09:10 AM

What you lose in the gratification of an immediate body count would be more than compensated for in the psychological terror and uncertainty you'll instill. Think about it like this: A terrorist group is willing to use a weapon that doesn't kill for years. What does this say? It says that they're more interested in the long term than the immediate. They're not looking for glory or fame, but results. If those results (dead americans) take years, than so be it. It also means they're planning on being around for years, rather than going out in a pyhrric blaze of glory. Also, if they did this the one time they were discovered, how many times prior have they done it that no one knows about? How many times in the future will they succed in evading detection? Death by a thousand cuts. Ahhhhh....that's were the psychology comes into play. People start worrying about where they may have been in the past that a terrorist might have used such a weapon, and where in the future another attack may happen. Is the nagging cough from allergies? Or the result of a spreading cancer caused by a terrorists radiological attack on a concert 4 years earlier? The insidous poison is more feared than the quick bullet. Those who die quick are buried and forgotten. Those who linger on, slowly wasting away, spread fear and rumors far out of proportion to the reality. Especially with television as dominant as it is. 9/11 is pretty much forgotten (sort of), but imagine if those thousands were just now starting to die off in small handfuls as the results of something that happened a year ago. They know they're doomed, yet they valiantly struggle on. As their numbers dwindle, and the grim specter of Death looms over them, they cry and wail to all their friends and family about how much it hurts as the cancer rots them from the core. This is all captured on TV for others to witness and the fear of death spreads. Oh sure, there'll be cries for vengance, but who do you attack? The cause of all this sorrow happened years ago. The attackers are long since gone into the obscurity of time. LOP17: Keep others in suspended terror. LOP48: Assume formlessness. PS: There's no counter-measure to radiactive dust in your lungs, just like there's none for asbestos, once it's in there. You're fucked, simple as that.

pyromaniac_guy

July 16th, 2002, 05:06 PM

i dont know if it's SOP to check the lungs of a cancer patient for radioactive contamination, but i would guess it is safe to assume such does NOT normally happen. that being the case you would have to expose a SHIT LOAD of people in a major metropolitain area, especially if it's during a mass gathering such as a sporting even and or new years, as not everyone will be from the same area. the only way the authorities are going to realize that something foul is afoot is when the rate of cancer goes up substantially. acording to the american lung association there were 164,000 new cases of lung cnacer in the us in 2000, and about 160,000 deaths. if you assume NYC represents about 3 percent the countries population, then making a

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thousand extra ny'ers die of lung cancer would hardly be a blip on the proverbial screen. not to mention the fact that I would find it highly unlikely that you would be able to cause an exposre such that everyone develops symptoms right at the same time. some people will be more susceptable to such enviromental risks than others, some may inhale more particles than others, so, you may end up needing to expose tens or hundreds of thousands of people in order for there to be any connection drawn that the increased cancers are not a fluke occurance... i think a scheme like this would be much better of for trying to kill in number, and get away with it undetected, not to cause terror

piggarro99

August 8th, 2002, 09:32 AM

TO NBK

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There's some bacteria that lives in the hot springs of Yosemite that cause a 90%+ fatal meningitis that you can get just from simply getting the water on a cut. And it's immune to all antibiotics tested against it. That'd be some nasty shit to inhale.

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a little help for you if i may. the organisms that live in the lake are a small type of trillobite bacteria and cause a variant of meningitus. this is called meningicoccal sceptacaemia. if you want something deadly then look no further than the common spider mokeys in the african region. they have been credited to starting the ebola virus 4 years ago. also may i create a new thread on some of natures poisonous substances that you can find in the uk, dont want to get banned for starting a thread as a newbie

Machiavelli

August 8th, 2002, 10:50 AM

The only monkeys that start virii are braindead outlook users who get "I love you" mails or maybe genetic scientists as which spider monkeys don't qualify imho, please be a bit more scientific. Also what do you expect us to do, grind some monkeys with silica? At least they're easily available, we just need to find that African region. And look no further, for a lot of other poisonous animals and plants we just need to take a closer look at the southern hemisphere region, no further, just next to our northern hemisphere region. Please don't post information which is (maybe) useful for African forumites only and please be more specific with your regions. You may start your thread but if it doesn't match my quality standards I'll delete it (without banishment).

piggarro99

August 8th, 2002, 11:05 AM

ok then, i would like to apologise for my last post, the ebola virus is most rampant in the following areas. The Gabon Regions which share the nothern borders of the congo. the republic of the congo. the ivory coast. zaire. the idea that i wished to spread was that you could happily protect your self against the air-borne (once humanly manifestered) virus by wearing a saftey mask while leaving an infected corpse. also i am a great fan of the peter jackson film Braindead and feel that i can relate to lionel, but find myself searching for the name of lionels fat uncle. (Bitter- That film is hilarious. Especially the scene with the lawnmower.) [a short list of latin names of toxic plants isn't sufficient for a new topic, anyone can pull that much out of a cheap search engine, minimum would have been plant name in english and latin, name and effect of its toxins and maybe decent sources] <small>[ August 09, 2002, 03:07 PM: Message edited by: Bitter ]

PrimoPyro

August 9th, 2002, 12:58 AM

Whoa hang on a second here. Mr Machiavelli, if you would please do me the favor of re-iterating your original post in which you stated: FeCl3 reacts with H3PO4 to form POCl3. To all of my knowledge this is not true. Please let me be wrong and say how can this be so! POCl3 is such a valuble chemical in *other* areas of synthetic research (Vilsmeier formylation! Hell yeah!) and is um well more than suspicious to buy. H3PO4 can be found everywhere, even locked up in gypsum salts if you like tha all natural routes. So back to my question: How does this proceed? The P-O bond is incredibly strong, much stronger than S=O bonds even, and C-C bonds, almost everything I can think of. To my knowledge, shouldn't the opposite reaction strongly predominate? POCl3 + Fe(OH)3 --> H3PO4 + FeCl3. This is an exothermic reaction, and the other is endothermic is it not? I simply cannot believe it. It's its its like one of the holy damn grails of clan chem! If you explain this to me I'll be forever gracious if it indeed works. It will make a wonderful report back home. PrimoPyro

MrSamosa

August 9th, 2002, 01:18 AM

Primo- that wasn't what Mach was saying. That's what I, the n00b-to-chemistry, was saying...and he was correcting me. I was suggesting a way to get Dimethylphosphonyl Chloride from Phosphoric Acid. I'd gotten a little ahead of myself, after reading how the first Organophosphates were made by reacting Alcohols with Phosphoric Acid. I had a BS synthesis I made for a topic,

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter but I requested that it be deleted.

Still, I'm convinced that Phosphoric Acid could have some use when it comes to Organophosphates...then again, I'm still lacking much of that basic knowledge of reactions and bonds Mach was referring to. I'm getting there though :) .

PrimoPyro

August 9th, 2002, 01:33 AM

Ah I see. Well congratulations on your uptaking and good luck. You will get to where you want to be, I promise you. Just read as much as you can and ask questions when you don't understand. Chemistry is the science where the impossible is continuously happening, so our rules that are made have all sorts of acceptions to them here and there, modifications to the science are made daily. So its easy to get confused at times. If you happen to need help understanding anything, basics or advanced, feel free to email me with your questions. I won't turn you away for not knowing. Good luck! :) PrimoPyro [EDIT]Phosphorous acid is very useful for organic chemistry reactions. Trialkyl phospites are suitable substitutes for trialkylphosphines in the Wittig Reaction, for example. Trialkyl phosphates make wonderful alkylating agents for phenolic functions and amines. <small>[ August 09, 2002, 12:36 AM: Message edited by: PrimoPyro ]

MrSamosa

August 9th, 2002, 02:11 AM

Whoohoo! I think I found something quite good online: http://pmeiers.bei.t-online.de/p-mfp.htm . It deals with the synthesis and history of Monofluorophosphates...which have use as Nerve Agents. Sarin and Soman fit under this category. It also deals a lot with their suggested use as mouthproofing agents to be put in toothpaste (ahh, this would make it so much easier for us...but bad for the teeth). They also mention Dialkyl Fluorophosphates, such as Diisopropyl Fluorophosphate. It has a lot of patent numbers in there if you're interested. What I got out of it though, was a way to make Organophosphates without Phosphorus Trichloride. Willy Lange prepared Difluorophosphoric Acid by reacting Phosphorus Pentoxide (P2O5...I can swear I saw this in the gardening section at Home Depot.) with Ammonium Fluoride or by pouring it into Hydrofluoric Acid. By heating Difluorophosphoric Acid in a dilute sodium hydroxide solution (not sure HOW dilute...this can be figured out later I guess), one Fluoride ion is lost, forming Monofluorophosphate salt (among them the sodium, ammonium, potassium, silver monofluorophosphates). By heating the silver salt with Methyl or Ethyl Iodide, the corresponding dialkyl ester is formed. This is a Cholinesterase Inhibitor and did poison the original makers (Lange and one of his students), although they survived. If it were me though, I would use Isopropyl Iodide, since the Isopropyl group is more persistent in the body than the Methyl group, which is more persistent than the Ethyl group. I imagine that other salts could be used instead of the silver salt, since silver tends to be expensive. <small>[ August 09, 2002, 04:21 AM: Message edited by: MrSamosa ]

nbk2000

August 9th, 2002, 05:20 AM

Phosphourus Pentoxide is a very powerful desicant, and also very corrosive. You will NOT find it in the aisle of Home Depot (though I wish I could). You're likely thinking of either phosphoric acid, or phosphorous fertilizers.

vulture

August 9th, 2002, 04:36 PM

Fertilizers often have indications of P2O5 content, but that does not mean they actually contain P2O5. Usually it contains phosphate, which is then calculated back to P2O5 content. Don't ask me why they use this stupid system.... I've stumbled on something interesting concerning phosphorus. Some mole poisoning flares contain calciumphosphate and Aluminium which reacts to form calciumphosphide and aluminiumoxide. The calciumphosphide reacts with air moisture to form PH3, an extremely lethal gas. Also, PH3 and Ca3P2 could be useful in synthesis of phosphor compounds.

Southern Warrior

August 10th, 2002, 11:43 PM

While we are talking about the chemicals needed for nerve gasses, I thought I'd bring it up that Dimethylamine can be used in the sythesis for GA (Tabun). It can be found in Agricultural suppliers if you look in the right place. I think it is used as a fungicide and a pesticide.

MrSamosa

August 11th, 2002, 08:13 AM

On the note of Dimethylamine, it's also found in some Detergents for dishes...along with 50 other ingredients mixed in =\. I have not seen it though in pesticides/fungicides yet, probably because I have not looked. Next time I go to the gardening store, I will keep an eye out for it. But, for even better precursors, look no further than Fire extinguishers! Often, they contain Triethyl Phosphate, Trimethyl Phosphate, and other phosphates of the like. They're mixed in with other things like "nuisance dust"; but it seems like they can be easily separated.

Southern Warrior

August 11th, 2002, 10:17 PM

Dimethylamine can most likely be found in the cheaper pesticides. Look for something that says "Active Ingredients" and it will say Salt of Dimethylamine. Something else I remembered, I seem to recall reading somewhere (can't remember where though...) that Tabun, when stored as a unitary CW, that the container must be coated/plated with silver.

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TheBear

October 10th, 2002, 03:31 PM

This might sound a little kewl and VERY improvised but I was thinking: Wouldn't very fine powdered NaOH (ballmilled) be pretty dangerous? (Not in class with a CW i know) but in total lack of resources (can be found in a well stocked grocery store). I was thinking that you might want to disperse (right word?) the powder using an explosive charge.

nbk2000

October 10th, 2002, 04:36 PM

While lye dust would certainly be dangerous to anyone exposed to it, it doesn't have any staying power. Lye absorbs water from the air very quickly and, once wet, reacts with atmospheric CO<sub>2 to form harmless carbonate. The finer the particles, the quicker this will happen. Could happen in just a few seconds in high humidity with micron sized powder. That, and the inevitable caking, prevents its use as such. Though you could certainly spray it as a course stream or spray on a target to mutilate them. Also, the phosphate used in fire extinguishers is Ammonium Triphosphate AKA fertilizer. Trialkyl phosphates are toxic and corrosive, definately not something you'll find in common consumer products like that.

MrSamosa

October 10th, 2002, 04:42 PM

Perhaps in times of shortage, using NaOH could perhaps be a decent chemical agent. It clearly causes skin damage, it's painful, and finely divided crystals could perhaps float around somewhat easily. However, would could be even better, is if you just buy the Aerosolized Oven Cleaner. NaOH spray. Ready for dispersal at the press of a button. Ouch! On another note, while looking around Best Buy for parts for a new computer, I came across a can of compressed gas for blowing dust (You can find this at any computer store, it's very common). As I habitually do, I looked at its label for any warnings and its ingredients. My eyes were attracted by "Difluoroethane." I had heard of Dichloroethane, Dichloromethane, but not Difluoroethane...although I suspected that such a chemical could exist. Then I thought of its use as a precursor to chemical weapon... Some of the main decomposition products of Difluoroethane, aside from oxides of Carbon and Water, include Hydrogen Fluoride and Carbonyl Fluoride. While the HF is already toxic, what I am interested in is the COF2. The MSDS for Carbonyl Fluoride, or what I like to call "Fluorophosgene," mentions that it is, "Highly Toxic. Causes serious Lung Damage with a delayed effect." Another MSDS mentions that it causes "respiratory tract burns, skin burns, and eye burns." I'm unable to find very detailed information regarding its LD50, but the best I can do is offer an LC50: 360 ppm/1 hour (Rat). Due to the fact that is hygroscopic and has a very low boiling point (-83 C), it may not be the best Chemical Agent. But of course, you don't use agents in their pure form- you mix it in with other chemicals to make it better .

Helos

November 3rd, 2002, 05:37 PM

Today I heard something like this on the swedish radio: "A new classified report says that chemichals for making biological and chemical weapons are readily available here in sweden. The methods for making the substances that can be used as a weapon of massdestruction can be performed by everyone who has basic knowledge in chemistry." After this report I guess that this chemicals will be restricted, which is a good thing indeed. I dont know what chemicals they are thinking of that makes biological weapons, but its probably bacterias they mean in this case. For some years ago everyone could buy very dangerous bacterias like anthrax or ebolavirus from labaratories around the world. Unfortunately (or whatever you think!) it is obviously still possible to get something like this. I myself has a little hard to see a random person with basic knowledge in chemistry perform this synthesis or bacteriacultivation because without the proper knowledge and more important alot of safetygears and a very good laboratory they will probably get killed theirself fooling around with some extremly dangerous substances. I also ofcourse wonder very much what the report are talking about (wanna read =)) for substances, nerve gas, or what?

zeocrash

November 3rd, 2002, 06:14 PM

ok my grandad used to work on britains CW program in WW2. He was part of a team that used to design and test chemical weapons. testing involved gassing themselves with the substance and noting the effects. one particulaly interesting gas caused the victim's pupils to temporarily close up, making them temporarily blind. I'll ask him if he still has any of his notes relating to his CW research.

OUAGADOUGOU

November 6th, 2002, 12:22 PM

This is slightly off topic, but what do you all know about synthetizing chloropicrin by the nitration of chloroform? I remember Cutefix breefly mentioning this in some old thread. What would be the optimal concentration of the HNO3, since besides chloropicrin the reaction could also yeald nitro compounds, no? like: NO2CCl3 + HNO3 --> NO2CCl2-O-NO2 + HCl This would be an interesting addition to all the CW information accumulated on the forum. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Lazy fucks like yourself need to learn that the forum isn't here to answer your questions on an instantaneous basis. You also need to learn to search the Forum before asking a question because the answer to your question his already here...if you can be bothered to SEARCH FOR IT! <small>[ November 09, 2002, 05:38 AM: Message edited by: nbk2000 ]

Iv4

November 8th, 2002, 12:47 PM

Oh Christ... :rolleyes: <small>[ November 09, 2002, 05:40 AM: Message edited by: nbk2000 ]

zeocrash

November 8th, 2002, 01:14 PM

i found an interesting military field manual on the web, explaining not just about the compositions of chemical weapons, but what factors make a good chemical / bio weapon, how best to disperse them and what they are best used for. http://globalsecurity.org/wmd/ library/policy/army/fm/3-9/fm3-9.pdf

megalomania

November 10th, 2002, 07:02 PM

A weapon using NaOH would not be on the same caliber as a traditional "chemical weapon" but it could suffice as a weapon of panic. I was once on the recieving end of a gust of NaOH vapor after a blast, and believe me my fraction of a second exposure is more than I ever want to repeat. A saturated solution of sodium hydroxide exposed to a small explosive blast would immediately be vaporized and dispersed. A more complex scheme of releasing pressurized gas into a bottle of the solution exiting an atomizer tip would work as well. The most immediate effect is on the eyes, that being pain and lost of it. Later the base starts eating at the skin. With eyes squeezed shut the victims would be milling around, when they realize their skin is on fire the panic sets in. This would be classed as a low lethality weapon of mass confusion, rather like tear gas but with far more severe consequences for those exposed as eye damage could be permanent. The use of such a compound may serve to increase the efectiveness of an explosive blast in the immediate area. The effects would quickly be dispersed, as nbk mentioned, and of course would pose little risk for first responders when they eventually arrive. However, EMT, fire, and police responders would not know what they are dealing with. In this day an age they wouls most likely assume it's a nerve gas and act appropriatly (flee the scene and act like they never got the call). A more effective use of such a weapon would be to place several small charges among an area likely to be densly packed with passers by, like a marathon for example. Imagine the first small detonation dispursing the vapor into the crowd. 1) Everyone hears the blast and stops to listen. 2) Those exposed to the vapor react to the gas clutching their eyes and wailing 3) Those in the immediate area begin to back away 4) A second or third blast starts the same effect 5) Too many groups begin retreating in different directions 6) Panic sets in, the collective mindset is bombs are everywhere mixed with nerve gas 7) The crush of bodies to escape is impossible because there are so many and nobody knows where it's safe. 8) Panic and mass hysteria sets in, thousands are crushed under the herd. Half the people imagine they have been exposed to nerve gas. 9) People shable homeward wracked with nausa and pain as they think they are dieing. Enough hypothetical red teaming for the day. From this conjecture one can see how a malovolent entity could conceviably use people's fear of unknown chemicals to its fullest effect with very limited expenditure of capital. People assume the worst, a firecracker blast becomes a bomb, NaOH vapors become nerve gas, panic and hysteria does the rest.

MrSamosa

November 10th, 2002, 10:16 PM

Ahh, this talk about vaporized NaOH being used as a weapon recalls a memory back from my Anarchist-Cookbook K3WL days... I recklessly combined NaOH, Water, and Aluminum Foil in a bottle and shook it a bit. I turned around to cap the container of NaOH, and when I looked at the bottle again, it was about ready to burst. Anyhow, I was too close to the bottle as it exploded, and it sprayed a caustic, black, oily mixture on my arm, neck, and face. Of course, I wasn't a complete dumbass, so I didn't sit there screaming (as panicky people in masses would do)... I ran to a sink to clean myself off before I jumping in the shower :) . In the end, I only had mild burns near my eye (Fortunately not in my eye) and on my neck. To the point now; this could be a weaponized form of NaOH instead of the simple powder. While it is extremely KeWL, I still don't think that it should be overlooked. The oily caustic liquid was very difficult to wipe off, and was quite sticky. Not only that, it would be propelled much further by a blast than simple powder. Now, in line with weaponizing Chemicals, here is my idea for improving upon the original concept... Simply use NaOH dissolved in water .

Sparky

November 11th, 2002, 05:43 PM

Zeocrash: Blindness (via closing of the iris) is a typical symptom of acetylcholinesterase inhibiters. The eye nerves are simply more sensitive to these inhibiters than most nerves. In WW2 the British and there allies knew almost nothing about nerve gasses until the near the end. When they came across massive German stashes of Tabun they didn't know what it was. I got this information from "The 13th Element, the sordid tale of murder, fire and Phosphorus". I scanned some of the book for you. If you want I can scan the section on antidotes, but I didn't think it was necessary. Watch out, the're kind of big and the server is currently kinda crippled: http://pyropage.cyberarmy.ca/pg162small.jpg Mentions about when the British were testing the tabun they found.

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http://pyropage.cyberarmy.ca/ pg%20166small.jpg - How nerve gasses work http://pyropage.cyberarmy.ca/ pg%20167small.jpg - How nerve gasses work cont'd. http://pyropage.cyberarmy.ca/ pg%20168small.jpg - Some people are more sensitive to nerve gas then others...(an anecdote about a guy who got poisoned) http://pyropage.cyberarmy.ca/pg%201723small.jpg - toxicity tables and vague info on synthesis of sarin. A_W: You asked a question a long time ago (where to get parrafin for hydrogen sulfide production). Of course it's used in candles but it is also sold in Canada in big blocks as "parawax" in home hardware. On an unrelated note (since Mega's email doesn't seem to work): The same hoster who is hosting my page has offered to host a mirror of the forum for free. I thought it might be good to have an out of the US (in Canada) host. And another (since NBK doesn't like to give out his email): I download the RTBP's and they seem to be corrupted or something. Of course I changed it to .pdf. I tried downloading it multiple times just to make sure. Acrobat keeps opening and saying, "This file is damaged but is being repaired." when first opened, then it says, "There was an error processing a page. There was a problem reading this document (117)." Then it opens another window and tells me, again, "There was a problem reading this document (117)." I remember reading someone else was having trouble with this file too...

nbk2000

November 11th, 2002, 11:46 PM

Try it now. Be SURE to use the link in this post, because prior posts will still have the old URL in them.

MrSamosa

November 12th, 2002, 03:49 AM

Sparky- do you think you could be so kind as to upload the whole book on Phosphorus? I've seen it in the local bookstore, and it's been on my wish list ever since...but your friend MrSamosa is very stingy with his money. :)

OUAGADOUGOU

November 12th, 2002, 11:53 AM

Sorry about that NBK :o But I really couldn`t find any info on manufacturing CS by nitrating chloroform. I know the procedure on making this by chlorinating nitromethane, I have the patent. t would be fun though to know a nother method from different precursors.Im not asking you all to do extensive searches in the literature, just in case you happen to know .

Sparky

November 14th, 2002, 12:06 AM

MrSamosa: You ask a lot, but yes I will scan and try to OCR the whole book this weekend. NBK: The file works well now. Just to let you know it doesn't work with Acrobat 4.0 (error decoding the file or something). I had to upgrade to 5.0 but no big deal.

nbk2000

November 14th, 2002, 04:52 AM

Actually, that's the point. You're SUPPOSED to have the latest version of anything anyways, unless the newest version is an overbloated POS (like XP, compared to my '98 :) ) As for nitrating chloroform for PS, don't bother. It's very wasteful of both. Stick with the nitromethane/pool chlorinator mix.

redbull

May 18th, 2004, 12:13 PM

I cant seem to find this anywhere... I searched for a good 15 minutes? an anyone point me in the right direction? "Read my april 5th post where I detail Phosgene Oxime, and later give patent and bookz references for it's manufacture and toxicology."

tiac03

May 18th, 2004, 05:38 PM

I don't know if it was said before, so i will keep this short. Anyone standing downwind of someone burning piles of poison Ivy is going to regret it... Indians used to use it that way. they would set piles of the stuff on fire and any enemy attacking down wind would get a big surprise. (I think even dry it works) So mix some into a smoke screen composition and set alight where ever it so pleases you...

-keep it simple.

nbk2000

May 18th, 2004, 06:00 PM

The burning of poison ivy/sumac is a primitive form of CW, as the urushiol (the irritant oil) is volatilized by burning, forming a

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mist of the recondensed oil droplets in the smoke. If you know what the stuff does to skin, imagine what it does to lung tissue! :eek: :D Redbull, you need to figure out how to use the information provided to you. It's all there for you to find...:rolleyes:

teshilo

May 21st, 2004, 02:57 PM

As quick and dirty methods for create rudimentary form CW ,use molded sulfur with red pepper and small quantity slow burning incendiary.Yes, in ideas :cool: with use burning sulfur as simple cw not new ,his discussed in thread TIM in this section.For more nice weaponization: you can mold small pellets coat it white P and insert this in plastic bag with water .Small charge flash powder :D help use this device... P.S Poison ivy/sumac -rare stuff .

Roy Paci

May 22nd, 2004, 09:12 AM

Excuse me if I am off topic. I would like to resume the discussion about bacteria... There has been said something wrong and something right, but it was still very good point. Bacterias are effectively a very useful weapon and could be considered even easy-to-make, although you have to consider that the most dangerous one have been defeated and erased from the world. But you could still infect someone with an emolithic(pretty bastard) bacteria with a staphylococcus pyogenes passed through a mutating process. This does not even require high biotech skills or big lab facilities. You would need nothing more than agar, sugars, growing factors and liofilized blood. To proceed you should be able to touch with a cotton probe the throat glands of a person who suffers from a particular type of illness that brings kind of bacterial plaque(not "plague"). Once you have been able too make your own bacteria colture you should act to mutate by changing his phisical/chemical enviroment. Once you get the desidered strain you would be able infect anyone you can get in touch with. Giving him fever, throatache and whatsoever the bacteria you choose to cultivate gives. You could even get a antibiotic-resistant strain, that could be very dangerous. If getting someone ill seems to be a simple thing to do for a medium skilled person, getting Mister bacillus antracis is not that simple, not even thinkable for a person who is not accreditated to the medical-scientific international community(a doctor who work in an university, for ex.). Getting it to produce sphorae requires alredy a high skilled biotechnologist. It's proved that 100kg of anthrax sphorae spread by a plane over a big metropoly like New York or Sao Paulo could prime a world pandemic able to erase human kind from the earth. Even a pandemic which would cut the world population down to 10% woul rappresent the end of the mankind. Even pox virus could be used, with increased difficulties. Botulism requires a biotechnologist with three pairs of balls instead of just one. And the bacteria himself is not that nasty. His toxin is. The need of extracting it increases the number of balls the required biotech needs to carry the process out. It could be used to contaminate water lines as the deadly threshold is fucking low. Is some one interested in continuing this topic(Especially the first part of it). Sorry I annoyed someone and sorry for my english.

nbk2000

May 22nd, 2004, 06:20 PM

It's proved that 100kg of anthrax sphorae ...could prime a world pandemic able to erase human kind from the earth.

Problem with that statement is that anthrax is NOT transmittable person-to-person, which would be a requirement for a pandemic to happen. Anyways, this is a thread about CHEMICAL weapons, not biological, which is another thread, so please post your discussions in the appropriate thread from now on, eh? :)

WMD

May 23rd, 2004, 04:49 AM

Just one reply before going back on topic :) Excuse me if I am off topic. This does not even require high biotech skills or big lab facilities. You would need nothing more than agar, sugars, growing factors and liofilized blood. The hard part is not growing that stuff, the hard part is turning it into a useful weapon. If I have to run around infecting people by hand I might as well plug them with a kitchen knife.

Roy Paci

May 25th, 2004, 07:18 AM

Ok sorry, from now on I'll post in the right forum. I posted here cause I read, on this thread, messages about bioweaps posted few years ago. :( Please, allow me just to reply to your comments in this thread for simpler comprehension of other users.

NBK says: "Problem with that statement is that anthrax is NOT transmittable person-to-person" Sorry. Maybe round bioterrorism across US has been said, worldwide that anthrax was not contagious. False. There are three strains of bacillus antracis: cutaneous, from ingestion, from inhalation. All of these types ARE CONTAGIOUS. The inhalatory one is F***ING CONTAGIOUS, but fortununately is a zoonosis and so is the less common. WMD: If you get a good amount of sphoraes of a bacteria(you should be good at handling bacts), and you are mad, you can pack them around a light charge manufactured with particular attentions and get them spread through a room. You could even put a colony of bacts on the edge of someone's glass using a cottonfiock, is a work for intelligence agents.

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Fantasy is the limit, once you get the knowledge. ;)

nbk2000

May 26th, 2004, 06:17 PM

Roy, you're confusing the means of original infection with the means of inter-personal transmission. A cow with pulmonary anthrax is NOT going to pass it on to the other cows by coughing out anthrax spores. It's not ebola, nor the plague, or even the common cold. Initial infections come through contact with infected soil containg the spores, inhalation of spores in the form of contaminated dust, or ingestion of contaminated feed containing infected soil, or contact with the oozing sores of cutaneous anthrax. So, yes, it's technically possible to transmit cutaneous anthrax but, unlike cattle in a stock pen, how likely is it that someone is going to rub their skin against someone elses pustulant black sores? :rolleyes: Not a very speedy way to start a pandemic, is it? :p

raptor1956

September 13th, 2004, 06:20 PM

Methyl Bromide. They use it for sterilising the ground in greenhouses. You have to wear a gasmask when using it, & even with a mask on, I coughed until I puked. This led me to wonder what the effects would be if you poured it into a car's vents?

FUTI

September 14th, 2004, 08:38 PM

Teshilo I belive that similar kind of CW was used in Krim war and that is very ancient use of it. And I liked the urushiol or poison ivy idea. Also I remembered the first use of biological weapons...Mongols used to cataput into the sieged town body of deceased from plague to infect the population.

croc

September 23rd, 2004, 04:14 AM

I didn t wan t to stat a new thread a nd this one seeme d the most relevan t to post in b ut I found a great new website which gives a lot of information on chemical weapons. http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Lab/4239/chemweapons/cwindex.html

NightStalker

September 23rd, 2004, 07:54 PM

Yawn....:rolleyes: That site is just a rehash of the stuff that you can find in any decent encylopedia.

nbk2000

February 11th, 2007, 05:23 PM

This is what the EPA says about water-soluble polymers: (red- my emphasis) 'High Molecular Weight Polymers in the New Chemicals Program' There are three categories or types of High Molecular Weight (HMW, >10,000 daltons) polymers typically reviewed by the New Chemicals Program: soluble, insoluble/non-water absorbing ("non-swellable"), and water absorbing ("swellable"). EPA has a concern for potential fibrosis of the lung or other pulmonary effects that may be caused by inhalation of respirable particles of water-insoluble HMW polymers. The toxicity may be a result of "overloading" the clearance mechanisms of the lung. EPA also has concerns for water absorbing polymers, based on data showing that cancer was observed in a 2-year inhalation study in rats on a HMW water-absorbing polyacrylate polymer. Each of the three types is treated differently as indicated below: c. Water absorbing (swellable) polymers. For these substances the Agency makes the "may present an unreasonable risk" determination with concerns for fibrosis and cancer, based upon water absorption properties. Concerns are associated with substances that absorb their weight (or greater) in water. The primary reference for Agency concerns for this class of polymers is TSCA 8(e)-1795, submitted by the Institute for Polyacrylate Absorbents (IPA), which indicated that high molecular weight polyacrylate polymers caused lung neoplasms in animal studies. From http://www.anomalies-unlimited.com/Chemtrails/Dyn-O-Gel.html These are available for under $8/pound, when bought in bulk, and are millable into fine powders. Idea would be to produce an inhalable powder, disperse it, and either the particles immediately swell up inside the lungs, causing suffocation, or they permanently lodge in there, leading to long-term lung disease and eventual cancer.

Gammaray1981

February 24th, 2007, 05:44 AM

Apparently some mercury compounds are very lethal (LD50 / Phenylmercuric Acetate = 22mg/Kg), and are easily converted to aerosol form. It would appear that compounding elemental mercury (toxic in and of itself, but reasonably safe) with an organic part causes it to penetrate skin and lungs far more effectively. Equally, it seems that any organically-based clothing (cotton, silk, etc), will form no barrier at all to most airborne organomercuric compounds. The production of such a chemical is beyond my knowledge right now, but it's worth a thought.

FullMetalJacket

March 14th, 2007, 10:15 AM

Oh, yeah, organic mercury compounds are a real bitch. There was a great thread about dimethylmercury a little while back. Should still be in the first couple of pages.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter wolfy9005

April 1st, 2007, 09:00 PM

Nicotine in around 40% concentration. Absorbs through the skin. Also Hydroflouoic acid, a small amount would make their day a bit worse.

nbk2000

April 1st, 2007, 11:02 PM

Stunningly original! :rolleyes:

ciguy007

September 16th, 2007, 12:10 AM

The (much) earlier post about poinsettias being very toxic is a myth. The initial literature described an elderly woman with multiorgan failure who was thought to have been exposed to poinsettia and subsequently died. In fact, poinsettia has only mildly toxic effects, mostly skin irritation due to the latex-like materials in its milky sap. If ingested, it can cause some mild irritation of the mouth and throat but nothing even remotely life-threatening. It turns out that mistletoe is also an essentially harmless plant. Just thought I correct the error about poinsettia.

teshilo

October 12th, 2007, 02:32 PM

In text related to military toxicology i read about various mixed type CW ... Planned for increasing effect various CW agents with radiological agents like what used in"dirty bomb" ...If i find these file i upload it to ftp or rapidshare...

Crazylover

November 2nd, 2007, 12:41 AM

Hi men, I don't speak very well english, but I can tell you a lot of true and effective informations about tear gas and similar product as I work many years in a company producing Military and Police Tear Gas : Most common Tear Gaz used today are : CS ( ortho-chlorobenzalmalononitrile ( = 2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile )) Capsaicin ( Capsicum extract ) Piperine ( Pepper extract ) Formely, another very good product was used: Allyl Isothiocyanate ( Mustard extract ) Allyl Isothiocyanate is very effective as it's target are eyes, skin and the respiratory system. But high concentration if inhaled can burn the lungs. Allyl Isothiocyanate is miscible in Dichloromethane ( Methylene chloride ).

Other very effective Chemical : Chloroacetone ( available directly from Chemical Supplier ) Bromoacetone: Here is a synthesis for Bromoacetone : 1. Procedure A 5-l., three-necked, round-bottomed flask is provided with an efficient mechanical stirrer, a 48-cm. Allihn reflux condenser, a thermometer, and a 500-cc. separatory funnel, the stem of which reaches nearly to the bottom of the flask (Note 1). Through the separatory funnel are introduced 1.6 l. of water, 500 cc. of c. p. acetone, and 372 cc. of glacial acetic acid. The stirrer is sta rted and the tem perature of the water bath is raise d to 70 80°, so that the mixture in the flask is at about 65° (Note 2). Then 354 cc. (7.3 moles) of bromine is carefully added through the separatory funnel. The addition, which requires one to two hours, is so regulated as to prevent the accumulation of unreacted bromine (Note 3). As a rule the solution is decolorized in about twenty minutes after the bromine has been added. When the solution is decolorized, it is diluted with 800 cc. of cold water, cooled to 10°, made neutral to Congo red with about 1 kg. of solid anhydrous sodium carbonate, and the oil which separates is collected in a separatory funnel and dried with 80 g. of anhydrous calcium chloride. After drying, the oil is fractiona ted and the fraction boiling at 38 48°/13 mm. is collected. The yield is 470 480 g. (50 51 per cent of the theoretical amount). It may be used without further purification for the preparation of acetol (p. 5); but, if a purer product is desired, the above prod uct is refraction ated and the fraction boiling at 40 42°/13 mm. is collected. The yield is 400 410 g. (43 44 per cent of the theoretical amount). The higher-boiling fraction contains a mixture of isomeric dibromoacetones. 2. Notes 1. The apparatus should be set up with the flask in a large container (such as a 14-qt. galvanized pail) to be used as a water bath, and under a well-ventilated hood, as both the bromine and bromoacetone are powerful irritants to the skin and mucous membranes. 2. It is necessary to warm the reaction mixture to this temperature to ensure a smooth reaction 3. It is not advisable to have too great an excess of bromine present at any time, as it sometimes reacts suddenly with great violence. 3. Discussion Bromoacetone has been prepared by the electrolysis of a mixture of acetone and hydrobromic acid,1 and by more orthodox methods of bromination: the addition of bromine to acetone dissolved in ten times its weight of water;2 the addition of bromine to acetone in which marble is suspended;3 the addition of bromine to acetone, water, and concentrated hydrochloric acid;4 and the introduction of bromine by means of a current of air into cold acetone.5 A procedure similar to the one described above, except that the reaction mixture is illuminated with a powerful light, has been published.6 This preparation is referenced from: Org. Syn. Coll. Vol. 2, 5 If you have any other synthesis for Bromoacetone, I will be happy to know it ! If you have any question about commom tear gas, I will be happy to help you ! Have a great day men ! AL.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter If Someone is interested, I have many very good recipe for CS synthesis. I very effective Tear Gas is a mixture of CS and Capsaicin. ( in Methylene Chloride for example, and use HFC 134 or Nitrogen or CO2 as Propellant ). +++++++++++++++++++ Don't self-sign posts.

PAC

November 5th, 2007, 08:21 PM

Have you ever read "The War Gases"? I have the german one, a newer version of the one I´ve scanned years ago, but it should also be in there (Someone told me that he would make a scan of the second edition, but I haven´t seen it online). There are various ways for the synthesis of Bromoacetone. And the other standard reference books could also be mentioned (Stoltzenberg, Preparatory Manual of chemical warfare agents). If you are interested I can look through my other books/files. By the way, I´m very interested in the CS synthesis.

nbk2000

November 5th, 2007, 10:36 PM

US3963770 Synthesis of ortho-chlorobenzalmalononitrile (CS) US3549684

teshilo

November 10th, 2007, 12:43 PM

Hmm.. OTC synth of CS, few tips: After searching the patents on subject preparation of CS precursors malononitrile and o-chlorobenzaldehydyde i know that 1.Preparation of malononitrile is the pain in ass, this require in low temperature(83 C) method: cyanoacetamide(production from cyanoacetic acid and ammonia) and phosporus oxychloride. In high temperature(750-800 C) :confused:method: you need in acetonitrile and cyanogen chloride.Hot CK in laboratory dont my choose:eek: o-chlorobenzaldehydyde production by chlorination of chlortoluene. CS good thing solid ,easy weaponize and good in storage:):) All patents what i collected in one folder and upload it to rapidshare: password:roguesci.org http://rapidshare.com/files/68776189/OTC_CS.rar.html

ciguy007

November 19th, 2007, 09:55 PM

Ebola Reston was airborne, and the humans working in the facility all had antibody responses to it. I have heard speculation (when I was at USAMRIID) that it might have chronic effects (like renal disease) after decades. Hanta virus - the cause of hemorrhagic fever in the southwestern US is being implicated as a contributing factor to the relatively high rates of renal failure requiring dialysis in american indians living in endemic areas. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Crude Biological/Toxin Weapons TariqMujahid

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May 14th, 2002, 04:46 PM

While Anthrax, Botulinum, Ricin, T2 and other Biological and Toxin weapons are fun to think about, I have not seen much consideration for more crude and easily-available weapons that can probably be found simply by walking in the woods... No, these will not be able to take out 20,000 people like the previously said Biological Weapons, but bear with me. Such examples of "Crude" Biological/Toxin weapons can include Urushiol, the oil that causes the rash from Poison Ivy plants. Poison Ivy is a very common w eed almost everywhere in the United States (not sure about elsew here), making acquisition of this oil very easy. Perhaps dispersed by aerosol or through burning can create airborne particles which may inhaled, causing a rash along the respiratory tract. When the rashes swell, it will be difficult for the person to breathe and they can die of suffocation. This is the very reason w hy some states have law s against burning Poison Ivy plants. The disadvantages to this: Urushiol is easily decontaminated with water, in order to develop an allergic reaction, the exposed person must have been exposed to Urushiol atleast once before. An example of a crude Germ w eapon is the Rabies virus. I'm sure this can easily be ordered... If all fails, catching a rabid animal, killing it, and culturing the bacteria from its brain works; although I'm not sure how this is done. Anyhow, covering a bomb w ith this virus, or putting it on shrapnel can greatly increase the lethality of the bomb. Rabies is not easily detected, and it can take up to 16 w eeks before effects are seen. Treatment, from what I've read from my sister-in-law's "Immunology and Microbiology" book (she is a doctor now, just graduated from Medical School = ) ), Rabies treatment is only supportive, and many cases are fatal. Just thoughts, I'm sure there are many many many other things that can be listed as "crude Biological/Toxin weapons". This is more of a thought-provoking post, I don't know if I'm really serious about these suggestions.

rikkitikkitavi

May 14th, 2002, 05:50 PM

rabies is a viral infection in the nerve system. It spreads through the nerves by a rate of about 1 cm/24 hours. Once the virus reaches the brain the infection is fatal. (fully developed rabies) . No one have sofar survived once the infection has spread to the brain, despite modern health care. No symptoms show until the virus reaches the brain, exept from a slight rash at the point of infection at the body. A few injections of immunoglobin killes the virus w ith very high probabilty before the virus reaches the brain. (> 99 %) The infection can be detected by a easy test at a health care center. To become infected one have to be exposed to body fluids in an open cut or similar. Oral infection is not very likely, since the virus has a low chance of surviving the acid environment in the stomache. Altogether , I think it is not a suitable weapon of massdestruction. however, it would make a perfect tool for a patient murderer. se the following exampel of how it might go unless you are suspiscious. There was a case recently here in sweden where a young woman returned from Thailand after w orking as a volonteer in a place fore street dogs !? (she was never bitten according to the news, but licked by dogs maybe) After a few weeks she felt ill, w ent to the hospital and the doctors diagnosed her with rabies, fully spread. They put her under narcosis through the last days since the cramps are very painful, and generally you turn crazy since the virus messes up your brain. And she died of course. (do I need to say that when I was in SEA, I stayed w ell of any stray dogs, fucking raggy beast they where) Oh, BTW, Bats and monkeys are the way to go if one wants animals with a high probabilty of being infected, how ever the virus infects any mammal-look out for strange behavious since the animals turns crazy too. /rickard <small>[ May 14, 2002, 04:59 PM: Message edited by: rikkitikkitavi ]< /small>

TariqMujahid

May 14th, 2002, 06:26 PM

It's not so much exposure to body fluids, from what I've read atleast. Here is an excerpt from the "Medical Microbiology and Immunology" book that I w as talking about: "Pathogenesis & Immunity The virus multiplies locally at the bite site and then infects the sensory neurons and moves by axonal transport to the central nervous system. During its transport within the nerve, the virus is sheltered from the immune system and little, if any, immune response occurs. The virus multiplies in the central nervous system and then travels down the peripheral nerves to the salivary glands...From the salivary glands, it enters the saliva to be transmitted by the bite... ...Because so few individuals have survived rabies, there is no information regarding immunity to disease upon being bitten again." "Clinical Findings The incubation period varies...from as short as 2 weeks to 16 weeks or longer. It is shorter when bites are sustained on the head rather than on the leg, because the virus has a shorter distance to travel to reach the central nervous system. ...the patien exhibits a prodrome of nonspecific symtoms such as fever, anorexia, and changes in sensation at the bite site. Within a few days, signs such as confusion ,lethargy, and increased salivation develop. Most notably...painful spam of throat muscles on sw alling...result is hydrophobia..aversion to swallowing w ater because it is so painful. Within several diays...seizures, paralysis, and coma. Death almost invariably ensues..." Anyhow, my suggestion was to put this on shrapnel. Therefore, it would be similar to being bitten by a rabid animal, the rabies enters your body along w ith the shrapnel. Not many people expect Viruses or Diseases, except Tetanus, to be on bomb shrapnel; therefore they may not consider it.

Anthony

May 14th, 2002, 07:46 PM

Imagine contaminating the supply of needles to be used for a school vacination... Come for a measles jab, leave with rabbies!

Synthetically Hopeful

May 14th, 2002, 07:59 PM

Ricin? A high tech bio weapon? What have you been smokin' and how is it made. Caster beans and a solvent, that is not high tech, in fact, it's rather crude, and its a toxin. Crude Biological/Toxin Weapons seems like a rather good way to class Ricin. Take X amount of nutmeat from caster beans, mash it up in a glass jar with enough solvent to cover it, cap and w ake a week, and filter out the cristals. any raghead can do it, Im suprised it hasnt been used yet.

TariqMujahid

May 14th, 2002, 08:24 PM

Ahem... I know Ricin is not a Biological Weapon. Ricin is a plant Toxin, and yes, it is easily extracted. HOWEVER, it is NOT easily turned into a product that is very usable as a Weapon of Mass Destruction. Following the expected scenario for a Chemical/Biological/Toxin weapon, the agent w ill be dispersed by Aerosol or as a pow der capable of being inhaled. While Ricin is easy to extract, turning it into a powder that is easily inhaled can prove to be very difficult. Similarly, it is very easy to grow the mold that makes T2 Mycotoxin ("Yellow Rain"). Hell, if you go to a corn farm, you can probably find corn covered in Fusarium molds. If not, you can probably find the mold in the soil and culture it under the right conditions. The Toxin is not hard to extract either and personally, I think T2 Mycotoxin is a far better a weapon than Ricin. Perhaps both of these can be considered "Crude Biological/Toxin Weapons", but not nearly as crude as the ones I was talking about. And what are you trying to say about "Ragheads" ? :mad: <small>[ May 14, 2002, 07:27 PM: Message edited by: TariqMujahid ]

Synthetically Hopeful

May 14th, 2002, 10:02 PM

That if an uneducated brainwashed extremist can make it, you can to. Fusarium, that sounds interesting, I'll look at that when I get the chance.

Pu239 Stuchtiger

May 14th, 2002, 10:56 PM

Sorry to veer off-topic, but I am also rather annoyed to hear Synthetically Hopeful use the term "ragheads" in the manner that he did. "Brainwashed extremists"? Firstly, you're saying that all Muslim "ragheads" are "brainwashed extremists". Secondly, if you were a Palestinian living in occupied Palestine, you surely would be in support of the "brainw ashed extremists" (freedom-fighters) called the Hamas. Think about it...

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May 15th, 2002, 12:11 AM

Calm down fellas.. keep on the topic and at least try to ignore other comments whether you agree w ith them or not. Anyways I like the idea of the crude toxins.. and to think there are so many.. I mean hell, anthrax is known world-w ide and it can be cultured from certain mushrooms. All it takes is to grind it up fine enough to make it an airfloat substance and bingo. But the idea I like most brought up in this thread is the poison ivy oil. Even if you decided not to use it to cause death.. it would sure make for a fun practical joke instrument that you could spray in places your enemies often are (in their bed, in their car, etc.).

VX

May 15th, 2002, 06:38 AM

I like the idea of the poison ivy oil. I have a few other ideas myself though. How about extractig the toxin from a few of the more deadly fungi. The death cap (Amanita phalloides) is extremely toxic and there is no cure! One bite w ill probably be fatal. The Destroying Angel(Actualy four closely related species all go under the common name of "Destroying Angel", these are: Amanita virosa, A. verna, A. bisporigera,and A. ocreata) is equaly toxic. The toxin both is a cyclic peptide called Amanitin, a protein. Both are very common in the UK and USA, although they only grow at certain times of the year. The toxin can be extracted with the correct solvant, and then used in an appropriate way. Similarly toxins from any of the Hemlock family are extremely toxic(Alkoloid:Coniin) , as would be extracts from Deadly Nightshade (Atropa belladona) which contains a cocktail of toxic Alkoloids including atropine, scopolomine and hyoscyamine, the heighest conc of which are in the fruit. A Suitable solvant for Alkoloids is water. Edit: The toxin in both mushrooms is Amanitin <small>[ May 17, 2002, 11:19 AM: Message edited by: VX ]

EP

May 15th, 2002, 07:03 PM

True, ricin is not a biological w eapon in the normal sense (bacteria or virus) but it does come from a biological source. All toxins like ricin were included under the 1972 biological weapons convention ban, along with venoms such as those from snakes, spiders and coral.

TariqMujahid

May 16th, 2002, 09:40 PM

Some of the replies seem a little broad... " anthrax is know n world-wide and it can be cultured from certain mushrooms" Do you know specifically w hat Mushrooms have the Anthrax bacteria, where they grow, w hat they look like? =) "The toxin can be extracted w ith the correct solvant, and then used in an appropriate way." I believe the solvent that w ill be used is Methyl Alcohol, but I'm not positive. Do you know for sure which solvent to use to extract the toxin?

VX

May 17th, 2002, 07:28 AM

No I don't. A solvent that can dissolve protein is needed, I don’t know one, but I’ll research it. 'In an appropriate way' means to aerosol it.... (This could not be done w ith an explosive as I suspect that the protein would become denatured and therefor non-toxic.) It could also be applied to food, drink etc, for more controlled results. Edit : 'amanitin. (alpha) C39H54N10O13S (beta) C39H53N9O14S- Toxic principle from a species of mushroom (Amanita phalloides). The beta form has been obtained as acicular crystals which are soluble in water and methanol and ethanol. Hazard: A poison!' From < a href="http://ww w.chempros.com/knowledgebase/albumin.htm" target="_blank"> Here <small>[ May 17, 2002, 06:58 AM: Message edited by: VX ]

EP

May 20th, 2002, 10:03 PM

I recently finished a report on biological w eapons some may find interesting. It covers a wide variety of topics, from different agents, to history and bioterrorism. I also discuss Iraqs weapons and the potential US invasion of the country. You can read it here: http://w ww.geocities.com/extremepyro2/biow eaponsiraq.html It's a bit long.

mrloud

May 21st, 2002, 02:54 AM

The Journal of the American Medical Association recently made available much of their material relating biological terrorism and warfare. I have uploaded most of it to the FTP. One of particular interest is called 'cutaneous anthrax associated with kombucha mushroom in Iran.pdf' I think this should clear up any misunderstanding on how anthrax can come from a mushroom. A Google search for: kombucha mushroom anthrax is also helpful.

Arkangel

July 25th, 2002, 05:22 AM

Here's a chirpy little story, and a variation on the theme of this thread http://new s.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/2147204.stm

nbk2000

July 25th, 2002, 04:08 PM

Maybe they should deliberately infect the suicide bombers with AIDS, HepB, Ebola, Typhoid, and anything else they can get their hands on. Then, when they blow themselves up, their blood is sprayed as a vapor from the explosion into the air, and bloodied fragments flying everywhere. A kind of human biological bomb. The "bone as fragments" is old news. I saw an episode of M*A*S*H (when it first came out! I'm feeling old now... :() where a guy had a bone sticking out of his leg. Hawkeye thought it was dudes shin bone, but it turned out to the the shin bone of the guy in front of him w ho stepped on a mine. Ouch!

studen

August 24th, 2002, 06:06 AM

Acetone w orks for extracting ricin. ++ ++++ +++ ++++ +++ ++++ ++++ +++ ++++ +++ ++++ +++ ++++ ++ Acetone removes the castor oil from the castor bean pulp, making processing of the pulp to chemical seperate the toxic ricin protein more efficient. Acetone DOES NOT dissolve ricin, w hich is a protein, much the same as cooked egg w hite. <small>[ August 24, 2002, 07:23 PM: Message edited by: nbk2000 ]

Boob Raider

August 25th, 2002, 03:23 AM

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I think after u get the castor oil out the seed cake the Ricin can be further dissolved in 10% NaCl soln. and the ppt. out by the addition of MgSO4 soln. Same w ith Abrin. I am not sure though :confused: . Does anyone have any info on how many acid groups r free in Ricin ? If there is a substantial amount the I suspect one could dissolve Ricin by the addition of dilute NaOH soln. and ppt. it out by the addition of dilute Acetic acid. I did this successfully with N-Methyltryptophan (one of the toxic constituents in rosery pea along with Abrin). :D ----------------------------------------------don't write 'u' in the place of 'you' or 'r' in the place of 'are'. this isn't a chat room so use proper english - kingspaz <small>[ August 25, 2002, 08:04 AM: Message edited by: kingspaz ]

cypher13

September 13th, 2003, 12:48 AM

The posters here are quite correct, acetone is the solvent of choice w hen extracting ricin and abrin. Grind up the beans into a fine powder, apply acetone, filter and evaporate. Use due diligence as this can be the price of your life, though things should be okay once the powder is in the acetone. The resulting powder is almost pure ricin. Ricin is good for individual targets. Tw enty odd years ago, in the days of Georgi Markov, it w as hardly know n in the West, and as the symptoms were so similar to certain pneumonias, the medical examiners w ould write it off as that, taking the easy way out. All of a sudden, a murder was no longer a murder. Of course, Markov w as a high-profile target and there w as that suspicious platinum-iridium ball under a suspicious puncture wound, but in general, ricin would be missed. Nowadays, all that is probably changed and ricin would probably be detected in an American post mortem, particularly if the victim is high-profile. I do not think ricin is a poison of choice, except where the person is unlikely to undergo a post mortem. Stuff is a hemagluttinin, and makes the red blood cells clump up. Nasty! There are rosaries made from Jequirity beans (also called "Crab Eyes" as they are red) - and as people say their rosaries time and again, they absorb lethal doses of abrin through their fingertips.

I have a nifty recipe for botulin, but it's involved. If anyone is interested, let me know. A

nbk2000

September 13th, 2003, 02:08 AM

Grind up the beans into a fine powder, apply acetone, filter and evaporate. Use due diligence as this can be the price of your life, though things should be okay once the powder is in the acetone. The resulting powder is almost pure ricin. Wrong. Solvent extracted castor bean powder has no more ricin in it then it did before the oil extraction. And, powder that has been processed in the typical "recipe" for ricin production, typically has no more than tw ice the ricin content of the original bean pow der, w hich contains only about 1% to start with, which is far less than "nearly pure". :rolleyes: The PMJB process is junk. And if you use the word "recipe" in conjunction with "botulin", it's a sure sign of a crapbook article. Try posting something from The Journal of Infectious Diseases instead. I've found many an interesting article in them in my studies. Things like crystallizing tetenus toxin, incubating clostridium perfringens (google it) in hydrogen atmospheres, typing botulin toxin groups, and other lovelies. Avoid cut and paste jobs, and speculation as w ell, when you can. Makes you look much less knowledgable than you may w ish to appear. ;) vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Mustard Gas Flake2m

June 5th, 2002, 09:06 AM

Dichlorodiethyl sulphide or Mustard Gas as it also known as, is a very nasty CW agent. It can cause permanent lung damage at low concentrations as well as blisters and burns to exposed skin. How could it be synthesised in theory?

mr.evil

June 5th, 2002, 09:15 AM

why does people it call 'mustard' gas? does it smell like it? :confused: sorry if this is a silly post :p

Bitter

June 5th, 2002, 11:50 AM

Apparently, it does have a kind of mustardy smell in low concentrations, that's probably why it's called mustard gas. I'd do a search for a topic called "patents" if you want information on mustard gas.

PYRO500

June 5th, 2002, 01:56 PM

Also I downloaded an archive of posts a while back there was a post by NBK2000 on how to make mustard gas

Celtick

June 5th, 2002, 02:12 PM

Chemistry of H (Mustard) Mustard "gas", (also known as H, yperite, sulfur mustard, Kampfstoff Lost) is actually a viscous liquid with the chemical name 1,1'Çthiobis[2Çchloroethane], molecular formula C4H8Cl2S, and formula weight 159.08. Its Chemical Abstracts Service registry number is 505-60-2. General Information Mustard was first used by the Germans on the night of 12-13 July 1917 near Ypres in Flanders. The French introduced mustard into their arsenal in June 1918, the British in September 1918. In one of the supreme ironies of the history of chemical warfare, the British had tested mustard during the summer of 1916, but the developers had been unable to convince the military of its utility. Meanwhile, the Germans began developing mustard in September 1916, and first filled shells with mustard in the spring of 1917. The Germans waited to introduce mustard to the battlefield until they had accumulated a large supply, knowing that it would be difficult for the Allies to catch up; indeed it took the French 11 months and the British 14 months before they were able to use the agent on the battlefield. Subsequent documented uses of mustard include use in Morocco in 1925, during 1935 in Ethiopia, in China between 1934 and 1944, and in the Iran-Iraq war by both sides. Large quantities were prepared by both the Allies and the Axis during World War II. Although no chemical warfare agents were used in Europe or in the Pacific, there was a release of mustard into Bari harbor in Italy in 1943.3 Mustard was stockpiled by the Soviet Union and the United States through the Cold War. Mustard was first synthesized by Meyer in 1886, although it had been produced in very poor yield by Guthrie some 25 years previously (had Guthrie's preparation produced a higher yield, he likely would have been severely injured). When pure, H is a colorless and odorless liquid. Agent grade material is typically yellow to dark brown; the odor is variously described as "similar to that of burning garlic," "a characteristic sweetish odor," and "a weak, sweet, agreeable odor." It is a strong vesicant.

megalomania

June 5th, 2002, 05:20 PM

nbk2000's PDF does have the synth, a novel one I believe. Unless I am thinking of phosgene. I myself have scads of chemical weapons data I acquired this winter that I am slowly converting to my website. A sneak peak: Lab preperation of dichloroethyl sulphide from Guthrie's original method. This basicially involves bubbling ethylene gas through sulfur chloride. The gas is bubbled through a series of bottles filled with conc sulfuric acid, 10% NaOH, and conc sulfuric acid again to wash and dry the ethylene. The washed gas passes into a flask equipped with an outlet for excess gas, an addition funnel to add more sulfur chloride. The ethylene gas may be generated by a mixture of 25 g of alum, 25 g of ethyl alcohol, and about 82 mL of 99% sulfuric acid. Gently heating the mixture (in a flask) will liberate ethylene. There should of course already be sulfur chloride in the flask (20 g) before ethylene is bubbled in, and you should wait to connect the bubbler until the gas is actually flowing (back flow into the sulfuric acid is not desireable). Ethylene gas generation can be sustained by the dropwise addition of a mixture of 150 g alcohol to 300 g acid. An additional 30 g or sulfur chloride is added in 3 portions during the reaction as well. The sulfur chloride containing reaction vessel should be cooled by water or ice bath to maintain a temp BELOW 35 °C at all times. You can tell the end point of the reacion by adding some sodium iodide, although I do not yet know what this will look like. The final product is collected by distilling at reduced pressure (106-108 °C at 15 mm Hg, I will adjust this when I write up the real thing). There you have it folks. I must stress that actually preparing chemical agents of this nature are not in your best interests. Knowledge is power.

inferno

June 6th, 2002, 06:20 AM

I believe its called mustard gas because it has a browny colour, though im sure that its more because of the smell.

nbk2000

June 6th, 2002, 09:11 AM

Download the archives and read the September 15, 2000 post by me called "Anti-freeze Mustard Gas". All about making the stuff using anti-freeze and commonly available chemicals to make liquid pain. And it isn't called mustard gas just because of the odor. It's because it's chemically related to the allyl sulphide found in mustard which also causes vesication. NBKv.2 PDF has the revised version of the synth, complete with pictures, diagrams, and technical details derived from varied technical journals. Much more entertaining reading. :)

Synthetically Hopeful

June 6th, 2002, 10:53 AM

But still, the question of the year is, when are you releasing it? have you not decided yet?

megalomania

June 6th, 2002, 04:43 PM

He has, it is undergoing peer review with selected people. I am sure once he has the fedback and makes the necessary changes, he will release it to the public.

nbk2000

June 7th, 2002, 08:08 AM

Like a fine wine, it will not be served before its time. :D Seriously, I don't know when it'll be done. It'd have been done already if it wasn't for all the turmoil in my life these last couple years. I've moved about 5 times (this last time

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2,000 miles with nothing but my computer and the clothes I was wearing), lost everything twice (except the computer, 'natch), had a virus wipe out the hard drive once and took months to recover the data, been unemployed for the better part of a year, under virtual house arrest for that time with no means of travel in a fly speck of a town, had two lemons of a car that ate up $2,000, been to court, been evicted twice, etc. etc. None of these things are conducive to working on a book. Even so, I've got ~250 pages of new content and several video clips. I've got hundreds of pages yet to go before it's even considered close to being done. I'm aiming for more than 800 pages for the PDF alone. Hundreds of original pictures and illustrations drawn by me (I'm getting REAL good with PS6 shortcuts :D ) are needed to illustrate the text. Then there's the videos to be made (have to buy a camcorder) and edited. Devices need to be built. Experiments need to be ran and results recorded and verified. Then the references and bookz need to be compiled. Then the warez, tools, utilities, and tutorials to be updated, checked for virii, and catagorized. Then buying a DVD burner and compiling the DVD with the menus, music, etc, to my liking. Then, <B>finally</B>, it'll be done. :) Oh, one thing about the DVD. Every copy is going to be individually PGP encrypted using the buyers choice of a passphrase. This serves several purposes: Prevents customs authorities from knowing what's on the disk. It's better that they confiscate the disk, not knowing what's on it, than letting you pick it up and arresting you because they DO know what's on it. (Boy, I'd hate to have to be the one who has to explain to a magistrate why I'm importing a DVD full of detailed instructions and videos about making mortars, claymores, chemical weapons, flamethrowers, landmines, TV guided weapons, cluster bombs, poisoned bullets, commiting murder, rape, arson, kidnapping, bank robbery, executing hostages, disposing of bodies, boobytrapping bombs to kill EOD and X-ray techs, breeding venomous insects for the toxins, and all the other little goodies that are going in the PDF. They'll think you're the next OBL. Heheheehee!) Prevents snoops (like parents, siblings, co-workers, etc) from finding out what you're interested in and ratting you out to the police. Prevents copying (Both the DVD format and the encryption help). Oh, and every file will be watermarked in various ways that will uniquely identify the person who posted an unauthorized copy of it to the 'net. You WILL be found out. The pre-beta copy I sent out for review by some of the Forum staff was just a RAW copy of what I had done a few months ago. I've been adding content when possible, but now that I'm working 12 hours a day to get some cash going, I don't have any free time. And I'm not going to have free time for several months yet till I can afford to quit one of these jobs. You may have noticed my general lack of presence here. But I still check in every day to purge morons and idiots at least. So it'll be a while yet, but when it IS eventually (by the grace of God and the planets are alinged ) finished, you'll be damn grateful for the wait for what you're going to be getting for <i>only</i> $50. More likely than not, I'll be lucky to break even. What I'm going to do, when it's ready to be compiled and burned to DVD, is annouce it and take the pre-orders for it at $50. Once I've received enough to buy the burner, it'll be burnt and mailed out (postage to anywhere in the world is included in the price). And anyone who can't afford the $50 is either too poor to have a DVD drive or lacks the funds to do anything with the information contained therein anyways. So :p Oh, and about the mustard, you don't have to bother with the vacuum distilling if you're using it immediately. Distilling's only needed for storage stability.

S. Toppholzer

June 7th, 2002, 05:11 PM

NBK.... Can't wait for this PDF to appear. And I definatley AM willing to caugh up 50 bucks for it. You're doing first class quality stuff and that's worth the price. Nevertheless I would ask you to consider PGP encrypting this PDF on a regular CD as well. Take me, for example: I still own my trusty, old 486/66 DX2 and I have no plans of replacing it with another computer. This one's simply fine enough for me. Unfortunately, I cannot get any parts and hardware devices for this dinosaur anymore. Some guys have the money to buy what you're offering - but there might be circumstances you just didn't think of... <small>[ June 07, 2002, 04:13 PM: Message edited by: S. Toppholzer ]

Spudkilla

June 7th, 2002, 05:21 PM

If it is anywhere near how big NBK said it would be, it won't fit on CD-ROMs. The most I've seen them able to hold is 812 mb, and NBK's stuff (sounds) like it will be far larger. A DVD-ROM holds 7 gigs or more, I think.

S. Toppholzer

June 7th, 2002, 05:53 PM

250 pages... plus graphics. Well,I cannot recall right now how many pages the average PBJB has - maybe half of it. But surely you'd agree that pure graphic pages (as is the case with PMJB) use up much more space than text plus graphics. As far as I rmember PMJB's are arounfd 100 MB's - so even if NBK's pdf is triple that size it would fit on a regular CD.

mongo blongo

June 7th, 2002, 08:36 PM

If it could fit on to a CD then I don't think he would be saving up and get a DVD burner. I could be wrong, maybe he just wants one. :)

nbk2000

June 7th, 2002, 09:17 PM

Well, the final PDF is going to be more than 800 pages in size. But that'll only be about 10-12Mb at most. Don't forget that each illustration can take up to an hour or more to make. Just one article Security Architecture has more than 40 original illustrations and photos I've made, along with the editing of 30 or more pictures and illustrations found on the net. What's going to take up the space is the warez and videos. The warez, progs, and utilities alone is 1.2Gb. Bookz and references are another gig. Throw in another gig or two of high res video and it adds up quickly. DVD-R is currently limited to 4.7Gb. There's double sided and multilayer DVD, but not in consumer grade. Also, the whole point of the DVD is compactness of storage space, and the very low probability of someone copying it intact. If some k3wl wants to make a copy to pass around, he's going to have to rip it and burn it to 8-10 CDs. Make 'em earn it, ya know? :D And being the only guy on these types of boards (not just the forum, but also Frugal Squirrel, Assualt net, Firing Line, etc) burning DVDs makes me feels all warm and gooshy inside. :p When DVD burners become common, I'll upgrade to holomatrix (or whatever) to stay ahead of the herd. Basically, if it comes standard in a mainstream computer package at Best Buy or CompUSA, it's time to upgrade. I suppose I could do an NBK-lite CD version. But that wouldn't for at least a year after the DVD was available, to motivate people to buy the DVD instead of waiting for a "bargain" CD. It'll also be devoid of a lot of the content (videos, references, warez, etc) that would make it worth buying. Though the price would be half the DVD.

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In the future, years from now, there'll be an NBK v3. But only if I win the lottery, rob a bank, or inherit a whole shitload of money. The file I can make now, and what I'd do if I had unlimited financing, is worlds apart. Oh well...

Synthetically Hopeful

June 8th, 2002, 04:50 AM

"The only books ever truly finished, are the autobiographys of dead guys" anonomous

darkdontay

June 8th, 2002, 07:23 AM

In my 1947 "The BlueJacket Manual" isssued by the navy is says under CW gases, mustard gas: odor: that it smells like "Garlic,Horseradish"

MrSamosa

June 18th, 2002, 04:41 PM

As NBK2000 said, Mustard Gas is so-called because one of the ingredients used in its synthesis smells like Mustard. An interesting fact though: pure, distilled Mustard is actually odorless. It is the impurities that give Mustard its characteristic "Garlic or Horseradish smell." In World War 1, troops would know that Mustard had been dispersed because they'd see birds falling from trees dead. Only in its early uses did they smell it, but not after the Germans discovered distilled Mustard. By the way, does anyone know the precursors to use in the synthesis of Nitrogen Mustard? It causes larger blisters and is therefore, in my humble opinion, more effective than regular Sulfur Mustard. <small>[ June 18, 2002, 03:43 PM: Message edited by: MrSamosa ]

nbk2000

June 18th, 2002, 11:25 PM

Alkylamines are the alcohol component of the nitrogen mustards. The most commonly used for making nitrogen mustard is triethanolamine. This is reacted with thionyl chloride in trichloroethylene to form HN. The reasons the military is interested in the nitrogen mustards is because of their low freezing temps. Unlike regular mustard which freezes at about 58 degrees F, HN doesn't freeze till less than -10 degrees F. They also cause systemic poisoning when it decomposes inside the body tissue, causing symptoms similiar to nerve gas exposure with massive exposure. Look it up in a merck index (paper version) for some patent numbers to look up. It's not very complicated to make if you have the chemicals needed. I'd also recommend using our improved search page for finding out such things since they're already explained on the web in great detail. :rolleyes: vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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> Chemistry for Amateur Experimenters and Citizen Scientists

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View Full Version : Thallium Richy

August 28th, 2002, 05:07 AM

Today in forensic science class, we watched and interesting program about a murderer who poisoned a whole family's coca cola delivery with the metal thallium. he chose the poison because it would be difficult to detect with blood testing, and there was no known cure! what is interesting, however, is that as soon as natural Tl is added to the carbonated water in the coke, it fizzes over the brim and spills everywhere. The Tl also leaves a precipitate in the bottom of the bottle. Now I figured that the precipitate could be removed by heating the coke at first, thus increasing the solubility so there wouldn't be any crap at the bottom, but how do you think the murderer would have created a Tl rich chemical that wouldn't overflow the bottle?

EP

August 28th, 2002, 05:39 AM

Just some info for historical interest: Thallium was used to poison large ammounts of canned food (mostly meat I think) in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) that was then distributed by the white minority government to black villagers, killing and sickening hundreds. Anthrax and other biological weapons were also used against civilians by the goverment in this war, assisted by the white minority South African government.

nbk2000

August 28th, 2002, 11:09 AM

Maybe the thallium formed an insoluble carbonate or phospate with the coke? Heating the soda would make it flat, and thus undrinkable, defeating the whole purpose. You may also be aware of a little rule we have around here called the "NO NEWBIES POSTING NEW TOPICS!" rule. You seemed to have missed that one, eh? Your post may stay, but since you not only broke this rule, but put this topic in the wrong section to boot, you may not. Bye bye. :)

Bitter

August 28th, 2002, 11:36 AM

Thalium is a trace element in the body, I believe, but high levels of it must be fatal (like salt).

Boob Raider

August 28th, 2002, 12:36 PM

Hey Richy I have also seen that episode but like 4 years ago. That dude(Killer) had shitty high IQ and he was a member of MENSA. Anyways that compound of Tl was an old compound from some cook book (as mentioned in the episode) and not his own invention. He also used elemental Tl to start with and I do remember the use of H2O2 in the preperation. I strongly suspect that it was an organic compound as like mentioned ionic salts will ppt. as CO3 or/and PO4. Like TEL (Tetra Ethyl Lead) a Highly toxic Pb compound was used to increase octane # of gas but it is not soluble in H2O but in HC's (made by - Heating Na/Pb,4:1, alloy with liquid Ethyl Chloride under pressure). So I guess something H2O soluble with Tl can also be made.

vulture

August 28th, 2002, 01:45 PM

Tl2CO3 is soluble in water and this would have been the most likely thallium compound present (next to TlHCO3) because of the H2CO3 in the coke. Thallium compounds color a bunsen flame intensely green. I wonder how the dude got the thallium because it most be a rather expensive compound with some serious restrictions on it. <small>[ August 28, 2002, 12:46 PM: Message edited by: vulture ]

megalomania

August 29th, 2002, 01:31 AM

I saw that episode on the Discovery channel. He was some sort of chemist so he bought the stuff. This was eventually discovered after a search of his shed/lab. I remember the snide little comment by the police that he was so smart he didn't bother to get rid of the rest of the chemical. That chemical excess proved quite damning to him. When adding solid chemicals to liquids where speed is of the essence (like adding something to a bitches drink) it is best to dissolve such substances beforehand. No powder floating around, no residue on the bottom. One could add this to a bit of heated Coke, and then add that to the whole.

spydamonkee

August 29th, 2002, 07:53 AM

yea it is interesting how simple some of the most complex plans are broken by investigating authorites after they find a stupid mistake that the perp overlooks bragging after you think u have gotten away with it is one of the most common i think

nbk2000

August 29th, 2002, 10:28 AM

Using heavy metals like thalium, lead, arsenic, or mercury to poison someone is rather stupid. These are elements and, as such, are not going to degrade or disappear. They (the pigs) can detect heavy metal poisoning in 5,000 year old mummies, so good luck getting away with it. What's needed is highly volatile and unstable organic molecules that will decompose into common molecules within a very short period of time, thus evading detection. Azides turn into amines, which are common in corpses. Succinylcholine Chloride into succinyl chloride and choline, common chemicals in the body. These are difficult to detect in bodies if not specifically looking for them. Oh, and thallium has interesting symptoms like bleeding from the skin, teeth falling out, hair too. These are NOT typical disease symptoms...unless you live in Chernobyl. :D Many a would-be poisoner has warned the victim with the "powdery substance floating on the rink" mistake. And the roofie rapists make the mistake of dumping the powdered pill into the drink and wonder why the bitch doesn't drink the drink with the blue sludge at the bottom. :rolleyes: Pre-dissolve your shit in distilled water, load it up in a cut-down diabetic syringe, and you can squirt it into a drink from across a table (with practice) with no one who may be watching any the wiser since the stream is invisible from more than a foot or two away. With HCN or other volatile inhalant poison, you could spritz someone right below their face (on their shirt) and the rising vapors will knock them out. Or spritz their back just before they get into a car and the vapor concentrations will rise till they die, delaying the onset of death from the actual application, confusing the police as to when they were poisoned. The RTPB was indeed to educate people in how to avoid making coomon mistakes that trip up most first time criminals. The MENSA guy could have done with reading it since his genius obviously didn't extend to matters of crime. <small>[ August 29, 2002, 09:34 AM: Message edited by: nbk2000 ]

vulture

August 29th, 2002, 12:39 PM

You're only a real genius if you know how to put your genius to good practice...

Rhadon By chance I found out that prussian blue can be used as an antidote for thallium.

August 31st, 2002, 12:17 AM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Prussian blue fixes the thallium in its crystal lattice, thus making it unresorbable. It is applied orally, at best before the resorption has taken place. If it has taken place, though, 3 - 20 g of prussian blue are administrated in small doses spread over the day. source: the German pharmaceuticals list "Rote Liste"

nbk2000

August 31st, 2002, 08:56 AM

Chelation with EDTA is the usual treatment for heavy metal poisoning in the US.

vulture

August 31st, 2002, 11:00 AM

Chelation reminds me of Srontium 90, a radioactive isotope of strontium which builds up in the body in bones, because it is very similar to calcium. The nasty thing is that it can't be removed by chelation and the body is being radiated from inside.

Rhadon

August 31st, 2002, 11:06 AM

In Germany EDTA is only used as an antidote against Pb, Co, Cu, Mn, Cd and transuranium elements. I doubt that it is applicable for poisonings with other heavy metals.

malzraa

June 20th, 2003, 11:38 PM

Hey I saw that one too:) I think it was either "Exhibit A" or "Medical Detectives". I also saw a one about a wife you slowly added thallium from old rat poison into her husband's coffee. The thallium is never purged from the human body, so it just built up until his hair fell out and he went into a coma. The thing that caught her though was the fact that he was renovating an old lab with thallium in it, and they eventually did a test on his hair, creating a timeline of all his thallium doses. That is kind of an undesirable effect, as it collects in all parts of the body.

vulture

June 22nd, 2003, 07:42 AM

A very old, but still used and very reliable test for arsenic poisoning is the marsh test. A small probe is reacted with Zn+HCl (both arsenicfree!) to form AsH3. This is then passed through a heated glass tube and the AsH3 decomposes into As, which settles down as a thin layer on the walls, and hydrogen which is burnt. If the layer dissolves in NaOCl, it's arsenic. This test is pretty specific (maybe antimony would give the same results?) and can detect very small traces of arsenic as the layer is already visible in the ppm range.

Arthis

July 8th, 2003, 10:09 AM

You can buy some pure thallium here (http://www.tinfosnizi.com/products/products_non_ferrous_metals.html) . I doubt you need any authorization since it used to be OTC. May have changed though. It seems that thallium in rat poison is still common in some countries. If one wants to travel... btw, what is cyanide poisoning you could recognize with a garlic odor on the cadaver ? [EDIT]: cyanide not cyanure, stupid froggy ! ;)

yt2095

July 8th, 2003, 11:08 AM

Cyanide smells like almonds. Phosphines smell like garlic :) vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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> Chemistry for Am ateur Expe rimenters and C itizen Scientists

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View Full Version : cyanide grenade? S. Toppholzer

June 1st, 2002, 05:15 AM

I don't know enough of the therm al properties of cyanide so this "invention" :rolleyes: could be useless. I recently read through a couple of very interesting patents. One of them was thermite destruction device - basically a heat resistant cone filled with therm ite. At the end of the device there are several layers of a m atter I cannot recall right now th at hold up the m olten slag for long until the thermite would have enou gh tim e to com pletely rea ct and the whole slag of the reaction would pass on the surface of the object to destruct. In another patent I read of a flashb ang device that had holes at its bottom s o that the Al-powder could escape through them and ignite in the air. And lastly in a third German patent I re a d a b o u t a m e t h o d of m a k i n g c y a n i d e b y e x c e s s i v e h e a t i n g o f H e x a m i n e i n a r e t o r t . So what about the firstly m entioned thermite cone with the resitance liner at its end plus a t the very bottom of the device a m etal casing with cardboard covered holes and inside that device som e h e x a m i n e p o w d e r ? T h e s l a g o f t h e t h e r m ite reaction would eat through the liner with great heat and drop into the casing with the hexam ine inside. S t e a m a n d c y a n i d e g a s s e s b u ild up and rupture the cardboard a n d t h e p o i s o n i s r e l e a s e d t h r o u g h t h e h o l e s . As far as I know a sideproduct of this reaction would be hydrogen so there m ight also be chanches of a nice fireball. Thermal (therm ite) destruction, cyanide gas an d fireball. Geez... <sm a l l > [ J u n e 0 1 , 2 0 0 2 , 0 4 : 1 8 A M : M e s s a g e e d i t e d b y : S . T o p p h o l z e r ] < / s m a l l >

A_W

June 1st, 2002, 09:06 AM

Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is flam m able (/explosive when m ixed with air). The cyanide would probab ly ignite, giving a fireball, but burning into harm l e s s g a s e s . I f a c y a n i d e b o m b w a s t o b e m ade, it probably would ha ve to use a m e c h a n i c a l e x p l o s i o n (overpressurised gas etc.) However, I don`t have experiance (and do not intend to get an y!) with theese devices, so I can`t tell for sure. And; Hexamine-->HydrogenCyanide= ????

Mr Cool

June 1st, 2002, 10:59 AM

A HE frag grenade would be m uch m ore practical, and m uch easier to get to work reliably.

imported_reodor_felgen

June 1st, 2002, 06:22 PM

I agree, a HE frag grenade wo uld be far m ore easy to m ake, but if it's just for the experim e n t a t i o n o f c y a n d i e g a s , t h e e s e devices could also be useful: http://hjem.sol.no/cblood/ It's taken form the "black book vol.3" I think. Edit: bad link, should work now <sm all>[ June 24, 2002, 09:51 AM: Message edited by: reodor_felgen ]

S. Toppholzer

June 3rd, 2002, 05:48 PM

reodor_felgen: unfortunately the link s are all 403 (access forbidden) to m e...

imported_reodor_felgen

June 24th, 2002, 12:45 PM

check the link now To p p h o l z e r , it should work. problems with C uteftp...

S. Toppholzer

June 24th, 2002, 05:47 PM

y e p . T h a n k s . I c a n s e e w h a t y o u m ean. This device will need a lot of testing though for I guess if som e regular det.cap would be used it might just blow up the entire case so that no cyanide would be form e d . M a y b e s o m e d e l a y , s a y , a H 2 S O 4 chem ical delay might do the job. Thanks for that one.

nbk2000

June 24th, 2002, 10:52 PM

I've seen that device too. It's from "Black book com panion". And it's total BS. A blasting cap would scatter the acid and cyanide powde r too far apart for any appreciable reaction to occur. Now, if it was a plastic baggie filled with liquid HCN, and the deto nator used as a burster, then it'd be good. Even then, it'd only b e u s e a b l e i n c o n f i n e d spaces since HCN is lighter than air and would float away outdoors.

inferno

June 25th, 2002, 06:11 AM

If its flam m able, the burning/hot rem nants of the fuse or paper could ignite the cloud, and as NBK said, a Bcap would send it too far away to be effective, i think a very thick cardboard tube with Al foil lining with a firecracker would be m ore effective, m a k i n g a s m aller cloud, though the firecracker would ignite the cloud....but a bcap would spread it too far, so in con clusion i dont think th is is effe ctive, a he frag would be better

A_W

June 25th, 2002, 08:25 AM

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quote:

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The slag of the therm ite reaction would eat through the liner with great heat and drop into the casing with the h e x a m ine inside. Steam a n d c y a n i d e g a s s e s b u i l d u p a n d r u p t u r e t h e c a r d b o a r d a n d t h e p o i s o n i s r e l e a s e d t h r o u g h t h e h o l e s .

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How is Hydrogen cyan i d e g e n e r a t e d f r o m h e x a m ine? W hat are the reaction(s)? Does this always require the heat of thermite, or can it happen by accident (by, say a chem ical reaction)?

S. Toppholzer

June 25th, 2002, 03:33 PM

Dear A_W : Now that we have sort of ranks :rolleyes: in this forum I m u s t a d m i t t h a t e v e n t h o u g h I a m r a n k e d l a b a s s i s t a n t a n d y o u a n a m ateur I co uldn't tell you. I never ever had chemistry classes and all I do is learning and doing. This shortcoming of f u n d a m e n t a l k n o w l e d g e s o m e t i m e s b o t h e r s m e pretty m uch. However, I got this re a c t i o n ( h e a t e d h e x a m ine forms cyanide) from some patent I cannot recall now anym o r e . T h e g o o d t h i n g is th at the to p brass here didn't object to this reaction so it is true. One more thing learned. As to the why's of the reaction I a m afraid I cannot offer any help. But it's good to know that doing it like this and that works :cool:

Ropik

Novem b e r 2 n d , 2 0 0 4 , 0 2 : 5 6 P M

H a s t h e " P o i s o n s m oke grenade" in Assorted nasties any use? It is supposed to work by vaporizing the KCN with a chlorate/ sugar m ix, thus creating a cloud of lethal vapors. I think KCN wo uld be destroyed with so high temperature, wouldn't it?

FUTI

Novem ber 3rd, 2004, 03:26 PM

HCN and his oxidation product C2N2 are flam a b l e t h i s s e c o n d a p a r e n t l y b e i n g u s e d f o r s o m e analytical flame furnaces (I read it for m i n e e x a m boy it will be 9 years ago). At the tem perature you stated to use it will definitly go to self-ingnition. So I do n't think it is of any use to make HCN granade. HCN has low boiling p oint and can be overpressured in some flask containing cyanide and mixed with acid with som e device, but it has distinct odour that will give it away even if you use it indoors since it's spreading outdoor is to hig h to m a k e a g o o d weapon of it...COCl2 is poor b ut better than HC N so you can figure out. After all what is the purpose? If you want to bust your device power to create not only m e c h a n i c a l d a m a g e , j u s t a d d s o m e nuclear waste in it that will ma k e t h e e n e m y sh*t their pant.

nbk2000

Novem ber 3rd, 2004, 06:31 PM

FUTI, what are you going on about? :confused:

teshilo

Novem ber 4th, 2004, 11:23 AM

J a p a n s i n W W 2 use frangible HCN grenade with copper stabilised HCN.His grenade this only thin walled Jar with stop per. :rolleyes: Non secure design but very sim p l e . A b o u t p o i s o n s m oke grenade: KCN nice aero lise after burning.Idea m a y b e a d d sulfur in com position described in A.N. On air create SO2 and m ixed with KCN and m oisture may be create added HCN; :D :D Only teoretical. :confused:

Ropik

Novem ber 4th, 2004, 02:01 PM

C o m position in A.N. contains chlorate. Sulfur-chlorate combination isn't the best, m ost handling-resistant m ix... For myself, I would not risk big flam e in m y p a c k p a c k a n d e v e n b i g g e r c l o u d o f n a s t y g a s s e s a ll around m e . M a y b e u s i n g K N O 3 / s u g a r m ixture instead the chlorate one. Safe r, but also with lo wer tem p e r a t u r e . Y o u c a n a d d a s m uch sulfur as yo u want to this m ix, but I don't think that it will improve the effect. Too low concentrations to m a k e H C N I M H O . If you are after HCN, try m aking lead break delay as described in Anarchist arsenal(the ch emical version), arrange the striker t o b r e a k a H 2 S O 4 filled small flask(or other thin-walled bottle), which is surrounded with KC N. Thorough testing required, however.

teshilo

Novem ber 7th, 2004, 09:58 AM

G r e n a d e d e s c r i b e d i n B l a c k b o o k c o m panion ca n be im provised .Test tub es wrapped in tin or lead foil create tube with open end or : sim ple replace t. :D :D tubes lead tubes with open end sealed with paraffin. After explosion, tube crushed and acid n o t v a p o r i z e a n d l e a k t o t h e K C N . T o K C N m a y b e a d d e d s m all pills from p o t a s s i u m chlorate- charcoal- NC m ix for m o r e g o o d heating and vaporize created HCN. :rolleyes:

MightyQuinn®

Novem ber 8th, 2004, 11:25 PM

Are we talking about Potassium C y a n i d e : NaCN (http://www.jtbaker.com/m sds/englishhtm l / p 5 7 0 8 . h t m ) Or Sodium Cyanide: KCN (http://physchem . o x . a c . u k / M S D S / S O / s o d i u m _cyanide.html)

....being m a d e f r o m H e x a m i n e ? H m m....

FUTI

Novem ber 9th, 2004, 12:40 PM

to NBK2000: I was un der im presion that requested device should work as conventional granade but also to produce toxic products. This can be done, but if I recolect from t h e t h r e a d p r o p o s e d m e t h o d f o r o b t a i n i n g H C N g r a n a d e i s q u e s t i o n a b l e . Y e s u r e t h a n e a n d s o m e other nitrogen con taining com p o u n d s c a n g i v e H C N o n h e a t i n g, but proposed therm ite process looks little to drastic to m e. There were a lso other m e m b e rs that talk about fireball formation, so I backed their opinion with m ine knowledge of analytical chem istry with the burning HCN info. At the end I just m entioned that HCN boils aro u n d r o o m temperature so it can be form ed easily and sim ple device that would work at low temperature and release large amount of HCN from pressurised container is m uch easier to m ake. Arm ies arou nd world did work o n t h e t y p e o f g r a n a d e y o u h a v e t a l k e d about but I never researched subject.

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Novem ber 14th, 2004, 04:49 AM

Y e s m a n y c o m pounds after burning create nasty stuffs as H2S HCN HCL and othe r s I n b o o k I n c e n d i a r y w e a p o n b y S I P R Y ( o n forum ftp) has table with inform ation about the s e . A n d a s a b o u t u s e i n H C N g r e n a d e r e p l a c e K C N m o r e a v a i l a b l e r e d b l o o d salt (potassium gexacianoferrate) :p :p .Yes reaction H2SO 4 with R.B.S. need in m ore heat than KC N Sm all fact from new history Aum used bin ary device for attack subwey.Two plas tic bags filled acid and KCN( source: b o o k High - I m pact terrorism o n ftp) .Attack- failure .Why? i can said only : in subwey more could than on land Not heat -not reaction, or uncom plete reaction W hat if used brick termite placed on it R.B.S all in thick :m a d : : m ad: walled stain less still tubular jar and on the top R.B.S plastic vial with acid You c r e a t e m i x e d i n c e n d i a r y - p o i s o n g a s device .W ho can s t o p p i n g f l a m e g e t b - i-i-i g su rprise :D :D

FUTI

Novem ber 15th, 2004, 04:31 PM

Teshilo just wrote something I read som etim e a g o b e f o re I joined the forum . I t s e e m s t h a t p o l i c e h a s s o m e tim e a g o c a u g h t few m u s l i m e x t r e m ist in Italy trying to poison water that supply US amba ssy with similar system using R.B.S and acid through s o m e kind of backflow device I guess. Anyone have a link? I read this in local paper so it is of no use for this forum .

Sarevok

Novem ber 15th, 2004, 07:38 PM

Are you sure you aren't talking about this: Cyanide atta ck foiled in Italy (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/ 1 8 3 1 5 1 1 . s t m ), Cyanide plotters face terror ch arges (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/eu rope/1833646.stm )? If yes, then it happened nearly three years ago, and the compound they tried to use to poison the water was potassium ferrocyanide. Its LD50 is 3 or 4g/kg in rats. Very toxic. :rolleyes: It would'nt kill anyone.

FUTI

Novem ber 16th, 2004, 06:57 AM

Yes, I know what they try to use and it is true that that com pound itself is not tox ic. If you spill little cyanide you pour ferosulfate on it to com b i n e a n d m a k e t h a t com ple x cyanide which isn't toxic. I only question did som e k i n d o f c o m b i n a t i o n o f R.B.S and acid could be used to reverse this and m ake it toxic a g a i n . T h e t h i n g t h a t c o n f u s e d m e is how did they tho ught to m ake an attack on water supplies and make it directed to one particular building???

teshilo

Novem ber 21st, 2004 , 08:07 AM

New and new... T. me l t o f K C N n e a r 6 0 0 d e g r e e C , y o u c a n m a k e (m o l d ) g r e n a d e b o d y s o : P b / t e a n m e t a l l s f u s e d a n d a d d e d powder cyanide with little oil icannt remem ber t. melt of this metals ...In end you get frag grenade with poison frags :D :D .My loss mem orycharge grenade explosive :rolleyes: Critics please ;)

nbk2000

Novem ber 26th, 2004, 07:42 PM

W ant criticism? Fine...your gra m m er FUCKING SUCKS! W ork on it please, or have som e o n e h elp you. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Mnesticides (AKA Memory Killers) nbk2000

August 30th, 2002, 09:42 AM

"Mnesticides" is a word of my own creation (Mnemo [memory] + ..cide [death/kill]) for chemicals that destroy either an existing memory, or prevent the ability to remember things in the future. By future memory, I'm not talking about forgetting about any particular incident, but rather the destruction of the ability to remember anything...ever...in the future. Now, it's know that some drugs cause an amnesia of events that take place while under the influence of said drug. Drugs such as rohypnol (roofies), chloral hydrate, alchol, etc cause blackouts in recalling events that happened while intoxicated. These memory blackouts are, however, either temporary and memory naturally recurs, or can be recovered by hypnosis. These drugs also don't (usually) cause any permanent damage to the memory capacity of the victim/user. What I'm referring to by mnesticides are chemicals that cause a permanent and unalterable change in the ability of the victims brain to form and store memories. There are recorded instances of traumatic brain injury cases that could not remember anything past 5 minutes. Say hi to the guy, walk away, and 5 minutes later he wouldn't remember ever having seen you before. The uses of such chemicals would be varied, depending on the severity of the damage they cause. Someone who had a 5 minute memory is effectively a moron, since they can't learn anything new, nor be left unattended without 24 hour supervision. You could beat the shit out of him, and in 5 minutes he couldn't pick you out, nor even remember why he's fucked up. Someone with an impaired, but not destroyed, memory would be less effective in their tasks, causes errors and make mistakes they otherwise wouldn't, be a drain on any organization that hired them, on and on. Mnesticides could be used to "eliminate" enemy factions without overt bloodshed (can't plot if you can't remember secrets), decrease efficiency of organizations opposite from your goals, destroy political careers (since memory is vital for pols), decrease earning potential for entire segments of undesirable racial population segments , etc. By destroying their minds, without destroying their bodies, you avoid any overtly obvious damage that would instigate investigation and counter-measures. A downslide of IQ points in a target population gets no notice, but has economic impact by decreasing the ability of the target population to get anything more than mimimum wage level jobs, get into college, or to escape poverty. In a more personal use, you could "retard" a co-worker who was promoted over you. Their "ditzyness" would eventually cause their demotion or firing. If someone else gets promoted, take them out too. You could continue to do this till you got promoted by default (if need be) as the only person who's not an "air head". There'd be no investigation since they (the coworkers) are still alive and well, just (thanks to you) scatterbrained. :) Needless to say, a sprinkling of mnesticide on free doughnuts for the local PD would go a long ways to avoiding any hassles from the piggies. Can't catch a crim if you can't remember what he looked like! :D Certain heavy metals like mercury have been known to destroy memory, but they are both toxic, and readily detectable. What's needed is an organic chemical that isn't toxic at suitable doses, available by legal purchase or covert lab manufacture, and reliable. I've searched for such chemicals, but information is scarce. It's almost always "Don't do evil street drugs!", or "Psychiatrists are destroying your brains with Prozac!" crap. Nothing specific like "Chemical X (CAS #***-**-****), at 5mg/Kg causes...."

Boob Raider

August 30th, 2002, 01:24 PM

Greetings NBK ! Here is an article about domoic acid : In late 1987 a mysterious and serious outbreak of food poisoning occurred in Canada. The symptoms included vomiting and diarrhea, and in some cases it caused confusion, memory loss , disorientation, and even comas . What could have been the cause of these medical and neurological problems? Epidemiologists from Heath and Welfare Canada (HWC) attributed the illnesses to restaurant meals of cultured blue mussels from the genus Mytilus edulis L. This is an informational site about the natural toxin, Domoic Acid, found in the mussels that was the culprit of this amnesic shellfish poisoning mystery. The Extraction of Domoic Acid :D In the immediate crisis of the shellfish poison episode in Canada, it was necessary to find out what the toxin was very fast. Whenever mice were injected with this toxin, they immediately scratched their shoulders with their hind legs which was a sure indication of the poison. The mixtures of poisoned mussels were separated by standard methods. Simultaneously, pure samples were tested for similiar behavior in mice. These fractions were also compared by spectra and chromatography data. Fractions which contained the toxin were further tested. Below depicts the basic extraction method used to isolate the toxin in the mussels. Separation by solubility is one viable method since most compounds are either fat or water soluable. The ground mussel samples were separated with aqueous methanol. The extract was then evaporated, leaving only the toxic residue. Since the poison was nonvolatile, chemists deduced it either had a high molecular weight or it ionized in solution. A second extraction was performed using a nonpolar solvent, dichloromethane. This causes separate layers to form. The toxin remained in the aqueous fraction; however, a very important piece of information was learned from the other fraction. It contained pigments which were consistent with phytoplanktons which gave a clue that the poison was not made by the mussels but most likely part of their diet. The aqueous fraction was then separated by HPLC, or High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Finally, mass spectrometry was used to find the molecular weight and the formula. The spectra were then matched with those

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of the STN International Registry system. The compound was found to be domoic acid. Further studies were needed on domoic acid and a more efficient method for extraction was explored. However, several characteristics of domoic acid cause the initial method of separation with dichloromethane and water to be the best method. Biological Activity :D Domoic Acid has been referred to as a "molecular Trojan Horse." One piece of Domoic Acid's structure is very similar to glutamic acid. Nerve cells do not regonize the difference. Glutamate acts as a neurotransmitter, which sends messsages from one nerve cell to another. Glutamate works by binding to a glutamate receptor which then opens the channels to allow the calcium ions to flow into the cell. When the charge builds up in the cell membrane, the nerve cell fires. The signal is then passes on to the next nerve cell. Too much stimulation causes new connections to grow between the nerve cells. Glutamate plays a vital role in thought, learning, and memory. However, when excess glutamate is present, it begins to act as an exitotoxin. An exitotoxin is a compound that excites cells so often that it kills them. Glutamate at high concentrations allows more calcium ions than nessassary to cross the cell membrane. When all of the calcium ions enter the cell, it begins to fire uncontrollably which causes the neuron to eventually swell and burst. This process then displays a domino effect upon other cells, creating a chain of exciting cells to death. The extra calcium in the cells induces certain protein-cutting enzymes to produce large amounts of free radicals. The free radicals are very reactive and damage biochemical structures when they come into contact. It is this process that often leads to brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases. Domoic Acid works in the same way. This is the reason that during the shellfish poisoning in Canada, many symptoms were neurological such as memory loss and comas. Thats pretty much all I know about domoic acid.

Polverone

August 30th, 2002, 01:29 PM

Have you been watching "Memento" lately? :) I think part of the reason there aren't any such chemicals already listed is that the brain is so complex. It's hard to target any one thing - especially something as ill-understood as memory - without doing lots of damage to the rest of the organism as well. I don't have access to toxicology journals, but if someone does, I would suggest looking for articles on heavy metal poisoning, since that causes general mental sluggishness (if not the specific effect you're after) and see if anybody has a detailed writeup on the mechanisms behind it.

nbk2000

August 30th, 2002, 04:27 PM

I assume that's some TV show? I haven't watched TV for several years now. I've got a much better way to waste my time...the 'net. :D Heavy metals are bad since they're toxic, and leave permanent traces in the bones and hair. Organics only.

MrSamosa

August 30th, 2002, 04:41 PM

First and foremost, another great idea, NBK! I had taken some time trying to think about a new kind of chemical agent, but to no success...so I just go by your quote, "Don't innovate, imitate!" Anyhow, from what I've seen so far, I think we're not going about searching for information in the proper way. It's not a lesson in toxicology that is needed, but more a lesson in pathology and some brain chemistry. Not that this would be an ideal chemical agent, but for the sake of providing an example, let's look at Ethyl Alcohol. When it reaches your brain, it begins getting between the nerve endings and interferes with nerve impulses. Boob Raider gave a better explanation than I did, so take some time and read over his post again . However, the Ethyl Alcohol is eventually broken down. I think we need to figure out a way to make such chemicals more persistent in the body, to have them bond stronger to the nerve endings so that they do not leave. This should help to cause memory loss, but also permanent drunkenness :p . Have you considered Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine) as a target brain chemical? That's probably your best bet. Serotonin triggers a series of steps in the brain in which a chemical reaction strengthens the bonds between neurons in the brain for several minutes- the foundation for short term memory. Now, if we could find a chemical that blocks the process of strengthening these neuron bonds, we could greatly hinder short-term memory. Hmm...why not go after the Serotonin itself actually! Now, if there is a chemical that can stimulate the Serotonin re-uptake so that it causes a shortage of that chemical in the brain, it should help to hinder short-term memory. Also, if you aren't aware already, lowered Serotonin levels leads to a variety of mental illnesses such as depression and bipolar disorder. Theoretically, all we would need is an opposite of Prozac, whatever that might be. That gives me an idea! Chemicals to intentionally inflict mental illness upon the enemy. That should put them out of service for a long time. Hopefully, this will set you guys on the right track . <small>[ August 30, 2002, 07:45 PM: Message edited by: MrSamosa ]

Rhadon

August 30th, 2002, 11:55 PM

Perhaps something similar to Alzheimer's desease would do the job. The symptomes would be the following: loss of memory unability to learn They could probably be achieved if you were able to either cause a lack of acetylcholin or disable the body's acetylcholin receptors. Of course, the person would have to be continually administrated with his / her acetylcholin inhibitor as long as the symptoms should last. An appropriate inhibitor (don't know if this is the right expression for what it does) would be acetylcholinesterase (which occurs naturally in the body), but there should be compounds that are both affordable, possible to acquire and easier to dose. Since people who suffer from Alzheimer's desease have low levels of acetylcholin and are still viable, I assume that there would not be any other obvious harm. I'm not sure if this would really work, but the theory seems fine to me.

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EDIT: One element from the list above was omitted. Now it is complete. <small>[ August 31, 2002, 10:00 AM: Message edited by: Rhadon ]

MrSamosa

August 31st, 2002, 03:10 AM

That may work, or it may not. A common acetylcholine inhibitor is Atropine, if I know my poisons correctly. However, as you know, this is very acutely toxic and is not the kind of thing that directly targets memory.

nbk2000

August 31st, 2002, 09:11 AM

One wouldn't want to have to be constantly dosing the target to effect mneticide. There's no telling when you can next get them a dose, and if the effect is dependant on continual dosing, what'll happen when it wears off? Single dose is the trick. The single exposure makes tracing the source of the poisoning very difficult, compared to constant exposure. Obviously, it must be non-toxic (fatal), otherwise you risk accidiently killing the target and bringing a full blown police investigation down on your head, which would defeat the whole purpose on mnesticides. It's known that people who've survived sub-lethal doses of OPA's (nerve gases) have memory problems. This could likely be attributed to the brain seizures (similar to epilepsy) that the OPA induces. If the toxicity could be limited strictly to the brain, perhaps by binding with a brain protein, then only the seizure effect would happen, leaving the pupils and breathing unaffected, confusing diagnosis of poisoning with natural epilepsy. If there was a chemical used solely by the memory centers of the brain, than that chemical could be tagged with radioactive isotopes of short half-lives, but high energy, to "burn" the cells up with radiation. Then the isotopes decay and are excreted, leaving the damaged brain behind. :)

Rhadon

August 31st, 2002, 11:15 AM



quote:

---

There's no telling when you can next get them a dose, and if the effect is dependant on continual dosing, what'll happen when it wears off?

---

Unfortunately, "unability to learn" was omitted from my list of symptoms for lack of acetylcholin. This would have answered your question. I suppose that when the acetylcholin is on a normal level again, there will be no further symptoms, but the person should not be able to remember what had happened while the acetylcholin level was low.

PYRO500

August 31st, 2002, 01:40 PM

I like the idea of brainwashing combined with Mnesticides, Kind of like PROM (programmable read only memory) once you burn them in the deprograming that normally takes a very long time to do is ineffective due to them not being able to take the mind out of the closed loop you put them into, not only is the previously recorded "software" (memory) unrecoverable beacuse of the brainwashing and inability to counteract it witch requires memory, But the "hardware can't tell you anything new, effectively making them one purpose idiots. What that one purpose is, is up to you such as deploying nerve gas in a public place, taking the blame for a crime, etc, I'm sure some of you can be more creative. I had a few ideas about how this could be done, I don't see any though that aren't detectable through some means. Here are a few of my ideas: 1.Selective lobotomy, While it would require surgical skill, equipment and some risk, would also be the most effective. 2.Chemical that brain recognizes as fuel, burns out selected part of brain: positron emmison topography's have shown that when a radioactive isotope is administered to the brain as fuel, the brain will use the perticular nerve cell frying fuel that is administered to the person and whatever thought processthere heavily using will be fried by the short lived compound.

Boob Raider

August 31st, 2002, 02:38 PM

I remember my Biology teacher once mention, when we were studying insulin, that before electro shock therapy (EST) :D , people who were depressed to such an extent that they would attempt sucide where given moderate OD's of insulin. This would fry some of their brain and the patient wouldn't remember that he/she was depressed and even so for what they were depressed about, so they wouldn't kill themself and anyone else in the process. EST later took over had somewhat the same effect but was less damaging to the brain and was also considered less "unethical" by some. :rolleyes: Although ODing a bunch of people with insulin or for that matter zapping them with a giant stunn-gunn ain't a low profile idea. :p

xoo1246

August 31st, 2002, 02:45 PM

This isn't really my section but doesn't NaF lower IQ and affect memory? And don't we get it in doses every day....

Al Koholic

September 4th, 2002, 10:15 PM

Somebody mentioned something about the NaF and IQ lowering in the thread (aptly titled) Sodium Fluoride. I dont know. Anyway, something that may offer itself as a potential memory disrupting poison that specifically targeted memory itself would be extremely hard to find due to the fact that memory depends on so many mechanisms/pathways/neurotransmitters. There are however specific areas which could be exploited in the poisoning. THe hippocampus is absolutely necessary for memory consolidation beyond about a 10 minute time-span. A man known as H.M. suffered from hippocampal lesions administered by his neurosurgeon and lost all capacity to remember anything for longer than 10 minutes in a stimulating environment. Targeting the hippocampus is probably more than difficult.

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Learning can be inhibited by suppressing 2 areas in the cerebellum. The lateral interpositus nucleus and the red nucleus both play important roles in learning (the LIP plays the most). Targeting these areas would also be hard without surgery or electrodes etc. I'm sure there could possibly be chemicals for both of these applications but I have no idea what they are or could be. One thing that may be a potential neural poison which would say...cause the promoted person to become the fired person and you to become the new promoted person is MPTP. 1-methyl-4 phenyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine. It oxidizes to MPP+ in the body which is 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion. In 1982, a group of people in northern California aged 22 to 42 all developed symptoms of parkinson's disease after acquiring what they thought was a form of synthetic heroin-like designer (therefore legal) drug known as MPPP. MPPP normally produces a nice opiate high like heroin but the basement chemist who was synthesizing the MPPP had his reflux at too high a temperature and he created MPTP. The people ingested it through various methods and within a few hours had been reduced to basically completely developed parkinson's patients. Their symptoms were severe and they responded to L-dopa. Basically they were fine physically except that the MPP+ had almost completely destroyed their substantia nigra (a key part of a pathway responsible for among other things, movement and coordination based on dopamine). For your interest, the insecticide paraquat has a very similar structure to that of MPTP and MPP+ and will have similar action in the brain. Studys have also shown that people who have had a higher than normal exposure to insecticides have a better chance of developing parkinson's than normal individuals. Some scientists even suspect that the cause of parkinson's is the presence of toxic chemicals in our environment (ie, insecticides in water)...chemicals brought about by the industrial revolution which is, I believe right around the time parkinson's was first observed. Also...sometimes symptoms associated with parkinson's disease include the lack of automatic, nondeliberate learning. This is because the pathway for this type of learning relies on the functioning of the basal ganglia which is disrupted with the destruction of the substantia nigra. Basically, giving someone paraquat or (if you can make/get it) MPTP, you will fuck them up royally. The substances will be metabolized by the body most likely leaving no trace after an amount of time (i dont know how long) has passed. Eventually someone will figure out that they had ingested either one of these chemicals but hopefully they wont know how they came into contact with them (advantageous for the poisoner heh). Al

MrSamosa

September 4th, 2002, 10:23 PM

Paraquat is one of the most toxic herbicides! Giving that to someone will most likely kill them, in a very cruel way. However, administering it in sublethal doses, it may have the effects you speak of. Unfortunately, the gap between sublethal and lethal is not big when you work with these acutely toxic poisons.

Al Koholic

September 4th, 2002, 10:35 PM

Oh yes of course! I honestly have no idea what the dose would be (nor do I care to find out really) but the right amount certainly exists. Keep in mind that the MPTP these people took resulted in the formation of MPP+ in their bodies at a dosage low enough not to kill them but to destroy certain neural tissue. MPP+ at a higher dosage would certainly be lethal as well.

nbk2000

September 5th, 2002, 09:18 AM

MPP+ is non-toxic. It's only when it is formed in situ from MPTP that it causes the damage desired. Surgical techniques are useable on an individual, but for groups, forget it. I used to have a book about lobotomy and all the surgical techniques for it (it was like 500 pages thick) written by the guys who popularized it in the US. I forgot was it's called though. :( The further back towards the rear of the head the cuts are made, the more moronic the results. Cut back further than the middle line between the ears, and you've got a drooling idiot who can't talk, feed itself, and needs diapers. A dull blade, local anesthetic (though you can skip that part :) ), and hole cutting drill bit is all that was needed to perform the operation. Voila'! Instant idiot! :D It'd make for an interesting terror tactic...to reduce your enemies to drooling idiots, rather than outright killing them.

Al Koholic

September 5th, 2002, 10:26 AM

Thats what I was trying to get at there hehe. The MPTP they took actually has no effect on mice so for a while people couldn't figure out what the hell was going on. When it is oxidized in the body however...the MPP+ is highly damaging. I suppose it would make a good group poison. Also...a lobotomy can be performed with little more than an ice pick and a hammer. In fact a very archaeic (and in my opinion pretty fucked up too :-)) prodcedure done a lot in the 40's by a portugese neuroscientist named Egas Moniz. His work on damaging the frontal lobes (orbitofrontal cortex) led to the development of the "ice pick" prefrontal lobotomy. In the past, the physician placed a long, thin and sharp metal rod under the upper eyelid until the point reached the orbital bone above the eye. The rod was then hit with a mallet to drive it into the brain and then the rod was moved side to side or back and forth in a sweeping motion to sever the connections of the white matter. It is so easy to do this that it was usually done outside the operating room in a physicians office (or sometimes in the peoples own homes!) and the patient usually left within an hour of the begining of the procedure. Quick and easy...all that the patient suffers is some farily prdictable mental functioning and a couple black eyes for a while. If someone wanted to do this maliciously...it would obviously require the sedating of the subject but other than that...you could be done with the procedure in like 3 minutes tops probably. al

simply RED Excelent example of "mnesticide" is tetradotoxin!

September 5th, 2002, 01:01 PM

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Tetradotoxin is found in the fugu fish which the japanese enjoy very much and which kills them if not cooked correctly... The VooDoo shamans have used this toxin to create zombies! It's very simple. When you poison someone with it(in nearlethal cases) the victim's body seems dead, but it isn't! After 12 hours, you wake up the Zoombie and introduces it its new life, and new MASTER! After some computer psychotronical therapy the zombie is ready! TETRADOTOXIN: LD50 0,005mg/kg , stable up to 200degrees celsius!

xoo1246

September 5th, 2002, 02:04 PM

1250 times deadlier than cyanide according to this source: http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/lab/ 3388/

Machiavelli

September 5th, 2002, 02:39 PM

It seems that repeated sub-lethal doses of scopolamine are responsible for the zombie state, tetrodotoxin is just for creating the illusion of death. Unfortunately many of the victims die of overdose, but that risk is acceptable for vodoo priests.

Jhonbus

September 5th, 2002, 03:59 PM

Perhaps Ultrasound transducers could be used in a procedure akin to surgical lobotomy. A pair of transducers at the right frequency could cause constructive interference and localised heating at a known distance. If this distance is say, 1.5 inches, then a device could be constructed that merely has to be swept across the forehead of a victim to produce internal brain lesions and instant stupidity. <small>[ September 05, 2002, 03:08 PM: Message edited by: Jhonbus ]

xoo1246

September 5th, 2002, 04:18 PM

Shocking people from one side to the other of the brain(using electrodes) is know to cause memory losses. I read a page on that subject describing where to place electrodes and voltages, shock duration etc.. Can't find it now however.

Tyler_Durden

September 5th, 2002, 09:51 PM

http://www.albany.net/~tjc/memory-loss.html Perhaps this could be explored further ^ ^ ^ The chance of long term is a result of normal dosages over ~ 1 year, maybe bigger doses = fewer doses to get the same effect. Also, I think "mnemocide" is better... as "mnesticide" includes the "est" from "pest", the root of which I cannot think of the exact meaning right now. I think mnemocide just sounds better anyway, but whatever. :) (No...it's proper as it is. After all, we're trying to destroy "pesky" memories, right? :D :p NBK) <small>[ September 06, 2002, 01:06 PM: Message edited by: nbk2000 ]

Hystrix

September 21st, 2002, 01:05 PM

Well, acetylcholine inhibitors... I don't know their correct name in english but in russian literature they're more known as cholinolitics or anticholinergic drugs. By the way: these "mnemocides" are included to the group named Incapacitants. So, typical anticholinergic drug is rather famous BZ gas (3-quinuclidinyl-benzylate). BZ is a white crystalline stuff, it has no taste and no odour. (It's interesting that BZ can be used in fuming pyrotechnics. :rolleyes: ) Density is 1.33 g/cc. It's soluble in chloroform and insoluble in water (but with acids it gives water-soluble salts). Inhalation toxicity is: ICt50 = 0.11 mg*min/l, LCt50 = 110 mg*min/l. BZ is toxic at inhalation, eating and injection. First symptoms of poisoning are midriasis, pulse acceleration, weakness. After 30-60 minutes memory and attention became weaker. Then poisoned loses an orientation and sometimes becomes aggresive etc. etc. This poisoning continues for several days. The poisoned doesn't remember what he did at that time. 3-quinuclidinol is rather expensive so BZ can be substituted with ditrane or amizyl. Ditrane is N-ethylpiperidine-3-benzylate. I almost have no data on it. Its effective dose about 2-15 mg (if my memory does not fail me :D ) Amizyl (aka amitakon, benactyzine, nervatil) is 2-diethylaminoethyl-benzylate. It's used as a tranquilizer. The highest therapeutical dose is 2 mg at one time (5 mg at one day) so it's better to use a dose about 10-20 mg. Amizyl can be used in a combination with other tranquilizers (their effect will be enforced). Afaik antiserotonine drugs (like LSD or DMT) are less effective. They "kill" memory only in very high dose.

Agent Blak

October 11th, 2002, 10:35 PM

You could always use a substance that would discount them. LSD. The person gets on the stand you can have your lawyer make them look like an 'Cid freak.

pyromaniac_guy

November 4th, 2002, 09:06 PM

radio-isotopse tagged routes to kill off brain cells? seems like a great idea at first glance, but there is one REALLY big down side... the only way to get such materials is to make them, and I'm not talking about chemistry here, but alchemy, or more to the point, transmutation... clinical sources for stuff commonly used as tagants, such as Tc-99 only produce low amounts of the daughter isotopse in question, so it wouldnt pre practicle to use against a person in such a manner. to make any signifigant amount of a particular isotopse, especially one incorporated into a complex organic that wil ltaget emory cells involves the use of either a nuetron source or a cyclotron... most lab variety nuetron sources such as isotopse or nuetron tubes dont deliver high enough flux.. so you are left with again either a nuetron spalation source, ie linac, or a cyclotron... the number of people in the us who have unfettered acees to such hardware, as well as proper radio-chemistry equipment, could probably be counted on one hand, even after a nasty accident with a circular saw.. then there is a second issue... what kind of dose do you use? since i doubt one will find information in the literature about such things, your going to ahve to take

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an hopefully educated guess, and your first attempt may result in little effect or death.... fortunatly if you use a very short halflife isotopse it may be impossible to detect the material if the result is death... but thats a double edged sword... the shorter the half life, the closer you ahve to take the cyclotron to the target or vise/versa (is that a 35 MeV hydrogen linac in your pants, or are you just happy to see me? :) ) good idea, but unless you are a nation-state, with plenty of facilities, and a group of political prisoners to experiment on, i dont think it will ever happen.... but something another fellow said gave me a more realistic idea... how about a portable microwave source???? take the magnitron out of a small microwave... break into a radio shack and steal (or buy i supose) 110 9v batteries... tie um in series, being mindfull of insulation... have a floating gelcell batetry to provide the fillament power.. you now have a totally portabel, abttery operated microwave device that will probably last anywhere from a handfull of minutes to maybe the better part of an hour... it probably only takes a 5 degree centigrade raise in temperture to start killing off brain cells... assume the frontal lobe is about 1kg in mass, and since the body is mostly water, the specific heat of grey matter is probably inline with that of water... 5 kCal is about 20 Kj, or about 40 seconds exposure time from a 500w magnitron... you could turnt he thing on and off and scan the output window of the tube over the forehead to avoid buring the skin and leaving and physical evidence... with a technique such as this, so long as you can incapacitate your atget without detection, you could vegetabilize them without detection as well.. the only physical evidence would be dead brain cells :)

nbk2000

November 5th, 2002, 07:10 AM

A battery powered, microwave emitting, memory erasing pen? Cooool! :D Now it'd be entirely practical to use mains power since I can't think of anywhere in civilization that's more than a few feet away from an outlet. Perhaps ultrasound to cauterize brain tissue?

pyromaniac_guy

November 5th, 2002, 01:16 PM

I think batteries would be better for 2 reasons... the weight of a transformer and an extension cord is probably inline with that of a stack of batteries... no weight savings there... even if you are close to a source of wall power, pugging the thing in will only make the whole process a few seconds longer... and most inportantly, alot of secluded places, parks, back alleys, ect arent going to have wall power... Keep in mind that this wouldnt just be a memory erasor, it would be preforming a quick and dirty labotomy... if anyone out there is sadistic enough it might be interesting to experiment on small mamals to see how effective of a weapon this could be... since microwaves are so strongly absorbed by flesh it should be entierly possible to do major damage to the brain without leaving any sign what so ever (i wounder if a person would wake up from sleep if exposed to such a source, ie if there would be any physical sensation. if you attack the brain stem the target would just stop breathing. provided you found a way to calibrate the exposure so that you didnt actually COOK any tissue, all an autopsy would reveal is a dead person) keep in mind it would be wise to wear a skimask of copper mesh while using such a device... a mask at a minimum, better yet, a body suit... (unless you were extraordinarily carefull about keeping the microwave emmisions directed AWAY from your own body... I have played around with an unsheilded magnitron before, but if you get sloppy with one you go blind, sterile, or worse....

Anthony

November 5th, 2002, 04:49 PM

Well there's no pain receptors in the brain, so any sensation would be in the skin on the outside of the skull. If you're not cooking the skin, then you shouldn't feel anything! :)

knowledgehungry

November 5th, 2002, 08:05 PM

I'm not sure if a memory erasing pen is actually possible, if it was wouldnt it have allready been done by the Government ... unless they allready did and we forgot... :rolleyes:

pyromaniac_guy

November 5th, 2002, 09:02 PM

a magnitron, cooling fan, and small back pack sized battery aray would hardly qualify as a 'pen' but the more I think about it, the more the idea sounds like it would work.... anyone out there with a terminal illness and only a few days left to live that will allow me to use them as a test subject??

Wicked1

April 22nd, 2004, 10:46 PM

Im 16, and ive been on meds all my life, due to an inafficiancy with my serotonin and dopamine levels. I go through bouts of anger, depression, happyness, sadness (Diffrent from depression), and confusion. To solve this ive been tested on every medication known to man, excluding fucking viagra, but the damn shrinks are runnin outta shit. Neways, to the point. I am currently on Prozac(Fluxotine, generic brand) 20 mgs once a day in the morning, which has some side affects, like drowsyness, but not memmory loss. it is used to treat depression, bipolarism, that stress thingy, and others. Prozac is a common anti depressent that is highly availible to anyone who can fake being depressed. I am on Lithium Carbonate (300mg twice dayly) that give me severe hand tremors if i dont have a high ammount of sugar in my blood, tastes like im suckin on copper, and other such things - Possiblity of contributing to my memmory problem Lithium is a common mood stabaliser used for anger, depression, and panic attacks, and bipolarism commonly availible. I am on seroquil (100mg at night) that causes extreme drowsyness, and in my case, memmory loss. sometimes i forget what i did 10 mins ago. sometimes a whole day gos by.

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Seroquil is an AntiPsychotic used to treat schitsofrainia, panic attacks, depression, anger, and bipolarism. So, im not sure if my memmory problems are strictly the seroquil, or a combination of my lithium AND seroquil. I'm sure if the dose was increased a little, given at interviewels (it stays in the system), the higher the dose the more side affects. These pills are pretty small and can be hidden in drinks with no problem what so ever. However, it is a felony to possess these because of the psychotropic makeup of the medicine. With all these medicines, you can not just "get off" after a week of steady use, because they are ssri's. The person will experiance SSRI withdrawl, including but not limited to memmoryloss, severe tremors, eye twitchs, sickness, and death. Ive taken myself off of my meds three times, and i was litteraly forced to take them again. You may want to considder this fact before you try messin with this.

-Sry if i wasted time, thought it might help. Wicked

Bert

April 23rd, 2004, 02:41 AM

To solve this ive been tested on every medication known to man, excluding fucking viagra, but the damn shrinks are runnin outta shit.

This is totaly OT, but: Godamn, my mom's a psychologist and I have long arguements with her regarding my beliefs that the mind sciences are at the level that physical medicine was when doctors were fucking bleeding people to "ballance their humors". My point being, back then going to see a doctor was actualy more likely to kill you than the disease. And reading your story, I'd guess that they've fucked you up worse than your own biochemistry would be doing if you had been let alone. Teenagers are SUPPOSED to be a bit off, moody and generaly fucked up. It's normal. Trying to make 'em happy and perfect with chemicals is fighting against evolution- Two more years and you can tell them to go fuck themselves, if they don't decide to commit you first. I can just see what would be done to, say, Issac Newton if he were an American upper middle class teenager today. Diagnosed with social dysfunction and obsessive compulsive fixations, and put on heavy meds. Soon, he'd be happily watching reality TV and get a job flipping burgers after school instead of ending up teaching university level mathematics by his 18th B-day.

Ropik

April 23rd, 2004, 06:49 AM

Chemical methode: Like somebody says: It is very hard to target one part of brain only with any chemical agent/poison/drug. Some other parts are going to be damaged. However, the severeness of the damage vary greatly. I do not know any agent that can do this(although many members of my family are doctors, so I am pretty oriented in this,IMO). I read somewhere that CIA dispose of somebody by syrup with LSD mixed in(this mixture was masked like an anti-coughing syrup). The poor man lose his memory completely and became a pretty big idiot. I only read it, I do not know if it's true. Probably not, although LSD memory erasing is possible. Ultrasound/microwave/similar: Well... I think this is more possible. When you can make accurate microwave ray which has not any effect on the skin, it should work. It is assumed, however, that you have unmovable target to aim with the ray, otherwise you can fry something other than you want to. :rolleyes: Effect of these methods are too cruel to use as memory erasers. You more probably turn the target into really dumb creature than only erase his memory and left the majority of his mind unchanged. But if this is you goal...

Xave

April 25th, 2004, 02:06 PM

I think a preicse method/goal should be discovered, not just a crude damaging of the brain. In terms of a good poison, a slow degradation in memory would be ideal. Perhaps a highly lipid soluble chemical to dissolve in the fats of your body and be slowly released. However this release is relatively quick (around 1 week) so there would still be plenty of suspicion. People were discussing anti-acetylcholine drugs- they're called anticholinergenics. You get these in travel sickness pills- atropine, scopolamine (hyoscine). They 'sit in' (inhibit) the receptor site for ACh (acetylcholine) but i seem to remember reading they only inhibit certain receptors (there are several different ACh receptors and subtypes etc). As everybody's been saying it's very hard to pinpoint a specific target, what with mother nature reusing the same neurochemicals for different things. Memory research is only in early(ish) stages and so little is know so far. The mechanism is complex and thus difficult to target. Perhaps we should look into why THC (from cannabis) damages memory. If the mechanism of action was identified here, perhaps a poison to cause the damaging effects of cannabis/THC only would be good?

simply RED

April 27th, 2004, 02:15 PM

Acetylcolinesterase inhibitors do not affect memmory in general. I've read about cases where the poisoned almost died, but the memmory was unaffected. THC does not "kill" memmory or has little effect. Domoic acid does demages short term memmory and it causes extra demage to the brain... By the way, the marine toxins and patogens are quite interesting. Internet contains much info about them. Some are quite potent, some algi are possible to grow in large quantities. These toxins are not less dangerous than the lab synthesed. Yes, understanding the memmory process should enlight the possibilities both to improve or demage it.

Pilathos

May 9th, 2004, 10:42 PM

+In Medical Pharmacology of Goth, dose of 2 to 5 grams of sodium bromide, tends to produce mental depression, confusion and lethargy, many individuals in this situation have been admited at mental hospitals when physician did not detected intoxication by bromide. There is not intoxication acute by bromide, but it is swallowed continuosly the bromides are accumulated and the intoxication takes place. Neurological symptoms and mental are very remarkable, besides injuries to skyn and transtornos

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gastrointestinals take place. Sodium bromide was used many years ago.

mike-hunt

December 11th, 2007, 07:57 PM

I am currently experimenting with scopolamine this drug does not erase memory but will stop new memories forming so the time that the drug is active in a person they will have a memory blank or black out. details for extraction are at http:// www.erowid.org/experiences/exp.php?ID=11686 Datura metel seeds are used or if your in Australia Duboisia myoporoides - Corkwood (plant) is the source of commercially made scoprolimine and available here http://www.herbalistics.com.au/shop/product_info.php? products_id=75&osCsid=22369ff23b1fa2e9e13a29eac038b528 an interesting article on the criminal use or the drug is http:// www.rense.com/general38/frug.htm

chaztenator

December 29th, 2007, 05:02 PM

I just went to sciencelab.com and 1mg of domoic acid is $192!Im not spending that much

ciguy007

December 29th, 2007, 11:20 PM

Public Television had a fascinating series on MPTP, including a search for workers previously exposed (before the effect on the substantia nigra had been elucidated). Many of those were found to be in nursing homes, thought to be stroke victims actually "frozen" by the effects of MPTP. Anti-parkinsonian drugs were minimally effective at long-term normalization of function.

simply RED

March 27th, 2008, 04:59 PM

The synapses in the nervous system use a lot of neuromediators : acetylcholine, opioid peptides, serotonine, dopamine, GABA, glutamate and many more. Seems like the long term memory storage is associated with the process of synaptic plasticity, for example in glutamatergic synapses. NMDA and AMPA receptors play a vital role in LTP formation. So, NMDA, AMPA, Kainate agonists or antagonists should have effects on the mommory storage.

file

May 27th, 2008, 05:33 AM

After some googling and wiki-ing of Scopolamine(I recognized the name from a good movie), it looks like it might possibly be close to the goal of a "memory killer". "Because of its anticholinergic effects, scopolamine has been shown to prevent the activation of medial temporal lobe structures for novel stimuli during working memory tasks." Won't last long enough to be single dose, but it's a start. "When combined with morphine, it produces amnesia and a tranquilized state known as twilight sleep." They'll forget you even gave them the stuff! I think that the ideal thing would probably not be a single drug, but rather a cocktail. Something that inhibits a range of neuromediators. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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> Chemistry for Amateur Experimenters and Citizen Scientists

> Battlefield Chemistry

> Cyanide Shotshells Log in

View Full Version : Cyanide Shotshells green beret

May 11th, 2002, 10:04 PM

Recently I have realised that I have gotten so much out of the forum, but havent given much back, so, here is an idea that I thought up, it probably isnt all that good but maybe someone could turn it into something better..... Well, I know poisoned buckshot has been done before but I thought, "What if you could make all the pellets in a No.4 shotshell poisonous?" Well this is just a pretty basic idea--Open up a No.4 Shell and take out all the shot. Make a gel/paste using cyanide flour and water, or something to produce similar results-maybe even pow dered horse shit cyanide and water (refer to NBKs topic on caltrops). After you have made the lethal paste put it in a bowl along w ith all of the shot. Mix well. Once the shot is all coated in poison load it back into the shell, but try not to get to much excess paste/gel in there. Now you can all see how this would theoretically w ork, but imagine firing a few of these into a crowd... Like I said, I'm just trying to share my ideas to put something back into the forum, the place that has taught me so much for a cost of zero. Let me know w hat you all think.....NBK?

Wicked

May 11th, 2002, 10:11 PM

Good idea. Now only if I knew where the fuck this ftp is w ith all the shit, cuz ctrl_c's doesnt have it.

Wicked

May 11th, 2002, 10:16 PM

WAIT, cynide w ould be bad, think of a diffrent pastey toxin, cuz if u touched the shell where cynide had been, its all over. depending on the strength, you will A) B) C) D) E)

Die Break out a nasty ass rash Get cancer Get a prostitic arm All of the above.

Hmm, maybe something like a toxin that hasto go into the blood, IE scorpian venom (u can get it powdered.), or snake or something. maybe a shotgun shell that shoots some ap, thats shielded from the inital charge, and has some BP in it, it will hit the dude, and its all over for him. But you would haveto calculate how to sheild the ap. >:\

green beret

May 11th, 2002, 10:28 PM

Thats why I said cyanide, because its so lethal, you would have to use safety gear and you could also seal the shell with wax to ensure none leaks out, I w ont list all the safety gear because you guys w ill be able to figure that out for yourselves. :rolleyes:

Fallout85

May 11th, 2002, 11:45 PM

IIRC VC troop placed garlic in makeshift hollow point bullets to poison Marines. Yup, garlic. It isn't immediately poisonous (I think it killed in less than an hour), but it is readily available. Something similar could be used with a shot shell. Cyanide is just to hazardous to bother w ith. When w as the last time you ever heard of someone accidentally poisoning themself with garlic?

Wicked

May 11th, 2002, 11:49 PM

and how the fuck do you propose puting enough garlic juice/puddy into a shotgun shell? moron, its a thin coating. DUH. youd get maybe a 1/2cc of the shit into the dude, all hed have is a rash, and i dont even think garlic is poisinous. rofl.

Fallout85

May 11th, 2002, 11:54 PM

Well how much do you think fits in a hollow point? Not very much. And yes it is poisonous. Even just a coating is supposed to be a enough to cause a massive infection.

Wicked

May 11th, 2002, 11:55 PM

I just injected myself with two cc's, lets see what happens. :p

Wicked

May 11th, 2002, 11:57 PM

Oh, and do you have aim or something? if so privmsg me it and ill add you so I can tell u exactly if anythings happening :p twelve bucks says nothing.

Bignutsami

May 12th, 2002, 12:40 AM

umm.. garlic is an antiseptic/antibiotic, it was used to treat infection during the w orld wars w hen other antiseptics became scarce, w here did you get this idea that it is a deadly poison, its ludicrous. <small>[ May 11, 2002, 11:45 PM: Message edited by: Bignutsami ]

Wicked

May 12th, 2002, 12:44 AM

see, even he agrees, and im fine, theres just a slight rash, as to be expected since i took a needle to a clove of garlic and shoved it in my skin. :p

Fallout85

May 12th, 2002, 12:53 AM

All right, all right I'm wrong. I know I've heard that somewhere before though. I'll check the veracity before I post in the future. I was just making a suggestion. Jeez, I could have sworn....... edit: spelling <small>[ May 11, 2002, 11:54 PM: Message edited by: Fallout85 ]

PYRO500

May 12th, 2002, 01:51 AM

The person who posted that before w as MADWOLF, he has since been banned

Wicked

May 12th, 2002, 02:08 AM

if you still belive it, inject urself. :)

xoo1246

May 12th, 2002, 03:35 AM

Stop, some of the cyanide will make a dust cloud infront of the weapon w hen you fire the w eapon. The weapon will be contaminated and you will probably breath in cyanide dust.

DBSP

May 12th, 2002, 05:56 AM

Xoo is right, If you fire a shotgun w ith that in it you w ill end up w ith a cloud of cyanide 1m in front of the weapon. I've tried replacing the lead shots in practise ammunition (12 gauge 24g load) with crude salt, you know ungrinded salt. When I fired the gun all I got was a cloud of finely devided salt 2m in front of the gun. It might w ork if you reduced the powder load w ith 50% . Still it is to risky. The only thing I can think of that w ould work would be a shell loaded w ith a solid container for the cyanide, maby plastic, this would then be fired at the ground near the target and the container w ould then diperse the cyanide into the proximity of the target.

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May 12th, 2002, 01:06 PM

That is why you take sodiumthiosulfate before using the weapon and then sniff some amyl nitrate, this is what the CIA used to do w hen their people used HCN sprays for assasination.

Arkangel

May 12th, 2002, 09:49 PM

Garlic is totally deadly, but only if you're a vampire :p As to coating the shot you removed from the cartridge, a better idea would be to replace it with the split shot used in angling (fishing) and rolling it in your poison, as it's more likely to remain on the pellet w hen passing through clothing, doors, etc. That way, you could do what the VC's ACTUALLY did, and smear them with shit. Someone gets filled with lead/shit, there isn't an antibiotic around that will help them. <small>[ May 12, 2002, 08:55 PM: Message edited by: Arkangel ]

PYRO500

May 12th, 2002, 11:25 PM

Actually now they will give you a lot of antibiotics when you get a deep dirty puncture w ound to avoid infection in the jungles of vietnam someone stepping on shit smeared spikes might get a puncture w ound and it would most likely get infected, just when your out in the jungle in a war, antibiotics don't go to anyone w ith a scratch.

Wicked

May 12th, 2002, 11:50 PM

PUNJI STICKS!

Bitter

May 14th, 2002, 04:21 PM

Pardon ?

Arkangel

May 14th, 2002, 09:45 PM

He was referring in a typically banal fashion to Punjee Stakes the mantraps often employed by the VC, using split/sharpened bamboo in a variety of ways, mostly smeared with shit to guarantee infection. The thinking behind many military projectiles or weapons is not to kill, since a wounded man takes up a lot more attention and effort than a dead one. Carrying a buddy screaming with pain from his swollen and infected foot does not help if you're on a fighting patrol

Synthetically Hopeful

May 14th, 2002, 09:49 PM

Green Beret, do you have a copy of NBK2000's pdf? and w ould there be enough(sp?) of the toxin left, after all the movement the shot in the shell, it being fired, traveling thru the air at so many fps and thru clothing, to be more lethal than the shot itself. The cloud of dust after it has been fired may not be good for your health as well. Where is NBK2000, anyway?

Tyler_Durden

May 15th, 2002, 12:01 AM

I don't think using a chemical like cyanide, being so lethal and dangerous, would be w ise to disperse with a shotgun. It's just to risky. Give away/sell free lemonade w/ cyanide in it if you want to poison people en masse, geez, don't try to use a shotgun. Unless the situation requires a projectile w eapon, or you want to kill a certain person, or whatever the case may be... and in this situation just use the standard poison-in-thehollowpoint or something. It w ould be cool, sure, but you have to consider practicality.

green beret

May 19th, 2002, 01:09 AM

You could have the shotgun set up to fire remotely.

EP

May 19th, 2002, 12:29 PM

If you are going to set it up to fire remotely, some sort of explosive dispersal would probably be much more effective.

green beret

May 23rd, 2002, 01:11 AM

Yes but I think most of the cyanide w ould be destroyed in the blast...

nbk2000

May 28th, 2002, 11:50 PM

There's a much better antidote for cyanide poisoning now . A 10-1 (weight) mix of alpha-ketoglutarate and L-cystine will protect against 5x LD<SUB>50 by ingestion, 2x< SUB> 50< /SUB> inhalation. Eat a gram of the mix 10-15 minutes, or 2 minutes by injection, prior to exposure. I don't remember which is the 10, and which is the 1. So test it on rats first. < img border="0" title="" alt="[Wink]" src="wink.gif" /> It lasts about 15 minutes before losing effectiveness. I read about how the army was funding research for a cyanide treatment and it mentioned the university and professor w ho was working on it. Soooo I called him up and spent 1/2 hour talking to him about it. :D Mind you, this was back in '95, so they weren't all paranoid like they'd be now, post 9/11, about talking to someone they've never heard of on the phone about cyanide antidotes . Any kind of cyanide weapon that uses the solid (not gaseous) form needs to have the poison contained. Otherwise, it'll be dispersed in the air around you (BAD!), not penetrate, etc. Drilled out fragments (shot) are best. If you're using darts/flechettes, they need to be notched or hooked if there's to be any chance of the poison being carried through the air and intervening clothes/barriers. Otherw ise, it'll be knocked off as they rattle against each other, scraped off as it travels dow n the barrel, blown off by supersonic winds, wiped off by clothes, squeezed off by skin...getting the idea? Garlic? :rolleyes: Madmutt :p was banned for such stupidity. Let's not forget the use of synergy to increase the probability of the kill. Use the cyanide, add a dash of fresh horse shit, sprinkle in some magnesium shavings, and seal it inside a drilled ball bearing that's been rusting in the shit damped soil of a horse/cow pen for a month. Serve stone cold. < img src="http://w ww.candlepowerforums.com/ubb/icons/icon18.gif" alt= "" /> Wicked, you're a moron. Say hello to Tamaj...whatever the fuck that ragheads name was, because you're going to the HED paradise where all idiots go to.

green beret

May 30th, 2002, 02:03 AM

Yeah, I know now that the cyanide w ould come off, buckshot drilled out w ould work, but thats already been done, I was trying to think of something new, oh well......

James

May 30th, 2002, 05:16 PM

I wouldn't mount a shotgun for a single use somewhere. Instead, I would probably use a slambang or say a claymore. An actual shotgun would probably have some paperwork attached to it. Although I suppose if you wanted to frame someone you might. What do the rest of you think?

nbk2000

May 31st, 2002, 04:36 AM

If I had a single target and knew w here he w as going to be precisely, I'd use a pipe claymore loaded with the synergy shot and blast him point blank via remote. A manufactured w eapon is too traceable.

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June 2nd, 2002, 05:10 AM

Yeah, I know, I meant a home made shotgun anyway.

Chade

September 4th, 2003, 04:55 PM

This seems to be another idea based on the general idea of delivery of a toxin to a target within line of sight. Your toxin would have to be contained until it reached the target for your protection, and then, for maximum effect, injected. Firearms make this trickier. I'd go for the classic blowpipe, if you have a toxin powerful enough. Very easy to make and conceal. Even air rifles can break the skin, especially with the right ammo. i don't know about anyone else, but I doubt my abilities to make hollow tipped firearm ammunition, and I strongly suspect that you'd need it with a gun. Bow s and crossbow s are also easy enough to acquire or make, and can often handle a decent payload at the front.

Kid Orgo

September 7th, 2003, 05:20 PM

I know it w ouldn't be so much of a problem with shot in a shot-shell, but wouldn't any drilling into a bullet have to be PRECISELY centered and balanced? Wouldn't poisoning bullets, unless done completely right totally fuck the accuracy up?

zaibatsu

September 7th, 2003, 05:45 PM

Which is why you'd do it on a lathe. Or I'm sure you could knock up a jig to center the bullets to HP them. You could even produce a small "Fonly"-style lathe to do it, a large commercial lathe would be unnecessary.

xyz

September 8th, 2003, 06:49 AM

There are commercial shotshells that use tungsten powder bound with a plastic as shot. What about mixing cyanide with a metal powder and then binding it with a plastic? You would want to design them to shatter on impact to release all the cyanide. Or you could use a water soluble binder so that they dissolved inside the victim and released the poison that way.

Anthony

September 8th, 2003, 03:28 PM

Are we presuming that commercial hollow points aren't available?

nbk2000

September 8th, 2003, 09:14 PM

If you're a soldier, than you're not going to be issued HP ammo, nor have ready access to it. But, if I w as a soldier, and having to use puny 5.56 FMJ ammo, then I'd be nocking it with an X in the tip, so it'd fragment inside the enemy. Of course, such things are considered "inhumane" w eapons, thus a w ar crime, but that's only if you lose the war. :D In a 30rd mag, just load in 27 Dum-Dums, and top the mag w ith 3 FMJ so the sargent doesn't spot 'em. ;) You'll be blow ing ragheads to paradise with one shot, instead of 4 or 5 like it's currently taking.

xyz

September 9th, 2003, 06:09 AM

Originally posted by Anthony Are we presuming that commercial hollow points aren't available? We are talking about shotshells aren't we? If w e are talking about rifles then yes, hollow points filled with nasties are the obvious solution.

Anthony

September 9th, 2003, 02:20 PM

Kid Orgo mention drilling bullets, so I presume that w e w ere talking about either. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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> Battlefield Chemistry

> Pressurizing Gas. Log in

View Full Version : Pressurizing Gas. Bitter

August 31st, 2002, 02:55 PM

Making toxic chemicals and gas is one thing, but then what ? How are you going to store it for use ? Here's one solution to that problem. A fire extinguisher. Up until recently, I have come across two types of fire extingisher; a cartridge powered one, that propels water or powder on to the fire, (the cartridges from which can be changed when they run out) and another called a 'stored pressure' extinguisher, w hich does not have a cartridge to replace and thus once it is used, it is ready to be thrown away. Look this up if you're interested, but I'll move on to the important stuff- I have seen a 'stored pressure' type that I'm sure had a 'refil' valve on it, near the handle. This valve looked identical to the one on a bicycle or car tire, with a thread to match too. Now, in theory, you could repressurize these w ith a bicycle pump (it had a pressure gauge too, to tell you when it w as fully pressurized), or one of those that run off your car fag lighter socket. Now have a look at this : If you were to set up an air-tight box as shown, it should be possible to repressurize the extinguisher with your 'favourite gas', being able to blast it off at the squeeze of a trigger. Just make sure a gas mask is worn !

PYRO500

August 31st, 2002, 03:08 PM

You could use two freon compressors, they can get up to 400 psi when in series. <small>[ August 31, 2002, 02:08 PM: Message edited by: PYRO500 ]

Boob Raider

August 31st, 2002, 03:27 PM

How many gases are out there w hich are desireable as CW agents but won't react w ith the Fe cylinder under pressure. The fire extinguisher is meant for relatively inert gases, like:- CO2, Halon, N2 maybe ? I am expecting most gases to corrode the shit out of the Fe to such an extent that there would be a leak or explosion, w hich might a really good way for gas dispersal but I can't say how long you can store w hatever you want to store, and it also depnds on w hat you are storing. :p

Bitter

September 1st, 2002, 04:36 AM

Well that's a different story altogether isn't it ? I assume one would make the gas only a few days or hours prior to use, but then again, it *is* a thick cylinder and even under pressure, the corrosion rate of most gasses w ould mean w e are talking about a relatively slow process. I suppose it depends on the acidity of the gas, in the end.

megalomania

September 1st, 2002, 05:22 AM

I don't think that many CW agents are all that reactive to things like metals. They do tend to hydrolyze with moisture, w hich may release undesirable flourine compounds. Now of course there are all manner of chemical weapons, but I was referring to nerve gasses. Even if a substance does react with the metal of the container, it may take some time (months to years) to cause a breech.

nbk2000

September 1st, 2002, 07:24 AM

If you're using a compressor, then obviously we're talking about gasous agents, like chlorine or phosgene. Most gasous agents are corrosive or flammable. This means the possibility of the compressor catching on fire, or the hoses/metal pitting and seizing up or disintegrating. For liquid agents, many of them are also corrosive to iron because of the presence of chlorine, bromine, or fluorine in the molecule. When it breaks down (inevitably), these halogens are released and react w ith the iron. Also, there's usually SOME acid impurities left over from the manufacturing process. The Iraqis Sarin shells were quite unstable after just a few weeks because of the HF traces causing pressurization of the shells with hydrogen gas (thousands of PSI) that'd force the agent out through the shell threads. For storage, the home experimenter would be better off using cold liqification for gasous chemicals to avoid the expense of viton diaphragm compressors, monel steel fittings, and such. Once your agent is ready, storage in plastic would be better than steel. There's no shortage of plastic 2 liter bottles in the world. Embedded in a milk crate filled with concrete, the bottles could easily keep phosgene or chlorine liquified. Things like Sarin or Mustard, HDPE in concrete. You'd want to provide for a pressure release. Something as simple as a U trap filled w ith soda-lime and activated charcoal would work. Adding an acid scavenger like pyridine to Sarin would bind up the HF for a while, delaying the inevitable degradation. It'd also be a good idea to include a FREON chemical to your agent. FREON detectors can detect part per billion (or less) traces of these chemicals...concentrations lower then the agents mimimum irritating concentration, thus giving you ample warning of a leak.

Einstein

September 8th, 2002, 07:38 AM

I was watcing the movie Chainreaction w hen I remembered this topic. Maybe that reaction bottle could contain plenty of water and two electrodes. Then you could compress H2 and O2 (separated from the water) to that fire extinguisher/some other container. Now only one spark is enough to blow the H2 and O2 mix in the bottle producing great explosion or fireball :D Could this idea work? It w ould be like this: 2H2O ---(electricity)---> 2H2 + O2 And w hen hydrogen burns, it becomes water, so: 2H2 + O2 => 2H2O Form my point of view that should work. From tw o moles of water you get 2 moles of hydrogen and 1 mole of oxygen, and vice versa. So there SHOULD be enough oxygen to produce an explosion when ignited, right? <small>[ September 08, 2002, 06:39 AM: Message edited by: Einstein ]

PYRO500

September 8th, 2002, 12:32 PM

Yes, but that has nothing to do w ith the topic. :rolleyes: <small>[ September 08, 2002, 11:33 AM: Message edited by: PYRO500 ]

Einstein

September 8th, 2002, 01:58 PM

I don´t wan´t to sound irritant, but the topic IS "Pressurizing gas", so that is reason #1 for me to write here. #2 is that this hydrogen/oxygen filled pressurized bottle is VERY effect weapon/explosive/what-ever when ignited... As far as I know about nerve agents or like, some of them are corrosive and some aren´t. Generating gases isn't what the topic is about. The device you are describing is a Low Explosive and thus fits into that section. However, creating a thread there would likely get you HED seeing as it is kewl and certainly nothing new . As for it being a "VERY" effective w eapon, you base this on what exactly? The rigorous field trials against a variety of targets? Considering that you only just thought it up, it would seem you're pulling the opinion from the same place from which the device came - your arse. I suggest you remove what is frankly, bilge that you have posted and replace with it something useful, that contributes to the thread. No arguing with the staff! I have witnessed with my own eyes w hen pressurised tank (20 liters, 34bar) "explodes". It was full of compressed air, but the pressure that was released was enourmous! Think that same thing but with flammable gas.... And my apology for being crude for staff (PYRO500), I didn't mean it in that way. It (my idea) really sounds like K3wL, but also the professionals have to have some fun w hen not making RDX, picric or similar :p And sorry for the off-topic. <small>[ September 09, 2002, 03:57 AM: Message edited by: Einstein ]

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Bitter

September 8th, 2002, 02:44 PM

I don't think you would need to ignite it, it would explode on its own under enough pressure. Think of how a diesel engine works.

Einstein

September 11th, 2002, 04:12 AM

OT: Diesel ignites in temperature over 550 celsius and in very hi pressure...I don't think that the pressurized gas tank will be 550 degrees w arm...and it won´t be diesel :p <small>[ September 11, 2002, 09:35 AM: Message edited by: Einstein ]

Harry

September 23rd, 2002, 02:35 PM

If w e're going to be messing with fire extinguishers, allow me to add my own findings (specific to the upper Midwest USA): 1. Most, if not all, of the cheaper ones are aluminum. 2. Some stored-pressure models are reuseable, others (cheaper) are disposeable. The reuseable ones I've found in my area are repressurized through the discharge valve. Read the recharge directions. 3. Smaller units (2.5 lb) tend to be rated at 100psi, tested at 250-300 psi. 5 lb units tend to be rated at 250-300psi, tested at 500psi. Get a 5lb or larger unit. Or a CO2 unit, if available. 4. A valve can be installed quite easily into an aluminum model. Use a self-tapping threaded valve, or buy the appropriate tap for the available valve. In the Murderapolis area, valves with 1/8" and 1/4" NPT (plumbing) threads are available for under USD$2. These valves are compatible with your bicycle pump. Easiest place to install is the center of the bottom. Overbuild--use epoxy for extra strength. 5. Even the disposeable ones often have removeable heads--just unscrew from a FULLY discharged unit and dump the powder. Do this far from home, preferably in a dumpster, at night. Wear a dust mask. Open the dumpster only as much as necessary to fit your hand and the bottle. 6. 2.5 lb units tend to be disposeable aluminum bottles, with a plastic dip tube inside. 5 lb units tend to be reuseable, w ith all aluminum internals. On the used (thrift store) market, one can sometimes find reuseable 2.5 lb units made of steel. Disp. AL units are more common. Caveat emptor. Look for the 5 and 10lb units. Pay about USD$2-3 per unit. Hit yard sales, too. Pay $10 for a charged (5lb) unit. Cheap protection for your lab. 7. The 2.5 lb disposeable units have to be handled with care when disassembled--the valve spring assembly tends to break apart, requiring epoxy and ingenuity to fix. 8. For some reason, used fire extinguishers seem to be in fairly high demand around here. 9. Don't mess with the acid/soda models, except to hide stuff in. This is from 5 years of messing with the things. Harry Mann

jimwig

September 28th, 2002, 06:42 PM

gee - the first thing that comes to mind is the purpose of pressurizing gas. is long term storage is long term life of pressurizing equipment? mr bitter's plan leaves a lot to be desired. what sort of gas is being pressurized? i w ould hope for an inert variety, also a gas that does not effect adversely the machinisms emersed therein. for it seems that an explosive gas - one that will oxidize with the atmosphere inside the "gas filled chamber" will surely detonate. (Bitter- Oh really ? :rolleyes: I never w ould have guessed that...and I could have sw orn this topic was all about compressing poisonous, not explosive gases, hence the opening sentence : "Making toxic chemicals and gas is one thing,". Try being smart w ith me, or any of the other moderators again and you'll find yourself getting HED.) the compressor should have an explosion proof, totally enclosed type NEMA 12 motor or else the life expentancy would be brief. not to mention many other pitfalls of this design. don't get me wrong - i just don't want someone in wide eyed wonder to blow their appendages from their bodies because they follow ed this idea without checking the obvious resources for safety, etc. i also w ish to direct those interested to an article in Scientific American entitled "old refrigerators are salvaged to build a laboratory cooler and a gas liquefier" November 1969 page 151 taking care to note that "freon" "r-22" is now a restricted and enviromentally unfriendly little beast not to mention illegal. anywho this seems to be a start toward homemade liquefication. this little diatribe coming from 54 years of trying to get it rightthe first areas tried being atmospheric comingling and regret. <small>[ October 02, 2002, 04:22 PM: Message edited by: Bitter ]

PYRO500

September 29th, 2002, 02:43 AM

As far as I know Freon is not illegeal, in fact I had my air conditioning units filled with R-22 a few weeks ago. I do believe however that you need a permit to buy it and you must use freon recovery tools such as vacuum pumps that pump the left over into a tank. <small>[ September 29, 2002, 12:06 PM: Message edited by: PYRO500 ]

Anthony

September 29th, 2002, 10:19 PM

This might be interesting: http://ww w.overclockers.com/tips1032/ It use a fridge compressor to make a CPU chiller, but it's rough and ready and should be of some use.

jimwig

September 30th, 2002, 10:17 PM

"restricted" is not the same as illegal. grok it again. go down to the HVAC store and try to purchase R-22. or for that matter go to the auto parts place like Autozone and notice that the refill bottles don't say R-22 anymore. I think its 34a or something like that now . there's federal laws that prohibit the sale or use of R-22 and other refrigerants by unlicensed indiviuals as well as the release of these gases into the atmosphere. so it is indeed restricted. and there is also a huge gray market from Mexico (et al) in the smuggling of these. anywho here's somemore solid data refs for those prone to be serious about this gas generation and storage topic (patents) http://gb.espacenet.com/ US 1429242 sepration of gaseous mixtures - mostly just that but some interesting stuff on fractionation and storage US 1521138 liquefication of gases - the real deal on a large scale but the principles are relevant. great graphic of industrial fractionating column - could be scaled down to the garage version.

kingspaz

October 2nd, 2002, 06:58 PM

jimwig, w atch your attitude towards moderators. they are much higher up the tree than you so show respect or leave. its you choice.

Boob Raider

October 5th, 2002, 02:15 AM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter I bought a Dry Powder type fire extinguisher for $0.50 at a church rummage sale. It is rated for 300 PSI. I was wondering if I can liquify air in it with a suitable compressor. In other w ords what pressure does air liquify at ? .... BTW w hat is the powder in the extinguisher. Eitherways staring fires/barbecues will be a snap with compressed air at the command of your thumb :D . What else can compressed air be used for in an extinguisher cylinder ?

Anthony

October 5th, 2002, 12:49 PM

The critical temperature of liquid air is approximately -195°C, so yeah, good luck with that. "Eitherways staring fires/barbecues w ill be a snap with compressed air" It'd be as easy as if you blew on it, but w ithout the lung work. "What else can compressed air be used for in an extinguisher cylinder?" PC duster? Making "psssst" noises? That's about it.

Boob Raider

October 5th, 2002, 01:48 PM

Thanx Anthony .... Oh I just thought of something ....... If one was to sabotage the fire extinguishers in a building w ith say compressed air cylinders and/or fuel cylinders and rig the release valves so that once fired the gas flow can't be turned off ..... even a garbage can fire would burn down the building. Water sprinkler system even if left unsabotaged won't be much good as there is already lots of fuel and air in the rooms and the heat is quite high. Also if I w ere to replace the drypowder w ith say Mg powder ..... what kind of propellant should I use ? I am assuming CH4 should be good. And if nothing w orks ... paint ball gun it is.

Harry

October 8th, 2002, 06:11 PM

Raider, Dry Chemical pow der is largely Sodium Bicarbonate mixed with...crap, I don't have it listed on the 2 I have on hand. The 2nd chemical is a real pain in the glutes--a light dust, it seems to be w et-resistant, gets all over everything. Follow my previously-posted instructions. Excercise some restraint w hen it comes to sabotaging fire extinguishers--in the event of a fire, it would most likely be one of US or a like-minded one who had the mental presence to actually use an extinguisher. Of course, if you're Stateside, in a Campbell's Vegetable-type office, you might have some fun, but burro-crates have survival rates similar to cockroaches. As for other uses for an aluminum (or steel) pressure vessel, check PMJB, IIRC vol 2, the speargun article. There's a reason why I discourage use of sub-5 lb units. Harry

jimwig

November 8th, 2002, 04:50 PM

bitter- sorry for crossing up the w orks but consider this toxic gases could be explosive -neither is mutually exclusive and no specific gas was mentioned. your plan w ould work but exclusion of oxygen would be desirable in any type of gas. if you are trying for some level of purity. my comments were in all good faith aimed at safety...

zeocrash

November 10th, 2002, 11:45 AM

military gasses generaly tend not to be explosive, as they would not be much use on a battlefield with lots of fire and bombs and explosions. if they exploded they would turn into other things that may not perform the desired effect, although a binary agent that reacts with air to form tyhe nerve gas, is a clever idea. anyway military gasses either tend to be corrosive, or cholinestearase inhibitors. G - agents are slightly corrosive to steel phosgene is not corrosive, as long as it is dry V agents are non corrosive, but decompose at a rate of 5% a month as for the rest, the message from the US army chemical weapons hnadbook appears to be that they wont corrode their containers, if they are kept dry. also, housold bleach is listed as a decontaminating agent for every lethal gas except nitrogen mustard. so it might be an idea to store your cilinders of lethal gas in a bath of bleach. for tearing agents (lachrymators) the deconatmination method suggested is alcoholic caustic soda. soap is suggested for removing cs gas, the more alkaline the better, (do not use chlorine bleaches, it releases toxic fumes) chloropricin is destroyed by sulphide solutions. also an idea for increased safety for your gasses is to store your gas as 2 binary components and mix them on use. this could be done by putting 2 fire extinguishers in series. the first extinguisher w ould be pressurised, the second would not be. on triggering, the first extinguisher would blast the engredients into the second extinguisher, where the reaction w ould occur, seconds later you could then trigger the second extinguisher, which would have been pressurised by the chemicals being forced in from the first fire extinguisher. for safety you should always make sure that the least dangerous chemicals are in the pressurised container

zaibatsu

November 10th, 2002, 01:53 PM

For a binary agent, would it be possible to adapt a t-junction piping connector (not sure of the correct name) with a valve on the bottom of the T. Screw both cylinders in partially to seal the T, and then screw one then the other in fully. You'd have to build into the T some w ay of depressing the valves. Then, turn the tap, or if you can use a solenoid, set the timer and place it.

Chade

September 5th, 2003, 01:52 AM

Boob Raider mentioned liquified air. Even with a compressor w orking at 300Psi (20 atmopsheres) you w on't manage this. The critical pressure for nitrogen to liquify is 39 Atmospheres. Almost double. To liquify air, you'd need a very special pump indeed. In fact, by the method generally used (Linde process), you'd need to get up to 150 atmospheres. That's a lot more than most commercial pumps. Also, the pump would have to work at cryogenic temperatures. That means very few moving parts. Essentially, the pump would need to be custom made. I'm not going to go into the finer details of the Linde process here, but the low temperatures are reached by allow ing the pressurised air to repeatedly escape. This creates cooling just as spraying an aerosol on the back of your hand freezes your skin. I'm very tempted to try building my own pump, despite the fact that it w ould be one hell of a job. Just imagine the uses for liquid oxygen on tap. Even at much low er pressures, you can compress and release CO2 to make your own dry ice. All exceptionally useful for a variety of projects. As NBK said, a simple bottle embedded in concrete will take a pretty hefty pressure (although I'm not sure when the concrete might start to fracture) So all that's needed is a suitable pump, and you can store much larger amounts of gas in a smaller space, which is the main reason these gases get compressed in the first place.

tmp

December 6th, 2003, 04:57 PM

Just want to pass on this information about FREON. I have an EPA 609 license. It's required to purchase chlorinated refrigerants for air conditioning systems. The only reason I got the damn thing is so I can puchase freon for the cars of my family, friends, and myself of course without having to pay the outrageous fees to so-called "professionals" to recharge the car's "air". This license is also required to even service these vehicles. The EPA and numerous other so-called "ozone layer depletion" experts have determined that the chlorine atom in many refrigerants is responsible for the depeletion of the ozone layer. It refers to any number of refrigerants that use the chlorine atom but most commonly R-12 and R-22.

redbull Whenever Im generating gasses for a chemistry project I usually dont need pressure over 30 PSI. However many (most?) fire extinguishers designed for CO2 have removable tops. Internally, they are Aluminum or Steel. You should be able to PTFE (teflon) coat the insides or otherwise apply a corrosion resistant coating on the internal w alls of the cylinder. Ok, now that you have tw o fire extinguishers you need to visit the hardware store and buy compressed air hose and fittings... the hose is rated for 300 PSI but in reality its good over 1000 (I think 1200 is the hard limit) The package will give you specifics. Use the hose plus the fittings to construct a hose in the shape of a "T' w here there is a hose going to each of the two (or more) fire extinguishers and there is a valve on one of the hoses and that is a pressure release. This hose is very long

May 17th, 2004, 04:44 PM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter

and is possibly submerged in a liquid / chemical to facilitate either recovery or netrualization of the toxic gas. Hypothetically, lets say w e're making chlorine gas... Unscrew the lid of one of the fire extinguishers (make sure they're all empty first) and add pow dered calcium hypochlorate. Then insert a glass cup / container that contains concentrated Hydrochloric acid. Seal up the container again and you should have pow dered sodium hypochlorate on the bottom of the tank and this liquid in a container either open or closed. Now once everything is sealed up and you have opened the release valves on all the fire extinguishers and closed the release vent line. Tip the reaction extinguisher over. The chemicals mix and start to produce chlorine gas. Fine particles of sodium hypochlorate will dissolve faster makign higher temps and pressures quickly. I w ould advise geenerating pressure slowly and using a bottle with a plastic top that had a small needlehole so the gas w ould be generated slowly. Do the math and figure out how much gas you can generate before you burst the container... that way you know you will be safe. The gas will evenly pressurize over all the containers. Use pressure guages to see how much gas the tanks have and then cut off the pressure release handle and turn on the gas vent line. Disconnect the tank and add another tank if your doing this assembly line style. After your done let the gas vent to the trap or open air via the vent line. Open the tank up and clean it out. HINTS : If your reaction tends to generate heat, regulate the heat at the source in the generator tank to avoid pressure problems. Use lots of hose coiled in an upright spiral incase of reaction chemicals foaming up and out of the container. Surrounding this line with ice can keep foam down. If your intrested in anhydrous gasses try filling up an extinguisher with an appropriate dessicant, but make sure to take up most of its volume so your not wasting gas. Make sure your hose is constructed with valves that will allow you to cut off the generator and vent line but allow you to turn the dessicant fire extinguisher on and off. The gas will distribute itself evenly throught the netw ork of hose and fire extinguisher chaimbers. The dessicant chaimber should get most of the moisture over time... just let the whole setup sit for a while. The line is the weak part of the system, replace it with metal tubing to increase network pressure. If you exceed the reccomended ratings but are otherwise with the max pressure rating becareful to w atch the factory installed emergency pressure release disc / valve, you may have to remove it or disable / bypass it. MISC : A 5 Lb CO2Fire extinguisher can take something like 2000 PSI before the cylinder w ill burst, emergency pressure release discs may vary. Excluding fire extinguishers, you should be able to get everything else for 50 USD. Fire extinguishers can be easily aquired at no cost (i.e. stolen) from many busisnesses. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and W eapons Forum > Chemistry for Am ateur Expe rimenters and C itizen Scientists C h e m istry > Another route to 2-Chloroethanol

View Full Version : Another route to 2-Chloroethanol MrSamosa

> Battlefield Log in

April 15th, 2003, 12:55 PM

W hile NBK's m ethod of reactin g Ethylene Glycol with Hyd r o g e n C h l o r i d e s e e m s to be a nice way to m ake relatively la rge batches of Chlorohydrin, I, like m any others, do not have any decent lab equipment in which to perform this synthe s i s . . . s o I h a v e b e e n in search of alternate, more easy methods. In m y search for such a method, I theorized that it m ay turns out tha t there is a way! If you look up information will find that there is a bacteria-produced enzyme called a Halogen and a Carbon as follows, with the ex a m p l e o f

be possible to convert 1,2-Dichloroethane to 2-Chloroethanol, and it regarding 1,2-Dichloroethane's degradatio n in the environm ent, you H a l o a l k a n e D e h y d r o g e n a s e . . W hat it does is cleave the bond between 1,2-Dichloroethane:

Cl-C -C-Cl + H2O - - ( H a l o a l k a n e D e h y d r o g e n a s e ) - - > C l - C - C - O H + H 2 O This is nice, but I do not like to do lab syntheses involving bacteria...it seem s like there a re far too many conditions to meet in order to get a decent yield. The question now is, is there a way to Hydrolyse 1,2-Dichloroethane to form 2-Chloroethanol? I imagine the problem with this would be to cleave just one Chlorine in s t e a d o f b o t h . T h e a d v a n t a g e o f t h i s m e t h o d w o u l d b e that 1,2-Dichloroethane is extrem ely easy to find as a paint solvent, and the synthesis hopefully would not involve any special lab equipment...but that is just a "hopefully." :) Sorry, I was trying to edit m y post but m issed, I don't think I changed anything...

Mr Cool

April 15th, 2003, 06:08 PM

Since the reactants are paint stripper and water, obtaining a high yield can be sacrificed in favour of keeping it simp le. Thus, reflux for a while, then fractionally distil for purity. Q uick `n` easy :). Oh, but since you have water and a no n-polar, reaction rate will be quite slow. W orse than that, the chlorohydrin will be significantly m ore water soluble than the dichloroethane , thus when formed it will be m ore likely to react further than dichloroethane. Certainly I know that hydrolysis (perha ps in slightly alkaline conditions) of haloalkanes will take place, even though they are im m iscible. This is sh own by adding some silve r nitrate to the aqueous layer and stirring it in a water bath, the silve r nitrate will cloud up with AgCl after a few minutes. This is a com m only carried out reaction when learn ing basic organic chem istry at high school. To solve the rate of reaction problem, try a phase transfer catalyst. I have been toying with the idea of benzalkoniu m chloride for this, basically it is a quarternary am ine salt. The N being bon d e d t o ( i n t h i s c a s e ) a b e n z e n e r i n g a n d t h r e e a l k y l g r o u p s (norm ally two methyl and one other, I believe), it will have a reasonable solubility in non-polar solvents due to all the a l k y l i n e s s a r o u n d . T h us the +ve ion is soluble in the no n-polar layer to some degree, and as it dissolves it sort of drags whatever -ve ions are around in with it, in our case OH-, allowing them to react. That is probably a simplistic view of how they work, but it is how I think of it. T h e b e n z a l k o n i u m c h loride, although not tested (by m e) is easily found in algaecides in garden centres, and would be cheap to try. There are a few things I want to try with it, but will have to wait until I get a nother condenser after mine was spectacularly ejected from a flask on a p l u m e o f N O x : D : ( . O t h e r r o u t e s i n c l u d e e t h y l e n e e p o x i d e a n d H C l , b u t t h e n y o u ' d h a v e t o m a k e ( a n d use) the epoxide, which is quite nasty, glycol and HCl (perha ps form ed in situ with H2SO4 and NaC l), err, that's all I can think of. I think whatever method you use, you will need som e l a b e q u i p m ent to get a reasonably clean reaction. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and W eapons Forum > Chemistry for Am ateur Expe rimenters and C itizen Scientists C h e m istry > 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane

View Full Version : 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane FadeToBlackened

> Battlefield Log in

April 25th, 2003, 12:31 AM

..I b elieve it was. Yet another instance when my times wasted at the "sta te indoctrination facility" searching the internet for death-causin g substa nces. A form er pesticide banned for supposedly being a violent carcinogen and.. testicular toxin? neat. Unfortunately I've been able to find nothing ab out it besides that it is found in a lot of drinking water (drink water, lose nutz, yay.) Patent searches all yield replacem ents for the stuff, and in cluding "synthesis" in m y google searches reveal only it's use a s a n organic synthesis interm e d i a t e . D o e s a n y o n e h a v e m ore inform ation on this? vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and W eapons Forum > Chemistry for Am ateur Expe rimenters and C itizen Scientists C h e m istry > TetrachloroDinitro-Ethane

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View Full Version : TetrachloroDinitro-Ethane MrSamosa

April 28th, 2003, 12:48 PM

For the sake of ease, TetrachloroDinitro-Ethane from here on will be referred to as "TC DNE." Anyhow, this is a com pound of particular interest because of its absolutely vicious lachrymating pro perties. In the book W ar Gases, it was com pared to Chloropicrin . It was stated that it was 6 tim es as toxic and 8 tim es more lachrym ating than Chloropicrin :eek: . I'm not sure why, but for a long time I had m a d e t h e a s s u m ption that Chlorop icrin was the m ost potent lachrymator... well, th is throws that the ory out of the water :D . Now, the synthesis. Usually, it is prepared by the reaction between Tetrachloro-Ethylene and Nitrogen Peroxide. However, the re are m ore convenient ways... T etrachloro-Ethylene and Nitric Acid works just fine too. Still, this is n ot good enough for me. Tetrachloroethylene is not a chemical that is easy to obtain, for I cannot find any O T C uses for it. U n l i k e s o m e other Halocarbons, this unfortunately is NOT a refrigerant. As such, I am pursuing alternate m ethod s for synthesizing this compound... Do you suppose that this could be prepared by reacting Sodium Hypochlorite with 1,2-Dinitroethane, sim ilar to the reaction between Sodium Hypochlorite and Nitromethane?

simply RED

April 29th, 2003, 08:17 AM

Can you give m e a link to the book "war gasses"? I can find Cl2C=CC l2 at no cost here b ut still don't know what do use it for. It m a y a l s o b e g o o d f o r s m o k e with Zn powder and ZnO . I n s t e a d o f C l 3 C -C Cl3. another synthesys will be: CClH2-CClH2 + 2NaNO2 = NO2CH2-CH2NO2 + 2NaCl NO2C H2-C H2NO2 + 4 Cl2 hv = NO2CC l2-CCl2NO2 + 4HC l U s e q u a r z l a m p t o l i t e a t N O 2 C H 2 - C H 2 N O 2 a n d b u b b l e C l2. NO2C H2-C H2NO2 is dangerous explosive with sensitivity slightly less then NG, said to be unstable.

a_bab

April 29th, 2003, 09:00 AM

Tetrachloro Etylene is called also perch loroethylene and you m ay find it as a stain remover, as it disolves greases really well. I also can get it really cheam (around 1 dollar/litter) and I was asking m yself last week wha t it could be usefull for :D Still brom oacetone is a very good option for m e as a lacrym ator. I didn't knew about the fact that chloropicrine is considered as the best lacrym a t o r . I t s e e m s t h a t I d i d n ' t p a y e d e n o u g h a t t e n t i o n w h e n I r e a d t h e W a r G a s s e s . Sim p l y R e d , t h e b o o k i s q u i t e l a r g e , u n l e s s y o u h a v e a b r o a d b a n d . I t ' s 2 5 , 5 M b a n d y o u c a n g e t i t f r o m the FTP.

MrSamosa

April 29th, 2003, 11:01 AM

T h e m e t h o d t h a t I t h o u g h t u p today is as follows... 1- R eaction between Acetylene and Nitric Acid to form 1,2-Dinitro e t h a n e HC= CH + 2 HNO3 --> NO2-C-C-NO2 2- R eaction between 1,2-Dinitroethane and Sodium Hyp ochlorite NO2-C-C-NO2 + 4 NaO Cl --> NO2Cl2-C-C-C l2NO2 + 4 NaO H Basically, it's the sam e as yours, Simply RED, except that I chose to use Sodium Hypochlorite as opposed to straight Chlorin e. I don't like to work with Chlorine, not just because of its irritating properties, but also because its smell gives m e a h e a d a c h e . Now, no guarantee that my way works...but this way works to rep lace the Hydrogens on Nitrom ethane with C hlorines to produ ce Chloropicrin. I don't know if Chloro picrin is the best lachrym ator, but I had always thought that it was. However, one reason that it was so popular during W W 1 was beca use of its low cost and am a z i n g e a s e o f p r o d u c t i o n . Also, thanks for the info about Tetrach loroethylene; I really had no clue where to find it :) . But, now that that problem is out of the way, this could be the way that gives the best yield- Tetrachloroethylene and Nitric Acid: Cl2C=CCl2 + 2 HNO3 --> Cl2NO2-C-C-NO2Cl2

nbk2000

April 29th, 2003, 01:57 PM

C h e c k a u t o m otive brake and carb cleaners. Som e o f t h e m have perchloroetylene in them . Chloropicrin is rather weak compared to CS or brom benzyl cyanide., but it's easier to make, and very stable.

Hystrix

May 4th, 2003, 01:37 PM

I think it can't be raw material for TCDNE since it's very reactive. Even basicity of glass is e nough for its decom position. The reaction is sim ilar to this: NO2-CH2-CH2-NO 2 + NaOH = NaNO2 + H2O + C H2=CH-NO2 So you can't chlorinate it with hypochlorite (but chlorination with Cl2 m a y b e p o s s i b l e ) . By the way, dinitroeth ane is strong explosive (stronger than picric acid). However, it was not applied due to its unsta bility. EDIT: 1,2-dinitroethane is a solid with m p 3 9 d e g . C and it's less sensitive than p icric acid.

simply RED

May 4th, 2003, 06:00 PM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter m p 39 I was right for the quarz lamp ... :P

nbk2000

May 8th, 2003, 01:28 AM

I found this product in an autom otive store. http://www.crcindustries.com /im a g e s / p h o t o s / 0 5 0 1 8 . j p g Main ingredient is perchloroethylene (AKA tetrachlorethylene). Cost: $3/20oz You can search the m sds for it at www.crcindustries.com Product #05018

MrSamosa

May 8th, 2003, 12:42 PM

I was in ACE Hardware the other day, re-stocking on chemicals and buying some new ones. While in the Automotive section, I c a m e a c r o s s 2 o r 3 d e g r e a s e r s . . . a n d a "genera l degreaser." None of them listed what ingredients were in them . However, they did contain labels warning that, "This product contains a chemical known to the state of California to cause cancer." Seeing a s Perchloroethylene is a Carcino gen, would it be fair to gu ess that it is the hazardous ingred ient in these degreasers? Or would it b e b e s t n o t t o m a k e t h a t a s s u m ption?

Mr Cool

May 8th, 2003, 04:14 PM

W ell, since they're probably cheap you could pick up a can and test. W ithout doing that I would not assum e anything. I can't t h i n k o f m a n y comm on np solvents that California does not consider carcinogenic.

nbk2000

May 8th, 2003, 08:20 PM

U n l e s s y o u h a v e a n m s d s f o r i t , a s s u m e it's NO T perchloro. T h e d e g r e a s e r s c o u l d h a v e a n y n u m ber of things in them , like acetone/MEK/xylene/toluene/DCM/etc. California lists all sorts of things as carcinogens, 'cause of some lawsuit over it back in the 80s. :rolleyes:

jfk

May 11th, 2003, 03:56 AM

I think it most likely that the degreaser has toluene or xylene in it, as both can d e g r e a s e a n e n g i n e q u i t e q u i c k l y a n d a r e both carcinogenic in their own right. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and W eapons Forum C h e m istry > W ater-dissolved toxins

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View Full Version : Water-dissolved toxins Einsteinium

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May 3rd, 2003, 12:23 AM

I was doing the laundry when I had this very sim p l e , b u t s e e m in gly never discussed, idea: using m icelles to dissolve organic p o i s o n s / t o x i n s i n a q u e o u s m edia (water). I will limit the theoretical to soaps/detergents as they are by far the most encountered micelles-form i n g a g e n t s : Ex. of Soap: /\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\-CO 2Na " De tergent: /\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\-SO3Na W hen dissolved in wa ter, soaps/detergents aggregates into balls where the carboxylates/sulfonate s are m et at the surfaces and long hydrocarbon chains at the hearts. The latter non-polar heart of the mice lle has the dissolving properties of a nonpola r solvent while the overall ball is water-solu ble thanks to its ionic surface (thus they dissolve greases/oils in water...). Th at is, with m icelles, one can easily m a k e v e r y d e a d l y p o i s o n s m ixtures, for exam ple an innocent-looking, very clear :D, dioxin a q u e o u s s o l u t i o n . D e t e r g e n t c o s t m e 1 5 $ / 1 8 k g f r o m a com mercial supply, quite cheap for the power to easily destroy d e f e n s e l e s s w a t e r - b a s e d e c o s y s t e m s b y p o u r i n g the stuff in ennemy's la kes, rive rs :cool:... Any thoughts, com ments or other interesting applications for m icelles are welcomed.

nbk2000

May 3rd, 2003, 02:41 AM

I rem ember reading that the "Yellow R ain" T2 toxins in cam bodia were found to have sulfonate detergent mixed with it, presumably to allow for better dispersion. Also, adding a deterg ent would allow for m ore rapid degradation of an otherwise persistant agent, like mustard, because of the dispersion into water and washing from vegetation would allow for increased hydrolysis and decontam ination of the target area by rain. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and W eapons Forum C h e m istry > Barium cyanide

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View Full Version : Barium cyanide pearl

May 5th, 2003, 05:20 AM

Hi! this is m y first post on this forum. but i have been regularly reading the discussion on bettle field chemistry since i have been registe red. i want to draw the attention of yuo all on a com pound that is too toxic. as i have synthesised it at hom e with the help of barium h y d r o x i d e a n d m a r k e t s o l d s o d i u m c y a n i d e . now i think when it is reacted with any strong acid like hydrochloric it will release HCN and will conve rt into barium chloride a rat killing poison. but this is my view may be right or-----there fore i need views of friends on this forum as not getting any inform ation fro m net about it. thanx for any views

Mr Cool

May 5th, 2003, 09:29 AM

Ba(CN)2 with HCl will produce HC N and BaCl2, which is a poison. But you m ight as well use NaCN with HCl, since in order for the BaCl2 to be effective som eone would have to d eliberately collect it and eat it in significant quantities, which is unlikely to say the least unless all the intended victim s are: a) suicidal, a n d b) knowledgable of what you are trying to kill them with. So just use you "market sold sodium cyanide" (what do you m ean by this? You can buy NaCN at a market?!) as it is. Closing topic. Read the rules before you post a gain... vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and W eapons Forum > Chemistry for Am ateur Expe rimenters and C itizen Scientists C h e m istry > poisonous gas used by russia against terrorists

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View Full Version : poisonous gas used by russia against terrorists pearl

May 6th, 2003, 04:51 AM

A gas was used by the russians in theater conflict of mo scow last year against terrorists. that was strongly poisonous killing many of innocet people along with the terrorists and many of the people were harshly infacted of the gas.i think the gas was a nerve gas m ay be tuban,sarin e tc. i have no knowledge about that if it is as i think or some thing else.

rooster

May 6th, 2003, 04:57 AM

I rem ember the incident. The gas used was definately not sarin or tuban. These gasses kill people a lot faster i think. I r e m e m ber a lot of pe ople dying in the hospital after they were saved out from t h e h o s t a g e s i t u a t i o n . I d o n o t h a v e t o o m u c h k n o w l e d g e a b o u t p o i s o n o u s g a s s e s , b u t a t l e a s t i t w a s o d o u r - f r e e , t o o k s o m e tim e p o i s o n i n g p e o p l e , a n d t h e n e w s n e v e r wrote what gas it was. I rem e m b e r t h e y s p e c u l a t e d i n C O 2.

a_bab

May 6th, 2003, 07:43 AM

This issue was already discussed here (http://www.roguesci.org/theforum/showthread.php?s=&threadid=1239) You'll better m ake a search before posting a new crap like this. BTW , t h e g a s i s s u p p o s e d t o b e s o m e o p i u m related co m p o u n d

zeocrash

May 6th, 2003, 02:04 PM

i heard roum ers that it was a m e d i c a l a n e s t h e t i c . t h a t w a s d e s i g n e d t o b e a d m i n i s t e r e d i n m e a s u r e d d o s e s , d e p e n d i n g o n b o d y m a s s t h r o u g h a m ask. this would explain the fatalities, as different people had diffe rent tollerance levels. i also heard roumers that it was an opiate/fena tyl. (see fm 3-9 on the ftp)

Anthony

May 6th, 2003, 03:26 PM

How can som e who is supposedly American, have such a poor co m m a n d o f t h e E n g l i s h L a n g u a g e ? U n l e s s o f course you are not actually from Am erica ? Afterall, you didn't m anage to spell your state correctly...

kingspaz

May 6th, 2003, 05:07 PM

this is a waste of every kind of space it occupies.

nbk2000

May 7th, 2003, 01:58 AM

W hile newbies are exem pt from bans if they rem ain in the sanctuary of the W C ;) section, they becom e f a i r g a m e f o r elim inating when they venture forth into the Circus Maximus that is the Forum proper. There, they are subject to the sam e rules that we've followed for years, of being a meritocracy, and those who's posts have no merit, don't rate further posts, thus bein g elim inated. :) vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and Weapons Forum > Chemistry for Amateur Experimenters and Citizen Scientists Chemistry > Nearly OTC Sarin Nerve Gas

View Full Version : Nearly OTC Sarin Nerve Gas megalomania

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May 10th, 2003, 04:11 PM

I have been pouring through all my references because I am getting ready to do a write up for my website and I just wanted to collate my thoughts. While looking through everything I have finally settled on a route that appears to be damn near OTC. Without further ado I present a rough outline of the Sarin synthesis scheme. In the beginn ing we start with go od ol phosphoru s. From my webs ite I have the handy instructions on making phosphorus trichloride, from whence all toxic gasses seem to originate. Add a little chlorine to the P and we get PCl<sub>3 hopefully (I know that rhymes). Phosphorus trichloride is our ultimate precursor with which we can make a trialkyl phosphite, namely triisopropyl phosphite. How you say? Dissolve phosphorus trichloride in ether along with (presumably equimolar amounts) triethylamine and isopropyl alcohol, and you will get triisopropyl phosphite. You can even recover the waste triethylamine hydrochloride and make triethylamine again; I just discussed some of this recently. Now comes th e Arbusov re arrangement rea ction; its p retty simple. Mix an excess of me thyl iodide with triisopropyl ph osphite and reflux on a steam bath for only a few minutes and you will get diisopropyl methylphosphonate. The good news is we can also use methyl bromide or chloride as our alkyl halide here to keep things OTC, although they require longer reaction times and higher temperatures being less reactive. Naturally using other alkyl halides (ethyl, propyl, butyl, etc.) will give us funky diisopropyl alkylphosphonates that will eventually make strange Sarin derivatives. Methyl is probably best for a r e a s o n At th is point you can see how close we are to Sarin; the molecules are quite similar. If you are still following me, most of the work is done. We just need to get the right halogen. We first swap an isopropyl for a chlorine. To do this carbonyl chloride is passed into 20-30 degree diisopropyl methylphosphonate for 10 hours, with stirring mind you. Let this sit overnight and distill at over 30 degrees. We get isopropyl methylphosphonochloridate. At this point we have a chlorinated version of Sarin. I suppose this stuff must be deadly itself, but not deadly enough, not enough my friends. What follows is the easiest part yet, our final product Sarin. Add the isopropyl methylphosphonochloridate to a minimum of methylene chloride along with an equimolar amount of sodium fluoride and reflux for 4 hours, with stirring mind you. Afterwards, filter the solution to remove any impurities, and wash the residue with a few portions of methylene chloride. What you will have left is Sarin dissolved in methylene chloride. The solvent can be removed by warming under reduced pressure. This is where a rotovap would come in handy. Let us recap: phosphorus, chlorine, ether, triethylamine, isopropyl alcohol, methyl chloride (or Br, I), carbonyl chloride, methylene chloride, and sodium fluoride. None of these chemicals are forbidden as far as I know, and most if not all could be made OTC. For bonus points the astute in the class will notice how one could substitute isopropyl alcohol with any alcohol, be it alkyl or aryl, and this is in fact how we get Soman nerve gas by using pinacolyl alcohol. To take this a step further, just to piss off the government types who probably have detectors specifically tuned to detect only isopropyl related components, one could use any manner of alcohols, alkyl halides, and carbonyl halides to make hundreds of different Sarin isomers.

http://www.roguesci.org/images/sarin.gif http://www.roguesci.org/images/sarinesk.gif

nbk2000

May 11th, 2003, 12:26 AM

While nearly everything needed is OTC, the one key ingredient, Phosphorus, is not. Without the P, nothing else matters, so getting that is of prime importance. Buying it is out of the question, since I'm sure any useable P chemical (like PCl3/POCl2/PCl5) is on a short list of "Terrorist" supplies for WMD's. To buy it would be the equivalent of waving a big flag over your in while screaming "ALLAH AKBAR! DEATH TO AMERICA!" at an NRA convention, with the same results. :p So self-sufficency in being able to make P yourself would be the first step. This has already been discussed before, and attempted, but failed because of lack of a suitable furnace. But, with a suitable furnace, it shouldn't be at all difficult to crank out P yourself. Once that's in hand, you can chlorinate it into either PCl3 for sarin, or PCl5 for conversion into POCl2 for making Tabun (GA). Personally, I'd go with Tabun instead. It's easier to make, not requiring any fluorination like Sarin, so it's less destructive on the equipment and less sensitive to water presence in the precursors. Assuming you've made the P yourself, then you've already got a furnace suitable for making cyanides, which are processed to make pure NaCN via HCN/NaOH. Plus, Tabun is more persistant than Sarin, meaning longer contamination of the scene. Most electronic CW detectors (that I'm aware of) are keyed to detect the presence of fluorine and sulfur atoms, which the majority of CW agents have...except Tabun. :) Trying to substitute other alcohols is pointless, since they've been tried in every conceivable combination by the military, and the only ones they've bothered with is the pinacocyl/isopropyl/cyclo-hexanone (SP?) alcohols. So why bother with things that don't work? Prior to any work on this, a person would be well advised to read "Some aspects of the chemistry and toxic action of organic compounds containing phosphorus and fluorine" by B.C. Saunders (on the FTP), as well as all mentioned journal and patent references. There's all sorts of little details that don't make it into a book that could make the difference between success and spectaculary lethal (to you) failure.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter And I guess it's media fixation with "Nerve Gas" that gets all "terrorists" to thinking about it, but given the difficulty in obtaining the precursors in mass, why not use something that, while less toxic, in many times easier to obtain and make? Methyl Fluoracetate isn't nothing to sneeze at. And there's just gobs more of other nasties listed in the book that are almost piss easy to make. It's not the chemical used, but the efficiency of the dispersion and targeting, that makes something a terror weapon. Imagine some terrorist setting up a beer stand at some resort during spring break, selling top-line beer at dirt-cheap prices. Every cup worth of beer has a few LD's of some slow poison that takes days (or weeks) to kill. How many people would that one beer stand kill? Hundreds? Thousands? Multiply that by several of them all over the country... No "Terrorist Response Joint Task Force" in the world is going to stop some frat-boy and his slut from buying good beer at a too-good-to-be-true price in Cancun, mexico. :D Or, conversely, targeting one specific room at the MIT computer technology lab could set back an industry worth billions by a decade, by wiping out the only three people in the world who know how to do (whatever). Now wipe out the whole campus of MIT, Harvard, etc...all at once...instant lobotomization of a nations brainpower, with financial impact in the trillions over the coming decades, and possible upset of the balance of world power. Specific targeting of a key person can have an impact for outweighing the death of that person, as an individual. Imagine the impact on physics if Einstein was whacked before his General Relativity theory...no atom bombs, H-bombs, or anything that stemmed from them. Or Hawkings. See? You could wipe out the entire superbowl stadium, and it'd have less real impact, than killing just a few selected individuals. After all, sheep get slaughtered everyday and it doesn't stop the world from turning, so what's the difference if it's sheeple? None. Then again, Abdula Raghead is looking for publicity, and mass casualties, since that's the only thing that really garners attention in this age of a media-induced attention span that last only 30 seconds. :( Wiping out a few thousand people gets you a few days attention, killing one or two gets a 15 second blurb, even if those few are vastly more important and have a greater impact in the long term. Does anyone remember the name of a single person who died in the WTC? I don't. 'Course, just discussing this qualifies us for "special treatment" from some Alphabet Agency, being "Terrorist" training and all that...:rolleyes:

jfk

May 11th, 2003, 03:50 AM

ahh, but of course this is only for informational purposes :) and if someone was to attempt this proceedure under an 'academic' study, what safety percausions[sp] would they have to observe? What kind of filters for a gas mask would they require to eliminate the chance of gassing themselves? Or would the entire process have to be carried out by a robot? One more thing I was wondering, Is this one of the forums that can only be viewed by members of rougesci ? Now for my real imput to this conversation, the phosphorus. Are strike anywhere matches not phosphorus coated in wax? (or something else). If so there is a convienient supply of phosphorus. This is pure speculation on my part, as the new zealand government has never allowed these types of matches for sale, for safety reasons here.

megalomania

May 11th, 2003, 06:20 PM

What motivation someone has in actually making or using a nerve gas is none of my concern . I offer my mate rial for informational purpose s only or so the saying goes. One doe s not actually have to ma ke the stuff to shock th e public. Just by presenting this informa tion th e sheeple bleat in fear The book nbk mentioned is a good one. It covers some alternative older routes sarin syntheses that are not as efficient and give a lower purity product according to my information. The chemistry is very similar though. I have mulled over the safety of this procedure and I conclude that it does not seem all that dangerous. Sure you will need a fume hood, but the final product ends up as sarin dissolved in a solvent, not some gaseous vapors. It would only be dangerous during any distillation operations.

Al Nobel

May 11th, 2003, 07:05 PM

I dont think it´s that suspicious if you order small amounts of red Phosphorus (a friend of mine ordered 50g without any trouble). It should be possible to use red Phosphorus for the Tabun/Sarin synthesis.IIRC you can convert red Phoshorus into white Phosphorus by cooling down the vapors of red P.,so you have two of the three possible modifications of Phosphorus to work with.

nbk2000

May 11th, 2003, 09:54 PM

Indeed, just discussing this would send any soccer-mom into a self-rightous shit fit of condemnation of such "dangerous" knowledge. I don't even think you'd actually have to make any significant quantity of a CW to still have the panic factor. Imagine a kilo of sarin dissolved into a 55 gallon drum of non-volatile solvent, then line sourced upwind of a monitored event like the superbowl. The CW detectors are going to start yowling and the piggies are going to start freaking. And if abdula raghead chooses that precise moment to broadcasting his rant over the local TV/radio stations about his righteous purifying of the great satans unholy sports events with Sarin, the same stations that fans in the stadium would be watching/listening to, then what's the probability of starting a stampede for the exits that'll make the worst crush disaster in soccer history look like a church picnic in comparison? ;)

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A fume hood would be inadequate. Saunders and Myers, both expert chemists with many years experience handling toxic chemicals, where constantly getting "intoxicatied" by DFP, which is several orders of magnitude less toxic than Sarin. A negative pressure glove box would be required, for safe handling, I'd think. If a fume hood blower died on you, you could be the next thing to die, especially if your not paying attention to the manometer while focusing on a particularly tricky part of the synth. RP is a DEA controlled substance, which would be just as bad as ordering PCl3 directly, so you'll either have to steal or make the needed phosphorus to avoid that hassle. Synthesis processes are pretty much open source now, but the really important knowledge, keeping the product stable for storage and weaponization, isn't. The lack of stabilization is what fucked off the Aum Supremem cults attempt at gassing the Tokyo subway. Because their product wasn't stable enough to weaponize for transportation and use, they had to resort to the crude binary method that resulted in incomplete reaction/warning fumes/low dispersion. Acid scanvengers and anti-oxidants would be needed to prevent trace acid residues from either reacting with the weapons casing, catalyzing decomposition, or oxidation into less toxic (or even inert) variants. The exact nature of these are beyond my understanding, but I do know they're needed, if you wish to be able to do anything more than mix it with hours of use.

megalomania

May 12th, 2003, 04:33 PM

I would assume such reactions would be done in all standard taper glassware, in the usual vacuum configuration, with an aspirator vacuum source and a fume hood. While the reaction is being conducted there are few vapors, but when it comes tim e to distill things and remove the solvents that s when you get in trouble. I would sa y just keep the s tuff in the so lven t. I should say all nerve gasses prepared in the lab, especially on an improvised scale, should be used very shortly after synthesis. The synthesis info is out there, but what is still classified are stabilizers to store the stuff and material resistance data (like material incompatibilities, breakthrough times) for industrial manufacture. Fluorine compounds play havoc with most materials, only lab scale stuff could have a chance. One can not scale these reactions up with any degree of safety, or hope of purity. The Germans never worked out a good industrial scale synthesis of sarin, and it took the US a couple of decades. Even then they shut the plant down because it was unsatisfactory. One would have to experiment themselves to find methods of stabilizing nerve gasses. It would be a good idea to check through available organophosphorus texts and journals to see what chemicals are used to stabilize the various pesticides and herbicides as it is logical to assume what works there should at least be a place to start for nerve gasses. I was reading some forensic journals yesterday about trace detection methods. It is reasonable to assume a reasonably equipped forensics lab will pick up as little as pico gram amounts of chemical weapons. Imagine if they did detect just a tiny wisp they would have no way of kn owing how much there wa s to begin with, just tha t there was s o m e in the sa mple. One could drip a few drops of sarin + solvent on a letter, mail it to congress (Dear Senator Feinstein, congratulations, you have just touched nerve gas ) and the techs would know you aren t bluffing. They won t kno w all you can make is a few mL of the stuff, but they will know you can. One should definitely not buy phosphorus trichloride. It is a scheduled chemical of the chemical weapons convention and has very few uses nowadays. All companies that may have used it in the past have been encouraged to find alternate chemicals. It is not as bad as most other chemical weapons precursors, but it is watched. I wonder what Aldrich would say if I ordered up a Kg of the stuff? (only $39.30)

MrSamosa

May 27th, 2003, 12:55 PM

Very interesting topic, and I'm sorry that I have not been here in a while...but now, I have quite a bit to add :) . 1- Could Trialkyl Phosphites possibly be prepared from Phoshorous Acid and an Alkyl Halide? I'm thinking of the reaction that produces TEPP, where Ethyl Iodide is reacted with Silver Pyrophosphate to produce TEPP and Silver Iodide... So, could one use the Ag3(PO3) and Methyl Iodide to produce the Trimethyl Phosphite, which in turn is heated, and the rest of the reaction follows the "Traditional" Sarin synthesis that we all know of. If this way is feasible, it would eliminate the need of the nasty reaction to produce PCl3 or PCl5, and it would eliminate the need to acquire straight P. Unless I'm mistaken, Phosphorus Acid is not a banned chemical? 2- I brought up a topic on another web forum a few days ago, without a response... It was concerning Fluorination of Pyrophosphates. The logic was that since Fluorine is more reactive than Alkyl Pyrophosphates, I was thinking it would displace the Dialkyl Phosphate, and attach an F directly to the Phosphate Molecule. The side product would be a Dialkyl Phosphoric Acid. 3- The first reaction to produce Triisopropyl Phosphite is very interesting. If you have this, why stop at Sarin? It would be possible to produce VX from this chemical, would it not? I don't remember the pathway off the back of my head (I need to review the patent), but I do recall that one of the main precursors for VX is Triisopropyl Phosphite. 4- The solvents most commonly used in Organophosphorus Pesticides are Aromatic compounds. I just checked the label on Malathion yesterday, and it stated something along the lines of, "Contains solvents in the Xylene range." However, one must keep in mind that Pesticide Organophosphates are of a very different class than weapons Organophosphates.

Arthis

May 29th, 2003, 05:34 AM

Just a question about getting phosphorus: isn't it possible to make it from P2O5 , as it's common chemical ? I can't find any info about that.

zaibatsu

May 30th, 2003, 08:36 AM

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2948900.stm The media storm starting already?

MrSamosa

May 30th, 2003, 12:16 PM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter A recipe describing how to manufacture the nerve agent was found on the internet. 3 scare words in one sentence! "Recipe," "Nerve Agent," and "Internet." But, on to something more related to the Sarin synth. As you all know, the trouble with Nerve Agents is obtaining the Phosphorus precursors. That is why I hope to find some way to eliminate the need for Phosphorus altogether, even if it means a significant reduction in yields. Phosphorus is expensive, and by having a synthesis that does not use it, lower yields will be more than made up in lower costs (does that make sense?). As such, since Phosphorus is needed to catalyze the reaction between Iodine and Methanol to make Methyl Iodide, let's abandon MeI eh? A suitable substitute would be Dimethyl Sulfate, which is easily made by the reaction between fuming Sulfuric Acid and Methanol. However, if we are going to be following the "Traditional" route. Diisopropyl Methyl Phosphite needs to be reacted with Phosphorus Pentachloride, or Phosphorus Trichloride with a current of Chlorine Gas. This is the tricky part. To bypass this, could we not use Isopropyl Iodide to react with the Silver Phosphite? Therefore, we could follow Mega's synth (which he has many references on, thus being more well established than my conjecture) except for the first step involving the formation of Phosphorus Trichloride. But if you insist on the Phosphorus Trichloride route... I believe the reaction to form Triisopropyl Phosphite is done between PCl3 and Isopropanol in Carbon Tetrachloride instead of ether; I believe this was part of the "One-Stage" process which gave very high yields for this reaction (about 86% of the theoretical). I don't have my references on hand, so I'm just relying on my memory for this.

Infernus

June 4th, 2003, 02:16 AM

Hey all. Well, here in portugal all P compounds are easy to get (except for CH2PCl2, used in VX synthesis, cause it's WAY to expensive). we still dont worry much about nerve gases, and even KCN is kinda easy to buy here, from merck itself. Well, anyway just my two cents Cheers Chaos

MrSamosa

June 5th, 2003, 12:14 PM

How easily obtainable are such P products in Portugal, specifically PCl3, PCl5, and POCl3?? If they are so easy to get, then perhaps it would be worthwhile to have a group of people go to Portugal and buy the chemical, then smuggle it onto the plane to get back to where they will be using it... Does this sound too unreasonable to obtain precursors? Especially considering that in most other countries, you would probably be arrested for even trying to purchase them... Is Portugal part of the Chemical Weapons Convention though?

nbk2000

June 5th, 2003, 05:18 PM

If he was still a member here, I'm sure he'd answer. ;) :D Portugal is a signatory of the CWC.

80r15

June 10th, 2003, 09:15 AM

Originally posted by VoD IIRC phosphorus is used in methamphetamine synthesis as well, so while they may not think you are making a CW with something as small as 50g of red phosphorus, the gestappo may come knocking on your door looking for your meth lab.... Yes Red Phosphorus is used in methamphetamine production, that is why I know how you can get some. Now this method is not economical(relative to buying it, I think), but it works really well nonetheless and you can get lab-grade, or weapons-grade in this case, red P. The procedure from getting it off matchbox covers can be found at http://www.rhodium.ws/chemistry/ rpbible.html :)... Also I would like to apolagize for my K3w|_ name and some posts "I" when "I" first got registered. When you are in a foreign country, never leave it up to your brother to register you at explosives sites. He is a moron. Apparantly, he posted something about having VX in a glass ball or some shit like that. Don't worry though, I have cut off all his fingers so that he may never type again.........:) Oh yeah, I forgot to tell you what the recipe requires _______________________ Materials: 5 Gallon Bucket Drill (1/2" chuck) Mud/Paint/Concrete Mixer Coffee Filters Strainer (big enough to fit over pot and bucket opening) 2 gallon Cooking Pot Tin Snips or Scissors 200 Matchbook Boxes 2 Gallons Acetone Sulfuric Acid Hydrochloric Acid

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Water Iodine ________________________ The only "hard" thing to get is the Iodine, but that can be ordered from www.unitednuclear.com, I know from making....stuff... ;) And Megalomania, if you are having trouble or want alternate synthesis methods for various nerve agents, I have a couple sites which may be able to help you out.

croc

September 17th, 2004, 10:11 AM

A better way to make red phosphorus is to scrape the powder off with a sharp knife. The two main chemicals in match pads are red phosphorus and antimony sulfide, the next most occurring is powdered glass. The antimony sulfide could be neutralized with an acid to make hydrogen sulfide and another antimony compound hopefully easier to remove. Hydrochloric a cid cannot be used because it will react with the red phosphorus to form phosp horus ch lorid e. I don t kno w what sulfuric acid or hydrogen peroxide would do.

teshilo

September 18th, 2004, 02:13 PM

Phosphorus trichloride may be produced from red P and chlorine.Final product this mix from PCL3 and POCL3.I seen process for made dialkilphosphites from alkile sodium hypophosphite and CuCl2.Icannt search patent where this process described... :confused:

FUTI

September 18th, 2004, 05:14 PM

to zaibatsu: Thanks for the link that makes few good laughs out of me. That part with chemical ban or control was hilarious. I still remember the time after some dumb ***** try to sell diluted industrial grade ethanol as some kind of brandy, the government here set the law by which ethanol became hardest to find substance in the country...that makes lot of chemist here to curse as well. Next to it was some decision I heard of in American Senat that PI-number is highly impractical and that for now on they should ignore the decimal point and count it as 4. I don't know is it a hoax or not but it is good laugh too:) EDIT : I almost forgot since whole thing come out of insecticide production...I can put some money on it that we could make a route from comercial insecticidal solution and isolate the binary compound that can be set to react in explosive device producing the hell on earth. I would like to see them try to check every farmer to see does he have a legitimate purpose for those pesticide.

croc

September 21st, 2004, 09:20 PM

Phosphorus trichloride may be produced from red P and chlorine.Final product this mix from PCL3 and POCL3. then where does the iodine in the red P go?

Chris The Great

December 15th, 2004, 12:01 AM

Since I started doing some research into this area with the intention of making a few mL of VX (much lower evaporation rate of sarin makes it much easier and safer to handle, despite the much higher toxicity). Since I started looking for info on sarin first, I got a basic (though undetailed) synthesis which was different from Mega's synthesis, although I didn't actually look on the forum for any synthesis info while doing this, (http://s-a-t.org/images/sarin/siryo/hyoka/seto-zu-2.jpg), and used by a terrorist organization, so I know it works. I then decided VX would be better to make, but the only information I found was a synthesis that was reportably very difficult (it didn't go into details). So, I simply decided to use the sarin synthesis with a modified ending to end up with VX, and figure out the rest based on what I already knew. Of course, this is still in the research phase, and I don't yet have ftp access, although I did get a hold of the book by a link posted in this thread http://www.roguesci.org/theforum/showthread.php?t=1537 on page two. Another goal of this is to use ONLY chemicals that are extremely easy to get. Right now, there some parts I'm not 100% sure about, and so have marked with a (?) after that part. Anyway, here's what I've come up with. I assume we've already got white phosphorus from extracting it from whatever is on hand containing phosphorus. Calcium triphosphate apparently works very well for this. I suppose most common fertilizers (30% P2O5) could also work, though I've never seen anything about this except in this thread. It appears nearly all fertilizers are extremely phosphorus rich, some above 50% by weight, so this is definatly something for me to look into. The first step is to create phosphorus trichloride. This is simple, chlorine is run into a reactor where the white phosphorus is. The entire reactor vessel must be purged of oxygen before the reaction begins, to avoid phosphorus oxide impurities. CO2 from a paintball gun canister is probably fine for this application, as it's going to be distilled anyway. Dry chlorine gas is slowly released into the chamber, which immediately reacts with the phosphorus much like burning in the air, but controlled by the amount of chlorine being let into the reactor. The phosphorus trichloride is distilled out as it will be in vapour form after the reaction. The chlorine flow needs to be regulated to avoid overheating the reactor or reacting too fast or causing other unpleasant problems. The phosphorus trichloride is then distilled at 75 C to remove any impurities. It will be a clear liquid when pure. The phosphorus trichloride is then slowly poured into methanol (sold as methyl hydrate in large amounts in your local hardware store), with the evolution of hydrogen chloride gas and heat. The temperature should remain below 45 C to prevent the methanol from evaporating (?). Distill out any remaining methanol and other impurities at about 80 C. Iodine crystals are then added to the methylphosphate. This catalyses the reaction of methylphosphate to dimethyl methylphosphonate when the mixture is heated. No idea of the temperature required yet, either I'll find out or experiment. The I2 crystals are then filtered out (if they don't dissolve (?) ). The dimethyl methyl phosphonate is then reacted with thionyl chloride (see thionyl chloride synthesis, briefed at the end of the VX and sarin synthesis) to form methylphosphonate dichloride. The dimethyl sulfite is distilled out at 130 C to leave behind the methylphosphonate dichloride crystals. Up to this point it is basically the procedure for making any nerve agent. For sarin, one would replace the chlorine with fluorine and react with isopropyl. I chose to use this synthesis up to this point as it was the one I have the most information on.

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Apparently, it is also possible to only replace one chlorine atom in the phosphorus trichloride with a methyl group, which is then reacted straight to methylphosphonate dichloride. The source that gave me this info was not very detailed at all, and simply said that this was a very hard procedure. Apparently it's the method the US used to produce VX nerve agent. This is then reacted with a 50/50 molar mix of ethylene glycol (distilled antifreeze, see end) and ethanol, with the evolution of hydrogen chloride gas. This is very similar to the reaction of phosphorus trichloride with methanol. This is then reacted with diisopropylamine to form the immediate precurser to VX and water. Interestingly enough, this molecule cannot inhibit acetylcholinesterase, and can actually stimulate the production of antibodies against VX (http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8452483&dopt=Abstract). I never knew you could develop antibodies against a nerve agent. Finally, this is reacted with sulfur powder to form VX (?). Apparently elemental sulfur will work for this step, although I'm not sure as none of the sources I've found plainly state that. If one where to make sarin instead of VX, then it the procedure would be as follows, taking up after the creation of methylphosphonate dichloride. The problem here is the need for flourine, which is fairly hard to find in your average pharmacy I would think, and of course sarin evaporates 1500 times faster than VX. Sodium floruide or hydroflouric acid is added to the methylphosphonate dichloride, giving up salt and methylphosphonate diflouride. Half of the methylphosphonate dichloride remains unreacted. Isopropyl alcohol is added, and it reacts with the flourine on the methylphosphonate diflouride. The HF released puts F onto the methylphosphonate so it is reacted into sarin as well. Thionyl chloride: This is highly reactive with water, breaking down immediately to form hydrogen chloride and sulfur dioxide gas upon contact with any moisture, so I will probably use a different chlorinating agent if another is available that it is made from such easily available chemicals. Again, more research is needed. Monosulfurdichloride is formed by reacted sulfur with chlorine to form disulfurdichloride, which is then further reacted with chlorine with a small amount of iron powder added to give monosulfurdichloride. This is then distilled. Sulfur trioxide, in the form of 65% oleum, is heated to drive the SO3 into the much cooler monosulfurdichloride. SO2 gas is given off, and the mixture will eventually come to a dark red liquid. This is distilled several times at 76 C until it is only a light yellow color, which will be very pure thionyl chloride. It is essential to keep all moisture out of this setup. Diisopropylamine: This is formed by reacting isopropyl alcohol with dry ammonia gas in the correct molar ratios. Ammonia gas can be made by driving it out of ammonium hydroxide solutions by applying heat, dried, and then bubbled through the anhydrous isopropyl. Antifreeze can be heated to 140 C to drive out all the moisture, then the ethylene glycol is distilled out at 200 C, leaving behind the rest of it (mainly diethylene glycol, boiling point >285 C and dissolved solids). This should yield near pure ethylene glycol. So, that's my still being developed procedure for making VX from chemicals that are easily picked up at your local hardware and garden store and supermarket pharmacy. There are still a lot of the parts of the actual synthesis that needed to be worked out, but I'd say that's a pretty good yeild from just googling around. And they're all worried about proliferation amoung terrorists. A few more weeks and the procedure should be complete, and I can attempt it except for the last step of adding sulfur. I'll want a gas mask and some atropine injectors before I try that. Safety doesn't mean not doing dangerous things, it's being prepared for the dangers brought about by doing those dangerous things. Maybe I can pick up the atropine injectors at a military surplus store or something. VX can be easily destroyed using household bleach with the evolution of chlorine gas, making removal very easy if you don't plan on using it immediately, or not at all in my case. It also makes spills (hopefully not!) easy to clean, as well as glassware safe to use again. (Main) Sources: http://s-a-t.org/images/sarin/siryo/hyoka/seto-zu-2.jpg taken from http://s-a-t.org/sat/sarin/siryo_syoukai/seto.html which shows the reactions for the sarin synthesis this is based on. http://www.mitretek.org/home.nsf/homelandsecurity/VX good info on the actual agent and how to get rid of it with bleach. http://www.cbwinfo.com/Chemical/CWList.shtml and http://www.cbwinfo.com/Chemical/Nerve/VX.html had good info on the precursors for the weapons, as well as some info on the actual chemicals themselves.

Croc: There is no iodine in red phsophorus. Red phosphorus is merely a different crystal form of phosphorus which makes it much more stable. The same goes for black phosphorus. Wow, that was a long post.... Criticisms on the ideas appreciated.

Mendeleev

December 15th, 2004, 02:37 AM

Originally Posted by MrSamosa As such, since Phosphorus is needed to catalyze the reaction between Iodine and Methanol to make Methyl Iodide, let's abandon MeI eh? A suitable substitute would be Dimethyl Sulfate, which is easily made by the reaction between fuming Sulfuric Acid and Methanol. Umm, this is very untrue. Methyl iodide is easy to make, it involves mixing an iodide salt with methanol in phosphoric acid, the last two ingredients are OTC. Furthermore methyl bromide can be used which is even easier to make, sodium bromide which can be bought in multi-kg quanitities at any hardware or pool store as brominating tablets for pools, is mixed with methanol and H2SO4. Totally OTC. If you want to go messing around with oleum, which is difficult to find and expensive as

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hell, that's your choice. You could make it but this involves heating various metal sulfate to over 400 C, and generating SO3, also not fun.

akinrog

December 15th, 2004, 06:36 AM

Di methyl sulfate is a nasty substance too. It is very poisonous and acts something like a nerve agent. According to some claims, it is also mutagenous (however I failed to find toxicity data of dimethylsulfate). So I would really be careful handling this dangerous (and quite volatile) substance.

Chris The Great

December 15th, 2004, 08:12 PM

Can't oleum be made by dehydrating H2SO4 with P2O5 creating phosphoric acid and sulfur trioxide, then distill out the phosphoric acid at 160 C? I figured that would be how one would get the 65% oleum for making the thionyl chloride, although there is probably an easier way to make the stuff.

nbk2000

December 16th, 2004, 08:46 PM

VX is hydrolyzed only slowly, and the hydrolysis products include EA2192, which is nearly as toxic as VX itself and longer lived.... EA2192 is very long-lived; under comparable conditions (22°C, pH 13-14) EA2192 undergoes hydrolysis over 1,000 times more slowly than VX.

Sounds interesting. Kind of like how you can make hydrate salts out of mustard gas that'll last for decades, impervious to further decomposition. :) I also doubt you'd be able to find atropine injectors, as the atropine is a lethal poison if you're not suffering from OP poisoning, and thus not likely to be permitted for purchase in a ready-to-use injector for assassination-type murders. Though it may be available for the taking if you live in the right area, in the form of plant extracts.

redbull

December 22nd, 2004, 05:10 AM

A local cat bought two atropine auto injectors from an army surplus stand about 3 years back.. $5. They eventually got confisgated by police when looking for something else... Atropine is a prescription drug but yes it can be removed from plants like deadly nightshade I think. An Isralei company sells it anyway.. if you really look in secondary markets you can get it... goto the doctor and say you work with pesticides and need it just in case... then you can order straight from the company.. pick up a cyanide explosure kit while the doc has his prescription pad out...

teshilo

December 23rd, 2004, 03:03 PM

OTC Sarin... On my look best way for production methylphosphoryldichloride this his preparation from PCL3+ALCL3+methyl chloride and after mixing hydrolise with water...Details in english patent posted Sarevok in thread Patents section Links and literature. PCL3 may be from red phosphorus and chlorine heat..... :rolleyes: ALCL3 also from chlorine and aluminium dust with heat.... :rolleyes: Methanol+HCL=methyl chloride... :rolleyes: Next step fluorination with NaF(produced from sodium fluorsilicate used for preservating wood and sodium bicarbonate or calcium fluoride+sulfuric acid and water solution sodium bicarbonate) and you make methylphosphoryldifluoride or DF and mixe DF with Isopropanol(anhydrous) you get pain in the ass -GB. Simple as can see? - NOT :mad: ,very danger step on this method -fluorination, use NaF against HF make process more secure for you.And main problem this not making precursors -this is his refinery and refinery final product.. Added reading: Assorted Nasties by David Harber and Silent Death By Uncle Fester (on ftp) also threads Patents :D :D . P.S Who have any info about chlorosarin..etc?

nbk2000

January 29th, 2005, 08:10 PM

Found a picture of a 'hot' lab setup for the production of sarin. The reason why the people are behind glass walls is because it's a training session for 'Homeland' defense at dugway, and they're actually making it. :) The original picture was 2MB in size, so you could zoom in and read the names of the chemicals off the bottles. All are sarin precursors. At what point in the production the photo was taken, I don't know for sure, but it's set up for vacuum distillation, so I'd say it was ready for preliminary distillation of the sarin from the reaction vessel, and not the final purification.

TreverSlyFox

February 2nd, 2005, 09:07 AM

This may be a stupid question, but I don't know the answer so I'm going to ask it. With all the pesticides used in Farming and just the OTC wasp, hornet killers they must have some rather nasty stuff in them. Wouldn't it be easier to isolate and concentrate the nasty part and use it. I remember getting a very little "Back Blast" from a wasp/hornet killer on a windy day and my lips went numb in seconds, along with sweating and got the shakes for several minutes. The label says to administer Atropine if things get bad. It contains .25% Chlorpyrifos [0,0-diethyl 0-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl) phosphor-othioate] which is a Cholinesterase Inhibitor, so it's a Central Nervous System chemical agent. At .25% it was interesting but only annoying, but what if it had been a hell of a lot higher concentration mix with somthing like DMSO?

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February 2nd, 2005, 10:20 PM

That might work for a tete'-a-tete' murder, but not for mass cleansing. DMSO greatly increases the toxicity of OPA's, up to two orders of magnitude! :o Variables, of course, can dimish this greatly.

Man Down Under

January 8th, 2008, 07:43 PM

Found some videos on Youtube! of a military training tape where they show live fire testing of GB artillery rounds against emplacements with pigeons and goats in them. From the videos (in my FTP folder) the reason given is that it takes 2.5x the LD for man to kill a goat, and 0.5x LD for the pigeon. Thus, if the pigeon is dead, but the goat is alive, the concentration was an incapacitating dose for a man. If the goat is dead too, you assuredly would have killed the man. It took 80 seconds to kill the pigeon, and 2.5 minutes for the goat. So it would be good to acquire some goats and pigeons when doing any testing of weaponized SARIN. :)

aliced25

March 4th, 2008, 09:35 AM

I have the following article: Reactions of Trialkylphosphites with Methanol: http://tinyurl.com/2shukm [CONTRIBUTION FROM THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA] Reaction of Trialkyl Phosphites with Methanol' JAMES CASON AND WARREN N. BAXTER Received March 3, 1968 At 210-215' in a sealed glass tube, n-butyl alcohol reacts with triethyl phosphite to give only transesterification; ethyl alcohol reacts slou-ly to give phosphonates; and methyl alcohol reacts more rapidly to give phosphonates. Under the most favorable conditions found, there was obtained an 85% yield of a phosphonate mixture which consisted of about 60% diethyl methylphosphonate, 25% diethyl phosphonate, and 15% triethyl phosphate. Evidence is presented that the latter two compounds do not arise by simple hydrolysis and oxidation of a part of the triethyl phosphite by moisture and air. Significant amounts of ethylphosphonates or mixed esters such as methyl ethyl methylphosphonate mere shown to be absent. Transesterification is the most rapid reaction between methyl alcohol and triethyl phosphite; subsequent rearrangement may proceed in a manner analogous to the Arbuzov reaction. Reaction of trimethyl phosphite with less than 0.1 mole equivalent of methyl alcohol gave a 92% yield of pure dimethyl methylphosphonate. In pentavalent phosphorus compounds, such as dialkyl methylphosphonates, absorption in the infrared for the CHI-P structure was found to occur at 7.65 +/- 0.02um in contrast with the trivalent phosphorus compounds where absorption for this structure was observed at about 7.75um, as has been previously reported. As interesting as this article is, this one is perhaps even more intriguing: Efficient Synthesis of Dialkyl or diaryl phosphonates using SiO2-Cl (2006) 47 Tet Let 3107: http://tinyurl.com/2qdg5p (although this is from the now ultra unreliable Tetrahedron Letters - ie. take it with a grain of salt). An efficient method for the esterification of phosphonic and phosphoric acids using silica chloride Manisha Sathe, Arvind K. Gupta and M. P. Kaushik* Process Technology Development Division, Defence R&D Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, MP, India Received 19 December 2005; revised 16 February 2006; accepted 27 February 2006 Available online 20 March 2006 Abstract—Silica chloride is used as an effective heterogeneous catalyst for the rapid esterification of alkyl/aryl phosphonic/ phosphoric acids to their corresponding alkyl/aryl phosphonates/phosphates under mild conditions with quantitative yields. Finally, for those who are interested in more 'normal' routes to the methylphosphonic acids, here is a route to Phosphorous Trichloride and Phosphoryl Chloride (amongst others): Tarbutton, et al, 'Phosphorus Halogen Compounds from P2O5 & Halides...' (1941) 63(7) JACS 1782; http://tinyurl.com/2wyghj. [CONTRIBUTION FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY] Phosphorus-Halogen Compounds from Phosphorus Pentoxide and Halides. Properties of Phosphorus Trifluoride and Phosphorus Oxyfluoride* BY GRADY TARBUTTON, E.P. EGAN Jr AND S.G. FRARY The reaction of non-volatile halides with phosphorus pentoxide has been mentioned in the literature, but the conditions of the experiments and the properties of the products formed have not been thoroughly investigated. Schultze prepared phosphoryl trifluoride by the action of phosphorus pentoxide on a fluoride, and Thorpe and Hambly obtained the same compound from phosphorus pentoxide and cryolite. Lucas and Ewing however, reported that phosphorus pentafluoride, not phosphoryl trifluoride, was obtained by heating a mixture of phosphorus pentoxide and calcium fluoride. Curtis, Copson and Abrams stated that the reaction between phosphorus pentoxide and sodium chloride yielded volatile phosphorus chlorides and that this type of reaction should be a general one. They also pointed out that most of the fluorine in rock phosphate is liberated in the process of making crude calcium metaphosphate (metaphos) by treating rock phosphate with phosphorus pentoxide at a high temperature. In the present paper are reported studies of the reaction of phosphorus pentoxide with the following substances: (1) calcium fluoride, (2) rock phosphate, (3) fluorapatite, (4) calcium chloride, ( 5 ) sodium chloride. The reaction of phosphorus pentoxide with mixtures of sodium chloride and calcium fluoride also was studied, to determine whether mixed fluorochlorine compounds of phosphorus can be prepared in this way.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter I'd imagine that based upon the series of reaction culminating in the excellent article by Tarbutton et al, it should be possible to work out a fairly simple route to at least the phosphorus/phosphoryl chlorides from metaphosphoric acid and calcium chloride. These can be converted rather easily to the trialkyl and thus the dialkyl alkylphophonic acids you seek.

W4RGASM

May 6th, 2008, 12:00 AM

If one where to make sarin instead of VX, then it the procedure would be as follows, taking up after the creation of methylphosphonate dichloride. The problem here is the need for flourine, which is fairly hard to find in your average pharmacy I would think, and of course sarin evaporates 1500 times faster than VX. Sodium floruide or hydroflouric acid is added to the methylphosphonate dichloride, giving up salt and methylphosphonate diflouride. Half of the methylphosphonate dichloride remains unreacted. Isopropyl alcohol is added, and it reacts with the flourine on the methylphosphonate diflouride. The HF released puts F onto the methylphosphonate so it is reacted into sarin as well. Calcium fluroride can be obtained extremely cheaply, say a buck for a bound, albeit in a relatively crude form which will require purification. Head down you your local geology shop and ask if they sell large crystal samples. Pick up fluorite. I've got a 2kg chunk sitting in a box somewhere I got only a few months ago that way.

megalomania

May 6th, 2008, 06:30 PM

I think you can get calcium fluoride from pottery suppliers too. Hydrofluoric acid in dilute form is available in deck or siding wash; it can be neutralized and purified if one wanted to bother. The HCFC's in refrigerant refills are also commonly available at many stores that sell autoparts; these would require a chemical transformation to extract the fluorine. Combustion might do it actually

Telkor

May 15th, 2008, 04:26 PM

There's a different way which was used by Aum Shinrikyo to obtain Sarin for their terror attacks. First of all, greater amounts of phosphor were produced by the reduction of phosphates with carbon. Then they produced PCl3, which was reacted with methanol, forming trimethylphosphite. Trimethylphosphite was converted to DMMP through application of heat and pressure. The hot DMMP + phosphorous pentachloride will form methylphosphonyl dichloride. Adding sodium fluoride of HF (use CaF2 and H2SO4 to produce HF) gives methylphosphonyl difluoride.

Mixed with isopropanol, you'll get Sarin, with cyclohexanol, the even more lethal Cyclosarin. It's too dangerous, though. There are quite easier ways to produce very toxic stuff. For example, pure Ricin can be otained from castor beans quite easy.

Jacks Complete

May 17th, 2008, 12:14 PM

Um Shrinko were idiots. How many people actually died from their gas attacks? A dozen? Should tell you something about the procedure they used for making it.

megalomania

May 18th, 2008, 11:47 PM

Actually this entire incident should tell you a lot about the effectiveness of chemical weapons in general. We have an organization with hundreds of millions of dollars (I have posted before what their actual net worth was at the time of the attacks), staffed with knowledgeable scientists, access to professional laboratories, and yet they utterly failed in their delivery. Making and using chemical weapons are two completely different aspects. This also applies to explosives, drugs, poisons, tools, food, etc. They failed to develop a suitable delivery system that would not only maximize casualties, but that would also not implicate the cult. They lacked the practical military or security minded intelligence to use their weapon beyond what I consider amateurish considering the cult's essentially unlimited resources. The synthesis is what is at issue in this thread. I was unaware there was a published (media, not scientific) source of the method Aum Shinrikyo used to produce their Sarin. I don't suppose you happen to know the source of that information, Telkor? Again I must disabuse anyone with the notion that attempting a synthesis of a chemical warfare agent as toxic as a nerve gas is easy. Such a synthesis requires a level of skill many professional chemists do not have. The skill in question is not the synthesis itself, but the skill required to protect yourself from the final product. I am not saying it can't be done, I am saying it requires a type of laboratory technique few ever get the chance, or have the need, to do in the lab. Look at that picture above, in post 27. Performing the synthesis in a sealed, isolated, sterile room, wearing a full hazmat suit with SCBA breathing apparatus, and having a wash station at the exit would be the improvised way of doing this. Then you have to ask yourself the question, how much do I trust my suit? Ask yourself that question every minute you are in the room with a nerve gas.

FUTI http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/facility/blue_grass.htm

May 19th, 2008, 09:02 AM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Link posted above is to support Mega's words. Look at the scale and painful work just to destroy the CW and you can get the picture how hard is to produce them from safety side of production. Anyway I have read some article on the net about USA Army stored some barrels of CWs for several years outside in some yard in the open I guess in an attempt to make rain corrode barrels enough to start leaking the stuff, or maybe they wanted that lightning strike spew the stuff more explosively in the air for a most realistic NBC drill ever in the history of Army anywhere and ever (if you don't count the USSR small anthrax cloud escape from BW factory). They changed that and kept them later in some warehouse and latter in earth igloo's I guess. I can't find that article anymore. Sometimes I wonder do we need an enemy when we have guys in the Army that make such fuck-ups. In my country not so long ago conventional ammo depot went sky high due to similar fuck-up. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : destination: fluoroacetate Polverone

May 12th, 2003, 01:42 AM

F l u o r o a c e t a t e s a p p e a r easier to m a k e t h a n e v e n t h e s i m plest of the m ilitary nerve gases. They aren't as easily dispersed, but they are extremely toxic, not detected by usual analysis, and could probably be practically used in certain ways that I won't bother to speculate about here. As I see it, there are three basic steps involved. 1) Formation of chloroacetic acid 2) Formation of m eth yl chloroacetate 3) C onversion of m ethyl chloroacetate to methyl fluoroacetate (optional) 4) conversion of m ethyl fluo roacetate to sodium fluoroacetate or anoth er nonvolatile salt. Step 1 is rather a pain if you start from acetic acid. You bubble chlorine through a cetic acid while keeping it hot, irradiated, and m ixed with sulfur or phosphorus. You end up with a m ix ture of chloroacetic acids. Chlorine is not fun to work with, and you need to generate quite a bit. However, the other day m adscientist found a delightful tidbit of information in the Merck index: trichloroethylene, re adily a v a i l a b l e O T C i n t h e U S a s a s o l v e n t ( a n d p r o b ably available elsewhere, at least for industrial use, without m uch tro uble), is hydrolyzed by H2SO4 to chloroacetic acid. The process provides pure m onochloroacetic acid. Huzzah! I foun d details on the reaction in Ullm ann's Encyclopedia (thanks, Rhadon): industrially, TCE is hydrolyzed with 75% H2SO4 at 130-140 degrees to yield a solution of approxim ately 50% monochloroacetic acid, which is purified by vacuum distillation. There 's a bit of a p r o b l e m for the hom e chem ist: TCE boils at 87 degrees, so the industrial reaction m ust be conducted unde r pressure. However, I assum e that the reaction will take place at lower temperatures given e nough tim e, and prelim inary experim ents have been encouraging. I am definitely experiencing the sharp stink of chloroacetic acid in my lab, though the H2SO4 is turning disturbingly black and chunky. Perhaps next tim e I'll get it right... HCl perhaps might work in pla ce of the H2SO 4, which would sim plify purification since vacu um distillation wouldn't be necessary (HCl/water boil at a lower temp than chloroacetic acid). After one has the chloroacetic acid in relatively pure form, by whatever method, m ethanol esterification should not be difficult. Now, as I recall, m ethyl fluoroacetate is produced by reacting powdered KF with methyl chloroacetate in an autoclave . The KF is easy: react OTC cleaning products containg am monium bifluoride or hydrofluoric acid with potassium carbonate (from pottery suppliers or charred cream of tartar). The autoclave is a bit tougher; it's not the sort of thing one can pick up at the corner superm arket. Howeve r, I belie ve that an a d e q u a t e m akeshift autoclave can be m a d e f r o m a w e l l - s e a l e d m etal pipe, as in http://www.rhodium.ws/chem istry/tcboe/ chapter7.htm l. O ne could of course place the improvised autocla ve in the heating bath, retreat, and then turn on the heat. An e x p l o s i o n a f t e r c o n s i d e r a b l e q u a n t i t i e s o f f l u o r o a c e t a t e h a v e b e e n f o r m ed could be disastrous, but that's the chance you take. If th e vessel survives, it can b e opened once cool to liberate the m ethyl fluoroacetate, which can in turn be reacted with NaOH to yield a convenient solid instead of a volatile liquid. Sorry for the heavy speculation, but I find this really exciting. A handful of chemicals and som e very inexpensive eq uipm ent could yield a deadly and uncom mon poison, and the synthetic steps don't seem that hard either, if I can determ i n e t h e optim um parameters for the TCE hydrolysis.

nbk2000

May 12th, 2003, 03:49 AM

ARRGGHH!!! I just spent the last hour and a half typing up a reply and my piece of shit com puter froze up on m e when I closed out of acrobat. :ma d: Needless to say, I didn't have it saved. :( I'll type it up again tomm orrow, but I like you thinking. :) T h e r e ' s a l s o s o m e inform ation I posted on this subject a while a go, that you m ay or m ay not know about, so check that out if you haven't already read it.

nbk2000

May 12th, 2003, 05:21 PM

Rather than retype everything I did the first tim e, I'll just refer you to this thread ( http://www.rogu esci.org/theforum / showthread.php?s=&threadid=1564 ) which covers m ost of the chem istry I was going to refer to anyways. Firstly, the prolonged heating of the TCE with the acid m ay be carbonizing the acetate formed, which is why it's black and chunky. Perhaps passing TCE vapors through sulfuric acid, heated to the required temperature, would achieve the sam e efffect without "burning" it into carbon? A n d y o u c a n m a k e n i t r o m ethane with the chloroacetic acid too, so that's an added bonus. Purification o f chloroa cetic acid can be found in Vogel's, 3rd ed. (FTP). I wonder if the hydrolysis of perchloroethylene would m a k e a n y t h i n g u s e f u l ? On page 118 of "The War Gases" by Sartori (FTP) is a prep for making ethyl chloroacetate. Basically you reflux chloroacetic acid with alcohol and sulphuric acid, then wash with wate r to seperate the layers, prior to redistilling . Sim p l e e n o u g h , e h ? : ) I rem ember reading how the the lads at Sandia used a 16" artillery shell as a pre ssure vessel. And I also rem e m b e r s o m e o n e linking to a surplus am m o d e a l e r t h a t s o l d e m pty 20m m (and larger) shells, fairly cheap and com plete with nose plugs, that would m ake quite nice little autoclave vessels. Thick steel, able to withstand very high pressures, and m a d e t o b e s p u n a t h i g h

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speeds...;) And how appropriate to m a k e a C W in an artillery shell. :D $20 for a 20m m shell wouldn't be too m uch to be able to cook up an once or two of MFA at a tim e, considering how toxic it is, and easy to m ake. Once you've got the MFA, conversion into the crystalline alpha-fluoroacetam ide with amm onia would m ake it suitable for casting into bullets to p o i s o n t h e m , a s p e r R T P B . Patent #2,403,576 describes the preparation of fluoroacetam ide s u s i n g x y l e n e a s a s o l v e n t , r e m o v i n g t h e n e e d f o r a n autoclave, and the resulting products are just a s toxic as MFA. These salts can be converted into a liquid, if desired, also of equal toxicity. Bein g a liquid, highly stable, non-irritating, delay-action, and rather simp l e t o m a k e , a s w e l l a s b e i n g 5 x m o r e t o x i c t h a n p h o s g e n e , i t ' d s e e m to me that MFA (and other fluoro-toxins) would be quite suitable for "terrorist" use, without having to bother with the irksome task of aquiring large am ounts of watched OPA precursors. O h, and being convulsa nts, what are p e o p l e a u t o m a t i c a l l y g o i n g t o t h i n k o n ce they see others keeling over and flopping like fish out of water? "O H MY GOD! NERVE GAS!!" :eek: :p I think it'd be hilarious if the piggies were sittin g in their little NBC-proof trailers at som e big event, watching people drop like flies,while the mega-buck C W detectors they bought after 9/11 just sit th ere saying that everythings honky-dory and the airs just fine! They'd be pissing their pants, not knowing what it was, and wha t it m ight be doing to them at the very mom ent. MW AHAHAA!

simply RED

May 14th, 2003, 07:17 AM

There is another way to produce monofluoroacetic acid: A g F + C l C H 2 - C O O H =(H2O solution)= AgC l(precipitate) + FCH2-CO O H AgBr and AgI are less soluble than AgCl which m a k e s B r C H 2 - C O O H a better choice. The reaction is done in water solution, heating is applied until white AgCl precipitate stops to appear. AgF is soluble in water, AgCl is not. If AgF is soluble in chloroa cetic acid, and AgCl is not, the reaction will go easier without water. Fluoroethanol (FCH2-C H2-O H ) a l s o s e e m s a good poison, it is m etabolized in the body to m onofluoroacetic acid. If chloroethano l is easily availab le(at least noone will be suspecious if you wanna buy), it will be a go od choice. C h l o r o a c e t a l d e h y d e c a n a l s o b e c o m e d e a d l y p o i s o n , f l u oroaceta ldehyde will becom e m onofluoroacetic acid when the body tries to clean it out... Also they can be converted with som p l e o x i d a t i o n : X C H 2 - C H 2 - O H ---ox---}XCH2-COH----ox}XCH2 -CO O H X is halogen. S o m e a m inoacids with fluorine will be m etabolized to monofluoroacetic acid(sim p l e a m inoacids, bu t don't rem embrer form ulas). Their synthesys is not very hard... T h e m a i n " f o o d " ( i m ean following the Crebs cycle) for the body is acetic acid (its sodium salt), everything is m e t a b o l i z e d t o acetic acid, so every food with well placed F atom will becom e m onofluoroacetic acid at the end...

simply RED

May 22nd, 2003, 06:36 AM

So, all you need is ( love :D :D :D ): AgNO3 , NaO H, ClC H2-COOH, HF, all found at no cost in almost every chem s h o p . AgNO3 + NaOH = AgOH precip itate (Ag 2O + H2O ) + NaNO3 Filter the precipitate. And dissolve it in HF. Ag2O + 2HF = 2AgF + H2O Dry in execator or use precipitating process with som e o rganic solvent. Till this, you have nothing so poisonous. (AgF is merciless if swa llowed (AgF + HCl= AgCl + HF!!!) Next step: Fill a flask with 50% water solution of ClC H2-C O O H a n d a d d A g F a t l o w t e m p e r a t u re. Sold er the end of the flask with gas burner (the flask m ust be quarz) or use another good way to seal at 100%. Gently heat the flask maintaining the temperature and pressure that it will not bu rst. Heat until no precipitate appears. Now, you have a flask with fluoroacetic acid.....

nbk2000

May 28th, 2003, 07:48 AM

Anything using silver is going to be incredibly expensive for anything quantities useful for more than just a single hom icide. :( Here's one of the shells I was thinking would be useful as a poor mans autoclave. h t t p : / / b i g s k y s u r p l u s . c o m / i m a g e s / 2 0 m m_oerlik on_proje ctiles_od _green.jpg Only fifty cents each in quantities of 100. :) W hich is also the minim um order. :( But, if one was seriou s about it, then you'd want to get at least a 155mm shell, because of the large internal capacity.

Mr Cool

May 29th, 2003, 05:36 PM

The silver could be re -used, though. I think roasting silver chloride will yield silver. Those shells are an interesting idea, I might lo ok into getting a couple. Specifically, for phosphorus production. Put your pipe that goes into your warm wate r bath (for phossy collection) in the top thingy, braze it in place, and put your (HPO3)n and Al in the body. Drop in a plaster incendiary igniter, with a Zn/S pellet to ignite that, and som e slow fuse to ignite that, screw it all together, and watch your phossy pour out :D. (HPO 3)n/Al is certainly exo thermic, although hard to ignite. In a coal fire I cou ld only get it going with a forced feed of hot air (yellow/white hot), but then, it burned quickly. I think plaster incendiary should do it though, I'll have to try. Ah, but this all belongs elsewhere...

Polverone

May 30th, 2003, 07:55 PM

I tried the TCE hydrolysis again, this tim e at a higher te mperature and with slightly less concentrated acid. Still ended up with a bunch of tarry black junk, though. Sadly, I won't be able to experiment in this area for som e tim e since I'm m oving all m y stuff into storage for the sum m er, before I start grad school in the fall. Silver isn't prohibitively expensive. If you buy silver com p o u n d s f r o m a c h e m supplier, the y will be, but silver's som ething lik e $ 6 / o u n c e b o u g h t i n b ulk bullion form. That's not cheap, but it's less expensive than a lot of what you'll find in a Sig ma-Aldrich c a t a l o g , a n d t h e m e t a l c a n b e recycled a s m e n t i o n e d p r e v i o u s l y . I'd be very excited to hear about progress in the phosphorus m anufacture departm ent. I had a bit of a realization a couple m onths ago. I realized that, yes, alum inum + silica + a m etaphosphate will produce elemental phosphorus rapidly and easily.

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Then I realized that I really didn't want to deal with hot phospho rus vapo r. Any work in this area will require a substantial u p g r a d e i n t h e q u a l i t y o f a p p a r a t u s I b u y / a s s e m ble.

nbk2000

May 31st, 20 03, 01:3 0 AM

Sure, silvers not too expensive...in sm all am ounts...but when you've got to m a k e m ulti-kilo sized batches to wipe o ut a building it gets...expensive/te dious. ;) Recycling silver is something we do at m y current job, at the photolab. Pain in the ass! Especially if you're having to do it an ounce or two at a time, in between batches. Pfhuuuuttt! :p You still got the black tar, but have you tried seperating the C AA, for an idea of yeild? Eve n if it was only half, with crap mixed in, as long as it could be seperated, then it'd be worth it, since TCE is cheap.

Polverone

October 12th , 2003, 02:00 AM

After finding som e patents on the production of chloroacetic acid from trichloroeth ylene, I think that Ullman n's m a y h a v e g i v e n m isleadingly low values for the % concentration of H2SO4 used to hydrolyze TCE. 90% and up appears to be used. Also, as NBK suggested in one of the first replies in this thread, passing TCE vapor into preheated H2SO4 does appear to be one of the m e t h o d s a p p e a r i n g i n p a t e n t d o c u m e n t s . H e r e ' s t h e p o s t I m a d e a b o u t m y m ore recent findings on That O ther Site I run: U S 1 3 0 4 1 0 8 m entions producing monochloroacetic acid from trichloroethylene by heating it with water and high-conc. H2SO 4 to 1 5 0 - 2 0 0 d e g rees. Alternatively, trichloroethylene vapor is passed into hot sulfuric acid (this sounds m ore palatable for those without pressure vessels). Also, it says that "It is true that it has been proposed in the patent literature to m ake ethyl chloroacetate o r monochloroacetic acid by treating dichlorovinyl ether with water or alcohol. It is also known that dichlorovinyl ether is derived from trichloroethylene by the action of an alkali or of sodium ethylate in alcoholic solution." This two-stage reaction m ight be of interest to a chemist of limited m e a n s . U S 1 3 2 2 8 9 8 ( f o r s o m e r e a s o n n o t o n E s p a c e n e t , b u t o n u s p t o . g o v ) i s a n e v e n m ore intere sting read in certain aspects. It asserts that up to an H2SO4 concentra tion of 90% or so, the trichloroethylene m erely carries water away fro m the acid unchanged. This is in sharp contrast to Ullm a n n ' s s t a t e m ent that TCE is hydrolyzed with 70% H2SO 4 , a n d m a y e x p l a i n w h y I had so little luck producing m onochloroacetic acid with som ewhat diluted H2SO4. British patent 132042 is also supposed to be a process for producing monochloroacetic acid from T CE, but Espacene t appears not to have it.

nbk2000

October 12th , 2003, 03:56 AM

Also, as NBK suggested in one of the first replies in this thread, passing TCE vapor into preheated H2SO4 does appear to be o n e o f t h e m e t h o d s a p p e a r i n g i n p a t e n t d o c u m ents.

W hat can I say, m y g e n i u s k n o w s n o b o u n d s ! : p I'm downloading those patents now, and will be reading them shortly. BTW , COPAE was one of m y early scans, so please credit it to me on your site. Thanks. If you have SIPR I's "Incend iary W eapons", feel free to up it with credit to m e too. ;) vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and W eapons Forum > Chemistry for Am ateur Expe rimenters and C itizen Scientists C h e m istry > pepper sp ray - Archive File

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View Full Version : pepper spray - Archive File megalomania

May 24th, 2003, 02:49 PM

Ship er New Mem ber Posts: 10 From : H o n g K o n g Registered: DEC 2000 posted 03-31-2001 11:08 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------anyone know m aking pepper spray? or som ething like tha t?

c0deblue Freq uent Poster Posts: 229 From : Registered: JAN 2001 posted 04-01-2001 04:14 AM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------A good starting point would be a Google search for Capsaicin, a substance extracted from red chili peppers (this is the active ingredient in pepper spray, or OC - usually 10 to 15%). You could then follow up with a pa tent index search. In the m e a n t i m e, h e r e ' s a w e b p a g e t h a t g i v e s s o m e useful inform ation: http://www.ncm edicaljourn al.com /Smith-OK.htm I fra nkly thin k that doing your own syn thesis without proper equipment m ight prove as unpleasant as actually being p e p p e r spra yed. There's not m uch point anyway, since OC sprays are widely available on the internet. A friendly suggestion to avoid becoming a target - next time around try to do a little research on your own first. [This message has been edited by c0deblue (edited April 01, 2001).]

Digital-Dem o n New Mem ber Posts: 38 From : Registered: SEP 2000 posted 04-01-2001 08:36 AM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ship er, Do you go to the Hoo dlum s forum ????

Ship er New Mem ber Posts: 10 From : H o n g K o n g Registered: DEC 2000 posted 04-02-2001 05:13 AM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------no,i hav'nt. can you show m e the way to there?

Cricket Freq uent Poster Posts: 160 From : U SA Registered: OC T 2000 posted 04-02-2001 04:35 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Read nbk2000's pdf.

Digital-Dem o n New Mem ber Posts: 38 From : Registered: SEP 2000 posted 04-04-2001 01:35 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ship er, www.Survival.com follow the links to forum.

Ship er New Mem ber Posts: 10 From : H o n g K o n g Registered: DEC 2000 posted 04-06-2001 05:30 AM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------thank you for the link. sorry,shiper is not m y real nam e,it's ju st my online nam e.

zeocrash

May 25th, 2003, 08:12 AM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter i've recently m ade a device for extracting substances using supercritical butane (see m y post in chem i c a l s a p a r a t u s a n d equipment) anyway one of the things i'm planning to try it on is chilli seeds, to see if i can extract the capsicin. i'll see what i come up with.

metafractal

May 26th, 2003, 10:12 AM

For a poor m an's imp rovised pepper spray, a saturated solution of citric acid doesn't do bad. Consider: Solu bility of citric acid in water at room tem perature =~70% Concentration of citric acid in lem on juice =~5% So: You know when your eatin g a grapefruit or squeezing a lem on and it squirts you in the eyes? Stings, doesnt it? Well, im agine that fourteen tim e s o ver! Could anybody predict whether this would cause perm a n e n t b l i n d n e s s ?

xyz

May 27th, 2003, 05:43 AM

There's a patent drifting around som ewhere about an improvised pepper spray from black pepper and 5% acetic acid (the patent says that vinegar will do here). I t i s s o m e t h i n g a b o u t s o a k i n g X g o f b l a c k p e p p e r i n X m L of water overnight, then filtering and adding XmL of vinegar. I wish I had written d own the patent num ber.

Mr Cool

May 27th, 2003, 08:47 AM

IIR C Anthony tried that pepper + vinegar one and found it to be relatively ineffective. But maybe a better extraction of the stuff in pepper would yield a useful product. Acrolein or chloropicrin are the best hom e - m a d e o n e s , I a c t u a l l y u s e d a n acrolein solution a while back and it definitely worked.

Chade

S e p t e m b e r 1 0th, 2003, 02:21 AM

XYZ, I hunted down that patent for you. It's US5698180 . You really have to take a look, it's great. This guy has so clearly knocked this up in his kitchen. 5% Ace tic acid (vinegar), m akes 49% of the solution, a pot of black pepper just covered with water for 24-48 hours stirred a m inute every 8 hours, and then filtered out. This makes up 15% of the solu tion. 35% ethyl alcohol to preserve the rest of it, and 1% food colouring so the would be mugger can be ID'd later on. (I pity the fool who tries to m u g a n y o n e f r o m this forum !) Of m ore interest is th e fact he says that capsicum b a s e d s p r a y s a r e s o m e t i m e s f a t a l ( 6 0 c a s e s i n U S A ) a n d s o m etim es ineffective if the attacker is high, drunk, or a wild anim al. Perhaps worth m ixing the two sprays together? CS/pepper spray for full coverage? Find the patent (and loads of others) at http://ep.espacenet.com/

Chade

S e p t e m b e r 2 8th, 2003, 09:10 PM

O K , I m a d e s o m e of this, and tested it on m yself. (with a few friends to help out) It does work, if you can get it in someones eyes. I could n't see a thing, o r open m y eyes at all, and I'd say I've got a m o d e r a t e p a i n t h r e s h o l d . I h a v e n o i d e a how relia ble it is, of course, but it would certainly render m e unable to attack. After about three m i n u t e s r i n s i n g o u t m y e y e s ( a n d washing the dye off) I was perfectly fin e. If you ever get attacked, it m ight be an idea to use this spray in conjunction with another techique (fight/flight) as it's cheap, easy, and less damaging to the target than m o s t o t h e r s e l f d e f e n s e g a d g e t s I c a n think of. The delivery system is an issue as something like an aerosol can would probably be ideal, but for hom e-made purposes, I u s e d a n o l d s q u e e z y l e m on juice bottle. (The kind that are shaped like a lemon) Something like a water pistol could work too.

FragmentedSanity

S e p t e m b e r 3 0th, 2003, 09:09 PM

Chade - any more info on the effects of the spray? Is it only any good if it gets in their eyes or is it irritating to skin / m outh / lips / nostrils? Have you tried it out against Dogs or such - A barking snarling snapping dog behind a fen ce would m ake a good test victim ... but just leave out the dye so the owners dont get curious. Im just interested to see if this will actually stop som ething that wants to atta ck you. It would be nice if this is effective as its really basic kitchen chem, and nothing toxic or dangerous to deal with at all. O h B T W there have b een a few threads discussing refilling and repressurising aresol cans. H e r e i s o n e s i m p l e m ethod (h ttp://rog uesci.org/theforum /showthread.ph p?s=&threadid=2818) I think for this kind of spray weapon you would want a jet of liquid, so it would be best to use a can that was desined to spra y that way - lik e a can of W D-40 with the little tube that plugs into the nozzel, Or som e of those cans for killing wasps outdoors b u t t h a t d o e s m a k e i t a b i g g i s h w e a p o n - not really som ething to carry around for defence - but th e idea could be scaled down. I wonder how adding som e chilli extract would go - It sh ould add a little m ore kick. I'll have to rem e m b e r t o g r a b a b i g b a g o f p e p p e r n e x t t i m e I m s h o p p i n g a n d g i v e i t a t r y m yself. FS

Chade

S e p t e m b e r 3 0th, 2003, 11:02 PM

W ell, it took my mate a few attem pts to actually hit me in the eyes, but this is com pletely harmless to the skin. It's even edib le. You could (and I have) put it on your chips. The only effect it has is on yo u r e y e s , s o y o u r a i m h a s t o b e g o o d e n o u g h with whatever delivery system you use. For m y rather rubbish delivery system , I'd have to be within 20 feet to hit a target, so I wouldn't want to have to use this against an attacking a nim al, except for over m y shoulde r as I wa s running away. I don't really fancy the idea of testing this stuff on anim als, so I've only tried it on me. A d d i n g c a y e n n e p e p p er extract (capsaicin) m eans that you have the sam e, very small, fatality risk , as it will once again become a respiratory irritant, and a skin irritant. It will make it m ore powerful, but also turn it into a m ore conventio n a l p e p p e r spra y. O n e t h i n g m y u s e o f c o n t a i n e r m ade me think of, is how this spray would com p a r e t o s o m ething like plain lemon ju ice, but I didn 't try that out. I'm sure there are a variety of natural, easy to acquire irritants. It's just a matter of finding out what works best. If I was to try this again (although I've now got a jar full of this first batch) I'd try using the alcohol to extract the piperine from the pepper instead of water. I think that would im p r o v e i t a b i t . M a y b e i f t h e a d d e d a l c o h o l h a s b e e n s t e e p e d i n p e p p e r a s w e l l a s t h e water, that m a y b e o f m ore use.

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Also I've dried som e food colouring to a thick paste to concentrate it, so the next batch should be a briliant red, rather than the m ore normal red wash. My first batch looks rather like a watery blood sam ple, sitting in the jar. And thanks for the link to that post. That's perfect. I'm reading through the whole forum at the m o , o n e s e ction at a time, b ut it takes a while. I've seen (in the UK) sprays th at shoot a bright red foam into som eones face, to disorient and identify the attacker. It seems a travesty to destro y o n e t o m a k e a m i l d e r s e l f d e f e n ce weapon, but the cans are aerosol jets designed to slip into a pocket. Could be id e a l .

Ahriman

October 2nd, 2003, 05:20 AM

Just wondering, how im portant is it to the final m ixture to soak the black pepper in water for 24-48 hours? W e m a d e s o m e spra y the other day just by pu tting the proper amount of black pepper straight into the m ixture, and it still burns lik e hell. Just wondered if the soaking m a k e s t h e f i n al solution stronger or som ething.

Scientist

October 29th , 2 0 0 3 , 0 7 : 0 5 P M

J u s t s o m e a d v i c e a b o u t t h e u s e o f p e p p e r s p r a y: If you spray at your opponent draw an 'S' with your hand holding the pep per spray. This way a m uch bigg er area is covered and it's m uch m ore likely to have som e effect.

Chade

Novem ber 14th, 2003, 09:02 PM

OK, for those who want to try this, don't bother with soaking the pepper for days, as all the irritants (probably piperine, as well a s a few others) will be far m ore soluble in the alcohol that will a l r e a d y b e u s e d i n t h e s o l u t i o n . I ' d s a y a d d t h e p e p p e r t o t h e alcohol and let it stand for about an hour before filtering. Ahrim an, did you rem ove the pepper by filtering before you used the spray, because if not, it will be as powerful as the soaked m ix as the pepper itself will do the irritating. The idea is to rem ove the solid pepper whilst leaving the irritants so it doesn't clog your delivery system . My reply to the self defence thread m a d e m e h ave a good long think about exactly how I'd react in a troublesome situation, a n d I ' v e d e c i d e d t o a b a n d o n t h i s s p r a y a s a s e lf defence weapon. I can't see it serves any useful purpose that couldn't be served better by something else. I'm fairly sure you could get done for carrying or using a spray like this, and I've replaced it with a pocket full of sand. No legal worries, but can blind an attacker for a few seconds. If I tried to use this spray as an a e r o s o l , I k n ow I'd fu mble it, drop it, or spray it in totally the wrong direction. I'm thinking about the situations where you usually don't have m uch tim e to think, and you naturally tend to panic. If I'm going to kill m y attacke r, I'll be using som e t h i n g a d a m n sight m ore effective than pepper spray. The only use for this spra y is if you're follo wing it up with a roadrunner act, and I'm aiming to avoid any situations that require m e to run. I don't plan o n l e a v i n g p e o p l e a r o u n d w h o a r e p i s s e d a t m e, especially by annoying them in a way that will leave them f e e l i n g perfectly fine in just ten minutes. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and Weapons Forum > Chemistry for Amateur Experimenters and Citizen Scientists Chemistry > Messy Jam-Jar Experiments with Chloropicrin

View Full Version : Messy Jam-Jar Experiments with Chloropicrin MrSamosa

> Battlefield Log in

May 29th, 2003, 12:53 PM

Before I start, I would like to stress the very crude tools and chemicals that I used in my experimentation. For a scale, all I had was a cheap diet scale with 20 gram increments. My reaction vessels were mason jars, and I used a pyrex measuring cup to measure liquids. However, the crudeness of my methods reflected on the extremely unsafe conditions...Here, I shall describe the most interesting notes from a week of experimenting with Chloropicrin. For me, OTC syntheses are not good enough. They must be jam-jarrable! :p Now, to begin. My test batch of Chloropicrin was made using 30% Nitromethane and 6.00% Sodium Hypochlorite Bleach. The Nitromethane solution also contained Methanol and a fair amount of Castor Oil. First, I poured an unmeasured amount of the Hypochlorite Bleach into my measuring cup, but if I recall correctly, it was about 50 mL. Then, I slowly (this is done slowly! I learned from past mistakes of doing it too quickly- it bungles the reaction and is very hard on the eyes ;) ) poured in an excess of the Nitromethane (I think somewhere in the area of 200 mL). The entire addition took about 20 minutes. Also, whenever I added the Nitromethane to the Bleach, there would be a smell somewhat like Chlorine, but sweeter, and following that was a burning in the eyes (like cooking with onions) and irritation of the throat. After the addition, I let the mixture sit for an additional hour or so. When I came back, there were two "layers" in the mixture. The top one was mostly reddish-brown, and I suspect that this was mostly Methanol. The bottom layer was dark green, and I believe this contained the Chloropicrin and the Castor Oil...it may have been mostly Chloropicrin though, as my later flame tests led me to believe. Anyhow, I extracted this layer with an eye dropper and disposed of the rest of the liquid. Upon my first flame test (throwing a match into the liquid ;) ), some of the liquid did burn (most likely the Castor Oil). This is what I was expecting to happen, and what I wanted... I know that Chloropicrin is non-flammable, and therefore to have a flammable liquid mixed in with it, I was hoping to raise the temperature of the Chloropicrin to its decomposition temperature. To test for Chloropicrin, I had starch paper covered in Iodine from a Tincture. I did notice a color change (From black to blue), which I was expecting since one of the decomposition products of Chloropicrin is Chlorine. There was also the smell of Chlorine in the air. Upon throwing a new match in, the liquid failed to ignite again. Now, on to the interesting stuff- weaponization! :) My first test was to use an eyedropper to put the Chloropicrin into a water gun (small one, but has a long range- approx. 20 feet). The idea was that this could be used to spray a chemical several feet above a target area and from a good distance away. As the liquid would fall to the ground, it would aerosolize, and also reach the targets' eye and nose area first- thus allowing the maximum effectiveness for the minimum amount used. On spraying, I did not quite get the range I wanted...I suspect that some of the Castor Oil was gunking up the gun though. Nevertheless, it flew about 5 feet, at which point it completely aerosolized. On hitting solid targets (Trees/Fence), some of it stayed on the target, but most of it splashed off an aerosolized :D . Then came time for clean up, and here is where I made my most interesting find. I was using Ethanol to clean off my glassware and water gun, since the Chloropicrin readily dissolves in it. I don't believe I had that much dissolved in the Ethanol, but when I went to pour it down the drain in the bathroom (bad mistake- closed area without my gas mask on), I was greeted almost instantly with severe eye pain, coughing, choking, chest pain (as if I'd swallowed a massive air bubble), nose irritation, and nausea. I had to immediately leave the bathroom and run to a new one, in case i did vomit (i did not, fortunately... it is the worst feeling in the world!). There, among the fresher air, I recovered from this short but terribly painful accident. I am feeling quite good now though - this was just yesterday, by the way. But this brings me back to the idea of weaponization: Chloropicrin dissolved in a volatile Solvent, so that it evaporates and reaches dangerous concentrations rapidly. Yes, my methods were somewhat Kewl, but hey- they worked, and I am still reaching many goals from my testing with Chloropicrin. That's all for now; sorry for the messy nature of this post, but it was rather rushed, and I was trying to cover a lot of information ;) .

Mr Cool

May 29th, 2003, 06:02 PM

What is chloropicrin like as a solvent? A while back there was a little discussion of using foamed NM to make charges, the idea being to pour NM into a lighter, seal it all up, and pressurise it with gas. But NM gelled the body of the lighter, making it unable to hold pressure. Do you think chloropicrin could be weaponised in a similar way? Pour some into a dismantled lighter, re-assemble it (without all the uneccesary stuff in the valve, like that little white stick which soaks up gas, which would slow down the flow), then squirt in butane through the refill valve. It'd be short-range without some more work, but would be very concealable :).

nbk2000

May 30th, 2003, 01:00 AM

Removing the castor oil should be your first priority. I don't remember if NM is water-soluble, but if it isn't, washing your R/C fuel with a water/detergent solution would remove both the methanol and castor oil. Otherwise, the castor oil is going to react with your bleach as well as the NM, possibly converting into a soap (causing clogging) or become much more viscous. Are you using household, or pool grade, bleach? Pool grade is 10%, instead of houshold 6%, so it should be more efficient. Stirring is always good, especially since the PS (chloropicrin) is water insoluble, possibly holding some NM away from reacting with the bleach. PS is inert (when pure) in contact with most metals, but plastic reactions are probably something you'll have to find out

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yourself, since its unlikely to be readily available info, giving how PS is a "WMD". :rolleyes: Denatured alcohol or, even better, ether, would be good for volatilizing PS into an aerosol. Dissolved, and sprayed out under pressure, the ether vaporizes almost instantly, leaving microscopic droplets of PS to drift in the wind. :) Oh, and PS causes vomiting only if swallowed (from what I've read), like if you swallow your drool after getting gassed by it. Though it'd be very useful for disabling someone for a while, since ONE drop, ingested, causes the intestinal lining to slough off, meaning horrible (and disabling) diarhea for weeks. :D It's even supposed to be pleasant tasting. PS is also a good solvent for many other CW agents.

MrSamosa

May 30th, 2003, 12:26 PM

If I remember correctly, Nitromethane is somewhat soluble in water. However, because of the efficiency and ease of this reaction as well as the high yields, in addition to my lack of need for mass-production, as well as how far a small amount of Chloropicrin goes once weaponized, I am willing to lose a bit of my NM :) . As far as the Hypochlorite goes, I plan to do two new experiments: one using 65% "Pool Shock" Calcium Hypochlorite dissolved in water; the other I will make the Sodium Hypochlorite by reacting said Pool Shock with Sodium Hydroxide. I hope that by this latter method, I may be able to produce in bulk concentrated Bleach. Why all the effort, you ask, when I could just buy the concentrated Pool Bleach? Strangely enough, where I live, I cannot find the stuff. I have tried the local hardware stores and the Pool-Spa store, but none carry it! Also, the Pool-Spa store is terribly overpriced. For solvents in which to dissolve Chloropicrin, one would need a solvent that is not terribly aggressive to Plastics but is also volatile. That rules out Acetone and Methyl Ethyl Ketone. The problem with Diethyl Ether is that Chloropicrin is not very soluble in it :( . For now, I will do more tests with Ethanol, as that seems to work very well. Another solvent I am considering is Dichloromethyl Ether, since it in itself is a warfare agent and is also a good solvent. Also, it can be made by the simple reaction between Paraformaldehyde and HCl. I did not get to do too much weaponization testing the other day because that little mishap with the Chloropicrin really put me down for the day. In the future, I will always be wearing my gas mask. The good thing about Chloropicrin is that Activated Carbon filters are VERY efficient in keeping it out :) . EDIT: Oh yes, and a non-flammable propellant would definately be most desirable. Should the propellant catch fire, the Chloropicrin decomposes...though this is not all that bad, it would minimize its effectiveness if you only have a little bit of the PS. One of the decomposition products is Phosgene- which is more poisonous than the PS itself.

nbk2000

June 2nd, 2003, 04:42 PM

Well, now that you've got PS, you may wish to try moving up to CX (phosgene oxime), via tin reduction. Tin is readily available as "lead-free" solder. Look for the ones without flux or rosin. Chill the solder in a deep freezer, then whack it with a hammer, to powder it. The powder is added to PS dissolved in a solvent like THF (pipe cleaner) while HCl is added to affect reduction. There's a patent listed somewhere here that gives more details. No need to go overboard with it, trying to make ounces, since it's extremely nasty shit to handle, so a small test-tube would be more than adequate for trying out the process. Have you tried washing your PS with detergent water yet? The detergent should have no effect on the PS, but should remove the castor oil impurity. BTW, Mr. Samosa, do you have PGP?

MrSamosa

June 2nd, 2003, 06:32 PM

I am considering moving up to the CX, but not at the moment. First I hope to establish a simple, high-yield, and relatively cheap synthesis for the main ingredient- Chloropicrin. Also, I want to explore all possible uses I can with the PS first. However, that does not mean the CX is not on the near horizon ;) . When I first started with the Chloropicrin, the ultimate goal was indeed CX; but I am taking my time. I am categorizing my work with PS under my "Pesticide Research" - basically, exploring reactions on pesticides that can form more potent compounds. As we know, Chloropicrin has a history as a pesticide, whether as an alertant/torture gas (as in the case of Zyklon), or as a fumigant on its own. And, as such, to go one step further with potency, I will be "exploring CX" and its uses of interest to us. I have the patent on hand for the production of CX though, it is rather simple :) . The only problem for me would be forming a reusable and leak-free HCl generator, as it requires dry HCl gas. However, all the materials I have readily on hand to make it, and they are all very cheap! The solder is something I was looking into. I was thinking of a single-replacement reaction with some Tin Salt and a more reactive metal, to liberate free Tin powder. Alternatively, I could use Zinc powder as a reducing agent, as that is relatively easy to come by. However, doesn't Tin require very low temperatures to become Brittle? If that is the case, I don't believe a kitchen freezer will do the trick...maybe pouring liquid referigent onto it- as obtained in PC dust-blowers. I will find a way though! Still plenty more stuff to do! Hmm, Next Stop: Clean Jam Jar Chloropicrin and Jam Jar Phosgene Oxime :D. As for the PGP, I do not have it...nor am I quite sure what it is :) .

rooster

June 3rd, 2003, 05:23 AM

samosa: would you mind posting that patent or patent # for CX?

zeocrash

June 3rd, 2003, 05:44 AM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter cleaning the PS may not be as much of a problem as you thought while searching the internet, i found a UK supplier that sells pure nitromethane for "custom mix" model fuel. I imagine that there must be some suppliers in the US too. try telling your current supplier of NM/meth/castor oil that you want to custom mix your fuels and see where he points you. another factor to consider is what you are going to do with the phosgene oxime. chloropicrin is relitively easy to get rid of as it is only a lachrimator / sternutator / mild urticant. whereas phosgene oxime is much more nasty and i doubt you want to be pouring it down the plug hole in your bathroom :p if you have access to the ftp i would suggest having a look at fm 3-9.pdf in the "explosives and weapons\field manuals" it covers most chemical weapons, including CX and lists decontamination methods, properties ld's and more

zeocrash

June 13th, 2003, 04:29 PM

ok today i made myself a small amount of chloropicrin. i used bleach and some old model fuel i had lying around (methex), i mixed 5 ml of bleach with 5 ml of fuel in a 10 ml beaker. i got a yellowey green top layer and a milky bottom layer. i think the bottom layer is chloropicrin, but because of the small quantities and my chronic hay fever i i cant smell a fucking thing. i'll post pictures, tomorow, anyway i was wondering if there was any way to test it to see if it was chloropicrin.

nbk2000

June 13th, 2003, 08:13 PM

Chloropicrin can be detected by combustion methods. If an atmosphere containing the gas is passed through a quartz tube heated to 450°C., the chloropicrin will decompose with the formation of chlorine. This can be detected by bubbling through a potassium iodide solution containing starch solution as indicator. The liberated iodine will color the starch blue. (War Gases, their identification and decontamination, pg. 124) But you'd be better served by observing it's physical properties. It's a slightly oily liquid, with an intensely irritating (though sweet, like anise) odor. The boiling point is 112°C.Specific gravity is 1.65. Practically insoluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol and ether. So, wash your product with cool water several times to remove excess bleach or NM. Dissolve in warm alchohol (or ether), and pour into a large quantity (10x) of cold water to seperate out the PS. collect the oily liquid at the bottom and heat in a small container of cooking oil till its boiling. Observe the boiling point (use thermometer, duh!) and how sharp the b.p. is. Does it start boiling at 110°C, and boil dry at 115°C? That's a seriously impure product. But, if it's starts at 112°C and stays there till it's all gone, then it's pure. :)

CyclonitePyro

June 15th, 2003, 12:51 AM

Hey Zeocrash try eliminating dairy from your diet for a week and see if your allergies improve. Sorry this has no relevency to the topic.

zeocrash

June 15th, 2003, 06:39 AM

thanks man, i'll try that, at the moment i'm just drugged up with pills, eye drops and nose sprays

MrSamosa

June 17th, 2003, 12:51 PM

The way I confirmed the detection of my Chloropicrin was by combustion means... Chloropicrin by itself is not flammable, so instead I relied on the impurities to promote combustion (namely, the Nitromethane). My logic was that as it burned, it would heat the Chloropicrin to its decomposition temperature because the two liquids were so intimately mixed... So, I simply threw a lit match into a beaker containing the two.. Remember, I'm doing Jam-Jar experiments :D . I detected the presence of Chlorine using Potassium Iodide on Starch Paper. The KI turned from a black to a light-blue. I imagine it would have become even lighter if I didn't run out of flammable liquid first :( . You probably will not even need your nose to detect Chloropicrin. From my brief and unpleasant experiences, it causes a greater and more immediate effect on the eyes- comparable to cooking with onions. However, even if you can't smell it, in higher concentrations it causes an irritating feeling in the back of the throat. Also, if you are dissolving it in a volatile solvent, do be careful. That was my mistake that really screwed me up for a day or two. Volatile solvents will increase Chloropicrin's volatility, and in high concentrations (which can be reached rather rapidly), this will be a very unpleasant experience. If you're still uncertain as to which layer contains the Chloropicrin, throw the mix into a large excess of water... The chloropicrin will sink to the bottom, while the other crap will either dissolve or float. This is not fool-proof, however, because when I did this I noticed oily droplets on top- and these caused me profuse tearing. And to NBK- sorry about not getting the PGP sooner, and in fact I still do not have it. The problem is, I do not currently have a computer where I am able to install anything. However, I expect to have one (a very crappy one at that) up and running soon. :(

vulture

June 17th, 2003, 01:24 PM

I think I've said this somewhere else before, but chloropicrin can also be made by reacting TNP with KClO3 + HCl. I know it would be wasting perfectly good TNP, but it might be easier/cheaper to get for some people than NM. I suspect NaOCl + HCl or any other in situ chlorine generation will work too.

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June 17th, 2003, 01:39 PM

Vulture, that sounds like a good method since TNP is relatively easy to make.

grammarless

November 5th, 2003, 10:44 PM

I have a question. While looking at grenades I stumbled across this site (http://www.inert-ord.net/russ02i/gas/index.html) and I was wondering how do they distribute 500g of Chloropicrin?

MrSamosa

November 6th, 2003, 11:41 AM

For the purpose of Bunker clearing, I imagine that the Chloropicrin could be dispersed by conventional explosive. In a confined area, the gas does not have to disseminate 100% to have drastic consequences. Also, I have come to the conclusion that the TNP route to Chloropicrin is, dollar for dollar, more effective than the Nitromethane route. While the Nitromethane route is much easier and less invovled (just dripping NM into warmed Hypochlorite solution), it requires very pure reactants. The Nitromethane available OTC tends not to be very concentrated- the best I can find is 35%- and is mixed in with methanol, castor oil, and other synthetic oils which are a pain to remove. As such, it is not suitable for jam jar experimenting. On the other hand, TNP can readily be prepared by Jam-Jar routes, and several methods are available for doing so. The reaction to produce Chloropicrin from TNP is very easy-- add TNP to Sodium Hypochlorite solution. NaOCl is a suitable substitution for KClO3, which is more difficult to obtain (and possibly more suspicious). Furthermore, the product is of a high quality, and the side products are not difficult to separate.

TheBear

November 15th, 2003, 01:28 PM

Regarding dispersal of chloropicrin using explosives: http://www.ashtachemicals.com/products/msds_chloro.htm "Chloropicrin possesses some shock sensitivity. A detonator cap ignited in chloropicrin released more energy than from the detonator cap alone." http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic907.htm "Even though chloropicrin is not flammable, it is a significant explosion hazard if involved in a fire. Bulk containers of this liquid are shock sensitive and can detonate." http://www.intox.org/databank/documents/chemical/chlorpic/cie528.htm "Normally stable. Although there are no case reports of dangerous reactions, tests have indicated that there is a "critical volume", above which sufficient shock may cause detonation. Accordingly, chloropicrin is now shipped in special containers not exceeding 700 kg (1500 lb) and special 180 kg (400 lb) drums.(11,18)" Sounds to me like it can detonate but it's rather insensitive, somewhere in the neighbourhood of AN.

MrSamosa

November 17th, 2003, 08:29 AM

From what I've gathered, Chloropicrin is not a significant explosion hazard in low quantities. However, in higher quantities-above said "critical volume" -- it becomes an explosion hazard.

Dave Angel

December 1st, 2003, 08:56 PM

I recently found a source of OTC KClO3 in the form of oxygenating tablets for an aquarium. These are 98% pure, however quite expensive for the amount you get, (a small vial for ~89p / $1.50). Alternatively, if any chlorine source will do, NaClO3 from weedkiller also liberates generous amounts when HCl is added.

MrSamosa

December 3rd, 2003, 11:32 AM

Using KClO3 may work for synthesizing Chloropicrin from Picric Acid, but I am not sure about with Nitromethane... The KClO3 could be used to generate some HCl, which could react with another Oxidizer to form straight Chlorine. It is the liberated Chlorine, if I recall correctly, that reacts with the Picric Acid. However, the presence of HCl tends to increase yields, as Vulture stated earlier.

MrSamosa

January 27th, 2004, 02:26 AM

This is much over-due... I have finally revised my synthesis of Jam-Jar Chloropicrin, and I now have a procedure that uses OTC Nitromethane Fuel solution. First, a word of warning... I don't mean to sound k3W|_, but i mean to bring us back to reality. This is a poison, and it is extremely painful to inhale... guys, if you do this on a boring afternoon, please please please take appropriate safety measures. Wear a gas mask, have good ventillation, do not try to detect it via senses-- that means no wafting and definately no sniffing. Trust me on this, it will be there, and it will be pure enough to hurt you. For a theoretical yield of 20g Chloropicrin... My reactants were 30% Nitromethane (about 60% Methanol, and the remainder Castor Oil), 6.00% NaOCl ("Clorox" brand regular bleach), and 30% HCl (Hardware Store toilet cleaner). To 415 mL NaOCl solution is added 25g of 30% Nitromethane, with agitation and without cooling. As the blue NM solution was added to the yellowish/clear bleach, the color first changed to a creamy white, and then to a red-- similar to the KNO3/Sulfuric Acid mixture in the synthesis of Picric Acid. At this time, there can be seen a separation of layers-- the Castor Oil is saponified by the formed NaOH, and floats to the top and dwells. It appears as bluish-green globs, floating at the top, along the sides of the vessel. To minimize exposure, cover the reaction vessel with some metal plate or something, with ice on top (a crude "condensor," as some of the PS is vaporized and can be hazardous) and leave the area. Let the reaction go for 10-15 minutes. After this time, CAREFULLY remove the plate (so as not to get a nasty cloud in your face), and add 30 mL of 30% HCl, with stirring. Because my acid was not very pure, and probably had some coloring in it, it was a milky color... but, after the remaining NaOH was

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neutralized ( this is important, since if it isn't, it could destroy the Chloropicrin in storage ), it turned a transparent reddish color. At the bottom of this mixture was the Chloropicrin, which at first appeared as oily "spikes" (though clearly not crystalline- just a "spiky" liquid pattern along the bottom). At this point, I had originally intended to dump the whole thing into a much larger volume of water-- as everything, save for the Castor Oil and Chloropicrin-- would be water soluble. However, not having a large enough vessel, I just decanted off the water and those things dissolved in it, leaving the blob of Chloropicrin at the bottom. This is the point where I got some bad whiffs of the stuff ( I am very near-sighted, and it is difficult to work with my gas mask on, as i can't fit my glasses beneath it), since there was less liquid between myself and the Chloropicrin. So decant quickly, but carefully, leaving the blob of PS at the bottom. There you have it.. Jam-Jarrable Chloropicrin. Naturally, if you have the apparatus, you could get a much purer product by distillation. Not having that, though, this was good enough for me...and was quite annoying to clean-up. After getting an extremely bad whiff of the stuff ( the kind that sends one running from the lab, to the washroom, to cough and drool and cry on the floor), I was fed up with it... I did not weigh it, but immediately destroyed it. Judging from the amount of NM I used, though, the yields looked very good.

Dave Angel

January 27th, 2004, 06:50 AM

Good work MrSamosa, whilst you say it was crude, it sounds like your product was very effective! I will carry out a similar synthesis with straight NM sometime and compare results. I really like the simplicity of the whole set up you used, showing that anyone can do this with the right know-how. I have tried bubbling the chlorine gas from the KClO3 / HCl reaction through NM in an attempt to make PS but to no avail. Perhaps it needs heating or intense UV light, or perhaps it just won't work at all. Anyhow, this route was very wasteful of chemicals so I think MrSamosa's route may be the way to go - simple and effective.

mongo blongo

January 27th, 2004, 01:19 PM

I have tried this method before. I have found that the product is far from pure using RC fuel. There is not enough NaOH formed to get rid of all that castor oil for sure! After using pure Nitromethane I obtained a very different product which was more liquid like and colorless with a much more potent odor rather than having a tint of yellow from using the RC fuel. Another step which I feel is needed after obtaining the product is dissolving it in an organic solvent like ethanol and filtering it into a beaker of distilled water. You will be surprised how much crap in there. There is also some shit that precipitates out in the water but stays in the water phase.It would probably also be more storage stable after this step but you should destroy it ASAP because it hurts bad.

MrSamosa

January 27th, 2004, 01:50 PM

One thing that I did not understand... Why didn't the Chloropicrin dissolve into the methanol that was present? If so, couldn't you skip the last step of dissolving in Ethanol, and just pour it into a larger vessel of distilled water?? I didn't bother to try dissolving the PS into the Methanol, because I feel more "secure" when I can see where it is. Also, when I poured it from the reaction vessel into a Mason Jar, there was still some water present. The water took on a yellowish color, similar to bleach, but much more watery. Chloropicrin is partially soluble in H2O, so this could explain the color. I'm still bugged about the Castor Oil problem, as I don't feel it's been solved sufficiently. I don't want to just abandon OTC Nitromethane, because the goal here is to make PS as accessable as possible-- that means, no chemical orders. After the reaction between NaOCl/NM, do you think that excess NaOH should be added, to saponify any remaining Oil? To prevent it from breaking down the PS, which is in the presence of Alcohol (thus, a ready made decontamination solution), the HCl could be added to neutralize it. As far as I've read, PS has no reaction with HCl-- save for in the presence of a reducing agent, at which point it can become Methylamine. Looks like I'll have to cook up another batch to do some more testing. :(

mongo blongo

January 27th, 2004, 03:30 PM

I'm sure that some of the PS is lost due to it dissolving in methanol but only a small amount because methanol looses it's solvent properties with the large amount of water present in the Sodium Hypochlorite solution. Another problem is you need to add more bleach than the theoretical amount because Sodium Hypochlorite reacts with the methanol to form Methyl Hypochlorite. I forgot to say that when PS is dissolved in volatile solvent then the PS is going to diffuse much more quickly into the air reaching much more potent levels so be careful. As for removing the castor oil after production, that would be desirable but I think NaOH is just going to break down the PS and the oil together. If you can solve that last problem then the OTC syntheses is sorted. :)

MrSamosa

January 27th, 2004, 04:19 PM

As we speak, my PS is dissolved in Alcoholic Sodium Hydroxide, in a sealed Mason Jar. It's been in the solution for about 14 hours now, and it's still not completely broken down-- I opened the jar to check on it, and I still could smell irritating amounts of PS. Therefore, the conclusion is that the reaction with Alcohol Soda is very slow...though clearly it's happening. As such, I'm not concerned about brief contact with NaOH. Some of the product may be lost, but it will most likely be a negligible amount, and worth doing to get rid of the Castor Oil which would otherwise be a pesky side product. Another thing which may be useful... on cooling, the saponified Castor Oil becomes very solid, and can be spooned out. I have already had one uncomfortable experience with PS in Ethanol several months ago, during the Summer and in a small space... I am making sure not to repeat these mistakes. Fortunately, the area I'm working in is about 0*C, so volatility isn't as big of a problem-- but it's bloody cold!

MrSamosa

March 7th, 2004, 03:52 PM

Well, the decontamination mixture I mentioned in the above post did not work very well. If Alcoholic NaOH breaks down Chloropicrin, it does so very slowly; or I wasn't using the right alcohol (I might have had more success with Methanol...I used Ethanol instead). So, needless to say, the clean-up was rather messy and I'm sure I've killed plenty of fish. In the future, I will try KI or simple burning.

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Anyhow, I recently obtained about 500 mL >90% Nitromethane and several useful pieces of glassware from a generous Forumite. So this isn't exactly "Jam Jar" anymore, but it isn't a big step from it. The reaction could still be done in Jam Jars, if need be, but it is much easier with the help of a Separatory Funnel. Nevertheless, here's how my latest adventure went. 7 mL of Nitromethane were added to 454.5 mL of 6.00% NaOCl in a 600 mL Beaker. The addition was very quick, I didn't split it up. After a few quick stirs, I covered the flask with saran wrap (the funny thing is, this actually worked in keeping the PS vapors inside the beaker... but I didn't use the duct tape :p ). After 20 minutes, when I decided the reaction was "complete enough," the bottom of the beaker was covered with a heavy reddish liquid. I have no idea what this was, or why it was red--perhaps someone can explain it? I decanted off as much of the "useless" layer as possible, leaving only the heavy red liquid at the bottom. This was then poured into a separatory funnel, where on sitting, yet another layer showed itself. It sank to the bottom, and was clear and watery. I poured this into a graduated cylindar, and measured about 10 mL of it. This was the Chloropicrin. I poured it into an empty Iodine tincture, where it still sits-- safely sealed away. I have named it "Chokey." :cool: How does Chloropicrin look, when pure? It looks almost like the original Nitromethane. However, it looks more like water. It isn't as viscous and it is colorless. This is my "control" sample--the sample I will compare future Chloropicrin experiments to that use Hobby-Store Nitromethane as a precursor. Needless to say, this reaction eats Hypochlorite like a madman. However, I've calculated that with 10 Liters of 6.00% Bleach, about 220 mL of Chloropicrin can be made. That's not bad at all, considering how cheap Bleach is. I will have to check the patent again, but out of memory, they said that up to 12% NaOCl could be used... This would cut volumes dramatically, and make things much easier (cheaper?).

SweNMFan

December 11th, 2004, 02:23 PM

Tried it today.. man this stuff really stings... After adding 10g 99% NM to the 400ml 5% bleach my solution also turned orange/red.. Got 9ml out of it.. there also formed some crystals in the solution.

MrSamosa

January 6th, 2005, 09:03 PM

Of late, a little bird has told me of another method of generating Chloropicrin with Nitromethane. Instead of Sodium Hypochlorite, Cyanuric Chloride (Pool bleach) was suggested. This looks like the way to go: 1. Nitromethane + Cyanuric Chloride --> Chloropicrin + Cyanuric Acid 2. Cyanuric Acid + Sodium Carbonate (aq) --> Sodium Cyanurate (aq) + CO2 + H2O 3. Put the mess in some kind of separatory vessel and collect the heavy layer of PS. The final product should be very pure, since PS is hydrophobic and the other stuff is water soluble. The advantage to this method is that it is much nicer for large-scale production of Chloropicrin; it gets rid of the need for huge volumes of Hypochlorite solution. After all, who feels like working with 400+gallons of Bleach? And how the heck will you dispose of that much waste? Impractical, I say, but easy for small-scale experimenting.

xyz

January 6th, 2005, 10:57 PM

MrSamosa, another option for large(r) scale production is "liquid pool chlorine". All it is is a 12.5% solution of sodium hypochlorite, and it can be found in 5 litre containers in the pool chemical aisles of most Australian hardware stores. I looked into using it once for production of chlorates, and worked out that it was much cheaper than bleach (per gram of hypochlorite). With a little searching you should be able to find some somewhere. I just wish I had a source for nitromethane... :(

cyclonite4

January 7th, 2005, 11:57 AM

I just wish I had a source for nitromethane... :( I remember you saying in the "Great OTC survey" that you knew of a chem supply company in WA. If your in WA (like myself), there is a hobby store in perth (can't remember exact location, but not too far from the Hay st. Mall, which sells "Nitromethane Racing Fuel" for thoe model cars. I doubt it's pure, but with the right equipment, it can be purified. Last time I was at the store was about 2 years ago when I was buying rocketry supplies, but the guy refused to sell me the NM (but still sold me the rocket supplies). It cost about $50 for a 5L bottle, the expense probably indicating it's relative purity. Thanks for bringing up the part about "Liquid Pool Chlorine", I was making chloroform not too long ago, but I had to do it with Ca(OCl)2 because all the store bleaches didn't work (probably some additives in them). Unfortunately the Ca(OCl)2 leaves a huge chalky mess (probably Ca(OH)2 which clings to the chloroform layer. I'm gonna run down to bunnings sometime and pick up a few Litres of "Liquid Pool Chlorine", so many uses :D

MrSamosa

January 7th, 2005, 03:46 PM

The issue with Pool Chlorine, as with regular bleach, is still volume. For 220 mL of Chloropicrin, 5 L of Pool Chlorine would have to be used (at 12.5 concentration). Cyanuric Chloride (also availabe in the Pool Stores) on the other hand, takes the form of solid crystals. Furthermore, the molar ratio of Cyanuric Chloride/Nitromethane is 1 to 1. As you can see, the volumes required for the reaction are signifiantly less. Another major advantage is, aside from the PS, the other products will all be water soluble (that is if the neutralization step is carried out). This would make the layers extremely easy to separate since Chloropicrin is markedly denser than Water--meaning all one would have to use is a separatory funnel.

xyz

January 7th, 2005, 10:49 PM

Cyclonite4, yes, I know of a chem supplier in Perth, they have a lot of goodies at fairly cheap prices but unfortunately no NM :( If you want the details then email me. Was your choloroform synthesis the one in NBK's pdf? If not then I'd be interested to have a look at it.

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January 8th, 2005, 08:40 AM

The one I went by was similar to the NBK pdf one (they both go about the haloform reaction). I tried it with Ca(OCl)2 because I had lots of it, and the bleach from the supermarket didnt work with the reaction (all those stupid surfactants and other additives). I'll send an email to the address in your User Profile. EDIT: The admin(mega) has disabled sending to your email address, so I sent it to your MSN address.

NightStalker

February 26th, 2007, 05:26 AM

350mL of generic bleach was placed in a 1liter jar. 7.5mL of 99%+ NM was added over the course of 5 minutes, in 1mL increments, with swirling and shaking of capped jar between additions. At first, the reaction liquid turned cloudy white, like highly aerated water from a tap. As each additional NM increment was add, the reaction turned yellowish, finally ending as a deep yellow-orange, like piss after not drinking any water all day, with an oily film on top. Reaction started out at ambient (~50F), but ended up warm to the touch at the end. After letting it sit a few minutes to settle out, the top orange waste layer was drained from the clear PS layer at the bottom. After washing twice with ~500mL of cold water, with vigourous shaking and settling each time, final yield was 6mL of PS, though a little might have spilled during the collection. No sniffing or wafting was done, and it was done outside with a strong breeze to my back/gasmask worn/one-piece coverall/jar capped as much as possible. Later, while removing the last layer of wash water (indoors), I started to get the 'onion' burn effect, but cleared myself out of there ASAP, so had only minimal irritation. Since I was wearing a half-face respirator, no respiratory irritation was possible, though, after removal, a definite odor was present, but too faint to characterize. I'll provide a link to a rapidshare with pictures and video once I've repeated the experiment, and a variation.

NightStalker

February 26th, 2007, 10:35 PM

http://rapidshare.com/files/18470885/PS_underwater.flv.html This is from my previous experiment. Weather was too foul outside to try it again today. I'm going to video the entire next experiment using Bleach+NM. Then I'm going to try the TCCA+NM process mentioned on SM, just to see if it actually works.

nbk2000

March 1st, 2007, 03:56 AM

I did the math on this reaction, based on the assumption of using sodium hypochlorite of a strength of 5% to 10% (household or pool), pure NM, and an excess of NM of between 2% to 10%, according to the patent. (and, yes, I accounted for the varying weights and densities of the starting materials) Given these assumptions, you'll need 60mL of bleach for every 1mL of NM. The 60-to-1 volume ratio applies only to pure NM and bleach between 5% and 10% in concentration, allowing for a slight excess of NM to prevent decomposition of the resulting PS from the NaOH byproduct, as per the patent. I went with volume, instead of weight, since both reactants are liquids and everyone can measure volumes, but not everyone has a scale.

NightStalker

March 12th, 2007, 11:58 PM

I videoed the production this time. I used NBK's ratios, doubling the amounts of reactants from my previous experiment, and I managed to do everything this time without gassing myself. :D 600mL of generic bleach and 10mL of NM. I added the NM to the bleach in several portions over 2 minutes, with much shaking, and let it sit for 10 minutes before pouring off the waste water from the PS and pouring the PS into clean water to remove any NaOH. The solution only turned milky white this time, not yellow-orange like originally. I'm awaiting a friend who's going to loan me an analytical scale, so I can then get weight and precise volume, thus density, ensuring that it actually is pure PS, and not a partially reacted NM/PS mixture. Manufacture (12MB Flashvideo): http://rapidshare.com/files/20762492/PS_M.rar.html Seperation (8MB Flashvideo): http://rapidshare.com/files/20764878/PS_S.rar.html Password: roguesci.org

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> Exhaust-System dispersion of Chemical

View Full Version : Exhaust-System dispersion of Chemical Agents MrSamosa

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June 6th, 2003, 12:28 PM

The other day, I was watching a program about Pesticides on the History Channel. During one part, they were showing how a Huey helicopter is used to disperse Malathion (Organophosphate Pesticide). At first glance, it looked the helicopter had been hit with a missile or was having some other form of technical problems... But then the narrator explained that the pesticide tank is rigged to disperse the Malathion through the exhaust system, where the heat of the exhaust would convert it to vapor form. This turned on the lightbulb in my head, and gave me an idea: What if someone were to rig their car exhaust system to disperse such "pesticides"? This would be particularly effective in city driving, since there tend to be many pedestrians condensed into a small space. Furthermore, because of the car's high mobility, it would be hard to pinpoint exactly where an attack took place. Not only that, but the car allows a fair degree of secrecy. Remember the DC Sniper Shootings, where the gunman hid in the trunk of his car and fired from a hole drilled behind the license plate? Nobody could have guessed where he was- it was the perfect, mobile, sniper nest. Similarly, nobody would notice a rather large chemical tank in the back trunk. Also, this would allow for a LOT of an agent to be dispersed. Think car bombs: they can hold well over 500 lbs of explosives... Basically, I imagine a mobile chemical dispersion system built into the backs of cars and rigged to disperse the agent through the car exhaust, where it would be instantly vaporized.

grammarless

June 6th, 2003, 01:43 PM

That is a great idea, but if the helicopter looked like it was having technical problems, in other words it was smoking a lot (right?) then your car wouldn't be very secretive. All the police would have to do is follow the car that it bellowing clouds of smoke.

McGuyver

June 6th, 2003, 11:38 PM

Good idea, just drive a beater, cities are full of them. Also, you should be able to turn it off when you have to. You could have some solenoid valves or something. Find a beater that burns crazy oil, it will look and smell perfectly normal as long as the chemical isn't too smelly, but, maybe by then it won't matter how smelly it is;) .

Haggis

June 7th, 2003, 02:12 AM

I was thinking of something similar one day. I thought that agents could be dissolved into regular gasoline and dispersed into the regular supply chain. Bio-agents are out of the question because of the high temperatures achieved, but chem-weapons are more likely to work. My requirements were that it would have to be soluble in volitile organic substances and have a high decomposition rate. I checked through "Potential Biological and Chemical Weapons" and found that (IIRC) Phosgene would be the the most usable. The problem is that it decomposes at 600 degrees, which is way too low to go through the engine cycle. Once I learned that, I scrapped that idea, as a good deal would come out of solution over storage and pumping times also. Theoretically, a large part of a populated city with tainted gasoline could cause some lung injuries and possibly a few deaths. It's not the death toll however, it's the thought that "Poisoned gasoline is everywhere" that would really stir up the ant's nest. The idea posted from Samosa has good and bad points. Good being that the agent would be more concentrated, pure, and dispesed more effectively. Bad being that opposed to thousands of cars milling about, spewing toxic clouds, it would be only one. Your vehical must be well sealed off however...'exaust leaks' are common enough to be concerned over.

MrSamosa

June 7th, 2003, 10:19 PM

I believe the helicopter was "smoking" a lot because of the impurities in the Malathion. Remember, when pesticides are dispersed, they have a lot of other garbage mixed into them to make them more effective... However, if we are talking Chemical Agents, we can find other means of weaponizing them so that they are colorless on dispersion. I don't imagine that too be too much of a problem. You brought up the idea of temperature... I don't believe mixing the chemical agent with Gasoline would be a good idea. On burning, most would decompose. That is the reason I believe having a tank in the trunk leading down to the exhaust system would be the most effective way. No doubt though, the exhaust system would have to be secured to ensure that the operator is not killed ;)

zeocrash

June 8th, 2003, 05:05 AM

it may not be a good idea to mix chemical weapons with the petrol, but sey you wanted to spray phosgene. surely you could put a load of dichloromethane into your gas tank, when this heats up in your engine, it reacts to form phosgene then gets ejected in the exhaust. the only problem i can think of with this is that you'd have to have a way of shutting off the gas, i mean you wouldn't want to be pumping out sarin and suddenly get stuck in a trafic jam with the gas running. you'd also want some protection on your car, decent door seals, filters on your air conditioning system, to stop you getting whacked by your own gas.

Arthis

June 8th, 2003, 01:19 PM

New cars have a standard system to stop incoming air from exterior. This is mainly done to avoid hot air to heat the car while the cooling system is on, in the winter. By the way, as you add another tank to the main one, it would be really easy to make it used or not when you want, I would even say it's not worth mentionning it because it is so obivous... Because of the heat that is released by the exhaust fumes of the car, wouldn't your gas be rapidly taken to the sky, if I can say that, instead of contamining/killing by-passers ? You would need to modify the exhaust pipe for it to be turned toward people. The coolest the gas the longer they stay to kill by-passers.

Nihilist

June 8th, 2003, 06:42 PM

A lot of people that are into cars, put multiple exhaust pipes on their car, you could do this except have one hooked up to the CW and the other your regular exhaust, from the outside it would look totally normal.

MrSamosa

June 9th, 2003, 05:05 PM

The chemical agent would have to be heated somewhat, especially if it is naturally a liquid. This would especially be the case for say, Mustard or Phosgene Oxime (which is, in fact, a solid at room temperature), Fluoroacetates, or even the Nerve Agents. The idea would be to have them vaporize rapidly, thus the idea of having them being dispersed through a heated exhaust system. However, now taht I think about it, this may not even be necessary... I do like the idea of Dichloromethane in the Gasoline though :) .

80r15

June 10th, 2003, 05:47 PM

Well, I think it all depends on the nerve agent. With a cup full of VX, one could easily pretend it's their drink, get past "security"(thats what they call underpaid shepple morons who pretend like they are keeping everyone safe), and get to the top of the Sears tower in Chicago for example, and just drain the cup over the side. On a summer day in Chicago there are tons of people outside, and a couple people dumping their drinks over the side would contain enough LDs to do some pretty heavy damage. But then there is the trouble of obtaining VX, but if we assume that you got some or possibly synthesized sarin/tabun, you would still do some hefty damage. Not to mention the economical damage it will cause. The whole city being shut down and clean up crews scrubbing all of the city. Just another thought...Now I expect to see the CIA at my door in about 10minutes for not being a good sheeple.... :mad:

Nihilist

June 10th, 2003, 05:59 PM

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umm.... I don't know about you, but I REALLY don't want to walk to the top of the sears tower with a coffee cup of VX in my hand.

80r15

June 10th, 2003, 06:02 PM

Yeah, now that I think about it, neither would I. But if you had a sealed cup and just had one opening where you could dump out the contents, that would work better than driving a car thats spewing out pesticides. Of course, you could always take a syringe filled with atropine if you think you might spill a little :) I'm just saying it could be done. I recently went to Chicago, and after the 1.5 hour wait, where they "intesivly" searched everyone, I noticed that I walked through with a cup and they didnt even notice. But I think NBK2000's idea of mixing it in with beer so some college sluts can get drunk and die is a much better way to go. Plus they would have a hard time tracking you down. The only people who knew where they bought the beer from would be dead, or if not, too drunk to even remember where they were, let alone which beer vender they bought it from.

zeocrash

June 10th, 2003, 06:58 PM

VX is more designed to be absorbed through the skin, therfore it is thick and not very volatile. FM 3-9, specifies another V agent known as Vx or V sub X, this is chemically similar to VX and Is still a sulphur containing V agent, but it is alot more volatile, so would be much better for arial dispersion. i recomend that anyone with FTP access downloads Fm 3-9 as it relates to the use and properties of chemical weapons it can also be viewed here http://globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/policy/army/fm/3-9/fm3-9.pdf also interesting reading is http://globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/policy/army/fm/3-6/toc.htm

inFinie

June 12th, 2003, 04:58 PM

I don't think that you have to provide an external heater when exhausts used. You can just make them touch each other. They both will be heated and agent will be vaporised. If thermal conductivity is not big as expected maybe thermal conductor creams (used in CPU to cooling-metal(form fan) conductivity increaser) used.

nbk2000

June 13th, 2003, 02:39 AM

Chemical rockets have been used as "turbo-generators" to create extremely high vapor concentrations of normally non-volatile agents, such as mustard. The rocket exhaust is used to create a low pressure zone through a tube into which the agent is sprayed. The extremely hot rocket gases vaporize the agent drops into vapor almost instantly, and carry them out into the atmosphere, where the vapors cool off very quickly. Sure, some agent is destroyed, but the majority of it is left intact. Concentrations of H were as high as 40x the 10 minute LD50. :eek: At these kinds of concentrations, H acted very rapidly, causing death within an hour, rather the usual days, with almost immediate incapaciting burns. The same effect would be achieved by using hot engine exhaust to vaporize the agent. But, to prevent the rising of the hot gases over the immediate area, you may wish to mix in ambient air drawn into the exhaust, which will cool it down. That, plus the dense nature of most CW vapors, will keep it at ground level. But why vaporize it in the first place? Why not simply spray it onto the road surface from spray heads underneath the vehicle? Then the solar heating of the road surface will vaporize the agent for you. Plus, there'd be no "clouds" of stuff that may get you. After all, you'd look mighty weird if you had to drive around wearing a gas mask, eh? ;) Oh, there's an idea for you, a "safe zone" within a car, created by making a plastic bubble that is shaped for the passenger compartment, and supplied by a filtered air supply at positive pressure. This keeps out the "nasties", while allowing the vehicle operators full mobility, without funky facial gear giving them away. :) Anyways, a small van could carry a half-ton of agent, easily enough to render a large section of a downtown city into a Hot Zone. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Neutralize CS Tear Gas & Gas Grenades - Archive File megalomania

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June 17th, 2003, 03:50 PM

Gollum Freq uent Poster Posts: 92 From : Registered: DEC 2000 posted 05-16-2001 03:41 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------I just came across this bit of info and thought I should share. CS Tear gas is a powerful irritant. It seem s to burn on contact with skin, and genera lly just incapacitates anybody who gets in its way. You proba bly didn't expect the riot in, so you left your gas mask at home. Find a bottle of vinegar. Open it and dum p its contents all over a towel, or other large piece of cloth. Wrap the towel or cloth over your face and breathe through it. Not perfect but it'll get you through the worst of it. For the skin irritation, cut an onion in half and rub it on exposed skin. If th ey are using CS Grenades, you can pick them up with a pair of welding gloves or other thick material, and place it in a bowl of vinegar to neutralize it. Pretty neat if you ask m e. The PIRA trains Northern Irish civilians how to do that so they a ren't hurt when the Brits com e.

PYRO 500 Moderator Posts: 1465 From : s o m ewhere in florida Registered: SEP 2000 posted 05-16-2001 04:53 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Breathe through a towel soaked in vinegar? I dont think so, try breathing though your mouth after eating salt&vinegar chips, not gonn a h a p p e n

wantsomfet Freq uent Poster Posts: 236 From : EU Registered: JAN 2001 posted 05-16-2001 05:26 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------W hat i've heard and seen many people use lemonjuice instead of vinegar (fresh pressed). -----------------for best catfood visit: kangaroooo.cjb.net

Gollum Freq uent Poster Posts: 92 From : Registered: DEC 2000 posted 05-16-2001 05:33 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------That's not the same thing. They use artificial flavoring in chips, not to m ention there's nowhere near enoug h vinega r in them to do anything. The vinegar from the bottle neutralizes the particles of chem ical (orthochlorobenza lm alononitrile) in the gas. It's actually a bunch of m icro-particles which are carried on top of the smoke particles. The towel deals with the smoke, and the particles touch the vinegar and are neutralized. Of course, it's not going to be comfortable, and you'll still get plenty of it in you, but like I said, it's for the rough parts only.

PYRO 500 Moderator Posts: 1465 From : s o m ewhere in florida Registered: SEP 2000 posted 05-16-2001 05:54 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------actualy I bought a ba g today and guess where the vinegar com es from ? thats right they use vinegar to get that vinegar flavor, it sa ys so on the label, you try breathig vinegar, it is not very ea sy it burns your lungs

PYRO 500 Moderator Posts: 1465 From : s o m ewhere in florida Registered: SEP 2000 posted 05-16-2001 05:56 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------oh yeah, and ther's p lenty of vinegar in them , s o m etimes they are slightly m oist

Gollum Freq uent Poster Posts: 92 From :

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Registered: DEC 2000 posted 05-16-2001 06:18 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Have you tried it? If not then you probably shouldn't say it won't work..

PYRO 500 Moderator Posts: 1465 From : s o m ewhere in florida Registered: SEP 2000 posted 05-16-2001 08:17 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------I recently cleaned a whole bathroom with vinegar and it is annoying (bathroom had glass everything, I poured the vinegar on a rag that I was gonna clean with and I inhaled a nd nearly choked on the fumes, they burn your lungs and throat. I would think you could breath through a regular towel longer. it still will probably filter the fum es, and they will get caught upin th e towel, perhaps one wet with waterwill work, yo u will gag on vinegar. plus the tear gas stings your eyes and causes tearing so you ca nt see shit, and if possible they will use non flam m able tear gas witch are sm all particles of cs witch a re more effectivly filtered. BTW where d id youm find this inform a t i o n ?

Gollum Freq uent Poster Posts: 92 From : Registered: DEC 2000 posted 05-16-2001 08:33 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------That's the thing though, the vinegar actually neutralizes the C S particles, not just stops them from going through. P lus, b e c a u s e t h e v i n e g a r s t i n g s a n d b u r n s , i t l e s s e n s t h e s u d d e n n e s s o f p a i n f r o m any gas that gets past the towel or cloth. You'll also need to close your eyes tightly. Rem e m b e r- this is just used in a pinch, when it's the worst. Considerin g y o u ' v e b e e n a b l e to find a bottle of vinegar (Say you're in a riot, broke into a grocery store to get it), you should be able to find a container of s o m e sort. All you would need to do is pour the bottle into the container and use a wrapped up shirt to huck the CS grenade in it. That'd be a lot nicer than dealing with a towel over your head. The actual in formation is from a short manual the PIRA has written, but I found it in the form of an urban guerrilla warfare m anual, by a group not affilliated with the PIRA.

sealsix6 Freq uent Poster Posts: 154 From : NYC ,NYC,USA Registered: NOV 2000 posted 05-16-2001 08:36 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Is there any way that you could post this manual or is there any website that I could get it from ?

Gollum Freq uent Poster Posts: 92 From : Registered: DEC 2000 posted 05-16-2001 08:46 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------There is a possibility that I m ay type it up, and scan the im ages for othe rs to enjoy. Currently it is not available online as far as I am aware (Governments don't like it at all). It would take a while though.

PYRO 500 Moderator Posts: 1465 From : s o m ewhere in florida Registered: SEP 2000 posted 05-16-2001 10:41 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------I would like to hear of a first hand exp erience before I beleve this, I thin k P H I L O U Z r e a l o n e m a y b e a b l e t o a n s w e r s o m e q u e s t i o n s o n the chem istry of it. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Zyclon B - Archive File megalomania

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June 18th, 2003, 03:50 PM

Nigh tStalker Freq uent Poster Posts: 116 From : Registered: DEC 2000 posted 05-21-2001 03:25 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------i know this should be in the "chemical weapons" post but as there are already too m uch posts in it and this is just a question... s o m e days a g o s o m eone who is in chemical stuff real hard told m e the following as i asked him about cyankali: W hen heated: K4FeC6N6 --> 4KCN + FeC 2 + 2N but he also told m e that when h e a t e d m ore it will form gases of prussic acid, which is comm only known as Cyclon B... s o m y thoughts went on to this: if so m e o n e t o o k a b i g g e r a m ount of K4FeC6N6 and placed it in a test tube that was placed in a larger jar filled with som ething burning hot like kno3 /sucrose, wouldn't that be s o m ething like a cyclon B grenade???

-----------------Death stalks silently....

eNt0n New Mem ber Posts: 19 From : Registered: MAY 2001 posted 05-21-2001 04:11 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Hope you now where Cyclon B was used. I got the advice for C yclon B charges used during W WII, but I won't post it here. Anyone with a little bit of knowledge can imagine ho it worked.

CodeMason Freq uent Poster Posts: 383 From : Your Nightmares Registered: NOV 2000 posted 05-21-2001 06:26 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------That stuff you refer to is hydrogen cyanide, or hydrocyanic acid (HCN). Cyclon B charges are easy. Try an old Milo tin, with a sim ple low explosive launch charge that can be gunpowder, black powder, chlorate/charcoal/dextrin, etc. Pour in the HCN, and glue on the lid. W hen the low explosive ignites, the lid is blown off and the HCN is thrown into the air. One inhalation of hydrocyanic acid is all it takes to kill you.

frostfire Freq uent Poster Posts: 266 From : Registered: SEP 2000 posted 05-21-2001 08:55 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------no that's not true....d isbelief? go 'n ask NBK2K

Nigh tStalker Freq uent Poster Posts: 116 From : Registered: DEC 2000 posted 05-22-2001 08:00 AM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------@ enton i fucking kno w what it was used for and as i'm german i am not proud of it. i just wanted to know if m y inform ation was correct. @ CodeMaso n where would you get HCN from ? suppose it isn't sold in the superm arket round the corner???

-----------------Death stalks silently....

Maddoc Moderator Posts: 537 From : D i z n e l a n d Registered: SEP 2000 posted 05-23-2001 04:42 PM --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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eNt0n: DOnt even bother posting "I know but I'm not gonna tell you" as that will get you fried imm ediatly with no remorse. Nigh tStalker: Theres nothing wrong with being German. Its been like 50 years and only old peopel care anymore. Bring on the Saukerat (sp )

-----------------W hoa, where m y fingers?

eNt0n New Mem ber Posts: 19 From : Registered: MAY 2001 posted 05-23-2001 06:17 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------You're right @Maddoc B u t I m a d e t h e e x p e r i e n c e , t h a t m a n y p e o p l e c a n ' t h a n dle dangerous inform a t i o n s . F o r e x a m p l e I s a i d a g o o d f r i e n d o f m i n e , h o w t o m a k e an chea p sm o k e b o m b, and he told it to his whole friends. So m a n y p e o p l e c a m e to knew about m y h obby. Not a very good situation.... ABout the C yclon B: A germ a n a d vetism ent for Cyclon B shown on tv said, that the charges were m a d e o f a H C N solutio n and ch a l k . T h e y a d d e d water, and the reaction started. There was a big cloud of poison gas. I m ust say: It was an adverstism e n t m a d e b e f o r e W W 2 . So they used it as an poison for rats etc.

nbk2000 Moderator Posts: 1096 From : G u e s s Registered: SEP 2000 posted 05-24-2001 01:32 AM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------First off, it's spelt "Zyklon B", not "Cyclone B". Cyclone is anothe r word fo r tornado. Anyways, Zyklon B is com posed of hydrogen cyanide and chloropicrin with a small amount of chloroform. The nazis however used a variant without the chloropicrin, which was added as a warning agent when used as a pesticide, not a hum acide. Also, HCN is flam m a b l e a n d w i l l h a r m l e s s b u r n u p i f e x p o s e d t o f l a m e . S o B P c h a r g e s a n d such would ignite it rather than disperse it. -----------------"The knowledge that they fear is a weapon to be used against them " Go here to download the NBK2000 website PDF. Go here to download the NBK2000 videos. [ T h i s m e s s a g e h a s b e e n e d i t e d b y n b k 2 0 0 0 ( e dited Ma y 24, 2001).]

Krister New Mem ber Posts: 10 From : FIN Registered: MAY 2001 posted 06-02-2001 06:30 AM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Zyclon B is used in WW I I . I n g e r m a n n a z i - c a m p . They killed m illion of people with it.. ------------------Krister Knap e

DarkAngel Freq uent Poster Posts: 592 From : ? Registered: SEP 2000 posted 06-02-2001 10:58 AM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------DUH? They use gun's to shoot ZILION'S of ppl with a gun over the who le world. They toasted ppl with napalm in Vietnam. Terrorist's and the Military uses Bom b's and Explosives to kill pll. So?!? If you don't like all this stuff your in th e wrong place -----------------DarkAngel For explosives and stuff go to Section1 http://www.section1.f2s.com And http://run.to/section1 s e n d t o s e c t i o n 1 @ h o t m ail.com [This message has been edited by DarkAngel (edited June 02, 2001).]

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Agent Blak Freq uent Poster Posts: 766 From : S k . C a n a d a Registered: SEP 2000 posted 06-02-2001 02:34 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------d a m n striaght.. plus it has already had reffernce payed to its use and by whom . so your post said nothing different that was already there -----------------A wise man once said : "...T here Will Be No Stand O ff At High Noon ... Shoot'em I n T h e B a c k And, Shoot'em I n T h e D a r k " Agent Blak-------OUT!!

Mr C ool Freq uent Poster Posts: 991 From : None of your bloody business! Registered: DEC 2000 posted 06-10-2001 09:29 AM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------I think the best way to get HC N would be 2KCN + H2SO4 --> K2SO4 + 2HCN vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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June 18th, 2003, 04:07 PM

frostfire Frequent Poster Posts: 266 From: Registered: SEP 2000 posted 05-20-2001 04:27 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------the method of making nicotine poison in PMJB seems promising.... however I kind of doubt it that simply soak those chewing tobacco and boil it to a syrup will produce such 15 minutes kill...... I mean if it''s true then shouldn't be any "accidental" death of tobacco chewer???? can anyone confirm/explain this???....thanks

Gollum Frequent Poster Posts: 92 From: Registered: DEC 2000 posted 05-20-2001 04:48 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------I thought you were supposed to let it dry, but in any case, when you chew tobacco or smoke a ciggarette you are getting only trace amounts, mixed in with other things. When you boil it, it's getting all of the nicotine out and concentrating it. I'm not certain about that though. But I doubt a figure like Kurt Saxon would make something like that up.

FadeToBlackened Frequent Poster Posts: 201 From: Hell Registered: MAR 2001 posted 05-20-2001 04:50 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------I read once that the lethal dose for nicotine is about 60mg...and if it works anything similar to nerve gas (I REALLY doubt it, but you know) then 15 minutes would be possible.

BoBFrequent Poster Posts: 679 From: Registered: SEP 2000 posted 05-20-2001 04:51 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Yes its a fairly good poison, its easy to kill small game with it, but it would take alot for larger animals, also, I wouldnt trust any meat that you killed with it.

frostfire Frequent Poster Posts: 266 From: Registered: SEP 2000 posted 05-20-2001 07:04 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------60 mg is a very small dose....therefore I still doubt it since personally I've never heard of the death of a "tobacco chewer", and I happen to notice this in the south [This message has been edited by frostfire (edited May 20, 2001).]

FadeToBlackened Frequent Poster Posts: 201 From: Hell Registered: MAR 2001 posted 05-20-2001 07:30 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Here's a little somethin for ya. nicotine, C10H14N2, poisonous, pale yellow, oily liquid alkaloid with a pungent odor and an acrid taste. It turns brown on exposure to air. Nicotine, a naturally occurring constituent of tobacco, is the active ingredient in tobacco smoke. The amount of nicotine in tobacco leaves ranges from approximately 2% to 7%. In concentrated form, it is used as an insecticide. Nicotine acts primarily on the autonomic nervous system. In a dose of less than 50 mg, it can cause respiratory failure and general paralysis. Smaller toxic doses can cause heart palpitations, lowered blood pressure, nausea, and dizziness. A person who smokes inhales approximately 3 mg from one cigarette. This amount increases the heart rate, constricts the blood vessels, and acts on the central nervous system, imparting a feeling of alertness and well-being. Although not considered carcinogenic, nicotine probably contributes to the increased incidence of heart disease seen in smokers. People who use tobacco products develop a physiological addiction to nicotine. Research has shown that nicotine increases the flow of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain, creating pleasurable feelings and a craving to keep in the bloodstream levels of nicotine that will maintain these feelings. Lack of nicotine causes withdrawal symptoms (heart rate and blood pressure changes, sleeping problems, brain wave disturbances, and anxiety) in smokers. Nicotine-containing chewing gums and skin patches that administer nicotine to people who are trying to cease smoking have been developed. Although the rate of absorption is slower with these methods than with smokingsmoking delivers nicotine to the brain within six seconds and although nicotine obtained in this way does not provide the same pleasurable results as smoking, the gums and patches do help relieve some of the symptoms of withdrawal. Combining the use of patches or gum with continued smoking can result in nicotine overdose and toxicity, causing nausea, palpitations, and headache. Nicotine nasal sprays and inhalers more closely mimic the delivery and intensity of nicotine obtained by smoking. Some researchers have suggested, however, that prolonged use of nicotine replacement, especially inhalers, beyond the few months recommended to break the cigarette habit could damage cells lining the blood vessels and lungs. ill post something else i found later (when i find it again)

PYRO500 Moderator Posts: 1465 From: somewhere in florida Registered: SEP 2000 posted 05-20-2001 08:39 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------it will take alot to kill someone, esp if it is homemade, once I tried to make one and I let it sit for 3 days, boiled it down and dramk like 20 drops of the nasty stuff, guess what, it didn't kill me just made me sick (suicide attempt)

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter c0deblue Frequent Poster Posts: 229 From: Registered: JAN 2001 posted 05-20-2001 11:42 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------A insecticide called "Black Leaf 40" used to be common in garden stores. This product contained 40% nicotine, hence the name. Haven't checked recently, but it might still be available.

frostfire Frequent Poster Posts: 266 From: Registered: SEP 2000 posted 05-21-2001 12:06 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------thanks for the info c0deblue: you mean nicotine sulfate??? honestly, this is all about suicidal attempt too....trying to mix nicotine, nicotine sulfate, ricin, and some arsenic (from lab) hopefully...sigh

Dracul Frequent Poster Posts: 73 From: Melbourne, Australia Registered: SEP 2000 posted 05-22-2001 06:27 AM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------I wouldn't use ricin in it, using that does not give you a painless death and takes days to kill you. -----------------"By the power of Grayskull, I HAVE THE POWER!" He-man Check this out www.stileproject.com

Arthis Frequent Poster Posts: 203 From: Registered: OCT 2000 posted 05-22-2001 11:20 AM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Nicotine, as all alkaloïds, is a toxic compound that can be lethal with small doses (here less than 120 mg). Heroin and cocain are alkaloïds too, and are lethal. To have efficient poison you need to have them pure. Nicotine isn't the easiest poison to make in high quantities, nor have a low price. Some plants as datura, or others which I don't know the Ebglish name, are full of alkaloïds. Just on lycaeum to find the way of extracting alkaloïds. Much more efficient... And those plants are very easy to find. Give you some names later (I much search first).

c0deblue Frequent Poster Posts: 229 From: Registered: JAN 2001 posted 05-22-2001 01:21 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------frostfire - You've got mail.

EP Frequent Poster Posts: 108 From: USA Registered: APR 2001 posted 05-23-2001 02:25 AM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------In some anti-smoking talk the person said that if you took all the nicotine in a pack of ciggarettes at once it would kill you but the human body is able to get rid of it quickly so that does not happen.

Cricket Frequent Poster Posts: 160 From: USA Registered: OCT 2000 posted 06-01-2001 02:09 AM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------I smoke. Only <2 cigarets a day unless I'm at a party or chain smoking friends are close. I don't even have an urge to smoke for several days at a time sometimes, then I just kind of miss it and have a smoke. If I only smoke every other day or once a day, it gets me pretty high. It only lasts for 30 seconds-2 minutes, but it works! Last night I smoked 20+ cigarette and got pretty sick (stomach hurt bad and it made me have to shit). I also wonder why no one OD's on tobacco products. I guess your body gets rid of it really fast.

yt2095

June 18th, 2003, 04:59 PM

personaly i wouldn`t assume that because nicotine containing leaves are readily available that it would make a good poison (although it is is many respects) for elliminating ones self :)) during a dream i had envisioned many different sorts of poison that don`t even involve the TAX man on his pack of 20 cigs! tho i`m sure you`ve had the same dream too as the knowledge tho p`haps not widely known, is freely available. i saw ground up glass, and rubarb leaves, and fox glove flowers for thier lovely heart stimulating digitalis... ok i`ll stop there. re: arsenic, the best way is to give the dose in tiny amounts daily gradualy upping it till it`s a well lethal dose that would kill an elephant ( yes the human body can take many many times a single lethal dose of arsenic if initiated slowly) then suddenly stop administering it... the withdrawl will kill in days !!! did i mention the nut inside a peach pip?

Psymage

September 1st, 2003, 09:31 AM

hi, I'm not really sure that nicotine is poiseness but there is one group of plant that I'm almost sure that they are really poisennes, and these are the nightshades (Datura,

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Belladonna,...) these plants are somethimes used as halluninogenics but not mutch because they are really dangerous (amnesia, becoming insane, dead). So if you want a good poison, maby you can extract the dangerous alkaloids (Atropine) from this plants here are some links I've searched: nightshade vault (erowid) (http://www.erowid.org/herbs/nightshade/nightshade.shtml) datura info (http://www.b-and-t-world-seeds.com/Datura.htm) datura (drugscope) (http://www.drugscope.org.uk/druginfo/drugsearch/ds_results.asp?file=%5Cwip%5C11%5C1%5C1%5Cdatura.h tm) nicotine extraction (http://www.people.vcu.edu/~asneden/Nicotine%20experiment.pdf) antropine info (http://www.intox.org/databank/documents/antidote/antidote/atropine.htm) alkaloid extraction method (http://www.rhodium.ws/chemistry/alkastract.html) (If you've seen TripleX , there is also Datura used as poison (the green darts that are called datura darts)

zeocrash

September 1st, 2003, 10:53 AM

trust me, nicotine is deadly poisonous. the main use for attropine, as i'm sure most of you already know is as a nerve gas antidote, as for hallucinogenics, psilicin and psilocybin (magic mushrooms) are much better halucinogens and much less dangerous

bobo

September 2nd, 2003, 05:27 PM

I think eating a cigarette is much much more lethal than smoking one. Can't come up with a harsh cold fact, but I know parents panic when a child eats a cigarette (health forums). Doesn't a large amount of the nicotine burn or degrade? Or is a much larger fraction of nicotine absorbed by the digestive tract than the lungs? (A lot of nicotine is exhaled by smoker anyway)

zeocrash

September 2nd, 2003, 05:57 PM

as far as i know cigarettes contain very small amounts of nicotine. i know various cookbooks claim that 3 cigarettes in a tea will kill someone, but i've never seen any proof of this. besides cigarettes are at most 20% tobbaco, the rest is some sort of filler.

vulture

September 2nd, 2003, 06:19 PM

If you want a good plant alkaloide poison go for taxus leaves. It's easy to find and cultivate, won't raise any suspicion and is highly toxic. In fact, the school I used to attend had a large taxus hedge in front of it. It's a miracle no kid got poisoned by swallowing the leaves.

zaibatsu

September 2nd, 2003, 07:58 PM

Full strength cigarettes contain about 0.8-1mg of nicotine.

Mr Cool

September 3rd, 2003, 05:37 PM

bobo - "I know parents panic when a child eats a cigarette" - Would they not panic if their young child was smoking a cigarette? Thus, it does not mean that eating is worse than smoking in terms of acute toxicity. Ingestion will give a more complete absorbtion of the nicotine, but over a much longer timescale, so effects may not be as bad as inhalation of a small dose. It depends on how quickly nicotine is metabolised. You could be right, it may be much worse to eat tobacco, I'm just saying that parents panicking because their kid eats a ciggy doesn't prove it. 20% tobacco, are you sure about that zeo? I was shocked when I saw that some rolling baccy said it was only 80%.

Flake2m

September 4th, 2003, 05:09 AM

Nicotine is among the deadliest of alkaloids, It is more deadly then heroine and cocaine. Wouldn't the best way to use nicotine as a poison be just to put several patches on them? Nicotine patches often contain 7-12mg of nicotine so if several were put on someone then there is a good chance they will take in a lethal dose of the stuff. If anyone is this forum watches CSI: Miami; there was an episode where a girls used nicotine to kill someone, she put nicotine insecticide in a condom then fucked the guy that died, the condom protected her from the nicotine poisoning, but the guy received a lethal dose of nicotine and died within minutes of screwing her. :cool:

vulture

September 4th, 2003, 11:48 AM

"Spasms? Which spasms officer? Never heard of an orgasm?" :D

nbk2000

September 5th, 2003, 12:23 AM

It may make for good drama, the tainted condom, but it'd make for poor reality. Latex is permeable to nicotine sulphate (Blackleaf-40 pesticide), so the bitch would die too. :) Now, if it was one of those new plastic condoms (polyurethane), then that might be something, but since nicotine sulphate is absorbable through the skin, why bother fucking dude when you can just spray it on his shorts and let it soak in through his 'nad sack? ;) Tainting a large bandage might be a trick to use. The really large band-aids and sterile pads are usually only used on bleeding wounds and abraded skin, which means an easy pathway into the blood. :) Also, since you would have no idea when the target would get zapped, you'd easily have an alibi since there'd be no way to tell either when the pads were tampered, nor who did it, and that's that. As for nictotine patches, how do you expect to get them on the victim in large enough numbers, and for a long enough time, without them noticing? :p

vulture

September 5th, 2003, 04:35 AM

As for nictotine patches, how do you expect to get them on the victim in large enough numbers, and for a long enough time, without them noticing? a) Tell the victim it makes you horney b) sell it to them as undetectable, through the skin XTC c)...... :D

cypher13

September 13th, 2003, 12:24 AM

Nicotine and its salts are very deadly poison - more deadly than cyanide on a weight-for weight basis. It is not at all difficult to find LD-50s for the various nicotine salts and I'll leave that to you as I don't recall them anyway. If you are interested, nicotine is soluble in virtually all proportions in water, and that is the best route to its extraction. Get good Virginia pipe tobacco, as it has the highest concentration of the alkaloid. Specifically ask the tobacconist for this. A shag cut is best, unless you feel like working it over with a razor blade yourself (and if you choose to do this, do it wearing latex gloves). A half a pound of this stuff will give you enough nicotine to kill several people, if that is your goal. If it isn't shag cut, chop it up as finely as you can, put it in a glass pie plate, cover it with distilled water and leave it for a few days. If you have a stirrer, that is great and the process can be quick: a couple hours of vigorous stirring in a beaker will do nicely. In either case, you get opaque brown water and tobacco residue. Filter it thoroughly. Squeeze the tobacco residue to get the last bits of liquid from it and then discard it - don't let it contact your skin. Let the filtrate evaporate. Do not let anything fall into it, if you're evaporating it in open air. If you have a vacuum evaporator, so much the better, or you can bake it in an oven, as you see fit. The resulting brown, gunky, malodorous residue is pretty close to pure nicotine. It's fine as it is. If you want it as a salt, nicotine sulfate is the best choice, but you can buy that

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as insecticide, albeit generally in solution, in any well-stocked hardware store or garden supply shop. I am sure you can figure out how to make it into a salt. The thing is that nicotine has its limitations as a poison for assassination. Nicotine smells and, like all the alkaloids, has a bitter, bitter taste. Smokers have increased tolerance to its actions and I am guessing here, but I would imagine a seasoned smoker could ingest six or seven times a potentially lethal dose. Should you administer it to a nonsmoker and there is a postmortem, it is almost a certainty that the stomach will be dissected for examination of the contents and the contents will, also most certainly, have the characteristic nicotine odor. Any medical examiner who misses it is surely an incompetent and one should never count on incompetence in the M.E.'s office. All of a sudden, it's a poisoning and that leads to problems you neither need nor want. So, I tend to think it has its limitations as a weapon of assassination, but if you are interested inmaking some really miserable for twelve to twenty-four hours, nicotine is great stuff. Find your LD-50 and give them, say, twenty percent of that. Now - I had acute nicotine poisoning during Christmas 1988. I hadn't smoked for a while, then, on that day, I smoked two Te Amo Churchills. All through that evening and into the next day, I was vomiting and generally very, very miserable - I'll spare you the gory details. The liver, at least if it's healthy, will eventually handle sublethal doss of nicotine . The story Gordon Liddy told in Will about treating cigarettes with nicotine and obtaining lethal results is doubtless bunk - there wasn't enough to kill a smoker that way. How ironic! Circumstances under which smoking could save your life. A

nbk2000

September 13th, 2003, 02:24 AM

Nicotine is also destroyed by hydrolysis in contact with water, so your destroying it as you're extracting it. A brown sludge is hardly "pure". Try using an acidified water/ether extraction/base neutrilization instead. You'll get pure nicotine then. The insecticide you're referring to is called "Blackleaf 40" and is now no longer available OTC, or even commercially (I believe). So there goes the easy route. :p

teshilo

May 2nd, 2004, 06:48 AM

Yes NBK . Water hydrolyses nicotine .In laboratory method extraction used water with CaO. In industrial scale preparation- water with sulfuric acid .After, solution distill with steam and extracted nicotine with help various solvents ether ,trichloroethylene etc or translate his in nicotine sulfate.

Bigfoot

May 5th, 2004, 05:38 PM

TO concur about nicotine toxicity and tolerance... Some years back I read an article dealing with tobacco harvesters--the people who go into the tobacco fields and cut and stack the leaves. Non-smokers tend to show toxicity very quickly, often on the first day, while smokers/chewers can go all day without lighting/dipping, go a week or more with no sign of toxicity. I just wish I'd saved the article, or could remember where I read it. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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June 21st, 2003, 01:07 PM

sim ply RED Freq uent Poster Posts: 242 From : HELL Registered: OC T 2000 posted 06-18-2001 04:24 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Now I m r e a d i n g R a c h e l C a r s o n s Silent Spring . T h e b o o k i s v e r y g o o d f o r m e n o t o n l y b e c a u s e i t s h o w s t h e d a n g e r s t h a t t h e chemicals could do to t h e n a t u r e b u t b e c a u s e t h e r e a r e e x c e l e n t e x a m ples of chemical we apons that you could buy at the grocery shop, there are great exam ple s o f p e o p l e a n d a n i m als killed by these chem icals. My question is do you know the c h e m i c a l f o r m u l a s o f t h e s e c h e m ical insecticide s and pesticides: endrine, dieldrine, chlordane, paratione, m elatione . It will b e good to post the whole chem ical structure. I searched in yahoo and only found toxic doses(LD-50, LD-100) and a chemical n a m e t h a t I d o n t u n d e r s t a n d a t all. This should be at che mical weapons but I think the topic for pesticides, herbicides, acaricides and so on is really big !

cutefix Freq uent Poster Posts: 330 From : california Registered: MAY 2001 posted 06-18-2001 09:52 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Hello Sim ply Red, Pesticides and nerve gases are chemically related.This and parathion).They are nerve poison.The others like endrin and dieldrin p o i s o n . P a r a t h i o n i s a m ong the most toxic of th e pesticides and its use is T h e s e p e s t i c i d e s h a v e b e e n u s e d a s m urder weapon an d suicide agent in sim ple chemical formulas of these pesticides visit this: http://www.hclrss.dem o n . c o . u k /

is particular to the organophosphates(like malathion are organochlorine and act like a stom ach carefully regulated. third world countries.If you want to learn about

[This message has been edited by cutefix (edited June 18, 2001).]

sim ply RED Freq uent Poster Posts: 242 From : HELL Registered: OC T 2000 posted 07-04-2001 05:59 AM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------I know this is not pesticide but it is interesting and actually such substances are the new g eneration of pesticides. It is a text I found in the net about the ricine and other poisonous plants. Th anks to NBK2000(his pdf) i recieved m y first knowle d g e o n t h a t subject. http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/toxicagents/ricin/ricin.htm l and http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/ Sim ply

cutefix Freq uent Poster Posts: 330 From : california Registered: MAY 2001 posted 07-05-2001 03:44 AM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------I read about ricin several years ago being used by Bulgarian operatives, to assassinate traitors of their country during the C o l d W a r . T h e m a k e a t i n y b e a d o f t h e e n c a p s u l a t e d p o ison,ejected by the tip of the umbrella as these agents pretend to accidentally hit their intended victim .O h, the poison was alm ost undetectable,and it take the Scotland Yard a lot of time to discover the poison f rom the victim s b l o o d s t r e a m .A lot of t h e v i c t i m s h a v e d i e d f r o m this poison b efore it was discovered.

sim ply RED Freq uent Poster Posts: 242 From : HELL Registered: OC T 2000 posted 07-05-2001 05:36 AM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------T h e m o s t f a m ous victim of ricine is a writer who worked in BBC and talked against the governm ent of Bulga ria. (don 't r e m e m ber his nam e) Do you know the form ula and the toxic dose of the 'nivaline' tha t is extracted from the 'snowdrop'? (....m y hands shook while typing this.... )

PYRO 500 Moderator Posts: 1513 From : s o m ewhere in florida Registered: SEP 2000 posted 07-05-2001 03:36 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------W ell, this m ay not be a natural polluta nt by any means, but I alway's wpndered what would happen If I made a large m issle

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and filled it with atom ized Plutonium o r U r a n i u m , a n d d e t o n a t e d it over some shithole like Iraq, wouldn't it be possible to get m any m ore casualties with a device like this than with an actual nuclear bomb? I m ean 1 tiny speck of PU is toxic enough to kill m a n y p e o p l e w h e n i n h a l e d .

Anthony Moderator Posts: 2383 From : England Registered: SEP 2000 posted 07-05-2001 06:25 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------NASA already tried that

PYRO 500 Moderator Posts: 1513 From : s o m ewhere in florida Registered: SEP 2000 posted 07-05-2001 07:40 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------not on pupose!

cutefix Freq uent Poster Posts: 330 From : california Registered: MAY 2001 posted 07-05-2001 09:04 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------I think that is one of the perils of ditributed radioactive products,from a dirty nuclear bom b o r e v e n a n a c c i d e n t a l e x p l o s i o n o f the conventional explosive detonators in the nuclear m issiles,wh ich will disperse nuclear m atter over a wide area.I think that is one of the reason why the governm ent scientists have the developed the IHE(insensitive high explosive) like TATB (Triaminotrin itrobenzene) to im prove safety of accidental detonation of the explosive boosters of the nuclear warheads from e n e m y projectile that will hit on the warhead(by intention or accident).Plutonium is known to be the m ost to xic substance,so the dispersio n of a weapons g rade plutonium i n d u s t f o r m s i s d i s a s t r o u s a s a n u c l e a r e x p l o s i o n . Even the use o f d e p l e t e d u r a n i u m from the attack aircraft cannons have lasting effect on the inhabitants in Iraq and Yoguslavia. There was a high incidence of cancer.Im a g i n e i f t h o s e d e p l e t e d u r a n i u m were plutonium itself,what a mess it would be!

PYRO 500 Moderator Posts: 1513 From : s o m ewhere in florida Registered: SEP 2000 posted 07-05-2001 09:21 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------I think that would be more an effective weapon than a nuclear weapon itself, just think, if you wage war your land will be covered in ra dioactive dust and everyone will be prom ised a slow and painful death, and m ost of all it could take ou tdam n n e a r a contenent, such as a very la rge coun try if it was intentionally released into the jetstream just think, one b o m b c o u ld elim inate russa slowly. [ T h i s m e s s a g e h a s b e e n e d i t e d b y P Y R O 500 (edited July 05, 20 01).] [ T h i s m e s s a g e h a s b e e n e d i t e d b y P Y R O 500 (edited July 05, 20 01).]

nbk2000 Moderator Posts: 1235 From : S a t a n s a s s h o l e ! Registered: SEP 2000 posted 07-05-2001 10:56 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Plutonium dispersal is not very effective use of the m aterial. An atom bom b vapo rizes its yield in matter. Thus a 50 KT bom b v a p o r i z e s 5 0 t h o u s a n d tons of m atter and converts it into radioactive fallout. Com pare to the 5 or six pounds of radioactive m aterial you'd get from the plutonium. Plus, plutonium stays radioactive for thousands of years, whereas fallout decays within a few weeks to harm less levels. Thus, you can nuke a target, kill everything with fallout, and take over the land safely with a conventional nuke. W ith a radiogenic weapon yo u'd have sterile zones that couldn't be inhabitated within the span of tim e a s l o n g a s h u m an history. Now, if you just had a few gram s of plutonium, dispersal within a building would be much more feasible sibce the occupants would be fucked, and the building would have to be torn down. All from s o m ething you could carry in a fountain pen. -----------------"The knowledge that they fear is a weapon to be used against them " Go here to download the NBK2000 website PDF. Go here to download the NBK2000 videos.

cutefix Freq uent Poster Posts: 330 From : california Registered: MAY 2001 posted 07-06-2001 05:45 AM

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------I agree that the effective use of weapons grade plutonium is to m ake it into a bo mb,so that we can fulfill the rule of the effective use of m atter and energy;especially if we can turn it into a primary for a therm onuclear device.However for small quantities of nuclear m aterial it is better to disperse it as radioactive dust.

Mr C ool Freq uent Poster Posts: 1013 From : None of your bloody business! Registered: DEC 2000 posted 07-06-2001 03:35 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------B u t y o u c o u l d u s e i t a s a p o i s o n a g a i n s t o n e p e r s o n . A 5 0 u g s p e c k o f P u i n a h y p oderm ic will kill a m an (slowly), bu t I doubt it'd be detectable since it's not very radioactive. It's not the radiation that makes Pu spills dangerous, it's its extrem e toxicity. A 5 0 k T b o m b is equivalent to 50kT of TNT, but is it also true that it will vapourise this m uch m atter? Saying that fallout will decay to harm le ss levels in a few weeks isn't true. Say a bom b h a s 4 k g o f P u, which decays so that quarter of its m ass is turned into C o-60 (we will ignore other products). T his will be about 11100 Gigabecqurels of radiation. That's a lot. Spread out in a radius of say 10 m iles, that will m ake a radiation level of roughly 1.25 kBq per square foot, just from that portion of the fallout, and it'll take 57 years (IIRC) to decay to half of that level. There will also be Strontiums, C a e s i u m s e t c . A s m o k e d e t e c t o r c o n t a i n s 3 7 k B q , b u t t h a t ' s s h i e l d e d a n d y o u ' r e n ot living in it and breathin g it in 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 52 weeks a year. So I would say that fallout radiation will still be a problem, unless I've missed som ething v i t a l . R e m e m ber that ONE particle of ionising radiation could theoretically give you cancer, and at that level of radiation each square foot of your body would be hit by 108000000 particles each day. I don't like your chances of surviving in that! Of course, it's totally possible that all those calculations are fuck e d u p . That's just m y two pence on the subject.

PYRO 500 Moderator Posts: 1513 From : s o m ewhere in florida Registered: SEP 2000 posted 07-06-2001 04:18 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------if yo u are talking abo ut harm ful radiation to hu mans, I hear it is best to use gray's, and as nbk said fallout would last only a few weeks, this pertains to a blast on the ground or underground where the radioactive m aterial isn't far fro m t h e g r o u n d a n d i t comes down relitively quickly, byt with m ost nukes they are at a high altitude and are airbursted and rain the particles slowly, I r e a d a b o u t c o b a l t 6 0 o n l y b e i n g u s e d i n n e u t r o n b o m bs (as far as I know the us dosen't have any) in that the cobalt casing of t h e b o m b is turned radioactive and has a relitvely short half life (so I hear) but what m a n y p e o p l e d o n t u n d e r s t a n d i s t h a t a half life is how long it takes for half the particle s to becom e i n e r t , f o r e x a m p l e s o m ething that had a halflife of 5 ye ars would be reduced in half, leaving 1/2 then again in 5 years leaving 1/4 then again leaving 1/8 then again leaving 1/16 then again to 1/32 and so on, that is alread y 25 yea rs and if you had 1000 pounds to start with you would have som e t h i n g l i k e 3 1 . 2 p o u n d s left, of corse with som ething like plutonium it would probabbly take longer than this planet's life fo r it to com pletely d e c o m p o s e t h e y s a y p l u t o n i u m 's half life is m ore than 20000 years so for 1000 pounds... 500, ,250 ,125, 62.5, 31.25, 15.6 s o it is already 140000 years before it gets to 15.6 pounds (witch is still spread around) and that is MU CH longer than recorded h u m an history.

Mr C ool Freq uent Poster Posts: 1013 From : None of your bloody business! Registered: DEC 2000 posted 07-06-2001 05:18 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------C o b a l t - 6 0 i s n ' t u s e d i n t h e b o m bs, it is one possible fission product, alth ough now I think about it I think caesium-137 (T-1/2 = 38 yrs?) and strontium-47 (T-1/2 = can't rem e m b e r , p r o b a b l y a b o u t t h e s a m e) are m ore comm on. I think those R AMs are correct, it's been a while since I read anything about this subject. It would have stopped falling out after a few weeks, but it would still be on the ground, nice and radioactive , for m a n y y e a r s . But there are radionucleides p roduced with very short half-lives (minutes etc), which would be practically gone in a few weeks. Since these have short T-1/2's, they are intensly radioactive for a short amount o f time.

cutefix Freq uent Poster Posts: 330 From : california Registered: MAY 2001 posted 07-07-2001 12:35 AM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------It was good that these terrible weapons were not used in combat with the exception of the H i r o s h i m a a n d N a g a s a k i incident(which were prim itive but still deadly as well).The greatest fear of any government after the cold war is not this big weapons propelled by m issiles or dropped by aircraft;rather it is this m a n p o r t a b l e n u k e s h a v i n g n u c l e a r y i e l d o f s u b k i l o t o n t o a few kiloton capability.It is m ore a danger to urban location if a determ ined terrorist can have the capability to build and detonate such weapon in cities.I hear that there are criminal syn dicates who have the m eans,are trying to procure weapons grade nuclea r materials,and h ire those jobless East Bloc scientist to make a weap on for th em.That will be a nightm are if it ever happen!

nbk2000 Moderator Posts: 1235 From : S a t a n s a s s h o l e ! Registered: SEP 2000 posted 07-07-2001 10:31 AM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Here's some fact's about nukes and fallout. http://www.geocities.com/HotSprings/Falls/1984/ http://m e m b e r s . t r i p o d . c o m / s p y l o p e d i a / i n d - n u k e s . h t m

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As for the crim e syndicates, m ore power to them . If the colum bians had a tactical nuke, m a y b e t h e g o v e r n m ent would give up the absurd "W ar on Drugs" be cause they (the Politicians) don't want to get nuked for leaning too hard on the cartels. -----------------"The knowledge that they fear is a weapon to be used against them " Go here to download the NBK2000 website PDF. Go here to download the NBK2000 videos.

Mr C ool Freq uent Poster Posts: 1013 From : None of your bloody business! Registered: DEC 2000 posted 07-07-2001 11:33 AM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------The first of those two does say that the likely radiation levels are only acceptable in wartim e conditions. safe . If th e only fission pro ducts were things like Iodine-131, with short half lives, then it would soon be safe, b e i s o t o p e s t h a t d e c a y f a s t e n o u g h t o b e d a n g e r o u s , b u t s l o w e n o u g h t o be long-lasting. And alpha particles with suitable energies can make oth er substances radioactive. Som e e lem ents need high , to transm ute, but if it falls within a certain range then it can be don e. I suppose it is possible that alph a particles can do it though, only accelerated ones in labs etc.

vulture

In other words, it's not but there will always low energie s, som e no naturally produced

S e p t e m b e r 1 6th, 2003, 12:32 PM

FYI, DDT has fallen back into grace. My chemistry encyclopedia says there is absolutely no e vidence that DDT causes any longterm effects, nor that it can cause cancer or DNA damage. T h e l a t e s t r e s e a r c h s e e m s to indicate that DDT is not as persistent as the book m a k e s y o u b e l i e v e . I t s e e m s t o b e b r o k e n down in HCl and other lower m olecular weight building blocks which are pretty harm l e s s t h e m selves. Furthermore, the m oratorium o n D D T h a s c o s t e d m illions of lives until today, because it's very effective at killing m a l a r i a m usquitos. Once DDT was forbidden, the death toll of m alaria shot up enorm ously. Another case of eco-extrem ists doing m o r e b a d t h a n g o o d . vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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June 21st, 2003, 01:16 PM

cutefix Freq uent Poster Posts: 330 From : california Registered: MAY 2001 posted 07-09-2001 11:09 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------The latest issue is that Pentagon is interested in Stench W a r f a r e a n d i s d e v e l o p i n g s t i n k b o m b s . T h i s l o o k s l i k e l y , b e a n addition to their arsenal of non-lethal weapons.This was reported in abc.news.com . It looks like anarchy crap,but the gove rnm ent is serious about it, maybe to effect better m ob control.Majority of humanity are turned off by foul odors.Psychologists think the re is a close link between nasty sm ell and fear and they are helping in developing this weapon. Guys, do you think th is is worthy for im provisation also? [This message has been edited by cutefix (edited July 09, 2001).]

Mr C ool Freq uent Poster Posts: 1013 From : None of your bloody business! Registered: DEC 2000 posted 07-10-2001 11:54 AM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Yes, that is entirely true. Things like m ethyl butyl merceptan (sp?) I think. If you were the target of one of these "weapons" (seem s like a silly term to use for a stink bomb!), then you'd sm ell this foul sten ch and start to fe el really sick, and your im mediate reaction would no doubt be "Shit, poison gas" and you'd run away. It could be used to flush people out of buildings and other similar things. Not sure on this, but I think it's true: reacting sulphur dichloride with alkanes will produce HCl and sim ilar VERY SMELLY compounds.

Rhadon Freq uent Poster Posts: 95 From : Germ a n y Registered: OC T 2000 posted 07-13-2001 07:20 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------T h e s i m plest stink bomb of course is H2S, but C 2H5SH (ethanethiol) is much more powerful. You can sm ell it in concentrations of 1 part per billion (!). I think the easiest way to synthesize it is bubbling H2S through ethanol with alum inum oxide as a catalyst. Other m e t h o d s u s e calcium h y d r o g e n s u l f i d e ( p r e p a r e d b y b u b b l i n g H 2 S t h r o u g h C a ( O H ) 2 ) a n d e t h a n o l .

cutefix Freq uent Poster Posts: 330 From : california Registered: MAY 2001 posted 07-14-2001 12:49 AM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------I think the principle o f stink aroma for offensive purposes is the opposite of the desirable scents of the perfum e s . T h e r e a r e chemicals that if used in dilute concentrations are fragrant and desirable but become offensive in higher concentrations.Take f o r e x a m p l e i n d o l e C 8H7N.(benzopyrrole) Perfum ery apply it at highly diluted concentrations and sm ell a floral arom a;but at high er level it smells like crap(fecal od or). This stink we apon if it happen s to be fabricated will need and effective m e a n s o f d i s p e r s a l a n d i t s h o u l d b e tenacious that it sticks to clothing and skin,and also be difficult to rem ove.The selection of the right chem ical to fit the purpose will b e s o m ewhat ch allenging:It shou ld be grossly offensive bu t not tox ic,Mercaptans and other thiol containing m a t e r i a l s a r e p o s s i b l e candidate so are am ines,aldehydes,etc. .Pranksters often use d dead rats to scare their victims which has an offensive odor to the m ajority. The putrefactive odor of cadaver contains putrescineC 4H12N2(tetram ethylenedia m i n e ) , c a d a v e r i n e C 5 H 1 4 N 2 ( 1 , 5 - p e n t a n e d i a m ine) as well as skatoleC9H9N(Methylindole),indole,various sulfides etc.Therefore an effective stink chem ical is a com posite of vario u s o d o r o u s substances that have a synergistic effect for be tter efficiency.Rotten cadaver smell is a possible starting point for these idea s.Most of these stink chem icals are organic in origin therefore m ostly nonpolar and will be easily dispersed or adsorbed in o l e a ginous solvents,so that when dispersed it will have tenacity to stick to surface s it com es in contact with.

Mick Freq uent Poster Posts: 240 From : Registered: OC T 2000 posted 07-14-2001 01:40 AM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------v o m it. that is the fo ulest sm elling thing i can think of... whenever i sm ell vom it, i vomit. intersting thought...fill water b allons with vom it, and the n throw them at people =D

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter cutefix Freq uent Poster Posts: 330 From : california Registered: MAY 2001 posted 07-14-2001 03:37 AM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------V o m it is a dirty as a weapon and has varying com p o s i t i o n a n d s m ell,but we need an em etic or we have to take m ild p o i s o n i n order to produce it ourselves,It is discomforting to m ake it ourself and difficult to make in large quantities. The stickiness of the vom it is good idea for carrier of of stench chemicals but a polym er with good rheological characteristic would look m ore decent;say som e kind of rubb er like m aterial that sticks like napalm but of lower viscosity.

BoBFreq uent Poster Posts: 706 From : Registered: SEP 2000 posted 07-14-2001 03:40 AM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------At Ace hardware store s across america there is a toilet cleaner that's m ain ingredient is pa raform a l d a h y d e , a d d a t e a s p o o n t o 2 cups of water, this is basically form aldahyde, its stench is strong, and it irritates the skin. I dont have any safety information about this, so you should read the warnings on the side of the jug. The aerosol whipped cream's available at the g rocery store make great stink bom bs, buy one that uses real cream (No reduced fat or fat-free stuff) and let it sit out in a warm place for a few weeks. After the cream has turned rancid you basically h a v e a n a e r o s o l s t i n k b o m b. you can attach a hose to the top and spray the cream under doors while peop le are away or spray it into bags and breifcases.

DarkAngel Freq uent Poster Posts: 610 From : ? Registered: SEP 2000 posted 07-14-2001 05:19 AM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------A few weeks ago i had nothing to do and i whas thinking about that rotten egs have a b a d s m ell,So i putted a few egs inside a plastic bag and let it sit for a few weeks. After 1/2 weeks it whas ready and when i sm e l l e d t h e b a g f o r o n l y a h a l f a s e c o n d i im m ediatly got a pu k e r e f l e x (There where alot of m aggot's on the bag but that had not anything to do with the puke reflex) if i smelled it longer than a second i certainly had to puke,so bad whas the smell it's not bad but terrible. If someone get's this stuff on his face he probably can't do anything against you, s o d isgusting is this stuff. I whas thinking about this stuff m ixed with som ething to make it less thicker like water,acetone,and than p oured in a spray bottle. Or a r o u n d s o m e k i n d o f p r e s s u r e e x p l o d i n g d e v i c e a n d c r e a t e s o m e k i n d o f f o g . BTW Mick do you like sushi? http://130.89.233.11/~superzooi/movies/xxx/page2/m ovies/09.zip -----------------ÐarkAngel For explosives and stuff go to Section1 http://www.section1.f2s.com And http://run.to/section1 s e n d t o s e c t i o n 1 @ h o t m ail.com [This message has been edited by DarkAngel (edited July 14, 2001).]

cutefix Freq uent Poster Posts: 330 From : california Registered: MAY 2001 posted 07-15-2001 12:48 AM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------There had been a lot of instances that,rotting substances were pelted at politicians such as rotten eggs.It was a dirty way to show the individual or groups disgust.That s t h e s a f e s t w a y o f d ispersing hydrogen s ulfide with a sticky carrier.Spraying s poiled m aterial aga inst a property is a form o f v a n d a lism and I think its not what t h e g o v e r n m e n t h a v e i n m ind.Yet, that s a l s o a nice idea of dispersal for stink m ateria l.Those dirty things mentioned are the easiest im provisation that can be crea ted by anybody. There is variable threshold of tolerance for every person regarding foul or offensive odors,and even our olfactory organs get used to it, by continuos exposure;(unless it cause nausea)or the intended victim may start to igno re it.. T h a t s wh e r e t h e psychologis t skill com e t o p l a y , h e o r s h e h a d t o determ ine the m o s t e f f e c t i v e c h e m i c a l f r o m behavioral stud ies ,aide d with the chemist recom m e n d a t i o n from h is m aterial knowledge.Then the physiologist will evaluate the toxic effects of that particular substance selected..Then finally the military will conduct field trials to check the efficiency. I would add, that the com ponent for such a weapon sho uld be m a d e b y c o m b i n i n g c h e m i c a l c o n s t i t u e n t s o f o d o r o u s a n d o f f e n s i v e m aterials in a mann er sim ila r to how the perfum e m aker,conco cts his desirable scents,but for offensive re ason..It is Disp ersed in a suitable sticky carrier and filled up with effective propellant gas or explosive ,in order to scatter it effectively a g a i n s t t h e i n t e n d e d h u m a n t a r g e t . I t c a n b e l i k e t h e s t u n g r e n a de whose purpose is to create tem porary incapacitation not by

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blinding flash but repulsive stench that will sent the victim running not for cover but for open space s or places where he can try remove that vile material that causes the odor.

Anthony Moderator Posts: 2383 From : England Registered: SEP 2000 posted 07-15-2001 08:46 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------I read about this and it is not intended effect is not to produce an offensive sm ell. The effect they are after is that certain s m e lls trigge r primitive responses in the subconscious brain. An example of this is that so me protestors ha ve taken lion shit to protests where they k new they'd be m ounted cops (). W hen they lobbed the lion shit at th e horses, a certain part of the sm ell triggers a response in the horse's brain telling it that it's about to be eaten by a predator. The effect is that the horse goes nuts and throws its rider. Of course the horse doesn't know that what lion shit sm ells like and doesn't know that a lion is a predator it's just a specific part of smell that the horse's brain learned millions of years ago usually means there's a predator a b o u t a n d t h e horse should get out of there ASAP. H u m a n s h a v e t h e s a m e response to a specific sm ell but the hard part was finding one that had the same effect on all races of p e o p l e . I t h i n k t h e y f o u n d a c o m bination of two sm ells that worked and are going to use this. Suddenly seeing several thousands protestors panick and run in random directions should be funny I dare say a few people will get tram pled to death

cutefix Freq uent Poster Posts: 330 From : california Registered: MAY 2001 posted 07-15-2001 09:46 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------In weapon application regardless if its lethal or nonlethal, pandemonium that results from it are no different from soccer ma tch that creates polarities from rival fans,which create so m u c h h e a t e d t e m pers that results to chaos and casua lties..I think this should be one factor that be included in behavioral study of the weapons effect.Crowds ha ve such hightened sensibilities that the loss the ability to resolve any event by reasonable m e a n s . Anim a l s b e h a v e u s u a lly by instinct,and the effect on rampaging anim al driven by an offen sive agent against a human crowd is equally disastrous.. It is indeed sim ultaneously funny and alarming how a crowd beh ave in the event of even a trivial incident that its not a direct threat to their lives;just like an anim al,they ran pell mell to any direction tram pling fellow hum ans as well. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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June 21st, 2003, 01:17 PM

DarkAngel Frequent Poster Posts: 610 From: ? Registered: SEP 2000 posted 07-14-2001 05:41 AM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------I heard sometime ago about a chemical that can be added to a smoke bomb,and when the smoke bomb burns it vaporizes and creates pain in the throat/and eyes when inhaled. Does some one knows which chemicals will do that? And are there more chem's you can add that: creates pain/let you feel sick/stink/etc? This would be great for a large amount of ppl. -----------------ÐarkAngel For explosives and stuff go to Section1 http://www.section1.f2s.com And http://run.to/section1 [email protected]

mongo blongo Frequent Poster Posts: 175 From: I live in a Creosote Bush! Registered: JUN 2001 posted 07-16-2001 03:55 PM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Im not sure this is what u r after(it's a bit drastic) but i remember reading about exotic thermite mixes. It is possible to add some kind of fluoride chemical (cant remember which one). When it is decomposed form heat it gives off fluorine gas! I guess u know what that stuff can do! It might work in smoke bombs. Chlorine gas would be good You could try and make tear gas. I have seen a few methods somewhere on the net.

a_bab

June 21st, 2003, 02:13 PM

Well mongo blongo, there is no way of getting fluorine gas by the means of the temperature ! The product could be HF though.

Tuatara

June 21st, 2003, 09:07 PM

A mate and I were making fireballs with the Freeze Spray in the lab at work once. The fumes were Nasty. When I read the label and found we'd been igniting hydrofluorocarbons, I realised why :D

yt2095

June 22nd, 2003, 07:20 AM

Chilli oil is a rather nasty but non-lethal compound that can be made to vaporise in smoke devices, you dont even need the smoke part unless that`s your aim as well. but any slow burning relatively low temp device will work well for vaporising the Capsiacin in the chilli oil. goto an indian or paki shop and buy a big bag of dried and crushed birdseye or scots bonnet chilli flakes. put it in a sauce pan and cover with peanut (ground nut) oil, bring it to the simmer, the oil will go a bright orange/red color. wear gloves and goggles! and do not get it so hot that it smokes!!! else it`ll be YOU in pain. leave it to cool naturaly or even sit over night, stir occasionaly. then pass it through a tea strainer. then a filter and store it as needed. to use, make a slow burning mix in a thin walled cardboard tube, soak some tissue in the oil and wrap it around the tube, keep it in a plastic bag and use within an hour or 2. or longer if you attach your fuse at the site you plan on setting it. don`t get any on you! or rub your eyes or go for a piss if you`ve got some on your hands! that stuff burns like a mutha! don`t say i didn`t warn you :) all the best, Stay safe :)

Tuatara

June 22nd, 2003, 06:42 PM

Ahh, yes! I recall a restaurant my wife and I went to once. Someone had overheated the chillies in the kitchen and the fumes had all the patrons gasping and choking. We cancelled our booking and went elsewhere. So if its that bad done by accident, imagine what you could do intentionally! Nice idea yt2095

Cricket

June 25th, 2003, 05:14 AM

I don't know if this is a good enough idea to post, but I will find out I suppose. What if someone was to make the good old KNO3 and sugar in a toilet paper tube device with a (very!?) heat resistant glass test tube placed in the center while hot enough. Then, prior to use, filled the beaker with HCl and put a plug in it. When it is ignited (plugged side up vertically), it will hopefully pop the plug and vaporise the acid and disperse the gas into the air. I know from first hand experience that HCl fumes are quiet irritating to the mucus membranes. I still don't know how I filled my house with the HCl fumes, the lid was on the bottle and I was only working with about 5-15 ml, suggesting that it is quiet potent (or I spilled a lot somewhere and didn't know it, unlikely). "A highly irritating, greenish-yellow gaseous halogen, capable of combining with nearly all other elements, produced principally by electrolysis of sodium chloride and used widely to purify water, as a disinfectant and bleaching agent, and in the manufacture of many important compounds including chloroform and carbon tetrachloride. Atomic number 17; atomic weight 35.453; freezing point -100.98°C; boiling point -34.6°C; specific gravity 1.56 (-33.6°C); valence 1, 3, 5, 7." For versatility, maybe a platform should be mounted to the bottom for stability. And one might get better dispersion if the device was placed in a pipe (what metal is HCl and high temp resistant) so the smoke will help push the HCl vapors up and out. Also, there are probably better chemicals to use than this, but it's what came to mind and it's cheap and easy to get. Here is some quickly gathered info...

HCl "A highly irritating, greenish-yellow gaseous halogen, capable of combining with nearly all other elements, produced principally by electrolysis of sodium chloride and used widely to purify water, as a disinfectant and bleaching agent, and in the manufacture of many important compounds including chloroform and carbon tetrachloride. Atomic number 17; atomic weight 35.453; freezing point -100.98°C; boiling point -34.6°C; specific gravity 1.56 (-33.6°C); valence 1, 3, 5, 7." http://ptcl.chem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/HY/hydrochloric_acid_1M.html

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter And one more thing, STANNIC CHLORIDE, 5-HYDRATE (http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/ST/stannic_chloride,_5-hydrate). "Stannic Chloride reacts with ambient humidity to liberate a white smoke consisting of HCl and tin compounds." If this isn't too hard to get hold of or expensive, one could fill the test tube with water and have Stannic Chloride above it. Supposedly this stuff is more irritating than plain old HCl vapour. More Stannic Chloride info. http://www.sensidyne.com/News/MSDS/5100%20Smoke%20tubes.pdf

yt2095

June 25th, 2003, 06:58 AM

Cricket, chrome silver lead titanium or copper would all hold the HCL for a while. copper or lead would be best for obvious reasons (its cheaper). only problem is tho, if your going to cause a stink, the copper would be left as evidence, and possibly tracable, the lead would be the best i recon, a molten lump of lead would be much more difficult and it`s unlikely they`ll do a radio assay on it to find it`s source :) i personaly prefer no-lethal myself, but i`m sure at a push an excess of sulpher or even in your tube idea would be quite nasty too. Don`t try this at home kids :)

Arthis

June 26th, 2003, 11:27 AM

If one mixes a little excess of AN as oxydizer in the smoke bomb, wouldn't it produce some NOx fumes, which are very nasty (!). Using a chlorate as an oxydizer too would make also bad fumes; but I don't think it would be the best for a efficient smoke bomb. What do you prefer ? More fumes or nastier fumes ?

Thomas[NL]

July 1st, 2003, 03:22 PM

What about adding pool chlorine to the smoke mix? When in lumps and spread around nicely they should decompose and give of Cl2 gas..

Nihilist

July 1st, 2003, 05:54 PM

Thomas, I think the point is that it be non-lethal, and chlorine is quite a deadly gas(although in very small quantities it should have the desired non-lethal pain effect). You could also use sulfur trioxide(anhydrous sulfuric acid) vaporized in the smoke, which should cause quite a bit of pain, however it could also be fatal if too much is inhaled.

Thomas[NL]

July 1st, 2003, 06:45 PM

I don't believe a cubic inch of pool chlorine granules will produce enough CL<sub>2 gas to kill anybody. Remember it's gonna spread over quite a large cloud of smoke (by comparison to the cloud of clorine), and as I remember it a good whiff of chlorine hurts like hell. (And I remember quite vividly :eek: ) Perhaps a good lump of PVC is enough to make people nauseous and desoriented. after all PVC contains chlorine as well.

zeocrash

July 2nd, 2003, 04:39 AM

what about using acrolien in a smoke bomb, either by putting the acrolien into the smoke bomb, or by putting "binary components" in, such as glycerine and sodium bisulphate

yt2095

July 2nd, 2003, 05:40 AM

2 other readily available and nasty compounds would include Hostaform plastic (usualy white and resembles moulded Nylon) it stinks like the devil when heated you`ll soon know youve got the right plastic, touch a hot soldering iron on some and take a sniff, if you run out screeming and in tears, it was Hostaform :) the other is plain old super glue (crazy glue) cyanoacrylate. lightly oil a sheet of glass, and empty several tubes in lines across it, let it dry then peel it off. break it up into small flakes and add that to your smoulder mix. you wouldn`t hang around long enough to get a lethal dose anyway, so it`s kind of in keeping with my non-lethal policy (kinda) :p and no, i don`t know the antidote for either, `cept don`t sniff the stuff in the 1`st place :) Enjoy! :)

xyz

July 13th, 2003, 07:16 AM

Thomas said that PVC could be added. This has made me remember a time several years ago when a fiend and I made a sparkler fountain and used a piece of PVC pipe for a casing. After the fountain had finished, there was a lot of smoke pouring out of the tube (the hot ash scorching the PVC) and the smoke made us cough like mad, even in the fairly low concentration that we were exposed to (we were standing about 10m away, the PVC was only about 20cm long and 2cm wide with 2mm wall thickness and most of the smoke went upwards).

Arthis

July 13th, 2003, 08:04 AM

Amongst many other nasty compounds, PVC while burning release some HCl.

kingspaz

July 13th, 2003, 07:15 PM

doesn't acrylic release some HCN upon burning?

Tuatara

July 13th, 2003, 08:49 PM

PVC does relese HCl. Acrylic (PMMA) releases Methyl Methacrylate and CO. Urethane foam releases all sorts of toxic compounds Thermal decomposition products from polyurethane foam, consist mainly of carbon monoxide, benzene, toluene, oxides of nitrogen, hydrogen cyanide, acetaldehyde, acetone, propene, carbon dioxide, alkenes and water vapor. From a safety report on urethane foam. Nasty. Most of this info can be had from MSDS sheets. Had to hunt for the urethane one - the MSDS weren't too specific about their 'toxic decompositon products'

MrSamosa

July 14th, 2003, 01:53 PM

The idea of various peppers is an interesting, simple,and non-lethal solution. I believe that Habanero peppers would be a good choice for such a device. I especially like the idea of the Indian/Pak spices. :D They make some pretty hot food, and if you've ever gotten their spices up your nose (i remember breathing a cloud of turmeric once...), you would know that persistent burning feeling you get (for me, it lasted an hour or so). It makes breathing through your nose painful. So, potential spices might include turmeric and cumin seeds.. I will have to compile a list of more spices used in Indian/Pak and Persian cooking.

chemwarrior

July 14th, 2003, 02:44 PM

God, this is brining back memories of my dad trying to dry a multitude of different pepers/ chillis/ etc in the microwave... He litteraly created a 'pepper spray bomb' since when the door to the microwave burst open, out pours quite a large ammount of pepper spray.... NOT a nice way to wake up in the morning...

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Nihilist

July 14th, 2003, 06:22 PM

Some of the spicier mustards might work well also. I remember putting WAY too much mustard on a hot dog by accident, and getting an incredibly painful headache almost immediately. btw: this was honey mustard, I don't think you get the same effect with non-honeyed mustard.

Arthis

July 15th, 2003, 08:27 AM

Care that your bomb burns ! You will lose a lot of product in the combustion. The problem is to find a compound that burns with nasty fumes. A nasty compound will only work if it's partly taken up with the fumes.

MrSamosa

July 15th, 2003, 10:05 AM

If that is the case, I remember the idea of Poison Ivy oil... When it burns, the fumes and the smoke will also cause allergic reactions. Therefore, if inhaled, you can just imagine the pain and the potentially dangerous swelling... But this is assuming you want a more lethal (well, not QUITE lethal) agent, because not only would the reaction be delayed, but also threatens the airways.

Nihilist

July 20th, 2003, 04:08 PM

Formaldehyde would be excellent for this purpose. It burns skin and destroys mucous membranes within seconds. It is however, quite toxic, when inhaled or ingested(it's still toxic from skin contact, just not as much).

yt2095

July 20th, 2003, 04:35 PM

mustard (as in the ground seed) powder wont work unfortunately. it needs water to activate, oils or vinigar will give the flavor but not the heat. as a gas it wouldn`t work either as i use mustard oil and seeds the cooking of some dishes and it will impart flavor but not heat. water is the catalyst for mustard only, sorry :( === NOT to be confused with "mustard gas" the vesicant === habenero peppers are good, birdseye are better and scots bonnet are the ultimate! if i use parafin (kerosene) to make your oil, it`ll also tie in nicely with my "Areosol Weapons" thread as a filler for cans. i sugested groundnut oil on this thread as viscosity isn`t a problem for a smoke device and it will take much more heat than regular cooking oil before smoking (i don`t want to see anyone get gassed as a result of my idea!) be carefull anyway though, and you don`t want to brown your dried peppers anyway, you only want to extract the capsciacin oils. turmeric isn`t hot or irritating (unless you get it on your favorite clothes) it`ll leave an almost permanent bright yellow stain that will at best turn red in a strong base solution (dil NaOH aq). UV light will reduce it but not remove it. turmeric has a sweet almost coco type smell. Cummin, a non irritant also, used in medicine as a flatulance remedy and carminative. however, your idea has much merit in the fact that MANY food stuffs can become quite noxious if abused in the right way :) hope some of this helps a little? :)

Cyclonite

July 28th, 2003, 08:00 AM

There are good sources on the internet for "super hot sauces" that are extreamly high in capsiacin. They also sell pure capsiacin that would make your nerve endings scream with pain, the pure capsiacin is rather expensive though

dannyboy16

February 6th, 2004, 04:26 AM

id stick with the chilli idea, i remember i used to make chilli powder with the chillis our ethnic neighbour grew, i accidentlly left them in the oven too long and gassed the entire house, that stuff really makes you choke and cough. Also you could use pepper or canienne pepper, i tested a few after the chilli incident and found that pepper works almost as well. perhaps you could just mix some in with the molten KNO3 sugar mix? i dunno if i get a chance ill try it. and what about netmeg? it containes hallucinagens and the smoke could have some weird effecs.

MrSamosa

February 6th, 2004, 12:10 PM

Concerning the pepper idea... While you could get an effect by burning Chili powder or Habaneros by themselves, I would suggest making your product as high quality as possible-- unless it is immediately needed for use. As such, I would put the the Chili powder ( Cayenne pepper works too ) in Acetone or Ethanol, lightly heat it, and let it sit for a few hours. Then, filter out the impurities and let the solvent evaporate, so that the pure Capsaicin precipitates. Pure Capsaicin (or Oleoresin Capsicum, the name we are more familiar with) is extremely painful stuff. Suitable protection would be required at this point, because as one worker exposed to OC said, "It won't kill you, but it will make you wish you were dead." As such, it would be much more effective to burn this, and get a "cleaner" smoke with fewer impurities. Alternately, Black Pepper may be a milder option. Instead of Capsaicin, it contains Piperine, which is also soluble in organic solvents.

Zeitgeist

February 7th, 2004, 01:20 AM

Acrylonitrile has a CN group on the chain, where the Cl's are with PVC. Guess what that releases when it burns?

NightStalker

February 7th, 2004, 04:07 AM

Polyurethane is polymerized hydrogen cyanide. So guess what that gives off when burnt? :D paraformaldehyde decomposes into formaldehyde when heated above 180°C, so that'd be something nasty to burn off too, though you may need to have it in a seperate container above the burning smoke mix so it's distilled off, otherwise it'll likely burn in the flame.

Zeitgeist

February 7th, 2004, 08:11 AM

Polymerised HCN, how can that be? http://www.psrc.usm.edu/macrog/images/uresyn04.gif That's your average polyurethane, from here BTW http://www.psrc.usm.edu/macrog/uresyn.htm those amide (i think that's what they are, HNCO like in proteins) linkages could give HCN

dannyboy16

February 9th, 2004, 04:42 AM

what sort of protection would be needed when handling capsaicin and also what are its physical properties, i can only access to the merck index at school and even then i have to con the teacher because he knows what im up to. also would someone be able to give me some advice about the nutmeg idea i posted earlier. any other solid spice based pain agent suggestions would be good as would sugggestions about central nervous system agents. im sorry about bringing up CNS agents here thankyou to mr samosa for his advice

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February 10th, 2004, 01:20 PM

To get this straightened out... Urethane is the simplest Carbamate-- this is to be distinguished from an amide. A carbamate takes the general form RO-CO-NR2, whereas an Amide is R-CO-NH2. Urethane's formula is H3C-O-CO-NH2. To me, I see it as a potential anticholinesterase with some modifications... Soon enough, I'll compile more interesting stuff about carbamates into a useful thread :D . Capsaicin is extremely irritating to the nose, the skin, the eyes (this would be excrutiatingly painful!!!). It is not particularly poisonous, but just very very painful; you could put it in your food if that's your thing. In fact, many hot-sauce stands sell hot sauces with OC in it (but be warned, these have been known to cause insta-vomiting!). I wouldn't do that, though, because not only would it hurt going down, but it would hurt like hell coming out! :eek: My suggestions would be to wear a gasmask with full eye and face protection and to wear good chemical gloves, at the very least. Remember, do not touch yourself without thoroughly washing your hands!

atlas#11

February 12th, 2004, 11:13 PM

I was reading this thread earlier and was thinking that my friend should try that in school :) . But more to the point, my friend has been making picric acid from asprin and he noticed that when the asa is drying if it overheats it releases some gasses(acetic acid fumes and some other things) that burn the living hell out of his mucous membranes. I personaly would wrather inhale HCL fumes than that shit,( I don't know why but it seems to burn much more, but of course I would wrather not breath either.). This also conforms with the non leathal policy as unless you inhale alot it's not going to kill you, just make you unable to creat mucouse. This may not work unless the burning is not allowed to go to completion so seperating it from the smolder mix may be a good idea but as those picric makers probably know, this stuff burns.

croc

August 27th, 2004, 08:07 AM

A post which was lost in the iDefence incident. __________________________________________________ _______________Name: ~Phelixx~ Join date: Oct 2003 Post date: July 5th, 2004, 03:18 AM Posts: 8 Quote: "It won't kill you, but it will make you wish you were dead." Before anyone think of using capsaicin in their smokebombs, they might consider, that fumes given off from burning the stuff gives those lovely nitrous gasses you know from fuming NA, which eventually leads to pulmonary lung edema. __________________________________________________ _______________

meselfs

August 28th, 2004, 10:21 PM

How about urushiol? This is the active ingredient in poison ivy, etc... Merck says: Pale yellow liquid; d(21.5) 0.9687; bp 200 - 210. Soluble in alcohol, ether, benzene. I imagine you could obtain it by letting the plant dry, then mixing the pulverized remains with alcohol, filtering, and then letting the filtrate evaporate until the juice is left. It won't be pur ofcourse, but VERY little of it is needed for a great effect. I've heard that smoke from burning old, dead plants can cause a bad rash. But this isn't the istant pain that this topic seems to want... still could be useful.

FUTI

August 29th, 2004, 06:21 AM

I think the question is little poor defined (don't take it as na insult). Several ideas are OK and already tested in old WWI chemical warefare test (chlorine, acrolein etc.). Chlorine is not so heavy to filter if you know how:). But to much of this ideas is toxic...i didn't like the idea about PVC since it's monomer is carcinogenic and can be created in the proces...who of us want to buy a death in the testing proces? Pepper idea is low cost not suspicious to law...but takes a good handy man to make it to life. First what came to my mind is something armies around world are using in their tear-gas granade...they bust police grade CS with a BZ compound (who know what I said will understand:)). So please more info so I can made my mind what for look for...

NiteRider13

September 1st, 2004, 09:28 PM

Another thought, What is the main ingridient in the smoke/fumes from road flares. I'm not sure what the final smoke product is (Red Phosphorus, Strontium Nitrate Sr(NO3)2) but when it burns it is very painful to breath in. Also the next day you feel almost short of breath. Many Firefighters and cops will tell you not to be downwind of flare smoke cause its so painful to breathe. Nite vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide and Pyridostigmine bromide Spudkilla

July 16th, 2003, 12:10 AM

Well, it is summer, and the usual batch of mosquitoes and ticks and all the other worthless insects are about. So, out comes the insecticide spray/lotion. Most, if not all insecticides contain N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide, or DEET. In concentrations greater than 30 %, DEET has been known to cause serious seizures and blood related problems, just by being sprayed on the skin. In the Gulf War, soldiers took pyridostigmine bromide pills, which allow anti-nerve gas agents to work faster. Pyridostigmine makes DEET 10 times more toxic. Soldiers who used the pyridostigime and insecticide containing DEET suffered severe mental damage, or Gulf War Syndrome. I got to thinking, what if one concentrated some store bought bug spray, and combined it with crushed up pyridostigmine pills, and rigged it to some sort of explosive or spray device, would it render people useless? If dispersed in a a building, it would cause seizures and, couple that with armed robbery or a terroristic attack, all exposed would suffer mental damage. Just an idea I had. I searched the net for quite a while looking for N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide synthesis, and the only useful thing I came across was this: "In the preparation of the insect repellent DEET, lab procedures prepare the intermediate m-toluoyl chloride by heating m-toluic acid with thionyl chloride for times ranging from 15 to 45 minutes. The acid chloride is then worked up under Schotten-Baumann conditions to yield DEET." Not very informative, eh?

Bander

July 16th, 2003, 01:38 AM

I do not think DEET is as dangerous as you may believe. I've bought and applied high 90s percentage DEET to my skin before in large volumes with no noticable effects. Being in the US, as well, I do not think the FDA would allow one such as myself to buy the said high concentration deet if it were as debilitating as you suggest. You can find/buy it in 100% concentrations quite easily on Froogle (http://froogle.google.com/froogle?q=DEET&btnG=Froogle+Search). Perhaps it is dangerous with pyridostigmine bromide, but no one seems sure at this point in time. There have been a few reports of systemic reactions from repeated cutaneous exposure to deet. For example, in 6 girls ranging in age from 17 months to 8 years, behavioral changes, ataxia, encephalopathy, seizures, and/or coma developed after repeated cutaneous exposure to deet; 3 subsequently died.[3] In addition, episodes of confusion, irritability, and insomnia have been reported by Everglades National Park employees following repeated and prolonged use of deet.[3] However, a few reports of adverse reactions to deet should not be misconstrued to mean that repellents are dangerous and are not to be used. All commercially available repellents are generally safe when used according to their label instructions. This short review discusses various chemical repellents, their modes of action, possible side effects, and precautions necessary to prevent adverse reactions. Considering that I've literally poured a small bottle of 100% DEET on my neck in a desperate attempt to escape a cloud of mosquitoes, I do not think any explosives dispersal meathod will work. Probably not even a bucket dumped on someone. But, again, I know nothing of it's interactions with pyridostigmine bromide (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi? cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10750168&dopt=Abstract), even those studying the issue seem unsure. If all that it does is enhance the lethality, I don't think 10 times will do.

Nihilist

July 16th, 2003, 02:41 AM

yeah, I agree, it won't be all that useful. This is what the EPA has to say http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/chemicals/deet.htm and they do say that 100% DEET is sold as a consumer product, just to back up Bander's statement. Even with the bromide, it still seems that even if you could cause damage, it wouldn't be an immediate effect, and thus useless for the robbery idea, but maybe applicable elsewhere. Also a bomb or spray can definitely would not work, because the victim must be exposed to it for a long period of time, also I think that the bromide has to be eaten and not just absorbed through the skin, or inhaled. It might be an interesting way of getting rid of a witness to a crime though, without actually killing them, seeing as the soldiers in the gulf went crazy, maybe a witness would no longer be considered fit to testify?

MrSamosa

July 16th, 2003, 06:57 PM

Oh, the idea is not completely unusable! Don't let us forget the broad methods and means of weaponization! That is where I see the problem with DEET... Though it is potentially toxic, it is simply not weaponized to cause harm to humans; just insects at the moment. Does anyone have an idea how DEET reacts with the body chemistry? Because if we understand that, in particular the target organs and systems, then we can find means to facilitate the actions of DEET.

Nihilist

July 16th, 2003, 08:05 PM

Here ya go, all the info you will ever need on DEET. http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/carbaryl-dicrotophos/deet-ext.html it seems that there are 3 different isomers. There are trace amounts of the other 2 in OTC DEET. The o-DEET is said to be slightly, but not significantly more toxic. The above web site contains actual laboratory expirements involving rats, rabbits, and mice. Most of them seem to say that it won't work too well as a CW. But maybe you will see something I didn't.

nbk2000

July 17th, 2003, 01:12 AM

I doubt DEET would be very effective in interacting with PB. However, perhaps long-term exposure to very low levels of OPA compounds, combined with PB exposure in a targeted individual, would result in a "soft" kill of a fucked up mind with a fatigued body, just like Gulf War Syndrome. I don't know what PB tastes like, but if it could be put into something the target would chronically ingest, like his morning coffee (via impregnated filters), then be exposed to an OPA in his vehicle driving to and from work during the commute, you'd likely have a GWS casualty in a few months at most. How do carbamides react with PB? I believe carbamides were used as sand fly suppressant during GW, and that is suspected of having the adverse reactions with PB that may be the cause of GWS. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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> Cops spread a war gase by mistake(!) Log in

View Full Version : Cops spread a war gase by mistake(!) inFinie

August 11th, 2003, 12:28 PM

In Turkey, if there is a suspected bag to be a bomb, it is exploded by police. I think everywhere in the world it is like that. What if you put some phosgene or chloropicrin or some gase or tiny particle of something and you call police to say that 'Near place x there is an abandoned bag!'. In fact you don't need to call. Just place the bag to a publicly visible place. Sure somebody will inform cops. There were at least one 'bomb suspected bag' per day last week in Turkey! Getting on to subject: When they explode the bag it will be a surprise! Because they just go to take the bag, without any protection. What do you think? Can this be possible? (Spreading made by cops)

MrSamosa

August 11th, 2003, 01:40 PM

It's a clever idea; but keep in mind- when the Bomb Squads come in, they evacuate the area. So if the agent is dispersed, who would it be harming besides the Bomb Squad? Basically, it's effects are very limited. However, if your goal is to kill the Enforcers, then it could be the way to go. Also, don't the Bomb Squads use X-Rays now, to survey a package before they decide on what to do with it?? Would they not detect some strange liquid? Now, what if we were to expand on this idea... Instead of Phosgene or Chloropicrin, maybe something very persistent and nasty (like a thickened G-Agent, perhaps). Or, imagine the disaster that would be caused if some radioactive element were placed in a device detonated by the police.

Anthony

August 11th, 2003, 02:26 PM

Why not just explode it yourself? It'd be more effective. Unless your aim is to show the "saviours" the police to be idiots? :)

nbk2000

August 11th, 2003, 02:46 PM

It'd work in a third world country like Turkey, since they don't use "elite" tools like X-rays prior to blowing something up, including themselves! :D

inFinie

August 12th, 2003, 08:15 AM

They evacuate the area but always some curious people around. And they don't use X-ray or anything. If it was informed, you can be sure that it will be exploded. If the air is windy...

Arthis

August 12th, 2003, 12:11 PM

Why would they make the bomb explode right near people ? Even if they don't check the bag and detonate it, one can guess they use special places to do it; no more reason why they should use a open air area, close to a town or whatever... You would need much more gas if you want your bomb to be effective. And even if the cops are handling the bomb at the time it explodes, I can't see why they would be held as responsible. Maybe a binary reaction could be used: when the cops take the suitcase, then the reaction occurs, leading to the gas production. I'm thinking in particular to HCN formed with NaCN and acid. The risk is that someone move the suitcase before the police. But an anonymous call and a slightly hidden placement would help avoiding that.

Sebastian86

August 12th, 2003, 04:06 PM

Yes, that was really clever from the cops, they stand around and handle with it like its only a pack of suggar :D

Arthis

August 12th, 2003, 07:21 PM

It would be a good laugh to hear it, but quite difficult to realize. Imagine, you need to find the adequate country, now Turkey will be more suspicious :). And it certainly would be less easy in the US, for example, which would be even more funny.

metafractal

August 13th, 2003, 05:37 AM

Yes, this is an interesting idea. But I feel that somethign like asbestos or radioactive material dispersed by the bomb would be much more effective than most war gasses (which are often prone to thermal decomposition). Asbestos or radioactive material would also have more long term effects (render the area uninhabitable for years, etc), rather than just making a couple of enforcers die and the living ones blush. And Arthis, I imagine that if they they would detonate the bomb on site if did not know what was in the bomb, as long as it was not in too valuable an area. Consider that some of the self-bombers use AP as thier base charge. Obviously, the cops want to protect their life foremost and are not willing to carry the bomb many km if there is a chance that it could be shock/friction sensitive. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Hypo- and Meta- Phosphoric Acids as Precursors MrSamosa

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August 13th, 2003, 02:03 PM

W ell, seeing as regular O rthophosphoric Acid is not going to be a suitable Nerve Agent precursor on its own, I've researched it's u s e s i n m aking other variants of Phosphoric Acid, and the use of these variants a s precursors for Nerve Agents. Pyrophosphoric Acid is a great exam ple, and can easily be prepared by heating Phosphoric Acid to 217*C (correct m e if I'm wrong o n the temperature). However, the two variants of Pho sphoric Acid that have interested me the m ost are Hypophosphoric Acid (Phosphonic Acid) and Metaphosphoric Acid (Ph osphorous Acid). Both of these com p o u n d s h a v e u s e s i n t h e s y n t h e s i s o f pesticides. Hypophosphoric Acid has the following structure : O=PH2 (O H). As you see , there is one "acidic" Hyd rogen while the o ther two are bonded directly to the Phosphorus. I im a g i n e t h a t t h e a c i d i c H y d r o g e n - t h e o n e b o n d e d t o t h e O x y g e n - c o u l d e a s i l y b e replaced by an alkyl group by a reaction between an Alkyl Iodide and the Silver Salt of the Acid, or perhaps by a reaction between Dim ethyl Sulfate (which has proven itself a very strong m ethylating agen t) should you want to insert a Methyl group there (as for Sarin or Soman). Metaphosphoric Acid has the structure: O=PH(O H2). There are two "acidic" Hydrogens and just one bonded directly to the Phosphorus atom. I see this is a potential precursor for Dialkyl Halophosphates, such as DFP. The esterification of the acid d o e s n ' t s e e m too difficult...according to Polverone's book "Som e Aspects of the T oxicity of C o m p o u n d s C o n t a i n i n g F l u o r i n e and Phosphorus" (did I get this title right?), there seem to be a few "generic" reactions to esterify Phosphoric Acids. So, in line with that, once again we could use the Silver sa lt of the Acid and Methyl Iodide. However, the k e y t o m a k i n g a n effective Nerve Agent is the leaving group... And this is wh e r e a b i g q u e s t i o n c o m e s i n : W o u l d it be possible to substitute the non-acidic Hydrogens in these acids with a more reactive group, such as -C N, -Cl, or -F ?? Then again, the goal with using Hypo- or Metaphosphoric Acid as precursors m ay simply be to find an alternative to Phosphorus Trichloride/Oxychloride. I see them m ostly for this use...the conventional synthesis for the Nerve Agents would r e m a i n t h e s a m e, but we would find an alternative to PCl3 :D. Another concern is ob taining these acids. On th e " H o u s e h o l d P r o d u c t s D a t a b a s e , " t h e y s t a t e d t h a t M e t a p h o s p h o r i c ( P h o s p h o r o u s ) A c i d i s u s e d i n s o m e l i m e s c a l e / m etal rem overs in Garden /Pool stores... However, it is m ixed with a few other acids, including Hydrofluoric Acid. Alternately, would it b e possible to reduce Orthophosphoric Acid into these variants? I know it is possible to reduce H3PO4 to p u r e P h o s p h o r u s , a s I h a v e r e a d a b o u t several tim es. But, could we som ehow "stop" this reaction, so instead of pure Phosphorus, we get H3PO3 or H3PO2 ??

nbk2000

August 13th, 2003, 03:53 PM

Pysical properties are as follows:

Pyro p h o s p h o ric acid H 4 P 2 O 7 1 7 8 W hen orthophosphoric acid (or hydro- disodium p h o s p h a t e ) i s m aintaine d at 213° (415°. 4 F.), two of its mo lecules unite, with the loss of the elem e n t s o f a m o lecule of water: 2 H 3 P O 4 = P 2 O 7H2 + H2O to form pyro p h o s p h o ric acid. Metaphosphoric acid Glacial phosphoric acid H P O 3 8 0 is fo rm e d b y h e a t i n g H 2 P O 4 o r H 4 P 2 O 7 t o n e a r r e d n e s s : H 2 P O 4 = H P O 3 + H2O; or H4P2O7 = 2HPO3 + H2O. It is usually obtained from bone phosphate; this is first converted into am m o n i u m phosphate, which is then subjected to a red heat. It is a white, glassy, transparent solid, odorless, and acid in taste and reaction. Slowly deliquescent in air, it is very soluble in H 2 O , although the so lution takes place slowly, and is accom panied by a peculiar crackling sound. In constitution and basicity it rese mbles HNO 3.

T h e p a t e n t d escribing the conversion of Phosphoric Acid into POCl2 seem s the best way to form an OPA precursor, POCl2 being used for Tabun. If you could convert PO Cl2 into PC l3, then you'd have th e precursor for th e other G- and V- series agents. That'd likely be easie r than m ethylatio n with silver and alkyl iodide, not to m ention cheaper. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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August 24th, 2003, 05:35 PM

The belgian TV had a documentary about the Umatilla Chemical Weapons Depot yesterday evening. It's a US documentary discussing the potential hazards to the citizens of Umatilla and it deals with an accident on the facility in 1999. About thirty construction workers came presumably into contact with low concentrations of sarin. They all showed the following symptoms: Severe convulsions, twitching, foaming lips, severe respiratory difficulties, burning skin, wetting their pants and severe vomiting. They were only allowed to go to the hospital after 2 hours. Some of them still suffer from mysterious colds which return every few months, go away and come back again. One construction worker lost 50% of his lung capacity. This worker also claimed they were held on site for 2 hours because no traces of sarin can be found in the bloodstream after 2 hours. The documentary also shows a somewhat older army demonstration of a nerve agent ( I presume Sarin) on a rabbit. The rabbit goes through severe convulsions and dies after 2,5 minutes of exposure to the vapour of one droplet. The evaporation speed was comparable to acetone/ether. Another interesting bit is that the documentary was shot on september 10, 2001 and the press speaker of the complex tells the journalist the worst case scenario would be a large passenger aircraft crashing on the bunkers. EDIT: What exactly causes this foaming effect? I know the other effects are related to losing muscle control. Also, the site has some kind of museum and the press speaker was walking around with vials of nerve gas? :eek: She was playing with them like they contained NaCl solution...

Arthis

August 24th, 2003, 07:46 PM

Where is situated this depot ? It's an interesting potential to have this piece of information in such a forum :) The rabbit collapsed after 2,5 minutes of agony, but what was the size of its cage ;) , and how long would it have taken to bring him to lethal point ? I guess after less than one minute of exposure the rabbit would have died if taken off the cage (without medication of course ;) ).

nbk2000

August 24th, 2003, 11:22 PM

The foaming is caused by the hyper-secretion of various mucousal and salivary excretions caused by the OPA sending the nervous system into overdrive. This then get foamed by the lungs blowing air through it. I remember seeing an old test the military did with a storage igloo using live M55 rockets (GB-filled, the type stored an Umatilla), and setting one rocket off inside. Wow...it was a MAJOR FUBAR...the igloo exploded, sending rockets flying off in every direction for several kilometers, as well as vaporizing the majority of the sarin into a cloud that killed the test animals miles down wind. This was back in the 60's, when they could still do this sort of thing. ;) See, the M55 is not what would be term an "insensitive" munition. Indeed, it's quite sensitive to sympathetic detonation. And when it goes off, so does its neighbors. These little lovlies are packed in pallets, sixteen per, and stacked on top of each other, hundreds of them per igloo. Problem is that the sarin was filled into the rockets with the expectation of using them for fighting World War III against the Soviets, so they weren't built to last but 10 years. So there wasn't extraordinary efforts made to stabilize the Sarin, using anticorrosive liners, acid-scavangers, etc. So...after more than 30 years...the rockets are springing (literal) holes in their bodies and (worse) warheads. The rocket propellant is subject to "exothermic degradation", that being MIL-SPEAK for "spontaneous ignition", so they tend to be extremely hazardous to move becasue the propellant grains have crumbled in the bodies and could ignite upon friction from being moved. That's why the military hasn't moved any in the decades since they last disposed of thousands of M55's by encasing them in concrete blocks and dumping them in deep water. While it's dangerous to keep them around, it's even more dangerous to move them, so they don't. 'Course, it'll inevitably happen that a storage igloo will blow up, releasing several tons of sarin into the air, but the military is gambling on the wind blowing it into the base, and not towards the populated areas. The guards are also known to be rather lax in their responsibility in guarding these things. There's be any number of Red Teams that have penetrated the perimeter and left fake bombs INSIDE of the igloos. :eek: There's SO much area to cover, and SO many false alarms caused by rabbits and such, that there's no way any human could remain hyper-vigilant for the grinding months or years of guard duty with nothing "exciting" happening. I seriously doubt that the tour guide was handling real nerve agent. Even the army is THAT stupid. Probably was water, just to demonstrate the appearance of a nerve agent, cause you could imagine what would happen if the tour guide dropped one during a visit by a local classroom. :p The depot is in Oregon. If you want to know what they'd do there during an emergency, that info is available from Amazon.com! :o http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/9991412670/102-5641889-5751349?vi=glance

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Who needs spies and terrorist cadres when you've got the 'net? :D

vulture

August 25th, 2003, 01:18 PM

Well, the schools and hospitals have overpressure units. Problem is you have to reach them within 2 minutes, because otherwise they won't let you in, secondly most of the children have to walk outside, round the building, to get there. Furthermore, the rooms which are suitable only have 1 toilet and the recommended isolation takes 3 days....:rolleyes: Interesting too is that there is no antidote, atleast not in the schools. The exposed construction workers didn't get any antidote either. Is there actually any point using an antidote? If you die after 2,5 minutes of exposure while severely convulsing, how the fuck are you going to administer an antidote? Furthermore, IF you succeed, how long would it take to start working? The press speaker indeed said something about the M55. Roughly half of their mass is agent! IIRC, they weigh something about 500 pounds a piece? :eek: She also showed the journalists an empty igloo, carrying a baseball bat, because they are infested with ratllesnakes and blackwidows. They come in through the ventholes, which are kept open with a piece of lead metal that melts at 160 degrees (celsius or Farenheit, I don't know). So apparently it's military SOP to allow chemical agent to leak into the environment as long as there's no fire...

Nihilist

August 25th, 2003, 02:52 PM

vulture, the antidote to the V agents(not sure if it works on any of the others), is atropine. Atropine must be injected very quickly after the victim has come into contact with the poison, or it will die anyway. Atropine is also a poison in and of itself, it slows down the nervous system, in the exact opposite way that V agent's speed it up, which is why it works.

vulture

August 25th, 2003, 03:18 PM

I know how atropine works and that it's a powerful poison itself too. I just wonder how it has got to be administered (heart injection or is this hollywood crap?) and what the delay is before it starts to work. Are there actually powerful nerve agents that also cause a blistering effect?

tri-x

August 25th, 2003, 05:34 PM

Vulture, here (http://www.tpub.com/dental1/111.htm) is a link to info on atropine as an antidote for nerve agents, including route of administration and dosage

megalomania

August 25th, 2003, 07:05 PM

I believe the atropine is injected into the bloodstream, and not directly into the heart. It's purpose is to counter the nerve agent, not jumpstart the heart. The best available data would be from the US military as they actually use emergency CW antidote injectors. I do know that the antidote should be given as rapidly as possible, meaning you should already have the antidote on you upon exposure to have a hope of survival free from lingering aftereffects. The US military did experiment with nerve gas and mustard mixes back in the 60's or 70's to create a combination nerveblister gas. These didn't find wide deployment, but more for practical reasons as nerve agents are effective enough.

vulture

August 26th, 2003, 07:40 AM

Ah. I now know where hollywood got that heart injection crap! The suckers confused atropine with adrenalin...:rolleyes: Adrenalin would be way to go if your nervous system is already in overdrive.:eek: Did you know pepper sprays and other riot gases are not allowed for military use by convention? Bit weird if you ask me... Let's see when the US military produces the first bio engineerd soldier that does not use acetylcholine esterase for nervous transmission...:D

mrloud

August 26th, 2003, 10:30 AM

It is against the Geneva Convention (I think) to use chemical weapons. Pepper spray falls into this category. So it's allright for a government to use pepper spray and tear gas against its own civillians but not against the enemy. :rolleyes:

zaibatsu

August 26th, 2003, 01:42 PM

I don't think it's any stranger than the fact the military has to use FMJ bullets, whereas police can use soft-tipped bullets.

zeocrash

August 27th, 2003, 05:56 AM

Originally posted by mrloud It is against the Geneva Convention (I think) to use chemical weapons. Pepper spray falls into this category. So it's allright for a government to use pepper spray and tear gas against its own civillians but not against the enemy. :rolleyes: i think the distinction is that riot control is performed by a non military organisation, and therefore falls outside the regulations of the geneva convention. the geneva conbvention only states how you should behave to other nations, not how you should behave towards your own. on a related note i believe flashbangs, are prohibited by the geneva convention, as the geneva covention prohibits weapont that blind an enemy.

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August 28th, 2003, 12:23 PM

Atropine used to be administered by injection into the thigh using a syrette that you squeezed. Nowadays they have the more advanced, spring loaded autoject. Like a fat biro, you hold it against the thigh, push the button and hold it there for 10 seconds. (It also has a diazepam tablet contained in the end cap, which you're supposed to take as well) I assume an im injection is used because a fitting human would have difficulty hitting a vein, not because it's more effective.

Cyclonite

August 31st, 2003, 05:37 AM

Yes, we have to carry 3 injectors with us and 1 injector with some other substance. The injects have the diazepam mixed into the injector with the atropine, its a narcotic I think. I would take the shot right in my ass cheek. People with more body fat take it in the thigh. Ill look up the contents on the other injector and let you know what it is. Also in response to mrloud we use riot gas on people when needed.

nbk2000

August 31st, 2003, 11:36 PM

The diazepam is to control the convulsions, especially of the brain, which is what causes lasting damage. BTW, THC (the active ingredient in marijuanna) was found to be at least twice as effective as diazepam in countering the convulsions induced by Soman. The other most common protective drug used in injectors is 2-PAM Cl (2-pyridine aldoxime methyl chloride), to reactivate the cholinesterase bound up by the OPA. Pyridostigmine and Physostigmine are used in pretreatment to bind up some of the neurotransmitter chemicals so that they can be released after OPA exposure, to allow for some normal functioning of the nervous system. Use of these pre-treatment prophylactics can result in a 5x increase in post-exposure survival rates for Soman exposure. Though the use of -stigmines has minimal effect in increasing survival rates for Tabun or Sarin exposure, which are the only things within our skill level to make. :) Unfortunately for our guys in the Gulf, the military added in Squaline to their pre-exposure pills, as a preservative/enhancing adjunct. Squaline has rather nasty side effects that have made it persona non grata with vaccine manufacturers, since it appears to cause permanent nuerological damage in young children and people occupationally exposed to organophosphate pesticides (or low levels of nerve agents, like soldiers blowing up munition depots! ;)).

thoughtaddict

September 12th, 2003, 10:10 PM

I've worked at one of these demilitarization facilities, and thought that some extra info picked up in training classes on the chemical agents might be of interest. Where I worked there were stores of VX, GB, HD and HT. HD and HT are mustard agents, and GB is more commonly known as sarin. In terms of the effects/antidotes/other information, we were instructed on the use of autoinjectors of atropine and 2PAM Cl. The way that we were told that the nerve agents work (no guarantees on the information that was provided to me) was that they cause a block in the chemical in your body that breaks down acetycholine, which causes a gradual flood of impulses. Eventually, since your body no longer can stop actions, your muscles twitch, your eyes water and lose focus, your nose runs, and things just keep getting worse until you finally die (usually from suffocation, I think). Not just skeletal muscle is affected, so it is not uncommon for people to lose control of even their most disgusting bodily functions. Symptoms of exposure to liquid GB or VX include twitching of muscles near the site of exposure as well as sweating. Symptoms quickly grow more severe. VX is definitely the more potent of the two and the faster killer, but has less use, IMHO, because it doesn't vaporize well at all. GB is very volatile at room temperature, and inhalation causes faster death, with symptoms of primary infection being watery eyes, a runny nose, pinpoint pupils, a runny nose, and a few other flu-like symptoms. Security on these bases is really pretty light, actually, when you consider the danger of what they have. Oh, another point of interest, some of the same companies who have been contracted to work on the US demilitarization are being contracted to work on Russian demilitarization. I think they are planning on sending some of their people from other plants to do work in Russia. The deadline, as stated, is 2007. Personally, I don't see that deadline as being anywhere close to the amount of time it will take, but we will see.

Nihilist

September 12th, 2003, 11:24 PM

Yes, you are quite right, the chemical that is inhibited is called acetylcholine-stearase, and it does break down acetylcholine. The common acronym for the symptoms of a nerve-gas victim, is SLUD I forget what the S stands for, but the L stands for lacrimation, U stands for urination, and the D defecation.

nbk2000

September 13th, 2003, 01:44 AM

I think the S in SLUD would stand for Saliva, since OPA victims drool a lot. And perhaps the D should stand for Dead. :) I would think that the security at the depots would be light, since anyone trying to sneak into a weapons igloo is either: A) A fool, who'll be quickly eliminated by the omnipresent agent saturating the igloos (weapons seepage) or by accidential release from careless handling. Either way, the problem solves itself. ;) B) A professional, who'll be more than ready to deal with a few lax guards, and who'd need to be dealt with by a much larger force that's probably on call. I would think that there'd be a standing order for a nearby air base to bomb the be-jesus out of the site, in case of an attack, rather than risk anyone getting away with tons of CW. At least that's what I'd do. :)

thoughtaddict Originally posted by nbk2000

September 13th, 2003, 05:09 AM

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B) A professional, who'll be more than ready to deal with a few lax guards, and who'd need to be dealt with by a much larger force that's probably on call. I would think that there'd be a standing order for a nearby air base to bomb the be-jesus out of the site, in case of an attack, rather than risk anyone getting away with tons of CW. At least that's what I'd do. :) Perhaps, but there aren't air force bases within the immediate area of at least 2 of the CDFs, and that would seem like a nightmare (if the citizens are freaking out over a spill of mustard agent that amounts to a few drops, imagine the outrage at causing the chemical event.) With three of the sites, air raids by anyone would be the worst case scenario, as you'd be dealing with hundreds or thousands of tons of agent released in a vapor form into communities with significant populations. Without giving out confidential information, I can say with a fair amount of certainty that a professional who wanted these weapons would have only one real problem: transportation. I was never afraid of theft because, honestly, how the hell do you move any significant amount of probably leaking chemical agent without being noticed? The only real use I can think of would be as a weapon against the communities in which they are stationed. Also, by lax guards, please remember that the number is often around 300 on call along with special response teams that are by no means inept... but still, that isn't much.

James

September 13th, 2003, 06:01 PM

(idiot)U-HAUL or Ryder. Wait until a couple of weeks before fall semester starts at the local university. Get a rented truck and cardboard license plates. Hide the stuff in a field near the college town of your choice. Wash out the truck and then return it. Move the stuff and hide it in one of the many trucks that will arrive.:D(/idiot)(utter moron)Tanker truck?(/utter moron)

nbk2000

September 14th, 2003, 12:16 AM

a professional who wanted these weapons would have only one real problem: transportation.

The only real use I can think of would be as a weapon against the communities in which they are stationed.

And there's your answer right there. They wouldn't have to move the weapons in order to use them. Setting up charges to blow them in place would be adequate in certain circumstances to cause a credible event. Here's a scenario for you: 30 fedaykin are tasked with the job of obtain some american CW to use in an attack against a major population center. They could make it themselves, but they want the symbolic value of using the Great Satans own weapons against them. :) Every last one of them is willing to die so that one of them may escape with the weapons. That's 29 men, some (or maybe most) of whom have actual combat experience in small unit action, either as afgah mujhadeen against the soviets, chechnia, etc, something the guards at the depot are highly unlikely to have, thanks to our policy of "standoff" weapons. :rolleyes: They're armed with AKs, a couple of light machineguns, probably at least a few RPGs, and numerous grenades and other explosive devices. They've spent the last year doing surveillance on the depot and testing the base security. They've spent the last couple months spoofing the alarms, triggering false alarms, and making the guards complacent in their response. During a crappy night, when it's freezing cold and foggy, they attack. They know from past experience that base security will send out 2 men in a HUMVEE to check the alarm, because of all the prior false alarms. They never make back, being ambushed by severl fedaykin with silenced weapons, made from information obtained in various books. One of the fedaykin gets on the radio and impersonates the guard in perfect english, buying at least ten minutes while the security station waits for their return. In the meantime, they break into an igloo, using their explosives. This set off the BIG alarm. But that's OK, because it'll take at least 10 minutes for them to arrive on the scene, and having having dealt with a squad of martyr's armed with claymores and LMG that attack the guards at their assembly point, killing many, and disabling their vehicles. That's another ten minutes. By this time the fedaykin have breached the igloo, and begun loading of the bulk container of VX and 155mm shells of GB that they have come for. This is about the time the last of the martyrs has been killed at the base security station and the whole base is mobilized like an ant hill. About this time the U-Haul truck loaded with the stolen weapons is being driven away, while the majority of the fedaykin stay behind to fight a rear guard action against the approaching base security to buy time for their brothers to escape into the nearby urban sprawl and switch vehicles. As the last of them dies, he blows the explosives placed amoung the remaining weapons, spewing a plume of supertoxic VX and Sarin into the air, that kills everyone downrange for several kilometers. As they lie twitching on the ground like spastic fish, the remaining fedaykin die with the "martyrs smile", knowing that the Great Satan will soon be feeling the wrath of the oppressed arab masses, thanks to the Great Satans own poisons. :p

vulture

September 14th, 2003, 11:25 AM

NBK, ever considered telling Tom Clancy that story? Pentagon will hear of it automatically then. :p So the OHS can change the threat factor to red, without doing anything else. If something happens, they're not liable, because they scaled up the threat factor. :rolleyes: Really, these advices to the public in the war on terror have the same use as what's being done for the citizens of Umatilla: Scare the fuck out of people, put up a few signs, they're comfortable, you're being reelected.

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September 14th, 2003, 12:45 PM

Imagine the fallout of such a Fedaykin raid, even if unsuccessful in the attempt. This would be a major blow to the psyche of military commanders, and would send waves of sheer panic through the minds of all Americans. The President would have to immediately order tens of thousands of troops to be immediately stationed at every chemical weapons depot, ammunition dump, weapo ns cache, research ce nter, an d nuclea r stockpile in the eventua lity a repeat raid would occu r. That s tens of thousands of active duty troops stationed all over the country to provide overwhelming security all as a preventative measure. These are troops that will be pulled away from wars and their usual duties just to baby sit a bunker somewhere, and they would likely be diverted for years. The cost would run into the billions of dollars to keep these troops active, it would be morale draining for the troops to just sit around, and it would not be a good incentive for new recruits with recruitment already strained since the US seems to be fighting too many conflicts with extended deployments. At the very least the Fedaykin raid would likely spew toxic nerve gas into the general vicinity. This would result in chaos and terror in the local population. People for hundreds of miles would probably come down with phantom symptoms because of the psychological effect of nerve gas. The terror aspect of the raid would have been accomplished, score one against the Great Satan. In total military expenditure the Fedaykin use 30 men and some weapons, whereas the US military ends up spending tens of billions in troop mobilization, decontamination, medical costs, and preventative measures. Plus the attack would spread even thinner the US military creating weaknesses in other targets for the terrorists to attack. I suppose this boils down to how many sites can the military possibly protect? They hijack an airline, we spend billions beefing up security. They raid a chemical weapons depot we spend billions protecting all our weapons. They raid an oil refinery we spend billions protecting them. The terrorists could attack schools, hospitals, businesses, manufacturing, bridges, grocery stores, and many other prime targets. Each attack would send waves of fresh panic through the American people, and each attack would require more troops and billions of dollars to prevent. Each movement of troops and expenditure of money leaves weaknesses and budget shortfalls elsewhere. With enough terrorist attacks on a diverse range of targets our economy would be considerably weakened, and we will be diminished as a country. And all the terrorists have to do is send a handful of men willing to die for the cause, something that they have in abundance.

nbk2000

September 14th, 2003, 03:41 PM

From the "Boy Who Cried Iraq" website, www.TheBoyWhoCriedIraq.com

Speaking of colors, what better way to keep America in a state of fear than with a color coded chart! I don't want to get too much into 9/11 and terrorism, but we need to touch on this color coded system that the administration is using to instill fear and faith in the public. Let me ask you this. How exactly will a color system do anything more than help you test the pH balance of a swimming pool? Let alone stop terrorism. Here is a secret: It won't. What does a heightened state of alert really mean? Look at brown people more suspiciously when the color is closer to brown? Even after Tom Ridge, head of the Ministry of Truth, tells us to go on with our lives just the same? Is the FBI on higher alert when the color changes? Of course not. They're smart enough to know that terrorist strikes will occur any time, especially when not expected. So what really comes out of this color system? Fear! The color is orange. The terrorists are coming! Duct tape your doors shut and your eyes closed. Really, just duct tape your hands to your ankles and your cheeks open and wait for Ashcroft to come to your door to thank you personally. The public is appeased by a leader that will protect them. As soon as there is danger, the public looks to Bush for protection. And that is exactly why this color system exists. In fact, it's absolutely genius. It's what Pavlov wished he could have done. It's like Simon Says but for keeps. When has the color been raised to orange? [by the time of this writing] *Before the attack on Afghanistan *While rallying support to attack Iraq *When the attack on Iraq began Notice the alert has never gone all the way up to red. And I don't think it will. Once it gets THAT dangerous, people will question their safety and the effectiveness of the White House. Are they protecting us? Can we trust this color system? And why didn't this system exist BEFORE 9/11? How did Tom Clancy know about this but the entire CIA, FBI, and American public not? [Well, according to internal sources, they did, but I won't touch that one yet]. Why doesn't the government just hire writers? People that HAVE to think to get paid?

Even if the ragheads succedded in killing no one but themselves, the fact that they attempted to make off with such lethal weapons from a military depot would throw the public into a frenzy, with the sheeple bleating for "Saaaaafety" and "Seeeeecuuurity". The military would have to divert much resources and troops to provide site security, diverting them from fighting elsewhere. I'm surprised we haven't formed a state security police force, like the east germans had, where almost a third of the population was tasked with policing the other two thirds. I could imagine a literal police state where there's a SS (State Security ;)) officer stationed in every factory, office building, etc...to guard against terrorisist...of course. :rolleyes: Here's an idea....terrorists have already succeeded in stealing some NBC weapon (by stealth), but the theft was hushed up so as not to show how incompetent the military was in guarding its arsenal, and they're praying the FBI finds them before they use it. Nuetrons in New York? Anthrax in San Antonio? We can't protect everything, and we'd go bankrupt trying, so we have to prioritize. The CW wouldn't be a problem if the fucking enviromentalists haven't been holding up the very incineration they've been asking for by being so damn nit-picky about "emissions" and transportation of the weapons.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter I'd love it if some terrorists to get away with some VX, and then hear the eco-freaks bring up the "If the army had burnt it like they were supposed to..." issue, just to have Bill Mahrer throw it back in their laps with "You blocked the incinerators because of the polly-anna wish for ZERO emissions...". :p The rags wouldn't even have to make off with the weapons, just blow them in place, and they'd have succeeded. I think the worst case scenario of some depots was several thousand downwind civvies dead from the explosion of one igloo. Pour a drum of nitromethane down an igloo vent, toss in a flare, and watch (from upwind ;)) the fucker explode! Rather than spending billions to try keeping everyone in the US safe, we should be spending that money overseas to make sure that the ragheads are feeling very UNSAFE, no matter where they may be hiding. Bring fear and terror to the enemy, not to yourself.

thoughtaddict

September 15th, 2003, 11:54 PM

Correct me if I'm wrong, but wasn't there something on CNN a few months ago about some intruder alert systems going off at a chemical munitions site, possibly in Utah? I may be mistaken, but I seem to remember an alarm of the sort that caused national news that suddenly was reported as wild animals in the fence... I can tell you from experience that wild animals in the fence don't spawn national news. Two possibilities, in my mind. One, it was wild animals and something went wrong to cause it to turn into news. Two, it was an intruder and the damage that would have been caused was too great, so... well... I hate to talk about government cover-ups... Just wondering if anyone remembers this. Also, to the person that called me a moron... do you really think that Ryder/U-Haul trucks will be effective? I'm skeptical at best, since 1- They would most likely be detected very quickly and tracked. We're talking all the law enforcement, army, FBI, CIA... we're talking shit raining from the sky. 2- The size of the weapons to be shipped is considerable. One ONC or EONC is very noticable... dwarfing any truck entirely. The rockets are smaller, but transport at a speed higher than 30 mph is a death wish.

James

September 16th, 2003, 04:34 AM

Actually I intended those to br reminiscent of HTML tags without have UBB digest them or having to manually crank out the code for pointy brackets. I wasn't thinking appearently, why limit yourself to a Ryder/U-Haul truck. Apply for a commercial drivers license and bring a big truck.

sauvin

October 8th, 2003, 05:37 AM

There's a problem with language involving "rags" or "sand niggers" and other such slurs. It's related to my contention that much of the hysteria experienced in the US is by their news agencies. What's buggering me so is the inability to decide if there's simply some mindset in the American journalistic industry (I'm feeling charitable tonight) that sets air time (profit) above all other concerns, or if there might exist some X-Filesque shadow government with some oblique motive. The ultimate goal of such a dark teleology, of course, would simply be the exercise of control (power) by the few over the many. This is the country where many drugs now outlawed are thought by cooler and more rational heads to have been originally implemented as an indirect means of rousting the immigrant rabble. Marijuana, after all, was the favourite of the incoming Spanish-speaking peoples. This is also the country where a sharp division between state and church is ostensibly carven in stone, but children are still often forbidden by FEDERAL LAW to pray in public, as I understand such events. One of the best weapons to use in any war against any population is disinformation, and it comes in many forms. I've the suspicion the "sheeple" of the US are simply responding positively to their cultural training, be it religious, racial or simply a distorted perception of what it is to actually be an American. "Great," says Ivanova, "I'm stuck with people who can only think in slogans."

nbk2000

October 8th, 2003, 06:39 AM

I can't speak for others, but I use terms like "raghead" and "sand nigger" to describe the inferior races that come from the middle east in accordance with my long-standing Nazi ideological beliefs, not from any media inspired sheeple sloganism. :)

Mick

October 8th, 2003, 06:04 PM

CW agents?...to much work. what do we see on TV every single night? suicide bombers!. all it would take to send america, or any western country for that matter, into a state of massive panic, is a simple arab sucide bomber. no CW agents, no incursions on millitary sites, just a simple sucide bomber in a shopping mall. even if it didn't kill anyone - the fact that everybody sees it happen in eastern nations on the TV all the time and now its happening in there own country is enough to fuck everyone over. you have to take the fear DIRECTLY to the people...if you fly a plane into a big building then people think "i don't work in a big building, so thats okay". you blow up a military stockpile "well, thats okay, cause i don't live/work near/at a base" you blow up a bridge etc etc.. an arab walks into the middle of a shopping center or a busy street..middle of a parade(mardi gras anyone? :) ) and blamo, what are people going to think? how is the government going to protect everyone from anyone?

if you attacked a military base, then the government would come to the rescue with "homeland security" laws and increased spending etc etc and the problem would just "go away" and nolonger be in the front of peoples minds. a suicide bombers blows up, how would the government stop people from thinking about that? how would the government

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show that it could protect its country at the "people level"...it couldn't.

nbk2000

October 8th, 2003, 08:57 PM

Exactly my point Mick. It doesn't matter what weapon you use as long as it instills trouser-staining fear in the intended audience. If you vaporize a building full of people, but don't instill fear in a nation, then what the point? A bunch of dead people that no one remembers? The example of suicide bombers in Isreal illustrates the truely effective means of terror. By focusing on the population itself, the arabs have made it impossible for people to enjoy any sort of normal public life without the gnawing fear of very possible death eating away at their enjoyment. :) That's what is needed to instill terror...bring it down to the level of the everyday...not the grandious (but ultimately futile) symbolic gesture. And no reason you can't combine the two. Blow up a depot of nerve gas and they'll never be able to say for sure that none of it is missing. Then start gassing the little people with your home-brewed version of GB. The media will happily put 2 and 2 together and terrorize the populace for you. ;)

peterthesmart

November 1st, 2003, 01:41 PM

A look at inside the Umatilla Weapons Depot. http://people.whitman.edu/~dunnivfm/umatillaphotos.html And Some Satellite Pictures too: http://terraserver-usa.com/image.aspx?t=1&s=11&x=775&y=12701&z=11&w=1 If you zoom out to 16 meter resolution or about half way, you should notice some crop circles and a strange pattern of something in the northwest section. Any idea what it might be?

vulture

November 2nd, 2003, 11:02 AM

Maybe it are those irrigation systems that rotate around a center pylon? If you check the topo map you'll notice alot of canals and irrigation systems.

MrSamosa

November 19th, 2003, 10:12 AM

Suicide bombs are very effective, but they should not be the first choice of weapons. After all, 1 person who can carry out several operations is as effective as several men who will carry out 1 operation each. On top of that, not as many people are so hardcore that they are willing to carry out suicide operations. Let's take the example of the Iraqi Resistance... though they use some suicide bombs, the vast majority of their operations are true guerilla attacks-- hit and run, roadside bombs, and rocket attacks. Why not use the same thing? Instead of walking up to the igloo, fire a few RPGs at it and run away. If a longer range rocket is in possession (think Hezbullah Katyusha rocketS), fire that! With the state of the M55 rockets, bad language and funny looks will probably set them off. Even if it is not a direct hit, the shaking caused by nearby explosions could cause one to ignite. If it works well enough, breaching perimeter security won't even be necessary. And such shadowy attacks will create terror as well as suicide bombs will; I bet the American convoy drivers in Iraq are pissing their pants with every trip. The only difference is that with suicide bombs, everyone knows that there is nothing that can stop them. No fence or checkpoint or metal detector will stop an army of human-bombs. If the target is in sight, they just run past them and blow themselves up.

tom haggen

January 5th, 2004, 04:49 PM

umatilla is right over in my neck of the woods. In fact I have driving past those chemical depots before. Its enough to make a guy nervous.

tom haggen

January 8th, 2004, 01:07 AM

diazepam is a benzodiazepine which is a central nervous system depressant. I don't think that it is classified as a narcotic.

Shun Ambrose

January 10th, 2004, 12:51 PM

If you breath or if you touch sarin and V gas, the antidotal dose of atropine is 4 milligrams by injection every 10 minutes until signs of atropine poisonning appear. the injection must be an intramuscular injection vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and Weapons Forum > Chemistry for Amateur Experimenters and Citizen Scientists Chemistry > chemical engine sabotage

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View Full Version : chemical engine sabotage Polverone

September 12th, 2003, 08:58 PM

From discussion on sci.chem within the last few months, I've come to believe that sugar in the fuel tank of a vehicle isn't a great way to disable it. Sugar doesn't dissolve in hydrocarbons and modern gas tanks don't accumulate very much water to help the sugar along. What other substances, soluble in fuels, might serve to render a vehicle inoperative through clogging or corrosion of engine internals? One that came to mind as a possibility is p-toluenesulfonic acid, which is easily prepared, soluble in non-polar liquids, and chars into a nice mess when heated. Another possibility that came to mind is halogenated chemicals like DCM, chloroform, p-dichlorobenzene, or trichloroethylene. I can imagine chlorine or hydrogen chloride forming inside cylinders during the course of combustion and corroding them. However, I don't know if or at what concentrations this would be effective. Thoughts? (What section does this question belong in, anyway?) Oh, and a big pat on the back to whoever invigorated the forum search engine. It's definitely faster than I remember!

nbk2000

September 13th, 2003, 01:43 AM

Having worked as a mechanic for a while, and having plenty of engines to experiment on, we tried this out using sugar. It only worked by mechanical blockage of the fuel line filter. If we removed the filter and feed the tainted fuel in directly, then you got a nice bit of carbon soot coming out of the exhaust, but nothing more. The carbon simply burns. I know there are gellants used in the petrochemical industry for spill cleanup that would turn a tank of fuel into a giant can of Jell-O, but I have no idea of what it is. Halon gas can smother an engine by impeding the combustion process. Surely there's a gas soluble liquid halon that could be used to do the same thing via the fuel, rather than the air. A suspension of superfine aluminum would pass through the fuel filter and be burnt into aluminum oxide, which is extremely abrasive, and which would eventually scour the cylinder walls till the cylinder siezed up. Also, the application the substance would be used for would decide what you'd have to use. Would this be for sabotaging an enemies car as some form of petty revenge? Sabotage against a POL dump used by an occupying army? As a means of vehicle disabling for a crime? What time frame? Instantly, within minutes, or could it takes days/weeks? BTW, how was your hiatus? ;)

Polverone

September 13th, 2003, 04:59 AM

Ideally, the method would be as potent as possible, rendering the engine useless in minutes or hours with a low concentration of agent. That would have broad applicability to many situations. I like the aluminum idea, but I think it would be tough to find aluminum dust that fine. I was interested especially in easily-sourced or synthesized compounds. An organoaluminum compound might do a bugger of a job on the cylinders, but that's hardly easy to acquire or handle. Tetrafluoroethane dissolved in a nonpolar carrier of reasonable BP? Would that be any more effective than bromine or chlorine compounds? I shamefully know very little about high-temperature combustion of halogen compounds. Are there any more accessible NPsoluble substances that char or fuse horribly on ignition? Higher boranes aren't exactly accessible. Hiatus wasn't great. Moving is a PITA under the best circumstances and these weren't the best. It's nice to have Internet at home again. Can't browse here at school now because I don't know how much of a busybody the admin is at my new institution.

nbk2000

September 13th, 2003, 05:47 AM

I know the halons prevent engine combustion at 1% w/v with air, so I'd imagine that it'd take very little in the fuel to achieve the same effect. It would prevent the car from starting in the first place, rather than destroying the engine, which you may not wish to happen if you intend to be able to use the vehicle for your own purposes later. I'd think highly chlorinated solvents like TCE or perchloroethylene would achieve the same effect, but at higher concentrations, since it's the halides (chlorine/bromine/iodine, in effective order) that's the combustion suppresant in Halons. Maybe even simple halogens like MeI or MeBr would work, since toxicity is not a concern, only effectiveness. I believe that nano-sized powders are now available commercially for use in hi-tech ceramics manufacture. And would not a liquid aluminum complex achieve the same effect once it was burnt? I remember a patent for making superfine aluminum powder by reacting an aluminum solution (non-pyrophoric) with something else, perhaps it could be done in situ in the gas tank? There are other metals used in ceramics manufacturer that could be used since they also form hard oxide salts upon combustion. You might have a hard time finding anything that's non-exotic that'll work, because it'll have to survive temperatures in the many hundreds of degrees, pressures in the hundreds of PSI (minimum), and a vigourous mechanical pounding. The simpliest thing to do would be to clog the fuel filter. That wouldn't destroy the engine, but it's not easy to replace them without tools and knowing where they are. In some vehicles, you have to remove fan belts and all sorts of things to get to the damn things, so it's not something a person could do by the side of the road, which would be good if you're planning on snatching them up. :)

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter As an aside, while googling for "war gases", I ran across a copy of it on your site, and this on sciencemadness: Also, I realize that my public hosting of some files may peeve certain parties. Whoever scanned The War Gases might be annoyed that I am sharing it with the world. I'm the person who scanned it, and posted it to the net back in '00, but I'm not peeved at all. It's good to get the information out to the world via the 'net, where the jackboots can never get it back from. :p All I ask for is that I get the credit for scanning it in on the page where it's hosted. ;) Also, you may wish to read this thread: http://www.roguesci.org/theforum/showthread.php?s=&postid=44137#post44137 for some interesting patent info on the production of phosphorus tri- and oxy- chloride which seems very doable, and is the most vexing part of the whole OPA precursor procurement problem.

xyz

September 13th, 2003, 06:30 AM

I know that this is about chemical fuel additives, but a very effective way of stuffing up an engine is to open the car bonnet, use a socket wrench to unscrew one or more spark plugs, pour sand, ball bearings, or pieces of scrap metal into the holes that the spark plugs came out of, and then replace the spark plugs. Whatever you put in there is now inside the cylinders, ball bearings make a hell of a noise and dent the cylinder after a while, sand scratches the hell out of the cylinder, and scrap metal can do all sorts of nasty things depending on the size of it. A piece of thick steel bar that is long enough to stop the piston from moving should produce interesing results, a sharpened piece of titanium or tungsten bar would be even better. If you are only looking to render the car inoperable, not cause the engine problems, then just disconnect the battery or fuel line. These things all assume you have access to the vehicle though, if you are aiming to target a supply of fuel then you will need to use a chemical means of disabling the engine. NBK, Was the engine that you tested the sugar on left running for any length of time? IIRC when the engine heats up, the sugar is supposed to form "toffee" on the engine parts because of the heat. I have heard on a site about revenge that there is a commerial fuel additive that you can buy which is designed to make the engine heat up a lot to rid it of moisture, if you added 10 - 20 times the recommended amount then I'm sure the engine would run into problems. What about an additive for the radiator coolant that stops the radiator from working?

Rhadon

September 13th, 2003, 07:10 AM

You could mix polyethylene with just enough gasoline to dissolve it. That will give you a viscous liquid which is easier to dissolve in gasoline than polyethylene in solid form. Once this is done, it should work like the ordinary sugar, but I think that polyethylene does a better job. I know there are gellants used in the petrochemical industry for spill cleanup that would turn a tank of fuel into a giant can of Jell-O, but I have no idea of what it is. I know that calcium acetate can do that to ethyl alcohol (60 g Ca(CH3COO)2 per 300 ml of ethyl alcohol IIRC) in a matter of seconds. I don't know what happens chemically, so I cannot say whether this can be applied to gasoline, but I suppose not. Alone for the reason that the 60 g of calcium acetate mentioned are to be dissolved in water prior to use, but again, I don't have a clue what happens and perhaps the water isn't necessary at all, yet that would surprise me. Additionally, the amount of calcium acetate required is rather high obviously. Don't cars in the US have locks on the gas tank? Over here you won't find any vehicle without one (unless it's very old), so you'd first have to overcome this obstacle.

vulture

September 13th, 2003, 07:51 AM

Another possibility is to find an emulgator that will allow water and gas to be homogenously mixed. Squirt in emulgator, add water, done.

Rhadon

September 13th, 2003, 08:04 AM

I should add something to my last post: I read that the calcium acetate / gasoline effect is due to the lower solubility of calcium acetate in ethyl alcohol than in water. It separates and is said to create a lattice which encloses the ethyl alcohol. I can hardly believe that this is the whole story, though. The idea with the emulgator sounds fine, and adding an emulgator should allow you to apply the calcium acetate trick either.

Anthony

September 13th, 2003, 10:04 AM

You could throw a load of very low octane fuel into their tank, the resulting detonation (aka "pinking") should destroy in short order - from seconds upwards depending on how highly stressed it is. A solid bar in the bore that prevented the piston from completing its stroke would simply jam when someone attempted to start it, to cause real damage you need the car moving to provide enough force to bend the con rods - as happens when you run your car through deep water and it goes into the air intake. I don't think the starter motor could provide enough force to do the job. As suggested you could drain the coolant or the oil, would be worth disconnecting any sensors, although some cars might refuse to start without a signal from the sensors. Locking petrol caps aren't that common anymore, since most are recessed behind a locked flap now and the actual cap simply

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screws on/off. The flaps are made of plastic and so are the locking tabs so a screwdriver would open it in seconds.

Rhadon

September 13th, 2003, 11:47 AM

Locking petrol caps aren't that common anymore, since most are recessed behind a locked flap now and the actual cap simply screws on/off. Yes, that's right. I don't own a car and therefore am not an authority in this respect :). The flap should be opened without damaging it because otherwise the owner could notice what was going on (in the worst case) and pump out the contaminated fuel.

vulture

September 13th, 2003, 01:24 PM

Duh! About that mixing water with gas.... The fuel intake should be situated on the bottom of the tank....since water has a higher density than gas....no emulgator needed! :p

kingspaz

September 13th, 2003, 01:28 PM

not really a chemical sabotage but you could reconnect the HT leads in the exactly wrong order :)

Polverone

September 13th, 2003, 02:27 PM

Thanks for the various suggestions. I am still mostly interested in chemical means, as those don't even require access to the vehicle, just to its fuel. That's interesting about halo-compounds preventing combustion at a few percent conc. in the fuel. Promotion of knocking is also an interesting idea. Don't peroxides promote knocking? Our old friend acetone peroxide might work for that, in reasonably low concentrations. NBK, you've been credited as the original scan-producer on the War Gases page. You'll see that PDF security only works against people who play by the rules, though ;). I had to strip out the restrictions so I could recompress the book.

nbk2000

September 13th, 2003, 04:49 PM

Yes, the engine was left to run for several hours, and it didn't do a damn thing to the engine. To see why, sprinkle some sugar on a hotplate coil that's barely glowing red in the dark. The sugar instantly explodes with a yellow flame. You can do this with cups worth of sugar (when a kid, I've done that) and the coil is just as clean as when you started. Would it be possible to make gasoline peroxide? If not, I'd imagine a quart of MEKP in the tank wouldn't do the engine much good. Pour a gallon of sulphuric acid into the tank. Watch as gas tank springs a leak from acid eating through it and dissolving rubber tubing. Doesn't pyridine form a complex with HF? I would think that it would release the HF in the cylinder when the pyridine was burnt. The high temp/pressure of the cylinder should disassociate the HF, make the fluorine very effective in corroding the parts. BTW, in english it's "emulsifier", not "emulgator". Thanks for the credit polverone. While the restrictions may have been removed, my mark is still there, despite the OCR and conversion. :p RTPB "Plan for Failure" in action! Also, that file was from '00, not '03. I've learned a few tricks in the meantime. ;)

FrankRizzo

September 13th, 2003, 09:53 PM

Granulated sugar usually won't make it past the fuel injectors. OTOH, corn syrup :D will do the job quite nicely, and you won't have to worry about leaving spilled sugar next to the vehicle.

Efraim_barkbit

September 14th, 2003, 06:17 AM

A guy in a swedish car program tested the sugar in gas see if it was true that it would wreck the engine. And because sugar won´t dissolve in gas, they fed the engine directly from the sugar bag into the carburator. I think they used almost half a kg, at least a couple of hundred grams. Then they took the car for for a test run, and the car ran as well as before the "treatment". So, the problem isn´t to get into the cylinders, it is that it simply won´t work, as been already stated by NBK.

zeocrash

September 14th, 2003, 11:20 AM

this isn't an addative in the fuel, but it is related. earlier on in the thread someone mentioned putting an abrasive in the fuel. back during world war 2, SOE developed what they called "heavy grease". this grease was spread on the axles of train carrages. the grease itsself was a mixture of grease and carborundem powder. this caused the axles on the train carriages to sieze up. this had great effect towards Dday as the axis were unable to bring tanks up from the south of france as all their train carriages were broken. this idea could be applied to a car, if you were to put some abrasive in the lubricating oil you would cause much more damage than putting it into the fuel tank. 2 abrasives that are worth a look are ceric oxide and sillicon carbide, both used in rock pollishing

Tuatara

September 14th, 2003, 07:15 PM

Dishwashing detergent is an effective gelling agent for petrol. I used to mix it up a lot and use it as a hand cleaner. I'd imagine it would make a serious mess of a car's fuel lines.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter FrankRizzo

September 14th, 2003, 08:41 PM

Efraim_barkbit: That's not a very accurate way of testing. What most likely happened was that the sugar granules, being very light, were just ejected whole with the exhaust gases and never really burned. Try throwing some sugar through a blowtorch flame to see that I mean. Most of the grains will fall through unscathed. Liquid sugars are much stickier, and would tend to stay in the cylinder through more than 1 stroke. The red-hot coil experiment is slightly flawed in the fact that the sugar has more time in contact with a high temperature surface, and the carbon is able to receive enough energy to vaporize.

zeocrash

September 15th, 2003, 04:32 AM

isn't acetone a suitable gelling agent for petrol. i seem to remember reading that it was used for gelling petrol in cordite. just out of interest, does anyine know the composition of cordite

zaibatsu

September 15th, 2003, 07:36 AM

Either I've got something twisted, or cordite is an early "smokeless" propellant which means it's NC. Petrol in cordite?

zeocrash

September 15th, 2003, 12:56 PM

i dont know when searching goolge i found 2 defenitions, one said cordite was a mix of NC, NG and nitroglycerine. the other said[n] explosive powder (nitroglycerin and guncotton and petrolatum) dissolved in acetone and dried and extruded in brown cords i may be wrong about the acetone, but i was sure that focus magazine said people used to harvest conkers during WW1 to make acetone, which would gel the petrol to a jelly. edit: google just brought up a link to a thread in the roguesci archives about napalm. The best one was by far gasoline/acetone in a 50/50 ratio here (http://www.roguesci.org/archive/955_6-27.html)

DBSP

September 15th, 2003, 01:59 PM

How about pouring MEKP into the gas tank, might be fun :).

BrAiNFeVeR

September 15th, 2003, 04:06 PM

Yeah, I allways wondered what a few drops of NG would do in an engine ... Would it dissolve in the gasoline ?

If it would enter the engine in a "droplet" state, I think you might get to see some engine parts flying around :p Maybe some NG in a capsule that dissolves after some time, to ensure the engine is running nice and hot :D

Rhadon

September 15th, 2003, 06:17 PM

does anyine know the composition of corditeCordite has several meanings: (a) German: a smokeless powder being composed of 64% nitrocellulose, 31% nitroglycerin and 5% vaseline (b) English: double base nitroglycerin-nitrocellulose-powder Source: The lexicon of German explosives compositions (http://www.r-haas.de/v11.html) (German language)

megalomania

September 15th, 2003, 06:40 PM

I observed an associate of mine place about 200 mL of dish soap into another individuals gas tank. The mix also included some sugar dissolved in water with the soap. This did indeed do the trick and the engine was damaged.

nbk2000

September 15th, 2003, 07:14 PM

It wasn't the sugar, but the detergent, that did the damage, by emulsifying the oil that is needed to lubricate the engine. When water gets into the oil, that's it for the engine. :(

vulture

September 16th, 2003, 05:45 AM

Does acetylene dissolve in gasoline? :D Metal powders in the fuel would be interesting too. They'll raise the engine temperature above safe limits and will leave abrasive residue: Al2O3, MgO, Fe2O3,.... Very fine sulfur with some nitromethane comes into mind too. After being burned, the SO2 forms SO3 with the extra NOx produced by the nitromethane. Then there's the water of the gasoline combustion et voila, presto sulfuric acid. I wonder what the effects of concentrated acetic acid in gasoline would be. It'll probably burn up before it can do any damage.

TheBicher

September 18th, 2003, 02:44 AM

In Kurt Saxon's video from the FTP he talks about using ANTI (Ammonium Nitrogen Tri-Iodine) in a small sealed canister like

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those from pill bottles to make a gas tank bomb. I'm not sure about the stability, and it could be a bit extreme, but supposedly will really fuck up an engine.

kingspaz

September 18th, 2003, 09:30 AM

personly i think that sounds like a fucking stupid idea. if you're going to use explosives to fuck up the tank why not fill the tank with MEKP?

Jakio

September 18th, 2003, 07:28 PM

As far as using an emulsifyer to allow water and gasoline to mix: such a mix will run just fine. Water will only damage an engine if a large slug of water is drawn in a particular intake cycle, causing a lean fuel/air mixture and probable engine death. I've personally played around with water injection in my car, and actually cleans the intake chamber very nicely. My vote goes with diesel fuel in the tank. Cheap, passes through the filter, and will lower the collective octane rating of the mixture so low that the engine will melt a piston or blow a connecting rod. I like this one since it would be more difficult to trace than particulates and wouldn't cause immediate damage; the damage would occur over a period of several minuets, less if the throttle is used agressivly.

Anthony

September 20th, 2003, 09:20 AM

I considered diesel, but didn't think it would lower the octane rating of the fuel. Afterall, a petrol engine typically runs at max of 9-9.5:1 compression ratio, whereas diesels run much higher 15-15:1 +, so didn't think that it would cause compressionignition in petrol engine. Obviously, I could be wrong :)

Jakio

September 25th, 2003, 01:01 PM

Anthony: Diesel added to petrol will lower the octane rating considerably! Diesel has a rating of approx. 15-20. As far as damage goes, compression ignition is not really the goal, but rather detonation is. Preignition, or 'pinging', is not healthy for an engine and occurs durning part throttle operations. Detonation, however, cracks engine blocks and connecting rods. Diesel essentially would make gasoline much more likely to detonate during higher load and higher engine speed operations. Say a person would like to disable one particular VW golf that needs disabling. If this VW has a 10 gallon tank, then 2-3 gallons of diesel should be enough to cause permanent engine damage over a period of the tank.

sauvin

October 10th, 2003, 03:41 AM

The original question, I believe, was "what would you put in the fuel?" I'd always been led to believe that sugar in the gas tank is a Very Bad Idea because it gums up the cylinders. Mechanics I trust have told me they do a fairly brisk business in replacing or rebuiding engines treated in this manner. Sugar will not dissolve in either gasoline or diesel (which is the key to removing the sugar from the gasoline: extraction by water and subsequent distillation if you're ever stuck in the boonies) so getting the sugar to the engine almost necessarily means sugar dissolved in water. I was personally thinking in terms of changing the octane rating of the fuel with something a bit more dramatically destructive than the action of acids or fine metallic particulate: surely there must be some explosive that would dissolve in ethanol, methanol or, if needs be, water, that would not detonate until exposed directly to spark after being atomised. AP, perhaps? The damage done to a cylinder and adjacent structures by a piston suddenly no longer in a single piece, or with a shattered wrist pin, is something you'd have to see to really believe.

Anthony

October 10th, 2003, 02:24 PM

As I understand it: Detonation (pinking, pinging, knocking) is where the fuel is ignited by the spark plug, but rather than a progressive burn, it burns all at once, before the piston can reach TDC. The shockwave hitting the still-rising piston giving the characteristic sound. Apparently many engines have sensors that detect this and will retard ignition to stop it. Pre-ignition: Where the fuel ignites from compression before the spark plug fires. I was under the impression that this cause more damage than detonation. Thanks for correction on the octane rating of diesel!

Jakio

October 11th, 2003, 09:05 AM

Anthony: detonation is what kills engines, preignition is nothing too serious. The problem comes when, under heavy load, preignition causes an abnormal combustion event like detonation and bends your connecting rods bend in half. Detonation usually occurs at lower rpms when the pistons are moving slower, allowing more time for the fuel/air mix to get ahead of itself generating a pressure spike. Also, compression is not the cause of ignition, but rather the heat generated from compressing the fuel/air mixture. Most preignition is caused by carbon deposits in the combustion chamber that retain heat and trigger a pre-timed secondary flame front. edit: I forgot to mention this: since engines are moving so fast, the normal ignition process takes place over most of the ignition stroke. If you could take a pressure reading of the cylinder, you would see the psi grow (in a well timed engine) over the course of the stroke almost to Bottom Dead Center. If, however, the fuel/air mix preignited a few degrees before top dead center during the compression stroke, the pressure will only rise slightly to resist the piston's movement.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter bipolar

June 1st, 2004, 07:01 AM

I can't beleive no one has said this yet, but boiled linseed oil from the hardware store in the gas tank is supposed to work, it is in the special forces improvised munitions black book volume 3. When the engine is started, the linseed oil will be carried, along with the gas, to the engine cylinders. The extreme heat generated in the cylinders will cause the linseed oil to break down into a sticky resin. After a period of time, this resin will completely stop the engine from running. The time delay period can be several hours or several days. Because of the time delay period, it is almost impossible to determine when or where the linseed oil was added to the gas tank, making detection virtually impossible also a chemical gas tank incediary from the same book.: i dont want to quote the entire thing but what you do is fill 2 gelcaps with metallic sodium and 2 with calcium carbide put in a small glass or plastic medicine vial and fill half full with water right before you put it in the gas tank and after 10 minutes it will ignite, which it says only really works best if the gas tank is less than full of fuel , so there is a good explosive fuel air ratio when the water contacts the sodium , hydrogen is generated and the heat causes the hydrogen to ignite, when calcium carbide contacts water acetylene gas is generated so you get the picture

CommonScientist

August 20th, 2004, 03:08 AM

This doesnt really go in the fuel tank, but I think it would work just as well. If you can get acsess to the radiator cap, then your set. Drain all of the coolant/water from the engine, replace drain plug. Open up cap on radiator, and fill it up with gasoline. If I'm not mistaken, a cars engine can reach 400 degrees F in places, and since there is water jackets around the cylinders for cooling, then that temperature might be a bit higher. I assume that this temperature would be high enough for the gasoline to combust, possibly colapsing the cylinders, cracking the block in numerous places, and having the radiator and alll of the others in front of the engine be blown apart, not to mention the hood coming off. There also could be a risk of metal coming thorugh the firewall of the car. Would this be a correct statement, or am I rambling again?

atr

August 20th, 2004, 04:19 AM

What about a finely granulated liquid soluable oxidizer mixed into a gallon of nitromethane . Depending upon how full the tank is you may be able to turn the motor into a rocket engine , for a few seconds .

CommonScientist

August 20th, 2004, 05:19 AM

I dont think that the engine could become a "rocket engine", as it doesnt use rocket principles. It would end up blowing the engine from overly increasing power. AN+NM=HE- but as snesitve as a rock. The kid might be on the right track though, the AN would make the fuel burn hotter, because it would lean out, due to the fuel/air mixture going lean due to the oxidizer, then the NM adding even more kick to it. An average engine would come apart, and the piston could melt as well. Hell, disable the rev-limiter, put a stick on the petal, and watch her come apart.

atr

August 20th, 2004, 10:36 PM

CommonScientist , just for the sake of clarification , the kid is slightly over half a century old . No chemistry background but the oxidizer/nitromethane idea came from watching a guy fire up a '68 Roadrunner with a 383 under the hood that he'd just added a nitrosoxide system to . He dumped the clutch and never made it out of first gear when the engine exploded . It'd be pretty hard to hook up an nos system covertly to someones car but it would be pretty easy to distill some 40% nitromethane from a hobby shop , ad an oxidizer and pour it in the tank . I guess the reaction would depend upon the mixture with a close to empty tank being a better target than a close to full one . I think that it may work with no worry about plugging up filters on the way . The Kid , :)

Bugger

August 20th, 2004, 11:48 PM

It wasn't the sugar, but the detergent, that did the damage, by emulsifying the oil that is needed to lubricate the engine. When water gets into the oil, that's it for the engine. :( On the other hand, pure detergent, without any water or sugar, would not have had the same effect. It would have emulsified the oil, but because it is also lubricating in nature in the absence of water, any damage would have been much less. Bugger.

CommonScientist

August 21st, 2004, 12:07 AM

Hey hey, no offense intended, looks like you got yourself a nick eh'? Yeah, if the piston speed went over its rating limit for the connecting rods, something is bound to fail. See you around,"kid"

teshilo

August 21st, 2004, 12:24 PM

In the book Incendiary weapon by SIPRI (on FTP) issue good article about use napalm as gelling agent for sabotage engine.

kingspaz

August 22nd, 2004, 09:28 PM

Many people seem to be forgeting its not as simple as 'adding an oxidiser' all common oxidisers are ionic, so not going to dissolve in a non-polar solvent such as petrol. Also, powdered things going into the petrol are likely to not do much more than

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clog the fuel filter and make the engine run lean.

atr

August 22nd, 2004, 11:02 PM

Hey hey, no offense intended, looks like you got yourself a nick eh'? Yeah, if the piston speed went over its rating limit for the connecting rods, something is bound to fail. See you around,"kid" Absolutely no offence taken . The Kid ;)

warmage

August 23rd, 2004, 03:27 AM

Well here is what this old hillbilly recomends....go down to your local NAPA store. Buy a 1/2 Lb bag or "Valve Grinding Compound"......(aluminum oxide) About 240 grit is about right, dump the abrasive in the oil cap (located in the rocker cover). Put the cap back on.....walk away. In about 3 or 4 days every ring,guide,bearing,seal,piston,cylinder,and surface in this engine will be HISTORY. I've seen this happen by accident.....an old hillbilly "shiner"/"NACAR" trick was to do this to a brand new engine.....but only for about 3 or 4 hours and then flush it out with a mix of kerosene and motor oil. This "honed out" the engine and actually Increased the power from a new engine by about 10 to 15%. Sort of a super quick break in process. Just be damm good and sure to flush it out with the kero/oil mix. One young dumbass i know of Forgot To.... he lunched a new 1700 dollar mill, and that was a hell of a lot of long green back in 1962!!! Oh, BTW....high bead shine, (about 180 proof) makes a dandy hot rod fuel. But stay away from adding hydrazene to your fuel!!!!!!!!.....it reacts with the nitromethane to form a class A explosive salt. Which is almost as touchy as nitrogylcerin.....i seen a guy loose the front half of a rail job that way.

CommonScientist

August 23rd, 2004, 03:44 AM

Its called the valve cover, but I guess it could be called the rocker cover, as there are rockers in there. Well, why not just open up both oil fill cpas, if there are 2 on the car, and pour in as much sand as you can. Then pull out the dipstick, put in a shitload of sand in there as well. Put sand in the tranny as well. That is, if you couldnt get metal shavings, but if you go up to a machine shop, they have about a 55 gallon drum of metal shavings there a week, if they are busy, so just pour that in there. Oh, thanks for telling us about the hrdrazine and NM, that could be handy, just pour them both in the tank. I do however, think that gas in the radiator would do some serious damage, I would love to test it out on an old ford or some shit car.

markgollum

August 24th, 2004, 09:13 PM

Why not use metal stearates? According to Federoff, Aluminum and magnesium stearate were used as fuel thickeners for flame throwers, therefore they are soluble in gasoline. When the mix is added to the fuel tank of a vehicle it would increase the fuels viscosity, leaning out the motor (ofcourse, you wouldent want to add to much and turn the fuel tank into jelly)and causing it to overheat, this, compounded with the metal oxide forming in the cylinder, would probably destroy the motor :D :p . I bet calcium stearate would also work.

Crane

August 25th, 2004, 12:42 AM

On a similar note, I remember that styrafoam dissolves in gasoline as well, and was listed in the Jolly Rogers Cookbook (I believe?) as a means to gel gasoline. It apparently works fairly well, but requires large amounts of styrafoam compared to gasoline volume. It might be interesting to see what effect the addition of some gelled fuel would have... probably pretty messy.

kingspaz

August 25th, 2004, 10:31 AM

DON'T EVER MAKE REFERENCE TO JOLLY COCK SUCKERS COOKBOOK! Have you not read the rules? It does make an interesting long burning incendary, but if you'd done it you'd know that it doesn't gel the petrol. The petrol softens the styrofoam and the styrofoam sinks to the bottom of the container in a thick gloopy mass. The idea is that you keep putting styrofoam into the container until you have a thick petrol soaked gloop. It will do nothing more than block the fuel filter. Well, I suppose its a bit late explaining this because you're banned :D

recycler

August 26th, 2004, 03:26 AM

I like the idea of spoiling the oil filter. On most cars the oil filter is accessable without problems. If you simply use a screwdriver to poke some holes into the filter (not the casing) and add some sand, or some polishing media like chrome polishing paste this should over a certain time "polish" all moving parts in the engine. Maybe this compound can also be added to the gasoline in diluted form so it will pass the fuel filter. But adding this to the oil circuit will be more effective. Beware: Most cars will spill oil if the filter is removed. I once tried to "clean" a model engine this way and within a very short time the abrasion of the polishing media spoiled the compression of the engine so it was worthless.

WMD

August 26th, 2004, 08:50 AM

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Here's what some friendly "been there, done that" kind of people have to say on the subject. It's a chapter from Ecodefense, one of the best sabotage manuals around. While they mainly bring up stuff that was already posted, it's nicely illustrated. http://www.omnipresence.mahost.org/ch5txt.htm Btw, I don't have a site ripper installed at the moment, but the whole book is still online, so if someone could make a zip out of it and put it on the ftp that would probably a very good idea. You'll never know when the war on certain kinds of terrorism gets down on them.

alf

August 26th, 2004, 06:07 PM

This is OSS formula to break car engines. Caccolube (turtle egg) 68 parts odçf aluminium-magnesium 50-50 alloy (al-mag powder) 6 parts cork dried and grinded 8 parts dry resin called amberol 15 grams needed to do the job. It was packed 30 grs in thin rubber sheath.

croc

August 27th, 2004, 07:50 AM

Firat off i wouldnt mention the carpbook, that will get you a firm beatig around here, and secode of all i have tried many of the flame fuesl off the JRC but the only reason why lots of styrofoam is needed is because styrofoam is a foam and is made of mostly air. styrofoam is made from the polomer polystyren which mostly exists in a foam form. it has a plastic recycle code of 6. i have seen the plastic code on other products but usualy plastic cups (not in foam form) are made pf polystyrne

Anthony

September 8th, 2004, 09:45 AM

The valve grinding abrasive in the oil is a good idea. Like many suggestions though, it involves having access to the engine compartment. Most cars are alarmed in this area, but I don't know of any that have alarmed fuel fillers. Also, you can get to the fuel tank with a screwdriver, getting a hood/bonnet open would probably be harder. I think it can be done by punching a screwdriver through the bonnet skin near the release catch to manipulate it, but obviously this leaves visible damage. So targeting the fuel will probably be more practical. I've always known it as the rocker cover. But it's probably not technically accurate since most engines run overhead cams nowadays, and thus have no rockers. I think if people could easily get ahold of hydrazine, they'd be doing more interesting things with it that tipping it into someones fuel tank by the gallon! Replacing the coolant with gasoline isn't going to do shit, except maybe start a fire in the engine compartment. Most engines don't run over 100*C, if they do they are over-heating. Auto-ignition temperature of gasoline is anywhere from 260 - 460*C. If the engine block is full of gasoline, how would an explosion occur when there is no air? Even if an explosion did occur, it would be small due to the limited volume of the coolant pathways, and the few tens of psi created wouldn't touch an engine block. What would likely happen is this: engine heats up and gasoline starts to boil and vapour pours from the radiator overfill tube which vents out the bottom of the engine compartment. Ignition of this vapour is possible, which would start an engine fire, but not very likely as there probably won't be a source of ignition. The exhaust manifold won't be hot enough, and if the vehicle is driving (likely), the vapour will be quickly dispersed. Leaks in the ignition system (if present) might allow spark ignition. But this would be occuring at the top of the engine, while the vapour is emerging below, and being rapidly blown away. If the car was running in a confined space (e.g. garage), then perhaps this might happen. Most likely though, the gasoline will all boil away, the engine would then overheat and seize.

kingspaz

September 8th, 2004, 04:20 PM

Many fords have a keylocked filler cap. And most cars I've seen with central locking also have a locking mechanism on the filler flap which will be linked to the cars alarm system. Bonnets are generally also linked to the cars alarm system, should it have one.

nbk2000

September 9th, 2004, 08:52 PM

Random sabotage by putting the contaminant in the spout of a gasoline pump handle while the station is closed overnight comes to mind. First person to use that nozzle ends up pumping death to their engine into their gas tank. Use only in high rent neighborhoods, to punish the rich. ;)

kingspaz

September 9th, 2004, 09:05 PM

That sounds like a plan. So long as the petrol station is a small country type, family owned sort of thing which is not going to have CCTV. Hm...a way to drain the cars battery rendering the alarm inoperative has just come to mind. Most cars are of negative earth type. That means the negative terminal of the battery is connected straight to the bodywork of the car so only the positive feed is needed to most electrical components. Cars with engines located transversly across the front of the engine bay will have the alternator within reach from under the car, next to the right or left inner wing. I'm not sure how many cars have the alternator between the engine and the bulkhead but all I've seen have it between the engine and the front of the car. This is relatively easy to get to with a pair of wire snips. The positive feed wire could be snippd and then earthed to short circuit the car battery. The alarm would be killed and the bonnet/fuel filler could then be opened up. the wire could be simply bodged back on so the car will appear to run as normal while the deadly fuel mixture enters the engine. Or you could fill the engine oil with sand if you can reach the bonnet release cable from under the car :)

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September 9th, 2004, 09:48 PM

The positive feed wire could be snippd and then earthed to short circuit the car battery. I know it is unacceptable and uncommon for newbees to tell something agains another thing a mod said, but there is one thing I have to say about the shorting the alternator to the ground. So please accept my apologies. During my childhood I was working in a automobile electrician shop, according to my memory/experience, when a lead is shorted to ground then the relevant hot wire gets exremely heated and if you do not disconnect it most probable thing you get is a fire! (Fire may be an option to disable the car of course, but too risky as you may be charged with arson.) In addition when you short lead and ground, a great deal of sound is produced due to sparks produced (which is very bad during night operation). As you may know the car battery has a good deal of power and high amp. If you short it, the most probable thing you may have fire. If you do it with your bare hands, your hands may be burned due to heating of the wire. However if you add a high current drawing appliance to the wire (an electric heater comes to my mind), you may get rid of fire.

WMD

September 10th, 2004, 05:02 AM

Many fords have a keylocked filler cap. And most cars I've seen with central locking also have a locking mechanism on the filler flap which will be linked to the cars alarm system. Normally the gas cap has a very cheap wafer lock, worse than the door or ignition. Easy to pick using either a suitable tension wrench and a double ball pick or jiggler keys. Also they're made mainly of plastic, so a 2mm hole is easily drilled and covered up, no problem introducing enough contaminant through that one. Since you're trying to sabotage it anyway it's no problem to drill some holes in the necessary places, maybe cover it with epoxy kit afterwards.

kingspaz

September 10th, 2004, 01:26 PM

akinrog, you are quite right. Shorting is probably not the safest option. I have shorted car batteries before with some quite specacular effects. You are also quite right in suggesting the use of a high current drawing apliance. Something like that could be used to disable the car battery. An additional problem arises with advances alarms though. I believe some may have their own power source separate from the car battery. I'm not too sure about this but it would make sense to. The shitty car manufacturer built alarms are powered by the car battery though. WMD, ford filler cap locks are indeed weak. It is possible to drill them off providing the way to open the lock is clockwise. I've used a thin drill-bit before to drill out the lock assebly, then forcefully turn the filler cap mechanism by allowing a large drill-bit to jam when it is inside. The force of the drill then spins the cap off. Another thing comes to mind though. From under most cars it is easy enough to access the sump drain plug, allowing the engine oil to be drained. The engine would have trouble running like this without some replacement liquid in there but hopefully the person attempting to drive the car would keep opening up the throttle to keep the thing alive, scraping the inside to bits whilst on the way to work. Another possibility would be draining the cooling system which can also be accessed relatively easily. The car would run fine until it was up to operating temperature and it overheated... Draining both would surely cause some damage or atleast render the car unuseable until the fluids were replaced.

Nevermore

September 13th, 2004, 07:13 PM

What about a diesel car.. will it be harder to disable it? :D

James

September 13th, 2004, 09:03 PM

Nevermore: We already discussed sabotaging diesel (http://www.roguesci.org/theforum/showthread.php?t=3648) powerplants.

kingspaz

September 13th, 2004, 09:11 PM

nevermore, I should think any engine running without oil or coolant would seize if the owner persisted in trying to keep the thing going.

James

September 25th, 2004, 05:30 PM

I found these (http://radio.weblogs.com/0105910/2004/09/25.html) sites (http://physicsweb.org/articles/news/8/9/15/1) through Slashdot (http://Slashdot.org/). Adding sufficently small amounts of α -cyclodextrine (αCD)and 4-methylpyridine (4MP) should cause the cooling system to lock up.possibly ruining the water pump. After a period of time the coolant would return to its' liqud state.

nbk2000

September 27th, 2004, 12:35 PM

Is not 4-methylpyridine a precursor for fentanyls? If so, it'd be an insane waste to use it for engine sabotage.

WMD

September 28th, 2004, 03:21 AM

Nope, that's the pyridone you're talking about

nbk2000 Isn't pyridione made from pyridine?

September 28th, 2004, 02:13 PM

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September 28th, 2004, 02:41 PM

You could probably do it that way but I think it's not very practical for home manufacture. Especially not with a methyl group in the 4 position.

FUTI

September 28th, 2004, 06:06 PM

I'm a chemist and still think that best way to screw the things up is mechanical force. For large sistems you could try something nasty as corosion or cloging, but for small targets that is a waste of time (if you are single anarchist of course). If you are just part of a big organised system that is more likely imaginable. Today one friend told me how the sabotage got it's name... by the wooden shoe (sabo) the textile worker use in IXX century. If you hate the boss, throw it to the machine and its fine mechanical construction is all fu*ked up.:)

meselfs

September 28th, 2004, 07:56 PM

I'll remember that :D vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Snake venom cypher13

> Battlefield

S e p t e m b e r 1 3th, 2003, 01:02 AM

S o m e years ago, I had occasion to research the world m a r k e t f o r s n a k e v e n o m . Not knowing where to turn, I contacted the Director of Herpetology at the Bronx Zoo and did I ever get a lesson for hte price of a tele phone call. First, milking a snake is very traum atic to the snake and no ethical zoo does it. T here are lots of unethical reptile collectors w h o d o . T h e m a i n m arket is for anti-venin, but - and this is what am a z e d m e - t h e s e c o n d m o s t l u c r a t i v e m arket is in biom edical and neurological research. R aw snake venom is pretty nasty stuff. Laboratories separate it into its constituent proteins and then freeze dry the results. Many of these proteins are active, quite literally, at the m olecular level. The prices th en: a gram of com m o n r a t t l e s n a k e v e n o m c o u l d b e h a d f o r $ 5 w h e r e a s a g r a m o f A u s t r a l i a n t i g e r s n a k e v e n o m cost well over $1,000. All are presently available comm ercially from place s like Sigm a, though the constitue nt proteins are c o m m ensura tely m o r e e x p e n s i v e . T h i s i s a l s o a n a r e a t h a t s e e m s safe from encroaching technology: it is, for the tim e being, far cheaper to m i l k s n a k e s t h a n t o m ake the stuff synthetically. A

nbk2000

S e p t e m b e r 1 3th, 2003, 02:13 AM

Interesting, but already well discussed in previous threa ds. Search for it. Also, leave o ut the A at the bottom of your posts, as I've already explained to other newb ies. That's what we have sig lines for. ;) And a newbie posting in m any topics at once, a nd creating a new one to boot, brings to mind "Over Eager Puppy" syndrom e . Calm down. Since this wasn't the typical lam e newb ie post, you won't be banned for the usual newbie offense o f first post/new topic, but it's locked all the sam e b e c a u s e i t ' s a l r e a d y b e e n d i s c u s s e d . SEARCH first, before posting, you'll live longer that way. :) vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and Weapons Forum > Chemistry for Amateur Experimenters and Citizen Scientists Chemistry > Toxic Industrial Materials (TIMs)

View Full Version : Toxic Industrial Materials (TIMs) MrSamosa

> Battlefield Log in

September 25th, 2003, 08:28 AM

I read a Department of Justice PDF file the other day, or at least part of it: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/184449.htm The part that interested me most was the section on "Toxic Industrial Materials"... basically, ghetto chemical weapons. Examples of these "TIMs" would be Chloropicrin, Dimethyl Sulfate, Chloroacetone, Phosgene, Cyanogen Chloride, TEPP, or even straight Sulfuric Acid. The logic behind these, though, is that they are readily attainable while also very toxic (though not on the same level as the true "Chemical Agents"). The fear is that they will be used in massive quantities, thus negating their low toxicity. Keep in mind, Aum Shinrikyo used very deadly Sarin on several occasions. In the gassing at Matsumoto, they used 90 lbs, if I recall correctly... However, the disperser malfunctioned and the wind changed, so the end result was that the attack only caused mild symptoms (although a few dogs were killed). In their most famous subway attack, only 12 people were killed while a few thousand others suffered moderate Cholinesterase inhibition. This goes to show that it takes much more than high toxicity for an effective attack- and for poorly funded groups, effectiveness in a chemical attack is extremely difficult. Therefore, it would not make sense for them to bother making Sarin or VX if they cannot disperse it properly. This is where TIMs come in... The chemicals are cheap and readily available. They could release massive quantities of say, Sulfuric Acid or Hydrogen Chloride, possibly turning all of a downtown area into a "hot zone"- think of all the railway accidents involving chemical cargos. Even if the chemical is of mild toxicity, the sheer volume with which it would be used could cause greater casualties than Aum's Sarin in the Subway. It's quantity, not quality that counts in this case :D .

zeocrash

September 25th, 2003, 04:01 PM

i believe when i first joined i mentioned parathion as a improvised chemical agent. it is the ideal TIM, a neurotoxin, highly toxic, used as an insecticide so can be obtained from a public supplier. also mutogenic and carcinogenic and reasoably persistant admitedly it's restricted sale, but if you're determined enough you could easily find a way around this.

redbull

September 25th, 2003, 06:12 PM

Calcium Hypocholrate(36%) + HCl %28 would yeild elemental chlorine. This can be used in a binary device. The reaction procedes quite rapidly when mixed. The corrosive nature of the acid can help in making membrane delays/timers. Since Chlorine is unbearable in the smallest of quantites a terrorist could empty out a large area quickly and cheaply. Direct lethality would be low. Casualties would be from people stampeding or if people were forcibly confined... say in a subway car and couldnt get out. However, the real value of this device is in the horror and panic it causes among the population.

Fast Facts Chlorine will bond to water making Hydrochloric acid. The eyes will be attacked by this agent. Chlorine was the first chemical ever used in war. Chlorine exposure causes pulminary edema.

zeocrash

September 25th, 2003, 06:50 PM

for a start it's calcium hypochlorite with an i secondly chlorine is a piss poor chemical weapon. there is a reason that no one uses it now days, it's not just a fashion thing thirdly chlorine is far fom unbearable in the smallest quantities. many a time have i gone into the college chemistry lab and smelt chlorine in the air, without any symptoms. fourthly i believe chlorine disolves in water to make chlorine solution, but will react with water vapour to form hcl fithly chlorine would not empty out large areas, most people would just assume it was someone nearby using bleach. your ideas might make more sense if you substituted bromoacetone for chlorine. but bromoacetone isn't really a tim afaik

megalomania

September 25th, 2003, 11:40 PM

I disagree, zeocrash. I think chlorine would be a highly effective panic weapon in many situations. Imagine if it was released indoors, or in the confines of narrow streets say in a parade. It is certainly cheap, just a big jug of pool hypochlorite and some muriatic acid, and all this is well within the reach of even the dumbest kewl. Setting this up to be delivered may take some fancy apparatus since it would be quite obvious if one were lugging this around. Perhaps the chlorine could be laced with some sort of smelly agent? Something to disguise the chlorine odor with either something unfamiliar, or something pleasant. Heres a scenearo: the perpetrator could place long plastic troughs filled with hypochlorite granuals underneath some bleachers before a local highschool football game. Plastic jugs of acid could be corked and a string would lead to the end of the row. The perpetrator would walk up the stairs, pull the string at the end of the row and keep on walking. The crowd would be gassed and panic would ensue. In the same way the ingrediants could be placed inside a storm drain or in a sewer directly under a manhole (obviously the night before). Connect the corked liquid to a string to empty it out and only one good pull is needed. The string could be run a good distance to provide the puller some cover, who would notice some string on the ground?

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter This would be more of a nusience weapon, but I guarantee the first time it happens it will gather national attention. I am suprised someone has not done this already.

WTF

September 26th, 2003, 12:09 AM

A comment on the Aum Shinrikyo Sarin attacks, they estimated they would kill > 10000 people (don't quote me on that) in the attacks and killed 12. They also tried to kill people with anthrax, and they had a proper delivery system and all. No one noticed. The strain of anthrax they used was a vetrinarian strain, and therefore was used to vaccinate animals, not kill them. This all proves that biological/chemical terrorism is much harder than it looks, even if you have all the money you need.vetrinarian

nbk2000

September 26th, 2003, 01:05 AM

Slap a linear SC onto a RR tanker car (or two or three) full of methyl isocyanate on it's way to a plastic factory. Set it off by RC when it passes upwind of a crowded urban center. Watch as hundreds die in an american bhopal. :) For more mundane things, simple tear gas mixed in with smoke would get the herd to stampeding. Launching tear gas grenades into a crowded concert (think Ozfest) with a crowd number 100,000+ would result in dozens or hundreds killed by trampling/crushing, plus many hundreds injured. The tear gas wouldn't kill anyone, the mindless herd mentality would be the real killer.

redbull

September 26th, 2003, 08:12 AM

This device HAS BEEN TESTED, IT IS EFFECTIVE. This gas was used in World War I for a reason. If you doubt its effectiveness I strongly reccomend you test it for youself. Reagents are available at any pool store. Mix 1 / 1 by volume. This reaction will generate heat and will foam up. That is actually a great quality because it will continue to off gas after foaming everywhere. If you perform this test be sure to wear a full face respirator. Chlorine has a tremendous and immediate effect on the lungs, throat and eyes. You have absoutley NO idea how dangerous this device is confined. If anyone here is too lazy to actually perform the reaction just read the accounts of WW I infantrymen. I challenge any board member who can be trusted to report the results of an actual lab test to the group.

Mick

September 26th, 2003, 08:46 AM

pound for pound, chlorine gas is a piss poor chem agent. think about it, how much would you need to gas out a movie cinema to the point where everybody has trouble breathing....an absolute shite load. as mega said, good for panic value, not much else. don't forget, if you were to release anykind of gas inside a shopping center, underground transport tunnel etc etc you'd have to disable the air conditioning - no point releasing massive ammounts of gas if its just going to be sucked out by some jumbo sized fan.

the simplist of ways to do a chem attack is to make use off the "sheep factor". as NBK said, just throw some tear gas into a crowd..shout out "Anthrax..." or something along those lines and watch everybody run.

Kid Orgo

September 26th, 2003, 10:41 AM

I believe that Cl2 is heavier than air. Therefore, placing a Cl2 generator in an area lower than your target would probably not be so bright.

MrSamosa

September 26th, 2003, 11:36 AM

Redbull- I thank you for your responses, but I must correct you on some things... Chlorine is not nearly as dangerous as you make it out to be. I have generated it dozens and dozens of times before and gasses myself with it dozens and dozens of times. I am still alive, and I have no breathing problems whatsoever. Indeed, it is very unpleasant to be gassed with Chlorineit is extremely irritating to the upper respiratory system and the eyes, and as such would be a great panic weapon. But, if the goal is mass casualties, that simply is not something Chlorine will obtain in small amounts. When the Germans released Chlorine at Ypres in 1917, they used thousands of tons of the stuff- now, who has access to that much Chlorine? Of course, they were gassing several miles of trenches... In a confined area, I imagine Chlorine could be very effective. It would throw everyone into freak-out mode from the pain of it, and that would be enough to cause the stampede. You are right- Chlorine should not be completely disregarded, even if it is referred to in the Anarchist Crapbook, if only for teh reason that it is so cheap. And yes, it is listed in the DOJ PDF file as a "TIM" and a potential terrorist scary weapon.

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BTW- Chlorine was NOT the first chemical weapon- but just the first one used very effectively. I believe the Spartans used Sulfur Dioxide against the Athenians and that in WW1, France used some irritating agent (Benzyl Bromide? Don't remember which) in shells a few months before the mass gassing at Ypres.

nbk2000

September 27th, 2003, 01:13 AM

Not exactly TIM, but lead-based vomiting agents are ridiciously powerful, and the needed organo-lead compound fairly simple to make. Get a few pounds of that vaporized upwind of a major event, wait till people start gasping, then start broadcasting over local radio stations (pirate radio) your recorded message about "The Goatherders Army of Islam has just released Sarin gas upwind of the Great Satans debauchery! May all heathens burn in the firey pits of damnation! Allah Ackbar!" Once people start wheezing, drooling, and puking, and hear this middle-eastern sounding voice coming over the radio saying "Sarin"...the stampede is on! The important thing isn't the toxicity of the agent, but rather the novelty of the attack, the situation in which it was used, and the exploitation of panic to maximum effect. If 100 people out 400 can be trampled to death in a nightclub dire, imagine what getting 100,000 people in a panic in a crowded arena would do. Assuming even a tenth of the nightclub fire ratio, that'b be 2,500..equal to 9/11...only better! See, with 9/11, there were no intact bodies for the media to show. They were all crushed/burned/non-existant. But an arena full of bodies would be a very powerful image to show to the world, similar to the pictures of piles of jew corpses in the camps, inspiring terror in all who saw it. Any group that did this would be feared beyond Al-Queada. Such images bring to mind the ghosts of Nazi Genocide, Stalinist Purges, and Pol-Pot's killing fields. No matter how dramatic the scene of flying airliners into buildings was, it lacks any human dimension, because it's just objects as far at the viewer can tell. IT HAS TO BE PERSONAL! Joe Schmoe in Mulecreek, Arkansas and Dustbin, Texas has to be able to visulaze HIS death by your hands, and not be able to rationalize it away as "Well, that only happens in big cities" You start wasting big crowds in places no one has ever heard of, they can't do that anymore, making it possible (in their minds) for it to happen to them. And THAT makes them terrified.

megalomania

September 27th, 2003, 01:22 PM

Ahh, a brilliant strategy nbk. What could the government possibly do to protect every gathering at every little sporting event accross the country? Attacking small towns has just as much effect as going after a big city without the bother of the big security. Why go after the superbowl when you can hit a big highschool game? It would be more terrifying to the people because they know they would be powerless to stop it.

FireFly

September 27th, 2003, 03:32 PM

Chlorine gas is some interesting stuff, simply because it can be used as a chemical warfare agent, and it can be readily made by any fool with an IQ of 50. I have seen "someone" use it to gas a mouse, hamster, and cat as an experiment. The mouse and hamster were both executed with the agent, both showing the same symptoms. Before the rodents took their last breath, they went into "convulsions," if you will. Breathing was extremely hard, as they were panting for breath, their nose ran and the mucus caked up and dried on their face. It took what I am guessing a whopping 10 minutes before the mouse died from the agent and 15 minutes for the hamster, as Mega stated, lacing the agent with some sort of a "smell good substance" would be ideal, if you wanted the attack to end in death, as it would take much longer for a human to cease from the gassing. The experiment with the cat did not end in death, as I did not want to see my beloved cat die, but rather see the effects on a larger animal. The cat was gassed for probably 5 minutes, the cats symptoms were similar to that of the mouse and hamster, convulsions, difficulty breathing, et cetra. The cat walked off after the gassing, sat down and began coughing, the cats eyes and head bobbed about (kind of like when I get really fucked up). Symptoms ceased within 30 minutes of exposure. All in all I find that Cl would be a great agent as it is so damn cheap and easy to create for a "large scale, mouse and hamster annihilation!" ;)

redbull Mr Samosa Yes I agree that Chlorine is not a lethal weapon like soman or sarin. Inhalation is mostly irritating (see previous quotes) : " a terrorist could empty out a large area quickly and cheaply. Direct lethality would be low. Casualties would be from people stampeding or if people were forcibly confined... say in a subway car and couldnt get out. However, the real value of this device is in the horror and panic it causes among the population. " Thats all I claimed for Chlorine but that still a LOT. I agree with Megalomania, Im really suprised someone has not released a low budget chemical agent. NBK is also 100% on target. For an attack to be successful the agent in question need not cause any direct deaths. Just make everyone think it is / was a lethal agent. The comparison to the nightclub fire is right on target. The American newsmedia LOVES showing dead bodies. 9/11 hysteria will repeat itself. Americans will have their rights eroded all over again.

September 28th, 2003, 01:15 AM

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September 28th, 2003, 09:27 PM

I'd describe getting a face full of chlorine as feeling roughly equivalent to being drop-kicked in the back of the throat. (electrolysis experiment gone wrong) That was about a jar full in an enclosed environment. (and about 10 years ago) If you can get the gas to hit someone quickly it causes quite a shock. It hits you hard in the back of the throat and the eyes. Not very nice, but about on a par with the time I got a face full of SO2. That had more of an effect on my eyes. I guess it must have been the equivalent of peeling a hell of a lot of onions all at once. Maybe lighting raw sulphur (what caused my accident) would be a ready method of generating another 'nasty' gas, that would cause panic.

MrSamosa

September 29th, 2003, 08:25 AM

If someone feels pain in the back of their throat, in their eyes, and on their upper respiratory tract, they don't stop to think, "Am I being gassed with a lethal agent, or something painful but non-lethal?" They don't care- they just want it to stop. With this in mind, it therefore doesn't matter if someone uses Chlorine or Chloropicrin or CS. All will cause pain, but just not in the same proportions. However, then we take into account the cost. One can easily churn out kilograms of Chlorine for pennies, while Kilograms of CS may cost a bit more (although be far more effective- ideal for the large crowds NBK is talking about). In fact, we can even drift away from the idea of simple irritation and stampedes. As was stated earlier, the media LOVES showing bodies and horrific wounds. This is where Dimethyl Sulfate can come in. This can be produced for pennies as well. It causes very nasty burns to the skin (basically, Sulfuric Acid is released on and below the surface of the skin..), and also kidney damage (since Methanol is released on contact). Effects would be delayed by several hours. On the note of SO2, let me go back to the Spartans' use of the stuff. The way they released it was by putting pitch onto blocks of wood, covering the pitch with sulfur, and then lighting the blocks. This could be further modernized, of course, by making some pyrotechnic mixture of the sort, and releasing the smoke from cans or some other trendy container.

Chade

September 29th, 2003, 05:51 PM

This should be quite a possibility if you know of a store that sells industrial sized bage of sulphur for agriculture. (like 50KG) A stack of them on some plinths painted with pitch could sit under a spectator stand without being particularly suspicious. If you used a very simple incendiary fuse there'd be almost no way to trace its manufacture other than finding out where the sulphur was sold, and I reckon you could come up with a way around that problem. At its simplest, you could use that method that serial arsonist in America used, where you strap a match onto a lit cigarette in a folded sheet of paper. The cigarette burns down til it ignites the match, which sets the paper burning. Bags of sulphur are fairly commonly used, and won't arouse the same suspicion as something more potent. Afterwards, the whole thing may just be put down to an accident of someone storing Sulphur in the wrong place. It may even be attributed to a discarded cigarette from the stands. Can anyone think of anything else that easy? I can't think of much else that could be substituted, whilst looking so innocent. Perhaps a flammable chlorine containing plastic could liberate chlorine when burnt. I've also heard some furniture foams and fillers give off chlorine when burnt, which is a major problem in some warehouse fires.

zeocrash

September 29th, 2003, 06:09 PM

heating nitromors paint stripper (DCM) will yield phosgene IIRC, which kinda speaks for its self. it' seems very simple to make, but unlike the burning sacks of sulphur it, cant be disguised as an accident. unless someone just happened to leave a tin of boiling DCM around :P

Tuatara

September 29th, 2003, 09:03 PM

Some years back some university students pulled off a stunt involving a 44 gallon drum, some dry ice and a "Cyanide" sticker. Managed to empty one end of Aucklands city centre. No harm done, but lots of panic.:D Two chemicals that haven't been mentioned so far are ammonia (very nasty to get a face full) and hydrogen sulphide (lethal in fairly low concentrations). Both are very easy to come by and disperse.

nbk2000

September 30th, 2003, 01:11 AM

As I was walking to work today, I had occasion to pass a parked train, and noticed several tanker cars of interest. One was Ammonium Bifluoride, and the other anhydrous HF gas (yes, gas), and both were full (knocked on them). Imagine a 35,000 gallon tanker car of HF gas being vented in a city. :) I wonder if there'd be any bodies left...I'd imagine the ammonium bifluoride (which will dissolve glass) isn't much healthier. A large diameter EFP mounted on an overpass that the tanker would pass under would be great for this, because the penetrator would zip through the top and bottom of the tanker, allowing the tanker to vent/drain very rapidly, before anyone could possibly respond in time to stop it. As for public panic induction, you probably wouldn't even need any chemicals whatsoever (though it'd help), just a good recording. Imagine if an automated recording came on during rush hour in a crowded tube station saying: (Emergency Broadcast System tone) [synthesized voice] This is an alert! Chemical agent Sarin detected! Evacuate the station! [/synthesized voice] (repeat REALLY LOUD and continuously) Whip up something that uses a voice recording IC, program it with a computer synthesised voice with the tone thrown in, and plug it into the PA system somewhere on a timer. Watch with glee as the teeming herd of sheeple come pouring out of the station gasping/wheezing/twitching from both fear-induced shakes and psychosomatic (SP?) symptoms of "nerve gas" poisoning. I wouldn't be surprised if there were fatalities...not from trampling (though you'd have those too)...but from fear-induced heart attacks and such. It'd likely be several days before the government would declare it "safe" and that there was no CW agent used, but the damage to the publics mind would remain and the fear would spread, because one could use PSYOP's by starting a rumor that the "terrorists" used an "undetectable soviet-era CW" and that the government is denying its use to avoid panicking the public.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Always use the believable lie instead of the unbelievable truth. After all, everyone "knows" that the Soviets were into making such things, and hasn't the government been going on and on about terrorists having "Weapons of Mass Destruction"? What better publicity could you get than the governments own words being broadcast day and night everyday on TV saying this is so? :D

MrSamosa

October 1st, 2003, 09:43 AM

NBK - I love your way of thinking, it is always creative, fresh, and cynical :D. Alas, the placebo effect works both ways. One can think nothing is wrong and feel fine, or they can think something is terribly wrong and feel accordingly. Perhaps for added effect, one could even use some mild OP insecticide, so that the CW detectors scream, "Nerve Agent!" (as was discussed in another thread- i believe about breaking down insecticides). Hmm...train loads of HF and NH4FHF :D . Seems so open to a Lawrence of Arabia style attack- a few KGs of ANNM or ANFO should be enough to burst the whole tank- thus immediately dispersing a lethal cloud of HF. A similar roadside device could be used against tractor trailers. What about trainloads of chlorinated industrial solvents- such as Chloroform? If one were able to burst the tanks, and ignite it, it would be possible to release a massive cloud of Phosgene. And on the note of Phosgene, someone brought up boiling DCM. A much easier way is to combine DCM with Petrol and just ignite it, thus creating a device comparable to the Sulfur/Pitch logs. There are lots of goodies to look on the railroads, as they are the primary means of mass shipment to all sorts of factories and such. The best way of locating such goodies is first to find what they are used in, and then locate such a factory that would use it. I believe the most interesting chemicals would be shipped to pesticide and plastic factories.

pyromaniac_guy

October 6th, 2003, 12:16 AM

Originally posted by WTF A comment on the Aum Shinrikyo Sarin attacks, they estimated they would kill > 10000 people (don't quote me on that) in the attacks and killed 12. They also tried to kill people with anthrax, and they had a proper delivery system and all. No one noticed. The strain of anthrax they used was a vetrinarian strain, and therefore was used to vaccinate animals, not kill them. This all proves that biological/chemical terrorism is much harder than it looks, even if you have all the money you need.vetrinarian the dismal performance of the Aum Shinrikyo attacks have always amused me. You would think for a group that spent reportedly million, possibly as much as 10 million$ on the production of sarin, that they could come up with a better delivery system than poking holes in plastic bags full of nerve agent. Hell, an improvided delivery system that consisted of the spray nozzle from a bottle of windex and a nitrogen tank from a paintball gun could probably be tossed together in a few hours for under 100$

knowledgehungry

October 6th, 2003, 10:23 AM

I wonder what the Media would do if they just saw this thread. It scares me to a certain extent, I mean if one of the GoatHerders read this... These ideas are so simple, and more frightening than 9/11 in my mind. I'm sorry that I have no pertinent information, I just felt the need to compliment all involved on your simple yet previously unheard of ideas. Good job, and now I'm off to ride somewhere in a subway... Wish me luck;) I'm not in the mood to get gassed by some terrorists today.

MrSamosa

October 7th, 2003, 11:39 AM

You would think for a group that spent reportedly million, possibly as much as 10 million$ on the production of sarin, that they could come up with a better delivery system than poking holes in plastic bags full of nerve agent. In fact, Aum did work on a more complicated delivery system, which they tried to use on several occasions (Matsumoto being the most notable). But the problem was that the device kept malfunctioning- in the case of Matsumoto, they tried to release the Sarin but the device released a fog of HCl instead. In another case, there was a leak and the operator was exposed to some Sarin (although he had some Atropine pills on hand). The choice to use the Plastic Bags and umbrella tips was a result of frustration - the chief Aum Chemist decided to implement a fool-proof dispersion system. After all, March 20 was supposed to be the day of their great Coup d'Etat, complete with air raids on the Presidential Compound and Parliament (although they later dropped this idea in favor of Gas).

A-BOMB

October 7th, 2003, 12:56 PM

Well I can think of one really bad chem CLF3 (I think) my father was just at a plant that makes it for IC manufacture. He said It was one of the most dangerous chemicals in existance. They did a demo for him they took a 1ml of it and put it on a turkey samwich that they had over from lunch a few seconds later is blew to a million bits. This could be just my dads BS again. But you never know.

knowledgehungry

October 7th, 2003, 04:39 PM

I'm not sure how that compound could exist, barring that it is ionic or has a strange bonding where it gets more than an octet. But if such a chem existed it would oxidize everything it touched, including a turkey sandwich.

Sarevok

October 8th, 2003, 12:39 AM

Originally posted by knowledgehungry I'm not sure how that compound could exist It does exist. Not only chlorine trifluoride, but there are other chlorine flourides. Occupational Safety and Health Guideline for Chlorine Trifluoride (http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/healthguidelines/ chlorinetrifluoride/recognition.html)

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I'm sure this compound can be put to good use.

MrSamosa

October 10th, 2003, 08:52 AM

I was talking to a volunteer fire fighter the other day, and she was telling me about some of her training. So I brought up the subject of emergency response to such terrorist attacks (as she brought up Ricin- and how her fire chief claimed to have made some in his bath tub - not a smart idea eh??). Anyhow, the point is she said that a 2 mile radius can be cleared in 30 minutes. I remember in Baltimore a few years ago, a train carrying HCl derailed and the area near the Raven's Stadium had to be evacuated. This is the kind of accident fire fighters train for- derailments, isolating areas, etc. Therefore, this is what would have to be avoided for someone attacking trains. Time is essential, as always. The direction of the winds must be considered, because that is going to be the primary means of dispersal over a large area. A large cloud of some toxic Industrial Material is worthless if it is not spread about- and simple diffusion will not do it fast enough- it will give the bunny-suited buffoons enough time to evacuate the area. Instead, I imagine such an attack taking place as follows: a train is commandeered somehow, upwind of the target area (ideally, some large city center where most people get around on foot or bicycle), large explosive charges are placed on the chemical tanks, and then set off. Large charges must be used so that the whole tank bursts- not just a little hole venting the stuff. A large scale dispersion must take place immediately so as to take advantage of the 30 minute time window.

vulture

October 10th, 2003, 07:26 PM

Masking Cl2 with a pleasant smell won't work. There's a reason why water is being sterilized with O3 or Cl2: They do not only kill germs, but also oxidize any smelly/tasty stuff that's in the water.

Wydarr

October 15th, 2003, 08:16 AM

In case you are interested, I can dig some of the materials I had in the army about predicting the contamination area for chemical attacks. Also if you are interested I have simmilar tables and charts for predicting radiological and biological contamination.

Chade

October 15th, 2003, 05:25 PM

I'm interested, although I could probably get hold of the radiological data myself if I hunted around a bit. Is that data looking at the maximum area that could be affected, for the purposes of evacuation, or the minimum area you could be sure of taking out if you wanted to use such a weapon? Does it take into account contributing factors like wind and surface features such as buildings? As rough data it could be handy, but I'm guessing you'd need more sophisticated models for a better assessment. I understand there's a general feeling here on the forum of 'post or do not post, there is no 'try''.

MrSamosa

January 6th, 2005, 08:55 PM

http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/NAJL10603.htm The news for today: train crash in South Carolina releases a scary cloud of Chlorine Gas, forcing the evacuation of a 2 mile radius and a lock-down in the surrounding areas. Casualty counts are 4 killed and at least 100 injured. It is worth pointing out that this was an accident. Imagine a commandeered train-load of Chlorine being blown up by heavy bombs, rather than just a mere "Chemical Spill." As we know, Chemical Weapons are weapons of terror, and that is their greatest advantage. This was pointed out time and time again in this thread. Even if the attack causes very few casualties, look at the reaction: states of emergencies, the residents ordered to take shelter from a toxic cloud, moon-suited men and flashing strobelights all around, and on top of it all the knowledge that for a few hundred dollars the incident could be repeated anywhere. If the casualty counts are high enough, the name and date of the attack will live in infamy. Also, the shock of these lungdamaging agents goes a long way; an unsuspecting person taking a full whiff can immediately lose consciousness. In this case, I am thinking of mass gassings of downtown areas. Also worth mentioning, I was talking to another Volunteer Fire Fighter recently, and again the subject of Chemical Attacks came up. I said to him, "Another firefighter said that a 2-mile radius can be evacuated in 30 minutes." His response was, "Haha, they're dreaming."

nbk2000

January 10th, 2005, 05:18 PM

I've got a clipping that says the CDC estimates that, if a tanker car of chlorine catastrophically ruptured in optimal conditions in a major metropolitian area, that 100 people per second would die from the resulting cloud sweeping the streets. :) vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Phenothailene GLOD O

October 3rd, 2003, 11:30 PM

I worked in a oil and water lab on a ship (Navy) once. I knew one of the test chems we used was also the a ctive ingredient in laxitives... To make a long story short---I put a couple of drops into a guys' coffee as he was departing the ship (new orders to another c o m m and). He and I never got along---nor did he get along with anyone else in the division... He loved coffee. Drank coffee from m orning til night. Was drinking the cup of coffee I poured for him a s h e d e p a r t e d t h e s h i p for the last time. He probably drank coffee all night on the crapp er--wondering what bug he had caught. I was young and stup id then--and if I ever saw the guy again (now 20-something years later), I would prob ably..........well, I would tthink about apologizing, but he really was an asshole! Moral of the story is: Don't be an asshole to people---or else, som eone will show you what your asshole is m eant for!

nbk2000

October 4th, 2003, 01:21 AM

Stoopid...la/\/\@...an d other words describing this foolishness shall not be wasted. Death. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : so3 murder

October 11th , 2 0 0 3 , 1 2 : 4 7 P M

it possibole to m ake so3 with electrolysis?

chemwarrior

October 11th , 2 0 0 3 , 0 1 : 4 5 P M

Hm m, lets see... I dunno..... but Im DAMN sure that if you had UTFSE yo u would have found the answer to your question...:rolleyes: And shit, I ju st notcied.... unless you had som ething VER Y valua ble to co ntribute you really should have posted in the water cooler.... at least there you wouldnt ha v e b e e n b a n n e d f o r b r e a k i n g t h e r u l e s . . . W e l l , w h e n t h e i n e v i t a b l e h a p p e n s ( b a n n i n g ) g o b a c k a n d m a k e a n e w a c c o u n t . W ith this account, R EAD the rules. Also, I believe it is in the watercooler section, there is a thread titles "The Unwritten Rules... Written!" which was written b y NBK. You are HIGHLY advised to read through this. Another thing to note- Learn spelling and proper gramm ar, otherwise ma ny of the m o d s a nd such will get q uite irritated... and t h e y a r e a l r e a d y m a k ing sm aller and smaller circles above your head....

megalomania

October 11th , 2 0 0 3 , 0 1 : 5 0 P M

Such a sim p l e q u e s t i o n , a n d y e t s o m any thing s wrong... First of all, the Internet is your friend, use it, we will not do you work for you. Second, try putting a question like this in the proper sectio n, this has no place in battlefield chemistry, it's more of a general chem question, and more properly a water cooler question for the likes of you. And third, for a newbie to ask such a sim p l e q u e s t i o n o n h i s f i r s t p o s t l e a d s m e to believe you may have neglected to read our rules. Maybe, sligh tly, perhaps, no? HED! vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : A232 / A232x ? vxmh

October 19th, 2003, 07:17 AM

Does anyone heared about A232 ? I only now that A232 is a news Nerve Agent invented in Russia. I want to now something about its formula and toxity.

Kriegsminister

October 19th, 2003, 10:07 AM

All you need to know can be found here: How to make A232 (http://www.roguesci.org/theforum/misc.php?s=&action=faq&page=4 )

vxmh

October 19th, 2003, 10:29 AM

Sorry , your link doesn't match to my thema. I only askled for some information about the nerveagent A232. I know that it works like vx and other V - agents. It is a serious question.

Anath

October 19th, 2003, 10:43 AM

Sounds like something similar to Novichok, a VX derivitave.. take a look at http://www.nbcdefence.net/nore/novi_1.htm and do a (google) search for Vladimir Pasechnik as well. hope that helps.

vxmh

October 19th, 2003, 10:46 AM

Thank you very much. thats a good link.

Kriegsminister

October 19th, 2003, 12:43 PM

You should read the text anyway... More precisely you should have read it BEFORE posting.

vxmh

October 19th, 2003, 03:20 PM

I have read the text. Where is the Problem ? Give me a hint please, to know what i do wrong.

DBSP

October 19th, 2003, 05:03 PM

Since I don't know shit about battelfield chemestry I can't really tell wether this is an apropriate topic, someone else will have to decide that. BUT I can tell you that you should stop making stupid one line replies, they are wortheless and don't add anyting of any greater value. If you don't have anything relevent to say then don't say anything at all.

megalomania

December 9th, 2004, 02:59 AM

Here is a topic that should have piqued my interest, but escaped my notice. While browsing for some chemical weapons info I stumbled on a reference to Novichok agents. Of particular interest is Novichok 5, supposedly 5 to 8 times more effective that VX. Unfortunatly the only information I can seem to find is that same damn quote, Novichok 5 is 5 to 8 times more eff ective that VX. I will assume eff ective is an understatement for deadly. A search of The Forum only turned up this thread. The suggestion to search about Vladimir Pasechnik seems to be no good as he is a microbiologist. Vil Mirzayanov seems to be the only guy around willing to talk about Novichok agents. I see he published a book, so I wonder if there are any interesting details. Finding real chemical weapons info on the net is like prospecting for plutonium, you can spend your life doing it and never find anything. Of course all I need is a place to start: a formula, a chemical structure, a journal reference, something to lead me in the right direction. Hopefully not someplace where everything is written in Russian :) Update: Not to contradict my previous analogy, but I have found a pearl of information. Apparently one of the binary components of Novichok 5, or rather A-232 is acetonitrile. A variant of A-232 is A-234, which uses ethyl alcohol instead of acetonitrile. The other binary component is a simple organphosphorus compound likely to be mistaken for a pesticide and not on the list of the Chemical Weapons Convention. I also read the two components have never been used or considered as chemical weapons, and thus get around the terms of the CWC. We can assume this stuff is an organophosphorus compound, thats a given, and now we know it easily forms esters and what with. We also know the other half is not a very complicated molecule. I have also heard this substance is rather easy to manufacture. I would speculate the possibility exists that this chemical weapon may be a variant of an existing pesticide that uses acetonitrile in place of some other compound. I would also venture a guess fluorine is involved somewhere. Imagine the possibility that hidden within the pages of the Dictionary of Organophosphorus Compounds could be the key component of one of the deadliest substances known to man. Just add acetonitrile

akinrog

May 17th, 2008, 09:01 AM

Sorry to review a four years old thread but I believe instead of starting a new one, continuing an existing one is better. A few days ago, while renaming my files into more understandable names, I came across a file, which I renamed as "Compendium of Chemical Warfare Agents - Steven L. Hoenig (2007).pdf". Although the book is not good in synthetical aspects, it has a good deal of info on G and novichok type agents. However there is a word of warning: He says he is making educated guesses about some novichok agents. But the book contains chemical structures, some info about physical properties and almost nothing on toxicity of novichok agents (it says no data available). If somebody is interested and nobody yet uploaded it, then I may upload it to the FTP. Regards

megalomania

May 23rd, 2008, 07:50 AM

That is a very good book, I had it for a time from the library, and I would want it again. Please do upload it. I don't know if I already have this book in e- format, but better safe than sorry. I used the book as a source of CAS numbers and structures to run literature searches on all the major chemical weapons. I found a few I didn't know about, and of course the Novichok info is better than anything else out there.

akinrog Please do upload it. Sir,

May 23rd, 2008, 03:54 PM

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Please check within one hour the above mentioned file under FTP's /UPLOAD/AKINROG folder. Regards

megalomania

May 26th, 2008, 12:16 AM

I already got it. Thank you very much, that seems to be the book. I can never remember that name of this book, it's one of those names that just won't stick in my mind. I know I have it written down somewhere, but it is hard to search for something when you don't know what it is. All I know is what the cover looks like, and the contents. This is why I have started photographing the covers of interesting books I get at the library. There it is...

Enkidu

May 26th, 2008, 06:40 AM

Here are the pages that deal with the Novichok agents. The pages contain structures, but he is somewhat ambiguous, as akinrog stated, as to whether or not those are the actual compounds or extrapolations. He doesn't give any references. (:mad:) Apparently, household bleach can be used for (part of?) the decontamination procedure.

megalomania

May 28th, 2008, 03:55 AM

I can do you one better, when I got this book last year I tracked down the references since he was nice enough to supply the CAS numbers :) There is just one slight problem, which is why I didn't actually get these references, none of them are in English :( Synthesis of A-230: Fluorination of dioxa- and oxazaphospholanes. Lindemann, D.; Riesel, L. Fachbereich Chem., Humboldt-Univ., Berlin, Germany. Zeitschrift fuer Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie (1992), 615 66-72. Journal written in German. Condensation of acid fluorides of glycol phosphites with diene hydrocarbons. Petrov, A. A.; Razumova, N. A.; Evtikhov, Zh. L. Leningr. Tekhnol. Inst., im. Lensoveta, Leningrad, USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1967), 37(6), 1410-11. Journal written in Russian. Nuclear magnetic resonance study of derivatives with a dioxaphospholane ring. Gagnaire, Didier; Robert, Jean B.; Verrier, Jean. Lab. Chim. Org. Phys., C.E.N., Grenoble, Fr. Bulletin de la Societe Chimique de France (1966), (12), 3719-25. Journal written in French. OK, now I feel the fool because I can't find the rest of my files. I know I snagged the references, I just don't know where I put them, or what I may have named them. Hmm, my master excel file also has different CAS numbers for nerve agent A-230, nerve agent A-232, and nerve agent A-234... 26102-97-6, 26102-98-7, and 26102-99-8 respectively. My references for A-230 were actually from 3 years ago, those can't be the ones I am looking for because I know I grabbed a bunch in the last few months, and that book only came out last fall. Damn computers, and damn 1TB of files! Ah ha! The files were hiding on my memory stick, I guess they didn't sync like they were supposed to... Here is another ref for A-230... Phosphorus-fluorine chemistry. VII. Synthesis and coordination chemistry of the fluorophosphites. Schmutzler, Reinhard. E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co., Inc., Wilmington, DE, Chemische Berichte (1963), 96(9), 2435-50. Journal language unavailable. (I would say this is in German) Reaction of a-chloronitrosoalkanes with phospholanes and iminophosphites. Kruglyak, Yu. L.; Malekin, S. I.; Leibovskaya, G. A.; Khromova, Z. I.; Sretenskaya, I. I.; Martynov, I. V. Moscow, USSR. Editor(s): Grechkin, N. P. Khim. Primen. Fosfororg. Soedin., Tr. Konf., 4th (1972), Meeting Date 1969, 307-12. Publisher: "Nauka", Moscow, USSR. Conference written in Russian. Phosphorylated oximes. XII. Reactions of 2-halophospholanes with dichlorofluoronitrosomethane. Kruglyak, Yu. L.; Malekin, S. I.; Martynov, I. V. USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1972), 42(4), 811-14. Journal written in Russian. Mechanism of the reaction of -chloronitrosoalkanes with phosphorus(III) compounds. Malekin, S. I.; Yakutin, V. I.; Sokal'skii, M. A.; Kruglyak, Yu. L.; Martynov, I. V. USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1972), 42(4), 807-11. Journal written in Russian. Carbonyl halide oxime b-chloroalkyl fluorophosphates. Martynov, I. V.; Kruglyak, Yu. L.; Malekin, S. I. U.S.S.R. (1969), SU 241433 19690418 Patent written in Russian. Application: SU 19680325. Synthesis of A-232 Phosphorus-containing heterocycles. XV. Acid fluorides of glycolphosphorous acids. Razumova, N. A.; Evtikhov, Zh. L.; Petrov, A. A. Leningrad. Tekhnol. Inst. im. Lensoveta, Leningrad, USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1968), 38(5), 1117-22. Journal written in Russian. Condensation of acid fluorides of glycol phosphites with diene hydrocarbons. Petrov, A. A.; Razumova, N. A.; Evtikhov, Zh. L. Leningr. Tekhnol. Inst., im. Lensoveta, Leningrad, USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1967), 37(6), 1410-11. Journal written in Russian. Phosphorylated oximes. XII. Reactions of 2-halophospholanes with dichlorofluoronitrosomethane. Kruglyak, Yu. L.; Malekin, S. I.; Martynov, I. V. USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1972), 42(4), 811-14. Journal written in Russian. Carbonyl halide oxime b-chloroalkyl fluorophosphates. Martynov, I. V.; Kruglyak, Yu. L.; Malekin, S. I. U.S.S.R. (1969), SU 241433 19690418 Patent written in Russian. Application: SU 19680325. Synthesis of A-234 Phosphorus-containing heterocycles. XV. Acid fluorides of glycolphosphorous acids. Razumova, N. A.; Evtikhov, Zh. L.; Petrov, A. A. Leningrad. Tekhnol. Inst. im. Lensoveta, Leningrad, USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1968), 38(5), 1117-22. Journal written in Russian. of a-chloronitrosoalkanes with phospholanes and iminophosphites. Kruglyak, Yu. L.; Malekin, S. I.; Leibovskaya, G. A.; Khromova, Z. I.; Sretenskaya, I. I.; Martynov, I. V. Moscow, USSR. Editor(s): Grechkin, N. P. Khim. Primen. Fosfororg. Soedin., Tr. Konf., 4th (1972), Meeting Date 1969, 307-12. Publisher: "Nauka", Moscow, Conference written in Russian. Phosphorylated oximes. XII. Reactions of 2-halophospholanes with dichlorofluoronitrosomethane. Kruglyak, Yu. L.; Malekin, S. I.; Martynov, I. V. USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1972), 42(4), 811-14. Journal written in Russian. Mechanism of the reaction of -chloronitrosoalkanes with phosphorus(III) compounds. Malekin, S. I.; Yakutin, V. I.; Sokal'skii, M. A.; Kruglyak, Yu. L.; Martynov, I. V. USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1972), 42(4), 807-11. Journal written in Russian. Carbonyl halide oxime b-chloroalkyl fluorophosphates. Martynov, I. V.; Kruglyak, Yu. L.; Malekin, S. I. U.S.S.R. (1969), SU 241433 19690418 Patent written in Russian. Application: SU 19680325. There you have it folks, nothing new about any of these references, and notice there is a good bit of overlap. Not one word in any of those references is in English either. Obviously these chemicals have languished in obscurity for some time, locked away in Russian journals waiting to be uncovered by enterprising Forumites. Now then, I might be persuaded to get some of these IF someone can translate them into English. There may be an English translation of Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii available already. Notice the complete lack of any publications in US or UK journals. Looks suspicious right? This is probably intentional fedgov censorship. If you will recall, I made a post about how the Russians intentionally published everything they had on chemicals weapons in the hopes someone would use the information to attack the imperialist pig-dogs in America and score great victory for Mother Russia without CCCP getting hands dirty :D I would never actually try this considering how insanely toxic these compounds could be, so just this once we can indulge in a little theory. At least there is hard data to back up these reaction schemes. A synthesis scheme might be thus: Novichoks are apparently binary agents, simple mixing may be all that is required to achieve a reaction. We have our choice of three starting materials for binary agent “A” including ethylene phosphorofluoridite; cyclic phosphorofluoridite 1,2-propanediol; and cyclic 1,2-dimethylethylene ester phosphorofluoridous acid (these being H-H, H-CH3, and CH3-CH3 substituted respectively). We combine one of these with our “B” binary component, dichlorofluoronitrosomethane. There are two synthesis references for dichlorofluoronitrosomethane from the Encyclopedia of Explosives: N.N. Yarovenko & S.P. Motornyi, ZhObshchKhim 30, 4066 (1960) & CA 55, 20928e (1961) I.V. Martynov & Yu,L. Krugylak, ProblOrganSinteza-AkadNaukSSSR, OtdObshchITeknKhim 1965, 56 & CA 64, 8022h (1964). More Russian stuff…

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter I like this part from the book if you are exposed to Novichok: Hold breath and don respiratory protection mask. Ha! At 10x more toxic than VX that will be the last breath you ever take.

sbovisjb1

June 3rd, 2008, 09:59 PM

I know German, Dutch and French. I will goto the university and get these books and try to translate as best as I can. The Russian may be a slight problem. As long as most of it is a detailed synthesis, I should be able to get it up shortly. I will ask a Prof who knows Russian to go through the Russian text(s) with me, I will say I am doing research on it, in the lab and none of the students know Russian. :D

Enkidu

June 4th, 2008, 12:30 AM

I will say I am doing research on it, in the lab and none of the students know Russian. :D Uh... doing research in the lab with a potent chemical agent? :eek: I'd come up with a better excuse! Haha.

sbovisjb1

June 4th, 2008, 03:48 PM

My friend when you tell the students to do a job for you, considering that its a Biochemistry laboratory, and many dangerous regents are experimented upon here, for various experimental reasons. This material will be the least hazardous agent in the lab. The students know this, the lab staff know this and their salary/allowances depend on it.

sbovisjb1

June 4th, 2008, 06:16 PM

Sorry (I can't edit the post) I am in infectious diseases. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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October 30th, 2003, 12:07 AM

Hmmm, i have alw ays been interested in different biochem synthesis, but i could never find anything on the synthesis of actual biow eaps like anthrax or to cultivate the common cold, i have studyed many things on ricin and botulin, but have never foud anything on actual bactirial disorders. Not that i would want to make them i just like to know how such things are done. I am extensively interested in that feild of study but im not going anyw are. :(

0EZ0

October 30th, 2003, 12:42 AM

First post, new topic. Go read the rules before you get into any more trouble. Mods?

xyz

October 30th, 2003, 04:15 AM

Err... The common cold is a virus and IIRC viruses can't be easily cultivated, only bacteria.

MrSamosa

October 30th, 2003, 08:27 AM

I don't know much in the area of Biologicals, though I have a bit of know ledge from reading through a book on Microbiology and Immunology. The first and perhaps most important aspect of cultivating any bacteria/mold is to know as much as possible about what it is you want to cultivate! Know what conditions the mold grows under- temperatures, lighting, aerobic or anaerobic- know about competing bacteria/molds, and the conditions they grow under, and then try to make the growing environment as selective as possible- in favor w hat you want to cultivate. If possible, find ways to kill competing growths, to ensure they never get far. If the bacteria creates a toxin, look into its solubility, and use an appropriate solvent to extract it. In the case of Castor Beans, Ricin is soluble in many common organic solvents. Botulinum I'm not terribly sure about - it does not seem to be an effective weapon. It is a sissy bacteria, sensitive to air, light, and dirty looks. In my humble opinion, the most effective Biological/Toxin weapon was T2 Toxin ("Yellow Rain").

Al Nobel

October 30th, 2003, 04:50 PM

The biggest problem is to isolate the correct bacteria/virus. It`s damned easy to cultivate bakteria and it´s even possible to cultivate viruses at home.The problem is to avoid any kind of contamination.If you have achieved all this then there is still the problem to bring your bio agent to a w eapon grade state. If you want an easy ``bio agent`` for use in food contamination then cultivate any kind of bacterial intestine illness or stuff like that.Just lick the ground in a public toilet and wait a few days.Then you should have many interesting germs to work with.

hno3

October 30th, 2003, 09:24 PM

sorry 0EZ0, im sooo stupid, ididnt read the rules, sorry!

thermobaric

November 2nd, 2006, 11:02 PM

Here's an interesting article on incubation and isolation of poxvirus' in chicken embryo.http://www .findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3855/is_200411/ai_n9467926

teshilo

November 4th, 2006, 04:37 AM

synthesis of actual bioweaps like anthrax :(:) :) Very good joke..Actual info about cultivation /obtain various type of bacteria and extraction biotoxins, you can got from colledge level textbooks.For start and basic: read the classic "Silent Death" by Uncle Fester...Also these for help "Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases", Sixth Edition http://rapidshare.de/files/22997675/Mandell_6_.chm

FullMetalJacket

November 9th, 2006, 08:13 AM

Teshilo, I'm sure I didn't just see you recommend somebody to read an uncle Fester text to learn something?

c.Tech

November 9th, 2006, 08:29 AM

Teshilo, I'm sure I didn't just see you recommend somebody to read an uncle Fester text to learn something? I dont s ee anything wrong w ith that book, its a good place for beginners who know absolutely nothing about poisons and alike. It may not be advanced or 100% accurate but is still a good read.

FullMetalJacket

November 9th, 2006, 08:44 AM

I haven't read that particular text, but I w ill now. It was my understanding that Uncle Fester was irresponsible and outlined foolishly-presented and dangerous procedures. That's the way his explosives synths seemed, at least.

c.Tech

November 9th, 2006, 08:53 AM

I've noticed that too in silent death, such as using chewing gum and a cork stopper in nerve gas synthesis. :p Although Im assuming people are looking for information and if they had enough common sense they would know what to and not to trust. Silent death brings chemical reactions, toxicity, effects and other information into sight but fails to have a safe method of using or making the products.

FullMetalJacket

November 9th, 2006, 09:26 AM

Ah-ha, that's no problem then. If I have the stoichiometric reactions I'm sure I could figure it out from there, along with any other help his procedures entail. Should be easy to adapt it to a safe method. Maybe I'll do that to his entire book, re-upload it for all my fellow Megalomaniacs.

sbovisjb1

January 25th, 2007, 06:13 PM

Anthrax is found in cow s. Goto your local university farm and most of the time, they will have a few samples. Anthrax is harmfull to cow s and students often have to do experiments on this (Causes, how to eliminate it, harmfull properties to humans and how it can be transferred). Dont go round trying to get some samples, Its often in small quantities and well it wont do much. If you are in the study for infectious diseases and are doing your post graduate thesis, you should be able to get hold of something such as the Spanish Flu, but Its under strict controll and you need to have a good reason to get hold of the virii and w ell they are studying so that they can understand more about the birdflu. (How diseases such as this can be transmitted).

nbk2000

January 25th, 2007, 09:57 PM

That last post was so k3w L'ish it made my claws twitch! :mad: ...you should be able to get hold of something such as the Spanish Flu,... Considering how much effort the US military went through to obtain it from the frozen corpses of eskimoes in a mass grave in the arctic, and it being the last pandemic flu capable of killing many millions of healthy adults, I'd say the likelyhood of it ever leaving the confines of USAMRIID's freezer in the Level 4 containment lab in CDC Atlanta, for examination by anyone outside of the innermost circle of the Military-Industrial c omplex, is approaching ∞ . Though here's one site saying vaccinations were the actual cause of the 1918 pandemic: http://whale.to/vaccine/sf1.html

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter sbovisjb1

January 25th, 2007, 11:51 PM

That last post was so k3w L'ish it made my claws twitch! :mad: Sorry about that :o. But infectious diseases post-docs, with a good reason, MAY be able to get hold of some, if for example they are trying to discover the origins of the flu in a new manner and can prove it to be feasible, but then again such experiments would be highly controlled.

Hirudinea

January 26th, 2007, 10:02 PM

Though here's one site saying vaccinations were the actual cause of the 1918 pandemic:

Actually somelab in Winipeg rebuilt some Spanish Flu and, among other things, they found that it was very similar to the Chicken Flu we have kicking around today, just genetically better at infecting humans (it had a things for hairy dudes I guess.) They also injected the Zombie Flu (well the did bring it back from the dead :D ) into some monkeys and all of them died exactly the same way people did from the original Spanish Flu, cytokine storm, their imune systems went nuts and flooded their lungs, drowning them. Oh and for an interesting posion, not somthing the average guy could get, but I'm sure is on all good goverment shelves, is TGN1412, it was supposed to be a treatment for arthritis or somthing like that, but in the six people it was tried on, it caused a cytokine storm in 6 of them, in doses lower than w ere to be given in normal use. I doubt someone coming into an emergency room with such symptoms w ould even be seen as poisioned, check out the link for more info (on wikipedia, hey what can I do.) http://en.w ikipedia.org/w iki/TGN1412

FullMetalJacket

January 28th, 2007, 05:16 AM

That sounds delicious.

sbovisjb1

January 28th, 2007, 07:05 PM

Actually somelab in Winipeg rebuilt some Spanish Flu and, among other things, they found that it was very similar to the Chicken Flu we have kicking around today, just genetically better at infecting humans (it had a things for hairy dudes I guess.) Actaually its Winnipeg ;). And its in Friendly Manitoba. Regardless, Winnipeg is one of the Infectious diseases leaders in the w orld. :D. In all seriousness, the use of biow eapons is to create fear (Obviously). If people see the nasty effects and its an "airborne" disease or the like which can get anyone (or so they believe), its a much more effective weapon. Nukes are scary because of the amount of destruction they can create (like the death star). Now if any k3w l (anti-social) thinks that this will be the ultimate weapon... it's not. It may make people sick (a lot of them), kill a few, but it will not effect the out come of the war.

FullMetalJacket

January 29th, 2007, 04:08 AM

I'm forced to disagree with you. Whilst fear plays a major part in the adoption and use of BW agents, they have major, major potential to kill many, many people, especially some of the more virulent viruses or chimaeras (such as the Soviet's Ebola/Smallpox motherfucker)

FU TI

January 29th, 2007, 09:38 AM

FMJ can you post some link for that claim. I'm unaware that Soviet's make such shit. I know they made mutated plague though so you could be right but I prefer to know the facts. Thanks in advance. Soviet's considered bioweapons as very good weapons. They even made their first BM cary bio-w arhead before nukes (and no mass of the warhead w asn't an issue for them if you ask yourself). Plague was their natural choice for start...they have anti-plague stations array since 19th century Russia that collected various strains soo...starting material wasn't an issue.

sbovisjb1

January 29th, 2007, 08:09 PM

I'm forced to disagree with you. Whilst fear plays a major part in the adoption and use of BW agents, they have major, major potential to kill many, many people, especially some of the more virulent viruses or chimaeras (such as the Soviet's Ebola/Smallpox motherfucker) But with modern science, the outcomes and effects of such weapons will be greatly minimized (hopefully), but even if it works, It will still scare EVERYONE.

Hirudinea

January 30th, 2007, 08:52 PM

Actaually its Winnipeg . My mistake. And its in Friendly Manitoba. Regardless, Winnipeg is one of the Infectious diseases leaders in the world. Yep, a level 4 lab, and in w inter its so ****ing cold if any germs get out they'll be flash frozen anyw ay. :D In all seriousness, the use of biow eapons is to create fear (Obviously). Bioweapons of the past would probably been best used as terror w eapons, and thats probably what terrorists will use them for in the future, but with the full resourses of a nation behind bioweapons research w ho knows w hat someone could get up to. BW agents, they have major, major potential to kill many, many people, especially some of the more virulent viruses or chimaeras (such as the Soviet's Ebola/Smallpox motherfucker) I'm unaware that Soviet's make such shit. I know they made mutated plague though so you could be right but I prefer to know the facts. I believe that in Ken Alabek's book he described a researcher who took a rabbit virus, somthing similar to flu in humans, and added a genetic marker for the myalin (spelling) sheath coating nerves in animals. The rabbits were infected with the modified virus, devloped the flu as expected, and the flu passed and the rabbits seemed healthy. After 3 months the rabbits started to devlope the symptoms of MS, a disease caused by the immune system attacking and destorying the myalin sheath coating the nerves, 100% of the rabbits exibited symptoms and, had they not been destoryed to be studied, w ould have gone on to devlope full blown MS and die. So how does this apply to humans? Simple, modify a virus most people get, a cold or flu virus, the same way the rabbit virus was modified and release it into the enviroment, then sit back and w atch the fun begin.

FU TI

January 31st, 2007, 04:34 PM

I agree. If someone start playing w ith virus based bioweapons w e are seriously fu*ked. I know that virus based bioweapons exist....what I meant was if someone start changing them and producing them on large scale. Hell if they form lasting virus of ebola type we can kiss ourself goodbye. Does anyone have that book? I read some other book and w as amazed that USSR had (among other stuff) 11000 tonnes (!) of anthrax spores (I guess with diluent used for freeze-drying).

Hirudinea

January 31st, 2007, 08:35 PM

I agree. If someone start playing w ith virus based bioweapons w e are seriously fu*ked. I know that virus based bioweapons exist....what I meant was if someone start changing them and producing them on large scale. Well flu viruses are mass produced in chicken eggs so the productionm of modified viruses is not the main problem, the genetic manipulation is the big hurtle. Hell if they form lasting virus of ebola type we can kiss ourself goodbye. Or a virus that makes the immune system destory reproductive cells and "Children of Man" isn't just a movie. I don't have the book but you could get hard copies at the library, there are also other books on Russian bioweapons devlopement, also you should check projectw.org and ebooksclub.org (which I myself haven't checked, but will.)

nbk2000 I read it and found quite interesting.

January 31st, 2007, 09:10 PM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter TreverSlyFox

February 1st, 2007, 08:44 AM

Anthrax is found in cow s. Actually, you can find Anthrax (if you know what your looking for) in the dirt of anyplace an anthrax outbreak has occured. Anthrax is easy to recover and culture in large amounts by anyone that know s what he's doing. 60 Minutes or 20/20 did a report on it a few years ago. The problem becomes in the weaponization (making it an areosol of fine particles) for "effective" dispersement. IIRC the idea w as to get it to 1 micron or less in size w hich took expensive equipment.

Hirudinea

February 1st, 2007, 08:30 PM

The problem becomes in the weaponization (making it an areosol of fine particles) for "effective" dispersement. IIRC the idea was to get it to 1 micron or less in size which took expensive equipment.

Also when you make particles that small they tend to stick togther through static electricity, which is the real head scratcher, that was the problem the biowarfare labs had solving.

nbk2000

February 2nd, 2007, 08:29 AM

The ideal particle size is 2-5 microns. >5 microns = Too big to get into lungs <2 microns = Too small to stay in lungs

FullMetalJacket

February 10th, 2007, 10:59 PM

The book that I read a lot of my stuff from w as Plague Wars, by Tom Mangold. I recently lost my copy, so I'm going to buy the latest edition, but it's a great text about the modern history of BW and is full of little gems and useful knowledge. It's what first got me started on this course of study.

Gerbil

March 9th, 2007, 05:13 PM

A viral weapon effective enough to cause serious damage would make nuclear MAD look like a kiddie playfight. If you were to create and release something w ith highly efficient spread capacity, it would almost certainly come back to your door. Possessing them is great for psychological impact, though.

chemdude1999

March 9th, 2007, 05:49 PM

Good point, Gerbil. I suppose we can consider the bio-weapons being produced probably will never be used. It is like 21st century MAD. A super-charged version of brinkmanship, if you w ill. However, their study is impossible for me to resist at least in theory. :D

ciguy007

September 26th, 2007, 12:25 AM

Recovering anthrax in the USA is going to be difficult at best since large animals (cattle, horses, other herbivores) are almost completely vaccinated against anthrax. Theoretically, the best bet for recovering pathogenic anthrax would be ATCC (American Type Culture Collection LOL) or a trip to a portion of the globe w here animal immunizations have broken down and/or where anthrax is endemic in the local fauna. Curiously, the russians published data indicating that ebola is only pathogenic for a matter of minutes in air, UNLESS it is mixed with artificial saliva or a glycerin solution. Curious that the Russians w ould do that kind of research, and publish it. If you were to design a WMD virus, you might well w ind up with HIV. It's contagious, it's spread through sexual contact (and a lot of people simply won't practice safe sex - and the rest are too prudish to teach safe sex to children), it has a long latent period, it attacks the immune system first, and there is no effective cure. Between HIV and genocide, Africa may wind up over 50% depopulated. The book "the coming wars w ith china" describes a HIV epidemic of phenomenal proportions fueled by a 60's style sexual revolution, the introduction of HIV from heroin users in the south of the country and contact w ith infected (drug addict) prostitutes by truck drivers w ho drive all over china. It'll be interesting to w atch Anthrax? I have been told by a former US bioweaponeer that the stuff used in DC and NJ had > 10^ 17 spores per gram - at least an order of magnitude better than the US ever achieved - with better particle size and little-to-no evidence of milling. Definitely superior to anything the US weaponized.

cyclosarin

October 2nd, 2007, 03:12 AM

I don't know how much this has been in the news but there has been another major ebola outbreak in the Congo, with over 100 deaths so far. http://ww w.newscientist.com/article/dn12624-ebola-outbreak-confirmed-in-congo.html vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : I want my ATROPINE grandyOse

December 1st, 2003, 12:31 PM

I have tried everyway I can think of, short of breaking and entering, to obtain atropine, or even better atropine autoinjectors. I'm still a boy scout, I guess, because I live by the motto "be prepared". There has to be a ton of these floating around the military surplus community, but how to find them? Yeah, I know; extracting from plant sources is a lot of fun, but the chances of obtaining a suitable yield of injectable quality alkoloid is practically nill. Any suggestions?

Tuatara

December 1st, 2003, 04:59 PM

Have you seen this? Atropine synthesis (http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/atropine/synthesis.htm) Not exactly a simple process, but it's a start;)

Nihilist

December 1st, 2003, 09:26 PM

I believe you can actually purchase Atropine injectors, in some of those "terrorist emergency" kits.

MrSamosa

December 3rd, 2003, 11:39 AM

Wouldn't plant sources be the cheapest way to get Atropine, though (that is, unless you live far away from where they grow)?? For even severe exposures, typically only 3 atropine injections are required...surely the amount required for 3 injectors could be obtained from plants.

Tuatara

December 3rd, 2003, 04:24 PM

A quick search of the Hive reveals Belladona (Deadly Nightshade) as the principal plant source, but there is a problem with contamination by other toxic alkaloids, which are apparently damn near impossible to selectively remove.

grandyOse

December 3rd, 2003, 07:15 PM

Tuatara, The principal toxic substance to which you refer is hyoscine or scopolamine. It is no more toxic than atropine. The effects are almost identical, except that atropine is a slight CNS stimulant, where scopolamine is a mild CNS depressant and slightly more psychoactive. They both have the drying and antimuscaric (sp) and anticholorigenic (sp) effects which are the desired properties of a nerve gas antidote. So, I don't see a problem with not being able to remove all the scopolamine. Atropa Beledonna is the most often used plant source in Europe, but Jimsonweed (Datura Stramonium) thrives in the usA. Brugmansia is the plant of choice in South America. I have read several extraction techniques. The best one, IMHO, calls for ammonium carbonate, which I cannot find and have only been able to synthesise in minute quantities. I prefer to us HCl and NaOH as extraction media since any contamination produced by the reactants would be NaCl which is quite injectable. I have not read of anyone else using that method. It won't stop me from trying however, once I have the other materials. I've considered DMSO are a carrier, as opposed to a needle. The advantages are obvious, the the effectiveness is still a question mark. I would prefer to buy it on the black market, that's why I started this post. However, if we want to turn it into an acid/base extraction thread, I'll be happy to be a part of it, and I'm sure I'd learn something. There have been some interesting auctions on ebay lately. One old medical kit contained atropine tablets. Another kit had adrenaline/seconal tablets and all kinds of pills. It closed pretty high. Not knowing how this stuff has been stored, I would be skeptical about ingestion. It seems to be quite a fad to collect old narcotics. I tried an online vet supply, but they wanted a prescription. I've also checked out overseas online pharmacies and they list the contents on the customs declaration. Every EMT handles this stuff and it's not as closely guarded as morphine, so you would think there would be some on the market, if one could only find it.

simply RED

December 4th, 2003, 03:18 PM

I've seen Datyra Stramonium growing near the roads of the wholesome countryside of eastern Bulgaria. I have a small ranch there. Its alwasy been thrilly how our science and nature mix...

akinrog

December 6th, 2003, 07:57 PM

IIRC, atropine tablets are used in agricultural (crop) dusting activities, since many of the pesticides, insecticides, etc. are organophosphate based compounds which are similar to nerve agents in effect. That is, they cause cholinesterase diminishing effects. Many of the entomology books, dealing with the crops pests mention about keeping the atropine tablets handy while dusting the crops, in case of myosis, hard breathing, in short any signs of the organophosphate poisioning. You can consult agricultural pesticide/ herbicide, etc. selling stores about the atropine tablets. Hope this helps.

Anath

December 6th, 2003, 08:02 PM

I've seen atropine tablet kits in the trucks of a Pest Control company before, they were spraying for termites with chlorpyrifos as I recall.. maybe you could try ringing them up and finding out where they get them from, then misrepresent yourself to one of there suppliers.. Anywhere that sells bulk pesticides should also have an idea of where to get them.

snuk5

January 25th, 2004, 12:05 PM

Hi Tuatara Not exactly a simple process, but it's a start Well it is actually not a difficult process at all and I have still some tropinone in a 50 ml round bottom flask, in my freezer (looking a bit brownish now after a few years!) but it was sort of white after the second vacuum sublimation, at the time. Its actually a very elegant procedure going at dilute and buffered aqueous conditions. After some 6 hours (or was it more) render the solution basic and extract with methylene chloride. My yield was about 62% The bloody hell you have to go through to get the precursors is another thing altogether. If you are not a serious organic chemist with some bucks and time to spare, don t go there!

Voyager "I have tried everyway I can think of, short of breaking and entering, to obtain atropine, or even better atropine autoinjectors."

January 27th, 2004, 06:45 AM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter What you really want is Meridian Medical Technologies AtroPen: http://www.meridianmeds.com/civdef.html AtroPen® NSN 6505-00-926-9083* Delivers: 2 mg atropine sulfate equivalent in 0.7 mL Let's assume for the moment that you can't get what you really want. You can buy atropine sulfate in other forms from people like this: http://www.destinationrx.com/prescriptions/refine.asp?BrandName=Atropine+Sulfate http://www.my-canadian-pharmacy.com/ Alternatively, if you can buy/arrange/scam/whatever a prescription, you can order atropine sulfate in an injection kit from one of these places: http://www.buyemp.com/dept.asp?dept_id=1093901 http://www.ims-limited.com/criticalcaredrugs.htm http://www.statkit.com/ But wait... That last site, http://www.statkit.com/, seems to be willing to sell atropine sulfate injection kits without a prescription. So, there you are. Thank you for shopping at RogueSci.

Macaman

April 8th, 2004, 07:00 PM

Atropine is in the eyedrops used to dialate your pupils for an eye exam. There being so many of these done by so many people there must be a way to get some.

Xave

April 25th, 2004, 02:43 PM

Travel sickness pills. As far as i'm aware you can get atropine from several brands of travel sickness (aka motion sickness) tablets. I havent personally seen these, the variety i've used (for their correct purpose) contain scopolamine (aka hyoscine). They both have similar effects although there are a few differences, im not sure what they are. If you're looking for a synth, check out www.rhodium.ws/chemistry (if you havent already :p )

TheBicher

May 11th, 2004, 08:43 PM

I think the best course of action is obtaining the atropine from a plant source. As was previously stated, Datura contains atropine. For those of you who don't know, some people like to get high off of it. Aparently it's very dangerous, and not very enjoyable. What I like about it being a plant source is that you can potentially obtain large amount of atropine for very little money. Yes, it is a hassle, but it could be done on a large scale, minimizing the work. I'm going to research the extraction of atropine. Does anyone have an idea as to how much atropine must be used? Perhaps the biggest problem with an extraction is that you'll never get a 100% purity. It would be a major roadblock if the active does and lethal dose are very close together, as normally one would want to air (sp?) on the side of caution.

nbk2000

May 11th, 2004, 10:39 PM

If I remember my hive chemistry correctly, atropine alkaloid forms a molecular basis for the synthesis of a superpowerful fentanyl analog, with an LD50 in the microgram range.

blazter

May 14th, 2004, 10:36 PM

Funny you should mention that thread, as I just happened to browse by it recently. Too bad the original poster didn't seem to finish what he started by posting a practical synthesis guide, but at least theres a theory supported by what seems to be several valid journal references. This chemical would seem to be an attractive poison for oral administration via spiked drink, or however else one would care to deliver it. Anyways, without further ado, here's the link for those interested. https://www.the-hive.ws/forum/showflat.pl?Cat=&Number=172159&page=&view=&sb=&part=all&vc=1

nbk2000

May 15th, 2004, 05:16 PM

Drone didn't get to finish it because the DEA busted his ass. :( vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Perfluoroisobutylene (PFIB) MrSamosa

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January 5th, 2004, 08:57 AM

Perfluoroisobutylene/PFIB/Perfluoroisobutene-- the latter name being the most helpful in doing searches-- is along the lines of the "classic" chemical warfare agents like Phosgene. It stands apart from them, however, by its high toxicity. It is not a lachrymator as much as it is a killer (its LC50 is about 10 times less than that of Phosgene), and it has earned some infamy as the cause of "Polymer fume fever," as a result of overheated Teflon frying pans (more on this in a moment). It has the structure (CF3)2-C=C-F2 . Basically, 2-isobutene with all of its Hydrogens replaced by Fluorine atoms. In line with the logic behind conventional war gases, it posesses symmetry and is unsatured. It is a volatile gas, which boils at 7*C. It is insoluble in water, and instead decomposes to many nasties like HF, Carbonyl Fluoride (which is, in itself a potent poison), and other Fluorocarbons. This is the same reaction that takes place in contact with the eyes and mucous membranes, naturally. The synthesis from Teflon (Polytetrafluoroethylene) is as follows, in a series of unbalanced reaction equations to give you a general idea of the process (sorry for the hastiness of this) : PTFE --> Tetrafluoroethylene Tetrafluoroethylene --> (CF3)-CF=CF2 (CF3)-CF=CF2 --> (CF3)2-C=CF2 I don't know the specific conditions that drive each reaction, but just that by heating an unfilled Teflon frying pan on a stovetop for a few minutes (less than 10), it will begin to emit toxic fumes-- including Perfluoroisobutene. From a scare-the-sheeple article I found: In new tests conducted by a university food safety professor, a generic non-stick frying pan preheated on a conventional, electric stovetop burner reached 736°F in three minutes and 20 seconds, with temperatures still rising when the tests were terminated. A Teflon pan reached 721°F in just five minutes under the same test, as measured by a commercially available infrared thermometer. DuPont studies show that the Teflon offgases toxic particulates at 446°F. At 680°F Teflon pans release at least six toxic gases, including two carcinogens, two global pollutants, and MFA, a chemical lethal to humans at low doses. At temperatures that DuPont scientists claim are reached on stovetop drip pans (1000°F), non-stick coatings break down to a chemical warfare agent known as PFIB, and a chemical analog of the WWII nerve gas phosgene.

Gotta love the "nerve gas" Phosgene eh? :D Here (http://tuberose.com/Teflon.html) is the article I got that quote from. A more helpful one, based on sounder science, is here (http://www.asanltr.com/ASANews-98/pfib.html) . I see much opportunity for PFIB. In comparison to other classic agents, there is relatively little written about this one...and that appeals to old samosa's adventurous side. EDIT: Well damn. I'm constantly amazed by the amount of information on this forum, and by how much our members know [before me]. Looks like I'm presenting nothing new here.. After feeling a bit insecure, I did a quick search and found everything I've said has been mentioned in the archaic "improvised chemical weapons" thread. Modsdecide what should be done with this; maybe leave it so that PFIB can be addressed specifically instead of lumped together with the hundreds of other "Improvised Chemical Weapons"?

megalomania

January 5th, 2004, 01:53 PM

Might as well leave it here. I might add that scare the sheeple article was actually a television news broadcast. Worse still they showed how the gasses at low ppm can kill household birds. I wonder how, realisticially, a frying pan can reach 1000 F? Besides the odds of that happening is remote in the extreme because you would have to be quite the dumbass in the first place to turn the stove on an empty pan and forget about it. They make it sound like your home will instantly be filled with a half dozen deadly gasses that will kill all the children. Of course that is what sheeple articles do, stir the flock. Now then, what would be the practical applications of a teflon based chemical weapon? Even though it is expensive it is a commodity available to just about anyone anywhere. Could such a weapon be deployed in such a way as to appear accidental? Perhaps by oven cooking some teflon tape and wafting the fumes towards a neighbors apartment? Filling a marks home with burned teflon? I wonder if the emmitted toxic gasses could be trapped in a solvent and later dispersed by some other means? This would at least be an expedient method of easily producing the toxins since very little in the way of chemical knowledge or equiment would be involved if indeed the likes of PFIB can be made by heating Teflon. A nerve gas indeed... :( What's next, the deadly nerve gas cyanide? The deadly nerve gas ricin? There was already a TV show where the "terrorists" had gaseous ricin (and the TV feds called it a nerve gas).

MrSamosa

January 6th, 2004, 11:50 AM

Powderized Teflon, as used in Pyrotechnics and flares, may provide some opportunities for weaponization, as finer particles can be heated much more quickly. If anything, it would serve as a more practical reagent than a frying pan. Nevertheless, as NBK mentioned in the "Improvised Chemical Weapons" thread, Tetrafluoroethylene is very cheap itself. From the diagram provided by ASA, the only 2 end products shown are Teflon and PFIB. Teflon, I would imagine, would require some other chemical to initiate polymerization, and therefore in its absence, it would be more likely that PFIB would form. Perhaps, for the purpose of having a usable chemical, the PFIB vapors could be condensed? This may take the form of the common distilling setup, where in the boiling flask is powderized Teflon. No doubt, it would have many impurities, but it would still be more usable than vapory nonsense. However, said impurities may not be a detriment... as the purpose of PFIB is simply to kill, other nasties like Monofluoroacetic Acid (also a potential decomposition product) would not be detrimental :) .

nbk2000

January 7th, 2004, 10:57 AM

If you do a simple destructive distillation of TFE to form the PFIB, then you get all the other nasties as well, which may have a synergistic effect and amplify the toxicity of the mix, compared to neat PFIB. However, what are the irritating properties of the others, like MFA? If they are much more irritating than the PFIB, they would warn of the CW's presence before the targets get a lethal dose. I would think a destructive distillation, followed by a fractional distillation of the condensed products, would result in a much more effective product, as the PFIB is supposed to have an irritation threshold above the lethal lethal (for long exposure), so you could gas them with them never feeling a thing. :) Also, in the ASA article, there's several references to the use of cystine compounds as pre-exposure prophylactics that will protect against lethal exposures of PFIB (and other lung-injurants). THAT is something worth checking into, as I know that l-cystine is used as a conjugant with AKG in an experimental cyanide antidote/prophylactic, having talked to the professor who was researching it for the US Army. RTPB "Plan for Failure" says you must expect to be exposed to your own CW at some point, and must assume the gasmask to be faulty as well, so you must have layers upon layers of protection when handling CW materials. Physical distance, physical barriers, chemical barriers, being upwind (outdoors or fumehood), detectors, and medical pre-treatments and antidotes. Oh, and having someone else make, handle, and deploy the stuff for you in a suicide mission neatly solves all of the above risks to yourself. :)

MrSamosa

January 12th, 2004, 03:22 PM

For the poorly equipped amateur with an adventurous side, surely there must be a way to self-treat oneself in case of mild accidents. Although fresh air, ideally pure Oxygen (from a cylindar) is invaluable for this, I am thinking along the lines of OTC cold medicines. It is well known that stimulants are used to clear up problems in the respiratory tract, such as asthma or even a clogged nose. Could ephedrine or pseudoephedrine be used for this purpose, as a possible treatment for such gas exposure? Or, what about DXM, as found in Robitussin as a cough-suppressant? My only thought about Pseudoephedrine is that it increases the heart rate, and this may be dangerous in combination with a toxic gas, which as some members are unlucky enough to know, also greatly increases the heart rate.

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Lachrymation is generally easy to deal with... Eye droppers of clean water can clear out the eyes, in the absence of an eye wash. It is important to remember-- DO NOT RUB YOUR EYES. When you feel the initial pang of the gas, it seems like it would comforting to jam your fingers in there... This has quite the opposite effect, especially with gases like CS. Apparently, inhaling small amounts of Ammonia is effective in treating Chlorine exposure. I don't know about this, since I've heard it only from one source. It seems like a painful treatment though, because Ammonia is just as bad as Chlorine (I'm talking pain, here...this isn't to say anything about toxicities).

Skean Dhu

January 12th, 2004, 04:32 PM

yea , i've heard similar accoutns with regards to primitave 'gas masks' in WWI when CL2 and mustard were new and unexplored soldiers used to use urine(contains ammonium hydroxide) soaked rags to help cope with Chlorine gas, although im not sure of its effectiveness.

atomophile

January 16th, 2004, 04:59 PM

A potential prophylactic treatment of sodium bicarbonate-sodium chloride aerosol has been suggested, at least for NOx exposure. Inhalation of compounds containing -SH or -SS- groups has also been proposed for NOx, and with the mention of cystine in a previous post, a correlation between the NOx treatments and PFIB treatments may be drawn. a-Tocopherol has been suggested also. And prednisone used later, when you're really in deep shit- entering the drowning pool.

MrSamosa

January 30th, 2004, 10:16 AM

BBC Online had an interesting article about frying pan fumes... http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3441255.stm Here's what caught my attention: "These toxic compounds, which contaminate a wide range of animals, can cause severe health disorders such as cancer, damage to the immune system, behavioural problems, hormone disruption, or even feminisation." Feminisation... :D

simply RED

January 30th, 2004, 03:30 PM

Where can I find the RTPB "rules"? writing here not to make too much posts: What is UTFSE?

NightStalker

January 31st, 2004, 03:06 AM

Try UTFSE. I've been told it can work miracles. :rolleyes: Might even pull up a thread where they're attached for all your downloading pleasure! :p

MrSamosa

January 31st, 2004, 10:33 PM

UTFSE = "Use The F*cking Search Engine," if I'm not mistaken, and it's not a nice thing to say to experience forumites. I downloaded the RTPBs (Rules To Profit By) some time ago from the FTP server, though I never got it to open (never felt like looking up how to fix the problem). I don't know if it's still there, as I haven't been on it in a long time...though I imagine it still would be. Back on topic now eh?

SteveHit

March 24th, 2004, 06:24 AM

I actually made a reasonable quantity (20 g) of PFIB when I was a research student (a long time ago). However, preparation from teflon was not considered to be efficient, and I made PFIB by flow pyrolysis of perfluoropropene (CF3CF=CF2) at 800 C, which afforded a 42 % yield. I was given many warnings about handling the PFIB, including the story of several Russian workers being killed by it when some leaked in a laboratory accident... as a result it had to be prepared and handled in a lab equipped with high velocity fume cupboards, and I had to wear breathing apparatus throughout, while being observed through the lab window by a nurse, just in case! The PFIB was handled in a vacuum line, with liquid nitrogen traps to prevent any losses, and was purified by low temp distillation. Overall, it's nasty stuff and, being very volatile, I wouldn't like to prepare it without taking exceptional safety precautions.

simply RED

May 11th, 2004, 01:43 PM

Not PFIB but another fluorine compound with 0,1 - 0,2 g lethal dose http://www.orgsyn.org/orgsyn/orgsyn/prepContent.asp?rxntypeid=275&prep=CV4P0525

nbk2000

May 11th, 2004, 05:19 PM

Basic toxic fluoride chemistry is covered by several books on the FTP. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and W eapons Forum C h e m istry > Lethal Insulin

> Chemistry for Am ateur Expe rimenters and C itizen Scientists

View Full Version : Lethal Insulin ShadowA lchemist

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January 14th , 2004, 04:15 AM

W ell I dont know about you guys, but I have only just learned that a high dosage of insulin can render a non-diabetic subject into a debilatating com a which they will m ost likely never recover from . I guess i blam e my lack of educatio n on the lack of documentation or publicity regarding this type of incident. W h a t i m e a n is, when was the last tim e y o u h e a r d o f s o m e o n e d y i n g a f t e r a d m inistering insulin. Apart from a diabetic failing to increase blood sugar level after an injection. I'm presuming you all know the objective of insulin, when it comes to a diabetic p erson, but is everyone aware of the possible c o n s e q u e n c e s when it com e s t o a n o n - d i a b e t i c p e r s o n ? From a n o t h e r p e r s p e c t i v e , o n e c a n e a s i l y s e e t h e o b v i o u s a d v a n t a g e s i n u s i n g r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e i n s u l i n a s a m e a n s t o neutralize.

eldee50

January 16th , 2 0 0 4 , 0 1 : 2 8 P M

i n s u l i n a s a n e u t r a l i z a t i o n a g e n t m a y n o t b e a d v a n t a g e o u s - s l o w acting com apre d to existing neutralization agents, and requires direct injection.

Fergus

January 24th , 2004, 07:46 AM

Insulin is a very slow acting m e d i c i n e i f o n e w i s h e s t o n e u t r a l i z e a n o t h e r p e r s o n , a l s o t h e s i g n s a n d s y m p t o m s o f a n i n s u l i n overdose are easily identified and just as easily counteracted. If one wishes to neutralize a person within a matter of second s, it is necessary to use one of the cholin ergic antagonists such as succinylcholine and even that has to be injected but it works within 5 seconds and unless som e o n e h a s a n A m b u b a g a r o u n d o r i s c a p a b l e o f i n t u b a t i n g t h e p e r s o n , t h e y a r e q u i t e d e a d from suffocation.

streety

January 24th , 2 0 0 4 , 0 4 : 0 7 P M

T h e o n l y p o s s i b l e u s e m ight be in avoiding detection was your target has died. They probably don't test for elevated levels of insulin during a post m ortem although the lowered glucose level m ight arouse suspicion. There is also the problem of injecting the insulin. If your target stug gles it will leave quite an obvious m a r k o n t h e m .

nbk2000

January 26th , 2 0 0 4 , 0 4 : 2 4 P M

Only natural human insulin would stand a chance of evading detection. Synthetic and semi-synthetic (Hum alin) would show up in an toxicology screening because they lack certain pro teins which natural insulin has. Also, the injection site would have to be very clever to avoid being found by a dedicated pathologist. Injecting the insulin through the urethra (pee hole), underneath an eyelid, or soft palette would be good place s, though getting the victim to hold still for it without obvious bruising becomes the problem . vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and W eapons Forum > C h e m istry for Am ateur Experimenters and Citizen Scientists Chemistry > Biological Weapons For Sale

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View Full Version : Biological Weapons For Sale Voyager

January 26th, 2004, 11:41 PM

http://listlabs.com/regularpricelist.htm Term s: net 30 days, Visa or Mastercard. International customers: add $10.00 service charge. FO B: Cam pbell, CA. Prices are subject to change without notice.

Jacks Complete

January 27th, 2004, 06:20 PM

Wow, I think someone needs to spider that site and save all that handy info you get when you click on the name of the toxin, just in case they look at all the sudden traffic from a site called "RogueSci"! Oh, how handy... [I have attached a zip of the site, and it awaits m od approval]

vulture

January 27th, 2004, 06:49 PM

Toxins are not strictly bioweapons. They're not contagious. Also, they are very sensitive to environm ental conditions and thus not suited for biological/chemical warfare.

MrSamosa

January 27th, 2004, 07:38 PM

I wouldn't speak so broadly, vulture-- T2 Toxin, and Trichothecenes in general are useful and insensitive Toxins. They are easily weaponizable and extrem ely effective. T2 has 10 tim es the blistering power of Sulfur Mustard.

Jacks Complete

January 28th, 2004, 05:29 PM

Guys, at those prices, you aren't going to be buying a liter of it, and spraying from the air! Those are purely lab reagents in reality, and I wouldn't be at all suprised if it was a cunning trap. A lot of the stuff on toxins online has gone in the last few years (9/11), so for this site, based in the US, to suddenly appear seems a little odd.

DimmuJesus

January 28th, 2004, 10:21 PM

If som eone does place an order from this place, assuming they recieve the product, it would be wise to be very careful what you do with it. There is now a record that you purchased it, and can very easily cause you to pop up as a red flag in a government database. However, if someone does order from here, please post letting us know about your custom er experience from this site.

Voyager

January 28th, 2004, 11:01 PM

"Guys, at those prices, you aren't going to be buying a liter of it, and spraying from the air!" Need something alive that will reproduce...

SmallR2002

February 3rd, 2004, 05:42 PM

Looks very fishy tom me, been caught in sim ilar ways before. girl asked for some poision when I put a sachet on her desk she screamed and it was all I could do not to get reported; the moral? Never trust anyone.

Not_Osama

February 27th, 2004, 03:36 PM

I just got off the phone with my good friend (lets call him steve for anonymities sake) who is head of ALL RESEARCH & DEVELOPEMENT for Merck Pharmaceuticals. According to HIM there are approxim ately 6 LEVELS of authorization to purchase such restricted substances. To get through the FIRST level takes about 2 YEARS even if you are a reputable drug company. You are not going to just order online with a VISA and get it FedEx'ed! In addition many of the chemicals (as you saw at the site) run around $400 per 1m g. Prohibitively expensive for any but Richie Rich...In addition why would you WANT any of these NEAR you?!?! These are some of the most toxic com pounds that exist in nature!!! If anyone I knew attempted to buy any of these I would turn him in MYSELF!! The last thing i need is to fear for m y life each time i walk to class!!! You moron Kewls asking "Oh how do i synth. Sarin gas?!" are endangering the lives of m uch MORE than yourselves if you by chance succeed! Even very SMALL amounts of these substances sould poison the environment for YEARS! PLEEEASE stick with high explosives where the onlyone you can kill is yourself or your dum b a s s b u d d i e s !

nbk2000

February 29th, 2004, 02:16 AM

Could we please restrain from slinging colors everywhere like some hyped-up tagger? :rolleyes: Anyways, it W OULD be very foolish to order such things from any source in the US, unless you were associated with a legit user

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter like a university, major pharmacutical research, etc, or able to divert the order from such a place. ;) And, at the prices and quantities, such things would be useful only for individual m urders, not "mass destruction". And don't worry about k3wlZ cooking up "ZaRiN" and killing you, as they'd kill themselves long before they got to the dangerous stage. Even people who know what they're doing risk serious injury/death to themselves with such things. Many chemists/biologists have sacrificed their lives on the alter of knowledge while in search of it.

eveydee

April 26th, 2006, 12:22 AM

Anyone considering ordering this from their hom e addy delivered to their door deserves to be caught and prosecuted as a moron, not that there's laws for that alone.... On the other hand, with proxies, dead drops and so on, and with the generally inept state of our present government, alm ost anything is possible. The government staged another war after Vietnam which is a total loser, and they couldn't even bus people out of New O rleans during Katrina. I doubt they could locate a flea on the back of their hand.

simply RED

May 3rd, 2006, 07:04 PM

" To get through the FIRST level takes about 2 YEARS even if you are a reputable drug company. " I knew a very reputable drug com pany(ons) in my neighbourhood. They too needed two years to get through the FIRST level and start buying smack... :D According to HIM - join m e in death, Not_Osama - baby!

ShadowMyGeekSpace

May 8th, 2006, 10:26 PM

According to the whois, they have been operating (under that domain) since 97. According to archive.org, they showed up in 97. And, the phone record matches the com pany nam e. Also, a satellite im age brings up a buisnessy looking complex... so, they might be legit.

Satellite: http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=540+Division+St,+95008&ll=37.262599,121.959601&spn=0.002147,0.005348&t=k&om=1 Reverse phone lookup: List Biological Laboratories Incorporated 540 Division St Campbell, CA 95008-6906 (408) 866-6363

Archive.org: http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.listlabs.com

Whois: roxbox:~> whois -H listlabs.com Whois Server Version 2.0 Domain names in the .com and .net domains can now be registered with m any different com peting registrars. Go to http://www.internic.net for detailed information.

Domain Name: LISTLABS.COM Registrar: NETWORK SOLUTIONS, LLC. Whois Server: whois.networksolutions.com Referral URL: http://www.networksolutions.com Name Server: NS2.GOT.NET Name Server: NS1.GOT.NET Status: REGISTRAR-LOCK EPP Status: clientDeleteProhibited EPP Status: clientTransferProhibited EPP Status: clientUpdateProhibited Updated Date: 20-Dec-2005 Creation Date: 14-Dec-1997 Expiration Date: 13-Dec-2008 >>> Last update of whois database: Mon, 08 May 2006 21:13:15 EDT <<<

Registrant: List Biological Laboratories Inc. ATTN: LISTLABS.COM c/o Network Solutions P.O . Box 447 Herndon, VA. 20172-0447 Domain Name: LISTLABS.COM Administrative Contact: Shohbozian, Elizabeth [email protected] m

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter List Biological Laboratories Inc. ATTN: LISTLABS.COM c/o Network Solutions P.O . Box 447 Herndon, VA 20172-0447 570-708-8780 Technical Contact: Got.Net Internet Services [email protected] m Got.Net Internet Services ATTN: LISTLABS.COM c/o Network Solutions P.O . Box 447 Herndon, VA 20172-0447 570-708-8780 Record expires on 14-Dec-2008. Record created on 15-Dec-1997. Database last updated on 8-May-2006 21:13:22 EDT. Domain servers in listed order: NS1.GOT.NET 209.133.21.10 NS2.GOT.NET 207.111.232.23 This listing is a Network Solutions Private Registration. Mail correspondence to this address m ust be sent via USPS Express Mail(TM) or USPS Certified Mail(R); all other mail will not be processed. Be sure to include the registrantÂs domain nam e in the address.

roxbox:~>

Honestly though, that's pretty m essed up if it is legit. I'd stay away from that... far, far away... and far away from anyone who purchased (or attempted to purchase) from there.

FullMetalJacket

August 10th, 2006, 09:25 PM

Definetly out of m y price range, but that whois information m akes it look either legit or a very, very scary trap. SInce they don't provide any information about authorizations required, I'd say it was the latter. They're trying to own Aum Shinryoko aaaaallllll over again. EDIT: "Export certificate required for international custom ers. $100 fee will be added to each shipment S u p p l e m e n t a l a g r e e m ent required. Exempt from select agent transfer if under CDS lim its. Verification must be provided. Select agent registration m ay be required by contacting the CDC at www.cdc.gov/od/ohs/lrsat.htm or by phone at (404) 639-3235, if required. Shipped at room temperature, hazardous declaration required. Shipped frozen, hazardous declaration required. Shipped on blue ice. Purchase outside the U.S. and Canada not permitted, due to tem perature conditions. Shipped as Dangerous Goods in Accepted Quantities "

thermobaric

Novem ber 3rd, 2006, 04:35 AM

This patent on botulinum substrates actually nam es List Biological Labs as the source for neurotoxin cultures.Wouldn't try ordering without proper credentials though...http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser? Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtm l%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum .htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6504006.PN.&OS=PN/ 6504006&RS=PN/6504006 vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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January 27th , 2004, 06:02 AM

http://www.la toxan.co m / Ion C hannel and Receptor Ligands Venom s, Toxins and Alkaloids Ordering from France might be a little tricky. What would a custo m s a g e n t t h i n k o f a container labeled "Notexin"? W o u l d h e realize he was looking at Australian Tiger Snake venom?

Voyager

January 27th , 2004, 06:18 AM

W hile looking for som ething else, I cam e across another vendor. These guys from Arlington Texas sell poisonous plants. http://www.salvialight.com/fram eset.htm

Cyclonite

January 27th , 2004, 09:15 AM

Y e s , p o i s o n i n d e e d b u t m o s t p e o p l e u s e t h e m to trip.....

Jacks Complete

January 27th , 2 0 0 4 , 0 7 : 0 0 P M

Voyager, The customs guy wou ld probably punch the name into Google, a nd find the post you put here, then ban you from posting fo r a few years, if you mad e the m istake of ordering to your hom e a d dress!

knowledgehungry

January 27th , 2 0 0 4 , 0 8 : 5 1 P M

The customs guy wou ld probably punch the name into Google, a nd find the post you put here, then ban you from posting fo r a few years Are you suggesting that the C ustom s guy is a m od here :rolleyes: :p ?

xyz

January 27th , 2 0 0 4 , 0 9 : 1 1 P M

I t h i n k h e m e a n t t h a t h e w o u l d b e b a n n e d f r o m posting things through customs in the m ail.

Jacks Complete

January 28th , 2 0 0 4 , 0 5 : 3 4 P M

No, I mean that he would have fun posting from a federal penitentiary... T h o u g h a s u p r i s i n g n u m b e r s e e m to have websites these days...

DimmuJesus

January 28th , 2 0 0 4 , 1 0 : 1 4 P M

I'm s u r e c u s t o m s h a s s o m e huge database on hand that would allow the m to know right away what the con tents of the package really are. Then again, it really depends on what these com p a n i e s c l a i m t h e p a c k a g e t o b e . F o r e x a m ple, lets say there is Germ an site that sells gun parts that are legal in Germa ny, but illegal in the U S, he can get away with it if he claims t h e m a s m achine parts and nothing more. Most customs agents wouldn't know what it is b y looking at it, especially if its s o m ething that appears harmless. But since ma ny of these poisons are illegal to own in the first place, if looked up by name, there would be a problem. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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February 3rd, 2004, 07:03 PM

FoxNews seldom fails to make me laugh.

Ricin Easy to Make, Very Poisonous Tuesday, February 03, 2004 As a weapon of terror, experts say ricin (search) has two big advantages: It is easy to make and frighteningly poisonous. However, it is not nearly as worrisome as anthrax (search) and a short list of other biologically derived hazards and is unlikely to be used to cause large numbers of deaths. Ricin is derived from castor beans (search). The poison is made from the waste left over when the beans are processed for their oil. "It is easy to make. You can do it in your kitchen from castor beans," said Dr. Donna Seger of Vanderbilt University, president of the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology (search). Though one of the most toxic natural substances, ricin poisoning is very rare and occurs mostly from accidentally chewing castor beans. One or two beans can be enough to cause death. Ricin is most deadly if injected. Just 500 micrograms an amount about the size of the head of a pin can kill. In the most famous case of ricin poisoning, the Bulgarian dissident Georgi Markov (search) was killed in London in 1978 when jabbed with an umbrella that injected a ricin pellet under his skin. Ricin can also be deadly if breathed. However, relatively large amounts are needed to do this. For instance, Seger points out that it would take hundreds of pounds of ricin to do as much damage this way as a couple of pounds of anthrax. "It has always been a me-too in bioterrorism preparedness, a close second to the top tier," said Dr. Scott Lillibridge, director of the Center for Biosecurity and Disaster Preparedness at the University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston. In 1999, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention drew up a list of the most dangerous potential bioweapons: smallpox, anthrax, botulism, viral hemorrhagic fevers, plague and tularemia. "It didn't make the A-list," said Lillibridge, who was the CDC's bioterrorism preparedness chief at the time. Nevertheless, "it always comes up in law enforcement and intelligence discussions because of its ease of access and development." Experts say that ricin is probably most dangerous in small-scale, even one-on-one attacks and unlikely to ever be used in the kind of huge atrocities that are feared with smallpox. "I don't believe ricin will ever be a weapon that will be formulated to cause large numbers of deaths or illness," said Dr. Michael Osterholm, a bioterrorism authority at the University of Minnesota. Experts say that military analysis have reviewed the potential effects of releasing ricin into the air during battle. "In those situations, it would require the release of such a large amount that it is not felt to be a feasible weapon to kill people," said Dr. Greg Evans, bioterrorism chief at St. Louis University. He noted that sprinkling ricin on the food in a salad bar could make many sick and kill some. But trying for a population-wide attack by poisoning food in a processing plant would be another matter. "You would have to back a truck in there to get enough mixed in with large amounts of food so it wouldn't be diluted out," Evans said. Symptoms of ricin poisoning usually develop within a few hours, depending on the means of exposure. If inhaled, typical first symptoms would be difficulty breathing, fever, coughing and nausea. This could be followed by fluid buildup in the lungs, low blood pressure and eventual death. People who swallow ricin would probably develop vomiting and diarrhea. This could lead to severe dehydration and low blood pressure. There is no antidote for ricin. Treatment is supportive care, such as intravenous fluids and blood pressure medicine. Article is here: http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,110337,00.html Video "How Ricin is Made" is here: http://www.foxnews.com/video2/set_cookie.html?6527&FOX_News_Live&How%20Ricin%20Is%20Made&acc

tom haggen

February 4th, 2004, 02:45 AM

Who ever pulled this stunt sounds like another dumbass drawing negitave attention towards chemistry.

megalomania

February 4th, 2004, 05:32 PM

At least the pundits arn't billing ricin as the next worse thing to anthrax as I suspected they would be. They are actually getting good facts from scientists. I don't see any difference between ricin and, say, arsenic or cyanide really. I think the media people should point out that ricin is just a poison, not some bioweapon of mass destruction.

MrSamosa

February 4th, 2004, 10:29 PM

Why go Biological at all?? It's costly, it's difficult, the weapons are sensitive, so why dump Anthrax or Ricin in a letter and send it out?? I mean, it's really over kill, considering that it takes much less to kill a man. I say, go Dusty Chemical. Why not dissolve Mustard onto some carrier, and send that? Or maybe Phosgene Oxime, which is a powder in itself. It doesn't have to kill... as a terror weapon, having a poor mail opener in such agony as CX would cause is far more effective. Of course, this does not rule out "kill gases," a la "Nerve Agents." A little bit of a Nerve Agent, especially for VX (if possible), would go a long way. It could be diluted to hundreds of times its original volume, dissolved into some dusty carrier, and you have a near endless supply of mail-borne terror. So why Biological?? Is it a lack of creativity, maybe?? Or do you think the guy didn't have the intention to kill, and just wanted to make a statement. I remember hearing a news story not too long ago about a disgruntled employee sending a vial of Ricin to his employer, with a warning "CAUTION- Do not open, Ricin!" Same thing, maybe?

Haggis

February 5th, 2004, 12:10 AM

From what I've heard, the sample they took that tested positive for ricin also tested negative a few times. This leads me to believe that the manufacture and purification was very crude. Possibly, it could have just been followed to filtering the acidified mixture and powdering the cake, or even simply using the de-oiled cake. If it tests negative, there should be a whole bunch of non agent in the sample. Me thinks it was someone with a little bit of knowledge, and a good amount of stupidity, not a high class weapons lab.

EP

February 5th, 2004, 03:13 AM

My brother was watching MSNBC and a report on it mentioning the usual "info to make it can be found on the internet" stuff and it showed a breif shot of totse... :p

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter I'm glad nobody got hurt, but for some reason it still bothers me that these people are so incompetent that the best they can do is put it in an envelope...

PyroTech

February 5th, 2004, 10:14 AM

I remember a documentary on Discovery Channel about ricin. A man injected ricin in a coke can of the neighbours. He drilled a little hole, really tiny, and injected a unknown amount of ricin in the coke can. He closed the hole by using small amounts of glue. But in the movie of Fox the man says that having ricin in your drink is bad but not lethal. Maybe someone else has some information on ricin poisoning? The nice thing about ricin is that doctors can t find the cause of death, at least in many cases, because ricin destroys itself. The way of dying by ricin is not something you would wish for somebody. You literally shit your organs out. Sorry for the unclear story, it has been a while since I saw that documentary.

Wild Catmage

February 5th, 2004, 10:40 AM

Ricin can also be deadly if breathed. However, relatively large amounts are needed to do this. For instance, Seger points out that it would take hundreds of pounds of ricin to do as much damage this way as a couple of pounds of anthrax. First, how do I inhale hundreds of pounds of ricin? Surely the capacity of my lungs would be less than the volume of a hundred pounds of ricin. Even inhaling a couple of pounds of anthrax (as suggested) would be very difficult :rolleyes: This statement kind of works against the claims that ricin is "frightening poisonous". Second, how much anthrax did the people that died from the "anthrax in the mail" events inhale?

PyroTech

February 5th, 2004, 10:51 AM

For instance, Seger points out that it would take hundreds of pounds of ricin to do as much damage this way as a couple of pounds of anthrax. He's comparing the 2 compounds, ricin and anthrax. He doesn't mean that you'll need 100 pounds to kill one human being. In my opinion this is a effective way to kill someone, wonder why it isnt used more often.

zeocrash

February 5th, 2004, 07:40 PM

i agree mrsamosa that bio weapons are quite sensitive they do hold advantages over chemical weapons though, firstly some are contageous and therefore you get more casualties for your weapon (this refers of course only to live bioweapons, i realise that anthrax is not particularly contageous, but other bioweapons are). The attraction of ricin i guess it that it is relitively simple to make and that looking at the data sheets it looks increadibly deadly.

MrSamosa

February 5th, 2004, 11:34 PM

I just remembered a story from last year, about the assassination of one of the top Chechen guerilla commanders... Someone sent him an envelope, which contained a letter coated with a poison that can penetrate the skin. I don't remember what the poison was, and the Chechens gave a communique saying it had DMSO on it. This is another option, rather than trying to form a dusty cloud of a Bio-Weapon the letter's opening... just poison the letter itself! Of course, this could easily be by-passed with decent gloves; but not before there are a few casualties (or if the letter itself does not cause alarm, and the poisoning is significantly delayed). vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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> Supertoxin: dimethylmercury Log in

View Full Version : Supertoxin: dimethylmercury Chade

February 4th, 2004, 09:53 PM

I've recently become aware of a rather nasty substance, Dimethylmercury. Mercury compounds as poisons have been discussed before, but I don't think this one has, and it has some interesting properties. The follow ing page details the case of a toxicologist who, during a comparative test, dripped a couple of drops on her gloved hand by accident. Several months later she w as dead. http://ww w.testfoundation.org/dimethylmercury.htm Dimethylmercury, a clear liquid, is toxic ("LD50 FOR METHYLMERCURY (MEHG) INJECTED INTO YOLK SAC OF CHICK EMBRYOS ON DAY 5 OF INCUBATION WAS 40-50 UG."), chronic, permeates skin and, as the case in question shows, also passes through latex. Apparently if you spill some on your hand, you'd have to be wearing both silvershield and neoprene gloves to be protected. As a concerned citizen, of course, I'm concerned that this poison could be used on me by someone I don't know and who the police would be unable to link to me, and who would be several months gone by the time I died. Assuming they covered their tracks, It would be astonishingly difficult to track them down, as the only route available to detectives would be to find out w ho could perform a synthesis, or who had access to the precursors. And I'm sure they'd have been competent enough to have covered their tracks. Precursors for example, like mercury iodide or methyl lithium, as detailed in the brief synthesis below: "As with most dimethyl chemicals, dimethylmercury is synthesized in two steps, each one attaching a methyl group to the central mercury atom. In the case of dimethylmercury, synthesis begins w ith HgI2 and 2 CH3Li (a total molecular energy of 84.6 kJ/mol). In the first step of the synthesis reaction, the mercury iodide and one of the methyl lithium molecules combine in a double-replacement reaction to form HgICH3 and LiI, releasing 178.6 kJ/mol to settle at a molecular energy of -94.1 kJ/mol. Then, the resulting HgICH3 reacts with another methyl lithium in a second double-replacement reaction, forming a second LiI and dimethylmercury, releasing another 161.3 kJ/mol of energy and winding up with a molecular energy of -255.4 kJ/mol. Thus, the total change in energy during the synthesis of dimethylmercury is -339.9 kJ/mol. " I have no idea if this is the optimum synthesis, or whether other methods would work w ith a lower yield. Dimethylmercury is volatile, and needs to be kept in a sealed container and cooled in an ice bath before opening. My first thought of bubbling methane gas from a gas supply through mercury w ould not w ork as the dimethylmercury would boil off before it could form. Possibilities may include passing the gas through a chilled pipe (less than freezing) after passing it through the mercury, or cycling the gas so the relevant molar amounts (2 moles of methane to one of mercury) are kept pressurized in a sealed system. If HgI and methyl lithium w ere needed, mercury iodide is on megalomanias 'Watched chemicals' list. How ever: "when a solution of mercury (ic) chloride containing mercury and chlorine is added to a solution of potassium iodide containing potassium and iodine, such a mutual exchange takes place, the potassium combining with the chlorine to form potassium chloride, and the mercury combining with the iodine forming mercury iodide. The formation of the mercury iodide is seen, as it is of a scarlet colour and does not dissolve in water, whereas both the mercury chloride and the potassium iodide were colourless solutions. If the precipitated mercury iodide be filtered off, the clear solution remaining w ill be found to contain potassium chloride. The change may be show n by a chemical equation, " from http://w ww.ntu.edu.au/education/w ardonli.htm Mercuric chloride is obtainable from either direct action of chlorine on mercury, or may (and this is just a guess on my part) be formed from chlorine containing compounds like bleach. KI is readily obtained in 25ml quantities from any chemist. Chlorine gas production has already been described on this forum. Methyl lithium (or methyllithium) is a little trickier. A synthesis follows: "The submitters prepared methyl lithium in the follow ing manner. Methyliodide (425.7 g., 3.00 moles) w as added w ith stirring to 48 g. (7.0 g. atoms) of lithium in 2.5 l. of ether under nitrogen at a rate adequate to maintain gentle reflux of the ether. After 24 hours the solution of methyllithium was decanted into a storage vessel filled w ith nitrogen, The concentration was estimated in the usual w ay by hydrolysis of an aliquot and titration with 0.1N hydrochloric acid." from: http://w ww.orgsyn.org/orgsyn/orgsyn/prepContent.asp?prep= cv5p0859 Which requires ether and methyliodide. Both of these syntheses are on Rhodium: http://ww w.rhodium.w s/chemistry/methyliodide.html http://ww w.rhodium.w s/chemistry/ethyl.ether.html This entire process may not be the simplest, and it might well be possible to make the methyl lithium directly by modifying the methyl iodide synthesis. If you can get any of the later chemicals directly and securely, you can of course skip to that step. The most difficult part of the entire process would be acquisition of Mercury, but not much is required. I suspect the quantity in a thermometer may even provide enough to kill if all your yields w ere 100%. A brief warning though. Even research chemists now refuse to work w ith this substance due to its toxicity. Be very careful.

Zeitgeist

February 5th, 2004, 12:55 AM

Mercury itself, and most of its compounds, are very insoluble and so are not hazardous in themselves. It was discovered, however, that in anaerobic sediments where there was industrial mercury waste, slightly soluble dimethyl mercury, (CH3)2Hg, w as produced. If fish containing dimethyl mercury are consumed, the often fatal Minamata Disease results. The disease is named after the Japanese bay in which the mercury w as released that brought this to notice. Dimethyl mercury occurs in tuna fish in extremely tiny amounts that are probably only a testimony to how sensitive the detection methods can be. In larger amounts, it is reputed to cause fetal damage, but is very probably no general hazard at all, because it is so rare. I wonder if you could synth it from Merbromin ("Mercurochrome") C20H8Br2HgNa2O6

Sarevok

February 5th, 2004, 06:33 AM

I don't think dimethylmercury is THAT toxic... :rolleyes: Even if it is, you have nothing to fear; mercury poisoning can EASILY be detected, so if one kill some idiots using it, one would surely be jailed and bubba would... nevermind. Mercury itself, and most of its compounds, are very insoluble and so are not hazardous in themselves. Posted by Zeitgeist Zeitgeist, mercury isn't soluble but it IS hazardous; while mercury nitrate and dimethylmercury, for example, are water and fats soluble, respectively, and they are hazardous too.

Zeitgeist

February 5th, 2004, 06:59 AM

Agreed, some of that was just ripped from a w eb page and i didn't read all of it carefully.

VX

February 5th, 2004, 09:25 AM

My first thought of bubbling methane gas from a gas supply through mercury would not work as the dimethylmercury would boil off before it could form. It is impossible to use alkanes as general reagents as they just w ont react. Methyl lithium, would have to be em ployed to add a methyl group. Methyl magnesium bromide w ould probably work as w ell. You do how ever probably not need to use the iodide(of methane), using the chloride or bromide salt is far more common in synthesis reactions, and leads to a safer, more controlled reaction. Although it is perfectly feasible to make this compound in an improvised lab, it is almost certainly not worth the effort as the risk involved in working with such chemicals in an uncontrolled environment is high, and the synth of the precursors will be time consuming. i.e. synth of HgI2, LiMe, MeI etc. Far more simple and effective toxins can be more or less 'found' in natural materials....... Just think of the trouble the authorities are having with ricin at the moment:rolleyes:

megalomania

February 6th, 2004, 04:51 PM

I would not recommend using compounds besides methyl iodide in the reaction simply because the reactivity of methyl bromide and especially the chloride are so much low er. You might be able to get away w ith using methyl bromide. A poison like this is valuable because it seems to take so much time to get the job done. Sure it may be detectable, but will the cops be able to determine when the exposure happened 3 months down the road? Not likely. The poisoning would long since have faded from the minds of victum and witnesses alike. Food products could be randomly

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poisoned and they would long since have been eaten, thrown aw ay, and forgotton months later leaving nothing for the investigaters to go on. Imagine if you will a person w ith a water bottle filled with dimethylmercury at a football game. He has an aisle seat high up, one of the cheap seats. He opens his water bottle and tips it over. The liquid gushes out and starts the slow climb down the steps. 1 liter, maybe 2, flowing like a tiny stream dow n step after step. There it sits and vaporizes. Hundreds climb these stairs over the course of the next few hours. The fumes linger, invisable, odorless, harmless... until months later when people start turning up dead without any connection. A student on the last day of classes spills his "soda" right in the entrance to the cafateria minutes before lunchtime. The spill is ignored as the sudents pour in to reach their seats and w ait in line to get their food. Hundreds w alk through the spill getting it on their shoes and spreading it all over the lunchroom. Withing 30 minutes the entire room is filled with fumes, hundreds have been exposed to toxic levels of dimethylmercury. By the end of the day the chemical has been spread into every classroom, onto every student; thousands could be exposed, but none will know. The summer draws to a close, many students are away at college, then they start to die. A suicide trooper strolls into the front entrance of a busy New York police station. He sits dow n, he open a w ater bottle, he dumps it out under his seat, he gets up and leaves. He repeats this at every precinct in the city. This goes on for weeks, the suicide trooper goes everyw here cops are. Thousands of cops are poisoned, and he himself is overcome with the poison. He crawls off to die and is forgotton. Months later thousands of police officers in New York are striken down. Chaos reins as drug lords and petty crooks rise up to take advantage of the lack of police. Murders, rapes, robberies, arsons... The national guard is called out, the city is shut down, the government is placed on high alert. Every police force in the country is stricken with fear, are they next? Multiply this by 10 or even 100. Suicide troops visiting every ballgame, every football game, every basketball game. Suicide troops visiting the common rooms of major universities, Harvard, Yale, Princeton, MIT, CalTech. Suicide troops visiting every major police station in Chicago, Los Angeles, Dallas, Miami. They could even visit the lunchrooms of NASA, Boeing, Los Alamos, Ford, GM, Microsoft, Intel, and all of the fortune 500 boardrooms and offices. Maybe they won't kill that many, but the sheer amount of terror inflicted on this country would paralyze the nation. Our sporting events attacked means no more sports, or large gatherings, attacks at universities would mean our nations greatest minds are in jeporady, an attack on our nations greatest corporations would send stocks plummeting and our economy into such a death spiral that it may take 10 years to emerge from.

NightStalker

February 7th, 2004, 05:40 AM

The elimination of hundreds of the "best and brightest" of Americas future scientists, as direct casualties of mercury poisoning, as well as the degradation of the brains of the thousands of survivors through mercury damaging their neurons, in addition to the toxic contamination of the universities themselves, w ould constitute a far more lasting threat to America than the loss of a couple of buildings and the expendable bees within. The minds that inhabit MIT, UCLA, Princeton, etc., are the very pinnacle of technological innovation that feeds Americas economy. The new technologies they develop are why our military is unbeatable, our economy # 1 in the world, our culture so pervasive, etc. Eradicating a few hundred of these elite brains will, in the short term, send us into a mild panic. But it's the long term effect, as the new ideas that w ould keep us in the forefront of world technology, never become as the brain of the graduate that w ould have thought them up is now dead or damaged. This is chaos theory in action. Small actions in the beginning are amplified through time. The ol' "Butterfly flapping it's w ings in Japan causes a hurricane in Florida" effect. A few decades after this kind of attack, w e'd be on par w ith some 2nd tier countries, like europe, not stone-age like the third w orld, but also not the First World Superpower that we are because of our technological lead. The w orst part, of course, is that this sort of attack w ould be piss easy to do, and impossible to defend against. Unlike blowing up a couple of highly visible, but ultimately worthless buildings, killing off the real brains of the nation (politicans are useless!) w ould have a VERY serious impact on Americas future. Our "leaders" are w orried about protecting bridges and other replaceable infrastructure while the minds that w ould be the ones to conceive of the bridge, and design the machines to build them, and engineer it into reality, are left totally unprotected and vulnerable. Even if not one single person died from this mercury attack, the damage to their brains would be sufficient to degrade them, especially insidious as the toxin could linger for months or years, slowly degrading the average IQ of the schools students as they spend years sucking up toxic mercury fumes.

akinrog

February 13th, 2004, 10:01 AM

For some time I was thinking of starting a new thread about this but I have no courage to do so since I am a newbie. IMHO, succinylcholine is a very fast acting substance w hich almost immediately paralyse skeletal muscles thereby causing suffocation of the victim. Although direct injection is recommended, MSDS of this substance recommends using respiratory equipment since inhalation may also cause paralysis. In addition the metabolic products of this substance naturally occur in the body like succinic acid in Crebs (sp?) cycle and choline w hose purpose I don't exactly know. If anyone interested I may give out some suggested synthesis of this substance. :) Edit : Forgot to add that since the metaboliation products of this substance are naturally occurring (endogenous ?) substance, they are almost impossible to determine in forensic analysis.

hbx53

February 27th, 2005, 11:23 PM

Hereunder I suggest some chemical equations, you have to judge which one is best and how ? Secondly, why other are false, w ith detailed logical answer? Here under I follow ed some of the following equations to get the DIMETHYL MERCURY in my laboratory, would you suggest which one is best: 1. 2CH3OH + Hg === > C2H6Hg + H2O2 Methanol Mercury Dimethyl Hydrogen Mercury Peroxide 2. HgCl2 + 2CH3OH === > (CH3)2Hg + 2HCl + O2 Mercuric Methanol Dimethyl Hydrogen Oxygen Chloride Mercury Chloride Gas 3. Hg2Cl2 + 4CH3OH == => 2(CH3)2Hg + 2HCl + H2O + O3 Mercurous Methanol Dimethyl Hydrogen Water Ozone Chloride Mercury Chloride Gas Note: It w ill appreciated if you suggest any other formula to get DIMETHYL MERCURY in the laboratory with chemical equations.

megalomania

February 28th, 2005, 10:10 AM

I don't know if any of those w ill work hbx53. I do know the follow ing will work: 2RLi + HgX2 = ==> R2Hg + 2LiX alkyl lithium + mercury halide (Cl or Br) gives dialkyl mercury and lithium halide. For dimethyl mercury use methyl lithium.

hbx53

February 28th, 2005, 10:41 PM

could you provide recipe of methyl lithium? how can we prepare it in a simple way?

FU TI

March 1st, 2005, 05:04 PM

Mega and Chade give you enough info about making it hbx53. Only other synthesis know n to me is from anaerobic bacterias exposed to elemental mercury. That substance is volatile and lipid soluble. In Japan they had some problems with mercury spilled in some bay that made a lot of mess because of this. I remember, that there w ere a case, a few years ago, of a women w ho died after poisoning her self with it, during work on some NMR experiment she was doing small spill of solution containing dimethylmercury splashed her glove, after some time she got in hospital in comma and passed away after several days of doctors strugle to get her back. But this is rare example as for making mercury compond generally reduces toxicity of componds in comparison with HgCl2.

static_firefly

March 2nd, 2005, 03:16 AM

I have an intresting book w hich details the Minamata Disaster of Japan 1950. Its called Catastrophe and Disaster. Its reads that the first the people of the fishing village knew of a problem was when cats started going crazy, even to the point of leaping of jetites and drow ning. In 1953 signs of posioning in humans started to rise rapidly. Simptoms included convulsions, lack of muscular control, slurred speech, impaired sight and birth defects such as blind babies and also deformed babies. Scientiest believe that Chiso Chemical Plant discharged Mercuary into the bay w hich formed methy mecruary w hen microorganisims broke down orgainic wastes. They believe that the cats where the first to show signs of poisioning because they would eat toxic fish, the poision would build up and because they are much smaller then humans suffer first. By mid 1970s 150 people had died and 1000 more been declaired victims.

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FU TI

March 3rd, 2005, 04:52 PM

I just saw that Zeitgeist already stated some of things I tried to post before in much thorough way and in better written post. Considering toxicity of organic mercury compounds take in mind that some of them w ere in use as antiseptics/desinfectants and topical aids. Mercury as element isn't much toxic, only chronic exposure is possibly dangerous, but some of that story is overblown since dentist would died as trade many years ago, and I can't say I saw conclusive paper on mercury based dental fillings. Anyway all substances are poisonous...its only matter of concentration to achieve effect as Paracelsus stated many centuries ago. Best example known to me is the guy that took MDMA pill I think on some rave party. I side effect is that it can cause uncontrolable thirst. So naturally the guy goes and drink a LOT of w ater in a incredible short time span (it was between 10-20 liters). What killed him?...electrolite disbalance he caused by his stupidity = heart faliure. BTW this is OT but actually that substance he took was made in course of looking for the cure for obesity (enchanser of metabolism). It does that but strangely some people are more interested in side effects:D.

Jacks Complete

March 3rd, 2005, 06:17 PM

Leah Betts, would-be anti-drug poster corpse, died in the same way. MDMA is actually safer than Asprin or most other drugs - millions of doses are consumed every month, yet there are only about three or four deaths a year. Yet it is still banned... Very odd, but then, anything fun is banned or restricted. The Government would ban sex if it thought it could get away w ith it.

2,4,6-TNP

March 4th, 2005, 02:13 AM

I recommend reading US3636020 it may prove to be very useful.

lndshrk

August 27th, 2006, 05:30 AM

A poison like this is valuable because it seems to take so much time to get the job done. Sure it may be detectable, but will the cops be able to determine when the exposure happened 3 months down the road? Not likely. Actually, quite likely since NAA of portions of the hair are very useful for time determination of heavy metal poisoning. Unless your vic recently cut his/her hair, they could easily determine the time of poisoning to + /- 1 week or so.

Jacks Complete

August 28th, 2006, 04:30 PM

Even then, though, the poisoner would have had ample time to get rid of evidence and lab gear. The average time to find a murder scene is about 8 hours, or something like that. It's much harder to find a clue after a few hours in the rain, let alone months later. Harder still w hen there w asn't even a clue it was a murder until the autopsy. Just finding the mechanism would be nearly impossible.

FullMetalJacket

August 28th, 2006, 09:01 PM

Megalomania, this is the first time I can honestly say that you scare thew shit out of me.

meyer25

August 29th, 2006, 04:19 PM

Dimethyl mercury may also easily be made of sodium amalgam and methyl iodide or dimethyl sulfate in anhydrous ether or THF: 2MeI + Hg0 + 2 Na0 ----> Me2Hg + 2 NaI 2Me2SO4 + Hg0 + 2 Na0 ----> Me2Hg + 2 MeSO4-Na+

azaleaem

September 11th, 2006, 12:21 PM

It may prove easy to find a dimethylmercury killer once a suspect is in hand. ppb levels of mercury can be detected in the killer's workspace simply by w iping down the walls with a cotton ball. Atomic Absorption instrumentation is that sensitive. No matter how well you clean your workspace, mercury can be found. Better off killing someone by making them eat lots of fish!

megalomania

September 11th, 2006, 11:20 PM

The cops have to find the crime scene first. A storage locker paid for in cash, a unibomber style shack in the woods, an abandoned house, etc., can all be used to great effect. Hell, even a motel room would w ork. Meth cooks are known to get a motel room for the night, set up their lab, do their business, and roll.

bobo

October 29th, 2006, 12:14 PM

Handling chemicals that kill you even if you w ear neoprene, latex and nitrile gloves on top of each other isn't exactly what I want to do on a rainy afternoon. Besides, it would likely be smelled near the spillage if there's enough to gas the victims. Still, this class of compounds has huge potential of use for the smart killer. Dimethyl mercury has a boiling point in the order of magnitude of water, and should be insoluble. But how about higher alkanes? For example, substituting methyllithium by butyllithium w ould result in a less volatile compound with more alkane chain on it. While the boiling point would be too high for use as a gas, it's also much less likely to kill the assassin through inhalation. Would longer alkyl chains make the compound less able to travel through rubber as well? These compounds, if applied to an object, would kill by touch and thus be far more selective and useful for targeted killing. Perhaps, if lengthening the alkyl chain makes the compound less permeating, DMSO could be used as a solvent.

megalomania

October 29th, 2006, 08:11 PM

Correct me if I am wrong, but I think dimethyl mercury can pass through the blood brain barrier because it is so small, so lengthening the alkyl chains should make dialkyl mercury compounds significantly less toxic. This is not to say that long chain alkyl mercury compounds are NOT toxic, only that they are less toxic than dimethyl mercury. The extremely high volatility of dimethyl mercury combined w ith its toxicity makes it dangerous in the same vein as a chemical weapon, and as such it should be treated like it was a chemical w eapon when using or synthesizing. The maximum exposure limit is 0.01 mg per cubic meter of air, but a saturated m3 of air could hold as much as 600g of DMM!

Bluebottle

October 30th, 2006, 06:41 PM

If that is true, (and it probably is) than w ouldn't HHgCH3 be an even more potent/volatile toxin?

nbk2000

June 29th, 2007, 10:55 PM

I read in a patent from the '20s for making photographic flash bulbs, that DMM or DEM (preferably) could be added in very small percentages to aluminum powder in glass bulbs, and then heated for 2 days at 140° (DEM) to form in situ TEA (Triethyl Aluminum), w hich makes the aluminum powder pyrophoric. This immediately brought to mind the Holy Grail of K3wLz...the Ninja Smoke Bomb! Thin glass capsules of some size (thinking Christmas tree ornaments) are filled w ith aluminum powder, the DEM added, baked in a suitably inert atmosphere (CO2 is fine), and then sealed. Upon breaking, the capsules disperse the pow der, which ignites a moment later in a blinding flash and cloud of white smoke. :) The same effect can be achieved using ferrous oxalate and higher heat, but that lacks L33+ factor. :p

megalomania

June 30th, 2007, 02:02 PM

Kewls, ninja smoke, dimethyl mercury, w hat could possibly go wrong? :)

azaleaem Is it possible that in a CO2 atmosphere that the methylmetals will react to produce the metal acetate?

July 2nd, 2007, 04:37 PM

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July 2nd, 2007, 09:54 PM

And how is that supposed to happen?

weeThePeople

November 27th, 2008, 02:00 AM

My research has led me to a synthesis of dimethylmercury below. Synthesis takes 2 steps, each one attaching a methyl group to the central mercury atom. 1. HgI2 and 2 CH3Li (a total molecular energy of 84.6 kJ/mol). In this first step of the synthesis reaction, the mercury iodide and one of the methyl lithium molecules combine in a double-replacement reaction to form HgICH3 and LiI, releasing 178.6 kJ/mol to settle at a molecular energy of -94.1 kJ/mol. 2. Then, the resulting HgICH3 reacts with another methyl lithium in a second double-replacement reaction, forming a second LiI and dimethylmercury, releasing another 161.3 kJ/mol of energy and winding up with a molecular energy of -255.4 kJ/mol. Thus, the total change in energy during the synthesis of dimethylmercury is -339.9 kJ/mol. To summarize. 1. HgI2 + LiCH3 = HgICH3 + LiI 2. HgICH3 + LiCH3 = Hg(CH3)2 and LiI Can anyone add any more details to this? Specifically how one might go about removing LiI from each step, etc.

Alexires

November 27th, 2008, 03:20 AM

Do you have sources for that or has your research led to you finding Atlantis as w ell?

weeThePeople

November 27th, 2008, 03:59 AM

My research has led me to a synthesis of dimethylmercury below. Synthesis takes 2 steps, each one attaching a methyl group to the central mercury atom. 1. HgI2 and 2 CH3Li (a total molecular energy of 84.6 kJ/mol). In this first step of the synthesis reaction, the mercury iodide and one of the methyl lithium molecules combine in a double-replacement reaction to form HgICH3 and LiI, releasing 178.6 kJ/mol to settle at a molecular energy of -94.1 kJ/mol. 2. Then, the resulting HgICH3 reacts with another methyl lithium in a second double-replacement reaction, forming a second LiI and dimethylmercury, releasing another 161.3 kJ/mol of energy and winding up with a molecular energy of -255.4 kJ/mol. Thus, the total change in energy during the synthesis of dimethylmercury is -339.9 kJ/mol. To summarize. 1. HgI2 + LiCH3 = HgICH3 + LiI 2. HgICH3 + LiCH3 = Hg(CH3)2 and LiI Can anyone add any more details to this? Specifically how one might go about removing LiI from each step, etc. Do you have sources for that or has your research led to you finding Atlantis as w ell? http://64.233.169.132/search?q= cache:Te_WvmkhhcAJ:education.uncc.edu/cmste/Document%2520Hold-OLD/Kevin%2520%2520Dimethylmercury.doc+dimethylmercury+synthesis&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2&gl= us There is one source. Can anyone add any more details to this? Specifically how one might go about removing LiI from each step, etc.

fluoroantimonic

November 27th, 2008, 06:21 AM

I 'm not sure if that route would w ork.. if you dare play w ith that stuff Specifically how one might go about removing LiI from each step, etc. Well DME is a nonpolar liquid... and LiI is a solid salt... so how do you think they'd be seperated? Also I doubt you'd need to separate after each step, just 2eq LiCH3 and go from there... Brauer says it is synthed from the grignard CH3MgBr (made by slowly adding CH3Br to an dry ether suspension of magnesium powder). Into an ether solution of CH3MgBr is slowly added the correct amount of HgCl2 over an hour or so. Filter off Mg halides, then reflux for for 10 hours, add water, mix, separate the phases and distill off the ether to get pretty pure DME at a 50-70% yield... This stuff has a lot of potential for mass destruction, I think possibly more so than the most effective organophosphorus nerve agents... If properly released, a kilo of it could kill 10000 people easy and if done effectively, they wouldn't even know they were exposed, developing symptoms weeks or months later, and having a very high probability of dying, even with the best chelation treatment... The hard part would be synthesizing it without killing yourself. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Malodorants JoeJablomy

February 13th, 2004, 03:06 AM

I couldn't find anything elsewhere on the synthesis of malodorants. Anyone who's read the patents referred to in the patents thread knows that alkyl mercaptans with some skatole carried in vegetable oil can apparently be used, and I did find this for at least the structure of skatole: http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/Chemistry/MOTM/silly/sillymols.htm (about 1/4 the way down) I don't know about KOH and egg whites, and the site is fucking stupid, but hopefully the structure will be useful. So, for those of you that do know something about chemistry, how would you go about making n-butyl mercaptan methyl mercaptan skatole putrescine cadaverine or, for that matter, "a malodorant organic sulfur compound; organic nitrogen compound; organic phosphorus compound; substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3 to C.sub.6 aliphatic or cycloaliphatic carboxylic acid, aldehyde or acid halide; aliphatic diyne; inorganic silane; allyl trifluoro acetate; cis-4-decanal; pentafluoropropionic anhydride; 6,6-dimethylfulvene; methyl 4methylbenzoate; or a mixture of two or more of the foregoing."? Ethyl and methyl mercaptans are supposedly the stuff they put in natural gas so it stinks, so they should be pretty cheap; really most of these at least in the first part of the list seem like pretty simple compounds. And I have to say, at least with my sense of humor, I'd bet this kind of chemical warfare, applied to the correct persons who are abandoning their duty to uphold the constitution...

Sparky

February 15th, 2004, 12:44 AM

This is a little off topic, but it's a little idea I thought I would share. If one were to take the oderant used in propane and disperse a little bit of it throughout a building, the occupants would think there was large amounts of propane filling the building. This would of course lead to an evacuation since everyone would think there was a big fire / explosion hazard. Flushing people out of a building like this could be useful. Specific uses I leave to your imagination. Certainly it's much more original than pulling the fire alarm. I wonder how the fire department would respond.

zeocrash

February 15th, 2004, 05:20 AM

Putrescine and cadaverine (sp?) are all standard diamines, these could be produced by simple hydrolosis of various types of nylon (putrescine - nylon 4,x ; cadaverine - nylon 5,x) and then the separation of the dicarboxylic acid crystals and the diamine.

Efraim_barkbit

February 15th, 2004, 05:24 AM

Look in the thread "stink bomb (http://www.roguesci.org/theforum/showthread.php?t=3212&highlight=stink+bomb) " for a Ethyl mercaptane synthesis.

JoeJablomy

February 15th, 2004, 08:20 AM

Thanks for the link. I should have looked for something like "stink bomb," but I guess it was too obvious :) The bit about butyric acid looks interesting; can it be distilled from the crude butter acid to get better potency? What temp does H2S condense at? I've always been a bit skeptical about bubbling-gas-through-liquid procedures because of the gas escaping. Or does it? The one time I tried something like that the feed gas came through in increasing amounts as the solution was depleted, and leaking large amounts of H2S would be a bit of a giveaway. Can a one step process with metal sulfide and ethanol be used? It seems to me that water is essentially a catalyst in this process, so perhaps standard 95% grain alcohol could be used with the right amount of sulfide in a pressure vessel or something. 3H2O + Al2S3 -> 3H2S + Al2O3 3H2S + 3C2H5OH -> 3H2O + 3C2H5SH Or something. Damn! this is another thing I should try myself, but I am pretty much totally without the necessary facilities. Also, does anyone know exactly what's involved in hydrolysis of nylon? Acids? And skatole looks very promising, but there still isn't very much information on it. I haven't searched the web very thoroughly, but of the 3800 pages google has I kind of doubt one has a synthesis. It does seem common enough that it's probably at least related to a common chemical.

Draken99

June 3rd, 2004, 08:02 AM

Mercaptanes can be made by reacting alkylbromides with thiourea followed by hydrolysis with NaOH. (From a german syntesis book) 19g Thiourea, 27ml Bromobutane and 20ml Ethanol are refluxed until a homogenous mixture is formed (approx 5h) after cooling down to room temperature 25ml of 5M NaOH are added under a stream of Nitrogen or Argon. The Mixture is stirred at 50 - 60°C until no moer oily drops will form a new layer. The layers are separated and the aquous layer is neutralzed with 10% HCl and extracted three times with 30ml ether. the extracts and the organic layer were combined, dries over Na2SO4and distilled(Kp 98°C) Gretings Draken

Draken99

June 4th, 2004, 07:00 AM

Hi, Mercaptanes can be made by reacting Bromoalkanes with Thiourea first and treating the ftemes akkylthiourea with NAOH. Since it is from a german book I will translate the procedure if requested Greeting Draken vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and W eapons Forum C h e m istry > Poison Ga s R i n g

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View Full Version : Poison Gas Ring NightStalker

February 17th, 2004, 04:42 AM

Am azing how a little searching can lead to unexpected results. W hile looking for the cheapest source for the "James Bond" :rolleyes: lig hter cam e r a m e n tioned in NBK's "Blinking" thread, I ran across th is little g oody. http://store2 .yim g.com /I/wecarecom pany_1779_72826.jpg Found it at http://www.wecarehyperstore.com/nonam e36.htm l. Google term s were [stunning ring OC tear gas]. Anyways, the idea cam e to m e that, since it uses replaceable cartridges, that one could buy a spare, empty out the tear gas, and substitute the po ison de jour for spraying in a victims face. How much more inconspicuous could an assassin get? A fraction of a m illiliter of hydrogen cyanide, hydrazoic acid, or any of the nerve agents, would be more than enough to kill s o m eone if sprayed directly in to their eyes/nose/m outh. Though, if using G/V-agents, the 'sprayer' would join the 'spraye e' in death. But the user of inhalant poisons wouldn't suffer t h a t f a t e a s l o n g a s h e h e l d h i s b r e a t h as he left the scene right away. Might even n ot be noticed during a police patdown prior to being put in the back of the car. Just you...on e cop...a poison gas ring...alone in a car together...:) The amount needed to kill, when directly sprayed in the face, would be m uch less than that needed to kill when dilu ted into the volum e of a car interior, especially as you're not going to be hanging aro und breathing it for ages, as I'd imagine you're kicking out a window ASAP to escape. Those plastic barriers that cop s have in their ca rs to "protect" them from their passengers in the re ar could actually be protecting yo u from the gas. Sim ply rem ove your handcuffs as p er the RTPB of hiding han dcuff keys in all your cloths, spray the poison into the cops general airspace throu gh the inevitable gap between the partition and the car body, then proceed to kicking. Naturally, you don't want to kill him when he's doing 60 around a turn, as that'd be very bad for yo u too. W ait until he's stop ped at a red light then ga s him .

Wild Catmage

February 19th, 2004, 09:48 AM

D a m n, it's a s h a m e I d o n ' t l i k e rap m usic and dress like a whig ger, otherwise I d h a v e a g r e a t e x c u s e t o w e a r thes e r i n g s :rolleyes: I c a n f orsee a couple o f problem s with refilling the rings. The ref ill cartridges would be tiny, and once you d e m p t i e d o n e i t would be difficult to refill it with another substance and then repressurise it, especially if you were working with a more lethal substance. Also, cops usually travel in pairs :( Does anyone know whether co p s r e m o v e a s t h m a inhalers or sim ilar essential m edications when they search you?

Yellow

March 30th, 2004, 03:57 PM

Dear Nightstalker The idea of using lethal toix agents in the ring, m ight seem a s a g o o d i d e a . But, all m ilitary doctrines for u se of lethal chem i c a l a g e n t s , s a y s t h a t t h e y a r e t o b e u s e d d e e p i n s i d e e n e m y territory. Usin g lethal agents in a handheld device, will be very dangerous to the u ser. Irritants are probably the only chemica l a g e n t s t h a t s h o u l d b e u s e d i n s u ch devices.

NightStalker

March 31st, 2004, 12:16 AM

The situation determ ines the tactics needed. If you're in a cop car, heading to jail for something that'll get you life in prison, or executed, then what have you to lose by killing one or m ore cops in the car you are in and possibly escaping? Even if you d ie trying, at least you'll go to hell with an police escort leading the way. :) And, yes, cops usually rem o v e a s t h e m a inhalers and such. They figure you're not going to die on the drive to the jail.

atlas#11

March 31st, 2004, 07:07 PM

I t ' s a g o o d i d e a n o n e t h e l e s s . I p e r s o n a l y w o u l d m a k e i t w i t h a t i m e r e l e a s e m e c h a n i s m so that you would twist a seperate part of the ring to activate a short "fuse". Then you could just twist it, toss it in to their general area and proceed to getting the hell out of th eir. Of course their would have to be a large quantity of strong gass to be sure and kill them a n d h a v i n g t h e wind ows rolle d down would gre atly reduce effectivness. I'm sure in a large fake ring one could put a half m l in their or m o r e and hydrogen cyanide would do it if you could get it to be safely contained in the ring then you would have a gass g renade that would not be found by a pat d own. But we have the problem of m etal detectors, m aking it out of plastic would m a k e i t c a p a b l e o f m aking it through m ost every security measure(with the draw back of being impact sensitive gassing you :( ). W ith a little luck(bad luck) one could wind up in jail with one of these on his finger and gass a room full of pigs then m ake a crafty escape. No on second thought, scratch th at,

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getting in to prison with it would be easy but getting out again with just a gass grenade would be difficult to say the least.

thrall

April 5th, 2004, 07:34 AM

By the way Lethal amount(LD50) of HC N is 1.1mg/kg body weight.Assume a fat cop(they are ususally fat) weight 10 0 kg. So LD = 110 m g or .11 grams. Now you don't want the cop to survive with 50% probability so you use say .5 gram s . N e r v e g a s e s h a v e alm o s t s a m e L D 5 0 s o e v e n f o r them y o u h a v e t o h a v e a t l e a s t . 5 g r a m s . a s s u m ing the density of water this takes .8 m l of volum e and that is a lot to carry in a ring. How to fill the container is another dim e n t i o n o f p r o b l e m . So using it as killing agent .....nigger please!

Opium

February 7th, 2007, 05:46 PM

Hello, Sorry for re-opening an old topic. I've an little idea if you can re fil the OC cartridge with another compound (that's the tricky part) you can use a powerfull fentanyl analog like rem ifentanyl or 3-Methylfentanyl or the far m ost potent (3R,4S,β S) p-fluoro-3-Methyl-β -hydroxyfentanyl. You can easilly kill yo u r o p o n e n t s a n d s t a y s a f e a s l o n g you take some naltrexone pills (Half life of naltrex one 4 to 8h). So take your pills and carry your fentanyl loade d ring and you can kill stealthly.

nbk2000

February 7th, 2007, 11:50 PM

W hat is the tim e until effect of these analogs? HCN is instantaneous, which is importa nt if you have to get close enough to spray som eone in the face with the thin g. The last thing you want is som eone screaming and beating on you as you wait for the analog to kill them . Draws too many witnesses to your actions.

Opium

February 8th, 2007, 05:36 AM

Hello NBK, W hat is the tim e until effect of these analogs? HCN is instantaneous, which is importa nt if you have to get close enough to spray som eone in the face with the thin g. The last thing you want is som eone screaming and beating on you as you wait for the analog to kill them . Draws too many witnesses to your actions. These analogs act very quickly by inha lation, in less than one m in the victim will be seriou sly out o f com bat, few m in later th e victim will be dead (respiratory depression induced by the µ agonist properties of the fentanyl). They are as deadly as HCN (som e fentanyl analogs are as deadly as V agents!). HCN can kill you quickly too on the same tim i n g s h e m e i n o n e m in and death 15 min later by anoxia (cytochrom e o x y d a s e inhibition and inhibition of oth er metalic conten ing enzym atic com plex). But you can protect yourself easily from the fentanyl analogs (as long you're not an opiate addict because naloxone and naltrexone will induce severe withdrawal) just by taking an opiate antagonist pill. It's very hard to efficientely protect yourself from HCN poisoning the classical therapeutics of cyanide poisonings are O 2 g a s , h y d r o x y c o b a l a m i n , a m yl nitrite, sodium thiosulfate. Impossible to use in the "battlefield".

chemdude1999

February 8th, 2007, 09:32 PM

The problem with Remifentanil is that it has to be injected. I know of no way of getting it airborne effectively. So one would have to incorporate a hypodermic attachment to the ring and then activate it by p unching the intended person. Still the lethal dose should be very low (on the order of micrograms per kilogra m s ) . C a r f e n t a n i l i s e v e n m o r e p o t e n t . However, the opiates in this class are not really m eant to be an out-and-out poisons. They act slowly (well over a minute for effects). O n the stree t they are used to "pum p-up" crap quality heroin. Even with the possible extremely low LD50, the relatively long wait tim e until effects are noticed negate the drug for the scenarios outlined above. If a person had the luxury of waiting it m ight be plausible. A person not involved in drugs could use it to kill with the benefit of lea ding the cops on the wron g track. They would be hu nting all the known heroin dealers and their associates. They would also check hospitals sin ce Fentanyl is used as an anesthetic and for pain m a n a g e m ent.

nbk2000

February 8th, 2007, 11:35 PM

Alph a-Ketoglutarate and L-cystine, in a 10-1 ratio, either orally or intrave nously, will protect against several LD's of inhaled HCN or ingested CN salts.

atlas#11

February 8th, 2007, 11:42 PM

I wonder if any of the fentanils are soluble in DMSO... T h a t c o u l d s p e e d u p e f f e c t t i m e s I w o u l d g u e s s . Do the pigs have a nasty habit of taking watches off of arrest victims? I've not yet had the m isfortune of being arrested m yself. Perhaps a squirt gun style device fitted into a watch fille d with a concentrated solution of carfantanil in DMSO would have enough effect to be of use. Anyone know of any plausible procedures for the production of fentanils? I would guess they're quite expensive to produce for t h e h o m e ho bbiest. Most likely prohibitivly so... Edit: NBK, the effects of HCN are instantaneous, so I assum e y o u w o u l d h a v e t o t a k e t h i s m i x b e f o r e b e i n g exposed to it. W hich doesn't do the pigs much good, but if one were to know h e was going to be poisoned how long after ingesting the preventative mix would you have before it wears off? And how well does it work to counter it? I doubt any am m o u n t o f a n t i d o t e will prevent you from any discom fort while inhaling HCN gass, just how well does it work? O r d o e s a n y o n e k n o w ?

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February 9th, 2007, 01:17 AM

W ell, it's been 10 years since I talked to the scientist who was doing the research for the Army, so specifics are kinda fuzzy. But, from what I rem e m ber, there is a delay time of at least 10 m inutes from ingestion before the protective effect kicks in, and has an hour or less of protection from a gram d o s e . Injection is im mediately effective, even against an already inhaled or ingested lethal dose, requiring a sm a l l e r d o s a g e , b u t only lasts a few m inutes. Injection is IM not IV. The 10-1 ratio is m ost effective, but I've forgotten which one is the 10 and which is the 1, so experim entation would be required. S e e m s the best protocol would be to take the oral pill before an expected exposure, and slam an autoinjector of it in the thigh m uscle (just like atropine O P A a n t i d o t e s ) u p o n e x p o s u r e . Since the components are essentailly non-toxic and quite cheap, I wouldn't see any problem with making a continuous drip that'd be strapped on prior to use (thinking of open combat, not covert murder), with a metering p u m p p u s h i n g t h e s o l u t i o n through a na sal tube down into the stomach. Oh, and the antidote also works against hydrogen sulfide, which is how I found out about it, in an industrial safety trade m agazine.

chemdude1999

February 9th, 2007, 08:00 AM

Anyone know of any plausible procedures for the production of fentanils? I would guess they're quite expensive to produce for t h e h o m e ho bbiest. Most likely prohibitivly so... Check out: http://www.erowid.org/archive/rhodium/chemistry/fentanyl.htm l S e e m s like a pain for a regular lab, let alone at home. I believe you have to synthesize the NPP because the DEA recently put controls on it. Not positive if they have been im plem e n t e d , t h o u g h .

Telkor

May 16th, 2008, 07:52 AM

I t h a s b e e n r u m o r e d t h a t s o v i e t s p e c i a l f o r c e s u s e d s o m e s p e c i a l a m m u n i t i o n f o r a s s a s s i n a t i o n s , r e l e a s i n g H C N gas. I think it m ight have been thickened HCN or dissolved cyanide, a s it worked on very lim ited space without killing everybody near the victim . vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and W eapons Forum C h e m istry > Synthesis of Amyl nitrite

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View Full Version : Synthesis of Amyl nitrite PIB

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February 19th, 2004, 11:13 AM

I found it in the web...

It is prepared by passing nitrous fumes (from starch and concen trated nitric acid) into warm isoamyl alcohol, or by distilling a m ixture of 26 parts of potassium nitrite in 15 p arts of water with 30 parts of isoamyl alcohol in 30 parts of sulphuric acid.

nbk2000

February 20th, 2004, 01:18 PM

W ow...yet an other stunningly informative post by you. Will your bountiful harvest of inform ation ever cease to delight and a m use us all? I pray it never does.

vulture

February 20th, 2004, 01:47 PM

Just to post som e other trivial shit: HCN poisoning first aid treatm ent usually consists of letting the affected person breathing amylnitrite. Don't ask me what it d o e s t h o u g h . I s u s p e ct it lowe rs the blood pressure. EDIT: Seem s like my typing skills went down th e shitter somewhere today...

TheHitMan

February 20th, 2004, 07:32 PM

"Amyl/butyl nitrate (p oppers) is a powerful drug that can give you an alm ighty burst of dizzy energy for a couple of m inutes. The rush kicks in imm ediately, and for a few m oments you'll feel like the bass drum has got inside your head, the lights have been turned up to a zillion watts and your heart is attem pting a solo flight. Side effects: Amyl can deliver the mother, father and im m e d i a t e f a m i l y o f h e a d a c h e s . N e v e r t a k e a m yl at work or at any pla ce where there is a chance of physical danger - for the few mom ents that it kicks in you may well not be in control of your actions. If you're having a bit of a session and finding that it's becom ing less effective, ta k e a b r e a k f r o m it." Inform ation taken from here (http://www.urban 75.com/Drugs/drugam yl.htm l)

MrSamosa

February 24th, 2004, 02:36 PM

As treatm ent for HCN poisoning, Amyl Nitrite is placed on a towel, and he ld over the mouth/nose with an artificial respirator over top of it. The victim is allowed to breathe HCN for 30 seconds of each m inute for, if I recall correctly, 3 minutes.. In general, Nitrites ca u s e a r e l a x a t i o n o f m u s c l e s a n d a d i l a t i o n o f b l o o d v e s s e l s . I t s u s e i n t r e a t m ent of CN, though, is because it can bond with the CN better than the hem oglobin can (I think it was the Nitrites that do; it may have bee n the Thio sulfate). Because they are muscle relaxants, Nitrites have been popular in the gay com munity.. :eek: Also, they cau s e a g e n e r a l f e e l i n g of well-being for a few mom ents. The buzz kicks-in in about 15 seconds, and last for 3 m inutes... If used for HC N poiso ning, which would be easier to obtain-- Butyl Nitrite or Amyl Nitrite?? But either way, yo u still ne e d a b u d d y to treat you.

eXcidium

March 9th, 2004, 04:50 PM

From rhodium's site: Equip a 1-litre three-necked flask with a powerfull mechanical stirrer, a separatory funnel with stem extending to the bottom of t h e f l a s k a n d a t h e r m o m e t e r . C o o l t h e f l a s k i n a m ixture of ice and salt. Place a solution of 95 g (1.38 mol) of 'AnalaR' s o d i u m nitrite in 375 ml of water in the flask and stir. W h e n t h e t e m pera ture is fallen to 0 °C (or slightly below) introduce slowly from the sep aratory funnel a m ixture of 25 ml of water, 62.5 g (34 m l) o f concentrated su lphuric acid and 110 g (135 m l, 1.25 m ol) of pentan-1-ol, which has previously been cooled to 0°C. The rate of addition m ust be controlled so that the temperature is m aintained at +/- 1°C; the addition takes 45 - 60 m inutes. Allow the mixture to stand for 1.5 hours and then filter from the precipitated sodium sulphate. Separate the upper yellow pentyl nitrite layer, wash it with a solution containing 1 g of sodium hydrogen carbonate and 12.5 g of sodium chloride in 50 ml of water, and dry it with 5-7 g of magn e s i u m s u l p h a t e . T h e resu lting crude pentyl nitrite (107 g, 73 %) is satisfactory for ma ny purposes smile. Upon distillation, it passes over largely at 104 °C with negligible decom position. The B.P. under re duced pressure is 29°C/40 mm H g .

Jhonbus

March 13th, 2004, 05:52 PM

W ell unless Am yl nitrite is much better than Isobutyl nitrite then you'd be better off just buying it in a head shop than synthing it yo urself. You can find it in n early all head shops called "Rush" or "Gold " or a million other nam es. It comes in a little brown bottle, and is sold as "room odouriser", though why anyone would want their room t o s m e l l o f I s o b utyl nitrite is anyone's guess.. it stinks.

eXcidium Sm all problem : a s m all vial of iso-butyl nitrite (rush) costs around $20 I wouldn't call that cheap... but if you do go ahead

March 13th, 2004, 06:44 PM

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March 14th, 2004, 11:12 AM

W ell round here it costs about £5, and you do get quite a lot. Besides, I would call $20 chea p.. especially at today's exchange rates!

eXcidium

March 14th, 2004, 11:50 AM

J: $20 for 10m L $with 100 I can m ake a litter of it ;)

Jhonbus

March 14th, 2004, 05:08 PM

Fair enough then, if you need a litre of it. Personally I'm just not exposed to cyanide that often.

Pilathos

March 28th, 2004, 01:03 AM

I found it in the web... A more specify tem perature is given by Remington Pharmacy. It esterifie d a high grade of com mercial am yl alcohol (isoamyl) boiling above 125ºC with nitrous acid, this acid is generated in contact with the alcohol from the sodium nitrite and diluted sulfuric acid. Density 0.870-0.876, dose each inhalation 0.30 m l. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and W eapons Forum C h e m istry > ATP-ase inhibitor.

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View Full Version : ATP-ase inhibitor. simply RED

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March 1st, 2004, 05:11 PM

In m y dream i had th e active centers of the ATPase... Looking h ow the ATP binds... And decom p o s e s t o A D P a n d P . I n t h e A T P synthase, the ADP an d P binds and synthese ATP. So it is possible to assem b l e a m o l e c u le that binds unreversably to the ATP ase active centers. The effect may copy the VX acetylholinesterase inhibition with othe r m e a n s . .... it will target every known carbon ba sed form of life ....(assum ing viruses are not exactly "lifeforms") In the Carson's "Silent Spring" the effect of the inhibitio n is well described. ------------------------------I'm the butterfly, stuck with pin!

nbk2000

March 2nd, 2 004, 02:36 AM

O O O O O oookkkaayyy....:confused: And just what are you g o i n g a b o u t ? If you're imp lying you've synthed something lethal, sha re the info. W h a t y o u p o s t e d d o e sn't tell us jack shit about what you did, m a y h a v e d o n e , t h i n k y o u ' v e d o n e , o r e v e n d r e a m e d o f d o i n g . If you're just spouting theory on something after having read a chapter of an organic chemistry text, we don't need that here. T h a t ' s t h e k i n d o f s h i t m a d f a g u s e d t o do here...until I executed him . :)

simply RED

March 2nd, 2 004, 07:38 AM

I will not rewrite "Silent Spring" here. There are some exam ples of this effect done by com mon pesticides or pesticide m ixtures. The idea here is the creation of the strongest possible ATP-ase inhibitor. The molecule may copy the ATP exactly except some very small differences engineered that it will bind to the active centers unreversably. T h e r e a r e s o m e inhib itors known till now, i don't have tim e to se arch for them. As i don't have time to do the research alone, i'm sharing the idea with you... A n y o n e w h o h a s s o m e i n f o o n the atp ase inhibition m ay post it here. And NBK, you know that there is not such "clever" individual who will try to m ake sych substance without proper lab, so why you ask about me - having synthesed it? if the thread is crap, sorry, delete it... vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Bitter poisons and the use of additives to suppress detection nbk2000

March 6th, 2004, 03:57 AM

I was wandering the internet when I found men tion in a NY TIMES article (http://www.nytim e s . c o m / 2 0 0 3 / 0 8 / 2 6 / t e c h n o l o g y / 2 6 B I T T . h t m l?ex=1078722000&en=6b370f547a4ffdb7&ei=5070) of a newly patented bitter-taste suppressant. I ' v e l o o k e d a t t h e 3 p a t e n t s b y Linguagen (6,008,000/5,817,759/5,688,662), the m a n u f a cturer, and can tell you that AMP (the s u p p r e s s a n t ) i s N O T s o m ething you ca n m ake in the kitchen, as it's a bio-tech engineered product, with the patents listing long A C G T s e q u e n c e s . : ( How is this relevant to CW, you ask? W ell, not CW exactly, but rather poisoning. See, a lot of otherwise fine po i s o n a r e u n u s e a b l e b e c a u se they have nasty bitter tastes th at make it difficult to feed enough to a target before he stops eatin g/drinking the tainted foo d because of the nasty taste. Thin gs like strychnine, nicotine, etc, all have bitter tastes, as well as m o s t o t h e r a l k a l o i d s . The addition of a bitterness suppressing additive, specifically tailored for maxima l effectiveness with the choosen poison, wo uld m ake useage much easier. As they have taste thresholds well below their toxic levels, you'd mix up the poison, dilute to a fraction of the toxic dose, then assay it with your tongue, using a cotton swab to apply to the bitter tasting parts of the tongue. Don't swallow, obviously. :p Rinse with distilled water and spit. Repeat as needed till the poison is as bland as possible. You now have a nice little "seasoning" to add. ;) :D

eXcidium

March 9th, 2004, 04:40 PM

There is an alcaloid wich isn't used alot, but in fact is sweet (And rarely looked for) Digitoxin, fro m the Digitalis plant (foxglove? not sure)

vulture

March 9th, 2004, 06:24 PM

Most toxic plant alkaloides are basic in solution IIRC. It m ight be interesting to convert them to their salts or to attach another organic m ole cule.

nbk2000

March 10th, 2004, 02:21 AM

I know there's a methyl salt of strychnine that's supposed to be tasteless, or nearly so, m ade by reacting the freebase with m ethyl iodide. Maybe that could be applied to others? I'm sure there's plenty of alkaloid poisons out there that wouldn 't be looked for by the lab piggies, on the (previously correct) a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e p o i s o n w o u l d b e t o o b i t t e r t o b e e a t e n i n l e t h a l d o s e s . T h e s e w o u l d b e t h e o n es you'd want to use. Excidium, digitalis is very comm o n , b e i n g u s e d a s a h e a r t m e d i c a t i o n , a n d o n e o f t h e 2 0 0 m ost co m m o n p o i s o n s l o o k e d f o r i n a toxicology screening.

eXcidium

March 10th, 2004, 10:01 AM

NBK, you're right Again another suggestion: 1-phenylthiourea (phenylthiocarbam ide) ( a b s o r b e d t h rough skin or swallowed) Alm ost tasteless, com p l e t e l y o d o u r l e s s LD50 3 m g k g-1

Ropik

April 8th, 2004, 04:27 PM

Atropine and aconitine are both terrible bitter, I am righ t? I think that you can use "poor m an's taste m a s k i n g " i n s o m e c h i n e s e r e s t a u r a n t o r s i m i l a r , i f s o m e f o o d i s p e p p e r e d e n o u g h to cover the taste. O R y o u c a n m ix it with something like extra strong tabasco sauce. Seasonig, anybody??? I rem ember that I saw some lolly pops or som e s i m ilar candies few months ago, which are supposed to be bitter-tasting. I do not know if e n o u g h .

Ropik

April 10th, 2004, 04:47 PM

Edit button disappear, so I m ust use n ew reply: I r e a d s o m e detective story, where somebody was poisoned with aconitine in Martini bitter. That taste was used to d isguise poison.

vialone

May 27th, 2007, 10:37 PM

T h e w a y t o k e e p a s u bject from tasting the item in question wou ld be as follows in a dream I had: A se wer rat was given 3 Contact-C capsules filled with strychnine and painted with red nail polish to give the m a "street drug" look the sewer rat was inform ed that it was recieving "re d c o m e t m e s c a l i n e " t h e a m ount of strychnine was not lethal but did

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c a u s e s e v e r e s y m ptom s (wasn't there to see but did hear that the sewer rat had a spasm t h e n e x t m orning that actually flipp ed the breakfast table over in front of it's m other!). The use of a capsule negated the need for a taste masking substance.

zeocrash

May 29th, 2007, 08:43 PM

T h e w a y t o k e e p a s u bject from tasting the item in question wou ld be as follows in a dream I had: A se wer rat was given 3 Contact-C capsules filled with strychnine and painted with red nail polish. ...inform ed that it was recieving "red com e t m e s c a l i n e " t h e a m ount of strychnine was not lethal but did cause severe s y m p t o m s. The use of a capsule negated the need for a taste masking substance. R e d c o m e t m escaline ?? Mescaline is m escalin e. It's not design ed to be a mixture of psychoactive chem icals like pills. It's supposed to be m escaline sulphate/hydrochlorid e. Any other ingredients are usually inert cutters. Substances such as pills are given different names relating to th e m ix of substances in them (m d m a , k e t a m ine, MDA, Am p h e t a m ine ), usually named after the stam p on the pill. As for your target audience, I don't really think mescaline is the drug tha t you want, try coke or heroin. As for the street drug look, what exactly is that, what does a street drug look like. Just out of interest how much strycnine is in these capsules wiki: strychnine A lethal dose was cite d a s 1 / 2 a g r a i n ( 3 2 m g ) , b u t p e o p l e h a v e b e e n k n o w n t o d ie from as little a s 5 mg of strychnine

T h i s m eans your story is true if one or more of the follo wing conditions are met. 1) you use really tiny capsules 2) you use really highly cut strychnine and just happend to get lucky with not killing the guy 3 ) y o u h a v e a m ate with a huge body m a s s 4) you're dre a m i n g o u t o f y o u r ass

nbk2000

July 15th, 20 07, 11:1 0 AM

W hile researching the use of artifical sweetners as m asking agents, the following was found: In May 1992, the official U .S. Air Force Magazin e, Flying Safety explained: ...People have suffered aspartame-related disorders with doses as small as that carried in a single stick of chewing gum. This could mean a pilot who drinks diet sodas is more susceptible to flicker vertigo or to flicker-induced epileptic activity. I t a l s o m e a n s that all pilots are potential victim s o f s u d d e n m emory loss, dizziness during instrum ent flight and gradual loss of vision." Aspartam e i s s o l d b y M o n s a n t o C h e m ical Co. a s NutraSweet and EQUAL, and now under other nam es by other producers. Apparently, one of the breakd own products of Nutrasweet, Phenylalanine, lowers the seizure thresh old in the brain. C o m bining pulsed lighting with a target using Nutrasweet flavored foods could result in a seizure.

ciguy007

S e p t e m b e r 1 8th, 2007, 01:49 AM

One of the very bitter alkaloid s is quinine. The brits added it to soda and gin to get their daily quinine (gin and tonic) in India and the orient; but how would it be adm inistered to children or p eople who m ust not have alcohol but m u s t h a v e a n a c c e p t a b l e (palatable) liquid containing a very bitter agent? A pharm aceutically (a nd the O NLY com mercial) form of quinine in a liquid dosage form was marketed as "coco-quinine" which was, as you m ight imagine, quinine in a chocolate syrup base. W ith bitter agents which ha ve substantially lower doses than quin ine, chocolate m ight well be an effective masking agent.

Bugger

S e p t e m b e r 2 7th, 2007, 09:27 PM

W hat about artificial (or natural) bittering agents used in foods or liquids to discourage illicit consum ption? A substance called "Bitterex" is used in "methylated" or "denatured" spirits (which in spite of their na me no longer contain m e t h a n o l ) s o l d f o r d o m estic and industrial purposes in Australia and proba bly New Zealand, to render it unpa latable as an alcoholic drink. Although "Bitterex" gives num erous Google results, only one tells what it is chem ically - apparently, an extract from "bitter m elon seed", which is probably a free-base alkaloid. In a thread on sciencemadness.org, som eone has succeeded in removing it, by conversion prob ably to the hydrosulfate (which being a salt would have a salting-out effect on the 5-1 0% water content with a sm all am ount of concentrated sulfuric acid added carefully, and then distillation.

nbk2000

S e p t e m b e r 2 8th, 2007, 06:13 AM

The correct n ame of it is Bitrex, AKA Denatonium Benzoate, a synthetic chem ical. Though the topic is about disguising the taste of bitter poisons, not bittering agents.

Charles Owlen Picket

S e p t e m b e r 2 8th, 2007, 10:45 AM

IIR C Bitrex was originally added to barbiturates by Eli Lilly & Co. back in the 1960's (or earlier) as pure barbiturate (Seconal, Nem butal, Tuinal, etc) was not bitter and were so very p retty....

Jacks Complete

S e p t e m b e r 2 8th, 2007, 02:57 PM

Since a quality dark (high coca) chocolate is quite bitter anyway, hiding a bitter toxin in a chocolate m ight b e a g o o d p l a n . T h e high -class co nsum er would expect it to be bitter, and when it was, that would not stick in h is m i n d . I f y o u u s e d a c h e a p chocolate (cooking ch o c o l a t e ? ) a n d s o m e black or whatever food colourin g to darken it, as well as your toxin, you could mak e

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up something pretty nasty, I should th ink. O n l y i s s u e m ight be the taste testing! Halloween candy, anyone?

anonymous411

October 7th, 2007, 12:11 AM

Flavorit: Bringing the Flavoring Fun Hom e! http://www.flavorx.com /flavorit/ Introducing…FLAVOR iT by FLAVORx, an at-home flavoring system that lets you sa fely change the taste of a ny OTC liquid in the comfort of your hom e. Cough syrups, vitam ins, laxative s, infant form ulas…anything that you & you r kids find unbearable… don’t have to taste bad anymore. FLAVORx http://www.flavorx.com /hum a n / d e f a u l t . a s p FLAVORx is the #1 behind-the-counter system available at pharm acies nationwide. W e u s e m e d i c a l l y d e s i g n e d a n d scientifically tested flavorings to com bat the bad taste of liquid medicines. W ith over 42 FDA-appro ved flavorings for both overthe-counter and prescription m edications, FLAVO Rx is sure to ha ve a solution that appeals to your taste buds. To date, over 20 m illion m edications have been flavored without any changes in efficacy or incidence of com plication, adverse reaction or allergy. Each of our participating pharm acies follows a form ulary or "recipe book" that details how to mask the existing taste and smell to re-flavor the m edication with FLAVO Rx. It is our goal to rem o v e t h e h u r d l e s i n t a k i n g u n p l e a s a n t m edicine to promote treatm ent success and better health for you, your fam ily, your patients and your customers. Just ask your pharm acist to "FLAVORx your me dicine!"

cyclosarin

October 8th, 2007, 08:38 AM

If you were going to use som ething lik e flavorit to m a s k a t a s t e y o u ' d n e e d t o c h o o s e y o u r m e d i u m such that the consum er would not be surprised by a strong com bination of flavours (like in the case of m edicine). I think a l c o h o l m i g h t b e a g o o d choice; if your toxin is in a cocktail with a reaso nably high alcohol content they should pass it off as a m i x e r i f y o u c h o o s e o n e with a similar flavour. Of course if the comm ercial m ask is not all it's hyped up to be then it would be pointless going to the extra trouble of using it and trying to explain the taste.

anonymous411

October 8th, 2007, 02:49 PM

If you were going to use som ething lik e flavorit to m a s k a t a s t e y o u ' d n e e d t o c h o o s e y o u r m e d i u m such that the consum er would not be surprised by a strong com bination of flavours (like in the case of m edicine). I think a l c o h o l m i g h t b e a g o o d choice; if your toxin is in a cocktail with a reaso nably high alcohol content they should pass it off as a m i x e r i f y o u c h o o s e o n e with a similar flavour. Of course if the comm ercial m ask is not all it's hyped up to be then it would be pointless going to the extra trouble of using it and trying to explain the taste.

I'd be interested in seeing the FlavorX form ulary first: o bviously, som e p o i s o n s a r e g o i n g t o b e m a s k e d b e tter than others. Might be worth a little social engineering to find out. I once did a m edical experim ent where I was adm i n i s t e r e d a d o s e o f s o m e k i n d o f n a r c o t i c / o p i a t e i n a g l a s s o f o r a n g e s o d a . It had a bitter aftertaste, but wasn't too unbearable; rather enjoyable, actually. Have you tried those italian sodas like San Pellegrino Lim onata and Aranciata? Da m n , y o u ' d t h i n k t h e y a l r e a d y h a d p o i s o n i n t h e m . h a h a Speaking of orange soda, I'll bet you could seriously fuck som ebody up with a Big Gulp full of the orange soda used in oral glucose tolerance tests. http://lab-su p p l i e s o n l i n e . c o m / f i s h e r b r a n d - g l u c o s e - t o l e r a n c e - b e v e r a g e s - g r a m s - p - 3 2 2 7 . h t m l

W4RGASM

October 15th , 2 0 0 7 , 1 0 : 3 2 P M

NBK, you're right Again another suggestion: 1-phenylthiourea (phenylthiocarbam ide) ( a b s o r b e d t h rough skin or swallowed) Alm ost tasteless, com p l e t e l y o d o u r l e s s LD50 3 m g k g-1

Except that PTC is used as a test for the 'sueprtaster' gene and tastes extrem ely bitter in a certain proportion of the population.

Also, NBK, I'd be less then inclined to taste test even a sub-lethal dose of a toxin, considering the speed with which compounds are abrorbed through sublingual mem branes of the mouth.

H a v e y o u t r i e d t h o s e i t a l i a n s o d a s l i k e S a n P e l l e g r i n o L i m o n a t a a n d A r a n c i a t a ? D a m n, you'd think they already had poison in them. haha True that, I'm quite a fan of them , in particular... Uh, fuck, can't remem ber the nam e. brown one.

nbk2000

October 15th , 2 0 0 7 , 1 0 : 5 0 P M

You could always use a swab to put a m inute am o u n t o n t h e v a r i o u s t a s t e - s e n s o r s o f t h e t o n g u e , a n d s c r a p p i n g t h e t o n g u e o f f prior to rinse/spit, thus m i n i m i z i n g t h e a m ount of toxin-exposure, and greatly reducing co ntact of the toxin with the absorbing tissues of the mouth, of which the tongue is no t. http://www.diwinetaste.com /htm l/dwt200502/im a g e s / T o n g u e . g i f

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter But, the above may not be correct:

The Tongue Map Myth W hen a clinician susp ects taste problem s in a client, the clinician m ay first think about conducting a taste test using the " t o n g u e m ap." This p rocedure involves swabbing a person’s tongue with various taste qualities (sweet, sour, etc.) and asking t h e p e r s o n t o n a m e t h e t a s t e . W e a r e s u p p o s e d to perceive swe et taste at the tip of our tongue, for exam ple, and bitter at the back, and other taste s should have their place as well. If you have performed this test, you m ay be surprised to learn that the tongue m ap is wrong. It is a m istra nslation of an early1900s Germ an thesis that was disproved in 1974. Unfortunately, it contin u e s t o b e p u b l i s h e d i n t e x t b o o k s t o d a y . For the record, we perceive all taste qu alities all over ou r tongue, although there m ay be increased sensitivity to certain qualities in certain areas. In a ddition, it is im portant to rem ember that our taste system p rovides information on the intensity a n d p l e a s a n t n e s s ( o r u n p l e a s a n t n e s s ) o f t a s t e a s w e l l . W h a t w e l i k e a n d dislike in food can change over tim e, a fact to which parents of preschoolers and teenagers can attest.

Vitalis

October 17th , 2007, 03:53 AM

This flavorit substance may have potential, but just how well does it mask extrem ely bitter poisons? Obviously I'm not going to test this on myself, and I don't have a nyone in m ind that I would like to poison at the m o m e n t . I could buy some of this flavorit stuff and see how well it masks the taste of worm wood, which is an extremely bitter herb that isn't poisonous. I m ay well do this in the near future, the website claims flavorit is available at W al-Mart so I could test this substance to see how well it works. I a m wondering what flavour to choose to be m ost effective.

W4RGASM

October 30th , 2007, 09:40 AM

hat isn't poisonous. I beg to differ. Aside from the old aadage 'everything is a poison, what changes is the d ose', your herb generally referred to as 'wo rm wood' (artem isia absinthium ) has quite a few nasty little saponins and the like in it. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and W eapons Forum C h e m istry > chloraceto n e

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March 14th, 2004, 11:36 PM

d o e s a n y b o d y know were i can get free plans on chloracetone :D

nbk2000

March 15th, 2004, 02:10 AM

Death to all n00bie scum! vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : VX-Like Agent Trinity

March 19th, 2004, 10:46 PM

Many orgainc-phosporus pesticides have a chemical structure very similar to the nerve agents. These pesticides can be turned into low-grade nerve agents by simply combining them with other chemicals. One of the most toxic phosphor-organic pesticides is "Parathion". In it self this pesticide is very toxic. Oral ingestion of 0.2 gram will kill an adult human. To create a real VX-like nerve agent, Parathion can be mixed with Dimethyl Sulfoxide ( DMSO ). DMSO is solld by many veterinarian suppliers and by some health shops. Pure DMSO is not toxic - in contrast it is belived to have a good effect against some skin-irritations. DMSO is a so called "skin-transfere-agent". This means that it will penetrate intact human skin very fast. But, as it also is a solvent, it will take anything disolved in it with it through the skin. Many types of Russian nervegases are mixed with DMSO. But the most important factor is that DMSO will increase the toxicity of all phosphor-organic compounds with a factor of 20 - 25 times theire original toxicity. To create a VX-Like agent, Parathion and DMSO is simply mixed in a ratio of 50/50%. The resulting mixture can be placed as small drops, similar to the way of real VX. Contact with these drops will mean that they will penetrate the skin very fast and cause death or severe illnes. In a test, a few drops were placed on the back of a cat. It died in about 10 minutes.

Rhadon

March 20th, 2004, 09:54 AM

It's nice to see that you want to contribute, but the information you give us is nothing really new. I didn't validate the "phosphine" thread for that very reason. Quality, not quantity :). Additionally, it would be helpful to know your sources, especially for the numerical data.

hbx53

February 27th, 2005, 11:16 PM

can we use methyl parathion instead of parathion? can is it effective?

MrSamosa

March 4th, 2005, 12:00 AM

Of course! Methyl parathion is less toxic than Ethyl Parathion but as someone once said, the difference is "really really really nasty" versus "really reall nasty." Frankly, I wouldn't want to be around either of them.

Chris The Great

June 15th, 2006, 03:17 AM

It's not VX, and will not be as toxic as VX. Toxic, yes, but not on par with military grade agents like VX. Conversion from ethyl to methyl would be quite complex and you would be far better suited to making a real nerve agent then trying to purify one out of a pesticide and then trying to make it more toxic.

fellow_researcher

July 19th, 2006, 10:04 AM

Refering to TRINITY article, I want to add some interesting: We could increase toxicity of methyl parathion by adding permethrin in a ratio of 1:1 (by weight), and then mixed with DMSO in 1:1 ratio. This increased the toxicity by ten times. ANOTHER IDEA: We could increase toxicity of methyl parathion by adding atrazine in a ratio of 1:1 (by weight), and then mixed with DMSO in 1:1 ratio. This increased the toxicity by fifty times. I invite comments on my views. +++++++ Source of your statements of "This increased the toxicity by 10x-50x". Otherwise... NBK

simply RED

July 24th, 2006, 05:21 AM

50 times... Impossible!

nbk2000

July 24th, 2006, 03:04 PM

US Patent 4083899 Production of O,O-dialkyl- or O,O-diaryldithiophosphoric acids

fellow_researcher

July 24th, 2006, 11:12 PM

simply RED claimed 50 times ... Impossible If you have any objection on my comments, prove your statement. ++++++++ In science, the burden of proof is on the claimant. Otherwise, I could say "There's a planet on the other side of the side that only I know of! It must exist because you can't prove me wrong!". Who would bother and, if they did, what did they gain by doing so? Nothing.

FullMetalJacket

August 8th, 2006, 11:07 AM

Parathion was used by South Africa during the RHodesian 'war' of independence, mostly as an assasain's weapon against white dignitaries and important figures. It caused some very, very, nasty symptoms in the survivors, that I won't go into here to protect your mind.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter nbk2000

August 8th, 2006, 09:18 PM

I think our delicate minds could handle a vivid description. :)

Ropik

August 9th, 2006, 06:28 PM

Multiple cancers, costantly renewing, open, painful ulcers, sudden fits of unbearable pain, total hair loss, severe liver problems, leukemia... that's only what I can remember from some book about chem/bio warfare. Nasty as hell.

simply RED

August 9th, 2006, 07:09 PM

How does atrazine increases the toxicity of parathion?

FullMetalJacket

August 9th, 2006, 09:15 PM

Multiple cancers, costantly renewing, open, painful ulcers, sudden fits of unbearable pain, total hair loss, severe liver problems, leukemia... that's only what I can remember from some book about chem/bio warfare. Nasty as hell. "Plague Wars". Mangold and Goldberg. Fantastic book.

megalomania

August 17th, 2006, 09:31 PM

In science, an infinite number of experiments may prove your claim, but it only takes one experiment to completely disprove it. That is one of my favorite quotes, and something I firmly believe. The first idiot who starts dickering semantics about it gets banned… The experiment must be scientifically valid and reproducible, but you get the point. The best way, then, for any scientist who proposes a claim is NOT to keep proving what you say is true, but to actively set out to DISPROVE your own claim. You have to be your biggest critic. Responsible scientists do this, fraudsters and hacks do not.

simply RED

August 18th, 2006, 05:06 AM

Fellow_researcher, could you explain me please - how could adding atrazine to parathion increase toxicity?

cutefix

August 22nd, 2006, 04:19 PM

The simplest answer is synergism..combining the carbamate with the organophosphorus

simply RED

December 12th, 2006, 08:23 AM

Atrazine (2-chloro-4-(ethylamine)-6-(isopropylamine)-s-triazine) is not carbamate, it is triazine herbicide. http://www.inchem.org/documents/pds/pds/pest82_e.htm Atrazine is almost harmless to warm blooded (LD50 1000mg/kg) Indeed mixing : carbamates, organophosphates, picro like cage convulsants, amfetamine like substances etc has synergic effect. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Cadmium Oxide Smoke Trinity

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March 20th, 2004, 08:20 PM

T h e o x i d e s o f s o m e h e a w y m etals are highly toxic. They were given much attention in che mical weapons re search, until the n e r v e - a g e n t s m a d e t h e m o b s o l e t e . H o w e v e r , w e a p o n s b a s e d o n m etal o xides are quite easy to im provise. During WW II Am erica n scientists developed two types of bombs to release C a d m i u m O x i d e S m o k e ( C . O . S . ) . N o n e o f t h e s e b o m bs were used in action , a s it was the doctrin of the USA not to make first use of chem ical weapons. Version 1 of the bomb was a cylinder of a cadm ium /magnesium alloy, filled with therm ite. W hen the thermite would ignite, it w o u l d c a u s e t h e t h e c a d m i u m / m a g n e s i u m casing to burn and create C a d m i u m O x i d e S m o k e . Version 2 of the bomb was also cylindrical, but with a casing of a lum inum . It was instead filled with a mixture of 50% cadmium powder and 50% therm ite. Both bom bs were quite sm all, only about 4 pounds. But the idea was to drop them by the thousands in carpet bom bing from the air. Large cities was considered the ideal target for these bom b s , b e c a u s e o f t h e c o m bined chemical an d incendiary effect. The first version of th e b o m b will be very difficult to imp rovise, a s the cadm ium /m a g n e s i u m alloy is next to impossible to obtain. T h e s e c o n d v e r s i o n s h o u l d b e q u i t e e a s y t o i m p r o v i s e . T h e m a t e r i a l s f o r m a k i n g t h e r m i t e a n d t h e r m i t e i g n iters are easely available. C a d m i u m p o w d e r i s s o l d b y m a n y c h e m ical suppliers. However, as cadm ium is quite toxic in itself, ha ndling it in powder form is not ideal. But sometim e s i t c a n a l s o b e o b t a i n e d a s flakes, what m a k e s i t m uch m o r e s a f e t o h a n d l e . C a d m ium wire is also produced by a few com panies. It will take som e tim e to find a company that sells cadmium wire - but, as thin cadm ium wire is the safest form of cadm ium t o h a n d l e , a n d ( if cut into sm all pieces ) will burn as well as powder, it is obviously the best form of cadmium to use. C a d m ium O x i d e S m o ke is a lung agent, and will cause dam age to the lu ngs, much similar to that of phosgene. However, C a d m ium O x i d e S m o k e i s 1 0 t i m e s m o r e t o x i c t h a n p h o s g e n e . T h e e f f e c t o f C a d m ium O x i d e S m o k e i s d e l a y e d w i t h a b o u t 1 0 m inutes. It has no bad smell or irritating effect to warn people in these first 10 m inu tes. Litte rature: "Incendiary W e a p o n s " , S . I . P . R . I . , M I T P r e s s , C a m brige 1975. "Highly Explosive Pyrotechnic Com positions", by Peder Schultz, P a l a din Press, USA, 1 9 9 5 Various declassified US-Patents.

A-BOMB

March 21st, 2004, 12:16 AM

O n e p r o b l e m , where to get the cadium , I only know of one com pany that sells it, skylighter, and thats $67(USD) for 453grams

knoddas

March 21st, 2004, 07:05 AM

How much ca dmium is there in a NiCd battery? T h e r e i s a n o t h e r t h r e a d d i s c u s s i n g C h e m icals from batteries (http://www.roguesci.org/theforum /showthread .php?t=811) Might be a good source...

chemoleo

March 21st, 2004, 06:46 PM

Y o u c a n g e t c a d m ium from arts pigments, of course, in the form o f l e m o n yellow cadm ium s u l p h i d e . Isn't even that expensive there. You'd need to convert it into cadm ium metal however, the best way to go about this, I guess, would be to solubilise CdS in HNO 3/HC l, and then electrolyse it. T h i s d e p o s i t s C d onto the electrodes in the form of crystals. Alternatively, there is Cd in Woods metal (the low m elt m etal, that melts at 78 deg C i.e. in hot water), one could try isolating it from there. Personally I have no inclinatio n however to use it for the purposes you describe above... there are more interesting things you can do with Cd than poisoning people.... vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : High-grade Nicotine from Medicine Trinity

March 25th, 2004, 07:05 PM

Most people will know the process of extracting nicotine from tobacco. But as you can see from some of the other postings, the end-product is not always as toxic as expected. My own experiments with testing nicotine, from tobacco, on animals did also show that it did not have the toxicity of pure nicotine. 80 mg. of pure nicotine should kill any human 1) But this dosis did not even kill a cat. Also, the nicotine from tobacco has a distingtive tobacco-like smell. I then became aware of a nicotine nasal spray ( Trade name: "Nicorette" ) in a pharmacy. It contained 500 mg. of nicotine dissolved in water. A little aroma was added to give a pleasant smell. The spray is meant to help people stop smoking. Instead of smoking a cigarete they take a small inhalation from the spray. I bought the spray, crushed it, and boiled down the water until pure nicotine was left. This nicotine had no smell at all, and was highly toxic. A 40 mg. dosis was placed on the back of a cat. It died in about 25 - 30 minutes. Oral ingestion had probably caused death in a few minutes. 1) Handbook of Poisoning, by Robert H. Dreisbach, Los Altos, California, 1983. +++++++++ I added some paragraph breaks for you. You might wish to learn to do this for yourself is you wish to continue posting here. NBK

simply RED

April 2nd, 2004, 04:00 PM

How soluble is nicotine in acetone?

Cyclo_Knight

April 3rd, 2004, 03:13 AM

I have never seen Nicorette "Nasal Spray" before, only the patches. Undoubtedly a spray (if it exists) would have a greater yield for less cost than the patches. My current method for obtaining pure solid nicotine consists of purchasing an EXTREMELY expensive box of Nicorette Patches, and performing a simple solvent extraction. This method is quite costly, as a lot of manufacturing is required to make a time-release patch. What country do you live Trinity, and is that nasal-spray widely available there? What is the brand name of the particuar item you bought, and how much did it cost? I may try to purchase some off the company website. Even shipping from the Moon would be cheaper than those damn patches. :) **EDIT** The problem with cigs is the boatload of other shit in them. Nicotine extracted from cigs usually contains Arsenic, trace sulfates, and other organic impurities which are nearly impossible to remove. The only way I can think of would be an extraction with many different types of solvents, in which nicotine is more or less soluble than the impurities. I would estimate that ths would be at LEAST a 10 step extraction! BTW RED: I think Nicotine is soluble in acetone, however so are the patches :( **END EDIT**

mongo blongo

April 3rd, 2004, 08:54 AM

Alkaloid Extraction?

Mr Cool

April 3rd, 2004, 11:03 AM

Yeah, A/B alkaloid extraction. Or precipitation with picric acid maybe, or sodium silicotungstate? This can be bought quite easily from chem suppliers, can even be made without too much difficulty. More difficult than buying a nasal spray though!

simply RED

April 3rd, 2004, 12:08 PM

I just don't have time and space to wait the water to evaporate... :p

Pilathos

April 7th, 2004, 01:07 AM

found at psiconautica site web ( http://psiconautica.org/) a industrial extraction procedure for nicotine pure. This is the translation: The tobacco leaves are boiled in water, several times, filtering and gathering the liquids of treatments; then filtering and concentrating the final liquid until the extract is solidified, then this is treated with warm absolute alcohol. After the liquids are settled and two layers are formed, they are separated for decantation, the upper layer contain the nicotine, this one is concentrated in double boiler, and then is treated with a excess of KOH concentrated solution, wait until the solution is cool and then is agitated with eter, this one dissolves the nicotine and is separated of the ether by evaporating. BP. 245ºC.

openfacesurgery

September 17th, 2004, 12:23 PM

While I was looking around the 'net for products to assist me with quitting smoking I never came across the nasal spray this person was talking about. I found nasal spray but it's only 10 mg on nicotine per bottle. I found these nicotine inhalers that contain 10 mg of nicotine per cartridge (unless I read it wrong). I suppose if you break the cartridge and empty the liquid and follow the same procedure described above you'll be able to get pure nicotine that way.

FUTI

September 18th, 2004, 04:15 PM

Well I done this as student exercise and you can trust me picric acid precipitation work just fine, it is costly but where did you seen a E&W guy without picric acid;) Procedure is more or less as Philathos posted with precipitation at the end.

WMD

September 19th, 2004, 06:05 AM

Since we're (probably) dealing with gram quantities and not industrial scale, chromatography might be worth trying. For those who don't know this wonderful technique yet, www.rhodium.ws has some good articles.

croc

September 21st, 2004, 09:15 PM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter I remember looking up what the binders in pills were and they seem to be some celouse fiber to increase solubility of the substance so maybe the little pills to decrease nicotine cravings are not such a good idea. If the tobacco plant was grown a solvent could be used to extract nicotine but a non polar solvent should be used for the extract so a lot of plant chemicals are left behind. Hexane or butane could be used. More information found on this site http://www.hempcultivation.com/420/forumdisplay.php?f=60 If you want any MSDS's here are some http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/NI/nicotine_sulphate.html http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/NI/nicotine.html http://www.erowid.org/plants/tobacco/nicotine_data_sheet.shtml http://www.google.com.au/search?q=cache:ATMMchK9oPkJ:wardsci.com/pdf/MSDS/94625_Nicotine.pdf+nicotine+MSDS&hl=en

exo

September 27th, 2004, 05:13 AM

Trinity: I hope you didn't test on cats/animals for purity, and you are quoting from that book. That is a fucked up experiment wasting a cats life, and a Kewl way of testing purity. run a IR spectrum or somthing. 20-40min on a cat of not known weight, applying it on skin? furr?. If this is your idea of a test you deserve to be in jail. Isn't Nicotine used as a insectacide?

WMD

September 27th, 2004, 07:21 AM

Most people on this board won't have access to IR spectrometers now and in the near future. Apart from that IR isn't that useful to test for purity imho. But everybody on the board would be well advised to learn some bloody chromatography, as even simple thin layer chromatography is an effective way to test purity (and monitor reactions and compare different rx runs and....).

FUTI

September 27th, 2004, 12:33 PM

I agree with WMD about chromatography...even a simple paper chromatography can give you a clue about purity if you know where to look for standards or Rf values for certain solvent system. Monitoring reactions chromatographicaly is not best solution there is but compared to just observing reaction mixture and temperature it is very precise tool. IR is good to confirm that you have pure compound...but when it comes to monitoring I would rather flip a coin.

nswsps

October 4th, 2004, 12:46 PM

Take into account the average cigarette contains 1.2 mg of nicotine (for 12 mg smokers (note: the mg rating of the cigarette is tar content)) then take into account the amount of 'puffs' in the inhalers / nasal sprays. Nasal sprays are available in the southern hemisphere, won't stipulate my country for privacy reasons, but then again there's only two first world country in the southern hemisphere and they're both next to each other. :p

nbk2000

October 5th, 2004, 08:35 PM

Australia and New Zealand? :D

Anthony

October 6th, 2004, 03:39 PM

Just a guess, but I think our International Man of Mystery here may be from New South Wales, Australia...

thedestroyer5150

April 10th, 2006, 12:55 PM

If you're going to play with 1 of the top 10 most deadly toxins you might as well have high quality, and seeing as all of the ways discussed here are also pricey, overly complicated, or both, here's where you get PURE nicotine. And 25 mls is more than you'll ever use: http://www.sciencelab.com/page/S/PVAR/SLN1864 +++++ And, while you're at it, actually TRY buying the nicotine from them, and tell us how successful you are. :p NBK

thedestroyer5150

May 9th, 2006, 09:09 AM

Shipped it without even a waiver to fill out.

xyz

May 16th, 2006, 06:53 AM

Hmm, I've been having a look around for nasal spray, didn't find any but I noticed these: http://www.pharmacyonline.com.au/nicorette-inhaler-10mg-refill-pack-cartridges-p-9312.html 420mg in total for about $35AUD, not great, but better than the patches.

megalomania

May 16th, 2006, 02:33 PM

I don’t suppose anyone has looked into synthesizing nicotine have they? Starting from nicotinic acid, a commercially available vitamin (niacin or vitamin B3) it looks like a short hop to nicotine. I have also heard about nicotine extraction from tobacco using supercritical CO2. This can be difficult on the home scale, but not impossible.

FUTI

May 16th, 2006, 04:21 PM

Nice idea Mega. I tried something similar to supercritical extraction before but I used chilled propane-butane mixture that is used for lighters (I was startled when I find one that isn't "spiced" with mercaptans!) as extracting fluid. Yield is small for those type of extracting fluid (per cycle), but the whole point is if I get the things right is in ability to cycle the whole process with same fluid in closed cycle system (which I haven't tried so far due to flamability/explosion issues) and extract the sample much better. I never tried to extract nicotine it was some other plant that I was tried to play with.

MrSamosa

June 4th, 2006, 09:03 PM

Maybe you know about this source already; but Nicotine dust is sold in agriculture supply stores as some sort of pesticide or repellant, I forget which. And off memory, I think it was either 1 % or 10% Nicotine in a kg bag.

FUTI

June 6th, 2006, 09:07 AM

I think it is used as insecticide of some kind. Good info anyway MrSamosa.

LeshracVNN http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/insect-mite/mevinphos-propargite/nicotine/insect-prof-nicotine.html

July 7th, 2007, 04:03 AM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter CHEMICAL NAME: 3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidyl)pyridine (56) TRADE NAME(S): Black Leaf 40 (56) FORMULATION(S): Nicotine alkaloid, 95%; nicotine sulfate, 40% (56) TYPE: Alkaloid insecticide BASIC PRODUCERS: Chemical Formulators, Inc. 2045 Peachtree Rd., NE, Suite 200 Atlanta, GA 30309 STATUS: General use

megalomania

July 9th, 2007, 12:27 AM

If I recall correctly, Black Leaf insecticides have been banned, at least in the US. I don't know if that applies to certain industrial users.

Vitalis

July 9th, 2007, 04:26 PM

Yea, I haven't been able to locate any insecticides with Nicotine Sulphate in the U.S. Commercial tobacco does have quite a few impurities, but you can purchase nicotina rustica instead of the nicotina tobaccum you will find wherever tobacco products are sold. Nicotina rustica has a higher alkaloid content. I haven't compared the cost of extracting nicotine from nicotina rustica vs. evaporating the nasal spray, just thought I'd throw this info out there...

LeshracVNN

July 10th, 2007, 12:09 AM

You can buy it from european suppliers : Dbquery : EChemEuropa Company: Acros Organics Name: Nicotine Sulfate, 40% aqueous solution Formula: C10H14N2.0.5H2SO4 CAS: 65-30-5 Type: Perchloric acid titration Quantity: 500G Price: 35.26e Dbquery : EChemEuropa Company: Acros Organics Name: L-Nicotine Formula: C10H14N2 CAS: 54-11-5 Type: Authentic Quantity A (L-Nicotine 99+%) : 5gr / 25gr / 100gr Price A : 12.24e / 24.99e / 68.44 Quantity B (L-Nicotine 95%) : 100gr Price B : 71.45e It's a horrible link so go there and search for 'Nicotine' http://www.acros.com/ ;)

nbk2000

July 10th, 2007, 12:19 PM

You found a source. :) Now actually try buying it from Acros and see why it's futile. :rolleyes:

LeshracVNN

July 10th, 2007, 01:07 PM

You found a source. :) Now actually try buying it from Acros and see why it's futile. :rolleyes: Well, their terms and conditions basically state : "You agree that what you order MAY (lol) be subject to control in your country but we don't give a fuck as long as you send us justifications". Translated : "Give me a fake and i'll pretend i didn't notice as long as i'm covered" Well, either that or i'm an idealist; or both ! ;)

megalomania

July 11th, 2007, 12:31 AM

Acros will require a valid company account be established, they will check your credit and company credentials, and likely will want a fax of a valid drivers license the first time. Before you even order from them, or any major chemical supplier, you will have to establish your bone fides and be properly vetted. You will also have to send payment using a corporate credit or checking account. In no way shape or form will they sell to an individual. This goes beyond just Cover-Your-Ass mode. Just try ordering something as innocuous as a box of aluminum foil and see what they tell you...

NoltaiR

July 23rd, 2007, 01:00 PM

Obviously you are looking for a source with large amounts. On the contrary, I think the best idea came in the very first post about using the spray. While I have never personally seen or even heard of a product such as this, think of the possibilities. I have never advocated anything requiring the killing or people or animals, but think of the interrogation possibilities. If for some reason you have a prisoner and you wanted them to really do what you want... just make them addicted to something. Start with a spray of a moderate to light dosage, and force them to consume it in anyway necessary. Slowly increase the dosage in a single spray until they are hardened nicotene addicts. Make them beg for more. This way if they ever escaped, there is a good chance they may come running back for more :)

Enkidu [...] make them addicted to something.

July 24th, 2007, 01:14 AM

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Interesting idea. While nicotine addiction is difficult to break, I think you could addict your prisoner quicker (and therefore make his cravings harsher quicker) if you opted for an amphetamine or an opiate of some kind. The only trouble with that route is scoring, but I'm sure many of us here could score (especially you, what with your planned cultivation of salvia divinorum). Your idea is much classier than withholding the basic needs likes food, water, and shelter. I like it. :)

nbk2000

July 24th, 2007, 02:29 AM

Drug addiction is a classic tool of control, used by pimps to control their whores.

Herro

July 30th, 2007, 01:25 AM

I recently saw a bottle of 60 pills of Niacin at a 500mg concentration for under US$5 in good ol' K-mart. With ~30g of potential Nicotine, heavy yield losses could be quite negligible with an purposed LD of 40-60mg (ref: Wikipedia), assuming only one mark. I'll be honest in saying I am in the dark when it comes to more complex organic chem than naming, but I found that Niacin is synthesized through the oxidation of Nicotine; exchanging the methyl cyclobutylamine (?) side group of the ring for a simple carboxylic acid of COOH. +++++++++++ Why do people who admit to knowing absolutely ZERO organic chemistry, post theories on how to perform an organic reaction? NBK

nbk2000

August 8th, 2007, 07:52 PM

I've upped a 70 page overview of Nicotine chemistry to my folder on the FTP. :) Nicotine.pdf, 4MB. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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April 3rd, 2004, 06:47 PM

Sprayng liquied toxic chem icals from an airplan e , m i g h t s e e m t o b e a q u ite straightforward method. But there are som e very important factors to observe. If th e chemical is allo wed to flow out of the container by pure gravitation, it will be atomizied into a very, ve ry fine m ist when it hits the air. This phenom ena is known as "air-blast atom ization". This fine m ist will fall very slowly to the ground and it will b e extrem ly sensitive to even light wind. The end result m ight be that the toxic cloud hits the ground m any miles from the target a rea. To avoid this, the container should be pressurized, and the chemical should be blasted out with high power, through a thin p ipe that points backwards, in respect to the directio n of the airplane. This will result in the toxic liqu id only b e broken up into small drops. These drops will fall m uch faster to the ground and will not be very much affected by wind. W h e n e m pty the container should be droped from the airplane before landing. It is likely to give o ff sm all am o u n t s o f v a p o r f o r s o m e t i m e.

nbk2000

April 7th, 2004, 05:32 PM

How astonishingly clever of you! :rolleyes:

Ropik

April 12th, 2004, 09:12 AM

I know that in Russia +- 40 years ago "gravity-fed" spraying was tested with very good result - on the civilians unfortunately enough to be few kilometers by the wind(yes, this testing was nearly one sm all city). The actually sprayed chemical was declared as effective because many dead bodies in the poor town.

Yellow

April 14th, 2004, 08:40 PM

I know that the cropduster-planes have been m e n t i o n e d m u c h i n t h e p o p u l a r p r e s s , a s a m e t h o d o f d i s p e r s i n g c h e m ical agents. And, yes, the y are so, if you fly a few meters about the ground. If you intend to fly higher, you can not hit a specific target. A l s o , m a n y o f t h e e a s e l y m a n ufactured low-gra d e n e r v e a g e n t s - s u c h a s t h o s e m e n t i o n e d u n d e r " V X - L i k e - A g e n t " a r e m o r e toxic if they contact the skin a s small droplets, than if inhaled as a thin mist. Y o u h a v e m y garante e for tha t - I have seen a lot of test-annim a l s d i e - a n d I h a v e s u f f e red a "m ild" nerve-agent poisoning. In fact, if dispersed a s a fine m ist, the y m ay sim ply evaporate before groundcontact. Also, a bacte riological agent will only survive the UV-light of the sun for 1 - 2 m inutes if drifting in the air without beeing "embed" in a liquid. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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> Aconitine Log in

April 3rd, 2004, 08:20 PM

Aconitine is a plant poison that has been used for milleniums to poison people. It has some interesting properties, that makes it different from other plant poisons. Aconitine is found in the roots of Aconitum Napellus, Aconitum Columbianum and Aconitum Feros. It is also present in the rest of the plant, in smaller amounts, so all of the plant should be considered toxic. Despide the high toxicity of this plant, many companies that sell seeds, will have the seed for acunitum plants. I had no problems finding a supplier on the internet. The plant will grow in most hot areas, such as the South of the USA. The plant is most toxic when it starts flowering. It should harwestet at that time. The roots should be placed in a dry area, until they can be powdered. To get a crude form of crystal aconitine, the roots should be soaked in alcohol, diethyl ether or cloroform. The filtered liquid should be allowed to evaporate. The end-product will be a crude crystaline form of aconitine. The lethal dosis of pure aconitine is 100 mg. Aconitine has seen much use in poisoned arrows. The tip of the arrow is coated with a sticky mixture of aconitine and honey. Even a hit in the hands or legs by such projectiles will cause death. Most plant-poisons will be destroyed by fire. But aconitine can be mixed into an incendiary and evaporated. In the Middelages, an incendiary mixture of black powder and oil ( or honey ) was mixed with the powdered roots. This mixture created a lethal smoke and was used in many form of devices. Catapults where used to throw clay canisters with this burning mixture into strongholds. Inhalation of the vaporized aconitine caused death in minutes. If you only want to hit a single person, the crystaline form of Aconitine should be most handy. For spreading aconitine vapors, the dried roots may simply be mixed into an incendiary. All descriptions of the Medival incendiary devices, only mentions the powdered roots no attempts to extract the pure stuff. Arrows were also poisened with only the powder from the roots, and a sticky substance like honey. Safety note: Aconitine will penetrate intact human skin. Avoid ANY contact with this material. Just tuching the roots with bare hands may paralyze the hands for some time. Litterature: Assorted Nasties, by David Harber, 1993, Desert Publications. The Rise of CB Weapons, S.I.P.R.I., Humanities Press, N.Y.

Mr Cool

April 5th, 2004, 03:47 PM

I can tell you that germinating the seeds can be difficult - I'm trying to do so now. Maybe fresh seeds would be better - these were collected from a plant that I used to have a year or so ago. The plant died, so I'm trying to grow it again... I'm going to let a few plants just grow because they're pretty, but would also like to harvest a couple and try to get me some aconitine. As it happens I've also added a few nightshades to my collection of alkaloid-containing plants (atropa belladonna, mandragora officinarum, hyoscyamus niger, datura metel), when they're big enough I might start a thread on alkaloid extractions using them. IF the damn seeds germinate.... "touching the roots with bare hands may paralyze the hands for some time." Really? Wow. That's pretty impressive!

Tuatara

April 5th, 2004, 07:08 PM

Do the seeds have a hard shiny outer coat? Germination can be enhanced by carefully pricking the seed coat once with a pin, in these cases. Works wonders on Kowhai seeds, which are otherwise very hard to grow. Stratification is also needed with some seeds.

Yellow

April 5th, 2004, 07:29 PM

The seeds for the plant are quite small and hard. Problems with germination is best solved by letting the seeds soak in water for about 24 houers before placing them in the soil.

Dave Angel

April 5th, 2004, 07:45 PM

Soaking with chemicals such as acetone or ethanol can also help to break the dormancy of old seeds. It's a process called scarification and makes the seed coating permeable to water/oxygen. Acids also work I believe, as do mechanical methods, such as that Tuatara mentioned.

Mr Cool

April 6th, 2004, 09:42 AM

The seeds don't look like they need scarification. I had to scarify my daturas, and my other nightshades needed stratification. Maybe if they don't germinate I'll put them in the fridge for a few weeks and have another go. Some of them do look like they're doing something - small translucent white patches are appearing at the end of some seeds, all in the same place. This must be a good sign I think.

MightyQuinn®

April 6th, 2004, 12:44 PM

Most seeds from plants you grow need something called cold stratification to help them along. You can find information about germination here: http://www3.nf.sympatico.ca/angelgrove/SEED.HTM It primarily deals with tree seed, however, I have used the method to gather and germinate rose seeds from my rose bushes. ~~SNIP~~ "Cold Stratification" And "Dormancy" Many tree seeds have what is called an "embryonic dormancy" and generally speaking will not sprout until this dormancy is broken. In the wild, "seed dormancy" is usually overcome by the seed spending time in the ground through a winter period and having their hard seed coat soften up a bit. By doing so the seed is undergoing a natural form of "cold stratification" or pretreatment. This cold moist period triggers the seed's embryo, its growth and subsequent expansion eventually break through the softened seed coat in its search for sun and nutrients. In its most basic form, when we control the cold stratification process, the pretreatment amounts to nothing more than subjecting the seeds to storage in a cool (not freezing) and moist environment for a period found to be sufficient for the species in question. This period of time is often and usually found to be somewhere between 1 through 3 months. ~~SNIP~~

Ropik

April 6th, 2004, 04:21 PM

I wonder if this can be used for KNO3/sugar smoke bomb... Smoke can be used as a distraction, most of the "targets" do not mind that there is something nasty vaporized in it :eek: . On the other hand, i read something like that smoke mixture mentioned above can partially melt the coke can... Would not be this temperamenture too high? KNO3/sorbitol

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should be used, I think, because it's a bit cooler(anything is relative...). "Assorted nasties" online, anyone?

Yellow

April 6th, 2004, 10:07 PM

Dear Ropik The kno3/sugar mix works well for turning aconitine into vapor. However, if mixed with the pulverised roots, it will not ignite as easy as a pure kno3/sugar mix. A small bag of a pure kno3/sugar mix should be used to ignite the kno3-sugar-aconitine mix. The mixture of Kclo3 and sugar should not be used. This mixture is actualy one of the hottest burning incendiaries. It will destroy almost any organic poison rather than vaporise it. This mixture is best left for some of the more stable synthetic poisons.

Mr Cool

April 6th, 2004, 11:51 PM

I'm quite sure that anything hotter than a smoulder would render most/any organic toxins useless...

Ropik

April 7th, 2004, 08:39 AM

I think so, but black powder/oil mix is also pretty hot, so I am not sure about this task. :confused:

akinrog

April 11th, 2004, 08:15 PM

The lethal dosis of pure aconitine is 100 mg. Aconitine has seen much use in poisoned arrows. The tip of the arrow is coated with a sticky mixture of aconitine and honey. Even a hit in the hands or legs by such projectiles will cause death. This is not an objection nor a disagreement. I am just curious how a lethal dose of 100 mg pure aconitine can be ingested by the victim's body effectively. I mean, how effective this stuff with respect to a poison dart. In addition how long must pass - in terms of seconds - that the lethal dose is ingested by the victim's body. In addition, if SWIM would use a poison dart s/he would dope the dart with a powerful fentanyl analogue like MPPP.

Ropik

April 12th, 2004, 09:20 AM

I make clear that it is not so pleasant be in cloud of sugar smoke with aconitine vapors... However, this can be really effective as retreat backing, you simply light bag of mixture and come on you bloody chaser... Yellow, you looks like that you have Assorted nasties... Keep adding the excerpts, I am (and probably many of us are!) very interested(and I greatly appreciate your effort, of course)!

Mr Cool

April 12th, 2004, 09:30 AM

I'm getting bored with these aconitum seeds. I've put them in the greenhouse where mother can deal with them. They might still germinate, but they were taking up valuable space in my germinating thingy (it's great, it's got heater pads and lights and everything!). On the bright side, my datura metel's have started to germinate :D. It'll be a while for my other nightshades though... What I'm really looking for is a way to extract the goodies from rhododendrons. There are three or four closely related chemicals, with oral LD50's right down to 1mg/kg! Also I have a very large rhododendron...

Ropik

April 12th, 2004, 11:15 AM

Yes, germinating seeds is boring. Much more easier and better is extracting alkaloids from "fleshy" parts of plants, such as roots or stem. Or berries, they are best of all, because alkaloids leaves them with delight :) . Yew berries are good for this. When you must germinate these seeds, gring, chop, cut or pulverize them in any manner. It makes things muchh faster...

Jumala

April 12th, 2004, 07:13 PM

Here is an old post about aconitin including pic.

http://www.roguesci.org/theforum/showpost.php?p=39354&postcount=27

Mr Cool

April 12th, 2004, 07:50 PM

US2521805 gives a simple extraction. It's a typical alkaloid extraction, but it's good to know for certain that it works and gives quite pure aconitine. If you just tried a generic extraction you would not know purity, so this is a nice reassurance.

Ropik

October 21st, 2004, 04:07 PM

One question: are you really sure that aconitine is impervirous to heat? I read the Assorted nasties recently and nothing like this is mentioned there, not even in the article about poison smoke grenade. I googled around for this feature of aconitine and nothing turned out.

FUTI

October 22nd, 2004, 10:21 AM

This is off topic so I apologise at start, it looks a good thread to ask anyway. Since you are involved with seed germination...I'm looking to find a seeds of Datura inoxia to work with...nothing to do with alkaloids, weapons etc. just some fine chemistry. Any help is welcome!

rolynd

November 5th, 2004, 01:56 PM

I found something on aconitines melting point which is between 183°C and 186,5°C. And up to 198°C at finest quality.That makes it in my opinion not the very best candidate to be dispersed by burning substances. A KNO3/Sugar mix will definitively destroy it. Here is a small Excerpt on Aconitine: Preparation, History, and Chemical Composition.Wright's process is as follows: Exhaust powdered aconite root with alcohol, in which has been dissolved 0.5 per cent of tartaric acid. Distill the alcohol to complete evaporation at a low heat or in vacuo. Dilute the extract so obtained with a like quantity of water, remove the oil and resin by filtration, add ether or petroleum naphtha to remove the remaining resin, and precipitate with excess of salt of tartar. Dissolve the precipitate in ether, mix again with petroleum naphtha and evaporate. This process will yield a crystalline aconitine, having, however, a small amount of adherent amorphous product, not wholly separated by the potassium carbonate. Other methods, in which sulphuric acid and ammonia water are chiefly employed, yield an amorphous product. The chemistry of aconite and aconitine has been the subject of much controversy. That the mineral acids produce the amorphous form, and that tartaric acid does not decompose aconitine, were first shown by Duquesnel, in 1872. Groves first obtained it in crystalline form. Wright (1875-1880) showed that aconitine could be resolved by heat or by saponification with an alkali into benzoic acid and aconine (C26H39NO11), an amorphous body, identical with acolyctine and napelline, and having a bitter, non-acrid taste. Aconine dissolves freely in water, alcohol, and chloroform, but is nearly insoluble in ether. Wright assigned to aconitine the formula C33H43NO12, and found its fusing point to be 183° C. (361.4° F.). Subsequently Dunstan and Ince, in 1891, gave it the formula C33H45NO12; fusing point 186.5° C. (367.7° F.). In 1894 and 1895, Freund and Beck pronounced aconitine to be an acetyl-benzoyl derivative of aconine, establishing for the latter alkaloid the formula C25H41NO9; hence, for the pure aconitine C34H47NO11, having a fusing point at 197198° C. (386.6-388.4° F.). The results obtained by Dr. Freund seem now to be generally adopted as correct. Commercial aconitine has repeatedly been shown to be of various degrees of strength, and is a mixture of the foregoing alkaloids, together with pseudaconitine (C36H49NO12) and picraconitine (C31H45NO10), the former being capable of conversion into dimethyl-protocatechuic acid (veratric acid) (C9H10NO4) and pseudaconine (C27H41NO9). [For a recent investigation in this direction, see Dohme, Proc. Am. Ph. A., 1895, p. 206].

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September 26th, 2006, 11:26 PM

Just tuching the roots with bare hands may paralyze the hands for some time.

I think Mr Harber might exagerate slightly This is what PFAF says Simple skin contact with the plant has caused numbness in some people and Externally, it is applied to unbroken skin in the treatment of rheumatism, painful bruises, neuralgia etc This is a really good site for info on medicinal or usefull plants has all the info you need for cultivation http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Aconitum+napellus

FullMetalJacket

September 28th, 2006, 06:12 AM

Hmm, could've sworn is was 'aconite'. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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> Chemistry for Amateur Experimenters and Citizen Scientists

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> Synthesis of Fentanyl Log in

View Full Version : Synthesis of Fentanyl Yellow

April 5th, 2004, 08:57 PM

Fentanyl became known in the popular press, as it was used by the Russian Alpha-Team against terrorists in Moscow. The popular press gave the impression of Fentanyl being a "narcotic agent". It is so, when used in a HIGHLY diluted form - as it was in Moscow. Pure Fentanyl is more likely to cause a very fast death if inhaled. The lethal dosis is 1 milligram. Definitely a potential weapon of mass destruction if made airborn in a crowded area. Synthesis:1) Prepare 2 solutions as follows - (A) Dissolve 5 parts N-(4-piperidyl) propionanilide, 6,85 parts sodium carbonate, 0.05 parts potassium iodide in 120 parts hexane. (B) Dissolve 3.8 parts B-phenylethylchloride in 24 parts 4-methyl-2-pentanone. 2) Place solution A in a 3 necked flask equipped with a dropper, a mechanical stirrer, and a reflux head. Turn on the stirrer and add solution B slowly, dropwise until all is added. Plug the dropper neck, turn on the heating mantle, and reflux for 27 hours, with constant stirring. 3) Filter the mixture while hot and evaporate the liquid on a steam bath. 4) An oily residue remains which is dissolved in 160 parts diisopropyl ether and filtered several times until clear. 5) Concentrate this solution to a volume of about 70 parts. 6) Cool liquid for about two hours at a temperature of about 0 celsius to yield the fentanyl. ( White crystalline powder )

This is the official lab-synthesis for Fentanyl. And don't worry, I have chekked the spelling of the chemicals several times. It is very compact, as it is written for a chemist with some experience in the synthesis of such compounds. It can be carried out in most well equiped labs. You should be aware, that Fentanyl is a controled substance. So even you just want a little for experimentation, the project should be keept secret. Also, you should not order all the chemicals from the same company. 1 milligram of Fentanyl will kill any human in minutes if ingested or inhaled. So you can come very far, with even a small amount. The effect of Fentanyl on humans is similar to a massive overdose of heroine. There does exist an antidote for Fentanyl. The Russian Alpha-Team was given this before the attack. That was why they stormed the building without gasmasks. This antidote would obviously be very handy, when making Fentanyl. But it is still keept secret by the Russians.

mongo blongo

April 6th, 2004, 09:43 PM

Wow! Where did you get the synth for that? It read it was actually Carfentanyl that was used in Moscow as it is MUCH more potent than Fentanyl and Sufentanil. The problem with these drugs is that they shut off the part of the brain which tells you to breath because they have a high affinity for mu opiate receptors which mediate analgesia and respiratory depression making it very dangerous to use. So why did they use the more potent Carfentanyl you ask? There is another drug (can't remember the name sorry) that will actually counteract the respiratory depression. This drug was dispersed with the Carfentanyl. The reason why so many people died was because they fell in positions which constricted their passages of breathing as far as I understand.

nbk2000

April 7th, 2004, 06:29 PM

Naloxene (SP?) is a opiate-blocker, and has been used in conjunction with fentanyl-type chemicals in experiments as LLW's. Also, your chemistry SUXZ, as you give a recipe without any mention of the 'alchemists art' that's required to make it. Any idiot can (and just did) post a 'how' without understanding the 'why'. The Hive would be a good place to start learning from.

Zeitgeist

April 8th, 2004, 08:37 AM

Interesting, i happen to have another file on the topic sitting around here so i'll share it:

The precursor used is N-Phenethyl-Piperidone (NPP) which can be easily synthesized from Piperidone and Phenethyl-Tosylate or Phenethyl-Bromide through a simple SN2 mechanism. The NPP is reacting with Aniline giving the Imine derivative which is reduced to the 4-Anilino-N-Phenethyl- Piperidine (4-ANPP). The 4-ANPP is then reacted with Propionyl Chloride giving Fentanyl HCl. N-alkylation of 4-piperidone can be done in PTC conditions - and no need to isolate your piperidone as free base. Add to one liter of acetonitrile 3 mole finely powdered potassium carbonate, then add 10 g of PTC catalyst TBAB or TEBA, or just polyethylene glycol-400. Stir this suspension 15 min at 50-60°C, and then add in little portions your 4-piperidone hydrochloride, watching that the CO2 evolution wasn't too vigorous. Stir another hour at 50-60°C, and then add phenethylbromide dropwise , and stir 15-20 h at mild reflux. Then cool, and filter off inorganic salts - if filtration goes too slowly, add to suspension some (30-40 ml) saturated sodium sulphate solution, this makes the sticky precipitate granular and filterable. You should yeild a slightly yellow solid with mp 60°C.

Synthesis of the Imine derivative of NPP: 10 mmole of NPP is dissolved in a minimal volume of Aniline (about 5-6 ml), then 1 gr of 4A Molecular Sieves is added. The mix is really gently stirred (so that the Molecular Sieves aren't destroyed by the agitation) with a magnetic stirrer for about 24 H at room temperature. Synthesis of the ANPP: The reaction mixture from above is filtered from the Molecular Sieves which are rinsed with 2*2ml THF, the filtrate and washings are poured into a 50 ml flask, whereupon 20 ml dry Methanol is added, and the mix is stirred. About 1-1.5gr of Sodium Borohydride is very slowly added to the mixture at room temperature, and the mix is stirred for about 2 h. The conversion into ANPP is checked with any method and if not completly reduced, add slowly another 0.5gr NaBH4 and stir for one more hour. When the conversion into ANPP is complete (over 95%), evaporate the Methanol and THF under vacuum. After the evaporation there is a mass formed from the Aniline, excess NaBH4 and ANPP complexed with borane. Pour 50 ml of water into the flask, then destroy the complex by the slow addition of a small quantity of concentrated HCl (35%) until the pH is about 1, then the mix is well stirred for another hour. Now 50ml of a saturated NaCl solution is added to the mixture, and after about 10 min, a solid mass precipitates. Separate the solid from the liquid with a filtration and keep the solid (this is ANPP hydrochloride) after washing it with a little saturated NaCl solution. Add another 50ml of saturated NaCl solution and place the mix in the fridge (at about 2°C) and wait 2-3 h. If there is more precipitate, filter the solution and add the solid to the first crop. The solid mass is ANPP which must be treated. Dissolve the solid in about 60ml water and 2M NaOH until the pH reaches 12.5, then extract with 3*15ml Dichloromethane. Wash the CH2Cl2 phase with 5 ml water, and evaporate the solvent in vacuum. The residue is an oily yellow-orange liquid which spontaneously crystallizes, this is the ANPP which is pure enough for the next step. The overall yield of ANPP is about 50-80%. The main loss of yield is during the purification process because the separation process between the excess of Aniline and ANPP is not optimized. Conversion of ANPP to Fentanyl: 10mmols of ANPP are dissolved in about 8 ml of Pyridine with stirring, and then 12 mmoles of Propionyl Chloride is added dropwise to the reaction mixture at room temperature. The reaction is exothermic and the Propionyl Chloride must be carefully added, so that the temperature doesn't rise over 60°C. You don't need a cooling bath, the temperature should be controlled with the addition rate of Propionyl Chloride and must stay between 30 and 60°C during the addition. When all the Propionyl Chloride is added, the reaction mixture is stirred for about one hour at room temperature. Check the conversion with any method and if not complete add another 1 mmol of Propionyl Chloride. Normally the conversion should be complete after the first operation but if there is too much Aniline you need more Propionyl Chloride. The reaction mix is then poured into 80 ml water with stirring, and conc HCl (about 35%) is added dropwise until the pH falls below 1.5. This operation can be done with another procedure as follows: Prepare 80 ml of 2M HCl and simply pour the reaction mix into this solution. This results in the pyridine and the fentanyl turns into their respective hydrochlorides. The solution is then left with stirring for about 30min. The Pyridine HCl is not soluble in CH2Cl2, while the nonpolar Fentanyl HCl is. Extract the solution with 3*20ml of CH2Cl2, then wash the organic phase with 2*10ml saturated NaCl solution. The solvent is evaporated under vacuum, and a yellow mass is formed which consists of Fentanyl hydrochloride with a small quantity of Propionanilide as an impurity. 10-15ml Acetone is now added, and a white powder forms, which is Fentanyl HCl. Filter the solid and wash it with a small quantity (2*3ml) of acetone.

akinrog

April 10th, 2004, 04:12 PM

This is an excerpt from pharmaceuital manufacturing encyclopedia regarding fentanyl synthesis. I hope this bit of information might be useful. (Quote) Raw Materials 1 -Benzyl4-1iperidone Lithium aluminum hydride Beta Phenylethyl chloride Aniline Propionic anhydride Hydrogen Manufacturing Process To the stirred solution of 5 parts of N-(4-piperidyl)propionanilide, 6.85 parts sodium carbonate, 0.05 part potassium iodide in 120 parts hexone is added portionwise a solution of 3.8 parts 0-phenylethyl chloride in 24 parts 4-methyl-2-pentanone. The mixture is stirred and refluxed for 27 hours. The reaction mixture is filtered while hot, and the filtrate is evaporated. The oily residue is dissolved in 160 parts diisopropyl ether and the solution

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter is filtered several times until clear, then concentrated to a volume of about 70 parts, The residue is then cooled for about 2 hours at temperatures near 0°C to yield N-[l-(P-phenylethyl)-4-piperidyll propionanilide, melting at about 83" to 84°C as described in US. Patent 3,141,823. The starting material is prepared by reacting 1 -benzyl4piperidone with aniline, reducing the condensation product with lithium aluminum hydride, reacting the product thus obtained with propionic anhydride, then hydrogen. (/unquote) Note : Credit goes to Polyverone (sp?) who made this vonderful encyclopedia available

akinrog

April 11th, 2004, 08:54 PM

Sorry posting again (since I am unable to edit my previous post) but while searching I found the following link on rhodium's web site about carfentanyl (which is said to be used in Moscow rescue raid and be 4000 times more potent than heroin). Here is the Carfentanyl Link (http://www.rhodium.ws/chemistry/carfentanil.html) I also found the following (https://www.the-hive.ws/forum/showflat.pl? Cat=&Number=411081&Search=true&URLForums=All_Forums%3Don&Name=&Subject=fentanyl%20synthesis&Body=&Text=&Searchpage=0&Limit=25&Old=all&To=now&OldDate=12-31-97&ToDate=04-1204%2002%3A17&Type=&Order=date&Sort=DESC&nohelp=&Preview=on&PreviewChar=500&PostNo=&Rate=%3E%3D0&RateRemark=) at hive about fentanyl synthesis. Anybody knows knockout time of this substance. I mean how long does it take to knock someone out with an overdose?

Yellow

April 14th, 2004, 08:55 PM

If there are some confusion about "Fentanyl", it is most likely because Fentanyl has a lot of analogs. And it was an analog of Fentanyl that was used in Russia ( I am sorry that this was not specificly mentioned in the text ). But unfortunately, many chemists simply call them all "Fentanyl". But for use as a weapon, the only difference are that many of the analogs are more toxic than Fentanyl. The formular that I have posted will result in "Fentanyl" - not an analog.

Xave

April 25th, 2004, 02:36 PM

Somebody already linked to a page on rhodium. check out www.rhodium.ws/chemistry , scroll to the section on fentanyl. They have around 7-8 articles there. I've been researching a while back about this, and the potencies go like this (in terms of morhpine): Morphine- 1x Herion (DiAcetylMorphine)- 2x Fentanyl - 166x SufentanylCarfentanyl- 16600x yes- 16,600 times stronger than morphine. no wonder thos people died. The opiate (mu, gamma and delta) receptor antagonist most commonly known if Naloxone, and when injected, almost immediately reverses all the effects of whichever opiate/opioid has been consumed. The medicinal morhpine dosage is 5-20mg (I.m) for comparison. Recreational smoked (i.e. inhaled) dosages of heroin are between 5-10mg. "drugs are quick"

redbull

May 24th, 2004, 02:14 PM

Considering Russia and the United States are working on Fentanyl based non lethal chemical weapons, what is the best defense against them? Do current NATO gas mask filters provide adequate protection? Does anyone know if DMSO or another transdermal chemcial is being used? (making it nessasary to wear protective clothing) I presume terrorists should start packing nalaxone right next to the atropine injector :D

As monday morning quarterback, what things should the terrorists have done differently to be successful? I'll say, use a dead-mans switch instead of a push button switch. The terrorists should have been holding the trigger the whole time and then when the agent knocked them out, they would have released it involuntarily and the bombs would have gone off. Also useful if a sniper takes the terrorist out...

I still can't imagine why people are into the whole suicide bomber thing? I know its an effective technique but I guess I like living too much to do it myself :D Now setting down a breifcase and casually walking out of the theater is certainly do-able. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and W eapons Forum > Chemistry for Am ateur Expe rimenters and C itizen Scientists C h e m istry > G a m m a Am inobutyric Acid

View Full Version : Gamma Aminobutyric Acid zeocrash

> Battlefield Log in

April 21st, 2004, 06:26 PM

Ok in chemistry today we were doing a brief introduction to neuropharmacology. W e got on to the topic of how nerves work. W hile discussing this we got on to a chem ical called Gam m a A m inobutyric Acid or GABA for sho rt. This chemical is natura lly produ ced in th e body when tired and depresses the CNS, the chemical it's self is very sim ple H2N-CH2-Ch2-CH2-CO OH I was wondering if this chem i c a l c o u l d b e u s e d a s a n a s s a s i n a t i o n weapon, a large dose of GABA would inhibit the CNS so m uch that the heart and lungs would just shut down, similar to the effect of using Vallium a n d a l c o h o l . T h e a d v a n t a g e t h e m ain advantage of using GABA is that it is naturally produced in the body, it is also is metabolised away IIRC . I was wondering if anyone had any tho ughts on this or if i'm talking out of m y b a c k p a s s a g e a g a i n

JoeJablomy

April 21st, 2004, 11:21 PM

P l e a s e e x c u s e t h e b a sic chem question, but I doubt I'l be able to get a straight answer anywhere without asking. I've asked a lot of basic chem que s t i o n s a n d h a v e n 't even gotten go od answers then. --W hat exactly is the 'gam m a ' f o r m o f a m o l e c u l e ? W hat other Greek letters are used? (delta, at least, as delta-9-THC, or is this under a different system ?)

Dave Angel

April 22nd, 2004, 01:31 AM

W ithin the brain GABA and GHB (that e ver-so popular date rape drug) are readily interconvertible a pparantly. The difference is that GHB easily crosses the blood brain barrier where as GABA doesn't. The most reliable way to carry out a GABA poisoning would be to give an overdose of GHB. Reports state that doses in excess of 2.5g can lead to "depressed breathing, bradycardia (slow heart rate), com a , a n d e v e n d e a t h . " Also "Alcohol and other drugs with central nervous system depressant effects are known to com p o u n d t h e e ffect of GHB." More details on GABA including links to GHB: http://www.supplem entwatch.com / s u p a t o z / s u p p l e m e n t . a s p ? s u p p l e m entId=132 As for the ga m m a question, I think ga m m a in this case m e a n s t h a t t h e h y d r o x y l / a m i n o g roup is on the third carbon atom away from th e following functional group. ie: g a m m a a m i n o ( a m ino group 3 places away from ) butyric acid P e r h a p s t h e d e l t a m eans 4 places awa y in som e cases, but I'm not sure about what it means in th e c a s e o f d e l t a - 9 - T H C . T h e Bees will probably know more about this sort of thing. ;)

zeocrash

April 22nd, 2004, 05:30 AM

Hm m y e a h t h e g a m m a definatly refers to the position of the am ino croup. In the case of delta 9 thc i'm not quite sure what the delta relates to, i think it m a y b e t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e o x y g e n i n t h e c y c l o h e x a n e r i n g ( T h e o x y g e n is on the 4th pla ce on the ring, hence delta, but that's just a guess.)

Xave

April 25th, 2004, 02:57 PM

I've been wondering about that too. fo r d9 THC it's not about the position of the oxygen i dont think. it's som ething to do with the positioning of the double bond on the cyclo hexene ring (top left of the 3 rings) in the molecule. As for using this as a poison, whoever mentioned GHB was right. The sedatives (xanax, valium, lithium, etc etc) and GHB wo rk by (effectively) mimm icking GABA. Without going into detail, GABA makes it 'hard er' for a neuron to fire (create an impule travelling alo ng it's axon). Obviously there com es a point where norm al stimuli (like those telling you to breathe) have no effect, and bang- you're dead. No breathing, etc. Norm ally when dealing with this kind of poisoning, the victim feels drowsy, goes into a stupour a n d b e c o m es increasingly sedated, until the y loose consciousness, go into a com a , a n d e v e n t u a l l y s t o p breathing.

jimmyboy

April 26th, 2004, 03:32 AM

GABA can be used as a precursor for GHB - actually i've seen a working synth but its still experim ental - it still produces nitrosamines and other nasty byproducts - GHB is just like any sedative too m uch and your looking a respiratory depression and possible heart failure but it would definitely not be an efficient poison. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Old gas mask A-BOMB

April 30th, 2004, 10:03 PM

I was at my local gun shop on wensday and saw that he had some surplus gasmasks on sale so I bought one ($15 cheap) that came with a filter I cleaned up the mask and got out my can opener and opened the can with the filter in it and I notice that the filter has the date "6-4-54" on it and I think is that the experation date or date of manufacture? I know that it must be expired but do you guys think it is useable for some light poison gas work(I have hornets that must DIE! :mad: living in a hole in the siding on my house (can get to them with spray)) The filter is a US M11 the lot: BS-337-8526 and there is also this (not idea?) 261GM and the 6-4-54

Sarevok

May 1st, 2004, 12:17 AM

Gun shop? Don't use this junk! It might be dangerous to you. Keep the mask, if it is worth a shit, but replace the filter with a new one. More important, remember that there is more than one kind of filter available. There are filters using activated carbon, for protection against organic compounds, and filters using I don't know what for protection against some inorganic compounds, such as NO2 and NH3. (There is also some masks who doesn't filter the air, they provide air for you instead, isolating you from the atmosferic air - which are good against any kind of gas.) Buy the right kind of filter and use it with your mask. If your mask doesn't protect your entire face, INCLUDING THE EYES, buy a new one. Remember that some compounds can be harmful if they touch your skin, so you may need protective clothing too.

A-BOMB

May 1st, 2004, 12:49 AM

Well It does have a port for attaching a bottled air source so I guess I'll try to track down where I put that bottle of medical oxygen, And If any one knows were I could get a new M11 filter I would be much in you thanks.

simply RED

May 1st, 2004, 08:37 AM

I killed my hornets with lambda cyhalothrine (karate insecticide) it acts for 3 hours killing them and is harmless to anyone of proceeded carefully.

A-BOMB

May 1st, 2004, 12:01 PM

RED, is that a gas? I've tried that usual spray that shoots about 15' but they are in there rather far and the nails and faring strips cut up the stream of insecticide in a few feet.

nbk2000

May 1st, 2004, 02:55 PM

If the filter was sealed in a can, and the can was airtight, then the filter would still be good, as it wouldn't have been exposed to anything that would fill up the pores of the activated charcoal filler. Now, the rubber of the mask might be cracked, so check that by grabbing one of the head straps firmly in your hands and pulling on it to stretch it. If it stretches and you see cracks, then you've got a bum mask, and need to replace it. If not, and the negative pressure check goes well, then you're OK. :)

vulture

May 1st, 2004, 06:25 PM

Why don't you just use a smokebomb? Insects hate smoke. All vermin hates smoke.

A-BOMB

May 1st, 2004, 11:51 PM

The problem with smoke is, I either put the smoke bomb in the hole and have it light the side of my house on fire, Hold the smoke bomb and then get swarmed by angry hornets, or the smoke gets the hornets out and then seeps threw cracks into the house. Or all of the above can happen at once. I want something that will kill them dead, not something that will just make them mad.

Ropik

May 2nd, 2004, 06:23 AM

You are right, A-BOMB, about the smoke + hornets = house full of pissed hornets. You can modify a big can of spray insecticide with strong rubber band to hold down the push button and place the spray as stopper to hornets hole(or nest). I used this when some hornets lived in my tool shed. It made hornets rather dead.

A-BOMB

May 2nd, 2004, 03:51 PM

Spray can't get to them were they are at, so I'm thinking of makeing a form of gasious DDT or cockroach killer that should kill them.

Ropik

May 4th, 2004, 11:28 AM

Hmm... so obtain some container. Glass with tin top should work nicely. Punch a hole(3/8 in.) in the top and glue it on piece of PVC pipe. Drill similar hole in pipe. Attach one end of hose on the pipe and the other end on old hairdryer. Duct tape help alot, but you must have "cold" turned on on your dryer, otherwise you will melt the glue. Fill the container with DDT dust(or similar), screw it on top, place the pipe in the hornet's hole, turn the dryer on, leave the place, plug the hairdryer in the electric current. Hornets will be dead. If not, they are mutated and should be disposed by other manner. Flamer probably. Or A-bomb ;) .

aikon

May 4th, 2004, 11:47 AM

As far as i know hornets have just one entrance to their home. Just wait until all the hornets are at home (1 to 3 hours after sunset) and plug the hole with cement or something familiar.

Ropik

May 4th, 2004, 04:16 PM

Aikon, this is very bad idea. Though hornets have only one entrance, they can VERY rapidly chew a new one and then terribly big cloud of raging hornets come out and go to way of revenge and death. LITERALLY I once plug entrance to wasp's nest(in 4x4" timber) with hot glue(I am practically permanently in war with hornets and wasps). Next day the timber was from 1/4 chewed off and everywhere around my house was swarming wasps. Nothing funny. One thing I find to be useful, is to plug the hole with hot glue or similar material, but leave a injection needle in the plug. You suck a full syringe of formaldehyde and inject it into nest. Conservated wasps forever :) .Works only on smaller nests, though.

A-BOMB

May 4th, 2004, 06:46 PM

I have a older brick home (1915s-20s) that has many holes in the cement, So I have some siding put on the side instead of haveing the brick repointed. So if I plug the hole they are probably going to come in and say "hi". So gas is my only option, I'm still trying to find where the nest is under the siding. I see the hole were they come in is but were the nest is left, right, up, down, I don't know. So this evening I'll pump in as much gas as I can and hope it kills. I just can't stand getting stung every time I come out my front door.

nbk2000

May 4th, 2004, 06:49 PM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Pocket dragon and bucket of water would do the trick. Timing the bucket is the tricky part. ;)

A-BOMB

May 4th, 2004, 07:09 PM

I already tried the flame method, but I did find something semi-useful for target practice. Wood boring bees, (the real big bees (i don't think there real bees) I was over at my fathers house and he was on his back porch with a .22lr revolver with bird shot shells shooting the bees as they buzzed around. So I got the pistol and tried to shoot some, at the 12 feet I was shooting at the spread of the shot was about 3-4 inches, and those bees are hard to shoot, its like a 3D target practice game. I only got 4 bees out of 9 shells, rather bad for me compard to my trap scores but clay pidgons don't do loopty-loops and dive at you. So if any of you guys have a older wooden house that has wood bees, try it I found it rather challenging.

Arkangel

May 4th, 2004, 07:53 PM

Can't you work out the position of the nest in the wall of your house, then drill a smallish hole really close to it and fire your spray through that at 'em?

aikon

May 4th, 2004, 08:09 PM

I guess drilling a hole next to the nest is a hazardous attempt, because the hornets will notice that and come for you. It seems that the gas method is the only way to success. Good luck

Skean Dhu

May 4th, 2004, 08:55 PM

wear white/light clothing, or a bee keepers suit if you can borrow one, and stake the hose of your shop vac a few inches infront of the nest. let it run for a few hours till you've collected most of the wasps as they try to leave/return, then move it(leave it on) and stake it in front of your muffler and let the car run for 30-45 min, the carbon monoxide will kill them in short order. lather rinse repeat.

Ropik

May 5th, 2004, 06:59 AM

Good idea, Skean Dhu. But I would be worried that hornets chew off guts of my vacuum cleaner and come on me. Suit for bee keepers does not help so much against hornets. But wasps, maybe... I would not try that, I'm alergic, so two hornets and I am pretty much dead.

xperk

May 5th, 2004, 09:36 AM

the vacuum cleaner approach Skean Dhu suggests is surprisingly effective if the exit of the nest is fairly small, don't use a fresh bag - the wasps / bees seem to get killed/ paralyzed by the already vacuumed dust somehow... you could even vacuum up a small amount of ant poision prior to engaging the nest if you are allergic to the stings you probably should have someone else to do it. By the way Trichloroethane (a component of DDT) can sometimes be found in white correction fluid thinner bottles - it makes for a hazardeous yet very potent improvised insectide poison.

Flake2m

May 5th, 2004, 11:48 AM

Try using a bait 'n waity method. This works with wasps, not sure about hornets. When wasps find a good source of food they will normally return to it and with all there mates as well. Try getting some food source that wasps/hornets like and then lacing it with insecticide. They will be attracted to the food and then bring it back to the nest, since its poisoned the food will start to kill off the nest and they won't realise it until its too late. Just make sure the bait isn't in a place to get eaten by any pets.

A-BOMB

May 5th, 2004, 04:55 PM

Well there dead, I found DDT is great! I used a shop-vac and a nebulizer-ish setup to make a DDT vapor/mist and the exaust from the vac to pump it in. I also found another hole, where they were coming out as I pumped it in, so I hooked up the suction hose of the vac to there and I got the DDT recirculating. Now I just hope that dead hornet don't stink

Bigfoot

May 5th, 2004, 05:42 PM

A-Bomb, Did that mask come with the bag, as well? These masks have been around cheap for about 2 years, typically sold in the complete can, containing the mask, filter, and carry bag. $15 is a fair market price if the bag is included. BTW, did you get the left-filter model (if you're right-handed; right-filter if you're left-handed)? vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : The use of osmium tetroxide as a chemical weapon. megalomania

May 2nd, 2004, 08:59 PM

I read a news report today that said those Pakistani individuals who were arrested a few weeks ago in England with the huge stockpile of ammonium nitrate were planning on adding osmium tetroxide to the explosive. There is an article here: http://abcnews.go.com/sections/WNT/Investigation/poison_bomb_plot_040405-1.html The only thing I knew osmium tetroxide was useful for was preparing vicenyl diols from alkenes. I am rather skeptical of its use in a bomb though. First things first, can it survive the high temperatures of an explosion unscathed? My guess is no as osmium tetroxide decomposes at higher temperatures to osmium dioxide. It does seem to have some uses for doping an explosive; it has a boiling point of 130 degrees C and is easily vaporizable well below that temperature. I wonder what would be the ideal means of dispersion? Mix the OsO4 directly with the explosive, or place an explosive charge within a container of OsO4? I would have to vote on the latter as an inert diluent may decrease the performance of the explosive and give the osmium more chance to react during detonation. There is another article deriding its use here: http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99994863 It has a rather high vapor pressure, and it would be a persistent gas after detonation, especially in an enclosed space. I found a website that compares the toxicity of osmium tetroxide with some common chemical weapon agents. Their conclusion was, based on osmium tetroxides high vapor pressure it is more comparable to sarin nerve gas. The website is here: http://www.navyseals.com/community/articles/article.cfm?id=3313 although the story looks like it was ripped from here: http://cns.miis.edu/ pubs/week/040413.htm That website gives the lowest lethal concentration of osmium tetroxide as 0.1 mg per cubic meter. A single Kg of this stuff vaporized in a small area like a shopping mall would spread a death cloud throughout the facility that would persist for hours. Simply hosing it down with water would suffice to decontaminate the area, but those in the vicinity, and first responders would get the worst of it. The greatest downside to using osmium is its great cost. Osmium is found along with platinum, and is considered a rare metal. The previously mentioned website gives some costs and availability data. That website also stated osmium tetroxide is routinely sold as a polymerized mixture in batches greater than 5 g to reduce its vaporization hazard. To this I say it would be foolish for anyone to purchase osmium tetroxide directly. Rather one should obtain osmium powder or an osmium ore and extract it themselves. Osmium is quite readily reacted to osmium tetroxide in the presence of oxygen. The navy seals website correctly concludes that osmium tetroxide is more of an intellectual curiosity than a viable weapon. A small explosive device with a limited quantity of osmium tetroxide obtained from a laboratory would add an extra dimension of lethality, but a large device and massive quantities of osmium tetroxide would be uneconomical. It is the thinking behind using this kind of chemical that throws the authorities. Osmium tetroxide is but one of thousands of chemicals that could increase the lethality of an explosive device considerably. I am just surprised it has taken them this long to come up with the idea of using a doping chemical. I suppose since regular military doctrines forbid using such weapons nobody caught on to the idea. Perhaps a better idea would be to disperse the osmium tetroxide via heating instead of via an explosive. A chemical or electrical heat source could be used. Something as simple as a coffee maker with a pot full of the compound could be plugged in someplace crowded and no one would know until hours later.

vulture

May 3rd, 2004, 04:05 PM

Osmium tetroxide...Could you give the media something that sounds more chemical than that? They love it! To me it's a load of bogus. Scaremongering, nothing more. A kg of osmium would buy you a few tons of explosive or allow you to produce a few liters of Sarin or Tabun. And it's not like chem suppliers stock large quantities of it.

Arkangel

May 4th, 2004, 09:08 AM

To me, it was way too coincidental that this story came up the exact week that they were pushing the introduction of ID cards to the UK. It's a really controversial move, and if it wasn't staged, they certainly made the most of it. EVERY statement by a politician referring to the ID card scheme referred to this "plot" as being reason to go ahead with it. What made it seem more bogus was them saying "a plot has been foiled", without actually producing any evidence, or charging anyone, or even detaining anyone (iirc). Everything I read at the time suggested that this chemical had potentially harmful effects, but was too fragile to be weaponised. Surely there are much cheaper, much more effective chemicals reasonably readily available? But "Osmium Tetroxide.....maaan that sounds some scary shit"

mrcfitzgerald

May 5th, 2004, 12:37 AM

I wouldn't be surprised if osmium tetroxide was able to survive explosive dissemination; I have an excellent patent reference, number 3,207,071, that provides wonderful data on the explosive dissemination of Ricin -a rather unstable toxin (Check Example II). Nevertheless, since the agent is rather expensive -I think an aerosol bomblet as detailed in patent number 3,492,944 is preferable for its dispersion. On a side note, why osmium tetroxide? It seems to me anyone with the capability to handle this also has the same ability to handle at least Ga(Tabun) nerve agent -which could be manufacture in much larger quantities, for a much smaller price. Just a thought...

aikon

May 5th, 2004, 06:32 AM

Read this article about osmium tetroxide on "bbc news uk edition":http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3604857.stm The last sentence in the article is the most important:"I would say this report sounds like it was dated 1 April."

kingspaz

May 5th, 2004, 11:15 AM

Would it matter if the OsO4 was decomposed upon detonation of the charge? http://www.scescape.net/~woods/elements/osmium.html IIRC all Os compounds are very toxic anyway.

nbk2000

May 5th, 2004, 07:38 PM

Lead salts would be much cheaper, and very easily made from tire weights or fishing lures, making osmium a moot issue, especially as the money could be better used for making even more lead bombs. It wouldn't be very toxic, as such, but the contamination would require expensive remediation, as everyone knows just how "dangerous" lead is, especially to The Children. :rolleyes: Throw in some lead salt with your explosive filler, maybe some asbestos fibers you can find in the pipe insulation of old factories, and a simple sweep up of the rubble becomes a hazmat cleanup with moonsuits at 100x the cost. :) I've also found concentrated 2,4-D solution at an ag shop. It's like 30% 2,4-D in a solvent and is used for soil sterilization. Considering how 2,4-D becomes Dioxin upon heating in acidic conditions, it'd be ridiculously easy to use dioxin as a co-contaminant, making every bombed site a mini "Love Canal", with comiserate cleanup costs. A bomb that costs you $100 to make, including the contaminate, costs $100,000 in cleanup, demolition of the targeted structure (probably more throughly than the original

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bomb) because of the contamination, and subsequent terror of your "dirty" bomb, "dirty" being properly defined (IMnonHO) as anything that contaminates with a hazardous substance that is not radioactive or a conventional NBC agent.

megalomania

May 6th, 2004, 01:07 AM

They probably chose osmium tetroxide because they would not have to make anything. These guys sound like they were trying to get everything through legit channels. That is in all probability what got them arrested as it tipped of the government. Lead, or mercury, would be a top choice to contaminate the area. I am sure there are a number of commercial pesticides that could be employed. Banned pesticides can be purchased from third world suppliers who don't care if people die (Mexico, India, and Africa). There are a large number of second string organophosphorus compounds that may not be as deadly as VX or sarin, but they are deadly. The inclusion of any toxic chemical in a blast will get peoples attention because it has never been done yet. NBK touched on a theory of mine, people care more for buildings than they do human life. Anything that contaminates a building requiring expensive cleanup or complete demolition will be percieved as worse. Would you want to be the guy working at the US mail facility that was contaminated with anthrax? The headquarters of the National Inquirer was on the real estate market before it was contaminated with anthrax. Price: $25,000,000. After the attack? Price: $1,500,000. Nobody wants it now...

Corona

May 6th, 2004, 07:48 AM

I doubt if there is much truth left in this so called war on terror or anything connected to it, the very least of which might be Osmium Tetroxide. Case in point: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3674533.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3683721.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1850501.stm Im taking such alarmist news reports with a heavy pinch of salt these days. Its now a fashion to manufacture news rather than report it.

nbk2000

May 6th, 2004, 06:47 PM

The thought of contamination is enough to render property worthless, even if the traces of the contaminate are at the thresehold of detectablility and the second-hand smoke from your co-worker was 1,000x more likely to kill you. People are cheap and easy to replace, infrastructure is neither. Attacking the infrastructure is much easier, more effective, and longer-lasting than the death of any number of people. Kill the president of the US, and he'll be replaced within minutes and the country carries on. Destroy the US stock exchange, with the people in it of course, and the world economy goes into a tailspin. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine c0deblue

> Battlefield Log in

May 6th, 2004, 04:34 AM

Good to be back again after a long absense, and nice to see so many old familiar names!

Overview: Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine, or TETS, C<SUB>4H<SUB>8N<SUB>4O<SUB>4S<SUB>2, is a little known but extremely potent neurotoxic poison reported by the CDC to be 100 TIMES more toxic to humans than potassium cyanide. TETS is an odorless, tasteless, water soluble white crystalline powder that acts as a gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) antagonist which binds noncompetitively and irreversibly to the GABA receptor on the neuronal cell membrane and blocks chloride channels. Exposure causes violent convulsions, ischemic neuropathy and other damage, with death following (for severe exposure) usually within three hours. The usual routes of TETS poisoning are by ingestion or inhalation, but there are reported cases of poisoning by skin absorption. Damage from exposure is essentially irreversible, and dosage is the only determinant of whether a victim dies or survives with irreparable neurological/brain damage. There is no known antidote for a lethal dose, and the only treatment for less-than-lethal doses (in China) is charcoal hemoperfusion and hemodialysis; neither of these are effective against lethal doses because they proceed at a much slower pace than the action of the poison. The incidence of TETS poisoning is sufficiently rare that the nature of the emergency is seldom even recognized by medical personnel, who in any case are unable to do much in the way of intervention. The CDC and the New York Poison Control Center report an LD50 for mammals of 0.1-0.3 mg/kg, with 7.0-10.0 mg the assured lethal dose in adult humans. Sounds like something the CIA might use. (Links to reports below, including complete chemical and physical characteristics).

So it looks as though hexamine, that readily-available old favorite of dabblers in energetic materials, may be the principal precursor in TETS production. While Tets is an order of magnitude less toxic than ricin, it acts so quickly and with such profound and irreversible effects at minute doses that the possibilities ought to send shivers down the spine of anyone who's ever fooled with hexamine or its precursors (Wonder what would happen if I added a few drops of this ... ? :eek: ) Of great concern is whether or not TETS might someday be the inadvertant and unrecognized (!) intermediate or byproduct of some illadvised experiment. I'm thinking that one danger may lie along the lines of attempts to produce RDX via some variation or improvisation of a less-than-optimal synthesis involving sulphuric/nitric acid combinations, rather than the established method of nitration with 98% white nitric acid alone. For example, there are some processes (for substances other than RDX) that seek to minimize the risk of dangerous thermal runaway by pre-reacting any required sulphuric acid with the precursor chemical and allowing it to cool prior to nitration. If similar methods were to be experimentally employed for RDX production, mightn't the result potentially include as an intermediate or byproduct TETS or a close analogue? I'm not that well-versed in the nuts and bolts of theoretical chemistry, so I thought I'd let the E&W whiz kids have a go at a TETS synthesis. This shouldn't be too difficult: although banned in China since the mid 1980s, TETS continues to be widely available due to high demand and a reported ease of production that puts it well within the capabilities of any backyard "entrepreneur" with kitchen utensils. So the question is how do you go from C<SUB>6H<SUB>12N<SUB>4 (hexamethylenetetramine - or its precursors) to C<SUB>4H<SUB>8N<SUB>4O<SUB>4S<SUB>2 (tetramethylenedisulfotetramine)? The answer to this question would certainly be of great academic interest, as well as perhaps of literally VITAL importance to experimenters in knowing exactly what chemical combinations and methods to avoid when working with hexamine or its precursors!

Links to reports/physical characteristics on Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine: (suggest a copy-and-paste to URL bar to avoid referrer codes pointing back to E&W Forum) http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5210a4.htm http://www.dekker.com/servlet/product/DOI/101081CLT120022008/section/abstract_202 (click "Agree" to terms and conditions for report) http://www.intox.org/databank/documents/chemical/tetradis/pim982.htm#7.2 http://aapse.ext.vt.edu:100/pdf00007.pdf (It appears this link is dead) Additional information may be available using Searchword "Dushuquiang" - the Chinese name for the banned rodentcide containing anywhere from 6%-20% TETS. Historical note: Dushuquiang (pronounced dooshoosheeang) has been responsible in China for the accidental as well as intentional deaths of many thousands. As recently as last year, the proprietress of a snack shop in a rural province indulged her drive for increased market share by visiting a competitor's snack shop and sabotaging some pastries with a sprinkling of Dushuquiang. Despite frantic emergency efforts and a familiarity by Chinese doctors with the symptoms of Dushuquiang poisoning, 42 people died after ingesting the undetectable powder. EDIT Nice going NBK. Also found the following in a Google search for "disulfo tetramine synthesis": "... Tetramethylene disulfotetramine: a (not-so) novel rodenticide In 1949, chemists at Bayer in Germany published the synthesis of tetramine. ... " This appears only in the Google description and not on the linked webpage which contains only an abstract and subscriber link. Google's descriptive text apparently is part of a PDF monograph titled "Rat poison and food security in the Peoples Republic of

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China: focus on tetramethylene disulfotetramine (tetramine)" which unfortunately is accessible only to subscribers. Doubtful that it includes an actual synthesis, but knowing a synthesis was published in 1949 by Bayer could be helpful.

nbk2000

May 6th, 2004, 06:16 PM

Found this at http://www.chinaphar.com/1671-4083/25/534.htm +++++++++++++++++++++ The acute poisoning of tetramine has the following characteristics: rapid incidence, severe state of convulsion, speedy lethality, and high mortality. The poisoning attack often happens 0.5 to 2 h after ingestion. The respiratory failure is the primary cause of death of tetramine. The EEG change has some relationship with toxicity. The dynamic monitoring of EEG is an important indicator for judgment and instruction of treatment[66]. The serologic examinations for liver functions and myocardial enzymes also reflect the toxic severity and damaging degrees of liver and heart, and are used to predict the prognosis[67]. Pharmacologic and toxicologic studies Tetra-mine barely dissolves in water, slightly in acetone, and not in ethanol. It is stable in acidic and basic solutions. The saturated tetramine still keeps stable biological activity after five months of storage. It is absorbed through gastroenteric tract and respiratory tract. Tetra-mine stores in human body in its original form. No biological transformation of tetramine has been reported. Tetramine eliminates from urine via renal filtration. There was a report that serum tetramine was still detectable 10 d after ingestion. LD50 for the oral administration was 0.1-0.3 mg/kg in rats, and 0.1 mg/kg for men. The lethal dose for human is about 12 mg/kg. Due to the stability and severe toxicity, it easily leads to the second poisoning. The observation in animal experiments and human clinics shows that tetramine has severe neurotoxicity. But it is a stimulator of CNS, leading to convulsion and entasia. It has no effect on peripheral nervous system, skeletal muscle, and neuromuscular junction. Tetramine does not affect the parasympathetic systems in spleen, kidney, intestine, and bladder. Experiments on frog brain by damaging different brain region showed that the primary action site of tetramine was in brain stem. Removing cortex did not stop frog convulsion, while removing the region below medulla completely stopped its convulsive epilepsy[68]. g-Amino-butyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in vertebrate and invertebrate animals. The convulsion caused by tetramine is related to its antagonism to GABA action[69]. Roberts et al used ventral ganglions in isolated arthropod horseshoe crab to test seven convulsive agents against GABA's inhibition and found that the potency of tetramine was 2705 times weaker than that of picrotoxinin[70]. Tetramine antagonized the depolarizing action of GABA to isolated rat jugular sympathetic ganglion, but it did not antagonize the action of carbachol. The action of tetramine against GABA is non-competitive and reversible but is not similar to the action of bicucullin[71]. Tetramine dose-dependently antagonized the inhibition of GABA on crab neuromuscular transmission[72]. Therefore, tetramine possibly also blocks GABA receptor or affects the receptor function by blocking amino acid channels[73]. When concentrations of amino acids in the brain of the mouse that exposed to tetramine were measured, the concentration of GABA increased while that of glutamic acid decreased, suggesting that the levels of these amino acids are related to the convulsion caused by tetramine[74]. Experiments with autoradiography showed that tetramine reduced the affinity of [3H]GABA with its receptors in rat brain sections of different regions, indicating that tetramine is the blocker of GABA receptor[74]. Treatment protocols Exterminate sources and heteropathy When exposed to tetramine by oral ingestion, stomach wash-ing, diuretics, enemas, and catharsis should be used as soon as possible. Anticonvulsive agents can be used for heteropathy of the acute poisoning of tetramine. Diazepam and sodium phenobarbital are the first choice as the anticonvulsive agents. For severe patients, both diazepam and sodium phenobarbital cannot control the convulsion. A combination of diazepam, sodium phenobarbital and sedatives can be used. For patients with convulsion and abnormal surge in EEG, sodium valerate is also suggested to take[65]. Specific antidotes Experiments with six sulfhydryl agents as antidotes to treat the acute poisoning of tetramine were tested in teramine-exposed mice[75]. Na-DMPS and Na-DMS were that significantly decreased the number of convulsive animals, delayed the surge of convulsion, and reduced mortality (P<0.01), and Na-DMPS was more desirable. The excitation of CNS by the toxicant was also reduced (P<0.01). Na-DMPS showed excellent inhibition of tetanic convulsion on acute poisoning with tetramine in animals. In mice the LD50 of ig tetramine was 0.262 mg/kg and LD50 of ip Na-DMPS as antidote was 0.502 mg/ kg (P<0.01). Rats after using ip Na-DMPS 0.8 mg/kg showed the elongation of latent period of convulsion (P<0.01) and lethal time (P<0.01), reduce of convulsive time (P<0.01) and decrease of mortaliy (P<0.05). In Na-DMPs treated rabbits, latent period and lethal time were elongated. Icv administration of trace of Na-DMPS also reduced the mortality and the incidence of convulsion of acute poisoning in mice and the emergence of tetanic convulsion wave in rats[76]. Satisfactory protective effect was found when Na-DMPS was given 20 min before poisoning (P<0.01). Na-DMPS had no antidotal effect on tetramineexposed mice when in mixture. Either Na-DMPS or diazepam could rise LD50 of tetramine in mice and could reduce the convulsion and death rate of rats with acute tetramine poisoning. The combined administration of Na-DMPS and diazepam showed a better effect on antagonizing tetramine (P<0.01). Electroencephalogram showed that Na-DMPS given ip 30 min before poisoning could inhibit the occurrence of tetanic convulsion wave, which could be dispelled by iv diazepam[77]. Another combined therapy was studied about the antidotal effects of vitamin B6 combined with Na-DMPS which turned out to be an excellent way for acute tetramine poisoning. They suggested that this may be used to clinical work to rescue patients poisoned by tetramine[78]. A clinical trial compared Na-DMPS as an antidote in 11 patients with the acute poisoning of tetramine with regular hetero-pathy in 5 patients. It was found that Na-DMPS possessed unexpected effects and cured all 11 patients while 4 of 5 patients in heterpathy group died and the survivor suffered from memory damage[5]. Another clinical trial observed NaDMPS as antidote to treat 39 patients with the acute poisoning of tetramine (20 severe poisoned and 19 medium poisoned)[79]. Initially, 0.125-0.25 g Na-DMPS was administrated intramuscularly. Based on the convulsion situation, 0.125 to 0.25 g Na-DMPS was repeated every 0.5 to 1 h until the convulsion was completely controlled[79]. After the new discovery of Na-DMPS as an antidote used for acute poisoning by tetramine, a lot of physicians adopted Na-DMPS and mostly considered this antidote to be specific[5,79,80], excellent, or more effective[81-91]. But its precise effects still lack general recognition, even denied antidotal effects[92,93]. It is necessary to do a large scale of clinical verification[91]. Fu and Wei et al reported Na-DMPS with vitamin B6 rescued patients poisoned by tetamine and were all alive[94,95]. Zhang et al studied Na-DMPS on the antagonism of tetramine to GABA receptor on mice, used automatic analyzer to determine the contents of free GABA and glutamic acid in brain and used autoradiography to observe the [3H]GABA bindings in the rat brain slices. In conclusion, the inhibitory effects of Na-DMPS on the antagoism of tetramine to GABA receptor are due to the increase in the GABA binding to its receptor in brain[74]. HOPE AND PROSPECTS In animals, there are many SH-group compounds, such as the minor, SH amino acids and SH-peptides, and the major, SHenzymes and SH-proteins, which form the rich SH-group pools related to the biological life. The chemical structure is the foundation of the substance. Its special physico-chemical properties enable the SH-groups to regulate the cellular function, and to transfer the cellular signals[96]. In addition, it decreases the toxicants in body through special redox reactions. Beause the SH-groups and ions of heavy metal or metalloid can form the more stable chelating complex compounds. The SH group compound has been used as the antidote for some metallurgical and chemical industrial toxicants. Since the early war times, it has become the clinical therapy in the toxic war gas. With the development of pharmacology, toxiclolgy, and other related sciences, such as biochemistry and biophysics, etc, endogenic and exogenic SH compounds have been used as the specific

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antidotes, especially the Na-DMPS. Na-DMPS is an effective antidote against NTXI, CDM, bactericide 402, and tetramine. Due to lack of specific antidotes for a lot of pesticides especially, of non-metallic pesticides, it is urgent for pharmacologists and toxicologists to develop and solidify their researches on the antidotes against these pesticides. In addition to its effectiveness in the detoxication of heavy metals and metalloids by chelating action, Na-DMPS is also a specific antidote for several nonmetallic pesticides. With the recent advance of scientific knowledge about the mechanisms of action of Na-DMPS about antidotal effects against pesticides other than chelating action, they shall widen its application in other pesticides, either low or high molecular weight, either inorganic or organic compounds and either great use for insecticides or raticides. China is a large agricultural nation, and many cases of poisoning by pesticides have taken place, especially in village. In recent years, it spreads to cities and affect social stabi-lity severely. For example there were more than 300 people poisoned and 42 died during the tetramine criminality in Nanjing city on 2002 Sep 14. Chinese researchers carried out the study on Na-DMPS for intoxication of pesticides and have found it has specific antidotal effect on many kinds of non-metallic pesticides. Great break through has been made not only in theory but also in practice and the research reaches international advanced level. These findings have been collected in the "Practic Internal Medicine", 11th ed[97]. The deve-loping which has been talked in the preface can meet the requirements of different clinical doctors. Chinese's finding that Na-DMPS can be used as specific antidote against tetramine and NTXI, has been edited by Ding Quan-Fu in "Pharmacology" 4th ed, normal textbook in the technical college of medical university[98]. More than 10 years ago Na-DMPS was adopted as antidote of SCS in the exprimental textbook in Wenzhou Medieal College and got very satisfactory results, which provided new antidotal knowledge and development for the doctors and medical students (personal communication). On the other hand, Na-DMPS can strengthen its antidotal effect against acute tetramime poisoning when combined with diazepam or vitamin B6, through the experimental researching and clinical observation. For example, atropine sulfate combined with pralidoxime chloride is the routine best choice, which is a combination of symptomatic therapy and causative therapy when treating the acute poisoning by organophosphorus insecticides. In poisoning by toxicants, the combined therapy is often used and has both theoretical and practial significances. Chen XY et al has recently reported Na-DMPS has protective effect against neuronal damage following ischemia and reperfusion in the rat brain[99]. Na-DMPS, as an exogenous dithiol compound icv significantly increased the latencyes and decreased the number of errors in cerebral ischemia reperfused mice. Meanwhile, Na-DMPS icv was found to be able to prevent the rise of malondialdehyde level induced by this experiment[100]. Sulfhydryl group compounds also have regulating actions to neuronal transmitters[101]. To explore the relationship between Na-DMPS and neurotransmitters or receptors will get brilliant achievement in neuropharmacology and neurotoxicology as against convulsion induced by tetramine and other central convulsants[73,74,102]. ++++++++++++++++++++++ Lots of technobabble, but the gist of it is apparent. Synthesis is the obvious first interest. There's a hint in the following statement from the same site. "In 1933, it was first synthesized by sulfamide and formaldehyde" Ammonia is an amine, and when reacted with formaldehyde forms hexamine. Now, substitute sulfamide for ammonia, and you introduce a sulfur molecule into the hexamine, forming TETS? EDIT: In the Merck Index, 13th ed., it's listed as entry #9300. Prep. from sulfamide, H2NSO2NH2, and formaldehyde in 60% H2SO4. Now, what I'm wondering is, did they mean: a) Sulfamide, [sulfamide formula], and formaldehyde? (2 chemicals) OR b) Sulfamide, [formula of something NOT sulfamide], and formaldehyde? (3 chemicals) H2NSO2NH2 is the formula for sulfamide, according to the formula index in the back of the Merck, but it could be something else. Direct reading of the original references is needed. Mega? ;) More info here: http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/chemical/pim982.htm Seems it's also soluble in DMSO. How nice. :) Company that'll make it for you as a research chemical: www.neosyn.com/prepharm.html CAS: 80-12-16 BIG listing of its properties and effects: http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/chemical/pim982.htm A link to fluoride-based pesticide references found while searching: http://www.fluoridealert.org/f-pesticides.htm A blog page with a structural diagram: http://blog.twblog.net/anion/archives/001716.html Following the URL on the pic leads to a possible synthesis, but in taiwanese. :( Being able to produce such a potent poison from such basic stock chemicals as ammonia, sulfur, formaldehyde, and such would greatly increase the potential for mass casualty jihad attacks by food poisoning, as we've seen already take place in china. Odorless, tasteless, lethal in 10mg doses, with fractions of that leaving the victims permanent gimps....oh....too good to pass up. This would be just the thing for poisoning your weapons as per RTPB, as no effective antidote is available for it, and

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symptoms would be confusing, resulting in a kill from a flesh wound. :) Of course, given the extremely toxic nature of the material, you'd have to be EXTREMELY careful in your preparation and handling of the material to prevent self-termination. BTW, welcome back! Gods, it's been ages! I've dispaired of good discussions lately.

simply RED

May 10th, 2004, 04:15 PM

mmmmmmmmmm JUST GREAT !!!!!

megalomania

May 13th, 2004, 01:36 AM

The synthesis of TETS looks like it follows the same mechanism as the formation of hexamethylenetetramine, a simple mixture of sulfamide and formaldehyde should do the trick. The role of sulfuric acid must be catalytic... I'll do some more research tomorrow, request the journal referenced in Merck, and report back. I do wonder how in the hell they came up with the acronum TETS, I would think it should be TMST or something. The simplicity of the reaction is best exemplified by the fact that even though it is banned in China, it is still very much a hot commodity and sold cheap on the streets. Cheap and easy... I found a reference to a story about people getting sick after eating dogs that were killed by the poison; that's just disgusting. Oh, and welcome back c0deblue!

nbk2000

May 13th, 2004, 06:29 PM

It even has the capacity for use as an incapacitant. Considering how effects manifest at several magnitudes less than the lethal dose, it wouldn't be too hard to specifically target a specific person with a dose that'd leave them hospitalized for a short spell, without killing them in the process. Though, you'd have to be prepared for possible fatality. The simplicity of the precursors, and a toxicity on par with organophosphates, makes it a possible additive for many other weapons, as a synergistic lethality enhancer. A food additive, in low doses, to farm animals and crops to contaminate them and make them toxic to humans? Possible agriterror agent?

megalomania

May 13th, 2004, 06:54 PM

I found a synthesis today, although I don't care much for the acid they used... Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (8). A mixture of 4 (96 mg, 1mmol), 6 (152 mg, 2mmol), and trifluoroacetic acid (5 mL) was stirred at room temp (6 hrs). The solid that formed was filtered and dried to give 126 mg (96%) of 8: mp 252-254 C. 4 is sulfamide NH2SO2NH2 6 is dimethoxymethane CH2(OMe)2 Journal of Organic Chemistry Vol. 55 No. 25, 1990 pg 6098-6104 Intra- and Intermolecular a-Sulfamidoalkylation Reactions Chai-Ho Lee and Harold Kohn Other refs: Dusenmund, J.;Schurreit, T. Arch. Pharm. (Weinheim) 1986, 319, 826. Dusenmund, J. Ibid. 1977, 310, 600. Hecht, G.; Henecka, H. Angew. Chem. 1949, 61, 365. -------------I suppose the good stuff is in the Angewandte Chemie article. Notice how this reaction involves only a mixture of two reactants with an acid. Just plain old stirring and the desired product precipitates. The aim of using dimethoxymethane was to insure maximum yields. This is also likely the reason they use such a strong acid as trifluoroacetic acid.

nbk2000

November 1st, 2004, 08:52 PM

Found another reference to a synthesis procedure which was used to prepare a comparative standard for a poisoning case. Mo J., His-Yuan C., Synthesis of tetramethylenetetramine disulfone, Yao Hsueh T'ung Pao, 7 (8) , (1959) 395. [English].

megalomania

November 2nd, 2004, 01:57 AM

I went ahead and requested the Yao Hsueh T'ung Pao (Chinese pharmaceutical bulletin) and Angewandte Chemie articles. Somebody remind me in a couple weeks what these articles are for :)

nbk2000

November 3rd, 2004, 07:33 PM

Merck says 60% sulfuric is used, so that replaces TFA, as who cares about maximum yield if you can't afford to use the astronomically expensive reagent? And dimethoxymethane (DMM) is used as an inhalant abuse deterrent, so there's a 'plausible deniability' reason for buying it. :) It's even OTC (at <5% w/ propellant gases and acetone) in K2r Spot Lifter-2/2003, Home inside, Customer Service#

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Given how the synthesis posted by mega uses sub-gram quantities, and TETS is lethal in <10mg doses, you could easily make get a couple of grams of formal (AKA for DMM) from a can of the aerosol spot-remover, and make at least a dozen lethal doses of TETS from it. :) A reference to DMM synthesis using exotic catalysts, that reference easier (less-efficient) processes. http://iglesia.cchem.berkeley.edu/JPhysChemB_107_10840_2003.pdf

Current state-of-the-art DMM synthesis processes involve methanol oxidation to formaldehyde on silver or iron molybdate catalysts, followed by subsequent condensation reactions of methanol-formaldehyde mixtures using sulfuric acid or solid acid catalysts.1,2 .......... 1. U.S. Patent 6,265,528 2. U.S. Patent 6,437,195

thrall

November 4th, 2004, 08:30 AM

I think even formaldihyde(formalin) can be used as substitute of dimethoxymethane since it seems that the fuction of dimethoxymethane is to provide ---CH2---- and that same thing is provided by formadihyde but the TENDENCY is less. Even merk says (first prepared by sulfamide, formaldyhyde and 60% sufuric acid..........) moreover it's solubility in water and acid both is very less and it's very stable compound so one can wait for a long time it takes to form in the formaldihyde method. Best part is that reaction occurs at room temparature so just mix and shake and wait.....filter the precipitate;).

Polverone

November 21st, 2004, 05:46 AM

A Potential Industrial Process for Sulfamide Ed. F. Degering, George C. Gross; Ind. Eng. Chem.; 1943; 35(7); 751-753. Brief summary of the relevant experimental bits: 75 ml of liquified anhydrous ammonia is chilled in a dry ice bath. To this is slowly added a solution of 20 ml of sulfuryl chloride in 210 ml of petroleum ether. During the addition, the flask contents are stirred vigorously (1000 RPM); the addition takes 2040 minutes. Then the ammonia is allowed to evaporate, remaining pet ether decanted/evaporated, and the white residue extracted in a soxhlet apparatus with methyl acetate (best), ethyl acetate, acetone, or MEK for 2+ hours. The extract is evaporated under vacuum on a steam bath and allowed to crystallize; it can be dried under vacuum and recrystallized from water to obtain solid white sulfamide melting at 91-93 degrees. Dilute acid hydrolysis of crude product before extraction improves yields 10-15 percent. There are detailed diagrams of apparatus, effects of varying parameters on yield, instructions for scaling up, etc. in the original article. This problem basically reduces to that of assembling the right apparatus and making/obtaining sulfuryl chloride.

megalomania

November 24th, 2004, 01:04 PM

The Angewandte Chemie article is in, but of course it is in German, so rather than translate it I will post a scan of the article and let you good people have at it. I also found a procedure in volume 1 of Preparatory Manual of Inorganic Chemistry for sulfamide. I'll post these as soon as I hook up my scanner...

megalomania

December 3rd, 2004, 06:30 PM

I have scanned in the Angewandte Chemie article. The Yao Hsueh T'ung Pao article is still pending. I have attached the article as well as an excerpt from the Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry concerning the synthesis of sulfamide. I hope someone out there will be willing to provide a German translation, at least of the actual parts relating to the synthesis.

c0deblue

December 12th, 2004, 05:30 AM

Here are two PDF files - an English translation of the Angewandte Chemie article, and the German original. I don't think any critical information or meanings were changed in transposing it to make it readable, but perhaps someone fluent in German could double check it. For comparison purposes, both documents are column-and-page identical to the original scan. Some observations: 1. Sulfamide-formaldehyde polymers are toxic only when reduced to particles small enough to be ingested, inhaled or absorbed, and then only to the extent of their actual TETS content. The described synthesis, on the other hand, produces pure TETS without the polymerization that normally binds it in a plastic matrix and renders it inert. This suggests that the function of the acid in TETS synthesis is strictly one of inhibiting the usual polymeric cross-linking, thereby allowing post-reaction separation of TETS crystals from a still-liquid medium. 2. If this is the case, almost any strong mineral acid should work. The article's authors synthesized TETS alternatively using concentrated hydrochloric acid and 60% sulfuric acid, apparently with equal success. The Lee-Kohn article posted earlier by Mega describes a synthesis using trifluoroacetic acid. Looks like the exact acid may not be critical at all, as long as it's strong enough and in sufficient quantity to inhibit polymerization. 3. The ratio of acid to be used isn't given in the article, but if the above analysis is correct the exact amount isn't critical. A quick way to find out might be to follow the described synthesis using urea instead of sulfamide. If the acid interferes with polymerization, an effective acid ratio could then be determined. The 1mol:2mol:5ml ratio given in the Lee-Kohn article might be a good starting point. Don't know about you, but I wouldn't want to be anywhere around this stuff. Of course it might be different if one had a (willing) assistant. "Here, pulverize these crystals for me. Use that big mortar and pound it up real fine." :eek:

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter megalomania

December 12th, 2004, 08:50 AM

Ahh, good. I was just going to bump this thread and see if a translation was underway. Where exactly did you get those PDF's c0deblue? Did you make those yourself or are they from some online journal database? Having an archive of old Angewandte Chemie articles, in English no less, would be a wonderful thing!

c0deblue

December 12th, 2004, 02:49 PM

Heh heh, no, unfortunately there's no online Angewandte Chemie database - at least nothing free. No translations anywhere either that I know of, and even the German versions available by subscription run many thousands for access. I had to make these the old-fashioned way - Photoshop your original scan, do initial OCR followed by a day of careful proofing and correcting due to the poor original, do initial setup of the German version in MS Word, run it through Systran and GE Trans, use various dictionaries to fill in a huge number of unrecognized words and run it through Systran again for improved context recognition, transpose the German construction to make it readable in English, set up the translation in a second Word document and conform it with the first, format everything and finally create PDFs from the Word files. No free lunch, as they say, but at least there's now something respectable for the RogueSci database. Still hoping someone will double check the translation though, since the only thing I know about German is that it's bloody difficult. :(

nbk2000

December 12th, 2004, 09:35 PM

If you could make a polymer of high TETS content, that'd make it safer to handle, while still making it useable as a weapon by explosive pulverization or thermal distillation (if it's volatile). Hell, just storing it would make it polymerization good, 'cause you could keep it in the form of a plastic figurine sitting on the shelf, harmless as could be, and simply shave a little off the bottom when you have an annoying houseguest to get rid of. ;) Cops are always testing powders and such, not plastic keychain fobs and candleholders. :p

SweNMFan

December 13th, 2004, 04:21 PM

Just found something.. http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=63-74-1&Units=SI Cut and paste ... Benzenesulfonamide, 4-amino* Formula: C6H8N2O2S * Molecular Weight: 172.21 * CAS Registry Number: 63-74-1 Other Names: Sulfanilamide; p-Aminobenzenesulfamide; p-Aminobenzenesulfonamide; p-Aminobenzenesulfonylamide; pAminophenylsulfonamide; p-Anilinesulfonamide; p-Sulfamidoaniline; p-Sulfamoylaniline; A-349; Albexan; Albosal; Ambeside; Aniline-p-sulfonic amide; antiStrept; Astreptine; Astrocid; Bacteramid; Bactesid; Collomide; Colsulanyde; Copticide; Deseptyl; Dipron; Ergaseptine; Erysipan; Estreptocida; Exoseptoplix; F 1162; Fourneau 1162; Gerison; Gombardol; Infepan; Lusil; Lysococcine; Neococcyl; Orgaseptine; Prontalbin; Prontosil album; Prontosil i; Prontosil white; Prontylin; Pronzin album; Proseptal; Proseptine; Proseptol; Pysococcine; Pabs; Rubiazol A; Sanamid; Septamide album; Septanilam; Septinal; Septolix; Septoplex; Septoplix; Stopton album; Stramid; Strepamide; Strepsan; Streptagol; Streptamid; Streptasol; Streptocid; Streptocid album; Streptocide; Streptocide white; Streptoclase; Streptocom; Streptol; Strepton; Streptopan; Streptosil; Streptozol; Streptozone; Streptrocide; Sulfamidyl; Sulfamine; Sulfana; Sulfanalone; Sulfanidyl; Sulfanil; Sulfanilimidic acid; Sulfocidine; Sulfonamide; Sulfonamide p; Sulfonylamide; Sulphanilamide; Sulphonamide; Therapol; Tolder; White streptocide; 1162 F; 4-Aminobenzenesulfonamide; 4-Aminophenylsulfonamide; 4-Sulfamoylaniline; Benzenesulfonamide, pamino-; Streptamin; Sulfocidin; Sulfanilamide Vaginal Cream; 4-(Aminosulfonyl)aniline; p-Aminobenzensulfonamide The third from the end is a intresting one.. :D And Merck Porofor® BSH Monograph Number: 7679 Title: Porofor® BSH CAS Registry Number: 80-17-1 CAS Name: Benzenesulfonic acid hydrazide Additional Names: benzenesulfohydrazide; phenylsulfohydrazide Molecular Formula: C6H8N2O2S Molecular Weight: 172.21. Percent Composition: C 41.85%, H 4.68%, N 16.27%, O 18.58%, S 18.62% Line Formula: C6H5SO2NHNH2 Literature References: Ref: Lober, Angew. Chem. 64, 65 (1952). Properties: Crystals, dec 103-104° with the evolution of nitrogen. May be stored indefinitely at temps up to 80°. Sensitive to moist oxidizing agents. Use: Gas generating agent for use in making foam rubber and foam plastics.

c0deblue

December 13th, 2004, 09:30 PM

SweNMFan: Thanks for the contribution and research, but while it would be great to be able to list an alternative for Sulfamide, I somehow doubt that this is it. I'd certainly welcome being corrected if you have a well-reasoned case for how Sulfonamide could be used in TETS synthesis. Sulfamide and Sulfonamide are different substances, although some references fail to draw a clear distinction. It was exactly this ambiguity that led the authors of the Angewandte Chemie article to state in a footnote concerning Sulfamide: "Not to be confused with Sulfonamide or its derivatives." On the other hand, the T'ung Pao article that Mega is still waiting for refers to TETS as "tetramethylenetetramine disulfone", so perhaps there's a possibility after all. Maybe that article will shed further light on the subject.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter megalomania

December 13th, 2004, 10:23 PM

I asked about the T'ung Pao article Friday because I have neither received a notice that it is in nor did I get a rejection notice that they could not find it. The guy checked the database of outstanding requests, but did not find an order for it. So, it looks like the T'ung Pao article has fallen through the cracks somewhere. I won't be able to request iy again until after the new year since it is Christmas break at the library.

SweNMFan

December 14th, 2004, 04:46 PM

The Sulfamide ?? http://www.pfaltzandbauer.com/cgi-bin/details.pl?type=cas&order=chemname&chem=7803-58-9&page=1&item=S11000 $72.00 / 5 G !!

And http://www.spectrumchemical.com/retail/product.asp?catalog%5Fname=Chemicals&product%5Fid=1060339# $25.85 / 5 G It doesn't seem restricted in any way..

megalomania

December 15th, 2004, 06:54 AM

c0deblue, would you be willing to start a new thread describing exactly how you did that translation? There are so many nonEnglish references available that it would be nice to have some process of machine translating them, at least the bulk of the words. There are a million things I want to get from the Beilstein Index, Chemische Berichte, Annalen, Angewandte Chemie, and various patents that I just ignore because the thought of going through by hand and translating the words would be too time consuming. Your process sounds like it could speed things up greatly. PS. Sorry about the scan, I edited and compressed it quite a lot to get it to fit on the board.

c0deblue

December 15th, 2004, 05:50 PM

Mega: I'll write something up and post it in The Water Cooler. Might take a day or so before I can get to it. SweNMFan: The U.S. prices for Sulfamide and everything else are absurd. $25.85 for a 5 g quantity???!!! The REAL value of the stuff is reflected in the import price currently quoted for the chemical industry in India - Sulfamide $11.80 USD per kg at point of entry, and there are probably lots of Asian makers who would ship it for less than that. The money grubbing middlemen in this country price everything as though it was going to be used as the international gas chromatography standard or something. Oh for the days when you could just go to an industrial chem supplier and pick up a bucket of this and a carboy of that and still have enough left in your pocket for lunch!

nbk2000

December 18th, 2004, 07:39 PM

RDX is made by reacting formaldehyde/AcO/AN, and RDX is bound into plastic matrixs' as PBXN's, and sulfamide reacts with formaldehyde to form TETS, so.... Would it be possible to form TETS in-situ with RDX, using an excess of formaldhyde to react with the additional sulfamide? This may be better added afterwards, but hey... Or using a sulfamide/formaldehyde resin to make a PBXN that, upon detonation, disperses TETS in an aersolized form? Sounds like just the thing for an anti-personnel weapon. Explosive for blast/frag, and TETS to contaminate wounds and target area, to both ensure kills and deny area. Considering how piss easy it is to make (once you've got sulfamide), how could you NOT use it? :) Found a place in the US that sells a half-key of sulfamide for $70. Not a huge bargain, but much less than the bastard 5gram rip-offs.

megalomania

December 19th, 2004, 02:05 PM

I believe amides react with anhydrides to form imides as well as cyclic imides. Amides also react with ammonia salts, although I don't know if that includes ammonium nitrate or just organic salts. With the stated decomposition temperature (in Merck) of 255-260 degrees C I wonder if the heat of an explosion would not render it largely inert. Perhaps one of the cooler temperature explosives would work? Encasing an explosive charge with a shell of tetramethylenedisulfotetramine may be a better option than a plasticized matrix. This would certainly be a better compound to use than osmium tetroxide for both toxicity and economic reasons. By the way, I see this thread is number 8 on google for tetramethylenedisulfotetramine.

FUTI

December 20th, 2004, 02:42 PM

problem with price of chemicals is that when you buy something from respectable / reliable source that charge a lot of money is that you can complain and press charges agains them if they fucked the substance you ordered (so they guaranted for purity). In the case of India and other countries with all respect I have it is not the case. But they are so cheap that a large number of US companies are importing their "products" and just doing final purification step as it turns out to be more economic then to set up a whole new line for a new product. So if you want something for research buy from "brand name company" for else you can buy from "no-name" company as you going to purify it before doing anything. This is an fantastic thread...I have nothing to add:)

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter SweNMFan

December 26th, 2004, 01:40 PM

Rewrote the preparation of sulfamide from Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry vol 1... The main problem is how to make -80C and maintain it for 3-4 hours.. :mad:

c0deblue

December 27th, 2004, 04:43 AM

"The main problem is how to make -80C and maintain it for 3-4 hours.. " A cooling bath of dry ice and acetone or alcohol gives a temperature of about -79C. Presumably the specified -80C has little to do with the reaction and is primarily to keep the liquified NH3 well below its -33C boiling point and to minimize volatilization. For this purpose, anything -60C or lower ought to work. A wide mouth thermos of appropriate size should maintain the cooling bath for the required period, particularly if the reactor vessel is mounted in a cork stopper (with a suitable pressure vent).

SweNMFan

January 6th, 2005, 08:17 AM

Ok.. To sum it up. To make TETS one needs sulfamide and formaldehyde and a acid. Sulfamide is insanely expencive so that one have to syntesise and that is done by reacting liquid ammonia with Sulfuryl chloride in a cold bath of dryice and ethanol. Sulfuryl chloride is nearly impossible to find as it is higly toxic so one have to make that as well. Could be done reacting fumes from burning Sulphur and Chlorine gas thru activated charcoal Liquid ammonia is also hard to find nowdays so that too have to be made.. Dry Ice and ethanol is atleast easy to find ;)

nbk2000

January 7th, 2005, 05:34 PM

Considering how toxic TETS is, $100/pound (includes shipping) for sulfamide isn't too expensive, as the resulting product would make tens of thousands of lethal doses. :) Imagine how many poison bullets, darts, and frags you could make with that. :D What's the thermal stability of TETS? Subliminate-able?

SweNMFan

January 7th, 2005, 08:08 PM

I still haven't found a cheaper source than the $29/5g :( But I got my hands on a used Soxhlet extractor and a few other usefull glasswares.. so if I one day could synth sulfamide I can atleast purify it.. hmm maybe I should grow some Fusarium tricinctum and extract T-2 instead..

nbk2000

January 23rd, 2005, 11:14 PM

Seems the buggers are developing effective anitdotes for TETs. :( Generally seems to be a combination of a derivative of BAL (British Anti-Lewiste), sodium dimercaptopropane sulfonate , and Vitamin B6. Though recognition of symptoms in time for effective treatment in western nations where TETS is not (yet) a common means of poisoning remains to be seen. :p But having an effective prophalytix pre-treatment for yourself is good. From http://www.chinaphar.com/1671-4083/25/534.htm:

Ying BY, Chen ZZ, Chen ZK, Zhang SQ, Lin W. A clinical study on Na-DMPS in the emergency treatment of acute tetramine intoxication. Chin J Intern Med 2000; 30: 100-2. Haskell AR, Voss E. The pharmacology of tetramine (Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine). J Am Pharm Assoc (Sci ed) 1957; 46: 239-42. Smythies JR. Relationship between the chemical structure and biological activity of convulsants. Ann Rev Pharmacol 1974; 14: 9-22. Roberts CJ, James VA, Collins JF, Walker RJ. The action of seven convulsants as antagonists of the GABA of limulus neurons. Comp Biochem Physiol 1981; 70: 91-6. Bowery NG, Brown DA, Collins JF. Tetramethylenedisul-photetramine, an inhibitor of g-aminobutyric acid induced depolarization of isolated superior cervical ganglion of the rat. Br J Pharmacol 1975; 55: 422-4. Large WA. Effect of tetramethylenedisulfotetramine on the membrane conductance increase produced by g-aminobutyric acid at the crab neuromuscular junction. Br J Pharmacol 1975; 53: 598-9. Zhang CY, Zhu TJ, Chen XY, Hu GX, Lin D. The convulsive effects and mechanism of tetramethylenedisulpho-tetramine. J Health Toxicol 2001; 15: 5-7. Zhang CY, Zhu TJ, Hu GX, Chen XY, Liu DX, Chen ZK. Effect of sodium dimercaptopropanesulfonate on antagonism tetramethylenedisulphotetramine to GABA receptor. Acta Pharmacol sin 2001; 22: 435-9.

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Zhu TJ, Zhang CY, Chen XY, Hu GX, Chen ZK. Protective effects of sulfhydryl compounds on acute poisoning with tetramine in mice. J Wenzhou Med Coll 2000; 30: 3-4. Zhang CY, Zhu TJ, Chen XY, Hu GX, Chen ZK. Antidotal effects of sodium dimercaptopropane sulfonate on acute poisoned animals with tetramethylenedisulphotetramine. J Wenzhou Med Coll 2000; 30: 179-81. Hu GX, Chen XY, Zhou HJ, Lin D, Zhu TJ. Protective effects of sodium dimercaptopropanesulfonate with and without combined administration of diazepam on acute poisoned animals with tetramethylenedisulphotetramine. J Labour Med 2001; 18: 28890. Qiu ZW, Lan M, Zhuang JH, Xia YJ, Huang SQ. Antidotal effects of vitamin B6 and sodium dimercaptopropane sulfonate on acute poisoning with tetramethylenedisulpho-tetramine in animals. Chin J Intern Med 2002; 41: 186-8. Ying BY, Fan X, Zhang SQ, Chen LM, Zhuang R, Lin W. Observation of therapeutic effects on Na-DMPS in antidotal treatment of acute tetramine poisoning. Chin J Intern Med 2000; 59: 767-8. Chen SQ, Zhu GF. Experience of antidotal effects of sodium dimercaptopropane sulfonate against acute poisoning of tetramine in children. Pediatr Emerg Med 2002; 9: 165. Jin LY, Zhang HS. Observation of therapeutic effects of sodium dimercaptopropane sulfonate against tetramine poisoning in 11 cases. Chin J Pract Pediatr 2002; 17: 308. Liang YJ, Chen J, Zhang W. Analysis of neuropsychic disorders were caused by tetramethylenedisulphotetramine poisoning in 12 cases. J Intern Inten Med 2002; 8: 206. Liao Y, Tang XH. Song JG, Zhong BX. Clinical observation of acute severe tetramine poisoning in 15 patients. Chin Occup Med 2002; 29: 52. Chen GL. Analysis of tetramine poisoning in 24 cases. Zhejiang Clin Med J 2001; 3: 133. Zhang YZ, Fan QJ, Lu C, Yin LS. An epidemiological investigative analysis of tetramine poisoning. Pract Prevent Med 2001; 8: 42. Wang ZY, Zhang QF, Lu HQ. Clinical observation of treatment of tetramine poisoning with sodium dimercaptopropane sulfonate. Clin Med 2001; 21: 27-8. Nai YF. Congregate acute poisoning by tetramine in 88 cases. Clin Focus 2003; 18: 105-6. Li YR, Zhu SQ. Analysis of acute tetramethylenedisulpho-tetramine in 15 cases. J Intern Inten Med 2002; 8: 27, 31. Xing Y, Xu H. Report of congregate poisoning by tetramine in 68 cases. Chin J Pract Pediatr 2002; 17: 315. Bai XH, Zhang WW. Clinical analysis of acute tetramine poisoning in 21 cases. Clin Med 2002; 22: 16. Meng XK. Advances in studies of poisoning by tetramine. Chin J Crit Care Med 2002; 22: 245-66. Lin ZB, Xing Y, Xu H, Lu CZ, Zhang YX. The congregate intoxication of prohibitive rodenticides and emergent treatment in children. Chin J Crit Care Med 2002; 22: 403-5. Shi L, Feng JZ. Inquiry of emergent rescue on acute poisoning by tetramine (additional report in 32 cases). Clin Emerg J 2002; 3: 184. Fu JX, Zong Y, Qin GR. Advances in diagnosis and treatment of poisoning by rodenticides. Chin J Crit Care Med 2002; 22: 5961. Wei SK, Lin SJ, Huang X, Xie LL. Sodium dimercaptopro-pane sulfonate combined with vitamin B6 to rescue acute tetramine poisoning in 13 cases. (Observation and nurse of treatment). Jiujiang Med J 2001; 15: 179. Zhang CY, Zhu TJ, Chen ZK. Protective action of mercapto- compounds on cellular injury. J Wenzhou Med Coll 2000; 30 Suppl; 27-9. Shi DM. Antidotes. In: Ding QF, chief editor. Pharma-cology. 4th ed. Beijing: People's Medical Publishing House; 2001. p 314. Zhang CY, Zhu TJ, Chen XY, Hu GX, Chen ZK. Actions on sodium dimercaptopropane sulfonate against convulsions lnduced by tetramethylenedisulfotetramine. Chin Pharm J 2001; 36: 736-8.

megalomania

January 23rd, 2005, 11:49 PM

It makes one wonder if they are researching the cure if only because they are weaponizing TETS...

SweNMFan

January 24th, 2005, 01:45 PM

I still think that here in the west a doctor wouldn't suspect TETS in the first place. More likely to sent the patient to a CAT or MRI scanner to check for brain damage/ tumors..

nbk2000

January 26th, 2005, 03:15 AM

Mega, I had the same thought, as how could the chinks miss the obvious utility of such a thing? After all, the nerve agents came to use after their utility as weapons was recognized during their development as pesticides. So too must TETS after its use as a 'humacide' in so many mass poisonings in china.

Emc2

June 17th, 2005, 11:48 PM

All is great info, but attachments posted by megalomania seem to be not available. I did register and loged-in to read it, however it still shows an error message when I try to view them.

Emc2

June 17th, 2005, 11:48 PM

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All is great info, but attachments posted by megalomania seem to be not available. I did register and loged-in to read it, however it still shows an error message when I try to view them.

nbk2000

April 26th, 2006, 06:07 AM

Incorrect. I just now downloaded both of them, so the problem is on your end. :p

MrSamosa

June 4th, 2006, 08:37 PM

Taking a shot in the dark here regarding Sulfamide preparation: Amides can be prepared by reacting Ammonia/Amines with Acyl Chlorides, which is the method that the posted synthesis uses; but they can also be prepared by reacting ammonia/amine with the acid anhydride. What I'm getting at is making Sulfamide by reacting Sulfur Dioxide (or Trioxide?) directly with Ammonia. This would cut out the steps of working with nasty Chlorine fumes and the even nastier Sulfuryl Chloride. EDIT: Sorry, this won't work. From http://www.tramfloc.com/tf88.html : When a sulfur dioxide leak occurs, it is easily detected by the sharp, pungent odor of the vapor. The location of the leak may be determined by means of ammonia vapor dispensed from a squeeze bottle, or by the use of an ammonia swab. When the ammonic comes in contact with the sulfur dioxide vapor, dense white fumes of ammonium sulfate form near the leak. And on sulfur trioxide: http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/jpcafh/2003/107/i27/abs/jp034531w.html Apparently it forms some weird clusters/complex.

FUTI

June 6th, 2006, 08:29 AM

AFAIR 25% NH3 water solution mixed with concentrated H2SO4 makes enough heat to evaporate all water and leave solid ammonium-sulfate. This is industrial procedure for some batch type large reactors though, but knowing this I assume that mixing of ammonia and SO3 won't produce sulfamide if even a trace of water is present and reaction for producing of sulfamide from those reactants isn't posible without formation of water and...you can guess the rest of the story. For those complex type compounds look for Karl-Fischer titration of water and you will find more or less the same stuff. Sulfur oxides love amines of all kinds.

meyer25

August 27th, 2006, 01:55 PM

Has anybody thought of preparing sulfamide by pyrolising ammonium sulfamate (used as acidic cleaner and herbicide) H<sub>2N-SO<sub>3<sup>-NH<sub>4<sup>+? Or heating it with some dehydrating agent, such as tin tetrachloride?

nbk2000

August 8th, 2007, 07:33 PM

As it turns out, there's a patent for making Sulphamide using gaseous Ammonia and Sulphur Trioxide crystals. :) US2117626 Gets about a 25% yield. Combine with that other patent for decomposing ammonium sulphate into sulfur trioxide, old chemical techniques of decomposing ammonium sulphate into anhydrous ammonia gas, and you've got a pretty OTC means of making it. :)

Telkor

June 5th, 2008, 12:07 PM

I wonder if it's possible tor produce it (or at least something similar) using Sulfamic Acid. The structure's quite similar to Sulfamide, one NH2 ist replaced by OH. It's much cheaper and might react similar. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Botulin extraction? akinrog

May 29th, 2004, 04:55 PM

Dear Forumites, While searching the net I found the following patent (http://www.pharmcast.com/Patents/Yr2003/Jan2003/011403/6506399_Botulinism011403.htm) which IMHO gives hints regarding the extraction of (pure?) Botulin (which causes botulism disease (food poisoning). Although the patent contained in this link is not directly related to extraction of botulin, there are some hints regarding a possible extraction by forming Zinc complexes of botulin. The important part (again IMHO), is the part that states botulin forms a complex with Zn++ ions. I can readily assume that the zinc-botilum complex precipates enabling the chemist to separate the pure protein. Any ideas? (I mean is it possible to extract the protein from a slurry, or anybody else know how this stuff is produced/extracted?) P.S. Since botulin is not a genunie CW (for it is biologically obtained) nor it is a genuine BW (for it's a protein meaning it originates from biological sources), I could not post this under the existing threads. However, please move this post to relevant thread (if any) if you find creating a new thread for this subject is inconvenient. P.S.2 The toxicological data for this protein is very interesting (ranging from mg order to picogram order :eek: ) according to this link (http://hazard.com/msds/tox/gw.cgi? query=botulin&whole=partial&start=0). But natural product's toxicological range is almost at picogram level.

akinrog

May 31st, 2004, 10:42 AM

Hi, I found following article (http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=377283&action=stream&blobtype=pdf) entitled with the title of this post. This article gives a method for producing botulinum toxin by the bacteria. I am now searching for method for isolating the pure toxin. Regards

IMPORTANT EDIT : Unfortunately when I searched deeper into this issue, I noticed C. Perfringens species do not produce botulism toxin but is a bacteria responsible for gas gangrene. Sorry for this inconvenience. However, we may readily assume that C. Botulinum may also be cultivated in this manner.

nbk2000

June 1st, 2004, 01:01 PM

In Uncle Festers "Silent Death, 2nd ed." on the FTP, you'll find some references to botulism cultivation. But they're rather incomplete. Rather, use the provided citations to find further information in the relevant journals. I found "Journal of Infectious Diseases" to be especially informative, as the early ones (pre-40's) to be very do-able on an experimentialist scale. Things like crystallizing typhoid toxin, cultivating gas gangrene, and all those other neat-o things you can do with germs. :D

akinrog

June 2nd, 2004, 02:51 AM

Things like crystallizing typhoid toxin, :D I was looking for something like above. I am now in search of a method to precipitate the botulin protein from the broth. Some theoric approaches may be like this: First filtering the cultivated broth (which contains little germs) so as to remove suspended solids. Then finding a method (which IMHO involves adding a Zn++ ion) to the filtrate to precipitate the protein. However, it is necessary to determine which salt of Zn is suitable for this process. And then how to recover Botulin from Botulin-Zinc complex. :(

akinrog

June 4th, 2004, 07:56 AM

In Uncle Festers "Silent Death, 2nd ed." on the FTP, you'll find some references ...... Argh! Fool me! I didn't listen to (or more properly read) what you wrote. I now actually scrutinized relevant section in Silent Death and it really contains a pretty good method (which involves precipitation of the toxin protein with acid and not even related to my foolish (or Kewlish) assumptions). I think I am a fixed minded guy :(. Sorry for the trouble I created. Anyway thank you for your hint. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Ricin Extracton Xanax

> Battlefield Log in

August 19th, 2004, 08:47 PM

I´ve got a lot of castor beans, which i have rem o v e d t h e h u l l a n d p i c k e t o u t t h e s e e d . T h e n s m a s h e d t h e s e e d a n d e x t r a c t i t with acetone, three tim es. It still remaining about 1,5 grams of powder, and I don´t think all of this is pure ricin. It´s also s m e l l s a c e t o n e a n d s e e m s to be kind of oily. So, what to do? Pure it with acetone a few tim e s m o r e ?

Another question is; I also have revom eved the hulls from a lot of jequirity beans, which contain abrin, a ricin-like substanse. But is there any m e t h o d t o e x traxt the abrin from this beans?

Sarevok

August 19th, 2004, 09:01 PM

Read US3060165 if you want to extract ricin from castor beans. You need water to extract it; acetone doesn't work because ricin is not soluble in acetone. Acetone only works to remove some of the oil. Yo u a l s o n e e d s o d i u m sulfate to precipitate the ricin. You need to keep the pH within a certain range during the extraction. Just read the patent.

mrcfitzgerald

August 19th, 2004, 09:33 PM

I a m n o t s u r e p a t e n t 3 0 6 0 1 6 5 i s a s v a l i d a s m a n y p e o p l e a s s u m e , i t a p p e a r s t h a t t h e e x t r a c t i o n d e n a t u r e s m u c h o f the desired Ricin. (At least the writers of National Security Notes believe so...) More in fo can be found at: http:// www.globalse curity.org/org/nsn/nsn-040723.htm However, I am not knowledgeable enough to know whether or not National Security Notes' assertion it true. Can anyone shed light on this m ater?

Sarevok

August 20th, 2004, 04:36 PM

W hat I know is that ricin is soluble in water and not soluble in acetone. Therefore, you need water to extract it from the castor beans, not acetone. Acetone can be used to de-oil the pulp, of course. I will read this page now, mrcfitzgerald, but I do believe that both the patent and the NSN are prob ably saying half truths and half lies. :( EDIT: The text is attacking the "cookbook recipes" for ricin (we already knew they were full of shit, anyways), not ex actly the patent. They don't really say "the pate nt is wrong, they lie". They merely say it would perhaps not yield a pure product. T h e p a t e n t m ay not be perfect, but it is still the best source on ricin we have. EDIT2: Ok, let's supp o s e t h e p r o c e d u r e d e n a t u res the protein. Those who are concerned with ricin (I'm not) m ust th e n r e a d b o o k s o n p r o t e i n s a n d b i o c h e m istry and then experiment and develop their own procedure.

mrcfitzgerald

August 20th, 2004, 06:04 PM

The specific area of m y concern is where the author of the text states: "Without g oing into even greater scientific detail, it is clear from a straight reading that the patent's intent was to prod uce a product for use in a biological weapon. It is equally obvious to the expert that as published it contains fundam ental errors in the application o f biochem ical methods of protein purification. In fact, som e o f t h e m ethodology would actually denature an active protein rather than preserve it, a piece of information that is not at all to be seen in laym an litera ture com menting upon it." -Now, certainly the assertion isnt that the patent "lies" but in th at it does not produce a pure prod uct. Going into fu rther detail, the text tells us that the patented m ethod yeilds a variety of assorted proteins -certainly more concentrated in ricin than a m ashed pulp, but still som ewhat d e n a t u r e d a n d n o t p u r e . T h e r e a l q u e s t i o n i s , f o r t h o s e m o r e a c q u a i n t e d with bio-chemistry than I, by what m e a n s w o u l d o n e achieve purity of the product? [edit]- I didnt see Sarevok's last edit as I was writting this one, sorry :(

Sarevok

August 20th, 2004, 06:11 PM

Certain conditions such as tem perature and pH can denature a protein. Denatured proteins are proteins that have lost m a n y o f their m ost stable inte ractions, rendering them inactive or dysfunctional. Since the body acts to m aintain a tem perature of 37 d e g r e e s C e l s i u s a n d a p H o f 7 t h r o u g h o u t i t s t i s s u e s , e n z y m es will function m ore efficiently in these conditions. If these conditions are disrupted, proteins will begin to denature Source (http://www.google.com.br/search? q = c a c h e : o x G M Y x m 9BMMJ:www.sparknotes.com/nutrition/aminoacids/section1.htm l+denature+protein+pH&hl=pt-BR) T h e p a t e n t s a y s a p H o f 3 o r s o m ething should be used. Perhaps this denatures the protein. A pH of 7 would be m o r e suitable, I th ink, if proteins are sim ilar (i.e. if ricin requires the same pH range th e proteins in our body require to survive). There are also other variables (chemicals used, tem perature, etc) that m ay denature a protein. Like you, I don't kn ow m uch of biochem istry. Read this (http://www.google.com .br/search?q=cache:CBSlsSj1jQ QJ:www.courses.psu.edu/fd_sc/fd_sc400_jn c3/proteins/ denat.htm+denature+protein+pH&hl=pt-BR) too.

Bugger

August 20th, 2004, 10:21 PM

Castor seeds contain, as well as ricin (the m ain protein/polypeptide, which when pure is a white powder), fatty acid triglycerides (lipids), the chief of which (85%) is that of ricinoleic acid, which is an unsaturated alpha-hydroxy acid, C17H32(O H)C O O H , s o m ewhat sim ilar to oleic acid (8% of castor oil). O rganic solvents such a s acetone would dissolve the latter, but the ricin would be practically insoluble in all solvents because of its molecular size and internal bonding.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Because ricin is a liver poison, through containing a polypeptide sequence which cannot be m e t a b o lized by hum a n s ( t o a d s t o o l and puffer-fish poisons work in the sam e way), it is m ost unlikely that "d enaturation", e.g. by heating (as in the usual cooking of protein foods), which involves the deactivation of enzym e a n d h o r m o n e receptor sites in the pro tein m olecule, would significantly reduce its toxicity. I think that castor seeds also contain small am ounts of other su bstances, e.g. water soluble starches, and, on the seed casing, waxes (long-chain alcohols). Bugger.

nbk2000

August 23rd, 2004, 02:11 PM

Extrem es of pH, tem perature, and mechanical stresses would denature the protein. Thus, you'd want to u s e m oderation in all these things to m inimize the losses. The acid/alkali precipitation process would be the m ain are a, I'd think, for caution. T e m perature s s h o u l d b e a s l o w as possible to prevent heat-denaturing, and mechanical stresses eliminated in the reduction to inha lable particles by using standing-wave acostic grinding.

Child-of-Bodom

March 29th, 2005, 11:39 AM

sorry for bringing this old thread up, I have some recom endations for working with proteins, which was part of my job. If you want to extract proteins, you have to do this in a buffersolution, (like tris/HCl, m o p s o , o r e v e n a s i m p l e p h o s p h a t e buffer) to keep the PH a little constant, that will keep the protein stable. Once you have extracted anything, keep it cold all the time, proteins are not stable outside their n atural envirement. Y o u c a n f r e e z e t h e m at -20°C rather good, but please think of it that activity gets lost when you warm it up... If you intent to use it, and it is possible, add som e DTT (dithiothreitol, C4H10O2S2) or B-m ercaptoethanol to keep it as active a s p ossible... It would be hard though to let som eone eat something wich smells of H2S... :rolleye s:

Child-of-Bodom

March 29th, 2005, 11:39 AM

sorry for bringing this old thread up, I have some recom endations for working with proteins, which was part of my job. If you want to extract proteins, you have to do this in a buffersolution, (like tris/HCl, m o p s o , o r e v e n a s i m p l e p h o s p h a t e buffer) to keep the PH a little constant, that will keep the protein stable. Once you have extracted anything, keep it cold all the time, proteins are not stable outside their n atural envirement. Y o u c a n f r e e z e t h e m at -20°C rather good, but please think of it that activity gets lost when you warm it up... If you intent to use it, and it is possible, add som e DTT (dithiothreitol, C4H10O2S2) or B-m ercaptoethanol to keep it as active a s p ossible... It would be hard though to let som eone eat something wich smells of H2S... :rolleye s:

Child-of-Bodom

March 29th, 2005, 11:39 AM

sorry for bringing this old thread up, I have some recom endations for working with proteins, which was part of my job. If you want to extract proteins, you have to do this in a buffersolution, (like tris/HCl, m o p s o , o r e v e n a s i m p l e p h o s p h a t e buffer) to keep the PH a little constant, that will keep the protein stable. Once you have extracted anything, keep it cold all the time, proteins are not stable outside their n atural envirement. Y o u c a n f r e e z e t h e m at -20°C rather good, but please think of it that activity gets lost when you warm it up... If you intent to use it, and it is possible, add som e DTT (dithiothreitol, C4H10O2S2) or B-m ercaptoethanol to keep it as active a s p ossible... It would be hard though to let som eone eat something wich smells of H2S... :rolleye s:

arnold

Novem ber 19th, 2005, 09:28 AM

can I prepare ricin fro m e x p i r e d c a s t o r b e a n s ?

BlackFalcoN

January 1st, 2008, 02:04 PM

I don't think the lye/acetone extraction is a very useful procedure at all. Ricin is a pro tein, and m ost proteins are denatured when put into contact with ace tone. All one wou ld get from extracting or purifying with acetone is a denatured substance of protein. T h e s a m e g o e s f o r t h e t r e a t m ent of the beans with lye. S o m e extraction procedures ("recipes" by Kurt Saxon, U ncle Fester, crapbooks and others) recomm end putting the castor b e a n s i n t o a s o l u t i o n o f l y e , t o e a s e t h e r e m oval of their hard outer shells. W hile effective in aiding the rem oval o f the shells, sodium hydroxide is a strong base which will not only "m ush up" the hard outer shells, but will also com e into contact with the fleshy inner part of the castor bean. This will inevitably denature a certain a m ount of the ricin present. B r e a k i n g u p t h e u n s o aked hulls with pliers is m aybe not as easy as first letting the beans soak in lye, but it will prevent the b e a n s t o c o m e in con tact with the lye which will cause denaturing . (Note that putting them in a grinder is also not recom m ended, since there will be heat involved in this process which can also denature the protein you are after ) Ricin is an album en, which m eans it's a water soluble protein. Album inoids can easily be e xtracted from a protein sludge, by using a sulfa te water solution (sodium/am m o n i u m / m a g n e s i u m /... sulfates) which is basically what the patent US3060165 and other sources recomm e n d . The key is to get a relative oil-free pulp to start from, a nd aceto ne is not really an option according to my research. Castor oil is a comm ercial product which has m u l t i p l e u s e s a n d h a s b e e n p r o d u c e d f o r a g e s . A l l o n e n e e d s i s t o o b t a i n a m anual 'hobby' oil press to rid the beans of their oil. I have attached a file that describes the process that was used in 1905 b y Osborne, Mendel and Harris to e xtract ricin. It was this research that was eventually perfected into patent US3060165. It also has observations on th e lethality (LD50) of this preparate on various anim als Attached: 'A Study of an Extrem ely Pure Preparation of Ricin By Cyrus W . Field M.D.'

Man Down Under

January 2nd, 2008, 02:41 AM

Attachm e n t s t a k e a l o n g t i m e t o g e t a p p r o v e d , s o p o s t i n g t h e m t o r a p i d s h a r e w o u l d s e e m t o b e a g o o d t h i n g , t o g e t t h e m o u t

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pending approval, which is what I'm doing now. A direct link to the file: http://www.je m.org/cgi/reprint/12/4/55 1.pdf

T h e m i n i m al lethal dose of the preparation under discussion was as follows: for rabbits, o.oooi milligram per kilo; for guinea pigs, 0.0008 milligram per kilo; for dogs, 0.0006 milligram per kilo, for cats, o.ooo2 m illigram per kilo; for goats, 0 .003 m illigram per kilo (death in th ree days).

Sounds like good stuff!

BlackFalcoN

January 2nd, 2008, 03:13 PM

Attachm e n t s t a k e a l o n g t i m e t o g e t a p p r o v e d My mistake for posting so soon after New Year I guess ;) [hangovers tend to have that effect on m o d s : p ] Anyway, after browsing heaps of patents, I found another m ethod of extracting le ctins. (proteins such as ricin, abrin, ... ) If one wants to obtain sm all q uantities for individual targeting rather than a W MD approach, a very useful and chem ical free way of extraction would be to utilise a laboratory m icrocentrifuge ( 5000x - 10.000x g range). There would be no heat or strong acids/bases involved, so it's far less possible to denature the protein strings in the process. After centrifuging the pulp in a solvent (5% ace tic acid seems to be the consensus, to get a slightly acidic m e d i u m t o o p t i m ize protein extra ction), one would sim ply have to rem ove the supernate from the pellet form ed in the Eppendo rf tube with a pipe tte to ob tain a crude lectin extract in water/solvent.

HypocriticalBuddhist

June 4th, 2008, 02:12 AM

Because ricin is a liver poison, through containing a polypeptide sequence which cannot be m e t a b o lized by hum a n s ( t o a d s t o o l and puffer-fish poisons work in the sam e way), it is m ost unlikely that "d enaturation", e.g. by heating (as in the usual cooking of protein foods), which involves the deactivation of enzym e a n d h o r m o n e receptor sites in the pro tein m olecule, would significantly reduce its toxicity. It's not that simple at all, it enter's a cell, attaches to and rR NA m olecule and tears it apart. Denaturing would have a huge affect. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Injex thrall

August 25th, 2004, 10:16 AM

S o m e d a y s a g o t h e r e was that discussion on insulin as weapon and the problem was to inject the thing in the place where the entry of needle would not be found. In that and in many other p ossible cases I think this thing can be used http:// www.injex.com /:). A n eedleLESS injection system (painless as well). Canbe used for everything(possibilities are infinite ;)). So I thought I should better start a thread so that e veryone can know what Adults:) have to say about this.

#1-N-B-killer

S e p t e m b e r 6 th, 2004, 04:09 PM

Yes well in theory that would work grea t but will the system deliver the su bstance through the targets clothing? Are you sure t h e y d o n t l e a v e a m a rk? I d o n t think I wou ld use in sulin, I m n o t t o f r a m iller with it but if the pers on is n o t a d i a b etic, and t h e y h a v e a lethal do s e of insulin in their system it will m ost likely raise som e s u s p i c i o n s , I m not positive but won t e v e n a s m a ll am o u n t o f i n s u lin show up in a basic toxicology test? W o u l d n t i t b e e a s i e r t o us e a h a r d e r t o d e t e c t p o i s o n l i k e Saxitoxin? At least that would take mo re rigorous testing to detect. Do you know anything else about these n e e d l e l e s s injection systems? And i don't think that this was the section to start you're thread,m aybe it should be m oved to im provised weapons. (Please refra in from posting m ultiple times if it doesn't appear. Newbie p osts are subject to m o d e r a t i o n - k i n g s p a z . )

festergrump

S e p t e m b e r 7 th, 2004, 12:04 AM

Did NBK have a son a nd never m ention it?! You m ust be his new "Machiavelli", I presum e. Good luck filling Dad's shoes, son, they're very large... a nd looking rather silly on you right now... :rolleyes: (Is it thunder I h ear? No...NBK loo k i n g f o r h i s s h o e s , perhaps). Your right, though, Killer. A thread this would have fit nicely into: "Lethal Insulin" thread in this very "Battlefield Chem istry" section. Anyway, it's m y firm belief tha t an insulin OD is a poor choice for removing som eone from society unless th ey are diabetic, regardless of the m eans of injection. Red flags will go u p everywhere when the coroner has a nice look at the recently deceased's pancreas. Try a rhubarb leaf or two in the m arks salad or on his burger, instead. Death com es within m inutes, I hear, and the plant is VERY comm on in the northern US and in Europe. In fact, I grew this in my garden years ago in Chicagoland to eat th e stalks...never knowing the properties of the leaves other than they were"undesirable". (Are the English and the hispanic the only folks with the nads to STAB anyone an ym o r e ? : e e k : ) (EDIT: I'm sure it's neccesity as well as nads now that I think ab out it... ;) )

thrall

S e p t e m b e r 7 th, 2004, 01:34 AM

Actually my idea of possibly using this thing is using it like assasination of gregory m a r k o v . T h e r e r u s s i a n a s s a s i n p u t a s m all ball filled with ricin in the victim that was "punctured in" using a m a k e a s h i f t u m b rela. This thing as it works as jet injection, so it injects instaniously, can be used in sim ilar fasion. You collide with someone at bus stand and "in ject" "sm all" am ount of ricin solution or whatever. But yeh I did n't thought about the chothes thing. This C AN'T go through clothes. Think can only be u s e d i n s u m m ers :). As far a s m arks issue is conserned I think(I don't have this th ing so I THINK) there m ig ht be m ark but that won't be standered "injection m ark". So it will be confused with som e other m a r k o n t h e b o d y : ) .

Bugger

S e p t e m b e r 7 th, 2004, 01:55 AM

Injected ricin, from th e seeds of the castor bean plant, ricinus comm u n i s , i s s u p p o s e d t o b e a r a p i d p o i s o n , a n d h a r d t o d e t e c t because of its being a liver-poison polypeptide (a sequence of amino-acids) and the very small dose that is lethal. Remem ber that Bulgarian defector who was m urde r e d s o m e y e a r s a g o b y a B u l g a r i a n s e c r e t p o l i c e a g e n t o n a b r i d g e i n L o n d o n , by being injected with a tiny hollow m etal sphere containing ricin from the tip of a fake um brella. He lived long enough in hospital to tell what happened, though. C o n e s h e l l p o i s o n , f r o m Conus species found e.g. on Australia's Great Barrier Reef, is also extremely poisonous by injection, and also difficult to detect because of its being a polypeptide. On 1 January 1963 , two Australian C SIR O scientists (one of them Dr Gilbert Bogle , a physicist from New Zealand, an d t h e o t h e r o n e a f e m ale marine biologist, Dr Chan dler), wh o were last seen at a party the previous night, were found lying dead under pieces of corruga ted cardboard in a public park in Sydney, New South W ales, with the clothing o f o n e o f t h e m r e m o v e d a n d n e a t l y f o l d e d i n a p i l e . A t t h e t i m e , a n d for some years afterwards, n o c a u s e o f d e a t h c o u l d b e f o u n d , a n d t h e r e w a s n o e v i d e n c e t o charge anyone in connex ion with the deaths. Then, a ree x a m i n a t i o n o f s a m p les taken from the bodies, using new chromatographic and electroph oretic an d spectroscopic techniques, f o u n d t h e f o r e i g n a m i n o - a c i d s f r o m c o n e s h e l l p o i s o n . B e c a u s e t h e d e a d f e m a l e m arine biologist had access to it, m urderand-suicide or a suicide pact is suspected, but the Bogle-Chandler case is still unsolved. About rhubarb: its poisonous principle is oxalic acid. This can easily be removed by thorough cooking. Bugger.

festergrump

S e p t e m b e r 7 th, 2004, 01:56 AM

Thrall, It appears that the link you refered to has been "hit" enough times for the host(s) to have disabled it, hen c e m y n o t b e i n g able to understand how it works. Clothing (especially h eavy clothing) will always be a problem when injecting an unwilling or unknowing recipient. Assum ing the m ark must b e taken without im bibing a lethal dose of whatever, can you provide an alternate link? Google is being rather finicky with m y searches... (or is it m e a n d m y sleepy fingers?) Bugger, I had no idea about the rhubarb. Lucky I'm still alive. It's stalks are dele ctable to children when wetted and d i p p e d i n sugar. It was just one of the many nice tasting things in m y garden (being a child of 19 YOA when I left), I assure... :D

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S e p t e m b e r 7 th, 2004, 03:18 AM

Thrall, Clothing (especially h eavy clothing) will always be a problem when injecting an unwilling or unknowing recipient. Assum ing the m ark must b e taken without im bibing a lethal dose of whatever, can you provide an alternate link? Google is being rather finicky with m y searches... (or is it m e a n d m y sleepy fingers?) Festergrump The site actu ally gives no description regarding the operation of the device, however it gives patent numbers of the devices a n d I l e e c h e d t h e m (the patents) and after compressing them I u p l o a d e d to the forum FTP. They are "Hyp oderm ic Jet Injector 5,499,972.ra r" and "Hypoderm ic Jet In jector 5,569,189.rar" respectively. The patent contains detailed descriptions of the devices. HTH. Regarding th e ricin, I believe it is not a fast acting poison (unless a huge dose is not used). In addition, it's a catalytic type poison. For that reason a m inute am o u n t i s e n o u g h t o e l i m inate the m ark (since it deteriorates protein me c h a n i s m ) . T h e s i g n s of ricin poisoning looks like a heavy fo o d p o i s o ning. In addition, if the forensic scientist lo oks for it, they m ay m ost probably detect it. I believe no w forensic scientists use Elisa (sp?) to detect antibodies the victim's body produces ag ainst this protein.

thrall

S e p t e m b e r 7 th, 2004, 04:09 AM

festergrum p I think the sm ile :) at the end of the link m e s s e d t h e t h i n g s u p . T h e l i n k i s http://www.in jex.com / sorry a k i n rog The site DO ES describe the working of the device and it even has a vedio. http://www.in jex.com /products/dem o s . a s p Of course for the exact details you have to look at the patents. Edit: Far as poison to be injected is conserned, of co u r s e a n y p o i s o n m ust be potent and latent. I m ean the leth a l d o s e s h o u l d b e very low and poison should be delayed acting. For that purpose there is nothing better than ricin. Cone She ll Venom is just T O O fast acting. It paralyse the victim instantaniously a nd kills it within minutes(ricin taked 3 days or at least 8 hou rs) so I don't think it's a candidate for this kind of an a ct. Far as I know there is little chances that a pathologist will look for insulin. I don't exactly remem ber but I read a story on crim elibrary.com about a doctor who killed people in three digits with insulin overdose while rem ained undetected. I'll try to search the story. Ricin also have the same chances(of being looked for by pathologist) and last time I heard of it's U NDETECTABLE, I m ight be wron g though. EDIT: Correction

Bugger

S e p t e m b e r 7 th, 2004, 06:16 AM

"Looked for by a coro ner?" Co roners preside over special courts set up to decide the causes of suspicious o r doubtful deaths b a s e d o n m e d i c a l e v i d e n c e f o u n d a n d p r e s e n t e d b y a p athologist, who m a y b e a s s i s t e d b y a n a l y t i c a l c h e m i s t s a n d b i o c h e m i s t s and medical laboratory technologists, and other evidence from p i g s a n d o t h e r w i t n e s s e s . S o y o u s h o u l d h a v e s a i d " l o o k e d f o r by a pathologist". Bugger.

FUTI

S e p t e m b e r 7 th, 2004, 12:30 PM

this bring into my me m o r y s o m ething about va ccination system d e v e l o p e d b y t h e U S f o r m a s s i m m u n i s a t i o n i n c a s e o f biological warefare. It is not undetectable, and it still cause pain (but not needle involved). If it is sam e thing, it worked through high pressure of liquid com ing out of n ozzle that is pressed to the body. It contained big bottle of liquid in m a g a z i n for approxim ately 100 im m u n i s a t i o n s . L a t t e s t I r e m e m ber that was tested about him is can it be replaceble needle and siringe substitute after AIDS emerged in its glory...as you can guess no it can not...sm allest drop of body fluid that can dro p on the apparatus ca n contam inate him and pass the deadly fluid to the next patient. Interesting thinking and that is all that I see here...but keep up with good work thrall you bring m e b ack to m y youth som e 15 years before this m o m e n t.

Bugger

S e p t e m b e r 7 th, 2004, 10:11 PM

Another possible quick-acting poison a ble to kill by injection is cane-toad poison, synthesized in copious quantities in the skin of the cane or m arine toad, bufo m arinus. This very large toad was introduced into Queensland, Australia, in the 1930s, from South Am erica, to kill the cane beetle, which was dam a g i n g s u g a r c a n e c r o p s t h e r e . T h e s a m e thing was do n e i n s o m e i s l a n d s of Hawaii. However, they failed to work, and instead, having no natural predators, got out of control. They have since spread all over the m o i s t a r e a s o f Q u e e n s l a n d , i n t o n o r t h ern New South Wales, and are now spreading into Northern Territory, having reached the outskirts of Darwin. They are decim ating wildlife predators which eat Australian native frogs, like snakes, goannas, hawks, falcons, crows, and sm aller fresh-water crocodiles and alligators, all of which are poisoned by their skins. Only leeches (not the file downloading type) can safely draw blood from t h e m . The active substances in their skin glands are bufonin, bufotalin, bufogin, bufodienolide a nd bufotenin, which can be e x p r e s s e d a s a c r e a m y-colore d, viscous secretion. The last one is an alkaloid, containing secondary and tertiary am ine Ns. The others may be polypeptides. In sm all doses, bufonin causes hallucinations, and in Queensland cane-toad poison is banned as a n i l l e g a l d r u g b e c a u s e o f i t ( u n e n f o r c e a b l e , b e c a u s e t h e t o a d s a r e s o c o m m on). Bugger.

zeocrash

S e p t e m b e r 9 th, 2004, 06:55 AM

I belive that ricin is detectible, as it was detected in the body of georgy m arkov. Admitted the doctor had to spot the m icroscopic sphere containing the poison first, but once they spotted that the detected the ricin nicely. That said it's still not obvious to a pathologist unless he knows what he's looking for. Saxitoxin is also a ve ry efficient killer, and it is very hard to detect. i believe the only way to detect it is to analyse the cereberal fluid/occular fluid. S u c h y l c h o l i n e ( s p ? ) i s s u p p o s e d t o b e u n d e t e c t a b l e a s a p o i s o n a s t h e b o d y m etabolises it into acetylcholine which is naturally present in the body. on the downside I believe, being a neurotoxin, it leaves som e signs of foul play.

Bugger

S e p t e m b e r 9 th, 2004, 07:50 AM

A n e v e n m ore toxic substance is aflatoxin B1, which has a LD-50 (50% lethal dose) of only 0.4 gm / k g o f b o d y m a s s - p o s s i b l y the m ost tox ic substance known. It is also a potent carcinogen, and aflatoxins cause liver damage (aflatoxicosis), in sub-lethal

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a m ounts. It is found in very sm all am ounts, even less than this concentration, in peanut butter. Aflatoxin is a naturally occurring mycotoxin produced by two types of m old: Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Aspergillus flavus is com m on and widespread in nature and is m ost often found when certain grains are grown under stressful conditions such as drought. The mold occurs in soil, decaying vegetation, hay, and grains undergoing m icrobiological deterioration and invades all types of organic substrates whenever and wherever the conditions are favorable for its growth. Favorable conditions include h igh moisture content and high tem perature. At least 13 different types of aflatoxin are produced in nature with aflatoxin B1 considered as the m ost toxic. While the presence of Aspergillus flavus does not always indicate harmful levels of aflatoxin it does m ean that the potential for aflatoxin production is present. Molecular structures: http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~m ow/aflatox1.html (B1 & M1) http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~mo w/aflatox2.htm l (G1). They have multi-fused-ring structures with several ethe r a n d k e t o - g r o u p s ; see below. Bugger.

FUTI

S e p t e m b e r 9 th, 2004, 08:31 AM

I think that what saved that guy was the fact th at he wear lot of clothing and that little ball didn't penetrate deep un der skin and only one of few poison containig h oles sealed with som e k i n d o f b o d y temperature melting wax open up because it was close to the skin surface and didn't warm up enough to melt the wax com pletely. The fact that find ing of the ball an d it's content solved the case as the poison was first detected and pro ved as content of a ball and later in the bo dy of a victim only shows how hard is to detect a natural products as alcaloids and toxins in the body since m e t a b o l i s m can change it in a unpredictable way. So don't m ake any traceable entry and you h ave m a d e a t a s k a n o r d e r o f m a g n i t u d e h a r d e r .

nbk2000

S e p t e m b e r 9 th, 2004, 08:18 PM

A n e v e n m ore toxic substance is aflatoxin B1, which has a LD-50 (50% lethal dose) of only 0.4 gm / k g o f b o d y m a s s . That would work out to alm o s t a n o u n c e ( 2 0 g m s) for a 50 kilo m an. Aspirin is far more toxic than that. P e r h a p s y o u m e a n t . 4 m gs? As in 4/10'ths of a milligram per Kg? BTW , s o u n d - a l i k e s a r e n o t p e r m itted to live. :p

Bugger

S e p t e m b e r 1 0th, 2004, 12:58 AM

That would work out to alm o s t a n o u n c e ( 2 0 g m s) for a 50 kilo m an. Aspirin is far more toxic than that. Perhaps you m e a n t .4mgs? As in 4/10'ths of a m illigram per Kg? Correction: T h e L D 5 0 o f a f l a t o x i n B 1 I s t a t e d s h o u l d h a v e b e e n 0 . 4 m g / k g , i . e . p arts per m illion, not gm /k g . F o r s o m e o n e weig hing 100 kg this would be 40 mg, or 0.04 gm , a very tiny amount. By com parision, that of asp irin is 1.7 gm/kg, or 170 gm for someone of 100 kg. Bugger vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Itching chemical or biological agents used to sabotage ennemy uniforms badboyscrew

September 19th, 2004, 12:37 PM

During WWW2, the UK secret services planed various sabotage/harrassement actions to be performed by local agents living in the german occupied Europe. Most of them didn't need sophisticated material and resulted however in nice trouble among german troups. In Norway and Denmark, local agents were supplied with some sort of "military strength itching powder" and were charged to use it to contaminate german naval and submarine crews laundry. Uniforms, underwears and even condoms :D were coated with the nasty powder with the complicity of workers from factories supplying the German army.... resulting in an "epidemy" of nasty itching rashs driving the soldiers crazy for weeks and perturbing the german naval operations. The exact component used as "itching powder" is not mentioned in the reports and I was wondering what kind of chemical could be used in this purpose (assuming it was a chemical agent) ? There are also some biological agents that can be involved, such as tiny hairs from irritating plants (don't remember the name of the tropical plant with hairy pods that was sold as prank "itching powder" for years, before being banned because victims complained about nasty irritation LOL! ). I find the idea nice, as it could be used either to sabotage target clothes, bedding, ... or spread by some explosive device in a crowdy place ;) Any suggestions are welcome!

meselfs

September 19th, 2004, 02:18 PM

Urushiol is the best, IMO. A few people, especially those who work in forests alot, are immunized against it, since it is the active ingredient in poison oak/ivy/sumac. I don't know the exact extraction procedure, but I guess it isn't very difficult.

Bugger

September 19th, 2004, 04:01 PM

Urushiol is the best, IMO. A few people, especially those who work in forests alot, are immunized against it, since it is the active ingredient in poison oak/ivy/sumac. Are urushiols also found in nettles? I have an idea they might be. Urushiols are alkyl or alkenyl-2,3-dihydroxybenzenes, in which (at the 1-position) is a long chain of 15 carbons which may have one or two non-conjugated double bonds near the middle of the chain. Bugger.

badboyscrew

September 19th, 2004, 08:54 PM

No doubt that urushiol is a very potent agent to create skin irritation, but it suppose that target people are sensibilized by a previous first contact with poison ivy: it will be inoperative on people living in geographic areas where poison ivy doesn't grow (Europe,...). Furthermore, it works with delayed action, and is not convenient when immediate effect on the target is required. I think I have identified the plant with itching hairs that has been used as very potent itching powder: "Mucuna pruriens is variously called cowitch, cowhage and pica-pica. It grows wild in the tropics, including India, and tropical islands, including the Bahamas ; its range may extend to southern Florida. Each 10- to 13-cm fruiting pod bears approximately 5,000 barbed, easily detachable spicules measuring 2 mm by 20 um that cause dermatitis through an inflammatory response, presumably an immediate hypersensitivity reaction. Hairs from dried pods remain potent. The spicules have been sold commercially as itching powder. Studies showed that introduction of one spicule through the epidermis with friction or pressure led to a burning itch lasting up to 30 minutes. Spicules could be removed from the skin by washing or by applying an adhesive tape. Mucunain, a protein with endopeptidase and dipeptidase activity, was identified as the active pruritic agent. The protein was extractable only from spicules using aqueous solutions and could be inactivated by autoclaving, changing the pH, or using a similar denaturing process that did not change the spicule structure. Further investigations confirmed the biochemical nature of the pruritic agent, identified as a thermolabile protein of molecular weight 40,000." Sounds like very interesting stuff with various potential uses !!! :D What about spreading the powder through air vents? or loading it in some explosive device? ;)

meselfs

September 19th, 2004, 10:26 PM

Well, I once had an experience with poison ivy. Indeed, it works slowly; but boy, it is effective. I just barely graced some plants with my forearms, yet I had alot of these tiny little red bumps in all sorts of places, as a result of me (for exapmple) itching myself. They lasted about a week. I've been hit by nettels, they give immediate pain which diminishes to an itch then disappears fairly quickly, that doesn't sound like urushiol at all. Ofcourse it could be very effective anyway... anyone know what the active ingrediant is called? So europe doesn't have poison ivy? Wow... your climate is'n much different from Oregon here. Are you sure there isn't any? You may have to look around. I live on 42 acres but there's not a single plant here, although I heard the neighbor has some here & there. IIRC urushiol boils at around 200 and is soluble in acetone, so conceptually you can make it by chopping up some ivy (somehow :-S), dissolving in acetone, drying it, and then heating the remainder to around 150 until anything more volatile then the urushiol is gone. I wouldn't feel comfortable distilling it, it may decompose (although I read in some encyclopedia that smoke from burning dried ivy is dangerous).

Your protein sounds interesting, but I think it'd be hard to obtain , and the spicule might expire. Also, proteins don't take heat very well, so an explosive device probably would disperse it and destroy it at the same time.

According to Merck, chloro(or bromo)acetone is a powerful lacrimator and irritates the skin as well. I once made some by direct halogenation of acetone with bromine and chlorine, I found that it didn't hurt my skin at all (but I was crying, and so was my brother once he used the sink I dumped it in :D). Anyone know why? Maybe it needs a way into the skin? Speaking of which, if you want an itchy effect that's fast, you should consider a lacrimator.

akinrog

September 20th, 2004, 07:06 AM

Are urushiols also found in nettles? AFAIK the active irritant in nettles is formic acid. In rural areas of my country, the nettles are cooked like spinach and once I tasted it and it's really delicious. When cooked the irritant effect of the plant disappears. Here is a few links : http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/1,1525,10048,00.html http://www.naturepark.com/snettle.htm Off-topic. I support our fellow members who express their uneasiness about the quality of the some recent posts.

FUTI

September 20th, 2004, 11:36 AM

I think that misterious itching powder is NaSiO3 or grinded glass wool (god knows is this a proper english term). Well that is slow starting and long acting chemical. Victim can maybe feel at first little warm feeling that would soon became very painfull, washing of basic solution and powder is not that easy so the agony continue for some time. If

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victim inhale that powder it is hell on earth... it will cough his lungs out. If you prefer your own made "spice" I give my vote for chloro- or iodo-acetone... that can be made from easy available chemicals and is nasty enough to make to effect and pays-off the effort. Protein can be used as air vent aerosol diversion bomb but is in mine opinion a lot of trouble for small scale effect. That kind of diversion can also be made with urushiol busted air-refreshener spray.;)

badboyscrew

September 20th, 2004, 01:00 PM

Your fiberglass powder idea sounds great! I suppose that the tiny shards of glasswool will find their way easily through target skin (motion and friction will enhance skin penetration, by rubbing naked skin with contaminated clothes). Once embeded into the skin, shards will create an itching sensation, leading to scratching reaction: at this point, a "vicious spiral" happens since scratching will contribute to spread the powder and allow more and more shards to penetrate the skin! :D This "mecanical" action suppose some time to take effets but will drive the target crazy for days, because embeded shards will remain in the skin even after several showers. BTW, it could be very interesting to enhance this mecanical itching powder by mixing with a chemical: cutaneous penetration of the chemical agent will be more easy through the microscopic wounds caused by fiberglass shards ;) If we except urushiol (because of the need of primary exposure to poison ivy to take effect), which chemical agent could be added to the fiberglass powder? Lachrymatory types sounds nice, but may be difficult to use because lachrymatory side effects will alert the target before puting on the contaminated clothes?

nbk2000

September 20th, 2004, 01:43 PM

I've read the dander from cattails was useful. I've tried it myself many years ago and it was a bit itchy.

Ropik

September 21st, 2004, 02:19 PM

The fiberglass sounds good, but I read somewhere that some people are much less affected by it. Percentage of this people goes as high as 25% in the world. Oh yes, 75% soldiers with helluva itching is enough indeed... And with persistent contact, the percentage will probably goes down. But worth considering Glass is too heavy, unless you grind it really well, it will fall out of clothing. Something like small glass splinters would work better. Ideal itching agent should be similar density like cloth, otherwise it will fall out quickly.

FUTI

September 21st, 2004, 03:06 PM

If monochloro-acetone is not good because it is easy detectable, then we could try 1,3-dichloro-acetone...harder to spot but makes nasty chemical burns...or epychlorohydrine. In each case you start from glycerol...use HCl (gas) and very simple chemicals to make any of those.

badboyscrew

September 21st, 2004, 05:55 PM

Ideal itching agent should be similar density like cloth, otherwise it will fall out quickly. Both fiberglass powder and vegetal irritant hairs will remain easily embeded in the clothes and be unnoticeable for the targets. Combining mineral shards and vegetal hairs would result in synergic action: first, the potent chemical itching agent contained in the vegetals hairs will be introduced into target skin (micro-syringe like action) immediately initiating the inflammatory reaction (releasing histamine and serotonine) resulting in furious itch that will make target life very nasty for a few hours... just time for the mechanical effect of fiberglass shards to take effect! :D scratching efforts due to early itching will allow more and more shards of fiberglass to embed themselves in the skin: once in place, shards will prevent inflammatory reaction to decrease, resulting in prolonged itching torture :D :D BTW, I have found confirmation in several reports that dried hairs from the cowhage pods (mucuna pruriens) remain potent for years after harvesting: mucunaine (the protein involved in itching reaction) seems to be stocked in the internal cavity inside the hairs and is protected from thermic degradation, or dessication. This is clearely a great advantage compared to nettles.

Here is what the plant look like: http://www.barbadine.com/images/mucunapruriensFRGP.jpg

BTW, an effective method to contaminate target clothes with fiberglass (seems not convenient for vegetal hairs) would be to simply mix a nice amount of fiberglass powder to the target laundry detergent: fiberglass shards would be trapped into clothes, resulting in permanent contamination (each further washing suppling a new load of itching agent!) ;)

FUTI

September 22nd, 2004, 11:20 AM

Well detergent I had in mind when I post this... it also contains very often Na2SiO3 or at least Na2CO3. With little sweat all of the affected will learn the meaning of hydrolysis:D. I feel little warm itching under my arm...scratch, scratch...ARGHH now it is even worse...AAAAAAAA!

badboyscrew

September 22nd, 2004, 08:44 PM

Well detergent I had in mind when I post this... it also contains very often Na2SiO3 or at least Na2CO3. With little sweat all of the affected will learn the meaning of hydrolysis:D. I feel little warm itching under my arm...scratch, scratch...ARGHH now it is even worse...AAAAAAAA! Sounds very nice !!!! Not only for armpits but specially for wet crotch area !! :D :D :D assuming that some other body fluids could initiate hydrolysis process as well, most sensitive parts of warriors anatomy should be ... humm... severely hit by the itch attack ;) ;)

NightStalker

September 23rd, 2004, 07:49 PM

Wouldn't be possible to extract the inflammatory protein from the cowhage and use that as a contaminant for weapons? If you had pure protein in a projectile, and it was shot into someone, than wouldn't it cause a systemic inflammatory response in the internal organs, causing death?

FUTI

September 25th, 2004, 11:05 AM

That is veeery baaaaaaaaad idea. In the positive meaning of the word ;) If you find basic solution stable inflamatory protein or substance you can make it gradually becoming stronger. First chemical activation, second mechanical abrasion and penetration, then biochemical enhanced inflamation. I don't know is the urushiol good for this job. Maybe if it is diluted onto silica or fiberglass to make it more stable. Urushiol is not stabile as it is easier to oxidise in basic solution but since quinones produced are also irritant and inflamatory compounds maybe it doesn't matter. When it comes to proteins...only test will tell the truth. Since just behind the armpits are lymph nodes that are part of inflamatory response, I can put few $ that protein idea will be hell. I can't estimate mass hysteria from "plague resurection" after first victims with swollen armpits start coming to the hospital.

Shotgun Pete

October 26th, 2004, 09:43 PM

I was doing some research on the immunity numbers on urushiol-containing plants via google, it seems the consensus is true immunity doesn't really exist. You can not get it sometimes and some other times you can, which might be the standpoint of journals but I can attest to many summers of picking blackberries and never once getting affected by the stuff despite practically wading through it. However I never saw any data on immunizations and found something rather interesting instead which gave me a few ideas; it seems these plants are the bane of firefighters around California where there are the raging wildfires almost yearly. A good deal of firefighters inhale the smoke during forest fires, and the condition can be pretty bad for the unlucky firefighters, as it causes serious inflamation of respiratory mucous membranes. They pretty much itch from the inside of their respiratory system, laying them out. While not really acheiving the outward itching on their cloths and body, the primary effect of troop discomfort and disability is

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acheived. The effect of inhaled poison ivy/oak/sumac combined with rubbing on cloths sounds like a very effective (and cheap unless you use a fancy delivery method, say dispersal through a vent system) deterrant system. The plants grow everywhere in America under 4,000 feet elevation, except for the deserts, making it widely available for your guerilla needs regardless where you are (if your lucky or unlucky enough to be living in the US of A). A few plants thrown in with a military or police laundry load should debilitate a platoon/precint for 5 days or so, being an excelent prelude to other activities should you have such access. Or a quick run by the police station swabbing the handles of the police cars, since it is oh-so-easily transferable by touch and cloths. :D

festergrump

October 27th, 2004, 01:17 AM

Speaking of access, if you've ever been guilty of a minor infraction of the law in most of the states that I've been to in the USA, they love to give you hours upon hours of "Community Service" to complete along with your steep monetary fine. This usually consists of washing police squad cars and cleaning station bathrooms (usually after your stretch of highway is manually devoid of trash). There you can spend all the time you need tainting the cars and offices of the police. What a great way to wreak havok among the troopers. A bit of poison ivy spray on the drivers seat would be sure to work into their uniform and reach sensitive areas. A spray or three on the steering wheel as well. Toilet seats... I wish I'd read this before I had to clean the personal judges chamber bathroom of a certain lady judge who fucked me royally over a minor traffic offense. (I wrapped her toilet bowl with a tight layer of seran-wrap and put the seat back down, instead. Wish I could have been a fly on the wall for her next tinkle, but the ivy or ground fiberglass might have been a bit better).

xyz

October 27th, 2004, 08:59 AM

Personally I'd have coated the seat with some REALLY FINE NaOH powder... Nice white colour that won't be noticed. Someone did that to a block of public toilets somewhere in New Zealand a few years back. A bunch of people got some really nasty burns. Mostly because if their ass starts to have a burning sensation, people aren't exactly going to drop their pants in public to check it out, and by the time they do it will be far too late, and their immediate reaction will be to put water on it... (more fun, unless very large quantities are used). I can just imagine the bitch trying to sit through a court session with NaOH powder all over her ass...

badboyscrew

October 29th, 2004, 08:15 PM

Speaking of access, if you've ever been guilty of a minor infraction of the law in most of the states that I've been to in the USA, they love to give you hours upon hours of "Community Service" to complete along with your steep monetary fine. This usually consists of washing police squad cars and cleaning station bathrooms (usually after your stretch of highway is manually devoid of trash). There you can spend all the time you need tainting the cars and offices of the police. That remembers me something! During my military service, I got caught with a couple of mates for some funny water and trash-cans battles in the dorms and we had to clean the officers bathrooms and cars next week-end... :mad: We had neither poison ivy nor fiberglass, but one of us had a pepper spray can (the gel base type, for indoor use, that doesn't evaporate in the air but sticks on the target) : we used it generously in the officers bathroom to coat toilet seats, toilet door handles and urinals flushs... :D we also sprayed a nice shitload of the stuff on the car seats and in the airvents uptake close to the windshield ;) No needs to say that next monday was a very HOT day for some people :D :D vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and Weapons Forum Chemistry > Delayed Poisoning

> Chemistry for Amateur Experimenters and Citizen Scientists

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View Full Version : Delayed Poisoning WMD

September 27th, 2004, 11:50 AM

Suppose you have a structure that is inhabited by rats and you want to get rid of them using poison. You need to use something highly toxic because the higher the necessary dose is, the easier it is to taste the poison. Also rats have the nasty habit of sending one rat to taste and don't eat if he/she doesn't survive, so you need something that has a long latency period, meaning it takes some time before initial symptoms appear. But when they start to fall ill you want them either to die as quickly as possible or be so internally damaged that they're doomed anyway, because when they notice something, you don't want them to be able to... ...reach the rat hospital in time (at this point the metaphor breaks :D ). And while a rat with cancer dies sooner or later, it's still a threat (and a nuisance) as long as it's alife, so carcinogens are out of question. Anyway, possible candidates I've identified so far are: Orellanin: From Cortinarius orellanus, a mushroom. The latency phase is ~3 days (up to 14 days), then people get sick or die from liver and kidney damage. LD50 of the pure compound is ~5-8 mg/kg for guinea pigs. Amatoxins/Phallotoxins: From Amanita Phalloides, the Death Cup Mushroom. Latency is about 5-24 h, then people feel sick, get diarhea and after 1-2 days death occurs due to kidney and liver damage. LD100 for humans is ~0.1mg/kg for the pure compound or 500 mg/kg for fresh mushrooms Methyl Mercury compunds: Latency can be as long as 150 days (http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/members/2002/suppl-5/851854weiss/ehp110s5p851.pdf). LD50 is at ~20-50 mg/kg for various animals, for humans first effetcs (not death) start to appear at ~1mg/kg. Cumulative poisoning is possible but not interesting for this application. Colchicine: From Colchicum Autumnale, Meadow Saffron. Latency is ~6 h. LD100 for humans is 6-20 mg. These are the first candidates I've found. I've also read the chapter on time delay poisons in "Silent Death" but didn't find it of much use. Also I've picked compunds that are accessible via synthesis (Orellanine and methyl mercury cpds) or natural sources (Death Cup, Meadow Saffron) because if you can't get the stuff, the rats win. Anyone else got any ideas?

FUTI

September 27th, 2004, 12:44 PM

I have read a story about methyl-viologen...it seems that it can produce just a weak poisoning that look like food poisoning but six months latter victim dies from lung cancer. It seems that it trigers spontaneous proliferation of lung epithelial cells leading to death. This is of course related to human toxicity, but maybe some of the compounds used as agricutural chemicals form the same class can be used against rats. Best example of rats poison with delayed toxicity is warfarin. Best part is that rats are often canibals and chain of poisoning don't stop easy. :D EDIT: I forgot an old rat poison...mix gypsum (CaSO4*1/2H2O) with wheat flour and leave it to rats to consume it. It will clog its digestive system.

simply RED

September 27th, 2004, 06:32 PM

Anticoagulants seems to be useful in this particular rat case. Botulic toxin also, it has long latent period. Tetanic toxin with or without the bacteria if the pest are not vaccined. Ricine, if possible to be extracted. Some organochlorine pesticides are reported to produce desirable effects. Endrine for example. Carbon oxide will make all rats unaware of their destiny.

meselfs

September 28th, 2004, 12:32 AM

I think that you guys must take into account that rats, unlike humans, can eat more things then use. Seriously... do you think botulin or other food related toxins or toxins in general will have an effect on them? Plant poisons on the other hand will probably work beautifully... You should consider mechanical means, though (assuming it's rats you're actually after :-|). My grandpa had a farm once, and he told me that he caught them by the hundreds by making these barrels filled with some water on the bottom, with a ramp going through a hole into the barrel. The ramp end (inside the barrel) had bait. The ramp was hinged in such a way that once the rat is inside the barrel the ramp will tilt, and the rat falls in and drowns, never touching the bait. Then the ramp tilts back waiting for the next sucker...

Bugger

September 28th, 2004, 01:01 AM

What about two-legged rats? They are worse.

WMD

September 28th, 2004, 03:13 AM

Well, I was thinking more along the lines of two legged critters....

simply RED

September 28th, 2004, 03:35 AM

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Of course we are talking about the two legged pest! There is another tactics that overcomes the problem with tasting the poison. Strike all creatures at once! Then organophosphoric chemicals or fluoroacetates can be used. It is impossible to cover all aspects in some posts, the pesticide should be chosed regarding to the particular case and the possibilities to find or synthese such.

WMD

September 28th, 2004, 03:02 PM

To strike all creatures at once usually requires careful weaponization to make it work effectively. Especially because such actions tend to be quickly noticed leading to quick dispersal of the critters and therefore reduced casualities. Compare the following two scenarios: 1. The rats are holding a street rally. You attack it by exploding a sarin grenade. About 100 rats are affected. They quickly develope the typical signs of organophosphate poisoning. Emergency services are alarmed and victims are quickly distributed to different hospitals and receive antidotes. I don't think you won't get more than ~25% lethality and before the attack you'd have to deal with a highly volatile contact poison. 2. The rats are holding a street rally. You set up you're little stand for the "Swiftboat Veterans for Truh, Justice and Electing Rats" and start to give out free orange juice because your group wants to support the rally. The juice is special. Instead of fleeing from the poison, the rats gather around you and beg for it. The next day all across the city rats suddenly fall ill. You're gone. And as another example, if the 9.11. attackers had disguised themselves as hotdog sellers and laid out extra-cheap poisoned hotdogs across the city, they might have killed just as much rats as died in the pipes and cellars of the WTC.

meselfs

September 28th, 2004, 05:06 PM

I've always wondered about TCDD for that. I realize that being in the Guiness Book of Records automatically makes it k3wl, but just think: it's extremely powerful, takes a while to act, initial symptoms aren't especially discrete, and since it acts in so many different ways, I'd imagine that there's no antidote. You could wipe a huge population of rats if you hit their water source.

simply RED

September 28th, 2004, 05:17 PM

I've heared there is a marine toxin (patogen?) that has all the extras you said, causing internal bleeding, pancreatitis, red bloody eyes and 80% death even if treated... I searched searced searched but found no such to exist ... but... some of the marine toxins there is information in the net about are intreguing.... anyway.

WMD

September 29th, 2004, 07:46 AM

You could wipe a huge population of rats if you hit their water source. Unfortunately or maybe fortunately it's not that easy to poison a water source. Sure you could try a backflow attack, but this will only attack a limited group of rats. And to poison a real reservoir you'd need huge amounts of poison, as the dilution is extreme. Btw, for the uninitiated: http://friendsofreservoirs.org/resources/IRP/Cross%20Connections%20and%20Backflow.pdf

croc

September 29th, 2004, 09:56 AM

http://fugu.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk/PFW/Toxins/copether.html Nobody has yet thought of tetanus, the tetanus bacterium (Clostridium tetani) causes muscles to remain contracted. This site says where tetanus comes from. http://www.vaccineprotection.com/consumer/diseases/tetanus.cfm and has other information on other diseases. Back to tetanus. If the b acterium was a dded to a rat s food with powde red glass it could penetra te the sides of the throat.

simply RED

September 29th, 2004, 06:18 PM

What kind of posion is TCDD?

James

September 29th, 2004, 10:07 PM

Do you mean 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (http://www.websorcerer.com/Dioxin/d_what.html).

meselfs

September 30th, 2004, 01:27 AM

Yes. According to Merck, "Dioxin" is an acronym. In reality there's around 70 dioxin based chemicals.

ProdigyChild

September 30th, 2004, 03:59 PM

Intoxication of a large number of rats without them noticing is one strategy. I like the 'strike all at once' suggested above like that: Find an flamable gas that can't be smelled. At least hydrogen is odorless, possibly some desodorized heating gases too (CH4?). Pity most hydrocarbons have a smell or have some odor component added. On the rats rally, pour large amounts of the tasteless and nontoxic (!) fuel. The rats don't notice, while the fuel and the air mix and form an explosive mixture. Finally ignite it and blow up all rats at once! Those who survive the blast are likely to

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trample each other to death, it there are only narrow exits and oxigen lack helps, too. If rats were humans and went to discos smoking cigarettes all the time, you won't even take care for ignition - just pour you fuel into the venting system ;) Needless to say, that a large number of 'killer' bees sucked in by the venting system or released in mid of the rally would do an equally good job and they're quite easily to obtain :D Even a placebo poison, that tastes like poison (HCl, NH3, formaldehyde, cake almond aroma,...) placed in a fog machine running amuck - maybe in conjunction with turned off lights and deafening siren sound - would probably motivate the rats to stamp each other to death while trying to escape that deadly trap.

nbk2000

September 30th, 2004, 07:58 PM

This is hardly in the realm of "delayed poisons" anymore, now is it?

zeocrash

September 30th, 2004, 08:15 PM

If rats were humans and went to discos smoking cigarettes all the time, you won't even take care for ignition - just pour you fuel into the venting system why that'd be murder on the dancefloor hmm as for the almond flavouring in the smoke machine, i don't think most people know what cyanide smells like. it usually the fact that it kills people that alerts people to it's prescence

ProdigyChild

September 30th, 2004, 09:28 PM

This is hardly in the realm of "delayed poisons" anymore, now is it? No sorry. I simply could not resist porting the principle of getting rats in a trap without them noticing to explosives. A more on topic suggestion. Again a comparison with humans: humans poison themselves to death voluntarily: alcohol, tobacco, fat meal and most effective drugs like heroine, etc. . Even they know it's deadly, they still consume it because of either addiction or indifference. Not killing at the first consumption seem to be enough for a 'silent' poison. I really wonder, if rats don't have such behaviour, too. Addiction isn't a human feature only, is it?? So you simply have to find a 'rat fun' drug, make them addicted, then add poison to their drug source. Although their buddies die, they still eat the poison.

TheBlob

October 5th, 2004, 12:08 AM

One of my teachers talked about a poison that has the same effect as tetanus but you died in about 24 to 48hrs after ingestion. I can't remember the name the only info I have on this poison is that it's accidently made when tomato juice is made (possibly when other kind of food is made). He said that when you find a tomato juice can at the super market and its all bumped like if there was to much pressure in it, its a highly toxic bacteria that was formed in the juice, and it doesn't take alot of the bacteria to exceed the lethal dose (I think it was something like 1-5mL). If anyone has some info on that bacteria plz post it i'd like to learn more about it.

passhahkhan

October 5th, 2004, 02:13 PM

How about ricin or abrin? These are extremely toxic proteins and take days to kill. These toxins are found in easily available substances - Ricin from castor beans and Abrin from rosary pea aka jequirity pea which are fairly easy to extract and very potent.

googol

October 5th, 2004, 05:01 PM

. I can't remember the name the only info I have on this poison is that it's accidently made when tomato juice is made Botulism fits this. It anaerobic, being formed without air. It happens in cases of bad canning.

passhahkhan

October 6th, 2004, 01:40 AM

Does botulism grows on tomato juice? Or does it live only on flesh and meat?

Ropik

October 6th, 2004, 01:57 PM

Many people think that botulism germs live only on meat. Although this is the best medium, they can live on vegetables nearly as well. Tomato juice is enough, although I doubt that this "botulism drink" is made in commercial mass production more often than 1 can in (put a very, very big number here) of normal cans, so this is impractical way to find the toxin - going to shop and look for can with lumps on outside...

Joeychemist

October 6th, 2004, 02:28 PM

Botulism is a rare but serious paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. There are many several kinds, the three main kinds of botulism are. Foodborne botulism is caused by eating foods that contain the botulism toxin. Wound botulism is caused by toxin produced from a wound infected with Clostridium botulinum. Infant botulism is caused by consuming the spores of the botulinum bacteria, which then grow in the intestines and release toxin. All forms of botulism can be fatal and are considered medical emergencies. Foodborne botulism can be especially dangerous because many people can be poisoned by eating a contaminated food. So to answer you re po st passhahkhan, dose Botulism grows on tom ato juice? the answer is n o, botulism is only the nam e for the sickness caused by a nerve toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Botulism can result in death due to respiratory failure. However, in the past 50 years the proportion of patients with botulism who die has fallen from about 50% to 8%. A patient with severe botulism may require a breathing machine as well as intensive medical and nursing care for several months. Patients who survive an episode of botulism poisoning may have fatigue and shortness of breath for years and long-term therapy may be needed to aid recovery. So as a delayed poison I would have to say infecting someone this toxin would not be affective nor would it be a sure thing that the target dies.

googol

October 6th, 2004, 04:58 PM

this indicates less acid vegetables are more likely to grow it. from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/botulism_g.htm#What%20is%20botulism foodborne botulism has often been from home-canned foods with low acid content, such as asparagus, green beans, beets and corn. However, outbreaks of botulism from more unusual sources such as chopped garlic in oil, chile peppers, tomatoes, improperly handled baked potatoes wrapped in aluminum foil, and home-canned or fermented fish. Persons who do home canning should follow strict hygienic procedures to reduce contamination of foods. Oils infused with garlic or herbs should be refrigerated. Potatoes which have been baked while wrapped in aluminum foil should be kept hot until served or refrigerated. Because the botulism toxin is destroyed by high temperatures, persons who eat home-canned foods should consider boiling the food for 10 minutes before eating it to ensure safety. Instructions on safe home canning can be obtained from county extension services or from the US Department of Agriculture. Because honey can contain spores of Clostridium botulinum and this has been a source of infection for infants, children less than 12 months old should not be fed honey.

nbk2000

October 6th, 2004, 07:44 PM

There's several strains of botulism, with only the A strain being sufficient for weaponization. There are some strains that are practically harmless to humans. You'll not be making any in a jar at home from green goo you find in a bloated can. :rolleyes:

passhahkhan

October 7th, 2004, 02:31 AM

Can it be made at home in a jar using the recipe from the Uncle's Fester's "Silent Death"? I think making it is not a problem but handling it is; because it is extremely toxic. Also the above source mentions that "Botulin is the second most powerful poison known, taking a runner up position to a poison made by an exotic strain of South Pacific coral bacteria" but it dosent mention the name of the bacteria. I've also heard from some unreliable sources that Botulin is the most toxic substance known to mankind. If its not, then what is the most toxic substance known?

Joeychemist

October 7th, 2004, 04:09 AM

"Botulin is the second most powerful poison known" Um, you might want to use the edit button on that one. :rolleyes: Are you sure that Botulin is the second most powerfull poison in the world? Do you have any good links that you could show us where it says that?

nbk2000

October 8th, 2004, 12:31 PM

Botulism is the most powerful. There's a plankton that's known as "Red Tide", when it's blooming, that produces a very powerful toxin that's concentrated in shellfish, saxitoxin, but orders of magnitude less powerful than BTX. Once you've got some of the 'Red Tide' plankton, you can grow it yourself in unlimited quantities, and directly extract it without need for shellfish shucking, as you have much more of it than is practical to extract from the ocean. :) http://siobiolum.ucsd.edu/Dino_culture.html

simply RED

October 10th, 2004, 08:29 AM

Is it possible to grow some water loving organisms directly into the water supply dam (during the summer season)?

passhahkhan

October 11th, 2004, 05:30 AM

I think it is possible. If they dont get killed in water processing units then it may easily kill thousands. But I dont think they would make it alive from water processing units. Also I've read somewhere I cant remember that Botulinum toxin cannot be used by disolving it into water reservoir or lakes as a weapon because the water is processed with chlorine which dissociates the toxic protein.

thrall Quote Botulism is the most powerful. http://www.asanltr.com/newsletter/02-2/articles/Neurotoxins.htm

October 11th, 2004, 07:15 AM

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look at Palytoxin. LD50 is 4 MICROGRAM :eek: And Batratoxin Myers et al. [21] anticipated a lethal dose of batrachotoxin for man of only 2.0 to 7.5 µg, when administered by injection Of course nuerotoxins are not even remotely related to delayed poisning :rolleyes: Don't forget see the chemical structure at the end of the page. Nice molecule ;)

passhahkhan

October 11th, 2004, 09:54 AM

Lethal dose of Botulinum toxin is about 1 ng/kg, the deadliest substance known, so an 80 ng dose would kill most people. While for palytoxin it is 4 MicroGram. For Batrachotoxins: If we suppose that man is at least as susceptible as mice to these compounds, the lethal dose is about 180 µg for a person. Source: http://www.asanltr.com/newsletter/02-2/articles/Neurotoxins.htm They are stable in storage and can be chemically synthesized. Does anybody has synthesis data for Batrachotoxins and can it be easily synthesised in home labs?

nbk2000

October 11th, 2004, 12:05 PM

Does anybody has synthesis data for Batrachotoxins and can it be easily synthesised in home labs?

If you're even asking that question, than you wouldn't understand the answer. :rolleyes:

WMD

October 12th, 2004, 08:34 AM

Does anybody has synthesis data for Batrachotoxins and can it be easily synthesised in home labs? Did you take a look at the structure? Need I say anything more? The Anatoxins are accessible through synthesis, everything else on that page is impractical. As for poisoning water reservoirs, like I said before it's impractical. Using chemicals you'd need huge amounts of a stable compounds. Bacteria are useless anyway, as the quality of most reservoirs is regularly monitored and water with significant bacteria levels tends to smell so bad, that most people won't drink it. And micro organisms, proteins as well as most chemical warfare agents probably wouldn't survive the water processing steps (activated carbon filtration, chlorine/ozone gasification, stuff like that). The only realistic way to poison the water supply is to either attack a smaller intermediate reservoir that holds already processed water or to get the stuff in the system through backflow or cross connections. And then you still have the problem that a huge amount of agent will be lost in toilets and kitchen sinks. So, still best to feed it to them in cute little cookies (although baking would rule out pretty much all of the protein poisons, maybe put it in the glaze) or spicy greasy burgers. Or imagine the impact a suicide falafel seller would have on the Israelis, compared the normal suicide bombers.

rational611

October 12th, 2004, 08:43 AM

I have read a story about methyl-viologen...it seems that it can produce just a weak poisoning that look like food poisoning but six months latter victim dies from lung cancer. It seems that it trigers spontaneous proliferation of lung epithelial cells leading to death..

Could you post the link from where you got this information? After reading your post I made a quick search and came up with an article that Methyl Viologen aka Paraquat does not cause cancer in humans. Following is the link to the article I found: Paraquat or Methyl Viologen Poisoning (http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:Z5nZzOE3HDgJ:www.panap.net/docs/monos/ paraquatSep03.pdf+methyl+viologen+lung+cancer&hl=en) I am confused. Could you clarify?

Sarevok

October 12th, 2004, 07:25 PM

There is no clarification, rational611. The document you linked (page 5, Cancer) says that some people did experiments on animals and concluded that Paraquat is not carcirogen to humans, while others did other experiments on animals and concluded the contrary. :rolleyes: If experiments where done in humans (the worthless ones), then we would have a clarification. Carcirogen or not, it is toxic and might be suitable for delayed poisoning.

rational611

October 13th, 2004, 04:34 AM

FUTI had posted in his original post that a person given Paraquat/Methyl Viologen would die of lung cancer after six months. I wanted to find if this was really true and it appears that the person does not die of cancer itself, but because of the toxic effects of the poison.

nbk2000

October 13th, 2004, 05:11 PM

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It causes degenerative changes in the lung tissue that are irreversable and lead to eventual lung failure? If that's the means of death, why cloud the issue by even mentioning the maybe/maybe-not cancer? :confused: You prevent confusion by excluding extraneous and irrelevant data, not by including it.

FUTI

October 14th, 2004, 10:41 AM

I read it in a compilation of texts given to me as part of my exam preparation papers by an old professor. He took part of it from a chemistry book by some Australian guy, and I think that information came from there. I can look later to find it, I just saw the question I was out of the Web reach for a few days...holiday:) EDIT: As much as I remember text claim that initial poison can not be traced in the body at the time the illness show it's progress. It also claim that proliferation of lung cells leading to colaps is the cause of death. It may be at least to my knowledge counted as generation of benign tumor. I posted the info because I think it fit to the subject. Poisoning, prolonged interval untill the effect show up and the chemical substance can not be analytically traced back after poisoning outcome.

rational611

October 14th, 2004, 12:16 PM

FUTI could you confirm for sure that the poison is non-traceable at the time of death. I mean poisons like tetanus and ricin cannot be traced in the body if they send it to the forensics. Such poisonings can only be deduced by looking at the symptoms. Does paraquat also fall under this category or does it show up in a blood test or some other kinds of tests to determine the poison? Please look it up in your chemistry textbook from which you have got this information from. I would appreciate your reply. Thanks in advance.

zeocrash

October 14th, 2004, 12:32 PM

ricin can be traced, I believe the body attempts to produce antibodies to it and these are detectable. Also i believe that it can be detected in large enough quantities.

akinrog

October 16th, 2004, 07:15 PM

There's a plankton that's known as "Red Tide", when it's blooming, that produces a very powerful toxin that's concentrated in shellfish, saxitoxin, ..... Here (http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/stx/saxi.htm) are some synthesis for STX The first original synthesis is here (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=Display&DB=pubmed). However this is an abstract and no entire article. Article is designated as J Am Chem Soc. 1977 Apr 13;99(8):2818-9. A stereospecific total synthesis of d,l-saxitoxin. Tanino H, Nakata T, Kaneko T, Kishi Y." I have also found an article abstract related to isolation of the STX, however there is no entire article. The abstract is here (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=7952941). Anybody may occasionally have entire article(s)? Article is designated as "Nat Toxins. 1994;2(4):175-83. PMID: 7952941 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]" I don't know if this designation helps to locate entire article.

simply RED

October 17th, 2004, 10:14 AM

"including dizziness, diarrhoea and vomiting, disorientation, respiratory distress, and eye irritation" Seems pretty much like the condition i've heared of (described in one of my previous posts) :) . "like drops of blood will fall from the eyes......." In my case the desease was also described as "untreatable", "only some supporting treatment" (whatever means) that saves no more than 20%. Only the internal bleeding is not spotted. These things are potent enough to meet some use - if additional research is done.

akinrog

October 19th, 2004, 06:55 PM

I believe this post shall not be very informative since I cannot remember the compounds name. But I also believe someone else may remember it if I tell the story :). A few years ago, I watched on discovery two programs called forensic detectives and medical detectives. In one of the episode of either of these programs (I don't remember which one), there was a murder case solved by the PD wherein the culprit who is an ex-boy friend of the intended victim, used a methyl azo compound (which I cannot recall) to kill her, but failed to do so but only killed her little daugher and her (daugher's) uncle. Actually if both of them are not poisoned the case could not be solved so easily since although the compound destroys liver cells there is no trace of the compound in the liver (since it is rapidly metabolized). Consequently the forensic scientist cannot prove the murder. However when a patologists examined the liver cells under microscope and saw the liver cell damage, s/he remembered that s/he saw such a damage before and when looking after s/he determined it is a carcinogenic substance which virtually destroys all liver cells and if used too much it causes death due to hemorrhages (sp?). And when the hospital officials determined that the little girl and the man hospitalized that day are relatives (uncle and niece), police started an investigation and by tracing possible suspects they determined the culprit and after also learning that he is working in a cancer research center, they guessed that the person in question obtained/stolen that substance from the center, and by the testimony of the patologist, they managed to have him convicted in the court. The guy has been claimed to add the substance to lemonade jug (from which some members of the family drank but a great portion of the family members either did not drink at all or drank only too little). And since the effect is delayed and they

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washed the jug no evidence could be found against him. Anyway sorry for such a long story but this might assist somebody who watched the same episode may remember the compound. :(

Acetylene

November 8th, 2004, 06:13 PM

You could go work at a food factory, the put some Botulinum bacteria on your gloves and spread them around, so the food is infected (although pasteurisation might get in the way of this). If one does want to use a carcinogen, then 3-nitrobenzanthrone is the way. It's the most carcinogenic chemical ever, while its precursor benzanthrone is a realtively harmless intermediate in dye syntheiss and the like. They transport it in 150-kg barrels, buy yourself one and then nitrate the compound, then go to a busy street with your 3-nitrobenzanthrone molten in a steel can, wrapped in glass wool to prevent heat loss and to keep it molten and evaporating, stand there untill it soidifies, go home and reheat, do so untill you run out. The next day, take some more of the compound and repeat the routine. Of course, this will be a suicide mission.

DimmuJesus

December 7th, 2004, 08:13 PM

Again a comparison with humans: humans poison themselves to death voluntarily: alcohol, tobacco, fat meal and most effective drugs like heroine, etc. . Even they know it's deadly, they still consume it because of either addiction or indifference. Not killing at the first consumption seem to be enough for a 'silent' poison. I really wonder, if rats don't have such behaviour, too. Addiction isn't a human feature only, is it?? So you simply have to find a 'rat fun' drug, make them addicted, then add poison to their drug source. Although their buddies die, they still eat the poison.

Not a bad idea for this topic. It would be particularly easy to poison the intravenous drugs, probably even the snorted drugs. But what about drugs that are smoked? I just started another topic for discussing the possibility of burning poisons. Some things that one could put into drugs such as marijuana or other smoke administered drugs. http://www.roguesci.org/theforum/showthread.php?t=4430

Jacks Complete

December 7th, 2004, 09:53 PM

A lot of these ideas are so lame! Just randomly killing a load of people is so stupid - you would have no way to avoid killing your dog, your wife and your mates down the pub at the same time as the group you want rid of. That said, http://houseofstrauss.co.uk/modules/wfsection/article.php?articleid=214 tells of the "Blue-green algae" problem. Easily made at home. 55% of UK watercoures tested have it, and it is lethal.

akinrog

December 8th, 2004, 03:22 AM

On Discovery channel, I watched a documentary related to death of Alexander the Great. In the documentary, they claim that Alexander the Great was posioned by some assassins with the roots of a ranunculus variety. The documentary names exact name of the plant, but the translators of the documentary translated the name into my native language so I don't know exact variety, but managed to deduce names of similar plants (i.e. Ranunculus, buttercup,etc.) According to the documentary the death of Alexander the Great lasted a few days (which in this respect fits in this thread). Anybody watched the English version of the said documentary and therefore know the name of the plant? Some searches revealed that the poison plant in question is White Hellebore. This link (http://www.botanical.com/botanical/ mgmh/h/helbla14.html) describes its properties. However it says not white hellebore but black hellebore.

Joeychemist

December 8th, 2004, 04:12 AM

Akinrog I am not sure of the e xact plant you re thinkin g of, or what type of plant killed Alexander the great b ut I can tell you that while most members of the buttercup family are only slightly poisonous, monkshood, Aconitum delphiniflorum, can cause death, to anyone or anything, within hours of ingesting any part of the plant. The plants juice is what is poisonous though, and what I would use. But then again this type kills within hours so it is not the type that made Alexander sick for days until he died. I think that he was poisoned with a weaker type of this specie s of flower and with out the medical adva nces we have today he died as a result.

And that s the other thing about using one of th e other strains is that symp toms show very soon a fter poisoning and if treated quickly, the target will most likely s urvive, s o I don t think this is a reliable delayed po ison .

nbk2000

December 8th, 2004, 07:48 PM

I heard Alexander died from West Nile Virus, as the common sign of local presence of the virus is dead birds, and according to legend, when alexander entered the last city he conquered, all the birds fell dead. With that, and the symptoms of fever, that's WNV.

Sarevok

December 8th, 2004, 09:47 PM

Things such as birds falling dead or poisoning are legends. He probably died of typhoid fever. If you check the symptoms historians such as Plutarch gave of his illness, it sounds like typhoid fever. For example, it was hard for him to eat (it is hard for people who suffer from typhoid fever to eat; and this is not true of West Nile Virus). He died in Babylonia, where typhoid fever was common. One thing that helped the disease to kill him was the fact that Alexander was saddened by the death of Hephestion (spelling?) (his FRIEND, not lover, like some writers, who have nothing do and want easy money, want us to believe) and Boukephalos (spelling?) (his horse and friend too) and I think this undermined his resistance. When they were alive, he resisted a lot of

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things, including being hit by an arrow that pierced his lungs, exposing the lungs in a way that people could see air getting in and out of his skin through the wound; he resisted a lot of time without any assistance and, when his soldiers were worried about him, he walked in front of them so that they could see he was ok. After they died, he became very sad, started to drink a lot and this little disease killed him. Modern medicine proves me right: someone who has little will to live and is very sad will have more problems resisting a disease or a wound than someone determined to live. I know that what matters is the fact that the poison is (or is not) well suited for delayed poisoning, not if this poison killed this or that guy. I merely wanted to clarify this stuff.

akinrog

December 9th, 2004, 08:46 AM

I forgot too add conclusion of the documentary I watched. The investigators concluded that Alexander was killed by the posion but not poisoned. This might be contradictory but, according to the documentary, purging the body as a treatment of ilnesses was a common practice during Alexander Great's time (just like Phlebotomy of Middle Ages) and roots of white hellebore were used by the physicians of that time as purgative. And Alexander, being an eager man to recover from the illness and continue his way of life, insisted the physicians attending the him to use frequent and higher doses of the herb's roots and died due to poisoning. However, as you may notice the herb is a good posion the site describing it states that it contains "Two crystalline glucosides, Helleborin and helleborcin, both powerful poisons. Helleborin has a burning, acrid taste and is narcotic, helleborcin has a sweetish taste and is a highly active cardiac poison, similar in its effects to digitalis and a drastic purgative." Since it is very similar to digitalis, it might be a good posion to use and with minimal doses administered over the time the delaying effect may be obtained. However I must admit that this may increase exposure of the perpetrators to risk of being caught. :eek:

rational611

December 10th, 2004, 10:23 AM

Acetylene: Is 3-nitrobenzanthrone detectable in both living bodies and dead tissue? Zerocrash wrote "ricin can be traced, I believe the body attempts to produce antibodies to it and these are detectable. Also i believe that it can be detected in large enough quantities" at http://www.roguesci.org/theforum/showthread.php? t=4291&page=2&highlight=delayed+poisoning PyroTech wro te "The nice thing about ricin is that doctors can t find the cause of d eath, at leas t in many cases, because ricin destroys itself. The way of dying by ricin is not something you would wish for somebody. You literally shit your organs out" at http://www.roguesci.org/theforum/showthread.php?t=3694&highlight=delayed+poisoning Zerocrash says that ricin is traceable while PyroTech says it is not. Who is right?Can someone elaborate?

Sarevok

December 11th, 2004, 08:04 PM

Damn! People need to read more books and watch less TV! Respected historians such as Borza and pathologists such as Oldach, by analyzing the symptoms Alexander suffered from (as described by Arrian, Plutarch and others) conclued that he died of typhoid. The chances that he was poisoned by Olympia, Roxanne, Ptomoleus, sons of Antipater, other enemies or whoever, is always considered to be very small. Many historians also agree that he was saddened by the death of Boukephalos and Hephestion, so this statement "Alexander, being an eager man to recover from the illness and continue his way of life" is not true. Whatever. Instead of learning history from books, people are learning history from TV documentaries. I think Stalin was right: "A person, a problem. No person, no problem. To kill solves all problems." As for ricin being traceable or not: It IS traceable, but you must take the poisoned person and search directly for ricin. If you simply have a sick person and make routin exams to discover what is happening, you will think that he is suffering from a disease or something. Ricin isn't easy to spot when you are not looking for it, unlike mercury poisoning or similar things.

nbk2000

December 12th, 2004, 09:57 PM

Lots of things that were once considered legends have later been shown to be true. If the birds were dying in a city thousands of years ago, nobody would have remembered it today IF Alexander the Great hadn't rolled into town and died there. That he DID die turns the birds dying from something otherwise forgetable into a portent of great importance for those ancient people, what with omens being so central to many belief systems of the time. And, where does WNV come from? The West Nile region, which is where? Where Alexander died.

Sarevok

December 12th, 2004, 10:32 PM

He became ill and died in Babylonia, which was located near today's Bagdad (Iraq), not near the Nile (river located in Egypt, Sudan, Ethyopia and Uganda).

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December 21st, 2004, 09:16 AM

To Acetylene: I have got hold of some benzanthrone and would like to convert it into 3-nitrobenzanthrone. Could you post the exact nitrating procedure, ie the nitric acid concentrations, amount of the acid and the temperatures to be maintained. I was unable to locate anything of the sort on google. I was wondering, since this chemical is a solid, does ingestion of its powered form act like a carcinogen? Is it very toxic to the body?

akinrog

December 21st, 2004, 03:26 PM

Zerocrash says that ricin is traceable while PyroTech says it is not. Who is right?Can someone elaborate? The forensic scientists do not detect presence of ricin, but the antibodies the victim's body produces against it. The method, AFAIR, is an elisa (sp?) test involving tendency of the white blood cells to attach known molecules. So both of them are right and wrong but in diferent aspects. HTH

cyclosarin

October 2nd, 2007, 02:50 PM

Why not use a virus like HIV or rabies? Without an obvious infection rabies is unlikely to be suspected during its incubation period and by the time symptoms appear it's virtually 100% fatal. I think the incubation period can range from weeks to a year or so. On the topic of carcinogens you could also consider using an oncogenic retrovirus to cause cancer.

hatal

October 3rd, 2007, 04:33 AM

Like WMD said, fungus. Well, mushrooms to be exact. Almost endless varieties of them having the potential to be used as a delayed poison. Poisonous species can take days to kill after ingestion, because of their slow absorbtion. Further detailing the events of amanita poisoning. It produces symptoms very similar to indigestion after 6 hours + 24 hours. Then comes 1-2 days of remission, patient is getting better, symptoms disappear. After that, the patient is already a dead man. Liver and renal -failure, damage to heart muscles. To most of them there is no convetional antidote, just a standard treatment which aims to surpress the unpleasant symptoms and to remove the posion out of the body before absorbtion. A good idea would be to combine its poison with something that "masks" or smooth the symptoms of this indigestion in the first 24hours. Then the poison could work its way without giving any reasonable cause for medical attention

cyclosarin

October 3rd, 2007, 12:44 PM

A good idea would be to combine its poison with something that "masks" or smooth the symptoms of this indigestion in the first 24hours. Then the poison could work its way without giving any reasonable cause for medical attention Or something that could complicate the initial symptoms and make them think that it's something else (preferably not poison). Would the symptoms be any less obvious if you could somehow isolate a particular protein such as alpha-amanitin? vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Binary Poisons zeocrash

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S e p t e m b e r 2 8th, 2004, 06:51 AM

O k I n a b o o k I ' m r e a ding at the m oment it m entions binary poisons, 2 chemicals that are harmless on the re own but react to m a k e s o m e k i n d o f t o x i n . T h e c u n n i n g p a r t i s t h a t t h e 2 s u b s t a n c e s a r e n o t m i x e d b e f o r e b e i n g a d m inistered to the victim . one substance will be served up to the victim at 1 tim e, and the other substance will be served up at another tim e , t h e s e c o n d substance will react with the first substance, that is already present in the victim ' s b o d y a n d p r o d u c e t h e p o i s o n . The advantage of this is that it will only affect the people who have already consu med the first chem ical, so food tasters dinner guests etc. will be unaffected. Now I was wo ndering, is this possible. Is there already a system l i k e t h i s i n e x i s t a n c e . D o e s a n y o n e h a v e a n y i d e a s o f w h a t chemicals could be used Excuse m e if it sound s like i'm talking out my ass, but the concept was interesting.

simply RED

S e p t e m b e r 2 8th, 2004, 04:57 PM

In this case, very reactive chem icals should be used so they could react in the body in very low con centratio ns. I don't know if such exist... S o m ething interesting, very close to th is topic is the synergic poisoning. Two toxins (m aybe very m ild also) administrated at one tim e have greater effect than the sum mary effect of both. If th e e n z y m e which detoxicates a poison is destroyed by som e other chem ical, sm all am m ounts of a chem ical that has bee n harmless can kill a creature. Two ogranophosphoric chem icals have synergic effect. Organophosphoric cholynesterase inhibitor plus barbiturates also!

FUTI

S e p t e m b e r 2 8th, 2004, 05:44 PM

As chem ist first thing that cross m y m ind is binary chem ical weapons. Two supose dly ordin ary pesticides or O TC products combined by explosive device to produce and disperse deadly product ... m ostly nervous agent (that is the line of work that m ost of the efforts by great countries where concentrated). Not the exactly the thread subject but very sim ilar. W ell synergism is not unknown... for exam ple you have barbiturate and ethanol. Liver degrade ethanol to detoxify organism , but barbitura te slow down that proces (and can also damage liver on chronical use) so you have double synergism of two m ind altering chem icals. You can also kill yo urself or someone by that com bination.

WMD

S e p t e m b e r 2 9th, 2004, 04:39 AM

Like sim ply RED said, if you block the detoxifying enzymes rather sim ple c o m p o u nds can becom e q u i t e d a n g e r o u s . E x a m p l e s are disulfiram/antabus which blocks alcohol dehydrogen ase iirc and therefore can increase the toxicity of ethanol considerably or harmaline which blocks m o n o a m i n e o x i d a s e s o t h a t s i m p l e a m i n e s f r o m f o o d g i v e n a s p o i s o n s h a v e a f a r g r e a t e r e f f e c t .

zeocrash

S e p t e m b e r 3 0th, 2004, 06:38 AM

h m m, these ar epossibilities, but the idea suggested in the book is that neither chemical would ha ve any e ffect on their own , but when the y got together in your body they would form something toxic. Also th at the first chem ical could be served up days w e e k s o r m o n t h s b e f o r e t h e s e c o n d c h emical. Adm itted this is from a tom clancey style novel, but usu ally those books do have quite a bit of truth in them

FUTI

S e p t e m b e r 3 0th, 2004, 12:09 PM

I doubt that such poisoning is easy to achieve. Most chem icals have very fast metabolism. Any chemical that had ability to a c u m u l a t e ( o r r e m a i n i n o r g a n i s m for som e tim e) within organism can be made toxic itself. The way you described your la st post... it turns out victim would be some kind of a reaction vessel. It would n't react with neither of the chem icals and so it wouldn't show physio l o g i c a l r e s p o n s e a l o n e , b u t c o m b i n e d c h e m icals give product or reaction with death outcome. I figured this from the start, and that is why the story of binary CW in the previous post. If you want weird chem ical rea ction in the body look up on liver m e t a b o l i s m . Only one question... if som e t h i n g c a u s e d e a t h , there it m ust exist, so it can be traceable (it can be tricky but...) so the cause can be found and death won't be traceless and without known cause (if this is the goal). If you just look for a poison with slow on set to have a tim e to leave crim e scene, there are m uch better ways to achieve that. If you look for synergism those com p o u n d m ust have p hysiological response or else there wouldn't be anything to enhance. W MD I liked your harm a l i n e i d e a : )

WMD

October 1st, 2004, 12:33 PM

W MD I liked your harm a l i n e i d e a : ) It's not m y idea, it's ancient k nowledge from the am azon natives. They drink a brew containing harm aline together with DMT, DiMethylTrypt[amine] (this is not nom enclature , just em phasis on the stuff that m atters). The harm aline in hibts the MAO wh ich is re sponsible for metabolizing amines, therefore the DMT isn't destroyed that qu ickly and you're in for a fascinating journey. But the sham ans that use this have to eat a ce rtain diet, which is low on am i n e s .

FireFly

May 16th, 2008, 12:40 AM

I know this is an old post; however, I was researching toxins and wondered why no one mentioned using pharmaceuticals with adverse RXNs to each other? Som ething like Viagra and nitroglycerine? I know each of the se would have their own e ffects, but, neither would be toxic on their own. Mixing the two at low doses wouldn't ensure death, bu t h i g h d o s e s s h o u l d h a v e s o m e

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rewarding effects. Other antagonistic drugs should have some effects interesting to you as well. So rry to bring an old thread to life but I just finished pharmacology class and have my head filled with many interesting ideas and this thread caught my eye.

Telkor

May 16th, 2008, 07:27 AM

O n e e x a m ple would be MAO-inhibitors. S o m e o f t h e m a r e u s e d a s a n tidepressants, but combined with m any other substances, exspecially other antidepressants, it can be fatal.

Charles Owlen Picket

May 16th, 2008, 11:16 AM

Actually you are discu s s i n g s o m ething with som e intelligence and foretho u g h t . T o a d d r e s s a n o l d p o s t t h a t m a y h a v e s o m e utilitarian value, adding concise original ideas are not verbotten in itself (see "The Rules") & obviously you searched & applied appropriate intellect. Those individuals who react to Viagra enough to make use of the nitroglycerin are actually a percentage of a control group. As you know there are som e folks who R EALLY should NOT use Viagra; having a sensitivity to it. These are the individu als who e x p e r i e n c e h earing or vision im pairment. Those fellows would very possibly fall victim to such a "binary". But we see there is no consistency to this concept as we have to rely o n a select group with a pre-existing issue. The "concept" should not have to rely on sensitivity for total, complete, unmitigated effectiveness. ....Think MAO inhibitors...& you'll have no need for a sensitivity as the healthiest heart and lungs, the 16 yr old m arathoner, will drop dead from a mix of certain materials and MAO inhibitors spaced even a day apart! I t ' s a g o o d e xercise for a Pharm stude nt.

ciguy007

May 16th, 2008, 01:04 PM

T h e u s e o f o n e c h e m i c a l t o i n h i b i t t h e m e t a b o l i s m o f a n o t h e r i s q u i t e c o m m o n . T h e b e s t e x a m ple that crosses m y m ind at the m o m e n t i s p i p e r o n y b u t o x i d e a d d e d t o c a r b a m ate or pyrethroid insecticides. Pipe ronyl butoxide has a very low orde r of toxicity but m ultiplies the effect of the insecticide by preventing its m e t a b o l i s m . In drug abusers, a small portion of the population has low (say, 15% of normal) plasma cholinesterase activity - these people are very susceptible to cocaine poisoning because the p rimary route for detoxification is largely m issing. Any cholinesterase inhibitor could artificially do the same thing to plasm a c h o l i n e s t e r a s e .

James

August 13th, 2008, 05:43 PM

A so lid cynaide salt, an anhydrous organic acid and water. you can probably m ix any two o f the three without too m uch danger. m ix all three though and you get hydrogen cyanide in salt water. O K not what the topic is about. Maybe concentrated bleach and acetone to generate phosgene (IIRC).

Secong Nature

August 15th, 2008, 09:16 AM

My two cents worth is a bioaccum ulative insolub le salt, HgSO4 springs to m ind. Not very toxic by itself but if there's enough buildup in the body over tim e it could be released throu gh a dose of nitrate all at once.

fluoroantimonic

August 16th, 2008, 01:36 AM

Maybe concentrated bleach and acetone to gen erate phosgene (IIRC). Y o u m e a n c h l o r o f o r m . Not quite so deadly... I do like the idea of slowly building up a accum ulative com pound that is fairly nontoxic and then releasing a highly toxic product by adding som ething else. There are m any transition metals that are pretty toxic, other ideas? vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Long-term Area Denial using a Battery Powered Electronic Air-Freshner nbk2000

September 30th, 2004, 09:56 PM

I recently saw these new air freshner devices that use a piezoelectric disc to vaporize a minute amount of aromatic oil to "freshen" the air for up to (according to the package) 60 DAYS! at the minimal setting. The cost is less than 10 dollars and they run off of a AA battery. Now, how to apply this... Since the the oil container is replaceable, and contains over an ounce of fluid, how about substituting chloropicrin? This isn't intended as a weapon per-se, more like a means of preventing someone from occupying an area that you wish to remain vacant, only without the hassle of explosives or nasty poisons that'll leave a body or attract attention w ith a sw arm of flies. (eewww!) I had in mind an abandoned house that you might occassionaly use as a lab, but don't w ant to risk homeless trash finding your stash. Or perhaps an abandoned industrial site that you'll use for testing devices, but don't want occupied in the meantime? These tiny devices would be placed around the site, indoors of course, and create an atmosphere that would be untenable for more than a few minutes at most, as the vapor concentration would gradually build up over time if totally enclosed. When you're ready for using the place for yourself, you won't have to bother with tedious decontamination, as you'd simply go in (w ith gas-mask or large, clear, plastic bag over your head), disconnect the batteries, and let the place air out for an hour. Given the minute amount that's been dispersed in a highly volatile vapor form, there'd be nothing to really soak into the wood/concrete that'd make it a persistant irritant.

meselfs

September 30th, 2004, 11:16 PM

Definitely it's a neat device and an idea to consider, but do you really think that if someone comes into your shack, goes insane itching the eyes and maybe puking, s/he w on't tell somebody? Better then anything I could think of, though (actually I live rural already, so this is no issue. I'd just recommend everyone to live rural :D. Shacks are readily available around here.).

croc

October 1st, 2004, 05:25 AM

Excellent idea NBK, I w as thinking that if a nerve agent such as soman was put in that devise and dropped in a bin in a shopping center would be able to kill hundreds. As soman has a fruity odor people would like the smell and breathe more. Also soman is the toughest nerve agent to treat. After a while people w ould give signs of nerve agent poisoning and drop dead all over the place before much can be done. ++ ++++ +++ ++ Dude, stop talking, you're embarassing yourself. :rolleyes:

akinrog

October 1st, 2004, 06:51 AM

Maybe instead of using an agent, one may use OC (pepper spray) or some mercaptanes to repel the intruders. My choice woulde be for mercaptanes, since anything unusual (like lacrymators, or OC, and worst of all nerve agents) shall draw attention of the piggies (and goats in shithole countries). And I believe nobody can stand such a nasty and stinking smell of mercaptanes. However one drawback with this approach you have to stand that stink too. :eek: :(

ProdigyChild

October 1st, 2004, 08:45 AM

You can improve the effect by placing a sign like 'mercury/PCB/dioxine/depleted uranium/some-fantasy-chemical-name/... contaminated area - keep out' + a scull sign + maybe some ribbons across the entry to make people understand WHY they should not go in. Furthermore it's officially labeled as dangerous place so no need to report. Those who step beyond the sign soon smell a strange odour and give up. Placing a dead rat/other animal somewhere behind the sign w ould further distract bold ones (children?!) and those who don't know what mercury/PCB/... is. Also, placing some traps, that cause pain after trespassing can be of some help too. Imagine you step into a nail covered by moss or cut from a sharp edge or pin at the doorknob. It strongly reduces your will to explore the forbidden area - especially if it hurts like hell due to some chemicals put on the pin :D . And it's unrelated to the sign you placed and programs the victims brain not to return here. However, I have my doubts, that long term exposure of low concentration chemicals prevents the w alls from absorbing. All things try to reach an equilibrium - in your case the walls will absorb so much, that they will try to re-establish the low concentration that used to be there before venting. Put one drop of styrene in your room. Vent after one day. Close the w indow s, and enter after a short while. The smell is there again. You don't get the taste out of your room in a short period of time!

meselfs

October 1st, 2004, 03:10 PM

Excellent idea NBK, I w as thinking that if a nerve agent such as soman was put in that devise and dropped in a bin in a shopping center would be able to kill hundreds. As soman has a fruity odor people would like the smell and breathe more. Also soman is the toughest nerve agent to treat. After a while people w ould give signs of nerve agent poisoning and drop dead all over the place before much can be done. Actually, w hen one person falls like a fly in permethrin fog everyone runs out the building.

I was thinking, what about 1,5 diaminopentane? This is the active ingredient in the smell produced by dead animals. It's the real thing. It w on't arouse suspition as much as the chloropicrin: the bum won't find it horribly unnatural. He'll just decide that this is an unacceptable home even for him and go away.

megalomania

October 1st, 2004, 05:39 PM

What about the smell they put in natural gas? I forget what that is, but everyone knows it.

nbk2000

October 1st, 2004, 05:47 PM

Some people have no sense of smell, usually winos who've let themselves degenerate to such a level as to find such places suitable as a home, so it'd have to be an irritant, not a smell. Though smells would be good as a harrasment measures against businesses or such, especially food-related, as who'd w ant to eat at a resturant that smells like a dead rat? :p If there's a sign (well weathered, of course) at an industrial site that says "DANGER-CONTAMINATED AREA", then they'd get the hint when their eyes start watering and throat burning. Houses could have a "Condemned-Dangerous to Occupy" put on them and, again, the irritation w ould be expected for that. Besides, what are they going to do, call the cops? "Hello, 911? I broke into an industrial complex to live in because I'm a drug-addled derilict, and I ignored these signs saying 'Contaminated Area-Keep Out', and now I'm wheezing for breath and crying like a bitch." ;) Lethal agents aren't acceptable because A: Dead bodies draw attention. B: You'd have to clean up the mess if no one else found it first. C: BIG TIME HEAT if you use any type of CW agent for something so P.E.T.T.Y. as keeping out bums. :rolleyes: Besides, even if the irritant does soak into the walls, and releases over time, how long do you expect to be in there? I'd be in there for less than an hour to do my thing and get the fuck out, so persistance in the walls would be a good thing. :) The gas smell is ethyl mercaptain, I believe.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter meselfs

October 1st, 2004, 05:54 PM

Good points. And it's ethyl mercaptan, no 'i'.

nbk2000

October 5th, 2004, 08:33 PM

My captain, my captain, w hy have thou forsaken me? ;) I was thinking a good adjunct to an irritant would be a myotic, such as DFP. Minute amounts, far below that needed to kill or even sicken, would cause the intruders pupils to shrink to pinpoints, creating the feeling of impending doom as everything starts to darken, the light from their flashlight growing ever dimmer, and the shadows start to solidify into terrifying forms! :eek: ;) :D

nbk2000

April 1st, 2006, 11:10 PM

Found an interesting product being used by LAPD to keep derilects out of abandoned buildings. It's called "SkunkShot", and is a synthetic skunk smell mixed in w ith a silicone gel, to be dispensed from a small tube. Apparently, according to the articles about it's use as such, it'll persist for weeks. :) At only $15 for a tube, enough for a house, it's cheap enough to try out. I'd go with putting the product on small cards, and wedging the cards out of sight. This would allow for the cards to be removed, thus removing the smell w ith them, rather than having to w ait for the product to lose activity over time, like you would if you applied it to the structure itself. http://ww w.amazon.com/gp/product/B0006A7EDU/102-1074441-9280963?v=glance&n=284507 They also make a granular form that can be sprinkled about. Seems like just the thing for filling up small stink grenades with. :)

Jacks Complete

April 2nd, 2006, 09:44 AM

Another brilliant idea, NBK. Subversion of technology. ;-) As regards the sign, I've never seen one that specifically says what the risk is, except for asbestos. It just says "Contaminated area", and never tells the sheeple what to be afraid of, only that they should be afraid!

simply RED

April 4th, 2006, 01:35 PM

some off topic: It is very possible that bad smell gived the CWs the bad name :) . Bad smell is not common for all poisons , btw : Diphosgene, fluoroethyl-fluoroacetate have fruity smells in low concentreation. Methanol and fluoroethanol are difficult to distinguish from ethanol. Cyanide smells like bitter almonds. Ethanediol is sweet..... Another idea to give the CWs a better appearance is to mix it with parfume. "Nobody ever thought that those toxic sprays used against flies may explode on heating" said Rachel Carson which gives an idea of filling a container under pressure with something significant... ----------------The question about location of a lab or stash is importaint. Those smart ideas may prove in the practice. Like marking the chemicals wrong (for example the hexogen NH4NO3) and only you know which is what.

Chris The Great

April 5th, 2006, 03:44 AM

Most nerve agents smell fuity in relatively high concentrations, but generally they are fatal long before that so it is kind of an irrelevent point. You could take advantage of the fact that nerve agents cause intense myosis (constricting of the pupil) in concentrations much lower than the fatal concentration, however I see that idea being far to dangerous to the user, you'd probably end up killing yourself by slowly absorbing a lethal dose of the vapour through your skin.

With the synthetic skunk smell, the more chemically inclined could probably synthesis large amounts for very cheap. Skunk odor is from n-butyl mercaptan, and some other mercaptans (isopropyl mercaptan for example) smell even stronger. I am not 100% sure of the synthesis but I think it is just mix the alcohol and sodium hydrogen sulfide as per: ROH + NaSH -> RSH (mercaptan) + NaOH Don't quote me on that though, I have never actually seen a "real" synthesis, just the occasional bit of info here and there on the net. Silica gel can be found as (expensive) cat litter, I got 2kg of it under the brand name "silica cat litter" which described itself as being able to absorb the odours into "millions of tiny pores". Soak up the mercaptan in the silica gel and you've got your own mix! Maybe not as fancy as stuff that comes in a tube but cheaper and probably more effective since there isn't a limit on how much mercaptan you can add. The stuff smells so incredibly strong that the only first hand account I have of someone handling the compounds (on the old powerlabs forum, not sure if it still exists) described immediate tearing of the eyes, violent illness, etc.

You could also use 1,6-diaminopentane (as mentioned already), w hich smells like a rotting corpse, under the floorboards of other places to draw the piggies attention in a long, futile search for a stashed corpse that just isn't there. As you say, dead bodies draw attention, and the piggies will w ant to find it, but in reality it is just some little bits of stinky silica gell scattered under floorboards all over the place. Maybe toss a larger amount down some really small pipe that goes into the ground. THAT will keep them busy as they try to figure out how the hell the dead body appears to be inside a 3 inch diameter pipe that goes straight into the ground :D No clue on the synthesis however. That is not really an "Area denial" weapon but will keep the piggies attention focused elsewhere in a pinch.

simply RED

April 5th, 2006, 04:46 AM

Ethyl mercaptan: CH3CH2Br + NaSH = EtSH + NaBr tried and working with low yield. (better find some bromide with higher boiling point and directly boil it with the NaSH - in three necked flask with condenser)

nbk2000

April 6th, 2006, 02:46 AM

The vapor form of nerve agents requires a hugely excessive dosage, compared to inhalation or contact, something on the order of several orders of magnitude more. Exposure of men to sarin vapor concentrations at 20,000mg/cu.M (w earing only mask, shorts, and shoes) resulted in a lowering of blood cholinesterase (SP?) on only 10% or so, for a half hours exposure Comparatively, exposure to 200mg/cu.M would be fatal in just minutes if inhaled. Trying to disguise the smell is kinda pointless, as OPA's are generally odorless at effective concentrations. But, if you had to, you should go w ith food smells like popcorn, that wouldn't be out of place in the target enviroment. I know we've discussed this very idea before. I think it was in a thread about some gas the jews were using in palestine that smell like mint or some such thing.

Alexires From "Organic Chemistry for Medical, Intermediate Science and Pharmaceutical Students" by A. Killen Macbeth (1946) pg. 84 w e have "The mercaptans may be prepared by either of two principal methods. (1) By the action of phosphorus pentasulphide on an alcohol a mercaptan is produced along w ith phosphorus pentoxide.

April 6th, 2006, 02:37 PM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter 5C2H5.OH + P2S5 = 5C2H5.SH + P2O5

(2) When a concentrated solution of a potassium alkyl sulphate is heated with potassium hydrosulphide a mercaptan is distilled off. KC2H5SO4 + KSH = C2H5.SH + K2SO4." Interestingly enough, it goes on to talk about the hypnotics trional and tetronal being formed from methyl ethyl ketone and diethyl ketone respectively. The bastard tries to find your chem lab, but finds himself asleep on the floor from said hypnotics *laugh*

bobo

April 6th, 2006, 03:24 PM

These synthesis are not main stream! First, I think P2S5 is a regulated chemical, like big time regulated. No idea why, probably for chemical agents or somesuch. The bromide to thiol is a good starting point because bromides are easily prepared from alcohol. Actually you can use the more common thiosulfate to form bunte salt which gives thiol on hydrolysis, and you can get a thiol from grignard reagent acting on elemental sulfur. Thioureum can be used on bromides and iodides, I forgot the exact conditions though. Other reagent that people refer to is to use basic thioaceticacid salts, but I never got that route to w ork.

FU TI

April 6th, 2006, 03:40 PM

I like P2S5 although they don't let me use it here. The method of choice for most thiols is through use of thiourea (not friendly chemical). I can distinguish methanol and ethanol easily. Story about common smell of those tw o alcohols comes from fact that low quality or aged methanol has ester like flavour like some boose and as such atract alcoholics of all kinds to their final cup.

Alexires

April 9th, 2006, 09:15 AM

Bobo. I realise that they are probably not "main stream". I never said them to be so. All I did was remember that there was a synthesis in one of my books and put it on here. My knowledge of chemistry is Yr 12, mixed with some of my own private learning. I simply thought someone here might have made some use of it.

nbk2000

May 12th, 2006, 01:56 AM

Saw a new product at the grocery store today. http://ww w.amazon.com/gp/product/B000FGE24O/104-6728443-7615157?v=glance&n=284507 It's an automatic shower cleaner appliance that you install in the shower stall. When you push a button, there's a minutes delay before it starts spraying a stream of the cleaning solution in an 8 foot circle around it. The device is built to spray a couple ounces of fluid at a time. The bottles are easily refilled, the device is only $25 bucks, and a battery pow ered sprayer seems just the ticket for this: Modify switch so it's activated by a long timer that activates every few hours or days, fill bottle with agent of choice, and place device up high so spray gets scattered about. FTW. :)

nbk2000

September 6th, 2007, 05:32 PM

Interesting video, that shows a police SWAT unit running in terror from a house because of the smell of natural gas. http://ww w.liveleak.com/view?i=4812ae0f39 Thing is, natural gas is itself odorless, and it's the warning odor that is added to the gas (usually a sulfide) that the pigs are reacting to. Potential? Oh, and the fun of watching a piggy blast himself with the flash-bang in his pants pocket. :p

Hinckleyforpresident

September 6th, 2007, 11:30 PM

About a year ago (I think) there was panic throughout Manhattan due to naturally occurring mercaptans drifting over the city from New Jersey. A lot of people called the police and fire departments thinking it w as a massive gas leak. CNN covered the story all day until they figured it out.

panzerkampfwagen

September 17th, 2007, 06:36 PM

Formeldahyde would also be very effective. It has a very strong odor in very small quantities. It can be lethal, but only in people dumb enough to sit in a tank of it. It is also a very nasty eye irretant in very small amounts. I have had a couple of bad experiences with formeldahyde soaked into animal tissues. It is very strong, the gov. used it to clean up that Rhesus Ebola outbreak about ten years ago. If it can kill ebola, it can solve anything. Also, setting one up with chlorine pool cleaner and one with ammonia would be an effective deterent.

Jacks Complete

September 18th, 2007, 04:48 PM

I've seen a gas leak in the UK, and it was quite the show , police sealed the street, gas engineers running around, and a few front doors getting kicked in. Completely irrelevant for this topic, in a way, but it could be useful! Get some mercaptane then spray it into the target house, and call it in. Or post a can of gas through the letterbox, with a slow 'leak'. The gas board will break the door down to find the leak, so it could be useful for those hard targets you want to scope out.

chemdude1999

September 18th, 2007, 07:41 PM

Jacks, sorry to hear the police are so gungho over there. I can certainly see them doing it. I can envision the lock making a nice spark as the copper put his foot through and subsequently dying from "gas-induced trauma". Here in the states, the gas company would turn the main off and evacuate a few of the surrounding homes. They would at least try to contact the homeow ner before going in. A HazMat team might be called in for extra safety (to avoid ignition w hile airing out). After airing out, the house would be carefully inspected for the leak and corrections made. These types of leaks most often come from those flexible connectors on the back of gas appliances. Code requires they be changed now adays. So, here in the states, it w ould be more of a serious prank.

megalomania

September 19th, 2007, 08:46 PM

My research adviser said w hen he was a grad student he accidentally spilled a liter of mercaptain in the fume hood. It all vaporized and went up the exhaust, but the exhaust just gets vented on the roof of the chem building. The resulting gas cloud enveloped most of the campus and sent the maintenance staff on a panicked search for a gas leak. He did not confess to this at the time... vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and Weapons Forum

> Chemistry for Amateur Experimenters and Citizen Scientists

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View Full Version : Volatile plutonium gas compound megalomania

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November 13th, 2004, 07:47 PM

I was researching an unrelated explosive when I came across some interesting data about waste plutonium reclamation. Apparently there is a kind of plutonium trimethylsilyl amine compound that is quite volatile and readily sublimes. The compound in question, Pu[N(Si(CH3)3)2]3 , is made by dissolving plutonium metal in a solution of iodine in THF to make PuI3. The plutonium triiodide is then converted to the trimethylsilyl compound. I dont know how that is done, but I would assume with some trimethylsilyl amine compound via halogen substitution. This solid compound readily sublimes at 50 C. Now, assuming you can get your hands on plutonium this would be far easier to weaponize than an atomic device. Having a plutonium gas that is slowly released through sublimation would potentially expose far more people than using the plutonium in a pyrotechnic smoke bomb that disperses quickly. Of course it would take longer to kill anyone exposed to a smaller quantity of plutonium. However, dead is dead.

tom haggen

November 13th, 2004, 08:54 PM

Did it say if the plutonium gas had an odor or not? If this type of weapon was hidden well in a public place, would it go unnoticed exposing much more people to lethal levels of radiation? Your evil ideas fit your avatar megalomania.

megalomania

November 14th, 2004, 07:16 AM

I seriously doubt if anyone has ever smelled this compound given that A) its plutonium for gods sake and B) very few people would have access to it in government labs and C) the compound is rather new. If some poor shmuck does get a whiff he has more important things to worry about than describing the scent :(

Joeychemist

November 14th, 2004, 05:57 PM

Did it say if the plutonium gas had an odor or not? If this type of weapon was hidden well in a public place, would it go unnoticed exposing much more people to lethal levels of radiation? Your evil ideas fit your avatar megalomania. It s not the human nose you have to worry about detecting this weapon, It is the mechanical noses that are all ar ound our countries designed to pick up even the slightest trace amounts of radiation from nuclear material . I know in t hat in Canada t here is one the not t o far from where I live. After Sept 11 the U.S has installed a wide range of specialized radiation detectors intended to sniff out the signatur es of nuclear bombsboth traditional warheads and so-called dir ty bombs all over the country, They are in airports, there is one in time square, and there are several on capital hill. There are hundreds working today throughout the world and hundreds more ready to be installed. I love the idea Mega and like Tom said you're evil ideas fit you're avatar perfectly. But do you really think this weapon would go unnoticed for to long?

Bugger

November 14th, 2004, 11:51 PM

I thought that the most volatile Pu compound would be the hexafluoride, PuF6, with properties similar to UF6 (used for U-235 enrichment) but rather more strongly oxidizing. There may also be a Pu(VII) heptafluoride, PuF7. But they are very readily hydrolysed by traces of H20. I have read that a volatile Pu(VIII) tetroxide, PuO4, has been obtained, which would somewhat resemble OsO4. All these should be more volatile than Pu[N(Si(CH3)3)2]3 because their molecular weights are substantially less. One whiff of these compounds would certainly do you in, because of both the chemical toxicity of Pu compounds and their highly oxidizing nature.

Marvin

November 15th, 2004, 01:05 PM

"because their molecular weights are substantially less." No. MW of an individual species is a secondary influence, it only really applies within classes of chemicals. Intermolecular bonding creates effective massive molecules which have corrispondingly higher boiling points etc. This why at STP water is a liquid and xenon is a gas. PuF6 is thermodynamically unstable, ie it evolves fluorine. You lose about 0.1% a day if its kept in the vapour form. The funny thing here is that keeping it solid which is normally the best way to preserve it loses you about 1.5% a day due to the radiactivity inducing decomposition (these values will therefore be for a certain value of specific radioactivity probably corrisponding to pure 239). One of the ways of making this is to run PuF4 and F2 into a furnace at 700C and condensing the products very fast. PuF6 melts at 51C, which means at the temperature the trimethyl silane derivitive is readily subliming PuF6 hasnt even made the Solid>liquid transition and has fa vapour pressure. I'm a little unsure what you mean by 'one whiff', but I was under the impression Pu was a calcium analog building up in the bones and eventually causing cancer/lukemia by alpha irradiation. It also forms a flaky oxide by air oxidation which can easily float off and be trapped in the lungs causing cancer in almost unfeasable sounding amounts. I was also under the impression the 'most toxic element' often applied to plutonium was only a result of its radioacitivy in combination with the human bodies tendency to bind it up and keep it or fail to expell it fromt he lungs. Normally I would not be interested in a Battlefield Chemistry post, but I was wondering if a uranium analog exists that might provide a much less corrosive substrate for enrichement. Sadly I think obtaining the precursor as a single molecular weight is a problem that would outweigh any chemical gains. Fluorine of course only has one stable isotope making the mw of UF6 soley dependent on the U isotope.

megalomania

November 15th, 2004, 01:19 PM

The toxicity of plutonium is due to its radioactivity. IIRC a single plutonium atom can kill you given enough time. One whiff would be quite sufficient to contaminate your body with enough plutonium to finish you in short order. A slowly subliming plutonium chemical is ideal because it allows for maximum contamination of an area over an extended length of time. A volatile gas would quickly disperse and contaminate the air quite heavily at first, but then would float away above breathing level. A slowly subliming gas would create a radioactive gas cloud near ground level (where people are breathing) for an extended period. The Pu source being in a trash can for example. It is also probable this gas would be less detectable at lower concentrations if indeed it does have an odor. I can't imagine plutonium hexafluoride smells very plesant if it is contaminated with fluorine.

rancid_matt

November 15th, 2004, 03:26 PM

If one would get his hands on Pu, It would be very very stupid, to waste it on something like a toxis gas bomb (wich have been proven unifficient), while one can make a nuclear weapon with relative ease from any isotope of Pu.

Marvin

November 15th, 2004, 10:00 PM

"IIRC a single plutonium atom can kill you given enough time" I'll put this down to temperary insanity, it makes no sense from either chemistry or physics. Long past time we had some reliable data though, from a random web encyclopedia, "Orally, plutonium is less toxic than several common substances, including caffeine, acetominophen, some vitamins, (pseudo)ephedrine, all narcotic pain killers (including codeine) and any number of plants and fungi. It is perhaps somewhat more toxic than absolute alcohol, but less so than tobacco and most illegal drugs (some such as LSD and marijuana are not or barely toxic). As such, it is debatable whether plutonium should even be classified as a poison. " "As of 2003, there has yet to be a single human death officially attributed to plutonium exposure. " "..., so far, no human is known to have died because of inhaling or ingesting plutonium and many people have measurable amounts of plutonium in their bodies" "That said, there is no doubt that plutonium may be extremely dangerous when handled incorrectly. The alpha radiation it emits does not penetrate the skin, but can irradiate internal organs when plutonium is inhaled or ingested; particularly at risk are the skeleton, which it is liable to be absorbed onto the surface of, and the liver, where it will collect and become concentrated. Extremely small particles of plutonium on the order of micrograms have a (small) chance to cause lung cancer if inhaled into the lungs. " I'm with rancid matt. We ever get a few kilograms of plutonium, lets build a bomb.

tom haggen

November 16th, 2004, 02:10 AM

One way to detect chemicals in the air is to use large, expensive laboratory machines such as gas chromatographs and time-of-flight mas spectrometers. Thes devices can very accurately detect miniscule amounts of volatile chemicals in air samples-but they also detect substances that have nothing to do with smell, so determining just which parts of their output are relevant adds more complexity to the problem. More direct, and more compact methods of artificial smell detection are under development. Examples: A quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor is a tiny device that can detect a single, arbitrary chemical. This sensor consists of a quartz crystal vibrating at a known frequency. It's coated with a material that can absorb molecules only of a very specific size and shape. When it does, its mass increases slightly. This changes the frequency of the crystal's vibration. A simple circuit detects the change and signals that the chemical in question present. An entirely different approach being studied at the University of Illinois involves using vapor sensitive dyes called metalloporphyrins that change color when exposed to certain chemicals. By examining the "Before" and "After" states of an array of these dyes, a computer can essentially "see" smells. Decoding output from an array of sensors is a challange, because subtances that are very similar chemically somtimes smell much different from each other. Also, substances that smell nearly the same can be completely different at the molecular level. For this task researchers often rely on neural networks, software that can be trained to identify patterns and make educated guesses about new combinations based on their similarities to patterns that have already been verified. Now, will a machine really be able to tell what we humans think Pu[N(Si(CH3)3)2]3 smells like? I guess we will never know because there is no way for us to find out unless we test it on some incarcerated individuals who donate their lives for the sake of science. Or perhaps someone could take an ungoddly amount of potassium iodide pills and see if the live after exposing themself to extreme amounts of radiation. http://itotd.com/index.alt?ArticleID=240

zeocrash

November 16th, 2004, 10:24 AM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter I agree with marvin about the plutonium toxicity thing. Chemically plutonium is not very toxic. The problems are caused because it is readily absorbed into the body where it irradiates your organs. It would be very unlilely that a single atom of Pu would kill you. It's not impossible, if the radiation emmited by a single Pu atom were to dammage the DNA in a cell and make it cancerous it would eventually kill you. I think that this is probably not the best use for Pu though, a bomb would be far more destructive and would cause far more fear in the population.

Marvin

November 16th, 2004, 02:45 PM

I agree, its not impossble, but it makes no sense as a statement. Half life of the commonest plutonium isotope is 24 thousand years, so a single atom and 'enough time' ends up dying of old age with or without the plutonium, and if its just the several decays of plutonium then why not uranium? Or radon? We are exposed to more radiation every hour of every day, most of which comes from inside our own bodies so even if its possible the atom decays within a human lifetime and that event however unlikley causes cancer it cant be significant overall compaired to a single day's exposure to background.

tom haggen

November 20th, 2004, 03:39 AM

"while one can make a nuclear weapon with relative ease from any isotope of Pu. " Ok wise guy when you get your hands on some plutonium I would like to see you whip up an atom bomb. The explosion is not the difficult part of an atom bomb to reproduce. Its the extreme amount of engineering that goes into the design of the bomb that is hard to reproduce.

rancid_matt

November 20th, 2004, 07:13 AM

You might not think it, but a lot of the actual needed info for building a bomb (cross-sections being the most important) can be found on the internet. I'm not talking about howto's like Nuclear Weapons FAQ and such, but more like website like http://wwwndc.tokai.jaeri.go.jp/Figs/endfplot.html, http://ie.lbl.gov/ and so one. Once we've calculated the exactly critical mass, the only thing we need to do, is to create a specific shockwave wich creates this critical mass from a non-critical one. Using "simple" equations this isn't too hard. You might be right for the fact the a beginner can't build a A-Bomb, but once one has learned nuclear fission physics, fluid dynamics and strengthlearn (sorry, i don't know how it is called in English). It isn't too hard. The books I think are the most valuable for someone with a university degree for building a bomb are the next : Theoretical Nuclear Physics (Blatt & Weiskoppf), An Introduction to Nuclear Physics (from the Cambridge press) and An Introduction To Nuclear Engineering. You can also consult the DOE manuals, but you won't learn enough to build a bomb. Though they are interesting.

megalomania

November 20th, 2004, 03:21 PM

Indeed I have been misinformed. A little research has revealed this groundbreaking paper, scientificially accurate, but largely ignored by the media. http://www.fortfreedom.org/p22.htm This is quite a revelation for me. If indeed this paper is correct, and I have no reason to doubt it because it has been referenced in numerous scientific publications, than the whole "dirty bomb" concept is a media created red herring. Sure its deadly, but only in large doses. A dirty bomb would be a weapon of terror if everyone still buys the media verson, but it would not actually kill anyone. That means the whole purpose of this thread, the volatile plutonium gas, is unlikely to work at all. Rhadon gas would be far more dangerous, and a whole hell of a lot easier to get.

Marvin

November 20th, 2004, 10:18 PM

rancid_matt, Normally for this matter I'd quote the bits of your post I objected to and attempt to correct them. In this case though, its *all* wrong. For example, you quote a website giving the ENDF data, but fail to note that the information needed for a bomb is actually missing. You assume you have to calculate the parameters for a bomb from the physics, which is wrong, and you also assume that you can, and thats also wrong. More tellingly matt, you are arguing in this thread, "one can make a nuclear weapon with relative ease from any isotope of Pu" and in another, "There are two reasons why normal people (including terrorists) can't build a nuke:" Which strangly doesnt include lack of access to fissionable material. How do you expect to argue if you cant make up your mind? I suggest you read the available information, everything you can find, currently you seem to be arguing for the sake of arguing. Its not enough to assume that the secrets to building a nuke are tied up in a physics degreee anymore than for building a transistor radio.

rancid_matt

November 21st, 2004, 09:32 AM

I think we're both, partialy, wrong/right. It is not impossible to design a bomb, it is impossible to build one. If I remember the Nuclear Weapons FAQ, they said somewhere that a few university students where given the asignment to design a weapon, and failed. I might be mistaken ofcourse. With a degree in nuclear physics, it is possible to design a bomb in the long run (if you work within a team). The task at hands is merly calculating the critical mass, diameter and the time/velocity in which it must be compressed. A appologise for the constant nagging. It's my nature you see, a lot of people condem nuclear physics to something simple these days, and I don't really like that. PS: The Japanese site, did gave you the most important information you need: the cross-section.

Marvin

November 21st, 2004, 09:26 PM

You are still speaking more than reading rancid. All you need for a bomb is a supercritical mass of fissionable material. Ideally you also need a burst of neutrons at the right time but this is only important if the supercritical state is short lived, as with the implosive design. The amount of bang you get depends on what you have in excess of the critical mass (primarily). 2 complications. Knowing what the critical mass is so you can make a target and projectile a safe margin below this, and less importantly with uranium, but important with plutonium doing the insertion fast enough that you only have a small chance of preignition. How to determine critical mass? If you have enough for a gun type bomb you only need bring it together neer a neutron counter until the intrinsic flux starts to go asymptotic. That gets you a critical mass value for that geometry without going into the realms of a criticality accident. Doing this is much easier with plutonium. Keeping away anything that can act as a moderator is extremely important for that stage. Thats the hands on method. The theory method is in deep water before it starts. There is no 'cross-section' for U-235. What there is, is a cross section for every reaction possible for that isotope. The useful ones we'd need would be a total neutron fission cross section, with an avarage number of neutrons per fission versus energy, and this would do. The US ENDF data gets you the total fission cross section but only for low energies, so you can design a reactor but not a bomb. The Japanese site has things listed seperatly and the ideal data, seperate cross section curves for neutron induced fission producing 0,1,2,3 neutrons are *missing*. There are even gaps that show where that data should be, and internal references to the missing data. Neutron induced fission producing 4 neutrons has not been removed because this only occurs for energies outside the range produced in fission, ie useless for designing a bomb. Goverments arnt stupid, they know what information needs to be supressed to prevent the design of high yeild weapons. If the amount you have isnt enough for a gun type and you cant get any more, your choice is an implosive lens and you have no physics maths to do at all. There is nothing to optimise, knowing the critical density is unimportant, it will either go nuclear or it wont and design or simulation of nuclear effects in the core wont change that. Keeping the terrorists away from the fuel is the only security against a bomb. Everything that needs to be known to get a bang (eg 2kt) is public. Going from 2kt to 20kt requires much better engineering/physics etc and using Pu instead of U-235 is harder, but to get recogniseable nuclear bang everything is public. Physics graduates are mostly clueless to the real world of physics. Of the 7 or so I know only 1 recognised a photomultiplier when given one to look at.

akinrog

November 21st, 2004, 10:19 PM

"while one can make a nuclear weapon with relative ease from any isotope of Pu. " Sorry my friend but above statement, I believe, is incorrect. As far as I know the even numbered isotopes (especially Pu240) must be excluded from the weapon grade plutionium, since they cause premature initiation. If content of even numbered isotopes is higher then you should receive a poof instead of a bang (of course relatively). In order to decrease content of even numbered isotopes, uranium blankets are irradiated for a certain period of time (3 weeks IIRC) with neutrons in reactor core. Then they are removed from the reactor core and separated from Uranium by means of bizmuth phosphate method or recently by means of another method which I cannot recall the name (but I believe) involving a fancy organic solvent. Regards

Bugger

November 21st, 2004, 11:29 PM

Marvin, are you trying to tell us that plutonium is good for us? Have you tried it? Akinrog: The most usual isotope used in plutonium atomic bombs and plutonium powered nuclear power stations is Pu-239, which has a critical mass of about 300 gm. It is generated in enriched (with U-235) uranium fuel rods in nuclear power stations when the U-235 decays by self-induced fission, releasing neutrons and lighter nuclei among other things. The neutrons are absorbed by the non-fissionable U-238 present, which mostly becomes Pu-239 (via Np-239 which quickly decays), which has a half-life of about 24,000 years. Heavier plutonium isotopes require additional neutron capture and thus are produced more slowly than Pu-239. Plutonium has 15 known isotopes with mass numbers ranging from 232 to 246, of which the heavier ones are mostly the more long-lived. Plutonium's most stable isotope by far, Pu-244, has a half-life of about 82,000,000 years, decaying by alpha-emission and to a small extent through spontaneous fission. (This is only 1/55 the age of Earth, so only 1/2^55 of any originally present would be left.). The next longest-lived is Pu-242, half-life 376,000 years. They are mostly alpha-emitters, and all are fissionable.

mrcfitzgerald

November 22nd, 2004, 01:49 AM

Are you sure that plutonium has a Critical Mass of 300 grams? I remember the bare sphere critical mass as 10.46 kilograms... Then again, I suppose a nuclear reactor requires less then bare sphere due to the moderater. Anyway, I think it is likely that, if given ~100lbs of U-235, a terrorist would be able to reach that 15-20 kiloton mark. Why? Because, the rate of insertion for the ~2.4 Critical Masses present is well below that which could be attained through the use of planar explosive waves driving together Uranium projectiles. Infact, this method could be used for plutonium devices too due to the speed of the insertion (3.5 kilometers per second.) All the terrorist need is: Explosives(check), Planar Lens design (check), electronic system (check), fcg or other high energy device to power the detonators (check), Foil Slapper style

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detonators (check) a large quantity of natural Uranium for the tamper (check), Generall -in-the-ball-park know how (check), and fissle material (not obtained...).

Bugger

November 22nd, 2004, 04:43 AM

I saw the critical mass of Pu-239 given as 300 gm on a website, whih also said it was only about 1/3 of the critical mass of U-235.

Marvin

November 22nd, 2004, 06:47 AM

"Marvin, are you trying to tell us that plutonium is good for us? Have you tried it? " I fail to see how after my covering lukemia and lung cancer its possible to come to that conclusion. 300g for Pu-239 is either wrong or irrelavent, some people suggest a bomb might be possible with just 1 Kg but I was under the impression 5Kg was generally accepted as required. This isnt critical of course, but it can be compressed to beyond criticality by an implosive lens. mrcfitzgerald, You raise some good points. I dont consider insertion time for a U-235 bomb to be a limiting factor for performance though. In the scenario for a gun type design I limit my imagination to 1 target and 1 projectile and thus a critical mass of somewhere around 2 giving quite a poor yeild. Yeild will of course go up considerably with increasing fuel but if you have enough for 2 bombs (say 4 critical masses), the sane terrorist would in my opinion build 2 even if that meant the total yeild would be less than for a single bomb. If you can get a news report compairing the blast to Hiroshima thats all the public would need to hear to go into a full scale panic. akinrog, I think for seperation you may be thinking of the butyl phosphate method in which changes in oxidation state are used to push plutonium preferentially into and then out of the organic solvent. I fully agree with your point on even numbered isotopes and this is the primary problem with reactor grade fuel, which is normally close to equilibrium wrt neutron irradiation. Edit, In fact Ive made a mistake, I was under the impression the yeild of little boy was much less than fat man. At 15kt there isnt that much in it and I revise my estimate at the low end of possible of 2kt to around 10kt accordingly for in the region of 2 critical masses.

megalomania

November 23rd, 2004, 06:43 PM

The minimum critical mass for Pu-239 is a little over 10 Kg when explosively compressed with the best possible compression man could muster. More conventionally it is 16 Kg. Pu also has a critical mass that would explode if you just lumped it all together, but that is in the tons. Yield of a regular explosively compressed Pu core is around 20 kilotons per Kg.

Jacks Complete

November 23rd, 2004, 10:15 PM

Surely the use of a moderator would reduce the critical mass by a large amount?

mrcfitzgerald

November 24th, 2004, 12:23 AM

The use of a moderator is only viable in reactor designs, this is because a moderater "slows down" neutrons to the point where it is easier for them to hit a U-235 nucleus. In a nuclear bomb, there is simply not enough time for these slow (or thermal neutrons) to fission nuclei. Instead, a bomb is designed assuming that only fast neutrons (in the range of ~1.5 MeV) can actually cary out the chain reaction before disassembly. There is something similar to a moderator though (in terms of increasing efficiency), bomb designers can use neutron reflectors to scatter back neutrons from the edge of the core -normally, these neutrons would be lost forever. Anyway, through the use of a beryllium reflector weapon designers have managed to reduce critical yield (for plutonium anyway) to the 4.5 Kilogram area. Marvin: Good points! However, you dont need to limit your imagination to just 2 critical masses of uranium for the gun-type weapon. Much greater amounts may be assembled. Why? Because, assuming the target is a squat, hollow cylinder and not the ideal spherical shape -much larger amounts of material may be assembled without reaching critical mass. This is because the shape is just not geometricly viable for the spread of neutrons. The same thing applies to the Uranium bullet, it is generally longer in legnth than in width and is also geometricly unviable. It is not untill the bullet approaches the target that a more viable assembly can take place. Indeed, in the little boy device -the bomb went critical before the bullet ever entered the target. Infact, it seems that assemblies may be made using the gun configuration up to 3.4 critical masses or so. The question of Uranium aquisition is, prehaps, the most serious issue interms of nuclear security. I think, however, that the aquisition of reactor grade plutonium also posses a severe threat... Consider the fact that reactor grade material is split into two differing isotopes 60% Pu-239 and 40% Pu-240, that means that for a conservative design using a large tamper/reflector 8-9 kilograms of material is needed. By itself, reactor grade is certainly not ideal bomb material -it emits millions of neutrons per kilogram and gives off about 100watts of heat per kilogram. A fizzle is almost certain if used by itself. If the isotopes in reactor grade material are seperated, however, it allows one to discard the useless contaminating isotopes. Thus, if a terrorist had only reactor grade material on hand, it is possible that they could separate the isotope mixture inorder to discard the useless isotopes and build a better bomb. This certainly is a challanging proposition, but since the desireable isotope concentration is so much higher than in Uranium, it is possible for terrorist to use high speed centrifuges or vortex separation apparati. This is accomplished in only a few cascade steps rather than hundreds as required by uranium. Also, many feel that explosive lens design is extrodinarily difficult for terrorist. This is true, in a three dimensional implosion scheme the bending of detonation waves to mesh together into a single smooth implosion wave (from singular point detonators) is extreamly complex and unlikely. Unfortuantly, this kind of scheme is not need for nominal yield weapons. Consider a cylindrical device, it is rather easy to initiated the outer edge of the explosive cylinder (more of a disk in shape really, though) through the use of a high power fcg and many hundreds of fine wires positioned symmetrically accross the surface. I have actually seen online physics papers commenting on this type of detonator scheme and the shockwave produced is nothing short of perfect in appearance (pictures were taken via X-ray cameras.) Also, there is a certain type of flexible detonation sheet material that may cause the same effect. (This was in a patent somewhere that I have long since lost the number too :( ) At any rate, it appears that one can create a viable, smooth implosion wave -only cylindrical though... Well, enough rambling -just my 2 cents.

akinrog

November 24th, 2004, 03:57 AM

use of a high power fcg and many hundreds of fine wires positioned symmetrically accross the surface........ Sorry mrfitzgerald but what is high power fcg? Regards

mrcfitzgerald

November 24th, 2004, 03:06 PM

FCG is shorthand for flux compression generator, it translates the energy in high explosive to electrical energy. It is common for a flux compression generator that weighs about 100lbs and utilizes about 20lbs of high explosive to generate a pulse on the order of 10's of terrawatts and many mega amps. The energy storage is on the order of 10's of megajoules, and the out-put time is on the order of a few microseconds.

nbk2000

November 26th, 2004, 08:15 PM

There's a nifty patent that details the design of lens for spherical and cylindrical implosion that are composed of nothing more than polymeric foam, heavy foil (think reynolds wrap foil), and thin sheet explosives. :) The explosive wave expands outward parallel to the layers faster than it transitions through them, with the wave assuming a flat wavefront after about 9 layers.

mrcfitzgerald

November 27th, 2004, 01:10 AM

What is the patent number? Ive searched all over the place for a spherical lens patent and the best I could come up with was a planar lensed system as well as this .pdf concerning the multi wired array for cylindrical and planar systems: (http://www.autodyn.com/autodyn/papers/paper148.pdf). For those interested, I also found a vortex isotope separator (4,092,130), a nice fcg patent with lots of detail including dimensions (4,370,576) as well as an improvement on the design in the previous patent (H148). Edit: I forgot to mention a nice little explosive-crowbar switch patent (3,932,717) -It would be very usefull to those interested in FCG manufacture... vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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Novem ber 25th, 2004, 10:34 AM

I read a little about EMP bom bs and at least I can say I understand basic concept. One post trigered the idea...could FCG be used as energy source for EMP bom b charging? Then we would have two separate explosions, first arm e s t h e b o m b ( a n d gass produced can be used as propulsion for guiding rocket m o t o r ) , s e c o n d r e l e a s e t h e EM puls burst. Som ehow I find this more reliable construction then electrical sources of other kind. Opinions? If you find the idea to stupid feel free to delete the thread.

Marvin

Novem ber 26th, 2004, 03:08 AM

I dont think its a stupid idea but probably not the best thing to post in 'Battle chemistry'. 2 things m a k e m e think it wouldnt be a massive step forward, firstly the take longer to build up the fie ld in the EMP before detonation. Secondly build up its feild before detonation in order to extract decent power from automatically an im provement over using a different de sign of EMP that kg's of FCG explosive to the EMP.

FUTI

pulse sounds very short and it worries me that it would that the FCG needs a m ore whim py power supply to its x kilogram s of explosive and I dont see why this is uses the whim py power su pply dire ctly and adds the x

Novem ber 26th, 2004, 06:13 AM

Thanks Marvin. It was just one of mine ideas as chemist...I trust m ore explosives than electronic circuits;) I agree with your argum ents. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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Novem ber 26th, 2004, 02:30 PM

In the rem ake of movie "The Jackal" Bruce Willis character sprayed the doorhandels on his car with som eth i n g , p r e s u m a b l y a nerve agent. I guess that it would be possible with VX or similar agents but they are som ewhat hard to get hold of.. So I was thin k i n g D M S O a n d s o m e t h i n g . . The TETS thread look s promising, even that no body will drop dead aroun d the car, which I'm not after as explaining to the cops why people drop like flies around my car in the garage isn't fun.. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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D e c e m ber 7th, 2004, 08:02 PM

I read an article a while back about how in New Zealand there were multiple cases of death resultin g from sm o k i n g m arijuana. Apparently som eone (conspiracy theorists belie ve the New Zealand government) put out q u i t e a b i t o f p o i s o n e d m a r i j u a n a o n t o the streets, resulting in many deaths. This article did not at all discuss what poison was used, or even any of the sym ptom s . T h i s p o s e d a question for m e as to what toxins could be used in m arijuana or tobacco for poisoning. Most poisons, such as proteins, are destroyed or lose their effect when heated or burned. Also, what cou ld be used that would work as a tim e - d e l a y p o i s o n i n u n r e g u l a t e d a m ounts to ensure further distribution of m arijuana before the poison is discovered? D o i n g s o m e searching, there are so far only two possibilities I have com e across. First is sodium m etabisulfite, which releases sulphur dioxide when burned. Also polytetrafluoroethylenes, such as Teflon, have been sh own to be harmful when b urned. The possibility of Teflon p owder packed into marijuana or tobacco com es to m ind. However, I don't believe that either of these could be sm o k e d i n f a t a l a m o unts before becom i n g a w a r e o f t h e t a i n t e d s m o k e .

c0deblue

D e c e m ber 7th, 2004, 09:30 PM

Interesting q uestion, but your premise that the only effective ag ents would be those capable of withstandin g burning is incorrect. Think about it for a m inute. As a cigarette (or anything stronger) is sm o k e d , t h e combustion products are drawn through unburnt tobacco. The longer the cigarette, the greater the tem perature gradient b etween the lit end and the sm o k e r ' s m outh. U nburned combustion products either travel all the way through or they condense at som e point along the way. The hot (but not burning tem p e r a t u r e ) g a s e s a c t u p o n t h e u n b u rnt tobacco and the condensed byproducts and release what they contain into the stream o f s m o k e . T h e nicotine and other substances we inhale when we sm o k e c o m es not from the burning tobacco, but from what is "distilled" out of the unburnt tobacco b ed through which it passes. As the path becom es shorter, th e percentage of products passin g all the way thro ugh the "colum n" increases (imagine a variable reflux condenser that reduces in le ngth as you smoke). Any liquid or solid in the tobacco that is capable of evaporation or outgassing at temperatures lower than the burning tip will therefore eventually wind up in the lungs.

megalomania

D e c e m ber 8th, 2004, 03:09 AM

I suggest you research the use of cyanide compounds. I recall a story about the CIA poisoning Castro's cigar with cyanide. Hydrogen cyanide would be my first choice, but due to its volatility it m ay not stick around long enough at room tem perature. If it was in solution it would be better, but you can't sm oke a wet cigarette. Sodium or potassium cyanide m a y b e h e a t e d enough to volatilize in the cigarette, and mercuric cyanide just sounds nasty. Doping the tobacco with a hard street drug m a y also work. Something like PCP, heroin, or LSD m ay cause an overdose. I just finished watching an episode of OZ a few hours ago where Burr Redding fed slipped so mething called a "m indfuck" into the food of one of the m o b g u y s . T h e m indfuck was a large dose of LSd tha t caused him to go braind ead. Now I know a TV sho w is hardly an authority to go by, but this m indfuck thing seems to have a ring of truth. Might be worth looking into.

festergrump

D e c e m ber 8th, 2004, 08:28 AM

I don't think you can die from overdose of LSD. The average dose during the 1960's was 250 mcg while the discoverer of LSD, Albe rt Hofm a n n ( I I R C ) i m b i b e d m ore than 100 tim es that dose soon after discovering it. A "m agical" bicycle ride ho m e f r o m the lab was all he suffered. Ergo t, on the other hand (the wheat mold that was the focus of Albert Hofm ann's studies in the first place) would ha ve it's m erits as a slow actin g a n d m a d d e n i n g p o i s o n . H e a t s e e m s to not affect it's poisonous properties as it was often accidently baked in loaves of bread (along with the wheat host).

akinrog

D e c e m ber 8th, 2004, 10:02 AM

Ergo t, on the other hand (the wheat mold that was the focus of Albert Hofm ann's studies in the first place) would ha ve it's m erits as a slow actin g a n d m a d d e n i n g p o i s o n . H e a t s e e m s to not affect it's poisonous properties as it was often accidently baked in loaves of bread (along with the wheat host). That's Ergotism (aka Saint Antony's Fire). Ergotism is caused by the the very fungi you just referred to above (i.e. C laviceps purpurea (http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/tom s_fungi/oct99.htm l)). However it not only cause s m addening but also converting the people into rotting (but living) carcasses. W hen you are a subject of ergotism your flesh start rotting. :eek: H o w e v e r I a m n o t s u r e t h e d o s e / e x p o s u r e t i m e etc. reg arding ergotism. HTH Edit : I found another article (http://www.angelfire.com/wizard/kim b r o u g h / T e x t b o o k / E r g o t i s m _blue.htm ) which is m ore comprehensive regarding ergotism. Actually it is not lysergic acid which causes rotting/gangrene bu t another alkoloid present in Clavicepts purpura, nam ely "e rtotaline". Acco rding to the article, ertotaline "causes constriction of sm o o t h m uscles and ensuing restriction o f peripheral blood supplies that can lead to gang rene and death." Very interesting! :D P l e a se forgive m e m ods but I cannot help quoting the interestin g part of disease definitio n : W h a t w a s t h e d i s e a s e l i k e ? G a n g r e n o u s e r g o t i s m w a s a c c o m p a n ied with fatigue, cold/tingling sensations, severe m uscle pain, swollen inflam ed lim b s a n d b u r n i n g p a in, followed by ch ills. Lim b s b e c o m e n u m b, turn black and m u m m i f y : e e k :

Ropik

D e c e m ber 8th, 2004, 10:41 AM

In m y country, som e marijuana growers m utate it's seeds with a colchicin e solutio n . S o m e d e a t h s r e s u l t e d f r o m sm o k i n g t h e first crop of weed. If the colchicine is so toxic, I am sure that injecting the solution in the cigarette with a hypoderm ic syringe would have serious effects on the smoker's health :D .

FUTI

D e c e m ber 8th, 2004, 01:35 PM

Colchicine is poison, but I doubt that concentration used for causing polyploidy ca n be lethal after the plant growth in the cro p. T h a t l o o k s l i k e s o m e o n e m a k e huge mistake and waste lot of colchicine.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The best ideas so far are those with alm ond flavored joint;) BTW I r e a d s o m e t i m e ago that there is some plant in Australia that can contaminate crops and contain some toxic quinone that cause kidney failure. Can s o m e o n e p o s t a l i n k t o s o m e m o r e i n f o ?

teshilo

D e c e m ber 8th, 2004, 02:41 PM

Interesting d i s c u s s i o n , a n d i d e a s a b o u t n o n t o x i c c o m p o u n d a d d e d i n c i g a r e t t e p a p e r a n d after sm o k i n g g i v e m ore toxic compounds sounds like .And if add in tobacco nicotine sulfate in powder form."To b a c c o a b u s e - " m a y b e o r n o t t o b e ? : D : D

Anthony

D e c e m ber 8th, 2004, 03:13 PM

LD50 for LSD is said to be 12,000 ug. Doubling it would probably be a go o d i d e a . Source: http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/lsd/lsd_dose.shtml Don't know what 24mg of LSD would cost though!

megalomania

D e c e m ber 8th, 2004, 05:58 PM

I wonder if it would be feasable to adulterate the cigarette with a m assive dose of pure nicotine? The plus side to th is is it m ay fool a coroner tox screen. A le thal dose of nicotine is 0.6-1.0 m g per Kg of body weight, so that is 40-60 mg on ave r a g e . T h e average cigarette con tains 15-25 m g of nicotine, but on ly 1-2 mg is actually taken up in sm o k e , a n d o n l y 9 0 % o f t h e n i c o t i n e i n t h a t s m o k e i s a b s o r b e d b y t h e l u n g s . S e e m s t o m e t h e b a r e m inimum you would need is 250 m g, but a m ore likely figure would be 500 m g . W hat a fun way to die, if you enjoy sm oking. That last drag would be the best ever.

nbk2000

D e c e m ber 8th, 2004, 08:10 PM

Toxic metal salts, like cadm ium or beryllium oxides, would be vaporized by the heat of a joint and the sm o k e w o u l d c a u s e pain ful deaths in short order, not only for the sm oker, but likely those in close proximity as well, or at least seriously sickening them.

Isotoxin

D e c e m ber 9th, 2004, 11:39 PM

M e g l a ! Y o u s h o u l d k n o w b e t t e r; LSD is destroyed at low tem ps a nd by lig ht.

A2675770

D e c e m ber 10th, 2004, 06:48 PM

I don't think you can die from overdose of LSD. No, but I heard before of a case where s o m e o n e t o o k L S D p a p e r h i t s a n d i n s t e a d o f s o a k i n g t h e m in the LSD, they soaked them in cyan i d e t h e n d i t c h e d t h e m a n d ( I ' m a s s u m i n g ) s o m e c r a c k h e a d - d r u g f i e n d - p i c k e d u p a n d d i s t r i b u t e d a r o u n d t h e area. Creative I thought, -A26

Isotoxin

D e c e m ber 11th, 2004, 12:16 AM

No, but I heard before of a case where s o m e o n e t o o k L S D p a p e r h i t s a n d i n s t e a d o f s o a k i n g t h e m in the LSD, they soaked them in cyan i d e t h e n d i t c h e d t h e m a n d ( I ' m a s s u m i n g ) s o m e c r a c k h e a d - d r u g f i e n d - p i c k e d u p a n d d i s t r i b u t e d a r o u n d t h e area. Creative I thought NO! That would not work - the most a blotter ta b can ho ld is abo ut 4mg and generally there is only about 1 0 0 u g o f L S D 2 5 o n them. The LD50 of NaCN is LD50 6.4 m g kg so it would be im possible to kill som eone even with serveral tabs.

megalomania

D e c e m ber 11th, 2004, 04:58 AM

In junior high science class (7th grade) we had to give reports in front of the class every m o n t h . I c h o o s e t o d o o n e o f m i n e o n LSD because it sound ed cool (lysergic acid diethylam ide , music to a wannabe chem ists ears). One of the re quirements was we h a d t o h a v e s o m e sort of visu al aid... Heh, I was screwed because what can I sho w them for LSD? I mixed a little potassium permanganate in a vial and told the class it was real LSD that I got from a doctor. I said it was denatured so no one could a c t u a l l y u s e i t . ( Y e s s o m e o n e f r o m the calss asked if they could use it, and at that m o m e nt I realized it was perhaps not such a good idea to bring an illegal drug into a school, even though this was the 80's and not such a big deal as it would be today. G o o d i m prove eh? U h yeah it's contam inated with some thing so you can't use it). The teacher was im p r e s s e d a n d s a i d h e h a d deard LSD is blue. I have carried the guilt for my lie for m any years :( To this day I don't know if the teacher knew I was lieing and said he knew LSD was blue to hum or m e or he was really im pressed. Either wa y I got a n A... Late r in the year I did a report on the brain. I bought a sheep brain and ended up throwin g the pitutary gla nd at m y partner b e c a u s e h e w a s a d u y m b ass. The only reason I wanted to do a report on the brain was so I could buy one (my parents, like s o m any others just don't app rove of organs in the house unless it's for school). I got stuck with m y dum b ass partner who was a fag. I didn't let him do anything (of the research) I just told him what to say for his part. He pissed m e off while I was showing the brain aro u n d s o I b r a i n e d h i m with the gland (see, I worked a pun in there :) ) 15 years later m y sister told me he finally cam e out of the closet. Everybody knew he was a fag, some kids you can just tell. Being an openly g ay fag in m ost high schools around here is a death sentence. In the 8th grade I did a report on the laser so I could buy one. I spent n early $1000 of m y parents money (we had a joint acco u n t m y m o m a n d m e) buying the thing with the intention of returning it and getting m y m o n e y b a c k . A g o o d p l a n i n theory, but I wussed out when it cam e time to return the thing because there were all the questions to answer, authorization

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n u m bers to get, and all this stuff a 13 year old kid is not equipped to ha n d l e e s p ecially when he is pulling a short con. The b a s t a r d s c a l l e d b a c k a n d g o t m y m om... You can see where this is headed. I didn't get my own ba nk account again until I was 1 8 a n d m y parents m a d e m e write a letter of apoligy. It is ironic I can get a laser of the sam e power as that giant thing for $5 today that can fit in a p e n . O h , I a l s o s t o l e a b o o k a b o u t l a s e r s f r o m the library and never returned it. I feel better now.

aikon

D e c e m ber 11th, 2004, 06:40 AM

Colchicine is poison, but I doubt that concentration used for causing polyploidy ca n be lethal after the plant growth in the crop... Colchicine would be a good way to go. David Harber discusses th is in Assorted Nasties: ...Colchicine has also been used by the drug culture to induce genetic m utations in the cannabis plant and thus, increase its potency. The s e e d s f r o m t h e m utated plants are harvested and sown to grow a new and m ore potent crop. If m ariju ana from the original plant is sm oked, fatalities are possible, and indeed likely to occur.... ...The fatal dose is unknown but is certainly less than the 20m g oral dose... ...Dissolve the dose of colchicine in the m inimu m of alcohol and drip in the open end of a cigarette... Another possible substance would be Aconitine. Harber writes the following about poisoned .32 caliber bullets: ...Five prison ers were shot in once in the upper thigh an d their reactions observed. For 20 to 25 m inutes no t h i n g u n u s a l h a p p e n e d , t h e n t h e y b e g a n t o e x p e r i e n c i n g h e avy salivation and vomiting, progressing to convulsions and finally death abo ut 2 hours afer they were shot. T hese bullets contained the crystalline form wich is the most deadly, especially when heated to high temperature as it is in a bullet. Both substances seems to withstand higher tem peratures and should be therefore ideal for cigarette poisoning.

FUTI

February 24th, 2005, 03:12 PM

I think that substance I mentioned before in this thread could be Stypandrone or some of its related substances. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Practical advice on so-called WMD's megalomania

December 9th, 2004, 04:19 AM

I found this while searching around for chemical weapons info. This article is possibly the smartest and most practical bit of advice on chemical, nuclear, and biological weapons. This kind of takes the fun out of the battlefield chemistry section :) -------------------------------------------------------------------------Since the media has decided to scare everyone with predictions of chemical, biological, or nuclear warfare on our turf I decided to write a paper and keep things in their proper perspective. I am a retired military weapons, munitions, and training expert.

Lesson number one: In the mid 1990s there were a series of nerve gas attacks on crowded Japanese subway stations. Given perfect conditions for an attack less than 10% of the people there were injured. 60 Minutes once had a fellow telling us that one drop of nerve gas could kill a thousand people,well he didn't tell you the thousand dead people per drop was theoretical.

Drill Sergeants exaggerate how terrible this stuff was to keep the recruits awake in class (I know this because I was a Drill Sergeant too).Forget everything you've ever seen on TV, in the movies, or read in a novel about this stuff, it was all a lie (read this sentence again out loud!).These weapons are about terror, if you remain calm, you will probably not die. This is far less scary than the media and their "Experts," make it sound.

Chemical weapons are categorized as Nerve, Blood, Blister, and Incapacitating agents. Contrary to the hype of reporters and politicians they are not weapons of mass destruction, they are "Area denial," and terror weapons that don't destroy anything. When you leave the area you almost always leave the risk. That's the difference; you can leave the area and the risk; soldiers may have to stay put and sit through it and that's why they need all that spiffy gear.

These are not gasses, they are vapors and/or air borne particles. The agent must be delivered in sufficient quantity to kill/injure, and that defines when/how it's used.

Every day we have a morning and evening inversion where "stuff," suspended in the air gets pushed down. This inversion is why allergies (pollen) and air pollution are worst at these times of the day. So, a chemical attack will have its best effect an hour or so either side of sunrise/sunset. Also, being vapors and airborne particles they are heavier than air so they will seek low places like ditches, basements and underground garages. This stuff won't work when it's freezing, it doesn't last when it's hot, and wind spreads it too thin too fast. They've got to get this stuff on you or get you to inhale it for it to work. They also have to get the concentration of chemicals high enough to kill or wound you. Too little and it's nothing, too much and it's wasted. What I hope you've gathered by this point is that a chemical weapons attack that kills a lot of people is incredibly hard to do with military grade agents and equipment so you can imagine how hard it will be for terrorists. The more you know about this stuff the more you realize how hard it is to use. We'll start by talking about nerve agents.

You have these in your house, plain old bug killer (like Raid) is nerve agent. All nerve agents work the same way; they are cholinesterase inhibitors that mess up the signals your nervous system uses to make your body function. It can harm you if you get it on your skin but it works best if they can get you to inhale it. If you don't die in the first minute and you can leave the area you're probably gonna live. The military's antidote for all nerve agents is atropine and pralidoxime chloride. Neither one of these does anything to cure the nerve agent, they send your body into overdrive to keep you alive for five minutes, after that the agent is used up. Your best protection is fresh air and staying calm. Listed below are the symptoms for nerve agent poisoning. Sudden headache, Dimness of vision someone you're looking at will have pinpointed pupils), Runny nose,Excessive saliva or drooling, Difficulty breathing, Tightness in chest,Nausea, Stomach cramps, Twitching of exposed skin where a liquid just got on you.

If you are in public and you start experiencing these symptoms, first ask yourself, did anything out of the ordinary just happen, a loud pop, did someone spray something on the crowd? Are other people getting sick too? Is there an odor of new mown hay, green corn, something fruity, or camphor where it shouldn't be? If the answer is yes, then calmly (if you panic you breathe faster and inhale more air/poison) leave the area and head up wind or, outside. Fresh air is the best "right now antidote." If you have a blob of liquid that looks like molasses or Karo syrup on you; blot it or scrape it off and away from yourself with anything disposable. This stuff works based on your body weight, what a crop duster uses to kill bugs won't hurt you unless you stand there and breathe it in real deep, then lick the residue off the ground for while. Remember they have to do all the work, they have to get the concentration up and keep it up for several minutes while all you have to do is quit getting it on you/quit breathing it by putting space between you and the attack.

Blood agents are cyanide or arsine which effect your blood's ability to provide oxygen to your tissue. The scenario for attack would be the same as nerve agent. Look for a pop or someone splashing/spraying something and folks around there getting woozy/falling down. The telltale smells are bitter almonds or garlic where it shouldn't be. The symptoms are blue lips, blue under the fingernails and rapid breathing. The military's antidote is amyl nitride and just like nerve agent antidote it just keeps your body working for five minutes till the toxins are used up. Fresh air is the your best individual chance.

Blister agents (distilled mustard) are so nasty that nobody wants to even handle it let alone use it. It's almost impossible to handle safely and may have delayed effect of up to 12 hours. The attack scenario is also limited to the things you'd see from other chemicals. If you do get large,painful blisters for no apparent reason, don't pop them, if you must, don't let the liquid from the blister get on any other area, the stuff just keeps on spreading. It's just as likely to harm the user as the target. Soap,water, sunshine, and fresh air are this stuff's enemy.

Bottom line on chemical weapons (it's the same if they use industrial chemical pills); they are intended to make you panic, to terrorize you, to herd you like sheep to the wolves. If there is an attack, leave the area and go upwind, or to the sides of the wind stream. They have to get the stuff to you, and on you. You're more likely to be hurt by a drunk driver on any given day than be hurt by one of these attacks. Your odds get better if you leave the area. Soap, water, time, and fresh air really deal this stuff a knockout-punch. Don't let fear of an isolated attack rule your life. The odds are really on your side.

Nuclear bombs. These are the only weapons of mass destruction on earth. The effects of a nuclear bomb are heat, blast, EMP, and radiation. If you see a bright flash of light like the sun, where the sun isn't, fall to the ground! The heat will be over in a second. Then there will be two blast waves, one out going, and one on it's way back. Don't stand up to see what happened after the first wave; anything that's going to happen will have happened in two full minutes. These will be low yield devices and will not level whole cities. If you live through the heat, blast, and initial burst of radiation, you'll probably live for a very very long time. Radiation will not create fifty foot tall women, or giant ants and grasshoppers the size of tanks. These will be at the most 1 kiloton bombs; that's the equivalent of 1,000 tons of TNT.

Here's the real deal, flying debris and radiation will kill a lot of exposed (not all!) people within a half mile of the blast. Under perfect conditions this is about a half mile circle of death and destruction, but,when it's done it's done. EMP stands for Electro Magnetic Pulse and it will fry every electronic device for a good distance, it's impossible to say what and how far but probably not over a couple of miles from ground zero is a good guess. Cars, cell phones, computers, ATMs, you name it, all will be out of order.

There are lots of kinds of radiation, you only need to worry about three, the others you have lived with for years. You need to worry about "Ionizing radiation," these are little sub atomic particles that go whizzing along at the speed of light. They hit individual cells in your body, kill the nucleus and keep on going. That's how you get radiation poisoning, you have so many dead cells in your body that the decaying cells poison you. It's the same as people getting radiation treatments for cancer, only a bigger area gets radiated.The good news is you don't have to just sit there and take it, and there's lots you can do rather than panic.

First; your skin will stop alpha particles, a page of a newspaper or your clothing will stop beta particles, you just gotta try and avoid inhaling dust that's contaminated with atoms that are emitting these things and you'll be generally safe from them. Gamma rays are particles that travel like rays (quantum physics makes my brain hurt) and they create the same damage as alpha and beta particles,only they keep going and kill lots of cells as they go all the way through your body. It takes a lot to stop these things, lots of dense material, on the other hand it takes a lot of this to kill you. Your defense is as always to not panic. Basic hygiene and normal preparation are your friends. All canned or frozen food is safe to eat. The radiation poisoning will not effect plants so fruits and vegetables are OK if there's no dust on 'em (rinse 'em off if there is). If you don't have running water and you need to collect rain water or use water from wherever,just let it sit for thirty minutes and skim off the water gently from the top. The dust with the bad stuff in it will settle and the remaining water can be used for the toilet which will still work if you have a bucket of water to pour in the tank.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Finally there's biological warfare. There's not much to cover here. Basic personal hygiene and sanitation will take you further than a million doctors. Wash your hands often, don't share drinks, food, sloppy kisses,etc., with strangers. Keep your garbage can with a tight lid on it, don't have standing water (like old buckets, ditches, or kiddy pools) laying around to allow mosquitoes breeding room. This stuff is carried by vectors, that is bugs, rodents, and contaminated material.

If biological warfare is as easy as the TV makes it sound, why has Saddam Hussein spent twenty years, millions, and millions of dollars trying to get it right?

If you're clean of person and home, you eat well and are active, you're gonna live. Overall preparation for any terrorist attack is the same as you'd take for a big storm. If you want a gas mask, fine, go get one. I know this stuff and I'm not getting one and I told my Mom not to bother with one either (how's that for confidence). We have a week's worth of cash, several days worth of canned goods and plenty of soap and water. We don't leave stuff out to attract bugs or rodents so we don't have them. These weapons are made to cause panic, terror, and to demoralize. If we don't run around like sheep they won't use this stuff after they find out it's no fun. The government is going nuts over this stuff because they have to protect every inch of America. You've only gotta protect yourself, and by doing that, you help the country.

Finally, there are millions of caveats to everything I wrote here and you can think up specific scenarios where my advice isn't the best. This letter is supposed to help the greatest number of people under the greatest number of situations. If you don't like my work, don't nit pick, just sit down and explain chemical, nuclear, and biological warfare in a document around three pages long yourself. This is how we the people of the United States can rob these people of their most desired goal, your terror.

(c) SFC Red Thomas (Ret) Armor Master Gunner

Mesa, AZ Reproduction and distribution is authorized and encouraged.

Jacks Complete

December 9th, 2004, 12:37 PM

That's a good find. Mostly common sense, but then, common sense isn't common, and sense doesn't exist when this stuff gets scare-mongered up. Thanks. I've taken notes.

Skean Dhu

December 9th, 2004, 04:27 PM

If you wish I could scan the SAS handbook's section on Catastrophic events(or the entire book for that matter). It contains a chart on various thicknesses of steel, earth, lead and such that would be required to block out most of the radiation caused from a nuclear event, as well as living through the aftermath.

Chris The Great

December 10th, 2004, 03:20 AM

As someone highly interested in these area's, it's nice to see a realistic view on a scenario. Sure, it takes 0.01mL of VX to fall on your skin for a 50/50 chance of death, but actually dispersing it well enough to kill alot of people, when it takes time to soak into their skin, and it just doesn't work very well. Of course, a nerve gas attack will kill a fair amount of people, maybe 20 or 30 in a situation where the emergency response is fairly quick, unless they they do it poorly (Japan). But, not as effective as blowing up a car on a crouded street, especially when it comes to sophistication. Of course, being a terrorist, the goal is terror, which is not always casuality numbers. 100 people where killed in a terrorist attack does not make headlines worldwide, 10 people killed in a terrorist attack because of nerve gas dispersed on a crowd will. Radiation is more dangerous than stated, however, it certainly won't kill you instantly. But remaining near a nuke, especially downwind, you'll probably pick up enough airborne particles to give you a wide assortment of cancer....in a few decades. Alpha particle emitting isotopes are extremely deadly, mainly because they mean you are sure to get cancer if they get inside of you. Of course, cancer isn't a death sentence nowadays, is it? vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Analysis on Chemical Agents simply RED

D e c e m ber 11th, 2004, 08:21 AM

If we analyse a chemical agent and its possible use, we bum p into an interesting fact: it is extremely easy to manufacture such agent. Its handling, weaponizing, and storing make the things complicated! How to solve this problem ? solution 1 Use a well equipped lab. As it is well known such lab is im possible to be created by an individual... solution 2 Design your lab according to only one process (for exam ple fluoroacetates or tetram ethylenedisulfotetram ine). This is a practical solu tion - an yway it takes months to d esign such lab. solution 3 Use binary technique! The final product of your synthesis will be harm ess chemicals. W hen they m ix, the to xin will form. T h i s s e e m s t o b e a g o o d s o l u t i o n . T h e o n l y p r o b l e m is: there are not improvised binary techniques known. Or they are? Or they will be?

nbk2000

D e c e m ber 12th, 2004, 09:45 PM

Bina ries are not harm less, just less toxic than the intended agent. The QL precursor that's mixed with sulfur to m ake VX is m ore toxic than cyanide, and by contact too, so it's on par with Tabun...NOT harm l e s s . Plus, that com plicates weapon ization. P i c k a n a g e n t, aqcuire precurors in mass quantities because you know tat after an attack that all such things will become nearim p o s s i b l e t o a q u i r e O TC, pro duce it in mass-quantities, disperse into caches near future targets (to avoid possible discovery by internal security fo rces during check points after security is increased after your initial attack), then use patsies to deliver your weapons for you so they die during the de livery, leaving the trail cold.

simply RED

D e c e m ber 13th, 2004, 05:05 PM

I'm still thinking of crating new binary weapons. F o r e x a m p l e m e t a l o o rganic + ogranochlorine or som e k ind of esterification. O rganocopper chem icals are interesting ( R - C u R)Li? I could not find any info on it. Sm all m olecules like nicotine or atropine could be binrized. To create sim p l e a n d s a f e c h e m w e a p o n s . vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Dioxin poisoning Joeychemist

D e c e m ber 13th, 2004, 08:10 PM

Dioxin poisoning W ell they finally know what Victor Yushcenko was poisoned with. One of the many form s of Dioxin. Dioxin is the name generally given to a class of super-toxic chem icals, the chlorinated dioxins and furans, form e d a s a b y product of the m anufacture, m olding, or burning of organic chem icals and plastics that contain chlorine. It is the nastiest, m o s t toxic m a n - m a d e o r g a n i c c h e m ical; its toxicity is second only to radioactive waste. Dioxin exhibits serious health effects when it reaches as little as a few parts per trillion in your body fat. Dioxin is a powerful h o r m o n e d i s r u p t i n g c h e m ical. By binding to a cell's hormone receptor, it literally modifies the functioning and genetic m echanism of the cell, causing a wide range of effects, from cancer to reduced im munity to nervous system disorde rs to m iscarriages and birth deform ity. Because it literally changes the functioning of your cells, the effects can be very obvious or very subtle. Because it changes gene functions, it can cause so-called genetic diseases to appear, and can interfere with child developm e n t . T h e r e i s n o "threshold" dose - the tiniest am o u n t c a n c a u s e d a m a g e , a n d o u r b o d i e s h a v e n o d e f e n s e a g a i n s t i t . I n h i g h d o s e s , d i o x i n can cause liver failure, cancer and death, but in sm a l l e r d o s e s i t c a u s e s o r g a n d a m a g e a n d cancer which can kill, bu t it u s u a l l y t a k e s awhile. Dioxin als o c a u s e s a s e v e r e s k i n d i s e a s e , c h l o r a c n e , which is the m o s t v i s i b l e o f Y u s h c e n k o s s ym p t o m s . Medical authorities are unsure if Victor Yushcenko will ever recover fully. Here is the real question what type of Dioxin did they use and why use Dioxin. I mean these assassins are not the sm artest, the only reason I can see why they choose to u se Dioxin is because it takes quite a while to pin-point this toxin. Other than that, these a ssassins flat out suck at killing. :D

nbk2000

D e c e m ber 16th, 2004, 05:09 PM

If he was m urdered, then he'd be a martyr. But, by disfiguring him, without killing him, they've mad e him unappealing, thus not likely to be elected (or re-elected), as he was a 'Pretty Boy' before all this happened. I'm surprised it took the doctors this long to figure it ou t, as I thought Dioxin as soon as I saw the boils on his face, which I saw before in an article on dio xin in National Geographic years ago.

FUTI

D e c e m ber 17th, 2004, 10:59 AM

T h e m o s t i n f o a b o u t d i o x i n p o i s o n i n g s h o u l d c o m e from chem ical plant incident in 80's in Italy AFAIK. Reactor of pesticide factory explo ded because overheating during reaction (which you guess generate more dioxin) sending whole batch in the air. Nastiest thing I remem ber is story of the kids from suburban region near by who run out to play around thinking the snow had started to fall...but th ose were the flak es of another kin d:( I wonder is it posible to separate the injuries m ade by 2-chlor-acetic acid from toxic influence of dioxin...you know which substance ca used which injury/symptom .

SweNMFan

D e c e m ber 17th, 2004, 07:45 PM

The evening press is reporting that it was TCDD dioxin, apparently Agent Orange contained that too...

FUTI

D e c e m ber 17th, 2004, 08:30 PM

A g e n t o r a n g e w a s t h e s a m e defoliant/herbicide that Italian factory was producing 2,4-dichlor-phenoxy-acetic acid, but apparently there are proven studies/analysis of Agent O range that US used in Vietnam an d the am o u n t o f d i o x i n c o n t a i n e d i n it is above the level approved for this type of products (I'm not suprised who would expect that som eone would check those things in som e t h i n g t h a t y o u p l a n t o d r o p o n e n e m y teritory and don't give a sh*t is it toxic or not - but the wind is nasty thing that like to change direction in inconve nient tim e). So SweNFMan is right.

Pb1

D e c e m ber 17th, 2004, 09:19 PM

Contrary to previous belief, dioxins are not sup er-toxins. This claim is only true in guinea pigs, which are very sensitive to it.

Joeychemist

D e c e m ber 18th, 2004, 12:16 AM

The evening press is reporting that it was TCDD dioxin, apparently Agent Orange contained that too... SweNMFan Dioxin (TC DD) is not an origin a l s u b s t a n c e u s e d i n t h e m a k i n g o f A g e n t O range. Instead It was an unknown contam inant. Agent O range used in Vietnam was contaminated with Dioxin (TCDD) during the manufacturing of the agent Orange itself. The Agent O range used in Vietnam was contaminated in am ounts from 0.05 to almost 50 parts per m illion, with the m e a n contam inatio n being 2 parts p er million (ppm ). This contam i n a t i o n r e s u l t e d i n a n e s t i m a t e d 3 6 8 p o u n d s o f d i o x i n b e i n g spra yed over Vietnam over a six-year period. Victor Yushcenko is the first reported h umanbeing that has been intentionally and directly poisoned with Dioxin. Mr.NBK sir, y o u re right! He was Ukra ine s pretty boy , b u t l o o k a t h i m now, YUCK!!! Now he s t h e p o s t e r b o y f o r D i o x i n p o i s o n awareness. :D

simply RED

D e c e m ber 20th, 2004, 02:41 PM

Today i was reading an article from the m agazine of BAN (Bulgarian acad emy of science) which describes dioxins. Obviously there is no info there that is u nknown by the fe llow forum m e m bers.

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Y e s , d i o x i n s a r e n o t s u p e r t o x i c t o h u m a n s , t h e y a r e s u per toxic to som e other life form s like m ost rodents. They a re stronger m utagens and teratogens in most anim als than in human. It is said that chloro dibeznofurans have similar properties to dioxins. http://lb.chem ie.uni-ham burg.de/static/data/44_yky77ck2.html S o m e structures here.

Maldigola

D e c e m ber 6th, 2006, 01:31 PM

TCDD-tetrachlordibenzo p dioxin Its possible to m ake it from d ichloropyrocatechol (two m olecules condensation)or, like in Seweso, boil the 1,2,4,5tetrachlorbenzene with NaOH for to ma ke 2,4,5 trichlorophenolate-Na and boil this in ethylene glycol. The liquid sh ould turn in white -this white powder is the TC DD.

Bugger

D e c e m ber 7th, 2006, 04:51 AM

W hat are you going to use the stuff for, Maldigola? I wonder if it was the substance used to poison that form er Russian Prim e Minister in Dublin, Ire l a n d , l a s t m o n t h . BTW Its nam e com es from the fact that it is a derivative of dioxane (1,4-dioxa-cyclohexane), a cyclic ether, with two chlorinated b enzene rings fused to it. Also, it is not an im purity that is form ed in the m anufacture of the herbicides 2-chlorophenoxyacetic acid or 2,4-dichloro-phe noxyacetic acid (or the Na salts or esters of them ) , k n o w n a s M C P A a n d 2 , 4 - D resp ectively, used m ainly to kill non-grassy weeds found in grass; but is instead form ed in sm all q uantities in the m anufacture of the m ore powerful herbicide 2,4,5-trichloro-p h e n o x y a cetic acid (or its Na salt or esters), called 2,4,5-T, which is used prim arily to kill brushwood such as gorse. It is form ed in a side-reaction, especially under conditions of excessive pressure a n d temperature, which results in two 2,4,5 -trichlorophenoxyacetic acid molecules condensing via their carboxylic acid groups (which form ether linkages). "Agent Orange" is a mixture of equal am ounts of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, used as a forest defoliant in the 1960s and 1970s for the Vietnam war/whore. It is causing ongoing birth defects there, which are also occurring in places (such as New Plym outh, New Zealand) where 2,4,5-T was m anufactured until it was stopped in the 1980s (when the dioxin toxicity in it becam e a p p a r e n t ) .

Maldigola

D e c e m ber 7th, 2006, 08:34 AM

I was busy with the TCDD for a long time and the TCDD is me well known . T h e m o l e c u l e l o o k s o -between two benzenes are two -O - g r o u p s a n d o n e a c h o f t h e s e b e n zenes are two -Cl. Properties are very strange-this TCDD is highly stable,the destro ying app ear over 700C.Therefore-you can boil it ,you can heat it and it stay undestroyed.In the ICMESA in Seweso 20Km near by Milano ,there was the iron pot without pressure and it boile d a long time over.(between 2-5l was in the air) -the TCDD is not solu ble in anything. - the TCDD isnt able to be detoxicate.And this is the reason,why it cannot be used by sold iers.(there is only possible the combination of cycloh exan+UV,but its questionable) -its the m o s t p o t e n t t e r a t o g e n a n d c a r c i n o g e n a n d t h e m ostly potent low m olecular poisson. The typical picture of chronical poissoning with TCDD is so called" PER NA dermatitis"with deform ities of upper parts of f i n g e r s . ( l o o k t h e b o s s o f U k r a ina) T C D D a c u m u late in bones,it is not outgoing from body. There are m ore chlorinated molecules of dioxin-with 8 chlorins,but these are not too bad poissons. Synthesis of TCDD is easy,very easy,but you are not able to do it without danger.

nbk2000

D e c e m ber 7th, 2006, 08:45 PM

W ell, it would certainly make a good extortion weapon, as any m anufacturing plant in the western world tha t got contam i n a t e d with Dioxin would be unusable . Imagine if a car plant got sm oked with it. News media is informed. All workers refuse to come into work. EPA closes plant beca u s e o f c o n t a m i n a t i o n . Exposed workers file m ulti-billion dollar lawsuit. C o m pany goes bankrupt. OR...pay a few million to a caym an account and stay un c o n t a m i n a t e d . Dusting mud housing areas (projects) with it would be a good race weapon, as it'd greatly increase their birth-defect and m iscarriage rates, slo wing their breeding down. This would be done covertly, of course, so as not to warn them off, or get them any governm e n t h a n d o u t s t o m o v e .

Maldigola

D e c e m ber 8th, 2006, 05:48 AM

the only way,how to work with TC DDwithout danger is to work with precursor(2,4,5,tichlorophenolate -Na),which will be boiled in the pot with EG and iron under reflux o n the target place.

Jacks Complete

D e c e m ber 9th, 2006, 05:33 PM

I think I'd seal the re action vessel tight, after making sure it would almost take whatever pressures were going to be generated. Easiest thing to do if it is totally resistant to heat would be to stick the bottle som eplace it would get really hot, before bursting. Should m a k e e n o u g h to be fu n before it goes pop, and the heat from the fire will disperse it over a bigger distance than otherwise.

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D e c e m ber 12th, 2006, 04:07 PM

There was just som ething on the discovery channel last week about dioxin, the Tim e s B e a ch Missouri disaster involving Russel Bliss and his spraying of the roads with 245-T and Hexachloroph ene. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim es_Beach,_Missouri The concentration in the waste clay and water was about 100ppb, 2000 tim e s h i g h e r t h a n t h a t o f a g e n t o r a n g e . 2 p p b o f d i o x i n can be lethal to hum a n s i n s o m e cases. A sim ilar incide nt occured in Australia in the 1970s.

Cobalt.45

D e c e m ber 15th, 2006, 12:55 PM

There was just som ething on the discovery channel last week about dioxin, the Tim e s B e a ch Missouri disaster And, while answering to a com mittee about his knowledge, or lack there of, regarding the contamination of the oil he was spra ying, doesn't this dude stick his finger into a container of it and then proceed s to lick his finger!:eek: Granted, there m ay h a v e b e e n n o r e a l d a n g e r f r o m doing this (after all, who knows what was really in the g lass...), but who knows?

FullMetalJacket

D e c e m ber 29th, 2006, 07:43 PM

A sim ilar incident occured in Australia in the 1970s. It could be the sam e t h i n g , b u t I h a v e a m e m ory of there being an incident where surplus vietnam agent o range was used for weed control. W rkers contracted cancer, kids had birth d e f e c t s b e c a u s e n o b o d y h a d w a r n e d t h e m a bout it's effects. They got nearly the world's biggest single worker's comepensation claim . vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Bicyclic Phosphates--Poor Man's Nerve Agent MrSamosa

December 26th, 2004, 10:22 PM

Friends, Chemists, Cadres! Lend me your eyes! I'm not Shakespeare, but long time no see :) . After a long time away from the beloved E&W Forum, I have not come back empty-handed or empty-minded. Nay, I have goodies for you to feast your minds upon... Bicyclic Phosphates. I first came across this while doing research on a paper about Chemical Warfare in WW1 from the following site http://www.asanltr.com/ASANews-98/chemistry.html . The structure, as you see, is very unique, and isn't so easy to convey on a 2D plane, something along the lines of O=P(O-C)3C-R the Phosphorus and Carbon forms a sort of 3-pronged cage with the three OC's. The nomenclature for them is "Alkyl Bicyclic Phosphate," according to the R. The most dangerous of them is Isopropyl Bicyclic Phosphate, which has a toxicity on par with Sarin, according to ASA. Unfortunately, information concerning these compounds is very sparse online. Nevertheless, I have managed to glean some useful information. Of all the Nerve Agents, I feel these are the most accessable . First of all, the synthesis of Ethyl Bicyclic Phosphate is extraordinarily simple, and is often made accidentally; not to mention the precursors are not watched materials. Trimethylol Propane is simply heated together with Aluminum Phosphate. Alternately, Trimethylol Propane can be reacted with Sodium Acid Phosphate. For other Bicyclic Phosphates, I imagine Aluminum Phosphate can be reacted with variants of Trimethylol Propane. Secondly, the treatment is pretty simple: benzodiazepines. You can buy them from the friendly local drug dealer :p Thirdly, they aren't nearly as volatile as other OP's, such as DFP or TEPP or Sarin, provided they aren't pulverized too finely. They are crystalline solids, you see. It would still be prudent to avoid all contact with them, though. As you imagine, these are a bit different from the OP's we are all familiar with. Intoxication is slightly different (and not welldescribed by my sources..), and treatment is also different. Of interest is that Atropine (the typical nerve agent treatment) is ineffective against Bicyclic Phosphate poisoning and there is no specific antidote/treatment. ...Fun fun fun...

FUTI

December 27th, 2004, 12:45 PM

I'm confused....I know that number of cytotoxic agent are bicyclic phosphates so their toxicity is easily understandable...but in this post you stated that benzodiazepines are simple treatment, and then later you said that there is no good treatment. EDIT: I just saw teshilo's post and realise that although the doctrine of CW use state that it is better to use volatile/gaseous compound on field against armed forces, actually for terorist purpose that isn't relevant. Pulverised form can actually be better...longer onset time enables victims to change location and since they will have different sensitivity to agent (mostly because its action would depend on sweating and exposure means) it will generate a random map based on the occurence of the first simptoms victims noted making cause of it hard to locate and identify in real-time (I'm not saying that's easy task even in classic warfare). It will be some kind of sneak attack that enable terorist to leave the crime scene unnoticed. There are reports about CW agent can be spread by wind on carrier as for example desert sand so being crystaline compound in this case can be usefull.

teshilo

December 27th, 2004, 02:47 PM

[. Of all the Nerve Agents, I feel these are the most accessable . First of all, the synthesis of Ethyl Bicyclic Phosphate is extraordinarily simple, and is often made accidentally; not to mention the precursors are not watched materials. Trimethylol Propane is simply heated together with Aluminum Phosphate. Alternately, Trimethylol Propane can be reacted with Sodium Acid Phosphate. For other Bicyclic Phosphates, I imagine Aluminum Phosphate can be reacted with variants of Trimethylol Propane. Secondly, the treatment is pretty simple: benzodiazepines. You can buy them from the friendly local drug dealer :p Thirdly, they aren't nearly as volatile as other OP's, such as DFP or TEPP or Sarin, provided they aren't pulverized too finely. They are crystalline solids, you see. It would still be prudent to avoid all contact with them, though. ...Fun fun fun...[/QUOTE] Yes yes very simple search on the Google give result about Trimethylol Propane This NOT restricted chemical :) 1,1,1-TRIMETHYLOLPROPANE PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION CAS NO. 77-99-6 EINECS NO. 201-074-9 FORMULA C2H5C(CH2OH)3 MOL WT. 134.18 H.S. CODE 2905.41 TOXICITY Oral rat LD50: 14100 mg/kg SYNONYMS 2-Ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol; Trimethylol propane; propylidynetrimethanol; 1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)propane; Ethriol; Ethyltrimethylolmethane; Hexaglycerine; 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1-butanol; Propylidintrimethanol (German); Propilidintrimetanol (Spanish); Propylidynetriméthanol (French); DERIVATION CLASSIFICATION

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES PHYSICAL STATE white flakes

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter MELTING POINT 55 - 59 C BOILING POINT SPECIFIC GRAVITY 1.17 - 1.18 SOLUBILITY IN WATER Freely soluble (Soluble in alcohol, glycerin. Insoluble in hydrocarbon solvents) pH 4 - 7 VAPOR DENSITY 4.8 AUTOIGNITION 295 C NFPA RATINGS REFRACTIVE INDEX FLASH POINT STABILITY Stable under ordinary conditions. Hygroscopic. APPLICATIONS Trimethylolpropane, containing three primary hydroxyl groups in a quaternary mole structure, is a white crystalline solid or clear liquid in molten form at high temperature; melting at 57 C; soluble in water, alcohol, glycerin; insoluble in hydrocarbon solvents. It is prepared by the hydrogenation reaction of aldehyde n-butyraldehyde and formaldehyde It is used as an important raw material in manufacturing polyesters, alkyd and urethane resins. It improves heat resistance, color stability, balance between toughness and flexibility. It is also used in lubricating oils and plasticizers as well as in radiation curing monomers or oligomers. SALES SPECIFICATION APPEARANCE white flakes PURITY 99.0% min HYDROXYL VALUE 1230 min ( mg KOH/kg) ASH 0.005% max WATER 0.1% max TRANSPORTATION PACKING 25KGS in bag and big bag HAZARD CLASS Not regulated Possible synth these stuff in dirty home lab :D I read about Bicyclo Phosphates in book about future CW .Solid state these compounds his caltrops on way good weaponization . With return Samosa ;) ;) .Good luck in New 2 :D :D 5 YEAR...

MrSamosa

December 28th, 2004, 01:07 AM

I should clarify what I said about treatment, because apparently it was a bit convoluted. According to ASA, there is no effective treatment for poisoning by Bicyclic Phosphates and from what I gathered from them, their action isn't even fully understood. However, they did mention that "relatively good" results were obtained from Benzodiazepines. This in itself is not surprising because benzodiazepines have long been used to treat conventional Nerve Agent poisoning. While Atropine keeps people alive for a few minutes longer by antagonizing acetylcholine, Pralidoxime destroys the Nerve Agent molecules, and Valium is used to control tremors and other discomforts. Also of interest: a more familiar potential precursor for Bicyclic Phosphates is Pentaerythritol. However, this would form a "weird" structure in that it's not quite what we are looking to create: O=P(O-C)3-C-CH2-OH This may or may not be a complete loss. Again, information on Bicyclic Phosphates (Bicyclic Phosphites, too) is pretty sparse, so it will be difficult to find anything on the toxicity of such a compound or its derivatives (which I think would be of most interest). Maybe the above product could be chlorinated, to replace the COH with CCl ? From there, it could be alkylated to form a secondary carbon chain, which could be quite toxic.

nbk2000

December 28th, 2004, 02:05 AM

...the Phosphorus and Carbon forms a sort of 3-pronged cage...

While reading up on TETS, I noticed mention of it being part of a class of poisons called "Cage Convulsants" because the core molecule is a carbon cage with the rest of the stuff attached to it. TETS and the bicyclic phospates are both (suspected) GABA antigonists. OH! IDEA! Given the commonality of high toxicity, cage molecule, and not commonly thought of as weapons, what about using acetonitrile to add the -CN molecule to the cage, and possibly forming a Novichok agent an order of magnitude of toxicity greater than VX? It's supposedly piss easy to make (comparatively), uses chemicals not thought of as CW precursors, and have agricultural utility (rodenticides?). And I haven't seen stated anywhere that Novichok is not a solid. Everyone assumes OPA's to be liquids,

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c0deblue

December 28th, 2004, 02:56 AM

Given TETS' stability you presumably wouldn't have to worry about interaction if different agents were mixed with it. At the very least I'd think that would confound accurate diagnosis until death ensued from one or the other. OT, but I wonder why TETS - alone or in combination - hasn't been identified as a battlefield weapon (but who's to say it hasn't?). Dirt cheap to produce compared with some of the more exotic agents and with the potential to completely neutralize an opposing force without any of the classic warning signs until it's too late. Interspersed with regular artillery rounds, TETS shells wouldn't be readily distinguished. Troops under artillery fire are trained to stay low and breath plenty of dust, so they wouldn't even know they'd been poisoned until they all started seizing or falling unconscious. Even then, those around them would merely think that those first-affected had been hit by shrapnel if the shelling were still going on. Of course there'd be no question of physically moving in to "capture" the enemy positions, but you wouldn't have to!

MrSamosa

December 28th, 2004, 03:59 PM

NBK-- When you mention adding a -CN group to the molecule, are you referring to a structure like: O=P(O-C)3-C-X , where X = CN? Because such a substance would be extremely interesting, particularly where X is Chlorine or Fluorine. Its own toxicity wouldn't be of much interest, but it could be used to create other Bicyclic Phosphates such as Isopropyl Bicyclic Phosphate (with an LD50 of .18 mg/kg in rats). Also of interest--Bicyclic Phosphates do not have to be inhaled. They work very well through dermal exposure, from what I'd read somewhere (sorry, but I can't find that source anymore). If that's the case, they are then ideal dusty agents themselves without having to be absorbed by some carrier. On the note of Novichoks, I, along with some members of sciencemadness (notably Fritz) did a bit of collaborative fact-finding on them, which we have neatly compiled here (in Microsoft Word format): http://www.geocities.com/hammsterr/FritzNovResearch.doc http://www.geocities.com/hammsterr/NovDAGVGP.doc From what I can tell, they don't look so easy to prepare. They do, however, look pretty similar to the GV and GP agents. GV and GP themself confirm that there are a new generation of Chemical Weapons and that Novichoks aren't simply Cold War rumors. c0deblue-- You should look up Iraq's chemical weapons strategy in the Iran-Iraq War; when I read your post, that's just what I thought about. Saddam demonstrated the applications of Chemicals on the battlefield very well for us to study. Of interest, though, is that he did not gas a position and then send the troops in to take it, so much, at least in the case of the Kurdish attacks. There, he simply gassed a village, bulldozed the whole place, and relocated the population. In the case of Halabja (then under Iranian control), he opened up with all kinds of crazy weapons--Napalm, Phosphorus, Mustard, and GAgents. When the Iranians fled the city following that initial defeat, Saddam did NOT send his government workers or soldiers back in. When the Iranians sent "Human Waves," the Iraqis responded with massive gas attacks to break them up--"We will use bug spray instead of a fly swat," as one Iraqi leader put it. As you see, Chemical Weapons in today's battlefield are more of area-denial weapons. So if an enemy position is saturated in poisonous dust, it would be time-consuming and wasteful to retake/decontaminate it. Gas it, and move on or completely level it. Total warfare, as you see. Naturally, there are exceptions to this rule...in the Al-Faw campaign (which ended just prior to the squashing of the Kurds), the Iraqis were alleged to have used Chlorine, "Yellow Rain," and other chemicals... But they did move up to take the positions once the Iranians fled. As always, there's a weapon for each need on the battlefield...Chemicals can't simply be described as a "one-situation" weapon. But I hope you enjoyed my bit of history :)

megalomania

December 29th, 2004, 12:59 AM

I believe current US military doctrine (or at least Vietnam era) was to deploy chemical weapons should it become necessary to retreat from a base in a hurry. This would deny the enemy valuable hardware and materials should there be no time to deatroy them. With the 3 week toxicity window of VX they could use that time to retake the position, or later destroy it through airstrikes/artillery. You have given me lots of good data to chew on MrSamosa. If there are any journals or books you require to furthur your research of these compounds I would be happy to obtain them for you. Email me...

simply RED

December 31st, 2004, 10:38 AM

More precize on the synthesis: How to prepare alluminium ortophosphate (AlPO4)? One possible way is to mix equimolar solutions of alluminium nitrate (Al(NO3)3.xH2O) and sodium phosphate Na3PO4. The alluminium phosphate should precipitate. Al (3+) + PO4 (3-) = AlPO4 (precipitate) Maybe additional acid should be used to insure that the phosphate will not hydrolize? Too much acid may dissolve the phosphate ... AlPO4 + H3PO4 = Al (3+) + HPO4 (2-) + H2PO4 (-) Someone tried this reaction? More precize on the condensation-cyclization. AlPO4 is mixed with trimethylolpropane (this forms a suspension) and heated (what temperature is needed?) . The reaction should be: AlPO4 + C2H5C(CH2OH)3 = Al(OH)3 + C2H5C(CH2O)3P=O. All the products are solid. What yield do we expect?

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Trimethylolpropane is insoluble in water AlPO4(hydrolyses?) and Al(OH)3 too. What about the bicyclo-organic phosphate? Is it possible to prepare the compound from H3PO4,P2O5 and Trimethylolpropane? If yes, bicyclo-organic phosphate should form at room temperature and become ultra-easy-to-use binary agent !!! What about tris bufer NH2-C(CH2OH)3 and AlPO4 ? or forming bicyclo-organic phosphate with methilated tris: Cl(-) (CH3)3N(+)-C(CH2OH)3 . Cl(-) (CH3)3N(+)-C(CH2O)3P=O. It looks like VX, doesn't it ? I know it has different mode of action though... Poor rats.......

simply RED

January 1st, 2005, 06:36 AM

More precize on the mechanism. The bicyclophosphates bind unreversibly to the GABA receptors. So they are GABA receptor antagonosts. It could be proposed that the bicyclophosphate part of the molecule blocks the receptor. So the other part of the molecule should be made to look like the known GABA receptor antagonists. They all contain C-C-C-NX chain like GABA. XN-C--C-C---XOOH --- GABA receptor antagonist. H2N-C(-C-0-)3P=O --- Possily extremely toxic bicyclophosphate. H atoms not shown. As we see - here is part of the tris buffer. View the pdf for more info on GABA receptors, agonists and antagonists. (I prepher the word inhibitor.)

simply RED

January 3rd, 2005, 06:19 AM

Theory suggests that tris hydrochloride and phosphorous oxitrichloride will react at room temperature (possible solvent trichloromethane - anyone has data on tris and its salts solubility?) to produce the desired ultratoxic compound with near 100% yield. O=PCl3 + (HO-CH2)3C-NH3Cl = O=P(O-CH2)3C-NH3Cl + 3HCl (gas) Acidic media and diluted solutions favorize cyclisation over polymerization, but as the nucleophilic reagent R-:O:-H attacks the very near Phosphorous atom (sigma + ). The cyclisation will be favorized over polymerization anyway.

MrSamosa

January 4th, 2005, 06:18 PM

Simply RED, I've had to read over your posts several times because they've made me think. You've brought up something very interesting, which I hadn't even considered--using tertiary amines instead of variants of trimethylol propane. It opens up possibilities...for example, instead of having: O=P(OC)3-R We could get: O=P(OC2)3-R [Hydrogens not shown] By using Triethanolamine. But let's not get too theoretical, as this is the Explosives & Weapons Forum :P. What would be call that structure that you presented? Aminobicyclic Phosphate? Well, whatever it is, it has really caught my interest because again, at least one of the precursors is very easy to obtain and the reaction is straight forward. From my reading on esterifying phosphates, a strong organic base is usually used to facilitate the reaction between the alcohol and the Acyl Chloride (whatever it may be--Phosphorus Trichloride or Oxychloride, as it is in this case). Triethanolamine, which has legitimate uses, could be employed here. As you mentioned, it would make sense then to use the Hydrochloride salt of Tris so as to avoid competition in the acid-base neutralization. But afterward, you would have Aminobicyclic Phosphate Hydrochloride... This may be useful in that it could be water-soluble, which increases its ability to be weaponized (conversely, it would mean that it is more susceptible to weather). But being purists, the finished product could be reacted with a weak basic solution, e.g. Sodium Carbonate, to precipitate the pure Aminobicyclic Phosphate. But if we don't mind using watched reagents such as POCl3 (this is kinda getting away from my original goal of using OTC precursors), then we have plenty of room for experimentation. For example, we could try Thiobicyclic Phosphates and investigate dermal toxicity. It may be higher, it may not; I'm just drawing possible extensions from what we know about Thiosarin vs. Sarin and Thiosoman vs. Soman.

simply RED

January 5th, 2005, 08:51 PM

P2O5 may also work, it is easy to find (here). One mol P4O10 (this is the actual molecule) and one mol tris or another triol should be tried first. Do you have a synthesis with phosphate, i mean described procedure? You know the small medicine "bottles" that have unique rubber plugs. A needle penetrates the plug and when the needle is drown away, the plug does not permit any liquid or gas. Such could be used to make safe tests with these compounds. The rector will be such bottle, one needle will be stuck in it, this needle will lead to solid NaOH column (for degasation - never use liquid solutions bacause if the gas dissolves in water it will lower the pressure and fill your container with liquid). The tris is in the bottle. The phosphorous compound is injected via another needle. After the reaction is complete some liquid is drown away and injected directly in rat. I would use hamster instead, cause they are cheaper. I have tested parathion, malathion, bi-58, cyanide, lambda cyhalothrine, galantamine(nivalin).... on hamster and

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it does the trick well. Injection with some percents over LD 50 of lambda cyhalothrine is most fun anyway ( its eyes plug out :) ). Working with toxins require different skills from explosives. Anyone who does not have it - will die during an attempt with the former chemicals.

FUTI

January 6th, 2005, 06:07 AM

to simply Red: I agree that P4O10 can be used instead but since it is solid it should be inside the vial and then I would add triol to the vial by syringe. Also did you considered using some base to neutralise the acid formed in reaction. This can be tricky since phosphate esters of this kind aren't stabile and easy hydrolise from triester to diester form (God knows do you understand what I wanted to say in my sloppy english), it may not be of much importance since you don't make it for recording NMR or MS spectra but pH range may be needed little fine tunning.

simply RED

January 6th, 2005, 06:42 AM

During the reaction no water forms. Thus no way the product to hydrlolize. Equimolar equation: P4O10 + (HO-CH2)3C-NH3Cl = O=P(OCH2)3C-NH3Cl + P3O9H3 (CycloTriorthophosphoric acid). P4O10 will be dissolved in something and then added. It could be possible even to use a mix of H3PO4, P4O10 and solvent. It is a great chance to get the cylco compound with 80% + yield. Even the well known polyphosphoric acids may produce some product. H3PO4, and sodium tripolyphosphate could be used, it is so cheap... H3PO4 will be formed as a byproduct. As long as the media is anhydridous it is a great chance to have decent yield. This may have toxicity like LD 100 - 0,2-0,1 mg/kg so careful experimenting with it is prefered.

MrSamosa

January 6th, 2005, 04:21 PM

As we all know, Amines are basic and, accordingly, form salts with acids. Aminobicyclic Phosphate would also be a Lewis base, as I pointed out earlier, since it would form a hydrochloride salt. But let's be creative, in the name of rogue science. Why should we settle with a mere hydrochloride salt? Suppose we were to neutralize the Aminobicyclic Phosphate with a toxic acid, maybe Fluoroacetic Acid, or even Hydrofluoric Acid? Therefore, we would have Aminobicyclic Phosphate Fluoroacetate/Hydrofluoride. My knowledge of pathology is limited, and I will acknowledge that...but from my limited knowledge, in an aqueous solution, wouldn't these be double-action poisons?? The Aminobicyclic Phosphate portion would antagonize GABA receptors while the Fluoroacetate would interfere with the Citric Acid cycle, or the Hydrogen Fluoride would decalcify the bone. Possibly, if the acid used to make the salt is particularly corrosive, then dermal toxicity might be increased. Well, maybe not so much dermal toxicity of the product, but it could cause skin damage which would allow the bicyclic phosphate to be administered via the bloodstream.

FUTI

January 10th, 2005, 01:19 PM

to MrSamosa: HF have a number of effects on organism. First it doesn't need any aditional molecule to cross cell membrane...it is so poor acid that is mostly in molecular form has low MW and its abillity to form eg. trimeric form that resemble to benzene molecule in structure and properties make HF perfect membrane penetrating agent. Second you would have a very good time for bone decalcification to happen, but first thing you would notice if your skin is exposed to it is swelling and incredible muscle pain and spasm (little applied chemistry;) Ca2+ is precipitated/sequestered with fluoride ion which affects neural impulses - it also can dissable several Ca2+ dependent enzymes). As for the fluoroacetic acid it may be benefitial to its properties, as I remember main disadvantage of fluoro-acetic acid is its good water solubility. I don't question the benefitial effect of salt formation on bicyclic phosphate proposed here - I must say I love idea simple RED gave here involving tris.

nbk2000

January 23rd, 2005, 11:25 PM

While I was researching TETS, I found this reference to bicyclophosphorus esters... +++++++++++++++ Modulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid-stimulated chloride influx by bicycloorthocarboxylates, bicyclophosphorus esters, polychlorocycloalkanes and other cage convulsants [published erratum appears in Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 1988 Oct;247(1):397] T Obata, HI Yamamura, E Malatynska, M Ikeda, H Laird, CJ Palmer and JE Casida Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson.

Inhibition by derivatives of t- butylbicycloorthobenzoate (TBOB) and t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate (TBPS) depended on the substituents at both positions 1 and positions 4. Among them, the 4-cyano-phenyl analog of TBOB was the most potent inhibitor with an IC50 value of 40 nM. Other cage convulsants such as picrotoxinin, tetramethylenedisulfotetramine and pchlorophenylsilatrane were less potent than TBOB and TBPS.

megalomania

April 7th, 2005, 12:49 AM

I find it curious that in the paper Mr Samosa provided, http://www.geocities.com/hammsterr/NovDAGVGP.doc that the review of the book "Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents" is no longer at amazon.com. I went there a few days ago to see about buying the book (screw that is too expensive) because EVERY copy in the network of libraries is either restricted or checked out for the next several months. I would like to know what kind of person can check out a book for months at a time

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Anyway, I looked over the reviews to see if there was anything else, and imagine my suprise to see nothing for December 14, 2003. In fact there is nothing from Anatoly Kuntsevich. It looks like Amazon has censored the review. I see they have a complaint system in place to rat on undesirable articles. Perhaps the review hit a little too close to home for some government stooge to tolerate.

megalomania

April 7th, 2005, 12:49 AM

I find it curious that in the paper Mr Samosa provided, http://www.geocities.com/hammsterr/NovDAGVGP.doc that the review of the book "Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents" is no longer at amazon.com. I went there a few days ago to see about buying the book (screw that is too expensive) because EVERY copy in the network of libraries is either restricted or checked out for the next several months. I would like to know what kind of person can check out a book for months at a time :( Anyway, I looked over the reviews to see if there was anything else, and imagine my suprise to see nothing for December 14, 2003. In fact there is nothing from Anatoly Kuntsevich. It looks like Amazon has censored the review. I see they have a complaint system in place to rat on undesirable articles. Perhaps the review hit a little too close to home for some government stooge to tolerate.

megalomania

April 7th, 2005, 12:49 AM

I find it curious that in the paper Mr Samosa provided, http://www.geocities.com/hammsterr/NovDAGVGP.doc that the review of the book "Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents" is no longer at amazon.com. I went there a few days ago to see about buying the book (screw that is too expensive) because EVERY copy in the network of libraries is either restricted or checked out for the next several months. I would like to know what kind of person can check out a book for months at a time :( Anyway, I looked over the reviews to see if there was anything else, and imagine my suprise to see nothing for December 14, 2003. In fact there is nothing from Anatoly Kuntsevich. It looks like Amazon has censored the review. I see they have a complaint system in place to rat on undesirable articles. Perhaps the review hit a little too close to home for some government stooge to tolerate.

simply RED

April 7th, 2005, 07:28 AM

The process using tris and POCl3 or P2O5 is very interesting as theory suggests - cyclic product will be formed with high yield. (theory of antiperiplanar groups, quantum calculations, thermodinamics - delta G less than zero , general organic reactions theory ( metaphase formation )

Solvent maybe ether (or THF) + H3PO4. In proportions to produce homogenous mix.

simply RED

April 7th, 2005, 07:28 AM

The process using tris and POCl3 or P2O5 is very interesting as theory suggests - cyclic product will be formed with high yield. (theory of antiperiplanar groups, quantum calculations, thermodinamics - delta G less than zero , general organic reactions theory ( metaphase formation )

Solvent maybe ether (or THF) + H3PO4. In proportions to produce homogenous mix.

simply RED

April 7th, 2005, 07:28 AM

The process using tris and POCl3 or P2O5 is very interesting as theory suggests - cyclic product will be formed with high yield. (theory of antiperiplanar groups, quantum calculations, thermodinamics - delta G less than zero , general organic reactions theory ( metaphase formation )

Solvent maybe ether (or THF) + H3PO4. In proportions to produce homogenous mix.

MrSamosa

April 10th, 2005, 09:42 PM

Curse censorship, but thank God for Google caches and cheap websites who copy reviews from Amazon.com :) . Fear not Mega, all is not lost. But it is being lost faster than I thought... I used to find copies of that review all over Google, but the numbers are dwindling. So for safe-keeping, I'll put the original reviews right here in this thread; as you will see, most of my editing was for the sake of clarity--fixing grammar, rewording sentences, adding pictures. Novichok(s), dusty agents and GV/GP agents, December 14, 2003 Reviewer: Anatoly Kuntsevich from Moscow, Russia Although this book is missing the chemistry of the Novichok class of nerve agents it summarizes the physico-chemical data of the known CWAs. Most of the data are taken from the older Field Manual FM 3-9 (1990). The expert may find that some of the data are only estimated, but not indicated as such. Only the details of GV-4 alias EA-5414 (CAS RN 158847-17-7) and GP/ GV alias EA-5365 (CAS RN 141102-74-1) are new revelations to the public. The Novichok class of chemical warfare agents belongs to those organophosporus compounds containing also a dihaloformaldoxime group: -O-N=C(X)Y group (X,Y = Cl, F, Br or even stable pseudohalogens such as C#N). Two examples of Novichok compounds are a) Smiles: P(F)(=O)(O\N=C(/Cl)F)OCCCl with CAS RN 26102-97-6 and b) Smiles: F/C(Cl)=N\OP(=O)(OCC)N(C)CCCl with CAS RN 26102-99-8

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter

as published in Kruglyak, Yu. L.; Malekin, S. I.; Leibovskaya, G. A.; Khromova, Z. I.; Sretenskaya, I. I.; Martynov, I. V.: Reaction of alpha-chloronitrosoalkanes with phospholanes and iminophosphites, Khim. Primen. Fosfororg. Soedin., Tr. Konf., 4th (1972), Meeting Date: 1969, p. 307-312. Editor: Grechkin, N. P. Publisher: Nauka, Moscow, USSR. In fact the group of Novichok CWAs is quite large and it would be difficult to protect soldiers and civil personnel, when many different chemicals belonging this class of CWA could be used in chemical warfare with rogue nations or terrorists. Several Russian chemists as P.P. Kirpichev, R.K. Bal'chenko, I.V. Martynov, Yu.A. Kruglyak, S.I. Malekin, and N.F. Privezentseva from the Moscow institutes GosNIIOKhT and INEOS developed the principle of these extremely toxic OP haloformaldoximes already during the mid 60's. Rapid progress toward supertoxic variants was seen in the early 70's and the synthesis details were indeed published mainly in the Journal of General Chemistry (Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii), although absolutely no toxicity data of the Novichoks were revealed. All activities were covered as research for pesticides at that time. All publication activities of these authors ceased at the end of 1972. Michael Crichton alias John Lange published in 1972 the thriller "Binary" which alarmed Russian politicians and military personnel to act quickly on the looming threat of US binary chemical weapons. In 1973 the further activities in the USSR under the new Foliant program were disguised again as a pesticide research program but kept secret until 1986 when some of the researches could publish more details about chemical and biological effects of phosphorylated oximes (e.g. Raevskii, 0. A.; Chapysheva, N. V.; Ivanov, A. N.; Sokolov, V. B.; Martynov, I. V., Effect of alkyl substituents in phosphorylated oximes, Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1987), 57(12), 2720-2723 and Raevskii, O. A.; Grigor'ev, V. Yu.; Solov'ev, V. P.; Ivanov, A. N.; Sokolov, V. B.; Martynov, I. V., Electron-donor functions of ethyl methylchloroformimino methylphosphonate, Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1987), 57(9), 2073-8)). It became clear that Novichoks do resist strongly poisoned Acetylcholinesterase/ Butyrylcholinesterase reactivation by other common oximes (e.g. 2-PAM/EA-2170, TMB-4/EA-1814) as used so far by the American military forces. The final details to US authorities were given by Vil S. Mirzayanov alias Kenneth (Ken) Alibek who was responsible to detect any Novichok traces in the environment of the GosNIIOKhT branch no. 4 (CWA plant for Novichok) at Vol'sk-17 by gas chromatography. He, as an long standing expert in gas chromatography having the details of what he had to look for in the analyses defected to the US in 1992. Since the beginning of the 90's US chemical demilitarization programs in the former GUS also included joint research on Novichoks. Now in order to develop effective detectors, detoxifiers, reactivators and bioscavengers (including BuChE). All such programs were named under activities versus "Fourth Generation Agents" (FGA) or "Non-Traditional Agents" (NTA). It seems each year is now coming up with a new disguising term in order not to use "Novichok" in public US documents. "Dusty agents" are also not covered in Ellison's handbook but should be seen in conjunction with the Novichok developments during the 70's and 80's. The Russian researchers V.A. Pasechnik, O.I. Stuzhuk, and Ye.A. Gayev contributed to this development. O.I. Stuzhuk proposed special minerals and diatoms for being contaminated with CWAs, whereas Ye. A. Gayev developed the physical CWA spraying/aerosol system and V.A. Pasechnik contributed to the development and application of "dusty agents" containing biological weapons.

More details would be fine, November 16, 2003 Reviewer: Anatoly Kuntsevich (Moscow, Russia) - See all my reviews Although this book does not reveal the precise chemical formulas for the Novichok class of nerve agents it introduces into the hidden world of russian chem-bio weapon designers. The intelligence still fears to make public that Novichoks belong to organophosporus compounds containing the double halogenated oxime like -O-N=C(F)Cl group and that beside P.P.Kirpichev also I.V.Martnov and Yu.A.Kruglak from GosNIOKhT developed the principle of these extremely toxic OP oximes during the mid 60's already (and published also) which resist reactivation by other oximes. These chemicals an be made by heating only of substituted 1,3,2-dioxaphospholanes indicated slighly in this book. Hopefully int'l organizations will make public more details for the protection of other citizens than just army soldiers soon. (Review for Cassidy's Run: The Secret Spy War over Nerve Gas (Thorndike Press Large Print Core Series) [LARGE PRINT] )

MrSamosa

April 10th, 2005, 09:42 PM

Curse censorship, but thank God for Google caches and cheap websites who copy reviews from Amazon.com :) . Fear not Mega, all is not lost. But it is being lost faster than I thought... I used to find copies of that review all over Google, but the numbers are dwindling. So for safe-keeping, I'll put the original reviews right here in this thread; as you will see, most of my editing was for the sake of clarity--fixing grammar, rewording sentences, adding pictures. Novichok(s), dusty agents and GV/GP agents, December 14, 2003 Reviewer: Anatoly Kuntsevich from Moscow, Russia Although this book is missing the chemistry of the Novichok class of nerve agents it summarizes the physico-chemical data of the known CWAs. Most of the data are taken from the older Field Manual FM 3-9 (1990). The expert may find that some of the data are only estimated, but not indicated as such. Only the details of GV-4 alias EA-5414 (CAS RN 158847-17-7) and GP/ GV alias EA-5365 (CAS RN 141102-74-1) are new revelations to the public. The Novichok class of chemical warfare agents belongs to those organophosporus compounds containing also a dihaloformaldoxime group: -O-N=C(X)Y group (X,Y = Cl, F, Br or even stable pseudohalogens such as C#N). Two examples of Novichok compounds are a) Smiles: P(F)(=O)(O\N=C(/Cl)F)OCCCl with CAS RN 26102-97-6 and b) Smiles: F/C(Cl)=N\OP(=O)(OCC)N(C)CCCl with CAS RN 26102-99-8 as published in Kruglyak, Yu. L.; Malekin, S. I.; Leibovskaya, G. A.; Khromova, Z. I.; Sretenskaya, I. I.; Martynov, I. V.: Reaction of alpha-chloronitrosoalkanes with phospholanes and iminophosphites, Khim. Primen. Fosfororg. Soedin., Tr. Konf., 4th (1972), Meeting Date: 1969, p. 307-312. Editor: Grechkin, N. P. Publisher: Nauka, Moscow, USSR. In fact the group of Novichok CWAs is quite large and it would be difficult to protect soldiers and civil personnel, when many different chemicals belonging this class of CWA could be used in chemical warfare with rogue nations or terrorists. Several Russian chemists as P.P. Kirpichev, R.K. Bal'chenko, I.V. Martynov, Yu.A. Kruglyak, S.I. Malekin, and N.F. Privezentseva from the Moscow institutes GosNIIOKhT and INEOS developed the principle of these extremely toxic OP haloformaldoximes already during the mid 60's. Rapid progress toward supertoxic variants was seen in the early 70's and the synthesis details were indeed published mainly in the Journal of General Chemistry (Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii), although absolutely no toxicity data of the Novichoks were revealed. All activities were covered as research for pesticides at that time. All publication activities of these authors ceased at the end of 1972. Michael Crichton alias John Lange published in 1972 the thriller "Binary" which alarmed Russian politicians and military personnel to act quickly on the looming threat of US binary chemical weapons. In 1973 the further activities in the USSR under the new Foliant program were disguised again as a pesticide research program but kept secret until 1986 when some of the researches could publish more details about chemical and biological effects of phosphorylated oximes (e.g. Raevskii, 0. A.; Chapysheva, N. V.; Ivanov, A. N.; Sokolov, V. B.; Martynov, I. V., Effect of alkyl substituents in phosphorylated oximes, Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1987), 57(12), 2720-2723 and Raevskii, O. A.; Grigor'ev, V. Yu.; Solov'ev, V. P.; Ivanov, A. N.; Sokolov, V. B.; Martynov, I. V., Electron-donor functions of ethyl methylchloroformimino methylphosphonate, Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1987), 57(9), 2073-8)). It became clear that Novichoks do resist strongly poisoned Acetylcholinesterase/

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter

Butyrylcholinesterase reactivation by other common oximes (e.g. 2-PAM/EA-2170, TMB-4/EA-1814) as used so far by the American military forces. The final details to US authorities were given by Vil S. Mirzayanov alias Kenneth (Ken) Alibek who was responsible to detect any Novichok traces in the environment of the GosNIIOKhT branch no. 4 (CWA plant for Novichok) at Vol'sk-17 by gas chromatography. He, as an long standing expert in gas chromatography having the details of what he had to look for in the analyses defected to the US in 1992. Since the beginning of the 90's US chemical demilitarization programs in the former GUS also included joint research on Novichoks. Now in order to develop effective detectors, detoxifiers, reactivators and bioscavengers (including BuChE). All such programs were named under activities versus "Fourth Generation Agents" (FGA) or "Non-Traditional Agents" (NTA). It seems each year is now coming up with a new disguising term in order not to use "Novichok" in public US documents. "Dusty agents" are also not covered in Ellison's handbook but should be seen in conjunction with the Novichok developments during the 70's and 80's. The Russian researchers V.A. Pasechnik, O.I. Stuzhuk, and Ye.A. Gayev contributed to this development. O.I. Stuzhuk proposed special minerals and diatoms for being contaminated with CWAs, whereas Ye. A. Gayev developed the physical CWA spraying/aerosol system and V.A. Pasechnik contributed to the development and application of "dusty agents" containing biological weapons.

More details would be fine, November 16, 2003 Reviewer: Anatoly Kuntsevich (Moscow, Russia) - See all my reviews Although this book does not reveal the precise chemical formulas for the Novichok class of nerve agents it introduces into the hidden world of russian chem-bio weapon designers. The intelligence still fears to make public that Novichoks belong to organophosporus compounds containing the double halogenated oxime like -O-N=C(F)Cl group and that beside P.P.Kirpichev also I.V.Martnov and Yu.A.Kruglak from GosNIOKhT developed the principle of these extremely toxic OP oximes during the mid 60's already (and published also) which resist reactivation by other oximes. These chemicals an be made by heating only of substituted 1,3,2-dioxaphospholanes indicated slighly in this book. Hopefully int'l organizations will make public more details for the protection of other citizens than just army soldiers soon. (Review for Cassidy's Run: The Secret Spy War over Nerve Gas (Thorndike Press Large Print Core Series) [LARGE PRINT] )

MrSamosa

April 10th, 2005, 09:42 PM

Curse censorship, but thank God for Google caches and cheap websites who copy reviews from Amazon.com :) . Fear not Mega, all is not lost. But it is being lost faster than I thought... I used to find copies of that review all over Google, but the numbers are dwindling. So for safe-keeping, I'll put the original reviews right here in this thread; as you will see, most of my editing was for the sake of clarity--fixing grammar, rewording sentences, adding pictures. Novichok(s), dusty agents and GV/GP agents, December 14, 2003 Reviewer: Anatoly Kuntsevich from Moscow, Russia Although this book is missing the chemistry of the Novichok class of nerve agents it summarizes the physico-chemical data of the known CWAs. Most of the data are taken from the older Field Manual FM 3-9 (1990). The expert may find that some of the data are only estimated, but not indicated as such. Only the details of GV-4 alias EA-5414 (CAS RN 158847-17-7) and GP/ GV alias EA-5365 (CAS RN 141102-74-1) are new revelations to the public. The Novichok class of chemical warfare agents belongs to those organophosporus compounds containing also a dihaloformaldoxime group: -O-N=C(X)Y group (X,Y = Cl, F, Br or even stable pseudohalogens such as C#N). Two examples of Novichok compounds are a) Smiles: P(F)(=O)(O\N=C(/Cl)F)OCCCl with CAS RN 26102-97-6 and b) Smiles: F/C(Cl)=N\OP(=O)(OCC)N(C)CCCl with CAS RN 26102-99-8 as published in Kruglyak, Yu. L.; Malekin, S. I.; Leibovskaya, G. A.; Khromova, Z. I.; Sretenskaya, I. I.; Martynov, I. V.: Reaction of alpha-chloronitrosoalkanes with phospholanes and iminophosphites, Khim. Primen. Fosfororg. Soedin., Tr. Konf., 4th (1972), Meeting Date: 1969, p. 307-312. Editor: Grechkin, N. P. Publisher: Nauka, Moscow, USSR. In fact the group of Novichok CWAs is quite large and it would be difficult to protect soldiers and civil personnel, when many different chemicals belonging this class of CWA could be used in chemical warfare with rogue nations or terrorists. Several Russian chemists as P.P. Kirpichev, R.K. Bal'chenko, I.V. Martynov, Yu.A. Kruglyak, S.I. Malekin, and N.F. Privezentseva from the Moscow institutes GosNIIOKhT and INEOS developed the principle of these extremely toxic OP haloformaldoximes already during the mid 60's. Rapid progress toward supertoxic variants was seen in the early 70's and the synthesis details were indeed published mainly in the Journal of General Chemistry (Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii), although absolutely no toxicity data of the Novichoks were revealed. All activities were covered as research for pesticides at that time. All publication activities of these authors ceased at the end of 1972. Michael Crichton alias John Lange published in 1972 the thriller "Binary" which alarmed Russian politicians and military personnel to act quickly on the looming threat of US binary chemical weapons. In 1973 the further activities in the USSR under the new Foliant program were disguised again as a pesticide research program but kept secret until 1986 when some of the researches could publish more details about chemical and biological effects of phosphorylated oximes (e.g. Raevskii, 0. A.; Chapysheva, N. V.; Ivanov, A. N.; Sokolov, V. B.; Martynov, I. V., Effect of alkyl substituents in phosphorylated oximes, Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1987), 57(12), 2720-2723 and Raevskii, O. A.; Grigor'ev, V. Yu.; Solov'ev, V. P.; Ivanov, A. N.; Sokolov, V. B.; Martynov, I. V., Electron-donor functions of ethyl methylchloroformimino methylphosphonate, Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1987), 57(9), 2073-8)). It became clear that Novichoks do resist strongly poisoned Acetylcholinesterase/ Butyrylcholinesterase reactivation by other common oximes (e.g. 2-PAM/EA-2170, TMB-4/EA-1814) as used so far by the American military forces. The final details to US authorities were given by Vil S. Mirzayanov alias Kenneth (Ken) Alibek who was responsible to detect any Novichok traces in the environment of the GosNIIOKhT branch no. 4 (CWA plant for Novichok) at Vol'sk-17 by gas chromatography. He, as an long standing expert in gas chromatography having the details of what he had to look for in the analyses defected to the US in 1992. Since the beginning of the 90's US chemical demilitarization programs in the former GUS also included joint research on Novichoks. Now in order to develop effective detectors, detoxifiers, reactivators and bioscavengers (including BuChE). All such programs were named under activities versus "Fourth Generation Agents" (FGA) or "Non-Traditional Agents" (NTA). It seems each year is now coming up with a new disguising term in order not to use "Novichok" in public US documents. "Dusty agents" are also not covered in Ellison's handbook but should be seen in conjunction with the Novichok developments during the 70's and 80's. The Russian researchers V.A. Pasechnik, O.I. Stuzhuk, and Ye.A. Gayev contributed to this development. O.I. Stuzhuk proposed special minerals and diatoms for being contaminated with CWAs, whereas Ye. A. Gayev developed the physical CWA spraying/aerosol system and V.A. Pasechnik contributed to the development and application of "dusty agents" containing biological weapons.

More details would be fine, November 16, 2003 Reviewer: Anatoly Kuntsevich (Moscow, Russia) - See all my reviews Although this book does not reveal the precise chemical formulas for the Novichok class of nerve agents it introduces into the hidden world of russian chem-bio weapon designers. The intelligence still fears to make public that Novichoks belong to

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter

organophosporus compounds containing the double halogenated oxime like -O-N=C(F)Cl group and that beside P.P.Kirpichev also I.V.Martnov and Yu.A.Kruglak from GosNIOKhT developed the principle of these extremely toxic OP oximes during the mid 60's already (and published also) which resist reactivation by other oximes. These chemicals an be made by heating only of substituted 1,3,2-dioxaphospholanes indicated slighly in this book. Hopefully int'l organizations will make public more details for the protection of other citizens than just army soldiers soon. (Review for Cassidy's Run: The Secret Spy War over Nerve Gas (Thorndike Press Large Print Core Series) [LARGE PRINT] )

simply RED

April 13th, 2005, 07:56 AM

Quite impressive ! by the way... I found genuine military toxicology report (Varshava pact) from 1971. Novichok is not lised but anyway. Hope will be interesting. translation of the interesting part : " We managed to test VX series contaning sulphur or nitrogen but not holine part. They found out to be 10 to 100 times more toxic than normal VX gas even without fluorine in their molecules. Normal VX (methylfluorophosphorylholine LD50 = 0,1 mg/kg ) Samples included: GD-7 (C2H50)(CH3)(P=O)-S-CH2-CH2-S-C2H5 GD-42 (C2H50)(CH3)(P=O)-S-CH2-CH2-(S+)(CH3)(C2H5) SO4CH3(-) LD50 = 0,032 mg/kg We tested organophosphorous sulphur comatining series (proposed by K. Los) Samples included Compound-2 (CH30)2(P=O)-S-CH2-CH2-S(+)(CH3)(C2H5) LD 50 = 0,07 mg/kg Compound-4 (C2H50)2(P=O)-S-CH2-CH2-S(+)(C2H5)(C2H5) LD50 = 0,01 mg/kg {{{{{simple isn't it !!!}}}}} EDEMO O-ethyl-S-/2-diethylaminoethyl/methylthiophosphonate LD 50 = O,02 mg/kg And other compounds. {{{{{{not listed!!! sh**!!!}}}}} We estimated 0,1-1 mg to be the absolute lethal dose (inhalation) for human of the new VX series. VX gas "MEDETFK" was absolutely always lethal (animal - Cat) in dose 0,03 mg/kg. We estimated binary reagents could be prepared by mixing Compund 1 (CH30)2(P=O)-S-CH2-CH2-S-C2H5 LD = 65 mg/kg {{{{ yes sixtyfive, like dimethoate or lambda cyhalothrine }}}} with dimethylsulphate : {{{{ Reaction written by me (CH30)2(P=O)-S-CH2-CH2-S-C2H5 + (CH30)2SO2 = (CH30)2(P=O)-S-CH2-CH2-S(+)(CH3)(C2H5) CH3SO4(-) LD = 0,07 mg/kg }}}} Replacing sulphur with oxygen in any parts lowers the toxicity 1000 times. {{{{{ this is about nerve gasses }}}}} ............................................ Our next goal is to test "crabaminoylcholinechloride" and "fluoroglucine" {{{{{ translated 1:1 as they were misspelled }}}}} for which we have intelligence data to be "tried" by the americans .

Somebody know how to prepare compound 1 ? :)

simply RED

April 13th, 2005, 07:56 AM

Quite impressive ! by the way... I found genuine military toxicology report (Varshava pact) from 1971. Novichok is not lised but anyway. Hope will be interesting. translation of the interesting part : " We managed to test VX series contaning sulphur or nitrogen but not holine part. They found out to be 10 to 100 times more toxic than normal VX gas even without fluorine in their molecules. Normal VX (methylfluorophosphorylholine LD50 = 0,1 mg/kg )

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Samples included: GD-7

(C2H50)(CH3)(P=O)-S-CH2-CH2-S-C2H5 GD-42 (C2H50)(CH3)(P=O)-S-CH2-CH2-(S+)(CH3)(C2H5) SO4CH3(-) LD50 = 0,032 mg/kg We tested organophosphorous sulphur comatining series (proposed by K. Los) Samples included Compound-2 (CH30)2(P=O)-S-CH2-CH2-S(+)(CH3)(C2H5) LD 50 = 0,07 mg/kg Compound-4 (C2H50)2(P=O)-S-CH2-CH2-S(+)(C2H5)(C2H5) LD50 = 0,01 mg/kg {{{{{simple isn't it !!!}}}}} EDEMO O-ethyl-S-/2-diethylaminoethyl/methylthiophosphonate LD 50 = O,02 mg/kg And other compounds. {{{{{{not listed!!! sh**!!!}}}}} We estimated 0,1-1 mg to be the absolute lethal dose (inhalation) for human of the new VX series. VX gas "MEDETFK" was absolutely always lethal (animal - Cat) in dose 0,03 mg/kg. We estimated binary reagents could be prepared by mixing Compund 1 (CH30)2(P=O)-S-CH2-CH2-S-C2H5 LD = 65 mg/kg {{{{ yes sixtyfive, like dimethoate or lambda cyhalothrine }}}} with dimethylsulphate : {{{{ Reaction written by me (CH30)2(P=O)-S-CH2-CH2-S-C2H5 + (CH30)2SO2 = (CH30)2(P=O)-S-CH2-CH2-S(+)(CH3)(C2H5) CH3SO4(-) LD = 0,07 mg/kg }}}} Replacing sulphur with oxygen in any parts lowers the toxicity 1000 times. {{{{{ this is about nerve gasses }}}}} ............................................ Our next goal is to test "crabaminoylcholinechloride" and "fluoroglucine" {{{{{ translated 1:1 as they were misspelled }}}}} for which we have intelligence data to be "tried" by the americans .

Somebody know how to prepare compound 1 ? :)

simply RED

April 13th, 2005, 07:56 AM

Quite impressive ! by the way... I found genuine military toxicology report (Varshava pact) from 1971. Novichok is not lised but anyway. Hope will be interesting. translation of the interesting part : " We managed to test VX series contaning sulphur or nitrogen but not holine part. They found out to be 10 to 100 times more toxic than normal VX gas even without fluorine in their molecules. Normal VX (methylfluorophosphorylholine LD50 = 0,1 mg/kg ) Samples included: GD-7 (C2H50)(CH3)(P=O)-S-CH2-CH2-S-C2H5 GD-42 (C2H50)(CH3)(P=O)-S-CH2-CH2-(S+)(CH3)(C2H5) SO4CH3(-) LD50 = 0,032 mg/kg We tested organophosphorous sulphur comatining series (proposed by K. Los) Samples included Compound-2 (CH30)2(P=O)-S-CH2-CH2-S(+)(CH3)(C2H5) LD 50 = 0,07 mg/kg Compound-4

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter

(C2H50)2(P=O)-S-CH2-CH2-S(+)(C2H5)(C2H5) LD50 = 0,01 mg/kg {{{{{simple isn't it !!!}}}}} EDEMO O-ethyl-S-/2-diethylaminoethyl/methylthiophosphonate LD 50 = O,02 mg/kg And other compounds. {{{{{{not listed!!! sh**!!!}}}}} We estimated 0,1-1 mg to be the absolute lethal dose (inhalation) for human of the new VX series. VX gas "MEDETFK" was absolutely always lethal (animal - Cat) in dose 0,03 mg/kg. We estimated binary reagents could be prepared by mixing Compund 1 (CH30)2(P=O)-S-CH2-CH2-S-C2H5 LD = 65 mg/kg {{{{ yes sixtyfive, like dimethoate or lambda cyhalothrine }}}} with dimethylsulphate : {{{{ Reaction written by me (CH30)2(P=O)-S-CH2-CH2-S-C2H5 + (CH30)2SO2 = (CH30)2(P=O)-S-CH2-CH2-S(+)(CH3)(C2H5) CH3SO4(-) LD = 0,07 mg/kg }}}} Replacing sulphur with oxygen in any parts lowers the toxicity 1000 times. {{{{{ this is about nerve gasses }}}}} ............................................ Our next goal is to test "crabaminoylcholinechloride" and "fluoroglucine" {{{{{ translated 1:1 as they were misspelled }}}}} for which we have intelligence data to be "tried" by the americans .

Somebody know how to prepare compound 1 ? :)

akinrog

April 13th, 2005, 09:05 AM

Compound 4 seems dubious to me. (C2H50)2(P=O)-S-CH2-CH2-S(+)(C2H5)(C2H5) LD50 = 0,01 mg/kg How Sulfur may have three bonds (like -S(+)(C2H5)(C2H5))? Maybe a typo if sulfur is nitrogene then everything fits and we have VX :)

akinrog

April 13th, 2005, 09:05 AM

Compound 4 seems dubious to me. (C2H50)2(P=O)-S-CH2-CH2-S(+)(C2H5)(C2H5) LD50 = 0,01 mg/kg How Sulfur may have three bonds (like -S(+)(C2H5)(C2H5))? Maybe a typo if sulfur is nitrogene then everything fits and we have VX :)

akinrog

April 13th, 2005, 09:05 AM

Compound 4 seems dubious to me. (C2H50)2(P=O)-S-CH2-CH2-S(+)(C2H5)(C2H5) LD50 = 0,01 mg/kg How Sulfur may have three bonds (like -S(+)(C2H5)(C2H5))? Maybe a typo if sulfur is nitrogene then everything fits and we have VX :)

megalomania

April 15th, 2005, 06:49 PM

It has occured to me that a little social networking is in order to track down all possible scientific articles about Novichok agents and chemical weapons in general. Thanks to the papers provided by Samosa and Fritz I have used the names of the authors in those articles as a basis for a search for all of their respective articles. The theory is whoever publishes an article about a chemical weapon has probably published other articles on chemical weapons. The theory also stipulates whoever he co-authored these papers with also probably work in chemical weapons, so their articles are likely to be related to chemical weapons research. The end result is I have nearly 1000 articles published by the top dozen names, leading me to dozens more authors. I now have to sift through the first batch of all the articles to weed out any unrelated publications, and to find out who the co-authors of the good articles are. I also read a tidbit in Tobiasons Scientific Principles, the chemical weapons volume, that the Soviets intentionally published large amounts of chemical weapons information in the open literature in the 1950s and 1960s with the hope some rogue nation would use the information to attack the US. The goal here was for the rogue state to finish the job for the Soviet Union, or at least inflict massive American casualities. Now all I need to do is find out what journals they published this stuff in. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii is probably a good place to start since it has an English translation.

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Also, in the pap er by Mr Samosa the molecular structure s for the two examples of Novicho k compounds are incorrect. I don t know if the CAS numbers are wrong for the right structures, or if the structures are wrong for the right CAS number. I think the wrong structures were used for the right CAS numbers. (see attached image) One name that seems to pop up a lot is I. V. Martynov. He has published about 500 journal articles in his lifetime to date. Indeed there are many about phosphorus compounds, but those type of articles cease after 1972. He publishes many articles about molecular refraction after that. In 1984 he resumes publication of phosphorus related articles. One article in particular caught my eye: Synthesis and anticholinesterase activity of fluorochloronitroacetic acid esters. Ivanov, Yu. Ya.; Brel, V. K.; Postnova; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal (1985), 19(8), 968-71. There are a few earlier articles about fluorochloronitroacetic acid esters. These are important in the systhesis of Novichoks I would imagine. Samosa did mention in his paper (NovDAGVGP.doc attached earlier) that dihaloformaldoxime are critical parts of Novichok agents, and fluorochloronitroacetic acid should form those. Another article Martynov published related to bicyclic phosphates. There is another thread Samosa started about those. I d o n t kno w enoug h about them to say if this article is of in terest. The abstract me ntions this compou nd is a chloride blocker, it blocks GABA-independent Cl- channels specificially. Perhaps someone with knowledge of biology can say if blocking those is lethal. The article is: 4-Methyl- and 4-ethylbicyclophosphates, blockers of chloride channels. Fetisov, V. I.; Redkozubov, A. E.; Lyubimov, V. S.; Sokolov, V. S.; Martynov, I. V.. USSR. Biologicheskie Membrany (1986), 3(9), 968-70. 4-Methyl- (I; R = Me) [1449-89-4] and 4-ethylbicyclophosphate (I; R = Et) [1005-93-2] were effective blockers of GABAindependent Cl- channels (of Limnaea stagnalis giant neurons). Both potential and thermoregulation of the Cl- channels were affected.

Here is another article of potential use in the preparation of Novichok agents. This compound is similar to fluorochloronitroacetic acid from which this substance is made: Synthesis of chlorofluoronitronitrosomethane. Martynov, I. V.; Brel, V. K.; Uvarova, L. V. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1986), (4), 952-3. Decarboxylation-nitrosation of ClFC(NO2)CO2H with HNO3 gave 52% ClFC(NO)NO2 Here is another possible tidbit as it relates to insecticides and plant growth regulation. We know they disguised their research under the guise of agrichemicals: Synthesis and pesticidal activity of chloronitroacetic acid esters. Martynov, I. V.; Yurtanov, A. I.; Ivanov, Yu. J.; Kulish, E. V.; Uvarova, L. V.; Andreeva, E. I.; Rozhkova, N. G.; Zhirmunskaya, N. M. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR (1986), 289(1), 109-13 [Chem.]. A series of 31 O2NCRR1CO2R [e.g., R, R1, R2 = H, Cl, n-C7H15 (I); F, Cl, ClCH2CH2; Br, Cl, Et] was tested for insecticidal and, in some cases, plant growth regulatory activity. Eight of the compds., e.g., I, were active insecticides. Twelve of the compds. were new but no prepn. details were given. Here is another possible Novichok variant: Reaction of phosphorus trichloride with 1,1,2-trichloro-1-nitrosoethane in sulfur dioxide. Martynov, I. V.; Ivanov, A. N.; Epishina, T. A.; Sokolov, V. B. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1986), (9), 2158. Reaction of ClCH2CCl2NO with PCl3 in SO2 gave 58% ClCH2CCl:NOP(O)Cl2.

Here is yet another possible Novichok variant: Reaction of dialkyl phosphites with 1,1-dichloronitrosoalkanes. Ivanov, A. N.; Epishina, T. A.; Goreva, T. V.; Sokolov, V. B.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1987), (1), 226-8. (RO)2P(O)ON:CClR1 (R = Bu, Me2CHCH2, pentyl, Me, Et; R1 = Me, Et, Pr, Me2CH, Bu, Me2CHCH2) were prepd. in 44-67% yields by treating (RO)2POH with ONCCl2R1 in EtOH at 20 . Here is a to xicity study done on animals and humans for so me pesticide s. Yeah, pesticides, that s the ticket: Delayed neurotoxicity from organophosphorus pesticides. Makhaeva, G. F.; Malygin, V. V.; Martynov, I. V.. USSR. Agrokhimiya (1987), (12), 103-24. A review with 123 refs. on 8 clin. intoxication symptoms, pathmorphol., mechanisms of initiation of delayed neurotoxicity by organophosphorus pesticides (OPP) structure-activity relations of OPP, monitoring of the delayed neurotoxicity of OPP in animals and humans, etc. Here is another possible Novichok variant: Reaction of O-alkyl methylphosphonites with 1,1-dichloro-1-nitrosopropane. Sokolov, V. B.; Ivanov, A. N.; Epishina, T. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1987), 57(4), 952-3. Reaction of ROP(O)HMe (R = Me2CH, Bu, pentyl) with EtCCl2NO in Et2O gave 50-52% ROP(O)MeON:CClEt (I; same R). Treating MeP(OR)2 with EtCCl2NO also gave I. Here is an interesting reference, although I doubt this would have very high human toxicity due to the two large aryl groups attached to phosphorus. Still, it gives enlightenment as to where they are headed: Reaction of diphenylphosphinous acid with 1,1-dichloro-1-nitrosoalkanes. Sokolov, V. B.; Epishina, T. A.; Ivanov, A. N.; Kharitonov, A. V.; Brel, V. K.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1987), 57(7), 1658-9. Treating Ph2P(O)H with RCCl2NO (R = Et, Pr, Me2CH) in Et2O gave 62-75% Ph2P(O)ON:CClR (same R).

Another Novichok possibility: Synthesis and the structure of dialkylfluoroformiminophosphates. Martynov, I. V.; Brel, V. K.; Uvarov, V. I.; Yarkov, A. V.; Novikov, V. P.; Chepakova, L. A.; Raevskii, O. A. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1987), (4), 857-60. Syn- And anti-(RO)2P(O)N:CHF (R = Me, Et, Pr, Bu) were prepd. in 11-25% yields by treating (RO)3P with ClCHFNO2. Here is some nasty looking stuff that may be of interest: Reaction of ( -aminoalkyl)phosphonates with perfluoro-2-azapropene. Aksinenko, A. Yu.; Pushin, A. N.; Sokolov, V. B.; Gontar, A. F.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Aktivn. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1987), (5), 1177-9. (RO)2P(O)CMeR1N:C:NCF3 (R = Me, R1 = Et; R = Et, R1 = Et, Pr, Bu; R = Me2CHCH2, R1 = Et) were prepd. in 40-60% yields by condensing CF2:NCF3 with (RO)2P(O)CMeR1(NH2) in the presence of KF.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Here is another variant: Reaction of polychloronitrosoethanes with phosphorous acid derivatives. Martynov, I. V.; Ivanov, A. N.; Epishina, T. A.; Sokolov, V. B. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv., Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1987), (5), 1086-9. The title reaction gave 20-93% of 22 o-phosphorylated alkyl chloroformimines. Thus, treating ONCCl2R (R = Me, CH2Cl, CHCl2) with (R1O)3P (R1 = Me, Pr, Bu, Me2CHCH2, pentyl, ClCH2CH2) gave (R1O)2P(O)ON:CClR. Of all the other compounds I have previously referenced this particular compound looks like it may be the deadliest. It has some similarities to most other nerve gasses in that it uses the simplest alkyl groups, and has a direct alkyl and a direct halogen attachment to phosphorus. I would replace those chlorines with fluorine to increase the toxicity: Reaction of dichloromethylphosphine with 1,1-dichloro-1-nitrosoalkanes. Sokolov, V. B.; Ivanov, A. N.; Epishina, T. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1987), 57(7), 1659-60. MePCl2 reacted with RCCl2NO (R = Et, Pr, Me2CH) in SO2 to give 27-37% RCCl:NOP(O)ClMe. This compound looks like a good precursor for organophosphorus agents like the previous compound. The chlorines can be replaced by F, and one of the fluorines can form an ester or something else. The second compound is an example of what could be made, and I just bet that stuff is pretty toxic. Interaction of 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl dichlorophosphite with 1,1,2-trichloro-1-nitrosoethane. Sokolov, V. B.; Ivanov, A. N.; Epishina, T. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1987), (6), 1422-3. Refluxing CHF2CF2CH2OPCl2 (I) with CH2ClCCl2NO (II) in Et2O gave 67.8% Cl2P(O)ON:CClCH2Cl. Treating I with II in SO2 at 20 gave 48.2% (CHF2CF2CH2O)ClP(O)ON:CClCH2Cl. We might have a real winner with this one as it has similarities with VX nerve gas. The second compound in particular has a =S group. If that could be isomerized, like it is done in making VX, then we have a thioester. The two isobutyl groups are probably too large to make this particular compound all that toxic. I am sure they could be replaced with methyls instead. Reaction of diisobutylchlorophosphine with 1,1-dichloro-1-nitrosoalkanes in presence of sulfur dioxide and ethyl mercaptan. Sokolov, V. B.; Ivanov, A. N.; Epishina, T. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Aktivn. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1987), (11), 2586-8. Treating (Me2CHCH2)2PCl with RCCl2NO (R = Me, Et, Pr, Me2CH) in Et2O contg. SO2 gave 61-74% (Me2CHCH2)2P(O)ON:CRCl (same R). When Et2SH was used instead of SO2, 44% (Me2CHCH2)2P(S)ON:CRCl (R = Me) was obtained. Another phenyl attached compound: Synthesis and molecular structure of (O-isopropylchloroformimino) diphenylphosphinate. Martynov, I. V.; Chekhlov, A. N.; Ivanov, A. N.; Epishina, T. A.; Makhaev, V. D.; Sokolov, V. B. Inst. Fiziol. Aktivn. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1987), (11), 2595-7. Treating Ph2PH with Me2CHCCl2NO in C6H6 gave 58% Ph2P(O)ON:CClCHMe2, the structure of which was detd. by x-ray crystallog. This compound has some VX similarities too: O,O-Dialkyl O-(dialkylformimino) thiophosphates. Chepakova, L. A.; Brel, V. K.; Pushin, A. N.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1987), 57(12), 2716-19. Twelve (R1O)2P(S)ON:CMeR (R = Me, Et, Pr; R1 = Me, Et, Pr, Bu) were prepd. in 41-62% yields by treating (R1O)2PHS with ONCClMeR or HON:CMeR. T h e s e c o m p o unds are similar to the last journa l reference except the R and R grou ps are switch ed. Isomeriz e that S and we may have something far more toxic. O-(Alkylchloroformimino) O,O-dialkyl thiophosphates. Martynov, I. V.; Ivanov, A. N.; Epishina, T. A.; Sokolov, V. B. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1987), (12), 2854-5. Seven (RO)2P(S)ON:CClR1 (R = Et, Me2CH; R1 = Me, Et, Pr, Me2CH, ClCH2) were prepd. in 33-54% yields by condensing (RO)2PSH with R1Cl2CNO in THF. Martynov has 64 publications in 1988 alone, his best year. In no particular order here are some highlights: Molecular and crystal structure of O,O-diethyl 1-[N2-(trifluoromethyl)fluoroformamidino]-1-methylethylphosphonate. Chekhlov, A. N.; Aksinenko, A. Yu.; Sokolov, V. B.; Korenchenko, O. V.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR (1988), 302(4), 855-8 [Chem.]. The crystal and mol. structure of (EtO)2P(O)CMe2NHCFNCF3 was detd. Reaction of (N-acetyl-N-ethylamido)alkylphosphonic acid chlorides with cesium fluoride. Krolevets, A. A.; Adamov, A. V.; Popov, A. G.; Martynov, I. V.. USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1988), 58(11), 2628-9. RP(O)F(NEtCH:CH2) (R = Me, Me2CH) were prepd. in 45, 50% yields, resp., by treating RPCl(NEtAc) (I) with CsF. I were prepd. in 60, 65% yields, resp., by treating RPCl2 with Me3SiNEtAc. Stable alkoxyfluorophosphoranes. Krolevets, A. A.; Popov, A. G.; Adamov, A. V.; Martynov, I. V.. USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1988), 58(11), 2626-7. RPF2(OR1)2 (R = BuCHClCH2, R1 = Me3C; R = Me2CClCH2, R1 = Et) were prepd. in 45, 40% yields, resp., by treating RPF4 with Me3SiOR1. O-(Alkylchloroformimidoyl) o-alkyl methylphosphonates. Sokolov, V. B.; Ivanov, A. N.; Goreva, T. V.; Epishina, T. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv., Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1988), (5), 1128-30. Nine (RO)MeP(O)ON:CClR1 (R = Et, Pr, Bu, Me2CH, pentyl; R1 = Me, Et, Pr, Bu, Me2CH) were prepd. in 41-67% yields by treating R1CCl2NO with MeP(OR)2 or MeP(O)H(OR). Reaction of 1,1-dichloro-1-nitrosoalkanes with phosphorus(III) chlorides. Martynov, I. V.; Ivanov, A. N.; Epishina, T. A.; Sokolov, V. B. Inst. Fiziol. Aktivn. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1988), (9), 2128-32. The title reaction was studied. Thus, R1R2P(O)ON:CRCl (R = Me, Et, Pr, Me2CH; R1 = R2 = Cl, Me2CHCH2; R1 = Cl, R2 = Me) were prepd. in 34-74% yields by reaction of RCCl2NO with R1R2PCl in the presence of SO2. Synthesis and x-ray diffraction study of N-(diisopropoxythiophosphoryl)thioacetamide. Solov'ev, V. N.; Chekhlov, A. N.; Zabirov, N. G.; Cherkasov, R. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Aktivn. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR (1988), 300(6), 1386-9 [Chem.]. Treating MeCSNH2 with Me3COK in MeCN and then with ClP(S)(OCHMe2)2 gave 15% MeCSNHP(S)(OCHMe2)2, the structure of which was detd. by x-ray crystallog. Reaction of 1,1-dichloro-1-nitrosoethane with phosphorus oxychloride in the presence of zinc. Sokolov, V. B.; Epishina, T. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya

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(1988), (7), 1691. Cl2P(O)ON:CClMe was prepd. in 26.6% yield by treating MeCCl2NO with POCl3 in the presence of Zn. Comparative studies on the interaction of acetylcholinesterases from human erythrocytes and housefly heads with phosphorylated alkylchloroformoxims. Shataeva, G. A.; Makhaeva, G. F.; Yankovskaya, V. L.; Sokolov, V. B.; Ivanov, A. N.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Physiol. Act. Subst., Chernogolovka, USSR. Zhurnal Evolyutsionnoi Biokhimii i Fiziologii (1988), 24(6), 791-6. Among Valexon analogs, 6 (RO)2P(O)ON:CClMe (I), 6 (RO)2P(O)ON:C(Cl)CH2Cl (II), and 5 (RO)2P(O)ON:C(Cl)CHCl2 (III, R = Me, Et, Pr, iso-Bu, Bu, amyl), and 4 (EtO)2P(O)ON:C(Cl)R1 (IV, R1 = Me, Et, Pr, Bu), I-III (R = Et) were highly selective insecticides, having rate consts. of bimol. reaction with acetylcholinesterase (KII) of human erythrocytes (HE) lower by 1 magnitude order than with that from housefly heads (FL). Inhibition of both HE and FL followed the order I < II < III. Phosphorylation capacity of II 1.6-fold exceeded that of I. Replacing Me by Et, increased the effect of I-III on FL 3-8-fold and decreased that on HE 1.7-4-fold. Further increases in hydrophobicity abolished the specificity of I-III. The selectivity of IV decreased in order of R1: Me > Et > Bu; IV (R1 = Pr) showed no selectivity. Fluorination of some phosphoric acid derivatives. Zavorin, S. I.; Lermontov, S. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka., USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1988), (5), 1174-6. Dialkyl fluorophosphates were prepd. by the title fluorination with Et3N.3HF (I). Thus, fluorination of (EtO)2P(O)ON:CCl2 with I in MeCN gave 83.5% (EtO)2P(O)F. Reaction of fluorine-containing acetylenic alcohols with phosphorus trichloride. Brel, V. K.; Chekhlov, A. N.; Ionin, B. I.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1988), 58(4), 750-7. Treating RC.tplbond.CCMe(OH)CH2F (I; R = Ph) with PCl3 in Et2O gave 45% Cl2P(O)CR:C:CMeCH2F (II; R = Ph) and 24% Eand Z-Cl2P(O)CHPhCCl:CMeCH2F (III). Under the same conditions, I (R = MeOCH2) gave a mixt. of II (R = MeOCH2) and Cl2P(O)C(:CH2)CCl:CMeCH2F. Treating I (R = Ph) with MeOH and then with Br2 gave oxaphospholene IV. The structure of III was detd. by x-ray crystallog. Synthesis and anticholinesterase activity of fluorochloronitroacetic acid thioesters. Ivanov, Yu. Ya.; Uvarov, V. I.; Brel, V. K.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal (1988), 22(5), 53840. Treating O2NCFClCOX (I; X = OH) with PCl5 gave I (X = Cl), which reacted with RSH (R = Et, Bu) to give 35-55% I (X = SR; same R) (II). II were less effective acetylcholinesterase inhibitors than I (X = OR; same R) but had comparable activity vs. butyrylcholinesterase with lower toxicity. Synthesis and antiesterase activity of sulfur-containing phosphorylated oximes. Chepakova, L. A.; Bret, V. K.; Makheva, G. F.; Yankovskaya, V. L.; Beznosko, B. K.; Malygin, V. V.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv., Chernogolovka, USSR. Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal (1988), 22(2), 143-6. Reaction of (RS)2POEt (R = Et, Pr, iso-Bu, Bu or amyl) with O:NCFCl2 gave the corresponding (RS)2P(:O)ON:CClF (I). An increase in the hydrophobicity of I did not alter the anticholinesterase activity of I, while the butyrylcholinesterase and carboxylesterase activity were increased. O-substituted alkylchloroformoximes as substrates and inhibitors of cholinesterases. Ivanov Iu Ia; Sokolov V B; Epishina T A; Martynov I V Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR (1990), 310(5), 1253-5. Inhibition of cholinesterase activity with fluorine-containing derivatives of alpha-aminophosphonic acid. Kuusk V V; Morozova I V; Agabekian R S; Aksinenko A Iu; Epishina T A; Sokolov V B; Kovaleva N V; Razdol'skiy A N; Fetisov V N; Martynov I V Bioorganicheskaia khimiia (1990 Nov), 16(11), 1500-8. A series of O,O-diethyl-1-(N-alpha-hydrohexafluoroisobutyryl)aminoalkylphos phonates (APh) has been synthesized and their interaction with human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and with horse serum butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) studied. Most of the APhs inactivated the cholinesterases irreversible through formation of the enzyme-inhibitor intermediate. The inactivation rate constants and the enzyme-inhibitor intermediate dissociation constants are calculated. The quantitative structure-activity relationships including both hydrophobic and calculated steric parameters of substituents are developed for APh--ChE interactions. Molecular mechanics (programme MM2) was used for determining steric parameters (Es). On the basis of QSAR models analysis it was concluded that hydrophobic interactions play an essential role in APh--AChE binding, whereas for APh--BuChE binding steric interactions are essential. Presence of at least two APh binding centres on the surface of AChE and BuChE is suggested. Reaction of 1,1-dichloro-1-nitrosobutane with (N,N-dimethylamido)dichlorophosphite. Sokolov, V. B.; Ivanov, A. N.; Epishina, T. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1989), (6), 1416-18. Reaction of PrCCl2NO with Me2NPCl2 in Et2O or in SO2 gave 36% Me2NPCl4 or 30% Me2NP(O)ClON:CClPr, resp. Treating Me2NPCl4 with SO2 gave 91% Me2NP(O)Cl2. Reaction of PrCCl2NO with Me2NPCl2 in Et2O, and then with Ph3P and distn. gave Ph3PO and PrCN. Alkyl chlorofluoroformimino perfluoroalkylphosphonates. Chepakova, L. A.; Brel, V. K.; Martynov, I. V.; Maslennikov, I. G. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv., Chernogolovka, USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1989), 59(6), 1455-6. Treating RP(OR1)2 (R = CF3, R1 = Pr, Bu; R = CF3CF2, R1 = Me, Bu) with CFCl2NO in Et2O gave 76-88% title compds. R1OP(O)RON:CFCl. Synthesis of dialkyl (3-alkyl-1,3-alkadien-2-yl)phosphonates. Brel, V. K.; Abramkin, E. V.; Martynov, I. V.; Ionin, B. I. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1989), 59(9), 2142-3. (RO)2P(O)C(:CH2)CR1:CMe2 (R = Et, Pr; R1 = Me, Et) were prepd. in 41-73% yields by the Grignard reaction of (RO)2P(O)C(CH2OMe):C:CMe2 with R1X (X = halo). Synthesis and antiesterase activity of O,O-dialkyl S-(ethoxycarboxyl)chloromethyl thiophosphates. Khaskin, B. A.; Makhaeva, G. F.; Torgasheva, N. A.; Ishmuratov, A. S.; Yankovskaya, V. L.; Fetisov, V. I.; Malygin, V. V.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovko, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1989), (12), 2741-6. The title compds. (RO)2P(O)SCHClCO2Et (I; R = alkyl homologs) were prepd. in 82-95% yields in the reaction of (RO)2P(O)SCl with N2CHCO2Et at -25 (in Et2O) or 6-7 (in benzene), presumably via a noncarbene mechanism. I irreversibly inhibited acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and carboxylesterase; antibutyrylcholinesterase activity increased in the homologous series of R, with max. at R = Bu. An antiesterase MSBAR of I was fulfilled with parameters representing hydrophobicity and steric properties of R. Synthesis and cholinesterase hydrolysis of O-acylated alkylchloroformoximes. Sokolov, V. B.; Ivanov, Yu. Ya.; Epishina, T. A.; Agabekyan, R. S.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal (1989), 23(11), 1317-20. The title compds., RCO2N:CClR1 (R = Me, Et, Pr or CH2Cl and R1 = Me, Et, Pr, or iso-Pr) were prepd. e.g., by the reaction of 1,1-dichloro-1-nitrosobutane with AcCl in the presence of Zn. These compds. were good substrates for acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterases. The kinetic parameters (Km, Vmax and ac) of these compds. in the hydrolysis reactions were comparable to those with acetylcholine. The acute toxicity was 79-381 mg/kg in mice given drugs orally.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Synthesis and structure of O,O-dialkyl 2-[(ethoxycarbonyl)amino]hexafluoroisopropylphosphonates. Aksinenko, A. Yu.; Chekhlov, A. N.; Korenchenko, O. V.; Sokolov, V. B.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1990), 60(1), 61-5. The title compds. (RO)2P(O)C(CF3)2NHCO2Et (I; R = Me, Et, CHMe2) were prepd. in 54-76% yields in the reaction of (RO)2P(O)H with (CF3)2C:NCO2Et. The crystal and mol. structure of I (R = Et) was detd. O-Substituted alkylchloroformoximes as substrates and inhibitors of cholinesterases. Ivanov, Yu. Ya.; Sokolov, V. B.; Epishina, T. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Aktivn. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR (1990), 310(5), 1253-5 [Biochem.]. The ability of O-substituted alkylchloroformoximes to serve as substrates for acetylcholinesterase (ACE, EC 3.1.1.7) and butyrylcholinesterase (BCE, EC 3.1.1.8) and to inhibit acetylcholine hydrolysis by these enzymes was detd., along with the LD50 of these compds. in mice. The compds. tested were O-acylated alkylchloroformoximes of the general formula R1C(O)ON:C(Cl)R2 [R1 = R2 = Me; R1 = Me, R2 = Et; R1 = Me, R2 = Pr; R1 = Et, R2 = Me; R1 = Et, R2 = iso-Pr; R1 = Pr, R2 = iso-Pr; R1 = CH2Cl, R2 = Pr (I); R1 = CH2Cl, R2 = iso-Pr (II)], O-carbonylated alkylchloroformoximes of the general formula EtOC(O)ON:C(Cl)R [R = Me (III), iso-Pr (IV)], and O-carbamoylated alkylchloroformoximes of the general formula (Me)2NC(O)ON:C(Cl)R [R = Me (V), iso-Pr (VI)]. All of the compds. except for I and II were good substrates for the enzymes, with Km values for ACE ranging (0.3-11.0) 10-4M and for BCE ranging (0.5-13.0) 10-4M (the Km values of ACE and BCE with acetylcholine were 1.3 10-4 and 5.4 10-4M, resp.). III and IV were competitive (Ki 1.6 10-4M) and mixed-type (Ki 4.2 10-4M) inhibitors, resp., of ACE. V and VI were effective inhibitors of both ACE and BCE, with bimol. rate consts. for inhibition (kII) of 5.7 103 and 1.4 105 M-1 min-1, resp., for ACE, and 9.8 103 and 5.4 106 M-1 min-1, resp., for BCE. The LD50 values for the tested compds. ranged 60-381 mg/kg body wt. O-(alkylchloroformimino)(methyl)thiophosphonic acid chlorides. Lyashenko, Yu. E.; Sokolov, V. B.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1989), (12), 2865-6. Treating the adduct from RCCl2NO and MePCl2 with H2S gave 21-35% MeP(S)ClON:CRCl. Interaction of 1,1-dichloro-1-nitrosoalkanes with S-ethylmethylphosphonous chloride in the presence of sulfur dioxide. Sokolov, V. B.; Ivanov, A. N.; Epishina, T. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1990), (2), 464-5. EtSP(O)MeON:CClR (R = Me, Et, Pr) were prepd. in 42-47% yields by treating RCCl2NO with EtSPMeCl in the presence of SO2. O-(alkylchloroformimino)-O-alkylphosphoric acid chlorides. Sokolov, V. B.; Ivanov, A. N.; Goreva, T. V.; Epishina, T. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1990), (5), 1122-5. Reaction of (ON)CCl2R with (R'O)2PCl (R, R' = alkyl) afforded the title compds. (R'O)ClP(O)ON:CRCl (I) in up to 69% yield. Hydrolysis of I led to substitution of P-, and not C-bound Cl, resulting in (R'O)(NH4O)P(O)ON:CRCl. Reaction of the adduct of methyldichlorophosphine and 1,1-dichloro-1-nitrosoethane with thioacetic acid. Lyashenko, Yu. E.; Sokolov, V. B.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1990), 60(8), 1923-4. Treating MePCl2 with MeCCl2NO in PhMe, followed by addn of 1 or 2 equiv AcSH gave 56% MeP(S)ClON:CMeCl or 32% MeP(S)ClON:CMeSAc, resp. Inhibition of cholinesterase activity by fluorine-containing derivatives of -aminoalkylphosphonic acids. Kuusk, V. V.; Morozova, I. V.; Agabekyan, R. S.; Aksinenko, A. Yu.; Epishina, T. A.; Sokolov, V. B.; Kovaleva, N. V.; Razdol'skii, A. N.; Fetisov, V. I.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Physiol. Act. Subst., Chernogolovka, USSR. Bioorganicheskaya Khimiya (1990), 16(11), 1500-8. A series of O,O-diethyl-1-(N- -hydrohexafluoroisobutyryl)aminoalkylphosphonates (APh) has been synthesized and their interaction with human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and with horse serum butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) studied. Most of the APhs inactivated the cholinesterases irreversible through formation of the enzyme-inhibitor intermediate. The inactivation rate consts. and the enzyme-inhibitor intermediate dissocn. consts. are calcd. The quant. structure-activity relationships including both hydrophobic and calcd. steric parameters of substituents are developed for APh-ChE interactions. Mol. mechanics (program MM2) was used for detg. steric parameters (Es). On the basis of QSAR models anal. it was concluded that hydrophobic interactions play an essential role in APh-AChE binding, whereas for APh-BuChE binding steric interactions are essential. Presence of at least two APh binding centers on the surface of AChE and BuChE is suggested. Synthesis and anticholinesterase activity of O-carbamoylated alkylchloroform oximes. Sokolov, V. B.; Ivanov, Yu. Ya.; Epishina, T. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshestva, Chernogolovka, USSR. Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal (1991), 25(4), 33-4. Treating ClCO2N:CClR (R = Me, Et, Pr, CHMe2) with NHR1R2 (R1 = R2 = H, Me, Et; R1 = H, R2 = Me) in Et2O gave 50-69% R1R2NCO2N:CClR (same R-R3), which are acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors (k11 = 1.1 10-2 to 5.4 10-6 M-1 min-1). Acute oral toxicity in mice ranged from 32 to 565 mg/kg. O-Alkyl O-methylchloroformimino phenylphosphonates - effective inhibitors of the hen brain neurotoxic esterase. Makhaeva, G. F.; Kononova, I. V.; Malygin, V. V.; Lyashenko, Yu. E.; Sokolov, V. B.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR (1991), 317(4), 1009-12 [Biochem.]. The title phosphonates were effective inhibitors of neurotoxic esterase; with increasing hydrophobicity the compds. showed pronounced and selective biol. activity towards brain neurotoxic esterase compared to acetylcholinesterase. Thus, the structure of phenylphosphonate played a major role in the inhibitory effects of these potential pesticides towards neurotoxic esterase or acetylcholinesterase. Synthesis and anticholinesterase activity of fluorine-containing -aminophosphoryl compounds. Korenchenko, O. V.; Ivanov, Yu. Ya.; Aksinenko, A. Yu.; Sokolov, V. B.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, Russia. KhimikoFarmatsevticheskii Zhurnal (1992), 26(6), 21-3. Reaction of R2P(O)H (R = MeO, EtO, PrO, Me2CHO, Ph) with (CF3)2C:NCOR1 (R1 = OEt, OCH2Ph, OPr, OBu, OCH2CH2CHMe2, CF3) in Et2O gave 44-93% R2P(O)C(CF3)2NHCOR1. Treating a 1,4,2-oxazaphospholine deriv. with alcs. gave Me(R)P(O)C(CF3)2NHCO2Et (R = BuO, Me2CHO). Bimol. rate consts. for inhibition of cholinesterases by these compds. were detd. Synthesis and insecticidal and acaricidal activity of O-alkylchloroformimine O,O-dialkyl phosphates and O,Odialkylthiophosphates. Ivanov, A. M.; Ivanova, G. B.; Sokolova, V. B.; Epishina, T. N.; Goreva, T. V.; Beznosko, B. K.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Okl. Veshchestv., Chernogolovka, Russia. Fiziologicheski Aktivnye Veshchestva (1991), 23 58-62. Of 26 title compds., those having ethoxy group at P were both insecticides and acaricides, whereas those having their methoxy group showed insecticidal activity only. Increasing hydrophobicity of the alkoxy substituents decreased i.m. toxicity to mice, but also the effectiveness. O replacement by S also decreased toxicity. Synthesis is indicated. Paradoxical toxic effect and calcium antagonism of the cholinesterase inhibitors O-(N-arylcarbamoyl)acylhydroximoyl chlorides. Ivanov, Yu. Ya.; Sokolov, V. B.; Epishina, T. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, Russia. Doklady Akademii Nauk (1993), 328(6), 744-6 [Biochem.].

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N-phenylcarbamates and aliph. analogs of the formula R R1N(O)ON::C(Cl)R2 [where R = Et, Me, and Ph; R1 = H, Me; R2 = Et, Pr, iso-Pr] were examd. for their acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition, for their acute toxicity and their action on selective organs. The enzyme inhibition depended on their mol. structure. Paradoxical effects (higher dose and low toxicity and vice versa) were noted. Similar sensitivity of rat and hen brain neurotoxic esterase to inhibition by O-alkyl-Oalkylchloroformiminophenylphosphonates. Makhaeva, G. F.; Filonenko, I. V.; Malygin, V. V.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, Russia. Doklady Akademii Nauk (1993), 332(5), 650-3. Quant. structure-neurotoxic esterase (NTE)-inhibiting activity relationship of the title phosphonates was examd. against both rat and chicken enzyme. The phosphonates effectively inhibited the enzyme from both the sources. The anti-NTE activity of the compds. increased with the length of alkyl radical in the phosphoryl portion. The introduction of branched substituent, esp. in the -position, decreased the antienzyme activity. Math. equations are derived to describe the effects of steric factors on the NTE inhibition. PI50 = -lg I50, where I50 is the concn. of the inhibitor required to cause 50% inhibition, was calcd. for these compds.; the values are tabulated. Crystal and molecular structures and synthesis of O,O-diisopentyl 1-(phenylsulfonamido)-1-(trifluoromethyl)-2,2,2trifluoroethylphosphonate. Chekhlov, A. N.; Aksinenko, A. Yu.; Sokolov, V. B.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Ross. Akad. Nauk, Chernogolovka, Russia. Doklady Akademii Nauk (1995), 345(3), 360-363. Reaction of (CF3)2C:NSO2Ph and (Me2CHCH2CH2O)2P(O)H in Et2O gave 85% title compd. (Me2CHCH2CH2O)2P(O)C(CF3)2NHSO2Ph, the structure of which was detd. by x-ray crystallog. Assessment of the neurotoxic potential of some methyl- and phenylphosphonates using a stable preparation of neuropathy target esterase from chicken brain. Makhaeva G F; Malygin V V; Martynov I V Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Oblast, 142432 Russia Doklady. Biochemistry and biophysics (2001 Mar-Apr), 377 68-71.

megalomania

April 15th, 2005, 06:49 PM

It has occured to me that a little social networking is in order to track down all possible scientific articles about Novichok agents and chemical weapons in general. Thanks to the papers provided by Samosa and Fritz I have used the names of the authors in those articles as a basis for a search for all of their respective articles. The theory is whoever publishes an article about a chemical weapon has probably published other articles on chemical weapons. The theory also stipulates whoever he co-authored these papers with also probably work in chemical weapons, so their articles are likely to be related to chemical weapons research. The end result is I have nearly 1000 articles published by the top dozen names, leading me to dozens more authors. I now have to sift through the first batch of all the articles to weed out any unrelated publications, and to find out who the co-authors of the good articles are. I also read a tidbit in Tobiasons Scientific Principles, the chemical weapons volume, that the Soviets intentionally published large amounts of chemical weapons information in the open literature in the 1950s and 1960s with the hope some rogue nation would use the information to attack the US. The goal here was for the rogue state to finish the job for the Soviet Union, or at least inflict massive American casualities. Now all I need to do is find out what journals they published this stuff in. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii is probably a good place to start since it has an English translation. Also, in the pap er by Mr Samosa the molecular structure s for the two examples of Novicho k compounds are incorrect. I don t know if the CAS numbers are wrong for the right structures, or if the structures are wrong for the right CAS number. I think the wrong structures were used for the right CAS numbers. (see attached image) One name that seems to pop up a lot is I. V. Martynov. He has published about 500 journal articles in his lifetime to date. Indeed there are many about phosphorus compounds, but those type of articles cease after 1972. He publishes many articles about molecular refraction after that. In 1984 he resumes publication of phosphorus related articles. One article in particular caught my eye: Synthesis and anticholinesterase activity of fluorochloronitroacetic acid esters. Ivanov, Yu. Ya.; Brel, V. K.; Postnova; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal (1985), 19(8), 968-71. There are a few earlier articles about fluorochloronitroacetic acid esters. These are important in the systhesis of Novichoks I would imagine. Samosa did mention in his paper (NovDAGVGP.doc attached earlier) that dihaloformaldoxime are critical parts of Novichok agents, and fluorochloronitroacetic acid should form those. Another article Martynov published related to bicyclic phosphates. There is another thread Samosa started about those. I d o n t kno w enoug h about them to say if this article is of in terest. The abstract me ntions this compou nd is a chloride blocker, it blocks GABA-independent Cl- channels specificially. Perhaps someone with knowledge of biology can say if blocking those is lethal. The article is: 4-Methyl- and 4-ethylbicyclophosphates, blockers of chloride channels. Fetisov, V. I.; Redkozubov, A. E.; Lyubimov, V. S.; Sokolov, V. S.; Martynov, I. V.. USSR. Biologicheskie Membrany (1986), 3(9), 968-70. 4-Methyl- (I; R = Me) [1449-89-4] and 4-ethylbicyclophosphate (I; R = Et) [1005-93-2] were effective blockers of GABAindependent Cl- channels (of Limnaea stagnalis giant neurons). Both potential and thermoregulation of the Cl- channels were affected.

Here is another article of potential use in the preparation of Novichok agents. This compound is similar to fluorochloronitroacetic acid from which this substance is made: Synthesis of chlorofluoronitronitrosomethane. Martynov, I. V.; Brel, V. K.; Uvarova, L. V. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1986), (4), 952-3. Decarboxylation-nitrosation of ClFC(NO2)CO2H with HNO3 gave 52% ClFC(NO)NO2 Here is another possible tidbit as it relates to insecticides and plant growth regulation. We know they disguised their research under the guise of agrichemicals: Synthesis and pesticidal activity of chloronitroacetic acid esters. Martynov, I. V.; Yurtanov, A. I.; Ivanov, Yu. J.; Kulish, E. V.; Uvarova, L. V.; Andreeva, E. I.; Rozhkova, N. G.; Zhirmunskaya, N. M. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR (1986), 289(1), 109-13 [Chem.]. A series of 31 O2NCRR1CO2R [e.g., R, R1, R2 = H, Cl, n-C7H15 (I); F, Cl, ClCH2CH2; Br, Cl, Et] was tested for insecticidal and, in some cases, plant growth regulatory activity. Eight of the compds., e.g., I, were active insecticides. Twelve of the compds. were new but no prepn. details were given.

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Here is another possible Novichok variant: Reaction of phosphorus trichloride with 1,1,2-trichloro-1-nitrosoethane in sulfur dioxide. Martynov, I. V.; Ivanov, A. N.; Epishina, T. A.; Sokolov, V. B. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1986), (9), 2158. Reaction of ClCH2CCl2NO with PCl3 in SO2 gave 58% ClCH2CCl:NOP(O)Cl2.

Here is yet another possible Novichok variant: Reaction of dialkyl phosphites with 1,1-dichloronitrosoalkanes. Ivanov, A. N.; Epishina, T. A.; Goreva, T. V.; Sokolov, V. B.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1987), (1), 226-8. (RO)2P(O)ON:CClR1 (R = Bu, Me2CHCH2, pentyl, Me, Et; R1 = Me, Et, Pr, Me2CH, Bu, Me2CHCH2) were prepd. in 44-67% yields by treating (RO)2POH with ONCCl2R1 in EtOH at 20 . Here is a to xicity study done on animals and humans for so me pesticide s. Yeah, pesticides, that s the ticket: Delayed neurotoxicity from organophosphorus pesticides. Makhaeva, G. F.; Malygin, V. V.; Martynov, I. V.. USSR. Agrokhimiya (1987), (12), 103-24. A review with 123 refs. on 8 clin. intoxication symptoms, pathmorphol., mechanisms of initiation of delayed neurotoxicity by organophosphorus pesticides (OPP) structure-activity relations of OPP, monitoring of the delayed neurotoxicity of OPP in animals and humans, etc. Here is another possible Novichok variant: Reaction of O-alkyl methylphosphonites with 1,1-dichloro-1-nitrosopropane. Sokolov, V. B.; Ivanov, A. N.; Epishina, T. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1987), 57(4), 952-3. Reaction of ROP(O)HMe (R = Me2CH, Bu, pentyl) with EtCCl2NO in Et2O gave 50-52% ROP(O)MeON:CClEt (I; same R). Treating MeP(OR)2 with EtCCl2NO also gave I. Here is an interesting reference, although I doubt this would have very high human toxicity due to the two large aryl groups attached to phosphorus. Still, it gives enlightenment as to where they are headed: Reaction of diphenylphosphinous acid with 1,1-dichloro-1-nitrosoalkanes. Sokolov, V. B.; Epishina, T. A.; Ivanov, A. N.; Kharitonov, A. V.; Brel, V. K.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1987), 57(7), 1658-9. Treating Ph2P(O)H with RCCl2NO (R = Et, Pr, Me2CH) in Et2O gave 62-75% Ph2P(O)ON:CClR (same R).

Another Novichok possibility: Synthesis and the structure of dialkylfluoroformiminophosphates. Martynov, I. V.; Brel, V. K.; Uvarov, V. I.; Yarkov, A. V.; Novikov, V. P.; Chepakova, L. A.; Raevskii, O. A. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1987), (4), 857-60. Syn- And anti-(RO)2P(O)N:CHF (R = Me, Et, Pr, Bu) were prepd. in 11-25% yields by treating (RO)3P with ClCHFNO2. Here is some nasty looking stuff that may be of interest: Reaction of ( -aminoalkyl)phosphonates with perfluoro-2-azapropene. Aksinenko, A. Yu.; Pushin, A. N.; Sokolov, V. B.; Gontar, A. F.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Aktivn. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1987), (5), 1177-9. (RO)2P(O)CMeR1N:C:NCF3 (R = Me, R1 = Et; R = Et, R1 = Et, Pr, Bu; R = Me2CHCH2, R1 = Et) were prepd. in 40-60% yields by condensing CF2:NCF3 with (RO)2P(O)CMeR1(NH2) in the presence of KF. Here is another variant: Reaction of polychloronitrosoethanes with phosphorous acid derivatives. Martynov, I. V.; Ivanov, A. N.; Epishina, T. A.; Sokolov, V. B. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv., Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1987), (5), 1086-9. The title reaction gave 20-93% of 22 o-phosphorylated alkyl chloroformimines. Thus, treating ONCCl2R (R = Me, CH2Cl, CHCl2) with (R1O)3P (R1 = Me, Pr, Bu, Me2CHCH2, pentyl, ClCH2CH2) gave (R1O)2P(O)ON:CClR. Of all the other compounds I have previously referenced this particular compound looks like it may be the deadliest. It has some similarities to most other nerve gasses in that it uses the simplest alkyl groups, and has a direct alkyl and a direct halogen attachment to phosphorus. I would replace those chlorines with fluorine to increase the toxicity: Reaction of dichloromethylphosphine with 1,1-dichloro-1-nitrosoalkanes. Sokolov, V. B.; Ivanov, A. N.; Epishina, T. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1987), 57(7), 1659-60. MePCl2 reacted with RCCl2NO (R = Et, Pr, Me2CH) in SO2 to give 27-37% RCCl:NOP(O)ClMe. This compound looks like a good precursor for organophosphorus agents like the previous compound. The chlorines can be replaced by F, and one of the fluorines can form an ester or something else. The second compound is an example of what could be made, and I just bet that stuff is pretty toxic. Interaction of 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl dichlorophosphite with 1,1,2-trichloro-1-nitrosoethane. Sokolov, V. B.; Ivanov, A. N.; Epishina, T. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1987), (6), 1422-3. Refluxing CHF2CF2CH2OPCl2 (I) with CH2ClCCl2NO (II) in Et2O gave 67.8% Cl2P(O)ON:CClCH2Cl. Treating I with II in SO2 at 20 gave 48.2% (CHF2CF2CH2O)ClP(O)ON:CClCH2Cl. We might have a real winner with this one as it has similarities with VX nerve gas. The second compound in particular has a =S group. If that could be isomerized, like it is done in making VX, then we have a thioester. The two isobutyl groups are probably too large to make this particular compound all that toxic. I am sure they could be replaced with methyls instead. Reaction of diisobutylchlorophosphine with 1,1-dichloro-1-nitrosoalkanes in presence of sulfur dioxide and ethyl mercaptan. Sokolov, V. B.; Ivanov, A. N.; Epishina, T. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Aktivn. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1987), (11), 2586-8. Treating (Me2CHCH2)2PCl with RCCl2NO (R = Me, Et, Pr, Me2CH) in Et2O contg. SO2 gave 61-74% (Me2CHCH2)2P(O)ON:CRCl (same R). When Et2SH was used instead of SO2, 44% (Me2CHCH2)2P(S)ON:CRCl (R = Me) was obtained. Another phenyl attached compound: Synthesis and molecular structure of (O-isopropylchloroformimino) diphenylphosphinate. Martynov, I. V.; Chekhlov, A. N.; Ivanov, A. N.; Epishina, T. A.; Makhaev, V. D.; Sokolov, V. B. Inst. Fiziol. Aktivn. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1987), (11), 2595-7. Treating Ph2PH with Me2CHCCl2NO in C6H6 gave 58% Ph2P(O)ON:CClCHMe2, the structure of which was detd. by x-ray crystallog. This compound has some VX similarities too: O,O-Dialkyl O-(dialkylformimino) thiophosphates. Chepakova, L. A.; Brel, V. K.; Pushin, A. N.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1987), 57(12), 2716-19.

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Twelve (R1O)2P(S)ON:CMeR (R = Me, Et, Pr; R1 = Me, Et, Pr, Bu) were prepd. in 41-62% yields by treating (R1O)2PHS with ONCClMeR or HON:CMeR. T h e s e c o m p o unds are similar to the last journa l reference except the R and R grou ps are switch ed. Isomeriz e that S and we may have something far more toxic. O-(Alkylchloroformimino) O,O-dialkyl thiophosphates. Martynov, I. V.; Ivanov, A. N.; Epishina, T. A.; Sokolov, V. B. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1987), (12), 2854-5. Seven (RO)2P(S)ON:CClR1 (R = Et, Me2CH; R1 = Me, Et, Pr, Me2CH, ClCH2) were prepd. in 33-54% yields by condensing (RO)2PSH with R1Cl2CNO in THF. Martynov has 64 publications in 1988 alone, his best year. In no particular order here are some highlights: Molecular and crystal structure of O,O-diethyl 1-[N2-(trifluoromethyl)fluoroformamidino]-1-methylethylphosphonate. Chekhlov, A. N.; Aksinenko, A. Yu.; Sokolov, V. B.; Korenchenko, O. V.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR (1988), 302(4), 855-8 [Chem.]. The crystal and mol. structure of (EtO)2P(O)CMe2NHCFNCF3 was detd. Reaction of (N-acetyl-N-ethylamido)alkylphosphonic acid chlorides with cesium fluoride. Krolevets, A. A.; Adamov, A. V.; Popov, A. G.; Martynov, I. V.. USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1988), 58(11), 2628-9. RP(O)F(NEtCH:CH2) (R = Me, Me2CH) were prepd. in 45, 50% yields, resp., by treating RPCl(NEtAc) (I) with CsF. I were prepd. in 60, 65% yields, resp., by treating RPCl2 with Me3SiNEtAc. Stable alkoxyfluorophosphoranes. Krolevets, A. A.; Popov, A. G.; Adamov, A. V.; Martynov, I. V.. USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1988), 58(11), 2626-7. RPF2(OR1)2 (R = BuCHClCH2, R1 = Me3C; R = Me2CClCH2, R1 = Et) were prepd. in 45, 40% yields, resp., by treating RPF4 with Me3SiOR1. O-(Alkylchloroformimidoyl) o-alkyl methylphosphonates. Sokolov, V. B.; Ivanov, A. N.; Goreva, T. V.; Epishina, T. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv., Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1988), (5), 1128-30. Nine (RO)MeP(O)ON:CClR1 (R = Et, Pr, Bu, Me2CH, pentyl; R1 = Me, Et, Pr, Bu, Me2CH) were prepd. in 41-67% yields by treating R1CCl2NO with MeP(OR)2 or MeP(O)H(OR). Reaction of 1,1-dichloro-1-nitrosoalkanes with phosphorus(III) chlorides. Martynov, I. V.; Ivanov, A. N.; Epishina, T. A.; Sokolov, V. B. Inst. Fiziol. Aktivn. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1988), (9), 2128-32. The title reaction was studied. Thus, R1R2P(O)ON:CRCl (R = Me, Et, Pr, Me2CH; R1 = R2 = Cl, Me2CHCH2; R1 = Cl, R2 = Me) were prepd. in 34-74% yields by reaction of RCCl2NO with R1R2PCl in the presence of SO2. Synthesis and x-ray diffraction study of N-(diisopropoxythiophosphoryl)thioacetamide. Solov'ev, V. N.; Chekhlov, A. N.; Zabirov, N. G.; Cherkasov, R. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Aktivn. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR (1988), 300(6), 1386-9 [Chem.]. Treating MeCSNH2 with Me3COK in MeCN and then with ClP(S)(OCHMe2)2 gave 15% MeCSNHP(S)(OCHMe2)2, the structure of which was detd. by x-ray crystallog. Reaction of 1,1-dichloro-1-nitrosoethane with phosphorus oxychloride in the presence of zinc. Sokolov, V. B.; Epishina, T. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1988), (7), 1691. Cl2P(O)ON:CClMe was prepd. in 26.6% yield by treating MeCCl2NO with POCl3 in the presence of Zn. Comparative studies on the interaction of acetylcholinesterases from human erythrocytes and housefly heads with phosphorylated alkylchloroformoxims. Shataeva, G. A.; Makhaeva, G. F.; Yankovskaya, V. L.; Sokolov, V. B.; Ivanov, A. N.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Physiol. Act. Subst., Chernogolovka, USSR. Zhurnal Evolyutsionnoi Biokhimii i Fiziologii (1988), 24(6), 791-6. Among Valexon analogs, 6 (RO)2P(O)ON:CClMe (I), 6 (RO)2P(O)ON:C(Cl)CH2Cl (II), and 5 (RO)2P(O)ON:C(Cl)CHCl2 (III, R = Me, Et, Pr, iso-Bu, Bu, amyl), and 4 (EtO)2P(O)ON:C(Cl)R1 (IV, R1 = Me, Et, Pr, Bu), I-III (R = Et) were highly selective insecticides, having rate consts. of bimol. reaction with acetylcholinesterase (KII) of human erythrocytes (HE) lower by 1 magnitude order than with that from housefly heads (FL). Inhibition of both HE and FL followed the order I < II < III. Phosphorylation capacity of II 1.6-fold exceeded that of I. Replacing Me by Et, increased the effect of I-III on FL 3-8-fold and decreased that on HE 1.7-4-fold. Further increases in hydrophobicity abolished the specificity of I-III. The selectivity of IV decreased in order of R1: Me > Et > Bu; IV (R1 = Pr) showed no selectivity. Fluorination of some phosphoric acid derivatives. Zavorin, S. I.; Lermontov, S. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka., USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1988), (5), 1174-6. Dialkyl fluorophosphates were prepd. by the title fluorination with Et3N.3HF (I). Thus, fluorination of (EtO)2P(O)ON:CCl2 with I in MeCN gave 83.5% (EtO)2P(O)F. Reaction of fluorine-containing acetylenic alcohols with phosphorus trichloride. Brel, V. K.; Chekhlov, A. N.; Ionin, B. I.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1988), 58(4), 750-7. Treating RC.tplbond.CCMe(OH)CH2F (I; R = Ph) with PCl3 in Et2O gave 45% Cl2P(O)CR:C:CMeCH2F (II; R = Ph) and 24% Eand Z-Cl2P(O)CHPhCCl:CMeCH2F (III). Under the same conditions, I (R = MeOCH2) gave a mixt. of II (R = MeOCH2) and Cl2P(O)C(:CH2)CCl:CMeCH2F. Treating I (R = Ph) with MeOH and then with Br2 gave oxaphospholene IV. The structure of III was detd. by x-ray crystallog. Synthesis and anticholinesterase activity of fluorochloronitroacetic acid thioesters. Ivanov, Yu. Ya.; Uvarov, V. I.; Brel, V. K.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal (1988), 22(5), 53840. Treating O2NCFClCOX (I; X = OH) with PCl5 gave I (X = Cl), which reacted with RSH (R = Et, Bu) to give 35-55% I (X = SR; same R) (II). II were less effective acetylcholinesterase inhibitors than I (X = OR; same R) but had comparable activity vs. butyrylcholinesterase with lower toxicity. Synthesis and antiesterase activity of sulfur-containing phosphorylated oximes. Chepakova, L. A.; Bret, V. K.; Makheva, G. F.; Yankovskaya, V. L.; Beznosko, B. K.; Malygin, V. V.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv., Chernogolovka, USSR. Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal (1988), 22(2), 143-6. Reaction of (RS)2POEt (R = Et, Pr, iso-Bu, Bu or amyl) with O:NCFCl2 gave the corresponding (RS)2P(:O)ON:CClF (I). An increase in the hydrophobicity of I did not alter the anticholinesterase activity of I, while the butyrylcholinesterase and carboxylesterase activity were increased. O-substituted alkylchloroformoximes as substrates and inhibitors of cholinesterases. Ivanov Iu Ia; Sokolov V B; Epishina T A; Martynov I V Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR (1990), 310(5), 1253-5.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Inhibition of cholinesterase activity with fluorine-containing derivatives of alpha-aminophosphonic acid. Kuusk V V; Morozova I V; Agabekian R S; Aksinenko A Iu; Epishina T A; Sokolov V B; Kovaleva N V; Razdol'skiy A N; Fetisov V N; Martynov I V Bioorganicheskaia khimiia (1990 Nov), 16(11), 1500-8. A series of O,O-diethyl-1-(N-alpha-hydrohexafluoroisobutyryl)aminoalkylphos phonates (APh) has been synthesized and their interaction with human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and with horse serum butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) studied. Most of the APhs inactivated the cholinesterases irreversible through formation of the enzyme-inhibitor intermediate. The inactivation rate constants and the enzyme-inhibitor intermediate dissociation constants are calculated. The quantitative structure-activity relationships including both hydrophobic and calculated steric parameters of substituents are developed for APh--ChE interactions. Molecular mechanics (programme MM2) was used for determining steric parameters (Es). On the basis of QSAR models analysis it was concluded that hydrophobic interactions play an essential role in APh--AChE binding, whereas for APh--BuChE binding steric interactions are essential. Presence of at least two APh binding centres on the surface of AChE and BuChE is suggested. Reaction of 1,1-dichloro-1-nitrosobutane with (N,N-dimethylamido)dichlorophosphite. Sokolov, V. B.; Ivanov, A. N.; Epishina, T. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1989), (6), 1416-18. Reaction of PrCCl2NO with Me2NPCl2 in Et2O or in SO2 gave 36% Me2NPCl4 or 30% Me2NP(O)ClON:CClPr, resp. Treating Me2NPCl4 with SO2 gave 91% Me2NP(O)Cl2. Reaction of PrCCl2NO with Me2NPCl2 in Et2O, and then with Ph3P and distn. gave Ph3PO and PrCN. Alkyl chlorofluoroformimino perfluoroalkylphosphonates. Chepakova, L. A.; Brel, V. K.; Martynov, I. V.; Maslennikov, I. G. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv., Chernogolovka, USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1989), 59(6), 1455-6. Treating RP(OR1)2 (R = CF3, R1 = Pr, Bu; R = CF3CF2, R1 = Me, Bu) with CFCl2NO in Et2O gave 76-88% title compds. R1OP(O)RON:CFCl. Synthesis of dialkyl (3-alkyl-1,3-alkadien-2-yl)phosphonates. Brel, V. K.; Abramkin, E. V.; Martynov, I. V.; Ionin, B. I. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1989), 59(9), 2142-3. (RO)2P(O)C(:CH2)CR1:CMe2 (R = Et, Pr; R1 = Me, Et) were prepd. in 41-73% yields by the Grignard reaction of (RO)2P(O)C(CH2OMe):C:CMe2 with R1X (X = halo). Synthesis and antiesterase activity of O,O-dialkyl S-(ethoxycarboxyl)chloromethyl thiophosphates. Khaskin, B. A.; Makhaeva, G. F.; Torgasheva, N. A.; Ishmuratov, A. S.; Yankovskaya, V. L.; Fetisov, V. I.; Malygin, V. V.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovko, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1989), (12), 2741-6. The title compds. (RO)2P(O)SCHClCO2Et (I; R = alkyl homologs) were prepd. in 82-95% yields in the reaction of (RO)2P(O)SCl with N2CHCO2Et at -25 (in Et2O) or 6-7 (in benzene), presumably via a noncarbene mechanism. I irreversibly inhibited acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and carboxylesterase; antibutyrylcholinesterase activity increased in the homologous series of R, with max. at R = Bu. An antiesterase MSBAR of I was fulfilled with parameters representing hydrophobicity and steric properties of R. Synthesis and cholinesterase hydrolysis of O-acylated alkylchloroformoximes. Sokolov, V. B.; Ivanov, Yu. Ya.; Epishina, T. A.; Agabekyan, R. S.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal (1989), 23(11), 1317-20. The title compds., RCO2N:CClR1 (R = Me, Et, Pr or CH2Cl and R1 = Me, Et, Pr, or iso-Pr) were prepd. e.g., by the reaction of 1,1-dichloro-1-nitrosobutane with AcCl in the presence of Zn. These compds. were good substrates for acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterases. The kinetic parameters (Km, Vmax and ac) of these compds. in the hydrolysis reactions were comparable to those with acetylcholine. The acute toxicity was 79-381 mg/kg in mice given drugs orally. Synthesis and structure of O,O-dialkyl 2-[(ethoxycarbonyl)amino]hexafluoroisopropylphosphonates. Aksinenko, A. Yu.; Chekhlov, A. N.; Korenchenko, O. V.; Sokolov, V. B.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1990), 60(1), 61-5. The title compds. (RO)2P(O)C(CF3)2NHCO2Et (I; R = Me, Et, CHMe2) were prepd. in 54-76% yields in the reaction of (RO)2P(O)H with (CF3)2C:NCO2Et. The crystal and mol. structure of I (R = Et) was detd. O-Substituted alkylchloroformoximes as substrates and inhibitors of cholinesterases. Ivanov, Yu. Ya.; Sokolov, V. B.; Epishina, T. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Aktivn. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR (1990), 310(5), 1253-5 [Biochem.]. The ability of O-substituted alkylchloroformoximes to serve as substrates for acetylcholinesterase (ACE, EC 3.1.1.7) and butyrylcholinesterase (BCE, EC 3.1.1.8) and to inhibit acetylcholine hydrolysis by these enzymes was detd., along with the LD50 of these compds. in mice. The compds. tested were O-acylated alkylchloroformoximes of the general formula R1C(O)ON:C(Cl)R2 [R1 = R2 = Me; R1 = Me, R2 = Et; R1 = Me, R2 = Pr; R1 = Et, R2 = Me; R1 = Et, R2 = iso-Pr; R1 = Pr, R2 = iso-Pr; R1 = CH2Cl, R2 = Pr (I); R1 = CH2Cl, R2 = iso-Pr (II)], O-carbonylated alkylchloroformoximes of the general formula EtOC(O)ON:C(Cl)R [R = Me (III), iso-Pr (IV)], and O-carbamoylated alkylchloroformoximes of the general formula (Me)2NC(O)ON:C(Cl)R [R = Me (V), iso-Pr (VI)]. All of the compds. except for I and II were good substrates for the enzymes, with Km values for ACE ranging (0.3-11.0) 10-4M and for BCE ranging (0.5-13.0) 10-4M (the Km values of ACE and BCE with acetylcholine were 1.3 10-4 and 5.4 10-4M, resp.). III and IV were competitive (Ki 1.6 10-4M) and mixed-type (Ki 4.2 10-4M) inhibitors, resp., of ACE. V and VI were effective inhibitors of both ACE and BCE, with bimol. rate consts. for inhibition (kII) of 5.7 103 and 1.4 105 M-1 min-1, resp., for ACE, and 9.8 103 and 5.4 106 M-1 min-1, resp., for BCE. The LD50 values for the tested compds. ranged 60-381 mg/kg body wt. O-(alkylchloroformimino)(methyl)thiophosphonic acid chlorides. Lyashenko, Yu. E.; Sokolov, V. B.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1989), (12), 2865-6. Treating the adduct from RCCl2NO and MePCl2 with H2S gave 21-35% MeP(S)ClON:CRCl. Interaction of 1,1-dichloro-1-nitrosoalkanes with S-ethylmethylphosphonous chloride in the presence of sulfur dioxide. Sokolov, V. B.; Ivanov, A. N.; Epishina, T. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1990), (2), 464-5. EtSP(O)MeON:CClR (R = Me, Et, Pr) were prepd. in 42-47% yields by treating RCCl2NO with EtSPMeCl in the presence of SO2. O-(alkylchloroformimino)-O-alkylphosphoric acid chlorides. Sokolov, V. B.; Ivanov, A. N.; Goreva, T. V.; Epishina, T. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1990), (5), 1122-5. Reaction of (ON)CCl2R with (R'O)2PCl (R, R' = alkyl) afforded the title compds. (R'O)ClP(O)ON:CRCl (I) in up to 69% yield. Hydrolysis of I led to substitution of P-, and not C-bound Cl, resulting in (R'O)(NH4O)P(O)ON:CRCl. Reaction of the adduct of methyldichlorophosphine and 1,1-dichloro-1-nitrosoethane with thioacetic acid. Lyashenko, Yu. E.; Sokolov, V. B.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1990), 60(8), 1923-4. Treating MePCl2 with MeCCl2NO in PhMe, followed by addn of 1 or 2 equiv AcSH gave 56% MeP(S)ClON:CMeCl or 32% MeP(S)ClON:CMeSAc, resp.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Inhibition of cholinesterase activity by fluorine-containing derivatives of -aminoalkylphosphonic acids. Kuusk, V. V.; Morozova, I. V.; Agabekyan, R. S.; Aksinenko, A. Yu.; Epishina, T. A.; Sokolov, V. B.; Kovaleva, N. V.; Razdol'skii, A. N.; Fetisov, V. I.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Physiol. Act. Subst., Chernogolovka, USSR. Bioorganicheskaya Khimiya (1990), 16(11), 1500-8. A series of O,O-diethyl-1-(N- -hydrohexafluoroisobutyryl)aminoalkylphosphonates (APh) has been synthesized and their interaction with human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and with horse serum butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) studied. Most of the APhs inactivated the cholinesterases irreversible through formation of the enzyme-inhibitor intermediate. The inactivation rate consts. and the enzyme-inhibitor intermediate dissocn. consts. are calcd. The quant. structure-activity relationships including both hydrophobic and calcd. steric parameters of substituents are developed for APh-ChE interactions. Mol. mechanics (program MM2) was used for detg. steric parameters (Es). On the basis of QSAR models anal. it was concluded that hydrophobic interactions play an essential role in APh-AChE binding, whereas for APh-BuChE binding steric interactions are essential. Presence of at least two APh binding centers on the surface of AChE and BuChE is suggested. Synthesis and anticholinesterase activity of O-carbamoylated alkylchloroform oximes. Sokolov, V. B.; Ivanov, Yu. Ya.; Epishina, T. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshestva, Chernogolovka, USSR. Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal (1991), 25(4), 33-4. Treating ClCO2N:CClR (R = Me, Et, Pr, CHMe2) with NHR1R2 (R1 = R2 = H, Me, Et; R1 = H, R2 = Me) in Et2O gave 50-69% R1R2NCO2N:CClR (same R-R3), which are acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors (k11 = 1.1 10-2 to 5.4 10-6 M-1 min-1). Acute oral toxicity in mice ranged from 32 to 565 mg/kg. O-Alkyl O-methylchloroformimino phenylphosphonates - effective inhibitors of the hen brain neurotoxic esterase. Makhaeva, G. F.; Kononova, I. V.; Malygin, V. V.; Lyashenko, Yu. E.; Sokolov, V. B.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR (1991), 317(4), 1009-12 [Biochem.]. The title phosphonates were effective inhibitors of neurotoxic esterase; with increasing hydrophobicity the compds. showed pronounced and selective biol. activity towards brain neurotoxic esterase compared to acetylcholinesterase. Thus, the structure of phenylphosphonate played a major role in the inhibitory effects of these potential pesticides towards neurotoxic esterase or acetylcholinesterase. Synthesis and anticholinesterase activity of fluorine-containing -aminophosphoryl compounds. Korenchenko, O. V.; Ivanov, Yu. Ya.; Aksinenko, A. Yu.; Sokolov, V. B.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, Russia. KhimikoFarmatsevticheskii Zhurnal (1992), 26(6), 21-3. Reaction of R2P(O)H (R = MeO, EtO, PrO, Me2CHO, Ph) with (CF3)2C:NCOR1 (R1 = OEt, OCH2Ph, OPr, OBu, OCH2CH2CHMe2, CF3) in Et2O gave 44-93% R2P(O)C(CF3)2NHCOR1. Treating a 1,4,2-oxazaphospholine deriv. with alcs. gave Me(R)P(O)C(CF3)2NHCO2Et (R = BuO, Me2CHO). Bimol. rate consts. for inhibition of cholinesterases by these compds. were detd. Synthesis and insecticidal and acaricidal activity of O-alkylchloroformimine O,O-dialkyl phosphates and O,Odialkylthiophosphates. Ivanov, A. M.; Ivanova, G. B.; Sokolova, V. B.; Epishina, T. N.; Goreva, T. V.; Beznosko, B. K.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Okl. Veshchestv., Chernogolovka, Russia. Fiziologicheski Aktivnye Veshchestva (1991), 23 58-62. Of 26 title compds., those having ethoxy group at P were both insecticides and acaricides, whereas those having their methoxy group showed insecticidal activity only. Increasing hydrophobicity of the alkoxy substituents decreased i.m. toxicity to mice, but also the effectiveness. O replacement by S also decreased toxicity. Synthesis is indicated. Paradoxical toxic effect and calcium antagonism of the cholinesterase inhibitors O-(N-arylcarbamoyl)acylhydroximoyl chlorides. Ivanov, Yu. Ya.; Sokolov, V. B.; Epishina, T. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, Russia. Doklady Akademii Nauk (1993), 328(6), 744-6 [Biochem.]. N-phenylcarbamates and aliph. analogs of the formula R R1N(O)ON::C(Cl)R2 [where R = Et, Me, and Ph; R1 = H, Me; R2 = Et, Pr, iso-Pr] were examd. for their acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition, for their acute toxicity and their action on selective organs. The enzyme inhibition depended on their mol. structure. Paradoxical effects (higher dose and low toxicity and vice versa) were noted. Similar sensitivity of rat and hen brain neurotoxic esterase to inhibition by O-alkyl-Oalkylchloroformiminophenylphosphonates. Makhaeva, G. F.; Filonenko, I. V.; Malygin, V. V.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, Russia. Doklady Akademii Nauk (1993), 332(5), 650-3. Quant. structure-neurotoxic esterase (NTE)-inhibiting activity relationship of the title phosphonates was examd. against both rat and chicken enzyme. The phosphonates effectively inhibited the enzyme from both the sources. The anti-NTE activity of the compds. increased with the length of alkyl radical in the phosphoryl portion. The introduction of branched substituent, esp. in the -position, decreased the antienzyme activity. Math. equations are derived to describe the effects of steric factors on the NTE inhibition. PI50 = -lg I50, where I50 is the concn. of the inhibitor required to cause 50% inhibition, was calcd. for these compds.; the values are tabulated. Crystal and molecular structures and synthesis of O,O-diisopentyl 1-(phenylsulfonamido)-1-(trifluoromethyl)-2,2,2trifluoroethylphosphonate. Chekhlov, A. N.; Aksinenko, A. Yu.; Sokolov, V. B.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Ross. Akad. Nauk, Chernogolovka, Russia. Doklady Akademii Nauk (1995), 345(3), 360-363. Reaction of (CF3)2C:NSO2Ph and (Me2CHCH2CH2O)2P(O)H in Et2O gave 85% title compd. (Me2CHCH2CH2O)2P(O)C(CF3)2NHSO2Ph, the structure of which was detd. by x-ray crystallog. Assessment of the neurotoxic potential of some methyl- and phenylphosphonates using a stable preparation of neuropathy target esterase from chicken brain. Makhaeva G F; Malygin V V; Martynov I V Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Oblast, 142432 Russia Doklady. Biochemistry and biophysics (2001 Mar-Apr), 377 68-71.

megalomania

April 15th, 2005, 06:49 PM

It has occured to me that a little social networking is in order to track down all possible scientific articles about Novichok agents and chemical weapons in general. Thanks to the papers provided by Samosa and Fritz I have used the names of the authors in those articles as a basis for a search for all of their respective articles. The theory is whoever publishes an article about a chemical weapon has probably published other articles on chemical weapons. The theory also stipulates whoever he co-authored these papers with also probably work in chemical weapons, so their articles are likely to be related to chemical weapons research. The end result is I have nearly 1000 articles published by the top dozen names, leading me to dozens more authors. I now have to sift through the first batch of all the articles to weed out any unrelated publications, and to find out who the co-authors of the good articles are. I also read a tidbit in Tobiasons Scientific Principles, the chemical weapons volume, that the Soviets intentionally published large amounts of chemical weapons information in the open literature in the 1950s and 1960s with the hope some rogue

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nation would use the information to attack the US. The goal here was for the rogue state to finish the job for the Soviet Union, or at least inflict massive American casualities. Now all I need to do is find out what journals they published this stuff in. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii is probably a good place to start since it has an English translation. Also, in the pap er by Mr Samosa the molecular structure s for the two examples of Novicho k compounds are incorrect. I don t know if the CAS numbers are wrong for the right structures, or if the structures are wrong for the right CAS number. I think the wrong structures were used for the right CAS numbers. (see attached image) One name that seems to pop up a lot is I. V. Martynov. He has published about 500 journal articles in his lifetime to date. Indeed there are many about phosphorus compounds, but those type of articles cease after 1972. He publishes many articles about molecular refraction after that. In 1984 he resumes publication of phosphorus related articles. One article in particular caught my eye: Synthesis and anticholinesterase activity of fluorochloronitroacetic acid esters. Ivanov, Yu. Ya.; Brel, V. K.; Postnova; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal (1985), 19(8), 968-71. There are a few earlier articles about fluorochloronitroacetic acid esters. These are important in the systhesis of Novichoks I would imagine. Samosa did mention in his paper (NovDAGVGP.doc attached earlier) that dihaloformaldoxime are critical parts of Novichok agents, and fluorochloronitroacetic acid should form those. Another article Martynov published related to bicyclic phosphates. There is another thread Samosa started about those. I d o n t kno w enoug h about them to say if this article is of in terest. The abstract me ntions this compou nd is a chloride blocker, it blocks GABA-independent Cl- channels specificially. Perhaps someone with knowledge of biology can say if blocking those is lethal. The article is: 4-Methyl- and 4-ethylbicyclophosphates, blockers of chloride channels. Fetisov, V. I.; Redkozubov, A. E.; Lyubimov, V. S.; Sokolov, V. S.; Martynov, I. V.. USSR. Biologicheskie Membrany (1986), 3(9), 968-70. 4-Methyl- (I; R = Me) [1449-89-4] and 4-ethylbicyclophosphate (I; R = Et) [1005-93-2] were effective blockers of GABAindependent Cl- channels (of Limnaea stagnalis giant neurons). Both potential and thermoregulation of the Cl- channels were affected.

Here is another article of potential use in the preparation of Novichok agents. This compound is similar to fluorochloronitroacetic acid from which this substance is made: Synthesis of chlorofluoronitronitrosomethane. Martynov, I. V.; Brel, V. K.; Uvarova, L. V. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1986), (4), 952-3. Decarboxylation-nitrosation of ClFC(NO2)CO2H with HNO3 gave 52% ClFC(NO)NO2 Here is another possible tidbit as it relates to insecticides and plant growth regulation. We know they disguised their research under the guise of agrichemicals: Synthesis and pesticidal activity of chloronitroacetic acid esters. Martynov, I. V.; Yurtanov, A. I.; Ivanov, Yu. J.; Kulish, E. V.; Uvarova, L. V.; Andreeva, E. I.; Rozhkova, N. G.; Zhirmunskaya, N. M. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR (1986), 289(1), 109-13 [Chem.]. A series of 31 O2NCRR1CO2R [e.g., R, R1, R2 = H, Cl, n-C7H15 (I); F, Cl, ClCH2CH2; Br, Cl, Et] was tested for insecticidal and, in some cases, plant growth regulatory activity. Eight of the compds., e.g., I, were active insecticides. Twelve of the compds. were new but no prepn. details were given. Here is another possible Novichok variant: Reaction of phosphorus trichloride with 1,1,2-trichloro-1-nitrosoethane in sulfur dioxide. Martynov, I. V.; Ivanov, A. N.; Epishina, T. A.; Sokolov, V. B. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1986), (9), 2158. Reaction of ClCH2CCl2NO with PCl3 in SO2 gave 58% ClCH2CCl:NOP(O)Cl2.

Here is yet another possible Novichok variant: Reaction of dialkyl phosphites with 1,1-dichloronitrosoalkanes. Ivanov, A. N.; Epishina, T. A.; Goreva, T. V.; Sokolov, V. B.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1987), (1), 226-8. (RO)2P(O)ON:CClR1 (R = Bu, Me2CHCH2, pentyl, Me, Et; R1 = Me, Et, Pr, Me2CH, Bu, Me2CHCH2) were prepd. in 44-67% yields by treating (RO)2POH with ONCCl2R1 in EtOH at 20 . Here is a to xicity study done on animals and humans for so me pesticide s. Yeah, pesticides, that s the ticket: Delayed neurotoxicity from organophosphorus pesticides. Makhaeva, G. F.; Malygin, V. V.; Martynov, I. V.. USSR. Agrokhimiya (1987), (12), 103-24. A review with 123 refs. on 8 clin. intoxication symptoms, pathmorphol., mechanisms of initiation of delayed neurotoxicity by organophosphorus pesticides (OPP) structure-activity relations of OPP, monitoring of the delayed neurotoxicity of OPP in animals and humans, etc. Here is another possible Novichok variant: Reaction of O-alkyl methylphosphonites with 1,1-dichloro-1-nitrosopropane. Sokolov, V. B.; Ivanov, A. N.; Epishina, T. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1987), 57(4), 952-3. Reaction of ROP(O)HMe (R = Me2CH, Bu, pentyl) with EtCCl2NO in Et2O gave 50-52% ROP(O)MeON:CClEt (I; same R). Treating MeP(OR)2 with EtCCl2NO also gave I. Here is an interesting reference, although I doubt this would have very high human toxicity due to the two large aryl groups attached to phosphorus. Still, it gives enlightenment as to where they are headed: Reaction of diphenylphosphinous acid with 1,1-dichloro-1-nitrosoalkanes. Sokolov, V. B.; Epishina, T. A.; Ivanov, A. N.; Kharitonov, A. V.; Brel, V. K.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1987), 57(7), 1658-9. Treating Ph2P(O)H with RCCl2NO (R = Et, Pr, Me2CH) in Et2O gave 62-75% Ph2P(O)ON:CClR (same R).

Another Novichok possibility: Synthesis and the structure of dialkylfluoroformiminophosphates. Martynov, I. V.; Brel, V. K.; Uvarov, V. I.; Yarkov, A. V.; Novikov, V. P.; Chepakova, L. A.; Raevskii, O. A. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1987), (4), 857-60. Syn- And anti-(RO)2P(O)N:CHF (R = Me, Et, Pr, Bu) were prepd. in 11-25% yields by treating (RO)3P with ClCHFNO2. Here is some nasty looking stuff that may be of interest: Reaction of ( -aminoalkyl)phosphonates with perfluoro-2-azapropene. Aksinenko, A. Yu.; Pushin, A. N.; Sokolov, V. B.;

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Gontar, A. F.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Aktivn. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1987), (5), 1177-9. (RO)2P(O)CMeR1N:C:NCF3 (R = Me, R1 = Et; R = Et, R1 = Et, Pr, Bu; R = Me2CHCH2, R1 = Et) were prepd. in 40-60% yields by condensing CF2:NCF3 with (RO)2P(O)CMeR1(NH2) in the presence of KF. Here is another variant: Reaction of polychloronitrosoethanes with phosphorous acid derivatives. Martynov, I. V.; Ivanov, A. N.; Epishina, T. A.; Sokolov, V. B. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv., Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1987), (5), 1086-9. The title reaction gave 20-93% of 22 o-phosphorylated alkyl chloroformimines. Thus, treating ONCCl2R (R = Me, CH2Cl, CHCl2) with (R1O)3P (R1 = Me, Pr, Bu, Me2CHCH2, pentyl, ClCH2CH2) gave (R1O)2P(O)ON:CClR. Of all the other compounds I have previously referenced this particular compound looks like it may be the deadliest. It has some similarities to most other nerve gasses in that it uses the simplest alkyl groups, and has a direct alkyl and a direct halogen attachment to phosphorus. I would replace those chlorines with fluorine to increase the toxicity: Reaction of dichloromethylphosphine with 1,1-dichloro-1-nitrosoalkanes. Sokolov, V. B.; Ivanov, A. N.; Epishina, T. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1987), 57(7), 1659-60. MePCl2 reacted with RCCl2NO (R = Et, Pr, Me2CH) in SO2 to give 27-37% RCCl:NOP(O)ClMe. This compound looks like a good precursor for organophosphorus agents like the previous compound. The chlorines can be replaced by F, and one of the fluorines can form an ester or something else. The second compound is an example of what could be made, and I just bet that stuff is pretty toxic. Interaction of 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl dichlorophosphite with 1,1,2-trichloro-1-nitrosoethane. Sokolov, V. B.; Ivanov, A. N.; Epishina, T. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1987), (6), 1422-3. Refluxing CHF2CF2CH2OPCl2 (I) with CH2ClCCl2NO (II) in Et2O gave 67.8% Cl2P(O)ON:CClCH2Cl. Treating I with II in SO2 at 20 gave 48.2% (CHF2CF2CH2O)ClP(O)ON:CClCH2Cl. We might have a real winner with this one as it has similarities with VX nerve gas. The second compound in particular has a =S group. If that could be isomerized, like it is done in making VX, then we have a thioester. The two isobutyl groups are probably too large to make this particular compound all that toxic. I am sure they could be replaced with methyls instead. Reaction of diisobutylchlorophosphine with 1,1-dichloro-1-nitrosoalkanes in presence of sulfur dioxide and ethyl mercaptan. Sokolov, V. B.; Ivanov, A. N.; Epishina, T. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Aktivn. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1987), (11), 2586-8. Treating (Me2CHCH2)2PCl with RCCl2NO (R = Me, Et, Pr, Me2CH) in Et2O contg. SO2 gave 61-74% (Me2CHCH2)2P(O)ON:CRCl (same R). When Et2SH was used instead of SO2, 44% (Me2CHCH2)2P(S)ON:CRCl (R = Me) was obtained. Another phenyl attached compound: Synthesis and molecular structure of (O-isopropylchloroformimino) diphenylphosphinate. Martynov, I. V.; Chekhlov, A. N.; Ivanov, A. N.; Epishina, T. A.; Makhaev, V. D.; Sokolov, V. B. Inst. Fiziol. Aktivn. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1987), (11), 2595-7. Treating Ph2PH with Me2CHCCl2NO in C6H6 gave 58% Ph2P(O)ON:CClCHMe2, the structure of which was detd. by x-ray crystallog. This compound has some VX similarities too: O,O-Dialkyl O-(dialkylformimino) thiophosphates. Chepakova, L. A.; Brel, V. K.; Pushin, A. N.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1987), 57(12), 2716-19. Twelve (R1O)2P(S)ON:CMeR (R = Me, Et, Pr; R1 = Me, Et, Pr, Bu) were prepd. in 41-62% yields by treating (R1O)2PHS with ONCClMeR or HON:CMeR. T h e s e c o m p o unds are similar to the last journa l reference except the R and R grou ps are switch ed. Isomeriz e that S and we may have something far more toxic. O-(Alkylchloroformimino) O,O-dialkyl thiophosphates. Martynov, I. V.; Ivanov, A. N.; Epishina, T. A.; Sokolov, V. B. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1987), (12), 2854-5. Seven (RO)2P(S)ON:CClR1 (R = Et, Me2CH; R1 = Me, Et, Pr, Me2CH, ClCH2) were prepd. in 33-54% yields by condensing (RO)2PSH with R1Cl2CNO in THF. Martynov has 64 publications in 1988 alone, his best year. In no particular order here are some highlights: Molecular and crystal structure of O,O-diethyl 1-[N2-(trifluoromethyl)fluoroformamidino]-1-methylethylphosphonate. Chekhlov, A. N.; Aksinenko, A. Yu.; Sokolov, V. B.; Korenchenko, O. V.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR (1988), 302(4), 855-8 [Chem.]. The crystal and mol. structure of (EtO)2P(O)CMe2NHCFNCF3 was detd. Reaction of (N-acetyl-N-ethylamido)alkylphosphonic acid chlorides with cesium fluoride. Krolevets, A. A.; Adamov, A. V.; Popov, A. G.; Martynov, I. V.. USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1988), 58(11), 2628-9. RP(O)F(NEtCH:CH2) (R = Me, Me2CH) were prepd. in 45, 50% yields, resp., by treating RPCl(NEtAc) (I) with CsF. I were prepd. in 60, 65% yields, resp., by treating RPCl2 with Me3SiNEtAc. Stable alkoxyfluorophosphoranes. Krolevets, A. A.; Popov, A. G.; Adamov, A. V.; Martynov, I. V.. USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1988), 58(11), 2626-7. RPF2(OR1)2 (R = BuCHClCH2, R1 = Me3C; R = Me2CClCH2, R1 = Et) were prepd. in 45, 40% yields, resp., by treating RPF4 with Me3SiOR1. O-(Alkylchloroformimidoyl) o-alkyl methylphosphonates. Sokolov, V. B.; Ivanov, A. N.; Goreva, T. V.; Epishina, T. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv., Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1988), (5), 1128-30. Nine (RO)MeP(O)ON:CClR1 (R = Et, Pr, Bu, Me2CH, pentyl; R1 = Me, Et, Pr, Bu, Me2CH) were prepd. in 41-67% yields by treating R1CCl2NO with MeP(OR)2 or MeP(O)H(OR). Reaction of 1,1-dichloro-1-nitrosoalkanes with phosphorus(III) chlorides. Martynov, I. V.; Ivanov, A. N.; Epishina, T. A.; Sokolov, V. B. Inst. Fiziol. Aktivn. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1988), (9), 2128-32. The title reaction was studied. Thus, R1R2P(O)ON:CRCl (R = Me, Et, Pr, Me2CH; R1 = R2 = Cl, Me2CHCH2; R1 = Cl, R2 = Me) were prepd. in 34-74% yields by reaction of RCCl2NO with R1R2PCl in the presence of SO2. Synthesis and x-ray diffraction study of N-(diisopropoxythiophosphoryl)thioacetamide. Solov'ev, V. N.; Chekhlov, A. N.; Zabirov, N. G.; Cherkasov, R. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Aktivn. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR (1988), 300(6), 1386-9 [Chem.]. Treating MeCSNH2 with Me3COK in MeCN and then with ClP(S)(OCHMe2)2 gave 15% MeCSNHP(S)(OCHMe2)2, the structure of

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Reaction of 1,1-dichloro-1-nitrosoethane with phosphorus oxychloride in the presence of zinc. Sokolov, V. B.; Epishina, T. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1988), (7), 1691. Cl2P(O)ON:CClMe was prepd. in 26.6% yield by treating MeCCl2NO with POCl3 in the presence of Zn. Comparative studies on the interaction of acetylcholinesterases from human erythrocytes and housefly heads with phosphorylated alkylchloroformoxims. Shataeva, G. A.; Makhaeva, G. F.; Yankovskaya, V. L.; Sokolov, V. B.; Ivanov, A. N.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Physiol. Act. Subst., Chernogolovka, USSR. Zhurnal Evolyutsionnoi Biokhimii i Fiziologii (1988), 24(6), 791-6. Among Valexon analogs, 6 (RO)2P(O)ON:CClMe (I), 6 (RO)2P(O)ON:C(Cl)CH2Cl (II), and 5 (RO)2P(O)ON:C(Cl)CHCl2 (III, R = Me, Et, Pr, iso-Bu, Bu, amyl), and 4 (EtO)2P(O)ON:C(Cl)R1 (IV, R1 = Me, Et, Pr, Bu), I-III (R = Et) were highly selective insecticides, having rate consts. of bimol. reaction with acetylcholinesterase (KII) of human erythrocytes (HE) lower by 1 magnitude order than with that from housefly heads (FL). Inhibition of both HE and FL followed the order I < II < III. Phosphorylation capacity of II 1.6-fold exceeded that of I. Replacing Me by Et, increased the effect of I-III on FL 3-8-fold and decreased that on HE 1.7-4-fold. Further increases in hydrophobicity abolished the specificity of I-III. The selectivity of IV decreased in order of R1: Me > Et > Bu; IV (R1 = Pr) showed no selectivity. Fluorination of some phosphoric acid derivatives. Zavorin, S. I.; Lermontov, S. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka., USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1988), (5), 1174-6. Dialkyl fluorophosphates were prepd. by the title fluorination with Et3N.3HF (I). Thus, fluorination of (EtO)2P(O)ON:CCl2 with I in MeCN gave 83.5% (EtO)2P(O)F. Reaction of fluorine-containing acetylenic alcohols with phosphorus trichloride. Brel, V. K.; Chekhlov, A. N.; Ionin, B. I.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1988), 58(4), 750-7. Treating RC.tplbond.CCMe(OH)CH2F (I; R = Ph) with PCl3 in Et2O gave 45% Cl2P(O)CR:C:CMeCH2F (II; R = Ph) and 24% Eand Z-Cl2P(O)CHPhCCl:CMeCH2F (III). Under the same conditions, I (R = MeOCH2) gave a mixt. of II (R = MeOCH2) and Cl2P(O)C(:CH2)CCl:CMeCH2F. Treating I (R = Ph) with MeOH and then with Br2 gave oxaphospholene IV. The structure of III was detd. by x-ray crystallog. Synthesis and anticholinesterase activity of fluorochloronitroacetic acid thioesters. Ivanov, Yu. Ya.; Uvarov, V. I.; Brel, V. K.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal (1988), 22(5), 53840. Treating O2NCFClCOX (I; X = OH) with PCl5 gave I (X = Cl), which reacted with RSH (R = Et, Bu) to give 35-55% I (X = SR; same R) (II). II were less effective acetylcholinesterase inhibitors than I (X = OR; same R) but had comparable activity vs. butyrylcholinesterase with lower toxicity. Synthesis and antiesterase activity of sulfur-containing phosphorylated oximes. Chepakova, L. A.; Bret, V. K.; Makheva, G. F.; Yankovskaya, V. L.; Beznosko, B. K.; Malygin, V. V.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv., Chernogolovka, USSR. Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal (1988), 22(2), 143-6. Reaction of (RS)2POEt (R = Et, Pr, iso-Bu, Bu or amyl) with O:NCFCl2 gave the corresponding (RS)2P(:O)ON:CClF (I). An increase in the hydrophobicity of I did not alter the anticholinesterase activity of I, while the butyrylcholinesterase and carboxylesterase activity were increased. O-substituted alkylchloroformoximes as substrates and inhibitors of cholinesterases. Ivanov Iu Ia; Sokolov V B; Epishina T A; Martynov I V Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR (1990), 310(5), 1253-5. Inhibition of cholinesterase activity with fluorine-containing derivatives of alpha-aminophosphonic acid. Kuusk V V; Morozova I V; Agabekian R S; Aksinenko A Iu; Epishina T A; Sokolov V B; Kovaleva N V; Razdol'skiy A N; Fetisov V N; Martynov I V Bioorganicheskaia khimiia (1990 Nov), 16(11), 1500-8. A series of O,O-diethyl-1-(N-alpha-hydrohexafluoroisobutyryl)aminoalkylphos phonates (APh) has been synthesized and their interaction with human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and with horse serum butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) studied. Most of the APhs inactivated the cholinesterases irreversible through formation of the enzyme-inhibitor intermediate. The inactivation rate constants and the enzyme-inhibitor intermediate dissociation constants are calculated. The quantitative structure-activity relationships including both hydrophobic and calculated steric parameters of substituents are developed for APh--ChE interactions. Molecular mechanics (programme MM2) was used for determining steric parameters (Es). On the basis of QSAR models analysis it was concluded that hydrophobic interactions play an essential role in APh--AChE binding, whereas for APh--BuChE binding steric interactions are essential. Presence of at least two APh binding centres on the surface of AChE and BuChE is suggested. Reaction of 1,1-dichloro-1-nitrosobutane with (N,N-dimethylamido)dichlorophosphite. Sokolov, V. B.; Ivanov, A. N.; Epishina, T. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1989), (6), 1416-18. Reaction of PrCCl2NO with Me2NPCl2 in Et2O or in SO2 gave 36% Me2NPCl4 or 30% Me2NP(O)ClON:CClPr, resp. Treating Me2NPCl4 with SO2 gave 91% Me2NP(O)Cl2. Reaction of PrCCl2NO with Me2NPCl2 in Et2O, and then with Ph3P and distn. gave Ph3PO and PrCN. Alkyl chlorofluoroformimino perfluoroalkylphosphonates. Chepakova, L. A.; Brel, V. K.; Martynov, I. V.; Maslennikov, I. G. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv., Chernogolovka, USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1989), 59(6), 1455-6. Treating RP(OR1)2 (R = CF3, R1 = Pr, Bu; R = CF3CF2, R1 = Me, Bu) with CFCl2NO in Et2O gave 76-88% title compds. R1OP(O)RON:CFCl. Synthesis of dialkyl (3-alkyl-1,3-alkadien-2-yl)phosphonates. Brel, V. K.; Abramkin, E. V.; Martynov, I. V.; Ionin, B. I. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1989), 59(9), 2142-3. (RO)2P(O)C(:CH2)CR1:CMe2 (R = Et, Pr; R1 = Me, Et) were prepd. in 41-73% yields by the Grignard reaction of (RO)2P(O)C(CH2OMe):C:CMe2 with R1X (X = halo). Synthesis and antiesterase activity of O,O-dialkyl S-(ethoxycarboxyl)chloromethyl thiophosphates. Khaskin, B. A.; Makhaeva, G. F.; Torgasheva, N. A.; Ishmuratov, A. S.; Yankovskaya, V. L.; Fetisov, V. I.; Malygin, V. V.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovko, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1989), (12), 2741-6. The title compds. (RO)2P(O)SCHClCO2Et (I; R = alkyl homologs) were prepd. in 82-95% yields in the reaction of (RO)2P(O)SCl with N2CHCO2Et at -25 (in Et2O) or 6-7 (in benzene), presumably via a noncarbene mechanism. I irreversibly inhibited acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and carboxylesterase; antibutyrylcholinesterase activity increased in the homologous series of R, with max. at R = Bu. An antiesterase MSBAR of I was fulfilled with parameters representing hydrophobicity and steric properties of R. Synthesis and cholinesterase hydrolysis of O-acylated alkylchloroformoximes. Sokolov, V. B.; Ivanov, Yu. Ya.; Epishina, T. A.; Agabekyan, R. S.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal (1989), 23(11), 1317-20.

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The title compds., RCO2N:CClR1 (R = Me, Et, Pr or CH2Cl and R1 = Me, Et, Pr, or iso-Pr) were prepd. e.g., by the reaction of 1,1-dichloro-1-nitrosobutane with AcCl in the presence of Zn. These compds. were good substrates for acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterases. The kinetic parameters (Km, Vmax and ac) of these compds. in the hydrolysis reactions were comparable to those with acetylcholine. The acute toxicity was 79-381 mg/kg in mice given drugs orally. Synthesis and structure of O,O-dialkyl 2-[(ethoxycarbonyl)amino]hexafluoroisopropylphosphonates. Aksinenko, A. Yu.; Chekhlov, A. N.; Korenchenko, O. V.; Sokolov, V. B.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1990), 60(1), 61-5. The title compds. (RO)2P(O)C(CF3)2NHCO2Et (I; R = Me, Et, CHMe2) were prepd. in 54-76% yields in the reaction of (RO)2P(O)H with (CF3)2C:NCO2Et. The crystal and mol. structure of I (R = Et) was detd. O-Substituted alkylchloroformoximes as substrates and inhibitors of cholinesterases. Ivanov, Yu. Ya.; Sokolov, V. B.; Epishina, T. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Aktivn. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR (1990), 310(5), 1253-5 [Biochem.]. The ability of O-substituted alkylchloroformoximes to serve as substrates for acetylcholinesterase (ACE, EC 3.1.1.7) and butyrylcholinesterase (BCE, EC 3.1.1.8) and to inhibit acetylcholine hydrolysis by these enzymes was detd., along with the LD50 of these compds. in mice. The compds. tested were O-acylated alkylchloroformoximes of the general formula R1C(O)ON:C(Cl)R2 [R1 = R2 = Me; R1 = Me, R2 = Et; R1 = Me, R2 = Pr; R1 = Et, R2 = Me; R1 = Et, R2 = iso-Pr; R1 = Pr, R2 = iso-Pr; R1 = CH2Cl, R2 = Pr (I); R1 = CH2Cl, R2 = iso-Pr (II)], O-carbonylated alkylchloroformoximes of the general formula EtOC(O)ON:C(Cl)R [R = Me (III), iso-Pr (IV)], and O-carbamoylated alkylchloroformoximes of the general formula (Me)2NC(O)ON:C(Cl)R [R = Me (V), iso-Pr (VI)]. All of the compds. except for I and II were good substrates for the enzymes, with Km values for ACE ranging (0.3-11.0) 10-4M and for BCE ranging (0.5-13.0) 10-4M (the Km values of ACE and BCE with acetylcholine were 1.3 10-4 and 5.4 10-4M, resp.). III and IV were competitive (Ki 1.6 10-4M) and mixed-type (Ki 4.2 10-4M) inhibitors, resp., of ACE. V and VI were effective inhibitors of both ACE and BCE, with bimol. rate consts. for inhibition (kII) of 5.7 103 and 1.4 105 M-1 min-1, resp., for ACE, and 9.8 103 and 5.4 106 M-1 min-1, resp., for BCE. The LD50 values for the tested compds. ranged 60-381 mg/kg body wt. O-(alkylchloroformimino)(methyl)thiophosphonic acid chlorides. Lyashenko, Yu. E.; Sokolov, V. B.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1989), (12), 2865-6. Treating the adduct from RCCl2NO and MePCl2 with H2S gave 21-35% MeP(S)ClON:CRCl. Interaction of 1,1-dichloro-1-nitrosoalkanes with S-ethylmethylphosphonous chloride in the presence of sulfur dioxide. Sokolov, V. B.; Ivanov, A. N.; Epishina, T. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1990), (2), 464-5. EtSP(O)MeON:CClR (R = Me, Et, Pr) were prepd. in 42-47% yields by treating RCCl2NO with EtSPMeCl in the presence of SO2. O-(alkylchloroformimino)-O-alkylphosphoric acid chlorides. Sokolov, V. B.; Ivanov, A. N.; Goreva, T. V.; Epishina, T. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya (1990), (5), 1122-5. Reaction of (ON)CCl2R with (R'O)2PCl (R, R' = alkyl) afforded the title compds. (R'O)ClP(O)ON:CRCl (I) in up to 69% yield. Hydrolysis of I led to substitution of P-, and not C-bound Cl, resulting in (R'O)(NH4O)P(O)ON:CRCl. Reaction of the adduct of methyldichlorophosphine and 1,1-dichloro-1-nitrosoethane with thioacetic acid. Lyashenko, Yu. E.; Sokolov, V. B.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii (1990), 60(8), 1923-4. Treating MePCl2 with MeCCl2NO in PhMe, followed by addn of 1 or 2 equiv AcSH gave 56% MeP(S)ClON:CMeCl or 32% MeP(S)ClON:CMeSAc, resp. Inhibition of cholinesterase activity by fluorine-containing derivatives of -aminoalkylphosphonic acids. Kuusk, V. V.; Morozova, I. V.; Agabekyan, R. S.; Aksinenko, A. Yu.; Epishina, T. A.; Sokolov, V. B.; Kovaleva, N. V.; Razdol'skii, A. N.; Fetisov, V. I.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Physiol. Act. Subst., Chernogolovka, USSR. Bioorganicheskaya Khimiya (1990), 16(11), 1500-8. A series of O,O-diethyl-1-(N- -hydrohexafluoroisobutyryl)aminoalkylphosphonates (APh) has been synthesized and their interaction with human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and with horse serum butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) studied. Most of the APhs inactivated the cholinesterases irreversible through formation of the enzyme-inhibitor intermediate. The inactivation rate consts. and the enzyme-inhibitor intermediate dissocn. consts. are calcd. The quant. structure-activity relationships including both hydrophobic and calcd. steric parameters of substituents are developed for APh-ChE interactions. Mol. mechanics (program MM2) was used for detg. steric parameters (Es). On the basis of QSAR models anal. it was concluded that hydrophobic interactions play an essential role in APh-AChE binding, whereas for APh-BuChE binding steric interactions are essential. Presence of at least two APh binding centers on the surface of AChE and BuChE is suggested. Synthesis and anticholinesterase activity of O-carbamoylated alkylchloroform oximes. Sokolov, V. B.; Ivanov, Yu. Ya.; Epishina, T. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshestva, Chernogolovka, USSR. Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal (1991), 25(4), 33-4. Treating ClCO2N:CClR (R = Me, Et, Pr, CHMe2) with NHR1R2 (R1 = R2 = H, Me, Et; R1 = H, R2 = Me) in Et2O gave 50-69% R1R2NCO2N:CClR (same R-R3), which are acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors (k11 = 1.1 10-2 to 5.4 10-6 M-1 min-1). Acute oral toxicity in mice ranged from 32 to 565 mg/kg. O-Alkyl O-methylchloroformimino phenylphosphonates - effective inhibitors of the hen brain neurotoxic esterase. Makhaeva, G. F.; Kononova, I. V.; Malygin, V. V.; Lyashenko, Yu. E.; Sokolov, V. B.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, USSR. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR (1991), 317(4), 1009-12 [Biochem.]. The title phosphonates were effective inhibitors of neurotoxic esterase; with increasing hydrophobicity the compds. showed pronounced and selective biol. activity towards brain neurotoxic esterase compared to acetylcholinesterase. Thus, the structure of phenylphosphonate played a major role in the inhibitory effects of these potential pesticides towards neurotoxic esterase or acetylcholinesterase. Synthesis and anticholinesterase activity of fluorine-containing -aminophosphoryl compounds. Korenchenko, O. V.; Ivanov, Yu. Ya.; Aksinenko, A. Yu.; Sokolov, V. B.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, Russia. KhimikoFarmatsevticheskii Zhurnal (1992), 26(6), 21-3. Reaction of R2P(O)H (R = MeO, EtO, PrO, Me2CHO, Ph) with (CF3)2C:NCOR1 (R1 = OEt, OCH2Ph, OPr, OBu, OCH2CH2CHMe2, CF3) in Et2O gave 44-93% R2P(O)C(CF3)2NHCOR1. Treating a 1,4,2-oxazaphospholine deriv. with alcs. gave Me(R)P(O)C(CF3)2NHCO2Et (R = BuO, Me2CHO). Bimol. rate consts. for inhibition of cholinesterases by these compds. were detd. Synthesis and insecticidal and acaricidal activity of O-alkylchloroformimine O,O-dialkyl phosphates and O,Odialkylthiophosphates. Ivanov, A. M.; Ivanova, G. B.; Sokolova, V. B.; Epishina, T. N.; Goreva, T. V.; Beznosko, B. K.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Okl. Veshchestv., Chernogolovka, Russia. Fiziologicheski Aktivnye Veshchestva (1991), 23 58-62. Of 26 title compds., those having ethoxy group at P were both insecticides and acaricides, whereas those having their methoxy group showed insecticidal activity only. Increasing hydrophobicity of the alkoxy substituents decreased i.m. toxicity to mice, but also the effectiveness. O replacement by S also decreased toxicity. Synthesis is indicated.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Paradoxical toxic effect and calcium antagonism of the cholinesterase inhibitors O-(N-arylcarbamoyl)acylhydroximoyl chlorides. Ivanov, Yu. Ya.; Sokolov, V. B.; Epishina, T. A.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, Russia. Doklady Akademii Nauk (1993), 328(6), 744-6 [Biochem.]. N-phenylcarbamates and aliph. analogs of the formula R R1N(O)ON::C(Cl)R2 [where R = Et, Me, and Ph; R1 = H, Me; R2 = Et, Pr, iso-Pr] were examd. for their acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition, for their acute toxicity and their action on selective organs. The enzyme inhibition depended on their mol. structure. Paradoxical effects (higher dose and low toxicity and vice versa) were noted. Similar sensitivity of rat and hen brain neurotoxic esterase to inhibition by O-alkyl-Oalkylchloroformiminophenylphosphonates. Makhaeva, G. F.; Filonenko, I. V.; Malygin, V. V.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Chernogolovka, Russia. Doklady Akademii Nauk (1993), 332(5), 650-3. Quant. structure-neurotoxic esterase (NTE)-inhibiting activity relationship of the title phosphonates was examd. against both rat and chicken enzyme. The phosphonates effectively inhibited the enzyme from both the sources. The anti-NTE activity of the compds. increased with the length of alkyl radical in the phosphoryl portion. The introduction of branched substituent, esp. in the -position, decreased the antienzyme activity. Math. equations are derived to describe the effects of steric factors on the NTE inhibition. PI50 = -lg I50, where I50 is the concn. of the inhibitor required to cause 50% inhibition, was calcd. for these compds.; the values are tabulated. Crystal and molecular structures and synthesis of O,O-diisopentyl 1-(phenylsulfonamido)-1-(trifluoromethyl)-2,2,2trifluoroethylphosphonate. Chekhlov, A. N.; Aksinenko, A. Yu.; Sokolov, V. B.; Martynov, I. V.. Inst. Fiziol. Akt. Veshchestv, Ross. Akad. Nauk, Chernogolovka, Russia. Doklady Akademii Nauk (1995), 345(3), 360-363. Reaction of (CF3)2C:NSO2Ph and (Me2CHCH2CH2O)2P(O)H in Et2O gave 85% title compd. (Me2CHCH2CH2O)2P(O)C(CF3)2NHSO2Ph, the structure of which was detd. by x-ray crystallog. Assessment of the neurotoxic potential of some methyl- and phenylphosphonates using a stable preparation of neuropathy target esterase from chicken brain. Makhaeva G F; Malygin V V; Martynov I V Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Oblast, 142432 Russia Doklady. Biochemistry and biophysics (2001 Mar-Apr), 377 68-71.

simply RED

April 16th, 2005, 07:16 AM

The sulphur, like nitrogen, phosphorous ..... exists in quaternized form. Anyway, strong methylating agent like dimethy sulphate is needed to quaternize it. NH3 + BrCH3 = CH3NH3+BrCH3SH + (CH3)2SO4 = (CH3)2SH+ CH3SO4It is not a type mistake! Anyway, these compound are sold as pesticides http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/chemicals/cn/Demeton.html http://www.inchem.org/documents/pds/pds/pest60_e.htm http://www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/v065pr15.htm http://www.hclrss.demon.co.uk/demeton-s.html systox, demeton .... So we have VX with only one reaction. Just buy the pesticide, purify the main ingredient, dissolve in THF or ether and add the dimethyl sulphate. (C2H5O)2P=OSC2H4-S-C2H5 + (CH3)2SO4 = (C2H5O)2P=OSC2H4-(S+)-(C2H5)(CH3) CH3SO4(-) Toxicity LD50 = 0,017 mg/kg !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! With dietyl sulphate LD50 = 0,01 ! If the solvent contains no OH groups... Add the dimethyl sulphate directly! " Quaternizing the sulphur we have structure maximal near "choline with quaternized nitrogen". Sulphur does the task of fluorine as it is easily hydrolisable by the enzyme . (my colegues tried to explain why it works so good - hahahaha ) " Actually i never tried it, but everything elese in this report was 100% true plus things i tried myself ....

" THE PARTICULAR SULPHUR VX COMPOUNDS WERE 100-1000 TIMES MORE EASILY ABSORBED THROUGH THE SKIN THAN ESERINE AND SOMAN. 100MG SOMAN CAUSED DEATH AS WE COMPLETED WITH 5MG GD - 42 " {{{{{{hm.... it is only 20 heh...}}}}}} " BEWARE ! 5 MILIGRAMS VX ON THE SKIN CAUSES DEATH ! THIS PARTICULAR VX DOES NOT HYDROLISE BEFORE PH 10 !!! " " THE BEST ANTIDOTE WE TRIED DEMINISHED THE TOXICITY ONLY TWO TIMES - SO - WE CONSIDER NO ANTIDOTE EXISTS FOR THE UPPER COMPOUNDS "

" INJECTING MEDETFK INTER-VEINS OR INTER-MUSCULAR CAUSED IMMEDIATE DEATH " {{{{{ sure, I tried BI - 58 (dimetoate) with the same resault }}}}} p.s. The report continues with psycho chemical experiments but i found nothing of any interest there ... (the trivial compounds - LSD, mescaline, neavy amfetamine molecules ... )

simply RED The sulphur, like nitrogen, phosphorous ..... exists in quaternized form. Anyway, strong methylating agent like dimethy sulphate is needed to quaternize it. NH3 + BrCH3 = CH3NH3+BrCH3SH + (CH3)2SO4 = (CH3)2SH+ CH3SO4-

April 16th, 2005, 07:16 AM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter

It is not a type mistake! Anyway, these compound are sold as pesticides http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/chemicals/cn/Demeton.html http://www.inchem.org/documents/pds/pds/pest60_e.htm http://www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/v065pr15.htm http://www.hclrss.demon.co.uk/demeton-s.html systox, demeton .... So we have VX with only one reaction. Just buy the pesticide, purify the main ingredient, dissolve in THF or ether and add the dimethyl sulphate. (C2H5O)2P=OSC2H4-S-C2H5 + (CH3)2SO4 = (C2H5O)2P=OSC2H4-(S+)-(C2H5)(CH3) CH3SO4(-) Toxicity LD50 = 0,017 mg/kg !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! With dietyl sulphate LD50 = 0,01 ! If the solvent contains no OH groups... Add the dimethyl sulphate directly! " Quaternizing the sulphur we have structure maximal near "choline with quaternized nitrogen". Sulphur does the task of fluorine as it is easily hydrolisable by the enzyme . (my colegues tried to explain why it works so good - hahahaha ) " Actually i never tried it, but everything elese in this report was 100% true plus things i tried myself ....

" THE PARTICULAR SULPHUR VX COMPOUNDS WERE 100-1000 TIMES MORE EASILY ABSORBED THROUGH THE SKIN THAN ESERINE AND SOMAN. 100MG SOMAN CAUSED DEATH AS WE COMPLETED WITH 5MG GD - 42 " {{{{{{hm.... it is only 20 heh...}}}}}} " BEWARE ! 5 MILIGRAMS VX ON THE SKIN CAUSES DEATH ! THIS PARTICULAR VX DOES NOT HYDROLISE BEFORE PH 10 !!! " " THE BEST ANTIDOTE WE TRIED DEMINISHED THE TOXICITY ONLY TWO TIMES - SO - WE CONSIDER NO ANTIDOTE EXISTS FOR THE UPPER COMPOUNDS "

" INJECTING MEDETFK INTER-VEINS OR INTER-MUSCULAR CAUSED IMMEDIATE DEATH " {{{{{ sure, I tried BI - 58 (dimetoate) with the same resault }}}}} p.s. The report continues with psycho chemical experiments but i found nothing of any interest there ... (the trivial compounds - LSD, mescaline, neavy amfetamine molecules ... )

simply RED

April 16th, 2005, 07:16 AM

The sulphur, like nitrogen, phosphorous ..... exists in quaternized form. Anyway, strong methylating agent like dimethy sulphate is needed to quaternize it. NH3 + BrCH3 = CH3NH3+BrCH3SH + (CH3)2SO4 = (CH3)2SH+ CH3SO4It is not a type mistake! Anyway, these compound are sold as pesticides http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/chemicals/cn/Demeton.html http://www.inchem.org/documents/pds/pds/pest60_e.htm http://www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/v065pr15.htm http://www.hclrss.demon.co.uk/demeton-s.html systox, demeton .... So we have VX with only one reaction. Just buy the pesticide, purify the main ingredient, dissolve in THF or ether and add the dimethyl sulphate. (C2H5O)2P=OSC2H4-S-C2H5 + (CH3)2SO4 = (C2H5O)2P=OSC2H4-(S+)-(C2H5)(CH3) CH3SO4(-) Toxicity LD50 = 0,017 mg/kg !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! With dietyl sulphate LD50 = 0,01 ! If the solvent contains no OH groups... Add the dimethyl sulphate directly! " Quaternizing the sulphur we have structure maximal near "choline with quaternized nitrogen". Sulphur does the task of fluorine as it is easily hydrolisable by the enzyme . (my colegues tried to explain why it works so good - hahahaha ) " Actually i never tried it, but everything elese in this report was 100% true plus things i tried myself ....

" THE PARTICULAR SULPHUR VX COMPOUNDS WERE 100-1000 TIMES MORE EASILY ABSORBED THROUGH THE SKIN THAN ESERINE AND SOMAN. 100MG SOMAN CAUSED DEATH AS WE COMPLETED WITH 5MG GD - 42 " {{{{{{hm.... it is only 20 heh...}}}}}} " BEWARE ! 5 MILIGRAMS VX ON THE SKIN CAUSES DEATH ! THIS PARTICULAR VX DOES NOT HYDROLISE BEFORE PH 10 !!! " " THE BEST ANTIDOTE WE TRIED DEMINISHED THE TOXICITY ONLY TWO TIMES - SO - WE CONSIDER NO ANTIDOTE EXISTS FOR THE UPPER COMPOUNDS "

" INJECTING MEDETFK INTER-VEINS OR INTER-MUSCULAR CAUSED IMMEDIATE DEATH " {{{{{ sure, I tried BI - 58 (dimetoate) with the same resault }}}}} p.s. The report continues with psycho chemical experiments but i found nothing of any interest there ... (the trivial compounds - LSD, mescaline, neavy amfetamine molecules ... )

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April 16th, 2005, 06:48 PM

GD-42 was found in the net also ... http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR1018.5/MR1018.5.chap4.html Gd-42 (O-ethyl S-2-(S'S'-methylethylsulphonio)ethyl methylphosphonothiolate methosulphate) (C2H50)(CH3)(P=O)-S-CH2-CH2-(S+)(CH3)(C2H5) SO4CH3(-) Right :) ...

simply RED

April 16th, 2005, 06:48 PM

GD-42 was found in the net also ... http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR1018.5/MR1018.5.chap4.html Gd-42 (O-ethyl S-2-(S'S'-methylethylsulphonio)ethyl methylphosphonothiolate methosulphate) (C2H50)(CH3)(P=O)-S-CH2-CH2-(S+)(CH3)(C2H5) SO4CH3(-) Right :) ...

simply RED

April 16th, 2005, 06:48 PM

GD-42 was found in the net also ... http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR1018.5/MR1018.5.chap4.html Gd-42 (O-ethyl S-2-(S'S'-methylethylsulphonio)ethyl methylphosphonothiolate methosulphate) (C2H50)(CH3)(P=O)-S-CH2-CH2-(S+)(CH3)(C2H5) SO4CH3(-) Right :) ...

MrSamosa

April 17th, 2005, 10:06 PM

New and interesting information regarding Organophosphates is popping up all over the place. Simply RED, in the link you posted, there was a reference to "Tri-ortho-cresyl Phosphate" (TOCP). I had come across that earlier while looking for information on Bicyclic Phosphates (and how the two might be a potential exhaust hazard from jets) but forgot to post anything on it. It turns out that TOCP is quite toxic to the spinal cord. In the 1930's, there was a case where homebrewed alcohol was adultered with TOCP (since it is odorless, tasteless, and alcohol soluble), poisoning its consumers. Once again, another "Poor Man's Nerve Agent"--a simple triester of Phosphoric Acid.

MrSamosa

April 17th, 2005, 10:06 PM

New and interesting information regarding Organophosphates is popping up all over the place. Simply RED, in the link you posted, there was a reference to "Tri-ortho-cresyl Phosphate" (TOCP). I had come across that earlier while looking for information on Bicyclic Phosphates (and how the two might be a potential exhaust hazard from jets) but forgot to post anything on it. It turns out that TOCP is quite toxic to the spinal cord. In the 1930's, there was a case where homebrewed alcohol was adultered with TOCP (since it is odorless, tasteless, and alcohol soluble), poisoning its consumers. Once again, another "Poor Man's Nerve Agent"--a simple triester of Phosphoric Acid.

MrSamosa

April 17th, 2005, 10:06 PM

New and interesting information regarding Organophosphates is popping up all over the place. Simply RED, in the link you posted, there was a reference to "Tri-ortho-cresyl Phosphate" (TOCP). I had come across that earlier while looking for information on Bicyclic Phosphates (and how the two might be a potential exhaust hazard from jets) but forgot to post anything on it. It turns out that TOCP is quite toxic to the spinal cord. In the 1930's, there was a case where homebrewed alcohol was adultered with TOCP (since it is odorless, tasteless, and alcohol soluble), poisoning its consumers. Once again, another "Poor Man's Nerve Agent"--a simple triester of Phosphoric Acid.

simply RED

April 20th, 2005, 05:01 PM

This is answer to the other topic (GP, GV) but i post it here as the other topic is about GP GV and not GD :) .

Indeed the toxic nerve gasses must have choline- like structures. One thing is also sure - the phosphorous group has tetrahedrical configuration (like CH4). The carbon acetyl group in acetylcholine has planar configuration (they are not allike). Also binding to the enzyme is a complex process. 100% right simulation of it is difficult for nowdays chemistry. I don't rememer exactly but one of the 1971 nerve gasses has the fragment -CH2-CH2-CH2-N+(CH3)3 and is 10 times more toxic than the same compound with -CH2-CH2-N+(CH3)3 fragment. The sulphur compounds, in difference, have greatest toxicity when -CH2-CH2-S+(C2H5)2 fragment is presented.

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And S+ (upper) compounds are 1000 times more toxic than the same compounds with -CH2-CH2-S-C2H5 fragment. ( I would say this is a perfect option to binarize as the yield will always be 100%, reaction should be fast and the beginning products are not that toxic- some pesticide and dimethylsulphate ) What is the LD-50 of novichok and the P-N compounds (interaperitoneal)? " For the novel VX compounds we measured LD-50 values of intervenous, interaperitoneal, peroral, skin absorbtion not to differ much. In other words the soldiers will be harmed by droplets of VX fallen on the skin and should always wear protective clothes in combination to the gas masks. " " Sulphur containing VX formulations GD 42, Amaton - 4, EDEMO, MEDETFK are not hydrlozed by any means in the nature. " (they are hydrolized by 10 pH NaOH) " In 3 minutes MEDETFK blocked the nerve conductivity 100% " (I have 4 pages for MEDETFK but not the formula, anyway it is less or the same toxic as EDEMO and GD 42) I would scan the graphic of the nerve conductivity (MEDETFK) measured in a cat, but immagine the face of the computer operator who would do it for me :) ....

Isn't triortocresyl phosphate refered in "Silent Spring" as the cause of the "gingifile paralysis" during the dry regime in the US. Th smuggler used it to manufacture fake liquer?

simply RED

April 20th, 2005, 05:01 PM

This is answer to the other topic (GP, GV) but i post it here as the other topic is about GP GV and not GD :) .

Indeed the toxic nerve gasses must have choline- like structures. One thing is also sure - the phosphorous group has tetrahedrical configuration (like CH4). The carbon acetyl group in acetylcholine has planar configuration (they are not allike). Also binding to the enzyme is a complex process. 100% right simulation of it is difficult for nowdays chemistry. I don't rememer exactly but one of the 1971 nerve gasses has the fragment -CH2-CH2-CH2-N+(CH3)3 and is 10 times more toxic than the same compound with -CH2-CH2-N+(CH3)3 fragment. The sulphur compounds, in difference, have greatest toxicity when -CH2-CH2-S+(C2H5)2 fragment is presented. And S+ (upper) compounds are 1000 times more toxic than the same compounds with -CH2-CH2-S-C2H5 fragment. ( I would say this is a perfect option to binarize as the yield will always be 100%, reaction should be fast and the beginning products are not that toxic- some pesticide and dimethylsulphate ) What is the LD-50 of novichok and the P-N compounds (interaperitoneal)? " For the novel VX compounds we measured LD-50 values of intervenous, interaperitoneal, peroral, skin absorbtion not to differ much. In other words the soldiers will be harmed by droplets of VX fallen on the skin and should always wear protective clothes in combination to the gas masks. " " Sulphur containing VX formulations GD 42, Amaton - 4, EDEMO, MEDETFK are not hydrlozed by any means in the nature. " (they are hydrolized by 10 pH NaOH) " In 3 minutes MEDETFK blocked the nerve conductivity 100% " (I have 4 pages for MEDETFK but not the formula, anyway it is less or the same toxic as EDEMO and GD 42) I would scan the graphic of the nerve conductivity (MEDETFK) measured in a cat, but immagine the face of the computer operator who would do it for me :) ....

Isn't triortocresyl phosphate refered in "Silent Spring" as the cause of the "gingifile paralysis" during the dry regime in the US. Th smuggler used it to manufacture fake liquer?

simply RED

April 20th, 2005, 05:01 PM

This is answer to the other topic (GP, GV) but i post it here as the other topic is about GP GV and not GD :) .

Indeed the toxic nerve gasses must have choline- like structures. One thing is also sure - the phosphorous group has tetrahedrical configuration (like CH4). The carbon acetyl group in acetylcholine has planar configuration (they are not allike). Also binding to the enzyme is a complex process. 100% right simulation of it is difficult for nowdays chemistry. I don't rememer exactly but one of the 1971 nerve gasses has the fragment -CH2-CH2-CH2-N+(CH3)3 and is 10 times more toxic than the same compound with -CH2-CH2-N+(CH3)3 fragment. The sulphur compounds, in difference, have greatest toxicity when -CH2-CH2-S+(C2H5)2 fragment is presented. And S+ (upper) compounds are 1000 times more toxic than the same compounds with -CH2-CH2-S-C2H5 fragment. ( I would say this is a perfect option to binarize as the yield will always be 100%, reaction should be fast and the beginning products are not that toxic- some pesticide and dimethylsulphate ) What is the LD-50 of novichok and the P-N compounds (interaperitoneal)? " For the novel VX compounds we measured LD-50 values of intervenous, interaperitoneal, peroral, skin absorbtion not to differ much. In other words the soldiers will be harmed by droplets of VX fallen on the skin and should always wear protective clothes in combination to the gas masks. " " Sulphur containing VX formulations GD 42, Amaton - 4, EDEMO, MEDETFK are not hydrlozed by any means in the nature. " (they are hydrolized by 10 pH NaOH) " In 3 minutes MEDETFK blocked the nerve conductivity 100% " (I have 4 pages for MEDETFK but not the formula, anyway it is less or the same toxic as EDEMO and GD 42) I would scan the graphic of the nerve conductivity (MEDETFK) measured in a cat, but immagine the face of the computer operator who would do it for me :) ....

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Isn't triortocresyl phosphate refered in "Silent Spring" as the cause of the "gingifile paralysis" during the dry regime in the US. Th smuggler used it to manufacture fake liquer?

nbk2000

April 21st, 2005, 12:13 PM

...as the cause of the "'gingifile paralysis"...

Do you mean 'Infantile Paralysis'? If so, that's caused by the Polio virus, not TOCP. Wasn't silent spring written prior to the discovery of the cause of polio?

nbk2000

April 21st, 2005, 12:13 PM

...as the cause of the "'gingifile paralysis"...

Do you mean 'Infantile Paralysis'? If so, that's caused by the Polio virus, not TOCP. Wasn't silent spring written prior to the discovery of the cause of polio?

nbk2000

April 21st, 2005, 12:13 PM

...as the cause of the "'gingifile paralysis"...

Do you mean 'Infantile Paralysis'? If so, that's caused by the Polio virus, not TOCP. Wasn't silent spring written prior to the discovery of the cause of polio?

simply RED

April 21st, 2005, 03:22 PM

I mean "Silent Spring" by Rachel Carson. The book that criticizes the pesticides misuse. There was a chapter about organophosphates and TOCP was listed as a cause of paralysis that takes place when somebody drinks fake alcohol made with it. http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc110.htm """ In the spring of 1930, in mid-western and southwestern USA, an outbreak of paralysis characterized by bilateral foot- and wrist-drop appeared suddenly (Burley, 1930; Merritt & Moor, 1930). Ultimately 50 000 people were poisoned by a popular substitute for alcohol called "Ginger Jake" (Morgan, 1982). Smith et al. (1930) proved that the adulterated beverage contained about 2% TOCP and that this caused the paralysis. """ Gingifile was a bad translation from bulgarian and it should be "Ginger Jake".

simply RED

April 21st, 2005, 03:22 PM

I mean "Silent Spring" by Rachel Carson. The book that criticizes the pesticides misuse. There was a chapter about organophosphates and TOCP was listed as a cause of paralysis that takes place when somebody drinks fake alcohol made with it. http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc110.htm """ In the spring of 1930, in mid-western and southwestern USA, an outbreak of paralysis characterized by bilateral foot- and wrist-drop appeared suddenly (Burley, 1930; Merritt & Moor, 1930). Ultimately 50 000 people were poisoned by a popular substitute for alcohol called "Ginger Jake" (Morgan, 1982). Smith et al. (1930) proved that the adulterated beverage contained about 2% TOCP and that this caused the paralysis. """ Gingifile was a bad translation from bulgarian and it should be "Ginger Jake".

simply RED

April 21st, 2005, 03:22 PM

I mean "Silent Spring" by Rachel Carson. The book that criticizes the pesticides misuse. There was a chapter about organophosphates and TOCP was listed as a cause of paralysis that takes place when somebody drinks fake alcohol made with it. http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc110.htm """ In the spring of 1930, in mid-western and southwestern USA, an outbreak of paralysis characterized by bilateral foot- and wrist-drop appeared suddenly (Burley, 1930; Merritt & Moor, 1930). Ultimately 50 000 people were poisoned by a popular substitute for alcohol called

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter

"Ginger Jake" (Morgan, 1982). Smith et al. (1930) proved that the adulterated beverage contained about 2% TOCP and that this caused the paralysis. """ Gingifile was a bad translation from bulgarian and it should be "Ginger Jake".

nbk2000

April 21st, 2005, 03:34 PM

I know what book you were referring to. It was the 'gingifile' reference that had me confused.

nbk2000

April 21st, 2005, 03:34 PM

I know what book you were referring to. It was the 'gingifile' reference that had me confused.

nbk2000

April 21st, 2005, 03:34 PM

I know what book you were referring to. It was the 'gingifile' reference that had me confused.

simply RED

April 21st, 2005, 03:39 PM

It is very funny when such words are translated into different languages. It's okay now .

simply RED

April 21st, 2005, 03:39 PM

It is very funny when such words are translated into different languages. It's okay now .

simply RED

April 21st, 2005, 03:39 PM

It is very funny when such words are translated into different languages. It's okay now .

simply RED

April 27th, 2005, 08:55 AM

I made an interesting test. In a very small syringe (0,5 ml - used for diabetics). First suck 0,1 ml clear water. Then 0,1 ml (coloured) solution of KMnO4. And observed will they mix, despite the small (2-3 mm) diameter of the syringe. They mixed perfectly for 3,4 seconds... :)

simply RED

April 27th, 2005, 08:55 AM

I made an interesting test. In a very small syringe (0,5 ml - used for diabetics). First suck 0,1 ml clear water. Then 0,1 ml (coloured) solution of KMnO4. And observed will they mix, despite the small (2-3 mm) diameter of the syringe. They mixed perfectly for 3,4 seconds... :)

simply RED

April 27th, 2005, 08:55 AM

I made an interesting test. In a very small syringe (0,5 ml - used for diabetics). First suck 0,1 ml clear water. Then 0,1 ml (coloured) solution of KMnO4. And observed will they mix, despite the small (2-3 mm) diameter of the syringe. They mixed perfectly for 3,4 seconds... :)

MrSamosa

April 28th, 2005, 01:31 AM

I've finally found some toxicity data on Bicyclic Phosphates and Phosphites. I've also found that it is more fruitful to use the words "Bicyclophosphate" and "Bicyclophosphite" in Google searches. According to the EPA, Trimethylolpropane Bicyclophosphite (Ethyl Bicyclophosphite) has an LD50 of 2.5 mg/kg orally in cats. Not too shabby at all--that's more toxic than Parathion and at the same level as some Dialkyl Fluorophosphates. http://www.navy.al.wpafb.af.mil/resabs/lindsey1.html This site has some details about the neurological action of Ethyl Bicyclophosphate at levels of .20-.60 mg/kg in rats. http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/5/9/2432 This is about t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate (TBPS)--of interest is that it mentions it having a toxicity comparable to picrotoxin. It appears a convulsive dose for TMPP (Trimethylolpropane Bicyclophosphate--a nice abbreviation) is a mere .6 mg/kg! Not bad at all, considering its ease of production. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2996180&dopt=Citation

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter This line really stood out to me:

4-Alkylbicyclophosphates, R1C(CH2O)3P(O), with suitable R1 substituents (e.g., t-butyl, isopropyl, or cyclohexyl) are highly toxic compounds [mouse intraperitoneal (ip) LD50 values 0.036-0.52 mg/kg] and are potent noncompetitive gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonists.

MrSamosa

April 28th, 2005, 01:31 AM

I've finally found some toxicity data on Bicyclic Phosphates and Phosphites. I've also found that it is more fruitful to use the words "Bicyclophosphate" and "Bicyclophosphite" in Google searches. According to the EPA, Trimethylolpropane Bicyclophosphite (Ethyl Bicyclophosphite) has an LD50 of 2.5 mg/kg orally in cats. Not too shabby at all--that's more toxic than Parathion and at the same level as some Dialkyl Fluorophosphates. http://www.navy.al.wpafb.af.mil/resabs/lindsey1.html This site has some details about the neurological action of Ethyl Bicyclophosphate at levels of .20-.60 mg/kg in rats. http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/5/9/2432 This is about t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate (TBPS)--of interest is that it mentions it having a toxicity comparable to picrotoxin. It appears a convulsive dose for TMPP (Trimethylolpropane Bicyclophosphate--a nice abbreviation) is a mere .6 mg/kg! Not bad at all, considering its ease of production. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2996180&dopt=Citation This line really stood out to me: 4-Alkylbicyclophosphates, R1C(CH2O)3P(O), with suitable R1 substituents (e.g., t-butyl, isopropyl, or cyclohexyl) are highly toxic compounds [mouse intraperitoneal (ip) LD50 values 0.036-0.52 mg/kg] and are potent noncompetitive gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonists.

MrSamosa

April 28th, 2005, 01:31 AM

I've finally found some toxicity data on Bicyclic Phosphates and Phosphites. I've also found that it is more fruitful to use the words "Bicyclophosphate" and "Bicyclophosphite" in Google searches. According to the EPA, Trimethylolpropane Bicyclophosphite (Ethyl Bicyclophosphite) has an LD50 of 2.5 mg/kg orally in cats. Not too shabby at all--that's more toxic than Parathion and at the same level as some Dialkyl Fluorophosphates. http://www.navy.al.wpafb.af.mil/resabs/lindsey1.html This site has some details about the neurological action of Ethyl Bicyclophosphate at levels of .20-.60 mg/kg in rats. http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/5/9/2432 This is about t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate (TBPS)--of interest is that it mentions it having a toxicity comparable to picrotoxin. It appears a convulsive dose for TMPP (Trimethylolpropane Bicyclophosphate--a nice abbreviation) is a mere .6 mg/kg! Not bad at all, considering its ease of production. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=2996180&dopt=Citation This line really stood out to me: 4-Alkylbicyclophosphates, R1C(CH2O)3P(O), with suitable R1 substituents (e.g., t-butyl, isopropyl, or cyclohexyl) are highly toxic compounds [mouse intraperitoneal (ip) LD50 values 0.036-0.52 mg/kg] and are potent noncompetitive gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonists.

MrSamosa

May 1st, 2005, 10:07 PM

Extending on my earlier idea of using Pentaerythritol... The toxicity of Bicyclic Phosphates is dependent on the R-chain, and the toxicity varies in much the same way it does with conventional G-Agents. Let me clarify a bit. t-butyl Bicyclophosphate is more toxic than Isopropyl Bicyclophosphate, which is more toxic than Ethyl Bicyclophosphate: the toxicity increases from primary alcohols to secondary alcohols to tertiary alcohols. Therefore, it seems reasonable to conclude that high toxicities might come from aminoalcohol groups. And this makes finding a suitable precursor all the easier! Pentaerythritol. Instead of nitrating those alcohol groups, why not halogenate them? And then react the product with Silver Phosphate to get Chloromethyl Bicyclophosphate. In turn, this could be reacted with Dimethylamine yielding Dimethylaminomethyl Bicyclophosphate. It wouldn't be quite the same R chain we see in VX or in GV/GP Agents, but it might still be of interest.

MrSamosa

May 1st, 2005, 10:07 PM

Extending on my earlier idea of using Pentaerythritol... The toxicity of Bicyclic Phosphates is dependent on the R-chain, and the toxicity varies in much the same way it does with conventional G-Agents. Let me clarify a bit. t-butyl Bicyclophosphate is more toxic than Isopropyl Bicyclophosphate, which is more toxic than Ethyl Bicyclophosphate: the toxicity increases from primary alcohols to secondary alcohols to tertiary alcohols. Therefore, it seems reasonable to conclude that high toxicities might come from aminoalcohol groups. And this makes finding a suitable precursor all the easier!

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Pentaerythritol. Instead of nitrating those alcohol groups, why not halogenate them? And then react the product with Silver Phosphate to get Chloromethyl Bicyclophosphate. In turn, this could be reacted with Dimethylamine yielding Dimethylaminomethyl Bicyclophosphate. It wouldn't be quite the same R chain we see in VX or in GV/GP Agents, but it might still be of interest.

MrSamosa

May 1st, 2005, 10:07 PM

Extending on my earlier idea of using Pentaerythritol... The toxicity of Bicyclic Phosphates is dependent on the R-chain, and the toxicity varies in much the same way it does with conventional G-Agents. Let me clarify a bit. t-butyl Bicyclophosphate is more toxic than Isopropyl Bicyclophosphate, which is more toxic than Ethyl Bicyclophosphate: the toxicity increases from primary alcohols to secondary alcohols to tertiary alcohols. Therefore, it seems reasonable to conclude that high toxicities might come from aminoalcohol groups. And this makes finding a suitable precursor all the easier! Pentaerythritol. Instead of nitrating those alcohol groups, why not halogenate them? And then react the product with Silver Phosphate to get Chloromethyl Bicyclophosphate. In turn, this could be reacted with Dimethylamine yielding Dimethylaminomethyl Bicyclophosphate. It wouldn't be quite the same R chain we see in VX or in GV/GP Agents, but it might still be of interest.

simply RED

May 5th, 2005, 04:46 AM

What V gas (intervenous) does to a cat - see the attachment: The upper graphic shows bronchial spasm. The graphic below shows arterial pressure drop - and death. Everything happens for 2,5 minutes. ----Everything about bicyclophosphates seems very good and right! Only the synthesis you mentioned has a drawback : ester with halogen in R chain could not be reacted with amine, basic solution ( NaCO3, NaHCO3, pyridine, NaOH ) is needed for this , the high pH hydrolises the ester.

simply RED

May 5th, 2005, 04:46 AM

What V gas (intervenous) does to a cat - see the attachment: The upper graphic shows bronchial spasm. The graphic below shows arterial pressure drop - and death. Everything happens for 2,5 minutes. ----Everything about bicyclophosphates seems very good and right! Only the synthesis you mentioned has a drawback : ester with halogen in R chain could not be reacted with amine, basic solution ( NaCO3, NaHCO3, pyridine, NaOH ) is needed for this , the high pH hydrolises the ester.

simply RED

May 5th, 2005, 04:46 AM

What V gas (intervenous) does to a cat - see the attachment: The upper graphic shows bronchial spasm. The graphic below shows arterial pressure drop - and death. Everything happens for 2,5 minutes. ----Everything about bicyclophosphates seems very good and right! Only the synthesis you mentioned has a drawback : ester with halogen in R chain could not be reacted with amine, basic solution ( NaCO3, NaHCO3, pyridine, NaOH ) is needed for this , the high pH hydrolises the ester.

simply RED

May 26th, 2005, 07:52 AM

http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~uONr6f:12 SYNTHESIS AND INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY OF BICYCLIC PHOSPHOROTHIONATES AND RELATED MONOCYCLIC PHOSPHOROTHIONATES Authors: WU S-Y HIRASHIMA A TAKEYA R ETO M Source: J FAC AGRIC KYUSHU UNIV; 33 (3-4). 1988. 275-286.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Could somebody find this article? It would be of great use !!!!

simply RED

May 26th, 2005, 07:52 AM

http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~uONr6f:12 SYNTHESIS AND INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY OF BICYCLIC PHOSPHOROTHIONATES AND RELATED MONOCYCLIC PHOSPHOROTHIONATES Authors: WU S-Y HIRASHIMA A TAKEYA R ETO M Source: J FAC AGRIC KYUSHU UNIV; 33 (3-4). 1988. 275-286.

Could somebody find this article? It would be of great use !!!!

simply RED

May 26th, 2005, 07:52 AM

http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~uONr6f:12 SYNTHESIS AND INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY OF BICYCLIC PHOSPHOROTHIONATES AND RELATED MONOCYCLIC PHOSPHOROTHIONATES Authors: WU S-Y HIRASHIMA A TAKEYA R ETO M Source: J FAC AGRIC KYUSHU UNIV; 33 (3-4). 1988. 275-286.

Could somebody find this article? It would be of great use !!!!

FUTI

May 26th, 2005, 04:06 PM

simply RED the data you posted about choline resemblance started another idea in my head. If CW that has -S-CH2-CH2S(CH3)2+ group is most active in its group, and -S-(CH2)3-N(CH3)3+ is the most active in other group this could indicate that targeted enzyme has deeper binding pocket as when you compare the length two sulfur atom in the first case and sulfur and nitrogen due to longer C-S bond they are very close to each other. So making longer chain make better fit for a deeper pocket. Anyway it all started with a sound in my head that I heard somewhere about butyryl-choline esterase enzyme...maybe its dead end but since you have access to good data maybe you can give us a few pro et contra for this theory.

FUTI

May 26th, 2005, 04:06 PM

simply RED the data you posted about choline resemblance started another idea in my head. If CW that has -S-CH2-CH2S(CH3)2+ group is most active in its group, and -S-(CH2)3-N(CH3)3+ is the most active in other group this could indicate that targeted enzyme has deeper binding pocket as when you compare the length two sulfur atom in the first case and sulfur and nitrogen due to longer C-S bond they are very close to each other. So making longer chain make better fit for a deeper pocket. Anyway it all started with a sound in my head that I heard somewhere about butyryl-choline esterase enzyme...maybe its dead end but since you have access to good data maybe you can give us a few pro et contra for this theory.

FUTI

May 26th, 2005, 04:06 PM

simply RED the data you posted about choline resemblance started another idea in my head. If CW that has -S-CH2-CH2S(CH3)2+ group is most active in its group, and -S-(CH2)3-N(CH3)3+ is the most active in other group this could indicate that targeted enzyme has deeper binding pocket as when you compare the length two sulfur atom in the first case and sulfur and nitrogen due to longer C-S bond they are very close to each other. So making longer chain make better fit for a deeper pocket. Anyway it all started with a sound in my head that I heard somewhere about butyryl-choline esterase enzyme...maybe its dead end but since you have access to good data maybe you can give us a few pro et contra for this theory.

simply RED

May 27th, 2005, 12:48 PM

Don't know about longer chains. The longest chain I have data on is : -S-CH2-CH2-S(+)-(CH2-CH3)2 and it is one of the most active... It could be tried with one more methylene group anyway :) .

simply RED

May 27th, 2005, 12:48 PM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Don't know about longer chains.

The longest chain I have data on is : -S-CH2-CH2-S(+)-(CH2-CH3)2 and it is one of the most active... It could be tried with one more methylene group anyway :) .

simply RED

May 27th, 2005, 12:48 PM

Don't know about longer chains. The longest chain I have data on is : -S-CH2-CH2-S(+)-(CH2-CH3)2 and it is one of the most active... It could be tried with one more methylene group anyway :) .

FUTI

May 29th, 2005, 02:24 PM

Thanks simply RED you have just answered with info that makes it posible. Only question now is: Is the higher activity caused by higher lipophylic character of compound or better match to target? But you are right until someone doesn't try that through experiment nobody will know.

FUTI

May 29th, 2005, 02:24 PM

Thanks simply RED you have just answered with info that makes it posible. Only question now is: Is the higher activity caused by higher lipophylic character of compound or better match to target? But you are right until someone doesn't try that through experiment nobody will know.

FUTI

May 29th, 2005, 02:24 PM

Thanks simply RED you have just answered with info that makes it posible. Only question now is: Is the higher activity caused by higher lipophylic character of compound or better match to target? But you are right until someone doesn't try that through experiment nobody will know.

simply RED

May 30th, 2005, 09:10 AM

Always welcome! Yes, only trial may show... Another thing to spot is the positive charge of the " choline - N " analog atom as we see in the most active toxins. (CH3)3N+ ; (R)2S+ ; -N=C(sigma+)ClF

simply RED

May 30th, 2005, 09:10 AM

Always welcome! Yes, only trial may show... Another thing to spot is the positive charge of the " choline - N " analog atom as we see in the most active toxins. (CH3)3N+ ; (R)2S+ ; -N=C(sigma+)ClF

simply RED

May 30th, 2005, 09:10 AM

Always welcome! Yes, only trial may show... Another thing to spot is the positive charge of the " choline - N " analog atom as we see in the most active toxins. (CH3)3N+ ; (R)2S+ ; -N=C(sigma+)ClF

Chris The Great

August 17th, 2005, 11:20 PM

Very interesting stuff, I wish I had sources as good as that! Nonetheless, I have a large amount of information myself, and am trying to deduce the effects on toxicity different structures have. It's quite difficult, as the lesser known V agents (VM, VE, VS) do not have any toxicity data available, just "in the same range as VX". That doesn't help anyone see if a CH3-P group is more toxic than a C2H5-P group, etc. Actually, if anyone has toxicity info for VS than it would solve the question, as it is VX but with the methyl replaced by ethyl... While choline type structures seem to have the best toxicity, remember that nerve agents do not exclusively attack AChE. It has been found that when AChE is completely protected, nerve agents still produce extremely toxic effects. See http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR1018.5/MR1018.5.chap5.html I also read a journal about this topic, I don't know where it is right now, anyway... basically they tested VX toxicity against mice without AChE (yes, they can actually live!). They found that they where twice as sensitive to VX poisoning, and exhibited the same symtoms as normal mice. http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/cgi/content/full/299/2/528 Suddenly, the picture becomes much more complicated!

Anyway, has anybody found any toxicity information for those lesser known V-agents? It would help a huge amount in

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designing new nerve agents to have ultra-high toxicities. By seeing what difference in toxicity a change makes, we could estimate the toxicities of new agents simply by looking at the structure (no, it won't be right on, but it will give an idea of relative toxicity).

From what I can see so far, it seems that giving the amino group a positive charge will give a more toxic agent than the S atom, probably because the amino group agents are already extremely toxic. The isopropyl group should have the highest toxicity, although larger groups may be more toxic.... no agent like that has been made as far as I know however so it is pure speculation that a pincolyl group would be more toxic than an isopropyl group in that location on the molecule... (and since this is getting off topic, perhaps a new thread should be created for the discussion that stemmed from simply RED's post about the new V agents? It would tidy things up a bit.)

FUTI

August 18th, 2005, 08:53 AM

Chris blood and tissues are full of diferent esterase enzymes. It is recomended in drug design to avoid esters for that reason. Not that they won't be active one but they will have awkward ADME. Now I don't think that there are such issues in CW program - but mild esterase inhibitor can make things worse. Since AChE is serin protease, I suspect that the other esterase enzyme that should be targeted is whithin the same family since CW show efect on them to. I would be suprised if metaloprotease is involved - but than the job of making things worse is easier.

FUTI

August 29th, 2005, 10:32 AM

Another thing to spot is the positive charge of the " choline - N " analog atom as we see in the most active toxins. (CH3)3N+ ; (R)2S+ ; -N=C(sigma+)ClF It just crossed my mind. Last compound is some Novichok derivative. Does anyone has the info about skin penetration of this class compared to others? It looks more oil soluble to me than the rest.

simply RED

October 8th, 2005, 11:15 AM

Synthesis of tret-butyl bicyclophosphate: From the original source (Ozoe and Eto) 3,2 g O=PCl3 in 10ml acetonitrile was added dropwise to a solution of 3,4g (CH3)3C-C(CH2OH)3 and 5g pyridine in 50 ml acetonitrile - cooled in ice bath. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 12 hours and then at 50 degrees C for 5 hours. The sloution is evaporated to give 2,2 g chrystal mass which is rechrystalized from ether-chloroform - to give pure tret-butyl bicyclophosphate. Yield: (CH3)3C-C(-CH2O-)3P=O Comment: Instead of rechrystalisation, the yield could be mixed with DMSO and directly weaponized. Ozoe and Eto have tested wide range of byc. phosphates but not any amino-bicyclophosphate derivate - which theory suggest will be most toxic. (CH3)2N-C(-CH2O-)3P=O should be synth. the absolutely same way. With NH groups in basic environment, the NH will not be protonized and will be active too, so the reaction should be carried out in acidic conditions, HCl should be extracted, it is a gas anyway... It is incredibly hard to post these days, btw.

Chris The Great

November 23rd, 2005, 12:12 AM

I noticed nbk had posted a useful chart that included relative toxicty of several nerve agents and other poisons, along with names so that the structure could be easily determined. I found the increase in toxicity by including a N+(Me)3 group over a normal N(R)2 group to be quite startling, as it seems that since adding an extra methyl group is just as simple as adding methyl iodide, why didn't anyone do that in the cold war? I am guessing the information simply hasn't had time to make it's way around to us. My point is that it seems that an extremely high toxicity would depend on several main factors: The type of agent. V agents are more toxic than the corresponding G agent. By V agents I mean agents that have an -S-R structure and lack fluorine, by G agents I mean agents that have fluorine attacked to the central phosphorus. This is a simplification but it helps in understanding. The presence of an -O/S-R-N(R)2 group give high toxicity, and quaternizing it to -O/S-R-N+(R)3 gives another large increase in toxicity. -S-R-S+(R)2 groups also give high toxicity, though not as high as the nitrogen group. The alkyl group on the V agent will also increase toxicity. VR has a higher toxicity than VX, and simply replaces the ethyl group with an isopropyl group. Replacing it with even more active groups, such as cyclohexanol or pinacolyl, would most likely give even more toxic versions of the original V agent. Replacing the sulfur in a V agent with selenium MAY give an increase in toxicity, I say this because VE with a selenium atom is more toxic than VX, and I would expect the normal VE is to be about roughly equal in toxicity. The length of the chain leading to the -N(R)2 group also determines toxicity. With an ethyl group, toxicity is of course high, but replacing it with a propyl group gives a LARGE increase in toxicity (undoutably because of the structural similarity to choline). The most toxic agent listed on that chart would be considered a G agent, and has a LD lower than dioxin (which is nearly as toxic as iv VX by oral exposure, and is no doubt even more toxic by the iv route in which it is compared on the chart), which is simply amazing. So, from the above patterns I've noticed after looking at lots of toxicity information (that handy chart by nbk coupled with all sorts of bits and pieces I've found over the years), I have several ideas. First, we change over to a V agent. Toxicity should go up by maybe 5 times. Second, we use a cyclohexanol group for our alkyl group, since cyclosarin is already 40% as toxic as VX. If using selenium is indeed more toxic than sulfur, use that as well. We should end up with an agent a good 25 to 100 times more toxic than VX (not accurate since I really am just making educated guesses here, but you get the genera idea). If I had the equipment and capability, I'd whip some up as well as some VX and test them on mice ($1 each at the store for snake food) but unfortunately I am limited to reading and making educated guesses. Maybe there should be a thread on

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making a glove box suitable for making and working with nerve agents? Then maybe we could get something practical done. Such an agent would not be illegal in Canada under the CW act, and might not be in other countries as well. Thought you guys might be interested in having something new to read (and some forum activity). vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Triflourine anyone? Mr.ANFO

D e c e m ber 27th, 2004, 01:40 AM

I recently cam e across a potent flourinated organic compund by the name of triflourine fugicide for trees. I think this stuff is a weapon all by itself. :confused: I really think chemica l weapons are terrible so i don't seee a hum an use for them , other than NO2...

megalomania

D e c e m ber 27th, 2004, 05:42 PM

C h e m icals th at have agriculture uses are exem pt from the chem ical weapons convention no m atter how toxic they a re.

simply RED

D e c e m ber 27th, 2004, 05:45 PM

Slap this newbie :) .

Mr.ANFO

D e c e m ber 31st, 2004 , 03:13 AM

The material in question is called Triforine and is N,N'-[1,4-Piperazinediyl-bis(2,2,2-trichloroethyl-idene)]-bis-[form a m i d e ] Anyone know if in the ory it could be made into som ething more deadly? ? this stuff as i said is very dangerous.

c0deblue

D e c e m ber 31st, 2004 , 02:21 PM

Don't know e nough about organic chemistry to assess the potential for "supercharging" this substa nce, but Triforine (also k n o w n a s F u n g i n e x ) h a s b e e n in use a long tim e with few if any mishaps. One ob viously shouldn't eat the stuff, but it seems pretty benign com pared with many of its agrichem ical cousins. Here's a com prehe nsive evaluation of its toxicity: http://www.fao.org/docrep/W8141E/w8141e18.htm Not saying a new and truly deadly substance co uldn't be form e d b y m odifying Triforine's basic structure, but at an LD50 of >5000 mg/kg (oral) for the product itself it would take one hell of an "accident" to even get sick. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : DIY Chemical Treatment MrSamosa

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D e c e m ber 28th, 2004, 05:30 PM

W hen Aum Shinrikyo bungled their Sarin attack at Matsum oto, a t least one of their operatives was exposed to liquid Sarin. He did not die, however; instead, he simp ly took a few pills to treat his poisoning. According to other reports, all the op eratives took the pills ahead of tim e in the eve nt there was an accident. This got m e thinking: we, here at E&W, have devoted a lot of our time to finding new and im pressive poisons, or at least m a k i n g t h e m over the counter and readily available. Bu t what have we done to m ake the treatm ents over the counter? Well, we don't have to go too far with it, because with a bit of searchin g, you'd be surprised with what you can do with O T C Pharmaceuticals. From what I understand, the fear of poisoning is what keeps m any of us away from doing actual e x p e r i m enting in "Battlefield Chem istry." So let m e t a k e o n e o f t h e f i r s t s t e p s , a n d f i n d a p o s s i b l e O T C treatm ent for Nerve Agent poisoning. Antihistam ines. Surely you've heard of kiddies taking 24 Benadryls for the supposed "trip," usually ending up with an 8 hour nightm are or a trip to the hospital. As it turns out, OTC antihistam ines such as Diphenhydramine, Dimenhydrinate, etc. have anti-cho linergic effects in high e r d o s e s . A few days ago, since I get allergies this time of year, I was taking a Benadryl out of its wrapping, but it broke. As you know, y o u s h o u l d n ever eat broken tablets...but I did anyway, since I didn't want to waste it. When the powder touched m y throat, it instantly m ade it difficult to swallow--like something was clogging my throat. Of interest, Diphenhydram ine is soluble in water when the pH < 7 . So, for the OT C e x p e r i m enter, m aybe several Benadryl tablets could be ground up, dissolved into Lemon Juice, and drank to counteract Cholinesterase inhibition? This would dramatically decrease its time to act, and m ight be useful... And as we know, trem ors and twitching can be m itigated with Benzodiazepines, particularly Valium . Not really OTC, but not too hard to get either... T h e o t h e r d a y, while browsing the Pharmacy, in the Cold/Fever section I came across a bottle of something-or-other for people with Asthm a. It was an inhaler containing a mixture of Ephedrine (I think 20 mg?) with Guaifenesin (600 mg). As yo u know, this dilates your respiratory system to facilitate breathin g; it's a stim ulant. This could be u seful in treating "Chemical P n e u m o n i a , " a s c a u s e d b y P h o s g e n e , C h l o r i n e , N O 2, etc. Any more ideas?

nbk2000

D e c e m ber 28th, 2004, 11:34 PM

" P r i m a t e n e M i s t " i s a n O T C a s t h e m a inhaler sp ray that is com posed of epinephrine (Adrenaline). I know that epinephrine is used to treat people in anaphylactic shock, after envenom ation by insects or toxic sea critters. Might be useful. Also, valium is a chemically altered derivative of valerian root, which is an OTC herbal supplement (which I use). Perhaps it'd be possible to synth valium using the extract, or just use m ajor am ounts of the e xtract as-is, for the anti-seizure? I have clippings that state tha t cannibinols are more effective at seizure control after OPA intoxication than any of the d i a z e p a m se ries, but it's not in the m ilitary treatments because of the political connection with m arijuana. :rolleyes: I think MJ is probably far m o r e O T C than anything. :p

MrSamosa I can see it now: sold iers smo king p r o f e s s i o n a l i s m to it, though. THC how to do it. This extract could be cannibinols; by the plural, are you

D e c e m ber 28th, 2004, 11:55 PM join t s u n d e r t h e e x c u s e o f " C h e m ical Defense." Surely we can add just a bit of extraction m ethods are easy to find online and just about every high school pothead knows put in a gel-capsule and included in a chem ical kit. Personally, I'm not fam iliar with saying that there are several, possibly m ore potent variants of THC?

Alternately, Deadly Nightshade grows in some areas and actually contains Atropine. Perhaps nerve agent operators could carry a few "magic m u s h r o o m s" just in case--no extraction even needed. Of course, Atropine tablets would be ideal, and hom e m a d e injectors even better. But it se ems a lot easier to swallow a tablet than to inject a vein when your hands are s h a k i n g .

c0deblue

D e c e m ber 29th, 2004, 04:17 PM

The problem with most antidotes is that taking them doesn't sim ply cancel out the effect of the po isoning. Many so-called a n t i d o t e s a r e s t o p g a p m e a s u r e s i n t e n d e d s i m ply to sustain life until the poisonin g victim can be rem oved to facilities equipped to deal with the crisis. Many antidotes are them selves toxic, requiring their own counterme asures a s well as careful m onitoring t o g u a r d a g a inst sudden and catastrophic failures unrelated to the original poisoning. A case in point is cyanide poisoning. Initial inte rvention may involve am yl nitrate and/or oxygen just to keep the pa tient alive, but in all but the m ildest cases this is likely to be followed at the hospital by intubation, IVs of sod ium t h i o s u l p h a t e , s o d i u m nitrite, or a smorgasbord of other drug s based on EKG and bloodwork. These trea tm ents are pretty dangerous in them selves, and can cause a host of other serious effects including organ failure. It's standard practice NO T to adm inister these sorts of treatments u nless tests show they can't be avoided, and then only under careful observation as part of a com prehensive t r e a t m e n t p a c k a g e t h a t i n b a d c a s e s m a y i n c l u d e h e m odialysis and life support. A n o t h e r e x a m ple is e xposure to nerve agents. The atro p i n e a n d p r a l i d o x i m e syrettes issued to troops are a stopga p lifesaver that allows tim e for (im m ediate) evacuation and treatment - but that's about all. The first rule in these cases is to disarm and restrain the patient so he's not a dang er to him self or his com ra des - he's still a very sick puppy and m ay be uncon scious, delirious, or in convulsions. Recovery following intensive treatme nt can take m any weeks. The point of all this is to emphasize, as in all dangerous pursuits, that a little knowledge is a dangerous thing, and that "antidotes" are not m agic bullets - even in professional hands there are still no end of pitfalls. Com piling k nowledge is fine, but there's a danger that assembling an array of antido tes - OTC or otherwise - could provide m any experim enters with a false sense of security; I'd have to know a heck of a lot more about medicine than I do before entrusting m y life to self-treatm ent with DIY alternatives. Even if one had the requisite knowledge, drugs and equipm ent, the chances of being able to use it effectively are pretty slim if one is unconscious or convu lsing uncontrollably - one might be perfectly competent to perform an a p p e n d e c t o m y , b u t t h a t d o e s n ' t m e a n o n e s h o uld attempt to perform his own.

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T h e b e s t o n e c a n d o i s t o k n o w beforehand the specific poisonin g risks o f the substances being worked with, take ALL appropriate precautions - no shortcuts - and have a strategy for dealing with worst case scenarios. At a m inimum this should include **em e r g e n c y * * c o u n t e r m e a s u r e s f o r t h e s u b s t a n c e i n q u e s t i o n , a n d a p h o n e t o d ial 911. (In this circum stance, a plau sible excuse for all the nasty substances in your lab - and a good lawyer - probably wouldn't hurt either.)

nbk2000

D e c e m ber 30th, 2004, 06:35 PM

Prevention beats cure, every time. :)

MrSamosa

D e c e m ber 30th, 2004, 07:14 PM

Prevention beats cure, every time. A h h , n o d o u b t . W h a t I a m a i m ing at here is a sort of "Plan B." The less trips to the hospital the amateur has to ma ke, the better; and if it's possible to bypass hospital visits for m ild exposure with the help of im provised treatm ents, wonde rful. If y o u ' v e b e e n k n o c k e d u n c o n s c i o u s i n a c o n t a m inated environment though, I doubt Benadryl or Cannabis will save you. W hat I am looking fo r are quick "band -aid" fixes. W hat I hear time and tim e again is that the best right-away treatm ent for chemical exposure is Oxygen, and in its absence, fresh air. If stimulants can keep you from visitin g t h e h o s p i t a l ( a n d g o i n g through the legal trouble) after a mish ap with, say, Chloropicrin, that is what I'm aiming for. But if I m a y d i g r e s s a b i t o n t h e n o t e o f O x i m e treatme nt for Ne rve Agents. Apparently, Oximes can react with Nerve Agent m olecules to form a "super-agent" which is much more potent and resistant to treatm ent....this ap pears to be the basic principle upon which Novichok agents work, wha t with their Dihaloformaldoxim e g r o u p .

Chris The Great

D e c e m ber 31st, 2004 , 12:12 AM

I c a n s e e m yself thrashing and convulsing on my lawn, tearing at a gasm ask while scream i n g " t h e m a s k ! i t d o e s n o t h i n g ! " while in the background I'm distilling n erve agents. Not a pretty picture :p I suppose one possibility is ordering those "terrorist attack" fully sealed suits som e com panies sell to the public. I've seen s o m e for a few hundred $ that are rated for several hundred hour exposures in com pletely contaim inated enviroments full of nerve gas. Bulky, but I'd rather be in that and have to hose m yself off afterwards than risk getting exposed to whatever chemical is b eing made. I'd certainly trust it m o r e t h a n a h o m emade atropine injector.

zeocrash

D e c e m ber 31st, 2004 , 10:25 AM

Not really OT C, but le gal all the sam e, various "legal highs" are Anticholinergenic, in particular is datura and of course belladonna. I did not know that cannabis was effective for controlling O PA seizures. Ah well i know where i'll be when we all get gassed :)

Skean Dhu

D e c e m ber 31st, 2004 , 04:21 PM

If your really going to get hardcore in your nerve agent synthesises (synthesii?), wouldn't it be prudent to invest in a glove box?

Chris The Great

January 1st, 2005, 04:21 PM

VX would only need a hood, from what I've read, which I'm a s s u m ing would apply to all V agents as they all have sim ilar properties (in this case extrem ely slow evapora tion rate). G agents would definatly require alot m ore care, a glove box (a very large glove box, with all the e quipm ent already inside, etc) would definatly be an investm e n t . Y o u c o u l d p r o b a b l y m a k e it easily as well, after all a glass box isn't that hard to seal, a n d h o o k u p a p u m p t o d r o p t h e p r e s s u r e i n s i d e t o k e e p i t f r o m leaking at all du ring use (of course, the pum p wou l d b e turned off during use!).

megalomania

January 1st, 2005, 09:22 PM

A hood for VX he says :D Oh m y you m a k e m e l a u g h . T h a t ' s l i k e s a y i n g y o u o n l y n e e d v i t a m i n s t o k e e p y o u f r o m g e t t i n g A I D S when you have sex... W ould you trust your life to an errant wind gust that may reverse your air flow? Have you considere d that VX is not just an inha llation hazard? Its volitility may be low, but its lethality is m uch higher than G agents. Nothing less than a glove b o x s h o u l d b e u s e d f o r a l l c h e m ical weapons.

MrSamosa

January 2nd, 2005, 12:35 AM

If th e agent is not a threat by m eans other tha n inhalation, I've found from personal experience that if you're good at holding your breath, that's alm ost all you need :)

Chris The Great

January 2nd, 2005, 03:49 AM

Gad to be of comical value :p I'm only repeating the safety info I've found on laboratory handling of the stuff. Fum e hood, butyl rubber gloves and a face shield is all I've seen recom m ended in MSDS info. But your are correct in that a glove box would o ffer a go od protection against m urphy's law, and that it would definately be a g o o d i n v e s t m ent if you ever a ctually m a d e V X a n d a n e s s e n t i a l i n v e s t m ent for G agents.

Of course, none of us would ever have to apply this in real life ;)

nbk2000

January 7th, 2005, 05:10 PM

Here's the (short) blu rb about the cannibindiol being a useful treatm ent. This one doesn't specifically say so, but since anoxia is one of the more serious effects of OPA and cyanide poisoning, this

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would be useful for preventing perman ent brain dam a g e . T h e r e a r e o t h e r a r t i c l e s m e n t i o n e d i n H i g h T i m e s a b o u t t h e u s e f u l n e s s o f cannibinols for CW treatm ent.

nbk2000

January 10th , 2 0 0 5 , 0 5 : 2 4 P M

This is a picture of the minim u m protection you should use when working with any highly toxic chemical. A su pplied air hood, with full body saranex coated tyvek suit, with the work in a fume hood.

Child-of-Bodom

January 11th , 2005, 03:47 AM

Quote @ NBK:Also, valium is a chem ically altered deriva tive of valerian root, which is an OTC herbal supplem ent (which I use). Perhaps it'd be possible to synth valium using the extract, or just use m ajor amounts of the extract as-is, for the anti-seizure? This is an urban myth, and incorrect. Valium and Valerian does have nothing to do which each other, only their names are a bit t h e s a m e. Valium i s a s y n t h e s e d d i a z e p a m , while valerian root extract contains a lo t of diffe rend sedative and tranquilising com p o u n d , where the valepotriates and valerenic acid are the m ost effective com p o u n d s . S e e H E R E (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Vale rian_(plant)) Vale renic acid inhibits the breadown of GABA in the brain, and is therefore associated with seditatio n a n d a n d d e c r e a s e o f central nerve s system activity. Valium is only availeble on prescription, is addictive, and you have to take m ore and more, while valerian is relative safe. T h e s e c o m p o u n d s a r e e a s i l y o b t a i n e d a t h o m e by a sim ple soxhlet destillation, use ethanol to get the com p o u n d s . V a l e r i a n will grow very well in your garden, as in your room. Although it is IMHO not worth it to do som e t h i n g l i k e t h i s a t h o m e , a s capsules, tablets, tinctures, dried roots etc etc, are bought OTC for next to nothin g. I reccom end agianst th e m a k i n g o f t e a from valerian, as the smell is horrible, I don't like it... It is not very toxic, th ere is a report of someone who ate the equivalent of 25 gra ms of roots, and only suffered from a h e a d a c h e a n d s o m e sleepness... He was up and running, suffering no effect 24h later. (But - still be carefull please ) If m ore info is appreciated, let me know, I'm currently working o n it... vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Perfect Poisons MickeyFinn

January 1st, 2005, 09:12 PM

There has been a lot of talk about untraceable poisons and the like ont his forum. From ricin to saxitoxin and botulism to tetanus. Sure, an untraceable poison would be the trump card in all assassination games. But what about accidental poisonings written off by the ME as accident? After all, unless you have access to CIA arsenals, such things as saxitoxin can not be readily obtainable as it takes tons of ocean shellfish to make a single gram. Of course if you had a well developed lab and a lot of time on your hands you could always synthesize it. So here's a list I made of "accidental" poisonings. PLease feel free to add pros and cons to these methods: 1---Methyl Alcohol: A little methyl alcohol goes a long way in taking someone out. Pros: Alcoholics won't notice it slipped in moonshine. Police and MEs will attribute it to a bad bootlegging operation. Cons: More than one person usually gets poisoned from bad bootlegging ops, unless the person made it and tried ithimself. It's kinda hard to set up a still in someone's backyard without them knowing. 2--- Botulism: With over 300,000 hospitalized instances of food poisoning a year, it's an ideal accident. Pros: Since such a little amount can kill, it's easy to slip into anyone's food. By the time they get sick enough to go to the hospital, it may be too late. Cons: How can you make it? Several recipes including the "spoiled food" recipe in the terrorist manual exist on the web. 3---- Abrin: protein poison requiring less dosage than ricin to kill. Pros: Easily found and harvested. So small to be virtually untraceable itself in autopsy. It is a protein poison, and not an alkaloid. Cons: The symptoms left behind may point to the abrin even if the abrin can not e found (such is the case as ricin). Finding a way to introduce it as an "accidental" poison. Not everyone is going to be making prayer beads and accidentally stick themselves with a needle containing the abrin from stringing prayer beads together. 4--- Tetrodotoxin: Puffer fish delicacy. Pros: It's natural, and with a little luck can be caught by average fishermen. Or it can be bought from chemical companies, or one can purchase the whole fish. Cons: It can be traced in an autposy. However if the stomach contents show pufferfish, it will be attributed to an amateur trying to cook and eat the fish improperly. 5--- Poison dart frogs: The golden poison dart frog will actually kill, not make you sick. Pros: They can be purchased online. They can be found in the jungles of south america. Cons: It must be introduced into the bloodstream by someone either handling one and the poison being absorbed in the cut from the frogs skin. You most likely will have to take osmeone on aj ungle trip to make it look really natural and accidental. 6--- Jungle Ants: these things are almost an inch long each. 1 bite will make a man cry, 2 will send him to the hospital, 5 will kill him. Pros: It's a natural critter. The toxin works fast, and they can be aggresive. Cons: It lives in the jungle so you have to take someone on a jungle trip. Most likely the ants must be introduced to someone sleeping who isnt suspecting them. (Coating them in honey perhaps?) 7--- The Deathcap mushroom: a classic "accident" Pros: Easily obtainable. Will be written off most likely as an accidental death. Very time delayed. Initial symptoms last for 36 hours or so then go away, but death occurs within 1-12 days from liver and kidney failure. Many deaths are attributed each year because of amateur mushroom hunters mistakingly pic and eat it. Drug users may eat it if chopped up or they have never had "shrooms" before. Cons: Someone has to really like mushrooms, or trust you enough to eat them when served. Recovery is possible if medical treatment is given early.

That's the list I've come up with so far. I'd be interested in hearing from others who give more examples, or add to the pros and cons of this list, or simply wanting to add their own methods of delivery, etc. Mickey Finn

simply RED

January 3rd, 2005, 06:35 AM

If GABA receptor blocker is used or ATP-ase inhibitor it will be abosutely impossible to determine the cause of death... The structure of the receptors is unknown and ATP ase inhibition is just fun. The enzyme is huge and has many active centers and.......... Very possibly adenosine phosphate - acetate will inhibit the ATP- ase when it forms amide bonds with active NH centers. CO-NH is strong bond , OP-N never forms.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter adenosine-O-POOH-O-COOCH3 ? or adenosine-O-POOH-CH2-COOCH3 if the first is unstable. Never tried it anyway... too dangerous it seems to be...

xyz

January 4th, 2005, 01:48 AM

Sure, poison dart frogs can be purchased online, but it won't do you any good (or anyone else any harm ;) ) Their toxicity comes from the diet of insects that they eat in the jungle, once they're removed from the jungle they slowly become harmless over a period of a few months. I also can't help but have doubts about your "jungle ants", as we have ants that size here in Australia and their stings are less painful than bee stings. Giving a species name would help... Back to the subject though, does anyone know if nitrous oxide exposure is detectable in a post mortem examination (in the amounts required to cause unconsciousness)? I would assume that it probably can be detected. If not however, it can't be too hard to gas someone to unconsciousness with N2O and then to death with CO2 (undetectable). Or if they're a deep sleeper maybe you could connect a medical oxygen mask to a regulated CO2 tank and put in on them as they sleep.

Silentnite

January 4th, 2005, 03:21 AM

Or if they are a party student you could mask it as an accidental overdose. I remember trying Ballooning a while ago. Dumb yes, but interesting. Only reason to try it is a decent Darth Vader impression. Anyways. A quick excerpt:

Risky Business Contrary to common drug lore, nitrous oxide is highly addictive and at times lethal. Because of N20's oxygen depleting properties, death often occurs when abusers inhale pure N20 in tight spaces, such as cars, closets and other confined, poorly ventilated areas. Users seeking a more potent high place a plastic bag over their heads, then burst a cracker inside. "It's the kids who are uneducated about nitrous oxide who end up doing it alone and in small spaces," Karim says. "The problem for them is as much their delivery system as the drug itself. If they're lucky, hopefully someone will notice that they've passed out. If not, they may actually die from asphyxiation." Such was the case with Richard Guy, a third-year Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) student who died while inhaling nitrous oxide stolen from a campus lab. The physics major was found dead in his dorm room August 31, 1999, with a garbage bag over his head. Short-Term Damage Common short-term risks of nitrous oxide use include frostbite on the lips, nose and esophagus due to the rush of highpowered pressurized gas. Additional short-term side effects are: a migraine-like headache that lingers for several hours drowsiness nausea Not to mention: Hypothermia -- occurs due to the sudden decrease in temperature associated with the release of nitrous oxide. The body's oxygen content depletes, and hypothermia ensues. Hypoxia -- in other words, starving the body's red blood cells of oxygen. Hypoxia causes the user to feel a sense of euphoria, become incoherent and eventually pass out. Ingesting N20 that hasn't been mixed with oxygen can lead to hypoxia. (You'll never ingest straight nitrous oxygen in the dentist's chair. Medical professionals are very careful to mix it with oxygen to avoid fainting.) Long-Term Damage Research on addicted dentists has shown that frequent, large doses of nitrous oxide can result in brain damage and paralysis. Other types of permanent damage associated with long-term nitrous oxide use include: loss of motor control inability to walk numbness in the limbs, particularly the legs and feet vitamin B12 depletion folic Acid interference, something very dangerous for pregnant women possible immune and reproductive system disturbance accidental asphyxiation (suffocation) http://drdrew.com/Topics/article.asp?id=1214

MickeyFinn

January 4th, 2005, 08:12 AM

Sure, poison dart frogs can be purchased online, but it won't do you any good (or anyone else any harm ;) ) Their toxicity comes from the diet of insects that they eat in the jungle, once they're removed from the jungle they slowly become harmless over a period of a few months. I also can't help but have doubts about your "jungle ants", as we have ants that size here in Australia and their stings are less painful than bee stings. Giving a species name would help...

I did not know about the frogs losing toxicity. Interesting though. As for the ants true names Im not quite sure. They were pointed out to my by a jungle guide on a tour I took while in costa rica. I'm not sure of what sort of ants you have in australia, but these little buggers seemed to the guide afraid, and a few of the locals who spotted some back at the hotel, so I guess their claims were pretty much right. I'll try to find them online.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter SO Carbon Dioxide is untraceable? I suppose if you get someone to pass out from drinking alcohol you could place a co2 mask on them and let them dream away to the next life.

Myrol

January 4th, 2005, 12:10 PM

Well, a very hard detectable poison could be heavy water! Its not well known why heavy water kills people but it works if you have around a Liter handy :D Take the victims water can whilst he makes sport and refill the can completely with heavy water. After beeing dehydrated he will die mostly within 2h due to an heart-attack. The mainproblem for the ?pathologes? (vocabulary!) is the all-present but not detectable heavy water. Perhaps they will search for potassium chloride due to the heart-attack but theres no real chemical method to detect heavy water against ordinary water! Only if they do some physical tests with some body-liquids they could probably find a little diffierence in boiling point etc. If someone is poisoned with white phosphorous they boil the victims stomach-content to look for luminescating particels. Quite disgusting job if you're asking me!

SweNMFan

January 4th, 2005, 02:14 PM

About the heavy water wikipedia it Health threat Heavy water is not considered toxic, but some metabolic reactions require light water, so consumption of exclusively heavy water can cause illness. This can be thought of as similar to inhalation of pure nitrogen, the primary component of air -- it is not the nitrogen that is dangerous, but rather the lack of oxygen. Poisoning is unlikely except in unusual industrial and scientific situations. Experiments with mice have shown that the main effect of heavy water's slightly different reaction rate is to inhibit mitosis, causing progressive damage of tissues that need rapid regeneration. After several days of ingesting only heavy water, the body fluids contain about 50% heavy water. At this point symptoms begin to appear, owing to the decrease in cell division rates of rapidly dividing tissues, such as hair roots and stomach linings. Aggressive cancers might also go into remission, but the effect is not believed to be pronounced enough to make this a useful therapy.

akinrog

January 4th, 2005, 03:47 PM

Well, a very hard detectable poison could be heavy water!

Obtaining it may be problematic. In addition, this substance (D2O) must be kept sealed since it absorbs normal H isotopes from air moisture and gets diluted over the time. Chloroform comes to my mind. If administered to a sleeping victim by placing a towel saoked with chloroform on his/her mout/nose, s/he shall pass out. However it is detected by the forensic scientiests if suspected, I believe.

Chris The Great

January 4th, 2005, 07:38 PM

Water containing tritium will be a lethal poison due to the extreme radioactivity, as well as that it won't be able to be distinguished from normal water in a normal investigation (although the body may glow slightly if enough is ingested). You could also spray it as it will absorbed through the skin and lungs, like normal water. The problem is that tritium is more expensive than plutonium IIRC, at least per gram.

meselfs

January 4th, 2005, 07:49 PM

Nice discussion, but the perfect poison for me is still good old tetramethylene disulfotetramine. It can be prepared from home with very inconpicious chemicals and simple equipment, and it's LD50 for rats is 0.2 mg/kg. Only trouble is it acts in maybe 2 hours causing obvios convultions, and has an antidote.

tom haggen

January 4th, 2005, 10:30 PM

Just out of curiosity what is the atomic number of tritium?

akinrog

January 5th, 2005, 03:42 AM

Just out of curiosity what is the atomic number of tritium? Tom, since it's an isotope. Do you expect atomic number be different from ordinary hydrogen? Atomic weight is, of course, different. But atomic number is all the same. HTH

The_Duke

January 5th, 2005, 08:59 AM

This is a very interesting thread indeed with very smart people posting very smart posts but it would seem as if everyone is overlooking the fact that each poison is different and acts different making them (most of them) unique. Poisons can kill, scar, mutilate, deform, cause blistering burning, and they can also be delivered by different means in different forms, meaning that while one poison is perfect for one target and one set of circumstances, it may be the last choice for another assignment or purpose.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter So we ask ourselves questions like what is the perfect poison for a delayed poisoning? or a fast acting poison? what is the perfect deadliest poison? and the most untraceable? What is the best way to deliver these perfect poisons and so on. So while its g reat that everyone can tell us there what there favorite pois on is, it is better to elaborate and exp lain why and what it is that makes that poison perfect for that purpose. I really like the jungle ants idea. :D Here is my two pennies worth, does anyone have change for a dime?

SweNMFan

January 5th, 2005, 01:41 PM

Nice discussion, but the perfect poison for me is still good old tetramethylene disulfotetramine. It can be prepared from home with very inconpicious chemicals and simple equipment, and it's LD50 for rats is 0.2 mg/kg. Only trouble is it acts in maybe 2 hours causing obvios convultions, and has an antidote. The problem with TETS is that it isn't THAT easy to make. Unless you are in China nobody would suspect TETS in the first place .. and about the antidote There is no specific antidote but the use of vitamin B6 together with dimercaptopropane sulfonate (DMPS) has been successful in treating rodents poisoned with tetramine (Guan et al 1993; Zhang et al 2001). However, the clinical efficacy in human patients is not conclusive.

meselfs

January 5th, 2005, 02:16 PM

Ah ok. I remember reading about some sort of treatment, confusing it with a specific antidote. The procedure for making it is kinda long, that's what makes it hard. Otherwise, we're talking chemicals and equipment that most people here have...

simply RED

January 5th, 2005, 08:18 PM

Simplify it for me. How to make sulfamide at home, or some another chemical is used?

SweNMFan

January 6th, 2005, 07:31 AM

Go and read the Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine http://www.roguesci.org/theforum/showthread.php?t=4054 thread T-2 mycotoxin seems to be pretty "simple" to make but with a LD50 of 2-4mg/kg not as potent as TETS..

meselfs

January 11th, 2005, 06:45 PM

Simplify it for me. How to make sulfamide at home, or some another chemical is used? SO2 + Cl2 ---Activated carbon---> SO2Cl2 SO2Cl2 + 2NH3 ------> SO2(NH2)2 + 2HCl SO2(NH2)2 + 4H2CO ---60% H2SO4---> TETS

I haven't really tried this. I'm doubtful about the second step: Won't HCl formed react with yet unreacted NH3? Also, note that the NH3 must be anhydrous, else you'll get sulfuric acid.

SweNMFan

January 12th, 2005, 04:16 PM

The second step is SO2Cl2 + 4 NH3 = 2NH4Cl + SO2(NH2)2 135.0 68.1 107.0 96.1 Ive cleaned up the synth from a messy PDF Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry vol 1 and it is in the TETS thread

john_smith

January 13th, 2005, 04:00 AM

Well what about phosphine? Is it actually undetectable (at least that's what "Silent Death" says) ? As for delayed "poisonong", carcinogenics would probably work best.

meselfs

January 13th, 2005, 09:16 PM

Well what about phosphine? Is it actually undetectable (at least that's what "Silent Death" says) ? As for delayed "poisonong", carcinogenics would probably work best. Concerning gasses, my favorite is Flourine Monoxide (or was it another oxide? I remeber there was a stable oxide of flourine that was very toxic. See Merck).

FUTI phosphine smells like garlic so I guess it does have odour... as for F2O...you couldn't pick some more reactive oxidant couldn't you? Stable is relative term.

January 14th, 2005, 05:02 PM

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January 19th, 2005, 06:41 AM

I was just reading the news and found out about Acontine a toxic substance extracted from the roots of an asian plant called Aconite may have been used by the Israeli's to poison Arafat says british intelligence. It says it can not be detected in the body 12 hours after ingestion. I found a place where you can buy the root concentrate online from a chinese herb shop. I read it takes 2 to 4 grams of root for a lethal dose, so less of the concentrate. It is supposed to dissolve rapidly in liquids. Also you can google for aconite seeds and find some. Here is where to buy 100 grams for $16.99 of the root concentrate.http://www.1stchineseherbs.com/search.pl?q=aconite

nbk2000

January 21st, 2005, 02:53 AM

A sensible thing to do, IMHO, would be to mix a sedative in with any poison that'd cause symptoms that'd have the victim running to the hospital soon enough for any type of effective treatment to be applied. For instance, with strychnine or TETS, tremors and other symptoms would have them going hours before death would ensue. So, by mixing in something like GHB to knock them out, they'd die without having the opportunity to get help (assuming they're alone) or being able to tell anyone just exactly what happened to them recently (such as seeing you. ;))

MickeyFinn

January 22nd, 2005, 02:16 AM

There are numerous ways to kill with posions, yes. But my original hopes were to discuss perfect poisons that can be applied either untraceably or with less than suspect means when they fulfill their purpose. I did some research on the actonine mentioned in a previous post, and it sounds decent as an untraceable poison I never heard of. Carcinogen causing poisons are nice too, but take a long time and are not guaranteed to kill as cancer is treated successfully everyday. Anyone else have any delivery methods of poisons to share?

McVeigh

January 27th, 2005, 06:56 AM

does someone know any good book about poisons - makinng and using them????

nbk2000

January 28th, 2005, 12:14 AM

If you mean a book specifically on the subject of poisoning for the purpose of murder, then I'll tell you that I've never seen one worth the paper it was printed on, everything by Paladin (PUNK) Press specifically included in this designation. Now, if you mean books on the synthesis of chemicals that happen to be extremely toxic to sentient mammals ;), then there are several books that are of great utility. Specifically those by B.C. Saunders and Mario Sartori (both on the FTP). Also, search for a link here on RS.org to the 'Digital Library of India' and, from there, find a book on poisons from the 19th century that's VERY detailed on the subject. :) As for perfect poisons, think like an immortal...time...and lots of it. If you're after a specific target, poisons are still detectable even if they leave no metabolic traces, simply by motive. Now, if you think like an immortal and use time to your advantage, then the target GROUP is easily eliminated, where your individual target motive signal gets lost in the group motive noise. ;) If you're not being picky, say (for instance) you wanted to eliminate an entire generation of future untermensch's, then you can choose things that take years to take effect (carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, etc) and slllooooooowwwly expose the target to them. Never enough at one time to cause immediate effects that'd get noticed, but the effects would be noticed by the dramatically decreased live-birth rate and increased birt-defect rate of those that are born in that region. Water is the stuff of life, correct? All water in the city goes through pipes and comes in contact with gasket seals, correct? Well, as an immortal (and all immortals are rich :p), you would buy a pipe or gasket manufacturing concern, add the 11 secret herbs and carcinogens to the materials, and then underbid everyone else (since you're not concerned about a profit) for the contract to install these materials in ghetto housing projects. Thousands of less roaches every year equals 10's of millions less every century. :D

Silentnite

January 28th, 2005, 12:21 AM

Depending on which poison you use, if its a powder, could you sprinkle it on their car door? Or if you know where they live, sprinkle some on their garbage can. If it won't stick could you maybe use vasoline? Another idea, mix some DMSO, Poison, and a sedative, and put it in a stamp inkpad that's been properly drained. Go to a club or something, and switch the one they use to show your age. Either one probably wouldn't work, but I really like the idea of using DMSO, and a sedative(good one NBK!). Any word on how to dissolve the Actonite? So far, this is what I have on it, sorry if its too long:

---Synonyms---Monkshood. Blue Rocket. Friar's Cap. Auld Wife's Huid. ---Part Used---The whole plant. ---Habitat---Lower mountain slopes of North portion of Eastern Hemisphere. From Himalayas through Europe to Great Britain. Aconite is now found wild in a few parts of England, mainly in the western counties and also in South Wales, but can hardly be considered truly indigenous. It was very early introduced into England, being mentioned in all the English vocabularies of plants from the tenth century downwards, and in Early English medical recipes.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter ---Description---The plant is a hardy perennial, with a fleshy, spindle-shaped root, palecoloured when young, but subsequently acquiring a dark brown skin. The stem is about 3 feet high, with dark green, glossy leaves, deeply divided in palmate manner and flowers in erect clusters of a dark blue colour. The shape of the flower is specially designed to attract and utilize bee visitors, especially the humble bee. The sepals are purple - purple being specially attractive to bees - and are fancifully shaped, one of them being in the form of a hood. The petals are only represented by the two very curious nectaries within the hood, somewhat in the form of a hammer; the stamens are numerous and lie depressed in a bunch at the mouth of the flower. They are pendulous at first, but rise in succession and place their anthers forward in such a way that a bee visiting the flower for nectar is dusted with the pollen, which he then carries to the next flower he visits and thereby fertilizes the undeveloped fruits, which are in a tuft in the centre of the stamens, each carpel containing a single seed. In the Anglo-Saxon vocabularies it is called thung, which seems to have been a general name for any very poisonous plant. It was then called Aconite (the English form of its Greek and Latin name), later Wolf's Bane, the direct translation of the Greek Iycotonum, derived from the idea that arrows tipped with the juice, or baits anointed with it, would kill wolves - the species mentioned by Dioscorides seems to have been Aconitum lycotonum. In the Middle Ages it became Monkshood and Helmetflower, from the curious shape of the upper sepal overtopping the rest of the flower. This was the ordinary name in Shakespeare's days. The generic name is said to have been derived from , a dart, because it was used by barbarous races to poison their arrows, or from akone, cliffy or rocky, because the species grow in rocky glens. Theophrastus, like Pliny, derived the name from Aconae, the supposed place of its origin. The specific name, Napellus, signifies a little turnip, in allusion to the shape of the roots. ---Cultivation---The chief collecting centres for foreign Aconite root have been the Swiss Alps, Salzburg, North Tyrol and Vorarlberg. Much was also formerly collected in Germany. Supplies from Spain and Japan are imported, so that the demand for English Aconite is somewhat restricted. The official Aconite is directed by the British Pharmacopceia to be derived only from plants cultivated in England, and a certain amount of home-grown Aconite has been regularly produced by the principal drugfarms, though good crops are grown with some difficulty in England, and cultivation of Aconite has not paid very well in recent years. Aconite prefers a soil slightly retentive of moisture, such as a moist loam, and flourishes best in shade. It would probably grow luxuriantly in a moist, open wood, and would yield returns with little further trouble than weeding, digging up and drying. In preparing beds for growing Aconite, the soil should be well dug and pulverized by early winter frosts - the digging in of rotten leaves or stable manure is advantageous. It can be raised from seed, sown 1/2 inch deep in a cold frame in March, or in a warm position outside in April, but great care must be exercised that the right kind is obtained, as there are many varieties of Aconite- about twenty-four have been distinguished - and they have not all the same active medicinal properties. It takes two or three years to flower from seed. Propagation is usually by division of roots in the autumn. The underground portion of the plants are dug up after the stem has died down, and the smaller of the 'daughter' roots that have developed at the side of the old roots are selected for replanting in December or January to form new stock, the young roots being planted about a foot apart each way. The young shoots appear above ground in February. Although the plants are perennial, each distinct root lasts only one year, the plant being continued by 'daughter' roots. This official Aconite is also the species generally cultivated in gardens, though nearly all the species are worth growing as ornamental garden flowers, the best perhaps being A. Napellus, both white and blue, A. paniculatum, A. Japonicum and A. autumnale. All grow well in shade and under trees. Gerard grew four species in his garden: A. lyocotonum, A. variegatum, A. Napellus and A. Pyrenaicum. ---Part Used---Collection and Drying. The leaves, stem, flowering tops and root: the leaves and tops fresh, the root dried. The leaves and flowering tops are of less importance, they are employed for preparing Extract of Aconitum, and for this purpose are cut when the flowers are just breaking into blossom and the leaves are in their best condition, which is in June. The roots should be collected in the autumn, after the stem dies down, but before the bud that is to produce the next year's stem has begun to develop. As this bud grows and forms a flowering stem, in the spring, some of the lateral buds develop into short shoots, each of which produces a long, slender, descending root, crowned with a bud. These roots rapidly thicken, filled with reserve material produced by the parent plant, the root of which dies as the 'daughter' roots increase in size. Towards the autumn, the parent plant dies down and the daughter roots which have then reached their maximum development are now full of starch. If allowed to remain in the soil, the buds that crown the daughter roots begin to grow, in the late winter, and this growth exhausts the strength of the root, and the proportion of both starch and alkaloid it contains is lessened. On account of the extremely poisonous properties of the root, it is considered desirable that the root should be grown and collected under the same conditions, so that uniformity in the drug is maintained. The British Pharmacopceia specifies, therefore, that the roots should be collected in the autumn from plants cultivated in Britain and should consist of the dried, full-grown 'daughter' roots: much of the Aconite root that used to come in large quantities from Germany was the exhausted parent root of the wild-flowering plants. When the roots are dug up, they are sorted over, the smallest laid aside for replanting and the plumper ones reserved for drying. They are first well washed in cold water and trimmed of all rootlets, and then dried, either entire, or longitudinally sliced to hasten drying. Drying may at first be done in the open air, spread thinly, the roots not touching. Or they may be spread on clean floors or on shelves in a warm place for about ten days, turning frequently. When somewhat shrunken, they must be finished more quickly by artificial heat in a drying room or shed near a stove or gas fire, care being taken that the heated air can escape at the top of the room. Drying in an even temperature will probably take about a fortnight or more. It is not complete till the roots are dry to the core and brittle, snapping when bent. Dried Aconite root at its upper extremity, when crowned with an undeveloped bud, enclosed by scaly leaves, is about 3/4 inch in diameter, tapering quickly downwards. It is dark brown in colour and marked with the scars of rootlets. The surface is usually longitudinally wrinkled, especially if it has been dried entire. The root breaks with a short fracture and should be whitish and starchy within. A transverse section shows a thick bark, separated from the inner portion by a well-marked darker line, which often assumes a stellate appearance. Aconite root as found in commerce is, however, often yellowish or brownish internally with the stellate markings not clearly shown, probably from having been collected too early. It should be lifted in the autumn of the second year. Aconite root is liable to attack by insects, and after being well dried should be kept in securely closed vessels.

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---Chemical Constituents---Aconite root contains from 0.3 to 1 per cent alkaloidal matter, consisting of Aconitine - crystalline, acrid and highly toxic - with the alkaloids Benzaconine (Picraconitine) and Aconine. Aconitine, the only crystallizable alkaloid, is present to the extent of not more than 0.2 per cent, but to it is due the characteristic activity of the root. Aconite acid, starch, etc., are also present. On incineration, the root yields about 3 per cent ash. The Aconitines are a group of highly toxic alkaloids derived from various species of Aconite, and whilst possessing many properties in common are chemically distinguishable according to the source from which they are obtained. The Aconitines are divided into two groups: (1) the Aconitines proper, including Aconitine, Japaconitine and Indaconitine, and (2) the Pseudaconitines - Pseudaconitine and Bikhaconitine. This disparity between Aconites is a very important matter for investigation, though perhaps not so serious from a pharmaceutical point of view as might at first appear, since in the roots of several different species the alkaloid is found to possess similar physiological action; but this action varies in degree and the amount of alkaloid may be found to vary considerably. It is considered that the only reliable method of standardizing the potency of any of the Aconite preparations is by a physiological method: the lethal dose for the guinea-pig being considered to be the most convenient and satisfactory standard. Tinctures vary enormously as to strength, some proving seven times as powerful as others. The Aconite which contains the best alkaloid, A. Napellus, is the old-fashioned, familiar garden variety, which may be easily recognized by its very much cut-up leaves, which are wide in the shoulder of the leaf - that part nearest the stem - and also by the purplish-blue flowers, which have the 'helmet' closely fitting over the rest of the flower, not standing up as a tall hood. All varieties of Aconite are useful, but this kind with the close set in helmet to the flower is the most valuable. The Aconite derived from German root of A. Napellus appears to possess somewhat different properties to that prepared from English roots. The German roots may be recognized by the remains of the stem which crown the root. They are also generally less starchy, darker externally and more shrivelled than the English root and considered to be less active, probably because they are generally the exhausted parent roots. ---Medicinal Action and Uses---Anodyne, diuretic and diaphoretic. The value of Aconite as a medicine has been more fully realized in modern times, and it now rank as one of our most useful drugs. It is much used in homoeopathy. On account of its very poisonous nature, all medicines obtained from it come, however, under Table 1 of the poison schedule: Aconite is a deadly poison. Both tincture and liniment of Aconite are in general use, and Aconite is also used in ointment and sometimes given as hypodermic injection. Preparations of Aconitc are employed for outward application locally to the skin to diminish the pain of neuralgia, lumbago and rheumatism. The official tincture taken internelly diminishes the rate and force of the pulse in the early stages of fevers and slight local inflammations, such as feverish cold, larnyngitis, first stages of pneumonia and erysipelas; it relieves the pain of neuralgia, pleurisy and aneurism. In cardiac failure or to prevent same it has been used with success, in acute tonsilitis children have been well treated by a dose of 1 to 2 minims for a child 5 to 10 years old; the dose for adults is 2 to 5 minims, three times a day. ---Note---The tincture of Aconite of the British Pharmacopoeia 1914 is nearly double the strength of that in the old Pharmacopoeia of 1898. Externally the linament as such or mixed with chloroform or belladonna liniment is useful in neuralgia or rheumatism. ---Poisoning from, and Antidotes---The symptons of poisoning are tingling and numbness of tongue and mouth and a sensation of ants crawling over the body, nausea and vomiting with epigastric pain, laboured breathing, pulse irregular and weak, skin cold and clammy, features bloodless, giddiness, staggering, mind remains clear. A stomach tube or emetic should be used at once, 20 minims of Tincture of Digitalis given if available, stimulants should be given and if not retained diluted brandy injected per rectum, artificial respiration and friction, patient to be kept lying down. All the species contain an active poison Aconitine, one of the most formidable poisons which have yet been discovered: it exists in all parts of the plant, but especially in the root. The smallest portion of either root or leaves, when first put into the mouth, occasions burning and tingling, and a sense of numbness immediately follows its continuance. One-fiftieth grain of Aconitine will kill a sparrow in a few seconds; one-tenth grain a rabbit in five minutes. It is more powerful than prussic acid and acts with tremendous rapidity. One hundredth grain will act locally, so as to produce a well-marked sensation in any part of the body for a whole day. So acrid is the poison, that the juice applied to a wounded finger affects the whole system, not only causing pains in the limbs, but a sense of suffocation and syncope. Some species of Aconite were well known to the ancients as deadly poisons. It was said to be the invention of Hecate from the foam of Cerberus, and it was a species of Aconite that entered into the poison which the old men of the island of Ceos were condemned to drink when they became infirm and no longer of use to the State. Aconite is also supposed to have been the poison that formed the cup which Medea prepared for Theseus. (Note---Aconite and Belladonna were said to be the ingredients in the witches' 'Flying ointments.' Aconite causes irregular action of the heart, and Belladonna produces delirium. These combined symptoms might give a sensation of 'flying.'---EDITOR) Various species of Aconite possess the same narcotic properties as A. Napellus, but none of them equal in energy the A. ferox of the East Indies, the root of which is used there as an energetic poison under the name of Bikh or Nabee. Aconite poisoning of wells by A. ferox has been carried out by native Indians to stop the progress of an army. They also use it for poisoning spears, darts and arrows, and for destroying tigers. All children should be warned against Aconite in gardens. It is wiser not to grow Aconite among kitchen herbs of any sort. The root has occasionally been mistaken for horse-radish, with fatal results - it is, however, shorter, darker and more fibrous - and the leaves have produced similar fatal results. In Ireland a poor woman once sprinkled powdered Aconite root over a dish of greens, and one man was killed and another seriously affected by it. In 1524 and 1526 it is recorded that two criminals, to whom the root was given as an experiment, quickly died. The older herbalists described it as venomous and deadly. Gerard says: 'There hath beene little heretofore set down concerning the virtues of the Aconite, but much might be saide of the hurts that have come thereby.' It was supposed to be an antidote against other poisons. Gerard tells us that its power was 'So forcible that the herb only thrown before the scorpion or any other venomous beast, causeth them to be without force or strength to hurt, insomuch that they cannot moove or stirre untill the herbe be taken away.' Ben Jonson, in his tragedy Sejanus, says: 'I have heard that Aconite Being timely taken hath a healing might Against the scorpion's stroke.'

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Linnaeus reports Aconite to be fatal to cattle and goats when they eat it fresh, but when dried it does no harm to horses, a peculiarity in common with the buttercups, to which the Aconites are related. Field-mice are well aware of its evil nature, and in hard times, when they will attack almost any plant that offers them food, they leave this severely alone. ---Other Varieties---Japanese Aconite - syn. Aconitum Chinense - is regularly imported in considerable quantities. It used formerly to be ascribed to A. Fischer (Reichb.), but is now considered to be derived from A. uncinatum, var. Faponicum (Regel.) and possibly also from A. volubile (Pallas). It has conical or top-shaped, gradually tapering tuberous roots, 1 to 2 inches long, 1/3 to 1 inch in thickness at the top, externally covered with a brown, closely adhering skin internally white. Dried roots do not contain much alkaloid, if steeped when fresh in a mixture of common salt, vinegar and water. The poisonous alkaloid present is called Japaconitine, to distinguish it from the official Aconitine and the Pseudaconitine of A. laciniatum. Japaconitine is similar in constituents and properties with the Aconitine of A. Napellus. Indian Aconite root or Nepal Aconite consists of the root of A. laciniatum (Staph.). It is also called Bikh or Bish, and is collected in Nepal. It is much larger than the English variety, being a conical, not suddenly tapering root, 2 to 4 inches long and an inch or more at the top, of a lighter brown than the official variety, the rootlet scars much fewer than the official root. Internally it is hard and almost resinous, the taste intensely acrid and is much shriveiled longitudinally. This root yields a very active alkaloid, Pseudoaconitine, which is allied to Aconitine and resembles it in many of its properties; it is about twice as active as Aconitine. Indian Aconite root was formerly attributed to A. ferox (Wall). Their large size and less tapering character sufficiently distinguish these from the official drug. Other varieties of Aconite are A. chasmanthum (Staph.), known in India as Mohri, which contains Indaconitine, and A. spicatum, another Indian species containing Bikhaconitine, resembling Pseudaconitine. Russian Aconite, A. orientale, grows abundantly in the Crimea and Bessarabia. It has a small, compact, greyish-black root with a transverse section similar to that of A. Napellus. Its taste is hot and acrid. When treated by a process which gave 0.0526 per cent of crystalline Aconitine from a sample of powdered root of A. Napellus, the dried root of A. orientale yielded 2.207 per cent of total alkaloids, which were, however, amorphous. The total alkaloid has not yet been investigated further. A. heterophyllum (Wall), Atis root, is a plant growing in the Western temperate Himalayas. This species does not contain Aconitine and is said to be non-poisonous. Its chief constituent is an intensely bitter alkaloid - Atisine - possessing tonic and antiperiodic principles. A. palmatum, of Indian origin, yields a similar alkaloid, Palmatisine. The province of Szechwen in West China grows large quantities of medicinal plants, among them A. Wilsoni, which is worth about 4s. per cwt., of which 55,000 lb. a year can be produced in this province; A. Fischeri, about four times the price, of which rather less are yearly available, and A. Hemsleyan, about the same price as the latter, of which about 27,000 lb. are available in an average year. ---Other Species---The Anthora, or Wholesome Aconite described by Culpepper, is a small plant about a foot high, with pale, divided green leaves, and yellow flowers - a native of the Alps. Its stem is erect, firm, angular and hairy; the leaves alternate and much cut into. The flowers are large, hooded with fragrant scent, growing on top of the branches in spikes of a pale yellow colour, smaller than the ordinary Monkshood and succeeded by five horn-like, pointed pods, or achenes, containing five angular seeds. It flowers in July and the seeds ripen at the end of August. The root is tuberous. Culpepper tells us that the herb was used in his time, but not often. It was reputed to be very serviceable against vegetable poisons and 'a decoction of the root is a good lotion to wash the parts bitten by venomous creatures.' . . . 'The leaves, if rubbed on the skin will irritate and cause soreness and the pollen is also dangerous if blown in the eyes .' As a matter of fact, this species of Aconite by no means deserves its reputation of harmlessness, for it is only poisonous in a less degree than the rest of the same genus, and the theory that it is a remedy against poison, particularly that of the other Aconites, is now an exploded one. Parkinson, speaking of the Yellow Monkshood, calls it: 'The "counter-poison monkeshood" - the roots of which are effectual, not only against the poison of the poisonful Helmet Flower and all others of that kind, but also against the poison of all venomous beasts, the plague or pestilence and other infectious diseases, which raise spots, pockes, or markes in the outward skin, by expelling the poison from within and defending the heart as a most sovereign cordial.' The so-called Winter Aconite, Aeranthis hyemalis, is not a true Aconite, though closely allied, being also a member of the Buttercup family, whose blossoms it more nearly resembles. Also see: DELPHINIUM FIELD LARKSPUR STARVEACRE. From http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/a/aconi007.html EDIT: I didn't realize this has been posted already on. But from what I saw it didn't have this information. I'll leave it to the mods discretion as to whether or not it should stay...

SweNMFan

January 28th, 2005, 08:44 PM

Just don't waste time and money on DMSO + Ricin as it will not work, the ricin molecules are to big to get past the skin effectively. The Minnesota Patriots Council tried that against US Marshals.. And a internet urban myth started

nbk2000

January 29th, 2005, 07:23 PM

I belive the MW of skin-transferable poisons has to be under 700. There's other untis of measure used for such things but I don't remember what they are.

Blackout

February 27th, 2005, 12:02 AM

1---Methyl Alcohol: A little methyl alcohol goes a long way in taking someone out. Pros: Alcoholics won't notice it slipped in moonshine. Police and MEs will attribute it to a bad bootlegging operation.

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Cons: More than one person usually gets poisoned from bad bootlegging ops, unless the person made it and tried ithimself. It's kinda hard to set up a still in someone's backyard without them knowing. An alcoholic won't makes the difference between beer and 95-96% alcohol and he will die from an overdose after an ethyl coma. Methyl alcohol is an uban legend, http://ruscuisine.com/cooking-forums/viewtopic.php? mode=viewtopic&topic=329&forum=1&start=0

simply RED

February 27th, 2005, 02:04 PM

Methyl alcohol is very good poison and not an urban legend. The statistics talk!

MickeyFinn

March 5th, 2005, 01:44 AM

Methyl alchohol, aka methanol, is most certaintly not an urban legend. If you think so then a couple hundred russians who imbibed bad vodka containing methanol and over 2 dozen that died from its ingestion will most certaintly disagree with you there. That is just one of the newest widespread cases I have heard of recently, sometime last year I believe. On another topic I remember reading about people in SPain in the early 80s who ingested rapeseed oil and slowly deteriorated away. The doctors were baffled as all tests were negative. Have tests since been developed to find rapeseed oil or is it tstill pretty much untraceable in the body as it slowly kills somoene?

arnold

March 28th, 2006, 05:03 AM

Just don't waste time and money on DMSO + Ricin as it will not work, the ricin molecules are to big to get past the skin effectively. The Minnesota Patriots Council tried that against US Marshals.. And a internet urban myth started So, what about DMSO + aconitine or colchicine or nicotine? Which of them would be the best one?

Storm on the Horizon

April 25th, 2006, 03:40 PM

Just out of curiosity what is the atomic number of tritium? Tritiums atomic number is 1. (Same as the hydrogen that it's an isotope of. NBK)

controlphreak

May 30th, 2006, 09:15 PM

I don't know about the DMSO + aconitine mix specifically, however, it was written here - http://www.henriettesherbal.com/ eclectic/kings/aconitum_aconitine.html - that mixing it with lard and applied to the unbroken skin created heat and a numbing sensation. That would have to be applied for several minutes. It also stated that the broken skin would feel a burning sensation, so the aconitine + DMSO would not work I think. Though their tests used lard, the principle is still the same if I am not mistaken.

Jacks Complete

May 31st, 2006, 05:33 PM

Does anyone know what DMSO alone feels like? I know it is used for horses and also in some "heat rubs". I would assume that it would feel warm anyway, since the enhanced blood flow to the area would warm the skin, tipping off the target. Methanol is toxic to the liver, and sends people blind. Small amounts are easily netralised by drinking ethanol, so giving some to a drunk isn't going to work, and giving a drunk neat ethanol is fairly daft too, since they are going to notice unless they are blind drunk/unconcious, and if they are in that state you can easily kill them without fear anyway, without doing something that an autopsy might pick up. Tritium's atomic number is 1, like Hydrogen, but it has a mass number of 3, due the the extra neutrons. Hence it is an isotope of Hydrogen.

nbk2000

June 1st, 2006, 01:12 AM

I've read that heavy water is an undetectable poison. The deuterium, which substitutes for the hydrogen in normal water, interferes with cellular processes, causing slow death. Given the cost and amount needed, plus the time to administer the needed doses, this is something only people with money and patience could use. Something along the lines of 'the nephew who'll inherit after the rich uncle dies' scenario. http://yarchive.net/med/heavy_water.html

arnold

June 20th, 2006, 07:26 AM

Poisons are a very good and universal weapon for selective assassination. However, there is a serious problem with delivering them without notice. That point can ce achieved using poison mixed with DMSO. But what poison to use? I hard that nicotine and nicotine sulfate are good skin penetrators, so mixed with dmso would be absorbed quicker than alone. A good idea to deliver such a poison mix is to splash it onto someone's doorknob. But, would the one touch enough for the

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victim to get killed? Personally, I doubt. A I right? What about a poisoned letter idea (applying a mixed poison to a piece of paper and mailing it to somebody)?

sdjsdj

June 21st, 2006, 05:21 AM

Perhaps an effective long-term poisoning strategy could involve tainting a battery-powered air freshener (Something like this (http://www.naturex.ca/index.php?act=viewDoc&docId=7)?) with a potent yet volatile toxin capable of passing through the skin, then planting it in the target's home. after a cursory glance around the possible candidates, I belive that Dimethylmercury (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethylmercury) is an ideal solution; VERY toxic, yet hard to detect if well concealed, and (probably) slow acting enough that by the time it takes effect, you can be a long, long way away.

Jacks Complete

June 21st, 2006, 12:09 PM

That is rather a good idea, very close to NBK's non-lethal idea for detering hobo's and others from your "condemned" building hide-away. In a house, you could easily use a mains powered unit, or just "top up" the existing one, if it exists. Anyone want to comment on the choice of a mercury compound? After all, they are anything but subtle. Also, there is no point putting it in a dispenser, simply spraying some in a bedroom would be enough to be fatal, even without the heater. Perhaps sometihing more common and easily obtained, but with a lower vapour pressure, or that is solid at room temperatures, would be better.

akinrog

June 21st, 2006, 01:11 PM

Anyone want to comment on the choice of a mercury compound? After all, they are anything but subtle. Also, there is no point putting it in a dispenser, simply spraying some in a bedroom would be enough to be fatal, even without the heater. Perhaps sometihing more common and easily obtained, but with a lower vapour pressure, or that is solid at room temperatures, would be better. I would recommend dimethyl mercury: a very volatile and transdermal compound. But IMHO heavy metals are no-no in poisoning business, since they are easily detectable. However in case of dimethyl mercury, it's better to expose the target to its fumes for a prolonged period of time at doses way smaller than lethal dose. Mercury compounds induce insanity since they destroy nerve cells. In this fashion it's possible to incapacitate a person without actually killing him/her. Another thought is to expose target to Nickel carbonyl or nitrosamine fumes. These are really nasty compounds: former is a tumoregenic and later is carcinogenic substance. :eek: Regards.

sdjsdj

June 22nd, 2006, 04:24 AM

Perhaps a Barbital (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbital) aerosol, sprayed into the air for a few hours every night by a more complex diffuser could provide the desired cumulative effect; the trouble would be judging the dose to eventually kill without alarming the target into attending a hospital, as any serious blood testing would show up the substance(s) administered. EDIT; Perhaps for a more subtle kill, compounds such as tetra-ethyl lead or vitamin A could be administered over a long period in this way. After all, their general environmental presence would make it virtually impossible to detect foul play after the eventual overdose.

Chris The Great

June 22nd, 2006, 10:52 PM

Dimethylmercury takes months to kill, so exposing the target once will only cause death months later. If done right, there will be no way to link back to the initial poisoning because it was so long ago. They will know that the person has been poisoned but there will be no way to find out who did it.

akinrog

June 23rd, 2006, 08:51 AM

They will know that the person has been poisoned but there will be no way to find out who did it. One important point is to think like pigs. Pigs have been trained to think like criminals. If a suspicious death takes place, they shall first investigate friends / enemies / rivals around the victim. So if the poisoner has a relation with the victim and pigs determine the possible motive, they can cage him/her. In addition, I remember an episode of forensic inspectors broadcast on discovery where a man used a nitrosamine to poison his ex-girl friend but accidentally poisoned his ex-girlfriend's entire family. As a result of poisoning one of her kids and her brother were dead. Although nitrosamines quickly decompose into metabolismic products. Forensic scientists could determine what kind of poison was used in poisoning based on the destruction of the liver, since nitrosamines quickly destroy liver causing hepatic fibrosis. After screening all possibilities and determined that ex-boyfriend once assaulted the woman's house and after finding out that the culprit was working in a cancer research facility, therefore can get that nitrosamine, they busted him. The guy even carried out tests on animals to determine lethal dose and owners of the animals filed a complaint about him. In short, even if the poison is not detectable they can bust the poisoner, if there is a motive, if there is an evidence that a poison is used and if culprit has possibility to access the chemical. Regards.

arnold

June 28th, 2006, 08:53 AM

So that you have you have to wait a long period of time before commiting the crime. Then pigs won't be able to make the

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connection and even they make it will seem a believeless evidence for the judge. What about my idea with dmso/nicotine? All of your ideas are good , but require entering the home. With my idea one NEED NOt to enter the home and if the pigs can't make the connection to the victim it may give a perfect results. Think out about it!

ozboy

July 2nd, 2006, 12:14 AM

A nice little book called Silent Death by Uncle fester is available at, nw0.info / eBooks and Audio Books / Banned_Books . Definately worth a look at.

teshilo

July 18th, 2006, 02:11 PM

A nice little book called Silent Death by Uncle fester is available at, nw0.info / eBooks and Audio Books / Banned_Books . . Firstly: these link dont work ...:rolleyes: Secondly: Silent Death by Steve Preysler (Uncle Fester his pseudo) more related to basement WMD principles.More best David Harber "Assorted Nasties"And good poisoning depend from many factors..Classics Grigoriy Rasputin case: He got more than one gramm KCN :rolleyes: :rolleyes: and dead ater few shots and few strikes.

Defendu

July 18th, 2006, 05:00 PM

link dont work http://nw0.info/?p=eBooks%20and%20Audio%20Books/Banned_Books/ by Steve Preysler Actually his surname is spelled Priesler.

ozboy

July 19th, 2006, 04:59 AM

Firstly, thanks for fixing the link! Secondly, I put it down as Uncle Fester so that everyone could find it in the list. (There are quite a few books on it).

Cobalt.45

July 25th, 2006, 01:38 AM

Does anyone know what DMSO alone feels like? I know it is used for horses and also in some "heat rubs". I would assume that it would feel warm anyway, since the enhanced blood flow to the area would warm the skin, tipping off the target. DMSO alone does feel warm, and has a noticeable "garlic- like" taste that one will experience shortly after application.

FullMetalJacket

August 8th, 2006, 11:12 AM

If GABA receptor blocker is used or ATP-ase inhibitor it will be abosutely impossible to determine the cause of death...

ATPase inhibitors are the basis of nearly every animal neurotoxin, especially atraxotoxins in Australian Funnelweb spiders. Believe me, they are very identifiable.

meyer25

August 31st, 2006, 07:36 AM

If rapid action and complicated detection are desired, I'd rely on anatoxin A. It could be made by cultivating Anabaena flos-aquae, an ubiquitous freshwater algae. If slow action would be of importance, I'd use aflatoxins (which hardly would be linked to a suspect) or 2,3,7,8-TCDD (not too pure, in order to mimic some chemical waste exposure on long term). A rapid-acting skin-penetrating poison would be 4-chlorophenylsilatrane, 4-CN-TBOB, TBPS or a similar lipophilic cage convulsant. No need for DMSO in my opinion. Identification of these (without a direct hint) would be very complicated, given the number of possibilities.

nbk2000

September 1st, 2006, 08:47 AM

It's always good to expand unfamiliar acronyms. For instance, TBPS (T??? B??? P??? S???). jpet.aspetjournals.org/cgi/reprint/244/3/802.pdf, BTW.

meyer25

September 1st, 2006, 03:18 PM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter I'm sorry.

4-CN-TBOB stands for t-butylbicycloortho-(4-cyanobenzoate), TBPS for t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate. Similar agents (cage convulsants of 4-alkylbicyclophosphate type) have been discussed in thread "Bicyclic Phosphates - Poor Man's Nerve Agents".

simply RED

September 1st, 2006, 04:55 PM

Do you have some more information for: t-butylbicycloortho-(4-cyanobenzoate), t-butlbicyclophosphorothionate? LD50 and synthesis will be highly appreciated. Do you think that replacmant of "t-butyl" part with "(CH3)3N(+)" will enhance the toxicity? FullMetalJacket, the ATP-ase is a very complex structure, there are thousand possible ways to disrupt its functions. No one is going to investigate such a complex case of poisoning anyway, come to the reality! The australian funnelweb spider's venom is a mixture of many chemicals. Which one is ATP-ase inhibitor?

FullMetalJacket

September 2nd, 2006, 11:22 AM

Well, the Australasian Funnelweb or Sydney Funnelweb's primary toxin is robustotoxin, which just jams open the sodium channels.

kamaz

September 13th, 2006, 08:27 AM

I've got an interesting idea. Put the ricin powder to piece of paper, then to envelope and mail it to a target. When the target pulls the letter he disperse a deadly cloud of ricin around his face. He will be practically dead. The problem is: how to safely, cheaply and accurately enough grind the ricin to such tiny powder?

Syke

September 14th, 2006, 08:18 PM

I think that you guys are overcomplicating things by trying to get a way to deliver a rare and conspicuous superpoison. The best way to poison something/one is to us a common enviromental poison. Look around your targets living area and find or plant the toxin in question. Investigators are much more likely to explain away the death of joe shmoe away with accidental mercury poisoning or pesticides since they wont think of a nobody as being important enough to assassinate.

nbk2000

September 15th, 2006, 07:57 AM

I believe the name of the topic is 'Perfect Poisons', not 'Good Enough Poisons'. ;)

Syke

September 15th, 2006, 07:02 PM

True but most marks arent going to come into a poison such as ricin in their everyday life. A poison is going to be more helpful if it goes unnoticed otherwise things can get complicated for the poisoner.

FullMetalJacket

September 18th, 2006, 09:21 PM

I've got an interesting idea. Put the ricin powder to piece of paper, then to envelope and mail it to a target. When the target pulls the letter he disperse a deadly cloud of ricin around his face. He will be practically dead. The problem is: how to safely, cheaply and accurately enough grind the ricin to such tiny powder? Atomizing a milk slurry into a blast of freeze-drying was how they used to powder anthrax at places like Porton Down. A bit of bentonite clay powder in the mixture dissipated the static charge of the particles to give you better dispersion, too.

cyclosarin

October 15th, 2006, 09:21 AM

As mentioned in the dimethylmercury article, this poison has been known to kill many weeks after exposure. If analysis of the victim revealed mercury poisoning would it be possible to make it look like an environmental cause; perhaps by lacing a water supply or local stream with methylmercury and make it look like an undetected chemical spill such as that in Minamata?

Corona

November 2nd, 2006, 02:46 AM

http://members.tripod.com/~Prof_Anil_Aggrawal/poiso008.html

What do you guys think? Will such a small dose of something this crudely made (abrin), do in someone? ---------The powder is then made into a paste with spirit and water, and long needles are fashioned out of this paste. The needles are about 1.5 cm in length - about the length of your thumbnail- and weigh about 100 mg on an average. These needles are then dried in the sun. When dry, they are known as suis or sutaris and are ready for use. The killer uses these needles for killing. He may hold one or two such suis in his palm between his closely held fingers (the way one holds a cigarette; only much more tightly). The victim is then slapped in such a way that the suis penetrate the flesh. The effect is similar to giving an injection of abrin to the victim, and is thus obviously quite effective. You might be surprised to know that even animals are killed by this method. ------------------------------------------

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Please read all of the article.... Here is some more. Very interesting (at least, for me). http://members.tripod.com/~Prof_Anil_Aggrawal/ And... http://members.tripod.com/~Prof_Anil_Aggrawal/index1.html

FUTI

November 2nd, 2006, 05:14 AM

I would never put betwen my fingers something that can kill through skin penetration, but as far as I remember abrin is quite toxic. I didn't check MSDS data, but that is trivial and I guess you already done it yourself, so I just want to point to the obvious flaw in the method of aplication.

Corona

November 2nd, 2006, 05:51 AM

I fully agree with you. It seems like one hell of a stupid risk to hold it between your fingers like described. I was wondering that if true, this seems to be something that unsophisticated village folk are capable of doing... extracting enough abrin to kill, without using chemicals to isolate, extract or purify. The final product... though much cruder than what some people here might have come up with... is still enough to do away with someone. Meaning you can be as sloppy as Kurt Saxon with his ricin (or sloppier) and still get something usable (for abrin)? I know how poisonous this thing is supposed to be (only from what I've read here)... it still takes a bit of effort for it to sink in, thats all.

20920474

November 4th, 2006, 10:40 PM

You guys have named a lot of poisons, still, one of the most easy to get is nicotine poisoning. Any guy with half a brain can make this stuff, get your hands on some chewing tobacco and put in a little jar of water, obviously, the less water, the more concentrated= easier to get out the nicotine. Let it sit overnight. Next, pour your shit coloured water+nicotine into a coffee filter above a can, let it sit for maybe six hours, next, squeeze the coffee filter above the can so the rest of the water+nicotine comes out of the filter, get rid of the coffee filter. Now that all you have is the can with the browny water, let the water evaporate, you will be left with a thick, suropy like substance that is pure nicotine, should it be to thick add a bit of water. This poison can kill with only a few drops, its best to put it into the vicims coffee or something to disguise the taste.

random136

November 5th, 2006, 03:45 AM

20920474, written like a true newbie, your description is a paraphrased version of the information found in The Anarchist Crapbook. Please try reading this thread from start to finish before sharing any more of your wisdom. Also, use our wonderfull search function to find one (if not several) threads discussing the real process involved in extracting nicotine. Finally, note that, as an alkaloid, nicotine can easily be identified forensically, making less then desirable poison with no redeeming qualities.

teshilo

November 5th, 2006, 11:56 AM

Yes. As discussed in thread related nicotine extraction ,water hydrolise it..

nbk2000

November 5th, 2006, 04:54 PM

Mr copy/paste is no longer amoung us. All hail the Beast! :)

beirut

November 27th, 2006, 12:28 PM

Chloroform comes to my mind. If administered to a sleeping victim by placing a towel saoked with chloroform on his/her mout/nose, s/he shall pass out. However it is detected by the forensic scientiests if suspected, I believe. Chloroform would affectively kill someone if too much is administered, plenty of people learned this back when it was used as an an anaesthetic, but administering it with a soaked rag could give away it's presence. Chloroform has been known to cause sores when skin is immersed in it. I would think that a wetted rag would be enough exposure to cause this. You'd have to find another way to deliver it into the body.

random136

November 27th, 2006, 02:57 PM

Good first post beirut. May I direct the attention of anyone interested in using chloroform as a weapon to the following thread: http://www.roguesci.org/theforum/battlefield-chemistry/1540-chloroform-bomb.html?highlight=chloroform Especially Post #10 made by nbk. He gives a plausible, simple method to use chloroform in a faster more efficient manner. Generally speaking, it is no good for work where you wish to leave no trace, since the medical community is quite familiar with the substance, what with the many decades worth of studies.

rayman

November 27th, 2006, 09:20 PM

I have been giving this some thought ( my job gives me plenty of thinking time most days ), and since this is the " Battlefield Chemistry " area, most of these ideas are junk, you would I assume want to knock out/ kill your enemy in the least amount of time where as somthing that may kill in 3 months is all fine and dandy, that would not help you on a battle field or in a war

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setting ... UNlLESS you where attempting to assassinate one commander/general in particular and had time and means to do so What I realy wanted to comment on thought is there is no " perfect poison " I think that many poisons are usable if thought is put into what you want to achieve, make them sick, kill now, kill next week giving you time to distance your self from the act, make ill for some length of time before death as you realy want them to suffer

fafner

December 3rd, 2006, 12:42 PM

Substance P. End of the 60',discussions have started on the risk of bioregulators being used as CW agents. These types ofof substances do not belong to the group of toxins but are,nonetheless,grouped with them since their possible use is similar. They are closely related to substances normally found in the body and may be undedectable. A characteristic of them is that they are active in extremely low doses and freqently have rapid effect. One sample of this agents is Substance P,a polypeptide(molecular weight=1,350 D)which is active in doses of less than one microgramme! Substance P causes, for example, a rapid loss of blood pressure which may cause spontane unconsciousness ++++++++++ Congratulations! You've just won the Copy/Paste award of the month for your post! :) Your skillz in copying text from SIPRI's The Problem of Chemical and Biological Warfare is dazzling! As your prize, you get a one-way, all-expenses paid trip to Monster Island, where you'll get to meet the NBK (Naturalius Born Killium), a voracious meat-eating predator that hunts there.

Bilbe

December 20th, 2006, 07:08 AM

Simplify it for me. How to make sulfamide at home, or some another chemical is used? This doesn't look simple to me, (2.1 Chem. Bsc) SO2 + Cl2 ---Activated carbon---> SO2Cl2 Are both gasses so to make this work I would expect the need for pressure? This will be expensive and hard. SO2Cl2 + 2NH3 ------> SO2(NH2)2 + 2HCl Anhydrous NH3 is a pain to work with I am having this difficulty right now. Using it in 2* excess would make up for the loss through acid base reaction (which will be the dominant reaction)

eelfland

June 19th, 2007, 07:33 PM

If a person is known to be a drinker of ethanol, it would be a fairly simple matter to load the person up on it to the point of unconsciousness and then pour enough more of it in to produce death, either through simple alcohol poisoning or by aspiration of vomitus. It can also be administered via enema after the victim is unconscious. If you're on hand for the vomiting, you could simply cover the victim's mouth with him/her facing upward, making sure the vomit got aspirated. People frequently die by accidental self-administered alcohol poisoning, and if the victim's not around to tell anybody otherwise, there is no evidence to show that it wasn't accidental. "Perfect."

ciguy007

September 18th, 2007, 02:27 AM

If someone were to hang around forensic toxicology organizations, one would find that after a few drinks, the subject of the perfect poison always comes up. The most "perfect) poison would be said to leave no abnormal symptoms, act quickly, be undetectable. One might consider carbon dioxide - used to knock out animals prior to slaughter, used to kill (euthanize) un-wanted laboratory animals. Theoretically, simply holding a bag of finely-ground dry ice over the face of a sleeping victim could cause hypercarbia and death. Certainly if someone happened to have been sedated by some chemical (ethanol for instance), carbon dioxide could theoretically be administered - hypercarbia stimulates respiratory rate thereby increasing exposure to an inhaled substance which can quickly cause loss of consciousness and death. Of course, elevated carbon dioxide concentrations are typically found in post-mortem blood - when one quits breathing (from whatever reason) blood oxygen levels fall and blood carbon dioxide levels rise - an unremarkable finding at autopsy.

Vitalis

September 18th, 2007, 07:37 AM

Carbon Dioxide is hardly a perfect poison. Sure if you can get a person drunk/ drug them into a stupor, it would be easy to OD them on CO2. Otherwise it's tricky to poison someone with it, as they tend to wake up when their heart starts pounding and they feel the other symptoms of CO2 poisoning.

xex

December 1st, 2007, 03:47 AM

From what I've seen people that die in their cars from exhaust are very pink. I don't know if that's because of the CO2 or CO but it's pretty obviously different than natural causes. The case would be closed quickly if there was a probably natural cause.

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December 1st, 2007, 08:43 PM

That would be carbon monoxide. It takes a long time (8 hours or so) to die from it, from say a automobile/diesel. The good thing about it, is it leaves no odor and has no color. If for example you had to take someone out, and wanted to use CO, get them while they're sleeping :) Edit: I read a few weeks ago about some african drug called Jenkem or something similar. You put feces and urine in a bottle and put a balloon over the top and let it ferment in the sun. You would then take the balloon off, kept closed, and inhale the gasses. Supposebly it knocks you out and then afterwards you have hallucinogenic affects. I see potential to use this to drug someone/something in order to get past it. Unlikely to die from it, but definitely leave you in the clear for a while. I even read you can have the affects days after inhalation of the gas. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenkem http://www.google.com/search?source=ig&hl=en&rlz=&q=jenkem&btnG=Google+Search

Hirudinea

December 2nd, 2007, 08:23 PM

From what I've seen people that die in their cars from exhaust are very pink. I don't know if that's because of the CO2 or CO but it's pretty obviously different than natural causes. The case would be closed quickly if there was a probably natural cause. From what I understand the body uses CO the same way it uses O2 in the body, it is more reactive with hemoglobin in the body so given an equal amount the blood will take up CO before O2, and since it leaves the body a pink colour the victim dosn't look hypoxic, white, when they're being poisoned. (By the way that's a plot point in the movie Coma.) I read a few weeks ago about some african drug called Jenkem or something similar. You put feces and urine in a bottle and put a balloon over the top and let it ferment in the sun. You would then take the balloon off, kept closed, and inhale the gasses. Supposebly it knocks you out and then afterwards you have hallucinogenic affects. Sounds like they're just getting buzzed from a lack of oxygen from inhaling methane.

Alexires

December 2nd, 2007, 10:50 PM

Only fucking niggers would come up with the idea of getting high on their own excrement. *shakes head*. I quite like the alcohol enema, if nothing else, it would be amusing. One could always put some kind of heavy metal (lead or something as common) in their water purifier (everyone seems to have one these days) or in their pipes. Heavy metal poisoning would of course be found in autopsy, but just blamed on bad plumbers if they did eventually find the lead in the pipes. Just a question to people more knowledgeable than I, how deep does a local anaesthetic penetrate? It might be possible to get someone into an alcohol induced sleep, apply some local anaesthetic and then inject them with something and they might not be able to feel it. Otherwise, use Nitrous as a general and do the same thing.

Joxer

December 2nd, 2007, 10:55 PM

Perhaps you mean a topical anaesthetic? A local is an injection.

Man Down Under

December 27th, 2007, 06:22 AM

Here's an interesting one, and quite cheap to boot! Source: http://members.aol.com/organichem/my_pages/history.htm

On January 20, 1974, Sunday, we made two plant batches of methyl iodide at 72-l scale (19-gal), both going smoothly. I looked after these preparations , the subsequent distillations and the drying of the distilled methyl iodide. Helen, my wife and partner in this grand enterprise, worked in the same large room with me that day doing batches of the first-step reaction (A-1 reaction) in a large flask (JPG: 45K). In the midst of the bustle, I cut my finger on a glass tube when it broke as I tried to insert it into a holed stopper. The finger bled profusely and required three tight adhesives bandages to stop the bleeding. What happened next, we surmised many weeks later, was that I spilled some methyl iodide on the bandaged finger. Since methyl iodide is a local anesthetic, one feels no pain as you would with alcohol on a cut. Furthermore, the methyl iodide which boils a few degrees above body temperature cannot evaporate quickly as it would if you merely spilled some on skin open to the air. This conjecture is supported by the fact that when the physicians removed the bandage after I was admitted to the hospital, they found a large vesicant blister on the finger. But I am getting ahead of my story. Just as we were preparing to close up and go home for dinner, I began to lose my balance in a way that had never happened before. I, at first, thought that I was just very over-tired because I had been feeling tired much of the day. The next morning as Helen prepared to go to her regular job (high-school-guidance counselor), I told her that I was feeling a little off that morning and that I would stay in bed. By the time she came back that evening, I was really tired but wasn't bad enough to cause her tremendous alarm. But that night I thrashed all over the bed with violent nausea. She made arrangements to take me to the Neurological Institute at Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center in New York City early the next morning. By that time, I was pretty disoriented. My last rational thought as I sat in a wheel-chair was that I must be very sick, but, if I could just tie that shoelace which had just become untied, then perhaps things weren't so bad after all. I couldn't do it! The next four weeks were a blur of confusing fantasies with some hallucinations and misunderstandings of events transpiring

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around me. I "woke up" four weeks later. This malady was the result of methyl-iodide poisoning. Helen was not affected at all; yet we spent that Sunday working together in our plant. At first the neurologist thought that I had some kind of malfunction (or tumor, perhaps) of the cerebellum. A young resident Jerry Apel (now a nephrologist at Columbia Presbyterian) took an interest in my predicament and, after asking Helen about all the chemicals we used, searched out the effects caused by poisoning by methyl iodide. Helen later told me that she told him that I had told her that methyl iodide was the only chemical about whose toxicity I wasn't sure. Or perhaps it was just a process of elimination. The remainder of the chemicals would not be expected to cause the same kinds of symptoms. At any rate, he found reports of six prior cases of poisoning by methyl iodide resulting in three deaths and two long-termdisability cases. The sixth, a Spaniard, was reported to be asymptomatic within about four months. These reports did suggest that the best treatment was no treatment: just keep the patient alive and let nature take its course. One of the major symptoms which arises in cases like this is the onset of what psychology books refer to as toxic psychosis which in my case was an induced paranoia. The result of this was that I didn't believe anyone that I was suffering from something as mundane as methyl-iodide poisoning. After six weeks in the hospital, I was released to go home. I had improved considerably. I could walk without falling, but all the muscles were weak as if my brain could not communicate effectively with them. Even the heart muscle was weakened, because every time I stood up for more than a minute or two, I would feel a kind of "rattling" in my brain and discovered that I couldn't think as clearly as when I was reclining or even sitting (result of oxygen-deprivation to the brain). I had entered weighing 180 LBS and left weighing 160. People around me making the normal amount of noise caused me pain from the level of noise - - - and I feared the whole world was out to get me but couldn't figure out why. I rationalized that the reason I wasn't murdered immediately was that they wanted to scare me to death. I tried to put up a brave front to show them it wouldn't work, but my fear surfaced occasionally. In addition to being weak, I was so uncoordinated that writing my own name resulted in an illegible scrawl. It remains pretty illegible even to me to this day. Trying to write several lines or to type several lines with a mechanical typewriter led to severe chest pains as if someone had been tightening steel bands around my chest.

Methyl Iodide! :)

megalomania

December 27th, 2007, 03:48 PM

Hmm, I don't know if methyl iodide poisoning will actually do this except in a small number of rare cases. Perhaps there are not enough recorded cases either. I wonder if there have been any treatments developed in the last 30 years?

akinrog

December 29th, 2007, 08:53 PM

Hmm, I don't know if methyl iodide poisoning will actually do this except in a small number of rare cases. I believe the author or narrator of the story gave some misleading information. According to SIRI toxicity index, methyl iodide is little toxic, but, alas, methyl diiodide is quite toxic in oral administration, which makes it easier to assume that muscular or venous administration shall be much more effective. Check this out : http://www2.siri.org/msds/tox/f/q76/q73.html In the toxic effects part, it says behavioral, which I believe quite similar to above. So I speculate that the substance in the above story must be methylene diodide not methyl iodide. Regards.

Man Down Under

December 30th, 2007, 03:02 AM

The story says that the MeI was pretty much injected by a serious cut with glass tubing, and then held in the wound by tight bandages. By reading the rest of the site, you see that it IS MeI, not methylene or diiodide anything else.

akinrog

January 3rd, 2008, 07:39 PM

By reading the rest of the site, you see that it IS MeI, not methylene or diiodide anything else. You might be right but experience shows that not everything you read or see on the net is accurate. Of course it's possible that the story is accurate but in these days of war on terror, misguidance is also a probability.

Man Down Under

January 3rd, 2008, 09:58 PM

Considering how the site is an AOL homepage, hasn't been updated in years, and was written by a professional chemist, I don't think 9/11 has anything to do with it. It'd be easy enough for someone with the chemicals and a stray animal to test out. :)

megalomania

January 6th, 2008, 06:06 PM

Methyl iodide, iodomethane, methylene iodide, or whatever you want to call it, here are some safety snippets I have collected: Ranked as one of the most hazardous compounds (worst 10%) to ecosystems and human health. In humans, acute (short-term) exposure to methyl iodide by inhalation may depress the central nervous system (CNS), irritate the lungs and skin, and affect the kidneys. Massive acute inhalation exposure to methyl iodide has led to pulmonary edema. Acute inhalation exposure of humans to methyl iodide has resulted in nausea, vomiting, vertigo, ataxia, slurred speech, drowsiness, skin blistering, and eye irritation. Chronic (long-term) exposure of humans to methyl iodide by inhalation may affect the CNS and cause skin burns.

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Acute Effects: * Massive acute inhalation exposure to methyl iodide has led to pulmonary edema. Depression of the CNS, irritation of the lungs and skin, and effects on the kidneys may result in acutely exposed humans. (3-5) * Acute inhalation exposure of humans to methyl iodide has resulted in nausea, vomiting, vertigo, ataxia, slurred speech, drowsiness, skin blistering, and eye irritation. (2,3,5,6) * Tests involving acute exposure of rats and mice have shown methyl iodide to have moderate to high acute toxicity by inhalation, and high acute toxicity by ingestion. (6) Chronic Effects (Noncancer): * Chronic inhalation exposure to methyl iodide may affect the CNS in humans. (4) * Prolonged dermal contact with methyl iodide may cause skin burns in humans and animals. (1,4) * EPA has not established a Reference Concentration (RfC) or a Reference Dose (RfD) for methyl iodide. ACUTE HAZARDS / SYMPTOMS: Inhalation Cough. Sore throat. Headache. Dizziness. Drowsiness. Weakness. Confusion. Diarrhoea. Nausea. Vomiting. Symptoms may be delayed. The symptoms of central nervous system do not become manifest until days or weeks after exposure. Insufficient data are available on the effect of this substance on human health, therefore utmost care must be taken. Toxicity LD50 oral-rat: 200 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg TLV: 10 ppm air Toxic, and cutaneously absorbed. When fumes are inhaled, the lung liver, kidney, and central nervous system are damaged, resulting in dizziness, sleepiness, nausea, diarrhea, speech disorder, ataxia, muscle convulsion, etc. Acute poisoning is caused at 100 ~ 500 ppm in air, and death at 6000 ~ 8600 ppm. Iodomethane has LD50 for oral administration to rats 76 mg/kg and in the liver it undergoes rapid conversion to Smethylglutathione.[5] Breathing iodomethane fumes can cause lung, liver, kidney and central nervous system damage. It causes nausea, dizziness, coughing and vomiting. Prolonged contact with skin causes burns. Massive inhalation causes pulmonary edema. NIOSH REL: 2 ppm (10 mg/m3) TWA [skin]; NIOSH considers methyl iodide to be a potential occupational carcinogen as defined by the OSHA carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990]. Current OSHA PEL: 5 ppm (28 mg/m3) TWA [skin] 1989 OSHA PEL: 2 ppm (10 mg/m3) TWA [skin] 1993*1994 ACGIH TLV: 2 ppm (12 mg/m3) TWA [skin], A2 Original (SCP) IDLH: 800 ppm Basis for original (SCP) IDLH: The chosen IDLH is based on the mouse 57*minute LC50 of 860 ppm [Buckell 1950 cited by Patty 1963]. Existing short*term exposure guidelines: 1991 American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) Emergency Response Planning Guidelines (ERPGs): ERPG*1: 25 ppm (60*minute) ERPG*2: 50 ppm (60*minute) ERPG*3: 125 ppm (60*minute) ACUTE TOXICITY DATA: Lethal concentration data see: http://0-www.cdc.gov.pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/niosh/idlh/74884.html Other animal data: In a subchronic study, no rats died following exposures to 150 ppm for 6 hours/day for 3 days [Monsanto 1986]. Human data: None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. Revised IDLH: 100 ppm Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for methyl iodide is 100 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in animals [Bakhishev 1975; Buckell 1950; Monsanto 1986]. [Note: The 30*minute and 57*minute LC50 data were used rather than the 4*hour LC50 data so as not to magnify the conservatism already present in the correction factors. NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the "most protective" respirators be worn for methyl iodide at concentrations above 2 ppm.] REFERENCES: 1. Bakhishev GN [1975]. Relationship between chemical structure and toxicity for some halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons. Fiz Akt Vesh 7:35*36 (in Russian). 2. Buckell M [1950]. The toxicity of methyl iodide: I. Preliminary survey. Br J Ind Med 7:122*124. 3. Deichmann WB, Gerarde HW [1969]. Table 67. Acute inhalation toxicity of alkyl iodides. In: Toxicology of drugs and chemicals. New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., p. 756. 4. Monsanto [1986]. Methyl iodide: pilot, 4*week, and 13*week inhalation toxicity studies in rats (ML*81*015, ML*81*084, ML*81*274). 1982*1986. [Unpublished report]. St. Louis, MO: Monsanto Company, Department of Medicine and Environmental Health. 5. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience Publishers, Inc., p. 1256. 6. von Oettingen WF [1955]. The halogenated aliphatic, olefinic, cyclic, aromatic, and halogenated insecticides, their toxicity and potential dangers. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, U.S. Public Health Service Publication No. 414, pp. 30*32. Toxicology May be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin. Highly toxic. May cause cancer. Possible teratogen. Vesicant. May cause harm to the unborn child. Readily absorbed through the skin. May cause sensitization. Severe irritant. Narcotic. Typical PEL ca. 5 ppm. Toxicity data ORL-RAT LD50 76 mg kg-1 IHL-RAT LC50 1300 mg/m3/4h IPR-RAT LD50 101 mg kg-1 SCU-MUS LD50 110 mg kg-1

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter This last part is very relevant since this data is only a few months old: see http://www.panna.org/fumigants/mei for the original info The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) registered methyl iodide on October 5th, 2007. The State of California entered methyl iodide into its evaluation process on August 22nd, 2007. The registrations of methyl iodide (also known as iodomethane) are as a new chemical touted as a replacement for methyl bromide for soil fumigant applications. EPA registered methyl iodide despite a concerted effort resulting in a September 25 letter from dozens of distinguished chemists saying that it is astonis hing that the EP A is co nsid ering broadcast release s of one of the more to xic chemicals u sed in manufacturing into the environm ent. Although EPA announced it would address recent question s prompted by the pending registration of iodome thane, it went ahe ad with the reg istra tion a few days later. Howe v e r, it took the unu sual s tep of registering methyl iodide for only one year. This provides some hope for a reversal of the decision. Fumigant pesticides are volatile, drift-prone chemicals injected into the soil at application rates of 50-400 pounds per acre. T h e m a x i m um application rate for methyl iodide is 175 pounds pe r acre. Chem ically related to methyl bromide a fumigant scheduled for phaseout under the Mon treal P rotocol b ecause of its ozone-depleting potential meth yl iodide is much more reactive than methyl bromide, reacting with air and water before it can be transported to the stratospheric ozone layer. [1] For this reason, methyl iodide is not an ozone-depleting chemical; nevertheless, there are a number of reasons why EPA should have refused the registration of this chemical. Help Reverse Methyl Iodide Registration Arysta LifeSciences is the registrant for the chemical. A preliminary risk assessment was released in January 2006, with a public comment period that closed on February 21, 2006. PANNA submitted both general and technical comment letters to EPA on this pesticide. You can download these letters here: * Download PANNA's Technical Comment letter on methyl iodide (pdf) * Download PANNA's General Comment letter on fumigants (pdf) In addition, over 12,500 individuals weighed in to tell EPA that they did not want this toxic chemical used in their communities and workplaces. On April 19, 2006, the US EPA announced that it was denying registration for methyl iodide in 2006, and that the chemical might be reconsidered in 2007. On Septe mber 28, 2007 , US EPA announced tha t it had conducted a thoro ugh scientific evaluation of the soil fumigant iod omethane. But a p p a rently in re sponse to th e aforementioned September 25 letter from dozen s of distinguished scientists to EPA Administrator Stephen Johnson, asking that registration be delayed while an independent panel of scientists a s s e s s e d t h e evidence the Agency briefly delayed registration. * Quick Background Information on Methyl Iodide * EPA Health Risk Assesment Report Recent News on Methyl Iodide Registration: * Rita Beamish AP article picked up by Fox News, picked up by the Mercury News too, September 25, 2007, prior to registration * Marla Cone article in LA Times following registration, October 6, 2007 * Stephanie Hoops article in Ventura County Star following registration, October 7, 2007 * Witty opinion piece in the Santa Barbara Independent, October 11, 2007 (note that chloropicrin, not methyl bromide, is a chemical warfare agent) * New Pesticide, Old Problem, October 12, 2007 (mp3) Farmers have wanted a replacement for a pesticide that's being phased out because it destroys the planet's ozone layer. Now, EPA has approved a substitute but some leading scientists say that pesticide is highly toxic and too dangerous to use in fields. Living on Earth's Jeff Young reports from Washington. Public Health Will Be Endangered if Methyl Iodide Begins to be Used Enough is known about this chemical to predict that its use for soil fumigation will result in unhealthful human exposures. A history of mass poisonings involving other fumigants is part of the basis for this prediction. For a recent example, consider the 121 people who were poisoned in Nevada on September 26, 2007, even as EPA was days away from its decision on methyl iodide. EPA's proposed buffer zones for iodomethane are at most 500 feet. The farmworkers who were poisoned were in a field half a mile from the one being fumigated. One can readily see from this incident that EPA's maximum 500-foot buffer zones are a fraction of the size that would be required to prevent recurrences of poisonings. Unfortunately, "feasibility" dictates the buffer zone sizes as much as health protection. Real-world incidents are corroborated by EPA's detailed models which show that the buffer zones they have settled on are inadequate a few percent of the time for those who are unfortunate enough to be in the downwind direction. The game of roulette depends principally on the weather on the day of the fumigation. Light winds and clear skies near sunset lead to "inversions" which keep fumigants escaping from the ground from dispersing. Under these conditions, the models show and real-world incidents confirm that unhealthy concentrations of fumigant gas build up over the field and then slowly drift into neighboring communities. Unless EPA's decision to approve methyl iodide as a soil fumigant is reversed, farmworkers, rural communities, and new suburbanites whose p roperties face or abut fields will be a t risk, particu larly those in States with high fum igant use California , Washington and Florida. Public health protection should be the primary consideration for pesticide registration, and EPA should use the 1-year registration as an opportunity to reverse its decision on methyl iodide. Methyl Iodide is Chemically Reactive Methyl iodide is widely used in chemical synthesis because of its extraordinary ability to react with electron-rich molecules. Specifically, it reacts readily with biomolecules like DNA, the genetic material in cells, in a process that alters the structure of DNA and Chemists use special techniques to protect themselves while handling even small quantities of methyl iodide in the laboratory. Source: PANNA Archives leads to mutations. Synthetic chemists treat this chemical with great respect, handling it only in a hood under an inert atmosphere and using specially sealed bottles and syringes for transfer to ensure that none of this highly toxic chemical escapes. The proposed release of massive amounts of this chemical into the environment is contrary to safe chemical management practices. Methyl Iodide Will Contaminate Air and Water

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Because methyl iodide is highly volatile, it is as drift-prone as other fumigants.[2] As a result, bystander inhalation exposure will be high if this chemical is applied as a soil fumigant. Methyl iodide is also a volatile organic compound (VOC) that will contribute to ground-level ozone, which is known to exacerbate asthma and other respiratory diseases. Soil fumigation with methyl iodide poses a risk of groundwater contamination as well. A study of methyl iodide-treated soils demonstrated that cumulative volatilization losses from sandy loam soils ranged from 94% of the amount applied in nontarped soils to 75% in soils covered with high-barrier tarps. [3] Tarping increased downward movement of the pesticide into the soil, which increased leaching into groundwater. The half-life of methyl iodide in soil depends on soil type, from 42 to 63 days for sandy loam soils and 9 to 13 days in soils rich in organic matter. [4] Methyl Iodide is Acutely Toxic Methyl iodide affects the nervous system, the lungs, liver, and kidneys. Symptoms of acute poisoning from inhalation include dizziness, sleepiness, nausea, diarrhea, slurred speech, lack of coordination, and muscle convulsions. [5] Methyl iodide is six times more acutely toxic than methyl bromide, and about twice as toxic as 1,3-dichloropropene (Telone).[6] To date, neither U.S. EPA nor California s Department of Pesticide Regulation have set an accepta ble level of human exposure for this chemical, but the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health has set an eight to ten-hour worker (adult male) exposure limit of 10 mg/m3 based on the chemical's acute toxicity. [6] "Acceptable" exposures for children developed through risk assessment are typically 10-1,000 times lower than those for healthy adult males. EPA has listed methyl iodide as a Hazardous Air Pollutant generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. Methyl Iodide is a Carcinogen The chemical reactivity of methyl iodide mentioned above has biological consequences. Vapors of methyl iodide induce DNA d a m a g e a n d a r e muta genic to bacteria in the presence or absence of a n e x o g e nous metabolic system (the Ames te st). [7] Methyl iodide is also commonly used to create mutant mammalian cell lines in the laboratory. [8] Radioactive labeling studies in rats demonstrate DNA damage to the lungs and digestive tract specifically caused by methyl iodide. [9] Because of this chemical reactivity, the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommended that methyl iodide be considered as a potential occupational carcinogen, [10] and the state of California lists it as a chemical "known to the State of California to cause cancer." [11] The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) indicates that: "No epidemiological data relevant to the carcinogenicity of methyl iodide were available. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of methyl iodide." Because of this lack of data, IARC lists this chemical as "unclassifiable" as to its carcinogenicity. [12] While there are no recent cancer studies in the primary literature, the older animal studies cited and described by IARC indicate that cancers resulted from exposure to this chemical in all experiments at most dose levels tested, and in some instances from only a single moderate exposure.[13] "Groups of BD rats (substrain and sex unspecified), about 100 days old, received weekly subcutaneous injections of 10 (16 animals) or 20 mg/kg body weight (eight animals) methyl iodide (purity unspecified) in arachis oil for about one year (total dose, 500 or 900 mg/kg body weight), or a single subcutaneous injection of 50 mg/kg body weight (14 animals), and were observed for life. Four and two animals in the first two groups, respectively (25%), died of pneumonia. Subcutaneous sarcomas occurred in 9/12 rats injected with 10 mg/kg body weight, in 6/6 rats injected with 20 mg/kg body weight and in 4/14 rats given a single injection of 50 mg/kg body weight. No subcutaneous tumor was reported to have occurred in control rats ... injected with arachis oil alone. Local tumors occurred more than one year after the first injection; histologically, these were fibrosarcomas and spindle-cell and round-cell sarcomas. In most cases ... pulmonary and lymph-node metastases were observed." [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).V41 218 (1986)] Click here to download a summary of the animal studies that have been done to date. In its recent risk assessment [14] EPA found that methyl iodide caused thyroid tumors, but invoked a previously unheard of cancer ranking -- "Not likely to be carcinogenic to humans at doses that do not alter rat thyroid hormone homeostasis." Download the EPA Cancer Assessment. It is worth noting that the Cancer Assessment Review Committee used only a single study to come to this conclusion -- a study in which 62-66% of the rats in both the control group and the high dose group died during the experiment and only 52-54% of the rats in the other dose groups survived (see p. 11 in the Cancer Assessment), bringing into question the scientific validity of the study. Of particular concern is that the registrant, Arysta LifeSciences, determined the number of tumors caused by methyl iodide only for animals that survived beyond the first year of the study. (See page 7 in the Cancer Assessment, footnote to table 1). In addition to the thyroid tumors observed in the survivors of the study, large and significant changes were observed in thyroid hormone levels, which are intimately tied to metabolic disorders and immune function. EPA did not evaluate the possible health outcomes of these changes. Other toxic effects noted by EPA include respiratory tract and salivary gland lesions, neurological toxicity, reduced body weight, and developmental toxicity (manifested as fetal losses and decreased live births). Download the EPA Health Effects Assessment. Methyl Iodide Interferes with Metabolic Processes Several studies indicate that at intermediate doses, methyl iodide interferes with both lipid and glucose metabolism. Injection of male rabbits with 57 mg/kg of MeI for 2 days resulted in a five-fold increase in plasma triglyceride levels, with a significant increase in the very low density lipoprotein (the "bad cholesterol") and accumulation of fatty deposits in the liver. [15] Another study showed that when methyl iodide was injected into rabbits, basal levels of insulin and glucagons increased, and plasma glucose levels responded abnormally to insulin and glucose injections, indicating disturbances in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. [16] Resources 1. S.R. Yates, Methyl Iodide as a Replacement for Methyl Bromide: Environmental Implications, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, October 15, 1996. 2. The vapor pressure of methyl iodide is 400 mm Hg, compared to 1,800 mm Hg for methyl bromide, 18 mm Hg for MITC and 29 mm Hg for 1,3-dichloropropene (Telone). 3. J. Gan, et al., J. Env. Qual. 1997 , 26: 1107 15, as cited in the Hazardous Substances Data Bank, National Library of Medicine. 4. J. Gan a nd S.R. Yates, J. Agr. Food Chem., 1996 , 44: 4001 8, as cited in the Hazardous Substances Data Bank, National Library of Medicine. 5. Methyl Iodide Product Information, Iodine.com. 6. a) Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc., 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991, p. 1013. b) Methyl Iodide, Chemical Health and Safety Data, U.S. National Toxicology Program.

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7. Methyl Iodide (Iodomethane), Air Toxics Website, U.S. EPA. 8. M.M. Moore, D. Clive, Environ. Mutagen., 1982, 4: 499-519. 9. Carbon-14 labeling studies indicate that methyl iodide methylates DNA, with DNA adducts detected in the stomach, forestomach, liver and lung of male and female rats exposed to [14C]-methyl iodide orally or by inhalation. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man, Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1999, 71: 506. 10. Monohalomethanes: Methyl Chloride, Methyl Bromide, Methyl Iodide, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, September 27, 1984, page 22. 11. California Proposition 65 list, California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. 12. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man, Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1986, 41: 222. 13. IARC monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man, Volume 15 (1977), 41 (1986) and 71 (1999). 14. Iodomethane Preliminary Risk Assessment, US EPA, Docket ID #EPA-HQ-OPP-2005-0252, Go to Docket. 15. H. Matsui, et al., Sangyo Igaku, 1982, 24: 85-89. 16. H. Matsui, et al., Hormone Metab. Res. 1982, 14: 676-67. See the complete list of resources about pesticide drift.

ccw8076

January 8th, 2008, 12:13 AM

Along the poisons route, heavy metal toxicity is only found if tested for a specific metal. There are different tests for say, lead and mercury, and only the most commonly found compounds are tested for. If you really want to kill someone silently, than I would recommend this: Gold Sodium Thiomalate is a medical compound used to treat arthritis, it isn't used in the states much, but in Mexico and Canada it is plentiful. If you say, sprinkle some of it on the victim's corn flakes a little at a time for a couple of weeks, the victim will succumb to heavy metal toxicity of GOLD. Gold is NEVER tested for during an autopsy, I should know. And unless the target is high priority, the doctors will pass the death off as anything but gold poisoning. The best part of this scenario is that once the heavy metals have been tested, they will be ruled out entirely and therefore any other symptoms relating to the toxicity will be ignored. You go scot free. And no complicated syntheses, and no schedule 1 substance violations.

ciguy007

January 18th, 2008, 11:39 PM

It not only acts rapidly (see press coverage of Kevorkian's early experiments), it is (when pure) odorless, colorless and tasteless. In high concentrations it can cause rapid loss of consciousness. Furthermore about 15% of the people intoxicated to the point of loss of consciousness develop irreversible neurologic sequelae. It's not just a cause of hypoxia. If you experimentally collect dog blood, bubble CO through it until it's 100% carboxyhemoglobin, spurge the CO dissolved in the liquid with an inert gas (say, helium) you can exchange-transfuse a dog using the 100% carboxyhemoglobin up to a concentration of over 50% before you see any symptoms of hypoxia (35% is typically associated with death); and you will not see other neurologic signs. CO is a brain white matter poison in addition to being a hemoglobin-inactivator. I think its actual and potential toxicity has been underestimated in this forum.

Torvaun

January 27th, 2008, 11:57 PM

No doubt CO is deadly, but it's also fairly obvious. The point of this thread is to leave medical examiners scratching their heads. On that note, I used to work with an ex-pharmacist who had done a great deal of cancer work. He had worked with a chemotherapy drug (which I can't think of right now, to my dismay) which had a maximum safe dose of one molecule. Anyone else know what this one is?

Charles Owlen Picket

January 28th, 2008, 03:07 PM

I think someone was pulling your leg. If you actually have an interest, you could do a hunt for: "DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS IN TOXICOLOGY" and find out the real levels involved and they actually couldn't be a molecule (well, "anti matter" if you like Star Trek) ....TTBoMK. The most potent poison in the world... Botulin toxin is possibly the most acutely toxic substance commonly known, with a lethal dose of about 200-300 pg/kg, meaning that somewhat over a hundred grams could kill every human on earth (for perspective, the rat poison Strychnine, often described as highly toxic, has an LD50 of 1 mg/kg, or 1 billion pg/kg).

Bugger

February 5th, 2008, 05:06 AM

I have thought of what would be a completely undetectable poison, if one were to want to kill someone, but make it look like "natural causes" occurring during sleep. This would be plain old CO2, obtainable in large quantities as "dry ice" from firms that compress and solidify or liquefy CO2 emissions from industrial furnaces or thermal power stations. It is undistinguishable from the small amount of CO2 that occurs in the atmosphere, unlike CO (which does not occur naturally in appreciable amounts, and the presence of which may be suspected from a body's color, and thence from pathological examination of the blood for CO content). To use it, one would have to get a large chunk of "dry ice" in the evening, and, shortly before the victim usually goes to bed, somehow get inside and hide the stuff in his bedroom. The "dry ice" would evaporate as gaseous CO2 during the night, driving away all the oxygen present along with that which would normally diffuse into the bedroom, suffocating the victim but leaving no visible trace of a cause. However, it would work only if all the doors and windows of the bedroom were closed and fairly airtight, so it would be most likely to work in winter in areas which have cold winters. CO2 poisoning fairly frequently happens when people abseil or climb down into deep vertical shafts in which CO2, which is heavier than air, accumulates from such sources as vehicle exhausts, industrial fuel burning, volcanic emissions, and fires. Such places can be natural pothole-type caves with no outlet at the bottom, old mines with no ventilation system, large industrial tanks, and large sewers.

Jetex Kid

February 9th, 2008, 07:41 AM

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Sodium azide is an uncommon poison that may be commonly found among Rogue Scientists, and it works. The neighbor's aging 80-pound hound bayed relentlessly, day and night. The American judicial establishment does not do barking dogs, except in a lengthy, expensive and uncertain way, which invites alternatives. First time, one-half gram in a gelatin capsule in chicken. 24 hours later, after no apparent effect, the dose was doubled and wrapped in irresistable bacon. 24 hours after that the barking was very weak and finally ceased. He went out barking to the end. Probably one gram would have sufficed, which would be a ratio of about 35000-to-1. I think an instant death arouses suspicion, and 24 hours deterioration appears more natural. Also, I doubt they'd look for azide. A dual-threat chemical that really works.:D

Charles Owlen Picket

February 9th, 2008, 09:56 AM

In bio- science labs azide is generally (commonly) used to clean out Petri dishes and slides; to keep cultures from coming back after autoclaving. At the one gram level to 100lbs body weight it is considered not to be a serious poison on the level of bio-grades; the LD50 if I remember is pretty high like LD50 37 mg kg-1. That's pretty much like any common toxin. The issue with azide is that it is a skin permeable solid but it's not a real heavy duty toxin. I won't even touch the issue of poisoning a neighbor's dog.....

Jetex Kid

February 9th, 2008, 10:50 AM

Charles, your suggested LD50 of 37mg/kg would seem to be about right. Rosco recounted a female student dying from just one whiff (of HN3?), but I think that's an urban legend. No, azide is not a super poison, but it is efficient in convenient-size doses. And Charles, unless you are deaf, you too would touch the issue of poisoning the neighbor's dog if this dog lived next to you. I do this of necessity, not for fun.:(

Jetex Kid

February 10th, 2008, 07:09 AM

In WWII, when submarines were forced by to stay underwater too long, 0.5% concentration of CO2 was regarded as potentially fatal, though slow. I assume the 0.5% is volumetric. One cup o’ dry ice would generate 0.5% in a room of 1,000 cubic feet, excluding air changes. I’d have guessed much more. This concentration would cause a very rapid heartbeat and the victim would probably leave the room to seek medical attention. When workers go into a hole and then fall down dead, the concentration is probably well over 0.5%. Possibly a better way to produce CO2 would be by surreptitious burning to convert O2 to CO2. I also wonder if CO victims might not often be victims of CO2 poisoning as well. However, CO2 poisoning remits with fresh air, and CO poisoning does not.

ciguy007

May 2nd, 2008, 01:25 AM

White Phosphorous anyone? There used to be a rodenticide called "Stearns Electric Paste." It was a preparation of white phosphorous in a greasy carrier looked a lot like peanut butter. Instructions were to spread it on bread, cut bread into small cubes and place them where rats (oh yeah and small children - duh!) could find them. We saw a couple of cases that presented first as upper respiratory infections or otitis media. See the kid, prescribe some antibiotics, send them home. A week later they're back and in worse shape. Blood work shows evidence of bone marrow damage. Multi-organ failure follows with death very likely (in my case series n=2 both died). There was even a somewhat cheesy movie entitled "luminous poison" made about it. The movie exaggerated, but at the end of the day white phosphorous is a very potent protoplasmic poison with a significant latent period, and a prolonged often fatal course. By the way - regarding methanol: ethanol will block metabolism of methanol to formaldehyde and formic acid. We used to deliberately keep methanol exposures clinically drunk with IV or oral ethanol until they could be dialyzed. There are only a few conditions and/or substances which cause the ion-gap acidosis you see with methanol - a fairly trivial diagnosis if there is a clinical toxicologist or even a competent ER doc around.

mike-hunt

May 2nd, 2008, 04:23 AM

Thought I would ad a few ideas of my own on poisoning. I like the idea of making the poisoning look accidental as opposed to undetectable as mentioned in the starting post by Mickey Finn . Few things are completely undetectable and even less will be in ten years time. One relatively easy way if the person is taking any medication that is fatal at a high dose is by replacing a single dose of medication with a concentrated dose. With most medications a high percentage of the medicine is filler where a normal dose may be 10 mg a normal size tablet or cap is around .5grm and a pure or concentrated dose possibly fatal. easy to do with cap's . The idea of poisonous animals, insects ect is also interesting. In my aria I can think of at least 2 spiders and 2 snakes that would be put down to accidental death but was wondering what if the creature was not common to the area e.g. an Australian death adder bite in the US or American rattler in Australia ? Using venom not commonly found in the aria would make it extremely unlikely that the cause is found as well as the antidote transported to the patient in time .When the cause is found after death it is more likely to be put down to an escaped pet then suspicious death .People love weird pets and as most are illegally purchased investigating where the spider/snake came from would lead to dead ends for police.

Telkor

May 16th, 2008, 07:42 AM

There are some poisons which may be nearly undetectable. One example ist Nitrosamines. Very toxic, but they are totally decomposed in humann metabolism within a short time.

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(approximately some hours). Very nasty stuff. Or KCl injection. As the KCl concentration in blood will rise anyway post mortem, it can't be detected directly. But as it's a really painful procedure, it'll certainly be noticed.

Giroro

August 29th, 2008, 09:09 PM

Potassium is a good one too, my old biology teacher told me this one (wonder why she got the sack...), that if you dissolve Potassium into water, and inject it into someones blood, whilst they sleep, they'll die within 4 hours, and whilst the autopsy will show high levels of Potassium, this will be attributed to the fact that post-humously, the body naturally produces Potassium, so it'll be put down as an unknown death. Cons: If the autopsy surgeons find no trace of poison, they may (being intelligent), attribute it to pre-humous Potassium injection.

Hinckleyforpresident

August 29th, 2008, 11:29 PM

Potassium is a good one too...... Surely anybody doing an autopsy worth their stuff would check the blood pH and notice that the victim was very very basic. The same effect could be obtained by simply dissolving KOH or NaOH in water.

chembio

September 21st, 2008, 03:40 AM

What about potassium permanganate? I once read somewhere that 20 grams of KMnO4 could be fatal to most people. So maybe an aqueous solution containing more than 20g of the stuff could be delivered into the target via injection/IV? Also, I once cultivated a supposedly highly-toxic plant called 'Angel's Trumpets' Brugmansia sp.. The tropane alkaloids it contains are a form of hallucinogen, but I wonder what they could do if administered intravenously? I'm thinking along the lines of several syringes of sap extract here. Plus, it's a common tropical shrub, so any possible victims might be written off as having accidentally poisoned themselves by handling it. Heck, give someone a pot of the flowers as a gift, then off them :p

Just my 2 cents :)

joffe

September 21st, 2008, 11:22 AM

What about potassium permanganate? I once read somewhere that 20 grams of KMnO4 could be fatal to most people That doesn't seem like a great idea to me. If you need 20 grams of it to administer a fatal dose, it can hardly be classified as a poison. And if you dissolve it in an aqueous solution, you'll have to increase the dosage accordingly. So how are you planning to administer the poison to the victim? I can't see any other way than strapping him to a bed and administer it via IV and he might no lie down willingly. And it's hardly a subtle substance either - his veins will probably turn purple.

Roy Paci

September 21st, 2008, 06:27 PM

if you dissolve Potassium into water, and inject it into someones blood, whilst they sleep, they'll die within 4 hours,

Mmmh.. I think that when talking of potassium we only need to consider the meq of K+ we are administering. And if I'm wrong I just threwn some years of my life away. But we need to consider the duration of the administration. A pair of healthly kidneys can overcome variations of electrolytes concentration in the blood. So you have to inject K+ quicker than kidneys can piss it off your blood. And pH varies a lot in a corpse!

Bugger

September 24th, 2008, 06:32 AM

Also, I once cultivated a supposedly highly-toxic plant called 'Angel's Trumpets' Brugmansia sp.. The tropane alkaloids it contains are a form of hallucinogen, but I wonder what they could do if administered intravenously? I'm thinking along the lines of several syringes of sap extract here. Plus, it's a common tropical shrub, so any possible victims might be written off as having accidentally poisoned themselves by handling it. Heck, give someone a pot of the flowers as a gift, then off them. I have that plant (white trumpet lily tree) growing wild on my property in New Zealand. It requires fertile soil, moderately high rainfall, and an absence of frost.

n1000

September 26th, 2008, 06:54 PM

On the same vein as utilizing CO2 as a poisioning agent. If you've got access to the target's sleeping room or could slip a mask on, why not just use pure nitrogen gas? The unopposable urge to breathe when you hold your breath, for example, is triggered by a buildup of CO2 causing gasping, and epinephrine release...certain to wake you up. A remotely triggered valve on even a modestly sized N2 tank could purge a room of oxygen quite quickly, someone sleeping inside would inevitably suffocate to the point of brain damage or death without waking On an unrelated note, I think that these long acting poisons offer much potential. Benzene smells nice, and chronic exposure could be achieved using a benzene-based perfume in one of those plug-in air-fresheners. Lowered blood count, anemia, damage to bone marrow...ultimately leukemia. It's a nice flat molecule which can slip between nucleobases, breaking DNA strands.. I believe it has nasty effects on the liver, kidneys and brain too. I don't need to mention how accessible the stuff is, I mean... C6H6 for crying out loud! It blows my mind that the biologically

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ubiquitous 6 membered aromatic ring is so damn bad for you!

Roy Paci

September 27th, 2008, 11:22 AM

I can't understand your point on CO2. If your point about N2 is: no CO2 breathen, no urge for breathing, you are wrong. Low oxygen--->hypoxia(anaerobic methabolism-----> acidosis)--->feeling of distress, tachipnea, polypnea, tachicardia, raising pulmonary arterial vessels pressure to elevate lungs perfusion If hypoxia is mantained, pulmonary oedema. Any of the reported consequences of hypoxia is reversible by having the subject going to an ambient with a normal concentration of O2.

IMO the feeling of discomfort is strong enough to wake someone up. You can try placing a plastic bag on you head. The CO2 speeds up things but doesn't modify them substantially. At one point you'll be feeling like you've been holding your breathe for a long time and will find it's annoying. Before loosing consciousness remove the bag(operate in order to get the plastic bag opening spontaneously if you pass over and you are alone). In a couple of breathes your status is almost completely restored.

Like when climbing mountains over 3000.

ccw8076

September 28th, 2008, 07:01 PM

I believe that the concept of a "perfect poison" only really applys when used in the context of a subsequent police investigation. If your poison is a N2 tank or some CO2 apparatus, then the police will hardly think that the person died naturally; and if your method of poisoning leads the police to your doorstep, then it cannot be truly considered a "perfect" method of assassination. That is why the original posts in this thread dealt with toxins with no traces. Also, if you used straight nitrogen, the blood would eventually become saturated, and the police would be aware they were looking for someone who had ready access to nitrogen, and the time and inclination to rig a such a system in the victims home.

ironhyde

October 7th, 2008, 07:28 AM

Palytoxin and Maitotoxin looks like good candidates for perfect toxins

Telkor

October 7th, 2008, 07:56 AM

What about ergot toxins? Horribly toxic, undetectable after a few hours, and a huge variety of symptoms.

Hinckleyforpresident

October 7th, 2008, 07:57 PM

What about ergot toxins? Horribly toxic, undetectable after a few hours, and a huge variety of symptoms. Ergotism - or St. Anthony's Fire - doesn't always kill... It is far more likely to make you go nuts and give you nasty seizures and convulsions. However, ergotism can constrict blood vessels, and cause gangrene (potentially lethal) as a result. Generally speaking, ergotism is a recognized ailment. It is sometimes confused with mercury poisoning though. On a slightly different note; how about distilled water as a perfect poison? When injected into the bloodstream, dH2O will cause blood cells to rupture - sometimes leading to death.

ccw8076

October 8th, 2008, 01:27 AM

On a slightly different note; how about distilled water as a perfect poison? When injected into the bloodstream, dH2O will cause blood cells to rupture - sometimes leading to death. While this is true for red blood cells, cells which make up the lining of the vessels themselves will not succumb to hemolysis in pure water, and practically speaking, it would take an enormous amount of pure water simply injected into the blood stream to cause the kind of damage which would lead to a condition either of hypoxia or a massive blood clot. In either of those cases, the conditions can be treated relatively quickly and are fairly easily detectable. Long-shot though, if you injected distilled water mixed with potassium ions, to greatly speed passage of water along the aquaporins, in the internal carotid artery, which is just slightly above the 4th cervical, then you could potentially cause a lethal clot in the blood brain barrier.

Alexires

October 8th, 2008, 07:35 AM

Otherwise set up a drip to inject water on the way to the brain. Target the bit that is most vulnerable as opposed to flooding the whole body. *chuckle* Person is brain dead, but everything else is untouched. Edit: That's random. It appears we appreciate the same literature, ccw.

Vitalis

October 8th, 2008, 08:37 AM

Perhaps I'm mistaken, but I thought the point of the "Perfect Poisons" thread was to determine a poison that would cause

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death and not be detectable after death or at least be easily explained as to why the substance was in the person's body. 20g of KMnO4 couldn't be easily explained, nobody would ingest that amount by accident. Same goes for injecting several syringes of Tropane Alkaloid containing plant material. The injection wounds would be obvious, plus the amount of alkaloid in the body would be insanely high. Unless the person was known as an idiot who would do anything to get high, nobody will believe they got such a huge amount of Tropane Alkaloid in their body. If your mark enjoys their fugu, I would like tetrodotoxin, a little extra in their fish goes a long way...

What about potassium permanganate? I once read somewhere that 20 grams of KMnO4 could be fatal to most people. So maybe an aqueous solution containing more than 20g of the stuff could be delivered into the target via injection/IV? Also, I once cultivated a supposedly highly-toxic plant called 'Angel's Trumpets' Brugmansia sp.. The tropane alkaloids it contains are a form of hallucinogen, but I wonder what they could do if administered intravenously? I'm thinking along the lines of several syringes of sap extract here. Plus, it's a common tropical shrub, so any possible victims might be written off as having accidentally poisoned themselves by handling it. Heck, give someone a pot of the flowers as a gift, then off them :p

Just my 2 cents :)

Telkor

October 8th, 2008, 11:34 AM

Ergotism - or St. Anthony's Fire - doesn't always kill... It is far more likely to make you go nuts and give you nasty seizures and convulsions. However, ergotism can constrict blood vessels, and cause gangrene (potentially lethal) as a result.

Ergotism is caused by a chronic low dose exposure, but most of the ergot toxines affect neurotransmitters and will be lethal at a high dose. Ergine, for example, would cause a circulatory collapse.

ironhyde

October 8th, 2008, 02:22 PM

hello people i was googling on palytoxin and found this on wiki Palytoxin targets the sodium-potassium pump protein by binding to the molecule such that the molecule is locked in a position where it allows passive transport of both the sodium and potassium ions, thereby destroying the ion gradient that is essential for most cells. Typical symptoms of palytoxin poisoning are angina-like chest pains, asthma-like breathing difficulties, tachycardia, unstable blood pressure, hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells), and an electrocardiogram showing an exaggerated T wave. The onset of symptoms is rapid, and death usually follows just minutes after. more on it here http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palytoxin so i was thinking if somebody was poisoned with this then pigs may not suspect anythiny.:D:confused:

Hinckleyforpresident

October 8th, 2008, 02:44 PM

Ergotism is caused by a chronic low dose exposure, but most of the ergot toxines affect neurotransmitters and will be lethal at a high dose. Ergine, for example, would cause a circulatory collapse. Could you cite a reference for the toxicity of ergine and other lysergic acid amides? I have never heard of compounds in the same class as LSD being potentially lethal. To my knowledge, the LD50's for all of them are way to high to ever reasonably OD. However, clavine compounds can kill. But even still, the alkaloid contents of most ergot-compound containing plants and fungi is very low. And the majority of the alkaloids extracted would be LSA's, not lysergic clavines. So either the victim would have to unknowingly ingest a large amount of the raw plant/fungus, or the criminal would have to extract from a large amount of biomass. Here is a reference for the toxicity of clavines (link (http://www.curehunter.com/public/pubmed6442580.do)).

Pharmacological investigations of the ergot alkaloid of the group of clavines, elymoclavine, isolated from Claviceps sp. cp. II showed the following results: The LD50 for mice for 24 h was 350 (228-535) mg/kg and for rats 145 (81-258) mg/kg. Elymoclavine induced a dose-dependent stereotypy (doses of 2 to 10 mg/kg) in rats and mice which was antagonized by haloperidol and pimozide. It prevented the development of haloperidol catalepsy in rats and produced rotations contralateral to the striatal lesions with 6-OHDA which were antagonized by pimozide and partly by cyproheptadine. Elymoclavine, like bromocriptine, decreased the plasma level of prolactin. Furthermore, elymoclavine increased the exploratory activity of rats in open field; this effect was antagonized by haloperidol and was essentially influenced by many substances acting on different transmitter systems (NA, DA, GABA). Elymoclavine inhibited the picrotoxin and electroshock convulsive seizures but potentiated the pentylenetetrazol ones in mice as these effects were differently influenced by pimozide, haloperidol, 5-HTP, atropine and phentolamine. 100 and 250 micrograms/kg of elymoclavine produced a considerable and persisting decrease of the blood pressure in anaesthetized cats. At 1 X 10(-6) M, without producing any per se effect, elyoclavine decreased the contractile effects of acetylcholine, nicotine, BaCl2 and PGE1 as well as the field electrical stimulation-induced contractions in an isolated segment from guinea-pig ileum. The observed effects of elymoclavine are mainly due to its dopaminergic agonist action. It seems, however, that influences on other transmitter receptors also underlie the mechanism of action of this ergot alkaloid.

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October 9th, 2008, 01:00 AM

hello people i was googling on palytoxin and found this on wiki .... may not suspect anythiny.:D:confused: While you are at it, how about you look up capitalisation, spelling, punctuation and I/i failure on your one week break from The Forum?

Telkor

October 9th, 2008, 06:25 AM

Could you cite a reference for the toxicity of ergine and other lysergic acid amides? I have never heard of compounds in the same class as LSD being potentially lethal. To my knowledge, the LD50's for all of them are way to high to ever reasonably OD.

Well, LSD itself isn't very toxic for humans. A dose about 0,3 gram would kill an elephant (most likely through respiratory arrest), while a human being would survive. However, other ergolines are more toxic. An amount of 5-10 gram of Claviceps purpurea are lethal, that equates 10-100 mg of toxines, depending on concentration. The less toxic amides and similar derivatives can also be decomposed with light to become more toxic. Ergolines can be extracted from ergots or morning glory with a tincture of ethanol and white spirit.

References: http://www.landwirtschaft-mlr.baden-wuerttemberg.de/servlet/PB/menu/1156947_l1/index.html http://www.thunemann.de/martin/lsd/Kapitel2.htm

fluoroantimonic

October 14th, 2008, 08:21 AM

Well if you're looking for an effective poison sodium monofluoroacetate (known as 1080) fits the bill nicely. Depending on how suspicious the death is, there is a good chance that it would never be detected. "If the treatment is delayed until severe symptoms of poisoning appear, the patient is almost certain to die." "Currently there are no very effective decontamination treatments or antidotes for 1080." 300mg will surely be deadly to a human in a couple hours. The symptoms are somewhat similar to a heart attack, but I don't know if an experiences professional would mistake it for heart attack. As far as I have found it has basically never been used as a murder weapon, so I seriously doubt anyone would think of it as a suspect until it was much too late, if at all. It is quite soluble in water and has no color or taste supposedly. I don't know if there is a test that detects it in the body after death, it is mostly retained unchanged, a small fraction is metabolized to fluorocitrate which is what fucks up on of the enzyme that run the Krebs cycle. Even if there was a test for it I doubt it would be performed, its symptoms are not particularly distinct. Getting ahold of some might not be easy though, it is not widely used anymore (unless you're in New Zealand). It can apperently be made by direct fluorination of malonic acid in water, but that would be a major headache. But then again you wouldn't need much...

mike-hunt

October 18th, 2008, 08:41 PM

Hears an interesting site I found for a venom supplier. Http://www.latoxan.com/ I couldn't add it to above post #101 as edit feature has expired. I wonder how customs would respond if I attempted to import 10 grams of death adder or rattle snake venom into Australia? :D

Vitalis

October 19th, 2008, 01:18 AM

Yea, ordering poisons from a poison selling website usually attracts unwanted attention... ;)

I wonder how customs would respond if I attempted to import 10 grams of death adder or rattle snake venom into Australia? :D

Alexires

October 23rd, 2008, 07:09 AM

Getting ahold of some might not be easy though, it is not widely used anymore (unless you're in New Zealand). It is pretty common in Aus, practically lying around forests and parks. Find a farmer with a rabbit problem, I'm sure he would be able to help you out.

ccw8076 Okay,

October 23rd, 2008, 04:24 PM

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I just had a thought. Ethidium Bromide is a compound that is used in gel electrophoresis. It is so used because it directly adheres to a double stranded DNA molecule. It has the perfect capability of a great poison. If one could add a nitrile (c-N) molecule to it, then you could theoretically have cyanide inside of the nucleus of a cell, and mutating DNA. It would not be a "perfect" poison say, but it would be a very effective way to kill someone, as it is nigh impossible to un-mutate a DNA molecule "Ethidium bromide is thought to act as a mutagen because it intercalates into double stranded DNA, thereby deforming the molecule. This is believed to block or trip biological processes occurring on DNA, like DNA replication and transcription." wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethidium_bromide

Bugger

October 24th, 2008, 10:59 PM

Well if you're looking for an effective poison sodium monofluoroacetate (known as 1080) fits the bill nicely. Depending on how suspicious the death is, there is a good chance that it would never be detected.(cut) 300mg will surely be deadly to a human in a couple hours. The symptoms are somewhat similar to a heart attack, but I don't know if an experiences professional would mistake it for heart attack.(cut) Getting ahold of some might not be easy though, it is not widely used anymore (unless you're in New Zealand). It can apperently be made by direct fluorination of malonic acid in water, but that would be a major headache. But then again you wouldn't need much... 1080, or CH2FCOONa, is the poison of choice here in New Zealand for killing the introduced Australian brushtail opossum on a large scale, especially for aerial application from fixed-wing aircraft or helicopters. This species of opossum is New Zealand's number one introduced pest, because of the enormous damage they do to native tree species (which do not contain any eucalyptus oil to discourage browsing), because they eat ripe fruit in orchards, because they take the eggs of native birds, and because they spread bovine tuberculosis among cattle with which they can come into contact. They were introduced into New Zealand's North and South Islands (but not the smaller islands) because some idiot about 100 years ago thought that their fiber and pelts would make a great fur industry, This, however, has proved to be only marginally economic because of the rugged terrain of the bush where they mostly live. Because 1080 does not kill immediately, harvesting them for fur is instead done by either trapping or instant-killing cyanide paste instead. They are, surprisingly, a protected species in Australia, despite the enormous damage they must do there also; except for Tasmania where hunting and poisoning and trapping them is allowed. The Tasmanian sub-species, more prized due to its longer and darker fur, was the one introduced into New Zealand's South Island. They, and other marsupials, are not found on offshore Australian islands like Norfolk Island, Lord Howe Island, MacQuarie Island, and Christmas Island.

fluoroantimonic

October 26th, 2008, 09:50 AM

especially for aerial application from fixed-wing aircraft or helicopters. They used to use it here in Alaska in a similar application to kill off wolves when they got to thick. Pack a bunch of beaver carcasses with it and chuck them out of an airplane every so often. Come back and and there'd be a whole ring of dead animals around it, many of them not wolves. Back in the good old days... Another poison I like the sounds of is nicotine. Being deadly in 50-100mg doses and being very easily absorbed through skin gives some interesting possibilities. Also its absorption is known to be greatly enhanced by thinks like DMSO. Interestingly skin that has been treated with "Nair" has much faster absorption and is more likely to cause an overdose.

iHME

October 26th, 2008, 04:42 PM

Nicotine is pretty classic probably. I have read from a 70 ties trash novel how someone poisoned some other with nicotine in coffee, so the idea is hardly new. Nicotine does have it's benefits, the dry distillation from tobacco is easy, a 7th grader could do it. (our science teacher demo'ed it for us back then) If the victim is a chain smoker or similar the unnaturally high nicotine levels MIGHT go unnoticed. But I would not count on it.

hatal

October 28th, 2008, 07:14 AM

I have topic related question. Dichloromethane (used as paintstripper) supposed to have pain-relieving properties in moderated doses (if inhaled) and higher exposure can result in death. Thickie-pedia also states it is not flammable but it produces poisonous gasses if burned. I haven't been able to find more information except the CAS-sheet. Does anyone have a few sources on dichloromethane and its combustion?

Telkor

October 30th, 2008, 06:16 AM

I have topic related question. Dichloromethane (used as paintstripper) supposed to have pain-relieving properties in moderated doses (if inhaled) and higher exposure can result in death. Thickie-pedia also states it is not flammable but it produces poisonous gasses if burned. I haven't been able to find more information except the CAS-sheet. Does anyone have a few sources on dichloromethane and its combustion? DCM is quite similar to Chloroform. It will decompose into Phosgen gas and cause severe (or lethal) damage to the lungs.

fluoroantimonic

October 30th, 2008, 07:54 AM

Dichloromethane (used as paintstripper) supposed to have pain-relieving properties in moderated doses (if inhaled) and higher exposure can result in death. So will most other chlorinated solvents... Thickie-pedia also states it is not flammable but it produces poisonous gasses if burned.

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Also, so will almost any chlorinated solvent, and IIRC the products consist of a complex mix of various nasty chlorocarbons, some oxides, and maybe some phosgene.

Vitalis

October 30th, 2008, 08:03 AM

As mentioned, nicotine would do it, but if it's in DMSO you better be careful not to get any on yourself. Or you could inject it. It's an alkaloid so it will taste like shit and show up easy in any blood-work. Nobody would buy that even a heavy smoker smoked so much that they poisoned themselves to death by nicotine poisoning.

FUTI

October 30th, 2008, 11:17 AM

Getting high on DCM would be so fucking stupid taking into acount how quickly he would take your kidneys out of business. Friend of mine was taking those nicotine patches in attempt to quit smoking. Let's say that according to witness report leaving patch on your skin when you go to sleep is certain to cause strange and wild dreams. So I guess person would notice something is deeply wrong there if someone apply DMSO solution of nicotine on them.

-=HeX=-

October 30th, 2008, 01:56 PM

As for nicotine, being a smoker I can testify to its wierd effects. Once, after not smoking for a week, I had twenty in one 'session', chain smoking them sans filter. I ended up with a splitting headache, cramps, nausea and a really sore throat. The cigarettes were a strong brand, 'Banson and Hedges Gold' and normally I would only have one or two. After 5 or so I had the 'Nicotine Rush' (the term sed by my associates) from hell, and my perception was a bit messed up. Not my smartest thing to do... If thats only from inhaling the stuff, god only knows what ingestion is like. A member here tried the nicotine syrup to off himself and only ended up with a headache and a feeling of being 'Buzzed'. NBK posted about DCM being part of a CW he came up with, search 'MCX, the triple threat agent' or something like that. I read a post saying how a spraygun loaded with DCM sould be used where you want to knock someone out, but where killing is acceptable too. I also read of how DCM was even considered as an anastethic for surgury. I have seen in many places that DCM decomposes to phosgene, could refluxing DCM at slightly over its decomp. temp be a method of making crude phosgene? I envision a reflux condenser with the DCM and Anti-Bump granules (dont know why we use them, but my chemistry textbook always includes them in refluxing) in the round bottom flask and the reflux column attached to that with a condenser. The DCM would be refluxed for a while then the phosgene or impurities distilled off. Would that work? Here is a qute from wiki on the toxicity of DCM: Dichloromethane is the least toxic of the simple chlorohydrocarbons, but it is not without its health risks as its high volatility makes it an acute inhalation hazard. Dichloromethane is also metabolised by the body to carbon monoxide potentially leading to carbon monoxide poisoning. Prolonged skin contact can result in the dichloromethane dissolving some of the fatty tissues in skin, resulting in skin irritation or chemical burns. Least harmful? I wonder if the more harmful ones are OTC? Here is a link to a toxicology report on it: http:// www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp14.pdf its from the US department of Health and Human resources. It has a fair lot on its effects on children from a quick flick through. Here is its MSDS: http://www.temarry.com/MSDS/Dichloromethane_msds.htm Here is its LD50: LD50 (ORAL, RAT) IS 1500-2500 MG/KG and some other interesting data: Signs/Symptoms Of Overexp: IRRITATION, NAUSEA, VOMITING, HEADACHE, DIZZINESS, SKIN DEFATTING AND BURNS, ELEVATED CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN LEVELS, WEAKNESS. That was copied from its MSDS. Here is its Sigma page: http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/search/ProductDetail/ALDRICH/ 270997 More links with good data on DCM: http://msds.chem.ox.ac.uk/DI/dichloromethane.html http://www.jtbaker.com/msds/englishhtml/D2895.htm http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/sigma/datasheet/proligo_msds2_dca-deblock.pdf http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v48aje17.htm http://www.lomb.com.au/Dichloromethane.pdf Its decomp is 120 degrees celcius so I would reflux at 130 degrees celcius. Here is a link on its decomp: http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/esthag/2001/35/i06/abs/es0011414.html COCl2 is phosgene BTW. I wonder where the NOx came from... I personally think that Parathion and DMSO mixed makes a good toxin, an associate placed 1ml on a stray dogs spine, it died in 15 minutes or so. Sick bastard... At least it was not a dog! Here in ireland we have cases of clikdren drinking herbicide occasionally, most die painfully within a week, even with medical attention. I will research more when I have the time to do so. I also like ingestion of PS (chloropicrin) as a 'pain' toxin. it causes extreme pain as it erodes the intestinal lining, causing them to 'shit blood' fot a long time. And PS is easily OTC, as Mr Samosa showed in his 'Jam Jar Chloropicrin synth'. Thats all from me for now, I should have more later. Hope the typo's are few and far between.

FUTI

October 31st, 2008, 05:23 PM

Hex nice thinking few good idea and couple misconceptions. DCM boils at 44 degrees Celsius AFAIR. You can't heat it to 130 degrees Celsius. You can distill it through a tube which is heated to that temperature though, but be cautious not to cause explosion or fire. Making COCl2 is partial combustion, don't make is complete disaster. Anti-bump granules are there to prevent splashing of liquid caused by overheating... generally you are placing a source or point where will the steam bubbles will form in your liquid. Trichlorethylene and Chloroform are more toxic and that is true, but DCM still have chronic exposure problems in major league. I apologize as I strayed outside of topic, but DCM as junkie juice was hilarious.

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DMSO and Acetonitrile are solvent of choice when you want skin penetration... the second one was used in USSR for weaponization of some CW agents I think.

javainmycoffee

November 2nd, 2008, 02:32 AM

What about KCl. It is undetectable because it disassociates into Potassium and Chloride ions in the body. Both of which are naturally in the body. They use it in lethal injection of prisoners (pray for NBK) in conjunction with a barbiturate and a muscle relaxant. The last two are simply for redundancy and to assure the mourning family that the is no pain.:rolleyes: The mechanism of action is to depolarize muscles, specifically the heart, causing cardiac arrest. The lethal injection dosage is 100 mEq, but I don't know how that translates to molarity. All I know is that it is small. Pros: Sold as a table salt substitute for sodium challenged people, occurs naturally in the body anyway, small dosage is needed cons: Must be injected

iHME

November 2nd, 2008, 04:01 PM

Now, did you read the whole thread? Did you? Well KCl injection was mentioned and discussed a few pages back.

javainmycoffee

November 2nd, 2008, 11:30 PM

It was more mentioned than discussed. I wanted to add some more information on it because I don't think enough was given. I read and searched the thread by the way.

sandm4n

November 4th, 2008, 07:28 PM

I read that if you ingest a few seed of this plant causes instant death to humans....read it for yourselfs (pardon my bad english) I also read and did some research on VX the nerve agent used by the military, to survive from a drop of this nerve agent you have to be given the antidote almost instantly after the drop has touched your skin otherwise you will die, the major problem is, it is very dangerous and hard to produce this nerve agent. Only scientist with the proper technology and modern laboratory advances produce it....

totenkov

November 4th, 2008, 08:19 PM

Datura is very unlikely to kill you; let alone instantly. There have been a few report deaths, but those who did where administered astronomical doses. Datura is a strong dissociative and deliriant. I can testify to these effects because I have had a horrid experience with the plant. I cannot say for certain the exact amount because I was already extremely impaired. It was made into a tea, extremely bitter and unpleasant. The effects came on slowly, in such a way that I did not realize I was hallucinating until my friend made me aware of it. For the next 4 hours I was extremely uncomfortable, twitching, itchy and very unaware of my surroundings. I began to fall into a "dream like" state, like I was falling in and out of consciousness and awareness as we know it. The effects were horrid. With auditory and visual hallucinations that kept on getting more intense. It was like I was stuck in a vacuum, unable to get out; trapped in these horrid effects for what seemed like centuries. After a complete 6 hours I was coherent enough to converse with people around me. I was exhausted and still very uncomfortable. Apparently I would start talking, make absolutely no sense, rambling and babbling like a lunatic. Wanting to jump up and run, thankfully I was with people that are excellent sitters and were able to restrain me. It was foolish, poorly thought out, and a stupid decision to try the substance, however it gave me new faith that there are things in this world that will still knock me on my ass. :p That being said, if you attempt to poison someone with Datura, you will send them through a hellish experience, however chances are they will live to talk about it.

sandm4n

November 5th, 2008, 09:44 PM

Datura is very unlikely to kill you; let alone instantly. There have been a few report deaths, but those who did where administered astronomical doses...

You are very correct; I have done a little more research on Datura, and found out that in order to consume a fatal dose and die instantly you have to ingest about 3 or 4 seeds of this plant. Yet I do not think a intelligent person would eat that many seeds and not realize it. I don't know if it has been mentioned here, but a plant called Oleander is known to be the deadliest plant on the planet. It contains various toxins; including nerioside, oleandroside, saponins, and cardiac glycosides. Just one leaf can kill an adult. Another deadly plant is Rosary Pea, its red seeds contain the very known lectin called Abrin, only one seed will cause death in a short period of time. Daphne, also called Spurge Laurel is very toxic also, consumption of the leaves or fruits will cause nausea and violent vomiting, followed by internal bleeding, coma and death. It is very rich in the toxin Mezerein. ************************** Poorly written posts lead to bans. I will not be making your posts more readable in the future. -Hinckleyforpresident

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November 6th, 2008, 12:02 AM

I don't know if it has been mentioned here, but a plant called Oleander is known to be the deadliest plant on the planet. ----Just one leaf can kill an adult.

What is your source for this? I found a handful of references on the toxicity, and the couple of LD50s I found referenced were all greater than 150mg/kg. This hardly seems to qualify it as "the deadliest plant on the planet". (Although I did see that particular quote on wikipedia). :rolleyes:

It is well known that abrin (and along the same lines, ricin) is acutely toxic. Both are commonly stated to having LD50s of 13ug/kg. These are both from plants, although how much toxin each seed might hold I couldn't find. Do you have a reference to how much toxin is in each leaf of Oleander?

hatal

November 6th, 2008, 06:09 AM

Tropane alkaloids extracted from nightshades are a much better choice than just using the juice of datura. There is a hugh variety of highly toxic tropane alkaloids. There is also an extraction a synth posted somewhere.

Cobalt.45

November 6th, 2008, 09:55 AM

What is your source for this? I found a handful of references on the toxicity, and the couple of LD50s I found referenced were all greater than 150mg/kg. This hardly seems to qualify it as "the deadliest plant on the planet". (Although I did see that particular quote on wikipedia). :rolleyes: This is off topic, but if the only source that can be sited is wiki, the subject in question should be still in doubt. Serious doubt. Wiki alone is not a valid source, IMO. There should be a mandate that if wiki is the sole source, it has to be disclosed. Of course, sources should be sited in any event.

hatal

November 6th, 2008, 04:22 PM

Personally I dont trust Thickie at all, not mention in the field of science. Its credibilty is far from acceptable. But its still a valuable tool to find the "obvious" quickly and related material.

Telkor

November 8th, 2008, 03:04 PM

Nicotine is pretty classic probably. I have read from a 70 ties trash novel how someone poisoned some other with nicotine in coffee, so the idea is hardly new. Nicotine does have it's benefits, the dry distillation from tobacco is easy, a 7th grader could do it. (our science teacher demo'ed it for us back then) If the victim is a chain smoker or similar the unnaturally high nicotine levels MIGHT go unnoticed. But I would not count on it. I wonder if somebod tried to hide some pure nicotine or nicotine sulphate in a cigarette. It wouldn't be noticed that easily, and the victim would inhale pretty much of it.

c.Tech

November 8th, 2008, 11:51 PM

the major problem is, it is very dangerous and hard to produce this nerve agent. Only scientist with the proper technology and modern laboratory advances produce it.... :rolleyes: I believe lots of the people on this forum are very skilled, some have even synthesizesd nerve agents before. It can be done but isn't very practical. I wouldn't like to handle nerve agents. But you will need atropine shots ready if you do chose to make it, that will put use to your datura. :)

Vitalis

November 9th, 2008, 12:39 AM

IMO, synthesizing nerve agents is just attempted by most to try to be a hot-shot. A biological agent would be easier and if contagious it does the work for the attacker after released by some crazy nutjob.

megalomania

November 10th, 2008, 06:44 PM

I have research experience with organophosphorus chemistry under the tutiledge of a highly skilled expert PhD chemist, and we have discussed chemical weapon synthesis at length. Even he balks at the thought of making a nerve agent. These compounds are just too dangerous to even experiment with. I highly doubt anyone outside of our fedgov visitors have synthesized a nerve agent. Blood, vomit, or blister agents perhaps, but not nerve gasses. I am not saying it can't be done, it certainly can, but the risk of accident is not worth it. If you are suicidal, as in suicide bomber suicidal, this would be one hell of a way to go out. International media coverage would be outstanding. I wonder if they screen for chemical weapons on airlines? A small vial of nerve gas would be very easy to smuggle on board. When released into the small enclosed space of an airplane everyone on board would be dead in a matter of minutes, maybe less. A few hijackers with atropine might live long enough to crash the plane into something, but that plane will crash one way or another.

slarter

November 12th, 2008, 03:06 PM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The military used to conduct CW training at Huntsville, AL where they would dress you out in the M3 TAP Suit (Toxicological Agent Protective) walk you into a small room on the range with a rabbit in a cage, where they would crack a small ampule of Nerve agent (GB IIRC). Within seconds the rabbit would start twitching and would be dead in about a minute. :eek: One of the scariest things imaginable. The only thing I fear more than chemical weapons are biological ones.

joffe

November 13th, 2008, 04:11 PM

Talking about CW onboard airlines. The late Pakistani Brigadier Mohammad Yousaf claimed that Pakistan's former dictator Zia-ul Haq was assassinated when a military transport plane carrying him and several aides crashed. The assassination was carried out as follows; one of the pilots' coffee thermos was replaced with one filled with sarin. An obvious inside job, but it shows that nerve gas and airplanes are a bad combination.

Telkor

November 18th, 2008, 04:05 PM

Crocin and Safranal might be suitable. Though Saffron itself isn't very toxic (20 grams are lethal), the pure Terpenes will work well, and cause the symptoms of a Hepatic encephalopathy: Confusion, euphoria, followed by apathy, damage to the CNS, organ failure, finally coma and death. Necrosis and haemorrhage may occur. Safranal can be synthesized using citral, but extracting will be easier.

TheSavageHyena

November 19th, 2008, 04:09 PM

Originally Posted by sandm4n I have done a little more research on Datura, and found out that in order to consume a fatal dose and die instantly you have to ingest about 3 or 4 seeds of this plant. Yet I do not think a intelligent person would eat that many seeds and not realize it. I somehow doubt you did any research on Datura or any of the other tropane alkaloids. Although the required doses vary highly from plant to plant, 3 or 4 seeds will hardly even produce any notable effects. I suspect that perhaps 3 seed pods would cause ill effects (bearing in mind each pod may contain 50-100 seeds). The seeds resemble that of a bell peppers'. http://www.erowid.org/experiences/exp.php?ID=850 (2 tbsp. vs. 135lbs) http://www.erowid.org/experiences/exp.php?ID=17700 (150 seeds) http://www.erowid.org/experiences/exp.php?ID=61125 (4 tsp. vs. 140lbs) These people lived to tell about it, not to mention the countless references and a very helpful FAQ section. Originally Posted by totenkov After a complete 6 hours I was coherent enough to converse with people around me. I was exhausted and still very uncomfortable. Compared to the many reports I've read, you got off very easy. 6 hours is a long time to trip out but very short lived by Nightshade standards. The first report I cited shows the subject tripping out for 2 1/2 days IIRC. As was noted here before. This plants' use as a weapon would be best utilized if the tropane alkaloids were extracted and concentrated requiring a very small (physical) dose. It is a very versatile plant that grows in almost every back yard, so availability is never a question.

pacer

November 25th, 2008, 10:51 AM

Obtaining it may be problematic. In addition, this substance (D2O) must be kept sealed since it absorbs normal H isotopes from air moisture and gets diluted over the time. Chloroform comes to my mind. If administered to a sleeping victim by placing a towel saoked with chloroform on his/her mout/nose, s/he shall pass out. However it is detected by the forensic scientiests if suspected, I believe. Ok, I know I am new here, but I have been surfing for awhile...and I have yet to find the answer to this question I have... How long is Chloroform detectable in the body?

Alexires

November 27th, 2008, 11:17 PM

pacer - UTSFE. I don't blame you for not finding it though, it was difficult to track down. Here is your answer. "Chloroform is well absorbed, metabolized, and eliminated rapidly by mammals after oral, inhalation, or dermal exposure (IPCS, 2000b). In humans given a single oral dose of 0.5 g chloroform, about 50-52% of the dose was absorbed, and virtually all of the absorbed dose was metabolized to carbon dioxide. Blood levels peaked after 1.5 h and declined in line with a twocompartment model with half-lives of 13 and 90 min, respectively (Fry et al., 1972). Following a single inhalation exposure to approximately 5 mg [38Cl]chloroform, volunteers absorbed about 80% (Morgan et al., 1970). The relative contributions of dermal and pulmonary uptake have been studied in individuals taking showers, using post-exposure exhaled air concentrations to estimate uptake. These were 6-21 µg/m3 for normal showering and 2.4-10 µg/ m3 if exposure during showering was restricted to the inhalation route ("inhalation-only" showers). This difference was statistically significant and indicated that the contributions of dermal and inhalation exposures were approximately equivalent (Jo et al., 1990)." From http://www.inchem.org/documents/cicads/cicads/cicad58.htm#7.0

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This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and W eapons Forum > Chemistry for Am ateur Expe rimenters and C itizen Scientists C h e m istry > Direct W ay to Fluoroacetates

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View Full Version : Direct Way to Fluoroacetates simply RED

January 4th, 2005, 01:12 PM

I'm writing this again bacause of its significance as a direct - one reaction way to produce fluoroacetates. All m aterials are read ily available. The reaction has 100 % yield. Cl-C H2-C O O H + A g F = A g C l + F - C H 2 - C O O H The reaction is done in water solution. With mo derate heating. AgCl falls as a precipitate. AgF is prepared by AgOH and HF. AgNO3 + NaOH = AgOH (Ag2O ) + NaNO3 The precipita te of Ag2O is filtered and dissolved in 40% HF. (available comm ericialy here for 4 dolars liter). This solution is directly applied in fluoroacetate synth. AgNO3 costs 15 dolars for 50g here. It is not a mass production reagent bu t anyway it could be the first thing to start with.

FUTI

January 4th, 2005, 04:21 PM

Yes this is true....I research this subject in past. You could also use mercury-fluoride instead of silver-fluoride. I look for its capability to quench the certain metabolic pathways....but this ability isn't directly linked to it's CW u s e s i n c e intermediates that are responsible for aresting e.g. m e t a b o l i s m o f a c e t a t e h a v e m inor activity to n e r v o u s s y s t e m . D i d y o u l o o k for explanation on that m atter, I had no luck on that one?

simply RED

January 6th, 2005, 06:50 AM

Fluoroacetates block the crebs cycle. (I don't re m e m ber which enzyme is inhibited.) They have no direct action on the nervous system .

megalomania

January 6th, 2005, 09:08 PM

The silver chloride could likely be recycled. I am not certain how it is done, but I know the labs always keep it.

FUTI

January 8th, 2005, 03:06 PM

t o M e g a l o m ania: Yes AgX containing solution can be recycled friend of m ine did. He goes door to door from one to the other photolab and collected wasted fixating solution (don't soot m e if it isn't english term inology) and after a sm a l l n u m b e r o f s t e p s which I can p roudly say I was a consulting mem b e r h e d i d g e t e l e m ental silver, after that it is easy. Bad side of the story the ass of the juvelery maker wan ted to cheat the guy for the price of that silver offering him a really small fee for electrolitic pure silver. to simple RED: I know what you m ean, I read about it some times ago that acctualy a pro duct from citric acid cycle an adduct m ade from acetate (in this case fluoro-acetate) is the o ne resposible for shuting proces down acting like suicide substrate. But I read that tests on p idgeons show that fluoro-acetate isn't active on nerve system while that addu ct is very active. Research ing I find some stories linking new chiral center action...meaning that one of two possible add uct is highly active in nerve system . Never finish that idea so when you mentioned it I couldn't resist and have to ask...thanks for the effort.

Child-of-Bodom

March 2nd, 2 005, 02:44 PM

Fluoroacetates block the crebs cycle. (I don't re m e m ber which enzyme is inhibited.) T h e a c o n i t a s e e n y m e is inhibited, the cells transform fluoroacetate into fluorocitrate, which binds to aconitase, but does not relie f anymore. Here is a sim p e l d i a g r a m : http://www.aw-bc.com /m athews/ch14/sp4961.gif Most of the times, the victim dies because the aconitases in the heart muscle are inhibited... Anyway, fluoroacetate is rather toxic, I was told 600m g was sufficiant to kill a 'norm al' m a n , s o 6 0 0 / 7 0 = 8 . 6 m g / k g . The drawback of it is, that it is very easy detected :( , citrate is present in a overdose in every sing le cell, which is observed in a ve ry easy blood-test.

FUTI

March 3rd, 2005, 04:12 PM

T h a n k s C h i l d - o f - B o d o m y o u c o n f i r m e d s o m e of m ine statem ents if you look at C-2 of citrate derivate made in the proces it is chiral but som e other things you said m aybe le ad to other conclusion from those I read and repeated here. Since brain c o n s u m e m o st of nutrients an d oxigen(=energy) in com p a r i s o n t o o t h e r o r g a n s , a n d t h o s e t e s t I r e a d a r e d o n e o n e x p e r i m ental animals and are very old results, maybe they concluded erroneously that ad duct has some neuron linked activity when acctually it is only starving/fasting/slow death cell m e c h a n i s m o f t h e t i s s u e e x p o s e d ( I r e m e m ber they injected substance into liquor inside cran ial cavity). Diference in enantiomers action isn't con clusive e vidence for action on receptors or signal conduction, it will work on m etabolic enzym e s t o o .

MrSamosa

Novem ber 24th, 2005, 09:58 PM

I tried synthesizing Ethyl Fluoroacetate yesterday by this method. I'm not sure if I was successful; I was very nervous while I was working, even though I had the luxury of a f u m e h o o d ( a g a s m a s k i s s o m u ch more com forting...but alas, I m ust get used to lab standards). - I a d d e d N a F p o w d e r t o a b o u t 2 5 m L o f 1 . 0 M A g N O 3 s o l u t i o n i n a n e r l e n m e y e r f l a s k u n t i l I h a d a u s a b l e a mount of AgF

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precipitate. I decanted off as m uch of the rem aining solution as I could. *NOTE: in the future, I will use NaF solution instead of powder; it will be easier to see a precipitate that way--the solution I h a d became very foggy. - T o a s m a l l a m o u n t ( m a y b e 1 0 m L) of Chloracetyl Chloride, I added 100% Ethanol until it stopped bubbling/fuming. There was probably an excess of Ethanol. The product was Ethyl Chloroacetate (this in and o f i t s e l f c a n m a k e o n e n e r v o u s ; b u t o n reflecting, I think I was overre acting). It was a clear, oily liquid. No com m e n t s o n s m ell or taste here :) -I poured the the Ethyl Chloroacetate into the erlenmeyer containing the AgF. No reaction was visible. There was no hot plate in the fu mehood I was working with, so I could not heat it. I did shake/stir/m ix the contents as best I could, though. The end result was the liquid with som e clumps of AgF still in it. -I did not have any tim e to do tests on the product to confirm the presence of ethyl fluoro acetate. But on d i s p o s a l o f t h e m ixture [destroyed with NaOH solution and poured down the drain], I noticed a fruity/ethe real odor. My guess is that it was from the Ethyl Chloroacetate, but I haven't bee n able to find anything regarding the sm ell of the Fluoroacetate. Anyhow, I ho pe this will give som e u s e ful information. I know I used reagents not readily available to the amateur to m a k e Ethyl C hloroacetate... Maybe later I'll test a mo re practical route. But from this procedure, if I were using a fumehoo d with a hotplate, the synthesis of Fluoroacetates is piss easy.

hereno

Novem ber 25th, 2005, 05:18 AM

- I a d d e d N a F p o w d e r t o a b o u t 2 5 m L o f 1 . 0 M A g N O 3 s o l u t i o n i n a n e r l e n m e y e r f l a s k u n t i l I h a d a u s a b l e a mount of AgF precipitate. I decanted off as m uch of the rem aining solution as I could. *NOTE: in the future, I will use NaF solution instead of powder; it will be easier to see a precipitate that way--the solution I h a d became very foggy.

How would you get a precipitate when AgF is FAR m ore soluble then NaF?

MrSamosa

Novem ber 25th, 2005, 11:48 AM

How would you get a precipitate when AgF is FAR m ore soluble then NaF? W ell then, th at could explain the lack of reaction when I added the ethyl chloroacetate :p I m ade the ASSumption that Silver Fluoride behaved the same way as the Chloride, Brom ide, and Iodide in that it would be practically insoluble in water.. O h how wrong I was--AgF forms a nice hydrate. The 'precipitate' I saw was probably excess NaF that failed to dissolve in a saturated solution. The trouble is there is no HF available... W ould Na+ or NO3- ions readily react with the Chloroacetate? If not, then I'll try using the Ag+, Na+, F-, NO3- solution. And an even better idea, I'll try using calculation s. :cool: Also, on reading the section on Ethyl C hloroacetate in "The War Gases," it looks like it would be a good idea to keep the water solution quite acidic to prevent the decomposition of Ch loroacetic acid to Hydroxyacetic Acid, which is of no interest to us. Maybe dissolve the AgO H in an excess of HF.

simply RED

Novem ber 29th, 2005, 10:57 AM

Y o u c o u l d o b tain HF by distilling H2SO4/CaF2 o r KF. As n ot very conc HF is needed, the HF conducting tube could be put directly in icy water. AgF is soluble in wate r - while AgX (X - halogen but not F) is not, that's why the reaction goes so easily.

simply RED

Decem ber 2nd, 2005, 12:55 PM

Usin g ester of chloroacetic acid is a good idea, as the ester is insoluble in water. In this case I wou ld recom m e n d t h e i s o p r o p y l este r, beeing less volatile than the EtO H ester. I found interesting reference info about this reaction : "Silver acetate could form as a precipitate - when reagents m ixed. In the end of the reaction, some nitric acid should be added - !!!all silver salts of organic acids are soluble in 2% HNO3!!! while AgCl a nd AgBr are practically insoluble (in 2% HNO3)." So if in the e nd of the reaction there is a precipitate when HNO3 is added - it is 100% sure you have succesfully made fluoroacetate. Another chemical of interest is fluoro e t h a n o l , b e e i n g " d e a d l y m etabolised" to fluoroacetic acid. And an interesting ester FCH2-CO -O -C H2-C H2F :) . ---Btw, i tried today the action of NH4HF2 (amm onium hydrogen fluoride) solution on a ham ster. 3 ml 20% so lution was applied on the skin. The rodent was in a jar. I t d i e d i n 1 0 m i n u t e s - b e c o m ing wet with the solution and bleeding from t h e e y e s , n o s e a n d m o u t h . NH4HF2 is a non-hygroscopic (at least not very) solid soluble in water without releasing HF.

inFinie

January 22nd, 2006, 04:54 PM

A g X , t h e a r g e n t o h a l o g e n i d e s : e e k : d e c o m pose under sunlight to the halogen and Ag(s) powder. Maybe this can be called recycling from fixating solutions.

simply RED

March 27th, 2006, 10:19 AM

Multi{kilo} synthesis of fluoroacetates is possible with another m e t h o d . 18-Crown-6 is a crown ether that m a k e s K F s o l u b l e i n b e n z e n e o r t o l u e n e . The price of 18-Crown-6 m ay not m atter because it is only a catalyst. (actually the mix and the catalyst depletes with concentration of Br-) Saturate 10% (the exact number is a guess for now) C rown Ether solution in toluene with KF. (Actually there is no problem if solid phase is presented but anyway). Add to this the calculated chloroacetic acid (better b rom oace tic) and heat the mix.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter KF + BrCH2-COO H =[crown]=} K(+){crown} + Br(-) + FCH2-CO O H F(-) is a very bad leaving group and the equation is completely "m oved" to the right. Use water to extract the fluoroacetic acid. Then turn to fluoroacetate with Na2CO3. Then add acetone to the water-Facetate m i x to precipitate the product. Last step would be just to filte r it... T h e i d e a c a m e t o m y m ind ye sterday while reading for crown ethers: [[[[Liotta, C.L.; Harris, H.P. "Chemistry of naked anions. I. Reactions of the 18-crown-6 complex o f potassium fluoride with organic substrates in aprotic o rganic solvents" J. Amer. Chem . Soc. 1974, 96, 2250-2252.]]]] 1,4,7,10,13,16-Hexaoxacyclooctadecane (18-Crown-6) is an effective agent for the solubilization o f KF in polar and non-polar, aprotic org. solvents. This solubilized fluoride, which we have term e d n a k e d f l u o r i d e , i s b o t h a p o t e n t n u c l e o p h i l e a n d b a s e a n d provides a facile and efficient means of obtaining a wide variety of org. fluoride com pds. in high yields. I do not have the whole article yet, only this pa rt... ----------------------http://physchem .ox.ac.uk/~rodgers/www/Chem istry/Ligands.htm l . Another use of the m acrocyclic effect is to increase the nucleophilicity of fluoride salts. For examp le, KF in benzene is not very soluble and not very nucleoph ilic because it tends to exist as ion-pairs. Adding crown-6 ether increases the solubility ten-fold {{{it m eans ten times?}}} and raises the nucleophilicity of the fluoride ion (by so lvating the potassium cation and therefore breaking up the ion-pairing) . ----------------------

simply RED

March 28th, 2006, 02:07 AM

h t t p : / / s c i e n c e . k e n n e s a w . e d u / ~ a p a n u / C a r e y % 2 0ppt%20/16_04_08.ppt A presentation I will highly recom m end! (only [O ]xigen is m istaken with [C]arb on)

simply RED

April 4th, 2006, 01:20 PM

A n o t h e r m e t h o d o f m aking fluoroethanol is: Ethylene oxide + HF - both in water solution - as concentrated as possible. C H 2 - - C H 2 ( O )to bothC H2 + HF = FCH2-C H 2 O H The rection mixture should be heated in water solution (never tried anyway). The yield is easily determ ined by titration the rem aining HF after the reaction is complete. T h i s m ethod of epoxide openeing with HF is used in synthetic steroide chemistry.

nbk2000

April 4th, 2006, 11:23 PM

If th e solutio n of KF salt in crown-ethered benzene was used as an electrolyte, I wonder how corrosive this would be? Is it even conductive? I rem e m b e r a m ethod of disarm ing metal case d UXO 's that used a copper tube hooked up to a 12v car battery that had an electrolyte of salt water pum ped through it by a windshield wash pump. It would 'drill' a hole through hard steel artillery shells a t the rate of a m illimeter per m inu te. Now, if plain ol salt water can do that, surely a fluorine free-radical could do far better! Of course, I'm not thinking of 'drilling' artillery shells, but m uch m ore profitable things. ;)

simply RED

April 5th, 2006, 05:16 AM

Quite interesting question! So, F- ion travels to the anode where it gives off electron and becom e... fluorine radical . If the solvent is b e n z e n e t h e r e s a u l t is not going to be good as benzene reacts with F . C Cl4 may give better resaults (F reacts faster with metal than with CCl4). S o m e m etal fluorides are not soluble in organic solvent - which is a prim ary problem (they will act like isolator stopping the corrosion)... Another prob lem atic part is what happens whem K+[Crown] reaches the katode. Theory suggests - if the voltage is high enough the K+ will receive electron, de tach from the Crown and bind to the katode as potassium m etal. I do not have inform ation how high the voltage m ust be.

simply RED

April 7th, 2006, 11:01 AM

NBK, hardly anyone here knows the answer of your question. Half of the specialists start showing big om ish form ulas, others state the answe is in som e "tablic data". You could m ake a doctors degree with such experim ents :P ....

MrSamosa A n o t h e r m e t h o d o f m aking fluoroethanol is: Ethylene oxide + HF - both in water solution - as concentrated as possible. C H 2 - - C H 2 ( O )to bothC H2 + HF = FCH2-C H 2 O H The rection mixture should be heated in water solution (never tried anyway). The yield is easily determ ined by titration the rem aining HF after the reaction is complete. T h i s m ethod of epoxide openeing with HF is used in synthetic steroide chemistry.

April 12th, 2006, 01:27 AM

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I'm a s s u m i n g t h e n e x t s t e p i s i m p l i e d - - o x i d i z e Ethylene Fluoroh ydrin to Fluoroacetic Acid with KMnO4. However, whe n we adapt this to garage scale and techniques, this is alm ost going in loops...and is quite dangerous! Ethylene O xide is toxic like phosgene and ridiculously flamm able. Ethylene O xide would be obtained from Ethylen e Glycol via NBK's Chloroh ydrin synthesis, followed by elim ination with NaOH. See the redu ndancy? We could oxidize the Chlorohydrin and then do the substitution on that with HF.

simply RED

April 12th, 2006, 04:54 AM

Very dangerous chem icals indeed! HF is no better! W hy should you oxidize the fluoroetha nol? Alcohol dehydrogenase-P450 will do this. Anyway, oxid izing the half part and esterifying the acid with FCH2-CH2OH is going to give the most desirable product. ( a s s u m i n g w h a t l a b i s n e e d e d for this - the pro cess is n ot quite perespective) If (cyclic-CH2-C H2-0-) and HF react very fast in cold - a possibility for bin ary weapon is em m e r g i n g .

FUTI

April 12th, 2006, 07:11 AM

T h e r e i s s o m e m ixed oxidative esterification setup involving alcohol, oxidant (chrom ate) and sulphuric acid . It would give exactly what simply R ED said.

simply RED

April 14th, 2006, 11:14 AM

" T h e r e i s s o m e m ixed oxidative esterification setup involving alcohol, oxidant (ch rom ate) and sulphuric acid. It would give exactly what simply R ED said." Very interesting! Do you have the real procedure?

FUTI

April 22nd, 2006, 06:51 PM

I can't find exact procedure fo r reaction with fluoro-ethanol...but I think it m ust be something like getting of butyl-b utirate from butanol and that procedure you can find in Organic Synthesis. :confused: Check it twice anyway as I'm not sure it is the s a m e and it wouldn't be nice to have an accident involving those substance.:eek: vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : 'Suicide tree' Jacks Complete

> 'Suicide tree' Log in

January 6th, 2005, 06:09 PM

'Suicide tree' toxin is 'perfect' murder weapon * 27 November 2004 * From New Scientist Print Edition. Subscribe and get 4 free issues. * James Randerson A PLANT dubbed the suicide tree kills many more people in Indian communities than was previously thought. The warning comes from forensic toxicologists in India and France who have conducted a review of deaths caused by plant-derived poisons. Cerbera odollam, which grows across India and south-east Asia, is used by more people to commit suicide than any other plant, the toxicologists say. But they also warn that doctors, pathologists and coroners are failing to detect how often it is used to murder people. A team led by Yvan Gaillard of the Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology in La Voulte-sur-Rhône, France, documented more than 500 cases of fatal Cerbera poisoning between 1989 and 1999 in the south-west Indian state of Kerala alone. Half of Kerala's plant poisoning deaths, and 1 in 10 of all fatal poisonings, are put down to Cerbera. But the true number of deaths due to Cerbera poisoning in Kerala could be twice that, the team estimates, as poisonings are difficult to identify by conventional means. Using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry to examine autopsy tissues for traces of the plant, the team uncovered a number of homicides that would otherwise have gone unnoticed (Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol 95, p 123). This also suggests that some cases put down to suicide may actually have been murders, they say. Although the kernels of the tree have a bitter taste, this can be disguised if they are crushed and mixed with spicy food. They contain a potent heart toxin called cerberin, similar in structure to digoxin, found in the foxglove. Digoxin kills by blocking calcium ion channels in heart muscles, which disrupts the heartbeat. But while foxglove poisoning is well known to western toxicologists, Gaillard says pathologists would not be able to identify Cerbera poisoning unless there is evidence the victim had eaten the plant. "It is the perfect murder," he says. Three-quarters of Cerbera victims are women. The team says that this may mean the plant is being used to kill young wives who do not meet the exacting standards of some Indian families. It is also likely that many cases of homicide using the plant go unnoticed in countries where it does not grow naturally. From issue 2475 of New Scientist magazine, 27 November 2004, page 15 --This could be quite interesting/handy.

Child-of-Bodom

March 1st, 2005, 01:50 PM

Nice article, I was just looking for plant toxins... I have attached the complete article in pdf, here is a small piece about the 'local use': To commit suicide, people remove the green fibrous husk of the seed, take the white fleshy kernel out and mash it with jaggery (gur) and consume it as a sweet. For homicide, a few kernels are mixed with food containing plenty of chillies to cover the bitter taste of the poison. Death is likely to occur 36 h after ingestion. Nowadays, HPLC-MS is not a very rare technique, but still expensive. It will although be hard to get the seeds of the tree...is (in)famous for it's toxicity, ordering it would raise eyebrows... Extraction seems to be rather easy, just make an alcohol extract.

pjcitaly

August 23rd, 2006, 12:17 AM

It will although be hard to get the seeds of the tree...is (in)famous for it's toxicity, ordering it would raise eyebrows... I would assume, as well, that ordering this plant would raise some eyebrows, however, researching this very plant and it's toxic properties for a book plot in development it seems that it can be easily ordered over the internet.

***Found in: http://toptropicals.com/catalog/uid/cerbera_odollam.htm

"It can be grown in a small pot to show on office desk or everywhere you want for decoration."

Item Size Availability 2470 Cerbera odollam - nut Chiute, Sea Mango. You can grow this plant from seed as a "Lucky Bean" in a pot or plant it on top of a ground, it will sprout and you will have a nice bushy tree in no time. White fragrant flowers, similar to Plumeria. See picture of the seed and picture of bonsai-1, picture of bonsai-2. 2-3" nut (seed) Price ($) BACKORDER

2339 Cerbera odollam - plant Chiute, Sea Mango. Endemic to the Mariana Islands. This is a small to medium-sized tree with dark foliage and showy, white fragrant flowers, similar to Plumeria, but the leaves are smaller. These are sprouted seeds - picture of plant for sale-1, picture of plant for sale-2.1 gal pot Price ($) 29.95

The fact this site describes it as an easy to grow plant (Lucky Bean) and aesthetically appealing plant for decoration for use in an office etc, it seems as if this plant can go overlooked. The "Lucky Bean" reference is, for me, the most interesting. They're almost marketing this plant as fun to grow. Kind of makes me remember a class project in elementary school where we would grow a bean sprout. Makes me wonder if this is part of a primary school child's curriculum in India, using this particular plant. ;)

FullMetalJacket

August 28th, 2006, 09:05 PM

Remarkable. Does anybody have a link to a comprehensive listing of plant toxins? Google (for the first time) has let me down, giving me only http://amby.com/cat_site/plants.html But in itself it looks like there might be a few useful links there.

meyer25 According to the german wikipedia, the main toxin of the plant is cerberine, a cardioglycoside similar to the toxins of oleander.

August 29th, 2006, 04:12 PM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Cerberin.svg/200px-Cerberin.svg.png

bklff3

September 13th, 2006, 12:33 AM

Does anybody have a link to a comprehensive listing of plant toxins? I'd be interested also. I've had a bit of luck doing internet research, but the data is scattered everywhere. Can anyone recommend a comprehensive book on poisonous plants?

Rogue Science Forum post with lots of information on poisonous plants: http://www.roguesci.org/theforum/battlefield-chemistry/1561-foxglove-digitalis.html Cornell University Poisonous Plants: http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/ Poisonous Plants and Plant Parts: http://plantanswers.tamu.edu/publications/poison/poison.html UK site re poisonous plants: http://www.powen.freeserve.co.uk/Reference/Poisonous/poison%20index.htm Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases: http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/farmacy.html

The toxic chemicals in most plants are either saponins (steroidal glycosides) or alkaloids. For example: Digitalis species (Foxglove) contains the saponin digoxin (20830-75-5), which has an oral LD50 of ~20 mg/kg in rodents and <1 mg/kg in cats (similar to methyl mercury or sodium azide). Conium Maculatum (Hemlock) contains the alkaloid coniine (458-88-8). can't find an LD50 for this one, but doses of as little as 5 mg/kg have been fatal in mammals. Coniine can also be synthesised fairly easily: http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/hemlock/synthesis.htm Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade) contains a mix of alkaloids, and the extract has an (ip injection) LD50 of around 20 mg/kg. Here's a page on extracting alkaloids: http:/ /home.conceptsfa.nl/~boogaar1/ganeralalkaloidextraction.htm

Other common plants that are listed as toxic (although in some cases this may just man that you'll vomit if you eat them by the handful) Azalia Cherry tree Autumn crocus Cyclamen Monteray cyprus Daphne Delphinium Flax Geranium Heather Ivy Lupine Morning glory Oleander Peony Rhododendron St Johns Wort Wisteria Yew

meyer25

September 13th, 2006, 06:36 PM

The toxic chemicals in most plants are either saponins (steroidal glycosides) or alkaloids. For example: Digitalis species (Foxglove) contains the saponin digoxin (20830-75-5), which has an oral LD50 of ~20 mg/kg in rodents and <1 mg/kg in cats (similar to methyl mercury or sodium azide). Conium Maculatum (Hemlock) contains the alkaloid coniine (458-88-8). can't find an LD50 for this one, The substances you mention are not saponins. They are cardiac glykosides. Both groups (saponins and cardiac glykosides) are of glykosidic nature, all cardiac glykosides have a steroidal aglycone in molecule, while some (not all) saponins have also a steroidal aglycone in their structure. The difference between the two groups is in their physiological action: while cardiac glykosides (digoxin, gitoxin, oleandrin, adonitoxin, convallatoxin, ouabain etc.) are acting mainly on the Na+/K+/ATPase of myocardial cells, the saponins (like digitonin and sapotoxin) are changing the surface tension and are dispersing lipoid matters, damaging cell membrane, like tensides. LD50 for coniine (mice, p.o.) is 100 mg/kg.

Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade) contains a mix of alkaloids, and the extract has an (ip injection) LD50 of around 20 mg/kg. Which species is that LD50 value reffered for?

bklff3

September 13th, 2006, 09:23 PM

Thanks for clearing that up regarding saponins. I was incorrectly assuming that saponin was a generic term for a large number of plant glycosides.

The LD50 for belladonna is from RTECS, and is fairly ancient: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill Intraperitoneal Rodent - mouse 22 mg/kg Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value RPOBAR Research Progress in Organic-Biological and Medicinal Chemistry. (New York, NY) V.1-3, 1964-72. Discontinued. Volume(issue)/page/year: 2,272,1970

meyer25

September 13th, 2006, 11:10 PM

The LD50 for belladonna is from RTECS, and is fairly ancient: LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill Intraperitoneal Rodent - mouse 22 mg/kg Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value RPOBAR Research Progress in Organic-Biological and Medicinal Chemistry. (New York, NY) V.1-3, 1964-72. Discontinued. Volume(issue)/page/year: 2,272,1970

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter This seems highly doubtful to me, because rodents (mice, rats, rabbits etc.) are specifically resistent towards the toxic action of solanaceae tropane alkaloids (atropine, scopolamine, hyoscyamine), due to fast hepatic metabolism of these alkaloids. This paradox (LD50 (rat, i.p.) beeing over 600 mg/kg atropine sulfate vs. circa 1-5mg/kg by human) is well-known in the toxicological community and toxicology students are faced with it quite early in colloqiums for the reason not to neglect high human toxicity of these very common alkaloids due to their low acute toxicities in rodents. As I'm not aware of any other important toxins of belladona, I assume, there is some inaccuracy in this particular value, maybe it was 20mg per mouse, or 200 (2.000?) mg/kg...

junk12

January 30th, 2007, 11:33 AM

Cerbera Odollam- Perfect murder weapon with some disadvantages. In study in article which Child-of-bodom attached, it says, that only 1 of 6 people, who were poisoned by cerbera odollam's kernel, died. It also says, that there were no correlation between the amount of kernel consumed and the mortality rate. This sounds like a big disadvantage, if one would intent to use it, as silent poison. Maybe if alcoholic extract would be made, larger dose of cerberin would hit the blood at the same time and befor stomach starts to "turning around" and vomiting begins. This could raise mortality ratio ;). Here we come across secon diasadvatage- symptoms. "Heart attack" is desired symptom, but others like nausea and vomiting are not so welcomed, if one want represent death as a heart attack. Any corrections or additional information are highly appreciated.

nbk2000

January 30th, 2007, 06:11 PM

The addition of an anti-emetic (such as cannabinoids) would be called for then, to suppress the vomiting, and to aid retention of the poison in the stomach longer. Though nausea and vomiting are common symptoms of a major coronary event. :) Also, being a plant poison, the concentration of active ingredient will vary with season and location. Extraction and qualitative analysis of the ingredient would be necessary to accurately predict a lethal dose.

junk12

February 3rd, 2007, 03:27 AM

Yes, antiemetics would help to retain stomach content for a longer time (so more of active substance can absorb), but the victim will probably start to vomit sooner or later. Very detailed symptoms of Cerbera Tanghin, which is close relative to Cerbera Odllam (it also contains cerberin) can be seen at http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/ articlerender.fcgi?artid=1319007 . vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and W eapons Forum C h e m istry > Nanoparticulate To x i n s

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View Full Version : Nanoparticulate Toxins nbk2000

January 10th , 2 0 0 5 , 0 5 : 2 1 P M

Allrighty then, take two of this article, previously lost because of the actions of the spunk-chuggers of I-Defense. :p +++++++++++++ Nano-sized particles are comm o n l y b e i n g m a d e n o w a d a y s f o r m a n y d i v e r s e u s e s , a n d a r e c o m m ercially available with no questions. W e're all fam iliar with the concept behind the dusty agents, that being th at particles aren't absorbed by the p e r m e a b l e protective clothing that's com monly used by western armed forces, so that particles of a certain size range (im pregnated with toxic chem icals) would be able to penetrate through the CW protective ensemble, to attack the person within. Now, the particle sizes typically discussed for use as dusty carriers are in the micron range. Howeve r, the pa rticle sizes I'm thinking of are a m a g n i t u d e s m aller, and wouldn't attack the skin, but actually be inhaled because they're too sm all to be filtered out a nd, thanks to the unique properties of nano-scale particle m otion, actually attack the brain directly. In the attach ed article, it is described how nanoparticule s are actually transported along th e nerve paths and into the brain, bypassing the brain-blood barrier that blocks so many (otherwise) effective poisons. Because the toxin would be tranported directly to the brain, it wo uld likely be m uch m ore effective as there'd be no dilution through the blood as their would be if it had to absorbed through the lungs. ' B u c k y b a l l s ' , n a n o s c a l e c a g e s m a d e o f 6 0 c r b o n a t o m s, have been proposed as carriers for elem ental atom s because the ca g e c a n e x p a n d d u r i n g h e a t i n g t o o p e n u p , c l o s i n g u p a n d e n t r a p p i n g t h e d e sired substance inside once cooled. By e nclosing highly energetic alpha-radiation em itting particles within a carbon cage, you'd be able to create a radiogenic weapon that would lik ely be: 1) U ndetecta ble by m ost conventional 'terrorist' radiation detectors in public targe ts, as they're all looking for gamm a a n d neutron radiation, as that's the type m o s t o f t e n e x p e c t e d t o b e u s e d i n a n a t t a c k . Not only is detection decreased because of the type of radiation, but also because much less radio active material would be needed, as it's... 2) Very letha l, as the radiation isn't be ing diffused through the entire body, but concentrated in the one spot m ost sensitive to it, the brain, because of the nature of the particles and their interaction with the nervous system. 3) U nstoppable, as nano-particles are way too sm all for any air filter to stop, and are even capable of penetrating o therwise im permeable barrier clothing, as every m aterial has flaws at the nano-scale that these particles could pass through. 4) C heap, as nano-particles, especially buckyballs, are com mercially available. And suitable radioa ctive material is as close as a s m oke detector or chunk of uranium ore.

MrSamosa

January 15th , 2005, 01:51 AM

Still more fun ideas; but one thing bugs m e a b out having bucke yballs absorb poisons such as Nerve Agents... If the Nerve Agent m olecule is trapped inside the cage, wou ldn't that interfere with the reaction with the enzym e?? Another concern, as is alwa ys the case with dusty agents, is if the particles build up a charge. They m igh t cling to gether and not disperse properly, or they m ight be repelle d/attracted by charges in the target's clothing, preventing some from reaching the target properly. But a l s o , y o u m entioned simply using an anti-static spray to deal with this problem in another thread, as is used in laundering...so that is certainly some thing to consider here. But let's return to the original idea of using Buckeyballs containing Radioactive materials as a radiological weapon. Sm o k e detectors are not a suitable source for radioactive m aterial; the am ount of Am ericium in them is almost negligable. I while back I did the calculations for how m uch 1 kg o f Americium from Sm oke detectors would cost...it was som e t h i n g l i k e $ 2 5 , 0 0 0 or $250,000. Uranium Ore, on the other hand, is a very viable source as an alpha em itter. A procedure for extracting yellowcake from Uranium ore is detailed here: http://www.geocities.com /norm _alara/ But another concern presented by this is the size of most radioactive elem ents... Wouldn't they be too big to fit inside a Buckeyball? If we want to be even nastier, we could find a way to trap Beryllium dust inside Bu ckeyballs and m a k e a m ixture of Uranium / Beryllium buckeyballs to be dispersed, creating Neutron Radiatio n.

mrcfitzgerald

January 15th , 2005, 02:46 AM

I dont think it would be paticularly cost effective to use Uranium as the alpha source, this is because of the extrem ely high m ass required for even one curie (~1,500 lb). Prehaps Dioxin would be a m ore effective weapon, not only does it exhibit a high er cancer rate per unit weight (in a nim a l s ) b u t i t h a s t h e a d d e d b e n e fit of contam inating vast quantities of territory for very long periods of time per unit weight. A case in exam ple would be the accident at Seveso where roughly 20lbs of dioxin contam i n a t e d d o z e n s o f s q u a r e k i l o m e t e r s . I n d e e d , i t s e e m s t h a t d i o x i n (especially delivered via nanoparticles) could compete well with radiological dispersion device s in term s o f s h e a r a r e a c o n t a m inated.

MrSamosa

January 16th , 2 0 0 5 , 0 2 : 3 6 P M

Sticking to the idea of employing Uranium... What about soluble Uranium salts, e.g. U ranyl Nitrate? Reducing them to inha lable nanoparticles would greatly increase their potential as weapons. They wouldn't be radiological weapons though, just h u m b l e k i d n e y p o i s o n s . O f c o u r s e , a n y s o l u b l e h e a v y m etal salt could be used for this purpose, but "Uranium " a p p e a l s t o a certain sense of fear. "Airborne Uranium particles" sounds much scarier than "Airborne Lead Particles."

Chris The Great

January 17th , 2005, 12:03 AM

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If you have access to uranium ore it would be more effective to extract the radium from it, as radium is extrem ely radioactive, as well as it's decay products, it would m a k e a m uch m ore effective weap on. You would ne ed a fair am ount of uranium to give s o m eone cancer in a few deca d e s c o m p a r e d t h e a m o u n t of radium r e q u i r e d t o c a u s e s o m e o n e t o b e r a d i a t i o n s i c k n e s s i n a few days/weeks. The fear factor could be enhanced using pluton ium . Most people will asum e plutonium is a super radioactive m etal (it is radioactive, but nothing like radium e t c ) a n d s o t h e m e n t i o n o f " u n s t o p a b l e p l u t o nium nanoparticles" will send them running in fear. I suppose the effect wou ldn't be that m uch m ore than that of uranium , although casualties would be m uch gre ater, as plutonium is both very toxic as well as very radioactive (relative to uraniu m). Plutonium co uld be svavenged from spent reactor fuel (which would be even more deadly then straight plutonium), which shouldn't be to hard if you have the capacity to m ake nanoparticle carriers for it to be dispersed in. Plutonium c a n a l s o b e o b t a i n e d i n s m a l l a m o u n t s ( s e v e r a l g r a m s) from l a b s u p p l i e r s ( i f y o u h a v e a g o o d r e a s o n ). But this route would be harder then using uranium a s it would be difficult to obtain the plutonium in any quantity. If this is a small scale terror weapon, that shouldn't m atter too m uch however.

mrcfitzgerald

January 17th , 2005, 01:56 AM

W ell, I looke d at the extractio n of radium for awhile but it just doesnt look feasible... Consider the fact that, out of seven tons of pitchblend ore -there is only one single gram o f R a d i u m . It took the C uries som ewhere around two years to do the job... In this case, its more feasible (and effective) to disperse all seven tons in a dirty bo mb, than to spend a life tim e extracting the radium . You may aswell separate out the U-235 for that m atter, theres a whole lot more in there than radium (~50 lbs in 7 tons of pitchblend)... Spent fuel ro ds would require rem ote handling, unless you had a death wish (which Im sure m ost terrorist do anyway...) and would be abit cum b e r s o m e t o h a n d l e ( h a s a b o u t t h e s a m e heat output per kilogram as a 100 watt lightbulb...) Its probably just better to bypass the nanoparticula te encap sulation stage for this ma terial. Now assum in g that whatever radioactive particle is encapsulated is delivered directly to the brain... Does anyone have a clue h o w m u c h m o r e d a m age this would do than if the m etal ended up in... say the liver? Im thinking that it would be m ore effective, in actuallity, to deliver the particles to the liver because the liver is constantly dividing and m aking new cells thus a ny genetic dam age to th e cells of the liver is m ore likely to grow a tumor. If genetic dam age occured in the brain, it wo uld not have a chance to really grow and divide into a deadly tu mor (because brain cells, generally, divide less than the oth er cells of the body.) Of course, this m ay be balanced out by the fact that brain cancer is the deadliest kind of cancer....

Anthony

January 17th , 2 0 0 5 , 0 3 : 3 9 P M

T h i s m ay be a rather daft que stion, but why do the radioactive n ano-particles have to be encaged in a buckyball? Surely, to fit in a buckyball, th ey m ust be sm a l l e n o u g h t o m ake this direct journey to the brain by themselves?

MrSamosa

January 18th , 2 0 0 5 , 0 7 : 2 8 P M

Anthony: I thought about that sam e question, and the answer I cam e up with is that Buckeyballs might ma ke the particles easier to disperse. That is, it's a lot easier to encapsula te the ra dioactive m etal in a buckeyball than it is to grind it up to nano-sized particles.

nbk2000

January 18th , 2 0 0 5 , 0 7 : 4 9 P M

Exactly! Buckyballs are already available pre-m a d e . H e a t t h e m u p i n a a t m o s p h e re of UF6 (or similarly gaseous form ) and, when cooled, there'll be atoms of uranium trapped in a nano-scale cage, ready for disp ersal. Or, what about making the bu ckyballs out of a radioactive isotope of carbon, bypassing th e need for extracting isotopes from other materials? And nanoparticles are replicable in sm all labs, so buying the nano's isn't even neccessary. Surely a n y o n e willing to do this would have the funds to do it well. :) Also, what about attaching bio logically active molecules to the carrier particles? They'd be specific to specific enzym es or whatnot of the target organ, so that the buckyballs go straight to where they're needed in the body. T a r g e t i n g t h e m e a n s o f p r o d u ction of nitric oxide in the body could result in violent or suicidal behavior in the affected victim s, a s i t d o e s i n m i c e . M a s s e x p o s u r e o f m a n y t h o u s a n d s o f p e o p l e to such an agent, even if effects are delayed, could have serious reprecussions on the local leve ls. I m a g i n e t h o u s a n d s o f people in a city going ape-shit, all within a short p eriod of tim e, far in excess of the usual ho micide level. :D I don't know about th e practicality of all this, as it is just a theory, but even just the attem pt to ma ke it by a terrorist would put a huge crim p i n n a n o t e c h n o l o g y d e v e l o p m ent as the world organizations that control such things start putting all kinds of 'antiterror' regula t i o n s o n t h e d e v e l o p m ent on nanotech, a field which has (so far) been untouched by such sheeple kne e-jerk reactionaryism . Hell, enviro-freaks lik e ELF m ight want to develop such a thing just for that very reason! ;)

MrSamosa

January 19th , 2 0 0 5 , 1 1 : 3 5 P M

T a r g e t i n g t h e m e a n s o f p r o d u ction of nitric oxide in the body could result in violent or suicidal behavior in the affected victim s, a s i t d o e s i n m i c e . M a s s e x p o s u r e o f m a n y t h o u s a n d s o f p e o p l e to such an agent, even if effects are delayed, could have serious reprecussions on the local leve ls. Imagine doing that to tourists at the g rand can yon...now THAT would be a bizarre /funny news story as the m edia tries to find s o m e cult connection or other explanation. If it were repeated a few more times, I'm sure the Grand C anyo n would be considered "cursed." R e m i n d s m e o f a c o m b i n a t i o n F l u o r o a c e t a t e - O r g a n o p h o s p h a t e m entioned in Sau nders that caused lab mice to bite their cagem ates and otherwise becom e violent... But that's an idea for a new threa d--chemicals to induce m ental cha n g e s .

nbk2000

D e c e m ber 15th, 2006, 06:34 AM

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S e e m s I predicted the weapon used to assassinate the recently dead russian spy in britian. :) If it WAS buckyball encapsulated polonium , t h a n I n e e d t o s u e t h o s e d a m n russians for using m y i d e a a n d not paying for it! ;)

megalomania

D e c e m ber 25th, 2006, 08:18 PM

You can try them in the same court that they tried Bush and Rumsfeld fo r war crimes. Goo d luck with that :)

simply RED

D e c e m ber 27th, 2006, 05:35 PM

There is not a practical way to synthese buckyballs till now...

ciguy007

October 29th , 2 0 0 7 , 1 1 : 4 6 P M

Brain is the wrong target for radioactivity - probably the least sensitive tissue in the body because neuron reproduction is so slow. I think the example of Alexander Litvinenko is instructive - a high capacity alpha source such a s p o l o n i u m 2 1 0 c a n b e lethal at incredibly low doses. I've seen professionally-done calculations which conclude that the dose adm inistered was 4 m icrogram s. This dose effectively killed him in the first 24 hours - the rest of the time was just waiting for the dam a g e t o accu m u l a t e e n o u g h t o c a u s e d e a t h . T h e d o w n s i d e i s t h a t y o u n e e d a n u c l e a r r e a c t o r t o m a k e t h a t m u c h p u r e p o l o n i u m 2 1 0 so its use is lim ited to a nation-state until somebody figures out how to get a fission pile built in their back yard (or s o m ewhere under their control) Another prob lem with nanoparticles is that below about 1 micron in size, the particles are poorly retained in the resp iratory tract - they act m uch m ore like gases than particles - breath them in, breath them out. +++++++++++ W hen you've got som ething m ore to say, you edit your last post, not create another post ONE MINU TE LATER! :mad : nbk2000 vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and W eapons Forum > Chemistry for Am ateur Expe rimenters and C itizen Scientists C h e m istry > U S counte r terror chem icals

View Full Version : US counter terror chemicals bobo

> Battlefield Log in

January 15th , 2005, 07:27 AM

I cam e across these articles and spontaneously got distasteful im a g e s i n m y m ind about bearded men with turbans changing from goats to each other. Such behaviour which is (I think) not specifically allowed in sunn ah, quran or hadith, would be indu ced by a chemica l sprayed over the terrorists in the desert, like a pesticide over a pest. But then differently. http://www.thesun.co.uk/article/0,,2-2005021098,00.html http://www.geenstijl.n l/mt/archieven/im ages/scientist.html Anyway, even though the title of the new scientist article m entions rejected plans and the general air of the whole issue reek s l i k e t h e u n e d u c a t e d i d e a s o f d r u n k m ilitary scientists boasting about som ething else than the size of their dorks, it's still interesting to m e . T h e r e w o u l d b e h u g e p r o b l e m s involved, and like all war chem istry, the dispersion and body contact of such chemicals wo uld be impossibly difficult to achieve. Simply tossing napalm on the affected areas wo u l d d o t h e j o b t o o a n d b e logistically easier to achieve. On the other hand, if there's even a scrap of a success, it wo uld be interesting to base m e n t scientists such as myself. I doubt there will be successes, but if som e b o d y h a s s o m e m o r e i n f o r m ation... The other ideas formulated here, inducing halitosis and porphyria (which I think is what they mean with the sunlight sensitivity) are m ore down to earth. Even though especially the ligh t sensitivity has the same body contact pro blem s as all the rest of the war chem s. T e m porary halitosis can be induced by a number of chem icals, DMSO am o n g t h e m . And DMSO can transport chemicals through t h e s k i n , n o w i m a g i n e a D M S O l i k e m olecule th at dissolves well in DMSO. It would be difficult to m ake it last long, I am afraid. Porphyrins are a hot topic in cancer cure research because some of this class of m olecules are unstable in light and cause all m anner of nasty radicals to appear as a result of illumination. If this painful disin tegration can happen precisely in the cancer tissue, it's an effective way to end it. And it is applied as such. If the molecules are not going to a specific tissue, but all over the skin, im agine the results. The porphyria disease which is absolutely real, is caused so. If porphyrins or other light-unstable chemicals can be reliably transported into the skin as they do in the cancer therapy, exposure to the sun is as painful to the victim as it is to count dracula him self. In fact, one of the proble ms of this particular treatm ent is the extrem e p a i n e v e n u n d e r m orphine. It has to b e injected into the tissue though, so the only use in m ilitary chemistry I can think of is interrogation of jihadis in Guantanamo. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and Weapons Forum Chemistry > smallpox genome

> Chemistry for Amateur Experimenters and Citizen Scientists

View Full Version : smallpox genome pyromaniac_guy

> Battlefield Log in

January 29th, 2005, 01:53 AM

Some time ago the complete smallpox genome was easily avalible on the internet via google - i belive i may have actually posted it here at one point or another. However despite numerous searches both on the forum and the broader web I can no longer find the information. I dont suppose anyone happens to have a copy of the smallpox genome stashed away for a rainy day??? Please post here if you do. Thanks in advance.

nbk2000

January 29th, 2005, 07:41 PM

I got it on my laptop at home. I'll bring it in a few days and up it. :)

nbk2000

February 2nd, 2005, 10:25 PM

<META NAME="AUTHOR" CONTENT="ANDRIY KLYMENKO"> <SCRIPT> <SCRIPT SRC = "viewer/viewer.js"> <TITLE>NCBI Sequence Viewer

PubMed Nucleotide Protein Genome Structure PopSet Taxonomy OMIM Books
This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter  Search <SMALL><select name="db" onChange="DbChange(this);">PubMed Protein Nucleotide Structure Genome PopSet OMIM Taxonomy Books ProbeSet 3D Domains UniSTS Domains SNP for
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<small><select name="view">Summary ASN.1 FASTA GenBank GI List Graphics XML default

1: NC_001611. Variola virus, co...[gi:9627521]

<SPAN>Related Sequences, <SPAN>Protein, <SPAN>PubMed, <SPAN>Taxonomy

<pre>LOCUS NC_001611 185578 bp DNA linear VRL 11-SEP-2000 DEFINITION Variola virus, complete genome. ACCESSION NC_001611 VERSION NC_001611.1 GI:9627521 KEYWORDS A10L gene; A11R gene; A12L gene; A13L gene; A14L gene; A15L gene; A16L gene; A17L gene; A18R gene; A19L gene; A1L gene; A20L gene; A21R gene; A22R gene; A23R gene; A24R gene; A25L gene; A26L gene; A27L gene; A28L gene; A29L gene; A2L gene; A30L gene; A31L gene; A32L gene; A33L gene; A34R gene; A35L gene; A36R gene; A37R gene; A38R gene; A39R gene; A3L gene; A40R gene; A41L gene; A42R gene; A43R gene; A44R gene; A45R gene; A46L gene; A47R gene; A48R gene; A49L gene; A4L gene; A50L gene; A51R gene; A52R gene; A5R gene; A6L gene; A7L gene; A8R gene; A9L gene; B10R gene; B11R gene; B12R gene; B13R gene; B14R gene; B15R gene; B16L gene; B17R gene; B18L gene; B19R gene; B1R gene; B20R gene; B21R gene; B22R gene; B23R gene; B24R gene; B25R gene; B26R gene; B27R gene; B2L gene; B3L gene; B4L gene; B5L gene; B6R gene; B7R gene; B8L gene; B9R gene; C10L gene; C11L gene; C12L gene; C13L gene; C14L gene; C15L gene; C16L gene; C17L gene; C18L gene; C19L gene; C1L gene; C20L gene; C21R gene; C2L gene; C3L gene; C4R gene; C5L gene; C6L gene; C7L gene; C8L gene; C9L gene; D10L gene; D11L gene; D12L gene; D13L gene; D14L gene; D1L gene; D2R gene; D3L gene; D4R gene; D5L gene; D6L gene; D7L gene; D8L gene; D9L gene; E10R gene; E11L gene; E1L gene; E2L gene; E3L gene; E4L gene; E5R gene; E6R gene; E7R gene; E8R gene; E9L gene; F10R gene; F1R gene; F2L gene; F3R gene; F4R gene; F5R gene; F6R gene; F7R gene; F8L gene; F9R gene; G1L gene; G2R gene; G3R gene; G4R gene; G5R gene; H1L gene; H2L gene; H3R gene; H4L gene; H5R gene; H6R gene; H7L gene; H8R gene; H9R gene; I1L gene; I2R gene; I3L gene; I4L gene; I5R gene; I6R gene; I7R gene; J10R gene; J1L gene; J2R gene; J3R gene; J4R gene; J5R gene; J6R gene; J7R gene; J8R gene; J9R gene; K1L gene; K2L gene; K3L gene; K4L gene; K5L gene; K6L gene; K7L gene; K8R gene; L1R gene; L2R gene; L3R gene; L4R gene; L5L gene; L6R gene; M1R gene; M2R gene; M3L gene; M4R gene; M5R gene; N1L gene; N2L gene; N3L gene; O1L gene; O2L gene; P1L gene; P2L gene; Q1L gene; Q2L gene. SOURCE Variola virus. ORGANISM Variola virus Viruses; dsDNA viruses, no RNA stage; Poxviridae; Chordopoxvirinae; Orthopoxvirus. REFERENCE 1 (bases 1 to 185575) AUTHORS Shchelkunov,S.N., Blinov,V.M. and Sandakhchiev,L.S. TITLE Genes of variola and vaccinia viruses necessary to overcome the host protective mechanisms JOURNAL FEBS Lett. 319 (1-2), 80-83 (1993)

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MEDLINE 93202281 PUBMED 8384129 REFERENCE 2 (bases 1 to 185578) AUTHORS Shchelkunov,S.N., Blinov,V.M., Resenchuk,S.M., Totmenin,A.V., Olenina,L.V., Chirikova,G.B. and Sandakhchiev,L.S. TITLE Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of 53 kbp from the right terminus of the genome of variola major virus strain India-1967 JOURNAL Virus Res. 34 (3), 207-236 (1994) MEDLINE 95159666 PUBMED 7856312 REFERENCE 3 (bases 1 to 185578) AUTHORS Shchelkunov,S.N. and Totmenin,A.V. TITLE Two types of deletions in orthopoxvirus genomes JOURNAL Virus Genes 9 (3), 231-245 (1995) MEDLINE 95320969 PUBMED 7597802 REFERENCE 4 (bases 1 to 185578) AUTHORS Shchelkunov,S.N., Totmenin,A.V. and Sandakhchiev,L.S. TITLE Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of 23.8 kbp from the left terminus of the genome of variola major virus strain India-1967 JOURNAL Virus Res. 40 (2), 169-183 (1996) MEDLINE 96290243 PUBMED 8725113 REFERENCE 5 (bases 1 to 185575) AUTHORS Blinov,V.M. TITLE Direct Submission JOURNAL Submitted (11-NOV-1992) V.M. Blinov, Institute of Molecular Biology, 633159, Novosibirsk region, Koltsovo, NPO 'Vector', Russia, USSR COMMENT PROVISIONAL REFSEQ: This record has not yet been subject to final NCBI review. The reference sequence was derived from X69198. FEATURES Location/Qualifiers source 1..185578 /organism="Variola virus" /db_xref="taxon:10255" gene complement(338..2232) /gene="D1L" CDS complement(338..799) /gene="D1L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042045.1" /db_xref="GI:9627522" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q07004" /translation="MASSCAQFSPCHCHATKDSLNTVADVRHCLTEYILWVSHRWTHR ESAGSLYRLLISFRTDATELFGSELKEFSDSLPWDNIDNCVEIIKCFIRN DSMKTAKE LCAIIGLCTQLAIVSGRVFNDKYIDILLMLQKILNENDYFTLLDHIRTAK Y" CDS 1810..2232 /note="D1L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042046.1" /db_xref="GI:9627523" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33804" /translation="MSMKYLMLLFAAMIIRSFANSGNAIETTLSEITNTTTDIPAIRL CGPEGDRYCFHGICIHARDIDGMYCRCSHGYTGIRCQHVVLVDYQRSEKP NTTTSYIP SPGIVLVLLVSIIVCCLLFVYRFTRRTNKLPLQDMVVP" gene complement(2394..3386) /gene="D3L" CDS complement(2394..3386) /gene="D3L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042047.1" /db_xref="GI:9627524" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33861" /translation="MDIYNDKGLQTIKLFNNEFDCIRNDIRELFKHVTDSDSIQLPME DNSDIIENIRKILYRRLKNVECVDIDSTITFMKYDPNDDNKRTCSNWVPL TNNYMEYC LVIYLETPICGGKIKLYHPTGNIKSDKDIMFAKTLDFKSKKVLTGRKTIA VLDISVSY NRSMTTIHYGDVDIDIHTDKNGKELCYCYITIDDHYLVNVETIGVIVNRS GKCLLVNN HLGIGIVKDKRISDSFGDVCMDTIFDFSEARELFSLTNDDNRNIAWDTDK LDDDTDIW TPVTEDDYKFLSRLVLYAKSQSDTVFDHYVLTGDTEPPTVFIFKVTRFYF NILK" gene 3887..4615 /gene="D4R" CDS 3887..4615 /gene="D4R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042048.1" /db_xref="GI:9627525" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q07043" /translation="MEFDPTKINISSIDHVTILQYIDEPNDIRLTVCIIQNINNITYY INITKINPHLANQFRAWKKRIAGRDYMTNLSRDTGIQQSNLTETIRNCQK NRNIYGLY IHYNLVINVVIDWITDVIVQSILRGLVNWYIDNNTYTPNTPNNTTTISEL DIIKILDK YEDVYKVSKEKECGICYEVVYSKRLENDRYFGLLDSCNHIFCITCINIWH RTRRETGA SDNCPICRTRFRNITMSKFYKLVN" gene complement(4764..5144) /gene="D5L" CDS complement(4764..5144) /gene="D5L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042049.1" /db_xref="GI:9627526"

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/db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q07044" /translation="MRILFLIAFMYGCVHSYVNAVETKCPNLDIVTSSGEFYCSGCVE HMPKFSYMYWLAKDMKSDEYAKFIEHLGDGIKEDETIRTTDGGITTLRKV LHVTDTNK FAHYRFTCVLTTLNGVSKKNIWLK" gene complement(5201..6559) /gene="D6L" CDS complement(5201..6559) /gene="D6L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042050.1" /db_xref="GI:9627527" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q07045" /translation="MFNYLENEEVALDELKQMLKDRDPNDTRNQFKNNALHAYLFNEH CNNVEVVKLLLDSGTNPLHKNWRHFTPLEEYTNSRHVKVNKDIAMALLEA TGFSNINN FNIFNYMKSKNVNVDLIKVLVEHGFDLSVKCENHRSVIENYVMTDDPVPE IIDLFIEN GCNVLYEDDEYGYTYDDYQPQNCGTVLHLYIISHLYSESDTRAYVRPEVV KCLINHGI KPSSIDKNYCTALQYYIKSSHIDIDIVKLLMKGIDNTAYSYIDDLTRCTR VIMADYLN SDYRYNEDVNLDLVKLFLENGKPHGIMCSIVPLWRNDKETISLILKTMNS NILQHILI EYMTFDDIDIHLVECMLAYGAVVNKEAIHGYFRNINIDSYTMKYLLKKKG GDVINYLD DGEIPIGHLCKSNYGCYNFYTYIYKKGLCVMSYACPILNTINICLPYLKD INMIDKRG QQ" gene complement(7488..7949) /gene="D7L" CDS complement(7488..7949) /gene="D7L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042051.1" /db_xref="GI:9627528" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q07046" /translation="MLYDSCKTFDACSAQSLVERNENSLNVYVTKKNKNIKTDVVVSL LSSTNYKNINDFDIFEYIESDNIDVELLRLLITKGLEINSCKNGINIVEK YATTSNPN VDVFKLLLDQGIPMCSNVSYGYKIIIEKKLLTSQVGTMITITISIILLLY R" gene complement(8602..9054) /gene="D8L" CDS complement(8602..9054) /gene="D8L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042052.1" /db_xref="GI:9627529" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33860" /translation="MGIQHEFDIIINGDIALRNLQLHRGDNYGCKLKIISNDYKKLKF RFIIRPDWSEIDEVKGLTVFANNYAVKVNKVDDTFYYVIYEAVIHLYNKK TEILIYSD DENELFKHYYPYISLNMISKKYKVKEENYSSPYIEHPLIPYRDYESMD" gene complement(9284..9754) /gene="D9L" CDS complement(9284..9754) /gene="D9L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042053.1" /db_xref="GI:9627530" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P34014" /translation="MNVYNKADSFSLESDSIKDVIHDYICWLSMTDEMRPSIGNVFKA METFKIDAVRYYDGNIYDLAKDINAMSFDSFIRSLQNISSKKDKLTVYGT MGLLSIVV DINKGCDISNIKFAAGIIILMEYIFDNTDMSHLKVALYRRIQRRYPIDDD EEDR" gene complement(10110..10514) /gene="D10L" CDS complement(10110..10514) /gene="D10L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042054.1" /db_xref="GI:9627531" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P34013" /translation="MDTYMNRLDLDKLKHENIFSGNIIEDAKEFVFGSRKIYTDSVND LIELYNLAKYLNNEKLKDVVIERMDYVCKYIIGKDNWYTIYSFYKENGLR NSFLRQYI NNNIEEIRNTDQFLKFDVDSVCDILNNDETIV" gene complement(10585..11535) /gene="D11L" CDS complement(10585..11535) /gene="D11L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042055.1" /db_xref="GI:9627532" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P34012" /translation="MDTIKIFNHGEFDTIRNKLVNLLKVVKWNTINSNVTVSSTDTID ISNCIREILYKQFKNVRNIEVSSNISFIKYNRFNDTTLTDDNVGYYLVIY LNRMKSVK TLIYPTPETVITSSEDIMFSKSLNFRFENVKRDYKLVMCSISLTYKPSIC RIQYDNNK YIDISDSQEGNNLCYCVITMDPHHLIDLETICVLVNKSGKCLLVNEFYTR FRKNHIYD SFADLCMDHIFELPDTEELFTLRNDDGRNIAWDNDKLESGNNTWIPKTDD EYKFLSKL MNIAKFNNTKFDYYMLVGDTDPCTVFTFKVTKYYINLNYE" gene complement(11600..12391) /gene="D12L" CDS complement(11600..12391) /gene="D12L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042056.1" /db_xref="GI:9627533" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q07033" /translation="MKVERVTFLTLLGIGCVLSCCTIPSRPINMTFKNSVETDANANY NIGDTIEYLCLPGYRKQKMGPIYAKCTGTGWTLFNQCIKRRCPSPRDIDN GHLDIGGV DFGSSITYSCNSGYYLIGEYKSYCKLGSTGSMVWNPKAPICESVKCQLPP SISNGRHN

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GYNDFYTDGSVVTYSCNSGYSLIGNSGVLCSGGEWSNPPTCQIVKCPHPT ILNGYLSS GFKRSYSYNDNVDFTCKYGYKLSGSSSSTCSPGNTWQPELPKCVR" gene complement(12514..13119) /gene="D13L" CDS complement(12514..13119) /gene="D13L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042057.1" /db_xref="GI:9627534" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q07038" /translation="MSSLKSKVSTCVNDGKLYVIGELKFSISTGVAKYLKRYTSKWIR HPNLITPRYSDASVFVNDDIYVMGGVYTTYEKYVILNDVECFTKNCWIKK SPMPRHHS IVYAVEYDGNIYAITGITHETRNYLYKYIVKEDKWIELYMYFNHVGKMFA CFCGDYIL IIADAKYEYYPKSNTWICSMCQLVISNIMICLLKMRLQSVT" gene complement(13262..13501) /gene="D13_5L" CDS complement(13262..13501) /gene="D13_5L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042058.1" /db_xref="GI:9627535" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q07039" /translation="MILLKWIHKNPNDVDIINSLHPKFMTNTMCNAISKSTKPVTRNG IKHNIVVIKNSDYISTITHYSPRTEYWTIVGNTDR" gene complement(13962..14606) /gene="D14L" CDS complement(13962..14606) /gene="D14L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042059.1" /db_xref="GI:9627536" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33859" /translation="MIMSTDPNNILMRYLKNLTDDKFKCIIHQSSDFLYLSDRDYTSI TKETLVSEIVEEYPDDCNKILAIIFLVLDKDIDVDIDIETKLKPKPAVRY AILDKMTK DIKLTDLVRHYFRYIEQDIPLGPLFKKIDSYRIRAINKYSKELGLATEYF NKYGHLMF YTLPIPYNRFFCRNSIGFLAVLSPTIGHVKAFYKFIEYVSIDDRRKFKKE LMSK" gene complement(14655..15008) /gene="P1L" CDS complement(14655..15008) /gene="P1L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042060.1" /db_xref="GI:9627537" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P34018" /translation="MRTLLIRYILWRNDGDPSYYNDDFEKLMLLDELVDDSDVCTLIK NMRMTLSDGPLLDRLNQPVNNVEDVKRMIAISAKVARDIGERPEIRWEES FTILFRMI ETYFDDLMIDLYGEK" gene complement(15135..15668) /gene="P2L" CDS complement(15135..15668) /gene="P2L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042061.1" /db_xref="GI:9627538" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P34019" /translation="MSSSTMDNNEPKVLEMVYDSPILPEGSSMDPNIINCINRHINMC LQHTYSSSIIAILDRFLMMNKDELNNTQCHIIKEFMTYEQMAIDHYGGYV NAILYQIR KRPNQHHTIDLFKKIKRTRYDTFKVDPVEFVKKVIGFVSILNKYKPVYSY VLYENVLY DELKCFIDYVETKYFQN" gene complement(15710..17050) /gene="O1L" CDS complement(15710..17050) /gene="O1L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042062.1" /db_xref="GI:9627539" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33825" /translation="MDNIMSAEYYLSLYTKYNSKNLDVFRNMLQAIEPSGNYHILHAY CGIKGLDERFVEELLHRGYSPNETDDDGNYPLHIASKINNNRIVAMLLTH GADPNACD KQHKTPLYYLSGTDDEVIERINLLVQYGAKINNSVDEEGCGPLLASTDPS ERVFKKIM SIGFEARIVDKFGKNHIHRHLMSDNPKASTISWMMKLGISPSKPDHDGNT PLHIVCSK TVKNVDIINLLLPSTDVNKQNKFGDSPLTLLIKTLSPAHLINKLLSTSNV ITDQTVNI CIFYDRDDILEIINDKGKQYDSTDFKMAVEVGSIRCIKYLLDNDIICEDA MYYAVLSE YETMVDYLLFNHFSVDSVVNGNTCMSECVRLNNPVILSKLMLHNPTSETM YLTMKAIE KDKLDKSIIIPFIAYFVLMHPDFCKNRRYFTSYKRFVTDYVHEGVSYKVF DDYF" gene complement(17095..17757) /gene="O2L" CDS complement(17095..17757) /gene="O2L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042063.1" /db_xref="GI:9627540" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P34017" /translation="MVYKLVLLFCIASLGYSVEYKNTICPPRQDYRYWYFAAELTIGV NYDINSTIIGECYMSESYIDRNANIVLTGYGLEINMTIMDTDQRFVAAAE GVGKDNKL SVMLFTTQRLDKVHHNISVIITCMEMNCGTTKYNSDLPESIHHKSSCDIT INGSCVTC VNLETDPTKINPHYLHPKDKYLYHNSKYGMRGSYGVTFIDELNQCLLDIK ELSYDICY RE" gene complement(18008..18220) /gene="O3L"

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CDS complement(18008..18220) /gene="O3L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042064.1" /db_xref="GI:9627541" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q07042" /translation="MMILLLDYMTPSNTNNFLLFIPDIKLAIDNKDIEVLQALFKYDI NIYSANLENVLLDDAEIAKNDYRKAC" gene complement(18538..18738) /gene="C1L" CDS complement(18538..18738) /gene="C1L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042065.1" /db_xref="GI:9627542" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33797" /translation="MDLSRINTRKSKQLKSFLSSKDTFKADVHGHSALYYAIADNNMR LVCTLLNAGALKNLLENEFPLH" gene complement(18912..20033) /gene="C2L" CDS complement(18912..20033) /gene="C2L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042066.1" /db_xref="GI:9627543" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33831" /translation="MIVLLILSLACTAFTYRLQGFTNAGIVAYKNIQDGNEDDNIVFS PFGYSFSMFMSLLPASGNTKVELLKTMDLRKIDLGPAFTELISGLAKPKT SKYTYTDL TYQSFVDNTVCIKPSYYQQYHRFGLYRLNFRRDAVNKINSIVERRSGMSN VVDSTMLD NNTLWAIINTIYFKGTWQYPFDITKTHNTSFTNKYGTKTVPMMSVVTKLQ GNTITIDD EEYDMVRLQYKDANISMYLAIGDNMTHFTDSIMAAKLDYWSSQLGNKVYN LKLPRFSI ENKRDIKSIAEMMAPSMFNPDNASFKHMTRDPLYIYKMFQNAKIDVNEQG TVAEASTI MVATVRSSPEELEFNTPFVFIIRHDITGFILFMGKVESP" gene complement(20084..20350) /gene="C3L" CDS complement(20084..20350) /gene="C3L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042067.1" /db_xref="GI:9627544" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q89931" /translation="MLVFCYSLPNVGDVLKGKVYENGYVLYVDLFDYPHSEAILVEST QMHMNRYFKYRDKLVGKTVKVKVIRIDYTKGYIDVNYKRMCRHQ" gene 20616..21065 /gene="C4R" CDS 20616..21065 /gene="C4R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042068.1" /db_xref="GI:9627545" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q07035" /translation="MATKSDYEDAVFYFVDDDEICSRDSIIDLIDEYITWRNHVIVFN KDITSCGRLYKELMKFDDAAIRYYGIDKINEIVEAMSEGDHYINLTEVHD QESLFATI GICAKITEHWGYKKISESRFQSLGNITDLMTDDNINILILFLEKKLN" gene complement(21119..21874) /gene="C5L" CDS complement(21119..21874) /gene="C5L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042069.1" /db_xref="GI:9627546" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q07036" /translation="MYNSMLPMFMCNNIVDDIDDIDDIDDIDDIDDIDDIDDIDDIDD IDDIDDIEDKASNNDHNYVYPLPENMVYRFNKSTNILDYLSTERDHVMMA VQYYMSKQ RLDDLYRQLPTKTRSYIDIINTYCDKVNNDYNRDMNIMYDMASTESFTVY DINNEVNT ILMDNKGLGVRLATISFITELGKRCMNPVETIKMFTLLSHTICDDCFIDY ITDISPPD NTIPNISTREYLKLIGITAIMFATYKTLKYMIG" gene complement(21874..22317) /gene="C6L" CDS complement(21874..22317) /gene="C6L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042070.1" /db_xref="GI:9627547" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33826" /translation="MFNMNINSPVRFVKETNRAKSPTRQSPYAAGYDLYSAYDYTIPP GERQLIKTDISMSMPKFCYGRIAPRSGLSLKGIDIGGGVIDEDYRGNIGV ILINNGKY TFNVNTGDRIAQLIYQRIYYPELKEVQSLDSTDRGDQGFGSTGLR" gene complement(22403..22942) /gene="C7L" CDS complement(22403..22942) /gene="C7L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042071.1" /db_xref="GI:9627548" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q07037" /translation="MNNEIHNNAIAVNYISNNWIPIPPMNSPKLYASGIPANNKLYVV GGLPNPTSVERWFHGNAAWVNMPSLLKPRCNPAMASINNVMYVIGGHSET DTTTEYLL PNHDQWQFGPSTYYPHYKSCALVFGRRLFLVGRNAKFYYKYSNTWSLIDD TIYQRDNP ELIIVDNKLLLIGGFYRGS"

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gene complement(23789..24790) /gene="C8L" CDS complement(23789..24790) /gene="C8L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042072.1" /db_xref="GI:9627549" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33799" /translation="MITEKKITTIVNLVMEPILAKNPNRFVIFPIQYHDIWNMYKKAE ASFWTVEEVDISKDINDWNKLTPDEKYFIKHVLAFFAASDGIVNENLAER FCIEVQIT EARCFYGFQMAIENIHSEMYSLLIDTYVKDSNEKNYLFNAIETMPCVKKK ADWAQKWI HDSAGYGERLIAFAAVEGIFFSGSFASIFWLKKRGLMPGLTFSNELISRD EGLHCDFA CLMFKHLLYPPSEETVRSIITDAVSIEQEFLTVALPVKLIGMNCEMMKTY MEFVADRL ISELGFKRIYNVTNPSDFMENISLEGKTNFFEKRVGEYQKMGVMSQEDNH FSLDVDF" gene complement(24780..25826) /gene="C9L" CDS complement(24780..25826) /gene="C9L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042073.1" /db_xref="GI:9627550" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33865" /translation="MRISNSIKPILFYNKLKSKHLLSRIKMGTNTIRAFIILYLLAVC GCVEYDVDNNVQICTCANVSHINHTFWYYNNKVIALATEDRTSGYISSFI KRVNISLT CLNISSLRYEDSGSYKGVSHLKDGVIVTTTMNISVKANIIDLTGRVCYLT RNYCEVKI RCEIKSFALNGSITPLHMILGTLDRWKYLPFPTDDYRYVGELKRYISGNP YPIESLAL EISATFNRFTIVKNNDDEFSCYLFSQNYSFHKMLNARHICESEWEALNNN NDNSSSMP VSHNNRANDLSSMMSQLQNDNDDNNDYSAPMNINNLIMIVLITMLSIIII IIVVIAII AMYKRSKYSHIDDN" gene complement(25783..26001) /gene="C10L" CDS complement(25783..26001) /gene="C10L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042074.1" /db_xref="GI:9627551" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33866" /translation="MSKILTFVKNKIIDLIKNDQIKYSRVITIEESDSLLSVNEVYAN HGFDCVEMIDENIINENLEQYKTDSFLQ" gene complement(26018..26257) /gene="C11L" CDS complement(26018..26257) /gene="C11L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042075.1" /db_xref="GI:9627552" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33867" /translation="MTLVMGSCCGRFCDAKNKFKKDDIEEEGEGYCDYKNLNDLDEAT RIEFGPLYIINEEKSDINTLDIKRRYRHAIESVYF" gene complement(26407..26604) /gene="C12L" CDS complement(26407..26604) /gene="C12L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042076.1" /db_xref="GI:9627553" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33868" /translation="MEGSKRKHESRRPQQEQEQHRPRTPPSYEEIAKYGHSFNVKRFT NEEMCLKNDYPRIISYNPPPK" gene complement(26672..27310) /gene="C13L" CDS complement(26672..27310) /gene="C13L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042077.1" /db_xref="GI:9627554" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33869" /translation="MAETKEFKTLYNLFIDSYLQKLAQHSIPTNVTCAIHIGEVIGQF KNCALRITNKCMSNTRLSFTLMVESFIEVISLLPEKDRRAIAEEIGIDLN DVPSAVSK LEKNCNAYAEVNNIIDIQKLNIGECSAPPGQHMLLQIVNTGSAGANCGLQ TILKSLNK IYVPPIIENRLPYYDPWFLVGVAIILVIFTVAICSIRRNLALKYRYGTFL YV" gene complement(27297..28616) /gene="C14L" CDS complement(27297..28616) /gene="C14L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042078.1" /db_xref="GI:9627555" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33801" /translation="MGVANDSSPEYQWMSPHRLSDTVILGDCLYFNNIMSQLDLHQNW APSVRLLNYFKNFNRETLLKIEENDYINSSFFQQKDKRFYPINDDFYHIS TGGYGIVF KIDNYVVKFVFEATKLYSPMETTAEFTVPKFLYNNLKGDEKKLIVCALAM GLNYKLTF LHTLYKRVLNMLLLLIQTMDGQELSLRYSSKVFLKAFNERKDSIKFVKLL SHFYPAVI NSNINVINYFNRMFHFFEHEKRTNYEYERGNIIIFPLALYSADKVDTELA IKLGFKSL VQYIKFIFLQMALLYIKIYELPRCDNFLHADLKPDNILLFDSNEPIIIHL KDKKFVFN ERIKSALNDFDFSQVAGIINKKIKNNFKVEHNWYYDFHFFVHTLLKTYPE IEKDIEFS TALEEFIMCTKTDCDKYRLKVSILHPISFLEKFIMRDIFSDWINGRN" gene complement(28639..29703) /gene="C15L" CDS complement(28639..29703)

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/gene="C15L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042079.1" /db_xref="GI:9627556" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33870" /translation="MGFCIPLRLKMLKRGSRKFSSMLARRHTPKKMNIVTDLENRLKK NSYIENTNQGNILMDSIFVSTMSVETLFGSYITDDSDDYELKDLLNVTYN IKPVIVPD IKLDAVLDRDGNFRPADCFLVKLKHRDGFTKGALYLGHSAGFTATICLKN EGVSGLYI PGTSVIRTNICQGDTIVSRSSRGVQFLLQIGGEAIFLIVSLCPTKKLVET GFVIPNIS SNDNAKIAARILSEKRKDTITHIDTLIQYGQQLELAYYNSCMLTEFLHYC NLYANTIK ESLLKETIQKDINITHTNITTLLNETAKVIKLVKSLVDKEDTDIVNNFIT KEIKNCGG VKNRDTIVNSLSLSNLDFYL" gene complement(29746..31653) /gene="C16L" CDS complement(29746..31653) /gene="C16L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042080.1" /db_xref="GI:9627557" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33871" /translation="MLNRVQILMKTANNYETIEILRNYLRLYIILARNEEGHGILIYD DNIDSIMSMMNITRLEVIGLTTHCTKLRSSPPIPMSRLFMDEIDHESYYS PKTSDYPL IDIIRKRSHEQGDIALALKRYCIENTDSISEINEWLSSKGLACYRFVKFN DYRKQMYR KFSKCTIVDSMIIGHIGHHYIWIKNLETYTRPEIDVLPFDIKYISRDELW AQISSSLD QTHIKTITVSVYGAITDNGPMPYMISTYPGNTFVNFNSVKDLILNFLDWI KDIMTSTR TIILVGYMSNLFDIPLLTVYWPNNCGWKIYNNILISSDGARVIWMDAYKF SCGLSLQD YCYHWGSKPESRPFDLIKKIDAKRNIKSWVKESMTSLKSLYEAFETQSGA LEVLMSPC RMFSFSRIEDMFLTSVINRVSKNTGMGMYYPTNDISSLFIESSICLDYII VNNQKSNK YRIKSVLDIISSKQYPAGRPNYVKNGTKGKLYIALCKVTVPTNDHIPVVY HDDDNTTT FITVLTSVDIETATRAGYSIVELGALQWDDNIPELKDCLLDSIKMIYDLN TVTTNNLL EQLIENINFNNSSIILLFYTFAISYCRAFIYSIMETIDPVYISQFSYKEL YIRSSYKD INEVMSQMVKL" gene complement(31694..32812) /gene="C17L" CDS complement(31694..32812) /gene="C17L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042081.1" /db_xref="GI:9627558" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33815" /translation="MWPFTSAPAGAKCRLVETLPENMDFRSDHLTTFECFNEIITLAK KYIYIASFCCNPLSTTRGALIFDKLKEASEKGIKIIVLLDERGKRNLGEL QSHCPDIN FITVNIDKKNNVGLLLGCFWVSDDERCYVGNASFTGGSIHTIKTLGVYSD YPPLATDL RRRFDTFKAFNSVKNSWLNLYSSACCLPVSTAYHIKNPIGGVFFTDSPEH LLGYSRDL DTDVVIDKLRSAKTSIDIEHLAIVPTTRVDGNSYYWPDIYNSIIEAAINR GVKIRLLV GNWDKNDVYSMATAESLDALCVQNDLSVKVFTIQNNTKLLIVDDEYVHIT SANFDGTH YQNHGFVSFNSIDKQLVSEAKKIFERDWVSSHSKSLKI" gene complement(32831..33052) /gene="C18L" CDS complement(32831..33052) /gene="C18L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042082.1" /db_xref="GI:9627559" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33872" /translation="MKHKVYSEGLEISTDFNSIISQLSTSDMDIEIDEDNITELLNIL TELGCDVDFDEDFSDITDDVLESLMEQDM" gene complement(33321..33806) /gene="C19L" CDS complement(33321..33806) /gene="C19L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042083.1" /db_xref="GI:9627560" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33873" /translation="MKRNEEYCGLHKLKMEIFNVEELINMKPFKNMNKITINQKDNCI LANRCFVKIDTPRYIPLTSISSSNIIRIRNHDFTLSELLYSPFHFQQPQF QYLLPGFV LTCIDKVSKQQKECKYCISNRGDDDSLSINLFIPTINKSIYIIIGLRMKN FWKPKFEI E" gene complement(33803..34498) /gene="C20L" CDS complement(33803..34498) /gene="C20L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042084.1" /db_xref="GI:9627561" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33874" /translation="MKVVIVTSVASLLDASIQFQKTACRHHCNYLSMQIVKEIEEFGT INEKNLEFATWKDVIQNDEIDALVFYRVKQISISTGVLYESMMRNRTKPI SMFFVRDC LAFDGDPPSFRMTSCNINAYNRNKIKDLIILMNMKTCNKKIIGEFIIDNF GSVNALLS IINSNVTWVTSVINNSNGRGINIRVSNNKMLTITSFRRFVNKLKMYKTTK CASQLDNL CTEINKMDIIDKK" gene 34561..34866 /gene="C21R" CDS 34561..34866 /gene="C21R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042085.1" /db_xref="GI:9627562" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33875"

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/translation="MNSHFASAHTPFYINTKEGRYLVLKAVKVCDVRTVEFEGSKASC VLKVDKPSSPASERRPSSPSRCERMNNPGKQVPFMRTDMLQNMFAANRDN VASRLLS" gene complement(34863..36302) /gene="E1L" CDS complement(34863..36302) /gene="E1L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042086.1" /db_xref="GI:9627563" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33809" /translation="MNRNPDHNTFPNITLKIIETYLGRLPSVNEYHMLKLQTRNIQKI TVFNKDIFVSLVKKNKKRFFSDVDTSASEIKDRILSYFSKQTQTYNIGKL FTIIELQS VLVTTYTNILGVLTIKAPNVISSKISYNVTSMEELARDMLNSMNVAVIDK AKVMGRHN VSSLVKNVNKLMEEYLRRHNKSCICYGSYSLYLINPNIRYGDIDILQTNS RTFLIDLA FLIKFITGNNIILSKIPYLRNYMVIKDENDNHIIDSFNIRQDTMNVVPKI FIDNIYIV DPTFQLLNMIKMFSQIDRLEDLSKDPEKFNARMATMLEYVRYTHGIVFDG KRNNMPMK CIIDENNRVVTVTTKDYFSFKKCLVYLDENVLSSDILDLNADTSCDFESV TNSVYLIH DNIMYTYFSNTILLSDKGKVHEISARGLCAHILLYQMLTSGAYKQCLSDL LNSMMNRD KIPIYSHTERDKKHGRHGFINIEKDIIVF" gene complement(36299..38512) /gene="E2L" CDS complement(36299..38512) /gene="E2L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042087.1" /db_xref="GI:9627564" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33862" /translation="MISVTDIRRAFLDNECHTITKAFGYLHEDKAIALIKIGFHPTYL PKVLYNNVVEFVPEKLYLFKPRTVAPLDLISTITKLKNVDKFASHINYHK NSILITGD KSLIVKCMPYMIISDDDIRFIREQFVGTNSIEYILSFINKESIYRMSYQF SENEIVTI INRDHFMYEPIYEHQVLDSDFLKTMLDKYGIVPINSGIIDELYPEAIIEI LMAVVRPR DAIRFLDIVNKNQLTEDSVKNYIINDIRRGKIDYYIPYVEDFLEDRTEDL GIYANIFF EDAIDITKLDITKTELEHISKYINYYTTYIDHIVNIILQNNYIDILASII DYVQDVLT EELCIRIVCESTNPVPVTSLPIHSTLVMVMCIQMKYVDIVEFLDEIDIDT LIEKGADP ITEYTFTTRWYNKHNDLITLYIKKYGFCPMMMKRLMFEYPLTKEASDHLL KTMDENRG AIMFFPRTICTLPYLLCCNYKLIQKPIPFKEENRNIVYKKTNRVLCFDLL ENSAFKSL IKIDSIPGLKTYNMKDITYEKSNNIICVRFIPQESIHNEERRIKLQLFDI ARLASYGL YYIPSRYLSSWTPVVNMIEGREYTNPQKIECLVILDLFSEEFIEYQNLGN AVSNKYEL EYTISNYQAAINCLMSTLLIYLVLGSIRSISKTENFVLSILNIFYKGLKI NELLSEPV SGVCIELDKIKDRASSGDSSFIFLKKNELSKTLSLCEKVCVETILDNNQS FKSSK" gene complement(38632..39204) /gene="E3L" CDS complement(38632..39204) /gene="E3L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042088.1" /db_xref="GI:9627565" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33863" /translation="MSKIYIDERSDAEIVCEAIKNIGLEGVTAVQLTRQLNMEKREVN KALYDLQRSAMVYSSDDIPPRWFMTTEADKPDAMTMADVIIDDVSREKSM REDHKSFD DVIPAKKIIDWKNANPVTIINEYCQITKRDWSFRIESVGPSNSPTFYACV DIDGRVFD KADGKSKRDAKNNAAKLAVDKLLGYVIIRF" gene complement(39259..40038) /gene="E4L" CDS complement(39259..40038) /gene="E4L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042089.1" /db_xref="GI:9627566" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33796" /translation="MENVYISSYSSNEQTSMAVAATNIRELLSQYVDDANLEDLIEWA MEKSSKYYIKNIGNTKSNIEETKFESKNNIGIEYSKDSRNKLSYRNKPFI ATNLEYKT LCDMIKGTSGTEKEFLRYLLFGIKCIKKGVEYNIDKIKDVSYNDYFNVLN EKYNTPCP NCKSRNTTPMMIQTRAADEPPLVRHACRDCKQHFKPPKFRAFRNLNVTTQ SIHKNKEI TEILPDNNPSPPESPEPASPIDDGLIRVTFDRNDEPPEDDE" gene 40087..41112 /gene="E5R" CDS 40087..41112 /gene="E5R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042090.1" /db_xref="GI:9627567" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:Q01483" /translation="MLILTKVNIYMLIIVLWLYGYNFIMSGSQCPMINDDRFTLKRKY QIDSVESTMKMDKKRTKFQNRAKMVKEINQTIRAAQTHYETLKLGYIKFK KMIRTTTL EDITTSIPNIQKIYKLFSDISAIGKVSQNPSKMAYALLLYMFPNLFGDDH RFILYRMF PMSKIKHKIFSPFKLNLIRILVEERFYNNECRSNKWRIIGTQVDKMLIAE SDKYTIDA RYRLRPIYRIKGKSEEDTLFIKQMVDQCVTSQELVEKVLKILFRDLFKSG EYKAYRYD DDVENGFIGLDKLKLNIVHDIVEPCMPVRRPVAKILCKEMVNKYFENPLH IIGKNLQE CIDFVSE" gene 41230..42933 /gene="E6R" CDS 41230..42933 /gene="E6R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042091.1" /db_xref="GI:9627568" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33819" /translation="MDFIRRKYLIYTVENNIDFLKDDTLSKVNNFTLNHVLALKYLVS NFPQHVITKDVLANTNFFVFIHMVRCCKVYEAVLRHAFDAPTLYVKALTK NYLSFSNA

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IQSYKETVHKLTQDEKFLEVAEYMEELGELIGVNYDLVLNPLFHGGEPIK DMEIIFLK LFKKTDFKVVKKLSVIRLLIWAYLSKKDTGIEFADNDRQDIYTLFQHTGR IVHSNLTE TFRDYIFPGDKTSYWVWLNESIANDADIVLNRPAITMYDKILSYIYSEIK QGRVNKNM LKLVYIFEPEKDIRELLLEIIYDIPGDILSIIDAKNDDWKKYFISFYKAN FINGNTFI SDRTFNEDLFRVVVQIDPEYFDNERIMSLFSTSAVEIKRFDELDINNSYI SNIIYEVN DITLDTMDDMKKCQIFNEDTSYYVKEYNTYLFLNETDPMVIENGILKKLS SIKSKSRR LNLFSKNILKYYLDGQLARLGLVLDDYKGDLLVKMINHLKFVEDVSAFVR FSTDKNPS VLPSLINTILASYNISIIVLFQKFLRDNLYHVEKFLDKSIHLTKTDKKYI LQLIRHGR S" gene 43319..43501 /gene="E7R" CDS 43319..43501 /gene="E7R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042092.1" /db_xref="GI:9627569" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33864" /translation="MISMGDIITYNGCKDNKWMLEQLSTLNFNNLHVWNSCSIGNVTR IFYTFFSYLMKDKLDI" gene 43626..44447 /gene="E8R" CDS 43626..44447 /gene="E8R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042093.1" /db_xref="GI:9627570" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33820" /translation="MAAVVPRFDDVYKNAQRRILDQETFFSRGLGRPLMKNTYLFDNY AYGWIPETAIWSSRYANLDASDYYPISLGLLKKFKFLMSLYKGPIPVYEE KVNTEFIA NGSFSGRYVSYLRKFSALPTNEFISFLLLTSIPIYNILFWFKNTQFDITK HTLFRYVY TDNAKHLALARYMHQTGDYKPLFSRLKENYIFTGPVPIGIKDIDHPNLSR ARSPSDYE TLANISTILYFTKYDPVLMFLLFYVPGYSITTKITPAVEYLMDKLKLTKN DVQLL" gene complement(44453..47470) /gene="E9L" CDS complement(44453..47470) /gene="E9L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042094.1" /db_xref="GI:9627571" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33793" /translation="MDVRCINWFESHGENRFLYLKSRCRNGETVFIRFPHYFYYVVTD EIYQSLAPPPFNARPMGKMRTIDIDETISYNLDIKDRKCSVADMWLIEEP KKRNIQNA TMDEFLNISWFYISNGISPDGCYSLDDQYLTKINNGCYHCGDPRNCFAKE IPRFDIPR SYLFLDIECHFDKKFPSVFINPISHTSYCYIDLSGKRLLFTLINEEMLTE QEIQEAVD RGCLRIQSLMEMDYERELVLCSEIVLLQIAKQLLELTFDYIVTFNGHNFD LRYITNRL ELLTGEKIIFRSPDKKEAVHLCIYERNQSSHKGVGGMANTTFHVNNNNGT IFFDLYSF IQKSEKLDSYKLDSISKNAFSCMGKVLNRGVREMTFIGDDTTDAKGKAAV FAKVLTTG NYVTVDDIICKVIHKDIWENGFKVVLSCPTLTNDTYKLSFGKDDVDLAQM YKDYNLNI ALDMARYCIHDACLCQYLWEYYGVETKTDAGASTYVLPQSMVFGYKASTV IKGPLLKL LLETKTILVRSETKQKFPYEGGKVFAPKQKMFSNNVLIFDYNSLYPNVCI FGNLSPET LVGVVVSSNRLEEEINNQLLLQKYPPPRYITVHCEPRLPNLISEIAIFDR SIEGTIPR LLRTFLAERARYKKMLKQATSSTEKAIYDSMQYTYKIIANSVYGLMGFRN SALYSYAS AKSCTSIGRRMILYLESVLNGAELSNGMLRFANPLSNPFYMDDRDINPIV KTSLPIDY RFRFRSVYGDTDSVFTEIDSQDVDKSIEIAKELERLINSRVLFNNFKIEF EAVYKNLI MQSKKKYTTMKYSASSNSKSVPERINKGTSETRRDVSKFHKNMIKIYKTR LSEMLSEG RMNSNQVCIDILRSLETDLRSEFDSRSSPLELFMLSRMHHLNYKSADNPN MYLVTEYN KNNPETIELGERYYFAYICPANVPWTKKLVNIKTYETIIDRSFKLGSDQR IFYEVYFK RLTSEIVNLLDNKVLCISFFERMFGSRPTFYEA" gene 47502..47789 /gene="E10R" CDS 47502..47789 /gene="E10R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042095.1" /db_xref="GI:9627572" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33821" /translation="MNPKHWGRAAWTIIFIVLSQAGLDGNIEACKRKLYTIVSTLPCP ACRRHATIAIEDNNIMSSNDLNYIYYFFIRLFNNLASDPKYAIDVSKVKP L" gene complement(47784..48173) /gene="E11L" CDS complement(47784..48173) /gene="E11L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042096.1" /db_xref="GI:9627573" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33822" /translation="MELVNIFLETDAGRVKFVIKNTDDVCASELINKFVELLSEYIHI DQSEFYLVVKDKDIFYFKCDKGSISIVSNEFYVFDEPLLFVKDYTNVTGV EFIVTETM PCRIIPKNNHAVISVVTNHKFYNGLSL" gene complement(48160..50160) /gene="Q1L" CDS complement(48160..50160) /gene="Q1L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042097.1" /db_xref="GI:9627574" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P34010" /translation="MFMYPEFARKALSKLISKKLNIEKVSSKHQLVLLDYGLHGLLPK SLYLEAINSDILNVRFFPPEIINVTDIVKALQNSCRVDEYLKAVSLYHKN SLMVSGPN VVKLMIEYNLLTHSDLEWLINENVIKATYLLKINAYMINFKIDLTVDEII DLVKDIPV

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GATLHLYNILNNLDLNIILRISDEYNIPPVHDILSKLTDEEMCIKLVTKY PMENVINF INQDVRYSPTFIKTIKDFVNAHLPTMYDGLNDYLHSVIVDKDLIEEYKIK SVAMFNLE YKTDVDTLTLDEQIFVEVNISYYDFRYRQFANEFRDYIMLKESRQITMQT GDKIRRFR RPMSLRSTIIKKDTDSLEDILSHIDNARKNSKVSIEDVDRIISSFRLNPC VVRRTMLS NIDIKTKIMVLKIAKDWKSCALTLSAIKGIMVTDTINTVLSKILHHHRNV FKYLTSVD NKEITVCNCSRCVSLFYRELKSIRCDLNTDDGLLARLYDLTRYALHGRIN QNLIGQRC WGPLTEMLFNEDKKRKLNNLMVYIKISDMLVYGHSIEKTLIPITESLSFK LSVDTMSV SNDQYAKVVIFFNTIIEYIVATIYYRLAVLNNYVAIRHFVLKVLHTVMEA CGVLFSHI KVNDKIEHELEEMVDKGIVPSYLHHLSINVISIILDDINGTR" gene complement(50207..50533) /gene="Q2L" CDS complement(50207..50533) /gene="Q2L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042098.1" /db_xref="GI:9627575" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P32983" /translation="MAEEFVQQRLTNNKVTIFVKFTCPFCRNALDILNKFSFKRGAYE IVDIKEFKPENKLHDYFEQITGGRTVPRIFFGKTSIGGYSDLLEIDNMDA LGDILSSI GVLRTC" gene complement(50679..51617) /gene="K1L" CDS complement(50679..51617) /gene="K1L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042099.1" /db_xref="GI:9627576" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P32999" /translation="MVEFEDQLVFNSISARALKAYFTAKINEMVDELVTRKCPQKKKS QAKKPEVRIPVDLVKSSFVKKFGLCNYGGILISLINSLVENNFFTKNGKL DDTGKKEL VLTDVEKRILNTVDKSSPLYIDISDVKVLAARLKRSATQFNFNGHTYHLE NDKIEDLI NQLVKDESIQLDEKSSIKDSMYVIPDELIDVLKTRSFRSPQVKDNIISST RLYDYFTR VTKRDESSIYVILKDPRIASILSLETVEMGAFMYTKHSMLTNAISSEVDR YSEKFQES FYEDIAEFVEENERVDVSRVVECLTVPNITISSNAE" gene complement(51624..51845) /gene="K2L" CDS complement(51624..51845) /gene="K2L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042100.1" /db_xref="GI:9627577" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P12922" /translation="MDKLYAAIFGVFMGSPEDDLTDFIEIVKSVLSDEKTVTSTNNTG CWGWYWLIIIFFIVLILLLLIYLYLKVVW" gene complement(51846..52655) /gene="K3L" CDS complement(51846..52655) /gene="K3L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042101.1" /db_xref="GI:9627578" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33000" /translation="MSKVIKKRVETSPRPTASSDSLQTCAGVIEYAKSISKSNAKCIE YVTLNASQYANCSSISIKLTDSLSSQMTSTFIMLEGETKLYKNKSKQDRS DGYFLKIK VTAASPMLYQLLEAVYGNIKHKERIPNSLHSLLVETITEKTFKDESIFIN KLNGAMVE YVSTGELSILRSIEGELESLSKRERQLAKAIITPVVFYRSGTETKITFAL KKLIIDRE VVANVIGLSGDSERVSMTENVEEDLARNLGLVDIDDEYDEDSDKEKPIFN V" gene complement(52738..55053) /gene="K4L" CDS complement(52738..55053) /gene="K4L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042102.1" /db_xref="GI:9627579" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P32984" /translation="MFVIKRNGYKENVMFDKITSRIRKLCYGLNTDHIDPIKIAMKVI QGIYNGVTTVELDTLTAEIAATCTTQHPDYAILAARIAVSNLHKETKKLF SEVMKDLF NYVNPKNGKHSPIISSITMDVVNKYKDKLNSVIIYERDFSYNYFGFKTLE KSYLLKIN NKIVERPQHMLMRVAVGIHQWDIDSAIETYNLLSEKWFTHASPTLFNAGT SRHQMSSC FLLNMMDDSIEGIYDTLKRCALISKMAGGIGLSISNIRASGSYISGTNGA SNGIIPML RVYNNTARYIDQGGNKRPGVMTIYLEPWHSDIMAFLDLKKNTGNEEHRTR DLFIALWI PDLFMKRVKDDGEWSLMCPDECPGLDNVWGDEFERLYTLYEREKRYKSII KARVVWKA IIESQIETGTPFILYKDACNKKSNQQNLGTIKCSNLCTEIIQYADANEVA VCNLASIA LNMFVIDGQFDFLKLKDVVKVIVRNLNKIIDINYYPIPEAEISNKRHRPI GIGVQGLA DAFILLNYPFDSLEAQDLNKKIFETIYYGALEASCELAEKEGPYDTYVGS YASNGILQ YDLWNVVPSDLWNWEPLKDKIRTYGLRNSLLVAPMPTASTAQILGNNESV EPYTSNIY TRRVLSGEFQVVNPHLLRVLTERKLWNDEIKNRIMVDGGSIQNTNLPEDI KRVYKTIW EIPQKTIIKMAADRGAFIDQSQSMNIHIADPSYSKLTSMHFYGWSLGLKT GMYYLRTK PASAPIQFTLDKDKIKPLVVCDSEICTSCSG" gene complement(55081..55320) /gene="K5L" CDS complement(55081..55320) /gene="K5L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042103.1" /db_xref="GI:9627580" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33001" /translation="MADAITVLTAIGITVLMLLMVISGTAMIVKELNPNDIFTMQSLK FNRAVTIFKYIGLFIYIPGTIILYATYIKSLLMKS" gene complement(55339..56487)

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/gene="K6L" CDS complement(55339..56487) /gene="K6L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042104.1" /db_xref="GI:9627581" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33002" /translation="MNNFVKQVASKSLKPTKKLSPSDEVISLNECIISFNLDNFYYCN DGLFTKPINTPEDVLKSLLIMESFAYEKMIIKGLIKILISRAYINDIYFT PFGWLTGI DDDPETHVVIKIIFNSSLISIKSQVIEYLKPYNVNNLSVLTTEKELSINT FNVPDSIP MSIISFFPFDTDFILVILFFGVYNDSYCGISYISPKERLPYIIEILKPLM SEINMLSD EIGRTSSIRIFNSTSVKKFPTNTLTSICEIVYSFDESSFPTPKTFTPLNA SPYIPKKI VSLLDLPSNVEIKAISRGGVDFITHINNKRLNTILVIAKDNFLKNSTFSG TFIKENII WKGIYTYRIIKSSFPVPTIKSVTNKKKICKKHCFVNSQYTTRTLSHIL" gene complement(56480..57751) /gene="K7L" CDS complement(56480..57751) /gene="K7L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042105.1" /db_xref="GI:9627582" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33003" /translation="MERYTDLVISKIPELGFTNLLCHIYSLAGLCSNIDVSKFLTNCN GYVVEKYDKSTTAGKVSCIPIGMMLELVESRHLSRPNSSDELDQKKELTD ELKTRYHS IYDVFELPTSIPLAYFFKPRLREKVSKAIDFSQMDLKIDDLSRKGIHTGE NPKVVKMK IEPERGAWMSNRSIKNLVSQFAYGSEVDYIGQFDMRFLNSLAIHEKFDAF MNKHILSY ILKDKIKSSTSRFVMFGFCYLSHWKCVIYDKKQCLVSFYDSGGNIPTEFH HYNNFYFY SFSDGFNTNHRHSVLDNTNCDIDVLFRFFECIFGAKIGCINVEVNQLLES ECGMFISL FMILCTRTPPKSFKSLKKVYTFFKFLADKKMTLFKSILFNLQDLSLDITE TDNAGLKE YKRMEKWTKKSINVICDKLTTKLNRIVDDDE" gene 57757..59787 /gene="K8R" CDS 57757..59787 /gene="K8R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042106.1" /db_xref="GI:9627583" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33051" /translation="MEKNLPDIFFFPNCVNVFSYKYSQDEFSNMSNMERDSFSLAVFP VIKHRWHNAHVVKHKGIYKVSTEAHGKKVSPPSLGKPSHINLTAKQYIYS EHTISFEC YSFLKCITNAEINSFDEYILRGLLEAGNSLQIFSNSVGKRTDTIGVLGNK YPFSKIPL ASLTPKAQREIFSAWISHRPVVLTGGTGVGKTSQVPKLLLWFNYLFGGFS TLDKITDF HERPVILSLPRIALVRLHSNTILKSLGFKVLDGSPISLRYGSIPEELINK QPKKYGIV FSTHKLSLTKLFSYGTLIIDEVHEHDQIGDIIIAVARKHHTKIDSMFLMT ATLEDDRE RLKVFLPNPAFIHIPGDTLFKISEVFIHNKINPSSRMAYIEEEKRNLVTA IQMYTPPD GSSGIVFVASVAQCHEYKSYLEKRLPYDMYIIHGKVLEIDKILEKVYSSP NVSIIISA PYLESSVTIHNVTHIYDMGRVFVPAPFGGSQQFISKSMRDQRKGRVGRVN PGTYVYFY DLSYMKSIQRINSEFLHNYILYANKFNLTLPEDLFIIPTNLDILWRTKEY IDSFDIST ETWNKLLSNYYMKMIEYAKLYVLSPILAEELDNFERTGELTSIVQEAILS LNLRIKIL NFKHKDNDTYIHFCKILFGVYNGTNATIYYHRPLTGYMNMISDTIFVPVD NN" gene complement(59791..61566) /gene="H1L" CDS complement(59791..61566) /gene="H1L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042107.1" /db_xref="GI:9627584" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P32991" /translation="MIVLPNKVRIFINDRMKKDIYLGISNFGFENDIDEILGIAHLLE HLLISFDSTIFLANASTSRSYMSFWCKSINSATESDAIRTLVSWFFSNGK LKDNFSLS SIRFHIKELENEYYFRNEVFHCMDILTFLSGGDLYNGGRIDMIDNLNIVR DMLVNRMQ RISGSNIVIFVKRLGPGTLDFFNQTFGSLPACPEIIPSSIPVSTNGKIVM TPSPFYTV MVKINPTLDNILGILYLYETYHLIDYETIGNQLYLTVSFIDETEYESFLR GEAILQIS QCQRINMNYSDDYMMNIYLNFPWLSHDLYDYITRINDDSKSILISLTNEI YTSIINRD IIVIYPNFSKAMCNTRDTQQHPIVVLDATNDGLIKKPYRSIPLMKRLTSN EIFIRYGD ASLMDMITLSLSKQDISLKRNAEGIRVKHSFSADDIQAIMESDSFLKYSR SKPAAMYQ YIFLSFFASGNSIDDILTNRDSTLEFSKKTKSKILFGRNARYDVTTKSSF VCGIVRGK LLDKTSLVEMMWDLKKKGLIYSMEFTNLLSKNTFYLFTFTIYTDEVYDYL NTNKLFSA KCLVISTKGDVENFSSLKKDVVIRV" gene complement(61563..61898) /gene="H2L" CDS complement(61563..61898) /gene="H2L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042108.1" /db_xref="GI:9627585" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P32993" /translation="MASLLYFILFLLFVCISYYFTYYPTNKLQAAVMETDRENAIIIQ RNDEIPTRTLDTAIFTDASTVASAQIYLYYNSNIGKIIMSLNGKKHTFNL YDDNDIRT LLPILLLSK" gene 61892..62554 /gene="H3R" CDS 61892..62554 /gene="H3R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042109.1" /db_xref="GI:9627586" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P32992" /translation="MPFRDLILFNLSKFLLTEDKESLEIVSSLCRGFEISYDDLITYF PDRKYHKYIYKVFEHVDLSEELSMEFHDTTLRDLVYLKLYKYSKCIRPCY KLGDNLKG

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IVVIKDRNIYIREANDDLIEYLLKEYTPQIYTYSNEHVPIAGSKLILCGF SQVTFMAY TTSHITTNKKVDVLVSKKCIDKLVDPINYQILQNLFDKGSGTINKILRKI FYSVTGGQ TP" gene complement(62524..62898) /gene="H4L" CDS complement(62524..62898) /gene="H4L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042110.1" /db_xref="GI:9627587" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P32994" /translation="MKNVLIIFGKPYCSICENVSEAVEELKSEYDILHVDILSFFLKD GDSSMLGDVKRGTLIGNFAAHLSNYIVSIFKYNPQTKQMAFVDINKSLDF TKTDKSLV NLEILKSEIEKANYGVWPPVTE" gene 62901..64205 /gene="H5R" CDS 62901..64205 /gene="H5R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042111.1" /db_xref="GI:9627588" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P32995" /translation="MGIKNLKSLLLENKSLTILDDNLYKVYNGIFVDTMSIYIAVANC VRNLEELTTVFIKYVNGWVKKGGHVTLFIDRGSIKIKQNVRDKRRKYSKS TKDRKMLE LEKCTSKIQNVTGFMEEEIKAEIQLKIDKLTFQIYLSDSDNIKISLNEIL THFNNNEN VTLFYCDERDAEFVMCLEAKTYFFTTGEWPLIISTDQDTMLFASVDNHPK MIKNLTQL FKFVPSAEDNYLAKLTALVNGCDFFPGLYGASITPTNLNKIQLFSDFTIN NIVTSLAI KNYYRKTNSTVDVRNIVTFINDYANLDDVYSYIPPCQCTVQEFIFSALDE KWNDFKSS YLETVPLPCQLMYALEPRKEIDVSEVKTLSSYIDFENTKSDIDVIKSISS IFGYSNEN CNTIVFGIYKDNLLLSINSSFYFNNSLLITNTKSDNIINIGY" gene 64213..64404 /gene="H5_5R" CDS 64213..64404 /gene="H5_5R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042112.1" /db_xref="GI:9627589" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q07047" /translation="MVFQVVCSTCGKDISHERYKLIIRKKSLKDVLVSVKNKCCRLKL STQIEPQRNLTVQPLLDIN" gene 64406..64903 /gene="H6R" CDS 64406..64903 /gene="H6R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042113.1" /db_xref="GI:9627590" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P32996" /translation="MDPVNFIKTYAPRGSIIFINYTMSLTSHLNPSIEKHVGIYYGTL LSEHLVVESTYRKGVQIVPLDSFFEGYLSAKVYMLENIQVMKIAADTSLT LLGIPYGF GHNRMYCFKLVAECYKNAGINTSSKRILGKDIFLSQNFTDDNRWIKIYDS NNLTFWQI DYLKG" gene complement(64868..65983) /gene="H7L" CDS complement(64868..65983) /gene="H7L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042114.1" /db_xref="GI:9627591" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P32997" /translation="MAAEQRRSTIFDIVSKCIVQSVLRDISINSEYIESKAKQLCYCP ASKKESVINGIYNCCESNIEIMDKEQLLKILDNLRCHSAHVCNATDFWRL YNSLKRFT HTTAFFNTCKPTILATLNTLITLILSNKLLYAAEMVEYLENQLDSSNKSM SQELAELL EMKYALINLVQYRILPMIIGEPIIVAGFSGKEPISNYSAEVERLMELPVK TDIVNTTY DFLARKGIDTSNNIAEYIAGLKIEEIEKVEKYLPEVISTIANSNIIKNKK SIFPANIN DKQIMECSKMLDTSEKYSKGYKTDGAVTSPLTGNNTITTFIPISASDMQK FTILEYLY IMRVMANNVKKKNEGKNNGGVVMHINSPFKVINLPKC" gene 66014..66796 /gene="H8R" CDS 66014..66796 /gene="H8R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042115.1" /db_xref="GI:9627592" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P32990" /translation="MSIRIKIDKLRQIVAYFSEFSEEVSINVDSTDELMYIFAALGGS VNIWAIIPLSASVFYRGAENIVFNLPVSKVKSCLCSFHNDAIIDIEPDLE NNLVKLSS YHVVSVDCNKELMPIRTDTTICLSIDQKKSYVFNFHKYEEKCCGRTVIHL EWLLGFIK CISQHQHLTIMFKDDNIIMKTPGNTDAFSREYSMTECSQELQKFSFKIAI SSLNKLRG FKKRVNVFETRIVMDNDDNILGMLFSDRVQSFKINIFMAFLD" gene 66816..67838 /gene="H9R" CDS 66816..67838 /gene="H9R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042116.1" /db_xref="GI:9627593" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P32998" /translation="MGGGVSVELPKRDPPPGVPTDEMLLNVDKMHDVIAPAKLLEYVH IGPLAKDKEDKVKKRYPEFRLVNTGPGGLSALLRQSYNGTAPNCCHTFNR THYWKKDG

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KISDKYEEGAVLESCWPDVHDTGKCDVNLFDWCQGDTFDRNICHQWIGSA FNRSDRTV EGQQSLINLYNKMQTLCSKDASVPICESFLHHLRAHNTEDSKEMIDYILR QQSANFKQ KYMRCSYPTRDKLEESLKYAEPRECWDPECSNANVNFLLTRNYNNLGLCN IVRCNTSV NNLQMDKTSSLRLSCGLSNSDRFSTVPVNRAKVVQHNIKHSFDLKLHLIS LLSLLVIW ILIVAI" gene 67839..68591 /gene="M1R" CDS 67839..68591 /gene="M1R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042117.1" /db_xref="GI:9627594" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33040" /translation="MGAAASIQTTVNTLSERISSKLEQEANASAQTKCDIEIGNFYIR QNHGCNLTVKNMCSADADAQLDAVLSAATETYSGLTPEQKAYVPAMFTAA LNIQTSVN TVVRDFENYVKQTCNSSAVVDNKLKIQNVIIDECYGAPGSPTNLEFINTG SSKGNCAI KALMQLTTKATTQIAPRQVAGTGVQFYMIVIGVIILAALFMYYAKRMLFT STNDKIKL ILANKENVHWTTYMDTFFRTSPMVIATTDIQN" gene 68623..68886 /gene="M2R" CDS 68623..68886 /gene="M2R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042118.1" /db_xref="GI:9627595" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33041" /translation="MEVIADRLDDIVKQNIADEKFVDFVIHGLEHQCPAILRPLIRLF IDILLFVIVIYIFTVRLVSRNYQMLLALLALVISLTIFYYFIL" gene complement(68876..69925) /gene="M3L" CDS complement(68876..69925) /gene="M3L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042119.1" /db_xref="GI:9627596" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33042" /translation="MNTRTDVTNDNIDKNPTKRGNKNIPGRNERFNDRNRFNNDGNNR PRLQPSPPPRQDNKCREENGDFINIRLCAYEKEYCNDGYLSPAYYMLKQV DDEEMSCW SELSSLVRSKKAVGFPLLKAAKRISHGSMLYFEQFKNSKVVRLTPQVKCL NDTVIFQT VVILYSMYKRDIYSNEFCFDLVSIPRTNIVFSVNQLMFNICTDILVVLSI CGNRLYRT NLPQSCYLNFIHGHETIACRGYEHSNYFFEWLIKNHLSLLTKQTMDILKV KKKYATGA PVNRLLEPGTLVYVPKEDYYFIGISLTDVSISDNVRVLFSTDGIVLEIED FNIKHLFM AGEMFVRSQSSTIIV" gene 69950..70705 /gene="M4R" CDS 69950..70705 /gene="M4R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042120.1" /db_xref="GI:9627597" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33039" /translation="MSLLLENLIEEDTIFFAGSISEYDDLQMVIAGAKSKFPRSMLSI FNIVPRTMSKYELELIHNENITGAMFTTMYNIRNNLGLGDDKLTIEAIEN YFLDPNNE VMPLIINNTDMTAVIPKKSGRRKNKNMVIFRQGSSPILCIFETRKKINIY KENMESAS TEYTPIGDNKALISKYAGINVLNVYSPSTSMRLNAIYGFTNKNKLEKLST NKELELYS SSPLQEPIRLNDFLGLLECVKKNIPLTDIPTKD" gene 70715..71101 /gene="M5R" CDS 70715..71101 /gene="M5R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042121.1" /db_xref="GI:9627598" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33043" /translation="MENVPNVYFNPVFIEPTFKHSLLSVYKHRLIVLFEVFVVFILIY VFFRSELNMFFMHKRKIPDPIDRLRRANLACEDDKLMIYGLPWITTQTSA LSINSKPI VYKDCAKLLRSINGSQPVSLNDVLRR" gene 71058..71537 /gene="L1R" CDS 71058..71537 /gene="L1R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042122.1" /db_xref="GI:9627599" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33004" /translation="MDHNQYLLTMFFADDDSFFKYLASQDDESSLSDILQITQYLDFL LLLLIQSKNKLEAVGHCYESLSEEYRQLTKFTDSQDFKKLFNKVPIVTDG RVKLNKGY LFDFVISLMRFKKESALATTAIDPVRYIDPRRDIAFSNVMDILKSNKAKN NYSLLSS" gene 71534..72067 /gene="L2R" CDS 71534..72067 /gene="L2R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042123.1" /db_xref="GI:9627600" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P04364" /translation="MNGGHIQLIIGPMFSGKSTELIRRVRRYQIAQYKCVTIKYSNDN RYGTGLWTHDKNNFEALEATKLCDVLEAITDFSVIGIDEGQFFPDIVEFC ERMANEGK IVIVAALDGTFQRKPFNNILDLIPLSEMVVKLTAVCMKCFKEASFSKRLG TETKIEII GGIDMYQSVCRKCYIDS"

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gene 72133..73134 /gene="L3R" CDS 72133..73134 /gene="L3R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042124.1" /db_xref="GI:9627601" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33052" /translation="MDVVSLDKPFMYFEEIDNELDYEPESANEVAKKLPYQGQLKLLL GELFFLSKLQRHGILDGATVVYIGSAPGTHIRYLRDHFYNLGVIIKWMLI DGRHHDPI LNGLRDVTLVTRFVDEEYLRSIKKQLHPSKIILISDVRSKRGGNEPSTED LLSNYALQ NVMISILNPVASSLKWRCPFPDQWIKDFYIPHGNKMSQPFAPSYSAEMRL LSIYTGEN MRLTRVTKSDAVNYEKKMYYLNKIVRNKVVVNFDYPNQEYDYFHMYFMLR TVYCNKTF PTTKAKVLFLQQSIFRFLNIPTTSTEKVSHEPIQCKVSSKDSVYKNRNSK RSVRGNK" gene 73049..73606 /gene="L4R" CDS 73049..73606 /gene="L4R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042125.1" /db_xref="GI:9627602" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33054" /translation="MNQYNVKYLAKILCIKTEIARDPYAVINRNVLLRYTTDIQYNDL VTLITVRHKIDSMKTVFQVFNESSINYTPVDDDYGEPIIITSYLQKGHNK FPVNFLYI DVVISDLFPSFVRLNTTETNIVNSVLQTGDGKKTLRLPKMLETEIVVKIL YRPNIPLK IVRFFRNNMITGVEIADRSVISVAD" gene complement(73657..74058) /gene="L5L" CDS complement(73657..74058) /gene="L5L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042126.1" /db_xref="GI:9627603" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33055" /translation="MTDEQIYAFCDANKDDIRCKCIYPDKSIVRIGIDTRLPYYCWYE PCKRSDALLPASLKKNISRCNVSDCTISLGNVSITDSKLDVNNVCDSKRV ATENIAVR YLNQEIRYPIIDIKWLPIGLLALAILILAFF" gene 74165..78025 /gene="L6R" CDS 74165..78025 /gene="L6R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042127.1" /db_xref="GI:9627604" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33053" /translation="MAVISKVTYSLYDQKEINATDIIISHVKNDDDIGTVKDGRLGAM DGALCKTCGKTELECFGHWGKVSIYKTHIVKPEFISEIIRLLNHICIHCG LLRSREPY SNDINLKELSGHALRRLKDKILSKKKSCWNSECMQPYQKISFSKKKVCFV NKLDDINV PNSLIYQKLISIHEKFWPLLEIYQYPANLFYTDYFPIPPLIIRPAISFWI DSIPKETN ELTYLLGMIVKNCNLNADEQVIQKAVIEYDDIKIISNNTTSINLSYITSG KNNMIRSY IVARRKDQTARSVIGPSTSITVNEVGMPAYIRNTLTEKIFVNAFTVNKVK QLLASNQV KFYFNKRLNQLTRIRQGKFIKNKIHLLPGDWVEVAVQEYTSIIFGRQPSL HRYNVIAS SIRATEGDTIKISPGIANSQNADFDGDEEWMILEQNPKAVVEQSILMYPT TLLKHDIH GAPVYGSIQDEIVAAYSLFRIQDLCLDEVLNILGKYGREFDPKGKCKFSG KDIYTYLI GEKINYPGLLKDGEIIANDVDSNFVVAMRHLSLAGLLSDHKSNVEGINFI IKSSYVFK RYLSIYGFGVTFKDLRPNSTFTNKLEAINVEKIELIKEAYAKYLKDVRDG KIVPLSKA LEADYVESMLSNLTNLNIREIEEHMRQTLIDNPDNNLLKMAKAGYKVNPT ELMYILGT YGQQRIDGEPAETRVLGRVLPYYLPDSKDPEGRGYILNSLTKGLTGSQYY FSMLVARS QSTDIVCETSRTGTLARKIIKKMEDMVVDGYGQVVIGNTLIKYAANYTKI LGSVCKPV DLIYPDESMTWYLEISALWNKIKQGFVYSQKQKLAKKTLAPFNFLVFVKP TTEDNAIK VKDLYDMIHNVIDDVREKYFFTVSNIDFMEYIFLTHLNPSRIRITKETAI TIFEKFYE KLNYTLGGGTPIGIISAQVLSEKFTQQALSSFHTTEKSGAVKQKLGFNEF NNLTNLSK NKTEIITLVSDDISKLQSVKINFEFVCLGELNPNITLRKETDRYVVDIIV NRLYIKRA EITELVVEYMIERFISFSVIVKEWGMETFIEDEDNIRFTVYLNFVEPEEL NLSKFMMV LPGAANKGKISKFKIPISDYTGYDDFNQTKKLNKMTVELMNLKELGSFDL ENVNVYPG VWNTYDIFGIEAARGYLCEAMLNTYGEGFDYLYQPCDLLASLLCASYEPE SVNKFKFG AASTLKRATFGDNKALLNAALHKKSEPINDNSSCHFFSKVPNIGTGYYKY FIDLGLLM RMERKLSDKISSQKIKEMEETEDF" gene complement(78022..78537) /gene="I1L" CDS complement(78022..78537) /gene="I1L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042128.1" /db_xref="GI:9627605" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33064" /translation="MDKKSLYKYLLLRSTGDMRRAKSPTIMTRVTNNVYLGNYKNAMN APSSEVKFKYVLNLTMDKYTLPNSNINIIHIPLVDDTTTDISKYFDDVTA FLSKCDQR NEPVLVHCVAGVNRSGAMILAYLMSKNKESSPMLYFLYVYHSMRDLRGAF VENPSFKR QIIEKYVIDKN" gene 78551..79120 /gene="I2R" CDS 78551..79120 /gene="I2R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042129.1" /db_xref="GI:9627606" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33061" /translation="MDKTTLSVNACNLEYVREKAIVGVQAAKTSTLIFFVIILAISAL LLWFQTSDNPVFNELTRYMRIKNTVNDWKSLTDSKTKLESDRGRLLAAGK DDIFEFKC

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VDFGAYFIAMRLDKKTYLPQAIRRGTGDAWMVKKAAKVDPSAQQFCQYLI KHKSNNVI TCGNEMLNELGYSGYFMSPHWCSDLSNME" gene complement(79123..80100) /gene="I3L" CDS complement(79123..80100) /gene="I3L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042130.1" /db_xref="GI:9627607" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33059" /translation="MATVNKTPVIVVPVIDRPPSETFPNLHEHINDQKFDDVKDNEVM PEKRNVVIVKDDPDHYKDYAFIHWTGGNIRNDDKYTHFFSGFCNTMCTEE TKRNIARH LALWDSKFFTELENKKVEYVVIVENDNVIEDITFLRPVLKAMHDKKIDIL QMREIITG NKVKTELVMDKNHVIFTYTGGYDVSLSAYIIRVTTALNIVDEIIKSGGLS SGFYFEIA RIENEIKINRQIMDNSAKYVEHDPRLVAEHRFENMKPNFWSRIGTAAVKR YPGVMYAF TTPLISFFGLFDINVIGLIVILFIMFMLIFNVKSKLLWFLTGTFVTAFI" gene complement(80101..82488) /gene="I4L" CDS complement(80101..82488) /gene="I4L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042131.1" /db_xref="GI:9627608" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33067" /translation="MDSKETILIEIIPKIKAYLLDANISPKSYDDFISRNKNIFVINL YNVSAITEEDIRLLYTTIEQNIDANDQTLVAIFSYIGYKFEQTVKEEIST SLSLNDKN TTDEMTYNLYDLFFNTLDMYLRQKKISILVNDDVRGDVIVSYKNSDLVSS FNAELEPE IKKIPFNMKNLLPYLEKNLDQLRFSKKYLDFAYLCRHIGIPISKKKYNVR YVFLYKID GLSIPIIIKDFLDVKYVYLENTGKIYKNSFSEDHNNSLSDWGKVIIPLLK DRHLYSYI FLSSYHLHSYYTDLIAKDEPVFIKRKKLDIIEIDEPEAWKRDVKVEFAPC EHQIRLKE AMKVDANYFTKINNFANEFIYYEDGVAYCRVCGINIPIFNLDAADVIKNT VIVSTFNK TIFLSEPYSYFVHSQRFIFNIIMSFDNIMKSQTWVMKYNINRLILNFFID INSRRQEY EKKFSSEIKRGLFFLRLSANLFESQVSSTELFYVSKMLNLNYIVALVIIL NSSADFIV SYMKSKNKTVEESTLKYAISVVIYDFLVKTRICEKGSLDTIVLFTDVYTS IMPEELDL HFQRITLELRKLVSIQRSALEPNYDVESRGEELPLSTLKFFDTSTIIVKT MAPVHTYV EQKIVAPTPSVEPTDASLKQFKELTCDEDIKILIRVHDTNATKLVIFPSH LKIEIERK KLIIPLKSLYITNTLKYYYSNSYLYIFRFGDPMPFEEELIDHEHAQYKIN CYNILRYH LLPDSDVFVYFSNSLNREALEYAFYIFLSKYVNVKQWIDENITRIRELYM INFNN" gene 82674..83339 /gene="I5R" CDS 82674..83339 /gene="I5R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042132.1" /db_xref="GI:9627609" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33062" /translation="MAWSITNKADTSSFTKMAEIRAHLRNSAENKDKNDDIFPEDVII PSTKPKTKRATTPRKPAATKRSTKKDKEKEEVEEEEVVIEEYHQTTEENS PPPSSSPG VGNIVESVTAVELDDSNGDDDNDNDNDDNEPMVQVEAGKVNHSARSDLSD LKVATDNI VKDLKKIITRISAVSTVLEDVQAAGISRQFTSMTKSITTLSDLVTEGKSK VVRKKVKT CKK" gene 83340..84284 /gene="I6R" CDS 83340..84284 /gene="I6R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042133.1" /db_xref="GI:9627610" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P32989" /translation="MRALFYKDGKLFTDNNFLNPVSDNNPAYEVLQHVKIPTHLTDVV VYGQTWEEALTRLIFVGSDSKGRRQYFYGKMHVQNRNAKRDRIFVRVYNV MKRINCFI NKNIKKSSTDSNYQLAVFMLMETMFFIRFGKMKYLKENETVGLLTLKNKH IEISPDKI VIKFVGKDKVSHEFVVHKSNRLYKPLLKLTDDSSPEEFLFNKLSERKVYE CIKQFGIR IKDLRTYGVNYTFLYNFWTNVKSISPLPSPKKLIALTIKQTAEVVGHTPS ISKRAYMA TTILEMVKDKNFLDVVSKTTFDEFLSIVVDHVKSSTDG" gene 84321..84761 /gene="I7R" CDS 84321..84761 /gene="I7R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042134.1" /db_xref="GI:9627611" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33063" /translation="MEMDKRMKSLAMTAFFGELTTLDIMALIMSIFKRHPNNTIFSVD KDGQFMIDFEYDTYKASQYLDLPLTPISGDECKTHASSIAKQLACVDIIK EDISEYIK TTPRLKRFIKKYRNRSDTRISQDTEKLKIALAKGIDYEYIKDAC" gene 84805..87339 /gene="F1R" CDS 84805..87339 /gene="F1R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042135.1" /db_xref="GI:9627612" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33057" /translation="MDANVVSSSTIATYIDALAKNASELEQGSTAYEINNELELVFIK PPLITLTNVVNISTIQESFIRFTVTNKEGVKIRTKIPLSKVHGLDVKNVQ LVDAIDNI VWEKKSLVTENRLHKACLLRLSTEERHIFLDYKKYGSSIRLELVNLIQAK TKNFTIDF KLKYFLGSGAQSKSSLLHAINHPKSRPNTSLEIEFTPRDNETVPYDELIK ELTTFSRH IFMASPENVILSPPINAPIKTFMLPKQDIVGMDLENLYAVTKTDGIPITI RVTSKGLY CYFTHLGYIIRYPVKRIIDSEVVVFGEAVKDKNWTVYLIKLIEPVNAISD RLEESKYV

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ESKLVDICDRIVFKSKKYEGPFTTTSEVVDMLSTYLPKQPEGVILFYSKG PKSNIDFK IKKENTIDQTVNVVFRYMSSEPIIFGESSIFIEYKKFTNDKGFPKEYGSG KIVLYNGV NYLNNIYCLEYINTHNEVGIKSVVVPIKFIAEFLVNGEILKPRIDKTMKY INSEDYYG NQHNVIVEHLRDQSIKIGDVFNEDKLSDVGHQYANNDKFRLNPEVSYFTN KRTRGPLG ILSNYVKTLLISMYCSKTFLDDSNKRKVLAIDFENGADLEKYFYGEIALL VATDPDAD AIARGNERYNKLNSGIKTKYYKFDYIQETIRSNTFVSSVREVFYFGKFNI IDWQFAIH YSFHPRHYATIMNNLSELTASGGKVLITTMDGDKLSKLTDKKTFIIHKNL PSSENYMS VEKIADDRIVVYNPSTMSTPMTEYIIKKNDIVRVFNEYGFVLVDNVDFAT IIERSKKF INGASTMEDRPSTRNFFELNRGAIKCEGLDVEDLLSYYVVYVFSKR" gene complement(87298..87738) /gene="F2L" CDS complement(87298..87738) /gene="F2L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042136.1" /db_xref="GI:9627614" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33060" /translation="MSINIDIKKITDLLNSSILFPDDVQELLREKYIVLERKSNGTPT VAHIYKTMARFDNKSIYRIAKFLFMNRPDVIKLLFLEDVEPLLPDKSINI SINNTEYP QLEGPIGTKIALLELFNAFKTGISEPIPYYYLPLRKDINNIVTK" gene 87731..88444 /gene="F3R" CDS 87731..88444 /gene="F3R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042137.1" /db_xref="GI:9627613" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33068" /translation="MDIFIVKDNKYPKVDNDDNEVFILLGNHNDFIRSKLTKLKEHVF FSKYIVTPDTYGSLCVELNGSSFQHGGRYIEVEEFIDDGRQVRWCSTSNH ISEDIPED IHTNKFIIYDIYTFDSFKNKRLVFVQVPTSLGDDSYLTNPLLSPYYCNSV ARQMVNDM IFNQDSFLKYLLEHLIRSHYRVSKHITIVRYKDTEELNLTRICYNRDKFK AFAFAWFN GVLENEKVLDTYKKVSDLI" gene 88444..89100 /gene="F4R" CDS 88444..89100 /gene="F4R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042138.1" /db_xref="GI:9627615" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P32988" /translation="MNSVTVSHAPYTITYHDDWEPVMNQLVEFYNEVASWLLRDETSP IPDKFFIQLKQPLRNKRVCVCGIDPYPKDGTGVPFESPNFTKKSIKEIAS SISRLTGV IDYKGYNLNIIDGVIPWNYYLSCKLGETKSHAIYWDKISKLLLHHITKHV RFLYCLGK TDFSNIRAKLESPVTTIVGYHPAARDRQFEKDRSFEIINVLLELDNKAPI NWAQGFIY " gene 89132..91489 /gene="F5R" CDS 89132..91489 /gene="F5R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042139.1" /db_xref="GI:9627616" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33069" /translation="MDAVIRGNDVIFVLKTIGVPSVCRQNEDPRFVEAFKCDELERYI KNNPECTLFESLRDEEAYSIVRIFMDVDLDACLDEIDYLTAIQDFIIEVS NCVARFAF TECGAIHENVIKSMRSNFSLTKSTNRDKTSFHIIFLDTYTTMDTLIAMKR TLLELSRS SENPLTRSIDTAVYRKKTTLRVVGTRKNPNCDTIHVMQPPHDNIEDYLFT YVDMNNNS YYFSLQRRLEDLVPDKLWEPGFISFEDAIKRVSKIFINSIINFNDLDENN FTTVPLVI DYVTPCALCKKRSHKHPHQLSLENDAIRIYKTGNPHSCKVKIVPLDGNKL FNIAQRIL DTNSVLLTERGDHIVWINNSWKFNSEEPLITKLILSIRHQLPKEYSSELL CPRKRKTV EANIRDMLVDSVETDTYPDKLPFKNGVLDLVDGMFYSGDDAKKYTCTVST GFKFDDTK FVEDSPEMEELINIINDIQPLTDENKKNRELYEKTLSSCLCGATKGCLTF FFGETATG KSTTKRLLKSAISDLFVETGQTILTDVLDKGPNPFIANMHLKRSVFCSEL PDFACSGT KKIRSDNIKKLTEPCVIGRPCFSNKINNRNHATIIIDTNYKPVFDRIDNA LMRRIAVV RFRTHFSQPSGREAAENNDAYDKVKLLDEGLDGKIQNNRYRFAFLYLLVK WYRKYHVP IMKLYPTPEEIPDFAFYLKIGTLLVSSSVKHIPLMTDLSKKGYILHDNVV TLPLTTFQ QKISKYFNSRLFGHDIESFINRHKKFANVSDEYLQYIFIEDISSP" gene 91530..93443 /gene="F6R" CDS 91530..93443 /gene="F6R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042140.1" /db_xref="GI:9627617" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33056" /translation="MNTGIIDLFDNHVDSIPTILPHQLATLDYLVRTIIDENRSVLLF HIMGSGKTIIALLFALIASRFKKVHILVPNINILKIFNYNMGVAMNLFND EFIAENIF IHSTTSFYSLNYNDNVINYNGLSRYNNSIFIVDEAHNIFGNNTGELMTVI KNKNKIPF LLLSGSPITNTPNTLGHIIDLMSEETIDFGEIISRGKKVIQTLLNERGVN VLKDLLKG RISYYEMPDKDLPTIRYHGRKFLDTRVVYCHMSKLQERDYMITRRQLCYH EMFDKNMY NVSMAVLGQLNLMNNLDTLFQEQDKELYPNLKINNGVLYGEELVTLNISS KFKYFINR IQTLNGKHFIYFSNSTYGGLVIKYIMLSNGYSEYNGSQGTNPHMINGKPK TFAIVTSK MKSSLEDLLDVYNSPENDDGSQLMFLFSSNIMSESYTLKEVRHIWFMTIP DTFSQYNQ ILGRSIRKFSYVDISEPVNVYLLAAVYSDFNDEVTSLNDYTQDELINVLP FDIKKLLY LKFKTKETNRIYSILQEMSETYSLPPHPSIVKVLLGELVRQFFYNNSRIK YNDAKLLK MVTSVIKNKEDARNYIDDIVNGHFFVSNKVFDKSLLYKYENDIITVPFRL SYEPFVWG VNFRKEYNVVSSP" gene 93470..93955 /gene="F7R"

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CDS 93470..93955 /gene="F7R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042141.1" /db_xref="GI:9627618" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33058" /translation="MSSFVTNGYLPVTLEPHELTLDIKTNIRNAVYKTYLHKEISGKM AKKIEICKDVELPLGEIVNNSVVINVPCVITYAYYHVGDIVRGTLNIEDE SNVTIQCG DLICKLSRDSGTVSFSDSKYCFFRNGNAYDNGSEVSAVLMEAQQGTESSF VFLANIVD S" gene complement(93918..94832) /gene="F8L" CDS complement(93918..94832) /gene="F8L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042142.1" /db_xref="GI:9627619" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33065" /translation="MSQQLSPINIETKKAISNARLKPLNIHYNESKPTTIQNTGKLVR INFKGGYLSGGFLPNEYVLSSLHIYWGKEDDYGSNHLIDVYKYSGEINLV HWNKKKYS SYEEAKKHDDGLIIISIFLQVSDHKNVYFQKIVNQLDSIRTANTSAPFDS VFYLDNLL PSKLDYFKYLGTTINHSADAVWIIFPTPINIHSDQLSKFRTLLSLSNHEG KPHYITEN YRNPYKLNDDTEVYYSGEIIRAATTSPARENYFMRWLSDLRETCFSYYQK YIEGNKTF AIIAIVFVYILTAILFLMSRRYSREKQN" gene 94874..95515 /gene="F9R" CDS 94874..95515 /gene="F9R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042143.1" /db_xref="GI:9627620" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33070" /translation="MGITMDEEVIFETPRELISIKRIKDIPRSKDTHVFAACITSDGY PLIGARRTSFAFQAILSQQNSDSIFRVSTKLLRFMYYNELREIFRRLRKG SINNIDPH FEELILLGGKLDKKESIKDCLRRELKEESDERITVKEFGNVILKLTTQDK LFNKVYIG YCMSCFINQSLEDLSHTSIYNVEIRKIKSLNDCINDDKYEYLSYIYNMLV NSK" gene 95512..96258 /gene="F10R" CDS 95512..96258 /gene="F10R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042144.1" /db_xref="GI:9627621" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33071" /translation="MNFYRSSIISQIIKYNRRLAKSIICEDDSQIITLTAFVNQCLWC HKRVSVSAILLTTDNKILVCNRRDSFLYSEIIRTRNMSRKKRLFLNYSNY LNKQERSI LSSFFSLDPATIDNDRIDAIYPGGILKRGENVPECLSREIKEEVNIDNSF VFIDTRFF IHGIIEDTIINKFFEVIFFVGRISLTSDQIIDTFKSNHEIKDLIFLDPNS GNGLQYEI AKYALDTAKLKCYGHRGCYYESLKKLTEDD" gene complement(96259..98154) /gene="N1L" CDS complement(96259..98154) /gene="N1L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042145.1" /db_xref="GI:9627622" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33066" /translation="MSKSHAAYIDYALRRTTNMPVEMMGTDVVRLKDYQHFVARVFLG LDSMHSLLLFHETGVGKTMTTVYILKHLKDIYTNWAIILLVKKALIEDPW MNTILRYA PEITKDCIFINYDDQNFRNKFFTNIKTINSKSRICVIIDECHNFISKSLI KEDGKIRP TRSVYNFLSKTIALKNHKMICLSATPIVNSVQEFTMLVNLLRPGSLQHQS LFENKRLV NEKELVSKLGGLCSYIVNNEFSIFDDVEGSASFAKKTVLMRYVNMSKKQE EIYQKAKL TEIKTGISSFRILRRMATTFTFDSFPERQNRDPGEYAQEIATLYNDFKRS LRDREFSK SALDTFKKGELLGGDASAADISLFTELKEKSAKFIDVCLGILASHGKCLV FEPFVNQS GIEILLLYFKVFGISNIEFSSRTKDTRIKAVAEFNQESNTNGECIKTCVF SSSGGEGI SFFSINDIFILDMTWNEASLRQIVGRAIRLNSHVLTPPERRYVNVHFIMA RLSNGMPT VDEDLFEIIQSKSKEFVQLFRVFKHTSLEWIHANEKDFSPIDNESGWKTL VSRAIDLS SKKNITNKLIEGTNIWYSNSNRLMSINRGFKGVDGRVYDVDGNYLHDMPD NPVIKIHD GKLIYIF" gene complement(98188..99051) /gene="N2L" CDS complement(98188..99051) /gene="N2L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042146.1" /db_xref="GI:9627623" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33808" /translation="MDEIVKNIREGTHVLLPFYETLPELNLSLGKSPLPSLEYGANYF LQISRVNDLNRMPTDMLKLFTHDIMLPESDLDKVYEILKINSVKYYGRST KADAVVAD LSARNKLFKRERDAIKSNNHLTENNLYISDYKMLTFDVFRPLFDFVNEKY CIIKLPTL FGRGVIDTMRIYCSLFKNVRLLKCVSDSWLKDSAIMVASNVCKKNLDLFM SHVKSVTK SSSWKDVNSVQFSILNDPVDTEFINKFLEFSNRVYEALYYVHSLLYSSMT SDSKSIEN KHQRRLVKLLL" gene complement(99082..100737) /gene="N3L" CDS complement(99082..100737) /gene="N3L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042147.1" /db_xref="GI:9627624"

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/db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33810" /translation="MNNTIINSLIGGDDSIKRSNVFAVDSQIPTLYMPQYISLSGVMT NNGPDNQTIASFEIRDQYITALNHLVLSLELPEVKGMGRFGYVPYVGYKC INHVSVSS CNGVIWEIEGEELYNNCINNTIALKHSGYSSELNDISIGLTPNDTIKEPS TVYVYIKT PFDVEDTFSSLKLSDSKITVTVTFNPVSDIVIRDSSFDFETFNKEFVYVP ELSFIGYM VKNVQIKPSFIEKPRRVIGQINQPTATVTEVHAATSLSVYTKPYYGNTDN KFISYPGY SQDEKDYIDAYVSRLLDDLVIVSDGPPTGYPESAEIVEVPEDGIVSIQDA DVYVKIDN VPDNMSVYLHTNLLMFGTRKNSFIYNISKKFSAITGTYSDATKRTVFAHI SHSINIID TSIPVSLWTSQRNVYNGDNRSAESKAKDLFINDPFIKGIDFKNKTDIISR LEVRFGND VLYSENGPISRIYNELLTKSNNGTRTLTFNFTPKIFFRPTTITANVSRGK DKLSVRVV YSTMDVNHPIYYVQKQLVVVCNDLYKVSYDQGVSITKIMGDNN" gene complement(100761..101213) /gene="A1L" CDS complement(100761..101213) /gene="A1L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042148.1" /db_xref="GI:9627625" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33814" /translation="MAKRVSLPDVVISAPKAVFKPAKEEALACILPKYYKSMADMSIK TNSVIDKCWFCNQDLVFRPISIETFKGGEVGYFCSKICRDSLASMVKSHV ALREEPKI SLLPLVFYEDKEKVINTINLLRDKDGVYGSCYFKENSQIIDISLRSLL" gene complement(101234..101908) /gene="A2L" CDS complement(101234..101908) /gene="A2L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042149.1" /db_xref="GI:9627626" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P07609" /translation="MNLRLCSGCRHNGIVSEQGYEYCIFCESVFQKCTKVQKKSNFHV SNKLIHLRNVLRRLLSHQCSGEIISELLDIMEKNQISTDDVDANFVSSFL KANERINK KDYKLVFEIINQVKDEKLNLSTEKINEVVEIFKHLVFFCQENTPSKTINY SFFLDKIF DITSVTKNLKPQTVKNYTKNNSNQLVWENFLAHMRSKKRVTMVEDYGHEY VFVDERFS TCSLEV" gene complement(101905..102135) /gene="A2_5L" CDS complement(101905..102135) /gene="A2_5L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042150.1" /db_xref="GI:9627627" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q07032" /translation="MSWYEKYNIVLNPPKRCFSSCADNLTTILAEDGNNIRAILYSQP QKLKVLQDFLATSRNKMFLYKILDDEIRRVLT" gene complement(102150..104084) /gene="A3L" CDS complement(102150..104084) /gene="A3L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042151.1" /db_xref="GI:9627628" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33818" /translation="MEAVVNSDVFLTSNTGLKSSYTNQTLSLVDEDHIHTSDKSLSCS VCNSLSQIVDDDFISAGARNQRTKPKRAGNDQAQQTTKKDCMVSIDEVAS THDWSTRL RNDGNAIAKYLTTNKYDTSNFTIQDMLNIMNKLNIVRTNRNELFQLLTHV KSTLNNAS VSVKCTHPLVLIHSRASPRIGDQLKELDKIYSPSNHHILLSTTRFQSMHF TDMSSSQD LSFIYRKPETNYYIHPILMALFGIKLPALENAYVHGDTYSLIQQLYEFRR VKSYNYML LVNRLTEDNPIVITGVSDLISTEIQRANMHTMIRKAIMNIRMGIFYCNDD DAVDPHLM KIIHTGCSQVMTDEEQILASILSIVGFRPTLVSVARPINGISYDMKLQAA PYIVVNPM KMITTSDSPISINSKDIYSMAFDGNSGRVVFAPPNIGYGRCSGVTHIDSL GTNVMGSA VHSPVIVNGAMMFYVERRQNKNMFGGECYTGFRSLIDDTPIDVSPEIMLN GIMYRLKS AVCYKLGDQFFDCGSSDIFLKGHYTILFTENGPWMYDPLSVFNPGARNAR LMRALKNQ YKKLSMDSDDGFYEWLNGDGSVFAASKQQMLMNHVANFDDDLLTMEEAMS MISRHCCI LIYAQDYDQYISARHITELF" gene complement(104137..104952) /gene="A4L" CDS complement(104137..104952) /gene="A4L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042152.1" /db_xref="GI:9627629" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33832" /translation="MDFFNKFSQGLAESSTPKSSIYYSEEKDLDIKKDEAIEIGLKSQ ESYYQRQLREQLARDNMMAASRQPIQPLQPTIHITPLQVPTPAPTPKPRQ QQTNTSSD MSNLFDWLSADDNTQPSSLLPALTPINAVQDIISKFNKDQKTTTTPSTQP SQTLPTTT CTQQSDGSISCTTPTVTPPQPPIVATVCTPTPTGGTVCTTAQQNPNPGAT SQQNLDNM ALKDLMSSVEKDMRQLQAETNDLVTNVYDAREYTRRAIDQILQLVKGFER FQK" gene 104990..105484 /gene="A5R" CDS 104990..105484 /gene="A5R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042153.1" /db_xref="GI:9627630" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33813" /translation="MADTDDIIDYESDDLTEYEDDDEEEEDGESLETSDIDPKSSYKI VESASTHIEDAHSNLKHIGNHISALKRRYTRRISLFEIAGIIAESYNLLQ RGRLPLVS EFSNETMKQNMLHVIIQEIEEGSCPIVIEKNGELLSVNDFDKDGLKFHLD YIIKIWKL QKRY"

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gene complement(105481..106599) /gene="A6L" CDS complement(105481..106599) /gene="A6L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042154.1" /db_xref="GI:9627631" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33833" /translation="MDKLRVLYDEFVTISKDNLERETGLSASDVDMDFDLNIFMTLVP VLEKKVCVITPTIEDDKIVTMMKYCSYQSFSFWFLKSGAVVKSVYNKLDD AEKEKFVA TFKDMLLNVQTLISLNSMYTRLRQDTEDIVSDSKKIMEIVSHLRASTTEN AAYQVLQQ NNSFIISTLNKILSDENYLLKIIAVFDSKLISEKETLNEYKQLYTISSES LVYGIRCV SNLDISSVQLSNNKYVLFVKKMLPKIILFQNNDINAQQFANVISKIYTLI YRQLTSNV DVGCLLTDTIESTKTKISVEKFKQTGINNVQSLIKFISDNKKEYKTIISE EYLSKEDR IITILQNIVNEHDIKYDNNLLNMRDLIVTFRERYSYKF" gene complement(106623..108755) /gene="A7L" CDS complement(106623..108755) /gene="A7L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042155.1" /db_xref="GI:9627632" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33806" /translation="MRYIVSPQLVLQVGKGQEVERALYLTPYDYIDEKSPIYYFLRSH LNIQQPEIVKRHILLTLRMTQLKGYLGNLLDIKDDIIIYSHKNNLEYSYV DNTIFNPF VYTQKKTLLKNDSFLYNVYPGACDFLVIWVARACDTSIPEFGSYEDVDNN IIKFETML MDVFPQLDLDITVESKFNNIFRTNLKLTGLKKIIQRVQDLDINYKSLLSR YDEHFINM TGNHFILNDEQLNLSIWDLDGTLALSSDGDTVMINNVKLFTDLVSDIDTQ MERIKGDI TYKVHLATPINSRIKLDIETSFIFIETATNNILLSSDKKISIILAKNHIS IKVKNHIP NIEKYFTFLVIAINAMFNSVQKSADFTKVETVYWSRICQNTKNKNRKPVI INYLDPGM KKISNNFYRSDEKEVFINDNDIMFTCMDPLGKYNKVGFLNIFHDMRKYCI PCCFLHDQ SHRSTFSSCVHQIDVEKKIVSPYILNFGKVVTESKMSFLPIIFDAFLNDG MTANMEQD NKRLKETSGYHIVRCCTGNDIVRLRTTSNIIQFVNEDKNILIVNDMVYFP MNASDIGK KIHILIQEIVHEVMIVKKKESSDKIDFFPPNYKLLKDLFPKQTIQTPIQS DAGMVLTT DGFYIDGKLFNEDLSSKYVTFTKNVITSDAVAKYFSPLFKYVISEAKDRF IKTWMINI MIHMNVDPNNIIPTLEKYYPNFGRVQIN" gene 108809..109675 /gene="A8R" CDS 108809..109675 /gene="A8R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042156.1" /db_xref="GI:9627633" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33834" /translation="MFEPVPDLNLEASVELGEVNIDQTTPMIKENIGFISRSRRLFAH RSKDDERKLALRFFLQRLYFLDHREIHYLFRCVDAVKDVTITKKNNIIVA PYIALLTI ASKGCKLTETMIEAFFPELYNEHSKKFKFNSQVSIIQEKLGYQSGNYHVY DFEPYYST VALAIRDEHSSGIFNIRQESYLVSSLSEITYRFYLINLKSDLVQWSASTG AVINQMVN TVLITVYEKLQLVIENDSQFICSLAVESELPIKLLKDRNELFTKFINELK KTSSFKIS KRDKDTLLKYFT" gene complement(109672..109959) /gene="A9L" CDS complement(109672..109959) /gene="A9L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042157.1" /db_xref="GI:9627634" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33835" /translation="MSCYTAILKSVGGLALFQDANGAIDLCRHFFMYFCEQKLRPNSF WFVVVRAIASMIMYLVLGIALLYISEQDDKKNTNNASNSNKLNESSINSN S" gene complement(109960..112638) /gene="A10L" CDS complement(109960..112638) /gene="A10L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042158.1" /db_xref="GI:9627635" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33817" /translation="MMPIKSIVTLDQLEDSEYLFRIVSTVLPHLCLDYKVCDQLKTTF VHPFDVFLNNSLGSVTKQDELQAAISKLGINYLIDTTSRELKLFNVTLNA GNIDIINT PINISSETNPIINTHSFYDLPPFTQHLLNIRLTDTEYRARFIGGYIKPDG SDSMDVLA EKKYPDLNFDNTYLFNILYKDVINAPIKEFKAKIVNGVLSRQDFDNLIGV RQYITAQD QPRFDNTYAIADAARHYGVNLNTLPLPNVDLTTMPTYKHLIMYEQYFVDD YDRVPIYY NGNRVIFDDEIINFCISMRYQSLIPRLVEFFPDIPVNNNIVLHTRDPQNA AVNVTVGL PNMQFVDINRNNKFFINFFNLLAKEQRSTAIKVTKSMFWDGMDYEEYKSK NLQDMMFI NSTCYVFGLYNHNNTTYCSILSDIISAEKTPIRVCLLPRVVGGKTVTDLI SETLKSIS SMTIREFPKKDKSSIMHIGLSETGFMRFFQLLRLMADKPHETAIKEVVMA YVGIKLGD KGSPYYIRKESYQDFIYLLFASMGFKVTTRRSIMGSNNISIISIRPRVTK QYIVTTLM KTSCSKNEAEKLITSAFDLLNFMVSVSDFRDYQSYRQYRNYCPRYFYAGS PEGEETII CDSEPISILDRIDTRGIFSAYTINEMMDTDIFSPENKAFKNNLSRFIESG DITGEDIF CAMPYNILDRIITNAGTCTVSIGDMLDNITTQSDCNMTNEITDMINASLK NTISKDNN MLVSQALDSVANHSKQKIGDLRQSSCKMALLFKNLATSIYTIERIFNAKV GDDVKASM LEKYKVFTDISMSLYKDLIAMENLKAMLYIIRRSGCRIDDAQITTDDLVK SYSLIRPK ILSMINYYNEMSRGYFEHMKKNLNMTDGDSVSFDDE" gene 112653..113612 /gene="A11R" CDS 112653..113612 /gene="A11R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042159.1"

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/db_xref="GI:9627636" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33836" /translation="MTTVPVTDIQNDLITEFSEDNYPSNKNYEITLRQMSILTHVNNV VDREHNAAVVSSPEEISSQLNEDLFPDDDSPATIIERVQQPHTTIIDDTP PPTFRREL LISEQRQQREKRFNITVSKNAEAIMESRSMITSMPTQTPSLGVVYDKDKR IQMLEDEV VNLRNQQSNTKSSNNLDNFTRILFGKTPYKSTEVNKRIAIVNYANLNGSP LSVEDLDV CSEDEIDRIYKTIKQYHESRKRKIIVTNVIIIVINIIEQALLKLGFDEIK GLSTDITS EIIDVEIGDDCDAVASKLGIGNSPVLNIVLFILKIFVKRIKII" gene complement(113614..114183) /gene="A12L" CDS complement(113614..114183) /gene="A12L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042160.1" /db_xref="GI:9627637" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33837" /translation="MADKKNLAVRSSYDDYIETVNKITPQLKNLLAQIGGDAAVKGGN NNLNSQTDVTAGACDTKSKSSKCITCKSKSSSSSTSTSKSSKNTSGAPRR RTTATTSF NAMDGQIVQAVTNAGKIVYGTVRDGQLEVRGMVGEINHDLLGIESVNAGK KKPSKKMP TNKKINMSSGMRRQEQINPNDCCLDMGMY" gene complement(114207..114413) /gene="A13L" CDS complement(114207..114413) /gene="A13L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042161.1" /db_xref="GI:9627638" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33838" /translation="MIGILLLIGICVAVTVAILYAMYNKIKNSQNPSPNVNLPPPETR NTRFVNNLEKDHISSLYNLVKSSV" gene complement(114521..114793) /gene="A14L" CDS complement(114521..114793) /gene="A14L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042162.1" /db_xref="GI:9627639" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33839" /translation="MDMMLMIGNYFSGVLIAGIILLILSCIFAFIDFSKSTSPTRTWK VLSIMSFILGIIITVGMLIYSMWGKHCAPHRVSGVIHTNHSDISVN" gene complement(114961..115245) /gene="A15L" CDS complement(114961..115245) /gene="A15L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042163.1" /db_xref="GI:9627640" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33840" /translation="MFVDDDSLIIYSTWPSTLSDSSGRVIVMPDNRSFTFKEGFKLDE SIKSILLVNPSSIDLLKIRVYKHRIKWMGNIFVLFEQENIPPPFRLVNDK" gene complement(115229..116362) /gene="A16L" CDS complement(115229..116362) /gene="A16L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042164.1" /db_xref="GI:9627641" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33841" /translation="MGAAVTLNRINIASGIADIRDKYMELGFNYPKYNRTVKFAEESY MYYYETSPGEIKPKFCLIDGMSIDHCSSFIVPEFAKQYVLIHGEPCSSFK FRPGTLIY YQNEVTPEYIKDLKHATDYIASGQRCHFIKKDYLLGDSDSVAKCCSKTNT KHCPKIFN NNYKTEHCDDFMTGFCRNDPGNPNCLEWLRVKRKPAMSTYSDICSKHMDA RYCSEFIR IIRPDYFTFGDTALYVFCNDHKGNRNCWCANYPKSNSGDKYLGPRVCWLH ECTDESRD RKWLYYNQDVQRTRCKYVGCTINVNSLALKNSQAELTSNCTRTTSTVGDI HPGEPVVK DKIKLPTWLGAAITLVVISVIFYFISIYSRPKIKTNDINVRRR" gene complement(116365..116976) /gene="A17L" CDS complement(116365..116976) /gene="A17L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042165.1" /db_xref="GI:9627642" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P16711" /translation="MSYLRYYNMLDDFSAGAGVLDKDLFTEEQQQSFMPKDGGMMQND YGGMNDYLGIFKNNDVRTLLGLILFVLALYSPPLISILMIFISSFLLPLT SLVITYCL VTQMYRGGNGNTVGMSIVCIVAAVIIMAINVFTNSQIFNIISYIILFILF FAYVMNIE RQDYRRSINVTIPEQYTCNKPYTAGNKVDVDIPTFNSLNTDDY" gene 116991..118472 /gene="A18R" CDS 116991..118472 /gene="A18R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042166.1" /db_xref="GI:9627643" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33827" /translation="MSLLKMEYNLYAELKKITCGQSLSLFNEDGDFVEVEPGSLFKFL IPKGFYSSPSVKTSLVFETLTTTDNKITSINPTNAPKLYPLQHKVVSEVV SNMRKMIK LKRPLYITLHLACGFGKTITTCYLMATHGRKTVICVPNKMLIHQWKTQVE AVGLEHKI SIDGVSSLLKELKTQSPDVLIVVSRHLTNDAFCKYINKHYDLFILDESHT YNLMNNTA VTRFLAYYPPMMCYFLTATPRPSNRIYCNSIINIAKLSDLKKTIYAVDSF FEPYSTDN

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IRHMIKRLDGPSNKYHIYTEKLLSVDEPRNQLILNTLVEEFKSGTINRVL VITKLREH MVLFYKRLLDLFGPEVVFIGDAQNRRTPDMVKSIKELNRFIFVSTLFYSG TGLDIPSL DSLFICSAVINNMQIEQLLGRVCRETELLDRTVYVFPNTSVKEIKYMIGN FVQRIISL SVDKLGFKQESYRKHQESDPTSVCTASSREERVLNRIFNSQNR" gene complement(118453..118683) /gene="A19L" CDS complement(118453..118683) /gene="A19L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042167.1" /db_xref="GI:9627644" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33842" /translation="MDSTNARSGMKSRKKKPKTTVIDEDDCMTCSVCQSKLVKISDIT KVSLDYINTMRGNTLACTACGSSLKLLNDFAS" gene complement(118684..119037) /gene="A20L" CDS complement(118684..119037) /gene="A20L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042168.1" /db_xref="GI:9627646" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33844" /translation="MITLFLILCYFILIFNIIVPAISEKMRRERAAYVNYKRLNKNFI CVDDRLFSYNFTTSGIKAKVAVDNKNVPIPCSEINEVNNNKDVDTLYCDK DRDDIPGF TRSCYRAYSDLFFTT" gene 119036..120316 /gene="A21R" CDS 119036..120316 /gene="A21R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042169.1" /db_xref="GI:9627645" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33843" /translation="MTSSADLTNLKELLSLYKSLRFSDSAAIEKYNSLVEWGTSTYWK IGVQKVANVETSISDYYDEVKNKPFNIDPGYYIFLPVYFGSVFIYSKGKN MVELGSGN SFQIPDDMRSVCNKVLDGDNGIDFLRFVLLNNRWIMEDAISKYQSPVNIF KLASEYGL NIPNYLEIEIEEDTLFDDELYSIIERSFDDNFPKISISYIKLGELRRQVV DFFKFSFM YIESIKVDRIGDNIFIPSVITKSGKKILVKDVDHLIRSKVREHTFVKVKK KNTFSILY DYDGNGTETRGEVIKRIIDTIGRDYYVNGKYFSKVGSAGLKQLTNKLNIN ECTTVDEL VDEINKSGTVKRKIKTQSAFDLSRECLGYPEADFITLVNNMRFKIENCKV VNFNIENT NCLNNPSIETIYGNFNQFVSIFNIVTDVKKRLFE" gene 120246..120809 /gene="A22R" CDS 120246..120809 /gene="A22R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042170.1" /db_xref="GI:9627647" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33845" /translation="METLTSSSQSLISSPMSKKDYSSEIICAFDIGAKNPARTVLEVK DNSVRVLDISKLDWSSDWERRIAKDLSQYEYTTVLLERQPRRSPYVKFIY FIKGFLYH TSATKVICVSPVMSGNSYRDRKKRSVEAFFDWMDIFGLRDSVPDRRKLDD VADSFNLA MRYVLDKWNTNYTHYNRCKSRNYIKKM" gene 120829..121977 /gene="A23R" CDS 120829..121977 /gene="A23R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042171.1" /db_xref="GI:9627648" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33846" /translation="MDNLFTFLHEIEDRYTRTIFNFHLISCDEIGDIYGLMKERISSE DMFDNIVYNKDIHPAIKKLVYCDIQLTKHIINQNTYPVFNDSSQVKCCHY FDINSDNS NISSRTVEIFEREKSSLVSYIKTTNKKRKVNYGEIKKTVHGGTNANYFSG KKSDEYLS TTVRSNINQPWIKTISKRMRVNIINHSIVTRGKSSILQTIEIIFTNRTCV KIFKDSTM HIILSKDKDEKGCIHMIDKLFYVYYNLFLLFEDIIQNEYFKEVANVVNHV LTATALDE KLFLIKKMAKHDVYGVSNFKIGMFNLTFIKSLDHTVFPSLLDEDSKIKFF KGKKLNIV ALRSLEDCINYVTKSENMIEMMKERSTILNSIDIETESVDRLKDLLLK" gene 121974..125468 /gene="A24R" CDS 121974..125468 /gene="A24R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042172.1" /db_xref="GI:9627649" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33811" /translation="MKKNTDSEMDQRLGYKFLVPDPKAGVFYRPLHFQYVSYSNFILH RLHGILTVKRPLLSFKNNTERIMIEISNVKVTPPDYSPIIASIKGKSYDA LATFTVNI FKEVMAKEGISITKISSYEGKDSHLIKIPLLIGYGNKNPLDTAKYLVPNV IGGVFINK QSVEKVGINLVEKITTWPKFRVVKPNSFTFSFSSVSPPNILPTRYRHYKI SLDISQLE ASNISSTKTFITVNIVLLSQYLSRVSLGFIRRSLSYDMPPEVVYLVNAII DSAKRLTE SITDFNIDTYINDLVEAEHVKQKSQLTINEFKYEMLHNFLPHMNYTPDQL KGFYMISL LRKFLYCIYYTSRYPDRDSMVCHRILTYGKYFETLAHDELENYIGNIRND IMNNHKNR GTYAVNIHVLTTPGLNHAFSSLLSGKFKKSDGSYRTHPHYSWMQNISIPR SVGFYPDQ VKISKMFSVRKYHPSQYLYFCSSDVPERGPQVGLVSQLSVLSSITNILTS EYLDLEKK ICEYIRSYYKDDISYFETGFPITIENALVASLNPNMICDFVTDFRRRKRM GFFGNLEV GITLVRDHMNEIRINIGAGRLVRPFLVVDNGELMMDVCPELESRLDDMTF SDIQKEFP HVIEMVDIEQFTFSNVCESVQKFRMMSKDERKQYDLCDFPAEFRDGYVAS SLVGINHN SGPRAILGCAQAKQAISCLSSDIRNKIDNGIHLMYPERPIVISKALETSK IAANCFGQ HVTIALMSYKGINQEDGIIIKKQFIQRGGLDIVTAKKHQVEIPLENFNNK ERDRSNAY

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SKLESNGLVRLNAFLESGDAMARNISSRTLEDDFARDNQISFDVSEKYTD MYKSRVER VQVELTDKVKVRVLTMKERRPILGDKFTTRTSQKGTVAYIADETELPYDE NGITPDVI INSTSIFSRKTISMLIEVILTAAYSAKPYNNKGENRPVCFPSSNETSIDT YMQFAKQC YEHLNPKLTEKELSDKIFCEKILYDPETDKPYASKVFFGPIYYLRLRHLT QDKATVRC RGKKTKLIRQANEGRKRGGGIKFGEMERDCLIAHGAANTITEVLKDSEED YQDVYICE NCGDIAAQIKSINTCLRCSKLNLSPLLTKIDTTHVSKVFLTQMNARGVKV KLDFERRP PSFYKPLDKVDLKPSFLK" gene complement(125736..126026) /gene="A25L" CDS complement(125736..126026) /gene="A25L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042173.1" /db_xref="GI:9627650" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q89879" /translation="MKAKRNLEREIARKNCEGNPCERELEYERSNVKRLEYQLDAEKE KVKFYKRELERDRYLSSRYLTSSSDPHKKHYQIIHFLALKMYLRRQLRLQ VL" gene complement(126069..126266) /gene="A26L" CDS complement(126069..126266) /gene="A26L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042174.1" /db_xref="GI:9627651" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q89545" /translation="MYGDEMLRKIADLGKKLRDGNGNGGNGCTSSCEFERKRIAVLEA ELRKSMETIKSLEKFMEFDRL" gene complement(126418..127002) /gene="A27L" CDS complement(126418..127002) /gene="A27L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042175.1" /db_xref="GI:9627652" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q89694" /translation="MEKEIQRLRDRIMDLDRQLNECKRNGNGTSSEEVNRLKTRISDL KQSLEICLKDKSELYSAYKTELGRVREQISNLQESLRRERESDKTDSYYR RELTRERN KIVELEKELNKCFDVNHVKYIDEINSKKNRISDLERQLTACKSNGCGNGD MDQYKREI ESLKRELTKCRRGSNGSHSDCEYYDEEARDCVKS" gene complement(127070..129178) /gene="A28L" CDS complement(127070..129178) /gene="A28L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042176.1" /db_xref="GI:9627653" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P34011" /translation="MEVTNLIEKCTKHSKDFATEVEKLWNDELSSESCLSRKTRNVIR NILRDITKSLTTDKKSKCFRILERSTINGEQIKDVYKTIFNNGVDAESRI NTTGKYVL FTVMTYAAAELRLIKSDEIFALLSRFFNMICDIHKKYGCGNMFVGIPAAL IVLLEIDH INKLFSVFSTRYDAKAYLYTEYFLFLNINHYLLSGSDLFINVAYGAVSFS SPISVPDY IMEALTFKACDHIMKSGDLIYIYAFTKKVKDLFNTKSDSIYQYVRLHEMS YDGVSEDT DDDDEVFAILNLSIDSSVDRYRNRVLLLTPEVASLRKEYSEAEPDYKYLM DEEVPAYD KHLPKPITNTGIEEPHATGGDKEDQPIKVVHPPNNDKDDAIKSYNPLEDP NYVPTITR TAIGIADYQLVINKLIEWLDKCEEECGNGGEFKTELEEAKRKLTELNAEL SDKLSKIR TLERDSVYKTERIDRLTKEIKELRDIQNGTDDGSDSSEIDKKTIRELKES LDREREMR SELEKELDTIRDGKVDGSCQGRLELSRMWLKQRDDDLRAEIDKRRNVEWE LSKLRRDI KECDKYKEELDKAKTTISNYVSRISTLESEIAKYQQDRDTLSAVRGELEE ERRRVRDL ESRLDECTHNQKDTQEVDALRSRISELENKLTDCIESGGGNLTEISRLQS RILDLERQ LNDCRHNNKTNTETDRNETS" gene complement(129223..130719) /gene="A29L" CDS complement(129223..130719) /gene="A29L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042177.1" /db_xref="GI:9627654" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q89489" /translation="MVNIINLWNGIVPMVQDVNVASITAFKSMIDETWDKKIEANTCI SRKHRNIIHEVIRDFMKAYPKMDENRKSPLGAPMQWLTQYYILKNEYYKT MLAYDNES LNTKFKTLNIYMITNVGQYILYIVFCIISGKNHNGTPYIYDSEITSNNKN LINDRIKY ACKQILHGQLTMALRIRNKFMFIGSPMYLWFNVNGSHVYHEIYDGNVGFH NKEIGRLL YAFMYYLSISDRFLNDFALLKFTYLGESWTFSLSVPEYILYGLGYSVFDT IEKFSNDA ILVYIKTNNRNGYDYVEFNKKGIVKVTETKPDNDKRIHAIRLINNSTDVQ HIHFGFRN MVIIDNECANIQSSVENATDTGHHQDSKINIKDDDVDDDDYNPKPTPIPE PYPRPPFP RHEYYKRPKLLHVEEPDPVKKDADRIRLDNHILNTLDHNLNSIGHYCCDT AAVDRLEH HIETLGQYAVILARKINMQSLLFPWLLPTVHPHAIDGSIPPHGRSTIL" gene complement(130770..131102) /gene="A30L" CDS complement(130770..131102) /gene="A30L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042178.1" /db_xref="GI:9627655" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33816" /translation="MDGTLFPGDDDLAIPATEFFSTKAAKKPEAKREAIVKADGDNNE ETLKQRLTNLEKKITNVTTKFEQIEKCCKRNDDVLFRLENHAETLRAAMI SLAKKIDV QTGRRPYE" gene complement(131103..131543) /gene="A31L"

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CDS complement(131103..131543) /gene="A31L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042179.1" /db_xref="GI:9627656" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33847" /translation="MNSLSIFFIVVATAAVCLLFIQGYSIYENYGNIKEFNATHAAFE YSKSIGGTPALDRRVQDVNDTISDVKQKWRCVAYPGNGFVSASIFGFQAE VGPNNTRS IRKFNTMAQCIDFTFSDVINIDIYNPCVAPNINNVECQFLKSVL" gene complement(131544..132461) /gene="A32L" CDS complement(131544..132461) /gene="A32L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042180.1" /db_xref="GI:9627657" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33812" /translation="MRHPREENSIVVELEPSLATFIKQGFNNLVKWPLLNIGIVLSNT STAINEEWLTVVEHIPTMKIFYKHIHKILTREMGFLVYLKRSQSERDNYI TLYDFDYY IIDKDTNSVTMVDKPTELKETLLHVFQEYRLKSSQTIELIAFSSGTVINE DIVSKLTF LDVEVFNREYNNVKTIMNPDFVSRSPFIVISPMGKLTFFVEVYSWFDFKS CFKDIIDF LEGALIANIHNHMIKVGDCDETVSSYNPESGILFVNDLMTMNIVNFFGCN SRLESYHR FDITKVDVELFIKALSDACKKILLASNRL" gene complement(132424..132657) /gene="A33L" CDS complement(132424..132657) /gene="A33L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042181.1" /db_xref="GI:9627658" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P21088" /translation="MEDLNEANFSHLLINLSNNKDIDAQYASTLSVVHELLSAINFKI FNINKKSKKNSKSIEQHPVVHHAASAGREFNRR" gene 132817..133239 /gene="A34R" CDS 132817..133239 /gene="A34R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042182.1" /db_xref="GI:9627659" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33848" /translation="MVSILNTLRFLEKTSFYNCNDSITKEKIKIKHKGMSFVFYKPKH STVVKYLSGGCIYHDDLVVLGKVTINDLKMMLFYMDLSYHGVTSSGVIYK LGSSIDRL SLNRTIVTKVNNNYNNYNNYNNYYNCYNYDDTFFDDDD" gene complement(133206..134018) /gene="A35L" CDS complement(133206..134018) /gene="A35L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042183.1" /db_xref="GI:9627660" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33849" /translation="MNCFQEKQFLRENLLKMPFRMVLTGGSGSGKTIYLLSLFSTLVK KYKHIFLFTPVYNPDYDGYIWPNHINFVSSQESLEYNLIRTKSNIEKCIT VAQNHKKS AHFLLIFDDVGDKLSKCNTLIEFLNFGRHLNTSIILLCQTYRHVPILGRA NITHFCSF NISISDAENMLRSMPVKGKRKDILNMLNMIQTVRSNNRLAIIIEDSVFCE GELRICTD TADKDVIEQKLNIDILVNQYSHMKKNLNTILESTKTKLCNSDQSSSSKNV SS" gene 134136..134690 /gene="A36R" CDS 134136..134690 /gene="A36R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042184.1" /db_xref="GI:9627661" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33850" /translation="MMTPENDEEQTSVFSATVYGDKIQGKNKRKRVIGICIRISMVIS LLSMITMSAFLIVRLNQCMSANEAAITDATAVAAALSTHRKVASSTTQYK HQESCNGL YYQGSCYIFHSDYQLFSDAKANCATESSTLPNKSDVLTTWLIDYVEDTWG SDGNPITK TTTDYQDSDVSQEVRKYFCVKTMN" gene 134714..135220 /gene="A37R" CDS 134714..135220 /gene="A37R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042185.1" /db_xref="GI:9627662" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33851" /translation="MKSLNRQTVSRFKKLSVPAAIMMILSTIISGIGTFLHYKEELMP SACANGWIQYDKHCYLDTNIKMSTDNTVYQCRKLRARLPRPDTRHLRVLF SIFYKDYW VSLKKTNNKWLDINNDKDIDISKLTNFKQLNSTTDAEACYIYKSGKLVKT VCKSTQSV LCVKRFYK" gene 135262..135444 /gene="A38R" CDS 135262..135444 /gene="A38R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042186.1" /db_xref="GI:9627663" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q89485" /translation="MDTTFVITPMGMLTITDTLYDDLDISIMDFIGPYIIGNIKTVQI

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DVRDIKYSDMQKCYFS" gene 135856..136506 /gene="A39R" CDS 135856..136506 /gene="A39R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042187.1" /db_xref="GI:9627664" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33852" /translation="MILVPLITVTVVAGTILVCYILYICRKKIRTVYNDNKIIMTKLK KIKSSNSSKSSKSTDNESDWEDHCSAMEQNNDVDNISRNEILDDDSFAGS LIWDNESN VIAPSTEHIYDSVAGSTRLINNDCNEQTIYQNTTVINETETIEVLNEDTK QNPSYSSN PFVNYNKTSICSKSNPFITELNNKFSENNPFRRAHSDDYLNKQEHDDIES SVVSLV" gene complement(136427..136660) /gene="A39_5L" CDS complement(136427..136660) /gene="A39_5L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042188.1" /db_xref="GI:9627665" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q89916" /translation="MMFCIYIISTVIISNKIANFRNAKYREYLHLYNVTVAINTKYYF NFIKRKLIRLMIQQMILYHHVLAYLGNHRYVLS" gene 136694..136900 /gene="A40R" CDS 136694..136900 /gene="A40R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042189.1" /db_xref="GI:9627667" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q89809" /translation="MDEMVLLTNILSVEVVNNNEMYHLIPHRLSMIILCISSIGRCVI SIDNDVNNKNILTFPIDHAVIISH" gene 137426..137614 /gene="A40_5R" CDS 137426..137614 /gene="A40_5R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042190.1" /db_xref="GI:9627666" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q89183" /translation="MDSFSSLFMKLCCISTDKTGSKKSDRKNKNKIKDYMEHDYYKIT IVPGSSSTSTSSWYYTHA" gene complement(137611..138444) /gene="A41L" CDS complement(137611..138444) /gene="A41L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042191.1" /db_xref="GI:9627668" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33853" /translation="MLRVRILLIYLCTFVVITSTKTIEYTACNDTIIIPCTIDNPTKY IRWKLDNHNILTYNKTSKTIILSKWHTSAKLHSLSDNDVSLIIKYKDILP GTYTCEDN TGIKSTVKLVQRHTNWFNDHHTMLMFIFTGITLFLLFLEIAYTSISVVFS TNLGILQV FGCIIAMIELCGAFLFYPSMFTLRHIIGLLMMTLPSIFLIITKVFSFWLL CKLSCAVH LIIYYQLAGYILTVLGLGLSLKECVDGTLLLSGLGTIMVSEHFSLLFLVC FPSTQRDY Y" gene 138460..138684 /gene="A42R" CDS 138460..138684 /gene="A42R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042192.1" /db_xref="GI:9627669" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q89184" /translation="MIPLLFILFYFANGIEWHKFETSEKIISTYLIDDVLYTGVNGAV YTFSNNKLNKTGLANTNYITTSIKVEDVIH" gene 138883..139251 /gene="A43R" CDS 138883..139251 /gene="A43R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042193.1" /db_xref="GI:9627670" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q89791" /translation="MIYLYTADNVIPKDGLQGAFVDKDGTYDKVYILFTVTIGSKRIV KIPYIAQMCLNDECGPSSLSSHRWSTLLKVELECDIDGRSYSQINHSKTI KQIMIRYY MYSLIVLFQVRIMYLFYEYH" gene 139238..139657 /gene="A44R" CDS 139238..139657 /gene="A44R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042194.1" /db_xref="GI:9627671" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q89185" /translation="MNTIKQSFSTSNWEDIQSNYCLQLLVYVYQLEKVVPHNTFDVIE QYNVLDNIIKPLFNQPIFKGPSDVKWFDIKEKENEHRKYRIYFIKENTIY SFNTKSKQ TRSSQVDAQLFSVMVTSKPLFIADIGIEVGMPRIKNT" gene 139684..139869

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/gene="A45R" CDS 139684..139869 /gene="A45R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042195.1" /db_xref="GI:9627672" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q89186" /translation="MTMNKPKTNYAGYACCVICGLIVGIIFTATLLKAVERKLIHTPL IDKTIKDAYIREDCPTD" gene complement(140262..140918) /gene="A46L" CDS complement(140262..140918) /gene="A46L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042196.1" /db_xref="GI:9627673" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33854" /translation="MYSLVFVILMCIPFSFQTVYDDKSVCDSDNKEYMGIEVYVEATL DEPLRQTTCESEIHKYGASVSNGGLNISVDLLNCFLNFHTVGVYTNRDTV YAKFTSLD PWTMEPINSMTYDDLVKLTEECIVDIYLKCEVDKTKDFIKTNGNRLKPRD FKTVPPNV GSIIELQSDYCVNDVTAYVKIYDECGNIKQHSIPTLRDYFTTTNGQPRKI LKKKFDNC " gene 141097..141498 /gene="A47R" CDS 141097..141498 /gene="A47R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042197.1" /db_xref="GI:9627674" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33828" /translation="MAEWHKIIEDISKNNNFEDAAIVDYKTTKNVLAAIPNRTFAKIN PGEVIPLITNHNILKPLIGQKFCIVYTNSLMDENTYAMELLTGYAPVSPI VIARTHTA LIFLMGKPTTSRRDVYRTCRDHATRVRATGN" gene 141536..142123 /gene="A48R" CDS 141536..142123 /gene="A48R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042198.1" /db_xref="GI:9627675" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33855" /translation="MMIKWIISILTMSIMPVLVYSSSIFRFRSEDVELCYGNLYFDRI YNNVVNIKYIPEHIPYKYNFINRTFSVDELDNNVFFTHGYFLKHKYGSLN PSLIVSLS GNLKYNDIQCSVNVSCLIKNLATSISTILTSKHKTYSLHRSKCITIIGYD SIIWYKDI NDKYNDIYDFTAICMLIASTLIVTIYVFKKIKMNS" gene complement(142502..143134) /gene="A49L" CDS complement(142502..143134) /gene="A49L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042199.1" /db_xref="GI:9627676" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q89187" /translation="MEAIGPNKHGNPFIGHEHTLYDISPGHVYAKSKRMVEQLVTKAN NSVIMNGAKLYTCCLRPTGIYGGGDKLTKVFYEQCTQHGNIMYRTVDDDA VHSRVYVG NVAWMHVLAVKYIQYPGSEIKGNAYFCYGYSPSCSYDMFNLLLMKPLGIE QGSRIPRW MLKMYTCKNDMKRILFRKPSLLNNYTLKISNTTFEARQQCRTRFQLLPYL" gene complement(143303..143488) /gene="A50L" CDS complement(143303..143488) /gene="A50L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042200.1" /db_xref="GI:9627677" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33794" /translation="MTVYAVTGGAEFLGRYIVKLLISADDVQEIRVINVVEDPQPLVS KVKVINYIQCDINDLIR" gene 143538..143915 /gene="A51R" CDS 143538..143915 /gene="A51R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042201.1" /db_xref="GI:9627678" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33805" /translation="MAVCIIDHDNIRGVIYFEPVHGKDKVLGSVIGLKSGTYNLIIHR YGDISRGCNSIGSPEIFIGNIFVNRYGVAYVYLDTDVNISTIIGKALSIS KNDQRLAC GVIGISYINEKIIHFLTINENGV" gene 143905..144627 /gene="A52R" CDS 143905..144627 /gene="A52R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042202.1" /db_xref="GI:9627679" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33876" /translation="MAFDISVNASKTINALVYFSTQQNKLVIRNEVNDTHYTVEFDRD KVVDTFISYNRHNDSIEIRGVLPEETNIGCTVNTPVSMTYLYNKYSFKLI LAEYIRHR NTVSGNIYSALMTLDDLVIKQYGDIDLLFNEKLKVDSDSGLFDFVNFVKD IICCDSRI VVALSSLVSKHWELTNKKYRCMALAEHIADSIPISELSRPRYNLCKYLRG HTESIEDE

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FDYFEDDDSSTCSVVTDRETDV" gene complement(144712..145446) /gene="J1L" CDS complement(144712..145446) /gene="J1L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042203.1" /db_xref="GI:9627680" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33856" /translation="MGNKNIKPSKENRLSILYKDRMDSFKRGSWATSSFREKSHATIQ RFLSLRREHVKVDHPDKFLELKREIYAIIQKSSSIDVDKRTKLMSNIKTM MINPFMIE GLMTSLESLDPDNKMSYSSVMILGEFDIINISDNKAAFEFINSLLKSLLL LNTSQLKL LEYSISNDLLYTHINALEYIIKNTFNVPERQLILRCQYLTPIFSDLLKYA GLTIKSNI LMWNKKFIKPVSDLYTSMQLLHCVTV" gene 145544..146161 /gene="J2R" CDS 145544..146161 /gene="J2R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042204.1" /db_xref="GI:9627681" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33803" /translation="MSRGALIVFEGLDKSGKTTQCMNIMESIPTNTIKYLNFPQRSTV TGKMIDDYLTRKKTYNDHIVNLLFCANRWEFASFIQEQLEQGITLIVDRY AFSGVAYA TAKGASMTLSKSYESGLPKPDLVIFLESGSKEINRNVGEEIYEDVAFQQK VLQEYKKM IEEGEDIHWQIISSEFEEDVKKELIKNIVIEAIHTVTGPVGQLWM" gene 146211..146699 /gene="J3R" CDS 146211..146699 /gene="J3R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042205.1" /db_xref="GI:9627682" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33857" /translation="MDEGYYSGNLESVLGYVSDMHTKLASITQLVIAKIETIDNDILN NDIVNFIMCRSNLNNPFISFLDTVYTIIDQEIYQNELINSLDDNKIIDCI VNKFMSFY KDNLENIVDAIITLKYIMNNPDFKTTYAEVLGSRIADIDIKQVIRENILQ LSNDIRER YL" gene 146731..148389 /gene="J4R" CDS 146731..148389 /gene="J4R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042206.1" /db_xref="GI:9627683" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33798" /translation="MTSLREFRKLCCAIYHASGYKEKSKLIRDFITDRDDKYLIIKLL LPGLDDRIYNMNDKQIIKIYSIIFKQSQKDMLQDLGYGYIGDTISTFFKE NTEIRPRN KSILTLEDVDSFLTTLSSITKESHQIKLLTDIASVCTCNDLKCVVMLIDK DLKIKAGP RYVLNAISPHAYDVFRKSNNLKEIIENESKQNLDSISVSVMTPINPMLAE SCDSVNKA FKKFPSGMFAEVKYDGERVQVHKNNNEFAFFSRNMKPVLSYKVDYLKEYI PKAFKKAT SIVLDSEIVLVDEHNVQLPFGSLGIHKKKEYKNSNMCLFVFDCLYFDGFD MTDIPLYK RRSFLKDVMVEIPNRIVFSELTNISNESQLTDVLDDALTRKLEGLVLKDI NGVYEPGK RRWLKIKRDYLNEGSMADSADLVVLGAYYGKGAKGGIMAVFLMGCYDDES GKWKTVTK CSGHDDNTLRVLQDQLTMVKINKDPKKIPEWLVVNKIYIPDFVVEDPKQS QIWEISGA EFTSSKSHTANGISIRFPRFTRIREDKTWKESTHLNDLVNLTKS" gene 148442..149446 /gene="J5R" CDS 148442..149446 /gene="J5R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042207.1" /db_xref="GI:9627684" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33858" /translation="MDGVIVYCLNALVKHGEEINHIKNDFMIKPCCERVCEKVKNVHI DGQSKNNTVIADLPYLDNAVLDVCKSVYKKNVSRISRFANLIKIDDDDKT PTGVYNYF KPKDAISVIISIGKDKDVCELLIASDKACACIELNSYKVAILPMNVSFFT KGNASLII LLFDFSINAAPLLRSVTDNNVVISRHKRLHGEIPSSNWFKFYISIKSNYC SILYMVVD GSVMYAIADNKTHTIISKNILDNTTINDECRCCYFEPQIKILDRDEMLNG SSCDMNRH CIMMNLPDIGEFGSSILGKYEPDMIKIALSVAGNLIRNQDYIPGRRGYSY YVYGIASR " gene 149682..149897 /gene="J6R" CDS 149682..149897 /gene="J6R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042208.1" /db_xref="GI:9627685" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q89619" /translation="MSTILEEYFMYRGLLGLRIKYGRLFNEIRKFDNDAEEQFGTIEE LKQKLRLNAEEGADNFIDYIKVQTGYL" gene 150173..150388 /gene="J7R" CDS 150173..150388 /gene="J7R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042209.1" /db_xref="GI:9627686" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q89605" /translation="MMGGYDQYPYRSSKVIVYNTCTNSWIYDIPELKYPRSNCGGVAD

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DEYIYCIGDQDSSLISSIDRWKPSKPY" gene 150404..150922 /gene="J8R" CDS 150404..150922 /gene="J8R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042210.1" /db_xref="GI:9627687" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q89776" /translation="MRETKCDIGVAMLNGLIYVIGGVVKGDTCTDTLESLSEDGWMMH QRLPINVQYVDDCSYRQNLYIRRLHNSSVVNGISNLVLSYNPIYDEWTKL SSLNIPRI NPALWSVHNKVYVGGISDDIQTNTSETYNKEKDRWTLDNSHVLPRNYIMY KCEPIKHK YPLEKHSTRMIF" gene 151002..151943 /gene="J9R" CDS 151002..151943 /gene="J9R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042211.1" /db_xref="GI:9627688" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33807" /translation="MTRLSILLLLISLVYSTPYPQTQISKKIGDDATLSCSRNNINDY VVMSAWYKEPNSIILLAAKSDVLYFDNYTKDKISYDSPYDDLVTTITIKS LTAKDAGT YVCAFFMTSTTNDTDKVDYEEYSTELIVNTDSESTIDIILSGSSHSPETS SEKPDYIN NFNCSLVFEIATPGPITDNVENHTDTVTYTSDIINTVSTSSRESTTVKTS GPITNKED HTVTDTVSYTTVSTSSEIVTTKSTANDAHNDNEPSTVSPTTVKNITKSIG KYSTKDYV KVFGIAALIILSAVAIFCITYYICNKRSRKYKTENKV" gene 152087..152542 /gene="J10R" CDS 152087..152542 /gene="J10R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042212.1" /db_xref="GI:9627689" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q89899" /translation="MEREGVDYHYVNREAIWKGIATGNFLEHTEFLGNIYGTSKTAVN TAAINNRICVMDLNIDGVRSLKNTYLMPYSVYIKPTSLKMVETKLRRRNT EADDKIHR RAMLAKTDMDEANEAGLFNTTIIEDNVNLAYSKLIQILQDRIRMYFNTN" gene 152700..153602 /gene="B1R" CDS 152700..153602 /gene="B1R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042213.1" /db_xref="GI:9627690" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33800" /translation="MNFQGLVLTDNCKNQWVVGPLIGKGGFGSIYTTNDNNYVVKIEP KANGSLFTEQAFYTRVLKPSVIEEWKKSHHISHVGVITCKAFGLYKSINT EYRFLVIN RLGVDLDAVIRANNNRLPKRSVMLVGIEILNTIQFMHEQGYSHGNIKASN IVLDQMDK NKLYLVDYGLVSKFMSNGEHVPFIRNPNKMDNGTLEFTPIDSHKGYVVSR RGDLETLG YCMIRWLGGILPWTKIAETKNCALVSATKQKYVNNTTTLLMTSLQYAPRE LLQYITMV NSLTYFEEPNYDKFRHILMQGAYY" gene complement(154016..154216) /gene="B2L" CDS complement(154016..154216) /gene="B2L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042214.1" /db_xref="GI:9627691" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q89692" /translation="MYVYSSNFTNTISYPDVVINYRSWTKCTHFFGLLFDSRIIMLNF SIYSVSCFKYVMMNPYSFQTQV" gene complement(154162..154359) /gene="B3L" CDS complement(154162..154359) /gene="B3L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042215.1" /db_xref="GI:9627692" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q89434" /translation="MVPPPEFRRADMVVERFSVSLSPSLTFTRFGICSTAPFLNHILI ISFPCTSTAVTLPIQSPIQTW" gene complement(154726..154983) /gene="B4L" CDS complement(154726..154983) /gene="B4L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042216.1" /db_xref="GI:9627693" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q89557" /translation="MYNMSRLIHFSISFSISLMQSCPAMNPITLCVLLSNPMNKYPPS VLAKDESIEGSCCRIRVLSCLAETDVFLILTELPNLTDSPA" gene complement(154835..155026) /gene="B5L" CDS complement(154835..155026) /gene="B5L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042217.1" /db_xref="GI:9627694" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q89188"

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/translation="MNLYAYLISSFSHRNVQHESSNTLFYLILYQFNAVVSRHESNYF VCIIIQSNEQISTLCVGKR" gene 155404..157080 /gene="B6R" CDS 155404..157080 /gene="B6R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042218.1" /db_xref="GI:9627695" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33823" /translation="MDFFKKEILDWSIYLSLHYIAHACSNSSTSHIIQEYNLIRTYKK VDKTIVDFLSRWPNLFHILEYGENILHIYSMDDANTNIIIFFLDNVLNIN KNGSFIHN LGLSSSINIKEYVYQLVNNDHLDNGIRLMLENGRRTRHFLSYILDTVNIY ICILINHG FYIDAVDSYGCTLLHRCIYHYKKSESESYNELIKILLNNGSDVDKKDTHG NTPFILLC KHDIDNVELFEICLENANIDSVDFNGYTPLHYVSCRNKYDFVKSLISKGA NVNTRNRF GTTPFYCGIIHGISLIKLYLESDTELEIDNEHIVRHLIIFDAVESLDYLL FRGVIDIN YRTIYNETSIYDAVSYNAYNMLVYLLNRNGDFETITTSGCTCISKAVANN NKIIMEVL LSKQPSLKIMILSIIAITKHKQHNTNLLKMCIKYTACMTDYDTLIDVQSL QQYKWYIL KCFDEIDIMKRCYIKNKTVFQLVFCTKDINTLMRYGRHPSFVKYTSLDVY GSRVRNII ASIRYRQRLISLLSKKLDVGDKWACFPNEIKYKILENFNDNELSTYLKIL" gene 157183..158136 /gene="B7R" CDS 157183..158136 /gene="B7R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042219.1" /db_xref="GI:9627696" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q89870" /translation="MKTISVVTLLCVLPAVVYSTCTVPTMNNAKLTSTETSFNDKQKV TFTCDSGYYSLDPNAVCETDKWKYENPCKKMCTVSDYVSELYNKPLYEVN AIITLICK DETKYFRCEEKNGNTSWNDTVTCPNAECQSLQLDHGSCQPVKEKYSFGEH ITINCDVG YEVIGASYITCTANSWNVIPSCQQKCDIPSLSNGLISGSTFSIGGVIHLS CKSGFILT GSPSSTCIDGKWNPVLPICIRSNEEFDPVEDGPDDETDLSKLSKDVVQYE QEIESLEA TYHIIIVALTIMGVIFLISVIVLVCSCNKNNDQYKFHKLLL" gene 158541..158711 /gene="B8R" CDS 158541..158711 /gene="B8R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042220.1" /db_xref="GI:9627697" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q89189" /translation="MYDIINSVSIILANERYRSAFNDNGIYIRRTMIDKLYGYASLTT IARSLEVFVIIC" gene 159371..160171 /gene="B9R" CDS 159371..160171 /gene="B9R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042221.1" /db_xref="GI:9627698" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q89190" /translation="MRSVMLTVLLINSINATITSYKFESVNFDSKIEWTGDGLYNISL KNYGIKTWQTMYTNVPEGTYDISGFPKNDFVSFWVKFEQGDYKVEEYCTG LCIEVKIG PPTVTLTEYDGHINLYIEHPYATRGSKKIPIYKRNDMCDIYLLYTANFTF GDSEEPVT YNIDDYDCTSTGCSIDFATTEKVCVTAQGATEGFLEKITPWSSEVCLTPK KNVFTCAI RSKEDVSNFKDKMTRVIKRKFNKQSQNYMTKFLGTTANDVTTVISMLD" gene 160887..161180 /gene="B10R" CDS 160887..161180 /gene="B10R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042222.1" /db_xref="GI:9627699" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q89591" /translation="MDISYVINDNITFISNITSSTKYINSCVNSSLSLQIAVVRIPVL FNKTMEQLGITLGSDLEAYFMCKLQELNCDASILLNKASKNVMDRQLSKT PTR" gene 161196..161393 /gene="B11R" CDS 161196..161393 /gene="B11R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042223.1" /db_xref="GI:9627700" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q89921" /translation="MTGNHFCLHKNQARLETIYETIKMQGTTNNNDGSKRTSPIYDNV GNTKDSLTYVNINKVYMRYTF" gene 161648..162052 /gene="B12R" CDS 161648..162052 /gene="B12R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042224.1" /db_xref="GI:9627701" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q89723" /translation="MIEWFSGKLPWKNKSSIAIQQKREYKKFIATFFEDCFPEGNKPL ELVYTLDYSQTPNYERLRRLDCLYKIEIIFFFIERVMLRISNNIRLSLTL HDQIDYYG YLQGNRIFYERRECIHFSSDNLVSIDNTVLWS" gene 161949..162983 /gene="B13R"

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CDS 161949..162983 /gene="B13R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042225.1" /db_xref="GI:9627702" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33830" /translation="MDIFREIASSTKGENVFISPATISSVLTILYYGANGSTAEQLSK YVEKEETMDKVSAQNISFKSMNKVYGRYSAVFKNSFLGKIGDNFQTVDFT DCRTIDAI NKCVDVFTEGKINPLLTEQLSPNTCLLAISAVYFKAKWLIPFKKEFTSDY PFYVSPTE MVDVSMMSMYGESFNYASVKESFGNFSIIELPYVGNTSMMVILPDKIDGL ESIKQNLT DTNFKKWCNSLEATFIDVHIPKFKVTGSYNLVDTLVKLGLTDVFYSTGDY SNMCNSDV SVDAMIHKTYIDVNEEYTEAAAATSVLVADCASTVTNEFCADHPFIYVIR HVDGKILF VGRYCSPTTN" gene 163090..163539 /gene="B14R" CDS 163090..163539 /gene="B14R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042226.1" /db_xref="GI:9627703" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33877" /translation="MTANFSTHVFSPQHCGCDRLTSIDDVRQCLTEYIYWSSYAYRNR QCAGQLYSTLLSFRDDAESVFIDVRELVKNMPWDDVKDCVEIIRCYIPDE QKTIREIS AIIGLCAYAATYWGGEDHPTSNSLNALFVMLKMLNYVDYNIIFRRMN" gene 163778..163969 /gene="B15R" CDS 163778..163969 /gene="B15R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042227.1" /db_xref="GI:9627704" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q89477" /translation="MGKREADNDRIIPIDNCNNMLILNPTQSDSGIYMCITKNETYSD MMSLNLTIVSVSESNIDLI" gene complement(163949..164209) /gene="B16L" CDS complement(163949..164209) /gene="B16L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042228.1" /db_xref="GI:9627705" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q89191" /translation="MLYSHIYIYIYIYILKHMCNNQHHFSNIFYGNNSRCPLFKSLIS KALMSAPYNICVYVTSNKCITGSHFTSRSLIYYLWILNKIYI" gene 164266..164475 /gene="B17R" CDS 164266..164475 /gene="B17R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042229.1" /db_xref="GI:9627706" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q89935" /translation="MQLPKGLVTSLGSNLTIVCKVSLRPPTTDADVFWISNGMYYEED NEDGDGRISIANKIYTTDKRRVITL" gene complement(164610..165632) /gene="B18L" CDS complement(164610..165632) /gene="B18L" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042230.1" /db_xref="GI:9627707" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33878" /translation="MSRKFMQVYEYDREQYLDEFIEDRYNDSFIASPEYYSAEKYMCR YTILNHNCVNVRRCALDSKLLHDIITNCKIYNNIELVRATKFVYYLDLIK CNWVSKVG DSVLYPVIFITHTSTRNLDKVSVKTYKGVKVKKLNRCADHAIVINPFVKF KLTLPNKT SHAKVLVTFCKLRTDIMPIEAPYPGNVLVYTFPDIHKRIPGYIHINIEGC IDGIIYIN SSKFSCVLKLHRSMYRIPPFPIDICSCCSQYTNDDIEIPIHDLIKDVVIF KNKEMVYY LKLNNKTIARFTYFNNIDTAITQEHKYVKIALGIVCKLMINNMHSIVGVN HSNTFVNC LLEDNV" gene 165773..167497 /gene="B19R" CDS 165773..167497 /gene="B19R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042231.1" /db_xref="GI:9627708" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33824" /translation="MSRRLIYVLNINRKSTHKIQENEIYTYFSYCNIDHTSTELDFVV KNYDLNRRQPVTGYTALHCYLYNNYFTNDVLKVLLNHGVDVTIKPSSGHM PIYILLTR CCNISHNVVIDMINKDKTHLSHKDYSNLLLEYIKSRYMLLKEEDIDENIV STLLDKGI DPNFKQDGYTALHYYYLCLAHVYKPGECRKPITIKKAKRIISLFIQHGAN LNALDNCG NTPFHLYLSIEMCNNIHMTKMLLTFNPNFEICNNHGLTPILCYITSDYIQ HDILVMLI HHYETNVGEMPIDERRMIVFEFIKTYSTRPLDSITYLMNRFKNIDIHTRY EGKTLLHI ACEYNNTHVIDYLIRINGDINALTDNNKHAIQLIIDNKENSQYTIDCLLY ILRYIVDK NVIRSLVDQLPYLPIFDIKSFEKFISYCILLDDTFYDRHVQNRDSKTYRY TFSKYISF DKYDSIITKCYEETILLKLSTVLDTTLYSVLRCHNSRKLKRYLSVLKKYN NDKSFKIY SNIMNERYLNVYYKDMYVSKVYDKLFPVFTDKKCLLTLLPSEIIYEILYM LTIYDLYN ISYPPTKV" gene 167564..168628 /gene="B20R"

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CDS 167564..168628 /gene="B20R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042232.1" /db_xref="GI:9627709" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33795" /translation="MMKMTMKMMVHIYFVSLLLLLFHSYAIDIENEITDFFNKMKDTL PAKDSKWLNPTCIFGGTMNNMAAIGEPFSAKCPPIEDSLLSRRYINKDNV VNWEKIGK TRRPLNRRVKNGDLWIANYTSNDSHRMYLCTVITKNGDCIQGIVRSHVRK PSSCIPEI YELGTHDKYGIDLYCGIIYAKHYNNITWYKDNKEINIDDIKYSQTGKELI IHNPALED SGRYDCYVHYDDVRIKNDIVVSRCKILTVIPSQDHRFKLILDSKINVIIG EPANITCT AVSTSLLFDDVLIEWENPSGWLIGFDFDVYSVLTSRGGITEATLYFKNVT EEYIGNTY KCRGHNYYFEKTLTTTVVLE" gene 168697..171060 /gene="B21R" CDS 168697..171060 /gene="B21R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042233.1" /db_xref="GI:9627710" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q89440" /translation="MDEDTKLSRYLYLTDREHINVDSIKQLCKISNPNSCYRCGCTAL HEYFYNYRSVNGKYKYRYNGYYQYYSFSDYENYNEYYYDDYDRTGMNSES ESDNISIK TEYENEYEFYDETQDQSTQLVGYDIKLKTNEDDFVDEFYGYDRSVGVHDY IDKSINKV VYGRESYVRWRDIWQEHNDGVYSIGKECIDNIYEDRHTVDEFYKIDSVSN VNDAEHIS QITNDVSTQTWEKKSELDRYMEMYPRHRYSKHSIFKGFSDKVRKNDLDMN VVKELLSN GASLTIKDSSNKDPIAVYFRRTIMNLEMIDIINKHTTIYERRYIVHSYLK NYRNFDYP FFRKLVLTNKHCLDNYYNTGDRRHGTPLHILATNKKLITPNYMKLLVYNG NDINARGE NTQMQTPLHKYLCKFVYHNIEYGIRYYNEKIIDAFIELGADLTIPNDDEM IPVIYCIH VNAEYGYNNITNIRIIRKLLNLSRHAPHNLFRDRVMHDYISNTYIDIECL DIIRSLDG FDINCYFEGRTPLHCAIQYNFTHIAEYLLDRGADISLKTGDGKSVFDLSL CSYIPLKW TSFLISRLPPKSVMSSLTNHIIDYVLTDNKNIIWQSQMINKYVLLLDPSF YSRFRNAI KSKLNQYDYRCFNYNRYRVNKKYRKVLHDIDIYIKDVQVLKSILIANNVT LYDTIVNN TSEFPVHRLNNKQLINTVNSNIYHDLIEKVIKKSLEKCTLTNAVLEYMIA SRSQSSYL SRIPNEILLKILYNLSVYDLRKLYARYMLENETDYHIESRSISTQTE" gene 171358..171570 /gene="B22R" CDS 171358..171570 /gene="B22R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042234.1" /db_xref="GI:9627711" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q89556" /translation="MINKDSVKNIVQYLYNRYISSMNIIDVLKCANYLLIDYLVTDCE SYIKDYTNHDTCICMYHRLMRWFIFQ" gene 171552..171803 /gene="B23R" CDS 171552..171803 /gene="B23R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042235.1" /db_xref="GI:9627712" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q89480" /translation="MVHIPIVKYIKRMLMSNISTLITTDAFKKTVFEILFDILSTNDN VYLYREGYKVTILLKWLEYNYITKEQLLYILSCIDIQSR" gene 171982..172248 /gene="B24R" CDS 171982..172248 /gene="B24R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042236.1" /db_xref="GI:9627713" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q89911" /translation="MEYSVISTIPNHIINYTSAIVDNEIIIAGGYNFNNPSLNKVYKI NIENKIHVELPPMIMNRCRFSLAVIDNTIYAIGGQKLKFNIIYL" gene 172245..173363 /gene="B25R" CDS 172245..173363 /gene="B25R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042237.1" /db_xref="GI:9627714" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P33829" /translation="MIYIIYRYRYCLVYTMDIFKELILKYPDENVLISPVSILSTLSI LNHGAAGSTAEQLSKYIENVNENTPDDKKDDNNDMDVDVPYCATLAIANK IYCSDSIE FHASFLQKIKDDFQTVNFNNANQTKELINEWVKTMTNGKINSLLTSPLPI NTRMTVVS AVHFKAMWKYPFSKHLTYTDKFYISKNIVTSVDMMVSTENDLQYVHINEL FGGFSIID IPYEGNSSMVIILPDDIEGLYNIEKHITEENFKKWCGKLYTKSIDLYMPK FKLKMTES YNLVPILENLGLTNIFGYYADFSKMCNETITVEKFLHKTFIDVNEEYTEA SAITGVFM TNFSMVYRTKVYINHPFIYMIKDNTGRILFIGKYCYPQ" gene 174369..180059 /gene="B26R" CDS 174369..180059 /gene="B26R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042238.1" /db_xref="GI:9627715" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q89192" /translation="MNLQRLSLAIYLTVTCSWCYETCMRKTALFHDNQLGHAEDNQDS VASLPYKYLQVVNKRERSRLLATFNWTSIAEGVKNDFIRICDINGTYLYN YTIAASMI

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IDSMEELPTITTYEPSTYNYTFDNSTVSTTEELKVTPSPTTYATVTTPLP TSSVPYDQ RSNNNVGTISIQILSKILGVNETELTNYLITHKNATVDNNTLYGNIGFLE INNCYNIS VSNASFRITLVNNTSEEIVIMLTGTSSSDTFISSTNTTECLKTLINNTSN ISDVSITQ NMNVTSNCDKCSMNLMTSVIPAVKEFNNTLKKIGVKDDKNNTVYNYYNCK LTTNSTCD ELINLDEVINNITLTNIISSSVSTTNSRKRRDLNGEFEFSTSEELDCLYK SYGVSDDV SHCFSSPRRRRSDDKQEYTEMKLLDHAKKDLRIDSVIPRGTTHFQVGASG ASGGVVGD SSPFQNVKSRASLLAEKIMPRVPTTATEEQLYATINRQTKLPAGVKSTPF TEALVSTI NQKLSSVKEVTYASSNLPGSSGYVHRPSDSVIYSTIRRTRLPSDTDSDFE DIQTVVKE YNERYGRRVSRTQSSSSDFEDIDEVVAEYRQKYGGASRGRTSSSSSSDFE DIDEVVAE YRQKYGNAMTKGRGSSKPDPLYSTVKKTPKSIASGVDIVSKQTDYSLLPG VNTGSSIV TPLTRRGATRRPKRPSTPPREDLPPLPLNPPYRQLSRGGDHSLQQVPQRD YSPPHRPP PPLPPKPVPAIPPRDSQPNNKGFSKFVSPRRCRRSTSGVVCGMIQSRPND DTYSLLQL PKIEPEYAEVGNGLPKNNVPVIGNKHSKKYTSSMSKISTKFDKSMAFGTA MLLTGQQA INQQDRSTALIKKDQMSKDEKIFEAVTMTLSTIGSTLTTAGMIAPPLMIA GIGISLIS GIIDTAKDIYYLFSGQEKPVDPVIKFFNTYAGLVSDSSKMGVRKCLTPGE DTLIYIAY KNDSSFKQNTEAMALYFLDVINSEILYLNTSNLVLEYHLKVACPIGTLRS VDVDITAY TILYDTADNIKKYKFIRMATLLSKHPVIRLTCGLAATLVIKPYEVPISDM QLLKMATH GEPESTKSIPSDVCDRYPLKKFYLLAGGCPYDTSQTFIVHTTCSILLRTA TWDQFRNR WVLQNPFRQEGTYKQLFTFSKYDFNDTIIDPNGVAGHASFCTNRSSNQCF WSEPMILE DVSSCSSRTRKIYVKLGIFNTEGFNSFVLNCPTGSTPTYIKDKNTDSNNV IIELPVGD YGTAKLYSVTKPSRIAVFCTHNYDKRFKSDIIVLIFNSISGIPFSSIYTG SVNGRNRL FTTLSKGMPYRSMYCDNRRPGCYYAGIPFNENSVESDLHYGPEIMLKETY DTNSIDPQ VITKSKTHFPTPISVKFTVDNLGNGYNKPENFWKDAKSKKRTYSAMTIKI LPCTVRNK NVDFGYNYGHIISNMVYAQSTSQDYGDGTNYTFKSVNRSDHECESILDLK AKEVTVMC PAFSIPRNISAYEGLCFSVTTSKDHCASNKEWLKSYGYGNTDATKQRVCF HHWNYVTT SLDYYCSYEDIWKSDWPDYDPCKSYIYIEYRDIWIESKVLQQPPYTFEFT HDDSNEYV NKEISNKLNDLYNEYKNIMEYSDGSLPASINRLAKSLTSEGREIASVNID GNLLDIAY QADKEKMADIQNKINDITRDLFIHTLSNKDIKDIIESEEGKRCCIIDVKN NRVKKYYP IDNYLCGTLDDYIYTSVEYNKSYVLINDTYMSYDYLESSGVVVLSCYEMT IISLDTKD AKDAIEDEIVASAVAEALNDMFKEFDKNVSVIIIKEEDNYLNSSPNIYHI IYIIGGTI LILLVIILILVIYIACNKYRTRKYKIMKDDTMSIKSEHHNSLETVSMEIM DNRY" gene 180713..182470 /gene="G3R" CDS 180713..182470 /gene="G3R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042239.1" /db_xref="GI:9627716" /db_xref="SPTREMBL:Q07041" /translation="MDEIVNIVRDSMWFIPNVFMDNGENDGHVSVNNVCHMYFAFFDV DTSSHLFKLVIKHCDLNKQLKCGMSPLHCYVMNTRFKPSVLKILLHNGVN NFDNKDNK GHIPLHHYLIYSLSIDNKVFDILTDPIDDFSKSSDLLLCYLRYKFNGRLN YYVLYKLL TKGSDPNCVDEDGLTSLHYYCKHISAFHESNYYKSKSYTKMRAEKRFIYT IINHGANI NAVTKIGNTPLHTYLQQYTKHSPRVVYALLSRGADTRIRNNFDCTPIMEY IKNDCVTG HILIMLLNWHEQKYGKLQKEEGHHLLYLFIKHNQGYGSHAFNILRYLLDR FDIQKDEY YNTMTPLHTAFQNCNNNVASYLVYIGYDINLPTKDDKTVFDLVFENRNIL FNAGVIHN IIHHRLKVSLPMIKSLFYKMLEFSPYDDYYVKKIIAYCILRDESFTELHS KFCLNEDY KSVFMKNISFDKIDSIIKKCNWDISRLKDIQISDTNLYTVLRTEDIRYRT YLKAIHLD SHISFPMYDDLIEQCHLSMERKSKLVDKVLNKLKSTIDGQSRLSYLPPEI IRNIITKL SDYHLNSMLYGKNHYKYYT" gene 182552..183601 /gene="G4R" CDS 182552..183601 /gene="G4R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042240.1" /db_xref="GI:9627717" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P34015" /translation="MKSVLYLYILFLSCIIINGRDAAPYTPPNGKCKDTEYKRHNLCC LSCPPGTYASRLCDSKTNTQCTPCGSGTFTSRNNHLPACLSCNGRCNSNQ VETRSCNT THNRICECSPGYYCLLKGSSGCKACVSQTKCGIGYGVSGHTSVGDVICSP CGFGTYSH TVSSADKCEPVPNNTFNYIDVEITLYPVNDTSCTRTTTTGLSESILTSEL TITMNHTD CNPVFREEYFSVLNKVATSGFFTGENRYQNISKVCTLNFEIKCNNKGSSF KQLTKAKN DDGMMSHSETVTLAGDCLSSVDIYILYSNTNAQDYETDTISYRVGNVLDD DSHMPGSC NIHKPITNSKPTRFL" gene 183727..184488 /gene="G5R" CDS 183727..184488 /gene="G5R" /codon_start=1 /protein_id="NP_042241.1" /db_xref="GI:9627718" /db_xref="SWISS-PROT:P34016" /translation="MKQYIVLACMCLAAAAMPASLQQSSSSCTEEENKHYMGIDVIIK VTKQDQTPTNDKICQSVTEITESESDPEVESEDDSTSVEDVDPPTTYYSI IGGGLRMN FGFTKCPQIKSISESANGNAVNARLSSVPLGQGKDSPAITRAEALAMIKD CELSIDIR CSEEEKDSDIQTHPVLESNISHKKVSYEDIIGSTIVDTKCVKNLEFSVRI GDMCKESS DLEVKDGFKYVDGSVSEGVTDDTSLIDSTKLKSCV" BASE COUNT 62782 a 30524 c 30223 g 62049 t ORIGIN 1 ctcgagagta tatgttgttg aacgttattg tttgagaaat agttgatgca tcagaatggt 61 ttgcatttat tgtagacgta ataatgcact acattgtttc ctcgtctatc tatatgtttt 121 gataagttat aacacgtttc aatctctagt tttatttttt tgtacgtcac atcttcatcc 181 agtagacgac atagaataca tgtgcaatct ttgccacaat ccatagctat tttggtgcta 241 attattccta tattatattt cacaaaaaat gatgaaggca atcattcctc ataagataat 301 aaaaagtgta ttgagagtga gtaagcatga aaaagattta gtatttagca gtgcggatat 361 gatccaagag ggtgaaatag tcgttctcgt tcagaatctt ttgcagcata agtagtatgt 421 cgatatactt atcgttgaag actcttccag agacgatagc taattgagta caaagtccaa 481 tgattgcaca aagttctttg gcggttttca tggagtcatt tctgatgaaa catttaatga 541 tctccacgca attgtctata ttgtcccacg gaagtgaatc cgagaactcc ttcaactcgc

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601 taccaaagag ctccgttgca tcagttctga aagagatgag aagcctgtaa agagaccctg 661 cgctttctct atgggtccat ctatgagaaa cccacaggat gtattcagtc agacaatgtc 721 tgacgtctgc cacggtattc agggagtcct tagtagcatg gcaatgacag ggactgaact 781 gggcacaaga agaggccatt gtgaaggtag acgaaggtta acccgatggt taaccgtagc 841 cgtctgtgct aatagacggc attaatttcc attttttaat ggggttgtgg atgaggaatg 901 agagtgtctt atctcgtcct tggtttacat ggatcagtgt gagaaaaaat atcttgtata 961 ttattaacta aactaactcc ttggtttcaa ttcatgttta aaatgatcta tatgttttat 1021 taatttatta tactgttaaa tgtactgtat ataatagttt ctaacgtgga gtacagaatt 1081 ttcggttaat gagttcatgg taaagggcga atgaatgcct gcctgtatta taatatacat 1141 aagttaatag tttttatcat atttttctaa tactatataa aaatatcatt atgtataatc 1201 attactgtcg ctatcattat tgtgtttgtg tagttctgtt ctatcatcta catcactgtc 1261 actgtcactc tccctatatc ttctaaaatt acaaacaact ggatattcga taacagcatt 1321 tgtgtagttt ttgtctttta tagtatatac gttattgtca aaatctaaac aaatattggc 1381 ataataccta tctataagat taggatccat gttcgagcat actagcatat ttgtaacttc 1441 gtcgtaaagc gttaaatcaa tagaataaac cattttgtgg tgcaactttt tacgaactag 1501 ttgtatgagt ttatcgttta cataagccat taacagcttt aacagatgat ctgagtaata 1561 tcctctatta tacatttaat gttcacggtc ttagtatttt tagatatcaa ttgtaattta 1621 cacccatatt ctactccctt gtgtaacgtt agacattcta aatctatagt attatctatt 1681 acagcgtaaa acacattcaa tattgtattg ttatattatt agtttatatt actgaattaa 1741 taatataaaa ttcccaatct tgttataaac acacactgag aaacagcata aacacaaaat 1801 ccatcaaaaa tgtcgatgaa atatctgatg ttgttgttcg ctgctatgat aattagatca 1861 ttcgccaata gtggtaacgc tatcgaaacg acattgtcag aaattacaaa cactacaaca 1921 gatattccag ctatcagatt atgcggtcca gagggagata ggtattgttt tcacggtatc 1981 tgtatccacg ctagagatat tgacggtatg tattgtagat gctctcatgg ttatacaggc 2041 attagatgtc agcatgtagt attagtagac tatcaacgtt cagaaaaacc aaacactaca 2101 acgtcatata tcccatctcc cggtattgtg cttgtattat tagtaagcat tattgtgtgt 2161 tgtctattat ttgtttatag gttcactcga agaactaata aattaccttt acaagatatg 2221 gttgtgccat aatttttata aattttttta tgagtatttt tatgagtatt tttcaaaaaa 2281 tgtataaagt gtatgtctta tgtatattta taaaaatgct aaatgtgatg tatctatgtt 2341 atttgtattt atctaaacaa tacctctacc tctagatatt atacaaaaat tttttatttc 2401 agtatattaa agtaaaatct agttaccttg aaaataaata cagtgggtgg ttctgtatca 2461 ccagtaagaa cataatggtc gaacacagta tccgattgag attttgcata caatactagt 2521 ctagaaagaa atttgtaatc atcttctgtg acgggagtcc atatatctgt atcatcgtct 2581 agtttatcag tgtcccatgc tatattcctg ttatcatcat tagttaatga aaataactct 2641 cgtgcttcag aaaagtcaaa tattgtatcc atacatacat ctccaaaact atcacttata 2701 cgtttatctt taacgatacc tatacctaga tggttattta ctaacagaca ttttccagat 2761 ctattgacta taactcctat agtttccaca ttaaccaagt aatgatcatc tattgttata 2821 taacaataac ataactcttt tccattttta tcagtatgta tatctatatc aacgtcgccg 2881 tagtgaatag tagtcattga tctattatat gaaacggata tgtctagaac ggcaattgtc 2941 ttacgtccag ttaacacttt ctttgattta aagtctagag tctttgcaaa cataatatcc 3001 ttatccgact ttatatttcc tgtagggtgg tataatttta ttttgcctcc acatatcggt 3061 gtttccaaat atattactag acaatattcc atatagttat tagttaaggg tacccaatta 3121 gaacacgtac gcttattatc atcattcgga tcgtatttca taaaagttat tgtactatcg 3181 atgtcaacac attctacatt ttttaatcgt ctatatagta tttttctgat attttctata 3241 atatcagaat tgtcttccat cggaagttgt atactatcgg aatcagttac atgtttaaat 3301 aattctctga tgtcattcct tatacaatca aattcattat taaacagttt aatagtctgt 3361 agacctttat cgttgtaaat atccattgtc ttattagtta cgcttatttt tatgtgtttt 3421 atgttgattt attatattta taagaatgat tgtttgacaa atcacgagaa ctattaagac 3481 atatattatt agaggtatat attataaaaa agtttttgat tacgatgtta taagaggaaa 3541 aaggacacat taacatcata catcaattaa cattcttata acatcgtaat caaaagaatt 3601 gcaattttga tgtataacaa ctgtcaatga attatggaat tgtatattac acattatacg 3661 gtatgttggc aacgacaaat accgattggt aattgtttac cggtgtaata gaatttatat 3721 atctattaca ccggccaagt atgcataata ataagttgtg ggtagtatca tccacatatt 3781 tataatttag gactttgtat tcagtatttt tggaatcata aaaaaaagtt ttaccatttt 3841 aaaatttaaa aagtatttac atttttttca ctgtttagtc gcggatatgg aatttgatcc 3901 taccaaaatc aatatatcat ctatagatca tgtaacaata ttacaataca tagatgaacc 3961 aaatgatata agactaacag tatgcattat ccaaaatatt aataacatta catattatat 4021 caatatcaca aaaataaatc cacatttggc taatcaattt cgggcttgga aaaaacgtat 4081 cgctggaagg gactatatga ctaacttatc tagagataca ggaatacaac aatcaaacct 4141 tactgaaact atacgtaact gtcaaaaaaa tagaaacata tatggtctat atatacacta 4201 caatttagtt attaatgtgg ttattgattg gataaccgat gtgattgttc aatcaatatt 4261 aagagggttg gtaaattggt acatagataa taatacctat actccaaata cacccaataa 4321 tacaacaacc atttctgagt tggatatcat caaaatactg gataaatacg aggacgtata 4381 taaagtaagt aaagaaaaag aatgtggaat ttgctatgaa gttgtctact caaaacgatt 4441 agaaaacgat cgatactttg gtttattgga ttcgtgtaat catatatttt gcataacatg 4501 tatcaatata tggcatagaa cacgaagaga aactggtgcg tcggataatt gtcctatatg 4561 tcgtacccgt tttagaaaca taacaatgag taagttctat aagctagtta actaataaat 4621 aaaaagttta atttgttgac gacatatatc gttatttttc tcgtatgaaa gattaatttg 4681 attctaatat aatctttagt attagatgaa ctttaattca aatttccatt agattatatc 4741 ataaataaaa atagtagcac gtgctacttt agccaaatat tcttttttga aacgccattt 4801 agcgtagtga ggacacaagt gaacctataa tgagcaaatt tattagtatc ggttacatga 4861 aggactttac gtagagtggt gattccacca tctgtggtac gaatggtttc atcttctttg 4921 atgccatcac ccagatgttc tataaacttg gcatactcgt ccgatttcat atcctttgcc 4981 aaccaataca tatagctaaa cttaggcata tgttccacac atcctgaaca ataaaattct 5041 ccagatgatg ttacaatgtc tagatttgga catttggttt caaccgcgtt aacatatgag 5101 tgaacacagc catacatgaa agcgatgaga aataggattc tcatctcgcc aaaatatcac 5161 tagaaaaaat ttatttatca attttaaagg tataaaatac ttattgttgt cctcgtttgt 5221 caatcatgtt aatgtcttta agataaggca ggcaaatgtt tatagtatta agaattgggc 5281 aagcataaga catgacacaa agaccctttt tgtatatata agtgtagaaa ttataacatc 5341 catagttgga tttacatagg tgtccaattg ggatctcacc atcatcgaga taattgatga 5401 catctccccc tttctttttt agtagatatt tcatcgtgta agaatcaata ttaatatttc 5461 taaagtatcc gtgtatagcc tctttattta ccacagctcc atatgccaac atgcattcca 5521 ctagatggat atcgatatcg tcgaatgtca tatactcaat tagtatatgt tggaggatat 5581 tcgagttcat tgttttcaat atcaaagaga tggtttcctt atcatttctc catagtggta 5641 caatactaca cattattccg tgtggctttc cattttccaa aaacaatttg accaaatcta 5701 aattcacatc ttcattgtat ctataatcac tattcagata atcagccata attactcgag 5761 tgcaacgtgt tagatcgtct atatatgaat aagcagtgtt atctattcct ttcattaaca 5821 atttaacgat gtctatatct atatgagatg acttaatata atattgaaga gctgtacaat 5881 agtttttatc tatagaagac ggcttgattc cgtgattaat tagacattta acaacttccg 5941 gacgcacata tgctctcgta tccgactctg aatacagatg agagataata tacaaatgca

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter

6001 atacggtacc gcaattttgt ggttgataat catcatacgt gtatccatac tcgtcatcct 6061 cataaagaac attgcagcca ttttctatga acaaatcaat aatttcagga acaggatcat 6121 ctgtcattac ataattttct ataactgaac gatggttttc acatttaaca ctcaagtcaa 6181 atccatgttc taccaacacc tttattaagt caacgtttac atttttggat ttcatatagt 6241 tgaatatatt aaagttattt atgttgctaa atccagtggc ttctagtaga gccatcgcta 6301 tatccttatt aactttaaca tgtctactat ttgtgtattc ttctaatggg gtaaaatgtc 6361 tccaattttt gtgcaatgga ttagtgccac tgtctagtag tagtttgacg acctcgacat 6421 tattacaatg ctcattaaaa aggtatgcat gtaaagcatt attcttgaat tggttcctgg 6481 tatcattagg atctctgtct ttcaacatct gtttaagttc atcgagagct acctcctcat 6541 tttccagata gttaaacatt ttgactgaat agaagtgaat gagctactgt gaactctgta 6601 cacccacaca actaatgtta ttaaatatca ttttttgaat atatttatac catgtcaaaa 6661 cttgttcaat tattaataaa aataatttag tgtttaaatt ttaccagttc cagatttcac 6721 acctccatta accccacttt ttacaccaca ggacgatcct ccccacattt caccgccacc 6781 agatgtataa gttttagatc ctttattact accatcatgt ccatggataa agacactcca 6841 catgccgcca ctacctcctt tagaagacat attaataaga cttaagacaa gtttaacaat 6901 aaaattaatc acgagtaccc tactaccaac ctacactatt atatgattat agtttctatt 6961 tttacagtac cttgactaaa gtctttagtc acacaatact accaacctac actattatat 7021 gattatagtt tctattttta taggaacacg tacgagaaaa tcaaatgtct aagttctaac 7081 ggtagtgttg ataaacgatt gttatccacg gatacctcat ttatcatgtt gtctattttc 7141 ttactttgtt ctattaactt attagcgttg tatattattt gattataaaa cttatattgc 7201 tgtttagtcc actctataaa tatcggatta ttcacatatc gtttctttgt aggtttattt 7261 aacttgtaca tcactgtaag catgtccgta ccatttattt taatttgaca catatcagca 7321 atttcttttt tgcattcggt tctaccaacg taataatgaa gtgtggtata tgatctataa 7381 gtataatata gtatctcttt tttcgtaaga tattaaacag tttatcacat ctagagataa 7441 tttatctcgt gataatataa taatagagtg cggttttacc tattttatca tctatataat 7501 aataatataa tactaatagt aatcgttatc attgtaccca cttgagaagt tagtaacttt 7561 ttttctatta taatcttgta tccgtaagat acattactac acataggaat tccctgatcg 7621 agcaatagtt taaatacatc tacatttgga tttgatgtag ttgcgtattt ctctacaata 7681 ttaataccat ttttgcaact atttatttct agaccttttg tgattagtaa tctcaataat 7741 tctacgtcaa tattatcaga ttctatatat tcgaatatat caaagtcatt gatattttta 7801 taattggtag aagacaataa tgacaccaca acatcagttt tgatattctt atttttcttg 7861 gtaacgtata catttaatga attttcatta cgttctacca atgattgtgc actgcaggca 7921 tcaaaagttt tacaactatc ataaagcata ctatcctatc caaccattat ggtattgatg 7981 ctatagtata ttttaattca tttcatttat gtgtatttgg tacgagcaga cagcatgaga 8041 tcgtatgatt tcagtaccgt agtgacaata ctattagttt caataagatc aatctctaga 8101 tctatagaat caaaacatga taggttagaa gataatgaat atctgtaggc ttcttgttgc 8161 actgtaactt ctcgttttgt tagatgtttg tatcatgctt taacattaat ggtacaaatt 8221 ttatcctcgc tttgtgtatc atattcgtcc ctactataaa attgtatatt cagattatca 8281 tgagatgtgt ttacactaac tgtatcaata aacggcacac catttagtca taaccgtaat 8341 ccaaaaattt ttaaagtata tcttaacgaa agaagttgta tcatcgttag gatttggtaa 8401 attattatct acagtgtatg gtactaaatc ctcataagtg tatatatcta gagtaatgtt 8461 taatttatca aatggttcat aatatggatc ctcatgacaa tttccgaaga cgaaaatgag 8521 atatagacat ggttactcct taaaaaaata cgaataatcg ccttggctat ttagtaagtg 8581 tcatttaaca ctatacttat attaatccat ggactcataa tctctatacg ggattaacgg 8641 atgttctata tacggggatg agtagttctc ttctttaact ttatactttt tactaatcat 8701 atttagacta atgtatgggt aatagtgttt gaagagctcg ttctcatcat cagaataaat 8761 caatatctct gtttttttgt tatacagatg tattacagcc tcatatatta cgtaatagaa 8821 cgtgtcatct accttattaa ctttcaccgc atagttgttt gcaaatacgg ttaatccttt 8881 gacctcgtcg atttccgacc aatctgggcg tataatgaat ctgaacttta atttcttgta 8941 atcattcgaa ataattttta gtttgcatcc gtagttatct cctctatgca actgtaaatt 9001 tctcaacgcg atatctccat taataatgat gtcaaattcg tgttgtatac ccatactgaa 9061 ttgatgaacg aacgaatacc gtcggcgtta atagtaattt actttttcat ctttacatac 9121 tcggtactag ttttactatc ataagtttat aaattccaca agctactatg gaatatacca 9181 accatcttag tatagaacac atgtcttaaa gttattaatt aattacatat tgttttatat 9241 atcgctacga atttaaacag agaaatcagt taggaagaaa aaattatctg tcttcttcat 9301 catcgtctat tggataacgt ctctgtattc tacgatagag tgctacttta agatgagaca 9361 tatccgtgtt atcaaaaata tactccatta aaatgattat tccggcagcg aacttgatat 9421 tggatatatc acaacctttg ttaatatcta cgacaataga cagcagtccc atggttccat 9481 aaacagtgag tttatctttc tttgaagaga tattttgtag agatcttata aaactgtcaa 9541 atgacatcgc atttatatct ttagctaaat cgtatatgtt accatcgtaa tatctaaccg 9601 cgtctatctt aaacgtttcc atcgctttaa agacgtttcc gatagatggt ctcatttcat 9661 cagtcatact aagccaacaa atataatcgt gtataacatc tttgatagaa tcagactcta 9721 aagaaaacga atcggcttta ttatacacat tcatgataaa cttaatgaaa aatgttttcg 9781 ttgtttaagt tggatgaata gtatgtctta ataattgtta ttatttcact aattaatatt 9841 tagtaattag tgcactctat aaaaacgaga atgacataac taatcataac tagttatcaa 9901 agtgtctagg atgcgtaatt ttttatatgg tatagatcct gtaagcgttg tctgtattct 9961 ggagctattt tctctatcgc attagtgagt tcagaatatg ttataaattt aaatcgaata 10021 acgaacataa ctttagtaaa gttgtctata ttaactcttt tattttccag ccatcgtaat 10081 acccatgttt aagatagtat attctctagt tacactatgg tctcatcgtt gtttagaata 10141 tcacataccg aatctacatc aaattttaga aattggtctg tgttacgtat ctcttctata 10201 ttattgttga tgtattgtcg tagaaaacta ttacgtagac cattttcttt ataaaacgaa 10261 tatatagtat accaattatc ttttccgata atatatttac acacataatc cattctctca 10321 atcactacat ctttaagttt ttcgttgtta agatatttgg ctaaattata taattctatt 10381 agatcattaa cagaatcagt atatattttt ctagatccaa agacgaactc tttggcgtcc 10441 tctataatat tcccagaaaa gatattttcg tgttttagtt tatcgagatc taatctgttc 10501 atatacgtat ccatgattgc gcggtacgtt atgatagccg cataaaataa aatccatttt 10561 catttttaac caatactatc tcctctattc ataattgaga ttgatgtaat actttgttac 10621 tttgaacgta aaaacagtac acggatccgt atctccaaca agcatgtagt aatcaaattt 10681 ggtgttgtta aacttcgcaa tattcattaa tttagataga aatttatact catcatctgt 10741 tttaggaatc catgtattat taccactttc caacttatca ttatcccagg ctatgtttcg 10801 tccatcatca ttgcgcagag tgaataattc ttctgtatcc ggcagttcaa atatatgatc 10861 catgcataga tcggcaaagc tatcgtagat gtgatttttc ctaaatcgag tataaaactc 10921 gtttactagc aaacactttc ctgatttatt gaccaagaca catatggttt ctaagtctat 10981 caagtggtgg ggatccatag ttatgacgca gtaacataga ttattacctt cttgactgtc 11041 gctaatatct atatatttat tgttatcgta ttggattctg catatagatg gcttgtatgt 11101 caaagatata gaacacataa ccaatttata gtcgcgcttt acattctcga atctaaagtt 11161 aagagattta gaaaacatta tatcctcgga tgatgttatc actgtttctg gagtaggata 11221 tattaaagtc tttacagatt tcatccgatt caaataaatc actaaataat atcccacatt 11281 gtcatctgtt agagtagtat cattaaatct attatatttt atgaaagata tattactgct 11341 cacctctata tttcgtacat ttttaaactg tttgtataat atctctctga tacaattaga

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter 11401 11461 11521 11581 11641 11701 11761 11821 11881 11941 12001 12061 12121 12181 12241 12301 12361 12421 12481 12541 12601 12661 12721 12781 12841 12901 12961 13021 13081 13141 13201 13261 13321 13381 13441 13501 13561 13621 13681 13741 13801 13861 13921 13981 14041 14101 14161 14221 14281 14341 14401 14461 14521 14581 14641 14701 14761 14821 14881 14941 15001 15061 15121 15181 15241 15301 15361 15421 15481 15541 15601 15661 15721 15781 15841 15901 15961 16021 16081 16141 16201 16261 16321 16381 16441 16501 16561 16621 16681 16741

tatatctatt gtgtcggtag acgataccgt tacatttgaa ttaatggtgt tccattttac aacttttaac aagttgacca atttatttct aatagtatca aactctccat gattaaatat tttaatagta tccattttat atcaacggac acaaagtagc taacataaac cattgtataa tttttatgtt ttatgtttat tagcgtacac attttggaag ttccggttgc catgtatttc ctggagagca agtagatgat gaggaaccag atagtttata tccgtacttg cacgtaaagt ctacattgtc attatacgaa tatgatcttt taaacccgct agacaagtat ccgtttaata ttgtaggatg tggacattta acaatctgac acgtgggtgg attagaccat tctcctcctg aacacaggac accagagtta ccaatcaacg aatatccact attgcaacta taagttacaa cgcttccatc ggtataaaaa tcattatatc cgttatgtct tccgttggat atagatggag gtaattggca tttaacagat tcgcaaatag gtgccttggg attccatacc atagatccag tagatcctaa tttacaatac gatttatatt caccaatcaa ataatatccg ctattacaag agtacgttat actagagcca aagtctactc cgccaatatc aagatggcca ttatcgatat ctcgaggcga cgggcatctc cgtttaatac attgattaaa gagtgtccat ccagtacctg tacatttagc atatataggt cccatttttt gctttctgta tccaggtaga catagatatt ctatagtgtc tcctatgttg taattagcat tagcatcagt ctccacacta ttcttaaatg tcatattaat gggtcgtgac ggaatagtac agcatgatag aacgcatcct attcccaaca atgtcaggaa cgtcactctc tccaccttca tatttattta tccgtaaaaa tgttatcctg gacattgtgc caataataaa aagcccatat atgttcgcta ttgtagaaat tgtttttcat agttgctcaa aaacgatggc ggtgacttat gagtcacgtt acactttgga gtctcatctt tagtaaacat atcataatat tcgatattac gagttgacac attgaacaaa tccaagtatt tgattttgga taatattcgt attttgcatc tgctataatt aagatataat cgccacaaaa acacgcgaac atctttccta catggttaaa gtacatgtac aattctatcc atttgtcttc cttaactata tatttgtata gataattacg agtctcgtgt gtaattccag taattgcata gatgttacca tcgtactcta cagcataaac tatactatga tgtctaggca tgggagactt ttttatccaa caatttttag tgaaacattc cacatcgttt aatattacat atttttcata cgtggtataa actccaccca ttacatatat atcatcattt acgaataccg acgcgtctga atatctagga gtaattaagt ttggatgtct tatccatttc gaagtgtagc gttttaaata ttttgctaca cctgttgaaa tagaaaattt taattctcct attacatata actttccatc attaacacac gtactaactt ttgattttaa cgacgacata ttagtaactg ttttccattt tttttttttt ttttttttgt tttaagatct acccacggat acgaaataaa catgtctatt gttaatcatg ccaccaataa tgtatagaca attatataaa acatttgcat tatagaattg tctatctatc tgtattaccg acgattgtcc aatattctgt tctaggagag taatgggtta ttgtggatat ataatcagag tttttaatga ctactatatt atgttttata ccatttcgtg tcacaggctt tgtagatttg gatatagcat tgcacatagt attagtcata aacttgggat gtaaactgtt gatgatatct acatcgtttg gatttttatg tatccacttt aataatatca tagctgtaac atcctcgtga tttacgttga cgttttcgtg ggataagata gttgttcatc ctttgataat tttccaaatt ctggattgga tgtcactgca gtaatattgt taattatttc taacattgac gcattatata gtttttacac atagatctac aacaggtgga atatcaatta atacggcagc aactagtatc atctctacat tgtttacggt gatgtttatc ttcttccagc gtatatagtc taatagcgat tcaaacgcgt gatagtttat accattcaat ataatcgctt catcatttat atggtgtttc taaattcgtt taaaaaatta tacggagacg ccgtaataat ttccccattg atagaaaata tcacgctttc cattcttgaa gtactataag taattatagt ataatgtaac gtttatatat tcaatatttt ttataaaaaa atcatttcga cattaattcc tttttaaatt tccgtctatc atctatagaa acatattcta tgaatttata aaatgctttt acgtgtccta tcgtaggcga tagaaccgct aaaaagccta tcgaatttct acaaaagaat ctattatatg gtatagggag agtataaaac attaaatgtc cgtacttatt aaagtattca gtagccaatc ctaactcttt cgaatactta ttaatggctc ttattctgta cgaatctatt tttttgaaca acggacctag tggtatatct tgttctatgt atctaaaata atgtctgaca agatccgtta gtttaatatc cttagtcatc ttgtctagaa tggcgtatct aactgcgggt ttaggcttta gtttagtttc tatatctata tctacatcta tgtctttatc caacactaaa aatataatag ctaatatttt attacaatca tccggatatt cttctacgat ctcactaact aatgtttctt tggttatact agtatagtca cgatcagaca aataaagaaa atcagatgat tgatgaataa tacatttaaa tttatcatct gtaagatttt tgagatatct cattaaaata ttattagggt cagtactcat tatcatatat tggcagcagc tattacttat tttattttat ttttctttat tttattattt ttcaccatat agatcaatca ttagatcatc aaaatatgtt tcaatcatcc taaagagtat ggtaaatgac tcttcccatc taatttctgg acgttcacca atgtctctag ccactttggc actaatagcg atcattcgct taacatcttc tacattatta actggttgat ttaatctatc tagcaatgga ccgtcggaca gtgtcattct catgttctta atcaatgtac atacatcact gtcatctacc aattcatcca acaacataag cttttcaaaa tcatcattat aatatgatgg atcgccatca tttctccaaa gaatatatct aataagtaga gtcctcatgc ttagtaattt aactatttta gttaacaact attttttatg ttaaatcgag tagaaccact atgttaatac ttattcatat tttagttttt aggattgata atcaacataa aaattaatac atcatcaatt ttgaaaatac ttagtttcca cgtagtcaat gaaacatttg agctcatcgt acagaacgtt ctcgtacagg acgtaactat aaactggttt atatttgttc aagatagata caaatccgat aacttttttg acaaattcta cgggatccac tttaaaagtg tcataccggg ttctttttat ttttttaaac agatcaatgg tgtgatgttg attaggtctt ttacgaattt gatataaaat agcgttcaca tatcctccat aatggtcaat cgccatttgt tcgtatgtca taaattcttt aattatatgg cactgtgtat tatttagttc atccttgttc atcattagga atctatccaa tatggcaatt atactagaac tataagtgtg ttgtaaacac atattgatgt gtctgtttat acaattaatg atatttggat ccatgctact accttcgggt aaaattggag aatcgtatac catttctagt actttaggtt cattgttatc cattgtagag gatgacatgc tcgaatcata caaaaatata ttatttttat gttattttgt taaaaataat catcgaatac tttgtaagat actccttcat gaacataatc agttacaaaa cgtttatatg aagtaaagta tctacgattt ttacaaaagt ccggatgcat aagtacaaag tacgcgataa acggaataat aatagattta tctagtttat ctttttctat cgctttcata gttagataca tagtctcgga agtcggatta tgtaacatca acttcgataa aattactggg ttatttagtc ttacgcattc actcatacat gtattaccgt taactacaga gtctacacta aaatgattaa acaatagata gtctaccatt gtttcgtatt cagatagtac agcgtagtac atggcatctt cacaaattat atcattgtct aatagatatt tgatgcatct tatggatccc acttcgacag ccatcttaaa atcggtagaa tcatattgct ttcctttatc attaataatt tctagaatat catctctatc ataaaagata caaatattaa ctgtttgatc cgtaataaca ttactagttg ataacaattt gttaataaga tgtgctgggc tcaatgtctt aataagaagt gtaagaggac tatctccaaa tttgttttgt ttattaacat ccgttgatgg aagtaaaaga tttataatgt ctacattctt gactgtttta gagcatacaa tatggagagg tgtatttcca tcatgatctg gttttgaggg gctaattcct agtttcatca tccatgagat tgtagaagct ttgggattgt ctgacataag atgtctatga atatgatttt tgccaaattt atctactatc ctggcttcaa atccaatgga cattattttt ttaaacactc tttctgaagg atcggtagac gccaacaacg gaccacatcc ttcttcatca accgagttgt taatcttggc tccatactgt accaataaat ttattctctc tatgacttca tcatctgttc ccgaaagata atatagaggc gttttatgct gtttatcgca cgcgtttgga tctgcgccgt gcgtcaatag catcgcaact attctattat

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter 16801 16861 16921 16981 17041 17101 17161 17221 17281 17341 17401 17461 17521 17581 17641 17701 17761 17821 17881 17941 18001 18061 18121 18181 18241 18301 18361 18421 18481 18541 18601 18661 18721 18781 18841 18901 18961 19021 19081 19141 19201 19261 19321 19381 19441 19501 19561 19621 19681 19741 19801 19861 19921 19981 20041 20101 20161 20221 20281 20341 20401 20461 20521 20581 20641 20701 20761 20821 20881 20941 21001 21061 21121 21181 21241 21301 21361 21421 21481 21541 21601 21661 21721 21781 21841 21901 21961 22021 22081 22141

tattaatttt agaagctata tgtaatggat aatttccatc atcatccgtc tcatttggag agtatcctct atgaagaagt tcttcgacaa atcgttcatc tagtccttta attccacaat acgcatgtag aatgtgataa tttccagaag gttcaatagc ttgtagcata ttcctaaata catctaaatt tttactatta tatttggtat aaagagatag ataatactcg gccgacataa tgttgtccat tgtagtataa aaattaatat ttctatttct atttctacta taatttactc tctataacaa atgtcataac ttagttcttt tatgtcaaga aggcactggt ttagttcatc tatgaatgtc acaccataac taccacgcat accatactta gagttatgat aaagatattt atccttaggg tgcaggtaat ggggattaat ctttgttgga tcagtctcta agttaacaca tgtcacacag gatccattta tagttatatc acatgatgat ttatggtgaa ttgattccgg aagatcgcta ttgtattttg tggttccaca attcatttcc atacatgtta ttatcacact gatattatga tgaactttat ccagccgctg ggttgtaaac aacataacag atagtttatt atctttacca actccctctg ccgccgcaac gaatctctga tccgtatcca tgatggtcat gtttatttct agcccgtatc cagtcaacac tatgttagca tttctatcga tatagctttc actcatataa cactcaccaa taatagtaga attaatgtcg taatttacac caatagtaag ttcggcggca aagtaccaat acctgtaatc ttgtcgagga ggacatatag tattcttgta ttctaccgaa tacccaagag atgcaataca aaagagtaag actaatttgt aaaccatctt acttaaaata tgtaacaata gtacgatgaa tgagtaataa gaaatatgaa atctatctta tatacacata attattctat caattttacc aattagttag tgtttaataa aaatatggga atctaattaa tttttcctta cacaatcgac gtacatgagt ctgagttcct tgtttttgct aattatttca tccaatttat tatttttgac gatgtcaaga tcttttgtat aggagtcaga cttgtattca acatgctttt ctataatcat ttttagctat ttcggcatca tccaatagta cattttccag attagcagaa tagatattaa tgtcgtattt gaacagagcc tgtaacacct caatgtcttt attatctata gccaatttaa tgtccggaat gaagagaagg aaattattgg tgtttgacgg cgtcatatag tcgagcaaaa gaatcatcat atccacgtgt ccatttttat agtggtgtga atacaactaa ggagaatagc cagatcaaaa gtagatggta tttctgaaag aaagtatgat ataatactta catcattaag catgacggta tgataaaatg aagttttcca tccagttttc ccatagaaca taagtctcca atttttctta aaacagtttt accgtttgta tgttaccact atcaaccaca taatacaata cagtgttccc ttgtcattaa attgtgaatc atccagtcca ctgaatagca aaatttttac tattttggta tcttccaatg tggctgccta atgtaatgga aattcattct ctagaagatt ttttaatgct ccagcgttca acaacgtaca tactagacgc atgttattat cagctattgc ataatacaag gcactatgtc catggacatc cgccttaaat gtatctttac tagagagaaa gcttttcagc tgcttagact tccgagtatt aattcgtgac agatccatgt ctgaaacgag acgctaatta gtgtataatt ttgtcatact gctccagaat taataatatc tctaatagat ttgattagta gatatatggc tatcgcaaaa caacatatac acatttaata aaaataatat tcattaagga gattcagatt ccgccgtatc cataaacaat attaaggaga ttctacctta cccataaaca atataaatcc agtaatatca tgtctaatga tgaacacaaa tggtgtatta aattccagtt cttcaggaga tgatctcacc gtagctacca tgatagtaga tgcctccgct acagttcctt gttcgttgac atctatcttt gcattctgaa acattttata aatatataat gggtccctag tcatatgttt aaacgacgca ttatctggat taaacatact aggagccatc atttcggcta tcgacttaat atccctctta ttttcgatag aaaatctagg gagtttaaga ttgtacactt tattccctaa ttgagacgac caatagtcta attttgcagc catgatagaa tctgtgaaat gggtcatatt atcacctatt gccagataca tactaatatt agcatcctta tactgaaggc gcaccatatc atattcttcg tcatcgattg tgattgtatt tccttgtaat ttagtaacta cgctcatcat gggaaccgtt ttcgtgccgt acttattagt aaaactagta ttgtgtgttt tagtgatatc aaatggatat tgccacgtac ctttaaaata tatagtatta atgattgccc atagagtatt attgtcgagc atagtagaat ctactacatt agacatacct gatctacgtt ctactatgga attaatttta ttaaccgcat ctcgtctaaa gtttaatcta tataggccga atctatgata ttgttgataa tacgacggtt taatacacac agtattatct acgaaacttt gataagttag atcagtgtac gtatatttag atgtttttgg cttagctaat cctgatatta attctgtaaa tgctggaccc agatctattt ttctcaaatc catagtcttc aataattcta ctttagtatt acctgatgca ggcaatagtg acataaacat agaaaacgaa tagccaaacg gcgagaagac aatattatca tcctcattcc catcttgaat atttttatac gctactatac cggcattggt aaatccttgc aggcgatagg tgaacgctgt acacgctaac gatagtatca ataacacaat catgatttta tggtattaat attttacctt attttttata tttggtataa aaattattga tgtctacaca tccttttgta attgacatct atatatcctt ttgtataatc aattctaatc actttaactt ttacagtttt ccctaccagt ttatccctat atttaaaata tctattcata tgcatctgag tactctctac caagatagct tcagagtgag gatagtcaaa aagatcaaca tatagaacat aaccattctc gtatactttg ccctttaata catcacccac attgggcaac gaataacaaa atacaagcat cttgttaacg ggctcgtaaa ttgggataaa aattatgttt ttattatttt atattcattt aatattcatt caatatttac aatatatgta atcattatcc agattgaaca tacagtttgc acttgccatg attcgttata taactattaa tattaacagt tcgtttaacg atcatattat ttttatgttt tattaataat tgtaaaacat acaattaaat caatatagag gaagggacgg atactgtctt ttgtgagata tagttatggc gactaaatca gattatgagg atgctgtttt ttactttgtg gatgatgatg aaatatgtag tcgtgactcc atcatcgatc taatagatga atatatcacg tggagaaatc atgttatagt gtttaacaaa gatattacca gttgtggaag actctacaag gaattgatga agttcgatga tgctgctata cgatactatg gtattgataa aattaatgag attgtcgagg ctatgagtga aggagaccac tacatcaatc ttacagaagt tcatgatcag gaaagtctat tcgctaccat aggaatatgt gctaaaatca ctgaacattg gggatacaaa aagatttcag aatctagatt ccaatcattg ggaaacatta cagatctaat gaccgacgat aatataaaca tcttgatact ttttctagaa aaaaaattga attgatgata tagggttctt tataatgcat tcgtattcta tatccggtgt taaaaaaatt atcctatcat gtatttgaga gtcttatatg tagcaaacat gatagctgtg ataccaataa gttttagata ttcacgcgtg ctaatgttgg ggatggtatt atctggcggt gaaatgtccg ttatataatc tataaaacaa tcatcgcata tagtatgcga tagtagagta aacattttta tagtttctac tggattcata catcgtttac ccaattcggt tatgaatgaa attgtcgcca atcttacacc caaccccttg ttatccatta gtatagtatt aacttcgtta tttatgtcat aaactgtaaa tgattctgta gatgccatat catacatgat attcatgtcc ctattataat cattattaac tttatcacaa tacgtgttga taatatctat atatgatcta gtttttgtgg gcaattgtct atacaagtcg tctaaacgtt gtttactcat atagtattga acagccatca ttacatggtc ccgttccgtt gatagataat cgagtatgtt agtggacttg ttaaatctat ataccatatt ttctggaagt ggatatacat agttgtgatc attattgcta gccttatctt ctatatcatc tatatcatct atatcatcta tatcatctat atcatctata tcatctatat catctatatc atctatatca tctatatcat ctatatcatc tatatcatct acgatattat tacacataaa catcggcaac atactattgt acattatcta agtccggttg atccaaaccc ttgatctcct ctatctgtac tatctagaga ttgtacttct ttcagttctg gataatatat acgttgatag attagctgag ctattctatc ccccgtattt acattaaatg tatattttcc attattaata agaatgactc ctatatttcc cctataatct tcgtctatta caccgcctcc tatatcaatg ccttttaggg acagaccaga cctaggagct attctaccat agcagaactt aggcatggac atactaatat ctgtcttaat taattgtctt tctcctggag ggatagtata

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter

22201 atcataagcg ctatataaat catatccggc ggcgtacggt gattgtctag taggagattt 22261 agctctgtta gtttccttaa caaatctaac tggtgagtta atattcatgt tgaacataaa 22321 actaatattt tatttcaaaa ttatttacca tcccatatat tccatgaata agtgcgatga 22381 ttgtacactt ctatagtatc tattacgaac cacgataaaa tcctcctatc aatagcagtt 22441 tattatccac tattatcaat tctggattat ccctttgata aatagtatca tctatcagag 22501 accatgtatt gctgtatttg taataaaatt tagcatttct accaaccaag aataaccttc 22561 taccgaacac taacgcgcat gatttataat gtggataata agttgacggt ccaaactgcc 22621 actgatcatg attgggtagc aaatattctg tagttgtatc cgtttcagaa tgtcctccta 22681 ttacgtacat aacattgttt atggatgcca ttgctggatt acatctaggt ttcaaaagac 22741 tcggcatatt aacccaagca gcattcccgt ggaaccaacg ctcaacagat gtgggatttg 22801 gtagacctcc tactacgtat aatttattgt tagcgggtat cccgctagca tacagtttgg 22861 ggctattcat cggaggaatt ggaatccaat tgtttgatat ataatttacc gctatagcat 22921 tgttatgtat ttcattgttc atccatcacc gatgagatat actacttctc caacatgtgt 22981 acttgtacac atatggaata tatctataat ttgatccatg ttcataggat actttatgaa 23041 tggatacctg tattatttgc gtggttgttt atcacaatga aatattttgg tacagtctaa 23101 tatccatttt acattattta tacctctggg tgaaagataa tttgacctga ttacattttt 23161 gataaggagt agcaaatttc ctaatttatt tcttctcttc gtataccact taatgacaaa 23221 atcaactaca taatcttcgt ctggaacatt taactcattg ctttctagaa taagtttcaa 23281 gataaataat caaaattgtc tatgatatcc tcttccagtt ccaaaaagtg tttggcaata 23341 aagtctttag tatgacataa gagattggat agtccgtatt ctatacccat tatgtaacac 23401 tcgacacaat attcctttct aaaatctcgt agtataaagt ttatacaagt gtagatgata 23461 aattctacag acgttaatat agacacgcgt aataaattga tgacgtcatg tctattatgt 23521 atacctttcc agtatatgag taaataacta tagaagttaa actgtgaatg tcaaggtcta 23581 ggcaaaccct cgtaacttga tctttatttt ttgtgtattt ttgacgtaaa tgtgtgcgaa 23641 aatacggaga taactttttc aatattgtag aattgactat tatattgcct ccatagcatt 23701 aataattgtt ttgaatttct tagtcataga caatgctaat atattcttac agtacatagt 23761 attgacaaat atcggcattt atgtttcttt aaaagtcaac atctaaagaa aaatgattgt 23821 cttcttgaga cataactccc attttttggt attcacccac acgtttttcg aaaaaattag 23881 ttttaccttc taatgatata ttttccatga aatcggatgg attggtaaca ttatagattc 23941 ttttaaatcc caattcagaa atcaatctat ctgcgacaaa ctccatatat gttttcatca 24001 tttcacaatt cattcctata agtttaactg gaagagccac agtaagaaat tcttgttcaa 24061 tagagaccgc gtctgttata atagatctta ctgtttcttc actcggtgga tacaataaat 24121 gtttaaacat caaacatgcg aaatcgcagt gtagaccctc gtctctacta attaattcgt 24181 tggaaaacgt gagtccgggc attaggccac gctttttaag ccaaaatatg gacgcaaatg 24241 atccagaaaa gaaaattcct tctactgccg caaaggcaat aagtctttct ccataaccgg 24301 cgctgtcatg tatccacttt tgagcccaat cggccttctt ttttacacaa ggcattgtct 24361 ctatagcatt aaagagatag tttttttcat tactatcttt aacatatgta tcaatcaaaa 24421 gactatacat ttccgaatga atgttttcaa tggccatttg aaatccgtag aaacatctag 24481 cctcggtaat ctgtacttct atacaaaatc gttctgctaa attttcattc actattccgt 24541 cactggctgc aaaaaacgcc aatacatgtt ttataaaata tttttcgtct ggtgttagtt 24601 tattccaatc attgatatct ttagatatat ccacttcttc cactgtccaa aatgatgcct 24661 ctgccttttt atacatattc cagatgtcat gatattgaat tggaaaaata acaaatctat 24721 ttggattttt tgcaaggatt ggttccataa ctaaattaac aatagtagta attttttttt 24781 cagttatcat ctatatgact gtatttggat cttttgtaca tcgctattat cgcaatcact 24841 acaataatta taattattat tgatagcatt gttattagca ctatcataat taaattattg 24901 atattcatgg gtgctgaata atcgttatta tcatcattat cattttgtaa ttgtgacatc 24961 atactagata aatcgtttgc gcgattgttg tgggaaacgg gcatggagga tgaattatcg 25021 ttattattat ttaaagcctc ccattcggat tcacaaatat gacgcgcgtt caacatttta 25081 tggaaactat aattttgtga aaacaggtaa caagaaaact cgtcatcgtt atttttaacg 25141 atagtaaacc gattaaacgt cgcgctaatt tctaacgcta gcgactctat tggatatgga 25201 tttccagata tatatctttt cagctcccct acgtatctat aatcatctgt gggaaatgga 25261 aggtatttcc atctatctag tgttcctaat atcatatgta gtggtgtaat agaaccatta 25321 agcgcgaaag attttatttc acatcgtatt ttaacttcgc aataatttct ggttagataa 25381 cacactctac cagttaagtc aataatatta gcctttacag atatattcat agtagttgtg 25441 acaatgactc catcttttag atgcgatact cctttatatg agccagaatc ttcgtacctc 25501 aaactcgata tattcaaaca agttaatgag atattaacgc gttttatgaa cgatgatatg 25561 tatccagaag ttctatcctc cgtggctaac gctataacct tattattata gtaccaaaaa 25621 gtgtgattaa tgtgtgacac attagcgcat gtacatattt gtacattatt gtctacgtcg 25681 tattcgacac atccacatac agccaacaaa tataaaatga taaatgctct aatggtgttc 25741 gtacccatct taatgcggct taataaatgt ttcgatttca atttattgta aaaaagaatc 25801 ggttttatac tgttcgagat tctcattgat tatattctca tctatcatct ccacacagtc 25861 aaatccgtgg ttagcatata cctcattaac cgataataga ctatcagact cttctatcgt 25921 tataactcga gaatatttaa tttggtcatt cttaatcaag tcaattatct tatttttaac 25981 aaatgtgagt attttactca ttttttataa aaaactttta gaaatataca gactctatcg 26041 cgtgtctata tcttcttttt atatccaatg tatttatatc tgatttttct tcatttatta 26101 tatataatgg tccaaattct atacgtgttg cttcatccag atcattaagg ttcttataat 26161 cgcaatatcc ttctccttcc tcttctatat cgtccttctt aaacttattc ttagcgtcac 26221 agaatcgacc acagcaggat cccatgacaa gcgtcatatt aaactaattc attttcaata 26281 atatactaat tagtaacgac tattaaaata aatattcttc ataaccggta agaatagtaa 26341 aaagactaaa tcttcacatt gtaactattc agtagtgttt acataaatga gatgagaaga 26401 tattctctat tttggtggag gattatatga tataattcgt ggataatcat tcttaagaca 26461 catttcttca ttcgtaaatc ttttcacgtt aaatgagtgt ccatattttg caatttcttc 26521 ataggatggc ggtgtacgtg gacggtgctg ttcctgttct tgttgtggtc tccgactttc 26581 gtgtttgcgt ttagatccct ccattatcgc gattgcatag atgaggtact attttatacc 26641 ttgtaattaa atttttttat taattaatta attaaacgta taaaaacgtt ccgtatctgt 26701 atttaagagc cagatttcgt ctaatagaac aaatagctac agtaaaaata actagaataa 26761 tcgctacacc cactagaaac cacggatcgt aatacggcaa tcggttttcg ataataggtg 26821 gaacgtatat tttatttaag gacttaagaa ttgtctgtaa accacaattt gctcccgccg 26881 atcctgtatt aactatctgt aaaagcatat gttggccggg cggagccgaa cattctccga 26941 tattcaattt ttgtatatct ataatgttat taacctccgc atacgcatta cagttttttt 27001 ctagcttgga tacggcacta ggtacatcat ttagatctat tcctatttcc tcagcgatag 27061 ctcttctatc cttttccgga agcaatgaaa tcacttcaat aaatgattca accatgagtg 27121 tgaaactaag tctagtatta ctcatgcatt tgttagttat tcggagcgcg caatttttaa 27181 actgtcctat aacctctcct atatgaatag cacaagtgac attagtaggg atagaatgtt 27241 gagctaattt ttgtaaataa ctatctataa aaagattata caaagtttta aactctttag 27301 tttctgccat ttatccagtc tgagaaaatg tccctcataa taaatttttc caagaaacta 27361 attgggtgaa gaatggaaac ctttaatcta tatttatcac agtctgtttt ggtacacatg 27421 atgaattctt ctaatgctgt actaaattca atatcttttt cgatttctgg atatgttttt 27481 aataaagtat gaacaaagaa atggaaatcg taataccagt tatgttcaac tttgaaattg 27541 ttttttattt tcttgttaat gattccagcc acttgggaaa agtcaaagtc gtttaatgcc

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter 27601 27661 27721 27781 27841 27901 27961 28021 28081 28141 28201 28261 28321 28381 28441 28501 28561 28621 28681 28741 28801 28861 28921 28981 29041 29101 29161 29221 29281 29341 29401 29461 29521 29581 29641 29701 29761 29821 29881 29941 30001 30061 30121 30181 30241 30301 30361 30421 30481 30541 30601 30661 30721 30781 30841 30901 30961 31021 31081 31141 31201 31261 31321 31381 31441 31501 31561 31621 31681 31741 31801 31861 31921 31981 32041 32101 32161 32221 32281 32341 32401 32461 32521 32581 32641 32701 32761 32821 32881 32941

gatttaatac gttcattaaa aacaaacttt ttatccttta gatgaattat tattggttca ttggaatcaa aaagtaagat attatcgggt ttaagatctg cgtgtaaaaa gttgtcgcaa cggggtagtt cgtagatttt aatgtataac agagccatct gtaaaaagat aaactttatg tattgtacca aagatttaaa tcctaattta atagctaact cggtatctac tttatctgcc gaatacagtg ctaggggaaa aattataata tttcctcttt cgtattcgta gttagttcgc ttttcatgtt cgaaaaagtg aaacatgcgg ttaaaatagt ttataacatt aatattactg ttaataactg ccggataaaa gtgggatagt aatttcacga atttgatact gtcctttctc tcgttaaacg cctttagaaa aactttagaa gaatatctca atgagagttc ctgaccgtcc atagtttgta tcaataatag taacatatta agaacccgtt tatacagtgt atgtaaaaat gttaatttat agtttaatcc catggccaat gcacacacga ttaatttttt ttcgtctccc tttagattgt tgtatagaaa ttttggtacc gtgaactccg ccgtagtttc catgggacta tataattttg tggcctcgaa tacaaatttt actacatagt tatctatctt aaagactata ccatatcctc ctgtagatat gtgataaaaa tcgtcgttta taggataaaa tcgtttatct ttttgttgga aaaatgatga attaatgtaa tcattctctt ctatctttag tagtgtttcc ctattaaaat tcttaaaata atttaacaat ctaactgacg gagcccaatt ttggtgtaaa tctaattgtg acattatgtt gttaaaatat aaacagtctc ctaatataac agtatcagat aatctatgtg gagacatcca ttgatattca ggggatgaat cattggcaac acccatttat tgtacaaaaa gccccaattt acaaataaaa gtccaggttt gatagagaca aactattaac tatcgtgtct ctgtttttaa cacctccaca gtttttaatt tctttggtaa taaaattatt cactatatca gtatcttctt tatctaccag agattttact aacttgataa ccttggctgt ctcattcaat agggtagtga tatttgtatg agtgatattg atatcttttt gaattgtttc ttttagaagt gattctttga tggtgttagc atacaaatta caataatgca gaaactcagt taacatacag gaattatagt aagccaattc caattgctgt ccgtattgta ttagagtatc gatatgagta atggtgtcct tgcgtttttc tgatagaatg cgagcagcga ttttggcgtt atcatttgat gatatgtttg gaatgacgaa tcctgtttct actaactttt tggtaggaca aagtgaaaca atcaagaaga tagcttctcc tcctatttgt agaagaaatt gaactcctct agatgatcta ctgacgatag tatctccttg acagatattg gtccgaatta cagaagtacc tggaatgtaa agccctgaaa ccccctcatt ttttaagcag attgttgccg taaatcctgc actatgtcca agatagagag ctcctttggt gaatccatct ctatgtttca gtttaaccaa gaaacagtca gctggtctaa aatttccatc tctatctaat acagcatcca acttgatgtc aggaactatg accggtttaa tgttatatgt aacattaagt aaatccttaa gttcataatc atcactgtca tcagttatgt acgatccaaa caatgtttct accgacatag tggatacgaa gatactatcc atcagaatgt ttccctgatt agtattttct atatagctat tcttctttaa acgattttcc aaatcagtaa ctatgttcat ttttttagga gtatgacgcc tagccagcat ggaagagaat tttctagatc ctctcttcaa catctttaat ctcaatggga tgcaaaaccc catggtgtaa caactaacga taaaaataat attgtttttc actttttata attttaccat ttgactcatg acttcattga tatctttata cgagctacga atatataatt ctttataact gaactgagat atatacactg gatctatggt ttccataatt gagtaaataa atgctctgca ataactaatg gcaaatgtat aaaacaacaa aattatacta gagttgttaa agttaatatt ttctattagt tgttccaata aattatttgt tgtgactgtg ttcaagtcat aaatcatttt gatactatcc aataaacagt ctttaagttc tggaatatta tcatcccatt gtaaagcccc taattcgact atcgaatacc ctgctctggt agccgtttca atatcgacgg acgtcaatac tgtaataaag gtggtagtat tgtcatcatc atgatacaca acaggaatat ggtcgttagt aggtacggtg actttacaca acgcgatata taactttcct tttgtgccat ttttaacgta gttgggacgt cctgcagggt attgttttga agaaatgata tcgagaacag atttgatacg atatttgttg gatttctgat tattcactat aatataatct agacagatag atgattcgat aaataaagaa gatatatcgt tggtaggata atacatcccc attccagtat tcttggatac tctattgatg acactagtta agaacatgtc ttcaattcta gaaaacgaaa acatcctaca cggactcatt aaaacttcta gcgctcctga ttgtgtctca aatgcctcat acaatgattt caaggatgtc atagattctt taacccacga tttaatattg cgtttagcat ctattttttt tattaaatcg aatggtcggc tctctggttt gctaccccaa tgataacaat agtcttgtaa agataaaccg caagaaaatt tatacgcatc catccaaata actcttgcac catcagatga tatcagtata ttattataga ttttccatcc acaattattg ggccagtata ctgttagcaa cggtatatcg aatagattac tcatgtaacc tactagaatg atagttcgtg tactagtcat aatatcttta atccaatcta agaaatttaa aattagatct tttacactgt taaagttaac aaaggtatta cccgggtacg tggatatcat atatggcatt ggtccattat cagtaatagc tccataaact gatacggtga tggtttttat atgtgtttga tctaacgagg aagaaatttg cgcccataat tcatctctag atatgtattt aatatcaaac ggtaacacat caatttcggg acgcgtatat gtttctaaat ttttaatcca aatataatga tgacctatat gccctattat catactgtca actatagtac acttagagaa cttacgatac atctgtttcc tataatcgtt aaattttaca aatctataac atgctaaacc ttttgacgac aaccattcat taatttctga tatggaatct gtattctcga tacagtatcg ttttaaagcc agtgctatat ctccctgttc gtgagaacgc tttcgtataa tatcaatcaa cggataatct gaggtttttg gagaataata tgactcatga tctatttcgt ccataaacaa tctagacata ggaattggag gcgatgatct taattttgtg caatgagtag ttaatcctat aacttctaat cttgtaatat tcatcatcga cataatacta tctatgttat catcgtatat tagtatacca tgaccttctt catttcgtgc caaaatgata tacagtctta aatagttacg caatatctca atagtttcat aattgttagc tgttttcatt aagatttgta ccctgtttaa catgatggtg ttctatacgt ctttattttc tatttttaat tttttaaatt tttaacgatt tactgtggct agatacccaa tctctctcaa atattttttt agcctcgctt acaagctgtt tatctatact attaaaacta acaaatccgt gattttggta atgggttccg tcaaaatttg ccgacgtgat atgaacatat tcatcgtcga ctatcaacaa ttttgtatta ttctgaatag tgaaaacctt cacagataga tcattttgaa cacacaacgc atctagactt tcggcggttg ccatagaata tacgtcgttc ttatcccaat taccaactaa aagtctgatc ttaactcctc tattaatggc tgcttctata atggagttgt aaatgtcggg ccaatagtag ctattaccat cgacacgtgt agtgggaact attgccaaat gttcaatatc tatactagtt ttagctgacc taagtttatc aataactaca tcggtatcta gatctctaga atatcccaat aggtgttccg gagaatcagt aaagaacact ccacctatag gattcttaat atgatacgca gtgctaactg gcagacaaca agccgaagag tataaattca accatgaatt ttttacgcta ttaaaggctt taaaagtatc aaatcttcta cgaagatctg tggccagtgg tggataatca gaatatacac ctaacgtttt aattgtatgt atagatcctc cagtaaatga cgcgtttcct acataacatc tttcatcatc tgatacccaa aaacatccaa gtagtagtcc tacgttattt tttttatcaa tattaacggt tataaaattt atatccgggc agtgactttg tagctctccc agatttcttt tccctcgttc atctagcaaa actattattt taatcccttt ttcagatgcc tcttttagtt tatcaaaaat aagcgctccc ctagtcgtac tcagaggatt acaacaaaaa gatgctatgt atatatattt cttagctaga gtgataattt cgttaaaaca ttcaaatgtt gtcaaatgat cggatctaaa atccatattt tctggtagtg tttctaccag tctacatttt gctcccgcag gtgctgatgt aaatggccac atttagttaa caaaaaaaat ttacatatcc tgttccatca acgattctag aacgtcatcg gttatatcgc taaaatcttc atcaaagtcg acatcacaac ctagctcagt caatatatta agaagttccg tgatattatc ttcatcgatt tctatatcca tatcggatgt agataattga ctgattattg

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33001 agttaaaatc agtactaatt tccaaccctt cagaatatac tttgtgtttc atggtaatat 33061 cggtagcgta tttaagttgg tagatttttc aattatgcat caatatagca acagtagttc 33121 ttgctcctcc ttaattctag catcttcttc attattttct tctacataca taagcatctc 33181 caatacgtta gacagcacac cgatgatggc ggccgccaca gacacgaata tgactagact 33241 gatgaccatt taaaaaaaca ctctagcttt cacttaaact gtatcgatca ttcttttagc 33301 acatgtataa tataaaaaca ttattctatt tcgaatttag gcttccaaaa atttttcatc 33361 cgtaaaccga taataatata tatagacttg ttaatagttg gaataaatag attaatgctt 33421 aaactatcat catctccacg attagagata caatatttac attctttttg ctgtttcgaa 33481 actttatcaa tacacgttaa tacaaaccca ggaaggagat attgaaactg aggctgttga 33541 aaatgaaacg gtgaatacaa tagttcagat aatgtaaaat catgattccg tattctgatg 33601 atattagaac tactaatgga tgtcaatggt atgtatctag gagtatctat tttaacaaag 33661 catctatttg ctaatataca attatccttt tgattaattg ttattttatt catattctta 33721 aaaggtttca tatttatcaa ttcttctaca ttaaaaattt ccatttttaa tttatgtagc 33781 ccgcaatact cctcattacg tttcattttt tgtctataat atccattttg tttatctcag 33841 tacatagatt atccaattga gaagcacatt tagtagtttt gtacatttta agtttattga 33901 cgaatcgtcg aaaactagtt atagttaaca ttttattatt tgataccctg atattaatac 33961 ccctaccgtt actattattt ataactgatg taacccacgt aacattagaa ttaattatcg 34021 atagtaatgc attcacgctt ccaaaattgt ctattataaa ctcaccaata atttttttat 34081 tgcatgtttt catattcatt aggattatca aatctttaat cttattacga ttgtatgcgt 34141 taatattaca agacgtcatt ctaaaagacg gaggatctcc atcaaatgcc agacaatcac 34201 gtacaaagaa catggaaata ggttttgttc tattgcgcat catagattca tatagaacac 34261 ccgtagaaat actaatttgt tttactctat aaaatactaa tgcatctatt tcatcgtttt 34321 gtataacgtc tttccaagtg gcgaattcca aatttttttc attgatagta ccaaattctt 34381 ctatctcttt aactatttgc atagataggt aattacagtg atgtctacat gccgtttttt 34441 gaaactgaat agatgcatct aaaagcgatg ctacgctagt cacgatcacc actttcatat 34501 ttagaatata tgtatgtaaa aatatagtag aatttcattt tgtttttttc tatgctataa 34561 atgaattctc attttgcatc tgcccatact ccgttttata tcaataccaa agaaggaaga 34621 tatctggttc taaaagctgt taaagtatgc gatgttagaa ctgtagaatt cgaaggaagt 34681 aaagcttcct gcgtactcaa agtagataaa ccctcatcgc ccgcgagcga gagaagacct 34741 tcgtcaccgt ccagatgcga gagaatgaat aacccaggaa aacaagttcc gtttatgagg 34801 acggacatgc tacaaaatat gttcgcggct aatcgcgata atgtagcttc tagacttttg 34861 tcctaaaata ctattatatc tttttcgata ttaataaatc cgtgtcgccc atgtttttta 34921 tctctttcag tatgtgaata gataggtatt ttatctctat tcatcatcga atttaagaga 34981 tccgataaac attgtttgta tgctccagat gtcagcatct gatacaacaa tatatgtgca 35041 cataaacctc tggcacttat ttcgtgtacc ttccccttat cactaaggag aatagtattt 35101 gagaaatatg tatacataat attatcatga attagatata cagaatttgt aacactctcg 35161 aaatcacacg atgtgtctgc gttaagatct aatatatcac tcgataacac attttcatct 35221 agatacacta gacatttttt aaagctaaaa tagtctttag tagtaacagt aactacgcga 35281 ttattttcat cgatgatgca tttcatcggc atattattac gcttaccatc aaagactata 35341 ccatgtgtat atctaacgta ttctagcata gttgccatac gcgcattaaa cttttcagga 35401 tctttggata gatcttccaa tctatctatt tgagaaaaca tttttatcat gttcaatagt 35461 tgaaacgtcg ggtccactat atagatatta tctataaaga ttttaggaac tacgttcatg 35521 gtatcctggc gaatattaaa actatcaatg atatgattat cgttttcatc ttttatcacc 35581 atatagtttc taagatatgg gattttactt aatataatat tatttcccgt aataaatttt 35641 attagaaatg ccaaatctat aagaaaagtc ctagaattag tctgaagaat atctatatca 35701 ccgtaccgta tatttggatt aattagatat agagaatatg atccgtaaca tatacaactt 35761 ttattatggc gtctaagata ttcttccatc aacttattaa catttttgac tagggaagat 35821 acattatgac gtcccatcac ttttgccttg tctattactg caacgttcat agaatttagc 35881 atatctcttg ccaattcttc cattgatgtt acattataag aaattttaga tgaaattaca 35941 tttggagctt taatagtaag aactcctaat atgttcgtgt atgtggtcac taatacagat 36001 tgtagttcta taatcgtaaa taatttacct atattatatg tttgagtctg tttagaaaag 36061 tagctaagta tacgatcttt tatttctgat gcagatgtat caacatcgga aaaaaatctt 36121 tttttattct tttttactaa agatacaaat atgtctttgt taaaaacagt tattttctga 36181 atatttctag tttgtaattt taacatatga tattcattca cactaggtaa tctacctaaa 36241 taggtttcta taatctttaa tgtaatatta ggaaaagtat tatgatcagg attcctattc 36301 attttgagga tttaaaactc tgattattgt ctaatatggt ctcaacgcaa actttttcac 36361 agagcgatag agtttttgat aactcgtttt tcttaagaaa tataaaacta ctgtctccag 36421 agcttgctct atcttttatt ttatctaatt cgatacaaac tcctgatact ggttcagaaa 36481 gtaattcatt aattttcagt cctttataga agatatttaa tatagataat acaaaatttt 36541 cagtttttga tatcgatctg attgatccta gaactagata tattaataac gtgctcatta 36601 ggcagtttat ggcagcttga taattagata tagtatattc cagttcatat ttattagata 36661 ccgcattgcc cagattttga tattctatga attcctctga aaataaatcc aaaataacta 36721 gacattctat tttttgtgga ttagtgtact ctcttccctc tatcatgttc acaactggtg 36781 tccacgatga taaatatcta gagggaatat aatatagtcc ataggatgcc aatctagcaa 36841 tgtcgaataa ctgtaatttt attcttcgct cttcattatg aattgattct tgaggtataa 36901 acctaacaca aattatatta ttagactttt cgtatgtaat gtctttcatg ttataagttt 36961 ttaatcctgg aatagaatct attttaatga ggcttttaaa cgcagagttc tccaacaagt 37021 caaaacataa tactctgttg gttttcttat atacaatatt acgattttct tctttgaatg 37081 gaataggttt ttgaattagt ttataattac aacataataa ataaggaagt gtgcaaatag 37141 tacgcggaaa aaacataata gctcccctgt tttcatccat ggttttaagt aaatgatcac 37201 tggcttcttt agtcaatgga tattcgaaca ttaaccgttt catcatcatt ggacaaaatc 37261 catatttctt aatgtaaaga gtgatcaaat cattatgttt attgtaccat cttgttgtaa 37321 atgtgtattc ggttatcgga tctgctcctt tttctattaa agtatcgatg tcgatctcgt 37381 ctaagaattc aactatatcg acatatttca tttgtataca cataaccatt actaacgtag 37441 aatgtatagg aagagatgta acgggaacag ggtttgttga ttcgcaaact attctaatac 37501 ataattcttc tgttaatacg tcttgcacgt aatctattat agatgccaag atatctatat 37561 aattattttg taagatgatg ttaactatgt gatctatata agtagtgtaa taatttatgt 37621 atttcgatat atgttccaac tctgtctttg tgatgtctag ttttgtaata tctatagcat 37681 cctcaaaaaa tatattcgca tatattccca agtcttcagt tctatcttct aaaaaatctt 37741 caacgtatgg aatataataa tctattttac ctcttctgat atcattaatg atatagtttt 37801 tgacactatc ttctgtcaat tgattcttat tcactatatc taagaaacgg atagcgtccc 37861 taggacgaac tactgccatt aatatctcta ttatagcttc tggatataat tcatctatta 37921 taccagaatt aataggaact attccgtatt tatctaacat agttttaaga aagtcagaat 37981 ctaagacctg atgttcatat attggttcat acatgaaatg atctctattg atgatagtga 38041 ctatttcgtt ctctgaaaat tggtaactca ttctatatat gctttccttg ttgatgaagg 38101 ataggatata ctcaatagaa tttgtaccaa caaactgttc tcttatgaat cgtatatcat 38161 catctgaaat aatcatgtaa ggcatacatt taacaataag agacttgtct cctgttatca 38221 atatactatt cttgtgataa tttatgtgtg aggcaaattt gtccacgttc tttaattttg 38281 ttatagtaga tatcaaatcc aatggagcta cagttcttgg cttaaacaga tatagttttt 38341 ctggaacgaa ttctacaaca ttattataaa ggactttggg tagataagtg ggatgaaatc

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38401 ctattttaat taatgcaata gccttgtcct cgtgcagata tccaaacgct tttgtgatag 38461 tatggcattc attgtctaaa aacgctctac gaatatctgt gacagatatc atctttagag 38521 aatactagtc gcgttaatag tactaaaatt tgtattttta atctatctca ataaaaaatt 38581 aatatttatg atttaatgta taactttact aactgttatt gataactaga atcagaatct 38641 aatgatgacg taaccaagaa gtttatctac agccaattta gctgcattat ttttagcatc 38701 tcgtttagat tttccatcgg ccttatcgaa tactctcccg tcgatgtcta cacaggcata 38761 aaatgtagga gagttactag gccccactga ttcaatacga aaagaccaat ctctcttagt 38821 tatttggcag tactcattaa taatggtgac agggttagca tttttccaat caataatttt 38881 tttagccgga ataacatcat caaaagactt atgatcctct ctcattgatt tttcgcggga 38941 tacatcatct attatgacgt cagccatagt catagcatcc ggcttatccg cctcagttgt 39001 cataaaccaa cgaggaggaa tatcgtcgga gctgtacacc atagcactac gttgaagatc 39061 gtacagagct ttattaactt ctcgcttctc catattaagt tgtctagtta gttgtacagc 39121 agtaactcct tcaagtccaa tgtttttaat agcctcacat acaatctctg cgtcagaacg 39181 ctcgtcaata tagatcttag acatttttag agagaactac cgcaactagt aataaaacta 39241 atctatttta tcattttttt attcatcatc ttctggtggt tcatcgttcc tatcgaatgt 39301 gactctgatt aacccatcat ctataggtga tgctggttct ggagattctg gaggagatgg 39361 attattatct ggaagaatct ctgttatttc cttgttttta tgtatcgatt gcgttgtaac 39421 attaagattg cgaaatgctc taaatttggg aggcttgaag tgttgtttgc aatctctaca 39481 cgcgtgtcta actaatggag gttcatcagc ggctctagtt tgaatcatca tcggtgtagt 39541 attcctactt ttacagttag gacacggtgt attgtatttc tcgttgagaa cgttaaagta 39601 atcattgtaa ctcacatcct ttattttatc tatattgtat tctactcctt tcttaatgca 39661 ttttataccg aataagagat agcgaaggaa ttctttttcg gtaccgctag tacccttaat 39721 catgtcacat agtgttttat attccaaatt tgtggcaatg aacggtttat ttctatacga 39781 tagtttgttt ctagaatcct ttgagtattc tataccaata ttattctttg attcgaattt 39841 agtttcttcg atattggatt ttgtattacc tatattcttg atgtagtact ttgatgattt 39901 ttccatggcc cattctatta agtcttccaa gttggcatca tccacatatt gtgatagtaa 39961 ttctcggata ttagtagcgg ctaccgccat tgatgtttgt tcattggatg agtaactact 40021 aatgtataca ttttccattt ataacacgta tgtattaact ttgttcattt atattttttc 40081 attattatgt tgatattaac aaaagtgaat atatatatgt taataattgt attgtggtta 40141 tatggctaca atttcataat gagcggaagt cagtgtccga tgattaatga cgatagattt 40201 actctgaaaa gaaagtatca aatcgatagt gtagagtcga caatgaaaat ggataagaag 40261 aggacaaagt ttcaaaatag agccaaaatg gtaaaagaaa taaatcagac aataagagca 40321 gcacaaactc attacgagac attgaaacta ggatacataa aatttaagaa aatgattagg 40381 actactactt tagaagatat aacaacatct attccaaata ttcagaaaat ttataaacta 40441 ttctcggaca tttcagccat tggcaaagta tcacagaatc cgagtaaaat ggcatatgct 40501 ttactgcttt acatgttccc caatttgttt ggagatgacc atagattcat tctttataga 40561 atgtttccaa tgagtaaaat caaacacaag atcttctctc ctttcaaact taatcttatt 40621 agaatattag tggaagaaag attctataat aatgaatgca gatctaataa atggagaata 40681 attggaacac aagttgataa aatgttgata gctgaatctg ataaatatac aatagatgca 40741 aggtatcgcc taagacctat atatagaatc aagggaaaat ctgaagaaga taccctcttc 40801 atcaaacaga tggtagacca atgtgtgaca tcccaggaat tggtggaaaa agtgttgaag 40861 atactgttta gagatttgtt caagagtgga gaatacaaag cgtacagata cgatgatgac 40921 gtagaaaatg gattcattgg attggataaa ctaaaattaa acattgttca tgatatagtt 40981 gaaccatgta tgcctgttcg taggccagtg gctaagatac tgtgtaaaga aatggtaaat 41041 aaatactttg agaatccgct gcatattatt ggtaagaatc ttcaagagtg cattgacttt 41101 gttagtgaat aggcatttca tctttctcca atactaattc aaattgttaa attaataatg 41161 gatatagtat aaatagttat tagaataaga gtgtagtatc atagataagt atttactttc 41221 ttctataaaa tggattttat tcgtagaaag tatcttatat acacagtaga aaataatata 41281 gattttttaa aggatgatac attaagtaaa gtaaacaatt ttaccctcaa tcatgtacta 41341 gctctcaagt atctagttag caattttcct caacacgtta ttactaagga tgtattagct 41401 aataccaatt tttttgtttt catacatatg gtacgatgtt gtaaagtgta cgaagcggtt 41461 ttacgacacg catttgatgc acccacgttg tacgttaaag cattgactaa gaattattta 41521 tcgtttagta acgcaataca atcgtacaag gaaacagtgc ataaactaac acaagatgaa 41581 aaatttttag aggtagccga atacatggaa gaattaggag aacttatagg ggtaaattat 41641 gacttagttc ttaatccatt atttcacgga ggggaaccca tcaaagatat ggaaatcatt 41701 tttttaaaac tgtttaagaa aacagacttt aaagttgtta aaaaattaag tgttataaga 41761 ttacttattt gggcttacct aagcaagaaa gatacaggta tagagtttgc ggataatgat 41821 agacaagata tatatactct atttcaacac actggtagaa tagtccatag caatctaaca 41881 gaaacgttta gagattatat ctttcccgga gataagacta gctattgggt gtggttaaac 41941 gaaagtatag ctaatgatgc agatatcgtt cttaatagac ccgccattac catgtatgat 42001 aaaattctta gttatatata ctctgagata aaacagggac gtgttaataa aaacatgctt 42061 aagttagttt atatctttga gcctgaaaaa gatatcagag aacttctgct agaaatcata 42121 tatgatattc ctggagatat cctatctatt attgatgcaa aaaacgacga ttggaaaaaa 42181 tattttatta gtttttacaa agctaatttt attaacggta atacatttat tagcgataga 42241 acgtttaacg aggatttatt cagagttgtt gttcaaatag atcctgaata ttttgataat 42301 gaacgaatta tgtctttatt ctctacgagt gctgtggaaa ttaaacgatt tgatgagtta 42361 gatattaata acagttatat atctaatata atttatgagg tgaacgatat cacattagat 42421 acaatggatg atatgaagaa gtgccaaatc tttaacgagg atacatcgta ttatgttaag 42481 gaatacaata catacctgtt tttgaacgag acggatccca tggtcataga gaacggaata 42541 ctaaagaaac tgtcatctat aaaatccaag agtagacgac tgaacttgtt tagcaaaaac 42601 attttaaaat attatttaga cggacaattg gctcgtctag gtcttgtgtt agatgattat 42661 aaaggagact tgttagttaa aatgataaac catctcaagt ttgtggagga tgtatcagca 42721 ttcgttagat tttctacaga taaaaaccct agtgttcttc catcgctaat caacactatt 42781 ttagctagtt ataatatttc catcattgtc ctatttcaaa agtttttaag agataatcta 42841 tatcatgtag aaaaattctt ggataaaagc atccatctaa ccaagacgga taagaaatat 42901 atacttcaat tgataaggca cggcagatca tagaacaaac caaatatatt attaataatt 42961 tgtatataca tagatataat tatcacatat taaaattcac acatttttga taaatgggaa 43021 ctactgcaac aatttagact cccaccaaat taatgaataa agagaatgca gaaatgattt 43081 tggaaaaatt gttgatcata tagttatgta tattagtgac gaatcaagag atgaaaataa 43141 tcctgaatat attgattttc gtaacagata cggagactat agatctttca ttataaaaag 43201 tgatcacggg tttgtaaaga tcatgcagag aaaagttctc caaaaacaca acaaatgata 43261 atcaaacaca tctacgaaca atatcttatt tcggtatctg aagtacttat taaaacctat 43321 gatatccatg ggtgacataa ttacatataa cggatgtaaa gacaataaat ggatgctaga 43381 acaactctct accctaaact ttaacaatct ccacgtatgg aactcatgta gcataggtaa 43441 tgtaacgcgt atattttata cattttttag ttatctgatg aaagataaac tagatatata 43501 aataatccca ttctaatact ttaacatgtg tattacatgc atcttattag aatattaacc 43561 taactaaaag acataatata aaaacttatt acatagttga taaaaagcgg taggctataa 43621 atattatggc agcagtcgtt ccgcgttttg atgacgtgta caaaaatgca cagcgaagaa 43681 ttctagatca agaaacattt tttagtagag gtctaggtag accgttaatg aagaacacat 43741 atttgtttga taattacgcg tatggatgga taccagaaac ggcaatttgg agtagtcgat

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter 43801 43861 43921 43981 44041 44101 44161 44221 44281 44341 44401 44461 44521 44581 44641 44701 44761 44821 44881 44941 45001 45061 45121 45181 45241 45301 45361 45421 45481 45541 45601 45661 45721 45781 45841 45901 45961 46021 46081 46141 46201 46261 46321 46381 46441 46501 46561 46621 46681 46741 46801 46861 46921 46981 47041 47101 47161 47221 47281 47341 47401 47461 47521 47581 47641 47701 47761 47821 47881 47941 48001 48061 48121 48181 48241 48301 48361 48421 48481 48541 48601 48661 48721 48781 48841 48901 48961 49021 49081 49141

acgcaaacct agatgcaagt gactattatc ccatttcgtt gggattactt aaaaagttta agtttctcat gtctctatat aaaggtccta ttccagtata cgaagaaaaa gtaaatactg aattcatagc caatggatcg ttctctggta gatacgtatc atatcttcga aagttttctg ctcttccaac aaacgagttt attagttttt tgttactgac ttccattcca atctataata tcttgttctg gtttaaaaat actcagtttg atattactaa acacacatta ttcagatacg tctatacaga taatgccaaa cacctggcat tggctaggta tatgcatcaa acaggagact ataagccttt gtttagtcgt ctcaaagaga attatatatt taccggtccc gttccaatag gtatcaaaga tatagatcac cctaatctta gtagagcaag aagtccatcc gactatgaga cattagctaa tattagtact atattgtact ttaccaagta tgatccggta ttaatgtttt tattgtttta cgtacctggg tattcaatta ctacaaaaat tactccagca gtagagtatc taatggataa actgaaacta acaaagaacg atgtacaact gttgtgaata ttttatgctt cgtaaaatgt aggtcttgaa ccaaacattc tttcaaagaa tgagatacat aaaactttat tatccaatag attgactatt tcggacgtca atcgtttaaa gtaaacttcg taaaatattc tttgatcact accgagttta aaacttctat cgataattgt ttcatatgtt ttaatattta caagtttttt ggtccatggt acattagccg gacaaatata tgcaaaataa tatcgttctc caagttctat agtctctgga ttatttttat tatattcagt aaccaaatac atattagggt tatctgcgga tttataattt aagtgatgca ttcgactcaa cataaataat tctagaggag acgatctact atcaaattcg gatcgtaaat ctgtttctaa agaacggaga atatctatac atacctgatt agaattcatc cgtccttcag acaacatctc agacagtctg gtcttgtata tcttaatcat attcttatga aacttggaaa catctcttct agtttcacta gtacctttat taattctctc aggtacagat tttgaattcg atgatgccga gtatttcatc gttgtatatt tcttcttcga ttgcataatc agattcttat ataccgcctc aaactctatt ttaaaattat taaacaatac tctactatta atcagtcgtt ctaattcctt tgctatttct atggacttat ctacatcttg actgtctatc tctgtaaaca cggagtcggt atctccgtac acgctacgaa aacgaaatct gtaatctata ggcaacgatg ttttcacaat cggattaata tctctatcgt ccatataaaa tggattactt aatggattgg caaaccgtaa cataccgtta gataactctg ctccatttag taccgattct agatacaaga tcattctacg tcctatggat gtgcaactct tagccgaagc gtatgagtat agagcactat ttctaaatcc catcagacca tatactgagt tggctatgat cttgtacgta tactgcatgg aatcatagat ggccttttca gttgaactgg tagcctgttt tagcatcttt ttatatctgg ctctctctgc caaaaatgtt cttaatagtc taggaatggt tccttctatt gatctatcga aaattgctat ttcagagatg aggttaggta gtctaggttc acaatgaacc gtaatatatc taggcggtgg atatttctga agcaagagct gattatttat ttcttcttcc aatctattgc tactaacaac gacaccgact aatgtttccg gagatagatt tccaaagata cacacattag gatacagact gttataatca aagattaata cattattact aaacattttt tgttttggag caaatacctt accgccttca taaggaaact tttgttttgt ttctgatcta actaagatag ttttagtttc caacaatagc tttaacagtg gacccttgat gactgtactc gctttatacc cgaataccat ggattgagga agcacatatg ttgacgcacc cgcgtctgtt tttgtttcta ctccataata ctcccacaaa tactgacaca agcaagcatc atgaatacag tatctagcca tatctaaagc tatgtttaga ttataatcct tatacatctg tgctagatca acgtcatcct ttccgaacga taatttatac gtatcatttg ttaaagtggg acatgatagt acaactttga atccattttc ccaaatatct ttatgaatta ctttacatat aatatcatca accgtcacat aattacctgt ggttaaaacc tttgcaaata cagcggcttt gcctttagcg tccgtagtat cgtcaccgat gaacgtcatt tctctaactc ctctatttaa tactttaccc atgcaactaa acgcgttctt ggatatagaa tccaatttgt acgaatccaa tttttcagat ttttgaatga atgaatacag atcaaaaaat atagttccat tattgttatt aacgtgaaac gtagtattgg ccatgccacc tacccccttg tgactagact gatttctctc ataaatacag agatgtacag cttccttttt gtctggagat ctaaagataa tcttctctcc ggttaataat tctagacgat tagtaatata tctcagatca aagttatgtc cgttaaaggt aacaatatag tcgaacgtta gttccaacaa ttgtttagct atttgtagca aaactatttc agaacacaga actagttctc tctcataatc catttccatc agtgactgta tcctcaaaca tcctctatcg acggcttctt gtatttcctg ttccgttaac atctcttcat taataagcgt aaacaataat cgtttaccac ttaaatcgat ataacagtaa cttgtatgag agattgggtt aataaataca gaaggaaact tcttatcgaa gtgacactct atatctagaa ataagtacga tcttgggata tcgaatctag gtatttcttt agcgaaacag ttacgtggat cgccacaatg ataacatcca ttgttaatct ttgttaaata ttgatcgtcc aacgaataac atccgtctgg agatatcccg ttagaaatat aaaaccaact aatattgaga aattcatcca tagtggcgtt ttgtatgttg cgtttctttg gctcttctat taaccacata tctgcgacgg agcattttct atctttaata tctagattat aacttattgt ctcgtcaatg tctatagttc tcatctttcc cattggcctc gcattaaatg gaggaggagc caatgactga tatatttcgt ctgtcactac gtaataaaag taatgaggaa atcgtataaa tactgtctcg ccatttcgac atctggattt cagatataaa aatctgtttt caccatgact ttcgaaccaa ttaatacacc gaacatccat ttctagaatt tagaaatata ttttcattta aatgaatccc aaacattggg gaagagccgc ttggaccatt atttttatag tactttcaca agcgggttta gacggcaaca tagaagcgtg taaacgaaaa ctatatacta tagtcagcac tcttccatgt cctgcctgca gacgacacgc aactatcgct atagaggaca ataatattat gtctagcaat gatctaaatt atatttatta ttttttcatc agattattta acaatttggc atctgatccc aaatacgcaa tcgatgtgtc aaaggttaaa cctttataaa cttaacccat tataaaactt atgattagtt acgactgaaa taaccgcatg attatttttt ggtataattc tacacggcat agtttctgta actatgaatt ctacccccgt tacatttgta taatctttaa caaacagtaa gggctcgtca aatacgtaaa actcattact tacgatagaa atagatccct tatcacactt aaaataaaaa atatccttat cctttaccac caaataaaat tctgattggt caatgtgaat gtattcactt aacaattcca caaatttatt tattaactcc gaggcacata catcgtcggt attttttatg acaaacttta ctcttccagc atccgtttct aaaaaaatat taacgagttc catttatatc atccaatatt attgaaatga cgttgatgga cagatgatgc aaataagaag gtacaatacc tttgtctacc atctcctcca attcatgctc tattttgtca ttaactttaa tgtgtgaaaa cagtacgcca catgcttcca taacagtgtg taacactttt aatacgaaat gtctgatggc gacataattg ttcaaaactg ccaatctata atagatggtg gccacaatat attctatgat ggtattgaag aagataacaa ccttggcata ttgatcattt gatacggaca tggtatcaac agatagcttg aatgaaagag actcagtaat cggaataagt gttttctcaa tggagtgtcc gtataccaac atgtctgata ttttgatgta caccatcaaa ttgtttagtt ttctcttttt atcctcatta aacagcattt ctgtcaatgg accccaacat ctttgaccga ttaagttttg attgattctt ccatgtaagg cgtatctagt cagatcgtat aatctagcca acaatccatc gtcggtgttt aggtcacatc gtatactttt taattctcta tagaagagag acacacacct ggaacaatta cagacagtaa tttctttatt atctacagat gtaagatact tgaagacatt cctatgatga tgtagaattt ttgataacac tgtattgatg gtatctgtta ccataatacc ttttatggcg gacagtgtca gagcacagga tttccaatct tttgcaattt tcagtaccat tatctttgtt ttgatatcta tattagatag catggtgcgt ctgacaacac agggattaag acgaaaagat gaaatgattc tatctacatc ttcaatagat accttgctat tttttctggc attatctata tgtgagagaa tatcctctag agaatcagta tcctttttga taatagtgga tctcaatgac atgggacgtc taaaccttct tattttatca cctgtttgca tggtgatttg

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter 49201 49261 49321 49381 49441 49501 49561 49621 49681 49741 49801 49861 49921 49981 50041 50101 50161 50221 50281 50341 50401 50461 50521 50581 50641 50701 50761 50821 50881 50941 51001 51061 51121 51181 51241 51301 51361 51421 51481 51541 51601 51661 51721 51781 51841 51901 51961 52021 52081 52141 52201 52261 52321 52381 52441 52501 52561 52621 52681 52741 52801 52861 52921 52981 53041 53101 53161 53221 53281 53341 53401 53461 53521 53581 53641 53701 53761 53821 53881 53941 54001 54061 54121 54181 54241 54301 54361 54421 54481 54541

tctgctttct tttaacatga tgtaatctct aaattcattg gcaaattgtc tatatctaaa atcataatat gagatgttta cctctacaaa tatctgttcg tccaatgtta gagtatctac atcagtcttg tattccaaat taaacatggc aacggattta attttatatt cctctattag gtccttgtcg acaataacag agtgcagata atcatttaat ccgtcgtaca tggttggaag atgcgcatta acaaaatctt taattgtctt gatgaaggtg ggactatatc taacatcttg attaataaaa tttataacat tttccatagg atactttgta actagcttta tacacatctc ttcatctgta agtttagaca gaatatcgtg aacaggtggt atattatatt catcagatat acgaagaata atgttcaaat ctagattgtt taatatatta tatagatgta gtgtagctcc tacaggaata tctttaacta agtcaattat ttcatcaacc gttagatcta ttttaaagtt aatcatatag gcattgattt ttaaaaggta tgtagccttg attacattct cattaattaa ccattccaag tcactatgtg taagaagatt atattctatc ataagcttga ctacatttgg tcccgatacc attaaagaat tcttatgata taaggaaaca gcttttaggt actcatctac tctacaagaa ttttggagag ccttaacgat atcagtgacg tttattattt caggaggaaa aaacctaaca ttgagaatgt cggagttaat agcttccaga tacagtgatt ttggcaatag tccgtgtaat ccataatcca gtaacacgag ctggtgcttg ctagacacct tttcaatgtt taattttttt gaaataagct ttgataaagc cttccttgca aattccggat acatgaacat gtcgccgaca tgaatgagta ttttttttca gtattttata tttttcttaa caagttctca atacaccaat agatgataga atatcaccca atgcgtccat gttgtctatt tccaacaggt cgctatatcc accaatagaa gttttcccaa aaaatattct aggaacagtt ctaccaccag taatttgttc aaaatagtcg tgcaatttat tttcgggttt aaattcttta atatcgacaa tttcatacgc tcctcttttg aaactaaact tatttagaat atccagtgcg tttctacaaa aaggacatgt aaacttgaca aaaattgtga ctttgttatt ggtcaacctt tgttgtacaa attcctcggc cattttaata tttaagtgat ataaaacatt ctcgacttat ttaactcttt agtcgagata tatggacgca gatagctata tgataaccaa ctacagaagg cgaacgctat aaaaaacata attacgacga gcatattcat aaatattttt attcagcatt acttgatata gtaatattag gcacagtcaa acattcaacc actctcgata catcaactct ctcattttct tcaacaaatt ctgcaatatc ttcgtaaaaa gattcttgaa acttttcaga atatctatcg acttcagatg aaatagcgtt cgtcaacata ctatgttttg tatacataaa ggcgcccatt tcaacagttt ctagtgacaa aatgctagcg atcctaggat ccttcagaat cacatagatt gacgattcgt ctctcttagt aactctagta aaataatcat acaatctagt actcgaaata atattatcct tgacttgagg agatctaaac gatctagttt tgagaacatc gataagttca tcgggaatga catacatact atctttaata gaactctttt catccagttg aatggactcg tccttaacca actgattaat aagatcttct attttatcat tttccagatg atatgtatgt ccattaaagt taaattgtgt agcgcttctt tttagtctag cagccaatac tttaacatca ctaatatcaa tatacaaagg agatgattta tcgacggtat taagaattcg tttttcaaca tccgtcaaaa ccaattcctt tttgcctgta tcatccagtt tgccattctt tgtaaagaaa ttattttcta ctagactatt aataagactg ataaggattc ctccataatt gcacaatcca aactttttta caaaactaga ctttacgaga tctacaggaa tgcgtacttc aggtttctta gcttgtgatt ttttcttttg tggacatttt ctagtgacca actcatctac catttcattg attttagcag tgaaataagc tttcaatgca cgggcactga tactattaaa aacgagttga tcttcaaatt ccaccattta agttcaccaa acaactttta aatacaaata tatcaatagt agtagaataa gaactataaa aaaaataata attaaccaat accaacccca acaaccggta ttattagttg atgtgacagt tttctcatca cttagaacag atttaacaat ttctataaag tctgtcaaat catcttccgg agaacccata aatacaccaa atatagcggc gtacaactta tccatttata cattgaatat tggcttttct ttatcactat cttcatcata ttcatcatcg atatcaacaa gtcccaaatt acgagccaaa tcttcttcta cattttcagt cattgataca cgttcactat ctccagagag tccgataacg ttagccacca cttctctatc aatgattagt ttcttaagtg caaatgtaat ttttgtttca gttccggatc tatagaaaac tacaggtgtg ataattgcct tggctaattg tctttctctt ttactgagtg attctagttc accttctata gatctgagaa tggataattc tccagtcgaa acatattcta ccatggctcc gtttaatttg ttaatgaaga tggattcatc cttaaatgtt ttctctgtaa tagtttccac caaaagacta tgcaaagaat ttggaatgcg ttccttgtgc ttaatgtttc catagacagc ttctagaagt tgatacaaca taggactagc cgcggtaact tttattttta gaaagtatcc atcacttcta tcttgtttag atttattttt ataaagttta gtctctcctt ccaacataat aaaagtggaa gtcatttgac tagataaact atcagtaagt tttatagaga tagatgaaca attagcgtat tgagaagcat ttagtgtgac gtattcgata cattttgcat tagatttact aatcgatttt gcatactcta taacacccgc acaagtctgt agagaatcgc tagatgctgt aggtcttggt gaagtttcaa ctctcttttt gattacctta ctcatgatta aacctaaata attatacttt gtaatataat gatatatatt ttcactttat ctcatttgaa aataaaaatg tttttgttta accgctgcat gatgtacaga tttcggaatc acaaaccacc agtggtttta ttttatcctt gtccaatgtg aattgaatgg gagcggatgc gggtttcgta cgtagatagt acattcccgt ttttagaccg agactccatc cgtaaaaatg catacttgtt agtttggaat aactcggatc tgctatatgg atattcatag attgactttg atcgatgaag gctcccctgt ctgcagccat ttttatgatc gtcttttgtg gaatttccca aatagtttta taaactcgct taatatcttc tggaaggttt gtattctgaa tagatccacc atctaccata atcctattct tgatctcatc attccataat tttctctcgg ttaaaactct aaggagatgc ggattaacta cttgaaattc tccagacaat actctccgag tgtaaatatt actggtatac ggttccacag actcattatt tcccaaaatt tgagcagttg atgcagtcgg cataggtgcc accaataaac tatttctaag accgtatgtt ctgattttat cttttagagg ttcccaattc caaagatccg acggtacaac attccaaaga tcatattgta gaataccgtt actggcgtac gatcctacat atgtatcgta tggtccttcc ttctcagcta gttcacaact cgcctctaat gcaccgtaat aaatggtttc gaagatcttc ttatttagat cttgtgcttc caggctatca aatggataat ttaagagaat aaacgcgtct gctaatcctt gaacaccaat accgataggt ctatgtctct tattagagat ttcagcttct ggaataggat aataattaat atctataatt ttattgaggt ttctgacaat tactttgacc acatccttca gtttgagaaa atcaaattgt ccatctatta caaacatgtt caatgcaata gatgccagat tacaaacggc tacctcatta gcatccgcat attgtattat ctcagtgcaa agattactac acttgatggt tcctaaattt tgttgattac tctttttgtt acacgcatcc ttataaagaa tgaatggcgt accagtttca atctgggatt ctataatcgc tttccagacg acacgagcct ttattataga tttgtatctc ttttctcttt cgtatagtgt atacaatcgt tcaaactcgt ctccccaaac attgtccaat ccaggacatt catccggaca catcaacgac cactctccgt catccttcac tcgtttcata aagagatcag gaatccaaag agctataaat agatctctgg ttctatgttc ctcgtttcct gtattctttt taagatcgag gaacgccata atatcagaat gccacggttc caagtatatg gtcataactc caggccgttt gtttcctccc tgatctatgt atctagcggt gttattataa actctcaaca ttggaataat accattggat gcaccattgg tcccggagat atagcttcca ctggcacgaa tattactaat tgatagacct atcccccctg ccattttaga gattaatgcg catcgtttta acgtatcata gatgccctct atactatcat ccatcatgtt aagtagaaaa cagctagaca tttggtgacg actagttccc gcattaaata aggtaggaga agcgtgcgta aaccattttt cagaaagtag attgtacgtc tcgatagctg agtctatatc ccattgatga attcctactg cgacacgcat taacatgtgc tgaggtcttt caacgatctt gttgtttatt ttcagcaagt aggatttttc

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter

54601 caaagtttta aaaccaaaat agttgtatga aaagtctcgt tcgtaaataa taactgagtt 54661 gagtttatcc ttatatttgt taactacatc catggtaata cttgaaataa tcggagaatg 54721 tttcccattt ttaggattga catagttaaa taaatccttc atcacttcac taaatagttt 54781 ttttgtttct ttgtgtagat ttgatacggc tattctagcg gctagaatgg cataatccgg 54841 atgttgtgta gtacaagtgg ctgctatttc ggctgtcaga gtgtccaatt ctaccgttgt 54901 tactccatta tatattcctt ggataacctt catagctatt ttaataggat ctatatgatc 54961 agtgtttaag ccataacata attttctaat acgagatgtg attttatcaa acatgacatt 55021 ttccttgtat ccatttcgtt taatgacaaa catttttgtt ggtgtaataa aaaaaattat 55081 ttaacttttc attaataggg atttgatgta cgtagcgtac aaaattatcg ttcctggtat 55141 atagataaag agtcctatat atttgaaaat cgttacggct cgattaaact ttaatgattg 55201 cattgtgaat atatcattag gatttaactc cttgactatc atggcggtgc cagaaattac 55261 catcaaaagc attaatacag ttataccgat cgcagttaga acggttatag catccgccat 55321 ttatatctaa aaattagatc aaagaatatg tgacaaagtc ctagttgtat actgagaatt 55381 aacgaaacaa tgtttcttac atattttttt cttattagta actgacttaa tagtaggaac 55441 tggaaagcta gacttgatta ttctataagt ataaataccc ttccaaataa tattctcttt 55501 gataaaagtt ccagaaaatg tagaattttt taaaaagtta tcttttgcta ttaccaagat 55561 tgtgtttaga cgcttattat taatatgagt gataaaatcc acaccgcctc tagatatagc 55621 ttttatttcc acattagatg gtaaatccaa tagtgaaact atctttttag gaatgtatgg 55681 actcgcgttt agaggagtga acgtcttagg cgtcggaaag gatgattcat caaacgaata 55741 aacaatttca caaatggatg ttaatgtatt agtaggaaat tttttgacgc tagtggaatt 55801 gaaaattcta atggatgatg ttctacctat ttcatcagat aacatgttaa tttccgacat 55861 caacggtttt aatatttcga taatatacgg taatctctct ttcggactta tatagcttat 55921 tccacaatac gagtcattat atactccaaa aaacaaaata actagtataa aatctgtatc 55981 gaatgggaaa aacgaaatta tcgacatagg tatagaatcc ggaacattga acgtattaat 56041 acttaattct ttttcagtgg taagtaccga taggttattg acattgtatg gttttaaata 56101 ttctataact tgagacttga tagatattaa tgacgaattg aaaattattt ttatcaccac 56161 gtgtgtttca ggatcgtcat cgatacccgt caaccaacca aacggagtaa aataaatatc 56221 attaatatat gctctagata ttagtatttt tattaatcct ttgattatca tcttctcgta 56281 cgcgaatgat tccatgatca agagtgattt gagaacatcc tccggagtat taatgggctt 56341 agtaaacagt ccatcgttgc aataataaaa gttatccaag ttaaaggata ttatgcattc 56401 gtttaaagat attacctcat ctgacggaga caattttttg gtaggtttta gagactttga 56461 agctacttgt ttaacaaagt tattcatcgt cgtctactat tctatttaat tttgtagtta 56521 atttatcaca tatcacatta attgactttt tggtccactt ttccatacgt ttatattctt 56581 ttaatcctgc gttatccgtt tccgttatat ccagggatag atcttgcaag ttaaatagaa 56641 tgctcttaaa taatgtcatt tttttatccg ctaaaaattt aaagaatgta taaacctttt 56701 ttagagattt gaaactctta ggtggtgtcc tagtacacaa tatcataaac aaactaataa 56761 acattccaca ttcagattcc aacagttgat taacttccac attaatacag cctattttcg 56821 ctccaaatat acattcgaaa aatctgaata aaacatcaat gtcgcaattt gtattatcca 56881 atacagaatg tctgtgattc gtgttaaaac catcggagaa ggaatagaaa taaaaattat 56941 tatagtggtg gaattcagtt ggaatattgc ctccggagtc ataaaaggat actaaacatt 57001 gttttttatc ataaattaca catttccaat gagacaaata acaaaatcca aacattacaa 57061 atctagaggt agaactttta attttgtctt taagtatata cgataagata tgtttattca 57121 taaacgcgtc aaatttttca tgaatcgcta aggagtttaa gaatctcatg tcaaattgtc 57181 ctatataatc cacttcggat ccataagcaa actgagagac taagttctta atacttcgat 57241 tgctcatcca ggctcctctc tcaggctcta ttttcatctt gacgaccttt ggattttcac 57301 cagtatgtat tcctttacgt gataaatcat cgattttcaa atccatttgt gagaagtcta 57361 ttgccttaga tactttttcc cgtagtcgag gtttaaagaa atacgctaac ggtatactag 57421 taggtaactc aaagacatca tatatagaat gataacgcgt ctttaactca tcggttaact 57481 ctttcttttg atcgagttcg tcgctactat tgggtctgct caggtgcctc gactctacta 57541 gttccaacat cataccaata ggaatacaag acactttgcc agcggttgta gatttatcat 57601 atttctccac tacatatccg ttacaatttg ttaagaattt agatacatct atattgctac 57661 ataatccagc tagtgaatat atatgacata ataaattggt aaatcctagt tctggtattt 57721 tactaattac taaatctgta tatctttcca tttatcatgg aaaagaattt accagatatc 57781 ttcttttttc caaactgcgt taatgtattc tcttacaaat attcacaaga tgaatttagt 57841 aatatgagta acatggaacg tgatagtttc tctttggcgg tgtttccagt tataaaacat 57901 agatggcata acgcacacgt tgtaaaacat aaaggaatat acaaagttag tacagaagca 57961 catggaaaaa aagtatctcc tccatcacta ggaaaaccct cacacataaa cctaaccgcg 58021 aagcaatata tatacagtga acacacaata agctttgaat gttatagttt tctaaaatgt 58081 ataacaaatg cagaaattaa ttcgttcgat gagtatatat taagaggact attagaagct 58141 ggtaatagtt tacagatatt ttccaattcc gtaggtaaac gaacagatac tataggtgta 58201 ctagggaata agtatccatt tagcaaaatt ccattggcct cattaactcc taaagcacaa 58261 cgagagatat tttcagcatg gatttctcat agacccgtag ttttaactgg aggaaccgga 58321 gtgggtaaga cgtcacaggt acccaagtta ttgctttggt ttaattattt atttggtgga 58381 ttctctactc tagataaaat cactgacttt cacgaaagac cagtcattct atctcttcct 58441 aggatagctt tagttagatt gcatagcaat accattttaa aatcattggg atttaaggta 58501 ctagatggat ctcctatttc tttacggtac ggatctatac cggaagaatt aataaacaaa 58561 caaccaaaaa aatatggaat tgtattttct acccataagt tatctctaac aaaactattt 58621 agttatggca ctcttattat agacgaagtt catgagcatg atcaaatagg agatattatt 58681 atagcagtag cgagaaagca tcatacgaaa atagattcta tgtttttaat gactgccacg 58741 ttagaggatg acagggaacg gctaaaagta tttttaccta atcccgcatt tatacatatt 58801 cctggagata cactgtttaa aattagcgag gtatttattc ataataagat aaatccatct 58861 tccagaatgg catacataga agaagaaaag agaaatttag ttactgctat acagatgtat 58921 actcctcctg atggatcatc tggtatagtc tttgtggcat ccgttgcaca gtgtcacgaa 58981 tataaatcat atttagaaaa aagattaccg tatgatatgt atattattca tggtaaggtc 59041 ttagaaatag acaaaatatt agaaaaagtg tattcatcgc ctaatgtatc gataattatt 59101 tctgctcctt atttggaatc cagcgttact atacacaatg ttactcacat ttatgatatg 59161 ggtagagttt ttgttcccgc tccttttgga ggatcacaac aatttatttc taaatctatg 59221 agagatcaac gaaaaggaag agtaggaaga gttaatcctg gtacatacgt ctatttctat 59281 gatctgtctt atatgaagtc tatacagcga ataaattcag aatttctaca taattatata 59341 ttgtacgcta ataagtttaa tttaacactt cccgaagatt tgtttataat ccctacaaat 59401 ttggatattc tatggcgtac aaaggaatat atagactcgt tcgatattag tacagaaaca 59461 tggaataaat tattatccaa ttattatatg aagatgatag agtatgctaa actttatgta 59521 ctaagtccta ttctcgctga ggagttggat aactttgaga ggacgggaga attaactagt 59581 attgtacaag aagccatttt atctctaaat ttacgaatta agattttaaa ttttaaacat 59641 aaagataatg atacgtatat acacttttgt aaaatattat ttggtgtcta taacggaaca 59701 aacgctacta tatattatca tagacctcta acgggatata tgaatatgat ttcagatact 59761 atatttgttc ctgtagataa taactaaaaa tcaaactcta atgaccacat ctttttttag 59821 agatgaaaaa ttttccacat ctccttttgt agatatgact aaacattttg cagaaaaaag 59881 tttattagtg tttagataat cgtatacttc atcagtgtag atagtaaatg tgaacagata 59941 aaaggtattc ttgctcaata gattggtaaa ttccatagaa tatattaatc cttttttctt

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60001 gagatcccac atcatttcaa ccagagaagt tttatccaat aatttacctc gtactatacc 60061 acatacaaaa ctagattttg tagtgacgtc gtacctggca ttcctaccaa acaaaatttt 60121 acttttagtt tttttagaaa attctaaggt agaatctcta tttgtcaata tgtcatctat 60181 ggaattacca ctagcaaaaa atgatagaaa tatatattga tacatcgcag ctggttttga 60241 tctactatat tttaaaaacg aatcagattc cataattgcc tgtatatcat cagctgaaaa 60301 actatgtttt acacgtattc cttcggcatt tctttttaat gatatatctt gtttagacaa 60361 tgataaagtt atcatgtcca tgagagacgc gtctccgtat cgtataaata tttcattaga 60421 tgttagacgc ttcattaggg gtatacttct ataaggtttc ttgattagcc catcatttgt 60481 tgcgtcaaga actactatcg gatgttgttg ggtatctcta gtgttacaca tggccttact 60541 aaagtttggg taaataacta tgatatctct attaattata gatgtatata tttcattcgt 60601 caaggatatt agtatcgact tgctatcgtc attaatacgt gtaatgtaat catataaatc 60661 atgcgatagc caaggaaaat tcaaatagat gttcatcata taatcatcgc tataattcat 60721 attaatacgt tgacattgac taatttgtaa tatagcctcg ccacgaagaa agctctcgta 60781 ttcagtttca tcaataaagg ataccgttaa atataactgg ttgccgattg tctcatagtc 60841 tattaagtgg taagtttcgt acaaatacag aatccctaaa atattatcta atgttggatt 60901 aatctttacc ataactgtat aaaatggaga cggagtcata actattttac cgtttgtact 60961 tactggaata gatgaaggaa taatctccgg acatgctggt aaagacccaa atgtctggtt 61021 gaagaaatcc aatgttccgg gtcctaatct cttgacaaaa attacgatat tcgatcccga 61081 tatcctttgc attctattta ccagcatatc acgaactata ttaagattat ctatcatgtc 61141 tattctccca ccgttatata aatcgcctcc gctaagaaac gttagtatat ccatacaatg 61201 gaatacttca tttctaaaat agtattcgtt ttctaattct ttaatgtgaa atcgtatact 61261 agaaagggaa aaattatctt taagttttcc gttagaaaag aaccacgaaa ctaatgttct 61321 gattgcgtct gactccgtcg ctgaattaat ggatttacac caaaaactca tataacttct 61381 agatgtagaa gcattagcta aaaaaatagt agaatcaaag gatataagta gatgttccaa 61441 caagtgagca attcccaaaa tttcatctat atcattctca aatccgaaat tagaaattcc 61501 caagtagata tcttttttca tccgatcatt aataaaaata cgaactttat tcggtaagac 61561 gatcatttac taaggagtaa aataggaagt aatgttcgta tatcgttatc atcgtataaa 61621 ttaaaggtgt gttttttacc attaagtgac attataattt taccaatatt ggaattataa 61681 tataggtata tttgcgcact tgcgacagtt gatgcatcgg taaatatagc tgtatctaat 61741 gttctagtcg gtatttcatc atttcgctgt ataataatag cgttttctct atctgtttcc 61801 attacagctg cctgaagttt attggtcgga taatatgtaa aataataaga aatacatacg 61861 aataacaaaa ataaaataaa atataataaa gatgccattt agagatctaa ttttgttcaa 61921 cttgtccaaa ttcctactta cagaagataa ggaatcgttg gagatagtgt cttccttatg 61981 tagaggattt gaaatatctt atgatgactt gataacttac tttccagata gaaaatatca 62041 taaatatatt tataaagtat ttgaacatgt agatttatcg gaggaattaa gtatggaatt 62101 ccatgataca actctgcgag atttagtcta tcttaaattg tataagtatt ccaagtgtat 62161 acgaccgtgt tataaattag gagataatct aaaaggcata gttgttataa aggacagaaa 62221 tatatatatt agagaagcaa atgatgactt gatagaatat ctcctcaagg aatacactcc 62281 tcagatttat acatattcta atgagcacgt tcccatagct ggttcaaaat taattctttg 62341 cggattttct caagttacat ttatggcgta tacaacgtct catataacaa caaataaaaa 62401 ggtagatgtt ctcgtttcca aaaaatgtat agataaacta gtcgatccaa taaattatca 62461 aatacttcaa aatttatttg ataaaggaag cggaacaata aacaaaatac tcaggaagat 62521 attttattcg gtaaccggtg gccaaactcc ataatttgct ttttctattt cggattttag 62581 aatttccaaa ttcaccagcg atttatctgt tttggtgaaa tccaaggatt tattaatgtc 62641 cacaaatgcc atttgttttg tctgtggatt gtatttgaaa atggaaacga tgtagttaga 62701 tagatgcgct gcaaagtttc ctattagggt tccgcgcttt acgtcaccta gcatacttga 62761 atcaccatcc tttaaaaaaa atgataagat atcaacatgg agtatatcat actctgattt 62821 taattcttct actgcctcac tgacattttc acaaatacta caatacggtt taccgaaaat 62881 aatcagtacg ttcttcattt atgggtatca aaaacttaaa atcgttactg ctggaaaata 62941 aatcactgac gatattagat gataatttat acaaagtata caatggaata tttgtggata 63001 caatgagtat ttatatagcc gtcgccaatt gtgtccgaaa cttagaagag ttaactacgg 63061 tattcataaa atacgtaaac ggatgggtaa aaaagggagg gcatgtaacc ctttttatcg 63121 atagaggaag tataaaaatt aaacaaaacg ttagagacaa aagacgtaaa tattctaaat 63181 caaccaagga cagaaaaatg ttagaattag aaaagtgtac atccaaaata caaaatgtta 63241 ccggatttat ggaagaagaa ataaaggcag aaatacaatt aaaaatcgat aaactcacat 63301 ttcaaatata tttatctgat tctgataaca taaaaatatc attgaatgag atactaacac 63361 atttcaacaa taatgagaat gttacattat tttattgtga tgaacgagat gcagaatttg 63421 ttatgtgtct agaggctaaa acatatttct ttaccacagg agaatggccg ttgataataa 63481 gtaccgatca ggatactatg ctatttgcgt ctgttgataa tcatcctaag atgataaaaa 63541 acttaactca actgtttaaa tttgttccat ctgcagagga taactattta gcaaaattaa 63601 cggcgttagt gaatggatgt gatttctttc ctggactcta tggggcatct ataacaccca 63661 ccaacttaaa caaaatacaa ttgtttagtg attttacaat caataatata gtcactagtt 63721 tggcaattaa aaattattat agaaagacta actctaccgt agacgtgcgt aatattgtta 63781 cgtttataaa cgattacgct aatttagacg atgtctactc gtatattcct ccttgtcaat 63841 gcactgttca agaatttata ttttccgcat tagatgaaaa atggaacgat tttaaatcat 63901 cttatttaga gaccgttccg ttaccctgtc aattaatgta cgcgttagaa ccacgtaagg 63961 agattgatgt ttcagaagtt aaaactttat catcttatat agatttcgaa aatactaaat 64021 cagatatcga tgttataaaa tctatatcct cgatctttgg atattctaac gaaaactgta 64081 acacgatagt gtttggcatc tataaggata atttactact gagtataaat agttcatttt 64141 actttaacaa tagtctgtta ataaccaata ctaaaagtga taatataata aatataggtt 64201 actagattaa aaatggtttt ccaagtagtg tgctctacat gcggtaaaga tatttctcac 64261 gaacgatata aattgattat acgaaaaaaa tcattaaagg atgtactcgt tagtgtaaag 64321 aacaaatgtt gtaggttaaa attatctaca caaatagaac ctcaacgtaa cttaacagtg 64381 caacctctat tggatataaa ctaatatgga tccggttaat tttatcaaga catatgcacc 64441 tagaggttct attattttta ttaattatac tatgtcatta acaagtcatt taaatccatc 64501 gatagaaaaa catgtgggta tttattatgg tacgttatta tcggaacact tggtagttga 64561 atcaacatat agaaaaggag ttcaaatagt cccattggat agtttttttg aaggatatct 64621 tagtgcaaaa gtatacatgt tagagaatat tcaagttatg aaaatagcag ctgatacgtc 64681 attaacttta ctgggtattc catatggatt tggtcataat agaatgtatt gttttaaatt 64741 ggtagctgaa tgttataaaa atgccggtat taatacatca tctaaacgaa tattgggcaa 64801 agatattttt ctaagccaaa acttcacaga tgataataga tggataaaga tatatgattc 64861 taataattta acattttggc aaattgatta ccttaaaggg tgagttaata tgcataacta 64921 ctcctccgtt gttttttccc tcgttctttt tcttaacgtt gtttgccatc actctcataa 64981 tgtaaagata ttctaaaatg gtaaactttt gcatatcgga cgcagaaatt ggtataaatg 65041 ttgtaattgt attatttccc gtcaatggac tagtcacagc tccatcagtt ttatatcctt 65101 tagagtattt ctcactagtg tctagcattt tagagcattc catgatctgt ttatcattga 65161 tattggccgg aaagatagat tttttatttt ttattatatt actattggca attgtagata 65221 taacttctgg taaatatttt tctacctttt caatctcttc tattttcaag ccggctatat 65281 attctgctat attattgcta gtatcaatac cttttctggc taagaagtca tatgtggtat 65341 taactatatc agttttaact ggtagttcca ttagcctttc cacttctgca gaataattag

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65401 aaattggttc tttaccagaa aatccagcta ctataatagg ctcaccgatg atcattggca 65461 aaatcctata ttgtaccaaa ttaatgagag catatttcat ttccaataat tctgctagtt 65521 cttgagacat tgatttattt gatgaatcta gttggttctc tagatactct accatttctg 65581 ccgcatacaa taacttgtta gataaaatca gggttatcaa agtgtttagc gtggctagaa 65641 tagtgggctt acatgtatta aagaatgcgg tagtatgagt aaaccgtttt aacgaattat 65701 atagtctcca gaaatctgtg gcgttgcata catgagctga atgacatcga agattgtcca 65761 atatttttaa tagctgctct ttgtccatta tttctatatt tgactcgcaa caattgtaaa 65821 taccattaat cactgattcc ttttttgatg ccggacaata gcacaattgt ttagctttgg 65881 actctatgta ttcagaatta atagatatat ctctcaatac agattgtact atacattttg 65941 aaactatgtc aaaaattgta gaacgacgct gttctgcagc catttaactt taaataattt 66001 acaaaaattt aaaatgagta tccgtataaa aatcgataaa ctgcgccaaa ttgtggcata 66061 tttttcagag ttcagtgaag aagtgtctat aaatgtagac tcaacggatg agttaatgta 66121 tatttttgcc gccttgggcg gatctgtaaa catttgggcc attatacctc ttagtgcatc 66181 agtgttctac cgcggagccg aaaatattgt gtttaatctt ccggtgtcca aggtaaaatc 66241 gtgtttgtgt agttttcaca atgatgccat catagatata gaacctgatc tggaaaataa 66301 tctagtaaaa ctttctagtt atcatgtagt aagtgtcgat tgtaacaagg aactgatgcc 66361 tattaggaca gatactacta tttgtctaag tatagatcaa aagaaatctt acgtgtttaa 66421 ttttcacaag tatgaagaaa aatgttgtgg tagaaccgtc attcatctag aatggttgtt 66481 gggctttatt aagtgtatta gtcagcatca gcatttgact attatgttta aagatgacaa 66541 tattattatg aagactcctg gtaatactga tgctttttcc agggaatatt ctatgactga 66601 atgttctcaa gaactacaaa agttttcttt caaaatagct atctcgtctc tcaacaaact 66661 acgaggattc aaaaagagag tcaatgtttt tgaaaccaga atcgtaatgg ataatgacga 66721 taacattcta ggaatgttgt tttcggatag agttcaatcc tttaagatca acatctttat 66781 ggcgttttta gattaatact ttcaatgaga taaatatggg tggcggagta agtgttgagc 66841 tccctaaacg ggatccgcct ccgggagtac ccactgatga gatgttatta aatgttgata 66901 aaatgcatga cgtgatagct cccgctaagc ttttagaata tgtgcatata ggaccactag 66961 caaaagataa agaggataaa gtaaagaaaa gatatccaga gtttagatta gttaatacag 67021 gacccggtgg tctttcggca ttattaagac aatcgtataa tggaaccgca cccaactgct 67081 gtcacacttt taatcgtact cattattgga agaaggatgg aaagatatca gataagtatg 67141 aagagggtgc agtattagaa tcgtgttggc cagacgttca cgataccgga aaatgcgatg 67201 ttaatttatt tgactggtgt cagggggata cgttcgatag aaacatatgc catcagtgga 67261 tcggttcagc atttaatagg agtgatagaa ctgtagaggg tcaacaatcg ttaataaatc 67321 tgtataataa gatgcaaaca ttatgtagta aagatgctag tgtaccaata tgcgaatcat 67381 ttttgcatca tttacgcgca cacaatacag aagatagcaa agagatgatc gattatattc 67441 taagacaaca gtctgcgaac tttaaacaga aatatatgag atgtagttat cccactagag 67501 ataagttaga agagtcatta aaatatgcgg aacctcgaga atgttgggat ccagagtgtt 67561 cgaatgccaa tgttaatttc ttactaacac gtaattataa taatttagga ctttgtaata 67621 ttgtacgatg taataccagc gtgaacaact tacagatgga taaaacttcc tcattaagat 67681 tgtcatgtgg attaagcaat agtgatagat tttctactgt tcccgtcaat agagcaaaag 67741 tagttcaaca taatattaaa cactcgttcg atctaaaatt gcatttgatt agtttattat 67801 ctctcttggt aatatggata ctaattgtag ctatttaaat gggtgccgcg gcaagcatac 67861 agacgacggt gaatacactc agcgaacgta tctcgtctaa attagaacaa gaagcgaatg 67921 ctagtgctca aacaaaatgt gatatagaaa tcggaaattt ttatatccga caaaaccatg 67981 gatgtaacct cactgttaaa aatatgtgct ctgcagatgc ggatgctcag ttggatgctg 68041 tgttatcagc cgctacagaa acatatagtg gattaacacc ggaacaaaaa gcatacgtac 68101 cagctatgtt tacggctgcg ttaaacattc agacgagtgt aaacactgtt gttagagatt 68161 ttgaaaatta tgtgaaacag acttgtaatt ctagcgcggt cgtcgataac aaattaaaga 68221 tacaaaacgt aattatagat gaatgttacg gagccccagg atctccaaca aatttggaat 68281 ttattaatac aggatctagc aaaggaaatt gtgccattaa ggcgttgatg caattgacga 68341 ctaaggccac tactcaaata gcacctagac aagttgctgg tacaggagtt cagttttata 68401 tgattgttat cggtgttata atattggcag cgttgtttat gtactatgcc aagcgtatgc 68461 tgttcacgtc caccaatgat aaaatcaaac ttattttagc caataaggaa aacgtccatt 68521 ggactactta catggacaca ttctttagaa cttctccaat ggttattgct accacggata 68581 tacaaaactg aaaatatatt gataatattt taatagatta acatggaagt tatcgctgat 68641 cgtctagatg atatagtgaa acaaaatata gcggatgaaa aatttgtaga ttttgttata 68701 cacggtctag agcatcaatg 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acgtttagcc gcctttaata gaggaaatcc caccgccttt ttggatctta 69601 ccaacgacga tagttctgac cagcaactca tttcttcatc atccacctgt tttaacatat 69661 aataggcagg agatagatat ccgtcattgc aatattcctt ctcgtaggca cacaatcgaa 69721 tattgataaa atctccattc tcttctctgc atttattatc ttgtcttggt ggtgggctag 69781 gctgtagtct tggtctatta ttaccatcgt tgttgaatct atttctgtca ttaaatcttt 69841 catttcttcc tggtatattt ttattacctc gcttggttgg atttttgtct atattatcgt 69901 ttgtaacatc ggtacgggta ttcatttatc acaaaaaaaa cttctctaaa tgagtctact 69961 gctagaaaac ctcatcgaag aagataccat attttttgca ggaagtatat ctgagtatga 70021 tgatttacaa atggttattg ccggtgcaaa atccaaattt ccaagatcta tgctttctat 70081 ttttaatata gtacctagaa caatgtcaaa atatgagttg gagttaattc ataacgagaa 70141 tatcacaggg gcaatgttta ccacaatgta taatataaga aacaatttgg gtttaggtga 70201 tgataaacta actattgaag ccattgaaaa ctatttcttg gatcctaaca atgaggttat 70261 gcctcttatt attaataata cggatatgac ggccgtcatt cctaaaaaaa gtggtaggag 70321 aaagaataag aacatggtta tcttccgtca aggatcatca cctatcttgt gtattttcga 70381 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This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter 70801 70861 70921 70981 71041 71101 71161 71221 71281 71341 71401 71461 71521 71581 71641 71701 71761 71821 71881 71941 72001 72061 72121 72181 72241 72301 72361 72421 72481 72541 72601 72661 72721 72781 72841 72901 72961 73021 73081 73141 73201 73261 73321 73381 73441 73501 73561 73621 73681 73741 73801 73861 73921 73981 74041 74101 74161 74221 74281 74341 74401 74461 74521 74581 74641 74701 74761 74821 74881 74941 75001 75061 75121 75181 75241 75301 75361 75421 75481 75541 75601 75661 75721 75781 75841 75901 75961 76021 76081 76141

attaatagtt ttatttgaag tatttgttgt attcattcta atatatgtat tttttagatc tgaattaaat atgttcttca tgcataaacg aaaaataccc gatcctattg atagattacg acgtgctaat ctagcgtgtg aagacgataa attaatgatc tatggattac catggataac aactcaaaca tctgcattat caataaatag taaaccgata gtgtataaag attgtgcaaa gcttttgcga tcaataaatg gatcacaacc agtatctctt aacgatgttc ttcgcagatg atgattcatt ttttaagtat ttggctagtc aagatgatga atcttcatta tctgatatat tgcaaatcac tcaatatcta gactttctgt tattattatt gatccaatca aaaaataaat tagaagctgt tggtcattgt tatgaatctc tttcagagga atacagacaa ttgacaaaat tcacagactc tcaagatttt aaaaaactgt ttaacaaggt ccctattgtt acagatggaa gggtcaaact taataaagga tatttgttcg actttgtgat tagtttgatg cgattcaaaa aagaatcagc tctagctacc accgcaatag atcctgttag atacatagat cctcgtcgcg atatcgcatt ttctaacgtg atggatatat taaagtcaaa taaagcgaaa aataattatt ctttattgtc atcatgaacg gcgggcatat tcagttgata attggcccca tgttttcagg taaaagtaca gaattaatta gacgagttag acgttatcaa atagctcaat ataaatgcgt gactataaaa tattctaacg ataatagata cggaacggga ctatggacgc atgataagaa taattttgaa 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This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter 76201 76261 76321 76381 76441 76501 76561 76621 76681 76741 76801 76861 76921 76981 77041 77101 77161 77221 77281 77341 77401 77461 77521 77581 77641 77701 77761 77821 77881 77941 78001 78061 78121 78181 78241 78301 78361 78421 78481 78541 78601 78661 78721 78781 78841 78901 78961 79021 79081 79141 79201 79261 79321 79381 79441 79501 79561 79621 79681 79741 79801 79861 79921 79981 80041 80101 80161 80221 80281 80341 80401 80461 80521 80581 80641 80701 80761 80821 80881 80941 81001 81061 81121 81181 81241 81301 81361 81421 81481 81541

tttaggtact tatggacaac agaggataga tggcgaacca gcagagactc gagtattggg tagagtctta ccttactatc ttccagactc taaggatcca gaaggaagag gttatattct taattcttta acaaaaggat taacgggttc tcaatattac ttttcaatgc tggttgcaag atctcaatct actgatattg tctgtgaaac atcgcgtacc ggaacactgg ctagaaaaat cattaaaaag atggaggata tggtggtcga cggatacgga caagtagtta taggtaatac gctcatcaag tacgccgcca attataccaa aattctaggc tcagtatgta aacctgtaga tcttatctat ccagatgagt ccatgacttg gtatttggaa attagtgctc tgtggaataa aataaaacaa ggattcgttt actctcagaa acagaaactt gcaaagaaga cattggcgcc gtttaatttc ctagtatttg tcaaacccac cactgaggat aatgctatta aggttaagga tctgtacgat atgattcata acgtcattga tgatgtgaga gagaaatact tctttacggt atctaatata gattttatgg agtatatatt cttgacgcat cttaatcctt ctagaattag aattacaaaa gaaacggcta tcactatctt tgaaaagttc tatgaaaaac tcaattatac tctaggtggt ggaactccta ttggaattat ttctgcacag gtattgtctg agaagtttac acaacaagcc ctgtccagtt ttcacactac tgaaaaaagc ggtgctgtca aacaaaaact tggtttcaat gagtttaata acttgactaa tttgagtaag aataagaccg aaattatcac tctggtatcc 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caaaaccctg aaaagaagtg agtatacttg tcatcatttc taatgtttcc tccagtccag tgtataaacg cataatcctt gtaatgatct ggatcatcct tgactatcac aacatttctt ttttctggca taacttcgtt gtccttcaca tcatcgaact tctgatcatt aatatgctca tgaagattag gaaatgtttc tgatggaggt ctatcaataa ctggcacaac aataacagga gttttattca cagtcgccat ttagttattg aaattaatca tatacaactc tctaatacga gttatatttt cgtctatcca ttgtttcaca ttgacatatt tcgacaaaaa gatataaaat gcgtattcca atgcttctct gtttaatgaa ttactaaaat atacaaacac gtcactgtct ggcaataaat gatatcttag aatattgtaa caatttattt tgtattgcgc atgttcgtga tctatgagtt cttcttcgaa tggcatagga tctccgaatc tgaaaatgta taaataggag ttagaataat aatatttgag agtattggta atgtacaaac tctttagcgg tataattagt ttttttctct cgatttctat ttttagatgt gatggaaaaa tgactaattt tgtagcatta gtatcatgaa ctctaatcaa aatcttaata tcttcgtcac acgttagctc tttgaactgt ttaagagatg catcagttgg ttccacggat ggagtaggtg caacaatttt ttgttcgaca tatgtatgta ctggagccat tgtcttaact ataatggtgc ttgtatcgaa aaactttaat gtagatagcg gaagctcttc gccgcgactt tctacgtcgt aattaggttc taatgccgat ctttgaatgg atactagttt tctaagttct aatgtgattc tctgaaaatg taaatccaat tcctccggca ttatagatgt gtatacatcg gtaaataaaa ctatagtatc caacgatccc ttctcgcaaa ttctagtctt aaccaagaaa tcgtatataa ctacggaaat ggcgtattta agagtggatt cttctaccgt tttgttcttg gatttcatat aagaaactat aaagtccgca ctactgttaa gaatgattac taacgcaact atatagttta aattaagcat cttggaaaca taaaataact ctgtagacga tacttgactt tcgaataagt ttgcagacaa acgaagaaag aacagacctc tcttaatttc agaagaaaac tttttttcgt attcctgacg tctagagttt atatcaataa aaaagttaag aattagtcgg ttaatgttgt atttcattac ccaagtttga gatttcataa tattatcaaa agacatgata atattaaaga taaagcgctg actatgcacg aaatagctat atggttcgct caagaatata gtcttgttaa acgtggaaac gataactgta tttttaatta cgtcagctgc atctaaatta aatataggta tatttattcc acacactcta caatatgcca caccatcttc ataataaata aattcattag caaagttatt aattttagtg aaatagttag cgtcaacttt catagcttcc ttcaatctaa tttgatgctc acacggtgcg aattccactt taacatctct tttccatgcc tcaggttcat cgatctctat aatatctagt ttcttgcgtt taataaacac

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter

81601 gggttcgtct ttcgcaatga ggtctgtata gtaactatgt aaatgataac tagatagaaa 81661 gatgtagcta tatagatgac gatcctttaa gagaggtatg ataactttac cccaatcaga 81721 taaactattg ttatggtctt cggaaaaaga atttttataa atttttccag tattttccaa 81781 atatacgtac ttgacatcta aaaaatcctt aatgataata ggaatggata atccgtctat 81841 tttataaaga aatacatatc gcacattata cttttttttg gaaatgggaa taccgatgtg 81901 tctacataaa tatgcaaagt ctaaatattt tttagagaat cttaattggt ccaaattctt 81961 ttccaagtac ggtaatagat ttttcatatt gaacggtatc ttcttgattt ctggttctaa 82021 ttccgcatta aatgatgaaa ctaagtcgct atttttataa ctaacgatta catcacctct 82081 aacatcatca tttaccagga tactgatctt cttttgtcgt aaatacatgt ctaatgtgtt 82141 aaaaaaaaga tcatacaagt tatacgtcat ttcatctgta gtattcttgt cattgagtga 82201 taaacttgtg ctaatctctt ctttaacagt ctgttcaaat ttatatccta tatacgaaaa 82261 aatagcaacc aatgtttgat cattcgcgtc aatattctgt tctattgtag tgtataacaa 82321 tcttatatct tcttccgtga tagctgatac gttataaagg ttgataacga aaatattttt 82381 atttcgtgag ataaagtcat cgtaggattt tggacttata ttcgcgtcta gtagatatgc 82441 ttttattttt ggaataatct caattagaat agtctcttta gagtccattt aaagttacaa 82501 acaactagga aattggttta taatgtataa tttttttagt ttttatagat tctttattct 82561 atacttaaaa aatgaaaata aatacaaagg ttcttgaggg ttgtgttaaa ttgaaagcga 82621 gaaataatca taaattattt cattatcgcg atatccgtta agtttgtatt gtaatggcgt 82681 ggtcaattac gaataaagcg gatactagta gtttcacaaa gatggctgaa attagagctc 82741 atctaagaaa tagcgctgaa aataaagata aaaacgatga tattttcccg gaagatgtaa 82801 taattccatc tactaagccc aaaaccaaac gagccactac tcctcgtaaa ccagcggcta 82861 ctaaacgatc aaccaaaaag gataaagaaa aggaggaagt ggaagaagaa gaagtagtta 82921 tagaggaata tcatcaaaca actgaagaaa attctccacc tccgtcatca tctcctggag 82981 tcggcaacat tgtagaaagc gtgaccgctg tagagcttga tgatagcaac ggggatgatg 83041 ataatgataa tgataatgac gataatgaac ctatggtaca agttgaagct ggtaaagtaa 83101 atcatagtgc tagaagcgat ctctctgacc taaaggtggc taccgacaat attgttaaag 83161 atcttaagaa aattattact agaatctctg cagtatcgac tgttctagag gatgttcaag 83221 cagctggtat ctctagacaa tttacttcta tgactaaatc tattacaaca ctatctgatc 83281 tagtcaccga gggaaaatct aaagttgttc gtaaaaaagt taaaacttgt aagaagtaaa 83341 tgcgtgcact tttttataaa gatggtaaac tgtttaccga taataatttt ttaaatcctg 83401 tatcagacaa taatccagcg tatgaggttt tgcaacatgt taaaattcct actcatttaa 83461 cagatgtagt agtatatgga caaacgtggg aggaggcgtt aactagatta atttttgtgg 83521 gaagtgattc aaaaggacgt agacaatact tttacggaaa aatgcatgta cagaatcgca 83581 acgctaaaag agatcgtatt tttgttagag tatataacgt tatgaaacga attaattgtt 83641 ttataaacaa aaatataaag aaatcatcca cagattccaa ttatcagttg gcagttttta 83701 tgttaatgga aactatgttt tttattagat ttggtaaaat gaaatatctt aaggagaatg 83761 aaacagtagg gttattaaca ctaaaaaata aacacataga aataagtccc gataaaatag 83821 ttatcaagtt tgtaggaaag gacaaagttt cacatgaatt tgttgttcat aagtctaata 83881 gactatataa accgctattg aaactgacgg atgattctag tcccgaagaa tttctgttca 83941 acaaactaag tgaacgaaag gtatacgaat gtatcaaaca gtttggtatt agaatcaagg 84001 atctccgaac gtatggagtc aattatacgt ttttatataa tttttggaca aatgtaaagt 84061 ccatatctcc tcttccatca ccaaaaaagt taatagcgtt aactatcaaa caaactgctg 84121 aagtggtagg tcatactcca tcaatttcaa aaagagctta tatggcaacg actattttag 84181 aaatggtaaa ggataaaaat tttttagatg tagtatctaa aactacgttc gatgaattcc 84241 tatctatagt cgtagatcac gttaaatcat ctacggatgg atgatataga tccttacaca 84301 aataattaca aaaccgataa atggaaatgg ataagcgtat gaaatctctc gcaatgaccg 84361 ctttctttgg agagctaacc acattagata ttatggcatt aataatgtct atatttaaac 84421 gccatccaaa caataccatt ttttcagtgg ataaggatgg tcagtttatg attgatttcg 84481 aatacgatac ttataaggct tctcaatatt tggatttgcc ccttactccg atatctggag 84541 atgaatgcaa gactcacgca tcgagtatag ccaaacaatt ggcgtgtgtg gacattatta 84601 aagaggatat tagcgaatat atcaaaacta caccccgtct taaacgattt ataaaaaaat 84661 accgcaatag atcagatact cgtatcagtc aagatacaga aaagcttaaa atagctctag 84721 ctaaaggcat agattacgaa tatataaaag acgcttgtta ataagtaaat gaaaaaaaac 84781 tagtcgttta taataaaaca cgatatggat gccaacgtag tatcatcttc cactatcgcg 84841 acatatatag acgctttagc aaagaatgct tcggaattag aacagggttc taccgcatac 84901 gaaataaata atgaattgga actagtattt attaagccgc cattgattac tttgacaaat 84961 gtagtaaata tctccacgat tcaggaatcg tttatccgat ttaccgttac taataaggaa 85021 ggcgtcaaaa ttagaactaa gattccatta tctaaggtac atggtctaga tgtaaaaaat 85081 gtacagttag tagatgctat agataacata gtttgggaaa agaaatcatt agtgacggaa 85141 aatcgtcttc ataaagcatg cttgttgaga ctatcaacag aggaacgcca tatatttttg 85201 gattacaaga aatatggatc ctctatccga ctagaattag ttaatcttat tcaagcaaaa 85261 acaaaaaact ttacgataga ctttaagcta aaatattttc taggatccgg tgcgcagtct 85321 aaaagttctt tattgcacgc tattaatcat ccaaagtcaa ggcctaatac atctctggaa 85381 atagaattca cacctagaga caatgaaaca gttccatatg atgaactaat aaaggaattg 85441 acgactttct cgcgtcatat atttatggct tctccagaga atgtaattct ttctccacct 85501 attaacgcac ctataaagac ttttatgttg cctaaacaag atatagtagg tatggatctg 85561 gaaaatctat atgccgtaac taagactgac ggcattccta taactatcag agttacatca 85621 aaggggttgt attgttattt tacacatctt ggttatatta ttagatatcc agttaagaga 85681 ataatagatt ctgaagtagt agtctttggt gaggcagtta aggataagaa ctggactgta 85741 tatctcatta agctaataga gcccgtaaat gcaatcagtg atagactaga agaaagtaag 85801 tatgtcgaat ctaaactagt ggatatttgt gatcggatag tattcaagtc aaagaaatac 85861 gaaggtcctt ttactacaac tagtgaagtc gttgatatgt tatctacata tttaccaaag 85921 caaccagaag gtgttatttt gttttattca aagggaccta aatctaacat tgattttaaa 85981 atcaaaaagg agaatactat agaccaaact gtaaatgtag tatttaggta catgtccagt 86041 gaaccaatta tctttggaga atcatctatc tttatagagt ataagaaatt taccaacgat 86101 aaaggctttc ctaaagaata tggttctggt aaaattgtgt tatacaacgg cgttaattat 86161 ctaaataata tctattgttt ggaatatatt aatacacata atgaagtggg tattaagtcc 86221 gtggttgtac ctattaagtt tatagcagaa ttcttagtca atggagaaat acttaaacct 86281 agaatcgata aaaccatgaa atatattaac tcagaagact attatggaaa tcaacataat 86341 gtcatagttg aacatttaag agatcaaagc atcaaaatag gagatgtctt taacgaggac 86401 aaactatctg atgtaggaca tcaatatgcc aataatgata aatttagatt aaatccagaa 86461 gttagttatt ttacgaataa aagaactaga ggaccgttgg gaattttatc gaactacgtc 86521 aagactcttc ttatttctat gtattgttcc aaaacatttt tagacgattc caacaaacga 86581 aaggtattgg cgattgattt tgaaaacggt gctgacctgg aaaaatactt ttatggagag 86641 attgcgttat tggtagcgac ggatccagat gctgatgcta tagctagagg aaatgaaaga 86701 tacaacaaat taaattctgg aattaaaacc aagtactaca aatttgacta cattcaggaa 86761 actattcgat ccaatacatt tgtatctagt gtcagagaag tattttattt tggaaagttt 86821 aatatcatcg actggcagtt tgctatccat tattctttcc atccgagaca ttatgctacc 86881 atcatgaata acttatccga actaactgct tctggaggca aggtattaat tactaccatg 86941 gacggagaca aattatcaaa attaaccgat aaaaagactt ttataattca taagaatcta

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter 87001 87061 87121 87181 87241 87301 87361 87421 87481 87541 87601 87661 87721 87781 87841 87901 87961 88021 88081 88141 88201 88261 88321 88381 88441 88501 88561 88621 88681 88741 88801 88861 88921 88981 89041 89101 89161 89221 89281 89341 89401 89461 89521 89581 89641 89701 89761 89821 89881 89941 90001 90061 90121 90181 90241 90301 90361 90421 90481 90541 90601 90661 90721 90781 90841 90901 90961 91021 91081 91141 91201 91261 91321 91381 91441 91501 91561 91621 91681 91741 91801 91861 91921 91981 92041 92101 92161 92221 92281 92341

cctagtagcg aaaactatat gtctgtagaa aaaatagctg atgatagaat agtggtatat aatccatcaa caatgtctac tccaatgact gaatacatta tcaaaaagaa cgatatagtt agagtgttta acgaatacgg atttgttctt gtagataatg ttgatttcgc tacaattata gaacgaagta aaaagtttat taatggtgca tctacaatgg aagatagacc gtctacaaga aactttttcg aactaaatag aggagccatt aaatgtgaag gtttagatgt cgaagactta cttagttact atgttgttta tgtcttttct aagcggtaaa taataatatg gtatgggttc tgatatcccc gttttaaatg cattaaataa ttccaataga gcgatttttg ttcctatagg accttccaac tgtggatact ctgtattgtt aatagatata ttaatacttt tgtcgggtaa caaaggttct acgtcttcta aaaataaaag tttgataaca tctggcctgt tcataaataa aaacttggcg attctatata tactcttatt atcaaatcta gccattgtct tatagatgtg agctactgta ggtgtaccat ttgattttct ttctaatact atatatttct ctcgaagaag ttcttgcaca tcatctggga ataaaatact actgttgagt aaatcagtta ttttttttat atcgatattg atggacattt ttatagttaa ggataataag tatcccaaag tagataacga cgataacgaa gtatttatac ttttaggaaa tcacaatgac tttatcagat caaaattaac aaaattaaag gagcatgtat ttttttctaa atatattgta actccagata catatggatc tttatgtgta gaattaaatg gatctagttt tcagcacggt ggtagatata tagaggtgga ggaatttata gatgatggaa gacaagttag atggtgttct acatccaatc atatatctga agatataccc gaagatatac acactaataa atttattatt tatgatattt atacgtttga ttcgttcaaa aataaacgat tggtatttgt acaggtacct acatcattag gagatgatag ctatttaact aacccgttat tgtcaccgta ttattgtaat tcagtagcta gacaaatggt caatgatatg atttttaatc aagattcatt tttaaaatat ttattagaac atctgattag aagccactat agagtttcta aacatataac aatagttaga tacaaagata ccgaagaatt aaatctaacg agaatatgtt ataatagaga taagtttaag gcgtttgcat tcgcttggtt taacggcgtt ttggaaaatg aaaaagtact agatacgtat aaaaaggtat ctgatttgat ataatgaatt cagtgactgt atcacacgca ccatatacta ttacttatca cgatgattgg gaaccagtca tgaatcaatt agtagagttt tataacgaag tagccagttg gctgctacga gacgagacgt cgcctattcc tgataagttc tttatacagt tgaaacaacc gcttagaaat aagcgcgtat gtgtgtgtgg tatagatccg tatccgaaag atggaactgg tgtaccgttc gagtcaccaa attttacaaa aaaatcaatt aaggagatag catcttctat atctagatta accggagtaa ttgattataa aggttataac cttaatataa tagacggggt tataccctgg aattattact taagttgtaa attaggagaa acaaaaagtc acgcgattta ctgggataag atttctaagt tactgctgca tcatataact aaacacgtta ggtttcttta ttgtttgggt aaaacagatt tctcgaatat acgggccaag ttagaatctc cagtaactac catagtggga tatcatccag cagctagaga ccgtcaattc gagaaagata gatcatttga aattatcaac gttttactgg aattagacaa caaggcacct ataaattggg ctcaagggtt tatttattaa tgctttagtg aaattttaac ttgtgttcta aatggatgcg gttattagag gtaatgatgt tatctttgtt cttaagacta taggtgtccc gtcagtatgc agacaaaatg aagatccaag atttgtagaa gcatttaaat gcgacgagtt agaaagatat attaagaata atccagaatg tacactattc gaaagtctta gggatgagga agcatattct atagtcagaa ttttcatgga tgtagattta gacgcgtgtc tagacgaaat agattattta acagctattc aagattttat tatcgaggtg tcaaactgtg tagctagatt cgcgtttaca gaatgcggtg ccattcatga aaatgtaata aaatccatga gatctaattt ttcattaact aagtctacaa atagagataa aacaagtttt catatcatct ttttagatac gtataccact atggatacct tgatagccat gaaacgaaca ctattagaat taagtagatc atctgaaaat ccactaacaa gatcgataga cactgccgta tataggaaaa aaacaactct tcgggttgta ggtactagga aaaatccaaa ttgcgacact attcatgtaa tgcaaccacc gcatgataat atagaagatt acctattcac ttacgtggat atgaacaaca atagttatta cttttctcta caacgacgat tggaggattt agttcctgat aagttatggg aaccagggtt tatttcattc gaagacgcta taaaaagagt ttcaaaaata ttcattaatt ctataataaa ctttaatgat ctcgatgaaa ataattttac gacggtacca ctggtcatag attacgtaac accttgtgca ttatgtaaaa aacgatcgca taaacatccg catcaactat cgttggaaaa tgatgctatt agaatttaca aaactggtaa tccacatagt tgtaaagtta aaattgttcc gttggatggt aataaactgt ttaatatcgc acaaagaatt ttagacacta actctgtttt attaaccgaa cgaggagacc atatagtttg gattaataat tcatggaaat ttaacagcga agaaccctta ataacaaaac taattctgtc aataagacat caactaccta aggaatattc aagcgaatta ctctgtccga ggaaacgaaa gactgtagaa gctaacatac gagacatgtt agtagattca gtagagaccg atacctatcc ggataaactt ccgtttaaaa atggtgtatt ggacctggta gacggaatgt tttactctgg agatgatgct aaaaaatata cgtgtactgt atcaaccgga tttaaatttg acgatacaaa gttcgtcgaa gatagtccag aaatggaaga gttaataaat atcattaacg atatccaacc attaacggat gaaaataaga aaaatagaga gttgtacgaa aaaactttat ctagttgttt atgcggtgct accaaaggat gtttaacatt cttttttgga gaaacggcaa ctggaaagtc gacaaccaaa cgtttgttaa agtctgctat cagtgatctg tttgttgaga cgggtcaaac aattttaaca gatgtattgg ataaaggacc taatccattt atcgctaaca tgcatttgaa aagatctgtg ttctgtagcg aactacctga ttttgcatgt agtgggacaa agaaaatcag atctgataat attaaaaagt tgacagaacc ttgtgtcatt ggaagaccgt gtttctccaa taaaattaat aatagaaacc atgctacaat cattatcgat actaattaca aacctgtctt tgataggata gataacgcat taatgagaag aatcgccgtt gtgcgattca gaacacactt ttctcaacct tctggtagag aggctgctga aaataatgac gcgtacgata aagtcaaact attagacgag gggttagatg gtaaaataca aaataataga tatagattcg catttctata cttgttggtg aaatggtaca gaaaatatca tgttcctatt atgaaactat atcctacacc ggaagagatt cctgactttg cattctatct caaaataggt actctgttag tatctagctc tgtaaagcat attccattaa tgacggacct ctccaaaaag ggatatatat tgcacgataa tgtggttact cttccgttga ctactttcca acagaaaata tccaagtatt ttaattctag actatttgga cacgacatag agagcttcat caatagacat aagaaatttg ccaatgttag tgatgaatat ctacaatata tattcataga ggatatttca tctccgtaaa tatatgctca tatatttata gaagatatta catatctaaa tgaataccgg aatcatagat ttatttgata atcatgttga tagtatacca actatattac ctcatcagtt agctactcta gattatctag tcagaactat catagatgag aacagaagcg tgttattgtt ccatattatg ggatcaggta aaacaataat cgctttgttg ttcgccttga tagcttccag atttaaaaag gttcacattc tagtgccgaa cattaacatt ttgaaaattt ttaattataa tatgggtgta gctatgaact tgtttaatga tgaattcata gctgagaata tctttattca ttcaacaaca agtttttatt ctcttaatta taacgataac gtcattaatt ataacggatt atctcgctac aataactcta tttttatcgt tgatgaggca cataatatct ttgggaataa tactggagaa cttatgaccg taataaaaaa taaaaacaag attccttttc tactattgtc tggatctccc attactaaca cacctaatac tctgggtcat attatagatt taatgtccga agagacgata gattttggtg agattattag tcgtggtaag aaagtaattc agacacttct taacgaacgc ggtgtgaatg tactcaagga tttgcttaaa ggaagaatat catattacga aatgcctgat aaagatttac caacgataag atatcacgga cgtaagtttc tagatactag agtagtatat tgtcacatgt ctaaacttca agagagagat tatatgatta ctagacgaca gctatgttat catgaaatgt ttgataaaaa tatgtataac gtgtcaatgg cagtattggg acaacttaat ctgatgaata

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter 92401 92461 92521 92581 92641 92701 92761 92821 92881 92941 93001 93061 93121 93181 93241 93301 93361 93421 93481 93541 93601 93661 93721 93781 93841 93901 93961 94021 94081 94141 94201 94261 94321 94381 94441 94501 94561 94621 94681 94741 94801 94861 94921 94981 95041 95101 95161 95221 95281 95341 95401 95461 95521 95581 95641 95701 95761 95821 95881 95941 96001 96061 96121 96181 96241 96301 96361 96421 96481 96541 96601 96661 96721 96781 96841 96901 96961 97021 97081 97141 97201 97261 97321 97381 97441 97501 97561 97621 97681 97741

atttagatac tttatttcag gaacaggata aggaattgta cccaaatctg aaaataaata atggtgtgtt atacggagaa gaattggtaa cgttaaacat tagttccaaa tttaaatact ttatcaatcg gatacagaca ctcaacggaa aacattttat atacttttct aattctacat atggtggatt agtaattaaa tatatcatgc tcagtaatgg atattctgaa tataatggtt ctcagggaac taatccacat atgataaacg gcaaaccaaa aacatttgct atcgttacta gtaaaatgaa atcgtcttta gaggatctat tagatgtgta taattctcct gaaaacgatg atggtagtca attgatgttt ttgttttcgt caaacattat gtccgaatcc tatactctga aagaggtaag gcatatttgg tttatgacta tcccggatac tttttctcaa tacaaccaaa ttcttggacg atctattaga aaattctctt acgtcgatat ttctgaaccc gttaatgtat atcttttagc agccgtatat tccgatttca atgacgaagt gacgtcatta aacgattaca cgcaggatga attgattaat gttttaccct ttgacattaa aaagctgttg tatctaaaat ttaagactaa agaaacgaat agaatatact ctattcttca agagatgtct gaaacgtatt ctcttccacc acatccatca attgtaaaag ttttattggg agaattggtc agacaatttt tttataataa ttctcgtatt aagtataacg atgccaagtt acttaaaatg gttacatcag ttataaaaaa taaagaagac gctaggaatt acatagatga tattgtaaac ggtcacttct ttgtatcgaa taaagtattt gataaatctc ttttatacaa atacgaaaac gatattatta cagtaccgtt tagactttcc tacgaaccgt ttgtttgggg agttaacttt cgtaaggaat ataacgtggt atcttctcca taaaactgat aaaatatata aagaaataaa tgtcgagctt tgttaccaat ggataccttc cagttacatt ggaaccacat gagctgacgt tagacataaa aactaatatt aggaatgccg tatataagac gtatctccat aaagaaatta gtggtaaaat ggccaagaaa atagaaattt gtaaagacgt ggaattacct ctcggcgaaa tagttaataa ttctgtagtt ataaacgttc cgtgtgtaat aacctacgcg tattatcacg ttggggatat agttagagga acattaaaca tcgaagatga atcaaatgta actattcaat gcggagattt aatctgtaaa ctaagtagag attcgggtac tgtatcattt agcgattcaa agtactgctt ttttcgaaat ggtaatgcgt atgataacgg cagcgaagtc tccgccgttc taatggaggc tcaacaaggt accgaatcta gttttgtttt tctcgcgaat atcgtcgact cataagaaag agaatagcgg taagtatata tacgaatact atggcaataa ttgcgaatgt tttattccct tcgatatatt tttgataata tgaaaaacat gtctctctca aatcagacaa ccatctcata aaatagttct cgcgtgctgg agaggtagtt gctgctcgta taatctcccc agaataatat acttctgtgt catcgttcaa tttatacgga tttctatagt tctctgttat ataatgcggt ttgccctcat gattagacaa cgacaatagt gttctgaatt tagatagttg atcagaatga atgtttattg gcgttggaaa aattatccat acagcgtctg cagagtggtt gatagttgtt cctagatatt taaaataatc caacttacta ggcagcaaat tgtctagata aaatactgaa tcaaacggtg cagacgtatt ggcggttcta atggaatcca attgattgac tatcttttga aaatatacat ttttatgatc cgatacttgt aagaatatag aaataatgat aagtccatca tcgtgttttt ttgcctcttc ataagaacta tattttttct tattccaatg aacaagatta atctctccag agtatttgta cacatctatc aagtgattgg atccataatc gtcttccttt ccccaatata tatgtagtga tgataacaca tattcattgg gaagaaaccc tccacttaaa tatcctcctt taaaattaat ccttactagt tttccagtat tctggatagt ggttggtttc gactcattat aatgtatgtt taacggcttt aatcgcgcgt tagaaattgc ttttttagtt tctatattaa taggagatag ttgttgtgac atagtaaaaa tgaaatgata actgtttaga aatagctctt agtatgggaa ttacaatgga tgaggaagtg atatttgaaa ctcctagaga attaatatct attaaacgaa taaaagatat tccaagatca aaagacacgc acgtgtttgc tgcgtgtata acaagtgacg gatatccgct aataggagct agaagaactt cattcgcatt ccaggcgata ttatctcaac aaaattcaga ttctatcttt agagtatcca ctaaactatt acggtttatg tattacaatg aactaagaga aatctttaga cggttgagaa aaggttctat caacaatatc gatcctcact tcgaagagtt aatattattg ggtggtaaac tagataaaaa ggaatctatt aaagattgtt taagaagaga attaaaagag gaaagtgatg aacgtataac agtaaaagaa ttcggaaatg taattctaaa acttacaaca caggataaat tatttaataa agtgtatata ggttattgca tgtcgtgttt tattaatcaa tcattagagg atttatcaca tactagtatt tacaatgtag aaattagaaa gattaaatca ttaaatgatt gtattaacga tgataaatac gaatatctgt cttatattta taatatgcta gttaatagta aatgaacttt tacagatcta gtataattag tcagattatt aagtataata gacgactagc taagtctatt atttgcgagg atgactctca aattattaca cttacggcat tcgttaacca atgcctatgg tgtcataaac gagtatccgt gtccgctatt ttattaacta cggataacaa aatattagta tgtaacagac gagatagttt tctctattct gaaataatta gaactagaaa catgtctaga aagaaacgat tatttctaaa ttattccaat tatttgaaca aacaggaaag aagtatacta tcgtcatttt tttctctaga tccagctacg attgataatg atagaataga cgctatttat ccgggcggta tactcaaaag gggtgagaac gttccagagt gtctatccag ggaaatcaaa gaagaagtta atatagacaa ttcttttgta ttcatagaca ctcggttttt tattcatggt atcatagaag ataccattat taacaaattt tttgaagtaa ttttctttgt tggaagaata tctctaacga gtgatcaaat tattgatacc tttaaaagta atcatgaaat taaggatcta atatttttag atccgaattc aggtaatgga ctccaatacg aaattgcaaa atatgctcta gatactgcaa aacttaaatg ttatggccat agaggatgtt attatgaatc attaaaaaaa ttaactgagg atgattgatt agaaaatata aattaattta ccatcgtgta tttttataac gggattgtcc ggcatatcat gtagatagtt accatctaca tcgtatactc gaccatctac gcctttaaat cctctattta ttgacattaa tctattagaa ttggaatacc aaatattagt accctcaatt agtttattgg taatattttt tttagacgat agatcgatgg ctcttgaaac caaggttttc caaccggact cgttatcgat cggtgaaaag tctttttcat tagcatgaat ccattctaat gatgtatgtt taaacactct aaacaattgg acaaattctt ttgatttgct ttgaataatt tcaaataggt cttcgtctac agtaggcata ccattagata atctagccat tataaagtgc acgtttacat atctacgttc tggaggagta agaacgtgac tattaagacg aatggctctt cctactattt gacgaagaga tgcctcgttc caagtcatat ctagaatgaa gatatcatta attgagaaaa aactaatacc ctcgcctcca ctagaagaga atacacatgt tttaatgcat tctccgttag tgtttgattc ttggttaaac tcagccaccg ccttgattct agtatctttt gttctagatg agaactctat attagagata ccaaagactt tgaaatatag taataaaatt tctattcctg actgattaac aaatggttca aagactagac atttaccatg tgatgctaat attcccaaac atacatctat gaatttggcg cttttctctt ttaattcagt aaatagagag atatcagccg cactagcgtc ccctcccaat agttctccct ttttaaaggt atctaatgcg gatttagaaa actctctatc tcttaatgag cgtttaaagt cattatatag ggttgctatc tcttgcgcgt attcacccgg atcacgattt tgtctttcag gaaagctatc gaacgtaaac gtagtagcca tacgtcgcag aattctaaat gatgatatac ctgtttttat ttcagtaagt ttagcctttt gataaatctc ttcttgcttt tttgacatat taacgtatcg cattaatact gttttcttag cgaatgatgc agacccttct acgtcatcaa aaatagaaaa ctcgttatta actatgtacg aacataggcc tcctagtttg gagactaatt ctttttcatt aactagacgt ttattctcaa atagcgattg gtgttgtaag gatcctggtc gtagtaagtt aaccaacatg gtgaattctt gcacactatt gacgataggt gtagccgata aacaaatcat cttatggttt tttaacgcaa tggtcttaga taaaaaatta tatactgaac gagtaggacg gatcttacca tcttctttga ttaatgattt agaaatgaag ttatgacatt catcaatgat gacgcatatt ctactcttgg aattaatagt tttgatatta gtaaaaaatt tatttctaaa

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97801 attttgatca tcgtaattaa taaaaataca atccttcgtt atctctggag cgtatctgag 97861 tatagtgttc atccaaggat cttctatcaa agcttttttc actaataaga taatagccca 97921 attcgtataa atatccttaa gatgtttgag aatatataca gtagtcattg ttttaccgac 97981 acctgtttca tggaacaata aaagagaatg catactgtct aatcctaaga aaactcttgc 98041 tacaaaatgt tgataatcct tgaggcgtac tacgtctgtt cccatcattt caacaggcat 98101 attagtagtt ctgcgcaagg cataatcgat ataggccgca tgtgatttac tcatttatag 98161 tgataagtaa taactatgtt ttaaaaatca taacagtagt ttaactagtc ttctctgatg 98221 tttgttttcg atacttttcg aatcagaagt catactagaa taaagcaacg agtgaacgta 98281 atagagagct tcgtatactc tattcgaaaa ctctaagaac ttattaatga attccgtatc 98341 cactggatcg tttagaatac taaattgaac actgttcaca tccttccaag aagaagactt 98401 agtaacggac ttaacatgag acataaataa atccaaattt tttttacaaa cattactagc 98461 caccataatg gcgctatctt ttaaccagct atcgcttaca catttcagca atctaacatt 98521 tttaaagaga ctacaatata ttctcatggt atcgattaca cctctaccga atagagtagg 98581 aagtttaata atacaatatt tttcgtttac aaaatcaaat aatggtcgaa acacgtcaaa 98641 ggttaacatc ttataatcgc taatgtatag attgttttca gtaagatgat tattagattt 98701 aatagcatct cgttcgcgtt taaacagttt attgcgtgcg ctaagatcgg caactactgc 98761 gtccgcttta gtacttctcc cataatactt tacgctatta atctttaaaa tttcatagac 98821 tttatctaga tcgctttctg gtaacatgat atcatgtgta aaaagtttta acatgtcggt 98881 tggcattcta tttagatcat taactctaga aatctgaaga aagtaattag ctccgtattc 98941 caaactaggt aatgggcttt tacctagaga cagattaagt tctggcaatg tttcataaaa 99001 tggaagaagg acatgcgtcc cctcccggat attttttaca atttcatcca tttacaactc 99061 tatagtttgt tttcattatt attagttatt atctcccatt atcttggtaa tacttacccc 99121 ttgatcgtaa gataccttat acaggtcatt acatacaact accaattgtt tttgtacata 99181 atagattgga tggttgacat ccatggtgga ataaactact cgaacagata gtttatcttt 99241 ccccctagat acattggccg taatagttgt cggtctaaag aatatctttg gtgtaaagtt 99301 aaaagttagg gttcttgttc cattattgct ttttgtcagt agttcattat aaattctcga 99361 gatgggcccg ttctctgaat atagaacatc atttccaaat ctaacttcta gtctagaaat 99421 aatatcggtc ttattcttaa aatctattcc cttgatgaag ggatcgttaa tgaacaaatc 99481 cttggccttt gattcggctg atctattatc tccgttatag acgttacgtt gactagtcca 99541 aagacttaca ggaatagatg tatcgatgat gttgatacta tgtgatatgt gtgcaaagac 99601 tgttctcttg gtggcgtcgc tatatgttcc agtaatggcg gaaaactttt tagaaatgtt 99661 atatataaaa gaattttttc gggttccaaa cattaacaga ttagtatgaa gataaacact 99721 catattatca ggaacattat caatttttac atacacatca gcatcttgaa tagaaacgat 99781 accatcttct ggaacctcaa caatctcggc agactccgga taaccagttg gtgggccatc 99841 actaacaata actagatcat ccaacaatct actcacatat gcatctatat aatctttttc 99901 atcttgtgag taccctggat acgaaataaa tttattatcc gtatttccat aataaggttt 99961 agtataaaca gagagcgatg ttgccgcatg aacttcagtt acagtcgccg ttggttggtt 100021 tatttgacct attactctcc taggtttctc tataaacgat ggtttaattt gtacattctt 100081 aaccatatat ccaataaagc tcaattcagg aacataaaca aattctttgt tgaacgtttc 100141 aaagtcgaac gaagagtcgc gaataacgat atcggatact ggattgaagg tcaccgttac 100201 ggtaattttt gaatcggata gtttaagact gctaaatgta tcttccacat caaacggagt 100261 tttaatataa acgtatactg tagatggttc tttaatagtg tcattaggag ttaagccaat 100321 agaaatatca ttaagttcac tagaatatcc agaatgtttc aaagcaattg tattattgat 100381 acaattatta tataattctt cgccctcaat ttcccaaata acaccattac acgaagagac 100441 cgatacatga ttaatacatt tatatccaac atatggtacg taaccgaatc ttcccatacc 100501 tttaacttct ggaagttcca aacttagaac caaatgatta agcgcagtaa tatactgatc 100561 cctaatttcg aagctagcga tagtctgatt gtcgggacca ttgtttgtca taactccgga 100621 tagagaaata tattgcggca tatataaagt tggaatttga ctatcgactg cgaagacatt 100681 agaccgttta atagagtcat ccccaccaat caacgaatta atgatagtat tattcatttt 100741 ctatttaaaa tggaaaaagc ttacaataaa ctccgtagag aaatatctat aatttgtgag 100801 ttttccttaa agtaacaact tccgtaaacg ccgtctttat ctcttagtaa gtttattgta 100861 tttatgacct tttccttatc ttcataaaat actaaaggca acaaagaaat ttttggttct 100921 tctctaagag ctacgtgaga cttaaccata gacgccaacg aatccctaca tattttagaa 100981 cagaaatacc caacttcgcc acccttgaat gtctcaatac taataggtct aaaaaccaaa 101041 tcttgattac aaaaccaaca cttatcaatt acactatttg tcttaataga catatctgcc 101101 atagatttat aatactttgg tagtatacaa gcgagtgctt cttctttagc gggcttaaag 101161 actgctttag gtgctgaaat aaccacatct ggaaggctta ctcgcttagc catttaatta 101221 cggaactatt tttttatact tctaatgagc aagtagaaaa cctctcatct acaaaaacat 101281 actcgtgtcc ataatcctct accatagtaa cacgtttttt agatctcata tgtgctaaaa 101341 agttttccca tactaactga ttactattat ttttcgtata atttttaact gtttgaggtt 101401 ttagattttt agttacagaa gtaatatcga atattttatc caaaaagaat gagtaattaa 101461 ttgttttaga aggagtgttt tcttggcaaa agaataccaa gtgcttaaat atttctacta 101521 cttcattaat cttttcggta ctcagattca gtttctcatc ttttacttga ttgattattt 101581 caaagactaa cttataatcc tttttattta tcctctcgtt agccttaaga aaactagata 101641 caaaatttgc atctacatca tccgtggata tttgattttt ttccatgata tccaaaagtt 101701 ccgagataat ttctccagaa cattgatgag acaataatct ccgcaataca tttctcaaat 101761 gaataagttt attagacacg tggaagtttg actttttttg tacctttgta catttttgaa 101821 atacagactc gcaaaaaata caatattcat atccttgttc agatactata ccgttgtgtc 101881 tacaaccgct acataatcgt agattcatgt taacactcta cgtatctcgt cgtccaatat 101941 tttatataaa aacattttat ttctagacgt tgccaaaaaa tcctgtaata cttttagttt 102001 ttggggttgt gaataaagta tcgccctaat attattacca tcttccgcca atatagtagt 102061 tagattatca gcacatgaag aaaaacacct cttaggtgga ttcagtacaa tgttatattt 102121 ttcgtaccaa ctcatttaaa tatcataatc taaaatagtt ctgtaatatg tctagcgcta 102181 atatattgat cataatcctg tgcataaatt aaaatacaac aatgtctcga aatcattgac 102241 atggcttctt ccatagttag aagatcgtcg tcaaagttag caacgtgatt catcaacatt 102301 tgctgttttg aggcagcaaa tactgaaccg tcaccattca accattcata aaaaccatcg 102361 tctgaatcca ttgataattt cttgtactgg tttttgagag ctcgcatcaa tctagcattt 102421 ctagctcccg gattgaaaac agaaagagga tcgtacatcc agggtccatt ttctgtaaat 102481 agaatagtat aatgtccctt taagaagata tcagacgatc cacaatcaaa aaattggtct 102541 ccgagtttgt aacagactgc ggactttaac ctatacatga taccgtttag catgatttct 102601 ggtgatacgt caattggagt atcatctatt agagatctaa agccggtgta acattctcca 102661 ccaaacatat tcttattctg acgtcgttct acataaaaca tcattgctcc attaacgata 102721 acaggggaat gaacagcact acccatcaca ttagttccca atgaatcaat gtgtgtaact 102781 ccagaacatc ttccatagcc tatgttagga ggagcgaaca ctactcttcc actattgcca 102841 tcgaatgcca tagaataaat atccttggaa ttgatagaaa tcggactgtc ggatgttgtg 102901 atcatcttca taggattaac aacaatgtat ggtgccgcct gaagtttcat atcgtaactg 102961 atgccgttta taggtctagc cacagaaacc aatgtaggtc taaatccaac tatagacaaa 103021 atagaagcca atatctgttc ctcatctgtc ataacttgag agcatccagt atgaataatc 103081 ttcattagat ggggatctac cgcatcatca tcgttacaat aaaaaattcc cattctaatg 103141 ttcataattg cttttctaat catggtatgc atgtttgccc tttgaatctc tgtggaaatt

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103201 agatctgata cacctgtaat cactatcgga ttatcctccg taagacgatt aaccaacaac 103261 atataattat aagactttac tcttctaaat tcataaagtt gctggattag actatatgtg 103321 tctccatgta catacgcgtt ctcaagcgcg ggaagtttaa tgccaaatag tgccatcaga 103381 ataggatgaa tgtagtaatt agtttctggt tttctataaa taaaagacaa atcttgcgag 103441 ctagacatat cggtaaaatg catggattgg aatcgtgtag tcgacagaag aatatgatga 103501 ttagacggag agtatatttt atctaactct ttgagttggt caccaattct aggactagct 103561 cgagaatgaa taagtactaa aggatgagta catttcacag aaacactggc gttgttcaat 103621 gtgctcttta catgggtaag gagttgaaat agctcgtttc tatttgttct gacaatattt 103681 agtttattca taatgttaag catatcctga atagtaaaat tagatgtgtc atacttgtta 103741 gtagttagat atttagcaat tgcattccca tcatttctca atctcgtact ccaatcatgt 103801 gtggatgcta cttcatctat agaaaccata caatcctttt tggtagtctg ttgagcttga 103861 tcatttcctg cacgtttagg tttggtacgt tgatttctag cccctgcgga tataaagtca 103921 tcgtctacaa tttgggacaa tgaattgcat acactacatg acaaagattt atcagaagtg 103981 tgaatatgat cttcatctac caaagaaaga gtttgattag tataactaga ttttagtcct 104041 gtgttagatg ttaaaaaaac atcgctattg accacggctt ccattattta tattcgtagt 104101 ttttactcga aagcgtgatt ttaatatcca atcttattac ttttggaatc gttcaaaacc 104161 tttgactagt tgtagaattt gatctattgc cctacgcgta tactcccttg catcatatac 104221 gttcgtcacc agatcgtttg tttcggcctg aagttggcgc atatcttttt caacactcga 104281 catgagatcc ttaagggcca tattgtctag attttgttga gatgttgctc ctggatttgg 104341 attttgttgt gctgttgtac atactgtacc accagtaggt gtaggagtac atacagtggc 104401 cacaatagga ggttgaggag gtgtaactgt cggagtagta caagaaatac ttccatccga 104461 ttgttgtgta catgtagttg ttggtaacgt ctgagaaggt tgggtagatg gcgtcgtcgt 104521 cgtcttttga tctttattaa atttagagat aatatcctga acagcattga tcggcgtcaa 104581 cgctggaagg agtgaactcg gttgtgtatt atcatctgcc gacaaccaat caaaaagatt 104641 agacatatcc gatgatgtat tagtttgttg ttgtcgtggt tttggtgtag gagccggtgt 104701 aggtacctgc agtggagtta tatgaatagt tggttgtagc ggttggatag gctgtctgct 104761 ggcggccatc atattatctc tagctagttg ttctcgcaac tgtctttgat aatacgactc 104821 ttgagacttt agtcctattt caatcgcttc atcctttttt atatccagat ccttttcttc 104881 agaataatag attgacgact ttggtgtaga ggattctgcc aacccctgtg agaacttgtt 104941 aaagaagtcc atttaaggct ttaaaattga attgcgatta taagattaaa tggcagacac 105001 agacgatatt atcgactatg aatccgatga tctcactgaa tacgaggatg atgatgaaga 105061 ggaagaagat ggagagtcac tagaaactag tgatatagat cccaaatctt cttataagat 105121 tgtagaatca gcatccactc atatagaaga tgcacattcc aatcttaaac atatagggaa 105181 tcatatatct gctcttaaac gacgctatac tagacgtata agtctatttg aaatagcggg 105241 tataatagca gaaagctata acttgcttca acgaggaaga ttacctctag tttcagaatt 105301 ttctaacgaa acgatgaagc aaaatatgct acatgtaatt atacaagaga tagaggaggg 105361 ttcttgtcct atagtcatcg aaaagaacgg agaattgttg tcggtaaacg attttgacaa 105421 agatggtctg aaattccatc tagactatat tatcaaaatt tggaaacttc aaaaacgata 105481 ttagaattta tacgaatatc gttctctaaa tgtcacaatc aagtctctca tatttagcag 105541 gttattgtcg tactttatat cgtgttcatt aacgatattt tgcaaaatag taatgattct 105601 atcttccttc gatagatatt cttcagagat tattgtctta tattctttct tgttatccga 105661 tataaattta ataagacttt gaacattatt aatacccgtt tgtttaaatt tttctacaga 105721 tattttagtt ttggtagatt ctattgtgtc tgttaataga cacccaacat cgacattcga 105781 cgttaattgt ctataaatta gagtataaat tttagaaata acattagcaa attgttgtgc 105841 gttgatgtcg ttattctgaa acagtatgat tttaggtagc attttcttaa caaagagaac 105901 gtatttattg ttactcagtt gaacagatga tatatccaga ttactaacgc atctgattcc 105961 atataccaaa ctttcagaag aaatggtgta caattgtttg tattcattca atgtctcctt 106021 ttcagaaatt agtttagagt caaatactgc aataattttc aaaagatagt tttcatcaga 106081 taagatttta tttagtgtag atatgataaa actattgttt tgttggagaa cttgatacgc 106141 cgcattctct gtagtcgacg ctctcaaatg ggaaacaatc tccattattt ttttggaatc 106201 ggatactata tcttcggtat cttgacgcag tctagtatac atagagttaa gagaaattag 106261 agtttgtaca ttaagcaaca tgtctttaaa tgtggctaca aacttttcct tttccgcatc 106321 atctagttta ttatataccg attttacaac ggcgccagat ttaagaaacc agaatgaaaa 106381 actctgataa ctacaatatt tcatcatagt tacaatttta tcatcttcta tagttggtgt 106441 gataacacat acctttttct ccaagactgg aaccaacgtc ataaaaatgt ttaaatcaaa 106501 atccatatca acatctgatg cgctaagacc agtctcgcgt tcaagattat ctttactaat 106561 ggtgacgaac tcatcgtata gaactctaag tttgtccatt atttatttac agatttagtt 106621 gtttaattta tttgtactct tccaaagttg ggatagtatt tttctaacgt tggtattata 106681 ttattaggat ctacgttcat atgtatcata atattaatca tccacgtttt gataaatcta 106741 tctttagctt ctgaaataac gtatttaaac aaaggagaaa aatatttagc tacggcatca 106801 gacgtaataa cattttttgt aaatgtaacg tatttagacg agagatcttc gttaaaaagt 106861 tttccatcta tgtagaatcc atcggttgtt aacaccattc ccgcgtcaga ttgaatagga 106921 gtttgaatag tttgttttgg aaatagatcc ttcaataact tatagttggg tgggaaaaaa 106981 tcgattttat cactagactc tttctttttt actatcatta cctcatgaac tatttcttga 107041 atgagtatat gtattttctt tcctatatcg gacgcgttca ttggaaaata taccatgtcg 107101 ttaactataa gaatattttt atcctcgttt acaaactgaa taatattaga cgtagttcgt 107161 aaacgaacta tatcattacc agtacaacat ctaactatat gatatccact agtttccttt 107221 agccgtttat tatcttgttc catattagca gtcattccat catttaagaa ggcgtcaaag 107281 ataataggga gaaatgacat tttggattct gttactactt taccaaaatt aaggatatac 107341 ggacttacta tctttttctc aacgtcgatt tgatgaacac acgatgaaaa tgtgcttcta 107401 tgagattgat catgtagaaa acaacaaggg atacaatatt tccgcatatc atgaaatata 107461 ttaagaaatc ccaccttatt atatttcccc aaaggatcca tgcacgtaaa cattatatcg 107521 ttatcattaa taaagacttc tttctcatcg gatctgtaaa agttgttact gatttttttc 107581 attccaggat ctagataatt aataatgacg ggttttctat ttttattctt tgtattttgg 107641 catatcctag accagtaaac agtttccact ttggtaaaat cagcagactt ttgaacgcta 107701 ttaaacatgg cattaatggc aataactaaa aatgtaaaat atttttctat gttaggaata 107761 tggtttttca ctttaataga tatatggttt ttggccaaaa tgatagatat ttttttatcc 107821 gaggatagta aaatattatt agtcgccgtc tctataaaaa tgaagctagt ctcgatatcc 107881 aattttattc tagaattgat aggagtcgcc aaatgtacct tatacgttat atctcccttg 107941 atgcgttcca tttgtgtatc tatatctgac acaagatcgg taaatagttt tacgttatta 108001 atcatcacgg tatcaccgtc gctagataat gctaatgttc catccaagtc ccaaatggag 108061 agatttaact gttcatcgtt tagaataaaa tgattaccgg tcatattaat aaagtgttca 108121 tcgtatctag ataacaacga cttataatta atgtccaagt cttgaactcg ctgaatgatc 108181 ttttttaacc cagttagttt tagattggta cgaaatatat tgttaaactt tgattctaca 108241 gtaatgtcca aatctagttg tggaaatacg tccatcagca ttgtttcaaa cttgataata 108301 ttattatcca catcttcata tgatccaaat tctggaatag atgtatcaca cgctctggct 108361 acccagataa ccaaaaagtc gcacgctcca ggatatacat tgtataaaaa gctatcgttt 108421 ttaagtagtg tttttttttg cgtatatacg aagggattga aaatagtatt atcgacgtaa 108481 ctatattcca aattattctt atgcgaatag ataataatat cgtccttaat atctaacaaa 108541 tttcctaaat atccctttaa ttgagtcatt cgaagcgtca atagaatatg tctcttaact

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter 108601 108661 108721 108781 108841 108901 108961 109021 109081 109141 109201 109261 109321 109381 109441 109501 109561 109621 109681 109741 109801 109861 109921 109981 110041 110101 110161 110221 110281 110341 110401 110461 110521 110581 110641 110701 110761 110821 110881 110941 111001 111061 111121 111181 111241 111301 111361 111421 111481 111541 111601 111661 111721 111781 111841 111901 111961 112021 112081 112141 112201 112261 112321 112381 112441 112501 112561 112621 112681 112741 112801 112861 112921 112981 113041 113101 113161 113221 113281 113341 113401 113461 113521 113581 113641 113701 113761 113821 113881 113941

atttccggct gttgtatatt taaatgactt cgtaagaaat aatatatggg cgacttttca tctatgtaat catatggagt gagatatagg gctcgttcta cctcctgccc tttacccacc tgtaatacca attgtggact cactatatat cgcatattta tatcgtgggg taaagtgaaa atctactacc gatgatgtaa gtcttacaat gtttgaacca gtaccagatc ttaatttgga ggcctccgta gaactagggg aggtaaatat agatcaaaca acacctatga taaaggagaa tatcggtttt atatcccgca gtagacgtct attcgcccat agatctaagg atgatgagag aaaactagca ctacgattct ttttacaaag actttatttt ttagatcata gagagattca ttatttgttc agatgcgttg acgctgtaaa agacgtcact attaccaaaa aaaataacat tattgtggcg ccttatatag cacttttaac tattgcatca aaaggatgca aacttacaga aacaatgatt gaagcattct ttccagaact atataatgaa catagtaaga aattcaaatt caactctcaa gtatccatca tccaagaaaa acttggatat cagtctggaa actatcacgt ttatgatttt gaaccgtatt actctacagt agctttggct attcgagatg aacattcatc tggcattttt aatatccgtc aagagagtta tctggtaagt tcattatctg aaataacata tagattttat ctaattaatc taaaatctga tcttgttcaa tggagtgcta gtacgggcgc tgtaattaat caaatggtaa atactgtatt gattacagtg tatgaaaagt tacaactggt catagaaaat gattcacaat ttatatgttc attggctgtg gaatcagaac ttccaataaa attacttaaa gatagaaatg aattatttac aaaattcatc aacgagttaa aaaagaccag ttcattcaag ataagcaaac gtgataagga tacgttacta aaatatttta cttaggagtt agaatttata gacgactcat ttagtttatt actattacta gcattattgg tattcttctt gtcatcttgt tcagaaatat ataacaatgc tatacctaat actaaataca ttatcatgct tgcaatggct ctaacaacga cgaaccaaaa tgaatttggt cgtagctttt gttcacaaaa atacataaag aaatgtctac ataaatctat ggcgccattg gcatcttgaa atagcgccag tcctcctaca gattttaata tagctgtata acatgacatt tattcatcat caaaagagac agagtcacca tctgtcatat ttagattttt tttcatgtgt tcaaagtatc ctctactcat ttcattataa tagtttatca tacttagaat tttaggacgg atcaatgagt aagacttgac taaatcgtca gtagtaattt gcgcatcgtc tattctacat ccgcttcgtc gaataatgta tagcattgct ttgagattct ccatagctat caagtcttta tacaatgaca tggaaatatc tgtgaacact ttatacttct ccaacatcga tgccttaaca tcatcaccta ctttagcatt gaaaatacgt tctattgtgt agatggatgt agcaagattt ttaaacaaca atgccatctt acatgatgat tgccttaagt ctccaatctt ttgtttagaa tgattagcta cagagtccaa cgcttggctg actagcatat tattatcttt agaaattgta ttcttcaatg aggcgtttat catatctgta atttcgttag tcatattaca gtctgactgg gttgtaatgt tatccaacat atcacctatg gatacggtac acgtaccagc atttgtaata atcctatcta agatgttgta tggcattgcg cagaaaatat cttctcctgt aatatctcca ctctcgataa atctacttag attattctta aatgccttat tctctggaga aaagatatca gtgtccatca tttcattaat agtatacgca gaaaagatac cacgagtatc aattctatcc aagatactta ttggttccga gtcacaaata atggtttcct ctccttcagg agatcctgca tagaaatatc taggacaata gtttctatac tgtctgtaac tctgataatc tctaaagtca ctaactgata ccatgaaatt gagaagatca aacgctgaag taatcaattt ttctgcctcg tttttactac aactagtttt catcaatgta gtgacgatgt attgtttagt tactcttggt ctaatactga tgatagagat attattactt cccataatgg atcttctagt agtcacctta aagcccattg atgcgaatag cagatagata aagtcttggt atgactcctt tctaatatag tacggactac ctttgtcacc caactttata cccacataag ccataacaac ctctttaata gccgtttcat gaggtttatc agccatgagc ctaagtagtt ggaagaatct catgaatccc gtctcagaaa gtcctatatg catgatagaa gatttatctt tcttgggaaa ctctcgtata gtcatagatg aaatactctt taaagtttct gaaataagat cagtaacagt cttacctccg actactctgg gtaacaaaca tactctaata ggtgttttct ctgcggagat aatatcagaa aggatagagc aataagtagt attattgtga ttataaagac cgaatacata acaggtagaa tttataaaca tcatgtcctg aaggttttta gacttgtatt cctcgtaatc cataccgtcc caaaacatgg atttggtaac tttgatagcc gtagatcttt gttccttcgc caacaggtta aagaaattaa taaagaattt gttgtttcta tttatgtcca caaattgcat atttggaagt cccaccgtta cgttcactgc agcattttga ggatctcgag tatgaagtac gatgttattg tttactggta tatctggaaa gaattctacc agtctaggaa taagagattg atatcgcata gaaatacaaa agttaataat ctcatcatcg aagattactc ggttaccatt gtaataaatt ggtactctat cataatcgtc gacaaagtac tgttcataca tgatgagatg tttatatgtt ggcatagtag tgagatcgac gtttggtaat ggcaatgtat taagattaac tccataatgt ctagcagcat ccgcgatggc ataagtgttg tcaaagcggg gttgatcttg tgctgttata tattgtctaa cacctataag attatcaaaa tcttgtctgc ttaatacacc gttaacaatt ttcgccttga attcttttat tggtgcatta ataacatcct tatagaggat gttaaacaaa taagtattat caaagttaag atctgggtat ttcttttctg ctagaacatc cattgagtcg gagccatctg gtttaatata accaccgata aatctagctc tgtattctgt atccgtcaat ctaatattaa gaaggtgttg agtgaaaggt ggaagatcgt aaaagctgtg agtattaatg atagggttag tttccgaact aatgttaatt ggggtattaa taatatcgat atttccagcg ttaagtgtaa cattaaacag ttttaattca cgtgacgtgg tatcaattaa ataattaatg cccaatttgg atatagcagc ctgaagctca tcttgtttag ttacggatcc taatgagtta ttaagaaata catcaaacgg atgaacgaag gttgttttaa gttggtcaca tactttgtaa tctagacata gatgcggaag aacggtagaa actatacgaa atagatattc agagtcctct aattgatcaa gagtaactat tgacttaata ggcatcattt atttagtatt aaatgacgac cgtaccagtg acagatatac aaaacgactt aattacagag ttttcagaag ataattatcc atctaacaaa aattatgaaa taactcttcg tcaaatgtct attctaactc acgttaataa cgtggtagat agagaacata atgccgccgt agtgtcatct ccagaggaaa tatcatcaca acttaatgaa gatttatttc cagacgatga ttctccggcc actattattg aaagagtaca acaaccgcat actactatta ttgacgatac gccacctcct acgtttcgta gagagttatt gatatcggaa caacgtcagc aacgagaaaa aagatttaat attacggtat caaaaaatgc cgaagcgata atggaatcta gatcgatgat aacttctatg ccaacacaaa caccatcctt gggagtagtt tatgataaag ataaaagaat tcagatgcta gaggatgaag tggttaatct tagaaatcaa caatctaata caaaatcatc taataatttg gataatttta ccagaatact atttggtaag actccgtata aatcaacaga agttaataag cgtatagcca tcgttaatta tgcaaatttg aatgggtccc ccttatcagt agaggacttg gatgtttgtt cagaggatga aatagataga atctataaaa cgattaaaca atatcacgaa agtagaaaac gaaaaattat cgttactaac gtgattatta ttgtcataaa cattattgaa caggcattgc taaaacttgg atttgacgaa atcaaaggac tgagtaccga catcacttca gaaattatcg atgtggagat cggagacgac tgtgatgctg tagcatcaaa actaggaatc ggcaacagtc cggttcttaa tattgtattg tttatactca agatatttgt taaacgaatt aaaattattt aatttaatac attcccatat ccagacaaca atcgtttgga ttaatctgtt cctgtcgtct cataccggac gacatattaa tctttttatt agtgggcatc tttttagatg gtttcttttt cccagcatta actgattcga tacctagaag atcgtgattg atctctccga ccattccacg aacttctaat tgaccgtctc taacggtacc ataaactatt ttaccagcat tagtaacagc ttggacaatc tgaccatcca ttgcgttgaa tgatgtagtt gctgttgttc tacgtctagg agcaccagaa gtatttttag agctcttgga tgttgatgta gaagaagacg aggattttga tttacatgtg atacattttg aactctttga

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114001 ttttgtgtca catgcgccgg cagtcacatc tgtttgagaa ttaagattat tgttgcctcc 114061 tttgacggct gcatctccac cgatctgtgc tagtagattt ttaagctgtg gtgtaatctt 114121 attaactgtt tcgatataat catcgtaact gcttctaacg gctaaatttt ttttatccgc 114181 catttagaag ctaaaaatat ttttatttat acagaagatt taactagatt atacaatgaa 114241 ctaatatgat ccttttccag attatttaca aacctggtat ttcttgtttc tggaggaggc 114301 aagtttacat tcggacttgg attttgtgag ttcttgatct tattatacat cgcgtatagg 114361 atggcgacgg taactgctac acaaatacca atcaaaagaa gaataccaat catttattga 114421 taataacttc actattgatc aagtatacaa tatatcatct tttcactaaa taagtagtaa 114481 taatgattca acaatgtcga gatatatgaa cgataataac ttagtttacg gaaatatcgc 114541 tatgattggt atgaatgact ccactaactc tgtggggtgc gcagtgcttt ccccacatag 114601 aataaattag cattccgact gtgataataa taccaagtat aaacgacata atactcaata 114661 ctttccatgt acgagtggga ctggtagact tactaaagtc aataaaggca aagatacacg 114721 aaagaatcaa aagaatgatt ccagcaatta acactccgga aaaataattt ccaatcataa 114781 gcatcatgtc catttaacta ataaaaattt taaatcgccg aatgaacaaa gtggaatata 114841 aaccatataa aaacaatagt ttgtactgca aaaataatat ctatttttgt tttcgaagat 114901 atggtaaaat taaatagtag tacacaacat gttataacta acagcagcaa cggttcgtaa 114961 ttacttatca tttactagac gaaaaggtgg cgggatattt tcttgctcaa ataatacgaa 115021 tatattaccc atccatttta tgcgatgttt atatactcta atctttaata gatctataga 115081 cgacgggttt accaacaata tagattttat cgattcatct aatttaaacc cttccttaaa 115141 cgtgaatgat ctattatctg gcataacgat gaccctacct gatgaatcag acaatgtact 115201 gggccatgta gaataaatta tcaacgaatc atcgtctacg aacatttata tcatttgttt 115261 taattttagg acgcgaataa atagatataa aatagaaaat aacagatatt acaaccagtg 115321 ttatggccgc acccaaccag gtaggcagtt ttattttatc ttttactaca ggttctcctg 115381 gatgtatgtc accaactgta gacgtagttc tagtacaatt agacgtaagt tccgcttggg 115441 aattttttaa cgctaaagag ttaacgttaa tcgtacaccc aacgtattta catctagttc 115501 tttgaacatc ttgattataa tataaccatt ttctatctct agattcgtca gtgcactcat 115561 gtaaccaaca taccctaggt cctaaatatt tatctccgga attagatttt ggataattcg 115621 cacaccaaca atttctattt cctttatgat cgttacaaaa gacgtataat gccgtatccc 115681 caaaagtaaa ataatcagga cgaataattc taataaactc agaacaatat ctcgcatcca 115741 tatgtttgga gcaaatatcg gaataagtag acatagccgg tttccgtttt acacgtaacc 115801 attctaaaca attggggttt ccaggatcgt ttctacaaaa tccagtcata aaatcgtcac 115861 aatgttctgt cttgtaatta ttattaaata tttttggaca gtgtttggta tttgtctttg 115921 aacaacattt tgctacgcta tcactatctc ccaggagata atcctttttt ataaaatgac 115981 atcgttgccc ggatgctata taatcagtag cgtgttttaa atccttaata tattcaggag 116041 ttacctcgtt ctgataatag attaatgttc caggacgaaa tttgaaagaa ctacatggtt 116101 ctccatgaat taatacatat tgtttagcaa actcaggaac tataaaacta ctacaatgat 116161 ctatcgacat accatctatc aaacaaaatt tgggtttaat ttctcctgga gacgtttcat 116221 aataatacat ataactttct tcggcaaact taacagttct attatattta ggataattaa 116281 aacctaattc catatatttg tctcgtatat ctgctattcc tgatgctatg ttgattctat 116341 taagagtaac ggctgccccc attcttaata atcgtcagta tttaaactgt taaatgttgg 116401 tatatcaaca tctaccttat ttcccgcagt ataaggtttg ttgcaggtat actgttcagg 116461 aatggttaca tttatacttc ttctatagtc ctgtctttcg atgttcatca catatgcaaa 116521 gaacaaaata aacaaaataa tgtaagaaat aatattaaat atctgtgaat tcgtaaatac 116581 attaattgcc ataataatta cagcagctac aatacacaca atagacattc ccacagtgtt 116641 gccattacct ccacgataca tttgagttac taagcaatag gtaataacta agctagtaag 116701 aggcaataga aaagatgaga taaatatcat caatatagag attagaggag ggctatatag 116761 agccaagacg aacaaaatca aaccgagtaa cgttctaaca tcattatttt tgaagattcc 116821 caaataatca ttcattcctc cataatcgtt ttgcatcata cctccatctt taggcataaa 116881 cgattgctgc tgttcctctg taaataaatc tttatcaagc actccagcac ccgcagagaa 116941 gtcgtcaagc atattgtaat atcttaaata actcatttat atattaaaaa atgtcactat 117001 taaagatgga gtataatctt tatgccgaac taaaaaaaat aacttgtggt caatccctaa 117061 gtctttttaa cgaagacggg gatttcgtag aagttgaacc gggatcatta tttaagtttt 117121 tgatacctaa gggattttac tcctctcctt ccgtaaagac gagtttagta ttcgagacat 117181 taacaacgac cgataataaa attactagta tcaatccaac aaatgcacca aagttatatc 117241 ctcttcaaca caaagtcgta tctgaagtag tttctaatat gaggaaaatg attaaattaa 117301 aacgtcctct atacatcact cttcacttgg cgtgtggatt tggtaagact attaccacgt 117361 gttatcttat ggctacacac ggaagaaaaa ccgtcatttg tgtacccaat aaaatgttaa 117421 tacatcaatg gaagacacag gtagaggcag tcggattgga acataagata tctatagatg 117481 gagtaagtag tttattaaag gaactaaaga ctcaaagtcc ggatgtatta atagtagtta 117541 gtagacatct gacaaacgat gccttttgta aatatatcaa taagcattat gatttgttca 117601 tcttggatga atcacatacg tataatctga tgaacaatac agcagttaca agatttttag 117661 cgtattatcc tccgatgatg tgttattttt taactgctac acctagacca tctaacagaa 117721 tttattgtaa cagtattatt aatattgcca agttatccga tctaaaaaaa actatctatg 117781 ctgtagatag tttttttgag ccatattcca cagataatat tagacatatg ataaaacgac 117841 tagatggacc atctaataaa tatcatatat atactgaaaa gttattatct gtagacgagc 117901 ctagaaatca acttattctt aataccctgg tagaagaatt caagtcagga actattaatc 117961 gcgttttagt tattactaaa ctacgtgaac atatggtatt attctacaaa cgattattag 118021 atcttttcgg accagaggtt gtatttatag gagacgctca aaatagacgt actccagata 118081 tggttaaatc aatcaaggaa ctaaatagat ttatattcgt atccacctta ttttattccg 118141 gtactggttt agatattcct agtttggatt cgttgttcat ttgctcggca gtaatcaaca 118201 atatgcaaat agagcaatta ctagggaggg tatgtcgaga aacagaacta ttagatagga 118261 cggtatatgt atttcctaac acatccgtca aagaaataaa gtacatgata ggaaattttg 118321 tgcaacgaat tattagtctg tctgtagata aactaggatt taaacaagaa agttatcgga 118381 aacatcaaga atccgatccc acttctgtat gtacagcatc ctccagagaa gaacgtgtat 118441 taaatagaat atttaactcg caaaatcgtt aagaagttta agcgacgatc cacatgctgt 118501 acaggccagt gtattacccc tcatagtatt aatataatcc aatgatactt ttgtgatgtc 118561 ggaaatctta accaatttag actgacagac agaacacgtc atgcaatcat cctcatcgat 118621 aactgtagtc ttaggcttct ttttgcgact cttcattccg gaacgcgcat tggtgctatc 118681 catttaggta gtaaaaaata agtcagaata tgccctatag cacgatcgtg taaaacctgg 118741 tatatcgtct ctatctttat cacagtatag tgtatcgaca tctttattat tattgacctc 118801 gtttatctcg gaacatggaa tgggaacatt tttgttatca acggccacct ttgccttaat 118861 tccagatgtt gtaaaattat aactaaacag tctatcatcg acacaaatga aatttttgtt 118921 taaacgtttg tagtttacgt atgcggctcg ttctcgtctc attttttcag atattgcagg 118981 tactataata ttaaaaataa gaatgaaata acataggatt aaaaataaag ttatcatgac 119041 ttctagcgct gatttaacta acttaaaaga attacttagt ctgtacaaaa gtttgagatt 119101 ttcagattct gcggctatag agaagtataa ttctttggta gaatggggaa catctactta 119161 ctggaaaata ggcgtacaaa aggtagctaa tgtcgagacg tccatatctg attattatga 119221 tgaggtaaaa aataaaccgt ttaatattga tccagggtat tatattttct taccggtata 119281 ttttggaagc gtctttattt attcgaaggg taaaaatatg gtagaacttg gatctggaaa 119341 ctcttttcaa ataccagatg atatgcgaag tgtgtgtaac aaagtattag acggcgataa

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119401 cggaatagac tttctgagat ttgttttgtt aaacaataga tggataatgg aagacgctat 119461 atcaaaatat cagtcaccag ttaatatatt taaactagcg agtgagtacg gattaaacat 119521 acccaactat ttagaaattg aaatagagga agacacatta tttgacgacg agttatactc 119581 tattatagaa cgctctttcg atgataattt tccaaaaata tccatatcgt atattaagtt 119641 gggagaactt aggcggcaag ttgtagactt tttcaaattc tcattcatgt atattgagtc 119701 catcaaggta gatcgtatag gggataatat ttttattcct agcgttataa caaaatcagg 119761 aaaaaagata ttagtaaaag atgtagacca tttaatacga tccaaggtta gagaacatac 119821 atttgtaaaa gtaaaaaaga aaaacacatt ttccatttta tacgactatg atgggaacgg 119881 aacagaaact agaggagaag taataaaacg aattatagac actataggac gagactatta 119941 tgttaacgga aagtatttct ctaaggttgg tagtgcgggc ttaaagcaat tgactaataa 120001 attaaatatt aatgagtgca caactgtcga tgagttagtt gatgagatta ataaatccgg 120061 aactgtaaaa cgaaaaataa aaacccaatc agcatttgat ttaagtagag aatgtttggg 120121 atatccagaa gcggatttta taacgttagt taataacatg cggttcaaaa tagaaaattg 120181 taaggttgta aattttaata ttgaaaatac taattgttta aataacccaa gtattgaaac 120241 tatatatgga aactttaacc agttcgtctc aatctttaat atcgtcaccg atgtcaaaaa 120301 aagattattc gagtgaaata atatgtgcct ttgatatagg tgcaaaaaat cctgccagaa 120361 ctgttttaga agtcaaggat aactccgtta gggtattgga tatatcaaaa ttagactgga 120421 gttctgattg ggaaaggcgc atagctaaag atttgtcaca atatgaatac actacagttc 120481 ttctagaacg tcagcctaga aggtcgccat acgtcaaatt tatctatttt attaaaggct 120541 ttttatatca tacatcggct accaaagtta tttgtgtctc gcctgtcatg tctggtaatt 120601 catatagaga tcgaaaaaag agatctgtcg aagcattttt tgattggatg gacatattcg 120661 gattgcgaga ctccgttcca gatagacgca aattagacga tgtagcggat agtttcaatt 120721 tggctatgag atacgtatta gataaatgga atactaatta tacacattat aataggtgta 120781 aatctagaaa ttacataaaa aaaatgtaat aacgttagta acgccattat ggataatcta 120841 tttacctttc tacatgaaat agaagataga tataccagaa ctatttttaa ctttcatcta 120901 ataagttgcg atgaaatagg agatatatat ggtcttatga aagaacgcat ttcctcagag 120961 gatatgtttg ataatatagt atataataaa gatatacatc ctgccattaa gaaactagtt 121021 tattgtgaca ttcaacttac taaacacatt attaatcaga atacgtatcc ggtatttaac 121081 gattcttcac aagtgaaatg ttgtcattat ttcgatataa actcagataa tagcaatatt 121141 agctctcgta cagtagagat atttgagagg gaaaagtcat ctcttgtatc atatattaaa 121201 actaccaata agaagagaaa agtcaattat ggggaaataa agaaaactgt acatggaggc 121261 actaatgcaa attacttttc cggtaaaaaa tctgatgagt atctgagcac tacagtcagg 121321 tccaatatta atcaaccttg gatcaaaacc atctctaaga ggatgagagt caatatcatt 121381 aatcactcta tagtaacgcg tggaaaaagc tccatattac aaactataga aattattttt 121441 actaatagaa catgtgtgaa aatattcaag gattctacta tgcacattat tctatccaag 121501 gacaaggatg aaaaggggtg tatacacatg attgacaaat tattctatgt ctattataat 121561 ttatttctgt tgttcgagga tatcatccaa aacgagtact ttaaagaagt agctaatgtt 121621 gtgaaccatg tactcacggc tacggcatta gatgagaaat tattcctaat taagaaaatg 121681 gctaaacacg atgtttatgg agttagcaat ttcaaaatag ggatgtttaa cttgacattt 121741 attaagtcat tggatcatac cgttttcccc tctctgttag atgaggatag taaaataaag 121801 ttttttaagg ggaaaaagct caatattgta gcattacgct ctctggagga ttgtataaat 121861 tacgtgacta aatccgagaa tatgatagaa atgatgaagg aaagatcgac tattttaaat 121921 agcatagata tagaaacgga atcggtagat cgtctaaaag atttgcttct aaaatgaaaa 121981 aaaacactga ttcagaaatg gatcaacgac tcgggtataa gtttttggta cctgatccta 122041 aagccggagt tttttataga ccgttacatt tccaatatgt atcgtattct aattttatat 122101 tgcatcgatt gcatggaatc ttgaccgtca agcggccact tttatcgttt aagaataata 122161 cagaacgaat tatgatagaa attagcaatg ttaaagtgac tcctccagat tactcaccta 122221 taatcgcgag tattaaaggt aagagttatg acgcattagc cacgttcact gtaaatatct 122281 ttaaagaggt aatggccaaa gagggtatat ccatcactaa aataagtagc tatgagggaa 122341 aagattctca tttgataaaa attccgctac taataggata cgggaataaa aatccacttg 122401 atacagccaa gtatcttgtc cctaacgtca taggtggggt atttatcaat aaacaatctg 122461 tcgaaaaagt aggaattaat ctagtagaaa agattacaac atggccaaaa tttagggttg 122521 ttaagccaaa ctcattcacg ttctcgtttt cctccgtatc ccctcctaat atattaccga 122581 caagatatcg ccattacaag atatctctgg atatatcaca attggaagcg tcgaatatat 122641 catcgacaaa gacatttata acggtcaata ttgttttact gtctcaatat ttatctagag 122701 tgagtttagg attcattaga cgtagtttat catacgatat gcctccagaa gttgtctatt 122761 tagtaaacgc gataatagat agtgctaaac gacttaccga atctattact gactttaata 122821 ttgatacgta tattaatgac ctggtggaag ctgaacacgt taaacaaaaa tctcagttaa 122881 cgattaacga gttcaaatat gaaatgctac ataacttttt acctcatatg aactatacac 122941 ccgatcaact aaagggattt tatatgatat ctttactaag aaagtttctt tactgtatct 123001 actacacttc tagatatcca gatagagatt caatggtttg tcatcgcatc ctaacatacg 123061 gcaaatattt tgagacgttg gcacatgatg aattagagaa ttacataggc aacatcagaa 123121 acgacatcat gaacaatcac aagaatagag gcacttacgc ggtaaacatt catgtactaa 123181 caactcccgg acttaatcac gcgttttcta gcttattgag tggaaagttc aaaaagtcag 123241 acggtagtta tcgaacacat cctcactatt catggatgca gaatatttct attcctagaa 123301 gtgttgggtt ttatccggat caagtaaaga tttcaaagat gttttctgtc agaaaatacc 123361 atccaagtca atatctttac ttttgttcat cagatgttcc ggaaagaggt cctcaggtag 123421 gtttagtatc tcaattgtct gtcttaagtt ccattacaaa tatactaacg tctgagtatt 123481 tggatttgga aaagaaaatt tgtgagtata tcagatcata ttataaagat gatataagtt 123541 actttgaaac aggatttcca atcactatag aaaatgctct agtcgcatct cttaatccaa 123601 atatgatatg tgattttgta actgacttta gacgtagaaa acggatggga ttcttcggta 123661 acttggaggt aggtattact ttagttaggg atcacatgaa tgaaattcgt attaatattg 123721 gagcaggaag attagtcaga ccattcttgg tggtggataa cggagagctc atgatggatg 123781 tgtgtccgga gttagaaagc agattagatg acatgacatt ctctgacatt cagaaagagt 123841 tcccacatgt catcgaaatg gtagatatag aacaatttac ttttagtaac gtatgtgaat 123901 ctgttcaaaa atttagaatg atgtcaaagg atgaaagaaa gcaatacgat ttatgtgact 123961 ttcctgccga atttagagat ggatatgtag catcttcact agtgggaatc aatcacaatt 124021 ctggtccaag agctattctt ggatgtgctc aagctaaaca agctatctct tgtctgagtt 124081 cggatatacg aaataaaata gacaatggaa ttcatttgat gtatccagag aggccaattg 124141 tcattagtaa ggctttagaa acttcaaaga ttgcggctaa ttgcttcgga caacatgtta 124201 ctatagcatt aatgtcgtac aaaggtatca atcaagagga tggaattatc atcaaaaaac 124261 aatttattca gagaggcggt cttgatattg ttacagccaa gaaacaccaa gtagaaattc 124321 cattggaaaa ctttaataac aaagaaagag ataggtctaa cgcctattcg aaattagaaa 124381 gtaatggatt agttagactg aatgctttct tggaatccgg agacgctatg gcacgaaata 124441 tctcatcaag aactcttgaa gatgattttg ctagagataa tcagattagc tttgatgttt 124501 ccgagaaata taccgatatg tacaaatctc gcgttgaacg agtgcaagta gaacttactg 124561 acaaagttaa ggtgcgagta ttaaccatga aagaaagaag acccattcta ggagataaat 124621 ttaccactag aacgagtcaa aagggaacag tcgcgtatat cgcagatgaa acggaacttc 124681 catacgacga aaatggtatc acaccagatg tcattattaa ttctacatcc atcttctcta 124741 gaaaaactat atctatgttg atagaagtta ttttaacagc cgcatattcc gctaagccgt

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124801 acaacaataa gggagaaaac cgacctgtct gttttcctag tagtaacgaa acatccatcg 124861 atacatatat gcaattcgct aaacaatgtt atgagcattt aaatccgaaa ttgaccgaga 124921 aagaattatc ggataaaatc ttttgtgaaa agattcttta tgatcctgaa acggataagc 124981 cttatgcatc caaagtattt tttggaccaa tttattactt gcgtctgaga catttaactc 125041 aggacaaggc aaccgttaga tgtagaggta aaaagacgaa gctaattaga caagcgaatg 125101 agggacgaaa acgtggagga ggtatcaagt ttggagaaat ggagagagac tgtttaatag 125161 cgcatggcgc agccaatact attacagaag ttttaaaaga ctcagaagag gattatcaag 125221 atgtgtatat ttgtgaaaat tgtggagaca tagcagcaca aatcaaaagt attaatacat 125281 gtcttagatg ttcaaaactt aatctctctc ctctcttaac aaaaattgat accacgcacg 125341 tatctaaagt atttcttact caaatgaacg ccagaggcgt aaaagtcaaa ttagatttcg 125401 aacgaagacc tccttcgttt tataaaccat tagataaagt tgatctcaag ccgtcttttc 125461 tgaagtaggt ttcttattta gtagttgttg tagataatcg ttaatattat caagataatc 125521 caaatttaat tcttcaaatg aagtaggatc ttctataact actttatcat agtctaaaga 125581 tgactgatat tcaggttttg ttggcggttg aggtgtaaca gctacttgag ataccaaagt 125641 ctgatattca gaaagctgtg gatgtttggg ttcaacatcc actgatggtg ttacaccaat 125701 cggttcagtg acgtctgtgg atggaggtgc tacttttaca gaacctgtag ccttagttgt 125761 cgacggagat acatcttcaa tgcgaggaaa tgtataattt ggtaatgttt cttatgtgga 125821 tctgaagaag aggtaagata tctactagaa agataccgat cacgttctag ttctcttttg 125881 tagaacttaa ctttttcttt ctcagcatct agttgatatt ccaacctctt cacgttacta 125941 cgttcatatt ccaattcacg ttcgcatggg ttaccttcgc agtttttacg agcgatttca 126001 cgttccagat tacgtttagc cttcatgtgt ctctcactct ctctatcgag tttatcagag 126061 cagtctttct aaaggcgatc gaactccata aatttctcca acgatttgat tgtttccata 126121 gatttccgaa gttcagcttc taggacggcg attctttttc tttcgaattc acagctggat 126181 gtacaaccgt ttcctccgtt tccattacca tctctaagtt tctttcctag atcggcaatc 126241 tttctcaaca tttcatcccc atacatttta cattcctcga gtctaccgtc gtcgaaatat 126301 ctttccaact ccttttcgac ctcaataact ttaacacgtt gtctttcaag ctctcgtttg 126361 tagcaactat cattttatct gattccctgg cgcgtttaag atcttcatgc aattgagtca 126421 gctcttaacg caatctcttg cttcttcgtc atagtactca caatcactgt gagatccatt 126481 gctaccacgt ctacacttgg tgagctcgcg tttaagagat tcaatttccc gtttgtattg 126541 gtccatgtct ccattgccgc aaccattaga tttacaggct gttagctgtc gttcaagatc 126601 agaaatacgg tttttcttgg aattgatttc gtcaatgtac ttaacatgat taacatcgaa 126661 acacttatta agttcttttt ccaattctac gattttattt ctttcgcgag tcaattccct 126721 cctgtagtag ctatcggttt tgtcagattc acgctctcta cgtagacttt cttgcaagtt 126781 actaatttgt tccctgacac gtccaagttc agttttatat gccgaataga gttctgattt 126841 atcctttaag cagatctcta gcgattgttt aagatcacta attctagtct ttagcctatt 126901 tacctcctca gaagatgttc cgttaccgtt gcgtttacac tcgttaagct gtctatcaag 126961 atccatgatt ctatctctaa gacgttgtat ctctttttcc atatcagcat tgctttcatt 127021 attacgtctg tagtcactta actatctttc aagatttgaa attctatctc taagacgtct 127081 catttctatc tgtttcggta ttggtcttat tattatgtct acagtcgttc aactgtcttt 127141 caagatctaa tattctagat tggagtctac taatctctgt aagatttcct cctccgctct 127201 caatgcagtc ggtcaactta ttctctagtt cgctaatacg cgaacgcagt gcatcaactt 127261 cttgcgtgtc tttctggttg tgtgtacatt catcgagtct agattcgaga tctctaacgc 127321 gtcgtcgttc ttcctcaagt tctccgcgta ctgcagaaag cgtgtcccta tcttgttgat 127381 atttagcaat ttctgattct agagtactga ttctgctcac gtagttacta atagttgtct 127441 tagccttatc aagttcctcc ttgtatttgt cgcattcctt gatatcccta cgaagtttgg 127501 acagttccca ttcgacatta cgacgtttat cgatttcagc tcggagatcg tcatcgcgtt 127561 gttttagcca catacgacta agttcaagtc ttccttgaca agatccatct acttttccat 127621 ccctaatagt atccagttcc ttttctagtt ctgaacgcat ttctcgttcc ctatcaagcg 127681 attctttcaa ttctcggata gtcttcttat caatttctga tgaatctgaa ccatcatctg 127741 tcccattttg aatatcccta agttctttga tctcttttgt aagtcggtcg attctttcgg 127801 ttttataaac agaatccctt tccaaagtcc taatcttact gagtttatca ctaagttctg 127861 cattcaattc ggtgagtttt ctcttggctt cttccaactc tgttttaaac tctccaccat 127921 ttccgcattc ttcctcgcat ttatctaacc attcaattag tttattaata actagttggt 127981 aatcagcgat tcctatagcc gttcttgtaa ttgtgggaac ataattagga tcttctaatg 128041 gattgtatga cttaatagca tcatctttat cattattagg gggatggaca accttaattg 128101 gttggtcctc cttatctcct ccagtagcat gtggttcttc aataccagtg ttagtaatag 128161 gcttaggcaa atgcttgtcg tacgcgggca cttcctcatc cattaagtat ttataatcgg 128221 gttctgcttc agaatattct tttctaagag acgcgacttc aggagttagt agaagaactc 128281 tgtttctgta tctatcaacg ctggaatcaa tactcaagtt aaggatagcg aatacctcat 128341 cgtcatcatc cgtatcttct gaaacaccat catatgacat ttcatgaagt ctaacgtatt 128401 gataaataga atcagattta gtattaaaca gatccttaac ctttttagta aatgcatata 128461 tatatattag atctccagat ttcataatat gatcacatgc cttaaatgtc agtgcttcca 128521 taatatagtc tggaacacta atgggtgacg aaaaagatac cgcaccatat gctacgttaa 128581 taaataaatc tgaaccacta agtagataat gattaatatt aaggaagagg aaatattcag 128641 tatatagata tgccttagca tcatatcttg tactaaacac actaaacagt ttattgatgt 128701 gatcaatttc caacaaaaca attagagcag caggaatacc aacaaacata ttaccacagc 128761 cgtatttttt atgaatatca catatcatgt taaaaaatct tgatagaaga gcaaatatct 128821 catctgactt aatgagacgt agttcagcag cagcataagt cataactgta aatagaacat 128881 actttcctgt agtattgatt ctagactccg catcaacacc attattaaaa atagttttat 128941 atacatcttt aatctgctca ccgttaatcg tcgaacgttc tagtatacgg aaacactttg 129001 atttcttatc tgtagttaat gacttagtga tatcacgaag aatattacga attacatttc 129061 ttgtttttct tgagagacat gattcagaac tcaactcatc gttccatagt ttttctacct 129121 cagtggcgaa atctttggag tgcttggtac atttttcaat aaggttcgtg acctccattt 129181 attataaaaa attttattca aaacttaact acaatcgggt aattataaga tcgtagatct 129241 cccatgtggt ggaatactac catctatcgc atgtggatgg acagtgggta atagccatgg 129301 gaacagtaat gattgcatat ttatctttct tgctagtatt actgcatatt gtcccaatgt 129361 ttcgatgtgg tgttctaacc tatcaactgc cgctgtatca caacaatagt gtccgatgga 129421 attaagatta tgatccaatg tgtttaatat atgattatca agtcttatac gatccgcgtc 129481 ttttttgaca ggatcaggtt cttctacatg aagaagtttc ggcctcttat aatattcatg 129541 tctgggaaac ggtggtctag ggtaaggctc cggtatcgga gtgggttttg gattataatc 129601 atcatcgtct acatcatcat ctttgatatt tattttgcta tcttgatgat gtcctgtatc 129661 agttgcattt tcaacactcg actgaatatt agcacattca ttgtctatta ttaccatatt 129721 tctaaaccca aaatgtatgt gttgaacatc agtactattg ttgatgagtc ttatagcatg 129781 aattcgctta tcgttatcgg gtttagtttc tgtaacctta acaattcctt ttttattaaa 129841 ctctacataa tcataaccat ttctattgtt tgttttaata taaacgagta tagcatcatt 129901 gctaaatttt tcaatagtat cgaaaacaga atatcccaaa ccatataata tatattcagg 129961 gacactcaaa ctaaatgtcc aggattctcc taaatacgta aactttaata gtgcgaaatc 130021 attcaaaaat ctatcactta tagatagata gtacatgaat gcgtatagta gtctaccgat 130081 ctctttatta tgaaaaccga cattaccatc atatatttcg tgatatacat gtgatccgtt 130141 tacgttaaac cataaataca tgggtgaccc tataaacatg aatttatttc taattctcag

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130201 agccatagtt aattgaccgt gtaatatttg cttacatgca tacttgatac gatcattaat 130261 aagattttta ttattgctcg ttatttcaga atcgtatata taaggagtac cattgtgatt 130321 cttaccagat attatacaaa atactatata taaaatatat tgacccacgt tagtaatcat 130381 gtaaatgttt aatgttttaa attttgtatt taatgattca ttatcatacg ctagcatggt 130441 cttgtaatat tcattcttta aaatataata ttgtgttagc cattgcattg gagctcctaa 130501 tggagatttt ctattctcgt ccattttagg atatgctttc ataaagtccc taataacttc 130561 gtgaataatg tttctatgtt ttctactgat gcatgtattt gcttcgattt ttttatccca 130621 tgtttcatct atcatagatt taaacgcagt aatgcttgca acattaacat cttgaaccat 130681 tggtacaatt ccgttccata aatttataat gttcaccatt tatataactc attttttgaa 130741 tatactttta attgaacaaa agagttaagt tactcatatg ggcgccgacc agtctgaaca 130801 tcaatctttt tagccagaga tatcatagcc gctcttagag tttcagcgtg attttccaac 130861 ctaaatagaa cgtcatcatt gcgtttacaa cacttttcta tttgttcaaa ctttgttgtt 130921 acattagtaa tttttttttc caaattagtt agccgttgtt tgagagtttc ctcattattg 130981 tctccatcgg ctttaacaat tgcttcgcgt ttagcctctg gctttttagc agcctttgta 131041 gagaaaaatt cagttgctgg aattgcaaga tcatcatctc cagggaaaag agttccgtcc 131101 atttaaagta cagattttaa aaactgacac tctacgttat ttatatttgg tgcaacacat 131161 ggattataaa tatcgatgtt aataacatca gaaaatgtaa agtctataca ttgcgccatc 131221 gtgttaaatt ttctaatgga tctagtatta ttgggtccaa cttcagcctg aaatccaaat 131281 atggaagcgg atacaaaacc gtttcctgga taagccacac atctccactt ttgctttaca 131341 tcagaaattg tgtcattgac atcttgaact ctcctatcta atgctggtgt accacctata 131401 gattttgaat attcgaatgc tgcatgagta gcattaaatt ccttaatatt gccataattc 131461 tcatatattg agtaaccctg gataaaaagt aaacacactg cagccgtcgc taccacaata 131521 aaaaaaattg atagagagtt catttataat ctattagaag ctaacaaaat ttttttacac 131581 gcatcagaca atgctttaat aaatagttca acatctactt ttgttatatc gaaccgatga 131641 tatgattcta acctagaatt acatccgaaa aagttgacta tgttcattgt cattaagtca 131701 ttaacgaaca atatgccaga ctctggatta taagacgata ctgtttcatc acaatcacct 131761 accttaatca tgtgattatg aatattggct attagagcac cttctaagaa atctataata 131821 tctttgaaac acgatttaaa atcaaaccac gaatatactt ctacgaagaa agttagttta 131881 cccataggag agataactat aaatggagat ctagatacaa aatccggatt catgatagtt 131941 ttaacattat tatattctct attaaatacc tccacatcta aaaatgttaa ttttgaaact 132001 atgtcttcgt ttattaccgt acctgaacta aacgctataa gctctattgt ttgtgaactc 132061 tttaaacgat attcttgaaa tacatgtaac aaagtttcct ttaactcggt cggtttatct 132121 accatagtta cagaatttgt atccttatct ataatataat aatcaaaatc gtataaagtt 132181 atataattat cgcgttcaga ttgtgatctt ttcaaataga ctaaaaaccc catttctcta 132241 gtaagtatct tatgtatatg tttgtaaaat atcttcatgg tgggaatatg ctctaccaca 132301 gttagccatt cctcattgat agcggtagat gtattagaca aaactattcc aatgtttaac 132361 aagggccatt ttacaagatt attaaatcct tgtttgataa atgtagctaa tgagggttcg 132421 agttcaacga cgattgaatt ctcttcccgc ggatgccgca tgatgaacga ctggatgttg 132481 ttcgattgat ttggaattct ttttcgactt tttgtttata ttaaatattt taaaatttat 132541 agctgatagc aattcatgta ctacggataa tgtagacgcg tattgtgcat cgatatcttt 132601 attattagat aaatttatca ataaatgtga gaagtttgcc tcgttaaggt cttccattta 132661 aatattatat aaacatttgt gtttgtatct tattcgtctt ttatggaata gtttttaact 132721 agtaaagctg taattacata ctttgtccgt aaaacataaa tataaacacc cgcttttatc 132781 aaacgttcca aaaagtcgtt agtagacatt tttaacatgg tatctatttt aaatacactt 132841 aggtttttag aaaaaacatc attttataat tgtaacgatt caataactaa agaaaagatt 132901 aagattaaac ataagggaat gtcatttgta ttttataagc caaagcattc taccgttgtt 132961 aaatacttat ctggaggatg tatatatcat gatgatttgg ttgtattggg gaaggtaaca 133021 attaatgatc taaagatgat gctattttac atggatttat catatcatgg agtgacaagt 133081 agtggagtaa tttacaaatt gggatcatcc atagatagac tttctctaaa taggactatt 133141 gttacaaaag ttaataacaa ttataacaat tataacaatt ataacaatta ttataattgt 133201 tataattatg atgatacatt ttttgacgat gatgattgat cgctattaca caattttgtt 133261 tttgtacttt ctaatatagt gtttaggttc tttttcatat gagaatattg atttactaaa 133321 atatctatgt ttaacttttg ttctataacg tccttatcgg cggtatcggt acatatacgt 133381 aattcacctt cacaaaatac ggagtcttcg ataataatag ccaatcgatt attggatcta 133441 accgtctgta tcatattcaa catgtttaat atatcctttc gtttaccctt tacaggcatc 133501 gatcgtagca tattttccgc gtctgagatg gaaatgttaa aactacaaaa atgcgtaatg 133561 ttagcccgtc ctaatattgg tacatgccta taagtttggc atagtagaat aatagacgtg 133621 ttcaaatgcc ttccaaagtt taagaattct attagagtat tgcattttga tagtttatca 133681 cctacatcat caaaaataag taaaaagtgt gctgattttt tatgattttg tgcgacagta 133741 atacattttt ctatgttact tttagttcgt attagattat attctagaga ttcctgacta 133801 ctaacgaaat taatatgatt tggccaaatg tacccatcat aatctgggtt ataaacgggt 133861 gtaaacaaga atatatgttt atatttttta actagtgtag aaaacagaga tagtaaatag 133921 atagtttttc cagatccaga tcctcccgtt aaaaccattc taaacggcat ttttaataaa 133981 ttttctctta aaaattgttt ttcttggaaa caattcataa ttatatttac agttactaaa 134041 ttaatttgat aataaatcaa aatatggaaa actaaggtcg ttagtaggga ggagaacaaa 134101 gaaggcacat cgtgatataa ataatatttg ttatcatgat gacaccagaa aacgacgaag 134161 agcaaacatc tgtgttctcc gccactgttt acggagacaa aattcaggga aaaaataaac 134221 gcaaacgcgt aattggtata tgtattagaa tatctatggt tatttcacta ctatctatga 134281 ttaccatgtc cgcgtttctc atagtgcgtc taaatcaatg catgtctgct aacgaggctg 134341 ctattactga cgccactgca gttgctgctg cattatctac tcatagaaag gttgcgtcta 134401 gcactacaca atataaacac caagaaagct gtaatggttt atattaccag ggttcttgtt 134461 atatattcca ttcagactac cagttattct cggatgctaa agcaaattgc gccacagaat 134521 catcaacact acccaataaa tctgatgtct tgactacctg gctcattgat tatgttgagg 134581 atacatgggg atctgatggt aatccaatta caaaaactac aaccgattat caagattccg 134641 atgtatcaca agaagttaga aagtattttt gtgttaaaac aatgaactaa tatttatttt 134701 tgtacattaa taaatgaaat cgcttaatag acaaactgta agtaggttta agaagttgtc 134761 ggtgccggcc gctataatga tgatactctc aaccattatt agcggcatag gaacatttct 134821 gcattacaaa gaagaactga tgcctagtgc ttgcgccaat ggatggatac aatacgataa 134881 acattgttat ttagatacta acattaaaat gtctacagat aatacggttt atcagtgtcg 134941 taaattacga gccagattgc ctagaccgga tactagacat ctaagagtat tgtttagtat 135001 tttttataaa gattattggg taagtttaaa aaagaccaat aataaatggt tagatattaa 135061 taatgataaa gatatagata ttagtaaatt aacaaatttt aaacaactaa acagtacaac 135121 ggatgctgaa gcgtgttata tatacaagtc tggaaaactg gttaaaacag tatgtaaaag 135181 tactcaatct gtactatgtg ttaaaagatt ctacaagtaa caacaaaaaa taaaataata 135241 ataagtcctt aacgaacgtt gatggacacc acgtttgtta ttactccaat gggtatgctg 135301 actataacag atacattata tgatgatctc gatatctcaa taatggactt tataggacca 135361 tacattatag gtaacataaa aactgtccaa atagatgtac gggatataaa atattccgac 135421 atgcaaaaat gctactttag ctaagggtaa aatagttcct taggattcta atgatttggt 135481 tagattcaac atttatagca tttgtaccgc atacagatca aaaataccat catcatagca 135541 tgcgactatg ataccatgtt agatatagaa ggtaaacatc agccatttta tctatttaca

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135601 tctattgatg tttttaacgc tacaatcata gaagcgtata acctgtatac agctggagat 135661 tatcatctga tcatcaatcc ttcagataat ctgaaaatga aattgtagtt taattcttca 135721 ttctgcatat caaacggcaa tggatggatc ataattgatg ggaaatgcaa tagtaatttt 135781 ttatcataaa agttgtaaag taaataataa aacaataaat attgaactag tagtacgtat 135841 attgagcaat cagaaatgat actggtacct cttatcacag tgaccgtagt tgcgggaaca 135901 atattagtat gttatatatt atatatttgt aggaaaaaga tacgtactgt ctataatgac 135961 aataaaatta ttatgacaaa attaaaaaag ataaagagtt ctaattccag caaatctagt 136021 aaatcaactg ataacgaatc agactgggag gatcactgta gtgctatgga acaaaataat 136081 gacgtggata atatttctag gaatgagata ttggatgatg atagcttcgc tggtagttta 136141 atatgggata acgaatccaa tgtcatagcg cctagcacag aacacattta cgatagtgtt 136201 gctggaagca cgcggctaat aaataatgat tgtaatgaac aaactattta tcagaacact 136261 acagtaatta atgagacaga gactattgaa gtacttaatg aagataccaa acagaatcct 136321 agctattcgt ccaatccttt cgtaaattat aataaaacca gtatttgtag caagtcaaat 136381 ccgttcatta cagaactcaa caataaattt agtgagaata atccgtttag gagagcacat 136441 agcgatgatt acctaaataa gcaagaacat gatgatatag aatcatctgt tgtatcatta 136501 gtctgattag tttccttttt ataaaattga agtaatattt agtattaatt gctaccgtta 136561 cattgtacaa atggagatat tccctgtatt tggcatttct aaaattagca attttattgc 136621 taataatgac tgtagatatt atatagatac agaacatcat taaaaaatta tacctaatga 136681 gatcaataga cagatggatg aaatggtact tcttaccaac atcttaagcg tagaagttgt 136741 aaataacaat gagatgtatc atcttattcc ccatagacta tcgatgatta tactctgtat 136801 tagttctatt ggaagatgtg ttatctctat agataatgac gttaataaca aaaatattct 136861 aacctttccc attgatcatg ctgtaatcat atcccactaa gtaaatgtgt cgtagttagt 136921 aagggtccta caaccatatt ggttgttaaa gcggatatac ccagcaaacg acatactata 136981 tgtaaataat ctgtcactga ttaattattt gccgttgtct gtattcatta ttagacgagt 137041 tacaaactat ttggatagac acatatgcga tcagatattt gctaataata agtggtattc 137101 cattataacc atcgacgata agcagtttcc tattccatca aactgtatag gtatgtcctc 137161 taccaagtac ataaattcta gcatcgagca agatacttta atccatgttt gtaacctcga 137221 gcatccattc gactcagtat acaaaaatgc agtcgtacaa attctgtacc tatcaaggaa 137281 caaatattgt acggtagaat tgataatata aatatgagca ttagtatttc tgtggattaa 137341 tagatttcta gtatgggatc attaatcatt tctaatctct aaatacctca taaaacaaaa 137401 aagctattat caaatactgt acggaatgga ttcattctct tctcttttta tgaaactctg 137461 ttgtatatct actgataaaa ctggaagcaa aaaatctgat agaaagaata agaataagat 137521 caaggattat atggaacacg attattataa aataacaata gttcctggtt cctcttccac 137581 gtctactagc tcgtggtatt atacgcatgc ctagtaatag tctctttgcg ttgatggaaa 137641 gcagactaga aataacaggc taaaatgttc agacaccata atagttccca acccagataa 137701 taacagagtt ccatcaacac attcctttag actcaatccc aatcccaaaa ccgttaaaat 137761 gtatccggcc aattgatagt aaataatgag gtgtacagca catgataatt tacacagtaa 137821 ccaaaatgaa aacactttag taattataag aaatatagac ggtaatgtca tcattaacaa 137881 tccaataata tgcctgagag taaacattga cggataaaac aaaaatgccc cgcataactc 137941 tatcatggca ataatacaac caaacacttg taaaattcct aaattagtag aaaatacaac 138001 tgatatcgat gtataagcga tttcgaggaa taataagaac aaagtaatgc ctgtaaaaat 138061 aaacatcaac attgtatgat ggtcattaaa ccaattagta tgacgttgaa ctaatttcac 138121 agtagatttt attccggtgt tatcctcgca tgtataagta ccgggtaata tatctttata 138181 ctttataatt aatgaaacat cgttatcaga taacgaatgg agtttggcac tagtatgcca 138241 tttacttaat atgatcgtct tggaagtttt attataagtt aaaatattat ggttgtccaa 138301 tttccatcta atatactttg ttggattatc tatagtacac ggaataatga tggtatcatt 138361 gcacgccgta tactctatag tctttgtaga tgttataacc acaaaagtgc agaggtatat 138421 caacaatatt ctaactctta acatttttat ttatttaaaa tgataccttt gttatttatt 138481 ttattctatt ttgcgaacgg tatcgaatgg cataagtttg aaacgagtga aaaaataatt 138541 tctacttact taatagatga cgtattatac acgggtgtta atggggcagt atatacattt 138601 tcaaataata aactaaacaa aactggttta gctaatacta attatatcac aacatctata 138661 aaagtagagg atgtgataca ttagtatgcg gaaccaataa cggaaatccc aaatgttgga 138721 aaatagacgg ttccaaagat ccaaaacata gaggtagagg atacgctcct tatcaaaata 138781 gtaaagtaac gataatcagt cataacaaat gtatactatc taacataaac atatcaaaag 138841 aaggaattaa acgatggaga agatttgacg gaccatgtgg ttatgattta tttatacacg 138901 gcggataacg taattccaaa agatggttta caaggagcat ttgtcgataa agacggtact 138961 tatgacaaag tttacattct tttcactgtt actatcggct caaagagaat tgttaaaatt 139021 ccgtatatag cacaaatgtg cttaaacgac gaatgtggtc catcatcatt gtctagtcat 139081 agatggtcga cgttgctcaa agtcgaatta gaatgtgaca tcgacggaag aagttatagt 139141 caaattaatc attctaaaac tataaaacag ataatgatac gatactatat gtattctttg 139201 atagtccttt tccaagtccg cattatgtac ctattctatg aataccatta aacaatcttt 139261 ttctacgtca aattgggagg atatacaaag caattactgt ctccagcttt tggtatatgt 139321 ctaccagctg gaaaaagttg ttccacataa cacgtttgac gttatagaac aatataatgt 139381 actagataat attataaagc ctttatttaa ccaacctatc ttcaaaggac cgtctgatgt 139441 taaatggttc gatataaagg agaaggaaaa tgaacatcgg aaatatagaa tatacttcat 139501 aaaagaaaat actatatatt cgttcaatac aaaatctaaa caaactcgta gctcgcaagt 139561 cgatgcgcaa ctattttcag taatggtaac ttcgaaaccg ttatttatag cagatatagg 139621 gatagaagta ggaatgccac gaataaaaaa tacttaaaat gtaatcttaa tcgagtacgc 139681 catatgacaa tgaacaaacc taagacaaat tatgctggtt atgcttgctg cgtaatatgc 139741 ggtctaattg ttggaattat ttttacagcg acactattaa aagctgtaga acgtaaatta 139801 attcatacac cattaataga taaaacgata aaagatgcat atattagaga agattgtcct 139861 actgactgaa taagctatat aataaatgta tacatttatc gactaatcaa aaaacctggg 139921 aggaaggacg taatgcatgc aaagctctaa atccaaattc ggatctaatt aatatagaga 139981 ctctaaacga gttaagtttt ttaagaagcc ttagaagagg ctattgggta ggagaattca 140041 aaatattaaa ccagacaacc acgtataatt ttatagctaa aaatgtcacg aagaatggaa 140101 ctaaaaaacg aaatatattt gtagtacaac gaatactccc aaactgcatt catgttacac 140161 tatataacaa ttacactaca tttttatcat aacactactt tggttagatg ttttagaaaa 140221 aaaatatcgc cgtaccgttc ttgtttttat aaaaataaca attaacaatt atcaaatttt 140281 ttctttaata ttttacgtgg ttgaccattc gtggtggtaa aataatctct tagtgttgga 140341 atggaatgct gtttaatgtt tccacactca tcgtatattt tgacgtatgc agttacatcg 140401 tttacgcaat agtcagactg tagttctatt atgcttccta cattaggagg aacagtttta 140461 aagtctcttg gttttaatct attaccgtta gtttttatga aatcctttgt tttatccact 140521 tcacatttta aataaatgtc cactatacat tcttctgtta attttactag atcgtcatat 140581 gtcatagaat ttataggttc catagtccat ggatccaaac tagtaaactt cgcgtataca 140641 gtatcgcgat tagtgtatac accaactgta tgaaaattaa gaaaacagtt taatagatca 140701 acagaaatat ttaatcctcc gtttgataca gatgcaccat atttatggat ttcggattca 140761 cacgttgttt gtctgagggg ttcgtctagc gttgcttcta cataaacttc tattcccata 140821 tattctttat tatcagaatc gcataccgat ttatcatcat acactgtttg aaaactaaat 140881 ggtatacaca tcaaaataac aaatactaac gagtacattc tgcaatattg ttatcgtaat 140941 tggaaaatta gtgttcgggt gagttggatt atgtgagtac tggattgcat attatatttt

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter

141001 atattttata ttttatattt tgtaataaga atagaatgct aatgtcaagt ttattccaat 141061 aaatgactta ttaaaaaaca tatataataa ataacaatgg ctgaatggca taaaattatc 141121 gaggatattt caaaaaataa taatttcgag gatgccgcca tcgttgatta caagactaca 141181 aagaatgttc tagcggctat tcctaacaga acatttgcaa agattaatcc gggcgaagtt 141241 attccgctca tcactaatca taatattcta aaacctctta ttggtcagaa gttttgtatt 141301 gtatatacta actctctaat ggatgagaac acgtatgcta tggagttgct tactgggtac 141361 gcccctgtat ctccgatcgt tatagcgaga actcataccg cacttatatt tttgatgggt 141421 aagccaacaa catctagacg tgatgtgtat agaacgtgta gagatcacgc tacccgtgta 141481 cgtgcaactg gtaattaaaa taaaaagtaa tattcatatg tagtgttaat tttaaatgat 141541 gataaaatgg ataatatcca tattgacgat gtcaataatg ccggtattgg tatacagctc 141601 atcgattttt agatttcgtt cagaggatgt ggaattatgt tatgggaatt tgtattttga 141661 taggatctat aataatgtag taaatataaa atatattcct gagcatattc catataaata 141721 taattttatt aatcgtacgt tctccgtaga tgaactagac aataatgtct tttttacaca 141781 tggttatttt ttaaaacaca aatatggttc acttaatcct agtttgattg tctcattatc 141841 aggaaactta aaatataatg atatacaatg ctcagtaaat gtatcgtgcc tcattaaaaa 141901 tttggcaacg agtatatcta ctatattaac atctaaacat aagacgtatt ctctacatcg 141961 gtccaagtgt attactataa taggatatga ttctattata tggtataaag atataaatga 142021 caagtataat gatatctatg attttaccgc aatatgtatg ctaatagcgt ctacattgat 142081 agtgaccata tacgtgttta aaaaaataaa aatgaactct taattatgct attagaaatg 142141 gataaaatca aaattacggt tgattcaaaa attggtaatg ttgttaccat atcgtataac 142201 ttggaaaaaa taactattaa cgacacacca aaaaagaaaa ggatgtatta ttagcgcaat 142261 cagttgctgt tgaagaggca aaagatgtca aggtggaaga aaaaaatatc gatattgaaa 142321 atgacaatga cgatgatatg gatgtagaaa gcgtgtaata cgatctataa aaaataagta 142381 tataaatact ttttatttac ggtactcttg tagtggtaat acccctactc gattattttt 142441 tttaaaaaaa aatacttatt ctgattattc tagccatttc cgtgttcgtt caaatgccac 142501 atcaaagata tgggagtagt tgaaatctag ttctgcattg ttggcgcgcc tcaaatgtag 142561 tgttggatat cttcaacgta tagttgttga gtagtgatgg ttttctaaat agaattctct 142621 tcatatcatt cttgcacgtg tacattttta gcatccatct tggaatccta gatccttgtt 142681 ctattcccaa tggtttcatc aatagaagat taaacatatc gtacgaacac gatggagagt 142741 aaccgtagca aaagtaagca tttcctttaa tctcagatcc cggatactgg atatatttta 142801 cagccaacac atgcatccat gcaacatttc ctacatatac ccggctatgt accgcgtcat 142861 catcgactgt acgatacata atgttaccgt gttgcgtaca ttgctcgtaa aagactttcg 142921 ttaatttgtc tcctcctccg taaattccag tgggtcttag gcaacaagta tacaattttg 142981 caccattcat aattacagaa ttattggctt tcgtgaccag ttgctcgacc atacgtttac 143041 tttttgcgta tacatgtccg ggtgatatat cgtacagggt atgctcatga ccaatgaatg 143101 gattaccgtg tttatttggt cctattgctt ccatgctacc taatataaat caaatacttg 143161 attcctaggt ctacagaagc tgccaatata gtctgtgtta cataatagtt tactttcatg 143221 atttcattat cggtgtattt tccaaataca tccactagag caaccgtatg aataatcaga 143281 tttaccccat ctagtgcttc tttcacctta ttaagtcgtt tatatcacat tgtatatagt 143341 ttataacttt aaccttcgat acgagaggtt gtggatcttc tacgacattg ataactctga 143401 tttcttgaac atcatctgcg ctaattaaaa gttttactat atacctgcct agaaattcgg 143461 caccaccagt aaccgcgtac acggtcattg ctgctgtcac tcataaatat cggactactt 143521 attctatttt acaaataatg gctgtttgta taatagacca cgataatatc agaggagtta 143581 tttactttga accagtccat ggaaaagata aagttttagg atcagttatt ggattaaaat 143641 ccggaacgta taatttgata attcatcgtt acggggatat tagtcgagga tgtaattcca 143701 taggcagtcc agaaatattt atcggtaaca tctttgtaaa cagatatggt gtagcatatg 143761 tttatttaga tacagatgta aatatatcta caattattgg aaaggcgtta tctatttcaa 143821 aaaatgatca gagattagcg tgtggagtta ttggtatttc ttacataaat gaaaagataa 143881 tacattttct tacaattaac gagaatggcg tttgatatat cagttaatgc atctaaaaca 143941 ataaatgcat tagtttactt ttctactcag caaaataaat tagtcatacg taatgaagtt 144001 aatgatacac actatactgt cgaatttgat agggacaaag tagttgacac gtttatttcg 144061 tataatagac ataatgactc catagagata agaggggtgc ttccagagga aactaatatc 144121 ggttgcacgg ttaatacgcc ggttagtatg acttacttgt ataataagta tagttttaaa 144181 ctaattttag cagaatatat aagacacaga aatactgtat ccggcaatat ttattcggca 144241 ttgatgacac tagatgattt ggttattaaa cagtatggcg acattgatct attatttaat 144301 gagaaactta aagtggactc cgattcggga ttatttgact ttgtcaactt tgtaaaggat 144361 attatatgtt gtgattctag aatagtagta gctctatcta gtctagtatc taaacattgg 144421 gaattgacaa ataaaaagta taggtgtatg gcattagccg aacatatagc tgatagtatt 144481 ccaatatctg agctatctag accacgatac aatctatgta agtatttacg aggacacact 144541 gagagcatag aggatgaatt tgattatttt gaagacgatg attcgtcgac atgttctgtc 144601 gtaaccgaca gggaaacgga tgtataattt tttatagtgt gcaggatatg ataaaaatat 144661 aattgttgta tccattccca ttctaatcac attatatgat tctgtaaaaa attatactgt 144721 aacacaatga agtagttgca tagatgtata taggtcagat actggtttga taaacttttt 144781 attccacatg agtatgtttg actttatggt tagacccgca tactttaaca aatcactgaa 144841 aattggagtt aggtattgac atctcagaat cagttgccgt tctggaacat taaatgtatt 144901 ttttatgata tattccaacg catttatgtg ggtatacaac aagtcattac taatagagta 144961 ttccaagagt tttaattggc tagtatttaa caagagaaga gatttcaaca gactgtttat 145021 gaactcgaat gccgccttat tgtcgcttat attgatgatg tcgaattctc ccaatatcat 145081 cactgatgag tagctcatct tgttatcagg atccaagctt tctaaagacg tcattaaacc 145141 ctcgatcatg aatggattta tcatcatcgt ttttatgttg gacataagct tagtccgttt 145201 gtccacatct atagacgatg atttctgaat tattgcatat atctctctct ttaactccag 145261 gaacttgtca ggatggtcca ctttaacatg ttctcgccta agagataaaa atctttggat 145321 ggttgcatgt gacttttctc taaatgatga tgttgcccaa gatcctctct taaatgaatc 145381 catcctatcc ttgtacaaga tggacagtct attttcctta gatggtttaa tatttttgtt 145441 acccatgatc tataaaggta gacctaatcg tcttggatga ccatatattt atttccagtt 145501 ttattatacg cataaattgt aaaaatatgt taggtttact aaaatgtctc gcggggcatt 145561 aatcgttttt gaaggattgg acaaatctgg aaaaacaaca caatgtatga acatcatgga 145621 atctataccg acaaacacga taaaatatct taactttccg cagagatcca ctgtcactgg 145681 aaagatgata gatgactatc taactcgtaa aaaaacctat aatgatcata tagttaatct 145741 attattttgt gcaaatagat gggagtttgc atcttttata caagaacaat tagaacaggg 145801 aattacttta atagttgata gatacgcgtt ctctggagta gcatatgcca ccgctaaagg 145861 cgcgtcaatg actctcagta agagttatga atctggattg cctaaacccg acttagttat 145921 attcttggaa tctggtagca aagaaattaa tagaaacgtc ggcgaggaaa tttatgaaga 145981 tgtagcattc caacaaaagg tattacaaga atataaaaaa atgattgaag aaggagaaga 146041 tattcattgg caaattattt cttctgaatt cgaggaagat gtaaagaagg agttgattaa 146101 gaatatagtt atagaggcta tacatacggt tactggacca gtggggcaac tgtggatgta 146161 ataaagtgaa attacatttt tataaataga tgttagtgca gtgttaaaaa atggatgaag 146221 gatattactc tggcaacttg gaatcagttc tcggatacgt atctgatatg catactaaac 146281 tcgcatcaat aactcaatta gttattgcca agatagaaac tatagataat gatatattaa 146341 acaacgacat tgtaaatttc attatgtgta gatcaaactt aaataatcca tttatctctt

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter 146401 146461 146521 146581 146641 146701 146761 146821 146881 146941 147001 147061 147121 147181 147241 147301 147361 147421 147481 147541 147601 147661 147721 147781 147841 147901 147961 148021 148081 148141 148201 148261 148321 148381 148441 148501 148561 148621 148681 148741 148801 148861 148921 148981 149041 149101 149161 149221 149281 149341 149401 149461 149521 149581 149641 149701 149761 149821 149881 149941 150001 150061 150121 150181 150241 150301 150361 150421 150481 150541 150601 150661 150721 150781 150841 150901 150961 151021 151081 151141 151201 151261 151321 151381 151441 151501 151561 151621 151681 151741

tcctagatac tgtatatact attatagatc aagagatcta tcagaacgag ttgattaatt cattagacga caataaaatt atcgattgta tagttaataa gtttatgagc ttttataagg ataacctaga aaatatagta gatgctatca ttactctaaa atatataatg aataatccag attttaaaac tacgtatgca gaagtactcg gttccagaat agcggatata gatattaaac aagtaatacg tgagaatata ctacaattgt ctaatgatat ccgcgaacga tatttgtgaa aatattaaaa aaaaatactt tttttattaa atgacgtctc ttcgtgaatt tagaaaatta tgctgtgcta tatatcacgc atcaggatat aaagaaaaat ctaaattaat tagagacttt ataacagata gggatgataa atatttaatc attaagctat tgcttcccgg attagacgat agaatttata acatgaacga taaacaaatt ataaaaatat atagtataat atttaaacaa tctcagaaag atatgctaca agatttagga tacggatata taggagacac tattagtaca ttcttcaaag agaacacaga aatccgtcca agaaataaaa gcattttaac tttagaagac gtggatagtt tcttaactac attatcatcc ataactaaag aatcgcatca aataaaatta ttgactgaca tcgcatccgt ttgtacatgt aatgatttaa aatgtgtagt catgcttatt gataaagatc taaaaattaa agcgggtcct cggtacgtac ttaacgctat cagtcctcat gcctatgatg tttttagaaa atctaataac ttgaaagaga taatagaaaa tgaatctaaa caaaatctag actctatatc tgtttctgtt atgactccaa ttaatcccat gttagcggaa tcgtgtgatt ctgtcaataa ggcatttaaa aaatttccat caggaatgtt tgctgaagtc aaatacgatg gcgagagagt acaagttcat aaaaataata acgagtttgc cttttttagt agaaacatga aaccagtact ctcttataaa gtggattatc tcaaagaata cataccgaaa gcatttaaaa aagctacgtc tatcgtattg gattctgaaa ttgttcttgt agacgaacat aatgtacagc tcccgtttgg aagtttaggt atacacaaaa agaaagaata taaaaactct aacatgtgtt tgtttgtgtt tgactgtttg tactttgatg gattcgatat gacggacatt ccattgtaca aacgaagatc ttttctcaaa gatgttatgg tcgagatacc caatagaata gtattctcag agttgacgaa tattagtaac gagtctcagt taactgacgt attggatgat gcactaacaa gaaaattaga aggattggtc ttaaaagata ttaatggagt atacgagccg ggaaaaagaa gatggttaaa aataaagcga gactatttga acgagggttc catggcagat tctgccgatt tagtagtact aggtgcttac tatggtaaag gagcaaaggg tggtattatg gcagtctttc taatgggttg ttacgatgat gaatccggta aatggaagac ggtaactaaa tgttcaggac atgatgataa tacgttaagg gttttgcaag accaattaac gatggttaaa attaacaagg atcccaaaaa aattccagag tggttggtag ttaataaaat ctatattccc gattttgtag tagaggatcc gaaacaatct caaatatggg aaatttcagg agcagagttt acatcttcca agtcacatac agcgaatgga atatcgatta gatttcctag atttactagg attagagaag ataaaacgtg gaaagaatct actcatctaa acgatttagt aaatttgact aaatcttaat agttacatac aaactgaaaa ttaaaataac actatttagt tggtgatcgc catggatggt gttattgtat actgtctaaa cgcgttagta aaacatggtg aggaaataaa tcatataaaa aatgatttca tgattaaacc atgttgtgaa agagtttgtg aaaaagtcaa gaacgtacac atcgacggac aatctaaaaa caatacagtg attgcagatt tgccatatct ggataatgct gtattggatg tatgcaaatc agtatataaa aagaatgtat caagaatatc cagatttgct aatttgataa agatagatga tgatgacaag actcctaccg gtgtatataa ttattttaaa cctaaagatg ctatttctgt tattatatcc ataggaaagg ataaagatgt ctgtgaacta ttaatcgcat ccgataaagc gtgtgcgtgt atagagttaa attcatataa agtagccatt cttcccatga atgtttcctt ctttaccaaa ggaaatgcgt cattgattat tctcctgttt gacttctcta tcaatgcggc acctctctta agaagtgtaa ccgataataa tgttgttata tctagacaca aacgtcttca tggcgagatt ccgagttcca attggttcaa gttttatata agtataaagt ccaactattg ttctatatta tatatggtag ttgatggatc tgtgatgtat gcaatagctg ataataaaac tcacacaatt attagcaaaa atatattaga caatactaca attaacgatg agtgcagatg ctgttatttt gaaccacaga ttaagattct cgatagagat gagatgctta atggatcatc gtgtgatatg aacagacatt gtattatgat gaatttacca gatataggag aattcggttc cagtatattg gggaaatatg aacctgacat gattaagatt gctctttcag tggctggtaa tttaataaga aatcaagact acattcccgg gagacgcggc tatagctact acgtttacgg tatagcctct agataatttt ttaagcacaa aataaaaaac ataattttaa actagtctat ttcatactat tttgtgtgat caccatggac ataaagatag atattagtat ttttggtgat aaatttacgg tgactactag gagggaaaat gaagaaagaa aaaatatcta cctctccaaa aagaaaaatt tactactgat gttatcaaac ctaattatct tgagcacgat aacttattag atagagatga gatgtctact attctagagg aatattttat gtacagaggt ctattaggcc tcagaataaa atatggacga ctttttaacg aaattagaaa attcgacaat gatgcggaag aacaattcgg tactatagaa gaactcaaac agaaacttag attaaatgct gaagagggag ccgataactt tatagattat ataaaggtac aaacaggata tctatgatag gattgtgtgc gtgtgtggta gatgtttgga gaaaggagaa actgttttct agatggaaat attgtttacg agctattaaa ctgtttattg atgatcccat acttgataag ataaaatcta tactgcagaa tagactagtg tatgtggaaa tgttatagaa aattaaaagt taatgagagc aaaatataat gttgtattct aatcccatat ttattatttt cacggagata taggtgtagt tttgcagtga ccgtcctgat aatattatct atatgatggg tggatatgat cagtacccgt atagaagttc aaaggttata gtgtacaata catgtacaaa ttcttggata tatgatatac cagagctaaa atatcctcgt tctaattgtg gaggagttgc tgatgatgaa tacatttatt gcataggcga tcaggattca tcgttgatat ctagtattga tagatggaag ccatcaaaac catattgata aacgtatgct aaaatgcgag agacaaaatg tgatattggt gtagcgatgt taaacggatt aatatatgtc ataggcggag ttgttaaagg tgacacatgt accgacacac ttgagagttt atcagaagat ggatggatga tgcatcaacg tcttccaata aatgtccaat atgtcgacga ttgttcatac cggcaaaatt tatatatcag gaggctacac aatagtagtg tagttaatgg aatatcaaat ctagtcctta gctataatcc gatatatgat gaatggacca aattatcatc attaaatatt cctagaatta atcctgctct atggtcagtg cataataaag tatatgtagg aggaatatct gatgatattc aaactaatac atctgaaaca tacaacaaag aaaaagatcg ttggacattg gataatagtc acgtgttacc acgcaattat ataatgtata aatgcgaacc gattaaacat aaatatccat tggaaaaaca cagtacacga atgattttct aaagtacttg gaaagtttta tatgtagttg atagaacaaa atacatattt tttgtaaaaa taaatcactt tttatactaa tatgacacga ttgtcaatac ttttgttact aatatcatta gtatactcta caccttatcc tcagacacag atatctaaaa aaataggtga tgatgcaact ctatcatgta gtagaaataa tataaatgat tatgttgtta tgagtgcttg gtataaggag cccaattcca ttattctttt agctgccaaa agtgacgtct tgtattttga taattatacc aaggataaaa tatcatacga ttctccatac gatgatctag ttacaactat tacaattaaa tcattgactg ctaaagatgc cggtacttat gtatgtgcat tctttatgac atcaactaca aatgatactg ataaagtaga ttatgaagaa tactctacag agttgattgt aaacacagat agtgaatcga ctatagacat aatactatct ggatcttcac attcaccgga aactagttct gagaaacctg attatataaa taattttaat tgctcgttgg tatttgaaat cgcgactccg ggaccaatta ctgataatgt agaaaatcat acagacactg tcacatacac tagtgatatc attaatacag taagtacatc atctagagaa tccacaacag tcaagacgtc gggaccaatt actaataaag aagatcatac agtcacagac actgtctcat acactacagt aagtacatca tctgaaattg tcactactaa atcaaccgcc aatgatgcgc acaatgataa tgaaccatct actgtgtcac caacaactgt aaaaaacatc acgaaatcta

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter 151801 151861 151921 151981 152041 152101 152161 152221 152281 152341 152401 152461 152521 152581 152641 152701 152761 152821 152881 152941 153001 153061 153121 153181 153241 153301 153361 153421 153481 153541 153601 153661 153721 153781 153841 153901 153961 154021 154081 154141 154201 154261 154321 154381 154441 154501 154561 154621 154681 154741 154801 154861 154921 154981 155041 155101 155161 155221 155281 155341 155401 155461 155521 155581 155641 155701 155761 155821 155881 155941 156001 156061 156121 156181 156241 156301 156361 156421 156481 156541 156601 156661 156721 156781 156841 156901 156961 157021 157081 157141

taggtaagta tagtactaaa gactatgtca aagtatttgg tattgcagca ttaattatat tgtcggccgt ggcaattttc tgtattacgt attatatatg taataaacgt tcacgtaaat acaaaacaga aaacaaagtc tagattttga cttacataaa tgtctggaat agtaaaatct atcattttga gcgggtcatc tggtttagga aagacagcca tagccaaaag actatgggaa tatatttgga tttgtggtgt cccataccac tagatttcct cgtcctatgg aacgagaagg tgttgattac cattacgtta acagagaggc aatctggaag ggaatagcca ccggaaactt tctagaacat actgagtttt taggaaatat ttacggaact tctaaaacag ctgtgaatac agcggctatt aataatcgta tttgtgtgat ggatttaaac atcgacggtg ttagaagtct taaaaatact tacctaatgc cttactcggt gtatataaaa cctacctctc ttaaaatggt tgagaccaag cttcgtcgta gaaacactga agcggacgat aagattcatc gtcgcgcgat gttggcaaaa acggatatgg atgaggccaa cgaagcaggt ctattcaaca ctactattat tgaagataat gtgaatttag catatagtaa gttaattcag atactacagg accgtattag aatgtatttt aacactaatt aagatataat acttgactga cttaaaactt gataattaat aatataattc gtttttatat gtgactattt taacgtctaa atgtattagt taaatattaa acttaccacg taaaacttaa aatttaaaat ggtatttcat tgacggatga tcatacatta tgaactttca aggacttgtc ttaactgaca attgcaaaaa tcaatgggtc gttggaccat taataggaaa aggtggattc ggtagtattt atactactaa tgacaataat tatgtagtaa aaatagagcc caaagctaac ggatcattat ttactgaaca ggcattttat actagagtac ttaaaccatc cgttatcgaa gaatggaaaa aatctcacca tataagccac gtaggagtta tcacatgcaa ggcatttggt ctatacaaat ccattaatac ggaatataga ttcttggtaa ttaatagatt gggtgtagat ctagatgcgg tgatcagggc taacaataat agactaccga aaagatcggt gatgttagta ggaatagaaa tcttgaatac catacaattt atgcacgagc aaggatattc tcatggaaat attaaagcga gcaatatagt tttggatcaa atggataaga ataaattata tctagtggat tacggattgg tttctaaatt catgtctaac ggcgaacatg ttccatttat aagaaatcca aataaaatgg ataatggtac tctagaattt acacctatag attcacataa aggatacgtt gtatcgagac gtggagatct agaaacactt ggatattgta tgattagatg gttgggaggt atcttgccat ggactaagat agctgaaaca aagaattgcg cattagtaag tgctacaaaa cagaaatatg tgaacaatac tacgactttg ttaatgacca gtttgcaata tgcgcctaga gaattgctgc aatatattac catggtaaac tctttgacat attttgagga acccaattac gataagtttc ggcacatatt aatgcagggt gcatattatt aagtgtgagg ttttggtttg atgtaaaatt tttgttgata aaaattaaaa aataacttaa tttattattg atctcgtgtg tacaaccgaa atcatggcga tttttacaca cacgtcttgg cgggtacgac gagaatcttt atacctttcc tggaatatca ttaactgttg ccaatgatgt taggaaatat tctgttgtgt cagtttataa taacaagtat gacattgtaa aagaaatata tgtggtgtta cagttaggtg aacaagagat atattggagc attgctgcat atgtttgagt gcaatgaata tctacaaatt ggagatccaa tccatgatca agaaggaaat caaatctcta tcgtcacata tcgctacaaa actactatgc tctaagcgga atcgggtaca aaagtctaga cttgtgtttg gaaggagtag ggattcatca tcacgtactt gaaacaggaa acgctgtata tggaaaagtt caacatgatt attctactat caaagagaag gccaaagaaa tgagtgcact tagtccagga cctataattg attaccacgt ctggatagga gattgtattg gtaaagttac tgctgtagac gtacatggaa aggaaattat gagaatgtga ttcaaaaagg gtgcggtact acagatacca aatctggtaa aagttaaact tggggataat gatacagaaa atctttccac taccatatca gctctcctga attccggcgg cggtaccatc aaggtaacct cttaggaaga tcgcgttaat catgtactca taaaacgatt ggaatctata cgccatatgt ggtctgtcta tgatcgtttt aatattgtga atggtaaaga atgctgttat atacatcttc attcatctaa tcagaatctt atgcctagta ctgtaaaaac caatttgtat atgtgatcta tgacatcatg catccaaatg gatctcataa ctgctctaga ttatcttagt gaacttaagg aatcaagtgg ataaagtccc aaaccagaat tgcccaaatt cgattaccca gatggagtgc aagacaatgg atcaattgag agatttgcag aagagttctt caatagatca gaacttcagg cgggtgaatc agtcaaattc ggtaattccg ttaatattaa aaatacatct gtttcagcta agcaactaag aacacgtata cggcaacagc ttccctctat actctcatct tttgccaaca cagagggtgg atatttgttc attggattgg ataataatac acacaaagta attggattca tggcgggaca cgactgcatt aaactgatag agaatgagat agaaaagtgt attagacgac tcatgttgta catttctgtg agaaaaagag gatatcaaat acgcatatag attcatcaag gtatataaac ctggggagga gactacctcg acatacgtgt gcgctatcaa agtggaaaga tgttgctgtg ctgtgtttac agattggcca gaatcatggt atatggatac tagtggtatc aagaagtatt ctccagatga atgggtgtca tctataaaat tttaattaag aactatagag aacaaataat aggttgtaat acatatagac aataactaac aattaattag taactgttat ctctttttaa ctaactctta tatacctatt aatacatcgt attatagttc ttaatcattg attcacttat tgttttaata aactaacatt gttaattgaa aagggataac atgttataga atataaatta tatatggatt tttttaaaaa ggaaatactt gactggagta tatatttatc tcttcattat atagcacatg cgtgttccaa ttcttccaca tcccatataa tacaggaata taatcttatt cgaacataca aaaaagtgga taaaacaata gttgattttt tatctaggtg gccaaattta ttccatattt tagaatatgg ggaaaatatt ctacatattt attctatgga tgatgctaat acgaatatta taattttttt tctagataac gtattaaata ttaataagaa cgggtcattt atacacaatc tcgggttatc atcatccatt aatataaaag aatatgtata tcaattagtt aataatgatc atctagataa tgggataaga ctaatgcttg aaaatggacg tagaacaaga cattttttat cctatatatt agatacagtt aatatctata tatgtatttt aataaatcat ggattttaca tagatgctgt ggacagttac ggttgtacat tattacatag atgtatatat cactataaga aatcagaatc agaatcatac aatgaattaa ttaaaatatt gttaaataat ggatcagatg tagataaaaa agatacgcat ggaaacacgc catttatcct attatgtaaa cacgatatag acaacgtaga attgtttgag atatgtttag agaatgctaa tatagactct gtagacttta atggatatac acctcttcat tatgtctcat gtcgcaataa atatgatttt gtaaagtcat taatttctaa aggagcaaat gttaatacgc gtaatagatt cggaactact ccattttatt gtggaattat acacggtatc tcgcttataa aactatattt ggaatcagac acagagttag aaatagataa tgaacatata gttcgtcatt taataatttt tgatgccgtt gaatctttag attatctatt atttagagga gttattgata ttaactatcg tactatatac aacgaaacat ctatttacga cgctgttagt tataatgcgt ataatatgtt ggtctatcta ttaaacagaa atggtgattt tgagacgatt actactagtg gatgtacatg tatttcgaaa gcagttgcga acaacaacaa aataataatg gaagtactat tgtctaaaca accatctttg aaaattatga tactgtctat aatagcaatt actaaacata aacaacataa tacaaattta ttaaaaatgt gtataaaata tactgcgtgt atgacagatt atgatactct tatagatgta cagtcgttac agcaatataa atggtatatt ttaaaatgtt tcgatgaaat agatatcatg aagagatgtt atataaaaaa taaaactgta ttccaattag ttttttgtac taaagacatt aatactttaa tgagatacgg cagacatcct tctttcgtta aatatactag tctcgacgta tacggaagtc gtgtacgtaa tatcatagca tctattagat atcgtcagag attaattagt ctattatcca agaagctgga tgtgggagat aaatgggcat gttttcctaa cgaaataaaa tataaaatat tggaaaactt taacgataac gaactatcga catatctaaa aatcttataa acactattaa aatataaaac ctaagtagga taaaacacat tacatcattg tttcctttta ttgcttaaca gtgtatacta tttttaacac tcataaataa aaatgaaaac gatttccgtt

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter 157201 157261 157321 157381 157441 157501 157561 157621 157681 157741 157801 157861 157921 157981 158041 158101 158161 158221 158281 158341 158401 158461 158521 158581 158641 158701 158761 158821 158881 158941 159001 159061 159121 159181 159241 159301 159361 159421 159481 159541 159601 159661 159721 159781 159841 159901 159961 160021 160081 160141 160201 160261 160321 160381 160441 160501 160561 160621 160681 160741 160801 160861 160921 160981 161041 161101 161161 161221 161281 161341 161401 161461 161521 161581 161641 161701 161761 161821 161881 161941 162001 162061 162121 162181 162241 162301 162361 162421 162481 162541

gttacgttgt tatgcgtact acctgcggtt gtttattcaa catgtactgt acccactatg aataacgcta aattaacgtc taccgaaaca tcgtttaatg ataaacaaaa agttacattt acatgtgatt cgggatatta ttctttggat ccaaatgctg tctgtgaaac agataaatgg aaatacgaaa atccatgtaa aaaaatgtgt acagtttctg attatgtctc tgaactatat aataaaccgc tatacgaagt aaatgccatc ataacactaa tttgtaaaga cgaaacaaaa tattttcgtt gtgaagaaaa aaatggaaat acttcttgga atgatactgt tacgtgtcct aatgcggaat gtcaatctct tcaattagat cacggatcgt gtcaaccagt taaagaaaaa tactcatttg gggaacatat aactatcaac tgtgatgttg gatatgaggt tattggtgct tcgtacataa cttgtacagc taattcttgg aatgttattc catcatgtca acaaaaatgt gatataccgt ctctatctaa tggattaatt tccggatcta cattttctat cggtggcgtt atacatctta gttgtaaaag tggttttata ctaacgggat ctccatcatc cacatgtatc gacggtaaat ggaatcccgt actcccaata tgtatacgat ctaacgaaga atttgatcca gtggaggatg gtcccgatga tgagacagat ctgagcaaac tctcaaaaga cgttgtacaa tatgaacaag aaatagaatc gttagaagca acttatcata taatcatagt agcgttgaca attatgggcg tcatattttt aatctccgtt atagtattag tttgttcctg taacaaaaat aatgaccaat ataagttcca taaattgttg ctgtgaatat aaatccgtta aaataataaa taattaataa cgaacaagta tcaaaagatt aaagaattat agctagaatt aattgagatg tcttcttcag tggatgttga tatctacgat gctgccagag tatttttact taggcactat tataacaaga gatttattgt gtatggaaga agtaaccata ttacataata tatacaggct atttacaaga tgcgccgtac cgttcgatga tatagtacgt actatgccaa atgaatcacg tgtttaacaa tgggtgatag atacacttaa tggcataatg atgaatgaac acaatgttgc tgtgtaggta ccggactact gttcatggaa atgtttttcg attataataa aaataattcc aaaaatagca tcatcaacta atgtatgaca taattaatag cgtatccata attctagcta atgagagata tagaagcgcg tttaacgaca atggaatata catccgtaga actatgattg acaagttgta cggatacgca tctctaacta ctattgcacg atcgctggag gtgtttgtta ttatctgttg atgcatctag ttagtttgta taaataatta tttcaatata ctagttaaaa ttttaagatt ttaaatgtat aaaaactaat aacgttttta tttgtaatag gtgcaatagc attctattcg aataatgagt atactccgtt taataaactt agtgtaaaac tatatataga tggagtagat aatatagaaa attcatatac tgataataat gaattagtgt taatttttaa agagtacaca gtttctatta ttacagagtc atacgacgtc ggatttgatt ccatagatat agatgttata aacgactata aaattattga tatgtatact attgactcgt ctactattta atgcaaagga cacacatgta gaatatctac caaattatca tgccattatg ataaacaccc ttatattcac aaatataagg gtgataagcg acaatattct attactacaa agggaaaatg ctataaagga ataaaatatg aaataagtac aatgaacgat aatattctat tgagacaaca tactcttaaa attggatcta ctaatatatt cgatagttat ggacatagta atacatatta ttcaaaatat ggtctttaaa aatttaaaat atattatcac ttcaacgaca atagtcaaat aacagccaat atgagatctg taatgctaac agttttgcta attaatagca taaatgctac gataactagc tataaattcg aatccgtcaa ttttgattcc aaaattgaat ggactggcga tggtctatac aatatatccc ttaaaaatta tgggataaag acgtggcaaa caatgtatac aaatgtacca gaaggaacat acgacatatc cggatttcca aagaatgatt tcgtatcttt ctgggttaaa tttgaacaag gtgactataa agtggaagag tattgtacag gactatgcat cgaagtaaaa atcggaccac caactgtaac attgactgaa tacgacggcc atatcaattt gtacatcgag catccgtatg ccactagagg tagcaagaag attcctattt acaaacgtaa tgacatgtgt gatatctact tgttgtatac ggctaacttc acattcggag attctgaaga accagtaaca tataatattg atgactacga ttgtacgtct acaggttgca gcatagactt tgccacaaca gaaaaagtgt gcgtgacggc gcagggagcc acagaaggat ttctagaaaa aattactcca tggagttcgg aagtatgtct gacacctaag aagaatgtat ttacatgcgc tattagatcc aaggaagatg tatccaattt caaggacaaa atgaccagag ttatcaagag aaaatttaat aaacagtctc aaaattatat gaccaaattt ctcggtacta cggctaatga tgttactacc gtgattagca tgctagatta aatattttgg gcaaatctaa atatttttta taaaaattaa aaaatcactt tcgttatcga taactcgaga acatgggtta catatcaaca tattaatgtt ggtggcattg tctaaaacag tcacgatatc tcttaaatgc tacagaaagg taggatttta taatctttat ggatctaatg atagcgagca ggaaaattat tctcctgtat ctgttaaaac tacgattatc tattaaagac agagatacta aatatagaca ataacatacc atggaaaaat attacagatt ttattaaact cttttataga gaaatgtaat aattgctcaa ataatactat atacaatatc actataaagt cttggactaa ttatactttg gtaaatgtta caactgacaa tagtgtctac ttaaatgtat ctagtgatat cgtgatcaat aaaacaggaa atattactac attcattaat aatacagtta atggtaattt atcgattagt cttaatgata cactaagtat atacacagaa tcagaacctg tgtttatagt ggatccattc attactcttg ataaattgta caactgttcg ttctccaaac caatcaatta tgtaaatatc tttaatacag agtttaatac taatactaat actaatacta atactaatac taatactaat actactactt gtaagaatga gactgactac acaccaatgg acatttctta tgttattaat gacaatataa cattcattag taatatcaca tcaagtacaa aatatatcaa ctcatgtgta aattcgtcac tgagtttaca gatagcggtt gtcagaatac cagtattgtt taataaaaca atggaacaat taggtattac tctaggatct gatttggaag cgtatttcat gtgtaagtta caggaactta attgtgacgc gagtattctc ttgaacaagg catcaaaaaa tgtaatggat agacaattat caaaaactcc aacgagataa aagagatcca ctgagatgac tggaaatcac ttctgtctac ataagaatca agctaggctg gaaactattt acgaaactat caaaatgcag ggtacaacaa acaataatga cggaagtaaa cgaacgtctc caatatatga taacgttggc aatactaagg attcattgac atatgtaaat attaataaag tatatatgag atacacgttt tgatagtcat cctaatcgta tcggagtacg gagatcatca agttcatcat ccgatattat tgtaaccaca atgcattggc atcaaaagaa gatagatgaa ctgacatata gcgaatataa ggagatccaa cactattagg agaaagcagg tcatatggaa gatgttcaag ctgttaatat caatctcgat aaacgtgaac aggctgtcgg agccacagtt tcgagacgag gagatttaga aatgttggga ttattgcatg atagaatggt tcagtggcaa acttccatgg aaaaacaaaa gtagtatagc aatacaacag aaaagagaat ataaaaaatt tatagctact ttctttgagg actgttttcc ggaaggaaat aaacctttgg aattagtata cacgttagat tattctcaaa ctcctaatta tgaaagacta cgtagactag actgtttata caagattgaa attatattct tttttataga gcgtgtgatg ttacggatat ctaataatat tagactatct ctgacactac acgaccaaat cgattactat ggatatcttc agggaaatcg catcttctac gaaaggagag aatgtattca tttctccagc gacaatctcg tcagtattga caatactgta ttatggagct aatggatcca ctgctgaaca gttatcaaaa tatgtagaaa aggaggagac catggataaa gttagcgctc agaatatctc attcaaatcc atgaataaag tatatgggcg atattctgcc gtgtttaaaa attccttttt gggaaaaatt ggcgataatt tccaaactgt tgacttcact gattgtcgca ctatagatgc tatcaataag tgtgttgatg tctttactga ggggaaaatc aatccactat tgactgaaca attgtctccc aatacctgtc tcctagcaat tagtgccgta tactttaaag caaaatggtt gataccattc aaaaaggaat ttaccagtga ttatccattt tacgtatcac caacggaaat ggtagacgta agtatgatgt ctatgtatgg tgagtcattt aattacgcat ctgtaaaaga atcattcggt aacttttcaa tcatagaact gccatatgtt ggaaatacta gtatgatggt cattcttcca gacaagattg atggattaga atccataaaa caaaatctaa

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162601 cagatacaaa ttttaagaaa tggtgtaact ctctggaagc tacgtttatc gatgtacaca 162661 ttcccaagtt taaggtaaca ggttcgtata atctggtgga tactctagta aagttgggac 162721 tgacagatgt gttctattca actggcgatt atagcaatat gtgtaattca gatgtgagtg 162781 ttgacgctat gattcacaaa acgtatatag atgtcaatga agagtacaca gaagcagctg 162841 cagcaacttc tgtactagtg gcagactgtg catcaacagt tacaaatgag ttctgtgcag 162901 atcatccgtt catctatgtg attaggcatg tcgatggcaa aattcttttc gttggtagat 162961 attgctctcc aacaactaat taagcatatt cttaatatta gaatattata tagttaagat 163021 ttttttaaaa aatagaaaaa acatgtggta ttagtgcagg tcgttatttc tcccattgca 163081 attggtaaga tgacggccaa ctttagtacc cacgtctttt caccacagca ctgtggatgt 163141 gacagactga ccagtattga tgacgtcaga caatgtttga ctgaatatat ttattggtcg 163201 tcctatgcat accgcaacag gcaatgcgct ggacagttgt attccacact cctctctttt 163261 agagatgatg cggaatcagt gttcatcgat gttcgcgagc tggtgaaaaa tatgccgtgg 163321 gatgatgtca aagattgtgt agaaatcatc cgttgttata taccggatga gcaaaaaacc 163381 atcagagaga tttcggccat catcggactt tgtgcatatg ctgctactta ctggggaggc 163441 gaagaccatc ccactagtaa cagtctgaac gcattgtttg tgatgcttaa aatgctcaat 163501 tacgtggatt ataacatcat attccggcgt atgaattgac atttctccct ttcccagaaa 163561 taaacttttt tacccactat aaaataaaag agtatactac ctattatatt tcttcctata 163621 ttttttattc ttcattagtt acgactttta acacacctaa atgtgtcgac aaagggcaat 163681 agtttgcgtc attcatggag ttagaaaacg agccagtaat cttaccatgt cctcaaataa 163741 atactctatc gtttggatat aatatattag atattttatg ggaaaacgag aagcggataa 163801 tgatagaatt ataccaatag ataattgtaa caatatgcta attctgaacc cgacacaatc 163861 agactctggt atttatatgt gcattaccaa gaacgagacc tacagtgata tgatgtcgtt 163921 aaatttgaca attgtgtctg tctcagaatc aaatatagat cttatttagt atccacaaat 163981 agtaaatgag agatctactg gtgaaatgtg acccagtaat gcatttattg ctagtaacat 164041 aaacacagat attatatgga gcggacatca acgccttaga aataagagac ttaaacaacg 164101 gacacctgga attattacca tagaagatgt tagaaaaatg atgctggtta ttacacatgt 164161 gttttaatat atatatatat atatatatat atatatggga gtaaagcata taacgtaacc 164221 agaattgtaa aattagaggt atgggataaa ataatacctt ctactatgca attaccaaaa 164281 ggccttgtaa cttcactagg tagtaatttg actattgtgt gtaaagtatc gttgagacct 164341 cccacaacgg atgcagatgt cttttggata agtaatggta tgtattacga agaagacaat 164401 gaggacggag acggtagaat aagtatagca aataaaatct atacgaccga taagagacgt 164461 gttattacat tgtgattaaa cattaatcct gtcaaggaaa aagatgctac agcgtttact 164521 attcctagca tcagcaaaac agttactatt agtataatgt gattgtatgt tgttacattt 164581 ccatgtcaaa tagagtttat aaaaattttt tatacattat cttccaacaa gcaattgacg 164641 aacgtattac tatgattaac tcccacgata ctatgcatat tattaatcat taacttgcag 164701 actataccta gtgctatttt gacatacttg tgttcttgtg taattgcggt atctatatta 164761 ttaaagtacg taaatctagc tatagtttta ttatttaatt ttagataata taccatctcc 164821 ttatttttaa aaattaccac atcctttatt aaatcatgga tgggaatttc tatgtcatcg 164881 ttagtatatt gtgaacaaca agagcagata tctataggaa agggtggaat gcgatacatt 164941 gatctatgta gttttaaaac acacgagaac tttgaagaat ttatataaat tattccatcg 165001 atacatcctt ctatgttaat atgtatatat ccaggaattc ttttatgaat atcaggaaat 165061 gtataaacta aaacattgcc cggatacggt gcttctattg gcattatatc cgttcttaac 165121 ttgcaaaatg taaccaatac ctttgcatgg cttgttttgt tcggtaacgt tagtttaaac 165181 ttgacgaatg gattaattac aatagcatga tctgcgcatc tattaagttt ttttacttta 165241 acgcccttgt atgtttttac agagacttta tctaaatttc tagtgcttgt atgtgttata 165301 aatataactg gatatagaac tgaatcacct accttagata cccaattaca ttttatcaga 165361 tccagataat aaacaaattt tgtcgcccta actaattcta tattgttata tattttacaa 165421 ttggttatga tatcatgtaa taacttggaa tctaacgcgc atcgtcgtac gtttacacaa 165481 ttgtgattta gtatagtata tctacacata tatttttccg cgctatagta ttctggacta 165541 gcgataaaac tatcgttata tctgtcttcg atgaactcat caagatattg ctctctgtca 165601 tattcataca cctgcataaa ctttctagac attgtacaat atgtgttatt ttaggatcat 165661 atttacatat ttacggtata tcaaagatgt tagatatagt taataggaca catataataa 165721 tgaatattaa acactagtat agcagaagtt tatactcaca aaacatcata aaatgagtcg 165781 tcgtctgatt tatgttttaa atatcaaccg caaatcaact cataaaatac aagagaatga 165841 aatatataca tattttagtt attgcaatat agaccatact tctacagaac ttgattttgt 165901 agttaaaaac tatgatctaa acagacgaca gcctgtaact gggtataccg cactacactg 165961 ctatttgtat aataattact ttacaaacga tgtactgaag gtattattaa atcatggagt 166021 ggatgtaacg ataaaaccca gtagcggaca tatgcctatt tatatattgc ttactagatg 166081 ttgcaatatt tcacacaatg tagtgataga tatgataaac aaagataaaa cccacttatc 166141 gcataaagac tattccaacc tactactaga gtatataaaa tctcgttaca tgctattgaa 166201 ggaagaggat atcgatgaga acatagtatc aactttatta gataagggaa tcgatcctaa 166261 ctttaaacaa gacggatata cagcattaca ttattattat ttgtgtcttg cacacgttta 166321 taaaccaggc gagtgtagaa aaccgataac gataaaaaag gccaagcgaa ttatttcttt 166381 gtttatacaa catggagcta atctaaacgc gttagataat tgtggtaata caccattcca 166441 tttgtatctt agtattgaaa tgtgtaataa tatccatatg actaaaatgc tgttgacttt 166501 taatccgaat ttcgaaatat gtaataatca tggattaacg cctatactat gttatataac 166561 ttccgactac atacaacacg atattcttgt catgttgata catcactatg aaacaaatgt 166621 tggagaaatg cctatagatg agcgtcgtat gatcgtattc gagtttatca aaacatattc 166681 tacacgtccg ttagattcga taacttattt gatgaatagg tttaaaaata tagatattca 166741 tacccgctat gaaggaaaga cattattaca catagcatgt gaatataata atacacacgt 166801 aatagattat cttatacgta ttaacggaga tataaatgcg ttaaccgaca ataacaaaca 166861 cgctatccaa ctcattatag ataacaaaga aaattcccag tataccatcg attgtttatt 166921 gtatatactt agatatattg tagataagaa tgtgataaga tcgttggtgg atcaacttcc 166981 atatctacct atcttcgata taaaatcatt tgagaaattc atatcatact gtatactttt 167041 agatgacaca ttttacgata gacacgttca gaatcgcgat tctaaaactt atcgatacac 167101 gttttcaaaa tacatatcat tcgataaata cgatagtata ataactaaat gctatgaaga 167161 aacaatattg ctcaaactat ccactgttct agacacaaca ctatattctg ttttaagatg 167221 tcataattcg agaaagttaa aaagatacct cagcgtgtta aaaaaatata ataatgataa 167281 gtccttcaaa atatattcta atattatgaa tgagagatac cttaatgtct attataaaga 167341 tatgtatgtg tcaaaagtat acgataaact atttcctgtt ttcacagata aaaaatgtct 167401 actaacatta ctaccttcag aaattatata tgaaatatta tacatgttaa caatttacga 167461 tctttataat atatcgtatc cacctaccaa agtatagttg tatttgtaat ttttctcata 167521 cgatgtgtgt aaaaactgat attataaatt atcttagtgt cgtatgatga agatgacgat 167581 gaaaatgatg gtacatatat attttgtatc attattgtta ttgctattcc acagttacgc 167641 catagacatt gaaaatgaaa tcacagattt cttcaataaa atgaaagata ctctaccagc 167701 taaagactct aaatggttga atccaacatg tatatttgga ggcacaatga ataatatggc 167761 tgctatagga gagccattca gtgcaaagtg tcctcctatt gaagacagtc ttttatcgcg 167821 tagatatata aataaagaca acgtagttaa ctgggagaaa ataggaaaaa ctagacgacc 167881 tcttaataga cgtgttaaaa acggtgactt atggatagcc aactatacat ctaacgacag 167941 tcatcgtatg tatttgtgta cagtgattac aaagaatggc gactgtattc aaggtatagt

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter

168001 tagatcccat gtacggaaac cttcttcatg cattccagaa atctatgaac taggtactca 168061 tgataagtat ggaatagact tatactgtgg aattatttac gcaaaacatt ataataatat 168121 aacttggtat aaagataata aggaaattaa tatcgatgat attaagtatt cacaaacggg 168181 aaaggaatta attattcata atccagcatt agaagatagc ggaagatatg actgttatgt 168241 tcattacgac gacgttagaa tcaagaatga tatcgtagta tcaagatgta aaatacttac 168301 ggttataccg tcacaagacc acaggtttaa actaatacta gattcgaaaa tcaacgtaat 168361 tataggagaa cctgccaata taacatgcac tgctgtatca acgtcattat tgttcgatga 168421 tgtactgatt gaatgggaaa atccatccgg atggcttata ggattcgatt ttgatgtata 168481 ctctgtttta actagtagag gcggtattac tgaggcgacc ttgtatttta aaaatgttac 168541 tgaagaatat ataggtaata catataaatg tcgtggacac aactattatt ttgaaaaaac 168601 ccttacaact acagtagtat tggagtaaat acacaatgca tttttatata cattactgaa 168661 ttattattat taattatatc gtatttgtgc tatagaatgg atgaagatac gaaactatct 168721 aggtatttgt atctcaccga tagagaacat ataaatgtag actctattaa acagttgtgt 168781 aaaatatcaa atcctaattc atgttataga tgtggatgta cggctttaca tgagtacttt 168841 tataattata gatcagtcaa cggaaaatac aagtatagat acaacggtta ctatcaatat 168901 tattcattta gcgattatga aaattataat gaatattatt atgatgatta tgatagaact 168961 ggtatgaata gcgagagtga gagtgataat atatcaatca aaacagaata tgagaatgaa 169021 tacgaattct atgatgaaac acaagatcaa agtacacaac tagtaggtta cgacattaaa 169081 ctcaaaacca atgaggatga ttttgtggat gaattctatg gctatgatag atcagtgggt 169141 gtccatgatt atatagataa atcaattaat aaagtagtat atggaagaga gtcttacgta 169201 agatggcggg atatatggca agaacataat gatggtgtat acagtatagg aaaggagtgc 169261 atagataata tatacgaaga cagacataca gtagacgaat tctacaagat agacagcgta 169321 tcaaatgtaa atgacgcgga acacatatct cagataacta atgatgtatc tacacaaaca 169381 tgggaaaaga aatcagagtt agatagatac atggaaatgt atcctcgtca tagatatagt 169441 aagcattcta tctttaaggg attttctgac aaagttagaa aaaatgattt agacatgaat 169501 gtggtaaaag aattactttc taacggcgca tctctaacaa tcaaggatag cagtaataag 169561 gatccaattg ctgtttattt tagaagaacg ataatgaatt tagaaatgat tgatatcatt 169621 aacaaacata caactatcta tgaacgccgg tatatagtac actcctatct aaaaaattat 169681 agaaattttg attatccatt tttcaggaag ttagttttga ctaataaaca ttgtctcgat 169741 aattattata atacaggtga ccgcagacat ggaacgccgc tacatatatt ggcgactaat 169801 aaaaaattaa taacacctaa ttacatgaag ttattagtgt ataacggaaa tgatataaac 169861 gcacgcggcg aaaatacaca aatgcaaact ccattacaca aatatttgtg taaatttgta 169921 tatcataata ttgaatatgg tatccgatac tataatgaaa agattataga cgcatttata 169981 gagttaggag ccgatctaac tattccaaat gatgatgaaa tgataccagt aatttactgc 170041 atacacgtaa atgctgaata tggttataac aatattacta acataaggat aatacgtaaa 170101 ctacttaatc ttagcagaca tgctccacat aatctattta gagatcgagt catgcacgat 170161 tatataagta atacatatat tgatatagag tgtttagata ttattagatc actggatggg 170221 ttcgatatta attgttactt tgaaggacgt acacctcttc attgcgctat acagtataac 170281 ttcactcata ttgcggaata cttattagat cgaggagctg atatatcatt aaagacaggc 170341 gatggaaaat ctgtattcga tttatcgtta tgtagctaca tacctcttaa atggactagt 170401 tttttgatta gtcgtctacc gcctaaaagt gtcatgagct cactgactaa ccatataata 170461 gattatgttc ttacagacaa taaaaatatt atttggcaaa gtcaaatgat taataagtat 170521 gtgttgttac ttgatccatc cttttattct agattcagaa atgctattaa aagcaaatta 170581 aatcaatacg attatcgttg cttcaattac aatagatatc gtgttaataa aaagtatcgc 170641 aaagttttac atgacattga tatatatatt aaggatgtac aagtattaaa atctattctc 170701 atcgccaata atgtaacact atacgacact attgtaaata atacatcaga gtttcctgta 170761 catcgtctaa acaacaaaca attaattaat acagtaaatt ccaatatata tcatgatctt 170821 atcgaaaaag ttattaaaaa atcattagag aaatgtactc taactaatgc cgtcctcgag 170881 tatatgatcg catctcgatc tcaatcatct tatttaagtc gtattcctaa tgagatatta 170941 ctcaaaatac tatataacct cagcgtctac gatttacgca aactatatgc aagatacatg 171001 ctagagaatg agacagatta tcatatagag tcaaggtcaa tttctacgca gactgaataa 171061 tgttatatac actacatatt tttatgtcat tataactact tgtaatattg aaatcgtaat 171121 ttgatatata gtgaaaaatg gattttgatg atattaaaca taatagacga gtagtaagta 171181 acattagcaa tcttttagat gatgatatat attatgcgat gtaatcataa ctattggtga 171241 tggagaagaa attaaagcac ataaaactat cttggctgct ggatctaaat attttagaac 171301 actgtttaca acacctatga taataagaga tctagtaact agagtaaaaa tctacagatg 171361 atcaataaag attccgtcaa aaatattgta cagtacttat acaataggta tataagttct 171421 atgaatataa tagatgtatt aaaatgcgcc aactatcttc taatcgatta tctagtcact 171481 gactgcgaat cctatattaa agattatact aatcatgata cctgcatatg tatgtaccat 171541 aggttaatga gatggttcat attccaatag tcaaatatat taaacgtatg ctgatgagta 171601 atatatcaac attgataact acggacgcat ttaaaaaaac agtatttgaa atattatttg 171661 atattctttc tactaacgac aatgtatatt tatacagaga aggctataaa gtaacgatac 171721 tattgaagtg gctagaatac aactacatca caaaagaaca gcttttgtat atactgtcct 171781 gtatagatat acaatctaga tagaagtata gactactact ctattcaaat aaaactataa 171841 atatgcatcc ctcatgtata caatttctat tagataataa acagaataga aacattatac 171901 cccaaccagt tatgtttagc gtgtcatgat actaagtata atgtatgtaa cccgtgcata 171961 ttagtatata acattaatac tatggaatat agtgttattt ccaccattcc taatcacata 172021 attaattaca catccgcgat tgtagataat gaaataataa tagctggagg atataacttt 172081 aataatccat cgttaaacaa ggtatataaa ataaacattg agaacaaaat acatgtcgaa 172141 ctcccaccca tgataatgaa tagatgtcgt ttttctttgg ctgtaatcga taacacaatt 172201 tatgctatag gtggtcaaaa actgaagttt aacattattt atttatgata tatattatat 172261 atcggtatcg ttattgtttg gtctatacca tggatatctt taaagaacta atcttaaaat 172321 accctgatga aaatgttttg atttctccag tttccatttt atctacttta tctattctga 172381 atcatggagc agctggttct acagctgaac aactatcaaa atatatagag aatgtgaatg 172441 aaaatacacc cgatgataag aaggatgaca ataatgacat ggacgtagat gttccgtatt 172501 gtgcgacact agctattgca aataaaatat actgtagcga tagtatcgag ttccacgcct 172561 ccttcctaca aaaaataaaa gatgattttc aaactgtaaa ctttaataat gctaaccaaa 172621 caaaggaact aatcaatgaa tgggttaaga cgatgacaaa tggtaaaatt aattccttat 172681 tgactagtcc actgcccatt aatactcgca tgacagttgt tagcgccgtc cattttaaag 172741 caatgtggaa atatccattt tctaaacatc ttacatatac agacaagttt tatatttcta 172801 aaaatatagt taccagcgtt gatatgatgg tgagcactga aaacgactta caatatgtac 172861 atattaatga attatttgga ggattctcta ttatcgatat tccatacgag ggaaactcta 172921 gtatggtaat tatactacca gacgacatag aaggtttata taacatagaa aaacacataa 172981 ctgaagaaaa ttttaaaaaa tggtgtggta agttatacac taaaagtata gacttgtata 173041 tgccaaagtt taaactgaaa atgacagaat cgtataatct ggtacctatt ctagaaaatt 173101 taggacttac taatatattc ggatattatg cagattttag caagatgtgt aatgaaacta 173161 tcactgtaga aaaatttcta cacaagacgt ttatagatgt taatgaggag tatacagaag 173221 catcggctat tacaggagta tttatgacta acttttcgat ggtatatcgt acgaaggtct 173281 acataaacca tccattcata tacatgatta aagacaacac aggacgtata ctctttatag 173341 ggaaatactg ttatccacaa taaatataaa caaatagact ttttatctca tgtctaagaa

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter

173401 ttacaaagta atatagttag tataactaaa gttaatacta cattaaaact taaaaaaaat 173461 aataatatca ctattacaat taataagtat aaactataaa ctaaaaatta aacaatatcg 173521 ttattatata agtaatacca aaatgatgat atacgattaa tagcctgtct tatattcgtg 173581 actttatcca ttgctagtca ctttacattc ccgttattcc tcccattacg gaagataaat 173641 cgtttaatag tgtagaggta ttagtttcct tgtttagaga tgatcaaaaa gactatacgg 173701 taacttctca gttcaataac tacacatcga caccaacgac tggactataa atgtactatc 173761 cgatggtctg gatataccat tgactaatat aacttattgg tcacggttta ctataggtcg 173821 tgtattgttc aaatcagagt ctgaggatat tttccaaaag aacatgagta ttctaggtgt 173881 ctctattgaa tgtaagaagc cgtcggtatt acttactttt tgaccgtgtg taaaatgact 173941 cgagtatttg acttccagat atggattatt atcgaggaga ctgtctagaa gtcgtttata 174001 taacaatgac ttataaaaat actaaaactg aagagactga ttacgcatac ctctctaatg 174061 tgcggattcc tgaatactat cgattgatga gtaatggggt tgatggttga ttattgatta 174121 gttttcctta ttctttttat tcacataaaa gaatattttt tataaacatg aaaccactgt 174181 ctaaatgtaa ttatgatctt gatttataga tgaaaatcag ctgctttaga tgattttggt 174241 tagtatgtat aatataaaaa aataaatata acttatttta agattaagtg ctattgtact 174301 taattttttg ttctataaac tgaatatata gctacaatta ttgacgggtt tatttatgac 174361 cggcaaccat gaatttacag agattatctc tggctatata tcttactgtg acatgttcgt 174421 ggtgttatga aacatgtatg agaaaaactg cgttgtttca tgacaatcaa ttggggcatg 174481 cggaagacaa tcaagatagt gtagcgtcgc taccgtacaa gtatctacaa gtagtcaata 174541 aaagagaacg tagtagattg ctggctacgt ttaattggac aagtatagct gagggtgtta 174601 aaaatgattt cattagaata tgtgatatca acggaacata tctatataat tatactattg 174661 ctgctagtat gattattgat tccatggaag aactaccaac aattacaaca tatgaaccgt 174721 ctacctataa ttatactttc gataatagca ctgttagtac tactgaagaa ctaaaagtga 174781 ctccatcacc aactacatac gcgactgtaa caactcctct tccaacatca tcagttccat 174841 atgatcaacg atctaataac aatgtaggta ctatatctat tcagatactg agtaaaatat 174901 tgggagtcaa tgaaacagaa ttaactaatt atcttattac gcataaaaat gccacggttg 174961 acaataacac attgtatggt aatataggat ttttggaaat aaataattgc tacaatattt 175021 ctgtatcaaa tgctagtttt agaataacat tagtaaacaa tacttctgaa gaaattgtta 175081 taatgctaac agggactagt tcatccgaca ccttcatatc ttccaccaat accactgaat 175141 gtttgaaaac attaatcaat aatacgtcga atattagtga tgtaagtata acacaaaata 175201 tgaatgtaac atctaattgt gataaatgtt caatgaattt gatgacatcc gttatccctg 175261 ccgttaaaga atttaacaat acgttgaaaa aaattggtgt aaaagatgat aaaaacaata 175321 cagtatataa ctattataat tgtaaactaa ctacaaattc tacatgtgac gagttaatca 175381 atttagatga agtcattaac aatataactt tgacaaatat tataagtagt agtgtttcta 175441 caaccaacag cagaaaaaga cgagatctga atggtgagtt tgaattttct acatccgagg 175501 aattagattg tctttacaaa tcatatggtg taagtgatga tgtaagtcat tgtttttcat 175561 cacctagacg tagacgatct gacgacaaac aggagtacac agaaatgaaa ttactcgacc 175621 acgcgaaaaa agatttaaga atagacagtg ttattcctag aggtacaact catttccaag 175681 taggtgcatc tggagcaagt ggtggtgttg taggtgatag ttccccattt caaaatgtta 175741 aatcacgggc cagtctattg gcagaaaaaa taatgcctag agtacccact actgctaccg 175801 aagagcagct atatgcaact ataaatagac aaacaaagtt gcctgcaggt gttaaaagta 175861 ctccgtttac agaggcgctt gtgtctacga taaaccaaaa gctttctagt gttaaagagg 175921 taacttatgc ttcgtccaat ctgccaggat caagtggtta tgttcataga ccatctgatt 175981 ctgttattta cagcactata agacggacac gtttacctag tgataccgat agtgattttg 176041 aggatataca aactgttgtt aaggaatata atgaaagata tggtagacga gttagtagaa 176101 cacagtcatc aagtagtgat tttgaagata tagatgaggt ggttgcagaa tatagacaaa 176161 aatatggtgg agctagccgt ggtagaacat cgtcatcaag tagtagtgat tttgaagata 176221 tagatgaggt ggttgcagaa tatagacaaa aatatggcaa cgctatgaca aaaggacgtg 176281 gttcttctaa accggatccg ttatatagta ctgttaagaa aacacctaaa agtatagcat 176341 ctggagtaga catagtttca aaacaaacag actattcttt attacccggc gttaatactg 176401 gcagttctat cgtaacacct ctcaccagaa gaggagctac tagacgacct aaacgcccat 176461 ctacacctcc acgcgaagat ctaccaccgc ttcctctaaa tcctccttat cgacaacttt 176521 ctcgtggtgg tgatcattct ctacaacaag ttcctcaacg tgattattct ccaccacata 176581 gacctcctcc accacttcct cctaaaccag ttccagctat tccacctaga gatagtcaac 176641 caaataataa aggatttagt aagtttgtat ctcctagacg gtgtagaaga tcaacctctg 176701 gagtcgtatg tggtatgata caatcaagac caaacgatga tacatattca cttcttcaac 176761 taccaaaaat tgaaccagaa tatgcggagg taggtaatgg cttacccaag aacaatgttc 176821 ctgtgatagg caataaacat agtaaaaaat atacatcgtc gatgtcaaaa atatcaacaa 176881 aatttgataa atctatggca tttggaacag caatgttact aactggtcaa caggctatta 176941 accaacagga tagatcaact gcgttgatta aaaaagatca aatgagcaag gacgaaaaaa 177001 tattcgaagc agttacaatg actctatcaa ctataggttc aacgttgaca actgcaggta 177061 tgatagctcc accactaatg attgctggaa taggtatatc gcttatatca ggtataatag 177121 atacggcaaa agatatatat tacctatttt caggacagga gaagccagta gatccagtta 177181 ttaagttttt taacacatac gctggattag tatccgatag tagtaaaatg ggtgtaagga 177241 aatgtttgac gcctggagaa gacacactta tttacatcgc atacaaaaac gattccagtt 177301 ttaaacaaaa tacggaggca atggctttat atttcttaga tgttatcaac tcagagatcc 177361 tatatctaaa cacatcaaat ttagttttag agtatcatct aaaggtggct tgtcccatag 177421 gaacattaag atctgtagat gtggacataa ctgcgtatac aatattatat gatacagcgg 177481 ataatattaa aaaatacaag tttatcagaa tggcaacgct actatccaaa catccagtta 177541 ttagattgac atgtggttta gcagcaacat tggtaattaa accgtacgag gtacccatca 177601 gtgatatgca actactaaaa atggcaacgc atggtgaacc agaatccact aaatcaatac 177661 catctgatgt ctgtgatagg tatcctctaa agaaattcta tcttttggct ggtggttgtc 177721 catatgatac atctcaaact tttattgtac atactacttg cagtatttta ctaagaacag 177781 ctacatggga tcagtttaga aacagatggg tgttacaaaa tccatttagg caagaaggga 177841 catataagca actgtttacc tttagcaaat acgattttaa cgacaccata atagatccta 177901 atggtgtggc gggtcatgct agcttttgta ccaatagaag cagcaaccaa tgtttctggt 177961 cagaacctat gatattggaa gatgtatcat cgtgtagttc tagaactaga aaaatatacg 178021 taaaactggg aatatttaat actgaagggt ttaatagttt tgtactaaac tgtccaactg 178081 ggtctacgcc aacatacatc aaagataaaa atacggacag taacaatgtt atcatagagc 178141 tacctgtagg tgattacggc actgccaaat tgtattcggt aacaaaacca tcgagaatag 178201 ctgtattctg cacacataac tatgataaac gattcaaatc agatattata gttctaatat 178261 ttaatagtat cagtggtatt ccattttcga gcatatacac aggaagtgtg aacggtagaa 178321 atagactgtt caccacattg tctaaaggaa tgccatatag atcaatgtat tgcgataaca 178381 gacgaccagg ttgttattat gcaggaatac catttaatga aaatagtgta gaatcagatc 178441 tgcattatgg accagaaata atgcttaagg aaacatatga cacaaacagt attgatccac 178501 aagttataac aaagtcaaaa acacactttc ctactccaat aagtgtaaaa tttacggttg 178561 acaatttagg aaatgggtat aacaaacccg aaaatttttg gaaagacgct aaaagtaaga 178621 aaaggacata tagcgcaatg acaataaaaa tcctaccatg tacagtgaga aataaaaatg 178681 tagactttgg atataactat ggacatatta tttccaatat ggtttatgca caatctacta 178741 gtcaggatta tggagatggt accaactata catttaaatc tgtaaataga tccgatcatg

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter 178801 178861 178921 178981 179041 179101 179161 179221 179281 179341 179401 179461 179521 179581 179641 179701 179761 179821 179881 179941 180001 180061 180121 180181 180241 180301 180361 180421 180481 180541 180601 180661 180721 180781 180841 180901 180961 181021 181081 181141 181201 181261 181321 181381 181441 181501 181561 181621 181681 181741 181801 181861 181921 181981 182041 182101 182161 182221 182281 182341 182401 182461 182521 182581 182641 182701 182761 182821 182881 182941 183001 183061 183121 183181 183241 183301 183361 183421 183481 183541 183601 183661 183721 183781 183841 183901 183961 184021 184081 184141

agtgtgaatc tattttagat ttgaaggcta aggaagtaac tgtgatgtgt cccgcgttta gtataccaag aaatatatca gcgtatgaag gtctatgctt tagtgtcact acatctaaag atcattgtgc ctcaaataag gaatggttaa aatcttatgg ttatgggaat acagatgcta ctaaacaacg tgtctgtttt catcattgga attatgtcac aacgtcgttg gattattact gttcatacga agatatttgg aaaagcgact ggcctgacta tgatccatgt aagtcatata tttatataga gtatagagac atatggatag aatctaaagt gttgcagcaa cctccttata cattcgaatt cacacatgac gattctaatg aatacgtgaa taaagaaatt agtaacaaat tgaatgatct gtacaatgaa tacaagaaca ttatggaata tagcgacgga tcattgcctg cttctataaa cagattagca aaatcattaa cttcagaggg tagagaaata gcaagtgtta atatagatgg taatctgtta gatattgcat atcaagcaga taaggaaaag atggctgata tacagaacaa aataaatgac atcacaagag atttattcat tcacacttta tcaaacaaag atataaaaga cattatagaa tccgaagaag gtaagagatg ttgtataata gatgttaaga acaatcgtgt taaaaagtac tatcctattg ataattatct atgtggtact ttagatgatt atatatacac ttctgtagaa tataacaaat cctatgtgtt aataaacgac acttacatga gctatgacta tcttgaatca tcaggtgtag ttgttttatc atgttatgaa atgactataa tctccttgga tacaaaagac gccaaagatg ctatagaaga tgagatagta gcaagtgctg tagccgaagc attgaatgac atgtttaagg aatttgataa aaacgtaagt gttattataa taaaagaaga agataattat ctaaacagtt ctccgaatat ataccatata atatacatca taggcggcac tattctgata ctgttagtca ttattttaat attggtaatt tatatagcat gcaataaata cagaaccagg aaatataaaa taatgaaaga tgatactatg agcattaaat ctgagcatca taatagtctt gaaacagtat ctatggaaat tatggataat cggtactaat aaaaaatagt ttaactcttt ttagaaccag tttggtactg gaatttcagt tcattcgttg agaatattga tgattttttt taagatgata tttacttttt atatgcttgc attacagaat aatattcaca ggtattatta aaatgagtat cggagctaca ttaccatatc atcatccatg ctcatgtgga tggaaaatcc atccattata taattaatga tacgtgcatg tttgatatat tctttaaatg gaacagacat cacagactga gatacgcaaa gaatcctaca ttcctaaact ttgtatctga cataagaaca gtgagaggat cgactccata gtggacaaca ttaatacaaa cgataacttg atttcaaaat tatcaatgga gatacaacgt gaaatacttt attactccat taaataatgt atcacttacg ataatgtctc tataaacgac cggtttatca ttaattaata caatgtctaa attccatagc atattacaaa atcaccgtct aagatgataa aaacacgttt attttatatg tcaaccatta ctaaaaaata tattgttctg tttttgtttt ctttttctta cacacatcgc taattatgaa aaagtaaatg atgaaatgta tgagatggtg agatggacga gattgtgaac attgttcgtg atagtatgtg gtttatacct aacgtattta tggacaacgg tgagaatgac ggccacgttt ctgtcaacaa tgtctgtcat atgtatttcg cgttctttga tgttgataca tcgtctcatc tgtttaagct agttattaaa cactgcgatc tgaataaaca actaaaatgt ggtatgtctc cattacattg ctatgtgatg aatacacgat ttaagccatc tgtattaaag atattgttac acaacggtgt gaataacttt gataataagg ataacaaagg acatattcct ctacaccact atctgattta ttcactatca atcgataaca aggtctttga tatactaact gaccccattg atgactttag taaatcatcc gatctattgc tgtgttatct tagatataaa ttcaatggga gattaaacta ctacgttctg tacaaattat tgactaaagg atctgaccct aattgcgtcg acgaggatgg actcacttct cttcattact actgtaaaca catatccgca ttccacgaaa gtaattatta caagtcaaag agttacacta agatgcgagc tgagaagcga ttcatctata cgataataaa tcatggggca aacattaacg cggttacgaa aatcggaaat acgccgttac acacttacct tcaacagtat accaaacata gtcctcgtgt ggtgtatgct cttttatctc gaggagccga tacgagaata cgtaataatt ttgattgtac acccatcatg gaatacataa agaacgattg tgtaacaggt catattctca taatgttact caattggcac gaacaaaaat acgggaaatt acaaaaggaa gaaggacacc atttacttta tctattcata aaacataatc aaggatacgg aagtcacgct ttcaatatat tacggtatct actagatagg ttcgacattc agaaagacga atattataat accatgactc ctcttcatac agccttccag aattgtaaca acaatgttgc ctcatacctt gtatacatcg gatacgacat caaccttcct actaaagacg ataagacagt attcgacttg gtgtttgaaa acagaaacat cttattcaat gcgggtgtta ttcacaacat catccaccac agactgaaag tatctctacc tatgattaaa tcgttgttct ataagatgtt agaattctct ccctacgacg attactacgt aaagaagata atagcctact gcatattaag ggacgagtca ttcacggaac tacatagtaa attctgttta aacgaggact ataaaagtgt atttatgaaa aatatatcat tcgataagat agattccatc atcaaaaaat gcaactggga cataagtcgc ctcaaagata ttcaaatctc tgacaccaac ctgtatactg tattaagaac agaagacatc cggtatcgta cctatcttaa agccatacat ttagatagtc acatttcatt tcccatgtac gacgatctta tagaacagtg tcatctatcg atggagcgta aaagtaaact cgtcgacaaa gtactcaata aattaaagtc taccatcgat ggtcaatcta gactatcgta tttgcctcca gaaattatac gcaacatcat aaccaagcta agcgactatc atctaaacag tatgttgtac ggaaagaacc attacaaata ttatacatga taggaagaaa atatttaaaa aatatctata tgattggaga agtaggaaac aggaacacgg tgattactac attattaaat catgaagtcc gtattatact tgtatatatt gtttctctca tgtataataa taaacggaag agatgcagca ccgtatacac cacccaatgg aaagtgtaaa gacaccgaat acaaacgcca taatctgtgt tgtttatcgt gtcctccggg aacatacgct tccagattat gtgatagcaa gactaacaca caatgtacac cgtgtggttc gggtaccttt acatctcgca ataatcattt acccgcttgt ctaagttgta acggaagatg caatagtaat caggtagaga cgcgatcgtg taacacgact cacaatagaa tctgtgaatg ctctcccgga tattattgtc ttcttaaagg atcatccgga tgcaaggcat gtgtttccca aacaaaatgt ggaataggat acggagtatc cggacacacg tctgttggag acgtcatctg ttctccgtgt ggtttcggaa catattctca caccgtctct tccgcagata aatgcgaacc cgtacccaac aatacattta actatatcga tgtggaaatt acactgtatc cagttaacga cacatcgtgt actcggacga ccactaccgg tctcagcgaa tccatcttaa cgtcggaact aactattact atgaatcata cagattgcaa tcccgtattt cgtgaggaat acttctctgt ccttaataag gtagcaactt caggattttt tacaggagaa aatagatatc aaaatatttc aaaggtgtgt actttaaatt ttgagattaa atgtaataac aaaggttctt ccttcaaaca gctaacgaaa gcaaagaatg atgacggtat gatgtcgcat tcggagacgg taactctagc gggtgactgt ctatctagcg tcgacatcta tatactatat agtaatacca atgctcaaga ctacgaaact gatacaatct cttatcgtgt gggtaatgtt ctcgatgatg atagccatat gcccggtagt tgcaatatac ataaaccgat cactaattcc aaacccaccc gctttttata gtaagttttt cacccataaa tagtaaatac aataattaat ttctcgtaaa agtagaaaat atattctaat ttattgcacg gtaaggaagt agaatcataa agaacagtac tcaatcaata gcaatcatga aacaatatat cgtcctggca tgcatgtgcc tggcggcagc tgctatgcct gccagtcttc agcaatcctc atcctcgtgt actgaagaag aaaacaaaca ttatatggga atcgatgtta ttatcaaagt cacaaagcaa gaccaaacac cgaccaatga taagatttgc caatccgtaa cggaaattac agagtccgag tcagatcccg aggtggaatc agaagatgat tccacatcag tcgaggatgt agatcctcct accacttatt actccattat tggcggaggt ctgagaatga actttggatt caccaaatgt cctcagatta aatccatctc agaatccgct aatggaaacg cagtgaatgc tagattgtcc agcgtgcccc taggacaagg taaggactct cccgctatca ctcgtgcaga agctctggct atgatcaaag actgtgagct gtctatcgac

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter

184201 attagatgta gcgaagaaga gaaagacagc gacatccaga cccatccagt actcgagtct 184261 aacatctctc ataagaaagt gagttacgaa gatatcatcg gttcaacgat cgttgataca 184321 aaatgcgtca agaatctaga gtttagtgtt cgtatcggag acatgtgcaa ggaatcgtct 184381 gatcttgagg tcaaggatgg atttaagtat gtcgacggat cggtatctga aggtgtaacc 184441 gatgatactt cactcatcga ttcaacaaaa ctcaaatcgt gtgtctgaat aaataactct 184501 attcatccga gattcgggta agtagggtta atcgaacgat ttagtcacac tacgaattaa 184561 aaaagtgtac ctgacactat actccggttt acaaaacaaa aatgttctta actacattaa 184621 caaaaagtta tctctcgcga cttcttcttt ttctgtctca gtagtgtgta cgatatgatc 184681 actgttcata ttcctattct ctcttcgatg gtctcacaaa aaagttttac aaaaatattt 184741 ttattctctt tctctcttcg atggtctcac aaaaaatatt aaacctcttt ctgatggagt 184801 cgtaaaaagt tttatctctt tctctcttcg atggtctcac aaaaaatatt aaacctcttt 184861 ctgatggagt cgtaaaaagt tttatctctt tctctcttcg atggtctcac aaaaaatatt 184921 aaacctcttt ctgatggagt cgtaaaaagt tttatctctt tctctcttcg atggtctcac 184981 aaaaaatatt aaacctcttt ctgatggagt cgtaaaaagt tttatctctt tctctcttcg 185041 atggtctcac aaaaaatatt aaacctcttt ctgatggagt cgtaaaaagt tttatctctt 185101 tctctcttcg atggtctcac aaaaaatatt aaacctcttt ctgatggagt cgtaaaaagt 185161 tttatctctt tctctcttcg atggtctcac aaaaaatatt aaacctcttt ctgatggagt 185221 cgtaaaaagt tttatctctt tctctcttcg atggtctcac aaaaaatatt aaacctcttt 185281 ctgatggagt cgtaaaaagt tttatctctt tctctcttcg atggtctcac aaaaaatatt 185341 aaacctcttt ctgatggagt cgtaaaaagt tttatctctt tctctcttcg atggtctcac 185401 aaaaaatatt aaacctcttt ctgatggagt cgtaaaaagt tttatctctt tctctcttcg 185461 atggtctcac aaaaaatatt aaacctcttt ctgatggagt cactaaaata tttttattct 185521 cattctgatg catcaactat ttcttaaaca ataacgttca acaacatata ctctcgag //


Revised: October 24, 2001.
 
 


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This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and W eapons Forum C h e m istry > Better than Chloropicrin

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View Full Version : Better than Chloropicrin nbk2000

February 17th, 2005, 06:06 PM

Sym metrical tetrachlo rodinitroethane, obtained by the a ction of fuming nitric acid on tetrachloroethylene...forms crystals m elting at 142° to 14 3° C...[a nd] is a m uch m ore powerful lachrym ator than chloropicrin.

W ar Gases, Sartori, pg 163-164 Tetrachloroethylene, also known as perchloroethylene, is very co n v e n i e n t l y a v a i l a b l e a s a n a e r o s o l b r a k e c l e a n e r a t < $ 3 / p o u n d (neat), in CR C Brakle e n B r a k e P a r t s C l e a n e r [ / b r a n d n a m e]. Got m ine at Wal-Mart. Obtaining Fum ing Nitric acid shouldn't be a problem for anyone here, either. Wonder if an acid/nitrate mix would work... Bein g a crystalline solid, as well as being 'm uch m ore powerful than chloropicrin', brings interesting possibilities to m ind, such a s a bsorbing it into silica gel and grinding it into fine dust for use as a persistant area-denial agent, sam e a s t he CS p owd er form ulations. No solvents were m entioned, but if the re's any suitabily volatile ones available, then spraying would create microfine particulates as the so lvent evaporated off, leaving the crystals suspended in the air. A s s u m i n g t h a t ' m u c h m o r e p o werful than chloropicrin' m eans a 5x increase in potency, than that'd put 500gm s of TCDNE at bein g capable of contaminating 50,000 cubic m eters (the size of your average W al-Mart. :)) to an insupportable level (10m g / CuM), which would likely be an order of m a g n i t u d e h i g h e r t h a n t h a t n e e d ed to cause irritation to delicate soccer-mom m e m b r a n e s , t h u s s t a rting a stampede in the herd. And in the back of W ar Gases it's listed as a 'Toxic Irritant', which would, to me, indicate that it's at least as toxic as chloropicrin, if not m ore so, m aking it a lethal agent in a high enough concentration which, if it's to xicitiy is on par with its irritant capacity (com pared to chloropicrin), would m a k e i t a s t o x i c a s p h o s g e n e ( a t l e a s t ) . Not too shabby considering its hum ble orgins as break cleaning fluid. The original articles would need to be reviewed to get an idea of the actu al production procedure, yields, and toxicity, prior to proceeding with anym o r e s u p p o s i t i o n s . Mr. Som osa, in his topic about dinitroa cetylene (over at SM), came very close to seeing this but som ehow missed it. I did not. :p [b]R EF: Ber., 1902, 35, 1529 J . P h y s . C h e m ., 1919 , 23, 578. ( C C l 2 N O 2 ) 2 , M W 257.8 1 m g/L=95pp m 1 p p m =.0105 m g / L

teshilo

February 18th, 2005, 02:40 PM

Reaction between chloroform and nitric acid for create PS require high pressure and tem perature and time (48 hours). :rolleyes: :rolleyes: May be and in case with tetrachloroethylene also ....

megalomania

February 18th, 2005, 08:37 PM

As requested, 1 C hemische Berichte and 1 Journal of Physical Chem istry com ing right up... I also did a C hemical Ab stracts search for the particulars. I had to get the Berichte articles from m icrofilm , which scans and prints p ages of photo-copier quality, so there is not m uch I c a n d o a b o u t m y s c a n s o f t h e p a g e s . T h e J . P h ys article is hot off the presses from ACS. The only reference to tetrachlorodinitroethane in Chem ical Abstracts (since the late 60s) is in som e J a p e n e s e j o u r n a l : Phase transition of hexa-substituted ethane having nitro-group. Nishizak a, Tadashi; Katuragawa, Fumio; Sawada, Kazuhiro; O d a , T s u t o m u; Koide , Tsutom u . L a b . P h y s . C h e m . , O s a k a K y o i k u U n i v . , O s a k a , J a p a n . C h e m istry Express (1987), 2(5), 2576 0 . C O DEN: CHEXEU ISSN: 0911-9566. Journal written in Japanese. O2NC M e 2 C M e 2 N O 2 ( I ) u n d e r g o e s s o l i d p h a s e t r a n s i t i o n a t 3 2 2 a n d 3 8 8 K . O 2 N C C l 2 C C l 2 N O 2 ( I I ) u n d e r g o e s s o l i d p h a s e transition at 241 K. The crysta l structure of I is triclinic b elow 322 K, and is a body-centered cubic above 388 K. The structure of II is a body-centered cubic lattice above 241 K

CAS name: 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-din itro-etha n e Also called: 1,1,2,2-T etrachloro-1,2-dinitroethane and NSC 1109 2 5 Form ula: C2 Cl4 N2 O 4 CAS#: 67226-85-1 I h o p e s o m e one will translate the German text into English, please. The J. Phys. C hem. article mentions an earlier synthesis reference in Chem Ber, nam ely Ber. deutsch. chem . Ges., 2, 326 (1869). W ay back in volum e 2, now that is old, I don't know if m y m icrofilm goes back that far. The Phys article at least outlines the procedure quite well, and go e s o n t o e x p l a i n t h e m e t h o d of the C hem Ber article (the 1902 one) improved on the yield using the older procedure. I don't think relying on the older literature will be necessary because it looks like the Phys. article is based on the old m eth o d s , a n d d o e s q u i t e a g o o d j o b o f e x p l a i n i n g t h e s y n t h e s i s . W ell, I don't need to explain it, read for yourself...

nbk2000 8x more irritant, and 6x m ore toxic, th an chloropicrin.

February 22nd, 2005, 02:32 P M

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter :D

MrSamosa

Novem ber 22nd, 2005, 04:58 AM

I a m now in a position where I have m uch better access to resources and m ateria ls than I could have imagined a few m onth s ago. I don't have the specific reference on m e, but I found a few papers regarding Tetrachlorodinitroeth ane. It takes the form of crystals which decom p o s e w h e n e x p l o d ed (as by artillery shells). However, it becom es quite nasty when dissolved in Chloropicrin. It's prob ably soluble in other organic solvents too, but I like the idea of using toxic solvents for toxic a g e n t s . T h e resu lt would essentially be "super chloropicrin." Synthesis is straight forward but finicky. The reaction vessel tends to build up pressure (th e r e i s a r i s k o f e x p l o s i o n ) a n d l e a k off NOx and the product can d ecom p o s e . I'm going off m emory right now; I'll see what I can do for you in the com ing days :) EDIT: oh silly Sam o s a ; I f o r g o t t o d o w n l o a d M e g a ' s r e f e r e n c e s b e f o r e p o sting. That's the paper I'm talking about.

FUTI

Novem ber 22nd, 2005, 08:37 AM

AFAIR alkene is easy to convert to double nitro compound. There is some industrial procedure that use NOx to do it resulting in approx 60% yield of m ixed Nitro and nitroso compound. That one should be easy to convert to dinitro derivative. I hope this help in your search for the m ighty stench guys ;) som etim es you cry som e t i m e s y o u l a u g h : D b e p o s i t i v e a n d l a u g h a s m u c h as you can.

tmp

Novem ber 23rd, 2005, 05:25 PM

Now on m y FTP under "CHEMISTRY - O RGANIC". Credit to Mega Thanks for attaching the PDF ! vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Chloralose cyclonite4

March 25th, 2005, 03:55 AM

While looking up some properties of chloral in the McGraw Hill Dictionary of Chemistry, I noticed a short description of a chemical called chloralose. Apparently it is made by heating chloral with dextrose. It is also a hypnotic like chloral, but I have a feeling it will either be more powerful or have use in a special application. :cool: A google search yeilded little information. Infact, google insisted on correcting my spelling to chloralase, which is a different compound (used as a bird repellant). Has anyone here heard of/synthesised/experimented with choralose? I would try myself, but I have yet to build a still (for ethanol used in making chloral). Maybe someone here has the materials required to synthesis a small amount and test it?

cyclonite4

March 25th, 2005, 03:55 AM

While looking up some properties of chloral in the McGraw Hill Dictionary of Chemistry, I noticed a short description of a chemical called chloralose. Apparently it is made by heating chloral with dextrose. It is also a hypnotic like chloral, but I have a feeling it will either be more powerful or have use in a special application. :cool: A google search yeilded little information. Infact, google insisted on correcting my spelling to chloralase, which is a different compound (used as a bird repellant). Has anyone here heard of/synthesised/experimented with choralose? I would try myself, but I have yet to build a still (for ethanol used in making chloral). Maybe someone here has the materials required to synthesis a small amount and test it?

cyclonite4

March 25th, 2005, 03:55 AM

While looking up some properties of chloral in the McGraw Hill Dictionary of Chemistry, I noticed a short description of a chemical called chloralose. Apparently it is made by heating chloral with dextrose. It is also a hypnotic like chloral, but I have a feeling it will either be more powerful or have use in a special application. :cool: A google search yeilded little information. Infact, google insisted on correcting my spelling to chloralase, which is a different compound (used as a bird repellant). Has anyone here heard of/synthesised/experimented with choralose? I would try myself, but I have yet to build a still (for ethanol used in making chloral). Maybe someone here has the materials required to synthesis a small amount and test it?

Silentnite

March 25th, 2005, 04:32 AM

It is rather interesting. Altavisting and I found a report on Erowid about Heffter, the man who discovered LSD. No mentin of choralose in the article, although I did a site search and it brought up the same article again. So that may be a route to take. It is also mentioned in an article about Euthanasia. It said it is a bad route to take, as it is * Choralose - cerebral depression to slow * At Erowid another mention in the article was *He also worked in the laboratory of Rudolph Böhm, where he discovered choralose* So maybe a search on Rudolph. Alltheweb.com returned a lot of hits. But most were for Alpha-choralose. Same molecule or different?

Silentnite

March 25th, 2005, 04:32 AM

It is rather interesting. Altavisting and I found a report on Erowid about Heffter, the man who discovered LSD. No mentin of choralose in the article, although I did a site search and it brought up the same article again. So that may be a route to take. It is also mentioned in an article about Euthanasia. It said it is a bad route to take, as it is * Choralose - cerebral depression to slow * At Erowid another mention in the article was *He also worked in the laboratory of Rudolph Böhm, where he discovered choralose* So maybe a search on Rudolph. Alltheweb.com returned a lot of hits. But most were for Alpha-choralose. Same molecule or different?

Silentnite

March 25th, 2005, 04:32 AM

It is rather interesting. Altavisting and I found a report on Erowid about Heffter, the man who discovered LSD. No mentin of choralose in the article, although I did a site search and it brought up the same article again. So that may be a route to take. It is also mentioned in an article about Euthanasia. It said it is a bad route to take, as it is * Choralose - cerebral depression to slow * At Erowid another mention in the article was *He also worked in the laboratory of Rudolph Böhm, where he discovered choralose* So maybe a search on Rudolph. Alltheweb.com returned a lot of hits. But most were for Alpha-choralose. Same molecule or different?

cyclonite4

March 25th, 2005, 07:49 AM

Sure it wasn't alpha-chloralase? AFAIK there is only one chloralose, but several chloralases.

cyclonite4

March 25th, 2005, 07:49 AM

Sure it wasn't alpha-chloralase? AFAIK there is only one chloralose, but several chloralases.

cyclonite4

March 25th, 2005, 07:49 AM

Sure it wasn't alpha-chloralase? AFAIK there is only one chloralose, but several chloralases.

Silentnite Online Banders' Services ... cannon or rocket nets, use of alpha-choralose, mist nets, and other permit restrictions ... Erowid Arthur Heffter Vault ... He also worked in the laboratory of Rudolph Böhm, where he discovered choralose. After receiving his M.D ... Euthanasia ... Choral hydrate - cerebral depression to slow. Choralose - cerebral depression to slow ...

March 25th, 2005, 10:17 AM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Arthur Heffter ... the laboratory of Rudolph Böhm, where he discovered choralose, a compound produced by combining chloral and glucose ... Table 4 ... Other. Alpha-Choralose. (1% w/v) ... Bradypus - Three-Toed Sloth ... of the three-toed sloth, Bradypus tridactylus, to some commonly used pharmacological agents 2.Choralose and reserpine ... ... of the three-toed sloth, Bradypus tridactylus, to some commonly used pharmacological agents 2.Choralose and reserpine ... BBC News | SCOTLAND | Protected eagle found poisoned A young Golden Eagle whose nest was protected round-the-clock by volunteers has been found poisoned. ... found dead having taken bait laced with alpha-choralose - a poison used for many years to kill wildlife ... the bird had been poisoned with alpha-choralose. "I suspect that ... Complexity Digest 2000.38: Toward A Unified Theory Of Narcosis ... anesthetic agents, the existence of anesthetics, such as choralose, that cause both loss of consciousness and elevated ... THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE POISONS ACT 1972 IN RELATION TO LISTED SELLERS File type:PDF - Download PDF Reader ... aldicarb alpha-choralose ammonia ammonia ... aldicarb alpha-choralose barium silico-fluoride ... That is just the first page of results. And all of the pages did indicate either the chloralose, or the alpha-chloralose. It might still be wrong, as we all know people just tend to grab things off the web without verifying the fact-worthiness of the article. So it could be one long chain of events. But yeah. As far as I can be, Im sure it was the alphachloralose.

Silentnite

March 25th, 2005, 10:17 AM

Online Banders' Services ... cannon or rocket nets, use of alpha-choralose, mist nets, and other permit restrictions ... Erowid Arthur Heffter Vault ... He also worked in the laboratory of Rudolph Böhm, where he discovered choralose. After receiving his M.D ... Euthanasia ... Choral hydrate - cerebral depression to slow. Choralose - cerebral depression to slow ... Arthur Heffter ... the laboratory of Rudolph Böhm, where he discovered choralose, a compound produced by combining chloral and glucose ... Table 4 ... Other. Alpha-Choralose. (1% w/v) ... Bradypus - Three-Toed Sloth ... of the three-toed sloth, Bradypus tridactylus, to some commonly used pharmacological agents 2.Choralose and reserpine ... ... of the three-toed sloth, Bradypus tridactylus, to some commonly used pharmacological agents 2.Choralose and reserpine ... BBC News | SCOTLAND | Protected eagle found poisoned A young Golden Eagle whose nest was protected round-the-clock by volunteers has been found poisoned. ... found dead having taken bait laced with alpha-choralose - a poison used for many years to kill wildlife ... the bird had been poisoned with alpha-choralose. "I suspect that ... Complexity Digest 2000.38: Toward A Unified Theory Of Narcosis ... anesthetic agents, the existence of anesthetics, such as choralose, that cause both loss of consciousness and elevated ... THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE POISONS ACT 1972 IN RELATION TO LISTED SELLERS File type:PDF - Download PDF Reader ... aldicarb alpha-choralose ammonia ammonia ... aldicarb alpha-choralose barium silico-fluoride ... That is just the first page of results. And all of the pages did indicate either the chloralose, or the alpha-chloralose. It might still be wrong, as we all know people just tend to grab things off the web without verifying the fact-worthiness of the article. So it could be one long chain of events. But yeah. As far as I can be, Im sure it was the alphachloralose.

Silentnite

March 25th, 2005, 10:17 AM

Online Banders' Services ... cannon or rocket nets, use of alpha-choralose, mist nets, and other permit restrictions ... Erowid Arthur Heffter Vault ... He also worked in the laboratory of Rudolph Böhm, where he discovered choralose. After receiving his M.D ... Euthanasia ... Choral hydrate - cerebral depression to slow. Choralose - cerebral depression to slow ... Arthur Heffter ... the laboratory of Rudolph Böhm, where he discovered choralose, a compound produced by combining chloral and glucose ... Table 4 ... Other. Alpha-Choralose. (1% w/v) ... Bradypus - Three-Toed Sloth ... of the three-toed sloth, Bradypus tridactylus, to some commonly used pharmacological agents 2.Choralose and reserpine ... ... of the three-toed sloth, Bradypus tridactylus, to some commonly used pharmacological agents 2.Choralose and reserpine ... BBC News | SCOTLAND | Protected eagle found poisoned A young Golden Eagle whose nest was protected round-the-clock by volunteers has been found poisoned. ... found dead having taken bait laced with alpha-choralose - a poison used for many years to kill wildlife ... the bird had been poisoned with alpha-choralose. "I suspect that ... Complexity Digest 2000.38: Toward A Unified Theory Of Narcosis ... anesthetic agents, the existence of anesthetics, such as choralose, that cause both loss of consciousness and elevated ... THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE POISONS ACT 1972 IN RELATION TO LISTED SELLERS File type:PDF - Download PDF Reader ... aldicarb alpha-choralose ammonia ammonia ... aldicarb alpha-choralose barium silico-fluoride ... That is just the first page of results. And all of the pages did indicate either the chloralose, or the alpha-chloralose. It might still be wrong, as we all know people just tend to grab things off the web without verifying the fact-worthiness of the article. So it could be one long chain of events. But yeah. As far as I can be, Im sure it was the alphachloralose.

cyclonite4

March 25th, 2005, 11:11 AM

Damn! I've mistaked my chloralose and chloralase. :( To get it straight: Chloralase is the hypnotic, Chloralose and alpha-chloralose are the repellants/posions. Besides the names being similar, so are the formulas.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Chloralase: C8H11Cl3O6 Chloralose and alpha-chloralose: C8H11O6Cl3

Very confusing. None-the-less, chloralase, the matter of interest, is prepared by heating chloral with dextrose. Could a mod please rename the thread to chloralase?

cyclonite4

March 25th, 2005, 11:11 AM

Damn! I've mistaked my chloralose and chloralase. :( To get it straight: Chloralase is the hypnotic, Chloralose and alpha-chloralose are the repellants/posions. Besides the names being similar, so are the formulas. Chloralase: C8H11Cl3O6 Chloralose and alpha-chloralose: C8H11O6Cl3 Very confusing. None-the-less, chloralase, the matter of interest, is prepared by heating chloral with dextrose. Could a mod please rename the thread to chloralase?

cyclonite4

March 25th, 2005, 11:11 AM

Damn! I've mistaked my chloralose and chloralase. :( To get it straight: Chloralase is the hypnotic, Chloralose and alpha-chloralose are the repellants/posions. Besides the names being similar, so are the formulas. Chloralase: C8H11Cl3O6 Chloralose and alpha-chloralose: C8H11O6Cl3 Very confusing. None-the-less, chloralase, the matter of interest, is prepared by heating chloral with dextrose. Could a mod please rename the thread to chloralase?

Silentnite

March 25th, 2005, 07:20 PM

As if it couldnt get any harder. None of my resources mention Choralase. There is about one or two hits. With one being a dictionary type-page that lists every word and word combination possible. The second one is a pdf which supposedly mentions an alpha-choralase which actually should be chloralose. Netscape did return the most results though. All detailing its use as a anesthetic. None the preparation. Hopefully someone here has access to more chemical search facilities then I do.

Silentnite

March 25th, 2005, 07:20 PM

As if it couldnt get any harder. None of my resources mention Choralase. There is about one or two hits. With one being a dictionary type-page that lists every word and word combination possible. The second one is a pdf which supposedly mentions an alpha-choralase which actually should be chloralose. Netscape did return the most results though. All detailing its use as a anesthetic. None the preparation. Hopefully someone here has access to more chemical search facilities then I do.

Silentnite

March 25th, 2005, 07:20 PM

As if it couldnt get any harder. None of my resources mention Choralase. There is about one or two hits. With one being a dictionary type-page that lists every word and word combination possible. The second one is a pdf which supposedly mentions an alpha-choralase which actually should be chloralose. Netscape did return the most results though. All detailing its use as a anesthetic. None the preparation. Hopefully someone here has access to more chemical search facilities then I do. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and Weapons Forum > Chemistry for Amateur Experimenters and Citizen Scientists Chemistry > Chemical warfare agents GP and GV

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> Battlefield Log in

April 15th, 2005, 07:36 PM

Since these are the new kids on the block, and there is very little information about them I decided to devote a little time on them. I am not exactly as to the proper code names of these compounds. In Chemical Abstracts it lists one as GV-4 and the other as both GV and GP. GV-4 is definetly the name for one, but I have seen the other referred to as GP/GV. Anyone know which is right? The chemical weapons known as GP/GV and GV-4 are potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors developed for battlefield use. Very little information exists about these compounds, other than that they do exist. It is likely these compounds were developed by the US or Great Britian in the early 1960s after the precursor compounds were first synthesized. The nerve gas designated GP/GV is named dimethylphosphoramidofluoridic acid 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl ester and has the structure given in attached pic 1: The nerve gas designated GV-4 is named dimethylphosphoramidofluoridic acid 2-(dimethylamino)propyl ester and has the structure given in attached pic 2: Structurally these two compounds are very similar, differing only by an ethyl and propyl group respectively. In theory they are both synthesized from dimethylphosphoramidic difluoride and an amino alcohol in a simple esterification reaction typical of other binary nerve gasses. I have a reference published last year that confirms this reaction, but it does not provide experimental details, only an outline of the reaction. If I ran the reaction I would model it along the lines of sarin synthesis by gently refluxing a mixture of the amino alcohol with dimethylphosphoramidic difluoride. Dimethylphosphoramidic difluoride is the key to this synthesis. I am eagerly awaiting a reference for the synthesis of this compound from Liebigs Annalen. When I get it I will post a synthesis work up. I suspect I may need to get an additional reference or two in order to make the precursor to dimethylphosphoramidic difluoride.

megalomania

April 15th, 2005, 07:36 PM

Since these are the new kids on the block, and there is very little information about them I decided to devote a little time on them. I am not exactly as to the proper code names of these compounds. In Chemical Abstracts it lists one as GV-4 and the other as both GV and GP. GV-4 is definetly the name for one, but I have seen the other referred to as GP/GV. Anyone know which is right? The chemical weapons known as GP/GV and GV-4 are potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors developed for battlefield use. Very little information exists about these compounds, other than that they do exist. It is likely these compounds were developed by the US or Great Britian in the early 1960s after the precursor compounds were first synthesized. The nerve gas designated GP/GV is named dimethylphosphoramidofluoridic acid 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl ester and has the structure given in attached pic 1: The nerve gas designated GV-4 is named dimethylphosphoramidofluoridic acid 2-(dimethylamino)propyl ester and has the structure given in attached pic 2: Structurally these two compounds are very similar, differing only by an ethyl and propyl group respectively. In theory they are both synthesized from dimethylphosphoramidic difluoride and an amino alcohol in a simple esterification reaction typical of other binary nerve gasses. I have a reference published last year that confirms this reaction, but it does not provide experimental details, only an outline of the reaction. If I ran the reaction I would model it along the lines of sarin synthesis by gently refluxing a mixture of the amino alcohol with dimethylphosphoramidic difluoride. Dimethylphosphoramidic difluoride is the key to this synthesis. I am eagerly awaiting a reference for the synthesis of this compound from Liebigs Annalen. When I get it I will post a synthesis work up. I suspect I may need to get an additional reference or two in order to make the precursor to dimethylphosphoramidic difluoride.

megalomania

April 15th, 2005, 07:36 PM

Since these are the new kids on the block, and there is very little information about them I decided to devote a little time on them. I am not exactly as to the proper code names of these compounds. In Chemical Abstracts it lists one as GV-4 and the other as both GV and GP. GV-4 is definetly the name for one, but I have seen the other referred to as GP/GV. Anyone know which is right? The chemical weapons known as GP/GV and GV-4 are potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors developed for battlefield use. Very little information exists about these compounds, other than that they do exist. It is likely these compounds were developed by the US or Great Britian in the early 1960s after the precursor compounds were first synthesized. The nerve gas designated GP/GV is named dimethylphosphoramidofluoridic acid 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl ester and has the structure given in attached pic 1: The nerve gas designated GV-4 is named dimethylphosphoramidofluoridic acid 2-(dimethylamino)propyl ester and has the structure given in attached pic 2: Structurally these two compounds are very similar, differing only by an ethyl and propyl group respectively. In theory they are both synthesized from dimethylphosphoramidic difluoride and an amino alcohol in a simple esterification reaction typical of other binary nerve gasses. I have a reference published last year that confirms this reaction, but it does not provide experimental details, only an outline of the reaction. If I ran the reaction I would model it along the lines of sarin synthesis by gently refluxing a mixture of the amino alcohol with dimethylphosphoramidic difluoride. Dimethylphosphoramidic difluoride is the key to this synthesis. I am eagerly awaiting a reference for the synthesis of this compound from Liebigs Annalen. When I get it I will post a synthesis work up. I suspect I may need to get an additional reference or two in order to make the precursor to dimethylphosphoramidic difluoride.

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April 16th, 2005, 06:51 PM

This sound interesting! Do you have any info will the product obtained from N,N-diethyl-aminoethanol work as well? I hope that other precursor can be made by some HMPT production modification.

FUTI

April 16th, 2005, 06:51 PM

This sound interesting! Do you have any info will the product obtained from N,N-diethyl-aminoethanol work as well? I hope that other precursor can be made by some HMPT production modification.

FUTI

April 16th, 2005, 06:51 PM

This sound interesting! Do you have any info will the product obtained from N,N-diethyl-aminoethanol work as well? I hope that other precursor can be made by some HMPT production modification.

Chris The Great

April 16th, 2005, 07:36 PM

Very interesting. Over in the bicyclic phosphate thread, Samosa's reference about bicyclic phosphates also mentions these nerve agents, however the structure they provided did not have the oxygen between the phosphorus and the dimethylaminoalkyl group. These agents are also of an interest to me, and the fact that there is in fact an oxygen there makes the synthesis much easier. You could save some flourine (expensive) by mixing equal molar amounts of dimethylphosphoramidic difluoride and dimethylphosphoramidic dichloride, and refluxing that with the appropriate alcohol in a solvent with a base to remove the HCl generated. I believe this is a method of producing sarin that you mentioned in some thread. This would keep nearly all the flourine attached to the nerve agent, and only chlorine would take part in the reaction. I have this feeling I have some information on a relatively simple reaction that could yield these agents, but I can't remember how it goes offhand, or even if it is as simple as I think it is. I will look into it. Anyway, the article Samosa posted about Bicyclic phosphates also has some information of the toxicity of GV http:// www.asanltr.com/ASANews-98/chemistry.html Also, it's nice to see some interest in nerve agents again, it's been quite quiet as of late.

Chris The Great

April 16th, 2005, 07:36 PM

Very interesting. Over in the bicyclic phosphate thread, Samosa's reference about bicyclic phosphates also mentions these nerve agents, however the structure they provided did not have the oxygen between the phosphorus and the dimethylaminoalkyl group. These agents are also of an interest to me, and the fact that there is in fact an oxygen there makes the synthesis much easier. You could save some flourine (expensive) by mixing equal molar amounts of dimethylphosphoramidic difluoride and dimethylphosphoramidic dichloride, and refluxing that with the appropriate alcohol in a solvent with a base to remove the HCl generated. I believe this is a method of producing sarin that you mentioned in some thread. This would keep nearly all the flourine attached to the nerve agent, and only chlorine would take part in the reaction. I have this feeling I have some information on a relatively simple reaction that could yield these agents, but I can't remember how it goes offhand, or even if it is as simple as I think it is. I will look into it. Anyway, the article Samosa posted about Bicyclic phosphates also has some information of the toxicity of GV http:// www.asanltr.com/ASANews-98/chemistry.html Also, it's nice to see some interest in nerve agents again, it's been quite quiet as of late.

Chris The Great

April 16th, 2005, 07:36 PM

Very interesting. Over in the bicyclic phosphate thread, Samosa's reference about bicyclic phosphates also mentions these nerve agents, however the structure they provided did not have the oxygen between the phosphorus and the dimethylaminoalkyl group. These agents are also of an interest to me, and the fact that there is in fact an oxygen there makes the synthesis much easier. You could save some flourine (expensive) by mixing equal molar amounts of dimethylphosphoramidic difluoride and dimethylphosphoramidic dichloride, and refluxing that with the appropriate alcohol in a solvent with a base to remove the HCl generated. I believe this is a method of producing sarin that you mentioned in some thread. This would keep nearly all the flourine attached to the nerve agent, and only chlorine would take part in the reaction. I have this feeling I have some information on a relatively simple reaction that could yield these agents, but I can't remember how it goes offhand, or even if it is as simple as I think it is. I will look into it. Anyway, the article Samosa posted about Bicyclic phosphates also has some information of the toxicity of GV http:// www.asanltr.com/ASANews-98/chemistry.html Also, it's nice to see some interest in nerve agents again, it's been quite quiet as of late.

megalomania

April 16th, 2005, 08:54 PM

The chemical reaction in question is provided in the journal "Phosphorus, Sulfur and Silicon and the Related Elements." I didn't

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realize until just now this was a journal, I thought is was a book. It is available online, but only at the library. I hope it is available at least because this is one of those funky journals that does not publish electronic editions for the previous 12 months. It looks like this article is in issue 1 of 2004, so it may be out. I do have a graphic for the reaction... One thing I don't quite understand is what that sodium atom is doing floating around there. I wonder if the amino alcohol is reacted with sodium metal to make an alkoxide? The article will clear it up I hope. FUTI, I see no reason why one could not use N,N-diethyl-aminoethanol instead of N,N-dimethyl-aminoethanol. The toxicity would likely be lower, but it may be less hydrolyzable. I also wonder why N,N-dimethyl-aminomethanol is not mentioned as I would think it would be the most toxic of all as this is the simplest possible molecular structure of this group. Maybe dimethylphosphoramidofluoridic acid 2-(dimethylamino)methyl ester is a chemical weapon and they just have not mentioned it. What chemicals are GO, GQ, GR, GS, GT, GU, GV-1, GV-2, and GV-3?

megalomania

April 16th, 2005, 08:54 PM

The chemical reaction in question is provided in the journal "Phosphorus, Sulfur and Silicon and the Related Elements." I didn't realize until just now this was a journal, I thought is was a book. It is available online, but only at the library. I hope it is available at least because this is one of those funky journals that does not publish electronic editions for the previous 12 months. It looks like this article is in issue 1 of 2004, so it may be out. I do have a graphic for the reaction... One thing I don't quite understand is what that sodium atom is doing floating around there. I wonder if the amino alcohol is reacted with sodium metal to make an alkoxide? The article will clear it up I hope. FUTI, I see no reason why one could not use N,N-diethyl-aminoethanol instead of N,N-dimethyl-aminoethanol. The toxicity would likely be lower, but it may be less hydrolyzable. I also wonder why N,N-dimethyl-aminomethanol is not mentioned as I would think it would be the most toxic of all as this is the simplest possible molecular structure of this group. Maybe dimethylphosphoramidofluoridic acid 2-(dimethylamino)methyl ester is a chemical weapon and they just have not mentioned it. What chemicals are GO, GQ, GR, GS, GT, GU, GV-1, GV-2, and GV-3?

megalomania

April 16th, 2005, 08:54 PM

The chemical reaction in question is provided in the journal "Phosphorus, Sulfur and Silicon and the Related Elements." I didn't realize until just now this was a journal, I thought is was a book. It is available online, but only at the library. I hope it is available at least because this is one of those funky journals that does not publish electronic editions for the previous 12 months. It looks like this article is in issue 1 of 2004, so it may be out. I do have a graphic for the reaction... One thing I don't quite understand is what that sodium atom is doing floating around there. I wonder if the amino alcohol is reacted with sodium metal to make an alkoxide? The article will clear it up I hope. FUTI, I see no reason why one could not use N,N-diethyl-aminoethanol instead of N,N-dimethyl-aminoethanol. The toxicity would likely be lower, but it may be less hydrolyzable. I also wonder why N,N-dimethyl-aminomethanol is not mentioned as I would think it would be the most toxic of all as this is the simplest possible molecular structure of this group. Maybe dimethylphosphoramidofluoridic acid 2-(dimethylamino)methyl ester is a chemical weapon and they just have not mentioned it. What chemicals are GO, GQ, GR, GS, GT, GU, GV-1, GV-2, and GV-3?

Chris The Great

April 16th, 2005, 09:51 PM

I think the sodium is showing that the dimethylaminoethanol is not actually a alcohol, but a salt of the structure (Me)2NCH2CH2ONa. (if that is what a alkoxide is, sorry, my chem terms are not very good at all) This would remove the need to have a base to soak up the HF generated as there would be none, only NaF. The NaF could then be used directly in other reactions, such as making the dimethylphosphoramidic difluoride, without having to extract it from something like triethylamine hydroflouride. EDIT- I just remembered that the P-F bond is fairly strong, and so breaking it requires refluxing etc. However, Na and F would attract each other very strongly, so the reaction would not require much, if any, heating to get it to go to completion. At least, that's what I think. This would certainly make the reaction much safer.

Chris The Great

April 16th, 2005, 09:51 PM

I think the sodium is showing that the dimethylaminoethanol is not actually a alcohol, but a salt of the structure (Me)2NCH2CH2ONa. (if that is what a alkoxide is, sorry, my chem terms are not very good at all) This would remove the need to have a base to soak up the HF generated as there would be none, only NaF. The NaF could then be used directly in other reactions, such as making the dimethylphosphoramidic difluoride, without having to extract it from something like triethylamine hydroflouride. EDIT- I just remembered that the P-F bond is fairly strong, and so breaking it requires refluxing etc. However, Na and F would attract each other very strongly, so the reaction would not require much, if any, heating to get it to go to completion. At least, that's what I think. This would certainly make the reaction much safer.

Chris The Great

April 16th, 2005, 09:51 PM

I think the sodium is showing that the dimethylaminoethanol is not actually a alcohol, but a salt of the structure (Me)2NCH2CH2ONa. (if that is what a alkoxide is, sorry, my chem terms are not very good at all) This would remove the need to have a base to soak up the HF generated as there would be none, only NaF. The NaF could then be used directly in other reactions, such as making the dimethylphosphoramidic difluoride, without having to extract it from something like triethylamine hydroflouride.

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EDIT- I just remembered that the P-F bond is fairly strong, and so breaking it requires refluxing etc. However, Na and F would attract each other very strongly, so the reaction would not require much, if any, heating to get it to go to completion. At least, that's what I think. This would certainly make the reaction much safer.

simply RED

April 17th, 2005, 07:17 AM

"This would certainly make the reaction much safer." One drop is 50 mg (20 drops 1ml). Even worse, density more than 1 !!! Only ONE TENTH of a drop is needed to kill you in case of these new nerve agents... I can't immagine the precautions needed to be taken in case you want to make some... Maybe the last reaction should be done as follows : In a syringe first suck the first compound and then the second so they react in the syringe, or maybe an ampule or rubber stopper container. Anyway , new approach is needed so you don't be the victim of your VX .

simply RED

April 17th, 2005, 07:17 AM

"This would certainly make the reaction much safer." One drop is 50 mg (20 drops 1ml). Even worse, density more than 1 !!! Only ONE TENTH of a drop is needed to kill you in case of these new nerve agents... I can't immagine the precautions needed to be taken in case you want to make some... Maybe the last reaction should be done as follows : In a syringe first suck the first compound and then the second so they react in the syringe, or maybe an ampule or rubber stopper container. Anyway , new approach is needed so you don't be the victim of your VX .

simply RED

April 17th, 2005, 07:17 AM

"This would certainly make the reaction much safer." One drop is 50 mg (20 drops 1ml). Even worse, density more than 1 !!! Only ONE TENTH of a drop is needed to kill you in case of these new nerve agents... I can't immagine the precautions needed to be taken in case you want to make some... Maybe the last reaction should be done as follows : In a syringe first suck the first compound and then the second so they react in the syringe, or maybe an ampule or rubber stopper container. Anyway , new approach is needed so you don't be the victim of your VX .

MrSamosa

April 17th, 2005, 09:18 PM

When looking at new molecules and trying to figure out their syntheses, I've been told to "look at the component structures and figure out where to get them." With that in mind, these new Nerve Agents remind me of Tabun, only with a Fluorine atom in place of a Cyanide group. So maybe the syntheses of GV/GP could be approached the same way as that of Tabun, replacing NaF and Dimethylaminoethanol for NaCN and Ethanol. And on the note of Dimethylaminoethanol, take a look at the structure of Diphenhydramine, the antihistamine/anticholinergic. Could the C-O-C structure in it be broken, perhaps leaving Dimethylaminoethanol?

MrSamosa

April 17th, 2005, 09:18 PM

When looking at new molecules and trying to figure out their syntheses, I've been told to "look at the component structures and figure out where to get them." With that in mind, these new Nerve Agents remind me of Tabun, only with a Fluorine atom in place of a Cyanide group. So maybe the syntheses of GV/GP could be approached the same way as that of Tabun, replacing NaF and Dimethylaminoethanol for NaCN and Ethanol. And on the note of Dimethylaminoethanol, take a look at the structure of Diphenhydramine, the antihistamine/anticholinergic. Could the C-O-C structure in it be broken, perhaps leaving Dimethylaminoethanol?

MrSamosa

April 17th, 2005, 09:18 PM

When looking at new molecules and trying to figure out their syntheses, I've been told to "look at the component structures and figure out where to get them." With that in mind, these new Nerve Agents remind me of Tabun, only with a Fluorine atom in place of a Cyanide group. So maybe the syntheses of GV/GP could be approached the same way as that of Tabun, replacing NaF and Dimethylaminoethanol for NaCN and Ethanol. And on the note of Dimethylaminoethanol, take a look at the structure of Diphenhydramine, the antihistamine/anticholinergic. Could the C-O-C structure in it be broken, perhaps leaving Dimethylaminoethanol?

Chris The Great

April 18th, 2005, 05:22 PM

That method works very well, it's how I've thought out alot of reactions. I would use dimethylamine and chloroethanol to make the dimethylaminoethanol. Both are very easy to make OTC, dimethylamine can be made by hydrolising hexamine with HCl in the presence of formaldehyde, and chloroethanol from ethylene glycol and hydrochloric acid reacting in the vapour phase. I think there is a good procedure for chloroethanol on the forums, probably in a mustard gas thread.

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It might work better using bromoethanol actually, the synthesis would probably be the same but using hydrobromic acid. As for the Diphenhydramine, perhaps it could be hydrolised by refluxing in fairly dilute HCl? Maybe even 15%? The dimethylaminoethanol would come out as a salt, but that would make it very easy to seperate from the alcohol formed by the other half of the molecule.

As for the safety, it is much safer to react at room temperature compared to relfuxing the nerve agent. It is still a nerve agent and all appropriate safety measures must be taken to avoid painful death.

Chris The Great

April 18th, 2005, 05:22 PM

That method works very well, it's how I've thought out alot of reactions. I would use dimethylamine and chloroethanol to make the dimethylaminoethanol. Both are very easy to make OTC, dimethylamine can be made by hydrolising hexamine with HCl in the presence of formaldehyde, and chloroethanol from ethylene glycol and hydrochloric acid reacting in the vapour phase. I think there is a good procedure for chloroethanol on the forums, probably in a mustard gas thread. It might work better using bromoethanol actually, the synthesis would probably be the same but using hydrobromic acid. As for the Diphenhydramine, perhaps it could be hydrolised by refluxing in fairly dilute HCl? Maybe even 15%? The dimethylaminoethanol would come out as a salt, but that would make it very easy to seperate from the alcohol formed by the other half of the molecule.

As for the safety, it is much safer to react at room temperature compared to relfuxing the nerve agent. It is still a nerve agent and all appropriate safety measures must be taken to avoid painful death.

Chris The Great

April 18th, 2005, 05:22 PM

That method works very well, it's how I've thought out alot of reactions. I would use dimethylamine and chloroethanol to make the dimethylaminoethanol. Both are very easy to make OTC, dimethylamine can be made by hydrolising hexamine with HCl in the presence of formaldehyde, and chloroethanol from ethylene glycol and hydrochloric acid reacting in the vapour phase. I think there is a good procedure for chloroethanol on the forums, probably in a mustard gas thread. It might work better using bromoethanol actually, the synthesis would probably be the same but using hydrobromic acid. As for the Diphenhydramine, perhaps it could be hydrolised by refluxing in fairly dilute HCl? Maybe even 15%? The dimethylaminoethanol would come out as a salt, but that would make it very easy to seperate from the alcohol formed by the other half of the molecule.

As for the safety, it is much safer to react at room temperature compared to relfuxing the nerve agent. It is still a nerve agent and all appropriate safety measures must be taken to avoid painful death.

FUTI

April 19th, 2005, 06:07 AM

I agree with simply RED...synthesis of these compounds is dangerous. I wouldn't advise anyone to try it in improvised facility. That is the reason why the armies switched their CW programs to binary weapons. It is to dangerous to produce new generation CW, but if you can made it by simple mixing of simple less-toxic precursors (benign looking "pesticides" or their precursors) during explosion it simplifies things a lot (and if it that toxic you coudn't care less about synthesis yield). Even removal of old CW is pain in ***. If anyone care about that subject he can Google a little I believe that China and Japan have a long years dispute over WWII leftover CW ammo on Chinese soil (artilery shells and such things)...I believe China refused to sign a treaty of non-spreading CW and CW technology as long those CW leftovers are on their soil and they insist Japan take responsibility in its removal.

FUTI

April 19th, 2005, 06:07 AM

I agree with simply RED...synthesis of these compounds is dangerous. I wouldn't advise anyone to try it in improvised facility. That is the reason why the armies switched their CW programs to binary weapons. It is to dangerous to produce new generation CW, but if you can made it by simple mixing of simple less-toxic precursors (benign looking "pesticides" or their precursors) during explosion it simplifies things a lot (and if it that toxic you coudn't care less about synthesis yield). Even removal of old CW is pain in ***. If anyone care about that subject he can Google a little I believe that China and Japan have a long years dispute over WWII leftover CW ammo on Chinese soil (artilery shells and such things)...I believe China refused to sign a treaty of non-spreading CW and CW technology as long those CW leftovers are on their soil and they insist Japan take responsibility in its removal.

FUTI

April 19th, 2005, 06:07 AM

I agree with simply RED...synthesis of these compounds is dangerous. I wouldn't advise anyone to try it in improvised facility. That is the reason why the armies switched their CW programs to binary weapons. It is to dangerous to produce new generation CW, but if you can made it by simple mixing of simple less-toxic precursors (benign looking "pesticides" or their precursors) during explosion it simplifies things a lot (and if it that toxic you coudn't care less about synthesis yield). Even removal of old CW is pain in ***. If anyone care about that subject he can Google a little I believe that China and Japan have a long years dispute over WWII leftover CW ammo on Chinese soil (artilery shells and such things)...I believe China refused to sign a treaty of non-spreading CW and CW technology as long those CW leftovers are on their soil and they insist Japan take responsibility in its removal.

MrSamosa Even removal of old CW is pain in ***.

April 19th, 2005, 10:57 PM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter I can't agree with you more on that idea. Even cleaning up after my little experiments with Chloropicrin was a pain, and often literally. Every single drop had to be thoroughly washed down with ethanol, water, napkins, and whatever I used to wipe down surfaces put in a few layers of ziplock baggies before being thrown away (No, this is not a viable means for dealing with disposal...but the way I figured, it won't only be in my trashbag for a few days). Then there was the problem that ethanol made Chloropicrin more volatile... But I digress. GP and GV. From my understanding, the most effective Nerve Agents resemble Choline most closely, e.g.: VX. With that in mind, it would seem like GP is more effective than GV in two ways: it would be more toxic and it would have a lower molar mass, therefore letting it be more volatile. I'm speculating here and not basing any of this on toxicological data, which I don't have. It is worth looking at Chapter V of Saunders about "Phosphorodiamidic Fluorides" and "Tabun and Sarin." The section I found of most interest was: In view of the rapid toxic action and myotic effect of the dialkyl phosphorofluoridates and of the high toxicity of some of the phosphorodiamidic fluorides, we prepared and examined a 'hybrid' molecule containing the essential features of each type of compound... Ethyl dimethylphosphoroamidofluoridate was prepared by a similar method [to ethyl phenylphosphoroamidofluoridate]. Its L.D. 50, on intravenous injection into rabbits and also on subcutaneous injection into mice, was 2.5 mg./kg. Toxicity was also determined by inhalation and a Ct (C = concentration, t = 10 min.) of 200 mg./min./cu.m. killed seven out of a batch of eleven rabbits, guinea-pigs, rats, and mice; a Ct of 100 mg./min./cu.m. killed four out of eleven. The compound also posessed myotic properties. Other compounds that we made in this series were much more toxic; and it will be seen that they bear some resemblance to tabun and sarin..." That latter compound was (Me2N)(EtO)F-P=O --notice the similarity to GV and GP. By "other compounds," I'm going to assume they did the tests with the usual test class of alcohols: a secondary, a cyclic chain, methyl, propyl, a few halogenated ones here and there. Maybe what we can gather here is that Aminoalcohols are much more toxic than other alkyl chains when attached to OP chains-if that's the case, it could be a lesson for all OP poisons.

MrSamosa

April 19th, 2005, 10:57 PM

Even removal of old CW is pain in ***. I can't agree with you more on that idea. Even cleaning up after my little experiments with Chloropicrin was a pain, and often literally. Every single drop had to be thoroughly washed down with ethanol, water, napkins, and whatever I used to wipe down surfaces put in a few layers of ziplock baggies before being thrown away (No, this is not a viable means for dealing with disposal...but the way I figured, it won't only be in my trashbag for a few days). Then there was the problem that ethanol made Chloropicrin more volatile... But I digress. GP and GV. From my understanding, the most effective Nerve Agents resemble Choline most closely, e.g.: VX. With that in mind, it would seem like GP is more effective than GV in two ways: it would be more toxic and it would have a lower molar mass, therefore letting it be more volatile. I'm speculating here and not basing any of this on toxicological data, which I don't have. It is worth looking at Chapter V of Saunders about "Phosphorodiamidic Fluorides" and "Tabun and Sarin." The section I found of most interest was: In view of the rapid toxic action and myotic effect of the dialkyl phosphorofluoridates and of the high toxicity of some of the phosphorodiamidic fluorides, we prepared and examined a 'hybrid' molecule containing the essential features of each type of compound... Ethyl dimethylphosphoroamidofluoridate was prepared by a similar method [to ethyl phenylphosphoroamidofluoridate]. Its L.D. 50, on intravenous injection into rabbits and also on subcutaneous injection into mice, was 2.5 mg./kg. Toxicity was also determined by inhalation and a Ct (C = concentration, t = 10 min.) of 200 mg./min./cu.m. killed seven out of a batch of eleven rabbits, guinea-pigs, rats, and mice; a Ct of 100 mg./min./cu.m. killed four out of eleven. The compound also posessed myotic properties. Other compounds that we made in this series were much more toxic; and it will be seen that they bear some resemblance to tabun and sarin..." That latter compound was (Me2N)(EtO)F-P=O --notice the similarity to GV and GP. By "other compounds," I'm going to assume they did the tests with the usual test class of alcohols: a secondary, a cyclic chain, methyl, propyl, a few halogenated ones here and there. Maybe what we can gather here is that Aminoalcohols are much more toxic than other alkyl chains when attached to OP chains-if that's the case, it could be a lesson for all OP poisons.

MrSamosa

April 19th, 2005, 10:57 PM

Even removal of old CW is pain in ***. I can't agree with you more on that idea. Even cleaning up after my little experiments with Chloropicrin was a pain, and often literally. Every single drop had to be thoroughly washed down with ethanol, water, napkins, and whatever I used to wipe down surfaces put in a few layers of ziplock baggies before being thrown away (No, this is not a viable means for dealing with disposal...but the way I figured, it won't only be in my trashbag for a few days). Then there was the problem that ethanol made Chloropicrin more volatile... But I digress. GP and GV. From my understanding, the most effective Nerve Agents resemble Choline most closely, e.g.: VX. With that in mind, it would seem like GP is more effective than GV in two ways: it would be more toxic and it would have a lower molar mass, therefore letting it be more volatile. I'm speculating here and not basing any of this on toxicological data, which I don't have. It is worth looking at Chapter V of Saunders about "Phosphorodiamidic Fluorides" and "Tabun and Sarin." The section I found of most interest was: In view of the rapid toxic action and myotic effect of the dialkyl phosphorofluoridates and of the high toxicity of some of the

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phosphorodiamidic fluorides, we prepared and examined a 'hybrid' molecule containing the essential features of each type of compound... Ethyl dimethylphosphoroamidofluoridate was prepared by a similar method [to ethyl phenylphosphoroamidofluoridate]. Its L.D. 50, on intravenous injection into rabbits and also on subcutaneous injection into mice, was 2.5 mg./kg. Toxicity was also determined by inhalation and a Ct (C = concentration, t = 10 min.) of 200 mg./min./cu.m. killed seven out of a batch of eleven rabbits, guinea-pigs, rats, and mice; a Ct of 100 mg./min./cu.m. killed four out of eleven. The compound also posessed myotic properties. Other compounds that we made in this series were much more toxic; and it will be seen that they bear some resemblance to tabun and sarin..." That latter compound was (Me2N)(EtO)F-P=O --notice the similarity to GV and GP. By "other compounds," I'm going to assume they did the tests with the usual test class of alcohols: a secondary, a cyclic chain, methyl, propyl, a few halogenated ones here and there. Maybe what we can gather here is that Aminoalcohols are much more toxic than other alkyl chains when attached to OP chains-if that's the case, it could be a lesson for all OP poisons.

megalomania

April 20th, 2005, 04:19 AM

AN interesting premise... What if we replaced the ethyl ester portion of VX with an aminoalcohol? Might it become yet more toxic? What if we used a fluorine substituted aminoalcohol, like HO-R-N-(R'F)2

megalomania

April 20th, 2005, 04:19 AM

AN interesting premise... What if we replaced the ethyl ester portion of VX with an aminoalcohol? Might it become yet more toxic? What if we used a fluorine substituted aminoalcohol, like HO-R-N-(R'F)2

megalomania

April 20th, 2005, 04:19 AM

AN interesting premise... What if we replaced the ethyl ester portion of VX with an aminoalcohol? Might it become yet more toxic? What if we used a fluorine substituted aminoalcohol, like HO-R-N-(R'F)2

FUTI

April 20th, 2005, 03:38 PM

Imagination is woderfull thing...read and comment if you find this is worth of it. I asked myself what will happen if we take GP and modify it in this way. Replace F- with O-NX2 (similar to novichok or whatever...) and as I'm supporter of choline theory use him (or something alike) instead of dimethylaminoethanol. I assume that GP/GV agent work through a suicide substrate mechanism and that higher activity is result of closer resemblance of this agent to actual substrate. Look upon the data about sulfur containing nerve gases in this forum and you will find that similar structures having positive charge at the same distance e.g. -SR2+ have higher activity compared with neutral one e.g. -SR ....sulfur is at the position of nitrogen in aminoethanol in that case so that makes me very much convinced that choline resemblance have its share in this, as well as tetrahedral orientation of substituents around phosphor resembling the transition state for the hydrolysis of acetyl-choline. I didn't found much data about novichok mechanism of action so I don't know how will proposed modification of GP compound will afect its toxicity/activity. Idea behind this is to avoid use of fluorine compound (which makes it dificult to detect) and use substructure which makes compound resistant to normal detoxification protocol (and unfortunately harder to prepare). I'm curious is the mechanism of inactivation with novichok somewhat like covalent "acyl-enzyme complex" like agent-O-NX-O-Ser-Enzyme. The idea Mega had is when I think a little about it on the same line but he prefer alkylation instead. Mega I think that one you proposed have a few "bonus points". Major ones is multi-point attachment to targeted enzyme and formation of stronger carbon-N/O/S bond.

FUTI

April 20th, 2005, 03:38 PM

Imagination is woderfull thing...read and comment if you find this is worth of it. I asked myself what will happen if we take GP and modify it in this way. Replace F- with O-NX2 (similar to novichok or whatever...) and as I'm supporter of choline theory use him (or something alike) instead of dimethylaminoethanol. I assume that GP/GV agent work through a suicide substrate mechanism and that higher activity is result of closer resemblance of this agent to actual substrate. Look upon the data about sulfur containing nerve gases in this forum and you will find that similar structures having positive charge at the same distance e.g. -SR2+ have higher activity compared with neutral one e.g. -SR ....sulfur is at the position of nitrogen in aminoethanol in that case so that makes me very much convinced that choline resemblance have its share in this, as well as tetrahedral orientation of substituents around phosphor resembling the transition state for the hydrolysis of acetyl-choline. I didn't found much data about novichok mechanism of action so I don't know how will proposed modification of GP compound will afect its toxicity/activity. Idea behind this is to avoid use of fluorine compound (which makes it dificult to detect) and use substructure which makes compound resistant to normal detoxification protocol (and unfortunately harder to prepare). I'm curious is the mechanism of inactivation with novichok somewhat like covalent "acyl-enzyme complex" like agent-O-NX-O-Ser-Enzyme. The idea Mega had is when I think a little about it on the same line but he prefer alkylation instead. Mega I think that one you proposed have a few "bonus points". Major ones is multi-point attachment to targeted enzyme and formation of stronger carbon-N/O/S bond.

FUTI

April 20th, 2005, 03:38 PM

Imagination is woderfull thing...read and comment if you find this is worth of it. I asked myself what will happen if we take GP and modify it in this way. Replace F- with O-NX2 (similar to novichok or whatever...) and as I'm supporter of choline theory use him (or something alike) instead of dimethylaminoethanol. I assume that GP/GV agent work through a suicide substrate mechanism and that higher activity is result of closer resemblance of this agent to actual substrate. Look upon the data about sulfur containing nerve gases in this forum and you will find that similar structures having positive charge at the same distance e.g. -SR2+ have higher activity compared with neutral one e.g. -SR ....sulfur is at the position of nitrogen in aminoethanol in that case so that makes me very much convinced that choline resemblance have its share in this, as well as tetrahedral orientation of substituents around phosphor resembling the transition state for the hydrolysis of acetyl-choline. I didn't found much data about novichok mechanism of

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action so I don't know how will proposed modification of GP compound will afect its toxicity/activity. Idea behind this is to avoid use of fluorine compound (which makes it dificult to detect) and use substructure which makes compound resistant to normal detoxification protocol (and unfortunately harder to prepare). I'm curious is the mechanism of inactivation with novichok somewhat like covalent "acyl-enzyme complex" like agent-O-NX-O-Ser-Enzyme. The idea Mega had is when I think a little about it on the same line but he prefer alkylation instead. Mega I think that one you proposed have a few "bonus points". Major ones is multi-point attachment to targeted enzyme and formation of stronger carbon-N/O/S bond.

Chris The Great

April 20th, 2005, 10:04 PM

I wouldn't replace the ethyl group on VX, as it is taking the place of the flourine. I would replace the methyl group, I would think that would be more toxic. But we are just guessing here so who knows... The lack of flourine will also make the agent much easier to weaponize as it will not react with so many materials as the flourine tends to do.

One interesting possibility is the nerve agent EA2192, which is VX but with the ethyl group replaced by a hydroxy group. If we replaced the methyl group on it with a dimethylamino group, we could potentially increase the toxicity (which is almost as high as VX already) and it would hydrolize over a thousand times more slowly than other nerve agents (EA2192 hydrolizes over 1000 times slower than VX, which from what I understand is fairly long lasting compared to some agents). The hydroxy group also opens the possibility of preparing the nerve agent as a salt, which means no vapour. I am looking into this, it is certainly an interesting possibility. I would think it would act like cyanide salts and rapidly convert into the acid (volatile) form upon contact with an acid. Unfortunatly such nerve agents look more complex to synthesis, although I found a journal on making them. It only covered the main alcohol groups however, nothing on the amino type groups, most likely because these are nearly as toxic as V agents. I though novichoks had the ONCX2 group, not an NX2 group, however that is an interesting idea. All these ideas unfortunately probably won't get answers unless actual tests are done....and that would be, as already stated, extremely dangerous and a real pain to clean up. Even the nerve agent precursors are extremely toxic, which would be where the problem would be. I assume anyone doing toxicity tests would make only a few hundred micrograms at most, in solution inside a syringe and then immdietely injected into mice/rabbits/whatever.

Chris The Great

April 20th, 2005, 10:04 PM

I wouldn't replace the ethyl group on VX, as it is taking the place of the flourine. I would replace the methyl group, I would think that would be more toxic. But we are just guessing here so who knows... The lack of flourine will also make the agent much easier to weaponize as it will not react with so many materials as the flourine tends to do.

One interesting possibility is the nerve agent EA2192, which is VX but with the ethyl group replaced by a hydroxy group. If we replaced the methyl group on it with a dimethylamino group, we could potentially increase the toxicity (which is almost as high as VX already) and it would hydrolize over a thousand times more slowly than other nerve agents (EA2192 hydrolizes over 1000 times slower than VX, which from what I understand is fairly long lasting compared to some agents). The hydroxy group also opens the possibility of preparing the nerve agent as a salt, which means no vapour. I am looking into this, it is certainly an interesting possibility. I would think it would act like cyanide salts and rapidly convert into the acid (volatile) form upon contact with an acid. Unfortunatly such nerve agents look more complex to synthesis, although I found a journal on making them. It only covered the main alcohol groups however, nothing on the amino type groups, most likely because these are nearly as toxic as V agents. I though novichoks had the ONCX2 group, not an NX2 group, however that is an interesting idea. All these ideas unfortunately probably won't get answers unless actual tests are done....and that would be, as already stated, extremely dangerous and a real pain to clean up. Even the nerve agent precursors are extremely toxic, which would be where the problem would be. I assume anyone doing toxicity tests would make only a few hundred micrograms at most, in solution inside a syringe and then immdietely injected into mice/rabbits/whatever.

Chris The Great

April 20th, 2005, 10:04 PM

I wouldn't replace the ethyl group on VX, as it is taking the place of the flourine. I would replace the methyl group, I would think that would be more toxic. But we are just guessing here so who knows... The lack of flourine will also make the agent much easier to weaponize as it will not react with so many materials as the flourine tends to do.

One interesting possibility is the nerve agent EA2192, which is VX but with the ethyl group replaced by a hydroxy group. If we replaced the methyl group on it with a dimethylamino group, we could potentially increase the toxicity (which is almost as high as VX already) and it would hydrolize over a thousand times more slowly than other nerve agents (EA2192 hydrolizes over 1000 times slower than VX, which from what I understand is fairly long lasting compared to some agents). The hydroxy group also opens the possibility of preparing the nerve agent as a salt, which means no vapour. I am looking into this, it is certainly an interesting possibility. I would think it would act like cyanide salts and rapidly convert into the acid (volatile) form upon contact with an acid. Unfortunatly such nerve agents look more complex to synthesis, although I found a journal on making them. It only covered the main alcohol groups however, nothing on the amino type groups, most likely because these are nearly as toxic as V agents. I though novichoks had the ONCX2 group, not an NX2 group, however that is an interesting idea. All these ideas unfortunately probably won't get answers unless actual tests are done....and that would be, as already stated, extremely dangerous and a real pain to clean up. Even the nerve agent precursors are extremely toxic, which would be where the problem would be. I assume anyone doing toxicity tests would make only a few hundred micrograms at most, in solution inside a syringe and then immdietely injected into mice/rabbits/whatever.

megalomania

April 26th, 2005, 04:46 AM

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The reference for dimethylphosphoramidic difluoride is in. Seeing as it is from Liebigs Annalen the article is in German. I tried my best at translating the words and rewriting them to sound like proper English. I shall provide the original as well if anyone wants to double check my translation. I added words to my English version to make it sound correct. Notice the reaction is not specifically for dimethylphosphoramidic difluoride, but is for the general class of alkylphosphoramidic difluorides including R= ethyl, isoprop yl, n -b utyl, t-butyl, dimethyl, and diethyl phosphoramidic difluoride. The a m i n e m e n tioned in the reaction uses those alkyl groups respectively as R2NH. We would want dimethylamine as our starting material, (CH3)2NH Difluorphosphorsaure-alkylamide: In einen langhalsigen Rundkolben von 150ccm Inhalt gaben wir 30ccm Toluol und kondensierten dann unter Kuhlung mit flussigem Stickstoff darin 11.5g(0.11 Mol) Phosphoroxyfluorid. Der Rundkolben wurde hierauf in ein Trockeneis/Aceton-Bad gestellt, das Toluol geschmolzen und das festgebliebene POF3 im Toluol fein suspendiert. Zur erhaltenen Suspension gaben wir unter kraftigem Ruhren (Aceton/Trockeneis-Kuhlung) in kleinen Portionen eine abgekuhlte Losung von 0.2 Mol Amin in 50ccm Toluol zu. Es trat eine heftige. exotherme Reaktion ein; unter schwacher Gelbfarbung schied sich Alkylamin-hydrofluorid ab. Das auf Zimmertemperatur erwarmte Reaktionsgemisch haben wir rasch filtriert und das Alkylamin-hydrofluorid mit wenig Toluol gewaschen. Aus dem klaren Filtrat destillierten wir bei ca. 50 Torr das Toluol ab. Dann fraktionierten wir das zuruckgebliebene, orangefarbige Rohprodukt im Vakuum. Alkylphosphoramidic difluoride: To a 150-mL long-necked round-bottom flask is added 30 mL of toluene cooled with liquid nitrogen, and 11.5 g (0.11 mol) of phosphorus oxyfluoride (POF3) is added. The flask is placed into a dry ice/acetone bath, which suspends the fine particles of solid POF3 in toluene. To this suspension we add a pre-cooled mixture of 0.2 mol of amine (we want dimethylamine) in 50 mL of toluene in small portions with vigorous shaking. A violent exothermic reaction occurs; the product alkylphosphoramidic difluoride will separate as a light yellow layer. The reaction mixture is filtered and allowed to rapidly warm to room temperature. In a separatory funnel the toluene layer is removed. The product layer is shaken with a little toluene and the toluene layer is combined with the rest. The clear toluene portion is distilled off at 50 torr pressure. The crude product layer is added to the undistilled portion and fractionally distilled under vacuum. A note if I may: I know I wrote to distill off the toluene at 50 torr pressure, but our desired dimethylphosphoramidic difluoride boils at 47-49 C vs. toluene at 110 C. It may be our product is a viscous oil that is not affected by low pressure, or we actually distill off our product instead of toluene in this step. Now the question becomes how to make phosphorus oxyfluoride. Merck does not list it, but it does list phosphorus oxychloride and oxybromide. Theoretically they should all be made the same way. Toluene and dimethylamine should not be problematic to obtain.

megalomania

April 26th, 2005, 04:46 AM

The reference for dimethylphosphoramidic difluoride is in. Seeing as it is from Liebigs Annalen the article is in German. I tried my best at translating the words and rewriting them to sound like proper English. I shall provide the original as well if anyone wants to double check my translation. I added words to my English version to make it sound correct. Notice the reaction is not specifically for dimethylphosphoramidic difluoride, but is for the general class of alkylphosphoramidic difluorides including R= ethyl, isoprop yl, n -b utyl, t-butyl, dimethyl, and diethyl phosphoramidic difluoride. The a m i n e m e n tioned in the reaction uses those alkyl groups respectively as R2NH. We would want dimethylamine as our starting material, (CH3)2NH Difluorphosphorsaure-alkylamide: In einen langhalsigen Rundkolben von 150ccm Inhalt gaben wir 30ccm Toluol und kondensierten dann unter Kuhlung mit flussigem Stickstoff darin 11.5g(0.11 Mol) Phosphoroxyfluorid. Der Rundkolben wurde hierauf in ein Trockeneis/Aceton-Bad gestellt, das Toluol geschmolzen und das festgebliebene POF3 im Toluol fein suspendiert. Zur erhaltenen Suspension gaben wir unter kraftigem Ruhren (Aceton/Trockeneis-Kuhlung) in kleinen Portionen eine abgekuhlte Losung von 0.2 Mol Amin in 50ccm Toluol zu. Es trat eine heftige. exotherme Reaktion ein; unter schwacher Gelbfarbung schied sich Alkylamin-hydrofluorid ab. Das auf Zimmertemperatur erwarmte Reaktionsgemisch haben wir rasch filtriert und das Alkylamin-hydrofluorid mit wenig Toluol gewaschen. Aus dem klaren Filtrat destillierten wir bei ca. 50 Torr das Toluol ab. Dann fraktionierten wir das zuruckgebliebene, orangefarbige Rohprodukt im Vakuum. Alkylphosphoramidic difluoride: To a 150-mL long-necked round-bottom flask is added 30 mL of toluene cooled with liquid nitrogen, and 11.5 g (0.11 mol) of phosphorus oxyfluoride (POF3) is added. The flask is placed into a dry ice/acetone bath, which suspends the fine particles of solid POF3 in toluene. To this suspension we add a pre-cooled mixture of 0.2 mol of amine (we want dimethylamine) in 50 mL of toluene in small portions with vigorous shaking. A violent exothermic reaction occurs; the product alkylphosphoramidic difluoride will separate as a light yellow layer. The reaction mixture is filtered and allowed to rapidly warm to room temperature. In a separatory funnel the toluene layer is removed. The product layer is shaken with a little toluene and the toluene layer is combined with the rest. The clear toluene portion is distilled off at 50 torr pressure. The crude product layer is added to the undistilled portion and fractionally distilled under vacuum. A note if I may: I know I wrote to distill off the toluene at 50 torr pressure, but our desired dimethylphosphoramidic difluoride boils at 47-49 C vs. toluene at 110 C. It may be our product is a viscous oil that is not affected by low pressure, or we actually distill off our product instead of toluene in this step. Now the question becomes how to make phosphorus oxyfluoride. Merck does not list it, but it does list phosphorus oxychloride and oxybromide. Theoretically they should all be made the same way. Toluene and dimethylamine should not be problematic to obtain.

megalomania

April 26th, 2005, 04:46 AM

The reference for dimethylphosphoramidic difluoride is in. Seeing as it is from Liebigs Annalen the article is in German. I tried my best at translating the words and rewriting them to sound like proper English. I shall provide the original as well if anyone wants to double check my translation. I added words to my English version to make it sound correct. Notice the reaction is not specifically for dimethylphosphoramidic difluoride, but is for the general class of alkylphosphoramidic difluorides including R= ethyl, isoprop yl, n -b utyl, t-butyl, dimethyl, and diethyl phosphoramidic difluoride. The a m i n e m e n tioned in the reaction uses those alkyl groups respectively as R2NH. We would want dimethylamine as our starting material, (CH3)2NH Difluorphosphorsaure-alkylamide: In einen langhalsigen Rundkolben von 150ccm Inhalt gaben wir 30ccm Toluol und kondensierten dann unter Kuhlung mit flussigem Stickstoff darin 11.5g(0.11 Mol) Phosphoroxyfluorid. Der Rundkolben wurde hierauf in ein Trockeneis/Aceton-Bad gestellt, das Toluol geschmolzen und das festgebliebene POF3 im Toluol fein suspendiert. Zur erhaltenen Suspension gaben wir unter kraftigem Ruhren (Aceton/Trockeneis-Kuhlung) in kleinen Portionen eine abgekuhlte Losung von 0.2 Mol Amin in 50ccm Toluol zu. Es trat eine heftige. exotherme Reaktion ein; unter schwacher Gelbfarbung schied sich Alkylamin-hydrofluorid ab. Das auf Zimmertemperatur erwarmte Reaktionsgemisch haben wir rasch filtriert und das Alkylamin-hydrofluorid mit wenig Toluol gewaschen. Aus dem klaren Filtrat destillierten wir bei ca. 50 Torr das Toluol ab. Dann fraktionierten wir das zuruckgebliebene, orangefarbige Rohprodukt im Vakuum. Alkylphosphoramidic difluoride: To a 150-mL long-necked round-bottom flask is added 30 mL of toluene cooled with liquid nitrogen, and 11.5 g (0.11 mol) of phosphorus oxyfluoride (POF3) is added. The flask is placed into a dry ice/acetone bath,

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which suspends the fine particles of solid POF3 in toluene. To this suspension we add a pre-cooled mixture of 0.2 mol of amine (we want dimethylamine) in 50 mL of toluene in small portions with vigorous shaking. A violent exothermic reaction occurs; the product alkylphosphoramidic difluoride will separate as a light yellow layer. The reaction mixture is filtered and allowed to rapidly warm to room temperature. In a separatory funnel the toluene layer is removed. The product layer is shaken with a little toluene and the toluene layer is combined with the rest. The clear toluene portion is distilled off at 50 torr pressure. The crude product layer is added to the undistilled portion and fractionally distilled under vacuum. A note if I may: I know I wrote to distill off the toluene at 50 torr pressure, but our desired dimethylphosphoramidic difluoride boils at 47-49 C vs. toluene at 110 C. It may be our product is a viscous oil that is not affected by low pressure, or we actually distill off our product instead of toluene in this step. Now the question becomes how to make phosphorus oxyfluoride. Merck does not list it, but it does list phosphorus oxychloride and oxybromide. Theoretically they should all be made the same way. Toluene and dimethylamine should not be problematic to obtain.

MrSamosa

April 26th, 2005, 08:54 PM

Is there any reason why Phosphorus Oxyfluoride is used in this reaction to begin with? It would really make things more complicated than using Phosphorus Oxychloride would, given that POF3 is a gas. If POF3 is made the same ways POCl3, that could entail reacting Phosphoric Acid with Carbonyl Fluoride at a high temperature or adding water to PF3... Really, if POCl3 could be used, that would definitely be the better choice. In fact, it might not even require as much cooling as using POF3 would.

MrSamosa

April 26th, 2005, 08:54 PM

Is there any reason why Phosphorus Oxyfluoride is used in this reaction to begin with? It would really make things more complicated than using Phosphorus Oxychloride would, given that POF3 is a gas. If POF3 is made the same ways POCl3, that could entail reacting Phosphoric Acid with Carbonyl Fluoride at a high temperature or adding water to PF3... Really, if POCl3 could be used, that would definitely be the better choice. In fact, it might not even require as much cooling as using POF3 would.

MrSamosa

April 26th, 2005, 08:54 PM

Is there any reason why Phosphorus Oxyfluoride is used in this reaction to begin with? It would really make things more complicated than using Phosphorus Oxychloride would, given that POF3 is a gas. If POF3 is made the same ways POCl3, that could entail reacting Phosphoric Acid with Carbonyl Fluoride at a high temperature or adding water to PF3... Really, if POCl3 could be used, that would definitely be the better choice. In fact, it might not even require as much cooling as using POF3 would.

simply RED

April 27th, 2005, 08:49 AM

Immagine the toxicity of POF3... " POCl3 has the toxicity of phosgene."

simply RED

April 27th, 2005, 08:49 AM

Immagine the toxicity of POF3... " POCl3 has the toxicity of phosgene."

simply RED

April 27th, 2005, 08:49 AM

Immagine the toxicity of POF3... " POCl3 has the toxicity of phosgene."

megalomania

April 28th, 2005, 12:41 AM

That is what I was thinking, go with POCl3, make dimethylphosphoramidochloridic acid 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl ester, and swap the chlorine with fluorine in an extra step. One of the methods of making sarin does that. The cooling is apparently only necessary to condense the POF3 to the solid state in toluene. With POCl3 this could be done in a conventional salt-ice bath. The rest of the article concerns a thio derivitative of the same molecule, R2N-PSF2. Dimethylphosphoramidothioic difluoride for example. I wonder if this would have any value? It is made from PSF3. There is another issue worth bringing up for GP and GV compounds. According to an article in Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon, 179:49 53, 2004 titled "IDENTIFICATION OF THE ISOMERIC TRANSFORMATION P RODUCT FROM 2-(DIMETHYLAMINO)ETHYL(DIMETHYLPHOSPHORAMIDO)FLUORIDATE" GV is unstable, and it rapidly converts to a much less toxic crystalline compound. GV is only stable at temperatures below -20 C. The conversion process takes 3 months as described in the article. This is probably why this particular nerve gas has not been heard of in military circles, it cannot be mass produced and stockpiled. The conversion happens even in the absence of air, light, or water, so storing this stuff is out of the question. A chemical shell or warhead would be the prefect reactor to

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This article also includes the outline of the synthesis for GV: 2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl-(dimethylphosphoramido)fluoridate (IV, CAS 141102-74-1) was synthesized by reaction of (dimethylamido)phosphoryldifluoride with sodium 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxide and purified by distillation in vacuo. Conversion of compound (IV) into the solid product was performed in sealed ampoules in the dark at 21◦C for 3 months.

That settles the rogue sodium ion in the graphic I provided, the starting material we want is sodium 2(dimethylamino)ethoxide. We should be able to make that by adding sodium metal to dimethylaminoethanol. I have a suspicion these guys screwed up when they published the details of this synthesis. Obviously GV is a state secret, why else is there no other published data about making it until now?

megalomania

April 28th, 2005, 12:41 AM

That is what I was thinking, go with POCl3, make dimethylphosphoramidochloridic acid 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl ester, and swap the chlorine with fluorine in an extra step. One of the methods of making sarin does that. The cooling is apparently only necessary to condense the POF3 to the solid state in toluene. With POCl3 this could be done in a conventional salt-ice bath. The rest of the article concerns a thio derivitative of the same molecule, R2N-PSF2. Dimethylphosphoramidothioic difluoride for example. I wonder if this would have any value? It is made from PSF3. There is another issue worth bringing up for GP and GV compounds. According to an article in Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon, 179:49 53, 2004 titled "IDENTIFICATION OF THE ISOMERIC TRANSFORMATION P RODUCT FROM 2-(DIMETHYLAMINO)ETHYL(DIMETHYLPHOSPHORAMIDO)FLUORIDATE" GV is unstable, and it rapidly converts to a much less toxic crystalline compound. GV is only stable at temperatures below -20 C. The conversion process takes 3 months as described in the article. This is probably why this particular nerve gas has not been heard of in military circles, it cannot be mass produced and stockpiled. The conversion happens even in the absence of air, light, or water, so storing this stuff is out of the question. A chemical shell or warhead would be the prefect reactor to convert it to the inert form. This article also includes the outline of the synthesis for GV: 2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl-(dimethylphosphoramido)fluoridate (IV, CAS 141102-74-1) was synthesized by reaction of (dimethylamido)phosphoryldifluoride with sodium 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxide and purified by distillation in vacuo. Conversion of compound (IV) into the solid product was performed in sealed ampoules in the dark at 21◦C for 3 months.

That settles the rogue sodium ion in the graphic I provided, the starting material we want is sodium 2(dimethylamino)ethoxide. We should be able to make that by adding sodium metal to dimethylaminoethanol. I have a suspicion these guys screwed up when they published the details of this synthesis. Obviously GV is a state secret, why else is there no other published data about making it until now?

megalomania

April 28th, 2005, 12:41 AM

That is what I was thinking, go with POCl3, make dimethylphosphoramidochloridic acid 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl ester, and swap the chlorine with fluorine in an extra step. One of the methods of making sarin does that. The cooling is apparently only necessary to condense the POF3 to the solid state in toluene. With POCl3 this could be done in a conventional salt-ice bath. The rest of the article concerns a thio derivitative of the same molecule, R2N-PSF2. Dimethylphosphoramidothioic difluoride for example. I wonder if this would have any value? It is made from PSF3. There is another issue worth bringing up for GP and GV compounds. According to an article in Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon, 179:49 53, 2004 titled "IDENTIFICATION OF THE ISOMERIC TRANSFORMATION P RODUCT FROM 2-(DIMETHYLAMINO)ETHYL(DIMETHYLPHOSPHORAMIDO)FLUORIDATE" GV is unstable, and it rapidly converts to a much less toxic crystalline compound. GV is only stable at temperatures below -20 C. The conversion process takes 3 months as described in the article. This is probably why this particular nerve gas has not been heard of in military circles, it cannot be mass produced and stockpiled. The conversion happens even in the absence of air, light, or water, so storing this stuff is out of the question. A chemical shell or warhead would be the prefect reactor to convert it to the inert form. This article also includes the outline of the synthesis for GV: 2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl-(dimethylphosphoramido)fluoridate (IV, CAS 141102-74-1) was synthesized by reaction of (dimethylamido)phosphoryldifluoride with sodium 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxide and purified by distillation in vacuo. Conversion of compound (IV) into the solid product was performed in sealed ampoules in the dark at 21◦C for 3 months.

That settles the rogue sodium ion in the graphic I provided, the starting material we want is sodium 2(dimethylamino)ethoxide. We should be able to make that by adding sodium metal to dimethylaminoethanol. I have a suspicion these guys screwed up when they published the details of this synthesis. Obviously GV is a state secret, why else is there no other published data about making it until now?

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February 15th, 2006, 03:30 AM

I found a ref for these compounds from sometime in 1960. They both broke down very quickly, the O-ethyl agent in days and the isopropyl agent in months. The author even stated that they had no use at all for CW, but could be useful for medical experiments. Toxicity was hard to determine unless they where reacted with methyl iodide for form the trimethylammonium iodide salt, since they hydrolyse nearly instantly (ie in seconds) in water. The salts where extremely toxic but still hydrolyzed very rapidly. So basically, these are old news, and completely useless for CW use. I will post the exact synth details as well as all the info on breakdown/hydrolysis. I found the article completely by accident, it was refferenced by a article on VX I had just gotten, and was in the same journal, by the same author. Acta chemica scandanavia or something like that. Some dumbass screwed up the microfilm so there were a few pages of it in the middle of nowhere... luckily I found all the pages completely by accident while rewinding the microfilm to get to the article. :cool: So the info is out there mega, it's just hiding in some obscure microfilm copy of an obscure journal spliced out of order and not referrenced by anyone since they all thought it to be useless. Sorry for the let down, I was really excited when I found the article, but then got dissappointed after reading it.

megalomania

March 13th, 2006, 01:49 PM

I would be interested in knowing what that reference is if you still have it. From what you say it seems as if those compounds hydrolyze in seconds when passed directly into water. It is possible they may last several minutes, or even hours, in the open air depending what the humidity is at the time and if released indoors or outdoors. Imagine a situation where your troops release the chemical weapon into an enemy bunker, and then follow up with a forced entry a few minutes later. The gas would have killed or incapacitated the subjects in seconds, and would subsequently have become non-lethal. No need for bulky protective suits or masks for your men. Another example is you making a quick getaway from the feds during a raid, they get gassed, and in a few minutes you make your escape.

nbk2000

March 29th, 2006, 02:06 AM

To Dipterex: Regurgitation of links from other threads, and posting them repeatedly over several days, doesn't earn you any gratitude from me. :mad: Newbies step out of the sandbox of the Water Cooler and into the 'real' Forum sections at their own risk. Guess you stepped on a mine hidden under the grass. :p

Chris The Great

March 29th, 2006, 02:12 AM

I still have it, I am slow in typing it up. Rest assured it will get posted eventually, hopefully sooner rather than later. It just slips my mind will all sorts of other stuff going on. There is a slight difference between what was in the journals and GV/GP, in that the agents described by the journal have a methyl group instead of a dimethylamino group. This doesn't make much of a difference for hydrolysis though, since it takes place at the P-F bond. The reference is Methyl-fluoro-phosphorylcholines: Two synthetic Cholinergic Drugs and Their Tertiary Homologues, L. E. Tammelin, Acta Chemica Scandinavica 11 (1957) pages 859-865

nbk2000

April 23rd, 2006, 03:53 AM

2-Dimethylaminoethanol [AKA N-N-Dimethylaminoethanol](DMAE), C4H11NO, CAS #108-01-0 This is listed as an chemical exempt from the CW export control list. Is this the same Dimethylaminoethanol being discussed above? If CAS #108-01-0 is useable as a CW precursor, I found a place that sells it in ounce quantities for less than $6. Cheap enough for making a couple grams of G-agent.

Chris The Great

April 23rd, 2006, 04:13 AM

Identical. :D The other option is synthesis, chloroethanol (formed by chlorinating antifreeze, IIRC you, NBK, have done this before when synthesizing mustard) reacting with dimethylamine (ammonium chloride and formaldehyde, or hexamine, formaldehyde and HCl) under heat and pressure to keep in the dimethylamine will give the hydrochloride salt of dimethylaminoethanol. Add to NaOH to get the freebase. The bromide would work even better, in which HBr is used instead of HCl. To get that, add HCl to NaBr from your local hot tub supplier (or Walmart). You could probably just mix and heat the two without needing to react them as gases like with HCl. I would definately choose purchasing over synthesizing for "trial runs" or if you only want to make a small amount of agent. The synthesis I just described is simple on paper but will undoutably be quite involved and have numerous problems, especially if you only want a small amount. For VX analogs (more toxic and more stable) you'd need to convert to a thiol. I posted what was below but then remembered GP doesn't have the sulfur in it. That makes synthesis straight from the purchased compound possible. So being able to buy it is definately a big time saver for the synthesis. For conversion to the thiol, some methods of synthesizing those have been recently discussed in the thread "long term area denial". The alcohol group can easily be converted to a halogen with the corresponding acid (maybe) or the thionyl halide (ie

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thionyl chloride, bromide, etc) for the methods that require it. Personally, I would react with chlorosulfuric acid to get the sulfuric acid ester, then react that with a base (to get a salt) and then a hydrogen sulfide to give a sulfate and the desired thiol: (CH3)2NCH2CH2OH + HSO3Cl -> [(CH3)2NCH2CH2OSO3H]HCl [(CH3)2NCH2CH2OSO3H]HCl + 2NaOH -> (CH3)2NCH2CH2OSO3Na + NaCl (CH3)2NCH2CH2OSO3Na + NaSH -> Na2SO4 + (CH3)2NCH2CH2SH Thiols do not react with phosphorus chlorides normally, but on the addition of a base such as triethylamine the reaction proceeds readily and in high yeild.

sprocket

April 23rd, 2006, 09:47 AM

One interesting possibility is the nerve agent EA2192, which is VX but with the ethyl group replaced by a hydroxy group. If we replaced the methyl group on it with a dimethylamino group, we could potentially increase the toxicity (which is almost as high as VX already) and it would hydrolize over a thousand times more slowly than other nerve agents (EA2192 hydrolizes over 1000 times slower than VX, which from what I understand is fairly long lasting compared to some agents). EA2192 which is one of the hydrolisation products of VX (~35% in distilled water) is indeed nearly as toxic as VX, but with one significant difference; it doesn't penetrate the skin. This is most likely an effect of the hydroxyl group, so replacing the methyl group won't make it skin penetrating. Since V-type nerve agents have low volatility (10mg/m³ for VX at 25°C) the main route of exposure is skin contact, making penetration an important factor. It might not be completely useless though, we're still talking about an extremely toxic substance. Potential uses are long term indoor area denial and poisonous projectiles.

inviernomudo

April 26th, 2006, 09:02 AM

Hello. There are some very interesting articles in Acta chemica scandinavica 50 years ago. Perhaps they are of some interest. I will check if they are accessible in our biblioteca.

- B. Hansen. The Addition of Dimethylamine to Propylene Sulphide. Acta Chem.Scandinavica 13 (1):151-158, 1959. - B. Hansen. The Preparation of Thiocholine Esters. Acta Chem.Scandinavica 13 (1):159-162, 1959. - L.-E. Tammelin. Methyl-fluoro-phosphorylcholines. Acta Chem.Scandinavica 11 (5):859-865, 1957. - L.-E. Tammelin. Isomerisation of w-Dimethylaminoethyl-diethyl-thionophosphate. Acta Chem.Scandinavica 11 (10):17381744, 1957. - L.-E. Tammelin. Dialkoxy-phosphorylthiocholines, Alkoxy-methyl- phosphorylthiocholines and Analogous Choline Esters. Acta Chem.Scandinavica 11:1340-1349, 1957.

(Double posting is a No-No here, that results in banning. Only thing that saved you was the citations. Don't do it again. NBK)

megalomania

May 1st, 2006, 03:25 PM

A compound on the order of toxicity as VX, but without the skin penetration would still be a valuable toxin under the right circumstances. As an airborne spray it would still be lethal if inhaled. It sounds like it could contaminate a water supply. It would still serve as a highly effective area denial weapon (would you want to walk through it?). Perhaps it could be absorbed into an inert powder and spread as a dusty agent? This may also serve as an effective training weapon. Since it lacks the ability to kill just by getting it on you, one would require less rigorous lab skills and expensive equipment in making this substance. It would also be safer to store, transport, and deploy in the field. One could essentially train themselves in chemical warfare and hone their art of weaponization using such a compound. VX with training wheels :) Hmm, since VX takes about 3 weeks of environmental exposure in summer weather before it is rendered harmless, decreasing its hydrolyzability 1000 fold should make for one hell of a long cleanup. I am not saying it would sit around for years since heat and sunlight play a role as well, but a few months of contamination could be feasible. Considering area denial is es sentially a matter of econ omic cos t (the longer you can t use a structure the more inconvenience, a ka money, it costs you), and the safest cleanup tactic with VX is to just let it sit, having something that increases that inconvenience make for a more effective weapon. Just a thought, would the usual application of DMSO possibly make EA2192 be able to penetrate the skin?

Chris The Great

May 1st, 2006, 09:53 PM

Thanks for the refs... I'll pick them up next time I am at the university. And I'll try to convert what I have found into pdfs, though at the moment I'm not exactly sure the best way to go about doing so. Mega probably has most of the refs but I'm sure the rest of you would appreciate them.

It might be possible to use DMSO... I remember I saw something before about skin penetration with this compound. I can't remember where, but I'll look through my files later and see if I can dig up anything, maybe a ref on it. EA2192 is already a "dusty" agent, it is a non-volatile solid at STP. It is very soluble in water, so although it does NOT get hydrolysized, it would wash away quite easily, like salt. So soil or water supply contaimination would probably work, but area denial except in very dry areas probably will prove to be ineffective. It is also only ~15% (or thereabouts IIRC) as toxic as VX by the oral route, and being a dust inhalation might not be that effecient. The fact it is a solid does make it much easier to prepare and handle however. It would make an effective "training" agent, assuming that the synthesis works out similarily (it might precipitate out from the non-polar solvents generally used in the preparations).

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I am just entering my exam weeks right now, so no guarantees on the speed of the data delivery, but I'll get it eventually.

It is good to see you back Mega :D

nbk2000

May 2nd, 2006, 12:43 AM

Why not combine agents? Have the hydrolysis product (GVo) mixed with mustard or other vesicant. Anyone who gets the liquid on them will die quickly from the absorbed GVo carried through their skin by the mustard, just like a nerve agent. After the liquid vesicant mist has settled, it creates an immediate vapor hazard afterwhich, once that's evaporated away, the GVo dust remains behind to furthur contaminate and blow around. Since it's water-soluble, there's your weaponization solvent. :D Or, dissolve in water, absorb into carrier agent, dehydrate and powder, disperse IN target. I'm thinking buildings here. Imagine explosively dispersing a few pounds of talcum powder in an office building. Now imagine having to attempt removal of literally every trace of said powder as, at even 15% of the toxicity of VX, the stuff is far more toxic than cyanide, and anyone scuffing their feet across the carpet will kick up a lethal dose. :p Inhalation is almost always more effective than ingestion, as the lungs present a far more rapid absorption route, with no destructive acids or enzymes to degrade the poison. Win, win! :)

Chris The Great

May 3rd, 2006, 08:12 PM

I like the idea with mustard! That would probably be very effective. My doubt about inhalation is that the human body is pretty good with stopping small fibers from reaching the lungs. Obviously, get it small enough and they'll get in (asbestos) however if the particles are too large they would get stuck in the nose and throat, and perhaps only give moderate toxicity to those affected. OTOH it might end up being very effective. The talcum powder idea would be effective in any case though, for a terror weapon. Even if the casualties aren't that high, the cost of cleanup would be enormous. AND since the agent is non-volatile, most detection methods would not pick it up! Only if they tested the powder directly, which their fancy electronic sniffers are not meant to do. I have had an idea just now. The most likely reason EA2192 is so resistant to hydrolysis is that hydrolysis takes place by attack from OH- ions. Since EA2192 is an acid, the main "nerve gas" part of the molecule will be negative when the hydrogen dissociates into H3O+. Since it's negative, there isn't any way for the OH- to easily attack it since like charges repel. It is likely that by preparing the sodium/potassium salt of the compound, it would be in the dissociated form even more, and hence even less vunerable to hydrolysis. OTOH the increased concentration of OH- ions in the water might remove any gain from this. It would be something to try if you did use it to poison the water supply.

inviernomudo

March 9th, 2007, 11:56 AM

Hello again. I will do some research in the next future after studying some publications. Very interesting are some Russian literature about possible novichok precursor molecules. Sokolov et al. "Reaction of 1,1-dichloro-1-nitrosoethane with phosphorus oxychloride in the presence of zinc", Russian Chemical Bulletin, 37:1506, (1988) and Sokolov et al. "O-alkylchloroformimino O-alkyl methylphosphonates" Russian Chemical Bulletin, 37:989-991, (1988) Compounds we are talking about are (CH3)(RO)PO-ON=CR'Cl Another interesting article: Wu and Casida "Ethyl Octylphosphonofluoridate and Analogs: Inhibitors of Neuropathy Target Esterase", Chem.Res.Toxicol., 8:1070-1075 (1995) with a synthesis for some phosphorofluoridates.

FullMetalJacket

March 14th, 2007, 10:16 AM

.. Just wow. Just when i thought I was getting into the upper echelons of knowledge and... whammo. I read a thread like this. I'm about as out of depth as I was reading haemotology textbooks in grade school because I wanted to see if I could give my teacher sickle-cell anemia. Time to go to the library, methinks. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and Weapons Forum > Chemistry for Amateur Experimenters and Citizen Scientists Chemistry > Top 100 most referenced chemical warfare agents

View Full Version : Top 100 most referenced chemical warfare agents megalomania

> Battlefield Log in

April 20th, 2005, 04:50 PM

Chemical abstarcts is a wonderful tool. Using its subject area search feature I was able to find over 6000 journal articles about chemical warfare. Since most are irrevelant I weeded the articles down based on referenced CAS number, and then limited the search to those journals most likely to provide synthesis info. Here then are the results, about 350 articles worth: 505-60-2 (523 references) 107-44-8 (418 references) 96-64-0 (347 references) 50782-69-9 (290 references) 77-81-6 (161 references) 409-21-2 (156 references) 7732-18-5 (137 references) 756-79-6 (112 references) 51-55-8 (108 references) 7440-44-0 (96 references) 12033-89-5 (94 references) 993-13-5 (89 references) 9000-81-1 (89 references) 1344-28-1 (85 references) 81-81-2 (83 references) 541-25-3 (78 references) 311-45-5 (77 references) 34433-31-3 (74 references) 329-99-7 (73 references) 101-26-8 (70 references) 9001-08-5 (69 references) 1445-75-6 (68 references) 7782-44-7 (68 references) 1832-54-8 (67 references) 7440-70-2 (67 references) 1314-23-4 (66 references) 111-48-8 (65 references) 124-38-9 (65 references) 616-52-4 (64 references) 55-91-4 (61 references) 1832-53-7 (58 references) 7439-89-6 (53 references) 7631-86-9 (52 references) 67-56-1 (50 references) 630-08-0 (50 references) 7440-23-5 (50 references) 439-14-5 (48 references) 7440-50-8 (48 references) 693-07-2 (47 references) 75-44-5 (46 references) 7664-41-7 (46 references) 6735-59-7 (45 references) 7723-14-0 (44 references) 7440-09-7 (43 references) 7439-95-4 (41 references) 117698-12-1 (41 references) 7440-38-2 (40 references) 7727-37-9 (40 references) 64-17-5 (38 references) 7440-02-0 (37 references) I know this is only 50 CAS numbers, the list was truncated :( 2003-April 2005 Bibliographic Information Degradation Kinetics of VX on Concrete by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry. Williams, John M.; Rowland, Brad; Jeffery, Mark T.; Groenewold, Gary S.; Appelhans, Anthony D.; Gresham, Garold L.; Olson, John E. Battelle Salt Lake City Operations, West Valley City, UT, USA. Langmuir (2005), 21(6), 2386-2390. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 142:279785 AN 2005:130995 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract At trace coverages on concrete surfaces, the nerve agent VX (O-Et S-2-diisopropylaminoethyl Me phosphonothiolate) degrades by cleavage of the P-S and S-C bonds, as revealed by periodic secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The obsd. kinetics were (pseudo-) first-order, with a half-life of 2-3 h at room temp. The rate increased with surface pH and temp., with an apparent second-order const. of kOH = 0.64 M-1 min-1 at 25 C and an activation energy of 50-60 kJ mol-1. These values are consistent with a degrdn. mechanism of alk. hydrolysis within the adventitious water film on the concrete surface. Degrdn. of bulk VX on concrete would proceed more slowly. Safety: VX must only be handled in approved chem. warfare surety labs. by trained agent chemists. Bibliographic Information The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of two HI-6 salts in swine and efficacy in the treatment of GF and soman poisoning. Lundy, Paul M.; Hill, Ira; Lecavalier, Pierre; Hamilton, Murray G.; Vair, Cory; Davidson, Corey; Weatherby, Kendal

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L.; Berger, Bradley J. Chemical Biological Defence Section, Defence Research and Development Canada - Suffield, Medicine Hat Alberta, AB, Can. Toxicology (2005), 208(3), 399-409. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. AN 2005:107852 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Anesthetized pigs were injected i.m. with 500 mg HI-6 dichloride (HI-6 2Cl) (1-[[[4-(aminocarbonyl)pyridinio]methoxy]methyl]-2[(hydroxyimino)methyl]pyridinium dichloride; CAS 34433-31-3)) or the molar equivalent of HI-6 dimethanesulfonate (HI-6 DMS) 633 mg. Plasma HI-6 concns. were measured by HPLC (1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60 min and every 30 min until 4 h or 6 h following the i.v. or i.m. dose resp.) while a variety of physiol. responses were continuously examd. HI6 (500 mg 2Cl or 633 mg DMS) resulted in an identical pharmacokinetic profile unaffected by atropine co-administration. Neither HI-6 salt resulted in clin. significant changes in cardiovascular or respiratory function. HI-6 DMS (1899 mg i.v.) resulted in plasma HI-6 concns. about 10 times higher than measured following i.m. 500 mg 2Cl or 633 mg DMS and resulted in small transitory effect on mean arterial pressure. Atropine plus HI-6 DMS (1-9 mg/kg or 127-172 mg/kg i.m.) protected up to 100% of guinea pigs exposed to 5 LD50 of GF (cyclohexyl Me phosphonoflouridate) or soman (pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate) (GD) resp. The results suggest that the two HI-6 salts have a similar pharmacokinetic profile while HI-6 DMS appears extremely safe and effective against nerve agents and may be as suitable for human use. Bibliographic Information Antidotal treatment of GF-agent intoxication in mice with bispyridinium oximes. Sevelova, Lucie; Kuca, Kamil; KrejcovaKunesova, Gabriela. Purkyne Military Medical Academy, Hradec Kralove, Czech Rep. Toxicology (2005), 207(1), 1-6. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 142:213533 AN 2004:1067008 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract It was shown that intoxications with GF-agent are rather resistant to convential oxime therapy; therefore, the development of new oximes in an effort to improve this unsatisfactory situation continues. Upon screening in vitro reactivation test for oximes, that were either newly synthesized at our department, or those that have never been tested for reactivation of GF-inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE), three oximes {(1,4-bis(4-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)butane dibromide) (K033); (1-(2hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)-3-(3-carbamoylpyridinium)-2-oxa-propane dichloride) (HS-6); and (1-(2hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)-4-(4-carbamoylpyridinium)-but-2-ene dibromide) (BI-6)} with the highest reactivation potency were chosen for in vivo testing in our study. (1,3-Bis(4-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)-2-oxa-propane dibromide) (obidoxime); (1-(2-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)-3-(4-carbamoylpyridinium)-2-oxa-propane dichloride) (HI-6); and (1,1bis(4-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)-methane dibromide) (methoxime) were chosen for comparison as a std. antidotal treatment. All the oximes were applied at the same proportion of their LD50 value (5%), and because of the different acute toxicity of the oximes, the molar concns. of their solns. for i.m. administration were considerably different. The highest therapeutic ratio was achieved for therapeutic regimen consisting of HI-6 and atropine. The significantly (P < 0.05) lowest effectivity in treatment of supralethal GF-agent poisoning in comparison with all the other therapeutic regimens, was surprisingly obsd. for methoxime. HS-6, K033 and BI-6 as well as obidoxime were comparably effective antidotes against GFagent intoxication and their therapeutic ratios were similar. Bibliographic Information Bis(dialkylamide)hydrogen Dibromobromate Precursors of Hypobromite Ion in Reactions with Nerve and Blister Agent Simulants. Simanenko, Yuri S.; Savelova, Vera A.; Prokop'eva, Tatyana M.; Mikhailov, Vasily A.; Turovskaya, Marya K.; Karpichev, Eugen A.; Popov, Anatolii F.; Gillitt, Nicholas D.; Bunton, Clifford A. L.M. Litvinenko Institute of Physical Organic Coal Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Donetsk, Ukraine. Journal of Organic Chemistry (2004), 69(26), 92389240. CODEN: JOCEAH ISSN: 0022-3263. Journal written in English. CAN 142:108643 AN 2004:949799 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Hypobromite ion, BrO-, is an effective -nucleophile that reacts rapidly with activated phosphorus(V) and sulfonate esters. The parent acid rapidly oxidizes org. sulfides and aryloxide ions. At pH 10-11 BrO- and HOBr coexist in water and are potentially useful as decontaminants of chlorosulfide blister agents and the phosphonyl nerve agents. Bis(dialkylamide)hydrogen dibromobromates are well characterized, stable, solids which rapidly form HOBr-BrO- in mildly alk. water. Reactions of 4nitrophenyl di-Et phosphate and phosphonate, which are simulants of the phosphonofluoridate nerve agents, and of 4nitrophenyl tosylate, with BrO- are rapid (t1/2 = 60-700 s) with 0.1 M BrO-, under conditions in which oxidns. of org. sulfides are too fast to be followed by conventional methods. Bibliographic Information Localization of substance P gene expression for evaluating protective countermeasures against sulfur mustard. Casbohm, Stacy L.; Rogers, James V.; Stonerock, Mindy K.; Martin, Jamie L.; Ricketts-Kaminsky, Karen M.; Babin, Michael C.; Casillas, Robert P.; Sabourin, Carol L. K. Medical Research and Evaluation Facility, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, USA. Toxicology (2004), 204(2-3), 229-239. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 141:421169 AN 2004:789078 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard [bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide; SM] is a chem. warfare agent that produces edema and blister formation with a severe inflammatory reaction. The mouse ear vesicant model for SM injury has been used to evaluate pharmacol. agents for countering SM dermal injury. The vanilloid olvanil reduces SM-induced edema and mRNA expression of cytokines and chemokines, suggesting that blocking the inflammatory effects of neuropeptides, such as substance P (SP), may provide protection against SM-induced dermal injury. This study examd. SP expression in mice exposed to SM (0.16 mg) on the inner surface of the right ear, with or without olvanil pretreatment at 1, 10, 30, 60, and 360 min following exposure. In naive skin, SP mRNA localization was assocd. with blood vessels and sebaceous glands. In SM-exposed skin, SP mRNA was also detected in perivascular dermal cells. Immunohistochem. localization of SP protein was obsd. in the ear skin of naive, SM-, olvanil/SM-, and vehicle-treated mice. Quantification of SP+ perivascular dermal cells revealed that SM exposure led to a significant increase (P 0.05) in SP+ cells over the obsd. time period. Olvanil pretreatment significantly reduced (P 0.05) the mean no. of SP+ cells at 60 and 360 min. This study demonstrates that SP expression could provide an addnl. endpoint for evaluating the effectiveness of vanilloid drugs on SM-induced skin inflammation. Bibliographic Information Photocatalytic oxidation of VX simulant 2-(butylamino)ethanethiol. Vorontsov, Alexandre V.; Chen, Yi-Chuan; Smirniotis, Panagiotis G. Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, Russia. Journal of Hazardous Materials (2004), 113(1-3), 89-95. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 141:383605 AN 2004:745354 CAPLUS

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Photocatalytic oxidn. of 2-(butylamino)ethanethiol (BAET) was undertaken in aq. suspension of TiO2 Hombikat UV 100 and Degussa P25 under different initial reaction conditions in order to det. the best parameters for the fastest mineralization of the substrate. BAET is considered to be a simulant for the VX chem. warfare agent. The application of ultrasound had only a small pos. effect on the BAET photocatalytic degrdn. The highest mineralization rate of 0.433 mg/L-min was found in unbuffered TiO2 Degussa P25 suspension with initial pH of .apprx.9.4, TiO2 concn. 500 mg/L and the initial BAET concn. 1000 mg/L. Decreasing of the initial soln. pH to 6.1 stops the mineralization of BAET while increasing of pH to .apprx.11 drastically changed the degrdn. profile. At this initial pH, the 1st 100 min of reaction led to only oxidn. of S moiety and org. intermediates accumulated in the soln. Thereafter, mineralization of the products started. The main detected volatile product was Bu aldehyde and the main polar one was 2-(butylamino)acetic acid. In the case of TiO2 Hombikat UV 100, conversion of TOC at initial pH 11 exceeded that at initial pH 9.1. For Degussa P25, the starting pH 9.4 was the best for TOC conversion. The results can be used for the treatment of water and wastewater. Bibliographic Information Synthesis and Chemosensory Behavior of Anthracene Bisimide Derivatives. Ilhan, Faysal; Tyson, Daniel S.; Meador, Michael A. Polymers Branch Materials Division, NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA. Chemistry of Materials (2004), 16(16), 2978-2980. CODEN: CMATEX ISSN: 0897-4756. Journal written in English. CAN 141:268374 AN 2004:559158 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The authors used the photoenolization reaction of a dibenzoyl-p-xylene deriv. to synthesize two new, highly substituted anthracene-based mols.: N,N'-bis(p-nitrophenyl)-1,5-bis(p-(tetraethyleneglycoloxy)phenyl)anthracene-2,3,6,7-tetracarboxyl bis-imide (ABI-NO2) and N,N'-bis(p-aminophenyl)-1,5-bis(p-(tetraethyleneglycoloxy)phenyl)anthracene-2,3,6,7-tetracarboxyl bis-imide (ABI-NH2). ABI-NO2 and ABI-NH2 maintained photostability with longer wavelength absorption and emission spectra as compared to unsubstituted anthracene. Conversion of the terminal nitro groups to amines created an internal photoinduced electron-transfer that quenched the luminescence of ABI-NH2. Reversible or irreversible reaction of the attached amines resulted in fluorescence recovery. Sensitivity, of ABI-NH2 and other potential derivs., to toxic chems. may prove useful for early detection systems. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) is available at http://pubs.acs.org and contains synthetic prepns. of the ABI-NO2 and ABI-NH2 compds. Bibliographic Information Dimethyl Methylphosphonate Decomposition on Titania-Supported Ni Clusters and Films: A Comparison of Chemical Activity on Different Ni Surfaces. Zhou, J.; Ma, S.; Kang, Y. C.; Chen, D. A. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA. Journal of Physical Chemistry B (2004), 108(31), 11633-11644. CODEN: JPCBFK ISSN: 1520-6106. Journal written in English. CAN 141:195800 AN 2004:528273 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The thermal decompn. of di-Me methylphosphonate (DMMP) has been studied in ultrahigh vacuum by temp. programmed desorption (TPD) and XPS on Ni clusters and films deposited on TiO2(110). The four different Ni surfaces under investigation consisted of small Ni clusters (5.0 0.8 nm diam., 0.9 0.2 nm height) deposited at room temp. and quickly heated to 550 K, large Ni clusters (8.8 1.4 nm diam., 2.3 0.5 nm height) prepd. by annealing to 850 K, a 50 monolayer Ni film deposited at room temp., and a 50 monolayer Ni film annealed to 850 K. The morphologies of the Ni surfaces were characterized by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). TPD expts. show that CO and H2 are the major gaseous products evolved from the decompn. of DMMP on all of the Ni surfaces, and mol. DMMP and methane desorption were also obsd. The product yields for CO and H2 were highest for reactions on the small Ni clusters and unannealed Ni film and lowest for reactions on the large clusters and annealed film. Furthermore, XPS expts. demonstrate that the unannealed Ni surfaces decomp. a greater fraction of DMMP at room temp. The loss of activity for the annealed surfaces is not caused by a redn. in surface area because the annealed surfaces have approx. the same surface area as the small clusters. CO adsorption studies suggest that the loss of activity upon annealing cannot be completely due to a decrease in surface defects, such as step and edge sites, and we propose that a TiOx moiety is responsible for blocking active sites on the annealed Ni surfaces. In comparison to the TiO2 surface, the small Ni clusters are more chem. active because a greater fraction of DMMP decomps. at room temp., and the total amt. of DMMP decompn. is also higher on the small Ni clusters. Although DMMP decomps. on TiO2 to produce gaseous Me radicals, methane, and H2, the activity of the substrate surface itself appears to be quenched in the presence of the Ni clusters and films. However, the TiO2 support plays a significant role in providing a source of oxygen for the recombination of at. carbon on Ni to form CO, which desorbs above 800 K. Bibliographic Information Reductive Destruction of Chemical Warfare Agent Simulants in Water. Kiddle, James J.; Mezyk, Stephen P. Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA. Journal of Physical Chemistry B (2004), 108(28), 9568-9570. CODEN: JPCBFK ISSN: 1520-6106. Journal written in English. CAN 141:194628 AN 2004:479880 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The efficient detection, decontamination, and destruction of chem. warfare (CW) agents remain an active area of scientific research. Rate consts. for the reaction of substituted di-Et phosphates and phosphonates with the hydroxyl radical and hydrated electron have been measured in water to elucidate the primary destruction pathway for the CW agents Tabun (GA), Sarin (GB), Soman (GD), and VX with these two species. The measured kinetics for simulants with leaving groups that more closely mimic these actual CW agents predict that reductive destruction will be the most efficient mechanism, and that nontoxic simulants such as alkyl phosphonates undergo different redox chem. Bibliographic Information Detect-to-warn cell based sensing technology: Chemical sensing of multiple agents in a cascade. Zhang, Xuan; Yang, Mo; Kohr, Bonnie; Morgan, Andre; Ozkan, Cengiz S. Mechanical Engineering Department, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (2004), EXS-1(Architecture and Application of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Materials), 187-195. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 141:119751 AN 2004:469459 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract

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Techniques to develop highly sensitive biosensors are largely dependent upon the properties of the material and its assocd. interactions. A novel challenge is the development of effective biosensors based on fundamental research in biotechnol., genetics and information technol., which will change the existing axiom of "detect -to-treat" to "detect -to-warn". Current biosensor technologies encompass antibody-antigen interactions, hormone-receptor interactions, and nucleic acid based assays. These sensors are useful in narrow band applications requiring high specificity for agent identification. Mammalian cells have excitable cell membranes that function as novel sensing platforms by producing a variation in the extracellular potential based on the chem. stimulus. Here we report a method of developing single cell based sensors by integrating the biol. tool of dielectrophoresis with the micro fabrication technol. We display its ability to detect a large no. of chem. agents, reject false alarms, characterize the chem. agent functionality and det. the assocd. sensitivity limit, and the physiol. response in terms of the calcium transients for each specific chem. agent that produces synergistic effects on humans. We finally demonstrate the capability of a single cell based sensor to identify general chem. agents in cascade. Bibliographic Information Preparation, Derivatization with Trimethylsilyldiazomethane, and GC/MS Analysis of a "Pool" of Alkyl Methylphosphonic Acids for Use as Qualitative Standards in Support of Counterterrorism and the Chemical Weapons Convention. Crenshaw, Michael D.; Cummings, David B. Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, USA. Phosphorus, Sulfur and Silicon and the Related Elements (2004), 179(6), 1009-1018. CODEN: PSSLEC ISSN: 1042-6507. Journal written in English. CAN 141:225604 AN 2004:460857 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract There are hundreds of nerve agents in the class of alkyl methylphosphonofluoridates covered by Schedule 1 of the CWC (Chem. Weapons Convention). Hydrolysis of these sarin-like nerve agents results in an equal no. of alkyl methylphosphonic acids. These alkyl methylphosphonic acids are persistent and provide good evidence of specific agent prodn. or use. To support the CWC and counterterrorism activities, it is desirable to have ready access to each of these hydrolysis products for use as qual. stds. A means for simultaneously producing multiple alkyl methylphosphonates from methylphosphonic acid, phenylarsonic acid and the corresponding alcs. was developed. Derivatization of these alkyl methylphosphonic acids with trimethylsilyldiazomethane yields the corresponding Me esters which are suitable for GC/MS anal. Bibliographic Information MBE grown AlN films on SiC for piezoelectric MEMS sensors. Doppalapudi, Dharanipal; Mlcak, Richard; Chan, Jeffrey; Tuller, Harry; Bhattacharya, Anirban; Moustakas, Theodore. Boston MicroSystems Inc., Woburn, MA, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (2004), 798(GaN and Related Alloys--2003), 403-408. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 141:132159 AN 2004:423724 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Miniaturized piezoelec. sensors based on Microelectromech. Systems (MEMS) offer the advantages of reduced size, reduced power consumption, increased sensitivity coupled with the ability to form compact multi-sensor arrays. Fabrication of such sensors from single crystal materials further insure more highly reproducible and stable devices with improved performance. The authors describe the integration of MBE grown AlN films onto photoelectrochem. machined SiC microcantilevers and membranes. AlN exhibits excellent piezoelec. properties, including an electromech. coupling coeff. of 0.088 and a high inplane acoustic velocity (.apprx.5700 m/s) as well as excellent thermal-mech. compatibility with SiC. The fabrication of AlN-SiCbased microresonators and flexural plate wave devices, and their application to chem., biol. and fluid sensing, are reported. Bibliographic Information Biochemical changes in mouse lung after subcutaneous injection of the sulfur mustard 2-chloroethyl 4-chlorobutyl sulfide. Elsayed, Nabil M.; Omaye, Stanley T. Hurley Consulting Associates, Department of Scientific Affairs, Chatham, NJ, USA. Toxicology (2004), 199(2-3), 195-206. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 141:237904 AN 2004:404473 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (HD) is a vesicant-type chem. warfare agent (CWA) introduced in World War I which continues to be produced, stockpiled, and occasionally deployed by some countries, and could be used potentially by terrorists. Exposure to HD can cause erythema, blisters, corneal opacity, and airway damage. The authors have reported previously that s.c. (SC) injection of immunodeficient athymic nude mice with the half mustard Bu 2-chloroethyl sulfide (BCS) causes systemic biochem. changes in several organs distal to the exposure site. In the present study, the authors examd. the response of nonimmunodeficient Swiss Webster mice to the mustard, 2-chloroethyl 4-chlorobutyl sulfide (CECBS). In a pilot study, a single SC injection of 20-25 L/mouse caused death within 24 h. Consequently, the authors used 5 L/mouse (.apprx.0.017 mg/kg body wt.) of neat CECBS or an equal vol. of saline as control. The authors examd. lungs after 1, 24, and 48 h for biochem. changes including total and oxidized glutathione, protein, DNA, and lipid peroxidn. contents in tissue homogenate, and superoxide dismutase, catalase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glutathione S-transferases activities in the cytosol. After 1 and(or) 24 h, significant changes were found that were resolved by 48 h. These changes mimicked those of HD and BCS and were generally consistent with free radical-mediated oxidative stress. The implications of these observations are 2-fold. First, dermal exposure to low-dose mustard gas could elicit systemic changes impacting distal organs such as the lungs. It also suggests that antioxidants could potentially modulate the response and reduce the damage. Second, although the use of known CWAs such as HD is prohibited, analogs that are not recognized as agents are as toxic and could be dangerous if acquired and used by potential terrorists. Bibliographic Information A thermo-chemical surface treatment of AlN powder for the aqueous processing of AlN ceramics. Olhero, S. M.; Novak, S.; Oliveira, M.; Krnel, K.; Kosmac, T.; Ferreira, J. M. F. Department of Ceramics and Glass Engineering, CICECO, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Port. Journal of Materials Research (2004), 19(3), 746-751. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 141:41662 AN 2004:346050 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Dense aluminum nitride ceramics were prepd. by sintering green bodies at 1750 C for 2 h. These green bodies were prepd. by aq. slip-casting from a powder that was surface-treated to prevent hydrolysis. The surface treatment of the aluminum nitride (AlN) powder consisted of dispersing the powder in warm-water solns. of aluminum dihydrogenphosphate Al(H2PO4)3. Different treatment temps. in the range 30-80 C were tested. For all the tested temps., the surface-treated AlN powder was found to be water-resistant, even after drying and/or redispersion. Various com. dispersants were tested for their effectiveness, and the amt. of dispersant was optimized in terms of a high solids loading of the suspension and an acceptable viscosity for slip casting. Based on these studies, a stable aq. suspension of AlN powder, treated at 60 C, with a total solids loading of 50 vol%, was prepd. using CaF2 as a sintering additive. The well-dispersed powder made it possible to prep. green

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samples with close particle packing and relatively high sintered densities, i.e., >96%. Bibliographic Information Progress in developing nerve agent sensors using combinatorial techniques. DiCesare, John C.; Parker, Jennifer; Horne, Starr N.; Kita, Justin; Earni, Raghu; Peeples, Christopher. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (2004), Volume Date 2003, 787(Molecularly Imprinted Materials--2003), 17-22. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 141:201377 AN 2004:280892 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Development of a sensor capable of selective detection of specific nerve agents is imperative in today's atm. of terrorism. The sensor needs to be inexpensive, portable, reliable, absent of false positives and available to all military and first responders. By utilizing the techniques of mol. imprinting, combinatorial chem., silica sol-gel synthesis and lanthanide luminescence, a sensor for the detection of the hydrolysis product of the nerve agent soman is being developed. There are many parameters that require investigation in order for the sensor to become a reality. These parameters include (1) the selection of a chelate that can bind to the lanthanide and anchor the nerve agent simulant during the formation of the molecularly imprinted polymer, (2) the detn. of the environment best suited for this complex formation, (3) the formation, as well as modification of the silica sol-gel for mol. imprinting to take place, and (4) the proper quantity and ratios of monomers used to create the three dimensional imprint. Key to the success of optimizing these parameters is the development of a combinatorial assay that allows for the synthesis and testing of tens of thousands of combinations of parameters. Work on the development of the combinatorial assay has lead to a method of prepg. thin film polymers capable of analyzing the presence of nerve agent simulants. Current work is underway to validate the combinatorial assay and to synthesize and evaluate a library of sensor materials selective for nerve agents. Bibliographic Information Synthesis and adsorption properties of intimately intermingled mixed metal oxide nanoparticles. Medine, Gavin M.; Zaikovskii, Vladimir; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA. Journal of Materials Chemistry (2004), 14(4), 757-763. CODEN: JMACEP ISSN: 0959-9428. Journal written in English. CAN 140:359698 AN 2004:131545 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A series of intimately intermingled mixed metal oxide nanoparticles were prepd. via a modified aerogel procedure (MAP). These mixed oxides were composed of alk. earth oxides and aluminas. It was found that the surface area and reactivity of these materials decreased on going from magnesium to barium in these intimately intermingled metal oxides. The samples were analyzed by HRTEM and the images obtained illustrate the degree of mixing throughout each of the intermingled mixed metal oxides. As well as synthesizing and characterizing these samples, standardized adsorption tests were also carried out and compared to those of individual metal oxide nanoparticles and phys. mixts. of metal oxide nanoparticles. The following tests have been shown to be effective in detg. the adsorption properties of metal oxide nanoparticles: (i) destructive adsorption of paraoxon (a surrogate of the chem. warfare nerve agent, VX) and (ii) the adsorption of acid gases. The data clearly show enhanced kinetics and capacities for the intermingled AP-MgAl2O4 and indeed, the data suggest that surface reactivities can be tailored by the aerogel mixing process. Bibliographic Information Examination of changes in connective tissue macromolecular components of large white pig skin following application of Lewisite vapour. Lindsay, Christopher D.; Hambrook, Joy L.; Brown, Roger F. R.; Platt, Jan C.; Knight, Robert; Rice, Paul. Biomedical Sciences Department, Salisbury, UK. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2004), 24(1), 37-46. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 140:316407 AN 2004:99102 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The aim of this study was to provide information about the degradative processes that occur in major connective tissue components in skin following exposure of large white pigs to Lewisite vapor. Of particular interest were alterations in glycoproteins, which are known to mediate dermo-epidermal attachment (laminin and type IV collagen) and the main collagen found in the dermis (type III collagen). The immunostaining of transfer blots from skin exts. run on SDS-PAGE gels revealed no evidence of crosslinking of laminin or of type III or IV collagen. However, there was evidence of a very considerable degrdn. of laminin and, to a lesser extent, of type IV collagen. Type III collagen did not appear to be degraded in skin exposed to Lewisite. These degradative processes appeared to be more severe than found in previous studies in Yucatan mini-pigs percutaneously exposed to sulfur mustard, in which only laminin was found to undergo partial cleavage rather than wholesale degrdn. The results suggest that damage to macromol. components in the sub-epidermal basement membrane in skin which mediate dermo-epidermal sepn. processes may be a common feature in the mechanism of action of vesicating agents such as Lewisite and sulfur mustard. It is of interest that the damage to laminin in this study appeared to be more severe than that previously found for sulfur mustard. This suggests that skin can suffer substantial damage yet, in the case of Lewisite exposure, recover relatively quickly. However, Lewisite is not an alkylating agent. Sulfur mustard, in contrast, generates characteristically slow healing lesions, most probably because of its ability to alkylate cell types that normally would be involved in skin regenerative processes. Bibliographic Information In vitro-in vivo extrapolation: estimation of human serum concentrations of chemicals equivalent to cytotoxic concentrations in vitro. [Erratum to document cited in CA139:346894]. Gulden, Michael; Seibert, Hasso. Institut fur Experimentelle Toxikologie, Universitatsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany. Toxicology (2003), 192(2-3), 265. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 141:152304 AN 2003:826065 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Equation (6) should read: EC50 = ECu50

(1 + KOW

V'L, in vitro) + Cbin vitro. The cor. version of Table 2 is given.

Bibliographic Information Solid-Phase Synthesis of Some Alkyl Hydrogen Methylphosphonates. Barucki, Hubert; Black, Robin M.; Kinnear, Kenneth I.; Holden, Ian; Read, Robert W.; Timperley, Christopher M. Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Wiltshire, UK. Phosphorus, Sulfur and Silicon and the Related Elements (2003), 178(10), 2279-2286. CODEN: PSSLEC ISSN: 1042-6507. Journal written in English. CAN 141:23606 AN 2003:764571 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Eleven alkyl H methylphosphonates of structure RO(HO)P(O)Me (R = Me, Et, Pr, i-Pr, Bu, hexyl, octyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, and Me3CCH(Me)) were made by phosphoramidite chem. on hydroxymethyl polystyrene resin with yields 30%. MeP(NiPr2)Cl was attached to hydroxymethyl polystyrene using Et3N in CH2Cl2 to give MeP(NiPr2)OCH2-bound polystyrene, which was reacted with various alcs. in MeCN in the presence of tetrazole followed by oxidn. using tBuO2H in toluene; the final product was cleaved from MeP(O)(OR)OCH2-bound resin using CF3CO2H. NCCH2CH2OP(OR)O2H (R = Et iPr) were also prepd. via solid-phase synthesis. Bibliographic Information Effects of sulfur mustard on transcription in human epidermal keratinocytes: Analysis by mRNA differential display. Platteborze, Peter L. Pharmacology Division, USAMRICD, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2003), 23(4), 249-254. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 139:360142 AN 2003:619968 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract This study examines the transcriptional response of human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK) to sulfur mustard (HD) in order to gain a better understanding of the intracellular events that result in cytotoxicity. Differential display polymerase chain reaction technol. was used to examine the relative transcriptional activity of healthy cells to those exposed to subvesicating or vesicating concns. of HD for 4 h. Approx. 2% of the HEK transcriptome had altered expression. Sixty of the most prominently altered transcripts were characterized. Important upregulated genes include NADH dehydrogenase III, GADD45 and ubiquitin. Key downregulated genes include type I keratin 14, -enolase and caltractin. Many of the identified transcripts protein products presently do not have an assigned function and eleven transcripts were unidentifiable. These transcriptional alterations provide one of the first mol. insights into the intracellular events induced by HD. Bibliographic Information Degradation of VX and sulfur mustard by enzymatic haloperoxidation. Amitai, G.; Adani, R.; Hershkovitz, M.; Bel, P.; Rabinovitz, I.; Meshulam, H. Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2003), 23(4), 225-233. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 140:72285 AN 2003:619965 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chloroperoxidase (CPO) isolated from Caldariomyces fumago (20 U ml-1) together with urea hydrogenperoxide (UPER, 0.5 mM) and sodium chloride as co-substrate (NaCl, 0.5 M) caused rapid breakdown of VX (10 M) (t1/2=8 s, 25 , 50 mM tartarate, pH 2.75). Glucose oxidase (GOX, Aspergillus niger) and glucose were used as an alternative source for H2O2. A mixt. of GOX (20 U ml-1), glucose (GLU 0.45 M), CPO (20 U ml-1) and NaCl (0.5 M) caused a 3.8-fold slower degrdn. of VX (10 M) (t1/2=30 s, 25 , 50 mM tartarate, pH 2.75). The concns. of H2O2 and chlorine produced by this enzyme/substrate mixt. depended mainly on the GLU concn. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) together with UPER (1 mM) and sodium iodide (NaI, 0.05 M) caused progressive degrdn. of VX that was more than 400-fold slower than with CPO (20 U ml-1), UPER (0.5 mM) and NaCl (0.5 M) (t1/2=55 min, 25 , pH 8). Skin decontamination of VX by CPO was tested in pig-ear skin in vitro. The chem. agent VX (0.01 M, 100 l) was degraded by 98% within 3 h of skin diffusion when a mixt. of UPER/NaCl/CPO was applied 60 min prior to VX application. A mixt. of UPER/NaCl without CPO also caused significant VX degrdn. (94%) during skin diffusion whereas it did not cause any VX degrdn. in soln. Degrdn. of VX in skin, obtained without exogenous CPO, may indicate involvement of endogenous intradermal haloperoxidase-like enzyme. Reagent UPER (1 mM) did not cause any degrdn. of VX in soln. or during its skin diffusion. Furthermore, a mixt. of CPO, UPER and NaCl caused rapid degrdn. of sulfur mustard (HD). Sulfur mustard (50 M) incubated in the presence of CPO (4 U ml-1), UPER (0.05 M) and NaCl (0.5 M) at pH 2.75 and 30 was oxidized by 97% and 99% within 5 and 10 min, resp. The oxidn. products HD sulfoxide, HD sulfone and HD sulfoxidevinyl were identified by GC/MS in the enzymic chloroperoxidn. mixt. Bibliographic Information Analysis of Chemical Neutralization Products of Phosphonothiolates by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. Gupta, A. K.; Palit, M.; Dubey, D. K.; Raza, S. K. Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. Phosphorus, Sulfur and Silicon and the Related Elements (2003), 178(8), 1631-1637. CODEN: PSSLEC ISSN: 1042-6507. Journal written in English. CAN 140:303747 AN 2003:603631 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A series of phosphonothioates, including the highly toxic O-Ethyl-S-(2-diisopropylamino) Et methylphosphonothioate (VX), were subjected to chem. neutralization reaction with metallic sodium; the reaction products were identified by GC/MS. The phosphonothioates decomp. to their resp. phosphonic and phosphonothioic acids and this results in the detoxification of VX. Phosphonodithioates R1PO(SR2)2 (2-8; R1 = Me, Et, n-Pr, iPr; R2 = Bu, n-Pr) were reacted with metallic sodium, giving disulfides R2SSR2 and R1PS(OH)2. Trithioate MePS(SPr)2 (9) upon reaction with Na gave polysulfides R2SSR2, R2SSSR2 and R2SSSSR2 (R2 = n-Pr); MePO(OH)2 and MePS(OH)2. All obtained acids were analyzed by GC/MS in the form of their trimethylsilyl esters. GC/MS technique in both EI and CI mode was applied for reaction monitoring and final identification of the neutralization products formed in this reaction. Bibliographic Information Kinetics of Spontaneous Hydrolysis of O-(2,2-Dimethylcyclopentyl)-methylfluorophosphonate and of Hydrolysis During Constant pH Value of the Reaction Medium. Cekovic, Boban; Jovanovic, Bratislav; Lukovic, Zoran. Military Technical Institute, Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Phosphorus, Sulfur and Silicon and the Related Elements (2003), 178(7), 1521-1540. CODEN: PSSLEC ISSN: 10426507. Journal written in English. CAN 140:253619 AN 2003:524831 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Kinetics of hydrolysis of O-(2,2-dimethylcyclopentyl)-methylfluorophosphonate (1) in dil. aq. soln. was investigated. Rates of hydrolysis of O-(2,2-dimethylcyclopentyl)-methylfluorophosphonate were measured as a function of pH in the range from 3 to 9 in temp. range from 25 to 40 . Spontaneous hydrolysis was also studied without monitoring of the pH-value. Rate consts. and activation parameters of the hydrolysis were obtained. The lowest hydrolysis rates for 1 were obtained at pH range 4-6, the reaction was several times faster at pH 3.0 and more than ten times faster at pH 9.0. For dild. solns. the spontaneous hydrolysis had half-life time (t1/2) about 2.8 days at 25 , the reaction may be accelerated in more concd. solns. due to proton autocatalysis. Obtained data can be used in processes of degrdn. and detoxification of highly toxic warfare-type compds. Bibliographic Information

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Enhanced Degradation of Chemical Warfare Agents through Molecular Engineering of the Phosphotriesterase Active Site. Hill, Craig M.; Li, Wen-Shan; Thoden, James B.; Holden, Hazel M.; Raushel, Frank M. Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA. Journal of the American Chemical Society (2003), 125(30), 8990-8991. CODEN: JACSAT ISSN: 0002-7863. Journal written in English. CAN 139:208973 AN 2003:516949 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The bacterial phosphotriesterase has been utilized as a template for the evolution of improved enzymes for the catalytic decompn. of organophosphate nerve agents. A combinatorial library of active site mutants was constructed by randomizing residues His-254, His-257, and Leu-303. The collection of mutant proteins was screened for the ability to hydrolyze a chromogenic analog of the most toxic stereoisomer of the chem. warfare agent, soman. The mutant H254G/H257W/L303T catalyzed the hydrolysis of the target substrate nearly 3 orders of magnitude faster than the wild-type enzyme. The x-ray crystal structure was solved in the presence and absence of diisopropyl Me phosphonate. The mutant enzyme was ligated to an addnl. divalent cation at the active site that was displaced upon the binding of the substrate analog inhibitor. These studies demonstrate that substantial changes in substrate specificity can be achieved by relatively minor changes to the primary amino acid sequence. Bibliographic Information In vitro-in vivo extrapolation: estimation of human serum concentrations of chemicals equivalent to cytotoxic concentrations in vitro. Gulden, Michael; Seibert, Hasso. Institut fur Experimentelle Toxikologie, Universitatsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany. Toxicology (2003), 189(3), 211-222. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 139:346894 AN 2003:484566 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract In the present study an extrapolation model for estg. serum concns. of chems. equiv. to in vitro effective concns. is developed and applied to median cytotoxic concns. (EC50) detd. in vitro. Nominal concns. of a chem. in serum and in vitro are regarded as equiv., if they result in the same aq. concn. of the unbound form. The algorithm used is based on equil. distribution and requires albumin binding data, the octanol-water partition coeff. (Kow), and the albumin concns. and lipid vol. fractions in vitro and in serum. The chems. studied cover wide ranges of cytotoxic potency (EC50: 2.5-530 000 M) and lipophilicity (log Kow: 5 to 7). Their albumin binding characteristics were detd. by an in vitro cytotoxicity test as described previously. The equivalent serum concns. of 19 of the 33 compds. investigated, having high protein binding and/or lipophilicity, were substantially higher than the EC50-values, by factors of 2.5-58. Prominent deviations between the equiv. nominal concns. in serum and in vitro were largely restricted to chems. with higher cytotoxic potency (EC50 1000 M). The results suggest that ests. of equiv. serum concns. based on in vitro data are robust for chems. with low lipophilicity (log Kow 2) and low potency (EC50>1000 M). With more potent chems. or those with higher lipophilicity partitioning into lipids and/or binding to serum proteins have to be taken into account when estg. in vivo serum concns. equiv. to in vitro effective concns. Bibliographic Information Putative role of proteolysis and inflammatory response in the toxicity of nerve and blister chemical warfare agents: Implications for multi-threat medical countermeasures. Cowan, F. M.; Broomfield, C. A.; Lenz, D. E.; Smith, W. J. US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2003), 23(3), 177-186. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 139:241394 AN 2003:447085 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review. Despite the contrasts in chem. and toxicity, for blister and nerve chem. warfare agents there may be some analogous proteolytic and inflammatory mediators and pathol. pathways that can be pharmacol. targets for a single-drug multi-threat medical countermeasure. The dermal-epidermal sepn. caused by proteases and bullous diseases compared with that obsd. following exposure to the blister agent sulfur mustard (2,2'-dichlorodiethyl sulfide) has fostered the hypothesis that sulfur mustard vesication involves proteolysis and inflammation. In conjunction with the paramount toxicol. event of cholinergic crisis that causes acute toxicity and ppts. neuronal degeneration, both anaphylactoid reactions and pathol. proteolytic activity have been reported in nerve-agent-intoxicated animals. Two classes of drugs already have demonstrated multi-threat activity for both nerve and blister agents. Serine protease inhibitors can prolong the survival of animals intoxicated with the nerve agent soman and can also protect against vesication caused by the blister agent sulfur mustard. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors can reduce both soman-induced neuronal degeneration and sulfur-mustard-induced epidermal necrosis. Protease and PARP inhibitors, like many of the other countermeasures for blister and nerve agents, have potent primary or secondary anti-inflammatory pharmacol. Accordingly, we hypothesize that drugs with anti-inflammatory actions against either nerve or blister agent might also display multithreat efficacy for the inflammatory pathogenesis of both classes of chem. warfare agent. Bibliographic Information Comparative efficacy of diazepam and avizafone against sarin-induced neuropathology and respiratory failure in guinea pigs: Influence of atropine dose. Taysse, L.; Calvet, J.-H.; Buee, J.; Christin, D.; Delamanche, S.; Breton, P. Defense Research Centre, Centre d'Etudes du Bouchet, Vert-Le-Petit, Fr. Toxicology (2003), 188(2-3), 197-209. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300483X. Journal written in English. CAN 139:346870 AN 2003:415467 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract This investigation compared the efficacy of diazepam and the water-sol. prodiazepam-avizafone-in sarin poisoning therapy. Guinea pigs, pretreated with pyridostigmine 0.1 mg/kg, were intoxicated with 4LD50 of sarin (s.c. route) and 1 min after intoxication treated by i.m. injection of atropine (3 or 33.8 mg/kg), pralidoxime (32 mg/kg) and either diazepam (2 mg/kg) or avizafone (3.5 mg/kg). EEG and pneumo-physiol. parameters were simultaneously recorded. When atropine was administered at a dose of 3 mg/kg, seizures were obsd. in 87.5% of the cases; if an anticonvulsant was added (diazepam (2 mg/kg) or avizafone (3.5 mg/kg)), seizure was prevented but respiratory disorders were obsd. At 33.8 mg/kg, atropine markedly increased the seizure threshold and prevented early respiratory distress induced by sarin. When diazepam was administered together with atropine, seizures were not obsd. but 62.5% of the animals displayed respiratory difficulties. These symptoms were not obsd. when using avizafone. The pharmacokinetic data showed marked variation of the plasma levels of atropine and diazepam in different antidote combination groups, where groups receiving diazepam exhibited the lowest concn. of atropine in plasma. Taken together, the results indicate that avizafone is suitable in therapy against sarin when an anticonvulsant is judged necessary. Bibliographic Information Low-level sarin-induced alteration of immune system reaction in inbred BALB/c mice. Kassa, Jiri; Krocova, Z.; Sevelova, L.; Sheshko, V.; Kasalova, I.; Neubauerova, V. Department of Toxicology, Purkyne Military Medical Academy, Hradec Kralove,

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Czech Rep. Toxicology (2003), 187(2-3), 195-203. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 139:241449 AN 2003:289956 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract To study the influence of low-level sarin inhalation exposure on immune functions, inbred BALB/c mice were exposed to low concns. of sarin for 60 min in the inhalation chamber. Two concns. of sarin were chosen-asymptomatic concn. (LEVEL 1) and non-convulsive symptomatic concn. (LEVEL 2). The evaluation of immune functions was carried out using phenotyping of CD3 (T-lymphocytes), CD4 (helper T-lymphocytes), CD8 (cytotoxic T-lymphocytes) and CD19 cells (B-lymphocytes) in the lungs, blood and spleen, lymphoproliferation of spleen cells stimulated in vitro by various mitogens (Con A, lipopolysaccharides), phagocyte activity of peritoneal and alveolar macrophages, prodn. of N-oxides by peritoneal macrophages and the measurement of the natural killer cell activity at 1 wk following sarin exposure. The results were compared to the values obtained from control mice exposed to pure air instead of sarin. The results indicate that not only symptomatic but also asymptomatic dose of sarin is able to alter the reaction of immune system at 1 wk following exposure to sarin. While the no. of CD3 cells in the lungs was slightly decreased, an increase in CD19 cells was obsd. esp. in the lungs and blood. The reduced proportion of T-lymphocytes is caused by decay of CD4 pos. T-cells. Lymphoproliferation was significantly decreased regardless of the mitogen and sarin concn. used. The prodn. of N-oxides by peritoneal macrophages was stimulated after exposure to LEVEL 2 of sarin, whereas their ability to phagocyte the microbes was increased after exposure to LEVEL 1. The natural killer cell activity was significantly higher in the case of inhalation exposure of mice to LEVEL 2 of sarin. Thus, not only organophosphorus insecticides but also nerve agents such as sarin are able to alter immune functions even at a dose that does not cause clin. manifested intoxication following the inhalation exposure. Nevertheless, the alteration of immune functions following the inhalation exposure to a symptomatic concn. of sarin seems to be more pronounced. Bibliographic Information Development of a sensor for the hydrolysis product of the nerve agent soman utilizing molecular imprinting and silica sol-gel techniques. Parker, Jennifer L.; Horne, Starr N.; Kita, Justin M.; Peeples, Christopher J.; DiCesare, John C. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA. Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering (2003), 88 328329. CODEN: PMSEDG ISSN: 1550-6703. Journal; Computer Optical Disk written in English. CAN 139:48357 AN 2003:222702 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Preliminary findings were presented leading to the development of a pinacolylmethylphosphonate (PMP, the hydrolysis product of the nerve agent soman) sensor, utilizing silica sol-gel techniques, mol. imprinting, and lanthanide luminescence. Bibliographic Information Fluorescent Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents: Functional Group Specific Ratiometric Chemosensors. Zhang, Shi-Wei; Swager, Timothy M. Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. Journal of the American Chemical Society (2003), 125(12), 3420-3421. CODEN: JACSAT ISSN: 0002-7863. Journal written in English. CAN 138:332984 AN 2003:159757 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Indicators providing highly sensitive and functional group specific fluorescent response to diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP, a nerve gas (G-agent) simulant) are reported. Nonemissive phenylpyridyl indicator reacts with DFP to give a cyclized compd. that shows a high emission due to its highly planar and rigid structure. Very weak emission was obsd. by the addn. of HCl. Another indicator based on pyridyl naphthalene exhibits a large shift in its emission spectrum after reaction with DFP, which provides for quant. ratiometric detection. Bibliographic Information Nerve Agents Detection Using a Cu2+/L-Cysteine Bilayer-Coated Microcantilever. Yang, Yuming; Ji, Hai-Feng; Thundat, Thomas. Department of Chemistry Institute for Micromanufacturing, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, USA. Journal of the American Chemical Society (2003), 125(5), 1124-1125. CODEN: JACSAT ISSN: 0002-7863. Journal written in English. CAN 138:51039 AN 2003:24843 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A Cu2+/L-Cys bilayer-coated microcantilever undergoes bending upon exposure to di-Me Me phosphonate at concn. as low as 10-15 M due to the complexation of a phosphonyl group with the Cu2+/L-cysteine bilayer on the microcantilever surface. Bibliographic Information Neuroprotective efficacy of pharmacological pretreatment and antidotal treatment in tabun-poisoned rats. Krejcova, G.; Kassa, J. Purkyne Military Medical Academy, Hradec Kralove, Czech Rep. Toxicology (2003), 185(1-2), 129-139. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 139:2191 AN 2002:970172 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract To study the influence of pharmacol. pretreatment (PANPAL) and antidotal treatment (obidoxime plus atropine) on tabuninduced neurotoxicity, male albino rats were poisoned with a LD of tabun (280 g/kg i.m.; 100% of LD50 value) and obsd. at 24 h and 7 days following tabun challenge. The neurotoxicity of tabun was evaluated using a functional observational battery (FOB) and an automatic measurement of motor activity. Pharmacol. pretreatment as well as antidotal treatment were able to eliminate most of tabun-induced neurotoxic effects obsd. at 24 h following tabun poisoning. However, there was not significant difference between the efficacy of PANPAL and antidotal treatment to eliminate tabun-induced neurotoxicity in rats. The combination of PANPAL pretreatment and antidotal treatment seems to be slightly more effective in the elimination of tabuninduced neurotoxicity in rats at 24 h following tabun challenge in comparison with the administration of PANPAL pretreatment or antidotal treatment alone. At 7 days following tabun poisoning, very few neurotoxic signs in tabun-poisoned rats were obsd. regardless of administration of pharmacol. pretreatment or antidotal treatment. Thus, our findings confirm that the combination of pharmacol. pretreatment and antidotal treatment is not only able to protect the exptl. animals from the lethal effects of tabun but also to eliminate most of tabun-induced signs of neurotoxicity in tabun-poisoned rats. Bibliographic Information Pyridostigmine bromide modulates topical irritant-induced cytokine release from human epidermal keratinocytes and isolated perfused porcine skin. Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy A.; Baynes, Ronald E.; Riviere, Jim E. Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics (CCTRP), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA. Toxicology (2003), 183(1-3), 15-28.

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CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 138:364009 AN 2002:970031 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Gulf War personnel were given pyridostigmine bromide (PB) as a prophylactic treatment against organophosphate nerve agent exposure, and were exposed to the insecticide permethrin and the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of PB to modulate release of inflammatory biomarkers after topical chem. exposure to chem. mixts. contg. permethrin and DEET applied in ethanol or water vehicles. Treatments were topically applied to isolated perfused porcine skin flaps (IPPSFs). Concns. of interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor- (TNF- ) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were assayed in perfusate to probe for potential inflammatory effects after complex mixt. application. IPPSFs (n=4/treatment) were topically dosed with mixts. of permethrin, DEET, and permethrin/DEET, in EtOH. Each treatment was repeated with perfusate spiked with 50 ng/mL of PB. Perfusate was also spiked with 30 ng/mL diisopropylfluorophosphate to simulate low level organophosphate nerve agent exposure. Timed IPPSF venous effluent samples (0.5,1,2,4, and 8 h) were assayed by ELISA for IL-8 and TNF- and by EIA for PGE2. Overall, PB infusion caused a decrease or IL-8 and PGE2 release. Effects on TNF- were vehicle dependent. To probe the potential mechanism of this PB effect, human epidermal keratinocyte HEK cell cultures were exposed to permethrin DEET permethrin/DEET, with and without PB in DMSO. IL-8 was assayed at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h. PB suppressed IL-8 in permethrin and EtOH treatment from 4 to 24 h confirming the IPPSF results. In conclusion, these studies suggest that systemic exposure to PB suppressed IL-8 release at multiple time points in 2 skin model systems. This interaction merits further study. Bibliographic Information The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of two HI-6 salts in swine and efficacy in the treatment of GF and soman poisoning. Lundy Paul M; Hill Ira; Lecavalier Pierre; Hamilton Murray G; Vair Cory; Davidson Corey; Weatherby Kendal L; Berger Bradley J Chemical Biological Defence Section, Defence Research and Development Canada-Suffield, Box 4000, Medicine Hat Alberta, Alta., Canada T1A 8K6. [email protected] Toxicology (2005 Mar 30), 208(3), 399-409. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 15695025 AN 2005067571 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Anesthetized pigs were injected i.m. with 500 mg HI-6 dichloride (HI-6 2Cl) (1-[[[4-(aminocarbonyl)pyridinio]methoxy]methyl]-2[(hydroxyimino)methyl]pyridinium dichloride; CAS 34433-31-3)) or the molar equivalent of HI-6 dimethanesulphonate (HI-6 DMS) 633 mg. Plasma HI-6 concentrations were measured by HPLC (1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60 min and every 30 min until 4h or 6h following the i.v. or i.m. dose respectively) while a variety of physiological responses were continuously examined. HI-6 (500 mg 2Cl or 633 mg DMS) resulted in an identical pharmacokinetic profile unaffected by atropine co-administration. Neither HI-6 salt resulted in clinically significant changes in cardiovascular or respiratory function. HI-6 DMS (1899 mg i.v.) resulted in plasma HI-6 concentrations about 10 times higher than measured following i.m. 500 mg 2Cl or 633 mg DMS and resulted in small transitory effect on mean arterial pressure. Atropine plus HI-6 DMS (1-9 mg/kg or 127-172 mg/kg i.m.) protected up to 100% of guinea pigs exposed to 5 x LD50 of GF (cyclohexyl methyl phosphonoflouridate) or soman (pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate) (GD) respectively. The results suggest that the two HI6 salts have a similar pharmacokinetic profile while HI-6 DMS appears extremely safe and effective against nerve agents and may be as suitable for human use. Bibliographic Information Inhalation toxicity in mice exposed to sarin (GB) for 20-720 min. Bide R W; Risk D J Defence R&D Canada--Suffield, Box 4000, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada T1A 8K6. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2004 NovDec), 24(6), 459-67. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 15558652 AN 2004610605 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Most of the historical data for the toxicity of sarin (GB) was collected for exposure times of <10 min in attempts to establish the utility of and defence against this agent in offensive military use. However, information concerning the toxicity of GB (and other nerve agents) from longer exposures of 1-12 h is critical for all personnel who must work in or close to low-level concentrations of chemical for extended periods and for all personnel, dressed in Individual Protective Equipment, who need to know when, and if, it is safe to take off these cumbersome garments.The data presented for the toxicity of GB to mice for whole-body exposures of 20 min to 12 h are intended to form part of an ongoing, multi-species effort aimed at establishing toxicity estimates for humans for these longer exposure times: LCT50 values of 430, 540, 900, 1210 and 2210 mg.min m(-3) or LC50 values of 21.5, 9.0, 5.0, 3.4 and 3.1 mg m(-3) were obtained for mice for 20-, 60-, 180-, 360- and 720-min exposures to GB, respectively. The data for longer exposures do not follow Haber's rule (LCT50=CT). The 20- and 60-min data fit the 'toxic load model' involving CnT that was established previously from historical data for 0.17-30 min GB exposures to mice. The LCT(50) and LC50 values for 3, 6 and 12 h are progressively higher (toxicity lower) than predicted by either Haber's rule or the toxic load model. Bibliographic Information Low levels of sarin affect the EEG in marmoset monkeys: a pilot study. van Helden Herman P M; Vanwersch Raymond A P; Kuijpers Willem C; Trap Henk C; Philippens Ingrid H C; Benschop Hendrik P Department of Medical Countermeasures. TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory, PO Box 45, 2280 AA Rijswijk, The Netherlands. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2004 Nov-Dec), 24(6), 475-83. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 15558834 AN 2004598850 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The main purpose of this pilot study was to estimate the lowest observable adverse effect level (LOAEL) for the electroencephalogram (EEG) upon long-term, low-level exposure of vehicle-pretreated and pyridostigmine-pretreated marmoset monkeys to sarin vapour. This is the C.t value (t=5 h) of exposure at which the EEG becomes significantly different from that resulting from air exposure of the same animals. The LOAELs for effects on the EEG in vehicle- and pyridostigminepretreated marmosets appeared to be 0.2 and 0.1 mg min m(-3), respectively. Comparatively, the latter LOAEL values are at least an order of magnitude lower than the previously established LOAEL for miosis and only 2-5 times higher than the lowest observable effect level (LOEL) of bound sarin in blood.The second aim of the study was to analyse the EEG of the same marmosets again during a 5-h exposure to air 1 year after exposure to sarin vapour. All the marmosets still demonstrated significant (P <0.05) EEG differences. In most vehicle-pretreated marmosets the energy (microV2) per EEG band was higher than that observed 1 year earlier, which might indicate that neurons had become more sensitive to excitation. This phenomenon was less pronounced in pyridostigmine-pretreated animals. Visual examination of the EEG records revealed clear bursts of alpha frequencies (ca. 9 Hz), resembling sleep-spindles, that were present more frequently in both groups of exposed marmosets than in naive animals. These late changes in spindle oscillation might be the result of changes in the

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cholinergic system due to exposure to sarin vapour 1 year previously. In conclusion, EEG abnormalities persisting for more than 1 year may occur in humans during long-term (5 h) exposure to subclinical levels of sarin that are not detectable by the currently fielded alarm systems. Bibliographic Information Protection and inflammatory markers following exposure of guinea pigs to sarin vapour: comparative efficacy of three oximes. Levy A; Chapman S; Cohen G; Raveh L; Rabinovitz I; Manistersky E; Kapon Y; Allon N; Gilat E Israel Institute for Biological Research, Department of Pharmacology, PO Box 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2004 Nov-Dec), 24(6), 501-4. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 15558827 AN 2004598847 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The purpose of the present study was to compare the antidotal efficacy and the combined effects on inflammatory markers of three oximes--toxogonine, TMB4 and 2-PAM--in combination with anticholinergic drugs following exposure to sarin vapour by inhalation.Guinea pigs restrained in plethysmographs were exposed to various doses of sarin vapour (in the range of 1.44.4LD50). The antidotal mixture was injected immediately (5-20 s) following exposure (3 mg kg(-1) atropine and 1 mg kg(-1) benactyzine in combination with 6 mg kg(-1) toxogonine, 2 mg kg(-1) TMB4 or 12 mg kg(-1) 2-PAM). Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples were taken from surviving animals 24 h after exposure to determine the levels of inflammatory markers. A differential cell count was performed in BAL samples on Giemsa-stained slides. The inflammatory markers--histamine and prostaglandins (PGE)--were measured in BAL using radioimmunoassay (RIA) techniques.The survival rate in the various treatment groups and analysis of BAL samples showed that: (i) Toxogonine, TMB4 and 2-PAM, without pyridostigmine pretreatment, at doses that were proportional to their doses in the respective auto-injectors, exhibited similar antidotal efficacy against sarin exposure. (ii) The results demonstrated that a centrally acting anticholinergic drug is essential in the antidotal mixture to ensure survival. (iii) Histamine release and eosinophilia following sarin inhalation might require additional intervention, aimed at reducing the symptoms of allergic reaction and possibly expediting recovery. Bibliographic Information Delayed haematological complications of mustard gas. Ghanei Mostafa Department of Internal Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Chemical Injured Research Centre, Tehran, Iran. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2004 Nov-Dec), 24(6), 493-5. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 15558826 AN 2004598846 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Haematopoiesis could be affected by mustard gas. We randomly selected 318 chemical victims exposed to mustard gas and compared their cell blood counts and peripheral blood smears (PBS) with those of 377 healthy men, and also various haematological indices of 57 of these victims compared with previous data 5 years ago.The average number of red blood cells and haemoglobin of victims compared with the controls was not significantly different, but they were increased compared with data from 5 years ago. White blood cell counts, neutrophils and lymphocytes did not show any clinically meaningful difference compared with the control group but 20 cases with atypical lymphocytes in their PBS have been found.Change in lymphocyte shape may be related to committed stem cell involvement. Further studies on bone marrow cells and cell markers are needed to document this hypothesis. The mild increase in erythroid cells and haemoglobin concentration may be due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder and other respiratory diseases in these patients. Bibliographic Information Investigating the affinities and persistence of VX nerve agent in environmental matrices. Love Adam H; Vance Andrew L; Reynolds John G; Davisson M Lee Environmental Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, L396, Livermore, CA 94551, USA. [email protected] Chemosphere (2004 Dec), 57(10), 1257-64. Journal code: 0320657. ISSN:0045-6535. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 15519370 AN 2004547393 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine environmental variables that affect the affinities and persistence of the nerve agent O-ethyl S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothiolate (VX) at dilute concentrations in environmental matrices. Quantitative analyses of VX and its degradation products were performed using LC-MS. Batch hydrolysis experiments demonstrated an increasing hydrolysis rate as pH increased, as shown in previous studies, but also indicated that dissolved aqueous constituents can cause significant differences in the absolute hydrolysis rate. Adsorption isotherms from batch aqueous experiments revealed that VX has a high affinity for hydrophobic organics, a moderate affinity for montmorillonite clay, and a very low affinity for an iron-oxyhydroxide soil mineral, goethite. The adsorption on goethite was increased with the presence of dissolved organic matter in solution. VX degraded rapidly when dried onto goethite, when specific adsorption was forced. No enhanced degradation occurred with goethite in small amounts of water. These results suggest that aqueous conditions have important controls on VX adsorption and degradation in the environment and a more mechanistic understanding of these controls is needed in order to enable accurate predictions of its long-term fate and persistence. Bibliographic Information Localization of substance P gene expression for evaluating protective countermeasures against sulfur mustard. Casbohm Stacy L; Rogers James V; Stonerock Mindy K; Martin Jamie L; Ricketts-Kaminsky Karen M; Babin Michael C; Casillas Robert P; Sabourin Carol L K Battelle Memorial Institute, Medical Research and Evaluation Facility, 505 King Avenue, JM-3, Columbus, OH 43201, USA Toxicology (2004 Nov 15), 204(2-3), 229-39. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE); (VALIDATION STUDIES) written in English. PubMed ID 15388249 AN 2004477792 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard [bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide; SM] is a chemical warfare agent that produces edema and blister formation with a severe inflammatory reaction. The mouse ear vesicant model for SM injury has been used to evaluate pharmacological agents for countering SM dermal injury. The vanilloid olvanil reduces SM-induced edema and mRNA expression of cytokines and chemokines, suggesting that blocking the inflammatory effects of neuropeptides, such as substance P (SP), may provide protection against SM-induced dermal injury. This study examined SP expression in mice exposed to SM (0.16 mg) on the inner surface of the right ear, with or without olvanil pretreatment at 1, 10, 30, 60, and 360 min following exposure. In naive skin, SP mRNA localization was associated with blood vessels and sebaceous glands. In SM-exposed skin, SP mRNA was also detected in perivascular dermal cells. Immunohistochemical localization of SP protein was observed in the ear skin of naive,

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SM-, olvanil/SM-, and vehicle-treated mice. Quantification of SP+ perivascular dermal cells revealed that SM exposure led to a significant increase (P < or = 0.05) in SP+ cells over the observed time period. Olvanil pretreatment significantly reduced (P < or = 0.05) the mean number of SP+ cells at 60 and 360 min. This study demonstrates that SP expression could provide an additional endpoint for evaluating the effectiveness of vanilloid drugs on SM-induced skin inflammation. Bibliographic Information Enhanced degradation of chemical warfare agents through molecular engineering of the phosphotriesterase active site. Hill Craig M; Li Wen-Shan; Thoden James B; Holden Hazel M; Raushel Frank M Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 30012, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77842-3012, USA Journal of the American Chemical Society (2003 Jul 30), 125(30), 89901. Journal code: 7503056. ISSN:0002-7863. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 15369336 AN 2004461552 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Bibliographic Information Photocatalytic oxidation of VX simulant 2-(butylamino)ethanethiol. Vorontsov Alexandre V; Chen Yi-Chuan; Smirniotis Panagiotis G Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation, Russia Journal of hazardous materials (2004 Sep 10), 113(1-3), 89-95. Journal code: 9422688. ISSN:0304-3894. (EVALUATION STUDIES); Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 15363518 AN 2004456562 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Photocatalytic oxidation of 2-(butylamino)ethanethiol (BAET) was undertaken in aqueous suspension of TiO2 Hombikat UV 100 and Degussa P25 under different initial reaction conditions in order to determine the best parameters for the fastest mineralization of the substrate. BAET is considered to be a simulant for the VX chemical warfare agent. The application of ultrasound had only a small positive effect on the BAET photocatalytic degradation. The highest mineralization rate of 0.433 mg/(l min) was found in unbuffered TiO2 Degussa P25 suspension with initial pH value of about 9.4, TiO2 concentration 500 mg/l and the initial BAET concentration 1000 mg/l. Decreasing of the initial solution pH to 6.1 or below stops the mineralization of BAET while increasing of pH to about 11 drastically changed the degradation profile. At this initial pH, the first 100 min of reaction led to only oxidation of sulfur moiety and organic intermediates accumulated in the solution. Thereafter, mineralization of the products started. The main detected volatile product was butyl aldehyde and the main polar one was 2(butylamino) acetic acid. In the case of TiO2 Hombikat UV 100, conversion of TOC at initial pH 11 exceeded that at initial pH 9.1. For Degussa P25, the starting pH 9.4 was the best for TOC conversion. The results can be used for treatment of water from pollutants with aliphatic nitrogen and sulfur atoms. Bibliographic Information Retrospective detection of exposure to nerve agents: analysis of phosphofluoridates originating from fluoride-induced reactivation of phosphylated BuChE. van der Schans Marcel J; Polhuijs Martine; van Dijk Corry; Degenhardt Carla E A M; Pleijsier Kees; Langenberg Jan P; Benschop Hendrik P Department of Medical Countermeasures, TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory, P.O. Box 45, 2280 AA Rijswijk, The Netherlands. [email protected] Archives of toxicology (2004 Sep), 78(9), 508-24. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 15170525 AN 2004433787 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The utility was explored of a new approach to detect retrospectively exposure to nerve agents by means of conversion of the inhibitor moiety bound to the active site of the enzyme BuChE in plasma with fluoride ions into a phosphofluoridate which is subsequently analyzed by means of gas chromatography (GC). This quantifies >or=0.01% inhibition of BuChE and identifies the structure of the inhibitor except for the original leaving group. A three-tiered approach was followed involving the five classical nerve agents GA, GB, GF, GD, and VX, as well as the active metabolite of parathion, i.e., paraoxon: in vivo experiments in rhesus monkeys after iv administration of a sign-free dose of agent and concomitant in vitro experiments in plasma of rhesus monkeys and humans should allow an assessment of in vivo retrospectivity in humans. A systematic investigation was performed in order to find a single set of reaction conditions which yields a maximum amount of phosphofluoridate for all nerve agents. Fluoride-induced reactivation at 25 degrees C at a final concentration of 250 mM KF during 15 min in a pH-range between 4 and 6 appears to be effective. The in vitro decrease with time in reactivatibility of inhibited BuChE in plasma from humans and rhesus monkeys was largely due to aging of the phosphyl moiety, except for VX where spontaneous reactivation was a major cause. The decrease followed first-order except for a biphasic course in the case of GF in human and rhesus monkey plasma as well as of GD in rhesus plasma. In vitro half-lifes in human plasma ranged between ca. 14 h for GB and ca. 63 h for GA. A comparison of the in vivo data from rhesus monkeys and the in vitro data is complicated by the observation that the in vivo decrease with time of fluoride-reactivated phosphofluoridate is biphasic for all nerve agents. The terminal in vivo phase pertains to a small fraction of the amount of initially regenerated phosphofluoridate but is responsible for a considerable degree of retrospectivity, ranging between 14 and 56 days for GF and GB, respectively. The new procedure can be used in a variety of practical applications, e.g., (i) biomonitoring in health surveillance at exposure levels that are several orders of magnitude lower than presently possible; (ii) diagnosis in case of alleged exposure to nerve agents in time of war or after terrorist attacks; (iii) in forensic cases against suspected terrorists that have handled organophosphate anticholinesterases; and (iv) in research applications such as investigations on lowest observable effect levels of exposure to nerve agents. Bibliographic Information Biochemical changes in mouse lung after subcutaneous injection of the sulfur mustard 2-chloroethyl 4-chlorobutyl sulfide. Elsayed Nabil M; Omaye Stanley T Department of Nutrition and Environmental Sciences and Health, Graduate Program, University of Nevada at Reno, Reno, NV, USA. [email protected] Toxicology (2004 Jul 1), 199(2-3), 195-206. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 15147793 AN 2004250354 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (HD) is a vesicant-type chemical warfare agent (CWA) introduced in World War I which continues to be produced, stockpiled, and occasionally deployed by some countries, and could be used potentially by terrorists. Exposure to HD can cause erythema, blisters, corneal opacity, and airway damage. We have reported previously that subcutaneous (SC) injection of immunodeficient athymic nude mice with the half mustard butyl 2-chloroethyl sulfide (BCS) causes systemic biochemical changes in several organs distal to the exposure site. In the present study, we examined the response of nonimmunodeficient Swiss Webster mice to the mustard, 2-chloroethyl 4-chlorobutyl sulfide (CECBS). In a pilot study, we found that a single SC injection of 20-25 microl/mouse causes death within 24h. Consequently, we used 5 microl/mouse (approx. 0.017 mg/kg body weight) of neat CECBS or an equal volume of saline as control. We examined the lungs after 1, 24, and 48 h for biochemical changes including total and oxidized glutathione, protein, DNA, and lipid peroxidation contents in tissue

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homogenate, and superoxide dismutase, catalase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glutathione S-transferases activities in the cytosol. After 1h and/or 24h, we found statistically significant changes that were resolved by 48 h. These changes mimicked those of HD and BCS and were generally consistent with free radical-mediated oxidative stress. The implications of these observations are two-fold. First, dermal exposure to low-dose mustard gas could elicit systemic changes impacting distal organs such as the lungs. It also suggests that antioxidants could potentially modulate the response and reduce the damage. Second, although the use of known CWAs such as HD is prohibited, analogs that are not recognized as agents are as toxic and could be dangerous if acquired and used by potential terrorists. Bibliographic Information Reactivation and aging kinetics of human acetylcholinesterase inhibited by organophosphonylcholines. Worek F; Thiermann H; Szinicz L Institut fur Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der Bundeswehr, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany. [email protected] Archives of toxicology (2004 Apr), 78(4), 212-7. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 14647978 AN 2004188515 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A great number of structurally different organophosphorus compounds (OPs) was synthesized in the past decades to be used as pesticides or chemical warfare agents. Methyl-fluorophosphonylcholines were found to be highly toxic OPs and the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivator pralidoxime was shown to be unable to reactivate inhibited AChE. In the course of the development of more effective AChE reactivators, we have determined the reactivation rate constants of various oximes with human AChE inhibited by methylfluorophosphonylcholine (MFPCh), methylfluoro-beta-phosphonylcholine (MFP beta Ch) and methylfluorophosphonylhomocholine (MFPhCh). In addition, we investigated the potential influence of aging phenomena on the oxime efficacy. Human AChE inhibited by MFPCh, MFP beta Ch or MFPhCh was extremely resistant towards reactivation by oximes. Nevertheless, the newer compounds, HLo 7 and HI 6, were substantially more potent reactivators than obidoxime and pralidoxime. The low oxime efficacy was not due to rapid aging since no decrease in reactivatability was found over 96 h at 37 degrees C. Within this period a substantial spontaneous reactivation was observed, with MFPCh >MFP beta Ch >MFPhCh, which did not follow pseudo-first-order kinetics. In conclusion, the unexpected results, i.e., high resistance of inhibited AChE towards oxime reactivation and aging, and much lower resistance towards spontaneous reactivation, calls for further experiments at a molecular level for a better understanding of the interactions among AChE, its inhibitors and reactivators. Bibliographic Information Amelioration of sulfur mustard skin injury following a topical treatment with a mixture of a steroid and a NSAID. Dachir Shlomit; Fishbeine Eliezer; Meshulam Yakov; Sahar Rita; Chapman Shira; Amir Adina; Kadar Tamar Israel Institute for Biological Research, Department of Pharmacology, PO Box 19, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2004 Mar-Apr), 24(2), 107-13. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 15052605 AN 2004157688 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The ability to ameliorate sulfur mustard (HD)-induced oedema by treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs was reported previously after screening four steroids and four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) using the mouse ear vesicant model. Following the screening study, one steroid and one NSAID (Adexone and Voltaren) were selected as the most effective, and a mixture of the two was chosen for the present more extensive research. The effect of the combined treatment on clinical, biochemical and histopathological parameters following HD insult was studied. Mice ears were exposed to 0.2 micro l of HD for 10 min to produce a moderate skin injury. Oedema development peaked ca. 48 h following exposure, as determined by weighing ear biopsies. Histological observations at that time exhibited damage to the epidermis and dermis. An increase in prostaglandin E (PGE) was measured in skin homogenates, starting 8 h following exposure and lasting at least up to 48 h post-exposure. A topical treatment using the above anti-inflammatory mixture significantly reduced inflammatory parameters when applied up to 4 h following exposure. These parameters included extent of oedema, levels of PGE, area of clinical damage and extent of cytotoxic injury (vesications and damaged epithelial cells). Thus, a combination of a steroid and NSAID was found to be effective in reducing the intensity of HD skin injury and possibly shortening the time to full recovery. The treatment, however, did not prevent completely the ensuing cytotoxic processes in the epithelial layer. Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Protective effect of topical iodine containing anti-inflammatory drugs against sulfur mustard-induced skin lesions. Wormser Uri; Sintov Amnon; Brodsky Berta; Casillas Robert P; Nyska Abraham Berman Building, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel. [email protected] Archives of toxicology (2004 Mar), 78(3), 156-66. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 14618300 AN 2004140011 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Previous studies have shown the antidotal efficacy of topical iodine at 15 and 30 min post-exposure to sulfur mustard (SM). Here we demonstrate efficacy at longer intervals (20, 30, 45, and 60 min, respectively, for data) using an improved topical povidone-iodine preparation termed N66, which contains steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. In the mouse, N66 reduced severity of ear edema by 43, 47, 44, and 36%; ear epidermal ulceration by 74, 58, 45, and 58%; and epidermal necrosis by 54, 34, 26, and 31% at the respective time points. A similar effect was observed with encrustation. The healing marker, grade of acanthotic area, showed dramatic increases of 39.6-, 25.3-, 20.9-, and 22-fold. Severity of the dermal parameters, acute inflammation and dermal necrosis, was reduced by 63, 34, 34, and 38% and 80, 54, 54, and 59%, respectively. In guinea pig skin, topical treatment with N66 45 min post-exposure reduced the SM-induced ulceration area by 75%. The histological parameters subepidermal microblister formation, epidermal ulceration, epidermal necrosis, and encrustation were reduced by 63, 61, 41, and 41%, respectively. The healing marker, grade of acanthotic area, was elevated by 73%. N66 induced a statistically significant reduction in two dermal markers for tissue damage: acute inflammation (33%) and dermal necrosis (48%). Reduced skin damage was also observed in areas adjacent the treated sites. The pharmacologically active components of N66 showed additive effect. These findings suggest that the povidone-iodine preparation combined with anti-inflammatory agents functions as a potent antidote against skin lesions induced by SM at relatively long intervals between exposure and treatment. Bibliographic Information Low-level exposure of guinea pigs and marmosets to sarin vapour in air: lowest-observable-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) for miosis. van Helden Herman P M; Trap Henk C; Kuijpers Willem C; Oostdijk John P; Benschop Hendrik P; Langenberg Jan P Department of Medical Countermeasures, TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory, PO Box 45, 2280 AA Rijswijk, The Netherlands. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2004 Jan-Feb), 24(1), 59-68. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X.

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Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 14745848 AN 2004044499 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The purpose of this pilot study was to indicate, for low-level exposure of conscious guinea pigs and marmoset monkeys to sarin vapour in air, the lowest-observable-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) of sarin for miosis. This is the concentration x time (C.t) value (t = 5 h) of exposure at which miosis becomes significant. The ratio of pupil and iris diameters, measured on digital photographs taken on-line during exposure, was calculated as a measure for miosis. The exposure concentrations were in the range 7-150 microg x m(-3) and the exposure times needed to achieve significant miosis were in the range 10-300 min. Both vehicle- and pyridostigmine-pretreated animals were used in the experiments. The latter pretreatment resulted in ca. 30% inhibition of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase in both species. In vehicle-pretreated guinea pigs and marmosets the pupil size was decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at sarin doses of 1.8 +/- 0.3 and 2.5 +/- 0.8 mg x min x m(-3), respectively. In pyridostigmine-pretreated guinea pigs and marmosets the pupil size was affected significantly (P < 0.05) at 1.8 +/- 0.5 and 3.0 +/- 0.8 mg x min x m(-3), respectively. Evidently there is no significant influence of pyridostigmine pretreatment on the LOAEL. These data were addressed in light of the recommended occupational and detection limits for sarin vapour in air. It was concluded that miosis will occur during low-level sarin exposure at levels that are not detectable by the currently fielded alarm systems, assuming that humans are as sensitive for sarin vapour in air as guinea pigs and marmosets. Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Examination of changes in connective tissue macromolecular components of large white pig skin following application of Lewisite vapour. Lindsay Christopher D; Hambrook Joy L; Brown Roger F R; Platt Jan C; Knight Robert; Rice Paul Biomedical Sciences Department, Dstl Porton Down, Salisbury, Wilts SP4 0JQ, UK. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2004 Jan-Feb), 24(1), 37-46. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 14745845 AN 2004044496 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The aim of this study was to provide information about the degradative processes that occur in major connective tissue components in skin following exposure of large white pigs to Lewisite vapour. Of particular interest were alterations in glycoproteins, which are known to mediate dermo-epidermal attachment (laminin and type IV collagen) and the main collagen found in the dermis (type III collagen). The immunostaining of transfer blots from skin extracts run on sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels revealed no evidence of cross-linking of laminin or of type III or IV collagen. However, there was evidence of a very considerable degradation of laminin and, to a lesser extent, of type IV collagen. Type III collagen did not appear to be degraded in skin exposed to Lewisite. These degradative processes appeared to be more severe than found in previous studies in Yucatan mini-pigs percutaneously exposed to sulphur mustard, in which only laminin was found to undergo partial cleavage rather than wholesale degradation.The results suggest that damage to macromolecular components in the sub-epidermal basement membrane in skin which mediate dermo-epidermal separation processes may be a common feature in the mechanism of action of vesicating agents such as Lewisite and sulphur mustard. It is of interest that the damage to laminin in this study appeared to be more severe than that previously found for sulphur mustard. This suggests that skin can suffer substantial damage yet, in the case of Lewisite exposure, recover relatively quickly. However, Lewisite is not an alkylating agent. Sulphur mustard, in contrast, generates characteristically slow healing lesions, most probably because of its ability to alkylate cell types that normally would be involved in skin regenerative processes. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Cardiovascular effects of the adenosine A1 receptor agonist N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA) decisive for its therapeutic efficacy in sarin poisoning. Joosen Marloes J A; Bueters Tjerk J H; van Helden Herman P M Research Group Medical Countermeasures, TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory, Lange Kleiweg 137, PO Box 45, 2280 AA Rijswijk, The Netherlands. [email protected] Archives of toxicology (2004 Jan), 78(1), 34-9. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 14508639 AN 2004043790 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Mortality and occurrence of cholinergic symptoms upon sarin intoxication (144 micro g/kg s.c., approximately 2 x LD50) in rats is completely prevented by treatment with the adenosine A1 receptor agonist N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA, 2 mg/kg i.m.). Previously, we have shown that CPA treatment altered the distribution of sarin into the brain, presumably through its cardiovascular side effects. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the contribution of the cardiodepressant effects of CPA to its therapeutic efficacy against sarin intoxication. Intramuscular treatment of rats with 0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg CPA 1 min after sarin poisoning attenuated most cholinergic symptoms and prevented mortality, which seemed to be directly associated with an immediate strong and long-lasting bradycardia and hypotension caused by CPA. Treatment with lower doses of CPA (0.1 and 0.05 mg/kg i.m.) caused similar levels of bradycardia and hypotension, albeit a few minutes later than at the higher doses of CPA. Upon sarin intoxication, this was correlated with increased incidence of cholinergic symptoms and decreased survival rates. Pretreatment with the peripheral adenosine A1 receptor antagonist 8- psulphophenyltheophylline (8-PST, 20 mg/kg i.p.) counteracted the cardiodepressant effects of 0.05 mg/kg CPA almost completely, thereby nearly abolishing its therapeutic efficacy against sarin poisoning. In conclusion, the present results strongly indicate that bradycardia and hypotension induced by the peripheral adenosine A1 receptor play a prominent role in the therapeutic efficacy of CPA in cases of sarin poisoning. Bibliographic Information Effects of daily stress or repeated paraoxon exposures on subacute pyridostigmine toxicity in rats. Shaikh Jamaluddin; Karanth Subramanya; Chakraborty Dibyendu; Pruett Steve; Pope Carey N Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, 264 McElroy Hall, OK 74078, Stillwater, USA Archives of toxicology (2003 Oct), 77(10), 576-83. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 14574445 AN 2003495653 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Pyridostigmine (PYR) is a carbamate cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitor used during the Persian Gulf War as a pretreatment against possible chemical nerve agent attack. Because of its quaternary structure, PYR entry into the central nervous system is limited by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Following reports of unexplained illnesses among Gulf War veterans, however, central nervous system effects of PYR have been postulated through either stress-induced alteration of BBB permeability or via interactions with other neurotoxic agents. We evaluated the effects of daily physical (treadmill running) stress or daily exposure to a subclinical dosage of the organophosphate ChE inhibitor paraoxon (PO) on ChE inhibition in blood, diaphragm and selected brain regions in young adult male Sprague-Dawley rats following subacute PYR exposures. In physical stress studies, rats were placed on a treadmill for 90 min each day for 14 days just prior to PYR (0, 3, or 10 mg/kg per day)

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administration. In PO-PYR interaction studies, rats were treated with PO (0, 0.05, or 0.1 mg/kg per day) 1 h prior to daily PYR (0 or 3 mg/kg per day) administration for 14 consecutive days. Rats were evaluated daily for signs of cholinergic toxicity and were killed 1 h after the final PYR treatment. Forced running increased plasma corticosterone levels throughout the experiment (on days 1, 3, 7 and 14) when measured immediately after termination of stress. PYR-treated rats in the high dosage (10 mg/kg per day) group exhibited slight signs of toxicity (involuntary movements) for the first 6 days, after which tolerance developed. Interestingly, signs of cholinergic toxicity following PYR were slightly but significantly increased in rats forced to run on the treadmill prior to dosing. ChE activities in whole blood and diaphragm were significantly reduced 1 h after the final PYR challenge, and ChE inhibition in diaphragm was significantly greater in stressed rats than in non-stressed controls following high dose PYR (10 mg/kg per day). No significant effects of treadmill running on PYR-induced ChE inhibition in brain regions were noted, however. Repeated subclinical PO exposure had no apparent effect on functional signs of PYR toxicity. As with repeated treadmill running, whole blood and diaphragm ChE activities were significantly reduced 1 h after the final PYR administration, and ChE inhibition was significantly greater with combined PO and PYR exposures. Brain regional ChE activity was significantly inhibited after daily PO exposure, but no increased inhibition was noted following combined PO and PYR dosing. We conclude that, while some stressors may under some conditions affect functional signs of toxicity following repeated pyridostigmine exposures, these changes are likely to occur via alteration of peripheral cholinergic mechanisms and not through enhanced entry of pyridostigmine into the brain. Bibliographic Information Effects of sulfur mustard on transcription in human epidermal keratinocytes: analysis by mRNA differential display. Platteborze Peter L Pharmacology Division, USAMRICD, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425, USA. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2003 Jul-Aug), 23(4), 249-54. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12884408 AN 2003350997 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract This study examines the transcriptional response of human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK) to sulfur mustard (HD) in order to gain a better understanding of the intracellular events that result in cytotoxicity. Differential display polymerase chain reaction technology was used to examine the relative transcriptional activity of healthy cells to those exposed to subvesicating or vesicating concentrations of HD for 4 h. Approximately 2% of the HEK transcriptome had altered expression. Sixty of the most prominently altered transcripts were characterized. Important upregulated genes include NADH dehydrogenase III, GADD45 and ubiquitin. Key downregulated genes include type I keratin 14, alpha-enolase and caltractin. Many of the identified transcripts protein products presently do not have an assigned function and eleven transcripts were unidentifiable. These transcriptional alterations provide one of the first molecular insights into the intracellular events induced by HD. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Degradation of VX and sulfur mustard by enzymatic haloperoxidation. Amitai G; Adani R; Hershkovitz M; Bel P; Rabinovitz I; Meshulam H Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, PO Box 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2003 Jul-Aug), 23(4), 225-33. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12884405 AN 2003350994 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chloroperoxidase (CPO) isolated from Caldariomyces fumago (20 U ml(-1)) together with urea hydrogenperoxide (UPER, 0.5 mM) and sodium chloride as co-substrate (NaCl, 0.5 M) caused rapid breakdown of VX (10 microM) (t((1/2)) = 8 s, 25 C, 50 mM tartarate, pH 2.75). Glucose oxidase (GOX, Aspergillus niger) and glucose were used as an alternative source for H(2)O(2). A mixture of GOX (20 U ml(-1)), glucose (GLU 0.45 M), CPO (20 U ml(-1)) and NaCl (0.5 M) caused a 3.8-fold slower degradation of VX (10 microM) (t((1/2)) = 30 s, 25 C, 50 mM tartarate, pH 2.75). The concentrations of H(2)O(2) and chlorine produced by this enzyme/substrate mixture depended mainly on the GLU concentration. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) together with UPER (1 mM) and sodium iodide (NaI, 0.05 M) caused progressive degradation of VX that was more than 400-fold slower than with CPO (20 U ml(-1)), UPER (0.5 mM) and NaCl (0.5 M) (t((1/2)) = 55 min, 25 C, pH 8). Skin decontamination of VX by CPO was tested in pig-ear skin in vitro. The chemical agent VX (0.01 M, 100 microl) was degraded by 98% within 3 h of skin diffusion when a mixture of UPER/NaCl/CPO was applied 60 min prior to VX application. A mixture of UPER/NaCl without CPO also caused significant VX degradation (94%) during skin diffusion whereas it did not cause any VX degradation in solution. Degradation of VX in skin, obtained without exogenous CPO, may indicate involvement of endogenous intradermal haloperoxidase-like enzyme. Reagent UPER (1 mM) did not cause any degradation of VX in solution or during its skin diffusion. Furthermore, a mixture of CPO, UPER and NaCl caused rapid degradation of sulfur mustard (HD). Sulfur mustard (50 microM) incubated in the presence of CPO (4 U ml(-1)), UPER (0.05 M) and NaCl (0.5 M) at pH 2.75 and 30 C was oxidized by 97% and 99% within 5 and 10 min, respectively. The oxidation products HD sulfoxide, HD sulfone and HD sulfoxidevinyl were identified by GC/MS in the enzymatic chloroperoxidation mixture. Copyright 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Billion-fold acceleration of the methanolysis of paraoxon promoted by La(OTf)3 in methanol. Tsang Josephine S; Neverov Alexei A; Brown R S Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6 Journal of the American Chemical Society (2003 Jun 25), 125(25), 7602-7. Journal code: 7503056. ISSN:0002-7863. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12812502 AN 2003285652 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The methanolysis of the insecticide paraoxon (2) was investigated in methanol solution containing varying [La(OTf)(3)] (OTf = (-)OS(O)(2)CF(3)) as a function of at 25 degrees C. Plots of the pseudo-first-order rate constants (k(obs)) for methanolysis as a function of [La(OTf)(3)](total) were obtained under buffered conditions from 5.15 to 10.97, and the slopes of the linear parts of these were used to determine the second-order rate constants (k(2)(obs)) for the La(3+)-catalyzed methanolysis of 2. Detailed analysis of the potentiometric titration data of La(OTf)(3) in methanol through fits to a multicomponent equilibrium mixture of dimers of general stoichiometry La(3+)(2)((-)OCH3)n, where n assumes values of 1-5, gives the equilibrium distribution of each as a function of. These data, when fit to a second expression describing k(2)(obs) in terms of a linear combination of individual rate constants k(2)(2:1), k(2)(2:2).k(2)(2:)n for the dimers, allow one to describe the overall catalytic profile in terms of the individual contributions. The most catalytically important species are the three dimers La(3+)(2)((-)OCH3)1, La(3+)(2)((-)OCH3)2, and La(3+)(2)((-)OCH3)3. The catalysis of the methanolysis of 2 is spectacular: a 2 x 10(-3) M solution of [La(3+)](total), at neutral, affords a 10(9)-fold acceleration relative to the base reaction (t(1/2) approximately 20 s at 8.2) with excellent turnover. A mechanism of the catalyzed reaction involving the La(3+)(2)((-)OCH3)2 species is proposed.

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Putative role of proteolysis and inflammatory response in the toxicity of nerve and blister chemical warfare agents: implications for multi-threat medical countermeasures. Cowan F M; Broomfield C A; Lenz D E; Smith W J US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400, USA. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2003 May-Jun), 23(3), 177-86. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE); General Review; (REVIEW); (REVIEW, TUTORIAL) written in English. PubMed ID 12794939 AN 2003268101 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Despite the contrasts in chemistry and toxicity, for blister and nerve chemical warfare agents there may be some analogous proteolytic and inflammatory mediators and pathological pathways that can be pharmacological targets for a single-drug multithreat medical countermeasure. The dermal-epidermal separation caused by proteases and bullous diseases compared with that observed following exposure to the blister agent sulfur mustard (2,2'-dichlorodiethyl sulfide) has fostered the hypothesis that sulfur mustard vesication involves proteolysis and inflammation. In conjunction with the paramount toxicological event of cholinergic crisis that causes acute toxicity and precipitates neuronal degeneration, both anaphylactoid reactions and pathological proteolytic activity have been reported in nerve-agent-intoxicated animals. Two classes of drugs already have demonstrated multi-threat activity for both nerve and blister agents. Serine protease inhibitors can prolong the survival of animals intoxicated with the nerve agent soman and can also protect against vesication caused by the blister agent sulfur mustard. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors can reduce both soman-induced neuronal degeneration and sulfurmustard-induced epidermal necrosis. Protease and PARP inhibitors, like many of the other countermeasures for blister and nerve agents, have potent primary or secondary anti-inflammatory pharmacology. Accordingly, we hypothesize that drugs with anti-inflammatory actions against either nerve or blister agent might also display multi-threat efficacy for the inflammatory pathogenesis of both classes of chemical warfare agent. Bibliographic Information Comparative efficacy of diazepam and avizafone against sarin-induced neuropathology and respiratory failure in guinea pigs: influence of atropine dose. Taysse L; Calvet J-H; Buee J; Christin D; Delamanche S; Breton P Centre d'Etudes du Bouchet, Defense Research Centre, BP No. 3, Vert-Le-Petit 91710, France. [email protected] Toxicology (2003 Jun 30), 188(23), 197-209. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12767691 AN 2003245521 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract This investigation compared the efficacy of diazepam and the water-soluble prodiazepam-avizafone-in sarin poisoning therapy. Guinea pigs, pretreated with pyridostigmine 0.1 mg/kg, were intoxicated with 4LD(50) of sarin (s.c. route) and 1 min after intoxication treated by intramuscular injection of atropine (3 or 33.8 mg/kg), pralidoxime (32 mg/kg) and either diazepam (2 mg/kg) or avizafone (3.5 mg/kg). EEG and pneumo-physiological parameters were simultaneously recorded. When atropine was administered at a dose of 3 mg/kg, seizures were observed in 87.5% of the cases; if an anticonvulsant was added (diazepam (2 mg/kg) or avizafone (3.5 mg/kg)), seizure was prevented but respiratory disorders were observed. At 33.8 mg/kg, atropine markedly increased the seizure threshold and prevented early respiratory distress induced by sarin. When diazepam was administered together with atropine, seizures were not observed but 62.5% of the animals displayed respiratory difficulties. These symptoms were not observed when using avizafone. The pharmacokinetic data showed marked variation of the plasma levels of atropine and diazepam in different antidote combination groups, where groups receiving diazepam exhibited the lowest concentration of atropine in plasma. Taken together, the results indicate that avizafone is suitable in therapy against sarin when an anticonvulsant is judged necessary. Bibliographic Information Low-level sarin-induced alteration of immune system reaction in inbred BALB/c mice. Kassa Jiri; Krocova Z; Sevelova L; Sheshko V; Kasalova I; Neubauerova V Department of Toxicology, Purkyne Military Medical Academy, P.O. Box 35/T, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic. [email protected] Toxicology (2003 May 3), 187(2-3), 195-203. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12699908 AN 2003232384 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract To study the influence of low-level sarin inhalation exposure on immune functions, inbred BALB/c mice were exposed to low concentrations of sarin for 60 min in the inhalation chamber. Two concentrations of sarin were chosen-asymptomatic concentration (LEVEL 1) and non-convulsive symptomatic concentration (LEVEL 2). The evaluation of immune functions was carried out using phenotyping of CD3 (T-lymphocytes), CD4 (helper T-lymphocytes), CD8 (cytotoxic T-lymphocytes) and CD19 cells (B-lymphocytes) in the lungs, blood and spleen, lymphoproliferation of spleen cells stimulated in vitro by various mitogens (concanavalin A, lipopolysaccharides), phagocyte activity of peritoneal and alveolar macrophages, production of Noxides by peritoneal macrophages and the measurement of the natural killer cell activity at 1 week following sarin exposure. The results were compared to the values obtained from control mice exposed to pure air instead of sarin. The results indicate that not only symptomatic but also asymptomatic dose of sarin is able to alter the reaction of immune system at 1 week following exposure to sarin. While the number of CD3 cells in the lungs was slightly decreased, an increase in CD19 cells was observed especially in the lungs and blood. The reduced proportion of T-lymphocytes is caused by decay of CD4 positive Tcells. Lymphoproliferation was significantly decreased regardless of the mitogen and sarin concentration used. The production of N-oxides by peritoneal macrophages was stimulated after exposure to LEVEL 2 of sarin whereas their ability to phagocyte the microbes was increased after exposure to LEVEL 1. The natural killer cell activity was significantly higher in the case of inhalation exposure of mice to LEVEL 2 of sarin. Thus, not only organophosphorus insecticides but also nerve agents such as sarin are able to alter immune functions even at a dose that does not cause clinically manifested intoxication following the inhalation exposure. Nevertheless, the alteration of immune functions following the inhalation exposure to a symptomatic concentration of sarin seems to be more pronounced. Bibliographic Information Nerve agents detection using a Cu2+/L-cysteine bilayer-coated microcantilever. Yang Yuming; Ji Hai-Feng; Thundat Thomas Department of Chemistry, Institute for Micromanufacturing, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana 71272, USA Journal of the American Chemical Society (2003 Feb 5), 125(5), 1124-5. Journal code: 7503056. ISSN:0002-7863. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12553787 AN 2003045046 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Bibliographic Information Assessment of the effectiveness of downward water sprays for mitigating gaseous chlorine releases in partially confined

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spaces. Dimbour J P; Gilbert D; Dandrieux A; Dusserre G Ecole Nationale Superieure des Techniques Industrielles et des Mines d'Ales Laboratoire Genie de l'Environnement Industriel 6, Avenue de Clavieres, 30319 Cedex, Ales, France. [email protected] Journal of hazardous materials (2003 Jan 31), 96(2-3), 127-41. Journal code: 9422688. ISSN:03043894. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12493204 AN 2002730858 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Water sprays are sometimes used as a means of mitigating accidental releases of chlorine gas. This paper gives results of a series of small-scale experimental field tests on the mitigation of chlorine gaseous releases (about 1kg/min) by various downward water sprays. The releases were from a cylinder of liquefied chlorine located in a storage shed. The shed could be configured to simulate confined and semi-confined installations used at public swimming pools. The water sprays were located in the shed. During these tests, different types of spray nozzles and storage configurations were tested under various atmospheric conditions, in order to select the best water spray. It was shown that the best chlorine downstream concentration reduction (factor 3-5 at 10m) was achieved with a flat fan water spray for the semi-confined configuration. Poor absorption in water was observed (<1%). The highest absorption (roughly 5%) was obtained with a fog water spray for the confined configuration. This is expected since chlorine is a low soluble gas. It has been evidenced for the confined configuration, that even if reduction of concentration has been observed (factor 2), downstream concentration remains very high (>10,000ppm), and above critical level of toxicity. Consequently, the use of water sprays in this case without additives to promote absorption seems to be inefficient.

megalomania

April 20th, 2005, 04:50 PM

Chemical abstarcts is a wonderful tool. Using its subject area search feature I was able to find over 6000 journal articles about chemical warfare. Since most are irrevelant I weeded the articles down based on referenced CAS number, and then limited the search to those journals most likely to provide synthesis info. Here then are the results, about 350 articles worth: 505-60-2 (523 references) 107-44-8 (418 references) 96-64-0 (347 references) 50782-69-9 (290 references) 77-81-6 (161 references) 409-21-2 (156 references) 7732-18-5 (137 references) 756-79-6 (112 references) 51-55-8 (108 references) 7440-44-0 (96 references) 12033-89-5 (94 references) 993-13-5 (89 references) 9000-81-1 (89 references) 1344-28-1 (85 references) 81-81-2 (83 references) 541-25-3 (78 references) 311-45-5 (77 references) 34433-31-3 (74 references) 329-99-7 (73 references) 101-26-8 (70 references) 9001-08-5 (69 references) 1445-75-6 (68 references) 7782-44-7 (68 references) 1832-54-8 (67 references) 7440-70-2 (67 references) 1314-23-4 (66 references) 111-48-8 (65 references) 124-38-9 (65 references) 616-52-4 (64 references) 55-91-4 (61 references) 1832-53-7 (58 references) 7439-89-6 (53 references) 7631-86-9 (52 references) 67-56-1 (50 references) 630-08-0 (50 references) 7440-23-5 (50 references) 439-14-5 (48 references) 7440-50-8 (48 references) 693-07-2 (47 references) 75-44-5 (46 references) 7664-41-7 (46 references) 6735-59-7 (45 references) 7723-14-0 (44 references) 7440-09-7 (43 references) 7439-95-4 (41 references) 117698-12-1 (41 references) 7440-38-2 (40 references) 7727-37-9 (40 references) 64-17-5 (38 references) 7440-02-0 (37 references) I know this is only 50 CAS numbers, the list was truncated :( 2003-April 2005 Bibliographic Information Degradation Kinetics of VX on Concrete by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry. Williams, John M.; Rowland, Brad; Jeffery, Mark T.; Groenewold, Gary S.; Appelhans, Anthony D.; Gresham, Garold L.; Olson, John E. Battelle Salt Lake City Operations, West Valley City, UT, USA. Langmuir (2005), 21(6), 2386-2390. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 142:279785 AN 2005:130995 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

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At trace coverages on concrete surfaces, the nerve agent VX (O-Et S-2-diisopropylaminoethyl Me phosphonothiolate) degrades by cleavage of the P-S and S-C bonds, as revealed by periodic secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The obsd. kinetics were (pseudo-) first-order, with a half-life of 2-3 h at room temp. The rate increased with surface pH and temp., with an apparent second-order const. of kOH = 0.64 M-1 min-1 at 25 C and an activation energy of 50-60 kJ mol-1. These values are consistent with a degrdn. mechanism of alk. hydrolysis within the adventitious water film on the concrete surface. Degrdn. of bulk VX on concrete would proceed more slowly. Safety: VX must only be handled in approved chem. warfare surety labs. by trained agent chemists. Bibliographic Information The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of two HI-6 salts in swine and efficacy in the treatment of GF and soman poisoning. Lundy, Paul M.; Hill, Ira; Lecavalier, Pierre; Hamilton, Murray G.; Vair, Cory; Davidson, Corey; Weatherby, Kendal L.; Berger, Bradley J. Chemical Biological Defence Section, Defence Research and Development Canada - Suffield, Medicine Hat Alberta, AB, Can. Toxicology (2005), 208(3), 399-409. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. AN 2005:107852 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Anesthetized pigs were injected i.m. with 500 mg HI-6 dichloride (HI-6 2Cl) (1-[[[4-(aminocarbonyl)pyridinio]methoxy]methyl]-2[(hydroxyimino)methyl]pyridinium dichloride; CAS 34433-31-3)) or the molar equivalent of HI-6 dimethanesulfonate (HI-6 DMS) 633 mg. Plasma HI-6 concns. were measured by HPLC (1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60 min and every 30 min until 4 h or 6 h following the i.v. or i.m. dose resp.) while a variety of physiol. responses were continuously examd. HI6 (500 mg 2Cl or 633 mg DMS) resulted in an identical pharmacokinetic profile unaffected by atropine co-administration. Neither HI-6 salt resulted in clin. significant changes in cardiovascular or respiratory function. HI-6 DMS (1899 mg i.v.) resulted in plasma HI-6 concns. about 10 times higher than measured following i.m. 500 mg 2Cl or 633 mg DMS and resulted in small transitory effect on mean arterial pressure. Atropine plus HI-6 DMS (1-9 mg/kg or 127-172 mg/kg i.m.) protected up to 100% of guinea pigs exposed to 5 LD50 of GF (cyclohexyl Me phosphonoflouridate) or soman (pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate) (GD) resp. The results suggest that the two HI-6 salts have a similar pharmacokinetic profile while HI-6 DMS appears extremely safe and effective against nerve agents and may be as suitable for human use. Bibliographic Information Antidotal treatment of GF-agent intoxication in mice with bispyridinium oximes. Sevelova, Lucie; Kuca, Kamil; KrejcovaKunesova, Gabriela. Purkyne Military Medical Academy, Hradec Kralove, Czech Rep. Toxicology (2005), 207(1), 1-6. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 142:213533 AN 2004:1067008 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract It was shown that intoxications with GF-agent are rather resistant to convential oxime therapy; therefore, the development of new oximes in an effort to improve this unsatisfactory situation continues. Upon screening in vitro reactivation test for oximes, that were either newly synthesized at our department, or those that have never been tested for reactivation of GF-inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE), three oximes {(1,4-bis(4-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)butane dibromide) (K033); (1-(2hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)-3-(3-carbamoylpyridinium)-2-oxa-propane dichloride) (HS-6); and (1-(2hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)-4-(4-carbamoylpyridinium)-but-2-ene dibromide) (BI-6)} with the highest reactivation potency were chosen for in vivo testing in our study. (1,3-Bis(4-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)-2-oxa-propane dibromide) (obidoxime); (1-(2-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)-3-(4-carbamoylpyridinium)-2-oxa-propane dichloride) (HI-6); and (1,1bis(4-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)-methane dibromide) (methoxime) were chosen for comparison as a std. antidotal treatment. All the oximes were applied at the same proportion of their LD50 value (5%), and because of the different acute toxicity of the oximes, the molar concns. of their solns. for i.m. administration were considerably different. The highest therapeutic ratio was achieved for therapeutic regimen consisting of HI-6 and atropine. The significantly (P < 0.05) lowest effectivity in treatment of supralethal GF-agent poisoning in comparison with all the other therapeutic regimens, was surprisingly obsd. for methoxime. HS-6, K033 and BI-6 as well as obidoxime were comparably effective antidotes against GFagent intoxication and their therapeutic ratios were similar. Bibliographic Information Bis(dialkylamide)hydrogen Dibromobromate Precursors of Hypobromite Ion in Reactions with Nerve and Blister Agent Simulants. Simanenko, Yuri S.; Savelova, Vera A.; Prokop'eva, Tatyana M.; Mikhailov, Vasily A.; Turovskaya, Marya K.; Karpichev, Eugen A.; Popov, Anatolii F.; Gillitt, Nicholas D.; Bunton, Clifford A. L.M. Litvinenko Institute of Physical Organic Coal Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Donetsk, Ukraine. Journal of Organic Chemistry (2004), 69(26), 92389240. CODEN: JOCEAH ISSN: 0022-3263. Journal written in English. CAN 142:108643 AN 2004:949799 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Hypobromite ion, BrO-, is an effective -nucleophile that reacts rapidly with activated phosphorus(V) and sulfonate esters. The parent acid rapidly oxidizes org. sulfides and aryloxide ions. At pH 10-11 BrO- and HOBr coexist in water and are potentially useful as decontaminants of chlorosulfide blister agents and the phosphonyl nerve agents. Bis(dialkylamide)hydrogen dibromobromates are well characterized, stable, solids which rapidly form HOBr-BrO- in mildly alk. water. Reactions of 4nitrophenyl di-Et phosphate and phosphonate, which are simulants of the phosphonofluoridate nerve agents, and of 4nitrophenyl tosylate, with BrO- are rapid (t1/2 = 60-700 s) with 0.1 M BrO-, under conditions in which oxidns. of org. sulfides are too fast to be followed by conventional methods. Bibliographic Information Localization of substance P gene expression for evaluating protective countermeasures against sulfur mustard. Casbohm, Stacy L.; Rogers, James V.; Stonerock, Mindy K.; Martin, Jamie L.; Ricketts-Kaminsky, Karen M.; Babin, Michael C.; Casillas, Robert P.; Sabourin, Carol L. K. Medical Research and Evaluation Facility, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, USA. Toxicology (2004), 204(2-3), 229-239. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 141:421169 AN 2004:789078 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard [bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide; SM] is a chem. warfare agent that produces edema and blister formation with a severe inflammatory reaction. The mouse ear vesicant model for SM injury has been used to evaluate pharmacol. agents for countering SM dermal injury. The vanilloid olvanil reduces SM-induced edema and mRNA expression of cytokines and chemokines, suggesting that blocking the inflammatory effects of neuropeptides, such as substance P (SP), may provide

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protection against SM-induced dermal injury. This study examd. SP expression in mice exposed to SM (0.16 mg) on the inner surface of the right ear, with or without olvanil pretreatment at 1, 10, 30, 60, and 360 min following exposure. In naive skin, SP mRNA localization was assocd. with blood vessels and sebaceous glands. In SM-exposed skin, SP mRNA was also detected in perivascular dermal cells. Immunohistochem. localization of SP protein was obsd. in the ear skin of naive, SM-, olvanil/SM-, and vehicle-treated mice. Quantification of SP+ perivascular dermal cells revealed that SM exposure led to a significant increase (P 0.05) in SP+ cells over the obsd. time period. Olvanil pretreatment significantly reduced (P 0.05) the mean no. of SP+ cells at 60 and 360 min. This study demonstrates that SP expression could provide an addnl. endpoint for evaluating the effectiveness of vanilloid drugs on SM-induced skin inflammation. Bibliographic Information Photocatalytic oxidation of VX simulant 2-(butylamino)ethanethiol. Vorontsov, Alexandre V.; Chen, Yi-Chuan; Smirniotis, Panagiotis G. Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, Russia. Journal of Hazardous Materials (2004), 113(1-3), 89-95. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 141:383605 AN 2004:745354 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Photocatalytic oxidn. of 2-(butylamino)ethanethiol (BAET) was undertaken in aq. suspension of TiO2 Hombikat UV 100 and Degussa P25 under different initial reaction conditions in order to det. the best parameters for the fastest mineralization of the substrate. BAET is considered to be a simulant for the VX chem. warfare agent. The application of ultrasound had only a small pos. effect on the BAET photocatalytic degrdn. The highest mineralization rate of 0.433 mg/L-min was found in unbuffered TiO2 Degussa P25 suspension with initial pH of .apprx.9.4, TiO2 concn. 500 mg/L and the initial BAET concn. 1000 mg/L. Decreasing of the initial soln. pH to 6.1 stops the mineralization of BAET while increasing of pH to .apprx.11 drastically changed the degrdn. profile. At this initial pH, the 1st 100 min of reaction led to only oxidn. of S moiety and org. intermediates accumulated in the soln. Thereafter, mineralization of the products started. The main detected volatile product was Bu aldehyde and the main polar one was 2-(butylamino)acetic acid. In the case of TiO2 Hombikat UV 100, conversion of TOC at initial pH 11 exceeded that at initial pH 9.1. For Degussa P25, the starting pH 9.4 was the best for TOC conversion. The results can be used for the treatment of water and wastewater. Bibliographic Information Synthesis and Chemosensory Behavior of Anthracene Bisimide Derivatives. Ilhan, Faysal; Tyson, Daniel S.; Meador, Michael A. Polymers Branch Materials Division, NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA. Chemistry of Materials (2004), 16(16), 2978-2980. CODEN: CMATEX ISSN: 0897-4756. Journal written in English. CAN 141:268374 AN 2004:559158 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The authors used the photoenolization reaction of a dibenzoyl-p-xylene deriv. to synthesize two new, highly substituted anthracene-based mols.: N,N'-bis(p-nitrophenyl)-1,5-bis(p-(tetraethyleneglycoloxy)phenyl)anthracene-2,3,6,7-tetracarboxyl bis-imide (ABI-NO2) and N,N'-bis(p-aminophenyl)-1,5-bis(p-(tetraethyleneglycoloxy)phenyl)anthracene-2,3,6,7-tetracarboxyl bis-imide (ABI-NH2). ABI-NO2 and ABI-NH2 maintained photostability with longer wavelength absorption and emission spectra as compared to unsubstituted anthracene. Conversion of the terminal nitro groups to amines created an internal photoinduced electron-transfer that quenched the luminescence of ABI-NH2. Reversible or irreversible reaction of the attached amines resulted in fluorescence recovery. Sensitivity, of ABI-NH2 and other potential derivs., to toxic chems. may prove useful for early detection systems. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) is available at http://pubs.acs.org and contains synthetic prepns. of the ABI-NO2 and ABI-NH2 compds. Bibliographic Information Dimethyl Methylphosphonate Decomposition on Titania-Supported Ni Clusters and Films: A Comparison of Chemical Activity on Different Ni Surfaces. Zhou, J.; Ma, S.; Kang, Y. C.; Chen, D. A. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA. Journal of Physical Chemistry B (2004), 108(31), 11633-11644. CODEN: JPCBFK ISSN: 1520-6106. Journal written in English. CAN 141:195800 AN 2004:528273 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The thermal decompn. of di-Me methylphosphonate (DMMP) has been studied in ultrahigh vacuum by temp. programmed desorption (TPD) and XPS on Ni clusters and films deposited on TiO2(110). The four different Ni surfaces under investigation consisted of small Ni clusters (5.0 0.8 nm diam., 0.9 0.2 nm height) deposited at room temp. and quickly heated to 550 K, large Ni clusters (8.8 1.4 nm diam., 2.3 0.5 nm height) prepd. by annealing to 850 K, a 50 monolayer Ni film deposited at room temp., and a 50 monolayer Ni film annealed to 850 K. The morphologies of the Ni surfaces were characterized by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). TPD expts. show that CO and H2 are the major gaseous products evolved from the decompn. of DMMP on all of the Ni surfaces, and mol. DMMP and methane desorption were also obsd. The product yields for CO and H2 were highest for reactions on the small Ni clusters and unannealed Ni film and lowest for reactions on the large clusters and annealed film. Furthermore, XPS expts. demonstrate that the unannealed Ni surfaces decomp. a greater fraction of DMMP at room temp. The loss of activity for the annealed surfaces is not caused by a redn. in surface area because the annealed surfaces have approx. the same surface area as the small clusters. CO adsorption studies suggest that the loss of activity upon annealing cannot be completely due to a decrease in surface defects, such as step and edge sites, and we propose that a TiOx moiety is responsible for blocking active sites on the annealed Ni surfaces. In comparison to the TiO2 surface, the small Ni clusters are more chem. active because a greater fraction of DMMP decomps. at room temp., and the total amt. of DMMP decompn. is also higher on the small Ni clusters. Although DMMP decomps. on TiO2 to produce gaseous Me radicals, methane, and H2, the activity of the substrate surface itself appears to be quenched in the presence of the Ni clusters and films. However, the TiO2 support plays a significant role in providing a source of oxygen for the recombination of at. carbon on Ni to form CO, which desorbs above 800 K. Bibliographic Information Reductive Destruction of Chemical Warfare Agent Simulants in Water. Kiddle, James J.; Mezyk, Stephen P. Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA. Journal of Physical Chemistry B (2004), 108(28), 9568-9570. CODEN: JPCBFK ISSN: 1520-6106. Journal written in English. CAN 141:194628 AN 2004:479880 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The efficient detection, decontamination, and destruction of chem. warfare (CW) agents remain an active area of scientific research. Rate consts. for the reaction of substituted di-Et phosphates and phosphonates with the hydroxyl radical and hydrated electron have been measured in water to elucidate the primary destruction pathway for the CW agents Tabun (GA),

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Sarin (GB), Soman (GD), and VX with these two species. The measured kinetics for simulants with leaving groups that more closely mimic these actual CW agents predict that reductive destruction will be the most efficient mechanism, and that nontoxic simulants such as alkyl phosphonates undergo different redox chem. Bibliographic Information Detect-to-warn cell based sensing technology: Chemical sensing of multiple agents in a cascade. Zhang, Xuan; Yang, Mo; Kohr, Bonnie; Morgan, Andre; Ozkan, Cengiz S. Mechanical Engineering Department, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (2004), EXS-1(Architecture and Application of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Materials), 187-195. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 141:119751 AN 2004:469459 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Techniques to develop highly sensitive biosensors are largely dependent upon the properties of the material and its assocd. interactions. A novel challenge is the development of effective biosensors based on fundamental research in biotechnol., genetics and information technol., which will change the existing axiom of "detect -to-treat" to "detect -to-warn". Current biosensor technologies encompass antibody-antigen interactions, hormone-receptor interactions, and nucleic acid based assays. These sensors are useful in narrow band applications requiring high specificity for agent identification. Mammalian cells have excitable cell membranes that function as novel sensing platforms by producing a variation in the extracellular potential based on the chem. stimulus. Here we report a method of developing single cell based sensors by integrating the biol. tool of dielectrophoresis with the micro fabrication technol. We display its ability to detect a large no. of chem. agents, reject false alarms, characterize the chem. agent functionality and det. the assocd. sensitivity limit, and the physiol. response in terms of the calcium transients for each specific chem. agent that produces synergistic effects on humans. We finally demonstrate the capability of a single cell based sensor to identify general chem. agents in cascade. Bibliographic Information Preparation, Derivatization with Trimethylsilyldiazomethane, and GC/MS Analysis of a "Pool" of Alkyl Methylphosphonic Acids for Use as Qualitative Standards in Support of Counterterrorism and the Chemical Weapons Convention. Crenshaw, Michael D.; Cummings, David B. Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, USA. Phosphorus, Sulfur and Silicon and the Related Elements (2004), 179(6), 1009-1018. CODEN: PSSLEC ISSN: 1042-6507. Journal written in English. CAN 141:225604 AN 2004:460857 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract There are hundreds of nerve agents in the class of alkyl methylphosphonofluoridates covered by Schedule 1 of the CWC (Chem. Weapons Convention). Hydrolysis of these sarin-like nerve agents results in an equal no. of alkyl methylphosphonic acids. These alkyl methylphosphonic acids are persistent and provide good evidence of specific agent prodn. or use. To support the CWC and counterterrorism activities, it is desirable to have ready access to each of these hydrolysis products for use as qual. stds. A means for simultaneously producing multiple alkyl methylphosphonates from methylphosphonic acid, phenylarsonic acid and the corresponding alcs. was developed. Derivatization of these alkyl methylphosphonic acids with trimethylsilyldiazomethane yields the corresponding Me esters which are suitable for GC/MS anal. Bibliographic Information MBE grown AlN films on SiC for piezoelectric MEMS sensors. Doppalapudi, Dharanipal; Mlcak, Richard; Chan, Jeffrey; Tuller, Harry; Bhattacharya, Anirban; Moustakas, Theodore. Boston MicroSystems Inc., Woburn, MA, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (2004), 798(GaN and Related Alloys--2003), 403-408. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 141:132159 AN 2004:423724 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Miniaturized piezoelec. sensors based on Microelectromech. Systems (MEMS) offer the advantages of reduced size, reduced power consumption, increased sensitivity coupled with the ability to form compact multi-sensor arrays. Fabrication of such sensors from single crystal materials further insure more highly reproducible and stable devices with improved performance. The authors describe the integration of MBE grown AlN films onto photoelectrochem. machined SiC microcantilevers and membranes. AlN exhibits excellent piezoelec. properties, including an electromech. coupling coeff. of 0.088 and a high inplane acoustic velocity (.apprx.5700 m/s) as well as excellent thermal-mech. compatibility with SiC. The fabrication of AlN-SiCbased microresonators and flexural plate wave devices, and their application to chem., biol. and fluid sensing, are reported. Bibliographic Information Biochemical changes in mouse lung after subcutaneous injection of the sulfur mustard 2-chloroethyl 4-chlorobutyl sulfide. Elsayed, Nabil M.; Omaye, Stanley T. Hurley Consulting Associates, Department of Scientific Affairs, Chatham, NJ, USA. Toxicology (2004), 199(2-3), 195-206. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 141:237904 AN 2004:404473 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (HD) is a vesicant-type chem. warfare agent (CWA) introduced in World War I which continues to be produced, stockpiled, and occasionally deployed by some countries, and could be used potentially by terrorists. Exposure to HD can cause erythema, blisters, corneal opacity, and airway damage. The authors have reported previously that s.c. (SC) injection of immunodeficient athymic nude mice with the half mustard Bu 2-chloroethyl sulfide (BCS) causes systemic biochem. changes in several organs distal to the exposure site. In the present study, the authors examd. the response of nonimmunodeficient Swiss Webster mice to the mustard, 2-chloroethyl 4-chlorobutyl sulfide (CECBS). In a pilot study, a single SC injection of 20-25 L/mouse caused death within 24 h. Consequently, the authors used 5 L/mouse (.apprx.0.017 mg/kg body wt.) of neat CECBS or an equal vol. of saline as control. The authors examd. lungs after 1, 24, and 48 h for biochem. changes including total and oxidized glutathione, protein, DNA, and lipid peroxidn. contents in tissue homogenate, and superoxide dismutase, catalase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glutathione S-transferases activities in the cytosol. After 1 and(or) 24 h, significant changes were found that were resolved by 48 h. These changes mimicked those of HD and BCS and were generally consistent with free radical-mediated oxidative stress. The implications of these observations are 2-fold. First, dermal exposure to low-dose mustard gas could elicit systemic changes impacting distal organs such as the lungs. It also suggests that antioxidants could potentially modulate the response and reduce the damage. Second, although the use of known CWAs such as HD is prohibited, analogs that are not recognized as agents are as toxic and could be dangerous if acquired and used by potential terrorists. Bibliographic Information A thermo-chemical surface treatment of AlN powder for the aqueous processing of AlN ceramics. Olhero, S. M.; Novak, S.;

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Oliveira, M.; Krnel, K.; Kosmac, T.; Ferreira, J. M. F. Department of Ceramics and Glass Engineering, CICECO, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Port. Journal of Materials Research (2004), 19(3), 746-751. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 141:41662 AN 2004:346050 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Dense aluminum nitride ceramics were prepd. by sintering green bodies at 1750 C for 2 h. These green bodies were prepd. by aq. slip-casting from a powder that was surface-treated to prevent hydrolysis. The surface treatment of the aluminum nitride (AlN) powder consisted of dispersing the powder in warm-water solns. of aluminum dihydrogenphosphate Al(H2PO4)3. Different treatment temps. in the range 30-80 C were tested. For all the tested temps., the surface-treated AlN powder was found to be water-resistant, even after drying and/or redispersion. Various com. dispersants were tested for their effectiveness, and the amt. of dispersant was optimized in terms of a high solids loading of the suspension and an acceptable viscosity for slip casting. Based on these studies, a stable aq. suspension of AlN powder, treated at 60 C, with a total solids loading of 50 vol%, was prepd. using CaF2 as a sintering additive. The well-dispersed powder made it possible to prep. green samples with close particle packing and relatively high sintered densities, i.e., >96%. Bibliographic Information Progress in developing nerve agent sensors using combinatorial techniques. DiCesare, John C.; Parker, Jennifer; Horne, Starr N.; Kita, Justin; Earni, Raghu; Peeples, Christopher. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (2004), Volume Date 2003, 787(Molecularly Imprinted Materials--2003), 17-22. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 141:201377 AN 2004:280892 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Development of a sensor capable of selective detection of specific nerve agents is imperative in today's atm. of terrorism. The sensor needs to be inexpensive, portable, reliable, absent of false positives and available to all military and first responders. By utilizing the techniques of mol. imprinting, combinatorial chem., silica sol-gel synthesis and lanthanide luminescence, a sensor for the detection of the hydrolysis product of the nerve agent soman is being developed. There are many parameters that require investigation in order for the sensor to become a reality. These parameters include (1) the selection of a chelate that can bind to the lanthanide and anchor the nerve agent simulant during the formation of the molecularly imprinted polymer, (2) the detn. of the environment best suited for this complex formation, (3) the formation, as well as modification of the silica sol-gel for mol. imprinting to take place, and (4) the proper quantity and ratios of monomers used to create the three dimensional imprint. Key to the success of optimizing these parameters is the development of a combinatorial assay that allows for the synthesis and testing of tens of thousands of combinations of parameters. Work on the development of the combinatorial assay has lead to a method of prepg. thin film polymers capable of analyzing the presence of nerve agent simulants. Current work is underway to validate the combinatorial assay and to synthesize and evaluate a library of sensor materials selective for nerve agents. Bibliographic Information Synthesis and adsorption properties of intimately intermingled mixed metal oxide nanoparticles. Medine, Gavin M.; Zaikovskii, Vladimir; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA. Journal of Materials Chemistry (2004), 14(4), 757-763. CODEN: JMACEP ISSN: 0959-9428. Journal written in English. CAN 140:359698 AN 2004:131545 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A series of intimately intermingled mixed metal oxide nanoparticles were prepd. via a modified aerogel procedure (MAP). These mixed oxides were composed of alk. earth oxides and aluminas. It was found that the surface area and reactivity of these materials decreased on going from magnesium to barium in these intimately intermingled metal oxides. The samples were analyzed by HRTEM and the images obtained illustrate the degree of mixing throughout each of the intermingled mixed metal oxides. As well as synthesizing and characterizing these samples, standardized adsorption tests were also carried out and compared to those of individual metal oxide nanoparticles and phys. mixts. of metal oxide nanoparticles. The following tests have been shown to be effective in detg. the adsorption properties of metal oxide nanoparticles: (i) destructive adsorption of paraoxon (a surrogate of the chem. warfare nerve agent, VX) and (ii) the adsorption of acid gases. The data clearly show enhanced kinetics and capacities for the intermingled AP-MgAl2O4 and indeed, the data suggest that surface reactivities can be tailored by the aerogel mixing process. Bibliographic Information Examination of changes in connective tissue macromolecular components of large white pig skin following application of Lewisite vapour. Lindsay, Christopher D.; Hambrook, Joy L.; Brown, Roger F. R.; Platt, Jan C.; Knight, Robert; Rice, Paul. Biomedical Sciences Department, Salisbury, UK. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2004), 24(1), 37-46. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 140:316407 AN 2004:99102 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The aim of this study was to provide information about the degradative processes that occur in major connective tissue components in skin following exposure of large white pigs to Lewisite vapor. Of particular interest were alterations in glycoproteins, which are known to mediate dermo-epidermal attachment (laminin and type IV collagen) and the main collagen found in the dermis (type III collagen). The immunostaining of transfer blots from skin exts. run on SDS-PAGE gels revealed no evidence of crosslinking of laminin or of type III or IV collagen. However, there was evidence of a very considerable degrdn. of laminin and, to a lesser extent, of type IV collagen. Type III collagen did not appear to be degraded in skin exposed to Lewisite. These degradative processes appeared to be more severe than found in previous studies in Yucatan mini-pigs percutaneously exposed to sulfur mustard, in which only laminin was found to undergo partial cleavage rather than wholesale degrdn. The results suggest that damage to macromol. components in the sub-epidermal basement membrane in skin which mediate dermo-epidermal sepn. processes may be a common feature in the mechanism of action of vesicating agents such as Lewisite and sulfur mustard. It is of interest that the damage to laminin in this study appeared to be more severe than that previously found for sulfur mustard. This suggests that skin can suffer substantial damage yet, in the case of Lewisite exposure, recover relatively quickly. However, Lewisite is not an alkylating agent. Sulfur mustard, in contrast, generates characteristically slow healing lesions, most probably because of its ability to alkylate cell types that normally would be involved in skin regenerative processes. Bibliographic Information In vitro-in vivo extrapolation: estimation of human serum concentrations of chemicals equivalent to cytotoxic concentrations in vitro. [Erratum to document cited in CA139:346894]. Gulden, Michael; Seibert, Hasso. Institut fur Experimentelle Toxikologie, Universitatsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany. Toxicology (2003), 192(2-3), 265. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X.

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Journal written in English. CAN 141:152304 AN 2003:826065 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Equation (6) should read: EC50 = ECu50

(1 + KOW

V'L, in vitro) + Cbin vitro. The cor. version of Table 2 is given.

Bibliographic Information Solid-Phase Synthesis of Some Alkyl Hydrogen Methylphosphonates. Barucki, Hubert; Black, Robin M.; Kinnear, Kenneth I.; Holden, Ian; Read, Robert W.; Timperley, Christopher M. Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Wiltshire, UK. Phosphorus, Sulfur and Silicon and the Related Elements (2003), 178(10), 2279-2286. CODEN: PSSLEC ISSN: 1042-6507. Journal written in English. CAN 141:23606 AN 2003:764571 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Eleven alkyl H methylphosphonates of structure RO(HO)P(O)Me (R = Me, Et, Pr, i-Pr, Bu, hexyl, octyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, and Me3CCH(Me)) were made by phosphoramidite chem. on hydroxymethyl polystyrene resin with yields 30%. MeP(NiPr2)Cl was attached to hydroxymethyl polystyrene using Et3N in CH2Cl2 to give MeP(NiPr2)OCH2-bound polystyrene, which was reacted with various alcs. in MeCN in the presence of tetrazole followed by oxidn. using tBuO2H in toluene; the final product was cleaved from MeP(O)(OR)OCH2-bound resin using CF3CO2H. NCCH2CH2OP(OR)O2H (R = Et iPr) were also prepd. via solid-phase synthesis. Bibliographic Information Effects of sulfur mustard on transcription in human epidermal keratinocytes: Analysis by mRNA differential display. Platteborze, Peter L. Pharmacology Division, USAMRICD, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2003), 23(4), 249-254. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 139:360142 AN 2003:619968 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract This study examines the transcriptional response of human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK) to sulfur mustard (HD) in order to gain a better understanding of the intracellular events that result in cytotoxicity. Differential display polymerase chain reaction technol. was used to examine the relative transcriptional activity of healthy cells to those exposed to subvesicating or vesicating concns. of HD for 4 h. Approx. 2% of the HEK transcriptome had altered expression. Sixty of the most prominently altered transcripts were characterized. Important upregulated genes include NADH dehydrogenase III, GADD45 and ubiquitin. Key downregulated genes include type I keratin 14, -enolase and caltractin. Many of the identified transcripts protein products presently do not have an assigned function and eleven transcripts were unidentifiable. These transcriptional alterations provide one of the first mol. insights into the intracellular events induced by HD. Bibliographic Information Degradation of VX and sulfur mustard by enzymatic haloperoxidation. Amitai, G.; Adani, R.; Hershkovitz, M.; Bel, P.; Rabinovitz, I.; Meshulam, H. Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2003), 23(4), 225-233. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 140:72285 AN 2003:619965 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chloroperoxidase (CPO) isolated from Caldariomyces fumago (20 U ml-1) together with urea hydrogenperoxide (UPER, 0.5 mM) and sodium chloride as co-substrate (NaCl, 0.5 M) caused rapid breakdown of VX (10 M) (t1/2=8 s, 25 , 50 mM tartarate, pH 2.75). Glucose oxidase (GOX, Aspergillus niger) and glucose were used as an alternative source for H2O2. A mixt. of GOX (20 U ml-1), glucose (GLU 0.45 M), CPO (20 U ml-1) and NaCl (0.5 M) caused a 3.8-fold slower degrdn. of VX (10 M) (t1/2=30 s, 25 , 50 mM tartarate, pH 2.75). The concns. of H2O2 and chlorine produced by this enzyme/substrate mixt. depended mainly on the GLU concn. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) together with UPER (1 mM) and sodium iodide (NaI, 0.05 M) caused progressive degrdn. of VX that was more than 400-fold slower than with CPO (20 U ml-1), UPER (0.5 mM) and NaCl (0.5 M) (t1/2=55 min, 25 , pH 8). Skin decontamination of VX by CPO was tested in pig-ear skin in vitro. The chem. agent VX (0.01 M, 100 l) was degraded by 98% within 3 h of skin diffusion when a mixt. of UPER/NaCl/CPO was applied 60 min prior to VX application. A mixt. of UPER/NaCl without CPO also caused significant VX degrdn. (94%) during skin diffusion whereas it did not cause any VX degrdn. in soln. Degrdn. of VX in skin, obtained without exogenous CPO, may indicate involvement of endogenous intradermal haloperoxidase-like enzyme. Reagent UPER (1 mM) did not cause any degrdn. of VX in soln. or during its skin diffusion. Furthermore, a mixt. of CPO, UPER and NaCl caused rapid degrdn. of sulfur mustard (HD). Sulfur mustard (50 M) incubated in the presence of CPO (4 U ml-1), UPER (0.05 M) and NaCl (0.5 M) at pH 2.75 and 30 was oxidized by 97% and 99% within 5 and 10 min, resp. The oxidn. products HD sulfoxide, HD sulfone and HD sulfoxidevinyl were identified by GC/MS in the enzymic chloroperoxidn. mixt. Bibliographic Information Analysis of Chemical Neutralization Products of Phosphonothiolates by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. Gupta, A. K.; Palit, M.; Dubey, D. K.; Raza, S. K. Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. Phosphorus, Sulfur and Silicon and the Related Elements (2003), 178(8), 1631-1637. CODEN: PSSLEC ISSN: 1042-6507. Journal written in English. CAN 140:303747 AN 2003:603631 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A series of phosphonothioates, including the highly toxic O-Ethyl-S-(2-diisopropylamino) Et methylphosphonothioate (VX), were subjected to chem. neutralization reaction with metallic sodium; the reaction products were identified by GC/MS. The phosphonothioates decomp. to their resp. phosphonic and phosphonothioic acids and this results in the detoxification of VX. Phosphonodithioates R1PO(SR2)2 (2-8; R1 = Me, Et, n-Pr, iPr; R2 = Bu, n-Pr) were reacted with metallic sodium, giving disulfides R2SSR2 and R1PS(OH)2. Trithioate MePS(SPr)2 (9) upon reaction with Na gave polysulfides R2SSR2, R2SSSR2 and R2SSSSR2 (R2 = n-Pr); MePO(OH)2 and MePS(OH)2. All obtained acids were analyzed by GC/MS in the form of their trimethylsilyl esters. GC/MS technique in both EI and CI mode was applied for reaction monitoring and final identification of the neutralization products formed in this reaction. Bibliographic Information Kinetics of Spontaneous Hydrolysis of O-(2,2-Dimethylcyclopentyl)-methylfluorophosphonate and of Hydrolysis During Constant pH Value of the Reaction Medium. Cekovic, Boban; Jovanovic, Bratislav; Lukovic, Zoran. Military Technical Institute, Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Phosphorus, Sulfur and Silicon and the Related Elements (2003), 178(7), 1521-1540. CODEN: PSSLEC ISSN: 10426507. Journal written in English. CAN 140:253619 AN 2003:524831 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Abstract Kinetics of hydrolysis of O-(2,2-dimethylcyclopentyl)-methylfluorophosphonate (1) in dil. aq. soln. was investigated. Rates of hydrolysis of O-(2,2-dimethylcyclopentyl)-methylfluorophosphonate were measured as a function of pH in the range from 3 to 9 in temp. range from 25 to 40 . Spontaneous hydrolysis was also studied without monitoring of the pH-value. Rate consts. and activation parameters of the hydrolysis were obtained. The lowest hydrolysis rates for 1 were obtained at pH range 4-6, the reaction was several times faster at pH 3.0 and more than ten times faster at pH 9.0. For dild. solns. the spontaneous hydrolysis had half-life time (t1/2) about 2.8 days at 25 , the reaction may be accelerated in more concd. solns. due to proton autocatalysis. Obtained data can be used in processes of degrdn. and detoxification of highly toxic warfare-type compds. Bibliographic Information Enhanced Degradation of Chemical Warfare Agents through Molecular Engineering of the Phosphotriesterase Active Site. Hill, Craig M.; Li, Wen-Shan; Thoden, James B.; Holden, Hazel M.; Raushel, Frank M. Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA. Journal of the American Chemical Society (2003), 125(30), 8990-8991. CODEN: JACSAT ISSN: 0002-7863. Journal written in English. CAN 139:208973 AN 2003:516949 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The bacterial phosphotriesterase has been utilized as a template for the evolution of improved enzymes for the catalytic decompn. of organophosphate nerve agents. A combinatorial library of active site mutants was constructed by randomizing residues His-254, His-257, and Leu-303. The collection of mutant proteins was screened for the ability to hydrolyze a chromogenic analog of the most toxic stereoisomer of the chem. warfare agent, soman. The mutant H254G/H257W/L303T catalyzed the hydrolysis of the target substrate nearly 3 orders of magnitude faster than the wild-type enzyme. The x-ray crystal structure was solved in the presence and absence of diisopropyl Me phosphonate. The mutant enzyme was ligated to an addnl. divalent cation at the active site that was displaced upon the binding of the substrate analog inhibitor. These studies demonstrate that substantial changes in substrate specificity can be achieved by relatively minor changes to the primary amino acid sequence. Bibliographic Information In vitro-in vivo extrapolation: estimation of human serum concentrations of chemicals equivalent to cytotoxic concentrations in vitro. Gulden, Michael; Seibert, Hasso. Institut fur Experimentelle Toxikologie, Universitatsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany. Toxicology (2003), 189(3), 211-222. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 139:346894 AN 2003:484566 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract In the present study an extrapolation model for estg. serum concns. of chems. equiv. to in vitro effective concns. is developed and applied to median cytotoxic concns. (EC50) detd. in vitro. Nominal concns. of a chem. in serum and in vitro are regarded as equiv., if they result in the same aq. concn. of the unbound form. The algorithm used is based on equil. distribution and requires albumin binding data, the octanol-water partition coeff. (Kow), and the albumin concns. and lipid vol. fractions in vitro and in serum. The chems. studied cover wide ranges of cytotoxic potency (EC50: 2.5-530 000 M) and lipophilicity (log Kow: 5 to 7). Their albumin binding characteristics were detd. by an in vitro cytotoxicity test as described previously. The equivalent serum concns. of 19 of the 33 compds. investigated, having high protein binding and/or lipophilicity, were substantially higher than the EC50-values, by factors of 2.5-58. Prominent deviations between the equiv. nominal concns. in serum and in vitro were largely restricted to chems. with higher cytotoxic potency (EC50 1000 M). The results suggest that ests. of equiv. serum concns. based on in vitro data are robust for chems. with low lipophilicity (log Kow 2) and low potency (EC50>1000 M). With more potent chems. or those with higher lipophilicity partitioning into lipids and/or binding to serum proteins have to be taken into account when estg. in vivo serum concns. equiv. to in vitro effective concns. Bibliographic Information Putative role of proteolysis and inflammatory response in the toxicity of nerve and blister chemical warfare agents: Implications for multi-threat medical countermeasures. Cowan, F. M.; Broomfield, C. A.; Lenz, D. E.; Smith, W. J. US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2003), 23(3), 177-186. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 139:241394 AN 2003:447085 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review. Despite the contrasts in chem. and toxicity, for blister and nerve chem. warfare agents there may be some analogous proteolytic and inflammatory mediators and pathol. pathways that can be pharmacol. targets for a single-drug multi-threat medical countermeasure. The dermal-epidermal sepn. caused by proteases and bullous diseases compared with that obsd. following exposure to the blister agent sulfur mustard (2,2'-dichlorodiethyl sulfide) has fostered the hypothesis that sulfur mustard vesication involves proteolysis and inflammation. In conjunction with the paramount toxicol. event of cholinergic crisis that causes acute toxicity and ppts. neuronal degeneration, both anaphylactoid reactions and pathol. proteolytic activity have been reported in nerve-agent-intoxicated animals. Two classes of drugs already have demonstrated multi-threat activity for both nerve and blister agents. Serine protease inhibitors can prolong the survival of animals intoxicated with the nerve agent soman and can also protect against vesication caused by the blister agent sulfur mustard. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors can reduce both soman-induced neuronal degeneration and sulfur-mustard-induced epidermal necrosis. Protease and PARP inhibitors, like many of the other countermeasures for blister and nerve agents, have potent primary or secondary anti-inflammatory pharmacol. Accordingly, we hypothesize that drugs with anti-inflammatory actions against either nerve or blister agent might also display multithreat efficacy for the inflammatory pathogenesis of both classes of chem. warfare agent. Bibliographic Information Comparative efficacy of diazepam and avizafone against sarin-induced neuropathology and respiratory failure in guinea pigs: Influence of atropine dose. Taysse, L.; Calvet, J.-H.; Buee, J.; Christin, D.; Delamanche, S.; Breton, P. Defense Research Centre, Centre d'Etudes du Bouchet, Vert-Le-Petit, Fr. Toxicology (2003), 188(2-3), 197-209. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300483X. Journal written in English. CAN 139:346870 AN 2003:415467 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract This investigation compared the efficacy of diazepam and the water-sol. prodiazepam-avizafone-in sarin poisoning therapy. Guinea pigs, pretreated with pyridostigmine 0.1 mg/kg, were intoxicated with 4LD50 of sarin (s.c. route) and 1 min after intoxication treated by i.m. injection of atropine (3 or 33.8 mg/kg), pralidoxime (32 mg/kg) and either diazepam (2 mg/kg)

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or avizafone (3.5 mg/kg). EEG and pneumo-physiol. parameters were simultaneously recorded. When atropine was administered at a dose of 3 mg/kg, seizures were obsd. in 87.5% of the cases; if an anticonvulsant was added (diazepam (2 mg/kg) or avizafone (3.5 mg/kg)), seizure was prevented but respiratory disorders were obsd. At 33.8 mg/kg, atropine markedly increased the seizure threshold and prevented early respiratory distress induced by sarin. When diazepam was administered together with atropine, seizures were not obsd. but 62.5% of the animals displayed respiratory difficulties. These symptoms were not obsd. when using avizafone. The pharmacokinetic data showed marked variation of the plasma levels of atropine and diazepam in different antidote combination groups, where groups receiving diazepam exhibited the lowest concn. of atropine in plasma. Taken together, the results indicate that avizafone is suitable in therapy against sarin when an anticonvulsant is judged necessary. Bibliographic Information Low-level sarin-induced alteration of immune system reaction in inbred BALB/c mice. Kassa, Jiri; Krocova, Z.; Sevelova, L.; Sheshko, V.; Kasalova, I.; Neubauerova, V. Department of Toxicology, Purkyne Military Medical Academy, Hradec Kralove, Czech Rep. Toxicology (2003), 187(2-3), 195-203. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 139:241449 AN 2003:289956 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract To study the influence of low-level sarin inhalation exposure on immune functions, inbred BALB/c mice were exposed to low concns. of sarin for 60 min in the inhalation chamber. Two concns. of sarin were chosen-asymptomatic concn. (LEVEL 1) and non-convulsive symptomatic concn. (LEVEL 2). The evaluation of immune functions was carried out using phenotyping of CD3 (T-lymphocytes), CD4 (helper T-lymphocytes), CD8 (cytotoxic T-lymphocytes) and CD19 cells (B-lymphocytes) in the lungs, blood and spleen, lymphoproliferation of spleen cells stimulated in vitro by various mitogens (Con A, lipopolysaccharides), phagocyte activity of peritoneal and alveolar macrophages, prodn. of N-oxides by peritoneal macrophages and the measurement of the natural killer cell activity at 1 wk following sarin exposure. The results were compared to the values obtained from control mice exposed to pure air instead of sarin. The results indicate that not only symptomatic but also asymptomatic dose of sarin is able to alter the reaction of immune system at 1 wk following exposure to sarin. While the no. of CD3 cells in the lungs was slightly decreased, an increase in CD19 cells was obsd. esp. in the lungs and blood. The reduced proportion of T-lymphocytes is caused by decay of CD4 pos. T-cells. Lymphoproliferation was significantly decreased regardless of the mitogen and sarin concn. used. The prodn. of N-oxides by peritoneal macrophages was stimulated after exposure to LEVEL 2 of sarin, whereas their ability to phagocyte the microbes was increased after exposure to LEVEL 1. The natural killer cell activity was significantly higher in the case of inhalation exposure of mice to LEVEL 2 of sarin. Thus, not only organophosphorus insecticides but also nerve agents such as sarin are able to alter immune functions even at a dose that does not cause clin. manifested intoxication following the inhalation exposure. Nevertheless, the alteration of immune functions following the inhalation exposure to a symptomatic concn. of sarin seems to be more pronounced. Bibliographic Information Development of a sensor for the hydrolysis product of the nerve agent soman utilizing molecular imprinting and silica sol-gel techniques. Parker, Jennifer L.; Horne, Starr N.; Kita, Justin M.; Peeples, Christopher J.; DiCesare, John C. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA. Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering (2003), 88 328329. CODEN: PMSEDG ISSN: 1550-6703. Journal; Computer Optical Disk written in English. CAN 139:48357 AN 2003:222702 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Preliminary findings were presented leading to the development of a pinacolylmethylphosphonate (PMP, the hydrolysis product of the nerve agent soman) sensor, utilizing silica sol-gel techniques, mol. imprinting, and lanthanide luminescence. Bibliographic Information Fluorescent Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents: Functional Group Specific Ratiometric Chemosensors. Zhang, Shi-Wei; Swager, Timothy M. Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. Journal of the American Chemical Society (2003), 125(12), 3420-3421. CODEN: JACSAT ISSN: 0002-7863. Journal written in English. CAN 138:332984 AN 2003:159757 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Indicators providing highly sensitive and functional group specific fluorescent response to diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP, a nerve gas (G-agent) simulant) are reported. Nonemissive phenylpyridyl indicator reacts with DFP to give a cyclized compd. that shows a high emission due to its highly planar and rigid structure. Very weak emission was obsd. by the addn. of HCl. Another indicator based on pyridyl naphthalene exhibits a large shift in its emission spectrum after reaction with DFP, which provides for quant. ratiometric detection. Bibliographic Information Nerve Agents Detection Using a Cu2+/L-Cysteine Bilayer-Coated Microcantilever. Yang, Yuming; Ji, Hai-Feng; Thundat, Thomas. Department of Chemistry Institute for Micromanufacturing, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, USA. Journal of the American Chemical Society (2003), 125(5), 1124-1125. CODEN: JACSAT ISSN: 0002-7863. Journal written in English. CAN 138:51039 AN 2003:24843 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A Cu2+/L-Cys bilayer-coated microcantilever undergoes bending upon exposure to di-Me Me phosphonate at concn. as low as 10-15 M due to the complexation of a phosphonyl group with the Cu2+/L-cysteine bilayer on the microcantilever surface. Bibliographic Information Neuroprotective efficacy of pharmacological pretreatment and antidotal treatment in tabun-poisoned rats. Krejcova, G.; Kassa, J. Purkyne Military Medical Academy, Hradec Kralove, Czech Rep. Toxicology (2003), 185(1-2), 129-139. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 139:2191 AN 2002:970172 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract To study the influence of pharmacol. pretreatment (PANPAL) and antidotal treatment (obidoxime plus atropine) on tabuninduced neurotoxicity, male albino rats were poisoned with a LD of tabun (280 g/kg i.m.; 100% of LD50 value) and obsd. at 24 h and 7 days following tabun challenge. The neurotoxicity of tabun was evaluated using a functional observational battery (FOB) and an automatic measurement of motor activity. Pharmacol. pretreatment as well as antidotal treatment were able to

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eliminate most of tabun-induced neurotoxic effects obsd. at 24 h following tabun poisoning. However, there was not significant difference between the efficacy of PANPAL and antidotal treatment to eliminate tabun-induced neurotoxicity in rats. The combination of PANPAL pretreatment and antidotal treatment seems to be slightly more effective in the elimination of tabuninduced neurotoxicity in rats at 24 h following tabun challenge in comparison with the administration of PANPAL pretreatment or antidotal treatment alone. At 7 days following tabun poisoning, very few neurotoxic signs in tabun-poisoned rats were obsd. regardless of administration of pharmacol. pretreatment or antidotal treatment. Thus, our findings confirm that the combination of pharmacol. pretreatment and antidotal treatment is not only able to protect the exptl. animals from the lethal effects of tabun but also to eliminate most of tabun-induced signs of neurotoxicity in tabun-poisoned rats. Bibliographic Information Pyridostigmine bromide modulates topical irritant-induced cytokine release from human epidermal keratinocytes and isolated perfused porcine skin. Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy A.; Baynes, Ronald E.; Riviere, Jim E. Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics (CCTRP), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA. Toxicology (2003), 183(1-3), 15-28. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 138:364009 AN 2002:970031 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Gulf War personnel were given pyridostigmine bromide (PB) as a prophylactic treatment against organophosphate nerve agent exposure, and were exposed to the insecticide permethrin and the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of PB to modulate release of inflammatory biomarkers after topical chem. exposure to chem. mixts. contg. permethrin and DEET applied in ethanol or water vehicles. Treatments were topically applied to isolated perfused porcine skin flaps (IPPSFs). Concns. of interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor- (TNF- ) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were assayed in perfusate to probe for potential inflammatory effects after complex mixt. application. IPPSFs (n=4/treatment) were topically dosed with mixts. of permethrin, DEET, and permethrin/DEET, in EtOH. Each treatment was repeated with perfusate spiked with 50 ng/mL of PB. Perfusate was also spiked with 30 ng/mL diisopropylfluorophosphate to simulate low level organophosphate nerve agent exposure. Timed IPPSF venous effluent samples (0.5,1,2,4, and 8 h) were assayed by ELISA for IL-8 and TNF- and by EIA for PGE2. Overall, PB infusion caused a decrease or IL-8 and PGE2 release. Effects on TNF- were vehicle dependent. To probe the potential mechanism of this PB effect, human epidermal keratinocyte HEK cell cultures were exposed to permethrin DEET permethrin/DEET, with and without PB in DMSO. IL-8 was assayed at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h. PB suppressed IL-8 in permethrin and EtOH treatment from 4 to 24 h confirming the IPPSF results. In conclusion, these studies suggest that systemic exposure to PB suppressed IL-8 release at multiple time points in 2 skin model systems. This interaction merits further study. Bibliographic Information The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of two HI-6 salts in swine and efficacy in the treatment of GF and soman poisoning. Lundy Paul M; Hill Ira; Lecavalier Pierre; Hamilton Murray G; Vair Cory; Davidson Corey; Weatherby Kendal L; Berger Bradley J Chemical Biological Defence Section, Defence Research and Development Canada-Suffield, Box 4000, Medicine Hat Alberta, Alta., Canada T1A 8K6. [email protected] Toxicology (2005 Mar 30), 208(3), 399-409. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 15695025 AN 2005067571 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Anesthetized pigs were injected i.m. with 500 mg HI-6 dichloride (HI-6 2Cl) (1-[[[4-(aminocarbonyl)pyridinio]methoxy]methyl]-2[(hydroxyimino)methyl]pyridinium dichloride; CAS 34433-31-3)) or the molar equivalent of HI-6 dimethanesulphonate (HI-6 DMS) 633 mg. Plasma HI-6 concentrations were measured by HPLC (1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60 min and every 30 min until 4h or 6h following the i.v. or i.m. dose respectively) while a variety of physiological responses were continuously examined. HI-6 (500 mg 2Cl or 633 mg DMS) resulted in an identical pharmacokinetic profile unaffected by atropine co-administration. Neither HI-6 salt resulted in clinically significant changes in cardiovascular or respiratory function. HI-6 DMS (1899 mg i.v.) resulted in plasma HI-6 concentrations about 10 times higher than measured following i.m. 500 mg 2Cl or 633 mg DMS and resulted in small transitory effect on mean arterial pressure. Atropine plus HI-6 DMS (1-9 mg/kg or 127-172 mg/kg i.m.) protected up to 100% of guinea pigs exposed to 5 x LD50 of GF (cyclohexyl methyl phosphonoflouridate) or soman (pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate) (GD) respectively. The results suggest that the two HI6 salts have a similar pharmacokinetic profile while HI-6 DMS appears extremely safe and effective against nerve agents and may be as suitable for human use. Bibliographic Information Inhalation toxicity in mice exposed to sarin (GB) for 20-720 min. Bide R W; Risk D J Defence R&D Canada--Suffield, Box 4000, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada T1A 8K6. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2004 NovDec), 24(6), 459-67. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 15558652 AN 2004610605 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Most of the historical data for the toxicity of sarin (GB) was collected for exposure times of <10 min in attempts to establish the utility of and defence against this agent in offensive military use. However, information concerning the toxicity of GB (and other nerve agents) from longer exposures of 1-12 h is critical for all personnel who must work in or close to low-level concentrations of chemical for extended periods and for all personnel, dressed in Individual Protective Equipment, who need to know when, and if, it is safe to take off these cumbersome garments.The data presented for the toxicity of GB to mice for whole-body exposures of 20 min to 12 h are intended to form part of an ongoing, multi-species effort aimed at establishing toxicity estimates for humans for these longer exposure times: LCT50 values of 430, 540, 900, 1210 and 2210 mg.min m(-3) or LC50 values of 21.5, 9.0, 5.0, 3.4 and 3.1 mg m(-3) were obtained for mice for 20-, 60-, 180-, 360- and 720-min exposures to GB, respectively. The data for longer exposures do not follow Haber's rule (LCT50=CT). The 20- and 60-min data fit the 'toxic load model' involving CnT that was established previously from historical data for 0.17-30 min GB exposures to mice. The LCT(50) and LC50 values for 3, 6 and 12 h are progressively higher (toxicity lower) than predicted by either Haber's rule or the toxic load model. Bibliographic Information Low levels of sarin affect the EEG in marmoset monkeys: a pilot study. van Helden Herman P M; Vanwersch Raymond A P; Kuijpers Willem C; Trap Henk C; Philippens Ingrid H C; Benschop Hendrik P Department of Medical Countermeasures. TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory, PO Box 45, 2280 AA Rijswijk, The Netherlands. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2004 Nov-Dec), 24(6), 475-83. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 15558834 AN 2004598850 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The main purpose of this pilot study was to estimate the lowest observable adverse effect level (LOAEL) for the electroencephalogram (EEG) upon long-term, low-level exposure of vehicle-pretreated and pyridostigmine-pretreated marmoset monkeys to sarin vapour. This is the C.t value (t=5 h) of exposure at which the EEG becomes significantly different from that resulting from air exposure of the same animals. The LOAELs for effects on the EEG in vehicle- and pyridostigminepretreated marmosets appeared to be 0.2 and 0.1 mg min m(-3), respectively. Comparatively, the latter LOAEL values are at least an order of magnitude lower than the previously established LOAEL for miosis and only 2-5 times higher than the lowest observable effect level (LOEL) of bound sarin in blood.The second aim of the study was to analyse the EEG of the same marmosets again during a 5-h exposure to air 1 year after exposure to sarin vapour. All the marmosets still demonstrated significant (P <0.05) EEG differences. In most vehicle-pretreated marmosets the energy (microV2) per EEG band was higher than that observed 1 year earlier, which might indicate that neurons had become more sensitive to excitation. This phenomenon was less pronounced in pyridostigmine-pretreated animals. Visual examination of the EEG records revealed clear bursts of alpha frequencies (ca. 9 Hz), resembling sleep-spindles, that were present more frequently in both groups of exposed marmosets than in naive animals. These late changes in spindle oscillation might be the result of changes in the cholinergic system due to exposure to sarin vapour 1 year previously. In conclusion, EEG abnormalities persisting for more than 1 year may occur in humans during long-term (5 h) exposure to subclinical levels of sarin that are not detectable by the currently fielded alarm systems. Bibliographic Information Protection and inflammatory markers following exposure of guinea pigs to sarin vapour: comparative efficacy of three oximes. Levy A; Chapman S; Cohen G; Raveh L; Rabinovitz I; Manistersky E; Kapon Y; Allon N; Gilat E Israel Institute for Biological Research, Department of Pharmacology, PO Box 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2004 Nov-Dec), 24(6), 501-4. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 15558827 AN 2004598847 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The purpose of the present study was to compare the antidotal efficacy and the combined effects on inflammatory markers of three oximes--toxogonine, TMB4 and 2-PAM--in combination with anticholinergic drugs following exposure to sarin vapour by inhalation.Guinea pigs restrained in plethysmographs were exposed to various doses of sarin vapour (in the range of 1.44.4LD50). The antidotal mixture was injected immediately (5-20 s) following exposure (3 mg kg(-1) atropine and 1 mg kg(-1) benactyzine in combination with 6 mg kg(-1) toxogonine, 2 mg kg(-1) TMB4 or 12 mg kg(-1) 2-PAM). Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples were taken from surviving animals 24 h after exposure to determine the levels of inflammatory markers. A differential cell count was performed in BAL samples on Giemsa-stained slides. The inflammatory markers--histamine and prostaglandins (PGE)--were measured in BAL using radioimmunoassay (RIA) techniques.The survival rate in the various treatment groups and analysis of BAL samples showed that: (i) Toxogonine, TMB4 and 2-PAM, without pyridostigmine pretreatment, at doses that were proportional to their doses in the respective auto-injectors, exhibited similar antidotal efficacy against sarin exposure. (ii) The results demonstrated that a centrally acting anticholinergic drug is essential in the antidotal mixture to ensure survival. (iii) Histamine release and eosinophilia following sarin inhalation might require additional intervention, aimed at reducing the symptoms of allergic reaction and possibly expediting recovery. Bibliographic Information Delayed haematological complications of mustard gas. Ghanei Mostafa Department of Internal Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Chemical Injured Research Centre, Tehran, Iran. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2004 Nov-Dec), 24(6), 493-5. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 15558826 AN 2004598846 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Haematopoiesis could be affected by mustard gas. We randomly selected 318 chemical victims exposed to mustard gas and compared their cell blood counts and peripheral blood smears (PBS) with those of 377 healthy men, and also various haematological indices of 57 of these victims compared with previous data 5 years ago.The average number of red blood cells and haemoglobin of victims compared with the controls was not significantly different, but they were increased compared with data from 5 years ago. White blood cell counts, neutrophils and lymphocytes did not show any clinically meaningful difference compared with the control group but 20 cases with atypical lymphocytes in their PBS have been found.Change in lymphocyte shape may be related to committed stem cell involvement. Further studies on bone marrow cells and cell markers are needed to document this hypothesis. The mild increase in erythroid cells and haemoglobin concentration may be due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder and other respiratory diseases in these patients. Bibliographic Information Investigating the affinities and persistence of VX nerve agent in environmental matrices. Love Adam H; Vance Andrew L; Reynolds John G; Davisson M Lee Environmental Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, L396, Livermore, CA 94551, USA. [email protected] Chemosphere (2004 Dec), 57(10), 1257-64. Journal code: 0320657. ISSN:0045-6535. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 15519370 AN 2004547393 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine environmental variables that affect the affinities and persistence of the nerve agent O-ethyl S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothiolate (VX) at dilute concentrations in environmental matrices. Quantitative analyses of VX and its degradation products were performed using LC-MS. Batch hydrolysis experiments demonstrated an increasing hydrolysis rate as pH increased, as shown in previous studies, but also indicated that dissolved aqueous constituents can cause significant differences in the absolute hydrolysis rate. Adsorption isotherms from batch aqueous experiments revealed that VX has a high affinity for hydrophobic organics, a moderate affinity for montmorillonite clay, and a very low affinity for an iron-oxyhydroxide soil mineral, goethite. The adsorption on goethite was increased with the presence of dissolved organic matter in solution. VX degraded rapidly when dried onto goethite, when specific adsorption was forced. No enhanced degradation occurred with goethite in small amounts of water. These results suggest that aqueous conditions have important controls on VX adsorption and degradation in the environment and a more mechanistic understanding of these controls is needed in order to enable accurate predictions of its long-term fate and persistence. Bibliographic Information Localization of substance P gene expression for evaluating protective countermeasures against sulfur mustard. Casbohm Stacy L; Rogers James V; Stonerock Mindy K; Martin Jamie L; Ricketts-Kaminsky Karen M; Babin Michael C; Casillas Robert P; Sabourin Carol L K Battelle Memorial Institute, Medical Research and Evaluation Facility, 505 King Avenue, JM-3, Columbus, OH

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43201, USA Toxicology (2004 Nov 15), 204(2-3), 229-39. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE); (VALIDATION STUDIES) written in English. PubMed ID 15388249 AN 2004477792 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard [bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide; SM] is a chemical warfare agent that produces edema and blister formation with a severe inflammatory reaction. The mouse ear vesicant model for SM injury has been used to evaluate pharmacological agents for countering SM dermal injury. The vanilloid olvanil reduces SM-induced edema and mRNA expression of cytokines and chemokines, suggesting that blocking the inflammatory effects of neuropeptides, such as substance P (SP), may provide protection against SM-induced dermal injury. This study examined SP expression in mice exposed to SM (0.16 mg) on the inner surface of the right ear, with or without olvanil pretreatment at 1, 10, 30, 60, and 360 min following exposure. In naive skin, SP mRNA localization was associated with blood vessels and sebaceous glands. In SM-exposed skin, SP mRNA was also detected in perivascular dermal cells. Immunohistochemical localization of SP protein was observed in the ear skin of naive, SM-, olvanil/SM-, and vehicle-treated mice. Quantification of SP+ perivascular dermal cells revealed that SM exposure led to a significant increase (P < or = 0.05) in SP+ cells over the observed time period. Olvanil pretreatment significantly reduced (P < or = 0.05) the mean number of SP+ cells at 60 and 360 min. This study demonstrates that SP expression could provide an additional endpoint for evaluating the effectiveness of vanilloid drugs on SM-induced skin inflammation. Bibliographic Information Enhanced degradation of chemical warfare agents through molecular engineering of the phosphotriesterase active site. Hill Craig M; Li Wen-Shan; Thoden James B; Holden Hazel M; Raushel Frank M Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 30012, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77842-3012, USA Journal of the American Chemical Society (2003 Jul 30), 125(30), 89901. Journal code: 7503056. ISSN:0002-7863. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 15369336 AN 2004461552 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Bibliographic Information Photocatalytic oxidation of VX simulant 2-(butylamino)ethanethiol. Vorontsov Alexandre V; Chen Yi-Chuan; Smirniotis Panagiotis G Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation, Russia Journal of hazardous materials (2004 Sep 10), 113(1-3), 89-95. Journal code: 9422688. ISSN:0304-3894. (EVALUATION STUDIES); Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 15363518 AN 2004456562 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Photocatalytic oxidation of 2-(butylamino)ethanethiol (BAET) was undertaken in aqueous suspension of TiO2 Hombikat UV 100 and Degussa P25 under different initial reaction conditions in order to determine the best parameters for the fastest mineralization of the substrate. BAET is considered to be a simulant for the VX chemical warfare agent. The application of ultrasound had only a small positive effect on the BAET photocatalytic degradation. The highest mineralization rate of 0.433 mg/(l min) was found in unbuffered TiO2 Degussa P25 suspension with initial pH value of about 9.4, TiO2 concentration 500 mg/l and the initial BAET concentration 1000 mg/l. Decreasing of the initial solution pH to 6.1 or below stops the mineralization of BAET while increasing of pH to about 11 drastically changed the degradation profile. At this initial pH, the first 100 min of reaction led to only oxidation of sulfur moiety and organic intermediates accumulated in the solution. Thereafter, mineralization of the products started. The main detected volatile product was butyl aldehyde and the main polar one was 2(butylamino) acetic acid. In the case of TiO2 Hombikat UV 100, conversion of TOC at initial pH 11 exceeded that at initial pH 9.1. For Degussa P25, the starting pH 9.4 was the best for TOC conversion. The results can be used for treatment of water from pollutants with aliphatic nitrogen and sulfur atoms. Bibliographic Information Retrospective detection of exposure to nerve agents: analysis of phosphofluoridates originating from fluoride-induced reactivation of phosphylated BuChE. van der Schans Marcel J; Polhuijs Martine; van Dijk Corry; Degenhardt Carla E A M; Pleijsier Kees; Langenberg Jan P; Benschop Hendrik P Department of Medical Countermeasures, TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory, P.O. Box 45, 2280 AA Rijswijk, The Netherlands. [email protected] Archives of toxicology (2004 Sep), 78(9), 508-24. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 15170525 AN 2004433787 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The utility was explored of a new approach to detect retrospectively exposure to nerve agents by means of conversion of the inhibitor moiety bound to the active site of the enzyme BuChE in plasma with fluoride ions into a phosphofluoridate which is subsequently analyzed by means of gas chromatography (GC). This quantifies >or=0.01% inhibition of BuChE and identifies the structure of the inhibitor except for the original leaving group. A three-tiered approach was followed involving the five classical nerve agents GA, GB, GF, GD, and VX, as well as the active metabolite of parathion, i.e., paraoxon: in vivo experiments in rhesus monkeys after iv administration of a sign-free dose of agent and concomitant in vitro experiments in plasma of rhesus monkeys and humans should allow an assessment of in vivo retrospectivity in humans. A systematic investigation was performed in order to find a single set of reaction conditions which yields a maximum amount of phosphofluoridate for all nerve agents. Fluoride-induced reactivation at 25 degrees C at a final concentration of 250 mM KF during 15 min in a pH-range between 4 and 6 appears to be effective. The in vitro decrease with time in reactivatibility of inhibited BuChE in plasma from humans and rhesus monkeys was largely due to aging of the phosphyl moiety, except for VX where spontaneous reactivation was a major cause. The decrease followed first-order except for a biphasic course in the case of GF in human and rhesus monkey plasma as well as of GD in rhesus plasma. In vitro half-lifes in human plasma ranged between ca. 14 h for GB and ca. 63 h for GA. A comparison of the in vivo data from rhesus monkeys and the in vitro data is complicated by the observation that the in vivo decrease with time of fluoride-reactivated phosphofluoridate is biphasic for all nerve agents. The terminal in vivo phase pertains to a small fraction of the amount of initially regenerated phosphofluoridate but is responsible for a considerable degree of retrospectivity, ranging between 14 and 56 days for GF and GB, respectively. The new procedure can be used in a variety of practical applications, e.g., (i) biomonitoring in health surveillance at exposure levels that are several orders of magnitude lower than presently possible; (ii) diagnosis in case of alleged exposure to nerve agents in time of war or after terrorist attacks; (iii) in forensic cases against suspected terrorists that have handled organophosphate anticholinesterases; and (iv) in research applications such as investigations on lowest observable effect levels of exposure to nerve agents. Bibliographic Information Biochemical changes in mouse lung after subcutaneous injection of the sulfur mustard 2-chloroethyl 4-chlorobutyl sulfide. Elsayed Nabil M; Omaye Stanley T Department of Nutrition and Environmental Sciences and Health, Graduate Program, University of Nevada at Reno, Reno, NV, USA. [email protected] Toxicology (2004 Jul 1), 199(2-3), 195-206.

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Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 15147793 AN 2004250354 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (HD) is a vesicant-type chemical warfare agent (CWA) introduced in World War I which continues to be produced, stockpiled, and occasionally deployed by some countries, and could be used potentially by terrorists. Exposure to HD can cause erythema, blisters, corneal opacity, and airway damage. We have reported previously that subcutaneous (SC) injection of immunodeficient athymic nude mice with the half mustard butyl 2-chloroethyl sulfide (BCS) causes systemic biochemical changes in several organs distal to the exposure site. In the present study, we examined the response of nonimmunodeficient Swiss Webster mice to the mustard, 2-chloroethyl 4-chlorobutyl sulfide (CECBS). In a pilot study, we found that a single SC injection of 20-25 microl/mouse causes death within 24h. Consequently, we used 5 microl/mouse (approx. 0.017 mg/kg body weight) of neat CECBS or an equal volume of saline as control. We examined the lungs after 1, 24, and 48 h for biochemical changes including total and oxidized glutathione, protein, DNA, and lipid peroxidation contents in tissue homogenate, and superoxide dismutase, catalase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glutathione S-transferases activities in the cytosol. After 1h and/or 24h, we found statistically significant changes that were resolved by 48 h. These changes mimicked those of HD and BCS and were generally consistent with free radical-mediated oxidative stress. The implications of these observations are two-fold. First, dermal exposure to low-dose mustard gas could elicit systemic changes impacting distal organs such as the lungs. It also suggests that antioxidants could potentially modulate the response and reduce the damage. Second, although the use of known CWAs such as HD is prohibited, analogs that are not recognized as agents are as toxic and could be dangerous if acquired and used by potential terrorists. Bibliographic Information Reactivation and aging kinetics of human acetylcholinesterase inhibited by organophosphonylcholines. Worek F; Thiermann H; Szinicz L Institut fur Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der Bundeswehr, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany. [email protected] Archives of toxicology (2004 Apr), 78(4), 212-7. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 14647978 AN 2004188515 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A great number of structurally different organophosphorus compounds (OPs) was synthesized in the past decades to be used as pesticides or chemical warfare agents. Methyl-fluorophosphonylcholines were found to be highly toxic OPs and the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivator pralidoxime was shown to be unable to reactivate inhibited AChE. In the course of the development of more effective AChE reactivators, we have determined the reactivation rate constants of various oximes with human AChE inhibited by methylfluorophosphonylcholine (MFPCh), methylfluoro-beta-phosphonylcholine (MFP beta Ch) and methylfluorophosphonylhomocholine (MFPhCh). In addition, we investigated the potential influence of aging phenomena on the oxime efficacy. Human AChE inhibited by MFPCh, MFP beta Ch or MFPhCh was extremely resistant towards reactivation by oximes. Nevertheless, the newer compounds, HLo 7 and HI 6, were substantially more potent reactivators than obidoxime and pralidoxime. The low oxime efficacy was not due to rapid aging since no decrease in reactivatability was found over 96 h at 37 degrees C. Within this period a substantial spontaneous reactivation was observed, with MFPCh >MFP beta Ch >MFPhCh, which did not follow pseudo-first-order kinetics. In conclusion, the unexpected results, i.e., high resistance of inhibited AChE towards oxime reactivation and aging, and much lower resistance towards spontaneous reactivation, calls for further experiments at a molecular level for a better understanding of the interactions among AChE, its inhibitors and reactivators. Bibliographic Information Amelioration of sulfur mustard skin injury following a topical treatment with a mixture of a steroid and a NSAID. Dachir Shlomit; Fishbeine Eliezer; Meshulam Yakov; Sahar Rita; Chapman Shira; Amir Adina; Kadar Tamar Israel Institute for Biological Research, Department of Pharmacology, PO Box 19, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2004 Mar-Apr), 24(2), 107-13. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 15052605 AN 2004157688 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The ability to ameliorate sulfur mustard (HD)-induced oedema by treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs was reported previously after screening four steroids and four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) using the mouse ear vesicant model. Following the screening study, one steroid and one NSAID (Adexone and Voltaren) were selected as the most effective, and a mixture of the two was chosen for the present more extensive research. The effect of the combined treatment on clinical, biochemical and histopathological parameters following HD insult was studied. Mice ears were exposed to 0.2 micro l of HD for 10 min to produce a moderate skin injury. Oedema development peaked ca. 48 h following exposure, as determined by weighing ear biopsies. Histological observations at that time exhibited damage to the epidermis and dermis. An increase in prostaglandin E (PGE) was measured in skin homogenates, starting 8 h following exposure and lasting at least up to 48 h post-exposure. A topical treatment using the above anti-inflammatory mixture significantly reduced inflammatory parameters when applied up to 4 h following exposure. These parameters included extent of oedema, levels of PGE, area of clinical damage and extent of cytotoxic injury (vesications and damaged epithelial cells). Thus, a combination of a steroid and NSAID was found to be effective in reducing the intensity of HD skin injury and possibly shortening the time to full recovery. The treatment, however, did not prevent completely the ensuing cytotoxic processes in the epithelial layer. Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Protective effect of topical iodine containing anti-inflammatory drugs against sulfur mustard-induced skin lesions. Wormser Uri; Sintov Amnon; Brodsky Berta; Casillas Robert P; Nyska Abraham Berman Building, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel. [email protected] Archives of toxicology (2004 Mar), 78(3), 156-66. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 14618300 AN 2004140011 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Previous studies have shown the antidotal efficacy of topical iodine at 15 and 30 min post-exposure to sulfur mustard (SM). Here we demonstrate efficacy at longer intervals (20, 30, 45, and 60 min, respectively, for data) using an improved topical povidone-iodine preparation termed N66, which contains steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. In the mouse, N66 reduced severity of ear edema by 43, 47, 44, and 36%; ear epidermal ulceration by 74, 58, 45, and 58%; and epidermal necrosis by 54, 34, 26, and 31% at the respective time points. A similar effect was observed with encrustation. The healing marker, grade of acanthotic area, showed dramatic increases of 39.6-, 25.3-, 20.9-, and 22-fold. Severity of the dermal parameters, acute inflammation and dermal necrosis, was reduced by 63, 34, 34, and 38% and 80, 54, 54, and 59%, respectively. In guinea pig skin, topical treatment with N66 45 min post-exposure reduced the SM-induced ulceration area by

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75%. The histological parameters subepidermal microblister formation, epidermal ulceration, epidermal necrosis, and encrustation were reduced by 63, 61, 41, and 41%, respectively. The healing marker, grade of acanthotic area, was elevated by 73%. N66 induced a statistically significant reduction in two dermal markers for tissue damage: acute inflammation (33%) and dermal necrosis (48%). Reduced skin damage was also observed in areas adjacent the treated sites. The pharmacologically active components of N66 showed additive effect. These findings suggest that the povidone-iodine preparation combined with anti-inflammatory agents functions as a potent antidote against skin lesions induced by SM at relatively long intervals between exposure and treatment. Bibliographic Information Low-level exposure of guinea pigs and marmosets to sarin vapour in air: lowest-observable-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) for miosis. van Helden Herman P M; Trap Henk C; Kuijpers Willem C; Oostdijk John P; Benschop Hendrik P; Langenberg Jan P Department of Medical Countermeasures, TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory, PO Box 45, 2280 AA Rijswijk, The Netherlands. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2004 Jan-Feb), 24(1), 59-68. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 14745848 AN 2004044499 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The purpose of this pilot study was to indicate, for low-level exposure of conscious guinea pigs and marmoset monkeys to sarin vapour in air, the lowest-observable-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) of sarin for miosis. This is the concentration x time (C.t) value (t = 5 h) of exposure at which miosis becomes significant. The ratio of pupil and iris diameters, measured on digital photographs taken on-line during exposure, was calculated as a measure for miosis. The exposure concentrations were in the range 7-150 microg x m(-3) and the exposure times needed to achieve significant miosis were in the range 10-300 min. Both vehicle- and pyridostigmine-pretreated animals were used in the experiments. The latter pretreatment resulted in ca. 30% inhibition of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase in both species. In vehicle-pretreated guinea pigs and marmosets the pupil size was decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at sarin doses of 1.8 +/- 0.3 and 2.5 +/- 0.8 mg x min x m(-3), respectively. In pyridostigmine-pretreated guinea pigs and marmosets the pupil size was affected significantly (P < 0.05) at 1.8 +/- 0.5 and 3.0 +/- 0.8 mg x min x m(-3), respectively. Evidently there is no significant influence of pyridostigmine pretreatment on the LOAEL. These data were addressed in light of the recommended occupational and detection limits for sarin vapour in air. It was concluded that miosis will occur during low-level sarin exposure at levels that are not detectable by the currently fielded alarm systems, assuming that humans are as sensitive for sarin vapour in air as guinea pigs and marmosets. Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Examination of changes in connective tissue macromolecular components of large white pig skin following application of Lewisite vapour. Lindsay Christopher D; Hambrook Joy L; Brown Roger F R; Platt Jan C; Knight Robert; Rice Paul Biomedical Sciences Department, Dstl Porton Down, Salisbury, Wilts SP4 0JQ, UK. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2004 Jan-Feb), 24(1), 37-46. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 14745845 AN 2004044496 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The aim of this study was to provide information about the degradative processes that occur in major connective tissue components in skin following exposure of large white pigs to Lewisite vapour. Of particular interest were alterations in glycoproteins, which are known to mediate dermo-epidermal attachment (laminin and type IV collagen) and the main collagen found in the dermis (type III collagen). The immunostaining of transfer blots from skin extracts run on sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels revealed no evidence of cross-linking of laminin or of type III or IV collagen. However, there was evidence of a very considerable degradation of laminin and, to a lesser extent, of type IV collagen. Type III collagen did not appear to be degraded in skin exposed to Lewisite. These degradative processes appeared to be more severe than found in previous studies in Yucatan mini-pigs percutaneously exposed to sulphur mustard, in which only laminin was found to undergo partial cleavage rather than wholesale degradation.The results suggest that damage to macromolecular components in the sub-epidermal basement membrane in skin which mediate dermo-epidermal separation processes may be a common feature in the mechanism of action of vesicating agents such as Lewisite and sulphur mustard. It is of interest that the damage to laminin in this study appeared to be more severe than that previously found for sulphur mustard. This suggests that skin can suffer substantial damage yet, in the case of Lewisite exposure, recover relatively quickly. However, Lewisite is not an alkylating agent. Sulphur mustard, in contrast, generates characteristically slow healing lesions, most probably because of its ability to alkylate cell types that normally would be involved in skin regenerative processes. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Cardiovascular effects of the adenosine A1 receptor agonist N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA) decisive for its therapeutic efficacy in sarin poisoning. Joosen Marloes J A; Bueters Tjerk J H; van Helden Herman P M Research Group Medical Countermeasures, TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory, Lange Kleiweg 137, PO Box 45, 2280 AA Rijswijk, The Netherlands. [email protected] Archives of toxicology (2004 Jan), 78(1), 34-9. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 14508639 AN 2004043790 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Mortality and occurrence of cholinergic symptoms upon sarin intoxication (144 micro g/kg s.c., approximately 2 x LD50) in rats is completely prevented by treatment with the adenosine A1 receptor agonist N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA, 2 mg/kg i.m.). Previously, we have shown that CPA treatment altered the distribution of sarin into the brain, presumably through its cardiovascular side effects. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the contribution of the cardiodepressant effects of CPA to its therapeutic efficacy against sarin intoxication. Intramuscular treatment of rats with 0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg CPA 1 min after sarin poisoning attenuated most cholinergic symptoms and prevented mortality, which seemed to be directly associated with an immediate strong and long-lasting bradycardia and hypotension caused by CPA. Treatment with lower doses of CPA (0.1 and 0.05 mg/kg i.m.) caused similar levels of bradycardia and hypotension, albeit a few minutes later than at the higher doses of CPA. Upon sarin intoxication, this was correlated with increased incidence of cholinergic symptoms and decreased survival rates. Pretreatment with the peripheral adenosine A1 receptor antagonist 8- psulphophenyltheophylline (8-PST, 20 mg/kg i.p.) counteracted the cardiodepressant effects of 0.05 mg/kg CPA almost completely, thereby nearly abolishing its therapeutic efficacy against sarin poisoning. In conclusion, the present results strongly indicate that bradycardia and hypotension induced by the peripheral adenosine A1 receptor play a prominent role in the therapeutic efficacy of CPA in cases of sarin poisoning. Bibliographic Information Effects of daily stress or repeated paraoxon exposures on subacute pyridostigmine toxicity in rats. Shaikh Jamaluddin; Karanth Subramanya; Chakraborty Dibyendu; Pruett Steve; Pope Carey N Department of Physiological Sciences, College of

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Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, 264 McElroy Hall, OK 74078, Stillwater, USA Archives of toxicology (2003 Oct), 77(10), 576-83. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 14574445 AN 2003495653 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Pyridostigmine (PYR) is a carbamate cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitor used during the Persian Gulf War as a pretreatment against possible chemical nerve agent attack. Because of its quaternary structure, PYR entry into the central nervous system is limited by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Following reports of unexplained illnesses among Gulf War veterans, however, central nervous system effects of PYR have been postulated through either stress-induced alteration of BBB permeability or via interactions with other neurotoxic agents. We evaluated the effects of daily physical (treadmill running) stress or daily exposure to a subclinical dosage of the organophosphate ChE inhibitor paraoxon (PO) on ChE inhibition in blood, diaphragm and selected brain regions in young adult male Sprague-Dawley rats following subacute PYR exposures. In physical stress studies, rats were placed on a treadmill for 90 min each day for 14 days just prior to PYR (0, 3, or 10 mg/kg per day) administration. In PO-PYR interaction studies, rats were treated with PO (0, 0.05, or 0.1 mg/kg per day) 1 h prior to daily PYR (0 or 3 mg/kg per day) administration for 14 consecutive days. Rats were evaluated daily for signs of cholinergic toxicity and were killed 1 h after the final PYR treatment. Forced running increased plasma corticosterone levels throughout the experiment (on days 1, 3, 7 and 14) when measured immediately after termination of stress. PYR-treated rats in the high dosage (10 mg/kg per day) group exhibited slight signs of toxicity (involuntary movements) for the first 6 days, after which tolerance developed. Interestingly, signs of cholinergic toxicity following PYR were slightly but significantly increased in rats forced to run on the treadmill prior to dosing. ChE activities in whole blood and diaphragm were significantly reduced 1 h after the final PYR challenge, and ChE inhibition in diaphragm was significantly greater in stressed rats than in non-stressed controls following high dose PYR (10 mg/kg per day). No significant effects of treadmill running on PYR-induced ChE inhibition in brain regions were noted, however. Repeated subclinical PO exposure had no apparent effect on functional signs of PYR toxicity. As with repeated treadmill running, whole blood and diaphragm ChE activities were significantly reduced 1 h after the final PYR administration, and ChE inhibition was significantly greater with combined PO and PYR exposures. Brain regional ChE activity was significantly inhibited after daily PO exposure, but no increased inhibition was noted following combined PO and PYR dosing. We conclude that, while some stressors may under some conditions affect functional signs of toxicity following repeated pyridostigmine exposures, these changes are likely to occur via alteration of peripheral cholinergic mechanisms and not through enhanced entry of pyridostigmine into the brain. Bibliographic Information Effects of sulfur mustard on transcription in human epidermal keratinocytes: analysis by mRNA differential display. Platteborze Peter L Pharmacology Division, USAMRICD, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425, USA. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2003 Jul-Aug), 23(4), 249-54. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12884408 AN 2003350997 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract This study examines the transcriptional response of human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK) to sulfur mustard (HD) in order to gain a better understanding of the intracellular events that result in cytotoxicity. Differential display polymerase chain reaction technology was used to examine the relative transcriptional activity of healthy cells to those exposed to subvesicating or vesicating concentrations of HD for 4 h. Approximately 2% of the HEK transcriptome had altered expression. Sixty of the most prominently altered transcripts were characterized. Important upregulated genes include NADH dehydrogenase III, GADD45 and ubiquitin. Key downregulated genes include type I keratin 14, alpha-enolase and caltractin. Many of the identified transcripts protein products presently do not have an assigned function and eleven transcripts were unidentifiable. These transcriptional alterations provide one of the first molecular insights into the intracellular events induced by HD. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Degradation of VX and sulfur mustard by enzymatic haloperoxidation. Amitai G; Adani R; Hershkovitz M; Bel P; Rabinovitz I; Meshulam H Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, PO Box 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2003 Jul-Aug), 23(4), 225-33. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12884405 AN 2003350994 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chloroperoxidase (CPO) isolated from Caldariomyces fumago (20 U ml(-1)) together with urea hydrogenperoxide (UPER, 0.5 mM) and sodium chloride as co-substrate (NaCl, 0.5 M) caused rapid breakdown of VX (10 microM) (t((1/2)) = 8 s, 25 C, 50 mM tartarate, pH 2.75). Glucose oxidase (GOX, Aspergillus niger) and glucose were used as an alternative source for H(2)O(2). A mixture of GOX (20 U ml(-1)), glucose (GLU 0.45 M), CPO (20 U ml(-1)) and NaCl (0.5 M) caused a 3.8-fold slower degradation of VX (10 microM) (t((1/2)) = 30 s, 25 C, 50 mM tartarate, pH 2.75). The concentrations of H(2)O(2) and chlorine produced by this enzyme/substrate mixture depended mainly on the GLU concentration. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) together with UPER (1 mM) and sodium iodide (NaI, 0.05 M) caused progressive degradation of VX that was more than 400-fold slower than with CPO (20 U ml(-1)), UPER (0.5 mM) and NaCl (0.5 M) (t((1/2)) = 55 min, 25 C, pH 8). Skin decontamination of VX by CPO was tested in pig-ear skin in vitro. The chemical agent VX (0.01 M, 100 microl) was degraded by 98% within 3 h of skin diffusion when a mixture of UPER/NaCl/CPO was applied 60 min prior to VX application. A mixture of UPER/NaCl without CPO also caused significant VX degradation (94%) during skin diffusion whereas it did not cause any VX degradation in solution. Degradation of VX in skin, obtained without exogenous CPO, may indicate involvement of endogenous intradermal haloperoxidase-like enzyme. Reagent UPER (1 mM) did not cause any degradation of VX in solution or during its skin diffusion. Furthermore, a mixture of CPO, UPER and NaCl caused rapid degradation of sulfur mustard (HD). Sulfur mustard (50 microM) incubated in the presence of CPO (4 U ml(-1)), UPER (0.05 M) and NaCl (0.5 M) at pH 2.75 and 30 C was oxidized by 97% and 99% within 5 and 10 min, respectively. The oxidation products HD sulfoxide, HD sulfone and HD sulfoxidevinyl were identified by GC/MS in the enzymatic chloroperoxidation mixture. Copyright 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Billion-fold acceleration of the methanolysis of paraoxon promoted by La(OTf)3 in methanol. Tsang Josephine S; Neverov Alexei A; Brown R S Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6 Journal of the American Chemical Society (2003 Jun 25), 125(25), 7602-7. Journal code: 7503056. ISSN:0002-7863. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12812502 AN 2003285652 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract

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The methanolysis of the insecticide paraoxon (2) was investigated in methanol solution containing varying [La(OTf)(3)] (OTf = (-)OS(O)(2)CF(3)) as a function of at 25 degrees C. Plots of the pseudo-first-order rate constants (k(obs)) for methanolysis as a function of [La(OTf)(3)](total) were obtained under buffered conditions from 5.15 to 10.97, and the slopes of the linear parts of these were used to determine the second-order rate constants (k(2)(obs)) for the La(3+)-catalyzed methanolysis of 2. Detailed analysis of the potentiometric titration data of La(OTf)(3) in methanol through fits to a multicomponent equilibrium mixture of dimers of general stoichiometry La(3+)(2)((-)OCH3)n, where n assumes values of 1-5, gives the equilibrium distribution of each as a function of. These data, when fit to a second expression describing k(2)(obs) in terms of a linear combination of individual rate constants k(2)(2:1), k(2)(2:2).k(2)(2:)n for the dimers, allow one to describe the overall catalytic profile in terms of the individual contributions. The most catalytically important species are the three dimers La(3+)(2)((-)OCH3)1, La(3+)(2)((-)OCH3)2, and La(3+)(2)((-)OCH3)3. The catalysis of the methanolysis of 2 is spectacular: a 2 x 10(-3) M solution of [La(3+)](total), at neutral, affords a 10(9)-fold acceleration relative to the base reaction (t(1/2) approximately 20 s at 8.2) with excellent turnover. A mechanism of the catalyzed reaction involving the La(3+)(2)((-)OCH3)2 species is proposed. Bibliographic Information Putative role of proteolysis and inflammatory response in the toxicity of nerve and blister chemical warfare agents: implications for multi-threat medical countermeasures. Cowan F M; Broomfield C A; Lenz D E; Smith W J US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400, USA. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2003 May-Jun), 23(3), 177-86. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE); General Review; (REVIEW); (REVIEW, TUTORIAL) written in English. PubMed ID 12794939 AN 2003268101 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Despite the contrasts in chemistry and toxicity, for blister and nerve chemical warfare agents there may be some analogous proteolytic and inflammatory mediators and pathological pathways that can be pharmacological targets for a single-drug multithreat medical countermeasure. The dermal-epidermal separation caused by proteases and bullous diseases compared with that observed following exposure to the blister agent sulfur mustard (2,2'-dichlorodiethyl sulfide) has fostered the hypothesis that sulfur mustard vesication involves proteolysis and inflammation. In conjunction with the paramount toxicological event of cholinergic crisis that causes acute toxicity and precipitates neuronal degeneration, both anaphylactoid reactions and pathological proteolytic activity have been reported in nerve-agent-intoxicated animals. Two classes of drugs already have demonstrated multi-threat activity for both nerve and blister agents. Serine protease inhibitors can prolong the survival of animals intoxicated with the nerve agent soman and can also protect against vesication caused by the blister agent sulfur mustard. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors can reduce both soman-induced neuronal degeneration and sulfurmustard-induced epidermal necrosis. Protease and PARP inhibitors, like many of the other countermeasures for blister and nerve agents, have potent primary or secondary anti-inflammatory pharmacology. Accordingly, we hypothesize that drugs with anti-inflammatory actions against either nerve or blister agent might also display multi-threat efficacy for the inflammatory pathogenesis of both classes of chemical warfare agent. Bibliographic Information Comparative efficacy of diazepam and avizafone against sarin-induced neuropathology and respiratory failure in guinea pigs: influence of atropine dose. Taysse L; Calvet J-H; Buee J; Christin D; Delamanche S; Breton P Centre d'Etudes du Bouchet, Defense Research Centre, BP No. 3, Vert-Le-Petit 91710, France. [email protected] Toxicology (2003 Jun 30), 188(23), 197-209. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12767691 AN 2003245521 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract This investigation compared the efficacy of diazepam and the water-soluble prodiazepam-avizafone-in sarin poisoning therapy. Guinea pigs, pretreated with pyridostigmine 0.1 mg/kg, were intoxicated with 4LD(50) of sarin (s.c. route) and 1 min after intoxication treated by intramuscular injection of atropine (3 or 33.8 mg/kg), pralidoxime (32 mg/kg) and either diazepam (2 mg/kg) or avizafone (3.5 mg/kg). EEG and pneumo-physiological parameters were simultaneously recorded. When atropine was administered at a dose of 3 mg/kg, seizures were observed in 87.5% of the cases; if an anticonvulsant was added (diazepam (2 mg/kg) or avizafone (3.5 mg/kg)), seizure was prevented but respiratory disorders were observed. At 33.8 mg/kg, atropine markedly increased the seizure threshold and prevented early respiratory distress induced by sarin. When diazepam was administered together with atropine, seizures were not observed but 62.5% of the animals displayed respiratory difficulties. These symptoms were not observed when using avizafone. The pharmacokinetic data showed marked variation of the plasma levels of atropine and diazepam in different antidote combination groups, where groups receiving diazepam exhibited the lowest concentration of atropine in plasma. Taken together, the results indicate that avizafone is suitable in therapy against sarin when an anticonvulsant is judged necessary. Bibliographic Information Low-level sarin-induced alteration of immune system reaction in inbred BALB/c mice. Kassa Jiri; Krocova Z; Sevelova L; Sheshko V; Kasalova I; Neubauerova V Department of Toxicology, Purkyne Military Medical Academy, P.O. Box 35/T, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic. [email protected] Toxicology (2003 May 3), 187(2-3), 195-203. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12699908 AN 2003232384 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract To study the influence of low-level sarin inhalation exposure on immune functions, inbred BALB/c mice were exposed to low concentrations of sarin for 60 min in the inhalation chamber. Two concentrations of sarin were chosen-asymptomatic concentration (LEVEL 1) and non-convulsive symptomatic concentration (LEVEL 2). The evaluation of immune functions was carried out using phenotyping of CD3 (T-lymphocytes), CD4 (helper T-lymphocytes), CD8 (cytotoxic T-lymphocytes) and CD19 cells (B-lymphocytes) in the lungs, blood and spleen, lymphoproliferation of spleen cells stimulated in vitro by various mitogens (concanavalin A, lipopolysaccharides), phagocyte activity of peritoneal and alveolar macrophages, production of Noxides by peritoneal macrophages and the measurement of the natural killer cell activity at 1 week following sarin exposure. The results were compared to the values obtained from control mice exposed to pure air instead of sarin. The results indicate that not only symptomatic but also asymptomatic dose of sarin is able to alter the reaction of immune system at 1 week following exposure to sarin. While the number of CD3 cells in the lungs was slightly decreased, an increase in CD19 cells was observed especially in the lungs and blood. The reduced proportion of T-lymphocytes is caused by decay of CD4 positive Tcells. Lymphoproliferation was significantly decreased regardless of the mitogen and sarin concentration used. The production of N-oxides by peritoneal macrophages was stimulated after exposure to LEVEL 2 of sarin whereas their ability to phagocyte the microbes was increased after exposure to LEVEL 1. The natural killer cell activity was significantly higher in the case of inhalation exposure of mice to LEVEL 2 of sarin. Thus, not only organophosphorus insecticides but also nerve agents such as sarin are able to alter immune functions even at a dose that does not cause clinically manifested intoxication following the inhalation exposure.

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Nevertheless, the alteration of immune functions following the inhalation exposure to a symptomatic concentration of sarin seems to be more pronounced. Bibliographic Information Nerve agents detection using a Cu2+/L-cysteine bilayer-coated microcantilever. Yang Yuming; Ji Hai-Feng; Thundat Thomas Department of Chemistry, Institute for Micromanufacturing, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana 71272, USA Journal of the American Chemical Society (2003 Feb 5), 125(5), 1124-5. Journal code: 7503056. ISSN:0002-7863. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12553787 AN 2003045046 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Bibliographic Information Assessment of the effectiveness of downward water sprays for mitigating gaseous chlorine releases in partially confined spaces. Dimbour J P; Gilbert D; Dandrieux A; Dusserre G Ecole Nationale Superieure des Techniques Industrielles et des Mines d'Ales Laboratoire Genie de l'Environnement Industriel 6, Avenue de Clavieres, 30319 Cedex, Ales, France. [email protected] Journal of hazardous materials (2003 Jan 31), 96(2-3), 127-41. Journal code: 9422688. ISSN:03043894. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12493204 AN 2002730858 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Water sprays are sometimes used as a means of mitigating accidental releases of chlorine gas. This paper gives results of a series of small-scale experimental field tests on the mitigation of chlorine gaseous releases (about 1kg/min) by various downward water sprays. The releases were from a cylinder of liquefied chlorine located in a storage shed. The shed could be configured to simulate confined and semi-confined installations used at public swimming pools. The water sprays were located in the shed. During these tests, different types of spray nozzles and storage configurations were tested under various atmospheric conditions, in order to select the best water spray. It was shown that the best chlorine downstream concentration reduction (factor 3-5 at 10m) was achieved with a flat fan water spray for the semi-confined configuration. Poor absorption in water was observed (<1%). The highest absorption (roughly 5%) was obtained with a fog water spray for the confined configuration. This is expected since chlorine is a low soluble gas. It has been evidenced for the confined configuration, that even if reduction of concentration has been observed (factor 2), downstream concentration remains very high (>10,000ppm), and above critical level of toxicity. Consequently, the use of water sprays in this case without additives to promote absorption seems to be inefficient.

megalomania

April 20th, 2005, 04:50 PM

Chemical abstarcts is a wonderful tool. Using its subject area search feature I was able to find over 6000 journal articles about chemical warfare. Since most are irrevelant I weeded the articles down based on referenced CAS number, and then limited the search to those journals most likely to provide synthesis info. Here then are the results, about 350 articles worth: 505-60-2 (523 references) 107-44-8 (418 references) 96-64-0 (347 references) 50782-69-9 (290 references) 77-81-6 (161 references) 409-21-2 (156 references) 7732-18-5 (137 references) 756-79-6 (112 references) 51-55-8 (108 references) 7440-44-0 (96 references) 12033-89-5 (94 references) 993-13-5 (89 references) 9000-81-1 (89 references) 1344-28-1 (85 references) 81-81-2 (83 references) 541-25-3 (78 references) 311-45-5 (77 references) 34433-31-3 (74 references) 329-99-7 (73 references) 101-26-8 (70 references) 9001-08-5 (69 references) 1445-75-6 (68 references) 7782-44-7 (68 references) 1832-54-8 (67 references) 7440-70-2 (67 references) 1314-23-4 (66 references) 111-48-8 (65 references) 124-38-9 (65 references) 616-52-4 (64 references) 55-91-4 (61 references) 1832-53-7 (58 references) 7439-89-6 (53 references) 7631-86-9 (52 references) 67-56-1 (50 references) 630-08-0 (50 references) 7440-23-5 (50 references) 439-14-5 (48 references) 7440-50-8 (48 references) 693-07-2 (47 references) 75-44-5 (46 references) 7664-41-7 (46 references) 6735-59-7 (45 references) 7723-14-0 (44 references) 7440-09-7 (43 references) 7439-95-4 (41 references) 117698-12-1 (41 references) 7440-38-2 (40 references) 7727-37-9 (40 references)

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter 64-17-5 (38 references) 7440-02-0 (37 references)

I know this is only 50 CAS numbers, the list was truncated :( 2003-April 2005 Bibliographic Information Degradation Kinetics of VX on Concrete by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry. Williams, John M.; Rowland, Brad; Jeffery, Mark T.; Groenewold, Gary S.; Appelhans, Anthony D.; Gresham, Garold L.; Olson, John E. Battelle Salt Lake City Operations, West Valley City, UT, USA. Langmuir (2005), 21(6), 2386-2390. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 142:279785 AN 2005:130995 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract At trace coverages on concrete surfaces, the nerve agent VX (O-Et S-2-diisopropylaminoethyl Me phosphonothiolate) degrades by cleavage of the P-S and S-C bonds, as revealed by periodic secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The obsd. kinetics were (pseudo-) first-order, with a half-life of 2-3 h at room temp. The rate increased with surface pH and temp., with an apparent second-order const. of kOH = 0.64 M-1 min-1 at 25 C and an activation energy of 50-60 kJ mol-1. These values are consistent with a degrdn. mechanism of alk. hydrolysis within the adventitious water film on the concrete surface. Degrdn. of bulk VX on concrete would proceed more slowly. Safety: VX must only be handled in approved chem. warfare surety labs. by trained agent chemists. Bibliographic Information The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of two HI-6 salts in swine and efficacy in the treatment of GF and soman poisoning. Lundy, Paul M.; Hill, Ira; Lecavalier, Pierre; Hamilton, Murray G.; Vair, Cory; Davidson, Corey; Weatherby, Kendal L.; Berger, Bradley J. Chemical Biological Defence Section, Defence Research and Development Canada - Suffield, Medicine Hat Alberta, AB, Can. Toxicology (2005), 208(3), 399-409. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. AN 2005:107852 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Anesthetized pigs were injected i.m. with 500 mg HI-6 dichloride (HI-6 2Cl) (1-[[[4-(aminocarbonyl)pyridinio]methoxy]methyl]-2[(hydroxyimino)methyl]pyridinium dichloride; CAS 34433-31-3)) or the molar equivalent of HI-6 dimethanesulfonate (HI-6 DMS) 633 mg. Plasma HI-6 concns. were measured by HPLC (1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60 min and every 30 min until 4 h or 6 h following the i.v. or i.m. dose resp.) while a variety of physiol. responses were continuously examd. HI6 (500 mg 2Cl or 633 mg DMS) resulted in an identical pharmacokinetic profile unaffected by atropine co-administration. Neither HI-6 salt resulted in clin. significant changes in cardiovascular or respiratory function. HI-6 DMS (1899 mg i.v.) resulted in plasma HI-6 concns. about 10 times higher than measured following i.m. 500 mg 2Cl or 633 mg DMS and resulted in small transitory effect on mean arterial pressure. Atropine plus HI-6 DMS (1-9 mg/kg or 127-172 mg/kg i.m.) protected up to 100% of guinea pigs exposed to 5 LD50 of GF (cyclohexyl Me phosphonoflouridate) or soman (pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate) (GD) resp. The results suggest that the two HI-6 salts have a similar pharmacokinetic profile while HI-6 DMS appears extremely safe and effective against nerve agents and may be as suitable for human use. Bibliographic Information Antidotal treatment of GF-agent intoxication in mice with bispyridinium oximes. Sevelova, Lucie; Kuca, Kamil; KrejcovaKunesova, Gabriela. Purkyne Military Medical Academy, Hradec Kralove, Czech Rep. Toxicology (2005), 207(1), 1-6. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 142:213533 AN 2004:1067008 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract It was shown that intoxications with GF-agent are rather resistant to convential oxime therapy; therefore, the development of new oximes in an effort to improve this unsatisfactory situation continues. Upon screening in vitro reactivation test for oximes, that were either newly synthesized at our department, or those that have never been tested for reactivation of GF-inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE), three oximes {(1,4-bis(4-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)butane dibromide) (K033); (1-(2hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)-3-(3-carbamoylpyridinium)-2-oxa-propane dichloride) (HS-6); and (1-(2hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)-4-(4-carbamoylpyridinium)-but-2-ene dibromide) (BI-6)} with the highest reactivation potency were chosen for in vivo testing in our study. (1,3-Bis(4-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)-2-oxa-propane dibromide) (obidoxime); (1-(2-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)-3-(4-carbamoylpyridinium)-2-oxa-propane dichloride) (HI-6); and (1,1bis(4-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)-methane dibromide) (methoxime) were chosen for comparison as a std. antidotal treatment. All the oximes were applied at the same proportion of their LD50 value (5%), and because of the different acute toxicity of the oximes, the molar concns. of their solns. for i.m. administration were considerably different. The highest therapeutic ratio was achieved for therapeutic regimen consisting of HI-6 and atropine. The significantly (P < 0.05) lowest effectivity in treatment of supralethal GF-agent poisoning in comparison with all the other therapeutic regimens, was surprisingly obsd. for methoxime. HS-6, K033 and BI-6 as well as obidoxime were comparably effective antidotes against GFagent intoxication and their therapeutic ratios were similar. Bibliographic Information Bis(dialkylamide)hydrogen Dibromobromate Precursors of Hypobromite Ion in Reactions with Nerve and Blister Agent Simulants. Simanenko, Yuri S.; Savelova, Vera A.; Prokop'eva, Tatyana M.; Mikhailov, Vasily A.; Turovskaya, Marya K.; Karpichev, Eugen A.; Popov, Anatolii F.; Gillitt, Nicholas D.; Bunton, Clifford A. L.M. Litvinenko Institute of Physical Organic Coal Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Donetsk, Ukraine. Journal of Organic Chemistry (2004), 69(26), 92389240. CODEN: JOCEAH ISSN: 0022-3263. Journal written in English. CAN 142:108643 AN 2004:949799 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Hypobromite ion, BrO-, is an effective -nucleophile that reacts rapidly with activated phosphorus(V) and sulfonate esters. The parent acid rapidly oxidizes org. sulfides and aryloxide ions. At pH 10-11 BrO- and HOBr coexist in water and are potentially useful as decontaminants of chlorosulfide blister agents and the phosphonyl nerve agents. Bis(dialkylamide)hydrogen dibromobromates are well characterized, stable, solids which rapidly form HOBr-BrO- in mildly alk. water. Reactions of 4nitrophenyl di-Et phosphate and phosphonate, which are simulants of the phosphonofluoridate nerve agents, and of 4nitrophenyl tosylate, with BrO- are rapid (t1/2 = 60-700 s) with 0.1 M BrO-, under conditions in which oxidns. of org. sulfides are too fast to be followed by conventional methods.

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Localization of substance P gene expression for evaluating protective countermeasures against sulfur mustard. Casbohm, Stacy L.; Rogers, James V.; Stonerock, Mindy K.; Martin, Jamie L.; Ricketts-Kaminsky, Karen M.; Babin, Michael C.; Casillas, Robert P.; Sabourin, Carol L. K. Medical Research and Evaluation Facility, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, USA. Toxicology (2004), 204(2-3), 229-239. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 141:421169 AN 2004:789078 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard [bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide; SM] is a chem. warfare agent that produces edema and blister formation with a severe inflammatory reaction. The mouse ear vesicant model for SM injury has been used to evaluate pharmacol. agents for countering SM dermal injury. The vanilloid olvanil reduces SM-induced edema and mRNA expression of cytokines and chemokines, suggesting that blocking the inflammatory effects of neuropeptides, such as substance P (SP), may provide protection against SM-induced dermal injury. This study examd. SP expression in mice exposed to SM (0.16 mg) on the inner surface of the right ear, with or without olvanil pretreatment at 1, 10, 30, 60, and 360 min following exposure. In naive skin, SP mRNA localization was assocd. with blood vessels and sebaceous glands. In SM-exposed skin, SP mRNA was also detected in perivascular dermal cells. Immunohistochem. localization of SP protein was obsd. in the ear skin of naive, SM-, olvanil/SM-, and vehicle-treated mice. Quantification of SP+ perivascular dermal cells revealed that SM exposure led to a significant increase (P 0.05) in SP+ cells over the obsd. time period. Olvanil pretreatment significantly reduced (P 0.05) the mean no. of SP+ cells at 60 and 360 min. This study demonstrates that SP expression could provide an addnl. endpoint for evaluating the effectiveness of vanilloid drugs on SM-induced skin inflammation. Bibliographic Information Photocatalytic oxidation of VX simulant 2-(butylamino)ethanethiol. Vorontsov, Alexandre V.; Chen, Yi-Chuan; Smirniotis, Panagiotis G. Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, Russia. Journal of Hazardous Materials (2004), 113(1-3), 89-95. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 141:383605 AN 2004:745354 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Photocatalytic oxidn. of 2-(butylamino)ethanethiol (BAET) was undertaken in aq. suspension of TiO2 Hombikat UV 100 and Degussa P25 under different initial reaction conditions in order to det. the best parameters for the fastest mineralization of the substrate. BAET is considered to be a simulant for the VX chem. warfare agent. The application of ultrasound had only a small pos. effect on the BAET photocatalytic degrdn. The highest mineralization rate of 0.433 mg/L-min was found in unbuffered TiO2 Degussa P25 suspension with initial pH of .apprx.9.4, TiO2 concn. 500 mg/L and the initial BAET concn. 1000 mg/L. Decreasing of the initial soln. pH to 6.1 stops the mineralization of BAET while increasing of pH to .apprx.11 drastically changed the degrdn. profile. At this initial pH, the 1st 100 min of reaction led to only oxidn. of S moiety and org. intermediates accumulated in the soln. Thereafter, mineralization of the products started. The main detected volatile product was Bu aldehyde and the main polar one was 2-(butylamino)acetic acid. In the case of TiO2 Hombikat UV 100, conversion of TOC at initial pH 11 exceeded that at initial pH 9.1. For Degussa P25, the starting pH 9.4 was the best for TOC conversion. The results can be used for the treatment of water and wastewater. Bibliographic Information Synthesis and Chemosensory Behavior of Anthracene Bisimide Derivatives. Ilhan, Faysal; Tyson, Daniel S.; Meador, Michael A. Polymers Branch Materials Division, NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA. Chemistry of Materials (2004), 16(16), 2978-2980. CODEN: CMATEX ISSN: 0897-4756. Journal written in English. CAN 141:268374 AN 2004:559158 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The authors used the photoenolization reaction of a dibenzoyl-p-xylene deriv. to synthesize two new, highly substituted anthracene-based mols.: N,N'-bis(p-nitrophenyl)-1,5-bis(p-(tetraethyleneglycoloxy)phenyl)anthracene-2,3,6,7-tetracarboxyl bis-imide (ABI-NO2) and N,N'-bis(p-aminophenyl)-1,5-bis(p-(tetraethyleneglycoloxy)phenyl)anthracene-2,3,6,7-tetracarboxyl bis-imide (ABI-NH2). ABI-NO2 and ABI-NH2 maintained photostability with longer wavelength absorption and emission spectra as compared to unsubstituted anthracene. Conversion of the terminal nitro groups to amines created an internal photoinduced electron-transfer that quenched the luminescence of ABI-NH2. Reversible or irreversible reaction of the attached amines resulted in fluorescence recovery. Sensitivity, of ABI-NH2 and other potential derivs., to toxic chems. may prove useful for early detection systems. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) is available at http://pubs.acs.org and contains synthetic prepns. of the ABI-NO2 and ABI-NH2 compds. Bibliographic Information Dimethyl Methylphosphonate Decomposition on Titania-Supported Ni Clusters and Films: A Comparison of Chemical Activity on Different Ni Surfaces. Zhou, J.; Ma, S.; Kang, Y. C.; Chen, D. A. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA. Journal of Physical Chemistry B (2004), 108(31), 11633-11644. CODEN: JPCBFK ISSN: 1520-6106. Journal written in English. CAN 141:195800 AN 2004:528273 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The thermal decompn. of di-Me methylphosphonate (DMMP) has been studied in ultrahigh vacuum by temp. programmed desorption (TPD) and XPS on Ni clusters and films deposited on TiO2(110). The four different Ni surfaces under investigation consisted of small Ni clusters (5.0 0.8 nm diam., 0.9 0.2 nm height) deposited at room temp. and quickly heated to 550 K, large Ni clusters (8.8 1.4 nm diam., 2.3 0.5 nm height) prepd. by annealing to 850 K, a 50 monolayer Ni film deposited at room temp., and a 50 monolayer Ni film annealed to 850 K. The morphologies of the Ni surfaces were characterized by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). TPD expts. show that CO and H2 are the major gaseous products evolved from the decompn. of DMMP on all of the Ni surfaces, and mol. DMMP and methane desorption were also obsd. The product yields for CO and H2 were highest for reactions on the small Ni clusters and unannealed Ni film and lowest for reactions on the large clusters and annealed film. Furthermore, XPS expts. demonstrate that the unannealed Ni surfaces decomp. a greater fraction of DMMP at room temp. The loss of activity for the annealed surfaces is not caused by a redn. in surface area because the annealed surfaces have approx. the same surface area as the small clusters. CO adsorption studies suggest that the loss of activity upon annealing cannot be completely due to a decrease in surface defects, such as step and edge sites, and we propose that a TiOx moiety is responsible for blocking active sites on the annealed Ni surfaces. In comparison to the TiO2 surface, the small Ni clusters are more chem. active because a greater fraction of DMMP decomps. at room temp., and the total amt. of DMMP decompn. is also higher on the small Ni clusters. Although DMMP decomps. on TiO2 to produce gaseous Me radicals, methane, and H2, the activity of the substrate surface itself appears to be quenched in the presence of the Ni clusters and films. However, the TiO2 support plays a significant role in providing a source of oxygen for the recombination of at. carbon on Ni to

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter form CO, which desorbs above 800 K. Bibliographic Information Reductive Destruction of Chemical Warfare Agent Simulants in Water. Kiddle, James J.; Mezyk, Stephen P. Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA. Journal of Physical Chemistry B (2004), 108(28), 9568-9570. CODEN: JPCBFK ISSN: 1520-6106. Journal written in English. CAN 141:194628 AN 2004:479880 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The efficient detection, decontamination, and destruction of chem. warfare (CW) agents remain an active area of scientific research. Rate consts. for the reaction of substituted di-Et phosphates and phosphonates with the hydroxyl radical and hydrated electron have been measured in water to elucidate the primary destruction pathway for the CW agents Tabun (GA), Sarin (GB), Soman (GD), and VX with these two species. The measured kinetics for simulants with leaving groups that more closely mimic these actual CW agents predict that reductive destruction will be the most efficient mechanism, and that nontoxic simulants such as alkyl phosphonates undergo different redox chem. Bibliographic Information Detect-to-warn cell based sensing technology: Chemical sensing of multiple agents in a cascade. Zhang, Xuan; Yang, Mo; Kohr, Bonnie; Morgan, Andre; Ozkan, Cengiz S. Mechanical Engineering Department, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (2004), EXS-1(Architecture and Application of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Materials), 187-195. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 141:119751 AN 2004:469459 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Techniques to develop highly sensitive biosensors are largely dependent upon the properties of the material and its assocd. interactions. A novel challenge is the development of effective biosensors based on fundamental research in biotechnol., genetics and information technol., which will change the existing axiom of "detect -to-treat" to "detect -to-warn". Current biosensor technologies encompass antibody-antigen interactions, hormone-receptor interactions, and nucleic acid based assays. These sensors are useful in narrow band applications requiring high specificity for agent identification. Mammalian cells have excitable cell membranes that function as novel sensing platforms by producing a variation in the extracellular potential based on the chem. stimulus. Here we report a method of developing single cell based sensors by integrating the biol. tool of dielectrophoresis with the micro fabrication technol. We display its ability to detect a large no. of chem. agents, reject false alarms, characterize the chem. agent functionality and det. the assocd. sensitivity limit, and the physiol. response in terms of the calcium transients for each specific chem. agent that produces synergistic effects on humans. We finally demonstrate the capability of a single cell based sensor to identify general chem. agents in cascade. Bibliographic Information Preparation, Derivatization with Trimethylsilyldiazomethane, and GC/MS Analysis of a "Pool" of Alkyl Methylphosphonic Acids for Use as Qualitative Standards in Support of Counterterrorism and the Chemical Weapons Convention. Crenshaw, Michael D.; Cummings, David B. Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, USA. Phosphorus, Sulfur and Silicon and the Related Elements (2004), 179(6), 1009-1018. CODEN: PSSLEC ISSN: 1042-6507. Journal written in English. CAN 141:225604 AN 2004:460857 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract There are hundreds of nerve agents in the class of alkyl methylphosphonofluoridates covered by Schedule 1 of the CWC (Chem. Weapons Convention). Hydrolysis of these sarin-like nerve agents results in an equal no. of alkyl methylphosphonic acids. These alkyl methylphosphonic acids are persistent and provide good evidence of specific agent prodn. or use. To support the CWC and counterterrorism activities, it is desirable to have ready access to each of these hydrolysis products for use as qual. stds. A means for simultaneously producing multiple alkyl methylphosphonates from methylphosphonic acid, phenylarsonic acid and the corresponding alcs. was developed. Derivatization of these alkyl methylphosphonic acids with trimethylsilyldiazomethane yields the corresponding Me esters which are suitable for GC/MS anal. Bibliographic Information MBE grown AlN films on SiC for piezoelectric MEMS sensors. Doppalapudi, Dharanipal; Mlcak, Richard; Chan, Jeffrey; Tuller, Harry; Bhattacharya, Anirban; Moustakas, Theodore. Boston MicroSystems Inc., Woburn, MA, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (2004), 798(GaN and Related Alloys--2003), 403-408. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 141:132159 AN 2004:423724 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Miniaturized piezoelec. sensors based on Microelectromech. Systems (MEMS) offer the advantages of reduced size, reduced power consumption, increased sensitivity coupled with the ability to form compact multi-sensor arrays. Fabrication of such sensors from single crystal materials further insure more highly reproducible and stable devices with improved performance. The authors describe the integration of MBE grown AlN films onto photoelectrochem. machined SiC microcantilevers and membranes. AlN exhibits excellent piezoelec. properties, including an electromech. coupling coeff. of 0.088 and a high inplane acoustic velocity (.apprx.5700 m/s) as well as excellent thermal-mech. compatibility with SiC. The fabrication of AlN-SiCbased microresonators and flexural plate wave devices, and their application to chem., biol. and fluid sensing, are reported. Bibliographic Information Biochemical changes in mouse lung after subcutaneous injection of the sulfur mustard 2-chloroethyl 4-chlorobutyl sulfide. Elsayed, Nabil M.; Omaye, Stanley T. Hurley Consulting Associates, Department of Scientific Affairs, Chatham, NJ, USA. Toxicology (2004), 199(2-3), 195-206. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 141:237904 AN 2004:404473 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (HD) is a vesicant-type chem. warfare agent (CWA) introduced in World War I which continues to be produced, stockpiled, and occasionally deployed by some countries, and could be used potentially by terrorists. Exposure to HD can cause erythema, blisters, corneal opacity, and airway damage. The authors have reported previously that s.c. (SC) injection of immunodeficient athymic nude mice with the half mustard Bu 2-chloroethyl sulfide (BCS) causes systemic biochem. changes in several organs distal to the exposure site. In the present study, the authors examd. the response of nonimmunodeficient Swiss Webster mice to the mustard, 2-chloroethyl 4-chlorobutyl sulfide (CECBS). In a pilot study, a single SC injection of 20-25

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L/mouse caused death within 24 h. Consequently, the authors used 5 L/mouse (.apprx.0.017 mg/kg body wt.) of neat CECBS or an equal vol. of saline as control. The authors examd. lungs after 1, 24, and 48 h for biochem. changes including total and oxidized glutathione, protein, DNA, and lipid peroxidn. contents in tissue homogenate, and superoxide dismutase, catalase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glutathione S-transferases activities in the cytosol. After 1 and(or) 24 h, significant changes were found that were resolved by 48 h. These changes mimicked those of HD and BCS and were generally consistent with free radical-mediated oxidative stress. The implications of these observations are 2-fold. First, dermal exposure to low-dose mustard gas could elicit systemic changes impacting distal organs such as the lungs. It also suggests that antioxidants could potentially modulate the response and reduce the damage. Second, although the use of known CWAs such as HD is prohibited, analogs that are not recognized as agents are as toxic and could be dangerous if acquired and used by potential terrorists. Bibliographic Information A thermo-chemical surface treatment of AlN powder for the aqueous processing of AlN ceramics. Olhero, S. M.; Novak, S.; Oliveira, M.; Krnel, K.; Kosmac, T.; Ferreira, J. M. F. Department of Ceramics and Glass Engineering, CICECO, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Port. Journal of Materials Research (2004), 19(3), 746-751. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 141:41662 AN 2004:346050 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Dense aluminum nitride ceramics were prepd. by sintering green bodies at 1750 C for 2 h. These green bodies were prepd. by aq. slip-casting from a powder that was surface-treated to prevent hydrolysis. The surface treatment of the aluminum nitride (AlN) powder consisted of dispersing the powder in warm-water solns. of aluminum dihydrogenphosphate Al(H2PO4)3. Different treatment temps. in the range 30-80 C were tested. For all the tested temps., the surface-treated AlN powder was found to be water-resistant, even after drying and/or redispersion. Various com. dispersants were tested for their effectiveness, and the amt. of dispersant was optimized in terms of a high solids loading of the suspension and an acceptable viscosity for slip casting. Based on these studies, a stable aq. suspension of AlN powder, treated at 60 C, with a total solids loading of 50 vol%, was prepd. using CaF2 as a sintering additive. The well-dispersed powder made it possible to prep. green samples with close particle packing and relatively high sintered densities, i.e., >96%. Bibliographic Information Progress in developing nerve agent sensors using combinatorial techniques. DiCesare, John C.; Parker, Jennifer; Horne, Starr N.; Kita, Justin; Earni, Raghu; Peeples, Christopher. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (2004), Volume Date 2003, 787(Molecularly Imprinted Materials--2003), 17-22. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 141:201377 AN 2004:280892 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Development of a sensor capable of selective detection of specific nerve agents is imperative in today's atm. of terrorism. The sensor needs to be inexpensive, portable, reliable, absent of false positives and available to all military and first responders. By utilizing the techniques of mol. imprinting, combinatorial chem., silica sol-gel synthesis and lanthanide luminescence, a sensor for the detection of the hydrolysis product of the nerve agent soman is being developed. There are many parameters that require investigation in order for the sensor to become a reality. These parameters include (1) the selection of a chelate that can bind to the lanthanide and anchor the nerve agent simulant during the formation of the molecularly imprinted polymer, (2) the detn. of the environment best suited for this complex formation, (3) the formation, as well as modification of the silica sol-gel for mol. imprinting to take place, and (4) the proper quantity and ratios of monomers used to create the three dimensional imprint. Key to the success of optimizing these parameters is the development of a combinatorial assay that allows for the synthesis and testing of tens of thousands of combinations of parameters. Work on the development of the combinatorial assay has lead to a method of prepg. thin film polymers capable of analyzing the presence of nerve agent simulants. Current work is underway to validate the combinatorial assay and to synthesize and evaluate a library of sensor materials selective for nerve agents. Bibliographic Information Synthesis and adsorption properties of intimately intermingled mixed metal oxide nanoparticles. Medine, Gavin M.; Zaikovskii, Vladimir; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA. Journal of Materials Chemistry (2004), 14(4), 757-763. CODEN: JMACEP ISSN: 0959-9428. Journal written in English. CAN 140:359698 AN 2004:131545 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A series of intimately intermingled mixed metal oxide nanoparticles were prepd. via a modified aerogel procedure (MAP). These mixed oxides were composed of alk. earth oxides and aluminas. It was found that the surface area and reactivity of these materials decreased on going from magnesium to barium in these intimately intermingled metal oxides. The samples were analyzed by HRTEM and the images obtained illustrate the degree of mixing throughout each of the intermingled mixed metal oxides. As well as synthesizing and characterizing these samples, standardized adsorption tests were also carried out and compared to those of individual metal oxide nanoparticles and phys. mixts. of metal oxide nanoparticles. The following tests have been shown to be effective in detg. the adsorption properties of metal oxide nanoparticles: (i) destructive adsorption of paraoxon (a surrogate of the chem. warfare nerve agent, VX) and (ii) the adsorption of acid gases. The data clearly show enhanced kinetics and capacities for the intermingled AP-MgAl2O4 and indeed, the data suggest that surface reactivities can be tailored by the aerogel mixing process. Bibliographic Information Examination of changes in connective tissue macromolecular components of large white pig skin following application of Lewisite vapour. Lindsay, Christopher D.; Hambrook, Joy L.; Brown, Roger F. R.; Platt, Jan C.; Knight, Robert; Rice, Paul. Biomedical Sciences Department, Salisbury, UK. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2004), 24(1), 37-46. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 140:316407 AN 2004:99102 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The aim of this study was to provide information about the degradative processes that occur in major connective tissue components in skin following exposure of large white pigs to Lewisite vapor. Of particular interest were alterations in glycoproteins, which are known to mediate dermo-epidermal attachment (laminin and type IV collagen) and the main collagen found in the dermis (type III collagen). The immunostaining of transfer blots from skin exts. run on SDS-PAGE gels revealed no evidence of crosslinking of laminin or of type III or IV collagen. However, there was evidence of a very considerable degrdn. of laminin and, to a lesser extent, of type IV collagen. Type III collagen did not appear to be degraded in skin exposed to Lewisite. These degradative processes appeared to be more severe than found in previous studies in Yucatan mini-pigs

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percutaneously exposed to sulfur mustard, in which only laminin was found to undergo partial cleavage rather than wholesale degrdn. The results suggest that damage to macromol. components in the sub-epidermal basement membrane in skin which mediate dermo-epidermal sepn. processes may be a common feature in the mechanism of action of vesicating agents such as Lewisite and sulfur mustard. It is of interest that the damage to laminin in this study appeared to be more severe than that previously found for sulfur mustard. This suggests that skin can suffer substantial damage yet, in the case of Lewisite exposure, recover relatively quickly. However, Lewisite is not an alkylating agent. Sulfur mustard, in contrast, generates characteristically slow healing lesions, most probably because of its ability to alkylate cell types that normally would be involved in skin regenerative processes. Bibliographic Information In vitro-in vivo extrapolation: estimation of human serum concentrations of chemicals equivalent to cytotoxic concentrations in vitro. [Erratum to document cited in CA139:346894]. Gulden, Michael; Seibert, Hasso. Institut fur Experimentelle Toxikologie, Universitatsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany. Toxicology (2003), 192(2-3), 265. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 141:152304 AN 2003:826065 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Equation (6) should read: EC50 = ECu50

(1 + KOW

V'L, in vitro) + Cbin vitro. The cor. version of Table 2 is given.

Bibliographic Information Solid-Phase Synthesis of Some Alkyl Hydrogen Methylphosphonates. Barucki, Hubert; Black, Robin M.; Kinnear, Kenneth I.; Holden, Ian; Read, Robert W.; Timperley, Christopher M. Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Wiltshire, UK. Phosphorus, Sulfur and Silicon and the Related Elements (2003), 178(10), 2279-2286. CODEN: PSSLEC ISSN: 1042-6507. Journal written in English. CAN 141:23606 AN 2003:764571 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Eleven alkyl H methylphosphonates of structure RO(HO)P(O)Me (R = Me, Et, Pr, i-Pr, Bu, hexyl, octyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, and Me3CCH(Me)) were made by phosphoramidite chem. on hydroxymethyl polystyrene resin with yields 30%. MeP(NiPr2)Cl was attached to hydroxymethyl polystyrene using Et3N in CH2Cl2 to give MeP(NiPr2)OCH2-bound polystyrene, which was reacted with various alcs. in MeCN in the presence of tetrazole followed by oxidn. using tBuO2H in toluene; the final product was cleaved from MeP(O)(OR)OCH2-bound resin using CF3CO2H. NCCH2CH2OP(OR)O2H (R = Et iPr) were also prepd. via solid-phase synthesis. Bibliographic Information Effects of sulfur mustard on transcription in human epidermal keratinocytes: Analysis by mRNA differential display. Platteborze, Peter L. Pharmacology Division, USAMRICD, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2003), 23(4), 249-254. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 139:360142 AN 2003:619968 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract This study examines the transcriptional response of human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK) to sulfur mustard (HD) in order to gain a better understanding of the intracellular events that result in cytotoxicity. Differential display polymerase chain reaction technol. was used to examine the relative transcriptional activity of healthy cells to those exposed to subvesicating or vesicating concns. of HD for 4 h. Approx. 2% of the HEK transcriptome had altered expression. Sixty of the most prominently altered transcripts were characterized. Important upregulated genes include NADH dehydrogenase III, GADD45 and ubiquitin. Key downregulated genes include type I keratin 14, -enolase and caltractin. Many of the identified transcripts protein products presently do not have an assigned function and eleven transcripts were unidentifiable. These transcriptional alterations provide one of the first mol. insights into the intracellular events induced by HD. Bibliographic Information Degradation of VX and sulfur mustard by enzymatic haloperoxidation. Amitai, G.; Adani, R.; Hershkovitz, M.; Bel, P.; Rabinovitz, I.; Meshulam, H. Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2003), 23(4), 225-233. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 140:72285 AN 2003:619965 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chloroperoxidase (CPO) isolated from Caldariomyces fumago (20 U ml-1) together with urea hydrogenperoxide (UPER, 0.5 mM) and sodium chloride as co-substrate (NaCl, 0.5 M) caused rapid breakdown of VX (10 M) (t1/2=8 s, 25 , 50 mM tartarate, pH 2.75). Glucose oxidase (GOX, Aspergillus niger) and glucose were used as an alternative source for H2O2. A mixt. of GOX (20 U ml-1), glucose (GLU 0.45 M), CPO (20 U ml-1) and NaCl (0.5 M) caused a 3.8-fold slower degrdn. of VX (10 M) (t1/2=30 s, 25 , 50 mM tartarate, pH 2.75). The concns. of H2O2 and chlorine produced by this enzyme/substrate mixt. depended mainly on the GLU concn. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) together with UPER (1 mM) and sodium iodide (NaI, 0.05 M) caused progressive degrdn. of VX that was more than 400-fold slower than with CPO (20 U ml-1), UPER (0.5 mM) and NaCl (0.5 M) (t1/2=55 min, 25 , pH 8). Skin decontamination of VX by CPO was tested in pig-ear skin in vitro. The chem. agent VX (0.01 M, 100 l) was degraded by 98% within 3 h of skin diffusion when a mixt. of UPER/NaCl/CPO was applied 60 min prior to VX application. A mixt. of UPER/NaCl without CPO also caused significant VX degrdn. (94%) during skin diffusion whereas it did not cause any VX degrdn. in soln. Degrdn. of VX in skin, obtained without exogenous CPO, may indicate involvement of endogenous intradermal haloperoxidase-like enzyme. Reagent UPER (1 mM) did not cause any degrdn. of VX in soln. or during its skin diffusion. Furthermore, a mixt. of CPO, UPER and NaCl caused rapid degrdn. of sulfur mustard (HD). Sulfur mustard (50 M) incubated in the presence of CPO (4 U ml-1), UPER (0.05 M) and NaCl (0.5 M) at pH 2.75 and 30 was oxidized by 97% and 99% within 5 and 10 min, resp. The oxidn. products HD sulfoxide, HD sulfone and HD sulfoxidevinyl were identified by GC/MS in the enzymic chloroperoxidn. mixt. Bibliographic Information Analysis of Chemical Neutralization Products of Phosphonothiolates by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. Gupta, A. K.; Palit, M.; Dubey, D. K.; Raza, S. K. Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. Phosphorus, Sulfur and Silicon and the Related Elements (2003), 178(8), 1631-1637. CODEN: PSSLEC ISSN: 1042-6507. Journal written in English. CAN 140:303747 AN 2003:603631 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A series of phosphonothioates, including the highly toxic O-Ethyl-S-(2-diisopropylamino) Et methylphosphonothioate (VX),

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were subjected to chem. neutralization reaction with metallic sodium; the reaction products were identified by GC/MS. The phosphonothioates decomp. to their resp. phosphonic and phosphonothioic acids and this results in the detoxification of VX. Phosphonodithioates R1PO(SR2)2 (2-8; R1 = Me, Et, n-Pr, iPr; R2 = Bu, n-Pr) were reacted with metallic sodium, giving disulfides R2SSR2 and R1PS(OH)2. Trithioate MePS(SPr)2 (9) upon reaction with Na gave polysulfides R2SSR2, R2SSSR2 and R2SSSSR2 (R2 = n-Pr); MePO(OH)2 and MePS(OH)2. All obtained acids were analyzed by GC/MS in the form of their trimethylsilyl esters. GC/MS technique in both EI and CI mode was applied for reaction monitoring and final identification of the neutralization products formed in this reaction. Bibliographic Information Kinetics of Spontaneous Hydrolysis of O-(2,2-Dimethylcyclopentyl)-methylfluorophosphonate and of Hydrolysis During Constant pH Value of the Reaction Medium. Cekovic, Boban; Jovanovic, Bratislav; Lukovic, Zoran. Military Technical Institute, Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Phosphorus, Sulfur and Silicon and the Related Elements (2003), 178(7), 1521-1540. CODEN: PSSLEC ISSN: 10426507. Journal written in English. CAN 140:253619 AN 2003:524831 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Kinetics of hydrolysis of O-(2,2-dimethylcyclopentyl)-methylfluorophosphonate (1) in dil. aq. soln. was investigated. Rates of hydrolysis of O-(2,2-dimethylcyclopentyl)-methylfluorophosphonate were measured as a function of pH in the range from 3 to 9 in temp. range from 25 to 40 . Spontaneous hydrolysis was also studied without monitoring of the pH-value. Rate consts. and activation parameters of the hydrolysis were obtained. The lowest hydrolysis rates for 1 were obtained at pH range 4-6, the reaction was several times faster at pH 3.0 and more than ten times faster at pH 9.0. For dild. solns. the spontaneous hydrolysis had half-life time (t1/2) about 2.8 days at 25 , the reaction may be accelerated in more concd. solns. due to proton autocatalysis. Obtained data can be used in processes of degrdn. and detoxification of highly toxic warfare-type compds. Bibliographic Information Enhanced Degradation of Chemical Warfare Agents through Molecular Engineering of the Phosphotriesterase Active Site. Hill, Craig M.; Li, Wen-Shan; Thoden, James B.; Holden, Hazel M.; Raushel, Frank M. Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA. Journal of the American Chemical Society (2003), 125(30), 8990-8991. CODEN: JACSAT ISSN: 0002-7863. Journal written in English. CAN 139:208973 AN 2003:516949 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The bacterial phosphotriesterase has been utilized as a template for the evolution of improved enzymes for the catalytic decompn. of organophosphate nerve agents. A combinatorial library of active site mutants was constructed by randomizing residues His-254, His-257, and Leu-303. The collection of mutant proteins was screened for the ability to hydrolyze a chromogenic analog of the most toxic stereoisomer of the chem. warfare agent, soman. The mutant H254G/H257W/L303T catalyzed the hydrolysis of the target substrate nearly 3 orders of magnitude faster than the wild-type enzyme. The x-ray crystal structure was solved in the presence and absence of diisopropyl Me phosphonate. The mutant enzyme was ligated to an addnl. divalent cation at the active site that was displaced upon the binding of the substrate analog inhibitor. These studies demonstrate that substantial changes in substrate specificity can be achieved by relatively minor changes to the primary amino acid sequence. Bibliographic Information In vitro-in vivo extrapolation: estimation of human serum concentrations of chemicals equivalent to cytotoxic concentrations in vitro. Gulden, Michael; Seibert, Hasso. Institut fur Experimentelle Toxikologie, Universitatsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany. Toxicology (2003), 189(3), 211-222. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 139:346894 AN 2003:484566 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract In the present study an extrapolation model for estg. serum concns. of chems. equiv. to in vitro effective concns. is developed and applied to median cytotoxic concns. (EC50) detd. in vitro. Nominal concns. of a chem. in serum and in vitro are regarded as equiv., if they result in the same aq. concn. of the unbound form. The algorithm used is based on equil. distribution and requires albumin binding data, the octanol-water partition coeff. (Kow), and the albumin concns. and lipid vol. fractions in vitro and in serum. The chems. studied cover wide ranges of cytotoxic potency (EC50: 2.5-530 000 M) and lipophilicity (log Kow: 5 to 7). Their albumin binding characteristics were detd. by an in vitro cytotoxicity test as described previously. The equivalent serum concns. of 19 of the 33 compds. investigated, having high protein binding and/or lipophilicity, were substantially higher than the EC50-values, by factors of 2.5-58. Prominent deviations between the equiv. nominal concns. in serum and in vitro were largely restricted to chems. with higher cytotoxic potency (EC50 1000 M). The results suggest that ests. of equiv. serum concns. based on in vitro data are robust for chems. with low lipophilicity (log Kow 2) and low potency (EC50>1000 M). With more potent chems. or those with higher lipophilicity partitioning into lipids and/or binding to serum proteins have to be taken into account when estg. in vivo serum concns. equiv. to in vitro effective concns. Bibliographic Information Putative role of proteolysis and inflammatory response in the toxicity of nerve and blister chemical warfare agents: Implications for multi-threat medical countermeasures. Cowan, F. M.; Broomfield, C. A.; Lenz, D. E.; Smith, W. J. US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2003), 23(3), 177-186. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 139:241394 AN 2003:447085 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review. Despite the contrasts in chem. and toxicity, for blister and nerve chem. warfare agents there may be some analogous proteolytic and inflammatory mediators and pathol. pathways that can be pharmacol. targets for a single-drug multi-threat medical countermeasure. The dermal-epidermal sepn. caused by proteases and bullous diseases compared with that obsd. following exposure to the blister agent sulfur mustard (2,2'-dichlorodiethyl sulfide) has fostered the hypothesis that sulfur mustard vesication involves proteolysis and inflammation. In conjunction with the paramount toxicol. event of cholinergic crisis that causes acute toxicity and ppts. neuronal degeneration, both anaphylactoid reactions and pathol. proteolytic activity have been reported in nerve-agent-intoxicated animals. Two classes of drugs already have demonstrated multi-threat activity for both nerve and blister agents. Serine protease inhibitors can prolong the survival of animals intoxicated with the nerve agent soman and can also protect against vesication caused by the blister agent sulfur mustard. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors can reduce both soman-induced neuronal degeneration and sulfur-mustard-induced epidermal necrosis. Protease and PARP inhibitors, like many of the other countermeasures for blister and nerve agents, have potent primary or secondary anti-inflammatory pharmacol. Accordingly, we hypothesize that drugs with anti-inflammatory actions against either nerve or blister agent might also display multithreat efficacy for the inflammatory pathogenesis of both classes of chem.

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Bibliographic Information Comparative efficacy of diazepam and avizafone against sarin-induced neuropathology and respiratory failure in guinea pigs: Influence of atropine dose. Taysse, L.; Calvet, J.-H.; Buee, J.; Christin, D.; Delamanche, S.; Breton, P. Defense Research Centre, Centre d'Etudes du Bouchet, Vert-Le-Petit, Fr. Toxicology (2003), 188(2-3), 197-209. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300483X. Journal written in English. CAN 139:346870 AN 2003:415467 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract This investigation compared the efficacy of diazepam and the water-sol. prodiazepam-avizafone-in sarin poisoning therapy. Guinea pigs, pretreated with pyridostigmine 0.1 mg/kg, were intoxicated with 4LD50 of sarin (s.c. route) and 1 min after intoxication treated by i.m. injection of atropine (3 or 33.8 mg/kg), pralidoxime (32 mg/kg) and either diazepam (2 mg/kg) or avizafone (3.5 mg/kg). EEG and pneumo-physiol. parameters were simultaneously recorded. When atropine was administered at a dose of 3 mg/kg, seizures were obsd. in 87.5% of the cases; if an anticonvulsant was added (diazepam (2 mg/kg) or avizafone (3.5 mg/kg)), seizure was prevented but respiratory disorders were obsd. At 33.8 mg/kg, atropine markedly increased the seizure threshold and prevented early respiratory distress induced by sarin. When diazepam was administered together with atropine, seizures were not obsd. but 62.5% of the animals displayed respiratory difficulties. These symptoms were not obsd. when using avizafone. The pharmacokinetic data showed marked variation of the plasma levels of atropine and diazepam in different antidote combination groups, where groups receiving diazepam exhibited the lowest concn. of atropine in plasma. Taken together, the results indicate that avizafone is suitable in therapy against sarin when an anticonvulsant is judged necessary. Bibliographic Information Low-level sarin-induced alteration of immune system reaction in inbred BALB/c mice. Kassa, Jiri; Krocova, Z.; Sevelova, L.; Sheshko, V.; Kasalova, I.; Neubauerova, V. Department of Toxicology, Purkyne Military Medical Academy, Hradec Kralove, Czech Rep. Toxicology (2003), 187(2-3), 195-203. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 139:241449 AN 2003:289956 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract To study the influence of low-level sarin inhalation exposure on immune functions, inbred BALB/c mice were exposed to low concns. of sarin for 60 min in the inhalation chamber. Two concns. of sarin were chosen-asymptomatic concn. (LEVEL 1) and non-convulsive symptomatic concn. (LEVEL 2). The evaluation of immune functions was carried out using phenotyping of CD3 (T-lymphocytes), CD4 (helper T-lymphocytes), CD8 (cytotoxic T-lymphocytes) and CD19 cells (B-lymphocytes) in the lungs, blood and spleen, lymphoproliferation of spleen cells stimulated in vitro by various mitogens (Con A, lipopolysaccharides), phagocyte activity of peritoneal and alveolar macrophages, prodn. of N-oxides by peritoneal macrophages and the measurement of the natural killer cell activity at 1 wk following sarin exposure. The results were compared to the values obtained from control mice exposed to pure air instead of sarin. The results indicate that not only symptomatic but also asymptomatic dose of sarin is able to alter the reaction of immune system at 1 wk following exposure to sarin. While the no. of CD3 cells in the lungs was slightly decreased, an increase in CD19 cells was obsd. esp. in the lungs and blood. The reduced proportion of T-lymphocytes is caused by decay of CD4 pos. T-cells. Lymphoproliferation was significantly decreased regardless of the mitogen and sarin concn. used. The prodn. of N-oxides by peritoneal macrophages was stimulated after exposure to LEVEL 2 of sarin, whereas their ability to phagocyte the microbes was increased after exposure to LEVEL 1. The natural killer cell activity was significantly higher in the case of inhalation exposure of mice to LEVEL 2 of sarin. Thus, not only organophosphorus insecticides but also nerve agents such as sarin are able to alter immune functions even at a dose that does not cause clin. manifested intoxication following the inhalation exposure. Nevertheless, the alteration of immune functions following the inhalation exposure to a symptomatic concn. of sarin seems to be more pronounced. Bibliographic Information Development of a sensor for the hydrolysis product of the nerve agent soman utilizing molecular imprinting and silica sol-gel techniques. Parker, Jennifer L.; Horne, Starr N.; Kita, Justin M.; Peeples, Christopher J.; DiCesare, John C. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA. Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering (2003), 88 328329. CODEN: PMSEDG ISSN: 1550-6703. Journal; Computer Optical Disk written in English. CAN 139:48357 AN 2003:222702 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Preliminary findings were presented leading to the development of a pinacolylmethylphosphonate (PMP, the hydrolysis product of the nerve agent soman) sensor, utilizing silica sol-gel techniques, mol. imprinting, and lanthanide luminescence. Bibliographic Information Fluorescent Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents: Functional Group Specific Ratiometric Chemosensors. Zhang, Shi-Wei; Swager, Timothy M. Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. Journal of the American Chemical Society (2003), 125(12), 3420-3421. CODEN: JACSAT ISSN: 0002-7863. Journal written in English. CAN 138:332984 AN 2003:159757 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Indicators providing highly sensitive and functional group specific fluorescent response to diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP, a nerve gas (G-agent) simulant) are reported. Nonemissive phenylpyridyl indicator reacts with DFP to give a cyclized compd. that shows a high emission due to its highly planar and rigid structure. Very weak emission was obsd. by the addn. of HCl. Another indicator based on pyridyl naphthalene exhibits a large shift in its emission spectrum after reaction with DFP, which provides for quant. ratiometric detection. Bibliographic Information Nerve Agents Detection Using a Cu2+/L-Cysteine Bilayer-Coated Microcantilever. Yang, Yuming; Ji, Hai-Feng; Thundat, Thomas. Department of Chemistry Institute for Micromanufacturing, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, USA. Journal of the American Chemical Society (2003), 125(5), 1124-1125. CODEN: JACSAT ISSN: 0002-7863. Journal written in English. CAN 138:51039 AN 2003:24843 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A Cu2+/L-Cys bilayer-coated microcantilever undergoes bending upon exposure to di-Me Me phosphonate at concn. as low as

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10-15 M due to the complexation of a phosphonyl group with the Cu2+/L-cysteine bilayer on the microcantilever surface. Bibliographic Information Neuroprotective efficacy of pharmacological pretreatment and antidotal treatment in tabun-poisoned rats. Krejcova, G.; Kassa, J. Purkyne Military Medical Academy, Hradec Kralove, Czech Rep. Toxicology (2003), 185(1-2), 129-139. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 139:2191 AN 2002:970172 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract To study the influence of pharmacol. pretreatment (PANPAL) and antidotal treatment (obidoxime plus atropine) on tabuninduced neurotoxicity, male albino rats were poisoned with a LD of tabun (280 g/kg i.m.; 100% of LD50 value) and obsd. at 24 h and 7 days following tabun challenge. The neurotoxicity of tabun was evaluated using a functional observational battery (FOB) and an automatic measurement of motor activity. Pharmacol. pretreatment as well as antidotal treatment were able to eliminate most of tabun-induced neurotoxic effects obsd. at 24 h following tabun poisoning. However, there was not significant difference between the efficacy of PANPAL and antidotal treatment to eliminate tabun-induced neurotoxicity in rats. The combination of PANPAL pretreatment and antidotal treatment seems to be slightly more effective in the elimination of tabuninduced neurotoxicity in rats at 24 h following tabun challenge in comparison with the administration of PANPAL pretreatment or antidotal treatment alone. At 7 days following tabun poisoning, very few neurotoxic signs in tabun-poisoned rats were obsd. regardless of administration of pharmacol. pretreatment or antidotal treatment. Thus, our findings confirm that the combination of pharmacol. pretreatment and antidotal treatment is not only able to protect the exptl. animals from the lethal effects of tabun but also to eliminate most of tabun-induced signs of neurotoxicity in tabun-poisoned rats. Bibliographic Information Pyridostigmine bromide modulates topical irritant-induced cytokine release from human epidermal keratinocytes and isolated perfused porcine skin. Monteiro-Riviere, Nancy A.; Baynes, Ronald E.; Riviere, Jim E. Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics (CCTRP), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA. Toxicology (2003), 183(1-3), 15-28. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 138:364009 AN 2002:970031 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Gulf War personnel were given pyridostigmine bromide (PB) as a prophylactic treatment against organophosphate nerve agent exposure, and were exposed to the insecticide permethrin and the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of PB to modulate release of inflammatory biomarkers after topical chem. exposure to chem. mixts. contg. permethrin and DEET applied in ethanol or water vehicles. Treatments were topically applied to isolated perfused porcine skin flaps (IPPSFs). Concns. of interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor- (TNF- ) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were assayed in perfusate to probe for potential inflammatory effects after complex mixt. application. IPPSFs (n=4/treatment) were topically dosed with mixts. of permethrin, DEET, and permethrin/DEET, in EtOH. Each treatment was repeated with perfusate spiked with 50 ng/mL of PB. Perfusate was also spiked with 30 ng/mL diisopropylfluorophosphate to simulate low level organophosphate nerve agent exposure. Timed IPPSF venous effluent samples (0.5,1,2,4, and 8 h) were assayed by ELISA for IL-8 and TNF- and by EIA for PGE2. Overall, PB infusion caused a decrease or IL-8 and PGE2 release. Effects on TNF- were vehicle dependent. To probe the potential mechanism of this PB effect, human epidermal keratinocyte HEK cell cultures were exposed to permethrin DEET permethrin/DEET, with and without PB in DMSO. IL-8 was assayed at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h. PB suppressed IL-8 in permethrin and EtOH treatment from 4 to 24 h confirming the IPPSF results. In conclusion, these studies suggest that systemic exposure to PB suppressed IL-8 release at multiple time points in 2 skin model systems. This interaction merits further study. Bibliographic Information The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of two HI-6 salts in swine and efficacy in the treatment of GF and soman poisoning. Lundy Paul M; Hill Ira; Lecavalier Pierre; Hamilton Murray G; Vair Cory; Davidson Corey; Weatherby Kendal L; Berger Bradley J Chemical Biological Defence Section, Defence Research and Development Canada-Suffield, Box 4000, Medicine Hat Alberta, Alta., Canada T1A 8K6. [email protected] Toxicology (2005 Mar 30), 208(3), 399-409. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 15695025 AN 2005067571 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Anesthetized pigs were injected i.m. with 500 mg HI-6 dichloride (HI-6 2Cl) (1-[[[4-(aminocarbonyl)pyridinio]methoxy]methyl]-2[(hydroxyimino)methyl]pyridinium dichloride; CAS 34433-31-3)) or the molar equivalent of HI-6 dimethanesulphonate (HI-6 DMS) 633 mg. Plasma HI-6 concentrations were measured by HPLC (1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60 min and every 30 min until 4h or 6h following the i.v. or i.m. dose respectively) while a variety of physiological responses were continuously examined. HI-6 (500 mg 2Cl or 633 mg DMS) resulted in an identical pharmacokinetic profile unaffected by atropine co-administration. Neither HI-6 salt resulted in clinically significant changes in cardiovascular or respiratory function. HI-6 DMS (1899 mg i.v.) resulted in plasma HI-6 concentrations about 10 times higher than measured following i.m. 500 mg 2Cl or 633 mg DMS and resulted in small transitory effect on mean arterial pressure. Atropine plus HI-6 DMS (1-9 mg/kg or 127-172 mg/kg i.m.) protected up to 100% of guinea pigs exposed to 5 x LD50 of GF (cyclohexyl methyl phosphonoflouridate) or soman (pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate) (GD) respectively. The results suggest that the two HI6 salts have a similar pharmacokinetic profile while HI-6 DMS appears extremely safe and effective against nerve agents and may be as suitable for human use. Bibliographic Information Inhalation toxicity in mice exposed to sarin (GB) for 20-720 min. Bide R W; Risk D J Defence R&D Canada--Suffield, Box 4000, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada T1A 8K6. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2004 NovDec), 24(6), 459-67. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 15558652 AN 2004610605 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Most of the historical data for the toxicity of sarin (GB) was collected for exposure times of <10 min in attempts to establish the utility of and defence against this agent in offensive military use. However, information concerning the toxicity of GB (and other nerve agents) from longer exposures of 1-12 h is critical for all personnel who must work in or close to low-level concentrations of chemical for extended periods and for all personnel, dressed in Individual Protective Equipment, who need to know when, and if, it is safe to take off these cumbersome garments.The data presented for the toxicity of GB to mice for whole-body exposures of 20 min to 12 h are intended to form part of an ongoing, multi-species effort aimed at establishing toxicity estimates for humans for these longer exposure times: LCT50 values of 430, 540, 900, 1210 and 2210 mg.min m(-3) or LC50 values of 21.5, 9.0, 5.0, 3.4 and 3.1 mg m(-3) were obtained for mice for 20-, 60-, 180-, 360- and 720-min

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exposures to GB, respectively. The data for longer exposures do not follow Haber's rule (LCT50=CT). The 20- and 60-min data fit the 'toxic load model' involving CnT that was established previously from historical data for 0.17-30 min GB exposures to mice. The LCT(50) and LC50 values for 3, 6 and 12 h are progressively higher (toxicity lower) than predicted by either Haber's rule or the toxic load model. Bibliographic Information Low levels of sarin affect the EEG in marmoset monkeys: a pilot study. van Helden Herman P M; Vanwersch Raymond A P; Kuijpers Willem C; Trap Henk C; Philippens Ingrid H C; Benschop Hendrik P Department of Medical Countermeasures. TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory, PO Box 45, 2280 AA Rijswijk, The Netherlands. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2004 Nov-Dec), 24(6), 475-83. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 15558834 AN 2004598850 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The main purpose of this pilot study was to estimate the lowest observable adverse effect level (LOAEL) for the electroencephalogram (EEG) upon long-term, low-level exposure of vehicle-pretreated and pyridostigmine-pretreated marmoset monkeys to sarin vapour. This is the C.t value (t=5 h) of exposure at which the EEG becomes significantly different from that resulting from air exposure of the same animals. The LOAELs for effects on the EEG in vehicle- and pyridostigminepretreated marmosets appeared to be 0.2 and 0.1 mg min m(-3), respectively. Comparatively, the latter LOAEL values are at least an order of magnitude lower than the previously established LOAEL for miosis and only 2-5 times higher than the lowest observable effect level (LOEL) of bound sarin in blood.The second aim of the study was to analyse the EEG of the same marmosets again during a 5-h exposure to air 1 year after exposure to sarin vapour. All the marmosets still demonstrated significant (P <0.05) EEG differences. In most vehicle-pretreated marmosets the energy (microV2) per EEG band was higher than that observed 1 year earlier, which might indicate that neurons had become more sensitive to excitation. This phenomenon was less pronounced in pyridostigmine-pretreated animals. Visual examination of the EEG records revealed clear bursts of alpha frequencies (ca. 9 Hz), resembling sleep-spindles, that were present more frequently in both groups of exposed marmosets than in naive animals. These late changes in spindle oscillation might be the result of changes in the cholinergic system due to exposure to sarin vapour 1 year previously. In conclusion, EEG abnormalities persisting for more than 1 year may occur in humans during long-term (5 h) exposure to subclinical levels of sarin that are not detectable by the currently fielded alarm systems. Bibliographic Information Protection and inflammatory markers following exposure of guinea pigs to sarin vapour: comparative efficacy of three oximes. Levy A; Chapman S; Cohen G; Raveh L; Rabinovitz I; Manistersky E; Kapon Y; Allon N; Gilat E Israel Institute for Biological Research, Department of Pharmacology, PO Box 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2004 Nov-Dec), 24(6), 501-4. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 15558827 AN 2004598847 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The purpose of the present study was to compare the antidotal efficacy and the combined effects on inflammatory markers of three oximes--toxogonine, TMB4 and 2-PAM--in combination with anticholinergic drugs following exposure to sarin vapour by inhalation.Guinea pigs restrained in plethysmographs were exposed to various doses of sarin vapour (in the range of 1.44.4LD50). The antidotal mixture was injected immediately (5-20 s) following exposure (3 mg kg(-1) atropine and 1 mg kg(-1) benactyzine in combination with 6 mg kg(-1) toxogonine, 2 mg kg(-1) TMB4 or 12 mg kg(-1) 2-PAM). Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples were taken from surviving animals 24 h after exposure to determine the levels of inflammatory markers. A differential cell count was performed in BAL samples on Giemsa-stained slides. The inflammatory markers--histamine and prostaglandins (PGE)--were measured in BAL using radioimmunoassay (RIA) techniques.The survival rate in the various treatment groups and analysis of BAL samples showed that: (i) Toxogonine, TMB4 and 2-PAM, without pyridostigmine pretreatment, at doses that were proportional to their doses in the respective auto-injectors, exhibited similar antidotal efficacy against sarin exposure. (ii) The results demonstrated that a centrally acting anticholinergic drug is essential in the antidotal mixture to ensure survival. (iii) Histamine release and eosinophilia following sarin inhalation might require additional intervention, aimed at reducing the symptoms of allergic reaction and possibly expediting recovery. Bibliographic Information Delayed haematological complications of mustard gas. Ghanei Mostafa Department of Internal Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Chemical Injured Research Centre, Tehran, Iran. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2004 Nov-Dec), 24(6), 493-5. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 15558826 AN 2004598846 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Haematopoiesis could be affected by mustard gas. We randomly selected 318 chemical victims exposed to mustard gas and compared their cell blood counts and peripheral blood smears (PBS) with those of 377 healthy men, and also various haematological indices of 57 of these victims compared with previous data 5 years ago.The average number of red blood cells and haemoglobin of victims compared with the controls was not significantly different, but they were increased compared with data from 5 years ago. White blood cell counts, neutrophils and lymphocytes did not show any clinically meaningful difference compared with the control group but 20 cases with atypical lymphocytes in their PBS have been found.Change in lymphocyte shape may be related to committed stem cell involvement. Further studies on bone marrow cells and cell markers are needed to document this hypothesis. The mild increase in erythroid cells and haemoglobin concentration may be due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder and other respiratory diseases in these patients. Bibliographic Information Investigating the affinities and persistence of VX nerve agent in environmental matrices. Love Adam H; Vance Andrew L; Reynolds John G; Davisson M Lee Environmental Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, L396, Livermore, CA 94551, USA. [email protected] Chemosphere (2004 Dec), 57(10), 1257-64. Journal code: 0320657. ISSN:0045-6535. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 15519370 AN 2004547393 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine environmental variables that affect the affinities and persistence of the nerve agent O-ethyl S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothiolate (VX) at dilute concentrations in environmental matrices. Quantitative analyses of VX and its degradation products were performed using LC-MS. Batch hydrolysis experiments

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demonstrated an increasing hydrolysis rate as pH increased, as shown in previous studies, but also indicated that dissolved aqueous constituents can cause significant differences in the absolute hydrolysis rate. Adsorption isotherms from batch aqueous experiments revealed that VX has a high affinity for hydrophobic organics, a moderate affinity for montmorillonite clay, and a very low affinity for an iron-oxyhydroxide soil mineral, goethite. The adsorption on goethite was increased with the presence of dissolved organic matter in solution. VX degraded rapidly when dried onto goethite, when specific adsorption was forced. No enhanced degradation occurred with goethite in small amounts of water. These results suggest that aqueous conditions have important controls on VX adsorption and degradation in the environment and a more mechanistic understanding of these controls is needed in order to enable accurate predictions of its long-term fate and persistence. Bibliographic Information Localization of substance P gene expression for evaluating protective countermeasures against sulfur mustard. Casbohm Stacy L; Rogers James V; Stonerock Mindy K; Martin Jamie L; Ricketts-Kaminsky Karen M; Babin Michael C; Casillas Robert P; Sabourin Carol L K Battelle Memorial Institute, Medical Research and Evaluation Facility, 505 King Avenue, JM-3, Columbus, OH 43201, USA Toxicology (2004 Nov 15), 204(2-3), 229-39. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE); (VALIDATION STUDIES) written in English. PubMed ID 15388249 AN 2004477792 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard [bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide; SM] is a chemical warfare agent that produces edema and blister formation with a severe inflammatory reaction. The mouse ear vesicant model for SM injury has been used to evaluate pharmacological agents for countering SM dermal injury. The vanilloid olvanil reduces SM-induced edema and mRNA expression of cytokines and chemokines, suggesting that blocking the inflammatory effects of neuropeptides, such as substance P (SP), may provide protection against SM-induced dermal injury. This study examined SP expression in mice exposed to SM (0.16 mg) on the inner surface of the right ear, with or without olvanil pretreatment at 1, 10, 30, 60, and 360 min following exposure. In naive skin, SP mRNA localization was associated with blood vessels and sebaceous glands. In SM-exposed skin, SP mRNA was also detected in perivascular dermal cells. Immunohistochemical localization of SP protein was observed in the ear skin of naive, SM-, olvanil/SM-, and vehicle-treated mice. Quantification of SP+ perivascular dermal cells revealed that SM exposure led to a significant increase (P < or = 0.05) in SP+ cells over the observed time period. Olvanil pretreatment significantly reduced (P < or = 0.05) the mean number of SP+ cells at 60 and 360 min. This study demonstrates that SP expression could provide an additional endpoint for evaluating the effectiveness of vanilloid drugs on SM-induced skin inflammation. Bibliographic Information Enhanced degradation of chemical warfare agents through molecular engineering of the phosphotriesterase active site. Hill Craig M; Li Wen-Shan; Thoden James B; Holden Hazel M; Raushel Frank M Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 30012, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77842-3012, USA Journal of the American Chemical Society (2003 Jul 30), 125(30), 89901. Journal code: 7503056. ISSN:0002-7863. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 15369336 AN 2004461552 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Bibliographic Information Photocatalytic oxidation of VX simulant 2-(butylamino)ethanethiol. Vorontsov Alexandre V; Chen Yi-Chuan; Smirniotis Panagiotis G Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation, Russia Journal of hazardous materials (2004 Sep 10), 113(1-3), 89-95. Journal code: 9422688. ISSN:0304-3894. (EVALUATION STUDIES); Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 15363518 AN 2004456562 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Photocatalytic oxidation of 2-(butylamino)ethanethiol (BAET) was undertaken in aqueous suspension of TiO2 Hombikat UV 100 and Degussa P25 under different initial reaction conditions in order to determine the best parameters for the fastest mineralization of the substrate. BAET is considered to be a simulant for the VX chemical warfare agent. The application of ultrasound had only a small positive effect on the BAET photocatalytic degradation. The highest mineralization rate of 0.433 mg/(l min) was found in unbuffered TiO2 Degussa P25 suspension with initial pH value of about 9.4, TiO2 concentration 500 mg/l and the initial BAET concentration 1000 mg/l. Decreasing of the initial solution pH to 6.1 or below stops the mineralization of BAET while increasing of pH to about 11 drastically changed the degradation profile. At this initial pH, the first 100 min of reaction led to only oxidation of sulfur moiety and organic intermediates accumulated in the solution. Thereafter, mineralization of the products started. The main detected volatile product was butyl aldehyde and the main polar one was 2(butylamino) acetic acid. In the case of TiO2 Hombikat UV 100, conversion of TOC at initial pH 11 exceeded that at initial pH 9.1. For Degussa P25, the starting pH 9.4 was the best for TOC conversion. The results can be used for treatment of water from pollutants with aliphatic nitrogen and sulfur atoms. Bibliographic Information Retrospective detection of exposure to nerve agents: analysis of phosphofluoridates originating from fluoride-induced reactivation of phosphylated BuChE. van der Schans Marcel J; Polhuijs Martine; van Dijk Corry; Degenhardt Carla E A M; Pleijsier Kees; Langenberg Jan P; Benschop Hendrik P Department of Medical Countermeasures, TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory, P.O. Box 45, 2280 AA Rijswijk, The Netherlands. [email protected] Archives of toxicology (2004 Sep), 78(9), 508-24. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 15170525 AN 2004433787 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The utility was explored of a new approach to detect retrospectively exposure to nerve agents by means of conversion of the inhibitor moiety bound to the active site of the enzyme BuChE in plasma with fluoride ions into a phosphofluoridate which is subsequently analyzed by means of gas chromatography (GC). This quantifies >or=0.01% inhibition of BuChE and identifies the structure of the inhibitor except for the original leaving group. A three-tiered approach was followed involving the five classical nerve agents GA, GB, GF, GD, and VX, as well as the active metabolite of parathion, i.e., paraoxon: in vivo experiments in rhesus monkeys after iv administration of a sign-free dose of agent and concomitant in vitro experiments in plasma of rhesus monkeys and humans should allow an assessment of in vivo retrospectivity in humans. A systematic investigation was performed in order to find a single set of reaction conditions which yields a maximum amount of phosphofluoridate for all nerve agents. Fluoride-induced reactivation at 25 degrees C at a final concentration of 250 mM KF during 15 min in a pH-range between 4 and 6 appears to be effective. The in vitro decrease with time in reactivatibility of inhibited BuChE in plasma from humans and rhesus monkeys was largely due to aging of the phosphyl moiety, except for VX where spontaneous reactivation was a major cause. The decrease followed first-order except for a biphasic course in the case of GF in human and rhesus monkey plasma as well as of GD in rhesus plasma. In vitro half-lifes in human plasma ranged between ca. 14 h for GB and ca. 63 h for GA. A comparison of the in vivo data from rhesus monkeys and the in vitro data is complicated by the observation that the in vivo decrease with time of fluoride-reactivated phosphofluoridate is biphasic for all

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nerve agents. The terminal in vivo phase pertains to a small fraction of the amount of initially regenerated phosphofluoridate but is responsible for a considerable degree of retrospectivity, ranging between 14 and 56 days for GF and GB, respectively. The new procedure can be used in a variety of practical applications, e.g., (i) biomonitoring in health surveillance at exposure levels that are several orders of magnitude lower than presently possible; (ii) diagnosis in case of alleged exposure to nerve agents in time of war or after terrorist attacks; (iii) in forensic cases against suspected terrorists that have handled organophosphate anticholinesterases; and (iv) in research applications such as investigations on lowest observable effect levels of exposure to nerve agents. Bibliographic Information Biochemical changes in mouse lung after subcutaneous injection of the sulfur mustard 2-chloroethyl 4-chlorobutyl sulfide. Elsayed Nabil M; Omaye Stanley T Department of Nutrition and Environmental Sciences and Health, Graduate Program, University of Nevada at Reno, Reno, NV, USA. [email protected] Toxicology (2004 Jul 1), 199(2-3), 195-206. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 15147793 AN 2004250354 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (HD) is a vesicant-type chemical warfare agent (CWA) introduced in World War I which continues to be produced, stockpiled, and occasionally deployed by some countries, and could be used potentially by terrorists. Exposure to HD can cause erythema, blisters, corneal opacity, and airway damage. We have reported previously that subcutaneous (SC) injection of immunodeficient athymic nude mice with the half mustard butyl 2-chloroethyl sulfide (BCS) causes systemic biochemical changes in several organs distal to the exposure site. In the present study, we examined the response of nonimmunodeficient Swiss Webster mice to the mustard, 2-chloroethyl 4-chlorobutyl sulfide (CECBS). In a pilot study, we found that a single SC injection of 20-25 microl/mouse causes death within 24h. Consequently, we used 5 microl/mouse (approx. 0.017 mg/kg body weight) of neat CECBS or an equal volume of saline as control. We examined the lungs after 1, 24, and 48 h for biochemical changes including total and oxidized glutathione, protein, DNA, and lipid peroxidation contents in tissue homogenate, and superoxide dismutase, catalase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glutathione S-transferases activities in the cytosol. After 1h and/or 24h, we found statistically significant changes that were resolved by 48 h. These changes mimicked those of HD and BCS and were generally consistent with free radical-mediated oxidative stress. The implications of these observations are two-fold. First, dermal exposure to low-dose mustard gas could elicit systemic changes impacting distal organs such as the lungs. It also suggests that antioxidants could potentially modulate the response and reduce the damage. Second, although the use of known CWAs such as HD is prohibited, analogs that are not recognized as agents are as toxic and could be dangerous if acquired and used by potential terrorists. Bibliographic Information Reactivation and aging kinetics of human acetylcholinesterase inhibited by organophosphonylcholines. Worek F; Thiermann H; Szinicz L Institut fur Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der Bundeswehr, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany. [email protected] Archives of toxicology (2004 Apr), 78(4), 212-7. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 14647978 AN 2004188515 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A great number of structurally different organophosphorus compounds (OPs) was synthesized in the past decades to be used as pesticides or chemical warfare agents. Methyl-fluorophosphonylcholines were found to be highly toxic OPs and the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivator pralidoxime was shown to be unable to reactivate inhibited AChE. In the course of the development of more effective AChE reactivators, we have determined the reactivation rate constants of various oximes with human AChE inhibited by methylfluorophosphonylcholine (MFPCh), methylfluoro-beta-phosphonylcholine (MFP beta Ch) and methylfluorophosphonylhomocholine (MFPhCh). In addition, we investigated the potential influence of aging phenomena on the oxime efficacy. Human AChE inhibited by MFPCh, MFP beta Ch or MFPhCh was extremely resistant towards reactivation by oximes. Nevertheless, the newer compounds, HLo 7 and HI 6, were substantially more potent reactivators than obidoxime and pralidoxime. The low oxime efficacy was not due to rapid aging since no decrease in reactivatability was found over 96 h at 37 degrees C. Within this period a substantial spontaneous reactivation was observed, with MFPCh >MFP beta Ch >MFPhCh, which did not follow pseudo-first-order kinetics. In conclusion, the unexpected results, i.e., high resistance of inhibited AChE towards oxime reactivation and aging, and much lower resistance towards spontaneous reactivation, calls for further experiments at a molecular level for a better understanding of the interactions among AChE, its inhibitors and reactivators. Bibliographic Information Amelioration of sulfur mustard skin injury following a topical treatment with a mixture of a steroid and a NSAID. Dachir Shlomit; Fishbeine Eliezer; Meshulam Yakov; Sahar Rita; Chapman Shira; Amir Adina; Kadar Tamar Israel Institute for Biological Research, Department of Pharmacology, PO Box 19, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2004 Mar-Apr), 24(2), 107-13. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 15052605 AN 2004157688 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The ability to ameliorate sulfur mustard (HD)-induced oedema by treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs was reported previously after screening four steroids and four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) using the mouse ear vesicant model. Following the screening study, one steroid and one NSAID (Adexone and Voltaren) were selected as the most effective, and a mixture of the two was chosen for the present more extensive research. The effect of the combined treatment on clinical, biochemical and histopathological parameters following HD insult was studied. Mice ears were exposed to 0.2 micro l of HD for 10 min to produce a moderate skin injury. Oedema development peaked ca. 48 h following exposure, as determined by weighing ear biopsies. Histological observations at that time exhibited damage to the epidermis and dermis. An increase in prostaglandin E (PGE) was measured in skin homogenates, starting 8 h following exposure and lasting at least up to 48 h post-exposure. A topical treatment using the above anti-inflammatory mixture significantly reduced inflammatory parameters when applied up to 4 h following exposure. These parameters included extent of oedema, levels of PGE, area of clinical damage and extent of cytotoxic injury (vesications and damaged epithelial cells). Thus, a combination of a steroid and NSAID was found to be effective in reducing the intensity of HD skin injury and possibly shortening the time to full recovery. The treatment, however, did not prevent completely the ensuing cytotoxic processes in the epithelial layer. Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Protective effect of topical iodine containing anti-inflammatory drugs against sulfur mustard-induced skin lesions. Wormser Uri; Sintov Amnon; Brodsky Berta; Casillas Robert P; Nyska Abraham Berman Building, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew

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University, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel. [email protected] Archives of toxicology (2004 Mar), 78(3), 156-66. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 14618300 AN 2004140011 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Previous studies have shown the antidotal efficacy of topical iodine at 15 and 30 min post-exposure to sulfur mustard (SM). Here we demonstrate efficacy at longer intervals (20, 30, 45, and 60 min, respectively, for data) using an improved topical povidone-iodine preparation termed N66, which contains steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. In the mouse, N66 reduced severity of ear edema by 43, 47, 44, and 36%; ear epidermal ulceration by 74, 58, 45, and 58%; and epidermal necrosis by 54, 34, 26, and 31% at the respective time points. A similar effect was observed with encrustation. The healing marker, grade of acanthotic area, showed dramatic increases of 39.6-, 25.3-, 20.9-, and 22-fold. Severity of the dermal parameters, acute inflammation and dermal necrosis, was reduced by 63, 34, 34, and 38% and 80, 54, 54, and 59%, respectively. In guinea pig skin, topical treatment with N66 45 min post-exposure reduced the SM-induced ulceration area by 75%. The histological parameters subepidermal microblister formation, epidermal ulceration, epidermal necrosis, and encrustation were reduced by 63, 61, 41, and 41%, respectively. The healing marker, grade of acanthotic area, was elevated by 73%. N66 induced a statistically significant reduction in two dermal markers for tissue damage: acute inflammation (33%) and dermal necrosis (48%). Reduced skin damage was also observed in areas adjacent the treated sites. The pharmacologically active components of N66 showed additive effect. These findings suggest that the povidone-iodine preparation combined with anti-inflammatory agents functions as a potent antidote against skin lesions induced by SM at relatively long intervals between exposure and treatment. Bibliographic Information Low-level exposure of guinea pigs and marmosets to sarin vapour in air: lowest-observable-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) for miosis. van Helden Herman P M; Trap Henk C; Kuijpers Willem C; Oostdijk John P; Benschop Hendrik P; Langenberg Jan P Department of Medical Countermeasures, TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory, PO Box 45, 2280 AA Rijswijk, The Netherlands. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2004 Jan-Feb), 24(1), 59-68. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 14745848 AN 2004044499 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The purpose of this pilot study was to indicate, for low-level exposure of conscious guinea pigs and marmoset monkeys to sarin vapour in air, the lowest-observable-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) of sarin for miosis. This is the concentration x time (C.t) value (t = 5 h) of exposure at which miosis becomes significant. The ratio of pupil and iris diameters, measured on digital photographs taken on-line during exposure, was calculated as a measure for miosis. The exposure concentrations were in the range 7-150 microg x m(-3) and the exposure times needed to achieve significant miosis were in the range 10-300 min. Both vehicle- and pyridostigmine-pretreated animals were used in the experiments. The latter pretreatment resulted in ca. 30% inhibition of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase in both species. In vehicle-pretreated guinea pigs and marmosets the pupil size was decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at sarin doses of 1.8 +/- 0.3 and 2.5 +/- 0.8 mg x min x m(-3), respectively. In pyridostigmine-pretreated guinea pigs and marmosets the pupil size was affected significantly (P < 0.05) at 1.8 +/- 0.5 and 3.0 +/- 0.8 mg x min x m(-3), respectively. Evidently there is no significant influence of pyridostigmine pretreatment on the LOAEL. These data were addressed in light of the recommended occupational and detection limits for sarin vapour in air. It was concluded that miosis will occur during low-level sarin exposure at levels that are not detectable by the currently fielded alarm systems, assuming that humans are as sensitive for sarin vapour in air as guinea pigs and marmosets. Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Examination of changes in connective tissue macromolecular components of large white pig skin following application of Lewisite vapour. Lindsay Christopher D; Hambrook Joy L; Brown Roger F R; Platt Jan C; Knight Robert; Rice Paul Biomedical Sciences Department, Dstl Porton Down, Salisbury, Wilts SP4 0JQ, UK. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2004 Jan-Feb), 24(1), 37-46. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 14745845 AN 2004044496 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The aim of this study was to provide information about the degradative processes that occur in major connective tissue components in skin following exposure of large white pigs to Lewisite vapour. Of particular interest were alterations in glycoproteins, which are known to mediate dermo-epidermal attachment (laminin and type IV collagen) and the main collagen found in the dermis (type III collagen). The immunostaining of transfer blots from skin extracts run on sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels revealed no evidence of cross-linking of laminin or of type III or IV collagen. However, there was evidence of a very considerable degradation of laminin and, to a lesser extent, of type IV collagen. Type III collagen did not appear to be degraded in skin exposed to Lewisite. These degradative processes appeared to be more severe than found in previous studies in Yucatan mini-pigs percutaneously exposed to sulphur mustard, in which only laminin was found to undergo partial cleavage rather than wholesale degradation.The results suggest that damage to macromolecular components in the sub-epidermal basement membrane in skin which mediate dermo-epidermal separation processes may be a common feature in the mechanism of action of vesicating agents such as Lewisite and sulphur mustard. It is of interest that the damage to laminin in this study appeared to be more severe than that previously found for sulphur mustard. This suggests that skin can suffer substantial damage yet, in the case of Lewisite exposure, recover relatively quickly. However, Lewisite is not an alkylating agent. Sulphur mustard, in contrast, generates characteristically slow healing lesions, most probably because of its ability to alkylate cell types that normally would be involved in skin regenerative processes. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Cardiovascular effects of the adenosine A1 receptor agonist N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA) decisive for its therapeutic efficacy in sarin poisoning. Joosen Marloes J A; Bueters Tjerk J H; van Helden Herman P M Research Group Medical Countermeasures, TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory, Lange Kleiweg 137, PO Box 45, 2280 AA Rijswijk, The Netherlands. [email protected] Archives of toxicology (2004 Jan), 78(1), 34-9. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 14508639 AN 2004043790 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Mortality and occurrence of cholinergic symptoms upon sarin intoxication (144 micro g/kg s.c., approximately 2 x LD50) in rats is completely prevented by treatment with the adenosine A1 receptor agonist N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA, 2 mg/kg i.m.). Previously, we have shown that CPA treatment altered the distribution of sarin into the brain, presumably through its cardiovascular side effects. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the contribution of the cardiodepressant effects of CPA to its therapeutic efficacy against sarin intoxication. Intramuscular treatment of rats with 0.5

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and 2.0 mg/kg CPA 1 min after sarin poisoning attenuated most cholinergic symptoms and prevented mortality, which seemed to be directly associated with an immediate strong and long-lasting bradycardia and hypotension caused by CPA. Treatment with lower doses of CPA (0.1 and 0.05 mg/kg i.m.) caused similar levels of bradycardia and hypotension, albeit a few minutes later than at the higher doses of CPA. Upon sarin intoxication, this was correlated with increased incidence of cholinergic symptoms and decreased survival rates. Pretreatment with the peripheral adenosine A1 receptor antagonist 8- psulphophenyltheophylline (8-PST, 20 mg/kg i.p.) counteracted the cardiodepressant effects of 0.05 mg/kg CPA almost completely, thereby nearly abolishing its therapeutic efficacy against sarin poisoning. In conclusion, the present results strongly indicate that bradycardia and hypotension induced by the peripheral adenosine A1 receptor play a prominent role in the therapeutic efficacy of CPA in cases of sarin poisoning. Bibliographic Information Effects of daily stress or repeated paraoxon exposures on subacute pyridostigmine toxicity in rats. Shaikh Jamaluddin; Karanth Subramanya; Chakraborty Dibyendu; Pruett Steve; Pope Carey N Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, 264 McElroy Hall, OK 74078, Stillwater, USA Archives of toxicology (2003 Oct), 77(10), 576-83. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 14574445 AN 2003495653 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Pyridostigmine (PYR) is a carbamate cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitor used during the Persian Gulf War as a pretreatment against possible chemical nerve agent attack. Because of its quaternary structure, PYR entry into the central nervous system is limited by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Following reports of unexplained illnesses among Gulf War veterans, however, central nervous system effects of PYR have been postulated through either stress-induced alteration of BBB permeability or via interactions with other neurotoxic agents. We evaluated the effects of daily physical (treadmill running) stress or daily exposure to a subclinical dosage of the organophosphate ChE inhibitor paraoxon (PO) on ChE inhibition in blood, diaphragm and selected brain regions in young adult male Sprague-Dawley rats following subacute PYR exposures. In physical stress studies, rats were placed on a treadmill for 90 min each day for 14 days just prior to PYR (0, 3, or 10 mg/kg per day) administration. In PO-PYR interaction studies, rats were treated with PO (0, 0.05, or 0.1 mg/kg per day) 1 h prior to daily PYR (0 or 3 mg/kg per day) administration for 14 consecutive days. Rats were evaluated daily for signs of cholinergic toxicity and were killed 1 h after the final PYR treatment. Forced running increased plasma corticosterone levels throughout the experiment (on days 1, 3, 7 and 14) when measured immediately after termination of stress. PYR-treated rats in the high dosage (10 mg/kg per day) group exhibited slight signs of toxicity (involuntary movements) for the first 6 days, after which tolerance developed. Interestingly, signs of cholinergic toxicity following PYR were slightly but significantly increased in rats forced to run on the treadmill prior to dosing. ChE activities in whole blood and diaphragm were significantly reduced 1 h after the final PYR challenge, and ChE inhibition in diaphragm was significantly greater in stressed rats than in non-stressed controls following high dose PYR (10 mg/kg per day). No significant effects of treadmill running on PYR-induced ChE inhibition in brain regions were noted, however. Repeated subclinical PO exposure had no apparent effect on functional signs of PYR toxicity. As with repeated treadmill running, whole blood and diaphragm ChE activities were significantly reduced 1 h after the final PYR administration, and ChE inhibition was significantly greater with combined PO and PYR exposures. Brain regional ChE activity was significantly inhibited after daily PO exposure, but no increased inhibition was noted following combined PO and PYR dosing. We conclude that, while some stressors may under some conditions affect functional signs of toxicity following repeated pyridostigmine exposures, these changes are likely to occur via alteration of peripheral cholinergic mechanisms and not through enhanced entry of pyridostigmine into the brain. Bibliographic Information Effects of sulfur mustard on transcription in human epidermal keratinocytes: analysis by mRNA differential display. Platteborze Peter L Pharmacology Division, USAMRICD, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425, USA. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2003 Jul-Aug), 23(4), 249-54. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12884408 AN 2003350997 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract This study examines the transcriptional response of human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK) to sulfur mustard (HD) in order to gain a better understanding of the intracellular events that result in cytotoxicity. Differential display polymerase chain reaction technology was used to examine the relative transcriptional activity of healthy cells to those exposed to subvesicating or vesicating concentrations of HD for 4 h. Approximately 2% of the HEK transcriptome had altered expression. Sixty of the most prominently altered transcripts were characterized. Important upregulated genes include NADH dehydrogenase III, GADD45 and ubiquitin. Key downregulated genes include type I keratin 14, alpha-enolase and caltractin. Many of the identified transcripts protein products presently do not have an assigned function and eleven transcripts were unidentifiable. These transcriptional alterations provide one of the first molecular insights into the intracellular events induced by HD. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Degradation of VX and sulfur mustard by enzymatic haloperoxidation. Amitai G; Adani R; Hershkovitz M; Bel P; Rabinovitz I; Meshulam H Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, PO Box 19, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2003 Jul-Aug), 23(4), 225-33. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12884405 AN 2003350994 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chloroperoxidase (CPO) isolated from Caldariomyces fumago (20 U ml(-1)) together with urea hydrogenperoxide (UPER, 0.5 mM) and sodium chloride as co-substrate (NaCl, 0.5 M) caused rapid breakdown of VX (10 microM) (t((1/2)) = 8 s, 25 C, 50 mM tartarate, pH 2.75). Glucose oxidase (GOX, Aspergillus niger) and glucose were used as an alternative source for H(2)O(2). A mixture of GOX (20 U ml(-1)), glucose (GLU 0.45 M), CPO (20 U ml(-1)) and NaCl (0.5 M) caused a 3.8-fold slower degradation of VX (10 microM) (t((1/2)) = 30 s, 25 C, 50 mM tartarate, pH 2.75). The concentrations of H(2)O(2) and chlorine produced by this enzyme/substrate mixture depended mainly on the GLU concentration. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) together with UPER (1 mM) and sodium iodide (NaI, 0.05 M) caused progressive degradation of VX that was more than 400-fold slower than with CPO (20 U ml(-1)), UPER (0.5 mM) and NaCl (0.5 M) (t((1/2)) = 55 min, 25 C, pH 8). Skin decontamination of VX by CPO was tested in pig-ear skin in vitro. The chemical agent VX (0.01 M, 100 microl) was degraded by 98% within 3 h of skin diffusion when a mixture of UPER/NaCl/CPO was applied 60 min prior to VX application. A mixture of UPER/NaCl without CPO also caused significant VX degradation (94%) during skin diffusion whereas it did not cause any VX degradation in solution. Degradation of VX in skin, obtained without exogenous CPO, may indicate involvement of endogenous intradermal haloperoxidase-like enzyme. Reagent UPER (1 mM) did not cause any degradation of VX in solution or during its skin diffusion. Furthermore, a mixture of CPO, UPER and NaCl caused rapid degradation of sulfur mustard (HD).

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Sulfur mustard (50 microM) incubated in the presence of CPO (4 U ml(-1)), UPER (0.05 M) and NaCl (0.5 M) at pH 2.75 and 30 C was oxidized by 97% and 99% within 5 and 10 min, respectively. The oxidation products HD sulfoxide, HD sulfone and HD sulfoxidevinyl were identified by GC/MS in the enzymatic chloroperoxidation mixture. Copyright 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Billion-fold acceleration of the methanolysis of paraoxon promoted by La(OTf)3 in methanol. Tsang Josephine S; Neverov Alexei A; Brown R S Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6 Journal of the American Chemical Society (2003 Jun 25), 125(25), 7602-7. Journal code: 7503056. ISSN:0002-7863. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12812502 AN 2003285652 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The methanolysis of the insecticide paraoxon (2) was investigated in methanol solution containing varying [La(OTf)(3)] (OTf = (-)OS(O)(2)CF(3)) as a function of at 25 degrees C. Plots of the pseudo-first-order rate constants (k(obs)) for methanolysis as a function of [La(OTf)(3)](total) were obtained under buffered conditions from 5.15 to 10.97, and the slopes of the linear parts of these were used to determine the second-order rate constants (k(2)(obs)) for the La(3+)-catalyzed methanolysis of 2. Detailed analysis of the potentiometric titration data of La(OTf)(3) in methanol through fits to a multicomponent equilibrium mixture of dimers of general stoichiometry La(3+)(2)((-)OCH3)n, where n assumes values of 1-5, gives the equilibrium distribution of each as a function of. These data, when fit to a second expression describing k(2)(obs) in terms of a linear combination of individual rate constants k(2)(2:1), k(2)(2:2).k(2)(2:)n for the dimers, allow one to describe the overall catalytic profile in terms of the individual contributions. The most catalytically important species are the three dimers La(3+)(2)((-)OCH3)1, La(3+)(2)((-)OCH3)2, and La(3+)(2)((-)OCH3)3. The catalysis of the methanolysis of 2 is spectacular: a 2 x 10(-3) M solution of [La(3+)](total), at neutral, affords a 10(9)-fold acceleration relative to the base reaction (t(1/2) approximately 20 s at 8.2) with excellent turnover. A mechanism of the catalyzed reaction involving the La(3+)(2)((-)OCH3)2 species is proposed. Bibliographic Information Putative role of proteolysis and inflammatory response in the toxicity of nerve and blister chemical warfare agents: implications for multi-threat medical countermeasures. Cowan F M; Broomfield C A; Lenz D E; Smith W J US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400, USA. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2003 May-Jun), 23(3), 177-86. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE); General Review; (REVIEW); (REVIEW, TUTORIAL) written in English. PubMed ID 12794939 AN 2003268101 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Despite the contrasts in chemistry and toxicity, for blister and nerve chemical warfare agents there may be some analogous proteolytic and inflammatory mediators and pathological pathways that can be pharmacological targets for a single-drug multithreat medical countermeasure. The dermal-epidermal separation caused by proteases and bullous diseases compared with that observed following exposure to the blister agent sulfur mustard (2,2'-dichlorodiethyl sulfide) has fostered the hypothesis that sulfur mustard vesication involves proteolysis and inflammation. In conjunction with the paramount toxicological event of cholinergic crisis that causes acute toxicity and precipitates neuronal degeneration, both anaphylactoid reactions and pathological proteolytic activity have been reported in nerve-agent-intoxicated animals. Two classes of drugs already have demonstrated multi-threat activity for both nerve and blister agents. Serine protease inhibitors can prolong the survival of animals intoxicated with the nerve agent soman and can also protect against vesication caused by the blister agent sulfur mustard. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors can reduce both soman-induced neuronal degeneration and sulfurmustard-induced epidermal necrosis. Protease and PARP inhibitors, like many of the other countermeasures for blister and nerve agents, have potent primary or secondary anti-inflammatory pharmacology. Accordingly, we hypothesize that drugs with anti-inflammatory actions against either nerve or blister agent might also display multi-threat efficacy for the inflammatory pathogenesis of both classes of chemical warfare agent. Bibliographic Information Comparative efficacy of diazepam and avizafone against sarin-induced neuropathology and respiratory failure in guinea pigs: influence of atropine dose. Taysse L; Calvet J-H; Buee J; Christin D; Delamanche S; Breton P Centre d'Etudes du Bouchet, Defense Research Centre, BP No. 3, Vert-Le-Petit 91710, France. [email protected] Toxicology (2003 Jun 30), 188(23), 197-209. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12767691 AN 2003245521 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract This investigation compared the efficacy of diazepam and the water-soluble prodiazepam-avizafone-in sarin poisoning therapy. Guinea pigs, pretreated with pyridostigmine 0.1 mg/kg, were intoxicated with 4LD(50) of sarin (s.c. route) and 1 min after intoxication treated by intramuscular injection of atropine (3 or 33.8 mg/kg), pralidoxime (32 mg/kg) and either diazepam (2 mg/kg) or avizafone (3.5 mg/kg). EEG and pneumo-physiological parameters were simultaneously recorded. When atropine was administered at a dose of 3 mg/kg, seizures were observed in 87.5% of the cases; if an anticonvulsant was added (diazepam (2 mg/kg) or avizafone (3.5 mg/kg)), seizure was prevented but respiratory disorders were observed. At 33.8 mg/kg, atropine markedly increased the seizure threshold and prevented early respiratory distress induced by sarin. When diazepam was administered together with atropine, seizures were not observed but 62.5% of the animals displayed respiratory difficulties. These symptoms were not observed when using avizafone. The pharmacokinetic data showed marked variation of the plasma levels of atropine and diazepam in different antidote combination groups, where groups receiving diazepam exhibited the lowest concentration of atropine in plasma. Taken together, the results indicate that avizafone is suitable in therapy against sarin when an anticonvulsant is judged necessary. Bibliographic Information Low-level sarin-induced alteration of immune system reaction in inbred BALB/c mice. Kassa Jiri; Krocova Z; Sevelova L; Sheshko V; Kasalova I; Neubauerova V Department of Toxicology, Purkyne Military Medical Academy, P.O. Box 35/T, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic. [email protected] Toxicology (2003 May 3), 187(2-3), 195-203. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12699908 AN 2003232384 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract To study the influence of low-level sarin inhalation exposure on immune functions, inbred BALB/c mice were exposed to low concentrations of sarin for 60 min in the inhalation chamber. Two concentrations of sarin were chosen-asymptomatic concentration (LEVEL 1) and non-convulsive symptomatic concentration (LEVEL 2). The evaluation of immune functions was

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carried out using phenotyping of CD3 (T-lymphocytes), CD4 (helper T-lymphocytes), CD8 (cytotoxic T-lymphocytes) and CD19 cells (B-lymphocytes) in the lungs, blood and spleen, lymphoproliferation of spleen cells stimulated in vitro by various mitogens (concanavalin A, lipopolysaccharides), phagocyte activity of peritoneal and alveolar macrophages, production of Noxides by peritoneal macrophages and the measurement of the natural killer cell activity at 1 week following sarin exposure. The results were compared to the values obtained from control mice exposed to pure air instead of sarin. The results indicate that not only symptomatic but also asymptomatic dose of sarin is able to alter the reaction of immune system at 1 week following exposure to sarin. While the number of CD3 cells in the lungs was slightly decreased, an increase in CD19 cells was observed especially in the lungs and blood. The reduced proportion of T-lymphocytes is caused by decay of CD4 positive Tcells. Lymphoproliferation was significantly decreased regardless of the mitogen and sarin concentration used. The production of N-oxides by peritoneal macrophages was stimulated after exposure to LEVEL 2 of sarin whereas their ability to phagocyte the microbes was increased after exposure to LEVEL 1. The natural killer cell activity was significantly higher in the case of inhalation exposure of mice to LEVEL 2 of sarin. Thus, not only organophosphorus insecticides but also nerve agents such as sarin are able to alter immune functions even at a dose that does not cause clinically manifested intoxication following the inhalation exposure. Nevertheless, the alteration of immune functions following the inhalation exposure to a symptomatic concentration of sarin seems to be more pronounced. Bibliographic Information Nerve agents detection using a Cu2+/L-cysteine bilayer-coated microcantilever. Yang Yuming; Ji Hai-Feng; Thundat Thomas Department of Chemistry, Institute for Micromanufacturing, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana 71272, USA Journal of the American Chemical Society (2003 Feb 5), 125(5), 1124-5. Journal code: 7503056. ISSN:0002-7863. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12553787 AN 2003045046 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Bibliographic Information Assessment of the effectiveness of downward water sprays for mitigating gaseous chlorine releases in partially confined spaces. Dimbour J P; Gilbert D; Dandrieux A; Dusserre G Ecole Nationale Superieure des Techniques Industrielles et des Mines d'Ales Laboratoire Genie de l'Environnement Industriel 6, Avenue de Clavieres, 30319 Cedex, Ales, France. [email protected] Journal of hazardous materials (2003 Jan 31), 96(2-3), 127-41. Journal code: 9422688. ISSN:03043894. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12493204 AN 2002730858 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Water sprays are sometimes used as a means of mitigating accidental releases of chlorine gas. This paper gives results of a series of small-scale experimental field tests on the mitigation of chlorine gaseous releases (about 1kg/min) by various downward water sprays. The releases were from a cylinder of liquefied chlorine located in a storage shed. The shed could be configured to simulate confined and semi-confined installations used at public swimming pools. The water sprays were located in the shed. During these tests, different types of spray nozzles and storage configurations were tested under various atmospheric conditions, in order to select the best water spray. It was shown that the best chlorine downstream concentration reduction (factor 3-5 at 10m) was achieved with a flat fan water spray for the semi-confined configuration. Poor absorption in water was observed (<1%). The highest absorption (roughly 5%) was obtained with a fog water spray for the confined configuration. This is expected since chlorine is a low soluble gas. It has been evidenced for the confined configuration, that even if reduction of concentration has been observed (factor 2), downstream concentration remains very high (>10,000ppm), and above critical level of toxicity. Consequently, the use of water sprays in this case without additives to promote absorption seems to be inefficient.

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April 20th, 2005, 05:12 PM

Bibliographic Information Development of multifunctional perfluorinated polymer blends as an active barrier cream against chemical warfare agents. Hobson, Stephen T.; Braue, Ernest H., Jr. Drug Assessment Div., U.S. Army Medical Research Institute for Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering (2001), 84 80-81. CODEN: PMSEDG ISSN: 0743-0515. Journal written in English. CAN 138:363990 AN 2003:381106 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chem. warfare agents (CWA's) represent a real and growing threat both to U.S. armed forces as well as to civilians. Within the last three decades, chem. weapons have been used by the Soviets in Cambodia (yellow rain, tricothecene mycotoxins), by Iraq against Iran (HD and tabun), and by Iraq against its own dissident Kurdish population at Halabja (H-ID HCN0). In the United States' experience in World War I, almost one-third of hospitalized casualties were a result of CWA's. Furthermore, the 1000 casualties and 12 deaths resulting from the 1995 terrorist use of sarin (GB) in Tokyo show that civilians have also become targets. In this paper we focus on protection against two classes of CWA's: nerve agents (soman, GD) and blister agents (sulfur mustard, HD). Protection against these agents in the United States Army consists of a chem. resistant outer layer of clothing (BDO) and protective mask (M40). This scheme of protection allows operation in a chem. contaminated area but results in decreased performance and increased heat retention. We have investigated a material that serves as a phys. barrier to CWA's and contains an active moiety to neutralize hazardous chems. This Active Topical Skin Protectant (aTSP) would be used in conjunction with other protective procedures. Herein we report the prepn., characterization, and evaluation of aTSP's. Bibliographic Information Molecularly imprinted polymers for the detection of chemical agents in water. Jenkins, Amanda L.; Yin, Ray; Jensen, Janet L.; Durst, H. Dupont. US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering (2001), 84 76-77. CODEN: PMSEDG ISSN: 0743-0515. Journal written in English. CAN 138:343335 AN 2003:381101 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Molecularly imprinted polymers contg. Eu3+ were prepd. using a no. of pesticides and pinacolyl methylphosphonate (hydrolysis product of the nerve agent Soman), and sensors were fabricated by coating the polymers on optical fibers. The sensors were characterized in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, response time, adaptability, and portability; they provided detection limits in the low parts per trillion. Bibliographic Information Synthesis of carbon-coated MgO nanoparticles. Bedilo, Alexander F.; Sigel, M. Jake; Koper, Olga B.; Melgunov, Maxim S.;

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Klabunde, Kenneth J. Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA. Journal of Materials Chemistry (2002), 12(12), 3599-3604. CODEN: JMACEP ISSN: 0959-9428. Journal written in English. CAN 138:174329 AN 2002:910661 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Carbon-coated MgO nanoparticles, with carbon forming a porous coating on the surface of MgO nanoparticles, have been prepd. by two different techniques. Resorcinol has been found to be an efficient agent for the modification of magnesium methoxide leading to carbon-coated MgO nanocrystals of small crystallite size and high surface area. Decompn. of dry magnesium methoxide under an inert gas flow proved to be another efficient and economical way to synthesize carbon-coated MgO. The carbon coating acts as a hydrophobic barrier partially protecting the core metal oxide from water adsorption and conversion to magnesium hydroxide. However, destructive adsorption reactions can still proceed on the metal oxide surface, as evidenced by the dehydrochlorination of 2-chloroethyl Et sulfide (2-CEES) and 1-chlorobutane. The overall stability of the material in the presence of water vapor is significantly improved in comparison with non-coated nanocryst. MgO. Bibliographic Information Micellar Effects on Hypochlorite Catalyzed Decontamination of Toxic Phosphorus Esters. Dubey, D. K.; Gupta, A. K.; Sharma, Mamta; Prabha, S.; Vaidyanathaswamy, R. Defence R and D Establishment, Gwalior, India. Langmuir (2002), 18(26), 1048910492. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 138:94789 AN 2002:866089 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract At pH 8.5, the surfactant N,N,N-trimethyl-1-hexadecanaminium bromide (I) increased the pseudo-first-order rate consts. of hypochlorite-catalyzed hydrolysis of the sarin model compd. p-nitrophenyl di-Ph phosphate by 300 times and that of the toxic p-nitrophenyl iso-Pr methylphosphonate by 20 times, and the nerve agent sarin itself was completely decontaminated within 10 min at a sarin-hypochlorite ratio of 20:1 in a micellar I-hypochlorite mixt. In the absence of surfactant , it takes >70 min to detoxify sarin, even at a 10 times higher concn. of hypochlorite. Bibliographic Information A Comparative Study of the Adsorption of Chloro- and Non-Chloro-Containing Organophosphorus Compounds on WO3. Kanan, Sofian M.; Lu, Zhixiang; Tripp, Carl P. Laboratory for Surface Science Technology and Department of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA. Journal of Physical Chemistry B (2002), 106(37), 9576-9580. CODEN: JPCBFK ISSN: 1520-6106. Journal written in English. CAN 137:253624 AN 2002:620746 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The adsorption of di-Me methylphosphonate (DMMP), tri-Me phosphate (TMP), and methyldichlorophosphate (MDCP) on monoclinic tungsten oxide (m-WO3) evacuated at various temps. was investigated using IR spectroscopy. DMMP is the most common mol. used for evaluating the performance of WO3 and other semiconducting metal oxide (SMO)-based sensors to phosphonate-based nerve agents. However, toxic nerve agents such as sarin differ from DMMP in that they contain a functional group (P-F in sarin) that can be readily hydrolyzed. It is shown that the adsorption of organophosphates that contain P-Cl groups differs from nonhalogenated simulants such as DMMP and TMP on WO3 surfaces. Specifically, the non-chlorinated simulants DMMP and TMP adsorb on the surface solely through the P:O functionality with the surface water layer as well as the Lewis and Bronsted acid sites. The relative no. of mols. bound on Lewis and Bronsted acid surface sites depends on the initial evacuation temp. of the WO3 surface. When MDCP adsorbs on WO3 through the P:O bond, it is accompanied by the hydrolysis of P-Cl groups by water vapor or the adsorbed water layer leading to addnl. phosphate-like species on the surface. The IR data suggests that a halogenated phosphate like MDCP is a better simulant mol. for studies aimed at understanding the role of water and hydrolysis in the response of metal oxide-based sensors to nerve agents. Bibliographic Information Protection from half-mustard-gas-induced acute lung injury in the rat. McClintock, Shannon D.; Till, Gerd O.; Smith, Milton G.; Ward, Peter A. Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2002), 22(4), 257-262. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 137:151235 AN 2002:596130 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The chem. warfare agent analog, 2-chloroethyl Et sulfide, known as half-mustard gas (HMG), is less toxic and less of an environmental hazard than the full mol. and has been shown to produce an acute lung injury in rats when instilled via intrapulmonary injection. This injury is characterized by massive, localized hemorrhage and edema into the alveolar compartment and can be quantitated by measuring extravasation of 125I-bovine serum albumin into the extravascular compartment. Employing this rat model of HMG-induced lung injury, the authors obsd. significant attenuation of the pulmonary injury when exptl. animals were complement- or neutrophil-depleted prior to HMG challenge. Significant protection also was provided by the use of antioxidants such as catalase, DMSO, dimethylthiourea, Resveratrol, and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). The last compd. showed protection from lung injury as high as 70% and was still effective even when given up to 90 min after exposure of the lungs to HMG. These data suggest that acute lung injury caused by exposure to HMG may be related partially to complement-mediated pathways and the generation by neutrophils of toxic oxygen species. The data indicate that NAC is an effective antidote against HMG-induced acute lung injury in the rat. Bibliographic Information Oxidative decontamination of chemical and biological warfare agents using L-Gel. Raber, Ellen; McGuire, Raymond. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Environment Protection Department, University of California, Livermore, CA, USA. Journal of Hazardous Materials (2002), 93(3), 339-352. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 137:374412 AN 2002:558690 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A decontamination method was developed using a single reagent that is effective both against chem. warfare (CW) and biol. warfare (BW) agents. The new reagent, L-Gel, consists of an aq. soln. of a mild com. oxidizer, Oxone, together with a com. fumed silica gelling agent, Cab-O-Sil EH 5. L-Gel is non-toxic, environmentally friendly, relatively non-corrosive, maximizes contact time because of its thixotropic nature, clings to walls and ceilings, and does not harm carpets or painted surfaces. This reagent also addresses the most demanding requirements for decontamination in the civilian sector, including availability, low maintenance, ease of application and deployment by a variety of dispersal mechanisms, minimal training and acceptable expense. Expts. to test the effectiveness of L-Gel were conducted at Lawrence Livermore National Lab. and independently at 4 other locations. L-Gel was tested against all classes of chem. warfare agents and against various biol. warfare agent

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surrogates, including spore-forming bacteria and non-virulent strains of real biol. agents. Testing showed that L-Gel is as effective against chem. agents and biol. materials, including spores, as the best military decontaminants. Bibliographic Information Synthesis, Characterization, and Adsorption Studies of Nanocrystalline Aluminum Oxide and a Bimetallic Nanocrystalline Aluminum Oxide/Magnesium Oxide. Carnes, Corrie L.; Kapoor, Pramesh N.; Klabunde, Kenneth J.; Bonevich, John. Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA. Chemistry of Materials (2002), 14(7), 2922-2929. CODEN: CMATEX ISSN: 0897-4756. Journal written in English. CAN 137:128541 AN 2002:469813 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Nanocrystals of Al2O3 and Al2O3/MgO have been produced by a modified aerogel synthesis involving the corresponding aluminum tri-tert-butoxide, magnesium methoxide, toluene, methanol, ethanol, and water. The resulting oxides are in the form of powders having crystallites of .ltorsim.2 nm. These crystallites have been studied by TEM and BET methods, and were found to possess high surface areas and pore vols. (800 m2/g for Al2O3 and 790 m2/g for Al2O3/MgO, compared to 450 m2/ g for MgO). As seen with other metal oxides, once they are produced as nanoparticles, their reactivity is greatly enhanced on a per unit surface area basis. This is thought to be due to morphol. differences, whereas larger crystallites have only a small percentage of reactive sites on the surface, smaller crystallites possess much higher surface concn. of such sites per unit surface area. Elemental anal., X-ray diffraction, and IR spectroscopy have been used to characterize these nanoparticles, and reactions with CCl4, SO2, and Paraoxon have demonstrated significantly enhanced reactivity and/or capacity compared with common com. forms of the oxide powders. A significant feature is that, by a cogellation synthesis, Al2O3 and MgO have been intermingled, which engenders enhanced reactivity/capacity over the pure forms of nanoscale Al2O3 or MgO toward a chem. warfare surrogate (Paraoxon) and an acid gas (SO2). This serves as an example where tailored synthesis of a nanostructured formulation can yield special benefits. Bibliographic Information Nanocrystalline metal oxides as destructive adsorbents for organophosphorus compounds at ambient temperatures. Rajagopalan, Shyamala; Koper, Olga; Decker, Shawn; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Nanoscale Materials, Inc., Manhattan, KS, USA. Chemistry--A European Journal (2002), 8(11), 2602-2607. CODEN: CEUJED ISSN: 0947-6539. Journal written in English. CAN 137:191092 AN 2002:451335 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Nanocrystals of magnesium oxide react with organophosphorus compds. at room temp. by dissociative chemisorption, which we term "destructive adsorption". This process involves cleavage of P-O and P-F bonds (but not P-C bonds) and immobilization of the resultant mol. fragments. These ultrafine powders have unusual cryst. shapes and possess high surface concns. of reactive edge/corner and defect sites, and thereby display higher surface reactivity, normalized for surface area, than typical polycryst. material. This high surface reactivity coupled with high surface area allows their use for effective decontamination of chem. warfare agents and related toxic substances. Herein data is presented for paraoxon, diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), and (CH3CH2O)2P(O)CH2SC6H5 (DEPTMP). Solid-state NMR and IR spectroscopy indicate that all OR and F groups dissoc.; this leaves bound -PO4, -F, and -OR groups for paraoxon, DFP, and DEPTMP, resp. For paraoxon, it was shown that one monolayer reacts. For DEPTMP, the OR groups dissoc., but not the P-CH2SC6H5 group. The nanocryst. MgO reacts much faster and in higher capacity than typical activated carbon samples, which physisorb but do not destructively adsorb these phosphorous compds. Bibliographic Information Routes of photocatalytic destruction of chemical warfare agent simulants. Vorontsov, Alexandre V.; Davydov, Lev; Reddy, Ettireddy P.; Lion, Claude; Savinov, Eugenii N.; Smirniotis, Panagiotis G. Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Novosibirsk, Russia. New Journal of Chemistry (2002), 26(6), 732-744. CODEN: NJCHE5 ISSN: 1144-0546. Journal written in English. CAN 137:236738 AN 2002:427511 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Selected imitants of chem. warfare agents such as di-Me methylphosphonate (DMMP), di-Et phosphoramidate (DEPA), pinacolyl methylphosphonate (PMP), and butylaminoethanethiol (BAET) were subjected to photocatalytic and sonophotocatalytic treatment in aq. suspensions of TiO2. Complete conversion of the same mass of imitants to inorg. products was obtained within 600 min for DMMP, DEPA, PMP, but required a longer time for BAET. Sonolysis accelerated photodegrdn. of DMMP. No degrdn. was obsd. without UV illumination. Final products of degrdn. were PO43-, CO2 for DMMP and PMP, PO43-, NO3- (25%), NH4+ (75%), CO2 for DEPA, and SO42-, NH4+, CO2 for BAET. The no. of main detected intermediate products increases in the order DMMP (7), DEPA (9), PMP (21), and exceeds 34 for BAET. Degrdn. of DMMP mainly proceeds through consecutive oxidn. of methoxy groups and then the Me group. Di-Me hydroxymethylphosphonate and dimethylphosphate testify to the parallel oxidn. of the Me group. Destruction of DEPA mainly starts with cleavage of the P-NH2 bond to form di-Et phosphate, which transforms further into Et phosphate. Oxidn. of and carbons of ethoxy groups to form ethylphosphonoamidate, hydroxyethyl ethylphosphonoamidate and other products also contributes to the destruction. Photocatalytic degrdn. of PMP mainly starts with oxidn. of the pinacolyl fragment, methylphosphonic acid and acetone being the major products. Oxidn. of BAET begins with dark dimerization to disulfide, which undergoes oxidn. of sulfur forming sulfinic and sulfonic acids as well as oxidn. of carbons to form butanal, aminobutane, etc., and cyclic products such as 2-propylthiazole. A scheme of degrdn. was proposed for DMMP and DEPA, and starting routes for PMP and BAET. Quantum efficiencies of complete mineralization calcd. as reaction rate to photon flux ratio approx. 10-3%. Bibliographic Information Solvent Effects on the Heterogeneous Adsorption and Reactions of (2-Chloroethyl) ethyl Sulfide on Nanocrystalline Magnesium Oxide. Narske, Richard M.; Klabunde, Kenneth J.; Fultz, Shawn. Department of Chemistry, Augustana College, Rock Island, IL, USA. Langmuir (2002), 18(12), 4819-4825. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 137:62952 AN 2002:360518 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The noncatalytic destructive adsorption of (2-chloroethyl) Et sulfide (2-CEES), a mimic of bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide (HD or Mustard Gas), on nanocryst. Mg oxide (AP-MgO) was studied in several solvents from pentane to methanol. The decompn. products formed in these reactions were vinyl Et sulfide and (2-hydroxyethyl) Et sulfide. Reactions in pentane allowed the highest reaction rates, while THF and methanol gave results quite different from those for the hydrocarbon solvent. Reactions in methanol yielded (methoxyethyl) Et sulfide and not the vinyl Et sulfide and (2-hydroxyethyl) Et sulfide compds. These studies showed that the MgO-2-CEES reaction chem. is significantly affected by the solvent present and can be enhanced by choice of solvent and the addn. of small amts. of water. Interestingly, the least polar, least reactive solvent (pentane) allowed

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the most rapid 2-CEES reactions, indicating that the solvent simply aided material transfer to the reactive surface sites without blocking these sites. Rate changes upon water addn., coupled with FTIR studies, indicate that isolated surface OH groups are important reactive sites. These results indicate that the use of certain inert solvents greatly aids material transfer, and thereby the reaction rates of the sorbent with the toxin are significantly enhanced. Bibliographic Information Adsorption and Reaction of Diethyl Sulfide on Active Carbons with and without Impregnants under Static Conditions. Prasad, G. K.; Singh, Beer; Saradhi, U. V. R.; Suryanarayana, M. V. S.; Pandey, D. Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. Langmuir (2002), 18(11), 4300-4306. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 137:52819 AN 2002:306380 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Active carbons of different grades with and without impregnants were studied for the adsorption of di-Et sulfide (DES), the simulant of S mustard, under static conditions at 36 1 . Kinetics of the adsorption were studied using linear driving force (LDF) and the Fickian diffusion model. The kinetic parameters such as equilibration time, equilibration capacity, equilibration const., diffusional exponent, and adsorbate-adsorbent interaction const. (K) were detd. The diffusional exponent (n), being <0.5, indicated a Fickian mode of diffusion of DES in the studied C. Chem. interaction also seemed to be the 2nd mechanism (although minor) involved in the DES uptake rate (the 1st being simple Fickian diffusion). The adsorbate-adsorbent interaction const. did not vary significantly indicating that probably DES chem. interacts to a small extent with the metal salts present on the surface of active C as impregnants. However, the characterization of reaction products, after extn. in CH2Cl2, using GC/MS indicated that the system CrO3/NaOH/C (C impregnated with Cr(VI) plus NaOH) only reacted with DES to give di-Et sulfone. Bibliographic Information An improved brain slice model of nerve agent-induced seizure activity. Wood, Sebastien J.; Tattersall, John E. H. Biomedical Sciences Department, CBD Porton Down, Salisbury, UK. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S83-S86. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:290254 AN 2002:246280 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A brain slice model was developed to investigate the mechanisms of seizure activity induced by soman and the effectiveness of potential anticonvulsant drugs. Unlike previously reported slice studies with nerve agents, this model contains the entorhinal cortex as well as the hippocampus. This allows the study of the spread of seizure discharges within the limbic system and the development of prolonged, sustained discharges that are rarely seen in the simple hippocampal slice prepn. Soman (1 M) induced a second population spike in the evoked field potential in the CA1 or CA3 region within 15-20 min. In almost all the slices tested, this developed into spontaneous seizure activity within 30-40 min. As well as interictal bursts, many slices also showed longer periods of high-frequency bursting analogous to ictal seizure activity that originated in the entorhinal cortex. This activity appeared similar to that induced by the muscarinic agonist pilocarpine. Both the second population spike and the spontaneous discharges could be blocked by diazepam and by AMPA/kainate antagonists but not by the NMDA antagonists AP5 and MK-801. This study confirms that the combined hippocampal-entorhinal cortex slice prepn. is a suitable model for investigating the origin and propagation of nerve agent-induced seizures within the limbic system. Bibliographic Information The NMDA receptor ion channel: a site for binding of huperzine A. Gordon, Richard K.; Nigam, Savita V.; Weitz, Julie A.; Dave, Jitendra R.; Doctor, Bhupendra P.; Ved, Haresh S. Division of Biochemistry, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S47-S51. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:397222 AN 2002:246274 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Huperzine A (HUP-A), first isolated from the Chinese club moss Huperzia serrata, is a potent, reversible and selective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) over butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) (Life Sci. 54: 991-997). Because HUP-A has been shown to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, is more stable than the carbamates used as pretreatments for organophosphate poisoning (OP) and the HUP-A:AChE complex has a longer half-life than other prophylactic sequestering agents, HUP-A has been proposed as a pretreatment drug for nerve agent toxicity by protecting AChE from irreversible OP-induced phosphonylation. More recently (NeuroReport 8: 963-968), pretreatment of embryonic neuronal cultures with HUP-A reduced glutamate-induced cell death and also decreased glutamate-induced calcium mobilization. These results suggest that HUP-A might interfere with and be beneficial for excitatory amino acid overstimulation, such as seen in ischemia, where persistent elevation of internal calcium levels by activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate subtype receptor is found. The authors have now investigated the interaction of HUP-A with glutamate receptors. Freshly frozen cortex or synaptic plasma membranes were used, providing 60-90% specific radioligand binding. Huperzine A ( 100 M) had no effect on the binding of [3H]glutamate (low- and high-affinity glutamate sites), [3H]MDL 105,519 (NMDA glycine regulatory site), [3H]ifenprodil (NMDA polyamine site) or [3H]CGS 19755 (NMDA antagonist). In contrast with these results, HUP-A non-competitively (Hill slope < 1) inhibited [3H]MK-801 and [3H]TCP binding (co-located NMDA ion channel PCP site) with pseudo Ki .apprx. 6 M. Furthermore, when neuronal cultures were pretreated with HUP-A for 45 min prior to NMDA exposure, HUP-A dose-dependently inhibited the NMDAinduced toxicity. Although HUP-A has been implicated to interact with cholinergic receptors, it was without effect at 100 M on muscarinic (measured by inhibition of [3H]QNB or [3H]NMS binding) or nicotinic [3H]epibatidine binding) receptors; also, HUP-A did not perturb adenosine receptor binding [3H]PIA or [3H]NECA). Therefore, HUP-A most likely attenuates excitatory amino acid toxicity by blocking the NMDA ion channel and subsequent Ca2+ mobilization at or near the PCP and MK-801 ligand sites. Thus, on the one hand, HUP-A could be used as a pretreatment against OPs and it might also be a valuable therapeutic intervention in a variety of acute and chronic disorders by protecting against overstimulation of the excitatory amino acid pathway. By blocking NMDA ion channels without psychotomimetic side-effects, HUP-A may protect against diverse neurodegenerative states obsd. during ischemia or Alzheimer's disease. Bibliographic Information Army medical laboratory telemedicine: role of mass spectrometry in telediagnosis for chemical and biological defense. Smith, J. Richard; Shih, Ming L.; Price, Elvis O.; Platoff, Gennady E.; Schlager, John J. Pharmacology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S35-S41. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:365032 AN 2002:246272 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract An army medical field lab. presently has the capability of performing std. protocols developed at the US Army Medical

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Research Institute of Chem. Defense for verification of nerve agent or sulfur mustard exposure. The protocols analyze hydrolysis products of chem. warfare agents using gas chromatog./mass spectrometry. Addnl., chem. warfare agents can produce alkylated or phosphorylated proteins following human exposure that have long biol. half-lives and can be used as diagnostic biomarkers of chem. agent exposure. An anal. technique known as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) currently is being examd. for its potential to analyze these biomarkers. The technique is capable of detecting large biomols. and modifications made to them. Its fast anal. time makes MALDI-TOF/MS technol. suitable for screening casualties from chem. or biol. attacks. Basic operation requires minimal training and the instrument has the potential to become field-portable. The limitation of the technique is that the generated data may require considerable expertise from knowledgeable personnel for consultation to ensure correct interpretation. The interaction between research scientists and field personnel in the acquisition of data and its interpretation via advanced digital telecommunication technologies can enhance rapid diagnosis and subsequently improve patient care in remote areas. Bibliographic Information Analysis of the degradation compounds of chemical warfare agents using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Smith, J. Richard; Shih, Ming L. Pharmacology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S27-S34. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:365031 AN 2002:246271 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The anal. of the degrdn. products of chem. warfare (CW) agents has been a challenge to analysts. The low volatility of these compds. makes them unsuitable for direct gas chromatog. anal. without prior derivatization. Lack of a chromophore causes difficulties with classic detection methods after liq. chromatog. sepn. With the recent development of various interfaces that allow for the introduction of a liq. solvent stream into the mass spectrometer, the task of directly analyzing these compds. has become easier. For this report, the authors examd. three different liq. chromatog./mass spectrometry (LC/MS) interfaces for their suitability for the anal. of CW degrdn. compds. The interface types examd. were particle beam electron impact ionization (PBI), electrospray ionization (ESI) and atm. pressure chem. ionization (APCI). Several alkylphosphonates and thiodiglycol analogs that are produced from the degrdn. of organophosphorus nerve agents and sulfur mustard, resp., were analyzed using each of the three techniques. Electron impact ionization following gas chromatog. or particle beam introduction typically generates very reproducible, library-searchable mass spectra. Most of the CW breakdown compds. examd. using the PBI interface did not produce a mol. ion. Despite the lack of a mol. ion, the mass spectra of the various compds. contained enough different structural information from fragment ions for the pos. identification of each. The mass spectra generated using ESI are generally limited to protonated mol. ions with little or no fragmentation. For pos. identification and confirmation, tandem mass spectrometry techniques quite often must be used. Many of the compds. in this study were characterized by prominent sodiated adducts along with the protonated mol. ion. Methylphosphonic acid produced protonated dimers, trimers, etc. Although the various adduct ions can be used for addnl. confirmation of the mol. wt. of a compd., the adducts also can result in suppression of ionization of the compd. and thus reduce sensitivity. Another "soft" ionization technique that results in abundant protonated mol. ions is APCI. The mass spectra of the breakdown compds. produced using APCI were characterized generally by either a prominent protonated mol. ion or a dehydrated form of it. In addn., a no. of structurally significant fragment ions were obsd. and their relative abundances could be adjusted by altering the APCI conditions. The data presented here indicate that each of the three techniques can be used successfully for direct liq. introduction and anal. of the non-volatile compds. produced from the degrdn. of CW agents. The mass spectra produced using each technique are quite different and could be utilized as addnl. confirmation of compd. identity. Bibliographic Information Development of an immunoassay for diagnosis of exposure to toxic organophosphorus compounds. Miller, Jennifer K.; Lenz, David E. Department of OCBS, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S23-S26. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:336395 AN 2002:246270 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Currently, diagnosis of exposure to toxic low-mol.-wt. compds. is effected by the use of chromatog. techniques. Such an approach is limited by the need for expensive equipment and sample clean-up before carrying out the anal. To overcome those drawbacks, the authors were involved in the development of an immunoassay for diagnosis of exposure to toxic organophosphorus compds. such as pinacolylmethyl phosphonofluoridate (soman), which is a chem. warfare agent. Prior ests. suggested that it is necessary to be able to detect soman at a concn. below 2.5 10-7 M. Using four previously developed monoclonal antibodies, an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) was used to optimize assay conditions and identify the antibody with the highest apparent affinity. The min. required assay time was 2.0-2.5 h with no loss in sensitivity. To det. the specificity of the highest affinity antibody, a competitive inhibition enzyme immunoassay (CIEIA) was performed with six structural analogs of soman. The IC50 values for these analogs were 5 10-7 M for 4nitrophenylpinacolylmethylphosphonate, 8 10-7 M for dipinacolylmethylphosphonate, 2 10-6 M for diisopropylmethylphosphonate, 3 10-5 M for 4-nitrophenylmethyl(phenylphosphinate) and 6.5 10-5 M for 4nitrophenylethyl(phenyl)phosphinate. 4-Nitrophenyl-di(n-butyl)phosphinate did not inhibit binding. Those inhibitors with branched alkyl side-chains, similar to the soman mol., were effective inhibitors. Compds., which contained predominately arom. groups, were poor inhibitors. We are continuing to probe the binding specificity of the monoclonal antibody to det. its utility in further assay development. Our present results suggest that the antibody chosen may have the appropriate specificity and affinity for immunodiagnosis of exposure to soman. Bibliographic Information The active site of human paraoxonase (PON1). Josse, Denis; Lockridge, Oksana; Xie, Weihua; Bartels, Cynthia F.; Schopfer, Lawrence M.; Masson, Patrick. Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S7-S11. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:365079 AN 2002:246267 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Ideally the authors would like to treat people exposed to nerve agents with an enzyme that rapidly destroys nerve agents. The enzymes considered for such a role include human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterase and paraoxonase (PON1). Success has been achieved in endowing BChE with the ability to hydrolyze organophosphates. The G117H mutant of BCHE hydrolyzes sarin and VX, whereas the double mutant G117H/E197Q hydrolyzes soman. However, the rates of organophosphate hydrolysis are slow and a faster organophosphate hydrolase is being sought. Native PON1 hydrolyzes paraoxon with a catalytic efficiency, of 2.4 106 M-1 min-1, and our goal is to improve the organophosphate hydrolase activity of PON1. To achieve this we need to identify the amino acids in the active site of PON1. Using site-directed mutagenesis and expression in human 293T cells, the authors have identified the following eight amino acids as being essential to PON1 activity: W280, H114, H133, H154, H242, H284, E52 and D53. Fluorescence of PON1 complexed to terbium

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ion shows that at least one tryptophan is close to the calcium binding site. Bibliographic Information Comparison of the hydrolytic stability of S-(N,N-diethylaminoethyl) isobutyl methylphosphonothiolate with VX in dilute solution. Crenshaw, M. D.; Hayes, T. L.; Miller, T. L.; Shannon, C. M. Medical Research and Evaluation Facility, Battelle Memorial Institute, JM-3, Columbus, OH, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S3-S6. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:365078 AN 2002:246266 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The stability of S-(N,N-diethylaminoethyl) iso-Bu methylphosphonothiolate-a V-type nerve agent developed by the former Soviet Union-in the environment is an important parameter in threat assessment anal. and for the detn. of use, prodn., testing and storage of this chem. warfare agent. S-(N,N-Diethylaminoethyl) iso-Bu methylphosphonothiolate is a structural isomer of the nerve agent VX developed by the USA and the UK and will be referred to as VXA (VX analog) in this presentation. Because VXA and VX differ structurally, even though they do have the same mol. formula, it is expected that their phys. and chem. properties would be different. This preliminary investigation was undertaken to det. the relative hydrolysis rate of VXA compared with VX. The hydrolysis of each compd. at approx. 1 mg ml-1 in unbuffered water at pH 7 was detd. side-by-side. The half-lives for VXA and VX were detd. to be 12.4 days and 4.78 days, resp. Agent VXA hydrolyzed 2.6 times more slowly than VX, and each agent followed second-order hydrolysis kinetics. These results imply that VXA is more persistent in the environment and therefore poses a greater threat. These results also imply that VXA is more likely to be detected, if present, during an inspection in support of the Chem. Weapons Convention. Bibliographic Information Synthesis of high surface area monoclinic WO3 particles using organic ligands and emulsion based methods. Lu, Zhixiang; Kanan, Sofian M.; Tripp, Carl P. Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology (LASST), University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA. Journal of Materials Chemistry (2002), 12(4), 983-989. CODEN: JMACEP ISSN: 0959-9428. Journal written in English. CAN 136:389533 AN 2002:226497 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Several synthetic approaches have been used to obtain nano-sized monoclinic WO3 (m-WO3) powders. All of these methods begin with a std. preparative method where H2WO4 is first generated by passing a Na2WO4 soln. through a cation-exchange resin. It is shown that high surface area particles are produced by dripping the H2WO4 exiting from the ion-exchange column into a soln. contg. oxalate and acetate exchange ligands or alternatively, into a water-in-oil (w/o) based emulsion. In comparison to com. WO3 powders, the surface area of the m-WO3 powders were higher by factors of 10 and 20 times when prepd. in the presence of acetate/oxalate chelating agents and w/o emulsions, resp. The much higher surface areas enable IR spectroscopic identification of surface sites along with detection and monitoring of gaseous reactions and adsorbed species on the surface of this metal oxide. This is demonstrated with the adsorption of a nerve agent simulant, di-Me Me phosphonate. In general, little is known about the reactions of gaseous mols. on m-WO3 surfaces and the fabrication of high surface area m-WO3 particles will aid in gaining an understanding of the chem. processes occurring in WO3 based sensors. Bibliographic Information Prefiltering Strategies for Metal Oxide Based Sensors: The Use of Chemical Displacers to Selectively Dislodge Adsorbed Organophosphonates from Silica Surfaces. Kanan, Sofian M.; Tripp, Carl P. Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology (LASST) and Department of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA. Langmuir (2002), 18(3), 722-728. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 136:173252 AN 2002:22837 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract IR spectroscopy is used to monitor the competitive adsorption/desorption behavior of the nerve gas simulants, di-Me methylphosphonate (DMMP), tri-Me phosphate (TMP), Me dichlorophosphate (MDCP), and trichlorophosphate (TCP) on SiO2. All 4 compds. molecularly adsorb via hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) with the surface hydroxyl groups. The adsorption strength depends on 2 factors: the specific functional group H-bonded to the surface hydroxyl groups and the no. of such bonds per mol. The phosphonates are molecularly displaced from the SiO2 surface by chem. displacers. By judiciously selecting chem. displacers as dictated by the 2 factors, (i.e., type and no. of functional groups H-bonded to the surface silanols) it is possible to selectively and sequentially dislodge each of the 4 phosphonate compds. adsorbed on SiO2. Specifically, the relative adsorption strength of the phosphonate compds. and the chem. displacers (labeled A-C) follows the order: TCP < MDCP < A < DMMP < B < TMP < C, where A = NEt3 (TEA), B = 2-pyridyl MeCN (2-PyAN), and C= ethylenediamine (EDA). AM1 semiempirical calcns. show that the toxic nerve agent, sarin, would position itself between MDCP and DMMP in the above order. The implications of using chem. displacers in filtering applications with metal oxide based sensors are discussed. Bibliographic Information New -phthalimidoperoxyalkanoic acids in decontamination. Destruction of some toxic organophosphorus and organosulfur pollutants. Lion, Claude; Da Conceicao, Louis; Delmas, Gerard; Magnaud, Gilbert. Institut de Topologie et de Dynamique des Systemes, Universite de Paris 7, Paris, Fr. New Journal of Chemistry (2001), 25(9), 1182-1184. CODEN: NJCHE5 ISSN: 11440546. Journal written in English. CAN 136:90120 AN 2001:726141 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chem. decontamination of toxic compds. (chem. warfare agents and/or insecticides) is of increasing importance. We report the use of -phthalimidoperoxyalkanoic acids in the destruction of paraoxon (di-Et p-nitrophenyl phosphate), a well-known insecticide, and 2-chloro-2'-phenyldiethyl sulfide (a half mustard). We show that while all the peroxy acids used in this series allow the destruction of toxic compds., the length n of the alkanoic side chain is important to the choice of the optimal industrial compd., which is 6-phthalimidoperoxyhexanoic acid (n = 5). Bibliographic Information In vitro skin absorption and decontamination of sulphur mustard: comparison of human and pig ear skin. Chilcott, R. P.; Jenner, J.; Hotchkiss, S. A. M.; Rice, P. Department of Biomedical Sciences, CBD Porton Down, Salisbury, UK. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(4), 279-283. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:191481 AN 2001:616748 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of an in vitro skin diffusion cell system as a model for assessing

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decontaminants against the chem. warfare agent sulfur mustard (SM). The in vitro absorption rates of SM through heat-sepd. human (157 66 g cm-2 h-1) and pig-ear (411 175 g cm-2 h-1) epidermal membranes were in agreement with previous in vivo studies that quoted skin absorption rates of 150 and 366 g cm-2 h-1, resp. Decontaminants (fuller's earth, Ambergard and BDH spillage granules) were ranked in order of effectiveness by measuring the skin absorption rates and the percentage of applied dose of SM that penetrated human and pig ear epidermal membranes. The effectiveness of fuller's earth measured in this in vitro study using human epidermal membranes was in agreement with a previous in vivo human volunteer study. Similarly, the effectiveness of fuller's earth and Ambergard measured in vitro with pig ear epidermal membranes was in agreement with a previous in vivo study conducted on rats. However, there was complete disparity in the ranking of decontaminants between human and pig ear epidermal membranes measured in vitro. Thus, although pig ear skin may be a relatively good model for predicting the human skin absorption of SM, it is a poor model for testing decontamination systems. The results of this study further validate the use of Franz-type glass diffusion cells contg. human epidermal membranes as a model for predicting in vivo human skin absorption. Bibliographic Information Modelling aerosol processes related to the atmospheric dispersion of sarin. Kukkonen, J.; Riikonen, K.; Nikmo, J.; Jappinen, A.; Nieminen, K. Air Quality Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland. Journal of Hazardous Materials (2001), 85(3), 165-179. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 136:41716 AN 2001:572441 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Math. models were developed to evaluate the atm. dispersion of selected chem. warfare agents (CWA), including evapn. and settling of pollutant liq. droplets. The presented models and numerical results may be used to design protection and control measures against the conceivable use of CWA. The model, AERCLOUD (AERosol CLOUD), was extended to treat 2 nerve agents, sarin and VX, and the mustard agent. This model evaluates the thermodn. evolution of a 5-component aerosol mixt., consisting of 2-component droplets together with the surrounding 3-component gas. Numerical computations were performed using this model on the evapn. and settling of airborne sarin droplets in characteristic dispersion and atm. conditions. In particular, the max. radii (rM) of a totally evapg. droplet, in terms of the ambient temp. and pollutant vapor concn., were evaluated. The radii rM were .apprx.15-80 m for sarin droplets for selected ambient conditions and initial heights. Deposition fractions in terms of initial droplet size were also evaluated. Bibliographic Information Oxidation of triphenylarsine to triphenylarsine oxide by Trichoderma harzianum and other fungi. Hofmann, K.; Hammer, E.; Kohler, M.; Bruser, V. URST Umwelt- und Rohstoff-Technologie GmbH Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. Chemosphere (2001), 44(4), 697-700. CODEN: CMSHAF ISSN: 0045-6535. Journal written in English. CAN 135:254254 AN 2001:483254 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Arsenic resistant strains of bacteria and fungi were isolated from soil contaminated by chem. warfare agents. Until now, no metabolic products of microbial attack against the Ph residues of the model substrate triphenylarsine (TP) were found if it was incubated together with these strains in liq. culture assays. However, one of the isolated fungi, Trichoderma harzianum As 11, was found to oxidize TP to triphenylarsine oxide (TPO). The yeast Trichosporon mucoides SBUG 801 and the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium were also able to oxidize the As(III) in TP. In addn., P. chrysosporium transformed phenylarsine oxide (PAO) to phenylarsonic acid (PAA) under O2-atmosphere. By means of a respirometer system, the oxidn. of TP by T. harzianum As 11 was confirmed by a significantly higher consumption of oxygen in the presence of these compds. HPLC anal. of the oxidn. products TPO and PAA in the medium of the assays provided evidence for the transfer reaction of As(III) to As(V) in org. bonds. The oxidn. products TPO and PAA are more hydrophilic than TP and PAO. Therefore, it was concluded that particular fungi contribute to the mobilization of arsenic in soil contaminated by chem. warfare agents. Bibliographic Information Nanocrystalline metal oxides as unique chemical reagents/sorbents. Lucas, Erik; Decker, Shawn; Khaleel, Abbas; Seitz, Adam; Fultz, Shawn; Ponce, Aldo; Li, Weifeng; Carnes, Corrie; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA. Chemistry--A European Journal (2001), 7(12), 2505-2510. CODEN: CEUJED ISSN: 0947-6539. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 135:216336 AN 2001:471452 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review with 29 refs. A new family of porous inorg. solids based on nanocryst. metal oxides is discussed. These materials, made up of 4-7 nm MgO, CaO, Al2O3, ZnO, and others, exhibit unparalleled destructive adsorption properties for acid gases, polar orgs., and even chem./biol. warfare agents. These unique sorption properties are due to nanocrystal shape, polar surfaces, and high surface areas. Free-flowing powders or consolidated pellets are effective, and pore structure can be controlled by consolidation pressures. Chem. properties can be adjusted by choice of metal oxide as well as by incorporating other oxides as monolayer films. Bibliographic Information MALDI-ToF/MS as a diagnostic tool for the confirmation of sulfur mustard exposure. Price, Elvis O.; Smith, J. Richard; Clark, Connie R.; Schlager, John J.; Shih, Ming L. Pharmacology Division, Applied Pharmacology Branch, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S193S197. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:206570 AN 2001:455416 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The continual threat of chem. and biol. warfare has prompted the need for unambiguous anal. methods for the confirmation of agent exposure. In this paper, we have investigated the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF/MS) as a diagnostic tool for this purpose. Mass spectral studies of the interaction of sulfur mustard (bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, HD) with Hb and metallothioneins were conducted. In vitro expts. with purified proteins were performed, using both HD and chloroethylethyl sulfide (CEES), in an effort to det. the extent of alkylation and occurrence of HD crosslinking using the MALDI-ToF/MS technique. In a typical expt., 50 mL of 5 mM HD in acetonitrile was added to an equal vol. of 0.5 mM Hb in deionized water followed by vortexing and incubation at room temp. After 24 h, the samples were analyzed by MALDI-ToF/MS. Mass spectral results indicated the presence of at least two distinct alkylation adducts for both HD and CEES expts. These results demonstrate that MALDI-ToF/MS is a useful anal. technique to investigate the interaction of HD with biomols. and may be employed potentially as a diagnostic tool for the confirmation of exposure to chem. warfare agents. Bibliographic Information

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter A cutaneous full-thickness liquid sulfur mustard burn model in weanling swine: clinical pathology and urinary excretion of thiodiglycol. Graham, John S.; Reid, Frances M.; Smith, J. Richard; Stotts, Richard R.; Tucker, F. Steven; Shumaker, Shawn M.; Niemuth, Nancy A.; Janny, Stephen J. US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S161-S172. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72547 AN 2001:455411 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide, HD) is a well-known blistering chem. warfare agent. We have developed a cutaneous full-thickness HD burn model in weanling pigs for efficacy testing of candidate treatment regimens. This report addresses clin. pathol. findings and the urinary excretion profile of a major HD metabolite (thiodiglycol, TDG) in this model. Six female Yorkshire pigs were exposed to HD liq. on the ventral surface for 2 h, generating six 3-cm diam. full-thickness dermal lesions per pig. Blood samples were collected throughout a 7-day observation period for hematol. and serum chem. examns. Urine was collected in metab. cages. Routine urinalysis was performed and the urine analyzed for TDG using gas chromatog./mass spectrometry. Examn. of clin. pathol. parameters revealed subtle HD-related changes that are suggestive of a mild hemolytic episode. No other signs of clin. significant systemic toxicities were noted, including bone marrow suppression. Thiodiglycol was detected at the earliest time point tested (6-8 h post-exposure) at levels ranging from 0.66 to 4.98 g ml-1 with a mean of 2.14 g ml-1. Thiodiglycol concns. were the highest for half of the animals at this earliest time point and at 24-48 h for the others. By the evening of day 3, the mean level had reached 50 ng ml-1. Mean levels remained 10-40 ng ml-1 for the remainder of the 7-day observation period, with the highest individual concn. noted during this period of 132 ng ml-1. Our results are in general agreement with the TDG excretion profiles previously described for rodent models and humans. Urinary excretion of absorbed HD in our weanling pig wound healing model appears to follow the same pattern as is seen in other lab. animals models. In general, urinary excretion of TDG appears to peak within the first 1-4 days following exposure, with detectable levels after 1 wk. Relatively high urinary TDG levels may thus indicate agent exposure within the previous 96 h. Low levels significantly above natural background levels may indicate either exposure to low levels of agent or exposure that occurred more than 4 days prior to collection of the sample. Bibliographic Information Systemic administration of candidate antivesicants to protect against topically applied sulfur mustard in the mouse ear vesicant model (MEVM). Babin, M. C.; Ricketts, K.; Skvorak, J. P.; Gazaway, M.; Mitcheltree, L. W.; Casillas, R. P. Drug Assessment and Comparative Medicine Divisions, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S141-S144. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72425 AN 2001:455408 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The mouse ear vesicant model (MEVM) provides a quant. edema response as well as histopathol. and biochem. endpoints as measurements of inflammation and tissue damage following exposure to the chem. warfare agent sulfur mustard (HD). In the MEVM, several topically applied anti-inflammatory agents provided a significant degree of protection against HD-induced edema and dermal-epidermal sepn. This study evaluated the protective effects of three of these pharmacol. compds. when administered systemically in the MEVM. Alzet osmotic pumps were used to deliver an s.c. dose of the appropriate antiinflammatory agent, starting 24 h before exposure to sulfur mustard and continuing until 24 h post-exposure to HD. Twentyfour hours after pump implantation, 5 l of a 195 mM (0.16 mg) soln. of sulfur mustard (d. = 1.27 g ml-1; MW = 159; purity = 97.5%) in methylene chloride was applied to the inner surface of the right ear of each mouse. Sulfur mustard injury in the mouse ear was measured by both edema response (fluid accumulation) and histopathol. damage (necrosis, epidermal-dermal sepn.). The systemic administration of hydrocortisone, indomethacin and olvanil provided a significant redn. in edema (24%, 26% and 22%, resp.) from the pos. control. Compared to HD-pos. controls, hydrocortisone, indomethacin and olvanil caused a significant redn. in subepidermal blisters (71%, 52% and 57%, resp.) whereas only hydrocortisone produced a significant redn. in contralateral epidermal necrosis (41%). The authors show here that these anti-inflammatory drugs are effective when administered systemically in the MEVM. Bibliographic Information N-acetylcysteine and endothelial cell injury by sulfur mustard. Atkins, Kevin B.; Lodhi, Irfan J.; Hurley, Lauren L.; Hinshaw, Daniel B. University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S125S128. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72423 AN 2001:455404 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Understanding the underlying mechanisms of cell injury and death induced by the chem. warfare vesicant sulfur mustard (HD) will be extremely helpful in the development of effective countermeasures to this weapon of terror. We have found recently that HD induces both apoptosis and necrosis in endothelial cells. Pretreatment of the endothelial cells for 20 h with the redoxactive agent N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) selectively prevented apoptotic death induced by HD. In this study, we tested the hypotheses that pretreatment with NAC acts through two different pathways to minimize endothelial injury by HD: NAC pretreatment acts via a glutathione (GSH)-dependent pathway; and NAC pretreatment acts to suppress HD-induced activation of the nuclear transcription factor NF B. We used a fluorescence microscopic assay of apoptotic nuclear features to assess viability and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) to assess the activity of NF B following exposure to HD. The cells were treated with 0-10 mM GSH for 1 h prior to and during exposure to 0 or 500 M HD for 5-6 h. Cells were also treated with 50 mM NAC or 200 M buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of GSH synthesis, alone or in combination overnight prior to exposure to 0 or 500 M HD for 5-6 h. Externally applied GSH up to a concn. of 5 mM had no toxic effect on the cells. Mild toxicity was assocd. with 10 mM GSH alone. There was a dose-related enhancement of viability when 2.5 and 5 mM GSH were present during the HD exposure. Pretreatment with BSO alone had no discernible toxicity. However, pretreatment with this inhibitor of GSH synthesis potentiated the toxicity of HD. Pretreatment with 50 mM NAC, as previously reported, provided substantial protection. Combining pretreatment with both BSO and NAC eliminated the protective effect of NAC pretreatment alone on HD injury. These observations are highly suggestive that NAC enhances endothelial survival via GSH-dependent effects and confirms and extends the work of others with different models that externally supplied GSH alone may be a fairly effective countermeasure against HD injury of endothelium. We next examd. the hypothesis that HD may activate the nuclear transcription factor NF B by performing EMSAs with nuclear exts. of endothelial cells following exposure to 0, 250 or 500 M HD. This demonstrated an up to 2.5-fold increase (scanning densitometry) in activation of NF B binding to its consensus sequence induced by 500 M HD after 5 h of HD exposure. Paradoxically, treatment of the endothelial cells alone with 50 mM NAC activated NF B, although HD-induced activation of NF B was partially suppressed by NAC at 5 h. Factor NF B is an important transcription factor for a no. of cytokine genes (e.g. tumor necrosis factor, TNF), which can be activated following stress in endothelial cells. Taken together, these observations suggest that the protective effects of NAC may be mediated by enhanced GSH synthesis. The increased GSH may act to scavenge HD and also prevent oxidative activation of NF B. Under some conditions, NAC may act as an oxidizing agent and thus increase NF B activity. The NF B-dependent gene expression may be important in inducing endothelial cell death as well as in generating a local inflammatory reaction assocd. with the release of endothelial-derived

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Bibliographic Information Effects of CEES on inflammatory mediators, heat shock protein 70A, histology and ultrastructure in two skin models. Blaha, M.; Bowers, W., Jr.; Kohl, J.; DuBose, D.; Walker, J.; Alkhyyat, A.; Wong, G. US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S101-S108. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72420 AN 2001:455401 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chem. warfare threats require the development of diverse models for the assessment of countermeasures. Human skin products, Skin2 (differentiating keratinocytes on a fibroblast-collagen matrix) and EpiDerm (differentiating keratinocytes) were exposed (2 h) to the sulfur mustard 2-chloroethyl Et sulfide (CEES, 1-2 mg l-1 min-1) in humidified air or to humidified air alone. Tissues were evaluated histol., ultrastructurally and for viability 22 h later; media and tissues were also analyzed for inflammatory mediators. Histol. showed that CEES induced the sepn. of dermal and epidermal regions in Skin2 with severe damage to basal keratinocytes. Histol. and electron microscopy of both products revealed condensation of nuclear chromatin, retraction of spinous processes, collapse of the tonofibrillar network and cytoplasmic vacuolization and blebbing in those cells with loss of pseudobasement membrane integrity. Exposure of Skin2 to CEES increased extracellular interleukin-1 (IL-1 ), prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) and esp. IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) release (56334 vs. 84614 pg ml-1), but decreased interleukin-6 (IL-6, 4755 vs. 351 pg ml-1). Exposure of EpiDerm to CEES led to unaffected extracellular and reduced intracellular IL-1 (371 vs. 92 pg ml-1). Extracellular IL-1Ra greatly increased (2375 vs. 24875 pg ml-1), whereas cellular levels decreased (165425 vs. 96625 pg ml-1). Extracellular (224 vs. 68 pg ml-1) and intracellular (485 vs. 233 pg ml-1) sol. interleukin-1 receptor II (sIL-1RII) decreased. Prostanglandin E2 increased (1835 vs. 2582 pg ml-1), whereas heat shock protein 70A (Hsp70A) remained statistically unchanged (57000 vs. 96000 pg ml-1). Failure to obtain a heat shock response to CEES may contribute to the susceptibility of tissue to the alkylating agent. Consistent and marked responses of cellular and extracellular IL-1Ra to CEES suggest a potential for use as a tissue status marker and primary antiinflammatory regulator in skin. Bibliographic Information Intervention of sulfur mustard toxicity by down-regulation of cell proliferation and metabolic rates. Ray, R.; Benton, B. J.; Anderson, D. R.; Byers, S. L.; Petrali, J. P. US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S87-S91. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72419 AN 2001:455399 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Metabolically active and proliferating basal cells in the skin are most sensitive to the potent skin blistering chem. warfare compd. HD (bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide). We previously described a Ca2+-dependent mechanism of HD (0.3-1 mM) toxicity that was inhibited by the cell-permeant Ca2+ chelator BAPTA AM (1,2-bis(O-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester). We describe some cellular effects of BAPTA AM that suggest a mechanism for its protective action. Monolayer log-phase normal human epidermal keratinocytes were incubated (37 ) first in keratinocyte growth medium (KGM) contg. BAPTA AM (10-40 M) for 30 min and then in KGM alone overnight prior to evaluation. The BAPTA AM inhibited cell growth in a concn.-dependent manner with some cellular degeneration above 30 M (light microscopy). At 20-30 M, BAPTA AM also inhibited cellular metabolic processes, as evidenced by a lower incorporation of [3H]-thymidine (DNA synthesis, 54 5%), [3H]-uridine (RNA synthesis, 29 6%) and [14C]-valine (protein synthesis, 12 2%) as well as a lower protein content per culture (30 3%) compared with corresponding untreated controls. However, 20-30 M BAPTA AM did not cause any demonstrable cytopathol. based on morphol. (electron microscopy) as well as biochem. (lactate dehydrogenase release, an indicator of cell viability loss) criteria, indicating a lack of acute toxicity. These results suggest that a mechanism of protection by BAPTA AM against HD may be via decreasing some metabolic, and therefore proliferative, rates. Bibliographic Information Calmodulin, poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase and p53 are targets for modulating the effects of sulfur mustard. Rosenthal, Dean S.; Simbulan-Rosenthal, Cynthia M.; Iyer, Sudha; Smith, William J.; Ray, Radharaman; Smulson, Mark E. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S43-S49. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72546 AN 2001:455392 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract We describe two pathways by which the vesicating agent sulfur mustard (HD) may cause basal cell death and detachment: induction of terminal differentiation and apoptosis. Following treatment of normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) with 10 or 100 M HD, the differentiation-specific keratin pair K1/K10 was induced and the cornified envelope precursor protein, involucrin, was crosslinked by epidermal transglutaminase. Fibronectin levels were reduced in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The rapid increase in p53 and decrease in Bcl-2 levels was consistent not only with epidermal differentiation but with apoptosis as well. Further examn. of biochem. markers of apoptosis following treatment of either NHEK or human papillomavirus (HPV)-immortalized keratinocytes revealed a burst of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis, specific cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) in vivo and in vitro into characteristic 89 and 24 kDa fragments, processing of caspase-3 into its active form and the formation of DNA ladders. The intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA suppressed the differentiation markers, whereas antisense oligonucleotides and chem. inhibitors specific for calmodulin blocked both markers of differentiation and apoptosis. Modulation of p53 levels utilizing retroviral constructs expressing the E6, E7 or E6 + E7 genes of HPV-16 revealed that HD-induced apoptosis was partially p53-dependent. Finally, immortalized fibroblasts derived from PARP /- "knockout mice" were exquisitely sensitive to HD-induced apoptosis. These cells became HD resistant when wild-type PARP was stably expressed in these cells. These results indicate that HD exerts its effects via calmodulin, p53 and PARP-sensitive pathways. Bibliographic Information Comparison of cell size in sulfur mustard-induced death of keratinocytes and lymphocytes. Moser, Janet; Meier, Henry L. Pharmacology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S23-S30. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72413 AN 2001:455389 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (HD) is a vesicant chem. warfare agent that directly alkylates cellular DNA and produces DNA strand breaks. To identify cellular models for in vitro screening of antivesicant compds. in DNA repair assays, we compared the mechanism of HD-induced cell death in cultured adult normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) and peripheral blood lymphocytes

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(PBL). One parameter that we used to distinguish apoptotic from necrotic cell death was the change in cell size due to HD. In the presence or absence of a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPI), cell prepns. were exposed to various concns. of HD (0.01-1.0 mM) and harvested at selected times after exposure (up to 24 h). Results from these expts. suggest that, with increasing HD concn. and time, NHEK will fragment irresp. of the presence or absence of PARPI, with cell fragmentation presumably preceded by necrosis. In the absence of PARPI, PBL size initially decreases and then remains const. over time. Previous DNA fragmentation studies indicate that both apoptosis and necrosis occur in HD-exposed PBL in a time-dependent manner. In the presence of PARPI, there is a HD concn.- and time-dependent decrease in PBL size that is characteristic of apoptosis. The shift in the mechanism of HD-induced PBL death from apoptosis followed by necrosis to exclusively apoptosis in the absence and presence of PARPI, resp., is in agreement with previous findings on HD-induced changes in membrane integrity, energy levels and DNA fragmentation. Considering that NHEK fragment early after exposure to HD concns. that produce vesication in human skin, PBL may be a more appropriate model for use in DNA repair assays. Bibliographic Information Automated assay for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Byers, S.; Anderson, D.; Brobst, D.; Cowan, F. Pharmacology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S19-S22. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72270 AN 2001:455388 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (HD), a vesicating chem. warfare compd., has been shown to deplete the NAD (NAD+) content in several cell systems and tissues. This NAD+ depletion has been proposed as an indicator of HD exposure and can be used to evaluate potential antivesicant compds. To examine NAD+ levels, an automated method based on the alc. dehydrogenase cycling assay of Jacobson and Jacobson and utilizing a Cobas FARA clin. analyzer has been developed. Automation of this assay led to smaller sample vols. and more efficient use of personnel and resources. The usefulness of this automated method was tested by evaluating the protection, if any, by the topical application of vitamin D or betamethasone against HD-induced NAD+ depletion in skin punches from the hairless guinea pig. The results showed that the samples exposed to HD exhibited significant decreases in NAD+ levels when compared with controls. However, neither vitamin D nor betamethasone demonstrated protection against HD-induced NAD+ depletion. In fact, betamethasone exacerbated the NAD+ depletion when compared with the HD-exposed group. This assay appears to be useful for testing potential antivesicant compds. using both in vivo and in vitro exposure systems. Bibliographic Information Effects of Lewisite on cell membrane integrity and energy metabolism in human keratinocytes and SCL II cells. Kehe, K.; Flohe, S.; Krebs, G.; Kreppel, H.; Reichl, F. X.; Liebl, B.; Szinicz, L. Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, FAF Medical Academy, Munich, Germany. Toxicology (2001), 163(2-3), 137-144. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:133255 AN 2001:448571 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Lewisite is a highly toxic arsenic compd. which can cause skin damage. In the present study effects of Lewisite on cell membrane integrity and energy metab. as well as antidotal effects of DL-2,3-dimercaptopropanesulfonate (DMPS), and meso2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (m-DMSA) were investigated in a keratinocyte derived cell line (SCL II) and primary human keratinocytes (HK). Cells were incubated in Lewisite (60 M) contg. medium for 5 min. During the following 6 h lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the supernatant, intracellular ATP content, tetrazolium redn., glucose consumption and lactate formation were measured. Glucose consumption and lactate prodn. were decreased in both cell lines after Lewisite exposure. In SCL II cells an increase of LDH activity in the supernatant, a decrease of ATP content, and an impaired ability to reduce tetrazolium was found 3 h after Lewisite exposure. In HK cultures tetrazolium redn. was significantly decreased already after 2 h, whereas LDH increase in the supernatant and ATP content decrease occurred only at 6 h after Lewisite exposure. When DMPS or m-DMSA was added directly after Lewisite exposure to SCL II cells, glucose consumption and lactate formation were restored and LDH leakage was prevented. SCL II cells might be more prone to membrane damage whereas in keratinocytes mitochondrial impairment seems to be the predominant effect of Lewisite. Bibliographic Information Prophylactic efficacy of amifostine and its analogues against sulphur mustard toxicity. Vijayaraghavan, R.; Kumar, P.; Joshi, U.; Raza, S. K.; Lakshmana Rao, P. V.; Malhotra, R. C.; Jaiswal, D. K. Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. Toxicology (2001), 163(2-3), 83-91. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:299804 AN 2001:448565 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The successful implication of the chem. weapons convention stimulated research with a new vigor on the destruction of the stockpiled sulfur mustard (SM). A prophylactic agent for SM will be very useful for personnel engaged in the destruction of SM and during inspections by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chem. Weapons. Due to simple method of prepn., SM can be used clandestinely during war or by terrorist groups. Inspite of research over several decades no satisfactory prophylactic or treatment regimen has evolved for SM. Amifostine an organophosphorothioate, originally developed as a radioprotector, and its analogs were evaluated as a prophylactic agent for SM. Three analogs by varying the chain length and substitution at the sulfur atom were synthesized and coded as DRDE-06, DRDE-07 and DRDE-08. LD50 of amifostine and its analogs were estd. through i.p. route. For the protection studies, amifostine and its analogs were administered i.p. in mice, 30 min before dermal (percutaneous) application of SM. The dose of the prophylactic agent was 0.2 LD50 (i.p.) and that of SM was 152 mg/kg (undiluted) equal to 19-fold LD50 of SM. Amifostine and one of its analogs, DRDE-07 gave significant protection. Further studies were carried out using amifostine and DRDE-07, and both of them significantly protected mice against SM (155 mg/kg, in PEG 300, equal to 19 LD50) when they were administered i.p. either 30 min before or simultaneously. LD50 of amifostine and DRDE-07 were also estd. through the oral route (1049 or 1248 mg/kg, resp.). Prophylactically administered amifostine and DRDE-07 (0.2 LD50, p.o.) significantly protected the mice against dermally applied SM (155 mg/kg, in PEG 300, equal to 19 LD50). The protection offered by DRDE-07 was better than that of amifostine by the oral route. DRDE-07 (0.2 LD50, p.o.) also protected significantly with respect to the decrease in body wt. and the depletion of GSH induced by SM. DNA damage induced by SM was also significantly reduced by amifostine and DRDE-07 (0.2 LD50, p.o.). Further studies are in progress on the various pharmacol. and toxicol. properties of DRDE-07. Bibliographic Information Adsorption of Organic Contaminants from Water Using Tailored ACFs. Mangun, Christian L.; Yue, Zhongren; Economy, James; Maloney, Stephen; Kemme, Patricia; Cropek, Donald. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA. Chemistry of Materials (2001), 13(7), 2356-2360. CODEN: CMATEX ISSN: 0897-4756. Journal written in English. CAN 135:200059 AN 2001:428900 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

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Six activated carbon fibers (ACFs) with different chem. and phys. properties were prepd. by 1st curing a phenolic resin-coated glass fiber, followed by activation and post-treatment. Their adsorption properties were studied to evaluate the removal of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and p-xylene (BTEX) and the chem. warfare simulants diisopropylmethyl phosphonate (DIMP) and half mustard (HM) from water. The adsorption isotherms showed that ACF SL-2 (activated with CO2/H2O at 800 ) has a higher adsorption capacity for BTEX, DIMP, and HM than other ACFs. This suggests that the high adsorption affinity of SL-2 is related to its higher surface area, larger av. micropore size of 11.6 .ANG. (esp. effective for the adsorption of DIMP), and lower O content of the surface. The adsorption isotherms are well represented by the Freundlich equation. For BTEX, the adsorption parameters based on C coating showed that, in all cases, ACFs have a higher K value than the best available data obtained on granulated activated C. The adsorption isotherms of DIMP and HM on ACFs are presented. Bibliographic Information The U.S. Army reactive topical skin protectant (rTSP): challenges and successes. Hobson, Stephen T.; Lehnert, Erich K.; Braue, Ernest H., Jr. Drug Assessment Division, U. S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (2001), 628(Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Materials), CC10.8.1CC10.8.8. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 135:118044 AN 2001:354344 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract In 1994, the U.S. Army initiated a research effort towards an effective material that acts both as a protective barrier and as an active destructive matrix against chem. warfare agents (CWA). We report results on our prepn. and evaluation of Reactive Topical Skin Protectants (rTSP's). These creams are composite materials consisting of a base material (TSP) and a reactive moiety. Using an established base of perfluorinated-polyether and perfluoropolyethylene solids we incorporated over 60 reactive components. Classes tested include org. polymers, org./inorg. hybrid materials, polyoxometallates (POM's), enzymes, inorg. oxides, metal alloys and small mols. We characterized these materials by light microscopy and FTIR. We detd. the efficacy of these materials against both sulfur mustard (HD) and a representative nerve agent, soman (GD), using a penetration cell model coupled to a continuous air monitor and also by in vivo testing. Composite materials with optimum reactive compds. exhibit a 94% redn. of GD vapor break-through after 20 h (from 9458 ng to 581 ng) and a 3.6 fold increase (from 162 min to 588 min) in the time 1000 ng of GD liq. penetrates through the material. Similar composite materials show a 99% redn. in HD vapor break-through after 20 h (from 4040 ng to 16 ng), a 2.3 fold increase (from 524 min to > 1200 min) in the time 1000 ng of HD vapor penetrates through the material, and an elimination of erythema vs. control in an HD vapor challenge. These results indicate that an rTSP that protects against sulfur mustard and nerve agents is within reach. Bibliographic Information Inhibition and promotion of combustion by organophosphorus compounds added to flames of CH4 or H2 in O2 and Ar. Korobeinichev, O. P.; Bolshova, T. A.; Shvartsberg, V. M.; Chernov, A. A. Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, Russia. Combustion and Flame (2001), 125(1/2), 744-751. CODEN: CBFMAO ISSN: 0010-2180. Journal written in English. CAN 134:328437 AN 2001:309769 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Early in evaluating the destruction mechanisms of a no. of organophosphorus compds. (OPCs), such as tri-Me phosphate (TMP), di-Me methylphosphonate, and diisopropyl methylphosphonate, in connection with the disposal of chem. warfare agents, the promotion and inhibition effects of OPCs on stabilized flat flames of H2 +O2 were studied. Because OPCs were demonstrated to be more effective fire suppressants than CF3Br (Halon 1301) and due to the need for replacing the currently used Halon 1301, further investigation of the effects of the OPCs on flames is of interest. Thus a lean flame of CH4/O2/Ar (0.078/0.222/0.7) with and without TMP added, stabilized on a flat burner at 0.1 bar, was studied by mol. beam mass spectrometry (MBMS) and computer modeling using PREMIX and CHEMKIN codes. An exptl. study of this flame revealed that TMP increases the width of the reaction zone by inhibiting the flame. Bibliographic Information An Infrared Study of Adsorbed Organophosphonates on Silica: A Prefiltering Strategy for the Detection of Nerve Agents on Metal Oxide Sensors. Kanan, Sofian M.; Tripp, Carl P. Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology (LASST) and Department of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA. Langmuir (2001), 17(7), 2213-2218. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 134:349067 AN 2001:156303 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The gas-phase adsorption of the nerve gas simulant di-Me methylphosphonate (DMMP) along with tri-Me phosphate (TMP), Me dichlorophosphate (MDCP), and trichlorophosphate (TCP) on silica have been studied using IR spectroscopy. Each phosphonate compd. adsorbs through a different no. of H-bonds of the methoxy and P:O moieties with the surface hydroxyl groups on silica. The strength of the adsorption depends on the no. and type of the H-bonds and follows the order TCP < MDCP < DMMP < TMP. TCP is completely removed from silica by evacuation at room temp., adsorbed MDCP is removed by evacuation at 150 C, DMMP requires an evacuation temp. of 300 C, and TMP is eliminated at 400 C. All phosphonate compds. molecularly desorb, and the silica returns to its original state. The differences in the reactivity of phosphonate compds. on silica from other oxides demonstrate the potential use of silica in prefiltering/preconcg. strategies for semiconductive metal oxide based sensing devices. Specifically, it is shown that silica can be used to selectively adsorb DMMP from a gas stream contg. methanol/DMMP mixts. Bibliographic Information Reactions of VX, GB, GD, and HD with Nanosize Al2O3. Formation of Aluminophosphonates. Wagner, George W.; Procell, Lawrence R.; O'Connor, Richard J.; Munavalli, Shekar; Carnes, Corrie L.; Kapoor, Pramesh N.; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Research and Technology Directorate, U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of the American Chemical Society (2001), 123(8), 1636-1644. CODEN: JACSAT ISSN: 0002-7863. Journal written in English. CAN 134:276643 AN 2001:85006 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Room-temp. reactions of VX, GB, GD, and HD with nanosize Al2O3 (AP-Al2O3) have been characterized by 31P, 13C, and 27Al MAS NMR. Nerve agents VX, GB, and GD hydrolyze to yield surface-bound complexes of their corresponding nontoxic phosphonates. At sufficiently high loadings, discreet aluminophosphonate complexes, Al[OP(O)(CH3)OR]3, are generated which are identical to synthesized model compds. Thus, the reaction with phosphonic acids is not just surface-limited, but can continue to the core of alumina particles. HD mainly hydrolyzes at lower loadings to yield thiodiglycol (TG, 71%) and a minor

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amt. of the CH-TG sulfonium ion (12%), although some elimination of HCl is also obsd. (17%). The reactive capacity for HD is evidently exceeded at high loadings, where complete conversion to TG is hindered. However, addn. of excess water results in the quant. hydrolysis of sorbed HD to CH-TG. On AP-Al2O3 dried to remove physisorbed water, 13C CP-MAS NMR detects a surface alkoxide consistent with that of TG. Bibliographic Information New microemulsions for oxidative decontamination of mustard gas analogues and polymer-thickened half-mustard. Gonzaga, Ferdinand; Perez, Emile; Rico-Lattes, Isabelle; Lattes, Armand. Laboratoire des Interactions Moleculaires et Reactivite Chimique et Photochimique (CNRS UMR 5623), Universite Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, Fr. New Journal of Chemistry (2001), 25(1), 151-155. CODEN: NJCHE5 ISSN: 1144-0546. Journal written in English. CAN 134:232826 AN 2001:12053 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chem. decontamination of toxic compds. (warfare agents and pesticides) is of increasing importance. In this study, we report the oxidn. of mustard gas analogs in microemulsion media. A first formulation, very well-suited for stock-pile destruction, allows a fast, quant. and chemoselective oxidn. of the analogs. In a second formulation, the choice of microemulsion components used allowed us to study the oxidn. of a polymer-thickened half-mustard (2-chloroethylphenyl sulfide), opening the field of application of these microemulsions to on-site decontamination. These results confirm both the efficiency and potential of microemulsions for mustard gas destruction/decontamination in essentially aq. systems. Bibliographic Information Bacterial release of arsenic ions and organoarsenic compounds from soil contaminated by chemical warfare agents. Kohler, Manfred; Hofmann, Klaus; Volsgen, Fernando; Thurow, Kerstin; Koch, Andreas. URST Umwelt- und Rohstoff-Technologie GmbH, Greifswald, Germany. Chemosphere (2000), Volume Date 2001, 42(4), 425-429. CODEN: CMSHAF ISSN: 0045-6535. Journal written in English. CAN 134:60919 AN 2000:878002 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The objective was to study possible participation of microorganisms in the release of sol. arsenical compds. from organoarsenic warfare agents in contaminated soil. A no. of bacterial strains were isolated with high resistance against As5+ ions which are able to degrade the water insol. compds. triphenylarsine (TP) and triphenylarsineoxide (TPO). Release of As and sol. organoarsenic compds. from soil by the activity of autochthonic soil bacteria and a mixt. of the isolated pure cultures was demonstrated by percolation expts. with undisturbed soil samples (core drills) from the contaminated site. This release increased after addnl. of nutrients (mineral N and P, Na acetate and ethanol) and is nearly independent of the percolation temp. (5 and 22 ). These results show that bacteria play an important role in the release of arsenical compds. from organoarsenic warfare agent contaminated soil. This release is limited by shortage of water and, above all, of nutrients for the microorganisms in the sandy forest soil. These results are important both for the management and security and possibly for bioremediation of military waste sites contg. similar contaminations. Bibliographic Information The chemistry of the destruction of organophosphorus compounds in flames-IV: destruction of DIMP in a flame of H2 + O2 + Ar. Korobeinichev, O. P.; Chernov, A. A.; Bolshova, T. A. Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia. Combustion and Flame (2000), 123(3), 412-420. CODEN: CBFMAO ISSN: 0010-2180. Journal written in English. CAN 133:285779 AN 2000:714913 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Mol. beam mass spectrometry with electron impact ionization at 11-70 eV and an electron energy spread of 0.25 eV was used to study the structure of a premixed H2/O2/Ar (0.26/0.13/0.61) flame without any additives and with 0.14% of diisopropylmethylphosphonate (DIMP), stabilized on a flat-flame burner at 62 mbar. Stable species (H2, O2, H2O), as well as atoms and radicals (H, O, OH) were monitored, including phosphorus-contg. compds.: DIMP and some intermediates of its destruction, phosphorus oxides and acids. The profiles of the mole fractions of most species, including those of atoms and free radicals were obtained. The calibration coeffs. for some species were detd. exptl., and estd. for others. Isopropylmethylphosphonate was detected as a main primary phosphorus-contg. product of the destruction of DIMP. It has been shown that bimol. reactions with hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen atoms, rather than a unimol. decompn., provide the crucial initial steps in the destruction of DIMP. A detailed mechanism for the destruction of DIMP in H2/O2/Ar flames is suggested. Bibliographic Information Cytotoxicity of the MEIC reference chemicals in rat hepatoma-derived Fa32 cells. Dierickx, P. J. Laboratorium Biochemische Toxikologie, Afdeling Toxikologie, Instituut voor Volksgezondheid, Brussels, Belg. Toxicology (2000), 150(1-3), 159-169. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 134:1437 AN 2000:660792 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The cytotoxicity of the MEIC (Multicenter Evaluation of In Vitro Cytotoxicity) ref. chems. was investigated in rat hepatomaderived Fa32 cells. The total protein content was measured as an endpoint after exposure times of 30 min and 24 h, both in normal and glutathione-depleted cells. The neutral red uptake inhibition and the MTT conversion were also measured after 30 min. On av., the cytotoxicity was higher in glutathione-depleted cells when compared to normal cells, and was lower after 30 min than after 24 h. Evidence was obtained for lysosomal attack (of five chems.) or mitochondrial dysfunction (of six chems.) as the primary intoxication mechanism. Malathion and mercuric chloride belong to both series of chems. Good to excellent correlations were obsd. when the 50% inhibitory concns. of the six different in vitro assays were compared. When the six in vitro assays in Fa32 cells were compared with the human toxicity, the correlation coeff. was almost always identical to that obtained previously in human hepatoma-derived Hep G2 cells. The latter was the best acute in vitro assay for the prediction of human toxicity within the MEIC study. Altogether the results integrate very well with the basal cytotoxicity concept (B. Ekwall; 1995). Bibliographic Information The role of time in toxicology or Haber's c t product. Rozman, K. K. Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA. Toxicology (2000), 149(1), 35-42. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 133:306404 AN 2000:589244 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter It happened exactly 100 yr ago that Warren established for the first time a quant. link between dose and time while studying the toxicity of sodium chloride in Daphnia magna (Straus). During this century many toxicologists in different contexts returned to this idea, which has become known as Haber's rule of inhalation toxicol. Most attempts to explore this relationship ended in frustration because of the supposed occurrence of exceptions. Thus, toxicologists concd. on the quant. relationship between dose and effect under mostly isotemporal conditions while time took a back seat and was assigned such arbitrary, semiquant. designations as acute, subacute, subchronic and chronic. Time itself as a quantifiable variable of toxicity was seldom studied and when it was studied, it was often not under isodosic (steady state) conditions as required by theory. A recent anal. of toxicol. time indicated the impact of three independent time scales (toxicokinetic, toxicodynamic, exposure frequency/ duration) in toxicol. studies, which interact with dose and effect to yield the enormous complexity known to every toxicologist. Based on prototypical examples when toxicokinetic (dioxins), toxicodynamic (nitrosamines, benzene) or exposure frequency (methylene chloride, chloroacetic acid, HgCl2, CdCl2, etc.) represent the crit. time scale, the general validity of the c t=k concept will be discussed as a starting point for a theory of toxicol. As endpoints of toxicity, (delayed) acute toxicity, blood dyscrasias and cancer will be used to illustrate the crit. conditions needed to demonstrate the validity of this theory. Bibliographic Information Detection of Fluorophosphonate Chemical Warfare Agents by Catalytic Hydrolysis with a Porous Silicon Interferometer. Sohn, Honglae; Letant, Sonia; Sailor, Michael J.; Trogler, William C. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, CA, USA. Journal of the American Chemical Society (2000), 122(22), 5399-5400. CODEN: JACSAT ISSN: 0002-7863. Journal written in English. CAN 133:100551 AN 2000:335868 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The detection of a fluorophosphonate nerve chem. warfare agent can be achieved with an oxidized porous silicon interferometer film contg. a Cu(II) hydrolysis catalyst and surfactant (CTAB). Hydrolysis of the nerve agent produces HF gas, which removes the silicon oxide as SiF4(g) and induces both a blue-shift and a decrease in intensity of the Fabry-Perot fringes. Significant changes in these 2 parameters are detected after 5 min of DFP vapor (800 ppm) exposure. Bibliographic Information Reactions of VX, GD, and HD with Nanosize CaO: Autocatalytic Dehydrohalogenation of HD. Wagner, George W.; Koper, Olga B.; Lucas, Erik; Decker, Shawn; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Research and Technology Directorate, U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, MD, USA. Journal of Physical Chemistry B (2000), 104(21), 5118-5123. CODEN: JPCBFK ISSN: 1089-5647. Journal written in English. CAN 133:30783 AN 2000:281288 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Room-temp. reactions of the chem. warfare agents VX, GD, and HD with nanosize CaO (AP-CaO), and HD with com. CaO were studied using solid-state MAS NMR. VX and GD hydrolyze to yield surface-bound complexes of nontoxic Et methylphosphonate and pinacolyl methylphosphonate, resp. The kinetics were characterized by an initial fast reaction followed by a slower, diffusion-limited reaction. Similar behavior is obsd. for HD on either dried or hydrated AP-CaO and CaO. On partially hydrated AP-CaO (but not CaO), a rather fast steady-state elimination of HCl occurs after an induction period. This behavior is attributed to acid-catalyzed surface reconstruction (to regenerate fresh surface) and the formation of CaCl2, which is known to be more reactive than CaO. The product distribution for HD is .apprx.80% divinyl sulfide and 20% thiodiglycol and/or sulfonium ions, which apparently reside as surface alkoxides. Such kinetic behavior was not evident for the common mustard simulant 2-chloroethyl Et sulfide (CEES) on partially hydrated AP-CaO, which exhibited only the typical fast/diffusion-limited reaction. Bibliographic Information Design and synthesis of an , -difluorophosphinate hapten for antibody-catalyzed hydrolysis of organophosphorus nerve agents. Vayron, Philippe; Renard, Pierre-Yves; Valleix, Alain; Mioskowski, Charles. CEA, Service des Molecules Marquees, CESaclay, Gif sur Yvette, Fr. Chemistry--A European Journal (2000), 6(6), 1050-1063. CODEN: CEUJED ISSN: 0947-6539. Journal written in English. CAN 133:13524 AN 2000:214064 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract In a new approach to the safe neutralization of organophosphorus chem. weapons, we designed a hapten to elicit catalytic antibodies with phosphatase activity. Here we report the synthesis of this , -difluorophosphinate hapten 6. Various methods for the introduction of the key , -difluoromethyl feature into the phosphinate hapten are discussed. The best results were obtained with the electrophilic gem-difluorinating agent N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide. Bibliographic Information Equilibria, Kinetics, and Mechanism in the Bicarbonate Activation of Hydrogen Peroxide: Oxidation of Sulfides by Peroxymonocarbonate. Richardson, David E.; Yao, Huirong; Frank, Karen M.; Bennett, Deon A. Center for Catalysis Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. Journal of the American Chemical Society (2000), 122(8), 1729-1739. CODEN: JACSAT ISSN: 0002-7863. Journal written in English. CAN 132:222157 AN 2000:94955 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Bicarbonate ion is an effective activator for hydrogen peroxide in the oxidn. of sulfides. Kinetic and spectroscopic results support the formation of peroxymonocarbonate ion (HCO4-) as the oxidant in the catalytic reactions. The reaction of hydrogen peroxide and bicarbonate to form HCO4- occurs rapidly at 25 (t1/2 300 s) near neutral pH in aq. soln. and alc./water mixts., and an equil. anal. of the reaction by 13C NMR leads to an est. of the electrode potential for the HCO4-/HCO3- couple (1.8 V vs NHE). Soly. of the bicarbonate catalyst is enhanced by the use of NH4HCO3 rather than by the use of group 1 salts, which tend to have lower soly. in the mixed solvents and can lead to phase sepn. Rate laws and mechanistic analyses are presented for the oxidn. of Et Ph sulfide and related sulfides. The second-order rate consts. for sulfide oxidns. by HCO4- are .apprx.300-fold greater than those for H2O2, and this increase is consistent with expectations based on a Bronsted anal. of the kinetics for other heterolytic peroxide oxidns. At high concns. of H2O2, a pathway that is second order in H2O2 is significant, and this path is interpreted as a general acid catalysis by H2O2 of carbonate displacement accompanying substrate attack at the electrophilic oxygen of HCO4-. Increasing water content up to 80% in the solvent increases the rate of oxidn. The BAP (bicarbonate-activated peroxide) oxidn. system is a simple, inexpensive, and relatively nontoxic alternative to other oxidants and peroxyacids, and it can be used in a variety of oxidns. where a mild, neutral pH oxidant is required. Variation of bicarbonate source and the cosolvent can allow optimization of substrate soly. and oxidn. rates for applications such as org. synthesis and chem. warfare agent decontamination. Bibliographic Information

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Synthesis and Characterization of a Functionalized Double-Chain Surfactant and Its Cleavage of O-Methyl S-Benzyl Phenylphosphonothioate. Jaeger, David A.; Li, Bei. Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA. Langmuir (2000), 16(1), 5-10. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 132:24141 AN 1999:379097 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Functionalized double-chain surfactant 2-hydrazino-N-methyl-N,N-didodecyl-2-oxoethanaminium bromide (I) was synthesized, and its small unilamellar vesicles were characterized by dynamic laser light scattering and differential scanning calorimetry. In a pH 9.0 borate buffer at 25 , vesicular I and O-Me S-benzyl phenylphosphonothioate (II), a simulant for the chem. warfare agent VX [O-Et S-(2-N,N-diisopropylamino)ethyl methylphosphonothioate] reacted to give anion S-benzyl phenylphosphonothioate (III) and 3 cations (2-(2-N-methylhydrazino)-N'-methyl-N',N'-didodecyl-2-oxoethanaminium, 2-(2N,N-dimethylhydrazino)-N'-methyl-N',N'-didodecyl-2-oxoethanaminium, and 2-[1-hydroxy-2-(N-methyl-N,Ndidodecylammonio)ethylidene]-N',N',N'-trimethylhydrazinium, resp.) by SN2 substitution on the Me group of II. This reaction was accompanied by the pptn. of anion III with surfactant cations, which resulted in wounding/destruction of the vesicles. The combination of vesicle damage and reaction of II suggests the potential of vesicular systems for simultaneous signaling and decontamination of chem. agents. Ester II hydrolyzed in 0.10 M NaOH at 25 to give anions III and O-Me phenylphosphonothioate in a 38:62 ratio, resp. Bibliographic Information Reactivation kinetics of acetylcholinesterase from different species inhibited by highly toxic organophosphates. Worek F; Reiter G; Eyer P; Szinicz L Sanitatsakademie der Bundeswehr, Institut fur Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany. [email protected] Archives of toxicology (2002 Sep), 76(9), 523-9. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12242610 AN 2002479746 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Standard treatment of poisoning by organophosphates (OP) includes the administration of an antimuscarinic agent, e.g. atropine, and of an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivator (oxime). The presently available oximes, obidoxime and pralidoxime (2-PAM), are considered to be insufficient for highly toxic OPs, e.g. sarin. In the past decades numerous oximes were prepared and tested for their efficacy in OP poisoning, mostly in animal experiments. However, data indicate that the reactivating potency of oximes may be different in humans and animal species, which may hamper the extrapolation of animal data to humans and may pose a problem in the drug licensing of new compounds. In order to provide data for a better evaluation of the reactivating potency of oximes, experiments were undertaken to determine the reactivation rate constants of several oximes with human, rabbit, rat and guinea-pig AChE inhibited by the OPs sarin, cyclosarin and VX. The results show marked differences among the species, depending on the inhibitor and on the oxime, and indicate that the findings from animal experiments need careful evaluation before extrapolating these data to humans. Bibliographic Information Skin toxicokinetics of mustard gas in the guinea pig: effect of hypochlorite and safety aspects. Wormser Uri; Brodsky Berta; Sintov Amnon Faculty of Sciences,The Hebrew University, Edmond Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel. [email protected] Archives of toxicology (2002 Sep), 76(9), 517-22. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12242609 AN 2002479745 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (SM, mustard gas) is a chemical warfare vesicant that rapidly penetrates the skin due to its hydrophobicity. This study measured the rate of SM disappearance from the skin after topical application of the vesicant. In both fur-covered and hairless animals, the remaining toxicant levels measured 60 min after exposure to undiluted SM were 0.6% and 0.3%, respectively, of the initially applied SM amount. However, SM concentration reached 0.4% of the initial dose 3 h following exposure in female fur-covered guinea pigs. SM quantities extracted from skin of male fur-covered and hairless guinea pigs immediately after 16 min of exposure to SM vapor were 12.2 and 21.8 microg, respectively; levels declined to 1.6 and 1.7 microg at 30 and 15 min following termination of exposure of male fur-covered and hairless guinea pigs, respectively. Three swabbing treatments of undiluted SM-exposed skin with gauze pads soaked in 0.5% hypochlorite caused 68% reduction in skin SM content. Similar findings were obtained when hypochlorite was replaced by water (64% reduction). SM content in the gauze pads was 59, 38 and 25 microg, respectively, for the first, second and third decontamination processes with water. No SM was detected in the gauze pads soaked with hypochlorite. In vitro studies showed that incubation of SM with 0.5% hypochlorite at a ratio of 10:1 (v/v) did not cause SM inactivation, whereas 4% hypochlorite reduced SM levels by 17%. However, at a decontaminant:SM ratio of 1000:1, 0.5% and 4% hypochlorite reduced SM levels by 92% and 99%, respectively. These findings are important for health authorities and regulatory agencies in planning precautionary steps to be taken in case of emergency and in routine laboratory work. Bibliographic Information Protection from half-mustard-gas-induced acute lung injury in the rat. McClintock Shannon D; Till Gerd O; Smith Milton G; Ward Peter A Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109-0602, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2002 Jul-Aug), 22(4), 257-62. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12210543 AN 2002449749 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The chemical warfare agent analog, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, known as 'half-mustard gas' (HMG), is less toxic and less of an environmental hazard than the full molecule and has been shown to produce an acute lung injury in rats when instilled via intrapulmonary injection. This injury is characterized by massive, localized hemorrhage and edema into the alveolar compartment and can be quantitated by measuring extravasation of (125)I-bovine serum albumin into the extravascular compartment. Employing this rat model of HMG-induced lung injury, we observed significant attenuation of the pulmonary injury when experimental animals were complement or neutrophil depleted prior to HMG challenge. Significant protection also was provided by the use of antioxidants such as catalase, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl thiourea, resveratrol and N-acetyl-Lcysteine (NAC). The last compound showed protection from lung injury as high as 70% and was still effective even when given up to 90 min after exposure of the lungs to HMG. These data suggest that acute lung injury caused by exposure to HMG may be related partially to complement mediated pathways and the generation by neutrophils of toxic oxygen species The data indicate that NAC is an effective antidote against HMG-induced acute lung injury in the rat. Copyright 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Oxidative decontamination of chemical and biological warfare agents using L-Gel. Raber Ellen; McGuire Raymond Environment Protection Department, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, P.O. Box 808, L-626, Livermore, CA 94551, USA Journal of hazardous materials (2002 Aug 5), 93(3), 339-52. Journal code: 9422688. ISSN:0304-3894. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12137994 AN 2002389537 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A decontamination method has been developed using a single reagent that is effective both against chemical warfare (CW) and biological warfare (BW) agents. The new reagent, "L-Gel", consists of an aqueous solution of a mild commercial oxidizer, Oxone, together with a commercial fumed silica gelling agent, Cab-O-Sil EH-5. L-Gel is non-toxic, environmentally friendly, relatively non-corrosive, maximizes contact time because of its thixotropic nature, clings to walls and ceilings, and does not harm carpets or painted surfaces. The new reagent also addresses the most demanding requirements for decontamination in the civilian sector, including availability, low maintenance, ease of application and deployment by a variety of dispersal mechanisms, minimal training and acceptable expense. Experiments to test the effectiveness of L-Gel were conducted at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and independently at four other locations. L-Gel was tested against all classes of chemical warfare agents and against various biological warfare agent surrogates, including spore-forming bacteria and nonvirulent strains of real biological agents. Testing showed that L-Gel is as effective against chemical agents and biological materials, including spores, as the best military decontaminants. Bibliographic Information Adamantyl tenocyclidines--adjuvant therapy in poisoning with organophosphorus compounds and carbamates. Erratum in: Arch Toxicol 2002 Sep;76(9):552 Skare Danko; Radic Bozica; Lucic Ana; Peraica Maja; Domijan Ana-Marija; Milkovic-Kraus Sanja; Bradamante Vlasta; Jukic Ivan Institute Ruder Boskovic, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. [email protected] Archives of toxicology (2002 Apr), 76(3), 173-7. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11967623 AN 2002328057 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of thienyl phencyclidine (tenocyclidine, TCP) and its newly synthesized adamantyl derivatives containing piperidine (TAPIP), pyrolidine (TAPIR) and morpholine (TAMORF) groups, which were tested with or without standard therapy in mice poisoned with organophosphates (OPs) and carbamates. These compounds with potential activity at the N-methyl- D-aspartate and muscarinic receptors showed low acute toxicity, having LD50 values varying from 106.00 mg/kg (TCP) to >504.00 mg/kg body weight (TAMORF). TCP and its adamantyl derivatives were administered intraperitoneally (2.5 mg/kg body weight) together with atropine (10.0 mg/kg body weight) and with or without 1/4 LD50 of the oxime HI-6. Each compound administered with atropine had a therapeutic effect against poisoning with carbamates propoxur, aldicarb and Ro 02-0683 (protective ratio of tenocyclidines was from 3.99 LD50 of aldicarb to >16.00 LD50 for propoxur). However, the efficacy of those compounds in combination with atropine was lower against poisoning with the OP insecticide dichlorvos (DDVP) and chemical warfare agents soman and tabun. In soman-poisoned mice, the best therapeutic effects were obtained with the combination of HI-6 plus atropine and test compounds, with protective ratios being from 5.40 to 7.12 LD50 of soman. The results suggest that TCP and adamantyl tenocyclidines could be used in combination with atropine as antidotes in carbamate poisoning and as adjuvant therapy to HI-6 and atropine in soman poisoning. Bibliographic Information Site-specific percutaneous absorption of methyl salicylate and VX in domestic swine. Duncan E J Scott; Brown April; Lundy Paul; Sawyer Thomas W; Hamilton Murray; Hill Ira; Conley John D Chemical Biological Defence Section, Defence Research Establishment, Suffield, PO Box 4000, Station Main, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada T1A 8K6 Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2002 May-Jun), 22(3), 141-8. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12015792 AN 2002313565 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The site specificity of the percutaneous absorption of methyl salicylate (MeS) and the organophosphate nerve agent VX (Oethyl S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothioate) was examined in anaesthetized domestic swine that were fully instrumented for physiological endpoints. Four different anatomical sites (ear, perineum, inguinal crease and epigastrium) were exposed to the MeS and the serum levels were measured over a 6-h time period. The dose absorbed at the ear region was 11 microg cm(-2) with an initial flux of 0.063 microg cm(-2)min(-1), whereas at the epigastrium region the dose absorbed was 3 microg cm(-2) with an initial flux of 0.025 microg cm(-2)min(-1). For this reason further studies were carried out with VX on the ear and the epigastrium only. In animals treated with agent on the epigastrium, blood cholinesterase (ChE) activity began to drop 90 min after application and continued to decline at a constant rate for the remainder of the experiment to ca. 25% of awake control activity. At this time there were negligible signs of poisoning and the medical prognosis was judged to be good. In contrast, the ChE activity in animals receiving VX on the ear decreased to 25% of awake control values within 45 min and levelled out at 5-6% by 120 min. Clinical signs of VX poisoning paralleled the ChE inhibition, progressing in severity over the duration of the exposure. It was judged that these animals would not survive. The dramatic site dependence of agent absorption leading to vastly different toxicological endpoints demonstrated in this model system has important ramifications for chemical protective suit development, threat assessment, medical countermeasures and contamination control protocols. Copyright 2002 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information An improved brain slice model of nerve agent-induced seizure activity. Wood S J; Tattersall J E Biomedical Sciences Department, CBD Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S83-6. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920926 AN 2002191151 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A brain slice model was developed to investigate the mechanisms of seizure activity induced by soman and the effectiveness of potential anticonvulsant drugs. Unlike previously reported slice studies with nerve agents, this model contains the entorhinal cortex as well as the hippocampus. This allows the study of the spread of seizure discharges within the limbic system and the development of prolonged, sustained discharges that are rarely seen in the simple hippocampal slice preparation. Soman (1 microM) induced a second population spike in the evoked field potential in the CA1 or CA3 region within 15-20 min. In almost all the slices tested, this developed into spontaneous seizure activity within 30-40 min. As well as interictal bursts, many slices also showed longer periods of high-frequency bursting analogous to ictal seizure activity that originated in the entorhinal cortex. This activity appeared similar to that induced by the muscarinic agonist pilocarpine. Both the second population spike and the spontaneous discharges could be blocked by diazepam and by AMPA/kainate antagonists, but not by the NMDA

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antagonists AP5 and MK-801. This study confirms that the combined hippocampal-entorhinal cortex slice preparation is a suitable model for investigating the origin and propagation of nerve-agent-induced seizures within the limbic system. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Cardiopulmonary effects of HI-6 treatment in soman intoxication. Goransson-Nyberg A; Cassel G Division of NBC Defence, Department of Medical Counter Measures, Swedish Defence Research Agency, SE-90182 Umea, Sweden Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S79-81. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920925 AN 2002191150 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The cardiopulmonary effects of HI-6, together with atropine and soman, were studied in the rat. HI-6 is an effective antidote in acute poisoning with the nerve agent soman. The therapeutic efficiency of HI-6 is still unclear and cannot be explained entirely by the HI-6 reactivating ability of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Other non-cholinergic factors must be involved. One possible detoxifying process might be an effect of HI-6 on the blood flow to sensitive organs. The purpose of the present study was to investigate 1) whether soman per se induces changes in regional blood flow and 2) whether the blood flow to different organs is affected when HI-6 (50 mg x kg(-1) i.m.) and atropine (10 mg x kg(-1) i.m.) are given either before or immediately after soman intoxication (90 microg x kg(-1) s.c.). For regional blood flow determinations the microsphere method was used with male Wistar rats weighing 300-400 g. The rats were anaesthetised and breathed spontaneously during the experiment. Three different blood flow measurements were made in the same animal and concomitant physiological parameters such as mean arterial blood pressure and respiratory rate were recorded. The blood AChE activity was followed throughout the experiment. Our results show that when HI-6 is given after intoxication with soman, dramatic changes in blood flow occur with a significant decrease in both respiratory rate and blood AChE activity. If HI-6 is given prior to the intoxication, however, all rats are unaffected and none of the parameters measured are changed. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Prophylaxis against organophosphate poisoning by sustained release of scopolamine and physostigmine. Meshulam Y; Cohen G; Chapman S; Alkalai D; Levy A Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), PO Box 19, 70450 Ness-Ziona, Israel Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S75-8. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920924 AN 2002191149 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Protection efficacy of continuous prophylactic administration of physostigmine and scopolamine against sarin-induced toxicity was evaluated previously in guinea pigs. The present study in large animals used Beagle dogs, that serve as an animal model with cholinergic sensitivity similar to that of humans. Pretreatment with physostigmine salicylate and scopolamine hydrochloride at dose rates of 2.5 and 1 microg x kg(-1) x h(-1), respectively, was administered via Alzet mini-osmotic pumps. At the time of exposure, the physostigmine salicylate concentration in plasma was 0.7 ng x ml(-1) and the scopolamine hydrochloride concentration was ca. 0.2 ng x ml(-1), both of which are levels known to be well tolerated in humans. Whole-blood cholinesterase inhibition was 15-20%. This regimen conferred full protection against 2.5 x LD50 i.v. of sarin. Albeit the highdose exposure, cholinergic toxicity symptoms were mild with no convulsions. About 11-14 min following poisoning the treated animals started to walk and 15-20 min following exposure full recovery was observed and the dogs behaved normally. With higher dose rates of physostigmine salicylate and scopolamine hydrochloride, at plasma concentrations of 2.1 and 0.6 ng x ml(-1), respectively, treated dogs regained normal posture 6-10 min after exposure. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Intramuscular diazepam pharmacokinetics in soman-exposed guinea pigs. Capacio B R; Whalley C E; Byers C E; McDonough J H Pharmacology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 210105425, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S67-74. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920923 AN 2002191148 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Intramuscular (i.m.) diazepam is included by the US military as an anticonvulsant in the standard therapeutic regimen for organophosphorus nerve agent intoxication. In this study we investigated the pharmacokinetics of diazepam after i.m. administration while monitoring pharmacodynamic (electroencephalogram, EEG) data in soman-exposed guinea pigs. Prior to experiments the animals were surgically implanted with EEG leads to monitor seizure activity. For the study, animals were administered pyridostigmine (0.026 mg x kg(-1) i.m.) 30 min prior to soman (56 microg x kg(-1), 2 x LD50; subcutaneously, s.c.), which was followed in 1 min by atropine sulfate (2 mg x kg(-1) i.m.) and pralidoxime chloride (25 mg x kg(-1) i.m.). All animals receiving this regimen developed seizure activity. Diazepam (10 mg x kg(-1) i.m.) was administered 5 min after onset of seizure activity. Based on EEG data, animals were categorized as either seizure terminated or not terminated at 30 min after diazepam. Serial blood samples were obtained from each animal. Diazepam (10 mg x kg(-1) i.m.) terminated seizure activity in 52% of the animals within 30 min. The pharmacokinetics were characterized by a one-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination. The maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) were 991 and 839 ng x ml(-1) for seizure terminated and not terminated, respectively. Mean plasma concentrations of diazepam were significantly different (P < 0.05) for seizure terminated vs not terminated groups at 30 min. The plasma Cmax in seizure-terminated animals in this study is similar to the minimum range of plasma diazepam (200-800 ng x ml(-1)) reported to suppress seizure activity in humans. It has been reported in an earlier study that the minimum effective i.m. dose (0.1 mg x kg(-1)) required to prevent soman-induced convulsions in Rhesus monkeys produces a mean Cmax of 50 ng x ml(-1) for diazepam. The data from our current study suggest that a higher dose (and corresponding Cmax) is necessary to terminate ongoing seizure activity. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Combination anticonvulsant treatment of soman-induced seizures. Koplovitz I; Schulz S; Shutz M; Railer R; Macalalag R; Schons M; McDonough J Drug Assessment Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S53-5. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920921 AN 2002191147 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract These studies investigated the effectiveness of combination treatment with a benzodiazepine and an anticholinergic drug

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against soman-induced seizures. The anticholinergic drugs considered were biperiden, scopolamine, trihexaphenidyl, and procyclidine; the benzodiazepines were diazepam and midazolam. Male guinea pigs were implanted surgically with cortical screw electrodes. Electrocorticograms were displayed continually and recorded on a computerized electroencephalographic system. Pyridostigmine (0.026 mg x kg(-1), i.m.) was injected as a pretreatment to inhibit red blood cell acetylcholinesterase by 30-40%. Thirty minutes after pyridostigmine, 2 x LD50 (56 microg x kg(-1)) of soman was injected s.c., followed 1 min later by i.m. treatment with atropine (2 mg x kg(-1)) + 2-PAM (25 mg x kg(-1)). Electrographic seizures occurred in all animals. Anticonvulsant treatment combinations were administered i.m. at 5 or 40 min after seizure onset. Treatment consisted of diazepam or midazolam plus one of the above-mentioned anticholinergic drugs. All doses of the treatment compounds exhibited little or no antiseizure efficacy when given individually. The combination of a benzodiazepine and an anticholinergic drug was effective in terminating soman-induced seizure, whether given 5 or 40 min after seizure onset. The results suggest a strong synergistic effect of combining benzodiazepines with centrally active anticholinergic drugs and support the concept of using an adjunct to supplement diazepam for the treatment of nerve-agent-induced seizures. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Soman-induced seizures: limbic activity, oxidative stress and neuroprotective proteins. Pazdernik T L; Emerson M R; Cross R; Nelson S R; Samson F E Ralph L. Smith Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S87-94. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920927 AN 2002185330 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Soman, a potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, induces status epilepticus in rats followed by conspicuous neuropathology, most prominent in piriform cortex and the CA3 region of the hippocampus. Cholinergic seizures originate in striatal-nigral pathways and with fast-acting agents (soman) rapidly spread to limbic related areas and finally culminate in a full-blown status epilepticus. This leads to neurochemical changes, some of which may be neuroprotective whereas others may cause brain damage. Pretreatment with lithium sensitizes the brain to cholinergic seizures. Likewise, other agents that increase limbic hyperactivity may sensitize the brain to cholinergic agents. The hyperactivity associated with the seizure state leads to an increase in intracellular calcium, cellular edema and metal delocalization producing an oxidative stress. These changes induce the synthesis of stress-related proteins such as heat shock proteins, metallothioneins and heme oxygenases. We show that soman-induced seizures cause a depletion in tissue glutathione and an increase in tissue 'catalytic' iron, metallothioneins and heme oxygenase-1. The oxidative stress induces the synthesis of stress-related proteins, which are indicators of 'stress' and possibly provide neuroprotection. These findings suggest that delocalization of iron may catalyze Fenton-like reactions, causing progressive cellular damage via free radical products. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Beneficial effects of TCP on soman intoxication in guinea pigs: seizures, brain damage and learning behaviour. de Groot D M; Bierman E P; Bruijnzeel P L; Carpentier P; Kulig B M; Lallement G; Melchers B P; Philippens I H; van Huygevoort A H TNO Nutrition and Food Research, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S57-65. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920922 AN 2002185328 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Poisoning with the potent nerve agent soman produces a cascade of central nervous system (CNS) effects characterized by severe convulsions and eventually death. In animals that survive a soman intoxication, lesions in the amygdala, piriform cortex, hippocampus and thalamus can be observed. In order to examine the mechanisms involved in the effects of soman and to evaluate possible curative interventions, a series of behavioural, electrophysiological and neuropathological experiments were carried out in the guinea pig using the NMDA antagonist N-[1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl] piperidine (TCP) in conjunction with atropine and pyridostigmine. The NMDA antagonist TCP appeared to be very effective in the treatment of casualties who suffered from soman-induced seizures for 30 min: (i)Seizures were arrested within minutes after the TCP injection, confirmed by quantitative electroencephalogram (EEG), after fast Fourier analysis. Three hours after TCP the quantitative EEGs were completely normal in all frequency bands and remained normal during the entire 3-week intoxication period. The power shift to the lower (delta) frequency bands, indicative for neuropathology and found in control animals intoxicated only by soman, was not observed in the soman-TCP group. (ii)The gross neuropathology found in soman control animals within 48 h after soman was prevented in soman-TCP animals and was still absent in 3-week survivors. Instead, ultrastructural changes were observed, indicative of defense mechanisms of the cell against toxic circumstances. (iii)Twentyfour hours after soman, soman-TCP animals were able to perform in the shuttle box and Morris water maze. The beneficial effects of TCP on the performance in these tests during the 3-week intoxication period were very impressive, notwithstanding (minor) deficits in memory and learning. (iv)The increase in excitability after TCP was confirmed by an increase in the acoustic startle response. Taken together, these results confirmed the involvement of NMDA receptors in the maintenance of soman-induced seizures and the development of brain damage. They underline the current hypothesis that cholinergic mechanisms are responsible for eliciting seizure activity after soman and that, most likely, the subsequent recruitment of other excitatory neurotransmitters and loss of inhibitory control are responsible for the maintenance of seizures and the development of subsequent brain damage. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Comparison of the hydrolytic stability of S-(N,N-diethylaminoethyl) isobutyl methylphosphonothiolate with VX in dilute solution. Crenshaw M D; Hayes T L; Miller T L; Shannon C M Medical Research and Evaluation Facility, Battelle Memorial Institute, JM-3, Columbus, OH 43201, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S3-6. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920912 AN 2002185325 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The stability of S-(N,N-diethylaminoethyl) isobutyl methylphosphonothiolate--a V-type nerve agent developed by the former Soviet Union--in the environment is an important parameter in threat assessment analysis and for the determination of use, production, testing and storage of this chemical warfare agent. S-(N,N-Diethylaminoethyl) isobutyl methylphosphonothiolate is a structural isomer of the nerve agent VX developed by the USA and the UK and will be referred to as VXA (VX analog) in this presentation. Because VXA and VX differ structurally, even though they do have the same molecular formula, it is expected that their physical and chemical properties would be different. This preliminary investigation was undertaken to determine the relative hydrolysis rate of VXA compared with VX. The hydrolysis of each compound at approximately 1 mg x ml(-1) in unbuffered water at pH 7 was determined side-by-side. The half-lives for VXA and VX were determined to be 12.4 days and 4.78 days, respectively. Agent VXA hydrolyzed 2.6 times more slowly than VX, and each agent followed second-order hydrolysis kinetics. These results imply that VXA is more persistent in the environment and therefore poses a greater threat. These

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results also imply that VXA is more likely to be detected, if present, during an inspection in support of the Chemical Weapons Convention. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Development of an immunoassay for diagnosis of exposure to toxic organophosphorus compounds. Miller J K; Lenz D E Department of OCBS, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S23-6. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. (EVALUATION STUDIES); Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920916 AN 2002185323 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Currently, diagnosis of exposure to toxic low-molecular-weight compounds is effected by the use of chromatographic techniques. Such an approach is limited by the need for expensive equipment and sample clean-up before carrying out the analysis. To overcome those drawbacks, we have been involved in the development of an immunoassay for diagnosis of exposure to toxic organophosphorus compounds such as pinacolylmethyl phosphonofluoridate (soman), which is a chemical warfare agent. Prior estimates suggested that it is necessary to be able to detect soman at a concentration below 2.5 x 10(-7) M. Using four previously developed monoclonal antibodies, an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) was used to optimize assay conditions and identify the antibody with the highest apparent affinity. The minimum required assay time was 2.0-2.5 h with no loss in sensitivity. To determine the specificity of the highest affinity antibody, a competitive inhibition enzyme immunoassay (CIEIA) was performed with six structural analogs of soman. The IC50 values for these analogues were 5 x 10(-7) M for 4-nitrophenylpinacolylmethylphosphonate, 8 x 10(-7) M for dipinacolylmethylphosphonate, 2 x 10(-6) M for diisopropylmethylphosphonate, 3 x 10(-5) M for 4-nitrophenylmethyl(phenylphosphinate) and 6.5 x 10(-5) M for 4nitrophenylethyl(phenyl)phosphinate. 4-Nitrophenyl-di(n-butyl)phosphinate did not inhibit binding. Those inhibitors with branched alkyl side-chains, similar to the soman molecule, were effective inhibitors. Compounds, which contained predominately aromatic groups, were poor inhibitors. We are continuing to probe the binding specificity of the monoclonal antibody to determine its utility in further assay development. Our present results suggest that the antibody chosen may have the appropriate specificity and affinity for immunodiagnosis of exposure to soman. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Protective action of the serine protease inhibitor N-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK) against acute soman poisoning. Cowan F M; Broomfield C A; Lenz D E; Shih T M Biochemical Pharmacology and Neurotoxicology Branches, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Jul-Aug), 21(4), 293-6. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11481662 AN 2002027826 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Soman-poisoned rats display cholinergic crisis, a systemic mast cell degranulation characteristic of anaphylactic reactions and an excitotoxin-like sequential seizure and neuronal degeneration. The protection of guinea pigs from soman lethality by prophylactic administration of the serine protease inhibitor suramin suggests a possible proteolytic component in soman poisoning. The present study tested the effect of N-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK), an inhibitor of trypsin-like serine proteases, on soman-induced toxic signs (convulsions, righting reflex) and survival time. Nine control guinea pigs receiving 2 x LD(50) (56 microg kg(-1), s.c.) of soman immediately followed by a therapeutic dose of atropine sulfate (17.4 mg kg(-1) i.m.) experienced severe convulsions, and 8/9 lost the righting reflex. Six of these nine animals expired within 65 min; the three remaining animals survived 24 h to termination of the experiment. When a second group of animals were given TLCK (12 mg kg(-1), i.p.) 30 min prior to a 2 x LD(50) soman challenge and atropine-sulfate therapy, 5/9 experienced convulsions and only 3/9 lost the righting reflex. All nine animals survived beyond 4 h, with six surviving to 24 h. Compared with soman controls, prophylaxis with TLCK significantly prevented the loss of righting reflex (P = 0.05) and enhanced 4-h survival (P = 0.005). Although, convulsions were reduced and 24-h survival was improved in TLCK-treated animals, these results were not statistically significant. The protection from soman toxicity by chemically distinct protease inhibitors such as suramin and TLCK suggests a role for pathological proteolytic pathways in soman intoxication. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information In vitro skin absorption and decontamination of sulphur mustard: comparison of human and pig-ear skin. Chilcott R P; Jenner J; Hotchkiss S A; Rice P Department of Biomedical Sciences, CBD Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Jul-Aug), 21(4), 279-83. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11481660 AN 2002027824 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of an in vitro skin diffusion cell system as a model for assessing decontaminants against the chemical warfare agent sulphur mustard (SM). The in vitro absorption rates of SM through heatseparated human (157 +/- 66 microg cm(-2) h(-1)) and pig-ear (411 +/- 175 microg cm(-2) h(-1)) epidermal membranes were in agreement with previous in vivo studies that quoted skin absorption rates of 150 and 366 microg cm(-2) h(-1), respectively. Decontaminants (fuller's earth, Ambergard and BDH spillage granules) were ranked in order of effectiveness by measuring the skin absorption rates and the percentage of applied dose of SM that penetrated human and pig-ear epidermal membranes. The effectiveness of fuller's earth measured in this in vitro study using human epidermal membranes was in agreement with a previous in vivo human volunteer study. Similarly, the effectiveness of fuller's earth and Ambergard measured in vitro with pig-ear epidermal membranes was in agreement with a previous in vivo study conducted on rats. However, there was complete disparity in the ranking of decontaminants between human and pig-ear epidermal membranes measured in vitro. Thus, although pig-ear skin may be a relatively good model for predicting the human skin absorption of SM, it is a poor model for testing decontamination systems. The results of this study further validate the use of Franz-type glass diffusion cells containing human epidermal membranes as a model for predicting in vivo human skin absorption. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Modelling aerosol processes related to the atmospheric dispersion of sarin. Kukkonen J; Riikonen K; Nikmo J; Jappinen A; Nieminen K Air Quality Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Sahaajankatu 20 E, FIN-00810, Helsinki, Finland. [email protected] Journal of hazardous materials (2001 Aug 17), 85(3), 165-79. Journal code: 9422688. ISSN:03043894. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11489522 AN 2001443815 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter We have developed mathematical models for evaluating the atmospheric dispersion of selected chemical warfare agents (CWA), including the evaporation and settling of contaminant liquid droplets. The models and numerical results presented may be utilised for designing protection and control measures against the conceivable use of CWA's. The model AERCLOUD (AERosol CLOUD) was extended to treat two nerve agents, sarin and VX, and the mustard agent. This model evaluates the thermodynamical evolution of a five-component aerosol mixture, consisting of two-component droplets together with the surrounding three-component gas. We have performed numerical computations with this model on the evaporation and settling of airborne sarin droplets in characteristic dispersal and atmospheric conditions. In particular, we have evaluated the maximum radii (r(M)) of a totally evaporating droplet, in terms of the ambient temperature and contaminant vapour concentration. The radii r(M) range from approximately 15-80 microm for sarin droplets for the selected ambient conditions and initial heights. We have also evaluated deposition fractions in terms of the initial droplet size. Bibliographic Information Effects of iodine on inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in sulfur mustard-induced skin. Nyska A; Lomnitski L; Maronpot R; Moomaw C; Brodsky B; Sintov A; Wormser U Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. [email protected] Archives of toxicology (2001 Feb), 74(12), 768-74. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11305779 AN 2001394179 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract In a previous study we demonstrated the protective effect of topical iodine as postexposure treatment for sulfur mustard (SM) application. The iodine treatment results in significantly reduced inflammation and necrosis and increased epidermal hyperplasia. The expression and localization of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) in paraffin-embedded skin samples from that study were evaluated in the present investigation. We compared the immunoreactivity of iNOS and COX-2 using five samples from each of the following four test sites: untreated control sites, SMexposed sites, sites treated with iodine mixture 15 min after SM exposure, and sites treated with iodine 30 min after SM exposure. All animals were killed 2 days after irritant exposure. iNOS immunoreactivity was present only in skin sites exposed to SM without iodine treatment. The ulcerated skin was covered with a relatively thick band of exudate composed of iNOSimmunostained polymorphonuclear cells and macrophages. In untreated skin, COX-2 immunostaining was limited to the thin suprabasal epidermal layer. In SM-exposed skin, induction of COX-2 was noted in inflammatory cells located close to the site of epidermal injury. In skin sites treated with iodine 15 or 30 min after SM exposure, the regenerating hyperplastic epithelium showed moderate cytoplasmic staining localized to the epithelium overlying the basal layer. This pattern of staining was also present in the nearby dermal fibroblasts. Thus, in contrast to the skin samples exposed to SM without iodine treatment, the epidermal layer expressing immunohistochemical positivity for COX-2 was thicker and corresponded to the epidermal hyperplasia noted in samples treated with iodine. It is well documented that prostaglandins (PGs) promote epidermal proliferation, thereby contributing to the repair of injured skin. That the induction of the COX-2 shown in our study may also play a role in the healing process is indicated by the present evidence. The results suggest that nitric oxide radicals (NO*) are involved in mediating the damage induced by the SM and that iodinerelated reduction in acute epidermal inflammation is associated with reduced iNOS expression. Bibliographic Information Intervention of sulfur mustard toxicity by downregulation of cell proliferation and metabolic rates. Ray R; Benton B J; Anderson D R; Byers S L; Petrali J P US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 210105400, USA. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S87-91. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428650 AN 2001371709 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Metabolically active and proliferating basal cells in the skin are most sensitive to the potent skin blistering chemical warfare compound HD (bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide). We previously described a Ca2+-dependent mechanism of HD (0.3-1 mM) toxicity that was inhibited by the cell-permeant Ca2+ chelator BAPTA AM (1,2-bis(O-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester). We describe some cellular effects of BAPTA AM that suggest a mechanism for its protective action. Monolayer log-phase normal human epidermal keratinocytes were incubated (37 degrees C) first in keratinocyte growth medium (KGM) containing BAPTA AM (10-40 microM) for 30 min and then in KGM alone overnight prior to evaluation. The BAPTA AM inhibited cell growth in a concentration-dependent manner with some cellular degeneration above 30 microM (light microscopy). At 20-30 microM, BAPTA AM also inhibited cellular metabolic processes, as evidenced by a lower incorporation of [3H]-thymidine (DNA synthesis, 54 +/- 5%), [3H]-uridine (RNA synthesis, 29 +/- 6%) and [14C]-valine (protein synthesis, 12 +/- 2%) as well as a lower protein content per culture (30 +/- 3%) compared with corresponding untreated controls. However, 20-30 microM BAPTA AM did not cause any demonstrable cytopathology based on morphological (electron microscopy) as well as biochemical (lactate dehydrogenase release, an indicator of cell viability loss) criteria, indicating a lack of acute toxicity. These results suggest that a mechanism of protection by BAPTA AM against HD may be via decreasing some metabolic, and therefore proliferative, rates. Bibliographic Information Comparison of cell size in sulfur mustard-induced death of keratinocytes and lymphocytes. Moser J; Meier H L Pharmacology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S23-30. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428638 AN 2001371697 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (HD) is a vesicant chemical warfare agent that directly alkylates cellular DNA and produces DNA strand breaks. To identify cellular models for in vitro screening of antivesicant compounds in DNA repair assays, we compared the mechanism of HD-induced cell death in cultured adult normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). One parameter that we used to distinguish apoptotic from necrotic cell death was the change in cell size due to HD. In the presence or absence of a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPI), cell preparations were exposed to various concentrations of HD (0.01-1.0 mM) and harvested at selected times after exposure (up to 24 h). Results from these experiments suggest that, with increasing HD concentration and time, NHEK will fragment irrespective of the presence or absence of PARPI, with cell fragmentation presumably preceded by necrosis. In the absence of PARPI, PBL size initially decreases and then remains constant over time. Previous DNA fragmentation studies indicate that both apoptosis and necrosis occur in HD-exposed PBL in a time-dependent manner. In the presence of PARPI, there is a HD concentration- and timedependent decrease in PBL size that is characteristic of apoptosis. The shift in the mechanism of HD-induced PBL death from apoptosis followed by necrosis to exclusively apoptosis in the absence and presence of PARPI, respectively, is in agreement

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with previous findings on HD-induced changes in membrane integrity, energy levels and DNA fragmentation. Considering that NHEK fragment early after exposure to HD concentrations that produce vesication in human skin, PBL may be a more appropriate model for use in DNA repair assays. Bibliographic Information MALDI-ToF/MS as a diagnostic tool for the confirmation of sulfur mustard exposure. Price E O; Smith J R; Clark C R; Schlager J J; Shih M L Pharmacology Division, Applied Pharmacology Branch, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S193-7. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. (EVALUATION STUDIES); Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428636 AN 2001371695 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The continual threat of chemical and biological warfare has prompted the need for unambiguous analytical methods for the confirmation of agent exposure. In this paper, we have investigated the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF/MS) as a diagnostic tool for this purpose. Mass spectral studies of the interaction of sulfur mustard (bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, HD) with hemoglobin and metallothioneine were conducted. In vitro experiments with purified proteins were performed, using both HD and chloroethylethyl sulfide (CEES), in an effort to determine the extent of alkylation and occurrence of HD cross-linking using the MALDI-ToF/MS technique. In a typical experiment, 50 ml of 5 mM HD in acetonitrile was added to an equal volume of 0.5 mM hemoglobin in deionized water followed by vortexing and incubation at room temperature. After 24 h, the samples were analyzed by MALDI-ToF/MS. Mass spectral results indicated the presence of at least two distinct alkylation adducts for both HD and CEES experiments. These results demonstrate that MALDIToF/MS is a useful analytical technique to investigate the interaction of HD with biomolecules and may be employed potentially as a diagnostic tool for the confirmation of exposure to chemical warfare agents. Bibliographic Information Automated assay for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Byers S; Anderson D; Brobst D; Cowan F Pharmacology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S19-22. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. (EVALUATION STUDIES); Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428635 AN 2001371694 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (HD), a vesicating chemical warfare compound, has been shown to deplete the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) content in several cell systems and tissues. This NAD+ depletion has been proposed as an indicator of HD exposure and can be used to evaluate potential antivesicant compounds. To examine NAD+ levels, an automated method based on the alcohol dehydrogenase cycling assay of Jacobson and Jacobson and utilizing a Cobas FARA clinical analyzer has been developed. Automation of this assay led to smaller sample volumes and more efficient use of personnel and resources. The usefulness of this automated method was tested by evaluating the protection, if any, by the topical application of vitamin D or betamethasone against HD-induced NAD+ depletion in skin punches from the hairless guinea pig. The results showed that the samples exposed to HD exhibited significant decreases in NAD+ levels when compared with controls. However, neither vitamin D nor betamethasone demonstrated protection against HD-induced NAD+ depletion. In fact, betamethasone exacerbated the NAD+ depletion when compared with the HD exposed group. This assay appears to be useful for testing potential antivesicant compounds using both in vivo and in vitro exposure systems. Bibliographic Information A cutaneous full-thickness liquid sulfur mustard burn model in weanling swine: clinical pathology and urinary excretion of thiodiglycol. Graham J S; Reid F M; Smith J R; Stotts R R; Tucker E S; Shumaker S M; Niemuth N A; Janny S J US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S161-72. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428630 AN 2001371689 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide, HD) is a well-known blistering chemical warfare agent. We have developed a cutaneous full-thickness HD burn model in weanling pigs for efficacy testing of candidate treatment regimens. This report addresses clinical pathology findings and the urinary excretion profile of a major HD metabolite (thiodiglycol, TDG) in this model. Six female Yorkshire pigs were exposed to HD liquid on the ventral surface for 2 h, generating six 3-cm diameter fullthickness dermal lesions per pig. Blood samples were collected throughout a 7-day observation period for hematology and serum chemistry examinations. Urine was collected in metabolism cages. Routine urinalysis was performed and the urine analyzed for TDG using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Examination of clinical pathology parameters revealed subtle HD-related changes that are suggestive of a mild hemolytic episode. No other signs of clinically significant systemic toxicities were noted, including bone marrow suppression. Thiodiglycol was detected at the earliest time point tested (6-8 h postexposure) at levels ranging from 0.66 to 4.98 microg ml(-1) with a mean of 2.14 microg ml(-1). Thiodiglycol concentrations were the highest for half of the animals at this earliest time point and at 24-48 h for the others. By the evening of day 3, the mean level had reached 50 ng ml(-1). Mean levels remained 10-40 ng ml(-1) for the remainder of the 7-day observation period, with the highest individual concentration noted during this period of 132 ng ml(-1). Our results are in general agreement with the TDG excretion profiles previously described for rodent models and humans. Urinary excretion of absorbed HD in our weanling pig wound healing model appears to follow the same pattern as is seen in other laboratory animals models. In general, urinary excretion of TDG appears to peak within the first 1-4 days following exposure, with detectable levels after 1 week. Relatively high urinary TDG levels may thus indicate agent exposure within the previous 96 h. Low levels significantly above natural background levels may indicate either exposure to low levels of agent or exposure that occurred more than 4 days prior to collection of the sample. Bibliographic Information Systemic administration of candidate antivesicants to protect against topically applied sulfur mustard in the mouse ear vesicant model (MEVM). Babin M C; Ricketts K; Skvorak J P; Gazaway M; Mitcheltree L W; Casillas R P Drug Assessment and Comparative Medicine Divisions, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S141-4. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428627 AN 2001371686 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract

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The mouse ear vesicant model (MEVM) provides a quantitative edema response as well as histopathological and biochemical endpoints as measurements of inflammation and tissue damage following exposure to the chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard (HD). In the MEVM, several topically applied anti-inflammatory agents provided a significant degree of protection against HD-induced edema and dermal-epidermal separation. This study evaluated the protective effects of three of these pharmacological compounds when administered systemically in the MEVM. Alzet osmotic pumps were used to deliver a subcutaneous dose of the appropriate anti-inflammatory agent, starting 24 h before exposure to sulfur mustard and continuing until 24 h post-exposure to HD. Twenty-four hours after pump implantation, 5 microl of a 195 mM (0.16 mg) solution of sulfur mustard (density = 1.27 g ml(-1); MW = 159; purity = 97.5%) in methylene chloride was applied to the inner surface of the right ear of each mouse. Sulfur mustard injury in the mouse ear was measured by both edema response (fluid accumulation) and histopathological damage (necrosis, epidermal-dermal separation). The systemic administration of hydrocortisone, indomethacin and olvanil provided a significant reduction in edema (24%, 26% and 22%, respectively) from the positive control. Compared to HD-positive controls, hydrocortisone, indomethacin and olvanil caused a significant reduction in subepidermal blisters (71%, 52% and 57%, respectively) whereas only hydrocortisone produced a significant reduction in contralateral epidermal necrosis (41%). We show here that these anti-inflammatory drugs are effective when administered systemically in the MEVM. Bibliographic Information N-acetylcysteine and endothelial cell injury by sulfur mustard. Atkins K B; Lodhi I J; Hurley L L; Hinshaw D B University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48105, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S125-8. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428622 AN 2001371681 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Understanding the underlying mechanisms of cell injury and death induced by the chemical warfare vesicant sulfur mustard (HD) will be extremely helpful in the development of effective countermeasures to this weapon of terror. We have found recently that HD induces both apoptosis and necrosis in endothelial cells (Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1996; 141: 568-583). Pretreatment of the endothelial cells for 20 h with the redox-active agent N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) selectively prevented apoptotic death induced by HD. In this study, we tested the hypotheses that pretreatment with NAC acts through two different pathways to minimize endothelial injury by HD: NAC pretreatment acts via a glutathione (GSH)-dependent pathway; and NAC pretreatment acts to suppress HD-induced activation of the nuclear transcription factor NFkappaB. We used a fluorescence microscopic assay of apoptotic nuclear features to assess viability and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) to assess the activity of NFkappaB following exposure to HD. The cells were treated with 0-10 mM GSH for 1 h prior to and during exposure to 0 or 500 microM HD for 5-6 h. Cells were also treated with 50 mM NAC or 200 microM buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of GSH synthesis, alone or in combination overnight prior to exposure to 0 or 500 microM HD for 5-6 h. Externally applied GSH up to a concentration of 5 mM had no toxic effect on the cells. Mild toxicity was associated with 10 mM GSH alone. There was a dose-related enhancement of viability when 2.5 and 5 mM GSH were present during the HD exposure. Pretreatment with BSO alone had no discernible toxicity. However, pretreatment with this inhibitor of GSH synthesis potentiated the toxicity of HD. Pretreatment with 50 mM NAC, as previously reported, provided substantial protection. Combining pretreatment with both BSO and NAC eliminated the protective effect of NAC pretreatment alone on HD injury. These observations are highly suggestive that NAC enhances endothelial survival via GSH-dependent effects and confirms and extends the work of others with different models that externally supplied GSH alone may be a fairly effective countermeasure against HD injury of endothelium. We next examined the hypothesis that HD may activate the nuclear transcription factor NFkappaB by performing EMSAs with nuclear extracts of endothelial cells following exposure to 0, 250 or 500 microM HD. This demonstrated an up to 2.5-fold increase (scanning densitometry) in activation of NFkappaB binding to its consensus sequence induced by 500 microM HD after 5 h of HD exposure. Paradoxically, treatment of the endothelial cells alone with 50 mM NAC activated NFkappaB, although HD-induced activation of NFkappaB was partially suppressed by NAC at 5 h. Factor NFkappaB is an important transcription factor for a number of cytokine genes (e.g. tumor necrosis factor, TNF), which can be activated following stress in endothelial cells. Taken together, these observations suggest that the protective effects of NAC may be mediated by enhanced GSH synthesis. The increased GSH may act to scavenge HD and also prevent oxidative activation of NFkappaB. Under some conditions, NAC may act as an oxidizing agent and thus increase NFkappaB activity. The NFkappaBdependent gene expression may be important in inducing endothelial cell death as well as in generating a local inflammatory reaction associated with the release of endothelial-derived cytokines. Bibliographic Information Effects of CEES on inflammatory mediators, heat shock protein 70A, histology and ultrastructure in two skin models. Blaha M; Bowers W Jr; Kohl J; DuBose D; Walker J; Alkhyyat A; Wong G US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S101-8. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428619 AN 2001371678 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chemical warfare threats require the development of diverse models for the assessment of countermeasures. Human skin products, Skin2 (differentiating keratinocytes on a fibroblast-collagen matrix) and EpiDerm (differentiating keratinocytes) were exposed (2 h) to the sulfur mustard 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES, 1-2 mg l(-1) min(-1)) in humidified air or to humidified air alone. Tissues were evaluated histologically, ultrastructurally and for viability 22 h later; media and tissues were also analyzed for inflammatory mediators. Histology showed that CEES induced the separation of dermal and epidermal regions in Skin2 with severe damage to basal keratinocytes. Histology and electron microscopy of both products revealed condensation of nuclear chromatin, retraction of spinous processes, collapse of the tonofibrillar network and cytoplasmic vacuolization and blebbing in those cells with loss of pseudobasement membrane integrity. Exposure of Skin2 to CEES increased extracellular interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) and especially IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) release (56,334 vs 84,614 pg ml(-1)), but decreased interleukin-6 (IL-6, 4,755 vs 351 pg ml(-1)). Exposure of EpiDerm to CEES led to unaffected extracellular and reduced intracelluar IL-1alpha (371 vs 92 pg ml(-1)). Extracellular IL-1Ra greatly increased (2,375 vs 24,875 pg ml(-1)), whereas cellular levels decreased (16,5425 vs 96,625 pg ml(-1)). Extracellular (224 vs 68 pg ml(-1)) and intracellular (485 vs 233 pg ml(-1)) soluble interleukin-1 receptor H (sIL-1RII) decreased. Prostanglandin E2 increased (1,835 vs 2,582 pg ml(-1)), whereas heat shock protein 70A (Hsp70A) remained statistically unchanged (57,000 vs 96,000 pg ml(1)). Failure to obtain a heat shock response to CEES may contribute to the susceptibility of tissue to the alkylating agent. Consistent and marked responses of cellular and extracellular IL-1Ra to CEES suggest a potential for use as a tissue status marker and primary antiinflammatory regulator in skin. Bibliographic Information Correlation of a specific mitochondrial phospholipid-phosgene adduct with chloroform acute toxicity. Di Consiglio E; De Angelis G; Testai E; Vittozzi L Biochemical Toxicology Unit, Department of Comparative Toxicology and Ecotoxicology, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161, Rome, Italy Toxicology (2001 Feb 21), 159(1-2), 43-53. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11250054 AN 2001195862 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Abstract The dose and time dependence of formation of a specific adduct between mitochondrial phospholipid and phosgene have been determined in the liver of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats as well as in the liver and kidney of B6C3F1 mice after dosing with chloroform. Rats were induced with phenobarbital or non-induced. Determination of tissue glutathione (GSH) and of serum markers of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity was also carried out. With dose-dependence experiments, a strong correlation between the formation of the specific phospholipid adduct, GSH depletion and organ toxicity could be evidenced in all the organs studied. With non-induced SD rats, no such effects could be induced up to a dose of 740 mg/kg. Time-course studies with B6C3F1 mice indicated that the specific adduct formation took place at very early times after chloroform dosing and was concurrent with GSH depletion. The adduct formed during even transient GSH depletion (residual level: 30% of control) and persisted after restoration of GSH levels. Following a chloroform dose at the hepatotoxicity threshold (150 mg/kg), the elimination of the adduct in the liver occurred within 24 h and correlated with the recovery of ALT, which was slightly increased (12 times) after treatment. Following a moderately nephrotoxic dose (60 mg/kg), the renal adduct persisted longer than 48 h, when a 100% increase in blood urea nitrogen and a 40% increase in serum creatinine indicated the onset of organ damage. The formation of the adduct in the liver mitochondria of B6C3F1 mice was associated with the decrease of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), in line with previous results in rat liver indicating that the adduct results from the reaction of phosgene with PE. The adduct levels implicated the reaction of phosgene with about 50% PE molecules in the liver mitochondrial membrane of phenobarbital-induced SD rats and of about 10% PE molecules of the inner mitochondrial membrane of the liver of B6C3F1 mice. The association of this adduct with the toxic effects of chloroform makes it a very good candidate as the primary critical alteration in the sequence of events leading to cell death caused by chloroform. Bibliographic Information The influence of anticholinergic drug selection on the efficacy of antidotal treatment of soman-poisoned rats. Kassa J; Fusek J Purkyne Military Medical Academy, PO Box 35/T, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic. [email protected] Toxicology (2000 Nov 23), 154(1-3), 67-73. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11118671 AN 2001083637 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The influence of some anticholinergic drugs (atropine, benactyzine, biperiden, scopolamine) on the efficacy of antidotal treatment to eliminate soman (O-pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate)-induced disturbance of respiration and circulation and to protect experimental animals poisoned with supralethal dose of soman (1.5 x LD(50)) was investigated in a rat model with on-line monitoring of respiratory and circulatory parameters. While the oxime HI-6 in combination with atropine prevented soman-induced changes in monitored physiological parameters insufficiently and very shortly, the combination of HI-6 with benactyzine or biperiden is able to prevent soman-induced alteration of respiration and circulation much more longer. Nevertheless, only rats treated with HI-6 in combination with scopolamine were fully protected against the lethal toxic effects of soman within 2 h following soman challenge. Our findings confirm that anticholinergic drugs with the strong central antimuscarinic activity, such as benactyzine, biperiden and especially scopolamine, seem to be more effective adjuncts to HI-6 treatment of severe acute soman-induced poisoning than atropine.

megalomania

April 20th, 2005, 05:12 PM

Bibliographic Information Development of multifunctional perfluorinated polymer blends as an active barrier cream against chemical warfare agents. Hobson, Stephen T.; Braue, Ernest H., Jr. Drug Assessment Div., U.S. Army Medical Research Institute for Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering (2001), 84 80-81. CODEN: PMSEDG ISSN: 0743-0515. Journal written in English. CAN 138:363990 AN 2003:381106 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chem. warfare agents (CWA's) represent a real and growing threat both to U.S. armed forces as well as to civilians. Within the last three decades, chem. weapons have been used by the Soviets in Cambodia (yellow rain, tricothecene mycotoxins), by Iraq against Iran (HD and tabun), and by Iraq against its own dissident Kurdish population at Halabja (H-ID HCN0). In the United States' experience in World War I, almost one-third of hospitalized casualties were a result of CWA's. Furthermore, the 1000 casualties and 12 deaths resulting from the 1995 terrorist use of sarin (GB) in Tokyo show that civilians have also become targets. In this paper we focus on protection against two classes of CWA's: nerve agents (soman, GD) and blister agents (sulfur mustard, HD). Protection against these agents in the United States Army consists of a chem. resistant outer layer of clothing (BDO) and protective mask (M40). This scheme of protection allows operation in a chem. contaminated area but results in decreased performance and increased heat retention. We have investigated a material that serves as a phys. barrier to CWA's and contains an active moiety to neutralize hazardous chems. This Active Topical Skin Protectant (aTSP) would be used in conjunction with other protective procedures. Herein we report the prepn., characterization, and evaluation of aTSP's. Bibliographic Information Molecularly imprinted polymers for the detection of chemical agents in water. Jenkins, Amanda L.; Yin, Ray; Jensen, Janet L.; Durst, H. Dupont. US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering (2001), 84 76-77. CODEN: PMSEDG ISSN: 0743-0515. Journal written in English. CAN 138:343335 AN 2003:381101 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Molecularly imprinted polymers contg. Eu3+ were prepd. using a no. of pesticides and pinacolyl methylphosphonate (hydrolysis product of the nerve agent Soman), and sensors were fabricated by coating the polymers on optical fibers. The sensors were characterized in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, response time, adaptability, and portability; they provided detection limits in the low parts per trillion. Bibliographic Information Synthesis of carbon-coated MgO nanoparticles. Bedilo, Alexander F.; Sigel, M. Jake; Koper, Olga B.; Melgunov, Maxim S.; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA. Journal of Materials Chemistry (2002), 12(12), 3599-3604. CODEN: JMACEP ISSN: 0959-9428. Journal written in English. CAN 138:174329 AN 2002:910661 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract

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Carbon-coated MgO nanoparticles, with carbon forming a porous coating on the surface of MgO nanoparticles, have been prepd. by two different techniques. Resorcinol has been found to be an efficient agent for the modification of magnesium methoxide leading to carbon-coated MgO nanocrystals of small crystallite size and high surface area. Decompn. of dry magnesium methoxide under an inert gas flow proved to be another efficient and economical way to synthesize carbon-coated MgO. The carbon coating acts as a hydrophobic barrier partially protecting the core metal oxide from water adsorption and conversion to magnesium hydroxide. However, destructive adsorption reactions can still proceed on the metal oxide surface, as evidenced by the dehydrochlorination of 2-chloroethyl Et sulfide (2-CEES) and 1-chlorobutane. The overall stability of the material in the presence of water vapor is significantly improved in comparison with non-coated nanocryst. MgO. Bibliographic Information Micellar Effects on Hypochlorite Catalyzed Decontamination of Toxic Phosphorus Esters. Dubey, D. K.; Gupta, A. K.; Sharma, Mamta; Prabha, S.; Vaidyanathaswamy, R. Defence R and D Establishment, Gwalior, India. Langmuir (2002), 18(26), 1048910492. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 138:94789 AN 2002:866089 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract At pH 8.5, the surfactant N,N,N-trimethyl-1-hexadecanaminium bromide (I) increased the pseudo-first-order rate consts. of hypochlorite-catalyzed hydrolysis of the sarin model compd. p-nitrophenyl di-Ph phosphate by 300 times and that of the toxic p-nitrophenyl iso-Pr methylphosphonate by 20 times, and the nerve agent sarin itself was completely decontaminated within 10 min at a sarin-hypochlorite ratio of 20:1 in a micellar I-hypochlorite mixt. In the absence of surfactant , it takes >70 min to detoxify sarin, even at a 10 times higher concn. of hypochlorite. Bibliographic Information A Comparative Study of the Adsorption of Chloro- and Non-Chloro-Containing Organophosphorus Compounds on WO3. Kanan, Sofian M.; Lu, Zhixiang; Tripp, Carl P. Laboratory for Surface Science Technology and Department of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA. Journal of Physical Chemistry B (2002), 106(37), 9576-9580. CODEN: JPCBFK ISSN: 1520-6106. Journal written in English. CAN 137:253624 AN 2002:620746 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The adsorption of di-Me methylphosphonate (DMMP), tri-Me phosphate (TMP), and methyldichlorophosphate (MDCP) on monoclinic tungsten oxide (m-WO3) evacuated at various temps. was investigated using IR spectroscopy. DMMP is the most common mol. used for evaluating the performance of WO3 and other semiconducting metal oxide (SMO)-based sensors to phosphonate-based nerve agents. However, toxic nerve agents such as sarin differ from DMMP in that they contain a functional group (P-F in sarin) that can be readily hydrolyzed. It is shown that the adsorption of organophosphates that contain P-Cl groups differs from nonhalogenated simulants such as DMMP and TMP on WO3 surfaces. Specifically, the non-chlorinated simulants DMMP and TMP adsorb on the surface solely through the P:O functionality with the surface water layer as well as the Lewis and Bronsted acid sites. The relative no. of mols. bound on Lewis and Bronsted acid surface sites depends on the initial evacuation temp. of the WO3 surface. When MDCP adsorbs on WO3 through the P:O bond, it is accompanied by the hydrolysis of P-Cl groups by water vapor or the adsorbed water layer leading to addnl. phosphate-like species on the surface. The IR data suggests that a halogenated phosphate like MDCP is a better simulant mol. for studies aimed at understanding the role of water and hydrolysis in the response of metal oxide-based sensors to nerve agents. Bibliographic Information Protection from half-mustard-gas-induced acute lung injury in the rat. McClintock, Shannon D.; Till, Gerd O.; Smith, Milton G.; Ward, Peter A. Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2002), 22(4), 257-262. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 137:151235 AN 2002:596130 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The chem. warfare agent analog, 2-chloroethyl Et sulfide, known as half-mustard gas (HMG), is less toxic and less of an environmental hazard than the full mol. and has been shown to produce an acute lung injury in rats when instilled via intrapulmonary injection. This injury is characterized by massive, localized hemorrhage and edema into the alveolar compartment and can be quantitated by measuring extravasation of 125I-bovine serum albumin into the extravascular compartment. Employing this rat model of HMG-induced lung injury, the authors obsd. significant attenuation of the pulmonary injury when exptl. animals were complement- or neutrophil-depleted prior to HMG challenge. Significant protection also was provided by the use of antioxidants such as catalase, DMSO, dimethylthiourea, Resveratrol, and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). The last compd. showed protection from lung injury as high as 70% and was still effective even when given up to 90 min after exposure of the lungs to HMG. These data suggest that acute lung injury caused by exposure to HMG may be related partially to complement-mediated pathways and the generation by neutrophils of toxic oxygen species. The data indicate that NAC is an effective antidote against HMG-induced acute lung injury in the rat. Bibliographic Information Oxidative decontamination of chemical and biological warfare agents using L-Gel. Raber, Ellen; McGuire, Raymond. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Environment Protection Department, University of California, Livermore, CA, USA. Journal of Hazardous Materials (2002), 93(3), 339-352. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 137:374412 AN 2002:558690 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A decontamination method was developed using a single reagent that is effective both against chem. warfare (CW) and biol. warfare (BW) agents. The new reagent, L-Gel, consists of an aq. soln. of a mild com. oxidizer, Oxone, together with a com. fumed silica gelling agent, Cab-O-Sil EH 5. L-Gel is non-toxic, environmentally friendly, relatively non-corrosive, maximizes contact time because of its thixotropic nature, clings to walls and ceilings, and does not harm carpets or painted surfaces. This reagent also addresses the most demanding requirements for decontamination in the civilian sector, including availability, low maintenance, ease of application and deployment by a variety of dispersal mechanisms, minimal training and acceptable expense. Expts. to test the effectiveness of L-Gel were conducted at Lawrence Livermore National Lab. and independently at 4 other locations. L-Gel was tested against all classes of chem. warfare agents and against various biol. warfare agent surrogates, including spore-forming bacteria and non-virulent strains of real biol. agents. Testing showed that L-Gel is as effective against chem. agents and biol. materials, including spores, as the best military decontaminants. Bibliographic Information Synthesis, Characterization, and Adsorption Studies of Nanocrystalline Aluminum Oxide and a Bimetallic Nanocrystalline

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Aluminum Oxide/Magnesium Oxide. Carnes, Corrie L.; Kapoor, Pramesh N.; Klabunde, Kenneth J.; Bonevich, John. Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA. Chemistry of Materials (2002), 14(7), 2922-2929. CODEN: CMATEX ISSN: 0897-4756. Journal written in English. CAN 137:128541 AN 2002:469813 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Nanocrystals of Al2O3 and Al2O3/MgO have been produced by a modified aerogel synthesis involving the corresponding aluminum tri-tert-butoxide, magnesium methoxide, toluene, methanol, ethanol, and water. The resulting oxides are in the form of powders having crystallites of .ltorsim.2 nm. These crystallites have been studied by TEM and BET methods, and were found to possess high surface areas and pore vols. (800 m2/g for Al2O3 and 790 m2/g for Al2O3/MgO, compared to 450 m2/ g for MgO). As seen with other metal oxides, once they are produced as nanoparticles, their reactivity is greatly enhanced on a per unit surface area basis. This is thought to be due to morphol. differences, whereas larger crystallites have only a small percentage of reactive sites on the surface, smaller crystallites possess much higher surface concn. of such sites per unit surface area. Elemental anal., X-ray diffraction, and IR spectroscopy have been used to characterize these nanoparticles, and reactions with CCl4, SO2, and Paraoxon have demonstrated significantly enhanced reactivity and/or capacity compared with common com. forms of the oxide powders. A significant feature is that, by a cogellation synthesis, Al2O3 and MgO have been intermingled, which engenders enhanced reactivity/capacity over the pure forms of nanoscale Al2O3 or MgO toward a chem. warfare surrogate (Paraoxon) and an acid gas (SO2). This serves as an example where tailored synthesis of a nanostructured formulation can yield special benefits. Bibliographic Information Nanocrystalline metal oxides as destructive adsorbents for organophosphorus compounds at ambient temperatures. Rajagopalan, Shyamala; Koper, Olga; Decker, Shawn; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Nanoscale Materials, Inc., Manhattan, KS, USA. Chemistry--A European Journal (2002), 8(11), 2602-2607. CODEN: CEUJED ISSN: 0947-6539. Journal written in English. CAN 137:191092 AN 2002:451335 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Nanocrystals of magnesium oxide react with organophosphorus compds. at room temp. by dissociative chemisorption, which we term "destructive adsorption". This process involves cleavage of P-O and P-F bonds (but not P-C bonds) and immobilization of the resultant mol. fragments. These ultrafine powders have unusual cryst. shapes and possess high surface concns. of reactive edge/corner and defect sites, and thereby display higher surface reactivity, normalized for surface area, than typical polycryst. material. This high surface reactivity coupled with high surface area allows their use for effective decontamination of chem. warfare agents and related toxic substances. Herein data is presented for paraoxon, diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), and (CH3CH2O)2P(O)CH2SC6H5 (DEPTMP). Solid-state NMR and IR spectroscopy indicate that all OR and F groups dissoc.; this leaves bound -PO4, -F, and -OR groups for paraoxon, DFP, and DEPTMP, resp. For paraoxon, it was shown that one monolayer reacts. For DEPTMP, the OR groups dissoc., but not the P-CH2SC6H5 group. The nanocryst. MgO reacts much faster and in higher capacity than typical activated carbon samples, which physisorb but do not destructively adsorb these phosphorous compds. Bibliographic Information Routes of photocatalytic destruction of chemical warfare agent simulants. Vorontsov, Alexandre V.; Davydov, Lev; Reddy, Ettireddy P.; Lion, Claude; Savinov, Eugenii N.; Smirniotis, Panagiotis G. Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Novosibirsk, Russia. New Journal of Chemistry (2002), 26(6), 732-744. CODEN: NJCHE5 ISSN: 1144-0546. Journal written in English. CAN 137:236738 AN 2002:427511 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Selected imitants of chem. warfare agents such as di-Me methylphosphonate (DMMP), di-Et phosphoramidate (DEPA), pinacolyl methylphosphonate (PMP), and butylaminoethanethiol (BAET) were subjected to photocatalytic and sonophotocatalytic treatment in aq. suspensions of TiO2. Complete conversion of the same mass of imitants to inorg. products was obtained within 600 min for DMMP, DEPA, PMP, but required a longer time for BAET. Sonolysis accelerated photodegrdn. of DMMP. No degrdn. was obsd. without UV illumination. Final products of degrdn. were PO43-, CO2 for DMMP and PMP, PO43-, NO3- (25%), NH4+ (75%), CO2 for DEPA, and SO42-, NH4+, CO2 for BAET. The no. of main detected intermediate products increases in the order DMMP (7), DEPA (9), PMP (21), and exceeds 34 for BAET. Degrdn. of DMMP mainly proceeds through consecutive oxidn. of methoxy groups and then the Me group. Di-Me hydroxymethylphosphonate and dimethylphosphate testify to the parallel oxidn. of the Me group. Destruction of DEPA mainly starts with cleavage of the P-NH2 bond to form di-Et phosphate, which transforms further into Et phosphate. Oxidn. of and carbons of ethoxy groups to form ethylphosphonoamidate, hydroxyethyl ethylphosphonoamidate and other products also contributes to the destruction. Photocatalytic degrdn. of PMP mainly starts with oxidn. of the pinacolyl fragment, methylphosphonic acid and acetone being the major products. Oxidn. of BAET begins with dark dimerization to disulfide, which undergoes oxidn. of sulfur forming sulfinic and sulfonic acids as well as oxidn. of carbons to form butanal, aminobutane, etc., and cyclic products such as 2-propylthiazole. A scheme of degrdn. was proposed for DMMP and DEPA, and starting routes for PMP and BAET. Quantum efficiencies of complete mineralization calcd. as reaction rate to photon flux ratio approx. 10-3%. Bibliographic Information Solvent Effects on the Heterogeneous Adsorption and Reactions of (2-Chloroethyl) ethyl Sulfide on Nanocrystalline Magnesium Oxide. Narske, Richard M.; Klabunde, Kenneth J.; Fultz, Shawn. Department of Chemistry, Augustana College, Rock Island, IL, USA. Langmuir (2002), 18(12), 4819-4825. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 137:62952 AN 2002:360518 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The noncatalytic destructive adsorption of (2-chloroethyl) Et sulfide (2-CEES), a mimic of bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide (HD or Mustard Gas), on nanocryst. Mg oxide (AP-MgO) was studied in several solvents from pentane to methanol. The decompn. products formed in these reactions were vinyl Et sulfide and (2-hydroxyethyl) Et sulfide. Reactions in pentane allowed the highest reaction rates, while THF and methanol gave results quite different from those for the hydrocarbon solvent. Reactions in methanol yielded (methoxyethyl) Et sulfide and not the vinyl Et sulfide and (2-hydroxyethyl) Et sulfide compds. These studies showed that the MgO-2-CEES reaction chem. is significantly affected by the solvent present and can be enhanced by choice of solvent and the addn. of small amts. of water. Interestingly, the least polar, least reactive solvent (pentane) allowed the most rapid 2-CEES reactions, indicating that the solvent simply aided material transfer to the reactive surface sites without blocking these sites. Rate changes upon water addn., coupled with FTIR studies, indicate that isolated surface OH groups are important reactive sites. These results indicate that the use of certain inert solvents greatly aids material transfer, and thereby the reaction rates of the sorbent with the toxin are significantly enhanced. Bibliographic Information

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Adsorption and Reaction of Diethyl Sulfide on Active Carbons with and without Impregnants under Static Conditions. Prasad, G. K.; Singh, Beer; Saradhi, U. V. R.; Suryanarayana, M. V. S.; Pandey, D. Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. Langmuir (2002), 18(11), 4300-4306. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 137:52819 AN 2002:306380 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Active carbons of different grades with and without impregnants were studied for the adsorption of di-Et sulfide (DES), the simulant of S mustard, under static conditions at 36 1 . Kinetics of the adsorption were studied using linear driving force (LDF) and the Fickian diffusion model. The kinetic parameters such as equilibration time, equilibration capacity, equilibration const., diffusional exponent, and adsorbate-adsorbent interaction const. (K) were detd. The diffusional exponent (n), being <0.5, indicated a Fickian mode of diffusion of DES in the studied C. Chem. interaction also seemed to be the 2nd mechanism (although minor) involved in the DES uptake rate (the 1st being simple Fickian diffusion). The adsorbate-adsorbent interaction const. did not vary significantly indicating that probably DES chem. interacts to a small extent with the metal salts present on the surface of active C as impregnants. However, the characterization of reaction products, after extn. in CH2Cl2, using GC/MS indicated that the system CrO3/NaOH/C (C impregnated with Cr(VI) plus NaOH) only reacted with DES to give di-Et sulfone. Bibliographic Information An improved brain slice model of nerve agent-induced seizure activity. Wood, Sebastien J.; Tattersall, John E. H. Biomedical Sciences Department, CBD Porton Down, Salisbury, UK. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S83-S86. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:290254 AN 2002:246280 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A brain slice model was developed to investigate the mechanisms of seizure activity induced by soman and the effectiveness of potential anticonvulsant drugs. Unlike previously reported slice studies with nerve agents, this model contains the entorhinal cortex as well as the hippocampus. This allows the study of the spread of seizure discharges within the limbic system and the development of prolonged, sustained discharges that are rarely seen in the simple hippocampal slice prepn. Soman (1 M) induced a second population spike in the evoked field potential in the CA1 or CA3 region within 15-20 min. In almost all the slices tested, this developed into spontaneous seizure activity within 30-40 min. As well as interictal bursts, many slices also showed longer periods of high-frequency bursting analogous to ictal seizure activity that originated in the entorhinal cortex. This activity appeared similar to that induced by the muscarinic agonist pilocarpine. Both the second population spike and the spontaneous discharges could be blocked by diazepam and by AMPA/kainate antagonists but not by the NMDA antagonists AP5 and MK-801. This study confirms that the combined hippocampal-entorhinal cortex slice prepn. is a suitable model for investigating the origin and propagation of nerve agent-induced seizures within the limbic system. Bibliographic Information The NMDA receptor ion channel: a site for binding of huperzine A. Gordon, Richard K.; Nigam, Savita V.; Weitz, Julie A.; Dave, Jitendra R.; Doctor, Bhupendra P.; Ved, Haresh S. Division of Biochemistry, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S47-S51. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:397222 AN 2002:246274 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Huperzine A (HUP-A), first isolated from the Chinese club moss Huperzia serrata, is a potent, reversible and selective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) over butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) (Life Sci. 54: 991-997). Because HUP-A has been shown to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, is more stable than the carbamates used as pretreatments for organophosphate poisoning (OP) and the HUP-A:AChE complex has a longer half-life than other prophylactic sequestering agents, HUP-A has been proposed as a pretreatment drug for nerve agent toxicity by protecting AChE from irreversible OP-induced phosphonylation. More recently (NeuroReport 8: 963-968), pretreatment of embryonic neuronal cultures with HUP-A reduced glutamate-induced cell death and also decreased glutamate-induced calcium mobilization. These results suggest that HUP-A might interfere with and be beneficial for excitatory amino acid overstimulation, such as seen in ischemia, where persistent elevation of internal calcium levels by activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate subtype receptor is found. The authors have now investigated the interaction of HUP-A with glutamate receptors. Freshly frozen cortex or synaptic plasma membranes were used, providing 60-90% specific radioligand binding. Huperzine A ( 100 M) had no effect on the binding of [3H]glutamate (low- and high-affinity glutamate sites), [3H]MDL 105,519 (NMDA glycine regulatory site), [3H]ifenprodil (NMDA polyamine site) or [3H]CGS 19755 (NMDA antagonist). In contrast with these results, HUP-A non-competitively (Hill slope < 1) inhibited [3H]MK-801 and [3H]TCP binding (co-located NMDA ion channel PCP site) with pseudo Ki .apprx. 6 M. Furthermore, when neuronal cultures were pretreated with HUP-A for 45 min prior to NMDA exposure, HUP-A dose-dependently inhibited the NMDAinduced toxicity. Although HUP-A has been implicated to interact with cholinergic receptors, it was without effect at 100 M on muscarinic (measured by inhibition of [3H]QNB or [3H]NMS binding) or nicotinic [3H]epibatidine binding) receptors; also, HUP-A did not perturb adenosine receptor binding [3H]PIA or [3H]NECA). Therefore, HUP-A most likely attenuates excitatory amino acid toxicity by blocking the NMDA ion channel and subsequent Ca2+ mobilization at or near the PCP and MK-801 ligand sites. Thus, on the one hand, HUP-A could be used as a pretreatment against OPs and it might also be a valuable therapeutic intervention in a variety of acute and chronic disorders by protecting against overstimulation of the excitatory amino acid pathway. By blocking NMDA ion channels without psychotomimetic side-effects, HUP-A may protect against diverse neurodegenerative states obsd. during ischemia or Alzheimer's disease. Bibliographic Information Army medical laboratory telemedicine: role of mass spectrometry in telediagnosis for chemical and biological defense. Smith, J. Richard; Shih, Ming L.; Price, Elvis O.; Platoff, Gennady E.; Schlager, John J. Pharmacology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S35-S41. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:365032 AN 2002:246272 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract An army medical field lab. presently has the capability of performing std. protocols developed at the US Army Medical Research Institute of Chem. Defense for verification of nerve agent or sulfur mustard exposure. The protocols analyze hydrolysis products of chem. warfare agents using gas chromatog./mass spectrometry. Addnl., chem. warfare agents can produce alkylated or phosphorylated proteins following human exposure that have long biol. half-lives and can be used as diagnostic biomarkers of chem. agent exposure. An anal. technique known as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) currently is being examd. for its potential to analyze these biomarkers. The technique is capable of detecting large biomols. and modifications made to them. Its fast anal. time makes MALDI-TOF/MS

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technol. suitable for screening casualties from chem. or biol. attacks. Basic operation requires minimal training and the instrument has the potential to become field-portable. The limitation of the technique is that the generated data may require considerable expertise from knowledgeable personnel for consultation to ensure correct interpretation. The interaction between research scientists and field personnel in the acquisition of data and its interpretation via advanced digital telecommunication technologies can enhance rapid diagnosis and subsequently improve patient care in remote areas. Bibliographic Information Analysis of the degradation compounds of chemical warfare agents using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Smith, J. Richard; Shih, Ming L. Pharmacology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S27-S34. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:365031 AN 2002:246271 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The anal. of the degrdn. products of chem. warfare (CW) agents has been a challenge to analysts. The low volatility of these compds. makes them unsuitable for direct gas chromatog. anal. without prior derivatization. Lack of a chromophore causes difficulties with classic detection methods after liq. chromatog. sepn. With the recent development of various interfaces that allow for the introduction of a liq. solvent stream into the mass spectrometer, the task of directly analyzing these compds. has become easier. For this report, the authors examd. three different liq. chromatog./mass spectrometry (LC/MS) interfaces for their suitability for the anal. of CW degrdn. compds. The interface types examd. were particle beam electron impact ionization (PBI), electrospray ionization (ESI) and atm. pressure chem. ionization (APCI). Several alkylphosphonates and thiodiglycol analogs that are produced from the degrdn. of organophosphorus nerve agents and sulfur mustard, resp., were analyzed using each of the three techniques. Electron impact ionization following gas chromatog. or particle beam introduction typically generates very reproducible, library-searchable mass spectra. Most of the CW breakdown compds. examd. using the PBI interface did not produce a mol. ion. Despite the lack of a mol. ion, the mass spectra of the various compds. contained enough different structural information from fragment ions for the pos. identification of each. The mass spectra generated using ESI are generally limited to protonated mol. ions with little or no fragmentation. For pos. identification and confirmation, tandem mass spectrometry techniques quite often must be used. Many of the compds. in this study were characterized by prominent sodiated adducts along with the protonated mol. ion. Methylphosphonic acid produced protonated dimers, trimers, etc. Although the various adduct ions can be used for addnl. confirmation of the mol. wt. of a compd., the adducts also can result in suppression of ionization of the compd. and thus reduce sensitivity. Another "soft" ionization technique that results in abundant protonated mol. ions is APCI. The mass spectra of the breakdown compds. produced using APCI were characterized generally by either a prominent protonated mol. ion or a dehydrated form of it. In addn., a no. of structurally significant fragment ions were obsd. and their relative abundances could be adjusted by altering the APCI conditions. The data presented here indicate that each of the three techniques can be used successfully for direct liq. introduction and anal. of the non-volatile compds. produced from the degrdn. of CW agents. The mass spectra produced using each technique are quite different and could be utilized as addnl. confirmation of compd. identity. Bibliographic Information Development of an immunoassay for diagnosis of exposure to toxic organophosphorus compounds. Miller, Jennifer K.; Lenz, David E. Department of OCBS, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S23-S26. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:336395 AN 2002:246270 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Currently, diagnosis of exposure to toxic low-mol.-wt. compds. is effected by the use of chromatog. techniques. Such an approach is limited by the need for expensive equipment and sample clean-up before carrying out the anal. To overcome those drawbacks, the authors were involved in the development of an immunoassay for diagnosis of exposure to toxic organophosphorus compds. such as pinacolylmethyl phosphonofluoridate (soman), which is a chem. warfare agent. Prior ests. suggested that it is necessary to be able to detect soman at a concn. below 2.5 10-7 M. Using four previously developed monoclonal antibodies, an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) was used to optimize assay conditions and identify the antibody with the highest apparent affinity. The min. required assay time was 2.0-2.5 h with no loss in sensitivity. To det. the specificity of the highest affinity antibody, a competitive inhibition enzyme immunoassay (CIEIA) was performed with six structural analogs of soman. The IC50 values for these analogs were 5 10-7 M for 4nitrophenylpinacolylmethylphosphonate, 8 10-7 M for dipinacolylmethylphosphonate, 2 10-6 M for diisopropylmethylphosphonate, 3 10-5 M for 4-nitrophenylmethyl(phenylphosphinate) and 6.5 10-5 M for 4nitrophenylethyl(phenyl)phosphinate. 4-Nitrophenyl-di(n-butyl)phosphinate did not inhibit binding. Those inhibitors with branched alkyl side-chains, similar to the soman mol., were effective inhibitors. Compds., which contained predominately arom. groups, were poor inhibitors. We are continuing to probe the binding specificity of the monoclonal antibody to det. its utility in further assay development. Our present results suggest that the antibody chosen may have the appropriate specificity and affinity for immunodiagnosis of exposure to soman. Bibliographic Information The active site of human paraoxonase (PON1). Josse, Denis; Lockridge, Oksana; Xie, Weihua; Bartels, Cynthia F.; Schopfer, Lawrence M.; Masson, Patrick. Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S7-S11. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:365079 AN 2002:246267 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Ideally the authors would like to treat people exposed to nerve agents with an enzyme that rapidly destroys nerve agents. The enzymes considered for such a role include human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterase and paraoxonase (PON1). Success has been achieved in endowing BChE with the ability to hydrolyze organophosphates. The G117H mutant of BCHE hydrolyzes sarin and VX, whereas the double mutant G117H/E197Q hydrolyzes soman. However, the rates of organophosphate hydrolysis are slow and a faster organophosphate hydrolase is being sought. Native PON1 hydrolyzes paraoxon with a catalytic efficiency, of 2.4 106 M-1 min-1, and our goal is to improve the organophosphate hydrolase activity of PON1. To achieve this we need to identify the amino acids in the active site of PON1. Using site-directed mutagenesis and expression in human 293T cells, the authors have identified the following eight amino acids as being essential to PON1 activity: W280, H114, H133, H154, H242, H284, E52 and D53. Fluorescence of PON1 complexed to terbium ion shows that at least one tryptophan is close to the calcium binding site. Bibliographic Information Comparison of the hydrolytic stability of S-(N,N-diethylaminoethyl) isobutyl methylphosphonothiolate with VX in dilute solution. Crenshaw, M. D.; Hayes, T. L.; Miller, T. L.; Shannon, C. M. Medical Research and Evaluation Facility, Battelle Memorial

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Institute, JM-3, Columbus, OH, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S3-S6. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:365078 AN 2002:246266 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The stability of S-(N,N-diethylaminoethyl) iso-Bu methylphosphonothiolate-a V-type nerve agent developed by the former Soviet Union-in the environment is an important parameter in threat assessment anal. and for the detn. of use, prodn., testing and storage of this chem. warfare agent. S-(N,N-Diethylaminoethyl) iso-Bu methylphosphonothiolate is a structural isomer of the nerve agent VX developed by the USA and the UK and will be referred to as VXA (VX analog) in this presentation. Because VXA and VX differ structurally, even though they do have the same mol. formula, it is expected that their phys. and chem. properties would be different. This preliminary investigation was undertaken to det. the relative hydrolysis rate of VXA compared with VX. The hydrolysis of each compd. at approx. 1 mg ml-1 in unbuffered water at pH 7 was detd. side-by-side. The half-lives for VXA and VX were detd. to be 12.4 days and 4.78 days, resp. Agent VXA hydrolyzed 2.6 times more slowly than VX, and each agent followed second-order hydrolysis kinetics. These results imply that VXA is more persistent in the environment and therefore poses a greater threat. These results also imply that VXA is more likely to be detected, if present, during an inspection in support of the Chem. Weapons Convention. Bibliographic Information Synthesis of high surface area monoclinic WO3 particles using organic ligands and emulsion based methods. Lu, Zhixiang; Kanan, Sofian M.; Tripp, Carl P. Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology (LASST), University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA. Journal of Materials Chemistry (2002), 12(4), 983-989. CODEN: JMACEP ISSN: 0959-9428. Journal written in English. CAN 136:389533 AN 2002:226497 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Several synthetic approaches have been used to obtain nano-sized monoclinic WO3 (m-WO3) powders. All of these methods begin with a std. preparative method where H2WO4 is first generated by passing a Na2WO4 soln. through a cation-exchange resin. It is shown that high surface area particles are produced by dripping the H2WO4 exiting from the ion-exchange column into a soln. contg. oxalate and acetate exchange ligands or alternatively, into a water-in-oil (w/o) based emulsion. In comparison to com. WO3 powders, the surface area of the m-WO3 powders were higher by factors of 10 and 20 times when prepd. in the presence of acetate/oxalate chelating agents and w/o emulsions, resp. The much higher surface areas enable IR spectroscopic identification of surface sites along with detection and monitoring of gaseous reactions and adsorbed species on the surface of this metal oxide. This is demonstrated with the adsorption of a nerve agent simulant, di-Me Me phosphonate. In general, little is known about the reactions of gaseous mols. on m-WO3 surfaces and the fabrication of high surface area m-WO3 particles will aid in gaining an understanding of the chem. processes occurring in WO3 based sensors. Bibliographic Information Prefiltering Strategies for Metal Oxide Based Sensors: The Use of Chemical Displacers to Selectively Dislodge Adsorbed Organophosphonates from Silica Surfaces. Kanan, Sofian M.; Tripp, Carl P. Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology (LASST) and Department of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA. Langmuir (2002), 18(3), 722-728. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 136:173252 AN 2002:22837 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract IR spectroscopy is used to monitor the competitive adsorption/desorption behavior of the nerve gas simulants, di-Me methylphosphonate (DMMP), tri-Me phosphate (TMP), Me dichlorophosphate (MDCP), and trichlorophosphate (TCP) on SiO2. All 4 compds. molecularly adsorb via hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) with the surface hydroxyl groups. The adsorption strength depends on 2 factors: the specific functional group H-bonded to the surface hydroxyl groups and the no. of such bonds per mol. The phosphonates are molecularly displaced from the SiO2 surface by chem. displacers. By judiciously selecting chem. displacers as dictated by the 2 factors, (i.e., type and no. of functional groups H-bonded to the surface silanols) it is possible to selectively and sequentially dislodge each of the 4 phosphonate compds. adsorbed on SiO2. Specifically, the relative adsorption strength of the phosphonate compds. and the chem. displacers (labeled A-C) follows the order: TCP < MDCP < A < DMMP < B < TMP < C, where A = NEt3 (TEA), B = 2-pyridyl MeCN (2-PyAN), and C= ethylenediamine (EDA). AM1 semiempirical calcns. show that the toxic nerve agent, sarin, would position itself between MDCP and DMMP in the above order. The implications of using chem. displacers in filtering applications with metal oxide based sensors are discussed. Bibliographic Information New -phthalimidoperoxyalkanoic acids in decontamination. Destruction of some toxic organophosphorus and organosulfur pollutants. Lion, Claude; Da Conceicao, Louis; Delmas, Gerard; Magnaud, Gilbert. Institut de Topologie et de Dynamique des Systemes, Universite de Paris 7, Paris, Fr. New Journal of Chemistry (2001), 25(9), 1182-1184. CODEN: NJCHE5 ISSN: 11440546. Journal written in English. CAN 136:90120 AN 2001:726141 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chem. decontamination of toxic compds. (chem. warfare agents and/or insecticides) is of increasing importance. We report the use of -phthalimidoperoxyalkanoic acids in the destruction of paraoxon (di-Et p-nitrophenyl phosphate), a well-known insecticide, and 2-chloro-2'-phenyldiethyl sulfide (a half mustard). We show that while all the peroxy acids used in this series allow the destruction of toxic compds., the length n of the alkanoic side chain is important to the choice of the optimal industrial compd., which is 6-phthalimidoperoxyhexanoic acid (n = 5). Bibliographic Information In vitro skin absorption and decontamination of sulphur mustard: comparison of human and pig ear skin. Chilcott, R. P.; Jenner, J.; Hotchkiss, S. A. M.; Rice, P. Department of Biomedical Sciences, CBD Porton Down, Salisbury, UK. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(4), 279-283. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:191481 AN 2001:616748 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of an in vitro skin diffusion cell system as a model for assessing decontaminants against the chem. warfare agent sulfur mustard (SM). The in vitro absorption rates of SM through heat-sepd. human (157 66 g cm-2 h-1) and pig-ear (411 175 g cm-2 h-1) epidermal membranes were in agreement with previous in vivo studies that quoted skin absorption rates of 150 and 366 g cm-2 h-1, resp. Decontaminants (fuller's earth, Ambergard and BDH spillage granules) were ranked in order of effectiveness by measuring the skin absorption rates and the percentage of applied dose of SM that penetrated human and pig ear epidermal membranes. The effectiveness of fuller's earth measured in this in vitro study using human epidermal membranes was in agreement with a previous in vivo human

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volunteer study. Similarly, the effectiveness of fuller's earth and Ambergard measured in vitro with pig ear epidermal membranes was in agreement with a previous in vivo study conducted on rats. However, there was complete disparity in the ranking of decontaminants between human and pig ear epidermal membranes measured in vitro. Thus, although pig ear skin may be a relatively good model for predicting the human skin absorption of SM, it is a poor model for testing decontamination systems. The results of this study further validate the use of Franz-type glass diffusion cells contg. human epidermal membranes as a model for predicting in vivo human skin absorption. Bibliographic Information Modelling aerosol processes related to the atmospheric dispersion of sarin. Kukkonen, J.; Riikonen, K.; Nikmo, J.; Jappinen, A.; Nieminen, K. Air Quality Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland. Journal of Hazardous Materials (2001), 85(3), 165-179. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 136:41716 AN 2001:572441 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Math. models were developed to evaluate the atm. dispersion of selected chem. warfare agents (CWA), including evapn. and settling of pollutant liq. droplets. The presented models and numerical results may be used to design protection and control measures against the conceivable use of CWA. The model, AERCLOUD (AERosol CLOUD), was extended to treat 2 nerve agents, sarin and VX, and the mustard agent. This model evaluates the thermodn. evolution of a 5-component aerosol mixt., consisting of 2-component droplets together with the surrounding 3-component gas. Numerical computations were performed using this model on the evapn. and settling of airborne sarin droplets in characteristic dispersion and atm. conditions. In particular, the max. radii (rM) of a totally evapg. droplet, in terms of the ambient temp. and pollutant vapor concn., were evaluated. The radii rM were .apprx.15-80 m for sarin droplets for selected ambient conditions and initial heights. Deposition fractions in terms of initial droplet size were also evaluated. Bibliographic Information Oxidation of triphenylarsine to triphenylarsine oxide by Trichoderma harzianum and other fungi. Hofmann, K.; Hammer, E.; Kohler, M.; Bruser, V. URST Umwelt- und Rohstoff-Technologie GmbH Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. Chemosphere (2001), 44(4), 697-700. CODEN: CMSHAF ISSN: 0045-6535. Journal written in English. CAN 135:254254 AN 2001:483254 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Arsenic resistant strains of bacteria and fungi were isolated from soil contaminated by chem. warfare agents. Until now, no metabolic products of microbial attack against the Ph residues of the model substrate triphenylarsine (TP) were found if it was incubated together with these strains in liq. culture assays. However, one of the isolated fungi, Trichoderma harzianum As 11, was found to oxidize TP to triphenylarsine oxide (TPO). The yeast Trichosporon mucoides SBUG 801 and the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium were also able to oxidize the As(III) in TP. In addn., P. chrysosporium transformed phenylarsine oxide (PAO) to phenylarsonic acid (PAA) under O2-atmosphere. By means of a respirometer system, the oxidn. of TP by T. harzianum As 11 was confirmed by a significantly higher consumption of oxygen in the presence of these compds. HPLC anal. of the oxidn. products TPO and PAA in the medium of the assays provided evidence for the transfer reaction of As(III) to As(V) in org. bonds. The oxidn. products TPO and PAA are more hydrophilic than TP and PAO. Therefore, it was concluded that particular fungi contribute to the mobilization of arsenic in soil contaminated by chem. warfare agents. Bibliographic Information Nanocrystalline metal oxides as unique chemical reagents/sorbents. Lucas, Erik; Decker, Shawn; Khaleel, Abbas; Seitz, Adam; Fultz, Shawn; Ponce, Aldo; Li, Weifeng; Carnes, Corrie; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA. Chemistry--A European Journal (2001), 7(12), 2505-2510. CODEN: CEUJED ISSN: 0947-6539. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 135:216336 AN 2001:471452 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review with 29 refs. A new family of porous inorg. solids based on nanocryst. metal oxides is discussed. These materials, made up of 4-7 nm MgO, CaO, Al2O3, ZnO, and others, exhibit unparalleled destructive adsorption properties for acid gases, polar orgs., and even chem./biol. warfare agents. These unique sorption properties are due to nanocrystal shape, polar surfaces, and high surface areas. Free-flowing powders or consolidated pellets are effective, and pore structure can be controlled by consolidation pressures. Chem. properties can be adjusted by choice of metal oxide as well as by incorporating other oxides as monolayer films. Bibliographic Information MALDI-ToF/MS as a diagnostic tool for the confirmation of sulfur mustard exposure. Price, Elvis O.; Smith, J. Richard; Clark, Connie R.; Schlager, John J.; Shih, Ming L. Pharmacology Division, Applied Pharmacology Branch, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S193S197. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:206570 AN 2001:455416 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The continual threat of chem. and biol. warfare has prompted the need for unambiguous anal. methods for the confirmation of agent exposure. In this paper, we have investigated the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF/MS) as a diagnostic tool for this purpose. Mass spectral studies of the interaction of sulfur mustard (bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, HD) with Hb and metallothioneins were conducted. In vitro expts. with purified proteins were performed, using both HD and chloroethylethyl sulfide (CEES), in an effort to det. the extent of alkylation and occurrence of HD crosslinking using the MALDI-ToF/MS technique. In a typical expt., 50 mL of 5 mM HD in acetonitrile was added to an equal vol. of 0.5 mM Hb in deionized water followed by vortexing and incubation at room temp. After 24 h, the samples were analyzed by MALDI-ToF/MS. Mass spectral results indicated the presence of at least two distinct alkylation adducts for both HD and CEES expts. These results demonstrate that MALDI-ToF/MS is a useful anal. technique to investigate the interaction of HD with biomols. and may be employed potentially as a diagnostic tool for the confirmation of exposure to chem. warfare agents. Bibliographic Information A cutaneous full-thickness liquid sulfur mustard burn model in weanling swine: clinical pathology and urinary excretion of thiodiglycol. Graham, John S.; Reid, Frances M.; Smith, J. Richard; Stotts, Richard R.; Tucker, F. Steven; Shumaker, Shawn M.; Niemuth, Nancy A.; Janny, Stephen J. US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S161-S172. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72547 AN 2001:455411 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Abstract Sulfur mustard (bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide, HD) is a well-known blistering chem. warfare agent. We have developed a cutaneous full-thickness HD burn model in weanling pigs for efficacy testing of candidate treatment regimens. This report addresses clin. pathol. findings and the urinary excretion profile of a major HD metabolite (thiodiglycol, TDG) in this model. Six female Yorkshire pigs were exposed to HD liq. on the ventral surface for 2 h, generating six 3-cm diam. full-thickness dermal lesions per pig. Blood samples were collected throughout a 7-day observation period for hematol. and serum chem. examns. Urine was collected in metab. cages. Routine urinalysis was performed and the urine analyzed for TDG using gas chromatog./mass spectrometry. Examn. of clin. pathol. parameters revealed subtle HD-related changes that are suggestive of a mild hemolytic episode. No other signs of clin. significant systemic toxicities were noted, including bone marrow suppression. Thiodiglycol was detected at the earliest time point tested (6-8 h post-exposure) at levels ranging from 0.66 to 4.98 g ml-1 with a mean of 2.14 g ml-1. Thiodiglycol concns. were the highest for half of the animals at this earliest time point and at 24-48 h for the others. By the evening of day 3, the mean level had reached 50 ng ml-1. Mean levels remained 10-40 ng ml-1 for the remainder of the 7-day observation period, with the highest individual concn. noted during this period of 132 ng ml-1. Our results are in general agreement with the TDG excretion profiles previously described for rodent models and humans. Urinary excretion of absorbed HD in our weanling pig wound healing model appears to follow the same pattern as is seen in other lab. animals models. In general, urinary excretion of TDG appears to peak within the first 1-4 days following exposure, with detectable levels after 1 wk. Relatively high urinary TDG levels may thus indicate agent exposure within the previous 96 h. Low levels significantly above natural background levels may indicate either exposure to low levels of agent or exposure that occurred more than 4 days prior to collection of the sample. Bibliographic Information Systemic administration of candidate antivesicants to protect against topically applied sulfur mustard in the mouse ear vesicant model (MEVM). Babin, M. C.; Ricketts, K.; Skvorak, J. P.; Gazaway, M.; Mitcheltree, L. W.; Casillas, R. P. Drug Assessment and Comparative Medicine Divisions, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S141-S144. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72425 AN 2001:455408 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The mouse ear vesicant model (MEVM) provides a quant. edema response as well as histopathol. and biochem. endpoints as measurements of inflammation and tissue damage following exposure to the chem. warfare agent sulfur mustard (HD). In the MEVM, several topically applied anti-inflammatory agents provided a significant degree of protection against HD-induced edema and dermal-epidermal sepn. This study evaluated the protective effects of three of these pharmacol. compds. when administered systemically in the MEVM. Alzet osmotic pumps were used to deliver an s.c. dose of the appropriate antiinflammatory agent, starting 24 h before exposure to sulfur mustard and continuing until 24 h post-exposure to HD. Twentyfour hours after pump implantation, 5 l of a 195 mM (0.16 mg) soln. of sulfur mustard (d. = 1.27 g ml-1; MW = 159; purity = 97.5%) in methylene chloride was applied to the inner surface of the right ear of each mouse. Sulfur mustard injury in the mouse ear was measured by both edema response (fluid accumulation) and histopathol. damage (necrosis, epidermal-dermal sepn.). The systemic administration of hydrocortisone, indomethacin and olvanil provided a significant redn. in edema (24%, 26% and 22%, resp.) from the pos. control. Compared to HD-pos. controls, hydrocortisone, indomethacin and olvanil caused a significant redn. in subepidermal blisters (71%, 52% and 57%, resp.) whereas only hydrocortisone produced a significant redn. in contralateral epidermal necrosis (41%). The authors show here that these anti-inflammatory drugs are effective when administered systemically in the MEVM. Bibliographic Information N-acetylcysteine and endothelial cell injury by sulfur mustard. Atkins, Kevin B.; Lodhi, Irfan J.; Hurley, Lauren L.; Hinshaw, Daniel B. University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S125S128. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72423 AN 2001:455404 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Understanding the underlying mechanisms of cell injury and death induced by the chem. warfare vesicant sulfur mustard (HD) will be extremely helpful in the development of effective countermeasures to this weapon of terror. We have found recently that HD induces both apoptosis and necrosis in endothelial cells. Pretreatment of the endothelial cells for 20 h with the redoxactive agent N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) selectively prevented apoptotic death induced by HD. In this study, we tested the hypotheses that pretreatment with NAC acts through two different pathways to minimize endothelial injury by HD: NAC pretreatment acts via a glutathione (GSH)-dependent pathway; and NAC pretreatment acts to suppress HD-induced activation of the nuclear transcription factor NF B. We used a fluorescence microscopic assay of apoptotic nuclear features to assess viability and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) to assess the activity of NF B following exposure to HD. The cells were treated with 0-10 mM GSH for 1 h prior to and during exposure to 0 or 500 M HD for 5-6 h. Cells were also treated with 50 mM NAC or 200 M buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of GSH synthesis, alone or in combination overnight prior to exposure to 0 or 500 M HD for 5-6 h. Externally applied GSH up to a concn. of 5 mM had no toxic effect on the cells. Mild toxicity was assocd. with 10 mM GSH alone. There was a dose-related enhancement of viability when 2.5 and 5 mM GSH were present during the HD exposure. Pretreatment with BSO alone had no discernible toxicity. However, pretreatment with this inhibitor of GSH synthesis potentiated the toxicity of HD. Pretreatment with 50 mM NAC, as previously reported, provided substantial protection. Combining pretreatment with both BSO and NAC eliminated the protective effect of NAC pretreatment alone on HD injury. These observations are highly suggestive that NAC enhances endothelial survival via GSH-dependent effects and confirms and extends the work of others with different models that externally supplied GSH alone may be a fairly effective countermeasure against HD injury of endothelium. We next examd. the hypothesis that HD may activate the nuclear transcription factor NF B by performing EMSAs with nuclear exts. of endothelial cells following exposure to 0, 250 or 500 M HD. This demonstrated an up to 2.5-fold increase (scanning densitometry) in activation of NF B binding to its consensus sequence induced by 500 M HD after 5 h of HD exposure. Paradoxically, treatment of the endothelial cells alone with 50 mM NAC activated NF B, although HD-induced activation of NF B was partially suppressed by NAC at 5 h. Factor NF B is an important transcription factor for a no. of cytokine genes (e.g. tumor necrosis factor, TNF), which can be activated following stress in endothelial cells. Taken together, these observations suggest that the protective effects of NAC may be mediated by enhanced GSH synthesis. The increased GSH may act to scavenge HD and also prevent oxidative activation of NF B. Under some conditions, NAC may act as an oxidizing agent and thus increase NF B activity. The NF B-dependent gene expression may be important in inducing endothelial cell death as well as in generating a local inflammatory reaction assocd. with the release of endothelial-derived cytokines. Bibliographic Information Effects of CEES on inflammatory mediators, heat shock protein 70A, histology and ultrastructure in two skin models. Blaha, M.; Bowers, W., Jr.; Kohl, J.; DuBose, D.; Walker, J.; Alkhyyat, A.; Wong, G. US Army Research Institute of Environmental

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Medicine, Natick, MA, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S101-S108. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72420 AN 2001:455401 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chem. warfare threats require the development of diverse models for the assessment of countermeasures. Human skin products, Skin2 (differentiating keratinocytes on a fibroblast-collagen matrix) and EpiDerm (differentiating keratinocytes) were exposed (2 h) to the sulfur mustard 2-chloroethyl Et sulfide (CEES, 1-2 mg l-1 min-1) in humidified air or to humidified air alone. Tissues were evaluated histol., ultrastructurally and for viability 22 h later; media and tissues were also analyzed for inflammatory mediators. Histol. showed that CEES induced the sepn. of dermal and epidermal regions in Skin2 with severe damage to basal keratinocytes. Histol. and electron microscopy of both products revealed condensation of nuclear chromatin, retraction of spinous processes, collapse of the tonofibrillar network and cytoplasmic vacuolization and blebbing in those cells with loss of pseudobasement membrane integrity. Exposure of Skin2 to CEES increased extracellular interleukin-1 (IL-1 ), prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) and esp. IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) release (56334 vs. 84614 pg ml-1), but decreased interleukin-6 (IL-6, 4755 vs. 351 pg ml-1). Exposure of EpiDerm to CEES led to unaffected extracellular and reduced intracellular IL-1 (371 vs. 92 pg ml-1). Extracellular IL-1Ra greatly increased (2375 vs. 24875 pg ml-1), whereas cellular levels decreased (165425 vs. 96625 pg ml-1). Extracellular (224 vs. 68 pg ml-1) and intracellular (485 vs. 233 pg ml-1) sol. interleukin-1 receptor II (sIL-1RII) decreased. Prostanglandin E2 increased (1835 vs. 2582 pg ml-1), whereas heat shock protein 70A (Hsp70A) remained statistically unchanged (57000 vs. 96000 pg ml-1). Failure to obtain a heat shock response to CEES may contribute to the susceptibility of tissue to the alkylating agent. Consistent and marked responses of cellular and extracellular IL-1Ra to CEES suggest a potential for use as a tissue status marker and primary antiinflammatory regulator in skin. Bibliographic Information Intervention of sulfur mustard toxicity by down-regulation of cell proliferation and metabolic rates. Ray, R.; Benton, B. J.; Anderson, D. R.; Byers, S. L.; Petrali, J. P. US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S87-S91. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72419 AN 2001:455399 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Metabolically active and proliferating basal cells in the skin are most sensitive to the potent skin blistering chem. warfare compd. HD (bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide). We previously described a Ca2+-dependent mechanism of HD (0.3-1 mM) toxicity that was inhibited by the cell-permeant Ca2+ chelator BAPTA AM (1,2-bis(O-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester). We describe some cellular effects of BAPTA AM that suggest a mechanism for its protective action. Monolayer log-phase normal human epidermal keratinocytes were incubated (37 ) first in keratinocyte growth medium (KGM) contg. BAPTA AM (10-40 M) for 30 min and then in KGM alone overnight prior to evaluation. The BAPTA AM inhibited cell growth in a concn.-dependent manner with some cellular degeneration above 30 M (light microscopy). At 20-30 M, BAPTA AM also inhibited cellular metabolic processes, as evidenced by a lower incorporation of [3H]-thymidine (DNA synthesis, 54 5%), [3H]-uridine (RNA synthesis, 29 6%) and [14C]-valine (protein synthesis, 12 2%) as well as a lower protein content per culture (30 3%) compared with corresponding untreated controls. However, 20-30 M BAPTA AM did not cause any demonstrable cytopathol. based on morphol. (electron microscopy) as well as biochem. (lactate dehydrogenase release, an indicator of cell viability loss) criteria, indicating a lack of acute toxicity. These results suggest that a mechanism of protection by BAPTA AM against HD may be via decreasing some metabolic, and therefore proliferative, rates. Bibliographic Information Calmodulin, poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase and p53 are targets for modulating the effects of sulfur mustard. Rosenthal, Dean S.; Simbulan-Rosenthal, Cynthia M.; Iyer, Sudha; Smith, William J.; Ray, Radharaman; Smulson, Mark E. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S43-S49. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72546 AN 2001:455392 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract We describe two pathways by which the vesicating agent sulfur mustard (HD) may cause basal cell death and detachment: induction of terminal differentiation and apoptosis. Following treatment of normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) with 10 or 100 M HD, the differentiation-specific keratin pair K1/K10 was induced and the cornified envelope precursor protein, involucrin, was crosslinked by epidermal transglutaminase. Fibronectin levels were reduced in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The rapid increase in p53 and decrease in Bcl-2 levels was consistent not only with epidermal differentiation but with apoptosis as well. Further examn. of biochem. markers of apoptosis following treatment of either NHEK or human papillomavirus (HPV)-immortalized keratinocytes revealed a burst of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis, specific cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) in vivo and in vitro into characteristic 89 and 24 kDa fragments, processing of caspase-3 into its active form and the formation of DNA ladders. The intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA suppressed the differentiation markers, whereas antisense oligonucleotides and chem. inhibitors specific for calmodulin blocked both markers of differentiation and apoptosis. Modulation of p53 levels utilizing retroviral constructs expressing the E6, E7 or E6 + E7 genes of HPV-16 revealed that HD-induced apoptosis was partially p53-dependent. Finally, immortalized fibroblasts derived from PARP /- "knockout mice" were exquisitely sensitive to HD-induced apoptosis. These cells became HD resistant when wild-type PARP was stably expressed in these cells. These results indicate that HD exerts its effects via calmodulin, p53 and PARP-sensitive pathways. Bibliographic Information Comparison of cell size in sulfur mustard-induced death of keratinocytes and lymphocytes. Moser, Janet; Meier, Henry L. Pharmacology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S23-S30. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72413 AN 2001:455389 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (HD) is a vesicant chem. warfare agent that directly alkylates cellular DNA and produces DNA strand breaks. To identify cellular models for in vitro screening of antivesicant compds. in DNA repair assays, we compared the mechanism of HD-induced cell death in cultured adult normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). One parameter that we used to distinguish apoptotic from necrotic cell death was the change in cell size due to HD. In the presence or absence of a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPI), cell prepns. were exposed to various concns. of HD (0.01-1.0 mM) and harvested at selected times after exposure (up to 24 h). Results from these expts. suggest that, with increasing HD concn. and time, NHEK will fragment irresp. of the presence or absence of PARPI, with cell fragmentation presumably preceded by necrosis. In the absence of PARPI, PBL size initially decreases and then remains const. over time. Previous DNA fragmentation studies indicate that both apoptosis and necrosis occur in HD-exposed PBL in a time-dependent

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manner. In the presence of PARPI, there is a HD concn.- and time-dependent decrease in PBL size that is characteristic of apoptosis. The shift in the mechanism of HD-induced PBL death from apoptosis followed by necrosis to exclusively apoptosis in the absence and presence of PARPI, resp., is in agreement with previous findings on HD-induced changes in membrane integrity, energy levels and DNA fragmentation. Considering that NHEK fragment early after exposure to HD concns. that produce vesication in human skin, PBL may be a more appropriate model for use in DNA repair assays. Bibliographic Information Automated assay for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Byers, S.; Anderson, D.; Brobst, D.; Cowan, F. Pharmacology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S19-S22. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72270 AN 2001:455388 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (HD), a vesicating chem. warfare compd., has been shown to deplete the NAD (NAD+) content in several cell systems and tissues. This NAD+ depletion has been proposed as an indicator of HD exposure and can be used to evaluate potential antivesicant compds. To examine NAD+ levels, an automated method based on the alc. dehydrogenase cycling assay of Jacobson and Jacobson and utilizing a Cobas FARA clin. analyzer has been developed. Automation of this assay led to smaller sample vols. and more efficient use of personnel and resources. The usefulness of this automated method was tested by evaluating the protection, if any, by the topical application of vitamin D or betamethasone against HD-induced NAD+ depletion in skin punches from the hairless guinea pig. The results showed that the samples exposed to HD exhibited significant decreases in NAD+ levels when compared with controls. However, neither vitamin D nor betamethasone demonstrated protection against HD-induced NAD+ depletion. In fact, betamethasone exacerbated the NAD+ depletion when compared with the HD-exposed group. This assay appears to be useful for testing potential antivesicant compds. using both in vivo and in vitro exposure systems. Bibliographic Information Effects of Lewisite on cell membrane integrity and energy metabolism in human keratinocytes and SCL II cells. Kehe, K.; Flohe, S.; Krebs, G.; Kreppel, H.; Reichl, F. X.; Liebl, B.; Szinicz, L. Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, FAF Medical Academy, Munich, Germany. Toxicology (2001), 163(2-3), 137-144. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:133255 AN 2001:448571 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Lewisite is a highly toxic arsenic compd. which can cause skin damage. In the present study effects of Lewisite on cell membrane integrity and energy metab. as well as antidotal effects of DL-2,3-dimercaptopropanesulfonate (DMPS), and meso2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (m-DMSA) were investigated in a keratinocyte derived cell line (SCL II) and primary human keratinocytes (HK). Cells were incubated in Lewisite (60 M) contg. medium for 5 min. During the following 6 h lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the supernatant, intracellular ATP content, tetrazolium redn., glucose consumption and lactate formation were measured. Glucose consumption and lactate prodn. were decreased in both cell lines after Lewisite exposure. In SCL II cells an increase of LDH activity in the supernatant, a decrease of ATP content, and an impaired ability to reduce tetrazolium was found 3 h after Lewisite exposure. In HK cultures tetrazolium redn. was significantly decreased already after 2 h, whereas LDH increase in the supernatant and ATP content decrease occurred only at 6 h after Lewisite exposure. When DMPS or m-DMSA was added directly after Lewisite exposure to SCL II cells, glucose consumption and lactate formation were restored and LDH leakage was prevented. SCL II cells might be more prone to membrane damage whereas in keratinocytes mitochondrial impairment seems to be the predominant effect of Lewisite. Bibliographic Information Prophylactic efficacy of amifostine and its analogues against sulphur mustard toxicity. Vijayaraghavan, R.; Kumar, P.; Joshi, U.; Raza, S. K.; Lakshmana Rao, P. V.; Malhotra, R. C.; Jaiswal, D. K. Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. Toxicology (2001), 163(2-3), 83-91. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:299804 AN 2001:448565 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The successful implication of the chem. weapons convention stimulated research with a new vigor on the destruction of the stockpiled sulfur mustard (SM). A prophylactic agent for SM will be very useful for personnel engaged in the destruction of SM and during inspections by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chem. Weapons. Due to simple method of prepn., SM can be used clandestinely during war or by terrorist groups. Inspite of research over several decades no satisfactory prophylactic or treatment regimen has evolved for SM. Amifostine an organophosphorothioate, originally developed as a radioprotector, and its analogs were evaluated as a prophylactic agent for SM. Three analogs by varying the chain length and substitution at the sulfur atom were synthesized and coded as DRDE-06, DRDE-07 and DRDE-08. LD50 of amifostine and its analogs were estd. through i.p. route. For the protection studies, amifostine and its analogs were administered i.p. in mice, 30 min before dermal (percutaneous) application of SM. The dose of the prophylactic agent was 0.2 LD50 (i.p.) and that of SM was 152 mg/kg (undiluted) equal to 19-fold LD50 of SM. Amifostine and one of its analogs, DRDE-07 gave significant protection. Further studies were carried out using amifostine and DRDE-07, and both of them significantly protected mice against SM (155 mg/kg, in PEG 300, equal to 19 LD50) when they were administered i.p. either 30 min before or simultaneously. LD50 of amifostine and DRDE-07 were also estd. through the oral route (1049 or 1248 mg/kg, resp.). Prophylactically administered amifostine and DRDE-07 (0.2 LD50, p.o.) significantly protected the mice against dermally applied SM (155 mg/kg, in PEG 300, equal to 19 LD50). The protection offered by DRDE-07 was better than that of amifostine by the oral route. DRDE-07 (0.2 LD50, p.o.) also protected significantly with respect to the decrease in body wt. and the depletion of GSH induced by SM. DNA damage induced by SM was also significantly reduced by amifostine and DRDE-07 (0.2 LD50, p.o.). Further studies are in progress on the various pharmacol. and toxicol. properties of DRDE-07. Bibliographic Information Adsorption of Organic Contaminants from Water Using Tailored ACFs. Mangun, Christian L.; Yue, Zhongren; Economy, James; Maloney, Stephen; Kemme, Patricia; Cropek, Donald. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA. Chemistry of Materials (2001), 13(7), 2356-2360. CODEN: CMATEX ISSN: 0897-4756. Journal written in English. CAN 135:200059 AN 2001:428900 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Six activated carbon fibers (ACFs) with different chem. and phys. properties were prepd. by 1st curing a phenolic resin-coated glass fiber, followed by activation and post-treatment. Their adsorption properties were studied to evaluate the removal of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and p-xylene (BTEX) and the chem. warfare simulants diisopropylmethyl phosphonate (DIMP) and half mustard (HM) from water. The adsorption isotherms showed that ACF SL-2 (activated with CO2/H2O at 800 )

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has a higher adsorption capacity for BTEX, DIMP, and HM than other ACFs. This suggests that the high adsorption affinity of SL-2 is related to its higher surface area, larger av. micropore size of 11.6 .ANG. (esp. effective for the adsorption of DIMP), and lower O content of the surface. The adsorption isotherms are well represented by the Freundlich equation. For BTEX, the adsorption parameters based on C coating showed that, in all cases, ACFs have a higher K value than the best available data obtained on granulated activated C. The adsorption isotherms of DIMP and HM on ACFs are presented. Bibliographic Information The U.S. Army reactive topical skin protectant (rTSP): challenges and successes. Hobson, Stephen T.; Lehnert, Erich K.; Braue, Ernest H., Jr. Drug Assessment Division, U. S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (2001), 628(Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Materials), CC10.8.1CC10.8.8. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 135:118044 AN 2001:354344 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract In 1994, the U.S. Army initiated a research effort towards an effective material that acts both as a protective barrier and as an active destructive matrix against chem. warfare agents (CWA). We report results on our prepn. and evaluation of Reactive Topical Skin Protectants (rTSP's). These creams are composite materials consisting of a base material (TSP) and a reactive moiety. Using an established base of perfluorinated-polyether and perfluoropolyethylene solids we incorporated over 60 reactive components. Classes tested include org. polymers, org./inorg. hybrid materials, polyoxometallates (POM's), enzymes, inorg. oxides, metal alloys and small mols. We characterized these materials by light microscopy and FTIR. We detd. the efficacy of these materials against both sulfur mustard (HD) and a representative nerve agent, soman (GD), using a penetration cell model coupled to a continuous air monitor and also by in vivo testing. Composite materials with optimum reactive compds. exhibit a 94% redn. of GD vapor break-through after 20 h (from 9458 ng to 581 ng) and a 3.6 fold increase (from 162 min to 588 min) in the time 1000 ng of GD liq. penetrates through the material. Similar composite materials show a 99% redn. in HD vapor break-through after 20 h (from 4040 ng to 16 ng), a 2.3 fold increase (from 524 min to > 1200 min) in the time 1000 ng of HD vapor penetrates through the material, and an elimination of erythema vs. control in an HD vapor challenge. These results indicate that an rTSP that protects against sulfur mustard and nerve agents is within reach. Bibliographic Information Inhibition and promotion of combustion by organophosphorus compounds added to flames of CH4 or H2 in O2 and Ar. Korobeinichev, O. P.; Bolshova, T. A.; Shvartsberg, V. M.; Chernov, A. A. Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, Russia. Combustion and Flame (2001), 125(1/2), 744-751. CODEN: CBFMAO ISSN: 0010-2180. Journal written in English. CAN 134:328437 AN 2001:309769 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Early in evaluating the destruction mechanisms of a no. of organophosphorus compds. (OPCs), such as tri-Me phosphate (TMP), di-Me methylphosphonate, and diisopropyl methylphosphonate, in connection with the disposal of chem. warfare agents, the promotion and inhibition effects of OPCs on stabilized flat flames of H2 +O2 were studied. Because OPCs were demonstrated to be more effective fire suppressants than CF3Br (Halon 1301) and due to the need for replacing the currently used Halon 1301, further investigation of the effects of the OPCs on flames is of interest. Thus a lean flame of CH4/O2/Ar (0.078/0.222/0.7) with and without TMP added, stabilized on a flat burner at 0.1 bar, was studied by mol. beam mass spectrometry (MBMS) and computer modeling using PREMIX and CHEMKIN codes. An exptl. study of this flame revealed that TMP increases the width of the reaction zone by inhibiting the flame. Bibliographic Information An Infrared Study of Adsorbed Organophosphonates on Silica: A Prefiltering Strategy for the Detection of Nerve Agents on Metal Oxide Sensors. Kanan, Sofian M.; Tripp, Carl P. Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology (LASST) and Department of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA. Langmuir (2001), 17(7), 2213-2218. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 134:349067 AN 2001:156303 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The gas-phase adsorption of the nerve gas simulant di-Me methylphosphonate (DMMP) along with tri-Me phosphate (TMP), Me dichlorophosphate (MDCP), and trichlorophosphate (TCP) on silica have been studied using IR spectroscopy. Each phosphonate compd. adsorbs through a different no. of H-bonds of the methoxy and P:O moieties with the surface hydroxyl groups on silica. The strength of the adsorption depends on the no. and type of the H-bonds and follows the order TCP < MDCP < DMMP < TMP. TCP is completely removed from silica by evacuation at room temp., adsorbed MDCP is removed by evacuation at 150 C, DMMP requires an evacuation temp. of 300 C, and TMP is eliminated at 400 C. All phosphonate compds. molecularly desorb, and the silica returns to its original state. The differences in the reactivity of phosphonate compds. on silica from other oxides demonstrate the potential use of silica in prefiltering/preconcg. strategies for semiconductive metal oxide based sensing devices. Specifically, it is shown that silica can be used to selectively adsorb DMMP from a gas stream contg. methanol/DMMP mixts. Bibliographic Information Reactions of VX, GB, GD, and HD with Nanosize Al2O3. Formation of Aluminophosphonates. Wagner, George W.; Procell, Lawrence R.; O'Connor, Richard J.; Munavalli, Shekar; Carnes, Corrie L.; Kapoor, Pramesh N.; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Research and Technology Directorate, U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of the American Chemical Society (2001), 123(8), 1636-1644. CODEN: JACSAT ISSN: 0002-7863. Journal written in English. CAN 134:276643 AN 2001:85006 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Room-temp. reactions of VX, GB, GD, and HD with nanosize Al2O3 (AP-Al2O3) have been characterized by 31P, 13C, and 27Al MAS NMR. Nerve agents VX, GB, and GD hydrolyze to yield surface-bound complexes of their corresponding nontoxic phosphonates. At sufficiently high loadings, discreet aluminophosphonate complexes, Al[OP(O)(CH3)OR]3, are generated which are identical to synthesized model compds. Thus, the reaction with phosphonic acids is not just surface-limited, but can continue to the core of alumina particles. HD mainly hydrolyzes at lower loadings to yield thiodiglycol (TG, 71%) and a minor amt. of the CH-TG sulfonium ion (12%), although some elimination of HCl is also obsd. (17%). The reactive capacity for HD is evidently exceeded at high loadings, where complete conversion to TG is hindered. However, addn. of excess water results in the quant. hydrolysis of sorbed HD to CH-TG. On AP-Al2O3 dried to remove physisorbed water, 13C CP-MAS NMR detects a surface alkoxide consistent with that of TG. Bibliographic Information

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter New microemulsions for oxidative decontamination of mustard gas analogues and polymer-thickened half-mustard. Gonzaga, Ferdinand; Perez, Emile; Rico-Lattes, Isabelle; Lattes, Armand. Laboratoire des Interactions Moleculaires et Reactivite Chimique et Photochimique (CNRS UMR 5623), Universite Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, Fr. New Journal of Chemistry (2001), 25(1), 151-155. CODEN: NJCHE5 ISSN: 1144-0546. Journal written in English. CAN 134:232826 AN 2001:12053 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chem. decontamination of toxic compds. (warfare agents and pesticides) is of increasing importance. In this study, we report the oxidn. of mustard gas analogs in microemulsion media. A first formulation, very well-suited for stock-pile destruction, allows a fast, quant. and chemoselective oxidn. of the analogs. In a second formulation, the choice of microemulsion components used allowed us to study the oxidn. of a polymer-thickened half-mustard (2-chloroethylphenyl sulfide), opening the field of application of these microemulsions to on-site decontamination. These results confirm both the efficiency and potential of microemulsions for mustard gas destruction/decontamination in essentially aq. systems. Bibliographic Information Bacterial release of arsenic ions and organoarsenic compounds from soil contaminated by chemical warfare agents. Kohler, Manfred; Hofmann, Klaus; Volsgen, Fernando; Thurow, Kerstin; Koch, Andreas. URST Umwelt- und Rohstoff-Technologie GmbH, Greifswald, Germany. Chemosphere (2000), Volume Date 2001, 42(4), 425-429. CODEN: CMSHAF ISSN: 0045-6535. Journal written in English. CAN 134:60919 AN 2000:878002 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The objective was to study possible participation of microorganisms in the release of sol. arsenical compds. from organoarsenic warfare agents in contaminated soil. A no. of bacterial strains were isolated with high resistance against As5+ ions which are able to degrade the water insol. compds. triphenylarsine (TP) and triphenylarsineoxide (TPO). Release of As and sol. organoarsenic compds. from soil by the activity of autochthonic soil bacteria and a mixt. of the isolated pure cultures was demonstrated by percolation expts. with undisturbed soil samples (core drills) from the contaminated site. This release increased after addnl. of nutrients (mineral N and P, Na acetate and ethanol) and is nearly independent of the percolation temp. (5 and 22 ). These results show that bacteria play an important role in the release of arsenical compds. from organoarsenic warfare agent contaminated soil. This release is limited by shortage of water and, above all, of nutrients for the microorganisms in the sandy forest soil. These results are important both for the management and security and possibly for bioremediation of military waste sites contg. similar contaminations. Bibliographic Information The chemistry of the destruction of organophosphorus compounds in flames-IV: destruction of DIMP in a flame of H2 + O2 + Ar. Korobeinichev, O. P.; Chernov, A. A.; Bolshova, T. A. Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia. Combustion and Flame (2000), 123(3), 412-420. CODEN: CBFMAO ISSN: 0010-2180. Journal written in English. CAN 133:285779 AN 2000:714913 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Mol. beam mass spectrometry with electron impact ionization at 11-70 eV and an electron energy spread of 0.25 eV was used to study the structure of a premixed H2/O2/Ar (0.26/0.13/0.61) flame without any additives and with 0.14% of diisopropylmethylphosphonate (DIMP), stabilized on a flat-flame burner at 62 mbar. Stable species (H2, O2, H2O), as well as atoms and radicals (H, O, OH) were monitored, including phosphorus-contg. compds.: DIMP and some intermediates of its destruction, phosphorus oxides and acids. The profiles of the mole fractions of most species, including those of atoms and free radicals were obtained. The calibration coeffs. for some species were detd. exptl., and estd. for others. Isopropylmethylphosphonate was detected as a main primary phosphorus-contg. product of the destruction of DIMP. It has been shown that bimol. reactions with hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen atoms, rather than a unimol. decompn., provide the crucial initial steps in the destruction of DIMP. A detailed mechanism for the destruction of DIMP in H2/O2/Ar flames is suggested. Bibliographic Information Cytotoxicity of the MEIC reference chemicals in rat hepatoma-derived Fa32 cells. Dierickx, P. J. Laboratorium Biochemische Toxikologie, Afdeling Toxikologie, Instituut voor Volksgezondheid, Brussels, Belg. Toxicology (2000), 150(1-3), 159-169. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 134:1437 AN 2000:660792 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The cytotoxicity of the MEIC (Multicenter Evaluation of In Vitro Cytotoxicity) ref. chems. was investigated in rat hepatomaderived Fa32 cells. The total protein content was measured as an endpoint after exposure times of 30 min and 24 h, both in normal and glutathione-depleted cells. The neutral red uptake inhibition and the MTT conversion were also measured after 30 min. On av., the cytotoxicity was higher in glutathione-depleted cells when compared to normal cells, and was lower after 30 min than after 24 h. Evidence was obtained for lysosomal attack (of five chems.) or mitochondrial dysfunction (of six chems.) as the primary intoxication mechanism. Malathion and mercuric chloride belong to both series of chems. Good to excellent correlations were obsd. when the 50% inhibitory concns. of the six different in vitro assays were compared. When the six in vitro assays in Fa32 cells were compared with the human toxicity, the correlation coeff. was almost always identical to that obtained previously in human hepatoma-derived Hep G2 cells. The latter was the best acute in vitro assay for the prediction of human toxicity within the MEIC study. Altogether the results integrate very well with the basal cytotoxicity concept (B. Ekwall; 1995). Bibliographic Information The role of time in toxicology or Haber's c t product. Rozman, K. K. Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA. Toxicology (2000), 149(1), 35-42. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 133:306404 AN 2000:589244 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract It happened exactly 100 yr ago that Warren established for the first time a quant. link between dose and time while studying the toxicity of sodium chloride in Daphnia magna (Straus). During this century many toxicologists in different contexts returned to this idea, which has become known as Haber's rule of inhalation toxicol. Most attempts to explore this relationship ended in frustration because of the supposed occurrence of exceptions. Thus, toxicologists concd. on the quant. relationship between dose and effect under mostly isotemporal conditions while time took a back seat and was assigned such arbitrary, semiquant.

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designations as acute, subacute, subchronic and chronic. Time itself as a quantifiable variable of toxicity was seldom studied and when it was studied, it was often not under isodosic (steady state) conditions as required by theory. A recent anal. of toxicol. time indicated the impact of three independent time scales (toxicokinetic, toxicodynamic, exposure frequency/ duration) in toxicol. studies, which interact with dose and effect to yield the enormous complexity known to every toxicologist. Based on prototypical examples when toxicokinetic (dioxins), toxicodynamic (nitrosamines, benzene) or exposure frequency (methylene chloride, chloroacetic acid, HgCl2, CdCl2, etc.) represent the crit. time scale, the general validity of the c t=k concept will be discussed as a starting point for a theory of toxicol. As endpoints of toxicity, (delayed) acute toxicity, blood dyscrasias and cancer will be used to illustrate the crit. conditions needed to demonstrate the validity of this theory. Bibliographic Information Detection of Fluorophosphonate Chemical Warfare Agents by Catalytic Hydrolysis with a Porous Silicon Interferometer. Sohn, Honglae; Letant, Sonia; Sailor, Michael J.; Trogler, William C. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, CA, USA. Journal of the American Chemical Society (2000), 122(22), 5399-5400. CODEN: JACSAT ISSN: 0002-7863. Journal written in English. CAN 133:100551 AN 2000:335868 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The detection of a fluorophosphonate nerve chem. warfare agent can be achieved with an oxidized porous silicon interferometer film contg. a Cu(II) hydrolysis catalyst and surfactant (CTAB). Hydrolysis of the nerve agent produces HF gas, which removes the silicon oxide as SiF4(g) and induces both a blue-shift and a decrease in intensity of the Fabry-Perot fringes. Significant changes in these 2 parameters are detected after 5 min of DFP vapor (800 ppm) exposure. Bibliographic Information Reactions of VX, GD, and HD with Nanosize CaO: Autocatalytic Dehydrohalogenation of HD. Wagner, George W.; Koper, Olga B.; Lucas, Erik; Decker, Shawn; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Research and Technology Directorate, U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, MD, USA. Journal of Physical Chemistry B (2000), 104(21), 5118-5123. CODEN: JPCBFK ISSN: 1089-5647. Journal written in English. CAN 133:30783 AN 2000:281288 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Room-temp. reactions of the chem. warfare agents VX, GD, and HD with nanosize CaO (AP-CaO), and HD with com. CaO were studied using solid-state MAS NMR. VX and GD hydrolyze to yield surface-bound complexes of nontoxic Et methylphosphonate and pinacolyl methylphosphonate, resp. The kinetics were characterized by an initial fast reaction followed by a slower, diffusion-limited reaction. Similar behavior is obsd. for HD on either dried or hydrated AP-CaO and CaO. On partially hydrated AP-CaO (but not CaO), a rather fast steady-state elimination of HCl occurs after an induction period. This behavior is attributed to acid-catalyzed surface reconstruction (to regenerate fresh surface) and the formation of CaCl2, which is known to be more reactive than CaO. The product distribution for HD is .apprx.80% divinyl sulfide and 20% thiodiglycol and/or sulfonium ions, which apparently reside as surface alkoxides. Such kinetic behavior was not evident for the common mustard simulant 2-chloroethyl Et sulfide (CEES) on partially hydrated AP-CaO, which exhibited only the typical fast/diffusion-limited reaction. Bibliographic Information Design and synthesis of an , -difluorophosphinate hapten for antibody-catalyzed hydrolysis of organophosphorus nerve agents. Vayron, Philippe; Renard, Pierre-Yves; Valleix, Alain; Mioskowski, Charles. CEA, Service des Molecules Marquees, CESaclay, Gif sur Yvette, Fr. Chemistry--A European Journal (2000), 6(6), 1050-1063. CODEN: CEUJED ISSN: 0947-6539. Journal written in English. CAN 133:13524 AN 2000:214064 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract In a new approach to the safe neutralization of organophosphorus chem. weapons, we designed a hapten to elicit catalytic antibodies with phosphatase activity. Here we report the synthesis of this , -difluorophosphinate hapten 6. Various methods for the introduction of the key , -difluoromethyl feature into the phosphinate hapten are discussed. The best results were obtained with the electrophilic gem-difluorinating agent N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide. Bibliographic Information Equilibria, Kinetics, and Mechanism in the Bicarbonate Activation of Hydrogen Peroxide: Oxidation of Sulfides by Peroxymonocarbonate. Richardson, David E.; Yao, Huirong; Frank, Karen M.; Bennett, Deon A. Center for Catalysis Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. Journal of the American Chemical Society (2000), 122(8), 1729-1739. CODEN: JACSAT ISSN: 0002-7863. Journal written in English. CAN 132:222157 AN 2000:94955 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Bicarbonate ion is an effective activator for hydrogen peroxide in the oxidn. of sulfides. Kinetic and spectroscopic results support the formation of peroxymonocarbonate ion (HCO4-) as the oxidant in the catalytic reactions. The reaction of hydrogen peroxide and bicarbonate to form HCO4- occurs rapidly at 25 (t1/2 300 s) near neutral pH in aq. soln. and alc./water mixts., and an equil. anal. of the reaction by 13C NMR leads to an est. of the electrode potential for the HCO4-/HCO3- couple (1.8 V vs NHE). Soly. of the bicarbonate catalyst is enhanced by the use of NH4HCO3 rather than by the use of group 1 salts, which tend to have lower soly. in the mixed solvents and can lead to phase sepn. Rate laws and mechanistic analyses are presented for the oxidn. of Et Ph sulfide and related sulfides. The second-order rate consts. for sulfide oxidns. by HCO4- are .apprx.300-fold greater than those for H2O2, and this increase is consistent with expectations based on a Bronsted anal. of the kinetics for other heterolytic peroxide oxidns. At high concns. of H2O2, a pathway that is second order in H2O2 is significant, and this path is interpreted as a general acid catalysis by H2O2 of carbonate displacement accompanying substrate attack at the electrophilic oxygen of HCO4-. Increasing water content up to 80% in the solvent increases the rate of oxidn. The BAP (bicarbonate-activated peroxide) oxidn. system is a simple, inexpensive, and relatively nontoxic alternative to other oxidants and peroxyacids, and it can be used in a variety of oxidns. where a mild, neutral pH oxidant is required. Variation of bicarbonate source and the cosolvent can allow optimization of substrate soly. and oxidn. rates for applications such as org. synthesis and chem. warfare agent decontamination. Bibliographic Information Synthesis and Characterization of a Functionalized Double-Chain Surfactant and Its Cleavage of O-Methyl S-Benzyl Phenylphosphonothioate. Jaeger, David A.; Li, Bei. Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA. Langmuir (2000), 16(1), 5-10. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 132:24141 AN 1999:379097 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

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Functionalized double-chain surfactant 2-hydrazino-N-methyl-N,N-didodecyl-2-oxoethanaminium bromide (I) was synthesized, and its small unilamellar vesicles were characterized by dynamic laser light scattering and differential scanning calorimetry. In a pH 9.0 borate buffer at 25 , vesicular I and O-Me S-benzyl phenylphosphonothioate (II), a simulant for the chem. warfare agent VX [O-Et S-(2-N,N-diisopropylamino)ethyl methylphosphonothioate] reacted to give anion S-benzyl phenylphosphonothioate (III) and 3 cations (2-(2-N-methylhydrazino)-N'-methyl-N',N'-didodecyl-2-oxoethanaminium, 2-(2N,N-dimethylhydrazino)-N'-methyl-N',N'-didodecyl-2-oxoethanaminium, and 2-[1-hydroxy-2-(N-methyl-N,Ndidodecylammonio)ethylidene]-N',N',N'-trimethylhydrazinium, resp.) by SN2 substitution on the Me group of II. This reaction was accompanied by the pptn. of anion III with surfactant cations, which resulted in wounding/destruction of the vesicles. The combination of vesicle damage and reaction of II suggests the potential of vesicular systems for simultaneous signaling and decontamination of chem. agents. Ester II hydrolyzed in 0.10 M NaOH at 25 to give anions III and O-Me phenylphosphonothioate in a 38:62 ratio, resp. Bibliographic Information Reactivation kinetics of acetylcholinesterase from different species inhibited by highly toxic organophosphates. Worek F; Reiter G; Eyer P; Szinicz L Sanitatsakademie der Bundeswehr, Institut fur Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany. [email protected] Archives of toxicology (2002 Sep), 76(9), 523-9. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12242610 AN 2002479746 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Standard treatment of poisoning by organophosphates (OP) includes the administration of an antimuscarinic agent, e.g. atropine, and of an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivator (oxime). The presently available oximes, obidoxime and pralidoxime (2-PAM), are considered to be insufficient for highly toxic OPs, e.g. sarin. In the past decades numerous oximes were prepared and tested for their efficacy in OP poisoning, mostly in animal experiments. However, data indicate that the reactivating potency of oximes may be different in humans and animal species, which may hamper the extrapolation of animal data to humans and may pose a problem in the drug licensing of new compounds. In order to provide data for a better evaluation of the reactivating potency of oximes, experiments were undertaken to determine the reactivation rate constants of several oximes with human, rabbit, rat and guinea-pig AChE inhibited by the OPs sarin, cyclosarin and VX. The results show marked differences among the species, depending on the inhibitor and on the oxime, and indicate that the findings from animal experiments need careful evaluation before extrapolating these data to humans. Bibliographic Information Skin toxicokinetics of mustard gas in the guinea pig: effect of hypochlorite and safety aspects. Wormser Uri; Brodsky Berta; Sintov Amnon Faculty of Sciences,The Hebrew University, Edmond Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel. [email protected] Archives of toxicology (2002 Sep), 76(9), 517-22. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12242609 AN 2002479745 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (SM, mustard gas) is a chemical warfare vesicant that rapidly penetrates the skin due to its hydrophobicity. This study measured the rate of SM disappearance from the skin after topical application of the vesicant. In both fur-covered and hairless animals, the remaining toxicant levels measured 60 min after exposure to undiluted SM were 0.6% and 0.3%, respectively, of the initially applied SM amount. However, SM concentration reached 0.4% of the initial dose 3 h following exposure in female fur-covered guinea pigs. SM quantities extracted from skin of male fur-covered and hairless guinea pigs immediately after 16 min of exposure to SM vapor were 12.2 and 21.8 microg, respectively; levels declined to 1.6 and 1.7 microg at 30 and 15 min following termination of exposure of male fur-covered and hairless guinea pigs, respectively. Three swabbing treatments of undiluted SM-exposed skin with gauze pads soaked in 0.5% hypochlorite caused 68% reduction in skin SM content. Similar findings were obtained when hypochlorite was replaced by water (64% reduction). SM content in the gauze pads was 59, 38 and 25 microg, respectively, for the first, second and third decontamination processes with water. No SM was detected in the gauze pads soaked with hypochlorite. In vitro studies showed that incubation of SM with 0.5% hypochlorite at a ratio of 10:1 (v/v) did not cause SM inactivation, whereas 4% hypochlorite reduced SM levels by 17%. However, at a decontaminant:SM ratio of 1000:1, 0.5% and 4% hypochlorite reduced SM levels by 92% and 99%, respectively. These findings are important for health authorities and regulatory agencies in planning precautionary steps to be taken in case of emergency and in routine laboratory work. Bibliographic Information Protection from half-mustard-gas-induced acute lung injury in the rat. McClintock Shannon D; Till Gerd O; Smith Milton G; Ward Peter A Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109-0602, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2002 Jul-Aug), 22(4), 257-62. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12210543 AN 2002449749 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The chemical warfare agent analog, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, known as 'half-mustard gas' (HMG), is less toxic and less of an environmental hazard than the full molecule and has been shown to produce an acute lung injury in rats when instilled via intrapulmonary injection. This injury is characterized by massive, localized hemorrhage and edema into the alveolar compartment and can be quantitated by measuring extravasation of (125)I-bovine serum albumin into the extravascular compartment. Employing this rat model of HMG-induced lung injury, we observed significant attenuation of the pulmonary injury when experimental animals were complement or neutrophil depleted prior to HMG challenge. Significant protection also was provided by the use of antioxidants such as catalase, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl thiourea, resveratrol and N-acetyl-Lcysteine (NAC). The last compound showed protection from lung injury as high as 70% and was still effective even when given up to 90 min after exposure of the lungs to HMG. These data suggest that acute lung injury caused by exposure to HMG may be related partially to complement mediated pathways and the generation by neutrophils of toxic oxygen species The data indicate that NAC is an effective antidote against HMG-induced acute lung injury in the rat. Copyright 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Oxidative decontamination of chemical and biological warfare agents using L-Gel. Raber Ellen; McGuire Raymond Environment Protection Department, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, P.O. Box 808, L-626, Livermore, CA 94551, USA Journal of hazardous materials (2002 Aug 5), 93(3), 339-52. Journal code: 9422688. ISSN:0304-3894. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12137994 AN 2002389537 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A decontamination method has been developed using a single reagent that is effective both against chemical warfare (CW) and biological warfare (BW) agents. The new reagent, "L-Gel", consists of an aqueous solution of a mild commercial oxidizer, Oxone, together with a commercial fumed silica gelling agent, Cab-O-Sil EH-5. L-Gel is non-toxic, environmentally friendly, relatively non-corrosive, maximizes contact time because of its thixotropic nature, clings to walls and ceilings, and does not harm carpets or painted surfaces. The new reagent also addresses the most demanding requirements for decontamination in the civilian sector, including availability, low maintenance, ease of application and deployment by a variety of dispersal mechanisms, minimal training and acceptable expense. Experiments to test the effectiveness of L-Gel were conducted at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and independently at four other locations. L-Gel was tested against all classes of chemical warfare agents and against various biological warfare agent surrogates, including spore-forming bacteria and nonvirulent strains of real biological agents. Testing showed that L-Gel is as effective against chemical agents and biological materials, including spores, as the best military decontaminants. Bibliographic Information Adamantyl tenocyclidines--adjuvant therapy in poisoning with organophosphorus compounds and carbamates. Erratum in: Arch Toxicol 2002 Sep;76(9):552 Skare Danko; Radic Bozica; Lucic Ana; Peraica Maja; Domijan Ana-Marija; Milkovic-Kraus Sanja; Bradamante Vlasta; Jukic Ivan Institute Ruder Boskovic, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. [email protected] Archives of toxicology (2002 Apr), 76(3), 173-7. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11967623 AN 2002328057 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of thienyl phencyclidine (tenocyclidine, TCP) and its newly synthesized adamantyl derivatives containing piperidine (TAPIP), pyrolidine (TAPIR) and morpholine (TAMORF) groups, which were tested with or without standard therapy in mice poisoned with organophosphates (OPs) and carbamates. These compounds with potential activity at the N-methyl- D-aspartate and muscarinic receptors showed low acute toxicity, having LD50 values varying from 106.00 mg/kg (TCP) to >504.00 mg/kg body weight (TAMORF). TCP and its adamantyl derivatives were administered intraperitoneally (2.5 mg/kg body weight) together with atropine (10.0 mg/kg body weight) and with or without 1/4 LD50 of the oxime HI-6. Each compound administered with atropine had a therapeutic effect against poisoning with carbamates propoxur, aldicarb and Ro 02-0683 (protective ratio of tenocyclidines was from 3.99 LD50 of aldicarb to >16.00 LD50 for propoxur). However, the efficacy of those compounds in combination with atropine was lower against poisoning with the OP insecticide dichlorvos (DDVP) and chemical warfare agents soman and tabun. In soman-poisoned mice, the best therapeutic effects were obtained with the combination of HI-6 plus atropine and test compounds, with protective ratios being from 5.40 to 7.12 LD50 of soman. The results suggest that TCP and adamantyl tenocyclidines could be used in combination with atropine as antidotes in carbamate poisoning and as adjuvant therapy to HI-6 and atropine in soman poisoning. Bibliographic Information Site-specific percutaneous absorption of methyl salicylate and VX in domestic swine. Duncan E J Scott; Brown April; Lundy Paul; Sawyer Thomas W; Hamilton Murray; Hill Ira; Conley John D Chemical Biological Defence Section, Defence Research Establishment, Suffield, PO Box 4000, Station Main, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada T1A 8K6 Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2002 May-Jun), 22(3), 141-8. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12015792 AN 2002313565 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The site specificity of the percutaneous absorption of methyl salicylate (MeS) and the organophosphate nerve agent VX (Oethyl S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothioate) was examined in anaesthetized domestic swine that were fully instrumented for physiological endpoints. Four different anatomical sites (ear, perineum, inguinal crease and epigastrium) were exposed to the MeS and the serum levels were measured over a 6-h time period. The dose absorbed at the ear region was 11 microg cm(-2) with an initial flux of 0.063 microg cm(-2)min(-1), whereas at the epigastrium region the dose absorbed was 3 microg cm(-2) with an initial flux of 0.025 microg cm(-2)min(-1). For this reason further studies were carried out with VX on the ear and the epigastrium only. In animals treated with agent on the epigastrium, blood cholinesterase (ChE) activity began to drop 90 min after application and continued to decline at a constant rate for the remainder of the experiment to ca. 25% of awake control activity. At this time there were negligible signs of poisoning and the medical prognosis was judged to be good. In contrast, the ChE activity in animals receiving VX on the ear decreased to 25% of awake control values within 45 min and levelled out at 5-6% by 120 min. Clinical signs of VX poisoning paralleled the ChE inhibition, progressing in severity over the duration of the exposure. It was judged that these animals would not survive. The dramatic site dependence of agent absorption leading to vastly different toxicological endpoints demonstrated in this model system has important ramifications for chemical protective suit development, threat assessment, medical countermeasures and contamination control protocols. Copyright 2002 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information An improved brain slice model of nerve agent-induced seizure activity. Wood S J; Tattersall J E Biomedical Sciences Department, CBD Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S83-6. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920926 AN 2002191151 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A brain slice model was developed to investigate the mechanisms of seizure activity induced by soman and the effectiveness of potential anticonvulsant drugs. Unlike previously reported slice studies with nerve agents, this model contains the entorhinal cortex as well as the hippocampus. This allows the study of the spread of seizure discharges within the limbic system and the development of prolonged, sustained discharges that are rarely seen in the simple hippocampal slice preparation. Soman (1 microM) induced a second population spike in the evoked field potential in the CA1 or CA3 region within 15-20 min. In almost all the slices tested, this developed into spontaneous seizure activity within 30-40 min. As well as interictal bursts, many slices also showed longer periods of high-frequency bursting analogous to ictal seizure activity that originated in the entorhinal cortex. This activity appeared similar to that induced by the muscarinic agonist pilocarpine. Both the second population spike and the spontaneous discharges could be blocked by diazepam and by AMPA/kainate antagonists, but not by the NMDA antagonists AP5 and MK-801. This study confirms that the combined hippocampal-entorhinal cortex slice preparation is a suitable model for investigating the origin and propagation of nerve-agent-induced seizures within the limbic system. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information

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Cardiopulmonary effects of HI-6 treatment in soman intoxication. Goransson-Nyberg A; Cassel G Division of NBC Defence, Department of Medical Counter Measures, Swedish Defence Research Agency, SE-90182 Umea, Sweden Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S79-81. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920925 AN 2002191150 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The cardiopulmonary effects of HI-6, together with atropine and soman, were studied in the rat. HI-6 is an effective antidote in acute poisoning with the nerve agent soman. The therapeutic efficiency of HI-6 is still unclear and cannot be explained entirely by the HI-6 reactivating ability of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Other non-cholinergic factors must be involved. One possible detoxifying process might be an effect of HI-6 on the blood flow to sensitive organs. The purpose of the present study was to investigate 1) whether soman per se induces changes in regional blood flow and 2) whether the blood flow to different organs is affected when HI-6 (50 mg x kg(-1) i.m.) and atropine (10 mg x kg(-1) i.m.) are given either before or immediately after soman intoxication (90 microg x kg(-1) s.c.). For regional blood flow determinations the microsphere method was used with male Wistar rats weighing 300-400 g. The rats were anaesthetised and breathed spontaneously during the experiment. Three different blood flow measurements were made in the same animal and concomitant physiological parameters such as mean arterial blood pressure and respiratory rate were recorded. The blood AChE activity was followed throughout the experiment. Our results show that when HI-6 is given after intoxication with soman, dramatic changes in blood flow occur with a significant decrease in both respiratory rate and blood AChE activity. If HI-6 is given prior to the intoxication, however, all rats are unaffected and none of the parameters measured are changed. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Prophylaxis against organophosphate poisoning by sustained release of scopolamine and physostigmine. Meshulam Y; Cohen G; Chapman S; Alkalai D; Levy A Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), PO Box 19, 70450 Ness-Ziona, Israel Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S75-8. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920924 AN 2002191149 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Protection efficacy of continuous prophylactic administration of physostigmine and scopolamine against sarin-induced toxicity was evaluated previously in guinea pigs. The present study in large animals used Beagle dogs, that serve as an animal model with cholinergic sensitivity similar to that of humans. Pretreatment with physostigmine salicylate and scopolamine hydrochloride at dose rates of 2.5 and 1 microg x kg(-1) x h(-1), respectively, was administered via Alzet mini-osmotic pumps. At the time of exposure, the physostigmine salicylate concentration in plasma was 0.7 ng x ml(-1) and the scopolamine hydrochloride concentration was ca. 0.2 ng x ml(-1), both of which are levels known to be well tolerated in humans. Whole-blood cholinesterase inhibition was 15-20%. This regimen conferred full protection against 2.5 x LD50 i.v. of sarin. Albeit the highdose exposure, cholinergic toxicity symptoms were mild with no convulsions. About 11-14 min following poisoning the treated animals started to walk and 15-20 min following exposure full recovery was observed and the dogs behaved normally. With higher dose rates of physostigmine salicylate and scopolamine hydrochloride, at plasma concentrations of 2.1 and 0.6 ng x ml(-1), respectively, treated dogs regained normal posture 6-10 min after exposure. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Intramuscular diazepam pharmacokinetics in soman-exposed guinea pigs. Capacio B R; Whalley C E; Byers C E; McDonough J H Pharmacology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 210105425, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S67-74. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920923 AN 2002191148 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Intramuscular (i.m.) diazepam is included by the US military as an anticonvulsant in the standard therapeutic regimen for organophosphorus nerve agent intoxication. In this study we investigated the pharmacokinetics of diazepam after i.m. administration while monitoring pharmacodynamic (electroencephalogram, EEG) data in soman-exposed guinea pigs. Prior to experiments the animals were surgically implanted with EEG leads to monitor seizure activity. For the study, animals were administered pyridostigmine (0.026 mg x kg(-1) i.m.) 30 min prior to soman (56 microg x kg(-1), 2 x LD50; subcutaneously, s.c.), which was followed in 1 min by atropine sulfate (2 mg x kg(-1) i.m.) and pralidoxime chloride (25 mg x kg(-1) i.m.). All animals receiving this regimen developed seizure activity. Diazepam (10 mg x kg(-1) i.m.) was administered 5 min after onset of seizure activity. Based on EEG data, animals were categorized as either seizure terminated or not terminated at 30 min after diazepam. Serial blood samples were obtained from each animal. Diazepam (10 mg x kg(-1) i.m.) terminated seizure activity in 52% of the animals within 30 min. The pharmacokinetics were characterized by a one-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination. The maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) were 991 and 839 ng x ml(-1) for seizure terminated and not terminated, respectively. Mean plasma concentrations of diazepam were significantly different (P < 0.05) for seizure terminated vs not terminated groups at 30 min. The plasma Cmax in seizure-terminated animals in this study is similar to the minimum range of plasma diazepam (200-800 ng x ml(-1)) reported to suppress seizure activity in humans. It has been reported in an earlier study that the minimum effective i.m. dose (0.1 mg x kg(-1)) required to prevent soman-induced convulsions in Rhesus monkeys produces a mean Cmax of 50 ng x ml(-1) for diazepam. The data from our current study suggest that a higher dose (and corresponding Cmax) is necessary to terminate ongoing seizure activity. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Combination anticonvulsant treatment of soman-induced seizures. Koplovitz I; Schulz S; Shutz M; Railer R; Macalalag R; Schons M; McDonough J Drug Assessment Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S53-5. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920921 AN 2002191147 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract These studies investigated the effectiveness of combination treatment with a benzodiazepine and an anticholinergic drug against soman-induced seizures. The anticholinergic drugs considered were biperiden, scopolamine, trihexaphenidyl, and procyclidine; the benzodiazepines were diazepam and midazolam. Male guinea pigs were implanted surgically with cortical screw electrodes. Electrocorticograms were displayed continually and recorded on a computerized electroencephalographic system. Pyridostigmine (0.026 mg x kg(-1), i.m.) was injected as a pretreatment to inhibit red blood cell acetylcholinesterase by 30-40%. Thirty minutes after pyridostigmine, 2 x LD50 (56 microg x kg(-1)) of soman was injected s.c., followed 1 min later by i.m. treatment with atropine (2 mg x kg(-1)) + 2-PAM (25 mg x kg(-1)). Electrographic seizures occurred in all

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animals. Anticonvulsant treatment combinations were administered i.m. at 5 or 40 min after seizure onset. Treatment consisted of diazepam or midazolam plus one of the above-mentioned anticholinergic drugs. All doses of the treatment compounds exhibited little or no antiseizure efficacy when given individually. The combination of a benzodiazepine and an anticholinergic drug was effective in terminating soman-induced seizure, whether given 5 or 40 min after seizure onset. The results suggest a strong synergistic effect of combining benzodiazepines with centrally active anticholinergic drugs and support the concept of using an adjunct to supplement diazepam for the treatment of nerve-agent-induced seizures. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Soman-induced seizures: limbic activity, oxidative stress and neuroprotective proteins. Pazdernik T L; Emerson M R; Cross R; Nelson S R; Samson F E Ralph L. Smith Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S87-94. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920927 AN 2002185330 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Soman, a potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, induces status epilepticus in rats followed by conspicuous neuropathology, most prominent in piriform cortex and the CA3 region of the hippocampus. Cholinergic seizures originate in striatal-nigral pathways and with fast-acting agents (soman) rapidly spread to limbic related areas and finally culminate in a full-blown status epilepticus. This leads to neurochemical changes, some of which may be neuroprotective whereas others may cause brain damage. Pretreatment with lithium sensitizes the brain to cholinergic seizures. Likewise, other agents that increase limbic hyperactivity may sensitize the brain to cholinergic agents. The hyperactivity associated with the seizure state leads to an increase in intracellular calcium, cellular edema and metal delocalization producing an oxidative stress. These changes induce the synthesis of stress-related proteins such as heat shock proteins, metallothioneins and heme oxygenases. We show that soman-induced seizures cause a depletion in tissue glutathione and an increase in tissue 'catalytic' iron, metallothioneins and heme oxygenase-1. The oxidative stress induces the synthesis of stress-related proteins, which are indicators of 'stress' and possibly provide neuroprotection. These findings suggest that delocalization of iron may catalyze Fenton-like reactions, causing progressive cellular damage via free radical products. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Beneficial effects of TCP on soman intoxication in guinea pigs: seizures, brain damage and learning behaviour. de Groot D M; Bierman E P; Bruijnzeel P L; Carpentier P; Kulig B M; Lallement G; Melchers B P; Philippens I H; van Huygevoort A H TNO Nutrition and Food Research, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S57-65. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920922 AN 2002185328 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Poisoning with the potent nerve agent soman produces a cascade of central nervous system (CNS) effects characterized by severe convulsions and eventually death. In animals that survive a soman intoxication, lesions in the amygdala, piriform cortex, hippocampus and thalamus can be observed. In order to examine the mechanisms involved in the effects of soman and to evaluate possible curative interventions, a series of behavioural, electrophysiological and neuropathological experiments were carried out in the guinea pig using the NMDA antagonist N-[1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl] piperidine (TCP) in conjunction with atropine and pyridostigmine. The NMDA antagonist TCP appeared to be very effective in the treatment of casualties who suffered from soman-induced seizures for 30 min: (i)Seizures were arrested within minutes after the TCP injection, confirmed by quantitative electroencephalogram (EEG), after fast Fourier analysis. Three hours after TCP the quantitative EEGs were completely normal in all frequency bands and remained normal during the entire 3-week intoxication period. The power shift to the lower (delta) frequency bands, indicative for neuropathology and found in control animals intoxicated only by soman, was not observed in the soman-TCP group. (ii)The gross neuropathology found in soman control animals within 48 h after soman was prevented in soman-TCP animals and was still absent in 3-week survivors. Instead, ultrastructural changes were observed, indicative of defense mechanisms of the cell against toxic circumstances. (iii)Twentyfour hours after soman, soman-TCP animals were able to perform in the shuttle box and Morris water maze. The beneficial effects of TCP on the performance in these tests during the 3-week intoxication period were very impressive, notwithstanding (minor) deficits in memory and learning. (iv)The increase in excitability after TCP was confirmed by an increase in the acoustic startle response. Taken together, these results confirmed the involvement of NMDA receptors in the maintenance of soman-induced seizures and the development of brain damage. They underline the current hypothesis that cholinergic mechanisms are responsible for eliciting seizure activity after soman and that, most likely, the subsequent recruitment of other excitatory neurotransmitters and loss of inhibitory control are responsible for the maintenance of seizures and the development of subsequent brain damage. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Comparison of the hydrolytic stability of S-(N,N-diethylaminoethyl) isobutyl methylphosphonothiolate with VX in dilute solution. Crenshaw M D; Hayes T L; Miller T L; Shannon C M Medical Research and Evaluation Facility, Battelle Memorial Institute, JM-3, Columbus, OH 43201, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S3-6. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920912 AN 2002185325 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The stability of S-(N,N-diethylaminoethyl) isobutyl methylphosphonothiolate--a V-type nerve agent developed by the former Soviet Union--in the environment is an important parameter in threat assessment analysis and for the determination of use, production, testing and storage of this chemical warfare agent. S-(N,N-Diethylaminoethyl) isobutyl methylphosphonothiolate is a structural isomer of the nerve agent VX developed by the USA and the UK and will be referred to as VXA (VX analog) in this presentation. Because VXA and VX differ structurally, even though they do have the same molecular formula, it is expected that their physical and chemical properties would be different. This preliminary investigation was undertaken to determine the relative hydrolysis rate of VXA compared with VX. The hydrolysis of each compound at approximately 1 mg x ml(-1) in unbuffered water at pH 7 was determined side-by-side. The half-lives for VXA and VX were determined to be 12.4 days and 4.78 days, respectively. Agent VXA hydrolyzed 2.6 times more slowly than VX, and each agent followed second-order hydrolysis kinetics. These results imply that VXA is more persistent in the environment and therefore poses a greater threat. These results also imply that VXA is more likely to be detected, if present, during an inspection in support of the Chemical Weapons Convention. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Development of an immunoassay for diagnosis of exposure to toxic organophosphorus compounds. Miller J K; Lenz D E

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Department of OCBS, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S23-6. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. (EVALUATION STUDIES); Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920916 AN 2002185323 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Currently, diagnosis of exposure to toxic low-molecular-weight compounds is effected by the use of chromatographic techniques. Such an approach is limited by the need for expensive equipment and sample clean-up before carrying out the analysis. To overcome those drawbacks, we have been involved in the development of an immunoassay for diagnosis of exposure to toxic organophosphorus compounds such as pinacolylmethyl phosphonofluoridate (soman), which is a chemical warfare agent. Prior estimates suggested that it is necessary to be able to detect soman at a concentration below 2.5 x 10(-7) M. Using four previously developed monoclonal antibodies, an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) was used to optimize assay conditions and identify the antibody with the highest apparent affinity. The minimum required assay time was 2.0-2.5 h with no loss in sensitivity. To determine the specificity of the highest affinity antibody, a competitive inhibition enzyme immunoassay (CIEIA) was performed with six structural analogs of soman. The IC50 values for these analogues were 5 x 10(-7) M for 4-nitrophenylpinacolylmethylphosphonate, 8 x 10(-7) M for dipinacolylmethylphosphonate, 2 x 10(-6) M for diisopropylmethylphosphonate, 3 x 10(-5) M for 4-nitrophenylmethyl(phenylphosphinate) and 6.5 x 10(-5) M for 4nitrophenylethyl(phenyl)phosphinate. 4-Nitrophenyl-di(n-butyl)phosphinate did not inhibit binding. Those inhibitors with branched alkyl side-chains, similar to the soman molecule, were effective inhibitors. Compounds, which contained predominately aromatic groups, were poor inhibitors. We are continuing to probe the binding specificity of the monoclonal antibody to determine its utility in further assay development. Our present results suggest that the antibody chosen may have the appropriate specificity and affinity for immunodiagnosis of exposure to soman. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Protective action of the serine protease inhibitor N-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK) against acute soman poisoning. Cowan F M; Broomfield C A; Lenz D E; Shih T M Biochemical Pharmacology and Neurotoxicology Branches, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Jul-Aug), 21(4), 293-6. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11481662 AN 2002027826 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Soman-poisoned rats display cholinergic crisis, a systemic mast cell degranulation characteristic of anaphylactic reactions and an excitotoxin-like sequential seizure and neuronal degeneration. The protection of guinea pigs from soman lethality by prophylactic administration of the serine protease inhibitor suramin suggests a possible proteolytic component in soman poisoning. The present study tested the effect of N-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK), an inhibitor of trypsin-like serine proteases, on soman-induced toxic signs (convulsions, righting reflex) and survival time. Nine control guinea pigs receiving 2 x LD(50) (56 microg kg(-1), s.c.) of soman immediately followed by a therapeutic dose of atropine sulfate (17.4 mg kg(-1) i.m.) experienced severe convulsions, and 8/9 lost the righting reflex. Six of these nine animals expired within 65 min; the three remaining animals survived 24 h to termination of the experiment. When a second group of animals were given TLCK (12 mg kg(-1), i.p.) 30 min prior to a 2 x LD(50) soman challenge and atropine-sulfate therapy, 5/9 experienced convulsions and only 3/9 lost the righting reflex. All nine animals survived beyond 4 h, with six surviving to 24 h. Compared with soman controls, prophylaxis with TLCK significantly prevented the loss of righting reflex (P = 0.05) and enhanced 4-h survival (P = 0.005). Although, convulsions were reduced and 24-h survival was improved in TLCK-treated animals, these results were not statistically significant. The protection from soman toxicity by chemically distinct protease inhibitors such as suramin and TLCK suggests a role for pathological proteolytic pathways in soman intoxication. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information In vitro skin absorption and decontamination of sulphur mustard: comparison of human and pig-ear skin. Chilcott R P; Jenner J; Hotchkiss S A; Rice P Department of Biomedical Sciences, CBD Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Jul-Aug), 21(4), 279-83. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11481660 AN 2002027824 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of an in vitro skin diffusion cell system as a model for assessing decontaminants against the chemical warfare agent sulphur mustard (SM). The in vitro absorption rates of SM through heatseparated human (157 +/- 66 microg cm(-2) h(-1)) and pig-ear (411 +/- 175 microg cm(-2) h(-1)) epidermal membranes were in agreement with previous in vivo studies that quoted skin absorption rates of 150 and 366 microg cm(-2) h(-1), respectively. Decontaminants (fuller's earth, Ambergard and BDH spillage granules) were ranked in order of effectiveness by measuring the skin absorption rates and the percentage of applied dose of SM that penetrated human and pig-ear epidermal membranes. The effectiveness of fuller's earth measured in this in vitro study using human epidermal membranes was in agreement with a previous in vivo human volunteer study. Similarly, the effectiveness of fuller's earth and Ambergard measured in vitro with pig-ear epidermal membranes was in agreement with a previous in vivo study conducted on rats. However, there was complete disparity in the ranking of decontaminants between human and pig-ear epidermal membranes measured in vitro. Thus, although pig-ear skin may be a relatively good model for predicting the human skin absorption of SM, it is a poor model for testing decontamination systems. The results of this study further validate the use of Franz-type glass diffusion cells containing human epidermal membranes as a model for predicting in vivo human skin absorption. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Modelling aerosol processes related to the atmospheric dispersion of sarin. Kukkonen J; Riikonen K; Nikmo J; Jappinen A; Nieminen K Air Quality Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Sahaajankatu 20 E, FIN-00810, Helsinki, Finland. [email protected] Journal of hazardous materials (2001 Aug 17), 85(3), 165-79. Journal code: 9422688. ISSN:03043894. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11489522 AN 2001443815 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract We have developed mathematical models for evaluating the atmospheric dispersion of selected chemical warfare agents (CWA), including the evaporation and settling of contaminant liquid droplets. The models and numerical results presented may be utilised for designing protection and control measures against the conceivable use of CWA's. The model AERCLOUD (AERosol CLOUD) was extended to treat two nerve agents, sarin and VX, and the mustard agent. This model evaluates the thermodynamical evolution of a five-component aerosol mixture, consisting of two-component droplets together with the

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surrounding three-component gas. We have performed numerical computations with this model on the evaporation and settling of airborne sarin droplets in characteristic dispersal and atmospheric conditions. In particular, we have evaluated the maximum radii (r(M)) of a totally evaporating droplet, in terms of the ambient temperature and contaminant vapour concentration. The radii r(M) range from approximately 15-80 microm for sarin droplets for the selected ambient conditions and initial heights. We have also evaluated deposition fractions in terms of the initial droplet size. Bibliographic Information Effects of iodine on inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in sulfur mustard-induced skin. Nyska A; Lomnitski L; Maronpot R; Moomaw C; Brodsky B; Sintov A; Wormser U Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. [email protected] Archives of toxicology (2001 Feb), 74(12), 768-74. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11305779 AN 2001394179 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract In a previous study we demonstrated the protective effect of topical iodine as postexposure treatment for sulfur mustard (SM) application. The iodine treatment results in significantly reduced inflammation and necrosis and increased epidermal hyperplasia. The expression and localization of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) in paraffin-embedded skin samples from that study were evaluated in the present investigation. We compared the immunoreactivity of iNOS and COX-2 using five samples from each of the following four test sites: untreated control sites, SMexposed sites, sites treated with iodine mixture 15 min after SM exposure, and sites treated with iodine 30 min after SM exposure. All animals were killed 2 days after irritant exposure. iNOS immunoreactivity was present only in skin sites exposed to SM without iodine treatment. The ulcerated skin was covered with a relatively thick band of exudate composed of iNOSimmunostained polymorphonuclear cells and macrophages. In untreated skin, COX-2 immunostaining was limited to the thin suprabasal epidermal layer. In SM-exposed skin, induction of COX-2 was noted in inflammatory cells located close to the site of epidermal injury. In skin sites treated with iodine 15 or 30 min after SM exposure, the regenerating hyperplastic epithelium showed moderate cytoplasmic staining localized to the epithelium overlying the basal layer. This pattern of staining was also present in the nearby dermal fibroblasts. Thus, in contrast to the skin samples exposed to SM without iodine treatment, the epidermal layer expressing immunohistochemical positivity for COX-2 was thicker and corresponded to the epidermal hyperplasia noted in samples treated with iodine. It is well documented that prostaglandins (PGs) promote epidermal proliferation, thereby contributing to the repair of injured skin. That the induction of the COX-2 shown in our study may also play a role in the healing process is indicated by the present evidence. The results suggest that nitric oxide radicals (NO*) are involved in mediating the damage induced by the SM and that iodinerelated reduction in acute epidermal inflammation is associated with reduced iNOS expression. Bibliographic Information Intervention of sulfur mustard toxicity by downregulation of cell proliferation and metabolic rates. Ray R; Benton B J; Anderson D R; Byers S L; Petrali J P US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 210105400, USA. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S87-91. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428650 AN 2001371709 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Metabolically active and proliferating basal cells in the skin are most sensitive to the potent skin blistering chemical warfare compound HD (bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide). We previously described a Ca2+-dependent mechanism of HD (0.3-1 mM) toxicity that was inhibited by the cell-permeant Ca2+ chelator BAPTA AM (1,2-bis(O-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester). We describe some cellular effects of BAPTA AM that suggest a mechanism for its protective action. Monolayer log-phase normal human epidermal keratinocytes were incubated (37 degrees C) first in keratinocyte growth medium (KGM) containing BAPTA AM (10-40 microM) for 30 min and then in KGM alone overnight prior to evaluation. The BAPTA AM inhibited cell growth in a concentration-dependent manner with some cellular degeneration above 30 microM (light microscopy). At 20-30 microM, BAPTA AM also inhibited cellular metabolic processes, as evidenced by a lower incorporation of [3H]-thymidine (DNA synthesis, 54 +/- 5%), [3H]-uridine (RNA synthesis, 29 +/- 6%) and [14C]-valine (protein synthesis, 12 +/- 2%) as well as a lower protein content per culture (30 +/- 3%) compared with corresponding untreated controls. However, 20-30 microM BAPTA AM did not cause any demonstrable cytopathology based on morphological (electron microscopy) as well as biochemical (lactate dehydrogenase release, an indicator of cell viability loss) criteria, indicating a lack of acute toxicity. These results suggest that a mechanism of protection by BAPTA AM against HD may be via decreasing some metabolic, and therefore proliferative, rates. Bibliographic Information Comparison of cell size in sulfur mustard-induced death of keratinocytes and lymphocytes. Moser J; Meier H L Pharmacology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S23-30. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428638 AN 2001371697 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (HD) is a vesicant chemical warfare agent that directly alkylates cellular DNA and produces DNA strand breaks. To identify cellular models for in vitro screening of antivesicant compounds in DNA repair assays, we compared the mechanism of HD-induced cell death in cultured adult normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). One parameter that we used to distinguish apoptotic from necrotic cell death was the change in cell size due to HD. In the presence or absence of a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPI), cell preparations were exposed to various concentrations of HD (0.01-1.0 mM) and harvested at selected times after exposure (up to 24 h). Results from these experiments suggest that, with increasing HD concentration and time, NHEK will fragment irrespective of the presence or absence of PARPI, with cell fragmentation presumably preceded by necrosis. In the absence of PARPI, PBL size initially decreases and then remains constant over time. Previous DNA fragmentation studies indicate that both apoptosis and necrosis occur in HD-exposed PBL in a time-dependent manner. In the presence of PARPI, there is a HD concentration- and timedependent decrease in PBL size that is characteristic of apoptosis. The shift in the mechanism of HD-induced PBL death from apoptosis followed by necrosis to exclusively apoptosis in the absence and presence of PARPI, respectively, is in agreement with previous findings on HD-induced changes in membrane integrity, energy levels and DNA fragmentation. Considering that NHEK fragment early after exposure to HD concentrations that produce vesication in human skin, PBL may be a more appropriate model for use in DNA repair assays. Bibliographic Information

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MALDI-ToF/MS as a diagnostic tool for the confirmation of sulfur mustard exposure. Price E O; Smith J R; Clark C R; Schlager J J; Shih M L Pharmacology Division, Applied Pharmacology Branch, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S193-7. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. (EVALUATION STUDIES); Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428636 AN 2001371695 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The continual threat of chemical and biological warfare has prompted the need for unambiguous analytical methods for the confirmation of agent exposure. In this paper, we have investigated the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF/MS) as a diagnostic tool for this purpose. Mass spectral studies of the interaction of sulfur mustard (bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, HD) with hemoglobin and metallothioneine were conducted. In vitro experiments with purified proteins were performed, using both HD and chloroethylethyl sulfide (CEES), in an effort to determine the extent of alkylation and occurrence of HD cross-linking using the MALDI-ToF/MS technique. In a typical experiment, 50 ml of 5 mM HD in acetonitrile was added to an equal volume of 0.5 mM hemoglobin in deionized water followed by vortexing and incubation at room temperature. After 24 h, the samples were analyzed by MALDI-ToF/MS. Mass spectral results indicated the presence of at least two distinct alkylation adducts for both HD and CEES experiments. These results demonstrate that MALDIToF/MS is a useful analytical technique to investigate the interaction of HD with biomolecules and may be employed potentially as a diagnostic tool for the confirmation of exposure to chemical warfare agents. Bibliographic Information Automated assay for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Byers S; Anderson D; Brobst D; Cowan F Pharmacology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S19-22. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. (EVALUATION STUDIES); Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428635 AN 2001371694 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (HD), a vesicating chemical warfare compound, has been shown to deplete the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) content in several cell systems and tissues. This NAD+ depletion has been proposed as an indicator of HD exposure and can be used to evaluate potential antivesicant compounds. To examine NAD+ levels, an automated method based on the alcohol dehydrogenase cycling assay of Jacobson and Jacobson and utilizing a Cobas FARA clinical analyzer has been developed. Automation of this assay led to smaller sample volumes and more efficient use of personnel and resources. The usefulness of this automated method was tested by evaluating the protection, if any, by the topical application of vitamin D or betamethasone against HD-induced NAD+ depletion in skin punches from the hairless guinea pig. The results showed that the samples exposed to HD exhibited significant decreases in NAD+ levels when compared with controls. However, neither vitamin D nor betamethasone demonstrated protection against HD-induced NAD+ depletion. In fact, betamethasone exacerbated the NAD+ depletion when compared with the HD exposed group. This assay appears to be useful for testing potential antivesicant compounds using both in vivo and in vitro exposure systems. Bibliographic Information A cutaneous full-thickness liquid sulfur mustard burn model in weanling swine: clinical pathology and urinary excretion of thiodiglycol. Graham J S; Reid F M; Smith J R; Stotts R R; Tucker E S; Shumaker S M; Niemuth N A; Janny S J US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S161-72. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428630 AN 2001371689 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide, HD) is a well-known blistering chemical warfare agent. We have developed a cutaneous full-thickness HD burn model in weanling pigs for efficacy testing of candidate treatment regimens. This report addresses clinical pathology findings and the urinary excretion profile of a major HD metabolite (thiodiglycol, TDG) in this model. Six female Yorkshire pigs were exposed to HD liquid on the ventral surface for 2 h, generating six 3-cm diameter fullthickness dermal lesions per pig. Blood samples were collected throughout a 7-day observation period for hematology and serum chemistry examinations. Urine was collected in metabolism cages. Routine urinalysis was performed and the urine analyzed for TDG using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Examination of clinical pathology parameters revealed subtle HD-related changes that are suggestive of a mild hemolytic episode. No other signs of clinically significant systemic toxicities were noted, including bone marrow suppression. Thiodiglycol was detected at the earliest time point tested (6-8 h postexposure) at levels ranging from 0.66 to 4.98 microg ml(-1) with a mean of 2.14 microg ml(-1). Thiodiglycol concentrations were the highest for half of the animals at this earliest time point and at 24-48 h for the others. By the evening of day 3, the mean level had reached 50 ng ml(-1). Mean levels remained 10-40 ng ml(-1) for the remainder of the 7-day observation period, with the highest individual concentration noted during this period of 132 ng ml(-1). Our results are in general agreement with the TDG excretion profiles previously described for rodent models and humans. Urinary excretion of absorbed HD in our weanling pig wound healing model appears to follow the same pattern as is seen in other laboratory animals models. In general, urinary excretion of TDG appears to peak within the first 1-4 days following exposure, with detectable levels after 1 week. Relatively high urinary TDG levels may thus indicate agent exposure within the previous 96 h. Low levels significantly above natural background levels may indicate either exposure to low levels of agent or exposure that occurred more than 4 days prior to collection of the sample. Bibliographic Information Systemic administration of candidate antivesicants to protect against topically applied sulfur mustard in the mouse ear vesicant model (MEVM). Babin M C; Ricketts K; Skvorak J P; Gazaway M; Mitcheltree L W; Casillas R P Drug Assessment and Comparative Medicine Divisions, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S141-4. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428627 AN 2001371686 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The mouse ear vesicant model (MEVM) provides a quantitative edema response as well as histopathological and biochemical endpoints as measurements of inflammation and tissue damage following exposure to the chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard (HD). In the MEVM, several topically applied anti-inflammatory agents provided a significant degree of protection against HD-induced edema and dermal-epidermal separation. This study evaluated the protective effects of three of these pharmacological compounds when administered systemically in the MEVM. Alzet osmotic pumps were used to deliver a subcutaneous dose of the appropriate anti-inflammatory agent, starting 24 h before exposure to sulfur mustard and

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continuing until 24 h post-exposure to HD. Twenty-four hours after pump implantation, 5 microl of a 195 mM (0.16 mg) solution of sulfur mustard (density = 1.27 g ml(-1); MW = 159; purity = 97.5%) in methylene chloride was applied to the inner surface of the right ear of each mouse. Sulfur mustard injury in the mouse ear was measured by both edema response (fluid accumulation) and histopathological damage (necrosis, epidermal-dermal separation). The systemic administration of hydrocortisone, indomethacin and olvanil provided a significant reduction in edema (24%, 26% and 22%, respectively) from the positive control. Compared to HD-positive controls, hydrocortisone, indomethacin and olvanil caused a significant reduction in subepidermal blisters (71%, 52% and 57%, respectively) whereas only hydrocortisone produced a significant reduction in contralateral epidermal necrosis (41%). We show here that these anti-inflammatory drugs are effective when administered systemically in the MEVM. Bibliographic Information N-acetylcysteine and endothelial cell injury by sulfur mustard. Atkins K B; Lodhi I J; Hurley L L; Hinshaw D B University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48105, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S125-8. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428622 AN 2001371681 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Understanding the underlying mechanisms of cell injury and death induced by the chemical warfare vesicant sulfur mustard (HD) will be extremely helpful in the development of effective countermeasures to this weapon of terror. We have found recently that HD induces both apoptosis and necrosis in endothelial cells (Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1996; 141: 568-583). Pretreatment of the endothelial cells for 20 h with the redox-active agent N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) selectively prevented apoptotic death induced by HD. In this study, we tested the hypotheses that pretreatment with NAC acts through two different pathways to minimize endothelial injury by HD: NAC pretreatment acts via a glutathione (GSH)-dependent pathway; and NAC pretreatment acts to suppress HD-induced activation of the nuclear transcription factor NFkappaB. We used a fluorescence microscopic assay of apoptotic nuclear features to assess viability and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) to assess the activity of NFkappaB following exposure to HD. The cells were treated with 0-10 mM GSH for 1 h prior to and during exposure to 0 or 500 microM HD for 5-6 h. Cells were also treated with 50 mM NAC or 200 microM buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of GSH synthesis, alone or in combination overnight prior to exposure to 0 or 500 microM HD for 5-6 h. Externally applied GSH up to a concentration of 5 mM had no toxic effect on the cells. Mild toxicity was associated with 10 mM GSH alone. There was a dose-related enhancement of viability when 2.5 and 5 mM GSH were present during the HD exposure. Pretreatment with BSO alone had no discernible toxicity. However, pretreatment with this inhibitor of GSH synthesis potentiated the toxicity of HD. Pretreatment with 50 mM NAC, as previously reported, provided substantial protection. Combining pretreatment with both BSO and NAC eliminated the protective effect of NAC pretreatment alone on HD injury. These observations are highly suggestive that NAC enhances endothelial survival via GSH-dependent effects and confirms and extends the work of others with different models that externally supplied GSH alone may be a fairly effective countermeasure against HD injury of endothelium. We next examined the hypothesis that HD may activate the nuclear transcription factor NFkappaB by performing EMSAs with nuclear extracts of endothelial cells following exposure to 0, 250 or 500 microM HD. This demonstrated an up to 2.5-fold increase (scanning densitometry) in activation of NFkappaB binding to its consensus sequence induced by 500 microM HD after 5 h of HD exposure. Paradoxically, treatment of the endothelial cells alone with 50 mM NAC activated NFkappaB, although HD-induced activation of NFkappaB was partially suppressed by NAC at 5 h. Factor NFkappaB is an important transcription factor for a number of cytokine genes (e.g. tumor necrosis factor, TNF), which can be activated following stress in endothelial cells. Taken together, these observations suggest that the protective effects of NAC may be mediated by enhanced GSH synthesis. The increased GSH may act to scavenge HD and also prevent oxidative activation of NFkappaB. Under some conditions, NAC may act as an oxidizing agent and thus increase NFkappaB activity. The NFkappaBdependent gene expression may be important in inducing endothelial cell death as well as in generating a local inflammatory reaction associated with the release of endothelial-derived cytokines. Bibliographic Information Effects of CEES on inflammatory mediators, heat shock protein 70A, histology and ultrastructure in two skin models. Blaha M; Bowers W Jr; Kohl J; DuBose D; Walker J; Alkhyyat A; Wong G US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S101-8. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428619 AN 2001371678 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chemical warfare threats require the development of diverse models for the assessment of countermeasures. Human skin products, Skin2 (differentiating keratinocytes on a fibroblast-collagen matrix) and EpiDerm (differentiating keratinocytes) were exposed (2 h) to the sulfur mustard 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES, 1-2 mg l(-1) min(-1)) in humidified air or to humidified air alone. Tissues were evaluated histologically, ultrastructurally and for viability 22 h later; media and tissues were also analyzed for inflammatory mediators. Histology showed that CEES induced the separation of dermal and epidermal regions in Skin2 with severe damage to basal keratinocytes. Histology and electron microscopy of both products revealed condensation of nuclear chromatin, retraction of spinous processes, collapse of the tonofibrillar network and cytoplasmic vacuolization and blebbing in those cells with loss of pseudobasement membrane integrity. Exposure of Skin2 to CEES increased extracellular interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) and especially IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) release (56,334 vs 84,614 pg ml(-1)), but decreased interleukin-6 (IL-6, 4,755 vs 351 pg ml(-1)). Exposure of EpiDerm to CEES led to unaffected extracellular and reduced intracelluar IL-1alpha (371 vs 92 pg ml(-1)). Extracellular IL-1Ra greatly increased (2,375 vs 24,875 pg ml(-1)), whereas cellular levels decreased (16,5425 vs 96,625 pg ml(-1)). Extracellular (224 vs 68 pg ml(-1)) and intracellular (485 vs 233 pg ml(-1)) soluble interleukin-1 receptor H (sIL-1RII) decreased. Prostanglandin E2 increased (1,835 vs 2,582 pg ml(-1)), whereas heat shock protein 70A (Hsp70A) remained statistically unchanged (57,000 vs 96,000 pg ml(1)). Failure to obtain a heat shock response to CEES may contribute to the susceptibility of tissue to the alkylating agent. Consistent and marked responses of cellular and extracellular IL-1Ra to CEES suggest a potential for use as a tissue status marker and primary antiinflammatory regulator in skin. Bibliographic Information Correlation of a specific mitochondrial phospholipid-phosgene adduct with chloroform acute toxicity. Di Consiglio E; De Angelis G; Testai E; Vittozzi L Biochemical Toxicology Unit, Department of Comparative Toxicology and Ecotoxicology, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161, Rome, Italy Toxicology (2001 Feb 21), 159(1-2), 43-53. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11250054 AN 2001195862 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The dose and time dependence of formation of a specific adduct between mitochondrial phospholipid and phosgene have been determined in the liver of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats as well as in the liver and kidney of B6C3F1 mice after dosing with chloroform. Rats were induced with phenobarbital or non-induced. Determination of tissue glutathione (GSH) and of serum

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markers of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity was also carried out. With dose-dependence experiments, a strong correlation between the formation of the specific phospholipid adduct, GSH depletion and organ toxicity could be evidenced in all the organs studied. With non-induced SD rats, no such effects could be induced up to a dose of 740 mg/kg. Time-course studies with B6C3F1 mice indicated that the specific adduct formation took place at very early times after chloroform dosing and was concurrent with GSH depletion. The adduct formed during even transient GSH depletion (residual level: 30% of control) and persisted after restoration of GSH levels. Following a chloroform dose at the hepatotoxicity threshold (150 mg/kg), the elimination of the adduct in the liver occurred within 24 h and correlated with the recovery of ALT, which was slightly increased (12 times) after treatment. Following a moderately nephrotoxic dose (60 mg/kg), the renal adduct persisted longer than 48 h, when a 100% increase in blood urea nitrogen and a 40% increase in serum creatinine indicated the onset of organ damage. The formation of the adduct in the liver mitochondria of B6C3F1 mice was associated with the decrease of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), in line with previous results in rat liver indicating that the adduct results from the reaction of phosgene with PE. The adduct levels implicated the reaction of phosgene with about 50% PE molecules in the liver mitochondrial membrane of phenobarbital-induced SD rats and of about 10% PE molecules of the inner mitochondrial membrane of the liver of B6C3F1 mice. The association of this adduct with the toxic effects of chloroform makes it a very good candidate as the primary critical alteration in the sequence of events leading to cell death caused by chloroform. Bibliographic Information The influence of anticholinergic drug selection on the efficacy of antidotal treatment of soman-poisoned rats. Kassa J; Fusek J Purkyne Military Medical Academy, PO Box 35/T, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic. [email protected] Toxicology (2000 Nov 23), 154(1-3), 67-73. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11118671 AN 2001083637 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The influence of some anticholinergic drugs (atropine, benactyzine, biperiden, scopolamine) on the efficacy of antidotal treatment to eliminate soman (O-pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate)-induced disturbance of respiration and circulation and to protect experimental animals poisoned with supralethal dose of soman (1.5 x LD(50)) was investigated in a rat model with on-line monitoring of respiratory and circulatory parameters. While the oxime HI-6 in combination with atropine prevented soman-induced changes in monitored physiological parameters insufficiently and very shortly, the combination of HI-6 with benactyzine or biperiden is able to prevent soman-induced alteration of respiration and circulation much more longer. Nevertheless, only rats treated with HI-6 in combination with scopolamine were fully protected against the lethal toxic effects of soman within 2 h following soman challenge. Our findings confirm that anticholinergic drugs with the strong central antimuscarinic activity, such as benactyzine, biperiden and especially scopolamine, seem to be more effective adjuncts to HI-6 treatment of severe acute soman-induced poisoning than atropine.

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Bibliographic Information Development of multifunctional perfluorinated polymer blends as an active barrier cream against chemical warfare agents. Hobson, Stephen T.; Braue, Ernest H., Jr. Drug Assessment Div., U.S. Army Medical Research Institute for Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering (2001), 84 80-81. CODEN: PMSEDG ISSN: 0743-0515. Journal written in English. CAN 138:363990 AN 2003:381106 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chem. warfare agents (CWA's) represent a real and growing threat both to U.S. armed forces as well as to civilians. Within the last three decades, chem. weapons have been used by the Soviets in Cambodia (yellow rain, tricothecene mycotoxins), by Iraq against Iran (HD and tabun), and by Iraq against its own dissident Kurdish population at Halabja (H-ID HCN0). In the United States' experience in World War I, almost one-third of hospitalized casualties were a result of CWA's. Furthermore, the 1000 casualties and 12 deaths resulting from the 1995 terrorist use of sarin (GB) in Tokyo show that civilians have also become targets. In this paper we focus on protection against two classes of CWA's: nerve agents (soman, GD) and blister agents (sulfur mustard, HD). Protection against these agents in the United States Army consists of a chem. resistant outer layer of clothing (BDO) and protective mask (M40). This scheme of protection allows operation in a chem. contaminated area but results in decreased performance and increased heat retention. We have investigated a material that serves as a phys. barrier to CWA's and contains an active moiety to neutralize hazardous chems. This Active Topical Skin Protectant (aTSP) would be used in conjunction with other protective procedures. Herein we report the prepn., characterization, and evaluation of aTSP's. Bibliographic Information Molecularly imprinted polymers for the detection of chemical agents in water. Jenkins, Amanda L.; Yin, Ray; Jensen, Janet L.; Durst, H. Dupont. US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering (2001), 84 76-77. CODEN: PMSEDG ISSN: 0743-0515. Journal written in English. CAN 138:343335 AN 2003:381101 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Molecularly imprinted polymers contg. Eu3+ were prepd. using a no. of pesticides and pinacolyl methylphosphonate (hydrolysis product of the nerve agent Soman), and sensors were fabricated by coating the polymers on optical fibers. The sensors were characterized in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, response time, adaptability, and portability; they provided detection limits in the low parts per trillion. Bibliographic Information Synthesis of carbon-coated MgO nanoparticles. Bedilo, Alexander F.; Sigel, M. Jake; Koper, Olga B.; Melgunov, Maxim S.; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA. Journal of Materials Chemistry (2002), 12(12), 3599-3604. CODEN: JMACEP ISSN: 0959-9428. Journal written in English. CAN 138:174329 AN 2002:910661 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Carbon-coated MgO nanoparticles, with carbon forming a porous coating on the surface of MgO nanoparticles, have been prepd. by two different techniques. Resorcinol has been found to be an efficient agent for the modification of magnesium methoxide leading to carbon-coated MgO nanocrystals of small crystallite size and high surface area. Decompn. of dry magnesium methoxide under an inert gas flow proved to be another efficient and economical way to synthesize carbon-coated MgO. The carbon coating acts as a hydrophobic barrier partially protecting the core metal oxide from water adsorption and conversion to magnesium hydroxide. However, destructive adsorption reactions can still proceed on the metal oxide surface,

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as evidenced by the dehydrochlorination of 2-chloroethyl Et sulfide (2-CEES) and 1-chlorobutane. The overall stability of the material in the presence of water vapor is significantly improved in comparison with non-coated nanocryst. MgO. Bibliographic Information Micellar Effects on Hypochlorite Catalyzed Decontamination of Toxic Phosphorus Esters. Dubey, D. K.; Gupta, A. K.; Sharma, Mamta; Prabha, S.; Vaidyanathaswamy, R. Defence R and D Establishment, Gwalior, India. Langmuir (2002), 18(26), 1048910492. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 138:94789 AN 2002:866089 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract At pH 8.5, the surfactant N,N,N-trimethyl-1-hexadecanaminium bromide (I) increased the pseudo-first-order rate consts. of hypochlorite-catalyzed hydrolysis of the sarin model compd. p-nitrophenyl di-Ph phosphate by 300 times and that of the toxic p-nitrophenyl iso-Pr methylphosphonate by 20 times, and the nerve agent sarin itself was completely decontaminated within 10 min at a sarin-hypochlorite ratio of 20:1 in a micellar I-hypochlorite mixt. In the absence of surfactant , it takes >70 min to detoxify sarin, even at a 10 times higher concn. of hypochlorite. Bibliographic Information A Comparative Study of the Adsorption of Chloro- and Non-Chloro-Containing Organophosphorus Compounds on WO3. Kanan, Sofian M.; Lu, Zhixiang; Tripp, Carl P. Laboratory for Surface Science Technology and Department of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA. Journal of Physical Chemistry B (2002), 106(37), 9576-9580. CODEN: JPCBFK ISSN: 1520-6106. Journal written in English. CAN 137:253624 AN 2002:620746 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The adsorption of di-Me methylphosphonate (DMMP), tri-Me phosphate (TMP), and methyldichlorophosphate (MDCP) on monoclinic tungsten oxide (m-WO3) evacuated at various temps. was investigated using IR spectroscopy. DMMP is the most common mol. used for evaluating the performance of WO3 and other semiconducting metal oxide (SMO)-based sensors to phosphonate-based nerve agents. However, toxic nerve agents such as sarin differ from DMMP in that they contain a functional group (P-F in sarin) that can be readily hydrolyzed. It is shown that the adsorption of organophosphates that contain P-Cl groups differs from nonhalogenated simulants such as DMMP and TMP on WO3 surfaces. Specifically, the non-chlorinated simulants DMMP and TMP adsorb on the surface solely through the P:O functionality with the surface water layer as well as the Lewis and Bronsted acid sites. The relative no. of mols. bound on Lewis and Bronsted acid surface sites depends on the initial evacuation temp. of the WO3 surface. When MDCP adsorbs on WO3 through the P:O bond, it is accompanied by the hydrolysis of P-Cl groups by water vapor or the adsorbed water layer leading to addnl. phosphate-like species on the surface. The IR data suggests that a halogenated phosphate like MDCP is a better simulant mol. for studies aimed at understanding the role of water and hydrolysis in the response of metal oxide-based sensors to nerve agents. Bibliographic Information Protection from half-mustard-gas-induced acute lung injury in the rat. McClintock, Shannon D.; Till, Gerd O.; Smith, Milton G.; Ward, Peter A. Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2002), 22(4), 257-262. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 137:151235 AN 2002:596130 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The chem. warfare agent analog, 2-chloroethyl Et sulfide, known as half-mustard gas (HMG), is less toxic and less of an environmental hazard than the full mol. and has been shown to produce an acute lung injury in rats when instilled via intrapulmonary injection. This injury is characterized by massive, localized hemorrhage and edema into the alveolar compartment and can be quantitated by measuring extravasation of 125I-bovine serum albumin into the extravascular compartment. Employing this rat model of HMG-induced lung injury, the authors obsd. significant attenuation of the pulmonary injury when exptl. animals were complement- or neutrophil-depleted prior to HMG challenge. Significant protection also was provided by the use of antioxidants such as catalase, DMSO, dimethylthiourea, Resveratrol, and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). The last compd. showed protection from lung injury as high as 70% and was still effective even when given up to 90 min after exposure of the lungs to HMG. These data suggest that acute lung injury caused by exposure to HMG may be related partially to complement-mediated pathways and the generation by neutrophils of toxic oxygen species. The data indicate that NAC is an effective antidote against HMG-induced acute lung injury in the rat. Bibliographic Information Oxidative decontamination of chemical and biological warfare agents using L-Gel. Raber, Ellen; McGuire, Raymond. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Environment Protection Department, University of California, Livermore, CA, USA. Journal of Hazardous Materials (2002), 93(3), 339-352. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 137:374412 AN 2002:558690 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A decontamination method was developed using a single reagent that is effective both against chem. warfare (CW) and biol. warfare (BW) agents. The new reagent, L-Gel, consists of an aq. soln. of a mild com. oxidizer, Oxone, together with a com. fumed silica gelling agent, Cab-O-Sil EH 5. L-Gel is non-toxic, environmentally friendly, relatively non-corrosive, maximizes contact time because of its thixotropic nature, clings to walls and ceilings, and does not harm carpets or painted surfaces. This reagent also addresses the most demanding requirements for decontamination in the civilian sector, including availability, low maintenance, ease of application and deployment by a variety of dispersal mechanisms, minimal training and acceptable expense. Expts. to test the effectiveness of L-Gel were conducted at Lawrence Livermore National Lab. and independently at 4 other locations. L-Gel was tested against all classes of chem. warfare agents and against various biol. warfare agent surrogates, including spore-forming bacteria and non-virulent strains of real biol. agents. Testing showed that L-Gel is as effective against chem. agents and biol. materials, including spores, as the best military decontaminants. Bibliographic Information Synthesis, Characterization, and Adsorption Studies of Nanocrystalline Aluminum Oxide and a Bimetallic Nanocrystalline Aluminum Oxide/Magnesium Oxide. Carnes, Corrie L.; Kapoor, Pramesh N.; Klabunde, Kenneth J.; Bonevich, John. Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA. Chemistry of Materials (2002), 14(7), 2922-2929. CODEN: CMATEX ISSN: 0897-4756. Journal written in English. CAN 137:128541 AN 2002:469813 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Nanocrystals of Al2O3 and Al2O3/MgO have been produced by a modified aerogel synthesis involving the corresponding aluminum tri-tert-butoxide, magnesium methoxide, toluene, methanol, ethanol, and water. The resulting oxides are in the form of powders having crystallites of .ltorsim.2 nm. These crystallites have been studied by TEM and BET methods, and were found to possess high surface areas and pore vols. (800 m2/g for Al2O3 and 790 m2/g for Al2O3/MgO, compared to 450 m2/ g for MgO). As seen with other metal oxides, once they are produced as nanoparticles, their reactivity is greatly enhanced on a per unit surface area basis. This is thought to be due to morphol. differences, whereas larger crystallites have only a small percentage of reactive sites on the surface, smaller crystallites possess much higher surface concn. of such sites per unit surface area. Elemental anal., X-ray diffraction, and IR spectroscopy have been used to characterize these nanoparticles, and reactions with CCl4, SO2, and Paraoxon have demonstrated significantly enhanced reactivity and/or capacity compared with common com. forms of the oxide powders. A significant feature is that, by a cogellation synthesis, Al2O3 and MgO have been intermingled, which engenders enhanced reactivity/capacity over the pure forms of nanoscale Al2O3 or MgO toward a chem. warfare surrogate (Paraoxon) and an acid gas (SO2). This serves as an example where tailored synthesis of a nanostructured formulation can yield special benefits. Bibliographic Information Nanocrystalline metal oxides as destructive adsorbents for organophosphorus compounds at ambient temperatures. Rajagopalan, Shyamala; Koper, Olga; Decker, Shawn; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Nanoscale Materials, Inc., Manhattan, KS, USA. Chemistry--A European Journal (2002), 8(11), 2602-2607. CODEN: CEUJED ISSN: 0947-6539. Journal written in English. CAN 137:191092 AN 2002:451335 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Nanocrystals of magnesium oxide react with organophosphorus compds. at room temp. by dissociative chemisorption, which we term "destructive adsorption". This process involves cleavage of P-O and P-F bonds (but not P-C bonds) and immobilization of the resultant mol. fragments. These ultrafine powders have unusual cryst. shapes and possess high surface concns. of reactive edge/corner and defect sites, and thereby display higher surface reactivity, normalized for surface area, than typical polycryst. material. This high surface reactivity coupled with high surface area allows their use for effective decontamination of chem. warfare agents and related toxic substances. Herein data is presented for paraoxon, diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), and (CH3CH2O)2P(O)CH2SC6H5 (DEPTMP). Solid-state NMR and IR spectroscopy indicate that all OR and F groups dissoc.; this leaves bound -PO4, -F, and -OR groups for paraoxon, DFP, and DEPTMP, resp. For paraoxon, it was shown that one monolayer reacts. For DEPTMP, the OR groups dissoc., but not the P-CH2SC6H5 group. The nanocryst. MgO reacts much faster and in higher capacity than typical activated carbon samples, which physisorb but do not destructively adsorb these phosphorous compds. Bibliographic Information Routes of photocatalytic destruction of chemical warfare agent simulants. Vorontsov, Alexandre V.; Davydov, Lev; Reddy, Ettireddy P.; Lion, Claude; Savinov, Eugenii N.; Smirniotis, Panagiotis G. Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Novosibirsk, Russia. New Journal of Chemistry (2002), 26(6), 732-744. CODEN: NJCHE5 ISSN: 1144-0546. Journal written in English. CAN 137:236738 AN 2002:427511 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Selected imitants of chem. warfare agents such as di-Me methylphosphonate (DMMP), di-Et phosphoramidate (DEPA), pinacolyl methylphosphonate (PMP), and butylaminoethanethiol (BAET) were subjected to photocatalytic and sonophotocatalytic treatment in aq. suspensions of TiO2. Complete conversion of the same mass of imitants to inorg. products was obtained within 600 min for DMMP, DEPA, PMP, but required a longer time for BAET. Sonolysis accelerated photodegrdn. of DMMP. No degrdn. was obsd. without UV illumination. Final products of degrdn. were PO43-, CO2 for DMMP and PMP, PO43-, NO3- (25%), NH4+ (75%), CO2 for DEPA, and SO42-, NH4+, CO2 for BAET. The no. of main detected intermediate products increases in the order DMMP (7), DEPA (9), PMP (21), and exceeds 34 for BAET. Degrdn. of DMMP mainly proceeds through consecutive oxidn. of methoxy groups and then the Me group. Di-Me hydroxymethylphosphonate and dimethylphosphate testify to the parallel oxidn. of the Me group. Destruction of DEPA mainly starts with cleavage of the P-NH2 bond to form di-Et phosphate, which transforms further into Et phosphate. Oxidn. of and carbons of ethoxy groups to form ethylphosphonoamidate, hydroxyethyl ethylphosphonoamidate and other products also contributes to the destruction. Photocatalytic degrdn. of PMP mainly starts with oxidn. of the pinacolyl fragment, methylphosphonic acid and acetone being the major products. Oxidn. of BAET begins with dark dimerization to disulfide, which undergoes oxidn. of sulfur forming sulfinic and sulfonic acids as well as oxidn. of carbons to form butanal, aminobutane, etc., and cyclic products such as 2-propylthiazole. A scheme of degrdn. was proposed for DMMP and DEPA, and starting routes for PMP and BAET. Quantum efficiencies of complete mineralization calcd. as reaction rate to photon flux ratio approx. 10-3%. Bibliographic Information Solvent Effects on the Heterogeneous Adsorption and Reactions of (2-Chloroethyl) ethyl Sulfide on Nanocrystalline Magnesium Oxide. Narske, Richard M.; Klabunde, Kenneth J.; Fultz, Shawn. Department of Chemistry, Augustana College, Rock Island, IL, USA. Langmuir (2002), 18(12), 4819-4825. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 137:62952 AN 2002:360518 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The noncatalytic destructive adsorption of (2-chloroethyl) Et sulfide (2-CEES), a mimic of bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide (HD or Mustard Gas), on nanocryst. Mg oxide (AP-MgO) was studied in several solvents from pentane to methanol. The decompn. products formed in these reactions were vinyl Et sulfide and (2-hydroxyethyl) Et sulfide. Reactions in pentane allowed the highest reaction rates, while THF and methanol gave results quite different from those for the hydrocarbon solvent. Reactions in methanol yielded (methoxyethyl) Et sulfide and not the vinyl Et sulfide and (2-hydroxyethyl) Et sulfide compds. These studies showed that the MgO-2-CEES reaction chem. is significantly affected by the solvent present and can be enhanced by choice of solvent and the addn. of small amts. of water. Interestingly, the least polar, least reactive solvent (pentane) allowed the most rapid 2-CEES reactions, indicating that the solvent simply aided material transfer to the reactive surface sites without blocking these sites. Rate changes upon water addn., coupled with FTIR studies, indicate that isolated surface OH groups are important reactive sites. These results indicate that the use of certain inert solvents greatly aids material transfer, and thereby the reaction rates of the sorbent with the toxin are significantly enhanced. Bibliographic Information Adsorption and Reaction of Diethyl Sulfide on Active Carbons with and without Impregnants under Static Conditions. Prasad, G. K.; Singh, Beer; Saradhi, U. V. R.; Suryanarayana, M. V. S.; Pandey, D. Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. Langmuir (2002), 18(11), 4300-4306. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 137:52819 AN 2002:306380 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

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Active carbons of different grades with and without impregnants were studied for the adsorption of di-Et sulfide (DES), the simulant of S mustard, under static conditions at 36 1 . Kinetics of the adsorption were studied using linear driving force (LDF) and the Fickian diffusion model. The kinetic parameters such as equilibration time, equilibration capacity, equilibration const., diffusional exponent, and adsorbate-adsorbent interaction const. (K) were detd. The diffusional exponent (n), being <0.5, indicated a Fickian mode of diffusion of DES in the studied C. Chem. interaction also seemed to be the 2nd mechanism (although minor) involved in the DES uptake rate (the 1st being simple Fickian diffusion). The adsorbate-adsorbent interaction const. did not vary significantly indicating that probably DES chem. interacts to a small extent with the metal salts present on the surface of active C as impregnants. However, the characterization of reaction products, after extn. in CH2Cl2, using GC/MS indicated that the system CrO3/NaOH/C (C impregnated with Cr(VI) plus NaOH) only reacted with DES to give di-Et sulfone. Bibliographic Information An improved brain slice model of nerve agent-induced seizure activity. Wood, Sebastien J.; Tattersall, John E. H. Biomedical Sciences Department, CBD Porton Down, Salisbury, UK. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S83-S86. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:290254 AN 2002:246280 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A brain slice model was developed to investigate the mechanisms of seizure activity induced by soman and the effectiveness of potential anticonvulsant drugs. Unlike previously reported slice studies with nerve agents, this model contains the entorhinal cortex as well as the hippocampus. This allows the study of the spread of seizure discharges within the limbic system and the development of prolonged, sustained discharges that are rarely seen in the simple hippocampal slice prepn. Soman (1 M) induced a second population spike in the evoked field potential in the CA1 or CA3 region within 15-20 min. In almost all the slices tested, this developed into spontaneous seizure activity within 30-40 min. As well as interictal bursts, many slices also showed longer periods of high-frequency bursting analogous to ictal seizure activity that originated in the entorhinal cortex. This activity appeared similar to that induced by the muscarinic agonist pilocarpine. Both the second population spike and the spontaneous discharges could be blocked by diazepam and by AMPA/kainate antagonists but not by the NMDA antagonists AP5 and MK-801. This study confirms that the combined hippocampal-entorhinal cortex slice prepn. is a suitable model for investigating the origin and propagation of nerve agent-induced seizures within the limbic system. Bibliographic Information The NMDA receptor ion channel: a site for binding of huperzine A. Gordon, Richard K.; Nigam, Savita V.; Weitz, Julie A.; Dave, Jitendra R.; Doctor, Bhupendra P.; Ved, Haresh S. Division of Biochemistry, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S47-S51. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:397222 AN 2002:246274 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Huperzine A (HUP-A), first isolated from the Chinese club moss Huperzia serrata, is a potent, reversible and selective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) over butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) (Life Sci. 54: 991-997). Because HUP-A has been shown to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, is more stable than the carbamates used as pretreatments for organophosphate poisoning (OP) and the HUP-A:AChE complex has a longer half-life than other prophylactic sequestering agents, HUP-A has been proposed as a pretreatment drug for nerve agent toxicity by protecting AChE from irreversible OP-induced phosphonylation. More recently (NeuroReport 8: 963-968), pretreatment of embryonic neuronal cultures with HUP-A reduced glutamate-induced cell death and also decreased glutamate-induced calcium mobilization. These results suggest that HUP-A might interfere with and be beneficial for excitatory amino acid overstimulation, such as seen in ischemia, where persistent elevation of internal calcium levels by activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate subtype receptor is found. The authors have now investigated the interaction of HUP-A with glutamate receptors. Freshly frozen cortex or synaptic plasma membranes were used, providing 60-90% specific radioligand binding. Huperzine A ( 100 M) had no effect on the binding of [3H]glutamate (low- and high-affinity glutamate sites), [3H]MDL 105,519 (NMDA glycine regulatory site), [3H]ifenprodil (NMDA polyamine site) or [3H]CGS 19755 (NMDA antagonist). In contrast with these results, HUP-A non-competitively (Hill slope < 1) inhibited [3H]MK-801 and [3H]TCP binding (co-located NMDA ion channel PCP site) with pseudo Ki .apprx. 6 M. Furthermore, when neuronal cultures were pretreated with HUP-A for 45 min prior to NMDA exposure, HUP-A dose-dependently inhibited the NMDAinduced toxicity. Although HUP-A has been implicated to interact with cholinergic receptors, it was without effect at 100 M on muscarinic (measured by inhibition of [3H]QNB or [3H]NMS binding) or nicotinic [3H]epibatidine binding) receptors; also, HUP-A did not perturb adenosine receptor binding [3H]PIA or [3H]NECA). Therefore, HUP-A most likely attenuates excitatory amino acid toxicity by blocking the NMDA ion channel and subsequent Ca2+ mobilization at or near the PCP and MK-801 ligand sites. Thus, on the one hand, HUP-A could be used as a pretreatment against OPs and it might also be a valuable therapeutic intervention in a variety of acute and chronic disorders by protecting against overstimulation of the excitatory amino acid pathway. By blocking NMDA ion channels without psychotomimetic side-effects, HUP-A may protect against diverse neurodegenerative states obsd. during ischemia or Alzheimer's disease. Bibliographic Information Army medical laboratory telemedicine: role of mass spectrometry in telediagnosis for chemical and biological defense. Smith, J. Richard; Shih, Ming L.; Price, Elvis O.; Platoff, Gennady E.; Schlager, John J. Pharmacology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S35-S41. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:365032 AN 2002:246272 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract An army medical field lab. presently has the capability of performing std. protocols developed at the US Army Medical Research Institute of Chem. Defense for verification of nerve agent or sulfur mustard exposure. The protocols analyze hydrolysis products of chem. warfare agents using gas chromatog./mass spectrometry. Addnl., chem. warfare agents can produce alkylated or phosphorylated proteins following human exposure that have long biol. half-lives and can be used as diagnostic biomarkers of chem. agent exposure. An anal. technique known as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) currently is being examd. for its potential to analyze these biomarkers. The technique is capable of detecting large biomols. and modifications made to them. Its fast anal. time makes MALDI-TOF/MS technol. suitable for screening casualties from chem. or biol. attacks. Basic operation requires minimal training and the instrument has the potential to become field-portable. The limitation of the technique is that the generated data may require considerable expertise from knowledgeable personnel for consultation to ensure correct interpretation. The interaction between research scientists and field personnel in the acquisition of data and its interpretation via advanced digital telecommunication technologies can enhance rapid diagnosis and subsequently improve patient care in remote areas.

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Analysis of the degradation compounds of chemical warfare agents using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Smith, J. Richard; Shih, Ming L. Pharmacology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S27-S34. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:365031 AN 2002:246271 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The anal. of the degrdn. products of chem. warfare (CW) agents has been a challenge to analysts. The low volatility of these compds. makes them unsuitable for direct gas chromatog. anal. without prior derivatization. Lack of a chromophore causes difficulties with classic detection methods after liq. chromatog. sepn. With the recent development of various interfaces that allow for the introduction of a liq. solvent stream into the mass spectrometer, the task of directly analyzing these compds. has become easier. For this report, the authors examd. three different liq. chromatog./mass spectrometry (LC/MS) interfaces for their suitability for the anal. of CW degrdn. compds. The interface types examd. were particle beam electron impact ionization (PBI), electrospray ionization (ESI) and atm. pressure chem. ionization (APCI). Several alkylphosphonates and thiodiglycol analogs that are produced from the degrdn. of organophosphorus nerve agents and sulfur mustard, resp., were analyzed using each of the three techniques. Electron impact ionization following gas chromatog. or particle beam introduction typically generates very reproducible, library-searchable mass spectra. Most of the CW breakdown compds. examd. using the PBI interface did not produce a mol. ion. Despite the lack of a mol. ion, the mass spectra of the various compds. contained enough different structural information from fragment ions for the pos. identification of each. The mass spectra generated using ESI are generally limited to protonated mol. ions with little or no fragmentation. For pos. identification and confirmation, tandem mass spectrometry techniques quite often must be used. Many of the compds. in this study were characterized by prominent sodiated adducts along with the protonated mol. ion. Methylphosphonic acid produced protonated dimers, trimers, etc. Although the various adduct ions can be used for addnl. confirmation of the mol. wt. of a compd., the adducts also can result in suppression of ionization of the compd. and thus reduce sensitivity. Another "soft" ionization technique that results in abundant protonated mol. ions is APCI. The mass spectra of the breakdown compds. produced using APCI were characterized generally by either a prominent protonated mol. ion or a dehydrated form of it. In addn., a no. of structurally significant fragment ions were obsd. and their relative abundances could be adjusted by altering the APCI conditions. The data presented here indicate that each of the three techniques can be used successfully for direct liq. introduction and anal. of the non-volatile compds. produced from the degrdn. of CW agents. The mass spectra produced using each technique are quite different and could be utilized as addnl. confirmation of compd. identity. Bibliographic Information Development of an immunoassay for diagnosis of exposure to toxic organophosphorus compounds. Miller, Jennifer K.; Lenz, David E. Department of OCBS, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S23-S26. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:336395 AN 2002:246270 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Currently, diagnosis of exposure to toxic low-mol.-wt. compds. is effected by the use of chromatog. techniques. Such an approach is limited by the need for expensive equipment and sample clean-up before carrying out the anal. To overcome those drawbacks, the authors were involved in the development of an immunoassay for diagnosis of exposure to toxic organophosphorus compds. such as pinacolylmethyl phosphonofluoridate (soman), which is a chem. warfare agent. Prior ests. suggested that it is necessary to be able to detect soman at a concn. below 2.5 10-7 M. Using four previously developed monoclonal antibodies, an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) was used to optimize assay conditions and identify the antibody with the highest apparent affinity. The min. required assay time was 2.0-2.5 h with no loss in sensitivity. To det. the specificity of the highest affinity antibody, a competitive inhibition enzyme immunoassay (CIEIA) was performed with six structural analogs of soman. The IC50 values for these analogs were 5 10-7 M for 4nitrophenylpinacolylmethylphosphonate, 8 10-7 M for dipinacolylmethylphosphonate, 2 10-6 M for diisopropylmethylphosphonate, 3 10-5 M for 4-nitrophenylmethyl(phenylphosphinate) and 6.5 10-5 M for 4nitrophenylethyl(phenyl)phosphinate. 4-Nitrophenyl-di(n-butyl)phosphinate did not inhibit binding. Those inhibitors with branched alkyl side-chains, similar to the soman mol., were effective inhibitors. Compds., which contained predominately arom. groups, were poor inhibitors. We are continuing to probe the binding specificity of the monoclonal antibody to det. its utility in further assay development. Our present results suggest that the antibody chosen may have the appropriate specificity and affinity for immunodiagnosis of exposure to soman. Bibliographic Information The active site of human paraoxonase (PON1). Josse, Denis; Lockridge, Oksana; Xie, Weihua; Bartels, Cynthia F.; Schopfer, Lawrence M.; Masson, Patrick. Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S7-S11. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:365079 AN 2002:246267 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Ideally the authors would like to treat people exposed to nerve agents with an enzyme that rapidly destroys nerve agents. The enzymes considered for such a role include human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterase and paraoxonase (PON1). Success has been achieved in endowing BChE with the ability to hydrolyze organophosphates. The G117H mutant of BCHE hydrolyzes sarin and VX, whereas the double mutant G117H/E197Q hydrolyzes soman. However, the rates of organophosphate hydrolysis are slow and a faster organophosphate hydrolase is being sought. Native PON1 hydrolyzes paraoxon with a catalytic efficiency, of 2.4 106 M-1 min-1, and our goal is to improve the organophosphate hydrolase activity of PON1. To achieve this we need to identify the amino acids in the active site of PON1. Using site-directed mutagenesis and expression in human 293T cells, the authors have identified the following eight amino acids as being essential to PON1 activity: W280, H114, H133, H154, H242, H284, E52 and D53. Fluorescence of PON1 complexed to terbium ion shows that at least one tryptophan is close to the calcium binding site. Bibliographic Information Comparison of the hydrolytic stability of S-(N,N-diethylaminoethyl) isobutyl methylphosphonothiolate with VX in dilute solution. Crenshaw, M. D.; Hayes, T. L.; Miller, T. L.; Shannon, C. M. Medical Research and Evaluation Facility, Battelle Memorial Institute, JM-3, Columbus, OH, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S3-S6. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:365078 AN 2002:246266 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The stability of S-(N,N-diethylaminoethyl) iso-Bu methylphosphonothiolate-a V-type nerve agent developed by the former

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Soviet Union-in the environment is an important parameter in threat assessment anal. and for the detn. of use, prodn., testing and storage of this chem. warfare agent. S-(N,N-Diethylaminoethyl) iso-Bu methylphosphonothiolate is a structural isomer of the nerve agent VX developed by the USA and the UK and will be referred to as VXA (VX analog) in this presentation. Because VXA and VX differ structurally, even though they do have the same mol. formula, it is expected that their phys. and chem. properties would be different. This preliminary investigation was undertaken to det. the relative hydrolysis rate of VXA compared with VX. The hydrolysis of each compd. at approx. 1 mg ml-1 in unbuffered water at pH 7 was detd. side-by-side. The half-lives for VXA and VX were detd. to be 12.4 days and 4.78 days, resp. Agent VXA hydrolyzed 2.6 times more slowly than VX, and each agent followed second-order hydrolysis kinetics. These results imply that VXA is more persistent in the environment and therefore poses a greater threat. These results also imply that VXA is more likely to be detected, if present, during an inspection in support of the Chem. Weapons Convention. Bibliographic Information Synthesis of high surface area monoclinic WO3 particles using organic ligands and emulsion based methods. Lu, Zhixiang; Kanan, Sofian M.; Tripp, Carl P. Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology (LASST), University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA. Journal of Materials Chemistry (2002), 12(4), 983-989. CODEN: JMACEP ISSN: 0959-9428. Journal written in English. CAN 136:389533 AN 2002:226497 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Several synthetic approaches have been used to obtain nano-sized monoclinic WO3 (m-WO3) powders. All of these methods begin with a std. preparative method where H2WO4 is first generated by passing a Na2WO4 soln. through a cation-exchange resin. It is shown that high surface area particles are produced by dripping the H2WO4 exiting from the ion-exchange column into a soln. contg. oxalate and acetate exchange ligands or alternatively, into a water-in-oil (w/o) based emulsion. In comparison to com. WO3 powders, the surface area of the m-WO3 powders were higher by factors of 10 and 20 times when prepd. in the presence of acetate/oxalate chelating agents and w/o emulsions, resp. The much higher surface areas enable IR spectroscopic identification of surface sites along with detection and monitoring of gaseous reactions and adsorbed species on the surface of this metal oxide. This is demonstrated with the adsorption of a nerve agent simulant, di-Me Me phosphonate. In general, little is known about the reactions of gaseous mols. on m-WO3 surfaces and the fabrication of high surface area m-WO3 particles will aid in gaining an understanding of the chem. processes occurring in WO3 based sensors. Bibliographic Information Prefiltering Strategies for Metal Oxide Based Sensors: The Use of Chemical Displacers to Selectively Dislodge Adsorbed Organophosphonates from Silica Surfaces. Kanan, Sofian M.; Tripp, Carl P. Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology (LASST) and Department of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA. Langmuir (2002), 18(3), 722-728. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 136:173252 AN 2002:22837 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract IR spectroscopy is used to monitor the competitive adsorption/desorption behavior of the nerve gas simulants, di-Me methylphosphonate (DMMP), tri-Me phosphate (TMP), Me dichlorophosphate (MDCP), and trichlorophosphate (TCP) on SiO2. All 4 compds. molecularly adsorb via hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) with the surface hydroxyl groups. The adsorption strength depends on 2 factors: the specific functional group H-bonded to the surface hydroxyl groups and the no. of such bonds per mol. The phosphonates are molecularly displaced from the SiO2 surface by chem. displacers. By judiciously selecting chem. displacers as dictated by the 2 factors, (i.e., type and no. of functional groups H-bonded to the surface silanols) it is possible to selectively and sequentially dislodge each of the 4 phosphonate compds. adsorbed on SiO2. Specifically, the relative adsorption strength of the phosphonate compds. and the chem. displacers (labeled A-C) follows the order: TCP < MDCP < A < DMMP < B < TMP < C, where A = NEt3 (TEA), B = 2-pyridyl MeCN (2-PyAN), and C= ethylenediamine (EDA). AM1 semiempirical calcns. show that the toxic nerve agent, sarin, would position itself between MDCP and DMMP in the above order. The implications of using chem. displacers in filtering applications with metal oxide based sensors are discussed. Bibliographic Information New -phthalimidoperoxyalkanoic acids in decontamination. Destruction of some toxic organophosphorus and organosulfur pollutants. Lion, Claude; Da Conceicao, Louis; Delmas, Gerard; Magnaud, Gilbert. Institut de Topologie et de Dynamique des Systemes, Universite de Paris 7, Paris, Fr. New Journal of Chemistry (2001), 25(9), 1182-1184. CODEN: NJCHE5 ISSN: 11440546. Journal written in English. CAN 136:90120 AN 2001:726141 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chem. decontamination of toxic compds. (chem. warfare agents and/or insecticides) is of increasing importance. We report the use of -phthalimidoperoxyalkanoic acids in the destruction of paraoxon (di-Et p-nitrophenyl phosphate), a well-known insecticide, and 2-chloro-2'-phenyldiethyl sulfide (a half mustard). We show that while all the peroxy acids used in this series allow the destruction of toxic compds., the length n of the alkanoic side chain is important to the choice of the optimal industrial compd., which is 6-phthalimidoperoxyhexanoic acid (n = 5). Bibliographic Information In vitro skin absorption and decontamination of sulphur mustard: comparison of human and pig ear skin. Chilcott, R. P.; Jenner, J.; Hotchkiss, S. A. M.; Rice, P. Department of Biomedical Sciences, CBD Porton Down, Salisbury, UK. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(4), 279-283. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:191481 AN 2001:616748 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of an in vitro skin diffusion cell system as a model for assessing decontaminants against the chem. warfare agent sulfur mustard (SM). The in vitro absorption rates of SM through heat-sepd. human (157 66 g cm-2 h-1) and pig-ear (411 175 g cm-2 h-1) epidermal membranes were in agreement with previous in vivo studies that quoted skin absorption rates of 150 and 366 g cm-2 h-1, resp. Decontaminants (fuller's earth, Ambergard and BDH spillage granules) were ranked in order of effectiveness by measuring the skin absorption rates and the percentage of applied dose of SM that penetrated human and pig ear epidermal membranes. The effectiveness of fuller's earth measured in this in vitro study using human epidermal membranes was in agreement with a previous in vivo human volunteer study. Similarly, the effectiveness of fuller's earth and Ambergard measured in vitro with pig ear epidermal membranes was in agreement with a previous in vivo study conducted on rats. However, there was complete disparity in the ranking of decontaminants between human and pig ear epidermal membranes measured in vitro. Thus, although pig ear skin may be a relatively good model for predicting the human skin absorption of SM, it is a poor model for testing decontamination systems. The results of this study further validate the use of Franz-type glass diffusion cells contg. human epidermal membranes as a model for predicting in vivo human skin absorption.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Bibliographic Information Modelling aerosol processes related to the atmospheric dispersion of sarin. Kukkonen, J.; Riikonen, K.; Nikmo, J.; Jappinen, A.; Nieminen, K. Air Quality Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland. Journal of Hazardous Materials (2001), 85(3), 165-179. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 136:41716 AN 2001:572441 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Math. models were developed to evaluate the atm. dispersion of selected chem. warfare agents (CWA), including evapn. and settling of pollutant liq. droplets. The presented models and numerical results may be used to design protection and control measures against the conceivable use of CWA. The model, AERCLOUD (AERosol CLOUD), was extended to treat 2 nerve agents, sarin and VX, and the mustard agent. This model evaluates the thermodn. evolution of a 5-component aerosol mixt., consisting of 2-component droplets together with the surrounding 3-component gas. Numerical computations were performed using this model on the evapn. and settling of airborne sarin droplets in characteristic dispersion and atm. conditions. In particular, the max. radii (rM) of a totally evapg. droplet, in terms of the ambient temp. and pollutant vapor concn., were evaluated. The radii rM were .apprx.15-80 m for sarin droplets for selected ambient conditions and initial heights. Deposition fractions in terms of initial droplet size were also evaluated. Bibliographic Information Oxidation of triphenylarsine to triphenylarsine oxide by Trichoderma harzianum and other fungi. Hofmann, K.; Hammer, E.; Kohler, M.; Bruser, V. URST Umwelt- und Rohstoff-Technologie GmbH Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. Chemosphere (2001), 44(4), 697-700. CODEN: CMSHAF ISSN: 0045-6535. Journal written in English. CAN 135:254254 AN 2001:483254 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Arsenic resistant strains of bacteria and fungi were isolated from soil contaminated by chem. warfare agents. Until now, no metabolic products of microbial attack against the Ph residues of the model substrate triphenylarsine (TP) were found if it was incubated together with these strains in liq. culture assays. However, one of the isolated fungi, Trichoderma harzianum As 11, was found to oxidize TP to triphenylarsine oxide (TPO). The yeast Trichosporon mucoides SBUG 801 and the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium were also able to oxidize the As(III) in TP. In addn., P. chrysosporium transformed phenylarsine oxide (PAO) to phenylarsonic acid (PAA) under O2-atmosphere. By means of a respirometer system, the oxidn. of TP by T. harzianum As 11 was confirmed by a significantly higher consumption of oxygen in the presence of these compds. HPLC anal. of the oxidn. products TPO and PAA in the medium of the assays provided evidence for the transfer reaction of As(III) to As(V) in org. bonds. The oxidn. products TPO and PAA are more hydrophilic than TP and PAO. Therefore, it was concluded that particular fungi contribute to the mobilization of arsenic in soil contaminated by chem. warfare agents. Bibliographic Information Nanocrystalline metal oxides as unique chemical reagents/sorbents. Lucas, Erik; Decker, Shawn; Khaleel, Abbas; Seitz, Adam; Fultz, Shawn; Ponce, Aldo; Li, Weifeng; Carnes, Corrie; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA. Chemistry--A European Journal (2001), 7(12), 2505-2510. CODEN: CEUJED ISSN: 0947-6539. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 135:216336 AN 2001:471452 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review with 29 refs. A new family of porous inorg. solids based on nanocryst. metal oxides is discussed. These materials, made up of 4-7 nm MgO, CaO, Al2O3, ZnO, and others, exhibit unparalleled destructive adsorption properties for acid gases, polar orgs., and even chem./biol. warfare agents. These unique sorption properties are due to nanocrystal shape, polar surfaces, and high surface areas. Free-flowing powders or consolidated pellets are effective, and pore structure can be controlled by consolidation pressures. Chem. properties can be adjusted by choice of metal oxide as well as by incorporating other oxides as monolayer films. Bibliographic Information MALDI-ToF/MS as a diagnostic tool for the confirmation of sulfur mustard exposure. Price, Elvis O.; Smith, J. Richard; Clark, Connie R.; Schlager, John J.; Shih, Ming L. Pharmacology Division, Applied Pharmacology Branch, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S193S197. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:206570 AN 2001:455416 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The continual threat of chem. and biol. warfare has prompted the need for unambiguous anal. methods for the confirmation of agent exposure. In this paper, we have investigated the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF/MS) as a diagnostic tool for this purpose. Mass spectral studies of the interaction of sulfur mustard (bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, HD) with Hb and metallothioneins were conducted. In vitro expts. with purified proteins were performed, using both HD and chloroethylethyl sulfide (CEES), in an effort to det. the extent of alkylation and occurrence of HD crosslinking using the MALDI-ToF/MS technique. In a typical expt., 50 mL of 5 mM HD in acetonitrile was added to an equal vol. of 0.5 mM Hb in deionized water followed by vortexing and incubation at room temp. After 24 h, the samples were analyzed by MALDI-ToF/MS. Mass spectral results indicated the presence of at least two distinct alkylation adducts for both HD and CEES expts. These results demonstrate that MALDI-ToF/MS is a useful anal. technique to investigate the interaction of HD with biomols. and may be employed potentially as a diagnostic tool for the confirmation of exposure to chem. warfare agents. Bibliographic Information A cutaneous full-thickness liquid sulfur mustard burn model in weanling swine: clinical pathology and urinary excretion of thiodiglycol. Graham, John S.; Reid, Frances M.; Smith, J. Richard; Stotts, Richard R.; Tucker, F. Steven; Shumaker, Shawn M.; Niemuth, Nancy A.; Janny, Stephen J. US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S161-S172. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72547 AN 2001:455411 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide, HD) is a well-known blistering chem. warfare agent. We have developed a cutaneous full-thickness HD burn model in weanling pigs for efficacy testing of candidate treatment regimens. This report addresses clin. pathol. findings and the urinary excretion profile of a major HD metabolite (thiodiglycol, TDG) in this model. Six female

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Yorkshire pigs were exposed to HD liq. on the ventral surface for 2 h, generating six 3-cm diam. full-thickness dermal lesions per pig. Blood samples were collected throughout a 7-day observation period for hematol. and serum chem. examns. Urine was collected in metab. cages. Routine urinalysis was performed and the urine analyzed for TDG using gas chromatog./mass spectrometry. Examn. of clin. pathol. parameters revealed subtle HD-related changes that are suggestive of a mild hemolytic episode. No other signs of clin. significant systemic toxicities were noted, including bone marrow suppression. Thiodiglycol was detected at the earliest time point tested (6-8 h post-exposure) at levels ranging from 0.66 to 4.98 g ml-1 with a mean of 2.14 g ml-1. Thiodiglycol concns. were the highest for half of the animals at this earliest time point and at 24-48 h for the others. By the evening of day 3, the mean level had reached 50 ng ml-1. Mean levels remained 10-40 ng ml-1 for the remainder of the 7-day observation period, with the highest individual concn. noted during this period of 132 ng ml-1. Our results are in general agreement with the TDG excretion profiles previously described for rodent models and humans. Urinary excretion of absorbed HD in our weanling pig wound healing model appears to follow the same pattern as is seen in other lab. animals models. In general, urinary excretion of TDG appears to peak within the first 1-4 days following exposure, with detectable levels after 1 wk. Relatively high urinary TDG levels may thus indicate agent exposure within the previous 96 h. Low levels significantly above natural background levels may indicate either exposure to low levels of agent or exposure that occurred more than 4 days prior to collection of the sample. Bibliographic Information Systemic administration of candidate antivesicants to protect against topically applied sulfur mustard in the mouse ear vesicant model (MEVM). Babin, M. C.; Ricketts, K.; Skvorak, J. P.; Gazaway, M.; Mitcheltree, L. W.; Casillas, R. P. Drug Assessment and Comparative Medicine Divisions, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S141-S144. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72425 AN 2001:455408 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The mouse ear vesicant model (MEVM) provides a quant. edema response as well as histopathol. and biochem. endpoints as measurements of inflammation and tissue damage following exposure to the chem. warfare agent sulfur mustard (HD). In the MEVM, several topically applied anti-inflammatory agents provided a significant degree of protection against HD-induced edema and dermal-epidermal sepn. This study evaluated the protective effects of three of these pharmacol. compds. when administered systemically in the MEVM. Alzet osmotic pumps were used to deliver an s.c. dose of the appropriate antiinflammatory agent, starting 24 h before exposure to sulfur mustard and continuing until 24 h post-exposure to HD. Twentyfour hours after pump implantation, 5 l of a 195 mM (0.16 mg) soln. of sulfur mustard (d. = 1.27 g ml-1; MW = 159; purity = 97.5%) in methylene chloride was applied to the inner surface of the right ear of each mouse. Sulfur mustard injury in the mouse ear was measured by both edema response (fluid accumulation) and histopathol. damage (necrosis, epidermal-dermal sepn.). The systemic administration of hydrocortisone, indomethacin and olvanil provided a significant redn. in edema (24%, 26% and 22%, resp.) from the pos. control. Compared to HD-pos. controls, hydrocortisone, indomethacin and olvanil caused a significant redn. in subepidermal blisters (71%, 52% and 57%, resp.) whereas only hydrocortisone produced a significant redn. in contralateral epidermal necrosis (41%). The authors show here that these anti-inflammatory drugs are effective when administered systemically in the MEVM. Bibliographic Information N-acetylcysteine and endothelial cell injury by sulfur mustard. Atkins, Kevin B.; Lodhi, Irfan J.; Hurley, Lauren L.; Hinshaw, Daniel B. University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S125S128. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72423 AN 2001:455404 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Understanding the underlying mechanisms of cell injury and death induced by the chem. warfare vesicant sulfur mustard (HD) will be extremely helpful in the development of effective countermeasures to this weapon of terror. We have found recently that HD induces both apoptosis and necrosis in endothelial cells. Pretreatment of the endothelial cells for 20 h with the redoxactive agent N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) selectively prevented apoptotic death induced by HD. In this study, we tested the hypotheses that pretreatment with NAC acts through two different pathways to minimize endothelial injury by HD: NAC pretreatment acts via a glutathione (GSH)-dependent pathway; and NAC pretreatment acts to suppress HD-induced activation of the nuclear transcription factor NF B. We used a fluorescence microscopic assay of apoptotic nuclear features to assess viability and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) to assess the activity of NF B following exposure to HD. The cells were treated with 0-10 mM GSH for 1 h prior to and during exposure to 0 or 500 M HD for 5-6 h. Cells were also treated with 50 mM NAC or 200 M buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of GSH synthesis, alone or in combination overnight prior to exposure to 0 or 500 M HD for 5-6 h. Externally applied GSH up to a concn. of 5 mM had no toxic effect on the cells. Mild toxicity was assocd. with 10 mM GSH alone. There was a dose-related enhancement of viability when 2.5 and 5 mM GSH were present during the HD exposure. Pretreatment with BSO alone had no discernible toxicity. However, pretreatment with this inhibitor of GSH synthesis potentiated the toxicity of HD. Pretreatment with 50 mM NAC, as previously reported, provided substantial protection. Combining pretreatment with both BSO and NAC eliminated the protective effect of NAC pretreatment alone on HD injury. These observations are highly suggestive that NAC enhances endothelial survival via GSH-dependent effects and confirms and extends the work of others with different models that externally supplied GSH alone may be a fairly effective countermeasure against HD injury of endothelium. We next examd. the hypothesis that HD may activate the nuclear transcription factor NF B by performing EMSAs with nuclear exts. of endothelial cells following exposure to 0, 250 or 500 M HD. This demonstrated an up to 2.5-fold increase (scanning densitometry) in activation of NF B binding to its consensus sequence induced by 500 M HD after 5 h of HD exposure. Paradoxically, treatment of the endothelial cells alone with 50 mM NAC activated NF B, although HD-induced activation of NF B was partially suppressed by NAC at 5 h. Factor NF B is an important transcription factor for a no. of cytokine genes (e.g. tumor necrosis factor, TNF), which can be activated following stress in endothelial cells. Taken together, these observations suggest that the protective effects of NAC may be mediated by enhanced GSH synthesis. The increased GSH may act to scavenge HD and also prevent oxidative activation of NF B. Under some conditions, NAC may act as an oxidizing agent and thus increase NF B activity. The NF B-dependent gene expression may be important in inducing endothelial cell death as well as in generating a local inflammatory reaction assocd. with the release of endothelial-derived cytokines. Bibliographic Information Effects of CEES on inflammatory mediators, heat shock protein 70A, histology and ultrastructure in two skin models. Blaha, M.; Bowers, W., Jr.; Kohl, J.; DuBose, D.; Walker, J.; Alkhyyat, A.; Wong, G. US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S101-S108. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72420 AN 2001:455401 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chem. warfare threats require the development of diverse models for the assessment of countermeasures. Human skin

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products, Skin2 (differentiating keratinocytes on a fibroblast-collagen matrix) and EpiDerm (differentiating keratinocytes) were exposed (2 h) to the sulfur mustard 2-chloroethyl Et sulfide (CEES, 1-2 mg l-1 min-1) in humidified air or to humidified air alone. Tissues were evaluated histol., ultrastructurally and for viability 22 h later; media and tissues were also analyzed for inflammatory mediators. Histol. showed that CEES induced the sepn. of dermal and epidermal regions in Skin2 with severe damage to basal keratinocytes. Histol. and electron microscopy of both products revealed condensation of nuclear chromatin, retraction of spinous processes, collapse of the tonofibrillar network and cytoplasmic vacuolization and blebbing in those cells with loss of pseudobasement membrane integrity. Exposure of Skin2 to CEES increased extracellular interleukin-1 (IL-1 ), prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) and esp. IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) release (56334 vs. 84614 pg ml-1), but decreased interleukin-6 (IL-6, 4755 vs. 351 pg ml-1). Exposure of EpiDerm to CEES led to unaffected extracellular and reduced intracellular IL-1 (371 vs. 92 pg ml-1). Extracellular IL-1Ra greatly increased (2375 vs. 24875 pg ml-1), whereas cellular levels decreased (165425 vs. 96625 pg ml-1). Extracellular (224 vs. 68 pg ml-1) and intracellular (485 vs. 233 pg ml-1) sol. interleukin-1 receptor II (sIL-1RII) decreased. Prostanglandin E2 increased (1835 vs. 2582 pg ml-1), whereas heat shock protein 70A (Hsp70A) remained statistically unchanged (57000 vs. 96000 pg ml-1). Failure to obtain a heat shock response to CEES may contribute to the susceptibility of tissue to the alkylating agent. Consistent and marked responses of cellular and extracellular IL-1Ra to CEES suggest a potential for use as a tissue status marker and primary antiinflammatory regulator in skin. Bibliographic Information Intervention of sulfur mustard toxicity by down-regulation of cell proliferation and metabolic rates. Ray, R.; Benton, B. J.; Anderson, D. R.; Byers, S. L.; Petrali, J. P. US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S87-S91. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72419 AN 2001:455399 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Metabolically active and proliferating basal cells in the skin are most sensitive to the potent skin blistering chem. warfare compd. HD (bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide). We previously described a Ca2+-dependent mechanism of HD (0.3-1 mM) toxicity that was inhibited by the cell-permeant Ca2+ chelator BAPTA AM (1,2-bis(O-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester). We describe some cellular effects of BAPTA AM that suggest a mechanism for its protective action. Monolayer log-phase normal human epidermal keratinocytes were incubated (37 ) first in keratinocyte growth medium (KGM) contg. BAPTA AM (10-40 M) for 30 min and then in KGM alone overnight prior to evaluation. The BAPTA AM inhibited cell growth in a concn.-dependent manner with some cellular degeneration above 30 M (light microscopy). At 20-30 M, BAPTA AM also inhibited cellular metabolic processes, as evidenced by a lower incorporation of [3H]-thymidine (DNA synthesis, 54 5%), [3H]-uridine (RNA synthesis, 29 6%) and [14C]-valine (protein synthesis, 12 2%) as well as a lower protein content per culture (30 3%) compared with corresponding untreated controls. However, 20-30 M BAPTA AM did not cause any demonstrable cytopathol. based on morphol. (electron microscopy) as well as biochem. (lactate dehydrogenase release, an indicator of cell viability loss) criteria, indicating a lack of acute toxicity. These results suggest that a mechanism of protection by BAPTA AM against HD may be via decreasing some metabolic, and therefore proliferative, rates. Bibliographic Information Calmodulin, poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase and p53 are targets for modulating the effects of sulfur mustard. Rosenthal, Dean S.; Simbulan-Rosenthal, Cynthia M.; Iyer, Sudha; Smith, William J.; Ray, Radharaman; Smulson, Mark E. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S43-S49. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72546 AN 2001:455392 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract We describe two pathways by which the vesicating agent sulfur mustard (HD) may cause basal cell death and detachment: induction of terminal differentiation and apoptosis. Following treatment of normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) with 10 or 100 M HD, the differentiation-specific keratin pair K1/K10 was induced and the cornified envelope precursor protein, involucrin, was crosslinked by epidermal transglutaminase. Fibronectin levels were reduced in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The rapid increase in p53 and decrease in Bcl-2 levels was consistent not only with epidermal differentiation but with apoptosis as well. Further examn. of biochem. markers of apoptosis following treatment of either NHEK or human papillomavirus (HPV)-immortalized keratinocytes revealed a burst of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis, specific cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) in vivo and in vitro into characteristic 89 and 24 kDa fragments, processing of caspase-3 into its active form and the formation of DNA ladders. The intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA suppressed the differentiation markers, whereas antisense oligonucleotides and chem. inhibitors specific for calmodulin blocked both markers of differentiation and apoptosis. Modulation of p53 levels utilizing retroviral constructs expressing the E6, E7 or E6 + E7 genes of HPV-16 revealed that HD-induced apoptosis was partially p53-dependent. Finally, immortalized fibroblasts derived from PARP /- "knockout mice" were exquisitely sensitive to HD-induced apoptosis. These cells became HD resistant when wild-type PARP was stably expressed in these cells. These results indicate that HD exerts its effects via calmodulin, p53 and PARP-sensitive pathways. Bibliographic Information Comparison of cell size in sulfur mustard-induced death of keratinocytes and lymphocytes. Moser, Janet; Meier, Henry L. Pharmacology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S23-S30. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72413 AN 2001:455389 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (HD) is a vesicant chem. warfare agent that directly alkylates cellular DNA and produces DNA strand breaks. To identify cellular models for in vitro screening of antivesicant compds. in DNA repair assays, we compared the mechanism of HD-induced cell death in cultured adult normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). One parameter that we used to distinguish apoptotic from necrotic cell death was the change in cell size due to HD. In the presence or absence of a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPI), cell prepns. were exposed to various concns. of HD (0.01-1.0 mM) and harvested at selected times after exposure (up to 24 h). Results from these expts. suggest that, with increasing HD concn. and time, NHEK will fragment irresp. of the presence or absence of PARPI, with cell fragmentation presumably preceded by necrosis. In the absence of PARPI, PBL size initially decreases and then remains const. over time. Previous DNA fragmentation studies indicate that both apoptosis and necrosis occur in HD-exposed PBL in a time-dependent manner. In the presence of PARPI, there is a HD concn.- and time-dependent decrease in PBL size that is characteristic of apoptosis. The shift in the mechanism of HD-induced PBL death from apoptosis followed by necrosis to exclusively apoptosis in the absence and presence of PARPI, resp., is in agreement with previous findings on HD-induced changes in membrane integrity, energy levels and DNA fragmentation. Considering that NHEK fragment early after exposure to HD concns. that produce vesication in human skin, PBL may be a more appropriate model for use in DNA repair assays.

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Automated assay for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Byers, S.; Anderson, D.; Brobst, D.; Cowan, F. Pharmacology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S19-S22. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72270 AN 2001:455388 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (HD), a vesicating chem. warfare compd., has been shown to deplete the NAD (NAD+) content in several cell systems and tissues. This NAD+ depletion has been proposed as an indicator of HD exposure and can be used to evaluate potential antivesicant compds. To examine NAD+ levels, an automated method based on the alc. dehydrogenase cycling assay of Jacobson and Jacobson and utilizing a Cobas FARA clin. analyzer has been developed. Automation of this assay led to smaller sample vols. and more efficient use of personnel and resources. The usefulness of this automated method was tested by evaluating the protection, if any, by the topical application of vitamin D or betamethasone against HD-induced NAD+ depletion in skin punches from the hairless guinea pig. The results showed that the samples exposed to HD exhibited significant decreases in NAD+ levels when compared with controls. However, neither vitamin D nor betamethasone demonstrated protection against HD-induced NAD+ depletion. In fact, betamethasone exacerbated the NAD+ depletion when compared with the HD-exposed group. This assay appears to be useful for testing potential antivesicant compds. using both in vivo and in vitro exposure systems. Bibliographic Information Effects of Lewisite on cell membrane integrity and energy metabolism in human keratinocytes and SCL II cells. Kehe, K.; Flohe, S.; Krebs, G.; Kreppel, H.; Reichl, F. X.; Liebl, B.; Szinicz, L. Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, FAF Medical Academy, Munich, Germany. Toxicology (2001), 163(2-3), 137-144. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:133255 AN 2001:448571 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Lewisite is a highly toxic arsenic compd. which can cause skin damage. In the present study effects of Lewisite on cell membrane integrity and energy metab. as well as antidotal effects of DL-2,3-dimercaptopropanesulfonate (DMPS), and meso2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (m-DMSA) were investigated in a keratinocyte derived cell line (SCL II) and primary human keratinocytes (HK). Cells were incubated in Lewisite (60 M) contg. medium for 5 min. During the following 6 h lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the supernatant, intracellular ATP content, tetrazolium redn., glucose consumption and lactate formation were measured. Glucose consumption and lactate prodn. were decreased in both cell lines after Lewisite exposure. In SCL II cells an increase of LDH activity in the supernatant, a decrease of ATP content, and an impaired ability to reduce tetrazolium was found 3 h after Lewisite exposure. In HK cultures tetrazolium redn. was significantly decreased already after 2 h, whereas LDH increase in the supernatant and ATP content decrease occurred only at 6 h after Lewisite exposure. When DMPS or m-DMSA was added directly after Lewisite exposure to SCL II cells, glucose consumption and lactate formation were restored and LDH leakage was prevented. SCL II cells might be more prone to membrane damage whereas in keratinocytes mitochondrial impairment seems to be the predominant effect of Lewisite. Bibliographic Information Prophylactic efficacy of amifostine and its analogues against sulphur mustard toxicity. Vijayaraghavan, R.; Kumar, P.; Joshi, U.; Raza, S. K.; Lakshmana Rao, P. V.; Malhotra, R. C.; Jaiswal, D. K. Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. Toxicology (2001), 163(2-3), 83-91. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:299804 AN 2001:448565 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The successful implication of the chem. weapons convention stimulated research with a new vigor on the destruction of the stockpiled sulfur mustard (SM). A prophylactic agent for SM will be very useful for personnel engaged in the destruction of SM and during inspections by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chem. Weapons. Due to simple method of prepn., SM can be used clandestinely during war or by terrorist groups. Inspite of research over several decades no satisfactory prophylactic or treatment regimen has evolved for SM. Amifostine an organophosphorothioate, originally developed as a radioprotector, and its analogs were evaluated as a prophylactic agent for SM. Three analogs by varying the chain length and substitution at the sulfur atom were synthesized and coded as DRDE-06, DRDE-07 and DRDE-08. LD50 of amifostine and its analogs were estd. through i.p. route. For the protection studies, amifostine and its analogs were administered i.p. in mice, 30 min before dermal (percutaneous) application of SM. The dose of the prophylactic agent was 0.2 LD50 (i.p.) and that of SM was 152 mg/kg (undiluted) equal to 19-fold LD50 of SM. Amifostine and one of its analogs, DRDE-07 gave significant protection. Further studies were carried out using amifostine and DRDE-07, and both of them significantly protected mice against SM (155 mg/kg, in PEG 300, equal to 19 LD50) when they were administered i.p. either 30 min before or simultaneously. LD50 of amifostine and DRDE-07 were also estd. through the oral route (1049 or 1248 mg/kg, resp.). Prophylactically administered amifostine and DRDE-07 (0.2 LD50, p.o.) significantly protected the mice against dermally applied SM (155 mg/kg, in PEG 300, equal to 19 LD50). The protection offered by DRDE-07 was better than that of amifostine by the oral route. DRDE-07 (0.2 LD50, p.o.) also protected significantly with respect to the decrease in body wt. and the depletion of GSH induced by SM. DNA damage induced by SM was also significantly reduced by amifostine and DRDE-07 (0.2 LD50, p.o.). Further studies are in progress on the various pharmacol. and toxicol. properties of DRDE-07. Bibliographic Information Adsorption of Organic Contaminants from Water Using Tailored ACFs. Mangun, Christian L.; Yue, Zhongren; Economy, James; Maloney, Stephen; Kemme, Patricia; Cropek, Donald. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA. Chemistry of Materials (2001), 13(7), 2356-2360. CODEN: CMATEX ISSN: 0897-4756. Journal written in English. CAN 135:200059 AN 2001:428900 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Six activated carbon fibers (ACFs) with different chem. and phys. properties were prepd. by 1st curing a phenolic resin-coated glass fiber, followed by activation and post-treatment. Their adsorption properties were studied to evaluate the removal of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and p-xylene (BTEX) and the chem. warfare simulants diisopropylmethyl phosphonate (DIMP) and half mustard (HM) from water. The adsorption isotherms showed that ACF SL-2 (activated with CO2/H2O at 800 ) has a higher adsorption capacity for BTEX, DIMP, and HM than other ACFs. This suggests that the high adsorption affinity of SL-2 is related to its higher surface area, larger av. micropore size of 11.6 .ANG. (esp. effective for the adsorption of DIMP), and lower O content of the surface. The adsorption isotherms are well represented by the Freundlich equation. For BTEX, the adsorption parameters based on C coating showed that, in all cases, ACFs have a higher K value than the best available data obtained on granulated activated C. The adsorption isotherms of DIMP and HM on ACFs are presented.

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The U.S. Army reactive topical skin protectant (rTSP): challenges and successes. Hobson, Stephen T.; Lehnert, Erich K.; Braue, Ernest H., Jr. Drug Assessment Division, U. S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (2001), 628(Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Materials), CC10.8.1CC10.8.8. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 135:118044 AN 2001:354344 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract In 1994, the U.S. Army initiated a research effort towards an effective material that acts both as a protective barrier and as an active destructive matrix against chem. warfare agents (CWA). We report results on our prepn. and evaluation of Reactive Topical Skin Protectants (rTSP's). These creams are composite materials consisting of a base material (TSP) and a reactive moiety. Using an established base of perfluorinated-polyether and perfluoropolyethylene solids we incorporated over 60 reactive components. Classes tested include org. polymers, org./inorg. hybrid materials, polyoxometallates (POM's), enzymes, inorg. oxides, metal alloys and small mols. We characterized these materials by light microscopy and FTIR. We detd. the efficacy of these materials against both sulfur mustard (HD) and a representative nerve agent, soman (GD), using a penetration cell model coupled to a continuous air monitor and also by in vivo testing. Composite materials with optimum reactive compds. exhibit a 94% redn. of GD vapor break-through after 20 h (from 9458 ng to 581 ng) and a 3.6 fold increase (from 162 min to 588 min) in the time 1000 ng of GD liq. penetrates through the material. Similar composite materials show a 99% redn. in HD vapor break-through after 20 h (from 4040 ng to 16 ng), a 2.3 fold increase (from 524 min to > 1200 min) in the time 1000 ng of HD vapor penetrates through the material, and an elimination of erythema vs. control in an HD vapor challenge. These results indicate that an rTSP that protects against sulfur mustard and nerve agents is within reach. Bibliographic Information Inhibition and promotion of combustion by organophosphorus compounds added to flames of CH4 or H2 in O2 and Ar. Korobeinichev, O. P.; Bolshova, T. A.; Shvartsberg, V. M.; Chernov, A. A. Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, Russia. Combustion and Flame (2001), 125(1/2), 744-751. CODEN: CBFMAO ISSN: 0010-2180. Journal written in English. CAN 134:328437 AN 2001:309769 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Early in evaluating the destruction mechanisms of a no. of organophosphorus compds. (OPCs), such as tri-Me phosphate (TMP), di-Me methylphosphonate, and diisopropyl methylphosphonate, in connection with the disposal of chem. warfare agents, the promotion and inhibition effects of OPCs on stabilized flat flames of H2 +O2 were studied. Because OPCs were demonstrated to be more effective fire suppressants than CF3Br (Halon 1301) and due to the need for replacing the currently used Halon 1301, further investigation of the effects of the OPCs on flames is of interest. Thus a lean flame of CH4/O2/Ar (0.078/0.222/0.7) with and without TMP added, stabilized on a flat burner at 0.1 bar, was studied by mol. beam mass spectrometry (MBMS) and computer modeling using PREMIX and CHEMKIN codes. An exptl. study of this flame revealed that TMP increases the width of the reaction zone by inhibiting the flame. Bibliographic Information An Infrared Study of Adsorbed Organophosphonates on Silica: A Prefiltering Strategy for the Detection of Nerve Agents on Metal Oxide Sensors. Kanan, Sofian M.; Tripp, Carl P. Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology (LASST) and Department of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA. Langmuir (2001), 17(7), 2213-2218. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 134:349067 AN 2001:156303 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The gas-phase adsorption of the nerve gas simulant di-Me methylphosphonate (DMMP) along with tri-Me phosphate (TMP), Me dichlorophosphate (MDCP), and trichlorophosphate (TCP) on silica have been studied using IR spectroscopy. Each phosphonate compd. adsorbs through a different no. of H-bonds of the methoxy and P:O moieties with the surface hydroxyl groups on silica. The strength of the adsorption depends on the no. and type of the H-bonds and follows the order TCP < MDCP < DMMP < TMP. TCP is completely removed from silica by evacuation at room temp., adsorbed MDCP is removed by evacuation at 150 C, DMMP requires an evacuation temp. of 300 C, and TMP is eliminated at 400 C. All phosphonate compds. molecularly desorb, and the silica returns to its original state. The differences in the reactivity of phosphonate compds. on silica from other oxides demonstrate the potential use of silica in prefiltering/preconcg. strategies for semiconductive metal oxide based sensing devices. Specifically, it is shown that silica can be used to selectively adsorb DMMP from a gas stream contg. methanol/DMMP mixts. Bibliographic Information Reactions of VX, GB, GD, and HD with Nanosize Al2O3. Formation of Aluminophosphonates. Wagner, George W.; Procell, Lawrence R.; O'Connor, Richard J.; Munavalli, Shekar; Carnes, Corrie L.; Kapoor, Pramesh N.; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Research and Technology Directorate, U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of the American Chemical Society (2001), 123(8), 1636-1644. CODEN: JACSAT ISSN: 0002-7863. Journal written in English. CAN 134:276643 AN 2001:85006 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Room-temp. reactions of VX, GB, GD, and HD with nanosize Al2O3 (AP-Al2O3) have been characterized by 31P, 13C, and 27Al MAS NMR. Nerve agents VX, GB, and GD hydrolyze to yield surface-bound complexes of their corresponding nontoxic phosphonates. At sufficiently high loadings, discreet aluminophosphonate complexes, Al[OP(O)(CH3)OR]3, are generated which are identical to synthesized model compds. Thus, the reaction with phosphonic acids is not just surface-limited, but can continue to the core of alumina particles. HD mainly hydrolyzes at lower loadings to yield thiodiglycol (TG, 71%) and a minor amt. of the CH-TG sulfonium ion (12%), although some elimination of HCl is also obsd. (17%). The reactive capacity for HD is evidently exceeded at high loadings, where complete conversion to TG is hindered. However, addn. of excess water results in the quant. hydrolysis of sorbed HD to CH-TG. On AP-Al2O3 dried to remove physisorbed water, 13C CP-MAS NMR detects a surface alkoxide consistent with that of TG. Bibliographic Information New microemulsions for oxidative decontamination of mustard gas analogues and polymer-thickened half-mustard. Gonzaga, Ferdinand; Perez, Emile; Rico-Lattes, Isabelle; Lattes, Armand. Laboratoire des Interactions Moleculaires et Reactivite Chimique et Photochimique (CNRS UMR 5623), Universite Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, Fr. New Journal of Chemistry (2001), 25(1), 151-155. CODEN: NJCHE5 ISSN: 1144-0546. Journal written in English. CAN 134:232826 AN 2001:12053 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Abstract Chem. decontamination of toxic compds. (warfare agents and pesticides) is of increasing importance. In this study, we report the oxidn. of mustard gas analogs in microemulsion media. A first formulation, very well-suited for stock-pile destruction, allows a fast, quant. and chemoselective oxidn. of the analogs. In a second formulation, the choice of microemulsion components used allowed us to study the oxidn. of a polymer-thickened half-mustard (2-chloroethylphenyl sulfide), opening the field of application of these microemulsions to on-site decontamination. These results confirm both the efficiency and potential of microemulsions for mustard gas destruction/decontamination in essentially aq. systems. Bibliographic Information Bacterial release of arsenic ions and organoarsenic compounds from soil contaminated by chemical warfare agents. Kohler, Manfred; Hofmann, Klaus; Volsgen, Fernando; Thurow, Kerstin; Koch, Andreas. URST Umwelt- und Rohstoff-Technologie GmbH, Greifswald, Germany. Chemosphere (2000), Volume Date 2001, 42(4), 425-429. CODEN: CMSHAF ISSN: 0045-6535. Journal written in English. CAN 134:60919 AN 2000:878002 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The objective was to study possible participation of microorganisms in the release of sol. arsenical compds. from organoarsenic warfare agents in contaminated soil. A no. of bacterial strains were isolated with high resistance against As5+ ions which are able to degrade the water insol. compds. triphenylarsine (TP) and triphenylarsineoxide (TPO). Release of As and sol. organoarsenic compds. from soil by the activity of autochthonic soil bacteria and a mixt. of the isolated pure cultures was demonstrated by percolation expts. with undisturbed soil samples (core drills) from the contaminated site. This release increased after addnl. of nutrients (mineral N and P, Na acetate and ethanol) and is nearly independent of the percolation temp. (5 and 22 ). These results show that bacteria play an important role in the release of arsenical compds. from organoarsenic warfare agent contaminated soil. This release is limited by shortage of water and, above all, of nutrients for the microorganisms in the sandy forest soil. These results are important both for the management and security and possibly for bioremediation of military waste sites contg. similar contaminations. Bibliographic Information The chemistry of the destruction of organophosphorus compounds in flames-IV: destruction of DIMP in a flame of H2 + O2 + Ar. Korobeinichev, O. P.; Chernov, A. A.; Bolshova, T. A. Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia. Combustion and Flame (2000), 123(3), 412-420. CODEN: CBFMAO ISSN: 0010-2180. Journal written in English. CAN 133:285779 AN 2000:714913 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Mol. beam mass spectrometry with electron impact ionization at 11-70 eV and an electron energy spread of 0.25 eV was used to study the structure of a premixed H2/O2/Ar (0.26/0.13/0.61) flame without any additives and with 0.14% of diisopropylmethylphosphonate (DIMP), stabilized on a flat-flame burner at 62 mbar. Stable species (H2, O2, H2O), as well as atoms and radicals (H, O, OH) were monitored, including phosphorus-contg. compds.: DIMP and some intermediates of its destruction, phosphorus oxides and acids. The profiles of the mole fractions of most species, including those of atoms and free radicals were obtained. The calibration coeffs. for some species were detd. exptl., and estd. for others. Isopropylmethylphosphonate was detected as a main primary phosphorus-contg. product of the destruction of DIMP. It has been shown that bimol. reactions with hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen atoms, rather than a unimol. decompn., provide the crucial initial steps in the destruction of DIMP. A detailed mechanism for the destruction of DIMP in H2/O2/Ar flames is suggested. Bibliographic Information Cytotoxicity of the MEIC reference chemicals in rat hepatoma-derived Fa32 cells. Dierickx, P. J. Laboratorium Biochemische Toxikologie, Afdeling Toxikologie, Instituut voor Volksgezondheid, Brussels, Belg. Toxicology (2000), 150(1-3), 159-169. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 134:1437 AN 2000:660792 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The cytotoxicity of the MEIC (Multicenter Evaluation of In Vitro Cytotoxicity) ref. chems. was investigated in rat hepatomaderived Fa32 cells. The total protein content was measured as an endpoint after exposure times of 30 min and 24 h, both in normal and glutathione-depleted cells. The neutral red uptake inhibition and the MTT conversion were also measured after 30 min. On av., the cytotoxicity was higher in glutathione-depleted cells when compared to normal cells, and was lower after 30 min than after 24 h. Evidence was obtained for lysosomal attack (of five chems.) or mitochondrial dysfunction (of six chems.) as the primary intoxication mechanism. Malathion and mercuric chloride belong to both series of chems. Good to excellent correlations were obsd. when the 50% inhibitory concns. of the six different in vitro assays were compared. When the six in vitro assays in Fa32 cells were compared with the human toxicity, the correlation coeff. was almost always identical to that obtained previously in human hepatoma-derived Hep G2 cells. The latter was the best acute in vitro assay for the prediction of human toxicity within the MEIC study. Altogether the results integrate very well with the basal cytotoxicity concept (B. Ekwall; 1995). Bibliographic Information The role of time in toxicology or Haber's c t product. Rozman, K. K. Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA. Toxicology (2000), 149(1), 35-42. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 133:306404 AN 2000:589244 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract It happened exactly 100 yr ago that Warren established for the first time a quant. link between dose and time while studying the toxicity of sodium chloride in Daphnia magna (Straus). During this century many toxicologists in different contexts returned to this idea, which has become known as Haber's rule of inhalation toxicol. Most attempts to explore this relationship ended in frustration because of the supposed occurrence of exceptions. Thus, toxicologists concd. on the quant. relationship between dose and effect under mostly isotemporal conditions while time took a back seat and was assigned such arbitrary, semiquant. designations as acute, subacute, subchronic and chronic. Time itself as a quantifiable variable of toxicity was seldom studied and when it was studied, it was often not under isodosic (steady state) conditions as required by theory. A recent anal. of toxicol. time indicated the impact of three independent time scales (toxicokinetic, toxicodynamic, exposure frequency/ duration) in toxicol. studies, which interact with dose and effect to yield the enormous complexity known to every toxicologist. Based on prototypical examples when toxicokinetic (dioxins), toxicodynamic (nitrosamines, benzene) or exposure frequency (methylene chloride, chloroacetic acid, HgCl2, CdCl2, etc.) represent the crit. time scale, the general validity of the c t=k

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concept will be discussed as a starting point for a theory of toxicol. As endpoints of toxicity, (delayed) acute toxicity, blood dyscrasias and cancer will be used to illustrate the crit. conditions needed to demonstrate the validity of this theory. Bibliographic Information Detection of Fluorophosphonate Chemical Warfare Agents by Catalytic Hydrolysis with a Porous Silicon Interferometer. Sohn, Honglae; Letant, Sonia; Sailor, Michael J.; Trogler, William C. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, CA, USA. Journal of the American Chemical Society (2000), 122(22), 5399-5400. CODEN: JACSAT ISSN: 0002-7863. Journal written in English. CAN 133:100551 AN 2000:335868 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The detection of a fluorophosphonate nerve chem. warfare agent can be achieved with an oxidized porous silicon interferometer film contg. a Cu(II) hydrolysis catalyst and surfactant (CTAB). Hydrolysis of the nerve agent produces HF gas, which removes the silicon oxide as SiF4(g) and induces both a blue-shift and a decrease in intensity of the Fabry-Perot fringes. Significant changes in these 2 parameters are detected after 5 min of DFP vapor (800 ppm) exposure. Bibliographic Information Reactions of VX, GD, and HD with Nanosize CaO: Autocatalytic Dehydrohalogenation of HD. Wagner, George W.; Koper, Olga B.; Lucas, Erik; Decker, Shawn; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Research and Technology Directorate, U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, MD, USA. Journal of Physical Chemistry B (2000), 104(21), 5118-5123. CODEN: JPCBFK ISSN: 1089-5647. Journal written in English. CAN 133:30783 AN 2000:281288 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Room-temp. reactions of the chem. warfare agents VX, GD, and HD with nanosize CaO (AP-CaO), and HD with com. CaO were studied using solid-state MAS NMR. VX and GD hydrolyze to yield surface-bound complexes of nontoxic Et methylphosphonate and pinacolyl methylphosphonate, resp. The kinetics were characterized by an initial fast reaction followed by a slower, diffusion-limited reaction. Similar behavior is obsd. for HD on either dried or hydrated AP-CaO and CaO. On partially hydrated AP-CaO (but not CaO), a rather fast steady-state elimination of HCl occurs after an induction period. This behavior is attributed to acid-catalyzed surface reconstruction (to regenerate fresh surface) and the formation of CaCl2, which is known to be more reactive than CaO. The product distribution for HD is .apprx.80% divinyl sulfide and 20% thiodiglycol and/or sulfonium ions, which apparently reside as surface alkoxides. Such kinetic behavior was not evident for the common mustard simulant 2-chloroethyl Et sulfide (CEES) on partially hydrated AP-CaO, which exhibited only the typical fast/diffusion-limited reaction. Bibliographic Information Design and synthesis of an , -difluorophosphinate hapten for antibody-catalyzed hydrolysis of organophosphorus nerve agents. Vayron, Philippe; Renard, Pierre-Yves; Valleix, Alain; Mioskowski, Charles. CEA, Service des Molecules Marquees, CESaclay, Gif sur Yvette, Fr. Chemistry--A European Journal (2000), 6(6), 1050-1063. CODEN: CEUJED ISSN: 0947-6539. Journal written in English. CAN 133:13524 AN 2000:214064 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract In a new approach to the safe neutralization of organophosphorus chem. weapons, we designed a hapten to elicit catalytic antibodies with phosphatase activity. Here we report the synthesis of this , -difluorophosphinate hapten 6. Various methods for the introduction of the key , -difluoromethyl feature into the phosphinate hapten are discussed. The best results were obtained with the electrophilic gem-difluorinating agent N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide. Bibliographic Information Equilibria, Kinetics, and Mechanism in the Bicarbonate Activation of Hydrogen Peroxide: Oxidation of Sulfides by Peroxymonocarbonate. Richardson, David E.; Yao, Huirong; Frank, Karen M.; Bennett, Deon A. Center for Catalysis Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. Journal of the American Chemical Society (2000), 122(8), 1729-1739. CODEN: JACSAT ISSN: 0002-7863. Journal written in English. CAN 132:222157 AN 2000:94955 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Bicarbonate ion is an effective activator for hydrogen peroxide in the oxidn. of sulfides. Kinetic and spectroscopic results support the formation of peroxymonocarbonate ion (HCO4-) as the oxidant in the catalytic reactions. The reaction of hydrogen peroxide and bicarbonate to form HCO4- occurs rapidly at 25 (t1/2 300 s) near neutral pH in aq. soln. and alc./water mixts., and an equil. anal. of the reaction by 13C NMR leads to an est. of the electrode potential for the HCO4-/HCO3- couple (1.8 V vs NHE). Soly. of the bicarbonate catalyst is enhanced by the use of NH4HCO3 rather than by the use of group 1 salts, which tend to have lower soly. in the mixed solvents and can lead to phase sepn. Rate laws and mechanistic analyses are presented for the oxidn. of Et Ph sulfide and related sulfides. The second-order rate consts. for sulfide oxidns. by HCO4- are .apprx.300-fold greater than those for H2O2, and this increase is consistent with expectations based on a Bronsted anal. of the kinetics for other heterolytic peroxide oxidns. At high concns. of H2O2, a pathway that is second order in H2O2 is significant, and this path is interpreted as a general acid catalysis by H2O2 of carbonate displacement accompanying substrate attack at the electrophilic oxygen of HCO4-. Increasing water content up to 80% in the solvent increases the rate of oxidn. The BAP (bicarbonate-activated peroxide) oxidn. system is a simple, inexpensive, and relatively nontoxic alternative to other oxidants and peroxyacids, and it can be used in a variety of oxidns. where a mild, neutral pH oxidant is required. Variation of bicarbonate source and the cosolvent can allow optimization of substrate soly. and oxidn. rates for applications such as org. synthesis and chem. warfare agent decontamination. Bibliographic Information Synthesis and Characterization of a Functionalized Double-Chain Surfactant and Its Cleavage of O-Methyl S-Benzyl Phenylphosphonothioate. Jaeger, David A.; Li, Bei. Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA. Langmuir (2000), 16(1), 5-10. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 132:24141 AN 1999:379097 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Functionalized double-chain surfactant 2-hydrazino-N-methyl-N,N-didodecyl-2-oxoethanaminium bromide (I) was synthesized, and its small unilamellar vesicles were characterized by dynamic laser light scattering and differential scanning calorimetry. In a pH 9.0 borate buffer at 25 , vesicular I and O-Me S-benzyl phenylphosphonothioate (II), a simulant for the chem. warfare agent VX [O-Et S-(2-N,N-diisopropylamino)ethyl methylphosphonothioate] reacted to give anion S-benzyl

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phenylphosphonothioate (III) and 3 cations (2-(2-N-methylhydrazino)-N'-methyl-N',N'-didodecyl-2-oxoethanaminium, 2-(2N,N-dimethylhydrazino)-N'-methyl-N',N'-didodecyl-2-oxoethanaminium, and 2-[1-hydroxy-2-(N-methyl-N,Ndidodecylammonio)ethylidene]-N',N',N'-trimethylhydrazinium, resp.) by SN2 substitution on the Me group of II. This reaction was accompanied by the pptn. of anion III with surfactant cations, which resulted in wounding/destruction of the vesicles. The combination of vesicle damage and reaction of II suggests the potential of vesicular systems for simultaneous signaling and decontamination of chem. agents. Ester II hydrolyzed in 0.10 M NaOH at 25 to give anions III and O-Me phenylphosphonothioate in a 38:62 ratio, resp. Bibliographic Information Reactivation kinetics of acetylcholinesterase from different species inhibited by highly toxic organophosphates. Worek F; Reiter G; Eyer P; Szinicz L Sanitatsakademie der Bundeswehr, Institut fur Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany. [email protected] Archives of toxicology (2002 Sep), 76(9), 523-9. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12242610 AN 2002479746 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Standard treatment of poisoning by organophosphates (OP) includes the administration of an antimuscarinic agent, e.g. atropine, and of an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivator (oxime). The presently available oximes, obidoxime and pralidoxime (2-PAM), are considered to be insufficient for highly toxic OPs, e.g. sarin. In the past decades numerous oximes were prepared and tested for their efficacy in OP poisoning, mostly in animal experiments. However, data indicate that the reactivating potency of oximes may be different in humans and animal species, which may hamper the extrapolation of animal data to humans and may pose a problem in the drug licensing of new compounds. In order to provide data for a better evaluation of the reactivating potency of oximes, experiments were undertaken to determine the reactivation rate constants of several oximes with human, rabbit, rat and guinea-pig AChE inhibited by the OPs sarin, cyclosarin and VX. The results show marked differences among the species, depending on the inhibitor and on the oxime, and indicate that the findings from animal experiments need careful evaluation before extrapolating these data to humans. Bibliographic Information Skin toxicokinetics of mustard gas in the guinea pig: effect of hypochlorite and safety aspects. Wormser Uri; Brodsky Berta; Sintov Amnon Faculty of Sciences,The Hebrew University, Edmond Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel. [email protected] Archives of toxicology (2002 Sep), 76(9), 517-22. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12242609 AN 2002479745 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (SM, mustard gas) is a chemical warfare vesicant that rapidly penetrates the skin due to its hydrophobicity. This study measured the rate of SM disappearance from the skin after topical application of the vesicant. In both fur-covered and hairless animals, the remaining toxicant levels measured 60 min after exposure to undiluted SM were 0.6% and 0.3%, respectively, of the initially applied SM amount. However, SM concentration reached 0.4% of the initial dose 3 h following exposure in female fur-covered guinea pigs. SM quantities extracted from skin of male fur-covered and hairless guinea pigs immediately after 16 min of exposure to SM vapor were 12.2 and 21.8 microg, respectively; levels declined to 1.6 and 1.7 microg at 30 and 15 min following termination of exposure of male fur-covered and hairless guinea pigs, respectively. Three swabbing treatments of undiluted SM-exposed skin with gauze pads soaked in 0.5% hypochlorite caused 68% reduction in skin SM content. Similar findings were obtained when hypochlorite was replaced by water (64% reduction). SM content in the gauze pads was 59, 38 and 25 microg, respectively, for the first, second and third decontamination processes with water. No SM was detected in the gauze pads soaked with hypochlorite. In vitro studies showed that incubation of SM with 0.5% hypochlorite at a ratio of 10:1 (v/v) did not cause SM inactivation, whereas 4% hypochlorite reduced SM levels by 17%. However, at a decontaminant:SM ratio of 1000:1, 0.5% and 4% hypochlorite reduced SM levels by 92% and 99%, respectively. These findings are important for health authorities and regulatory agencies in planning precautionary steps to be taken in case of emergency and in routine laboratory work. Bibliographic Information Protection from half-mustard-gas-induced acute lung injury in the rat. McClintock Shannon D; Till Gerd O; Smith Milton G; Ward Peter A Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109-0602, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2002 Jul-Aug), 22(4), 257-62. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12210543 AN 2002449749 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The chemical warfare agent analog, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, known as 'half-mustard gas' (HMG), is less toxic and less of an environmental hazard than the full molecule and has been shown to produce an acute lung injury in rats when instilled via intrapulmonary injection. This injury is characterized by massive, localized hemorrhage and edema into the alveolar compartment and can be quantitated by measuring extravasation of (125)I-bovine serum albumin into the extravascular compartment. Employing this rat model of HMG-induced lung injury, we observed significant attenuation of the pulmonary injury when experimental animals were complement or neutrophil depleted prior to HMG challenge. Significant protection also was provided by the use of antioxidants such as catalase, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl thiourea, resveratrol and N-acetyl-Lcysteine (NAC). The last compound showed protection from lung injury as high as 70% and was still effective even when given up to 90 min after exposure of the lungs to HMG. These data suggest that acute lung injury caused by exposure to HMG may be related partially to complement mediated pathways and the generation by neutrophils of toxic oxygen species The data indicate that NAC is an effective antidote against HMG-induced acute lung injury in the rat. Copyright 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Oxidative decontamination of chemical and biological warfare agents using L-Gel. Raber Ellen; McGuire Raymond Environment Protection Department, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, P.O. Box 808, L-626, Livermore, CA 94551, USA Journal of hazardous materials (2002 Aug 5), 93(3), 339-52. Journal code: 9422688. ISSN:0304-3894. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12137994 AN 2002389537 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A decontamination method has been developed using a single reagent that is effective both against chemical warfare (CW) and biological warfare (BW) agents. The new reagent, "L-Gel", consists of an aqueous solution of a mild commercial oxidizer,

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Oxone, together with a commercial fumed silica gelling agent, Cab-O-Sil EH-5. L-Gel is non-toxic, environmentally friendly, relatively non-corrosive, maximizes contact time because of its thixotropic nature, clings to walls and ceilings, and does not harm carpets or painted surfaces. The new reagent also addresses the most demanding requirements for decontamination in the civilian sector, including availability, low maintenance, ease of application and deployment by a variety of dispersal mechanisms, minimal training and acceptable expense. Experiments to test the effectiveness of L-Gel were conducted at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and independently at four other locations. L-Gel was tested against all classes of chemical warfare agents and against various biological warfare agent surrogates, including spore-forming bacteria and nonvirulent strains of real biological agents. Testing showed that L-Gel is as effective against chemical agents and biological materials, including spores, as the best military decontaminants. Bibliographic Information Adamantyl tenocyclidines--adjuvant therapy in poisoning with organophosphorus compounds and carbamates. Erratum in: Arch Toxicol 2002 Sep;76(9):552 Skare Danko; Radic Bozica; Lucic Ana; Peraica Maja; Domijan Ana-Marija; Milkovic-Kraus Sanja; Bradamante Vlasta; Jukic Ivan Institute Ruder Boskovic, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. [email protected] Archives of toxicology (2002 Apr), 76(3), 173-7. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11967623 AN 2002328057 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of thienyl phencyclidine (tenocyclidine, TCP) and its newly synthesized adamantyl derivatives containing piperidine (TAPIP), pyrolidine (TAPIR) and morpholine (TAMORF) groups, which were tested with or without standard therapy in mice poisoned with organophosphates (OPs) and carbamates. These compounds with potential activity at the N-methyl- D-aspartate and muscarinic receptors showed low acute toxicity, having LD50 values varying from 106.00 mg/kg (TCP) to >504.00 mg/kg body weight (TAMORF). TCP and its adamantyl derivatives were administered intraperitoneally (2.5 mg/kg body weight) together with atropine (10.0 mg/kg body weight) and with or without 1/4 LD50 of the oxime HI-6. Each compound administered with atropine had a therapeutic effect against poisoning with carbamates propoxur, aldicarb and Ro 02-0683 (protective ratio of tenocyclidines was from 3.99 LD50 of aldicarb to >16.00 LD50 for propoxur). However, the efficacy of those compounds in combination with atropine was lower against poisoning with the OP insecticide dichlorvos (DDVP) and chemical warfare agents soman and tabun. In soman-poisoned mice, the best therapeutic effects were obtained with the combination of HI-6 plus atropine and test compounds, with protective ratios being from 5.40 to 7.12 LD50 of soman. The results suggest that TCP and adamantyl tenocyclidines could be used in combination with atropine as antidotes in carbamate poisoning and as adjuvant therapy to HI-6 and atropine in soman poisoning. Bibliographic Information Site-specific percutaneous absorption of methyl salicylate and VX in domestic swine. Duncan E J Scott; Brown April; Lundy Paul; Sawyer Thomas W; Hamilton Murray; Hill Ira; Conley John D Chemical Biological Defence Section, Defence Research Establishment, Suffield, PO Box 4000, Station Main, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada T1A 8K6 Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2002 May-Jun), 22(3), 141-8. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12015792 AN 2002313565 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The site specificity of the percutaneous absorption of methyl salicylate (MeS) and the organophosphate nerve agent VX (Oethyl S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothioate) was examined in anaesthetized domestic swine that were fully instrumented for physiological endpoints. Four different anatomical sites (ear, perineum, inguinal crease and epigastrium) were exposed to the MeS and the serum levels were measured over a 6-h time period. The dose absorbed at the ear region was 11 microg cm(-2) with an initial flux of 0.063 microg cm(-2)min(-1), whereas at the epigastrium region the dose absorbed was 3 microg cm(-2) with an initial flux of 0.025 microg cm(-2)min(-1). For this reason further studies were carried out with VX on the ear and the epigastrium only. In animals treated with agent on the epigastrium, blood cholinesterase (ChE) activity began to drop 90 min after application and continued to decline at a constant rate for the remainder of the experiment to ca. 25% of awake control activity. At this time there were negligible signs of poisoning and the medical prognosis was judged to be good. In contrast, the ChE activity in animals receiving VX on the ear decreased to 25% of awake control values within 45 min and levelled out at 5-6% by 120 min. Clinical signs of VX poisoning paralleled the ChE inhibition, progressing in severity over the duration of the exposure. It was judged that these animals would not survive. The dramatic site dependence of agent absorption leading to vastly different toxicological endpoints demonstrated in this model system has important ramifications for chemical protective suit development, threat assessment, medical countermeasures and contamination control protocols. Copyright 2002 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information An improved brain slice model of nerve agent-induced seizure activity. Wood S J; Tattersall J E Biomedical Sciences Department, CBD Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S83-6. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920926 AN 2002191151 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A brain slice model was developed to investigate the mechanisms of seizure activity induced by soman and the effectiveness of potential anticonvulsant drugs. Unlike previously reported slice studies with nerve agents, this model contains the entorhinal cortex as well as the hippocampus. This allows the study of the spread of seizure discharges within the limbic system and the development of prolonged, sustained discharges that are rarely seen in the simple hippocampal slice preparation. Soman (1 microM) induced a second population spike in the evoked field potential in the CA1 or CA3 region within 15-20 min. In almost all the slices tested, this developed into spontaneous seizure activity within 30-40 min. As well as interictal bursts, many slices also showed longer periods of high-frequency bursting analogous to ictal seizure activity that originated in the entorhinal cortex. This activity appeared similar to that induced by the muscarinic agonist pilocarpine. Both the second population spike and the spontaneous discharges could be blocked by diazepam and by AMPA/kainate antagonists, but not by the NMDA antagonists AP5 and MK-801. This study confirms that the combined hippocampal-entorhinal cortex slice preparation is a suitable model for investigating the origin and propagation of nerve-agent-induced seizures within the limbic system. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Cardiopulmonary effects of HI-6 treatment in soman intoxication. Goransson-Nyberg A; Cassel G Division of NBC Defence, Department of Medical Counter Measures, Swedish Defence Research Agency, SE-90182 Umea, Sweden Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S79-81. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920925 AN 2002191150 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))

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The cardiopulmonary effects of HI-6, together with atropine and soman, were studied in the rat. HI-6 is an effective antidote in acute poisoning with the nerve agent soman. The therapeutic efficiency of HI-6 is still unclear and cannot be explained entirely by the HI-6 reactivating ability of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Other non-cholinergic factors must be involved. One possible detoxifying process might be an effect of HI-6 on the blood flow to sensitive organs. The purpose of the present study was to investigate 1) whether soman per se induces changes in regional blood flow and 2) whether the blood flow to different organs is affected when HI-6 (50 mg x kg(-1) i.m.) and atropine (10 mg x kg(-1) i.m.) are given either before or immediately after soman intoxication (90 microg x kg(-1) s.c.). For regional blood flow determinations the microsphere method was used with male Wistar rats weighing 300-400 g. The rats were anaesthetised and breathed spontaneously during the experiment. Three different blood flow measurements were made in the same animal and concomitant physiological parameters such as mean arterial blood pressure and respiratory rate were recorded. The blood AChE activity was followed throughout the experiment. Our results show that when HI-6 is given after intoxication with soman, dramatic changes in blood flow occur with a significant decrease in both respiratory rate and blood AChE activity. If HI-6 is given prior to the intoxication, however, all rats are unaffected and none of the parameters measured are changed. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Prophylaxis against organophosphate poisoning by sustained release of scopolamine and physostigmine. Meshulam Y; Cohen G; Chapman S; Alkalai D; Levy A Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), PO Box 19, 70450 Ness-Ziona, Israel Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S75-8. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920924 AN 2002191149 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Protection efficacy of continuous prophylactic administration of physostigmine and scopolamine against sarin-induced toxicity was evaluated previously in guinea pigs. The present study in large animals used Beagle dogs, that serve as an animal model with cholinergic sensitivity similar to that of humans. Pretreatment with physostigmine salicylate and scopolamine hydrochloride at dose rates of 2.5 and 1 microg x kg(-1) x h(-1), respectively, was administered via Alzet mini-osmotic pumps. At the time of exposure, the physostigmine salicylate concentration in plasma was 0.7 ng x ml(-1) and the scopolamine hydrochloride concentration was ca. 0.2 ng x ml(-1), both of which are levels known to be well tolerated in humans. Whole-blood cholinesterase inhibition was 15-20%. This regimen conferred full protection against 2.5 x LD50 i.v. of sarin. Albeit the highdose exposure, cholinergic toxicity symptoms were mild with no convulsions. About 11-14 min following poisoning the treated animals started to walk and 15-20 min following exposure full recovery was observed and the dogs behaved normally. With higher dose rates of physostigmine salicylate and scopolamine hydrochloride, at plasma concentrations of 2.1 and 0.6 ng x ml(-1), respectively, treated dogs regained normal posture 6-10 min after exposure. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Intramuscular diazepam pharmacokinetics in soman-exposed guinea pigs. Capacio B R; Whalley C E; Byers C E; McDonough J H Pharmacology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 210105425, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S67-74. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920923 AN 2002191148 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Intramuscular (i.m.) diazepam is included by the US military as an anticonvulsant in the standard therapeutic regimen for organophosphorus nerve agent intoxication. In this study we investigated the pharmacokinetics of diazepam after i.m. administration while monitoring pharmacodynamic (electroencephalogram, EEG) data in soman-exposed guinea pigs. Prior to experiments the animals were surgically implanted with EEG leads to monitor seizure activity. For the study, animals were administered pyridostigmine (0.026 mg x kg(-1) i.m.) 30 min prior to soman (56 microg x kg(-1), 2 x LD50; subcutaneously, s.c.), which was followed in 1 min by atropine sulfate (2 mg x kg(-1) i.m.) and pralidoxime chloride (25 mg x kg(-1) i.m.). All animals receiving this regimen developed seizure activity. Diazepam (10 mg x kg(-1) i.m.) was administered 5 min after onset of seizure activity. Based on EEG data, animals were categorized as either seizure terminated or not terminated at 30 min after diazepam. Serial blood samples were obtained from each animal. Diazepam (10 mg x kg(-1) i.m.) terminated seizure activity in 52% of the animals within 30 min. The pharmacokinetics were characterized by a one-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination. The maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) were 991 and 839 ng x ml(-1) for seizure terminated and not terminated, respectively. Mean plasma concentrations of diazepam were significantly different (P < 0.05) for seizure terminated vs not terminated groups at 30 min. The plasma Cmax in seizure-terminated animals in this study is similar to the minimum range of plasma diazepam (200-800 ng x ml(-1)) reported to suppress seizure activity in humans. It has been reported in an earlier study that the minimum effective i.m. dose (0.1 mg x kg(-1)) required to prevent soman-induced convulsions in Rhesus monkeys produces a mean Cmax of 50 ng x ml(-1) for diazepam. The data from our current study suggest that a higher dose (and corresponding Cmax) is necessary to terminate ongoing seizure activity. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Combination anticonvulsant treatment of soman-induced seizures. Koplovitz I; Schulz S; Shutz M; Railer R; Macalalag R; Schons M; McDonough J Drug Assessment Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S53-5. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920921 AN 2002191147 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract These studies investigated the effectiveness of combination treatment with a benzodiazepine and an anticholinergic drug against soman-induced seizures. The anticholinergic drugs considered were biperiden, scopolamine, trihexaphenidyl, and procyclidine; the benzodiazepines were diazepam and midazolam. Male guinea pigs were implanted surgically with cortical screw electrodes. Electrocorticograms were displayed continually and recorded on a computerized electroencephalographic system. Pyridostigmine (0.026 mg x kg(-1), i.m.) was injected as a pretreatment to inhibit red blood cell acetylcholinesterase by 30-40%. Thirty minutes after pyridostigmine, 2 x LD50 (56 microg x kg(-1)) of soman was injected s.c., followed 1 min later by i.m. treatment with atropine (2 mg x kg(-1)) + 2-PAM (25 mg x kg(-1)). Electrographic seizures occurred in all animals. Anticonvulsant treatment combinations were administered i.m. at 5 or 40 min after seizure onset. Treatment consisted of diazepam or midazolam plus one of the above-mentioned anticholinergic drugs. All doses of the treatment compounds exhibited little or no antiseizure efficacy when given individually. The combination of a benzodiazepine and an anticholinergic drug was effective in terminating soman-induced seizure, whether given 5 or 40 min after seizure onset. The results suggest a strong synergistic effect of combining benzodiazepines with centrally active anticholinergic drugs and support the concept of using an adjunct to supplement diazepam for the treatment of nerve-agent-induced seizures. Copyright 2001

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Bibliographic Information Soman-induced seizures: limbic activity, oxidative stress and neuroprotective proteins. Pazdernik T L; Emerson M R; Cross R; Nelson S R; Samson F E Ralph L. Smith Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S87-94. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920927 AN 2002185330 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Soman, a potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, induces status epilepticus in rats followed by conspicuous neuropathology, most prominent in piriform cortex and the CA3 region of the hippocampus. Cholinergic seizures originate in striatal-nigral pathways and with fast-acting agents (soman) rapidly spread to limbic related areas and finally culminate in a full-blown status epilepticus. This leads to neurochemical changes, some of which may be neuroprotective whereas others may cause brain damage. Pretreatment with lithium sensitizes the brain to cholinergic seizures. Likewise, other agents that increase limbic hyperactivity may sensitize the brain to cholinergic agents. The hyperactivity associated with the seizure state leads to an increase in intracellular calcium, cellular edema and metal delocalization producing an oxidative stress. These changes induce the synthesis of stress-related proteins such as heat shock proteins, metallothioneins and heme oxygenases. We show that soman-induced seizures cause a depletion in tissue glutathione and an increase in tissue 'catalytic' iron, metallothioneins and heme oxygenase-1. The oxidative stress induces the synthesis of stress-related proteins, which are indicators of 'stress' and possibly provide neuroprotection. These findings suggest that delocalization of iron may catalyze Fenton-like reactions, causing progressive cellular damage via free radical products. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Beneficial effects of TCP on soman intoxication in guinea pigs: seizures, brain damage and learning behaviour. de Groot D M; Bierman E P; Bruijnzeel P L; Carpentier P; Kulig B M; Lallement G; Melchers B P; Philippens I H; van Huygevoort A H TNO Nutrition and Food Research, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S57-65. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920922 AN 2002185328 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Poisoning with the potent nerve agent soman produces a cascade of central nervous system (CNS) effects characterized by severe convulsions and eventually death. In animals that survive a soman intoxication, lesions in the amygdala, piriform cortex, hippocampus and thalamus can be observed. In order to examine the mechanisms involved in the effects of soman and to evaluate possible curative interventions, a series of behavioural, electrophysiological and neuropathological experiments were carried out in the guinea pig using the NMDA antagonist N-[1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl] piperidine (TCP) in conjunction with atropine and pyridostigmine. The NMDA antagonist TCP appeared to be very effective in the treatment of casualties who suffered from soman-induced seizures for 30 min: (i)Seizures were arrested within minutes after the TCP injection, confirmed by quantitative electroencephalogram (EEG), after fast Fourier analysis. Three hours after TCP the quantitative EEGs were completely normal in all frequency bands and remained normal during the entire 3-week intoxication period. The power shift to the lower (delta) frequency bands, indicative for neuropathology and found in control animals intoxicated only by soman, was not observed in the soman-TCP group. (ii)The gross neuropathology found in soman control animals within 48 h after soman was prevented in soman-TCP animals and was still absent in 3-week survivors. Instead, ultrastructural changes were observed, indicative of defense mechanisms of the cell against toxic circumstances. (iii)Twentyfour hours after soman, soman-TCP animals were able to perform in the shuttle box and Morris water maze. The beneficial effects of TCP on the performance in these tests during the 3-week intoxication period were very impressive, notwithstanding (minor) deficits in memory and learning. (iv)The increase in excitability after TCP was confirmed by an increase in the acoustic startle response. Taken together, these results confirmed the involvement of NMDA receptors in the maintenance of soman-induced seizures and the development of brain damage. They underline the current hypothesis that cholinergic mechanisms are responsible for eliciting seizure activity after soman and that, most likely, the subsequent recruitment of other excitatory neurotransmitters and loss of inhibitory control are responsible for the maintenance of seizures and the development of subsequent brain damage. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Comparison of the hydrolytic stability of S-(N,N-diethylaminoethyl) isobutyl methylphosphonothiolate with VX in dilute solution. Crenshaw M D; Hayes T L; Miller T L; Shannon C M Medical Research and Evaluation Facility, Battelle Memorial Institute, JM-3, Columbus, OH 43201, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S3-6. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920912 AN 2002185325 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The stability of S-(N,N-diethylaminoethyl) isobutyl methylphosphonothiolate--a V-type nerve agent developed by the former Soviet Union--in the environment is an important parameter in threat assessment analysis and for the determination of use, production, testing and storage of this chemical warfare agent. S-(N,N-Diethylaminoethyl) isobutyl methylphosphonothiolate is a structural isomer of the nerve agent VX developed by the USA and the UK and will be referred to as VXA (VX analog) in this presentation. Because VXA and VX differ structurally, even though they do have the same molecular formula, it is expected that their physical and chemical properties would be different. This preliminary investigation was undertaken to determine the relative hydrolysis rate of VXA compared with VX. The hydrolysis of each compound at approximately 1 mg x ml(-1) in unbuffered water at pH 7 was determined side-by-side. The half-lives for VXA and VX were determined to be 12.4 days and 4.78 days, respectively. Agent VXA hydrolyzed 2.6 times more slowly than VX, and each agent followed second-order hydrolysis kinetics. These results imply that VXA is more persistent in the environment and therefore poses a greater threat. These results also imply that VXA is more likely to be detected, if present, during an inspection in support of the Chemical Weapons Convention. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Development of an immunoassay for diagnosis of exposure to toxic organophosphorus compounds. Miller J K; Lenz D E Department of OCBS, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S23-6. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. (EVALUATION STUDIES); Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920916 AN 2002185323 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Currently, diagnosis of exposure to toxic low-molecular-weight compounds is effected by the use of chromatographic techniques. Such an approach is limited by the need for expensive equipment and sample clean-up before carrying out the analysis. To overcome those drawbacks, we have been involved in the development of an immunoassay for diagnosis of exposure to toxic organophosphorus compounds such as pinacolylmethyl phosphonofluoridate (soman), which is a chemical warfare agent. Prior estimates suggested that it is necessary to be able to detect soman at a concentration below 2.5 x 10(-7) M. Using four previously developed monoclonal antibodies, an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) was used to optimize assay conditions and identify the antibody with the highest apparent affinity. The minimum required assay time was 2.0-2.5 h with no loss in sensitivity. To determine the specificity of the highest affinity antibody, a competitive inhibition enzyme immunoassay (CIEIA) was performed with six structural analogs of soman. The IC50 values for these analogues were 5 x 10(-7) M for 4-nitrophenylpinacolylmethylphosphonate, 8 x 10(-7) M for dipinacolylmethylphosphonate, 2 x 10(-6) M for diisopropylmethylphosphonate, 3 x 10(-5) M for 4-nitrophenylmethyl(phenylphosphinate) and 6.5 x 10(-5) M for 4nitrophenylethyl(phenyl)phosphinate. 4-Nitrophenyl-di(n-butyl)phosphinate did not inhibit binding. Those inhibitors with branched alkyl side-chains, similar to the soman molecule, were effective inhibitors. Compounds, which contained predominately aromatic groups, were poor inhibitors. We are continuing to probe the binding specificity of the monoclonal antibody to determine its utility in further assay development. Our present results suggest that the antibody chosen may have the appropriate specificity and affinity for immunodiagnosis of exposure to soman. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Protective action of the serine protease inhibitor N-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK) against acute soman poisoning. Cowan F M; Broomfield C A; Lenz D E; Shih T M Biochemical Pharmacology and Neurotoxicology Branches, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Jul-Aug), 21(4), 293-6. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11481662 AN 2002027826 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Soman-poisoned rats display cholinergic crisis, a systemic mast cell degranulation characteristic of anaphylactic reactions and an excitotoxin-like sequential seizure and neuronal degeneration. The protection of guinea pigs from soman lethality by prophylactic administration of the serine protease inhibitor suramin suggests a possible proteolytic component in soman poisoning. The present study tested the effect of N-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK), an inhibitor of trypsin-like serine proteases, on soman-induced toxic signs (convulsions, righting reflex) and survival time. Nine control guinea pigs receiving 2 x LD(50) (56 microg kg(-1), s.c.) of soman immediately followed by a therapeutic dose of atropine sulfate (17.4 mg kg(-1) i.m.) experienced severe convulsions, and 8/9 lost the righting reflex. Six of these nine animals expired within 65 min; the three remaining animals survived 24 h to termination of the experiment. When a second group of animals were given TLCK (12 mg kg(-1), i.p.) 30 min prior to a 2 x LD(50) soman challenge and atropine-sulfate therapy, 5/9 experienced convulsions and only 3/9 lost the righting reflex. All nine animals survived beyond 4 h, with six surviving to 24 h. Compared with soman controls, prophylaxis with TLCK significantly prevented the loss of righting reflex (P = 0.05) and enhanced 4-h survival (P = 0.005). Although, convulsions were reduced and 24-h survival was improved in TLCK-treated animals, these results were not statistically significant. The protection from soman toxicity by chemically distinct protease inhibitors such as suramin and TLCK suggests a role for pathological proteolytic pathways in soman intoxication. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information In vitro skin absorption and decontamination of sulphur mustard: comparison of human and pig-ear skin. Chilcott R P; Jenner J; Hotchkiss S A; Rice P Department of Biomedical Sciences, CBD Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Jul-Aug), 21(4), 279-83. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11481660 AN 2002027824 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of an in vitro skin diffusion cell system as a model for assessing decontaminants against the chemical warfare agent sulphur mustard (SM). The in vitro absorption rates of SM through heatseparated human (157 +/- 66 microg cm(-2) h(-1)) and pig-ear (411 +/- 175 microg cm(-2) h(-1)) epidermal membranes were in agreement with previous in vivo studies that quoted skin absorption rates of 150 and 366 microg cm(-2) h(-1), respectively. Decontaminants (fuller's earth, Ambergard and BDH spillage granules) were ranked in order of effectiveness by measuring the skin absorption rates and the percentage of applied dose of SM that penetrated human and pig-ear epidermal membranes. The effectiveness of fuller's earth measured in this in vitro study using human epidermal membranes was in agreement with a previous in vivo human volunteer study. Similarly, the effectiveness of fuller's earth and Ambergard measured in vitro with pig-ear epidermal membranes was in agreement with a previous in vivo study conducted on rats. However, there was complete disparity in the ranking of decontaminants between human and pig-ear epidermal membranes measured in vitro. Thus, although pig-ear skin may be a relatively good model for predicting the human skin absorption of SM, it is a poor model for testing decontamination systems. The results of this study further validate the use of Franz-type glass diffusion cells containing human epidermal membranes as a model for predicting in vivo human skin absorption. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Modelling aerosol processes related to the atmospheric dispersion of sarin. Kukkonen J; Riikonen K; Nikmo J; Jappinen A; Nieminen K Air Quality Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Sahaajankatu 20 E, FIN-00810, Helsinki, Finland. [email protected] Journal of hazardous materials (2001 Aug 17), 85(3), 165-79. Journal code: 9422688. ISSN:03043894. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11489522 AN 2001443815 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract We have developed mathematical models for evaluating the atmospheric dispersion of selected chemical warfare agents (CWA), including the evaporation and settling of contaminant liquid droplets. The models and numerical results presented may be utilised for designing protection and control measures against the conceivable use of CWA's. The model AERCLOUD (AERosol CLOUD) was extended to treat two nerve agents, sarin and VX, and the mustard agent. This model evaluates the thermodynamical evolution of a five-component aerosol mixture, consisting of two-component droplets together with the surrounding three-component gas. We have performed numerical computations with this model on the evaporation and settling of airborne sarin droplets in characteristic dispersal and atmospheric conditions. In particular, we have evaluated the maximum radii (r(M)) of a totally evaporating droplet, in terms of the ambient temperature and contaminant vapour concentration. The radii r(M) range from approximately 15-80 microm for sarin droplets for the selected ambient conditions and initial heights. We have also evaluated deposition fractions in terms of the initial droplet size.

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Effects of iodine on inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in sulfur mustard-induced skin. Nyska A; Lomnitski L; Maronpot R; Moomaw C; Brodsky B; Sintov A; Wormser U Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. [email protected] Archives of toxicology (2001 Feb), 74(12), 768-74. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11305779 AN 2001394179 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract In a previous study we demonstrated the protective effect of topical iodine as postexposure treatment for sulfur mustard (SM) application. The iodine treatment results in significantly reduced inflammation and necrosis and increased epidermal hyperplasia. The expression and localization of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) in paraffin-embedded skin samples from that study were evaluated in the present investigation. We compared the immunoreactivity of iNOS and COX-2 using five samples from each of the following four test sites: untreated control sites, SMexposed sites, sites treated with iodine mixture 15 min after SM exposure, and sites treated with iodine 30 min after SM exposure. All animals were killed 2 days after irritant exposure. iNOS immunoreactivity was present only in skin sites exposed to SM without iodine treatment. The ulcerated skin was covered with a relatively thick band of exudate composed of iNOSimmunostained polymorphonuclear cells and macrophages. In untreated skin, COX-2 immunostaining was limited to the thin suprabasal epidermal layer. In SM-exposed skin, induction of COX-2 was noted in inflammatory cells located close to the site of epidermal injury. In skin sites treated with iodine 15 or 30 min after SM exposure, the regenerating hyperplastic epithelium showed moderate cytoplasmic staining localized to the epithelium overlying the basal layer. This pattern of staining was also present in the nearby dermal fibroblasts. Thus, in contrast to the skin samples exposed to SM without iodine treatment, the epidermal layer expressing immunohistochemical positivity for COX-2 was thicker and corresponded to the epidermal hyperplasia noted in samples treated with iodine. It is well documented that prostaglandins (PGs) promote epidermal proliferation, thereby contributing to the repair of injured skin. That the induction of the COX-2 shown in our study may also play a role in the healing process is indicated by the present evidence. The results suggest that nitric oxide radicals (NO*) are involved in mediating the damage induced by the SM and that iodinerelated reduction in acute epidermal inflammation is associated with reduced iNOS expression. Bibliographic Information Intervention of sulfur mustard toxicity by downregulation of cell proliferation and metabolic rates. Ray R; Benton B J; Anderson D R; Byers S L; Petrali J P US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 210105400, USA. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S87-91. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428650 AN 2001371709 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Metabolically active and proliferating basal cells in the skin are most sensitive to the potent skin blistering chemical warfare compound HD (bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide). We previously described a Ca2+-dependent mechanism of HD (0.3-1 mM) toxicity that was inhibited by the cell-permeant Ca2+ chelator BAPTA AM (1,2-bis(O-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester). We describe some cellular effects of BAPTA AM that suggest a mechanism for its protective action. Monolayer log-phase normal human epidermal keratinocytes were incubated (37 degrees C) first in keratinocyte growth medium (KGM) containing BAPTA AM (10-40 microM) for 30 min and then in KGM alone overnight prior to evaluation. The BAPTA AM inhibited cell growth in a concentration-dependent manner with some cellular degeneration above 30 microM (light microscopy). At 20-30 microM, BAPTA AM also inhibited cellular metabolic processes, as evidenced by a lower incorporation of [3H]-thymidine (DNA synthesis, 54 +/- 5%), [3H]-uridine (RNA synthesis, 29 +/- 6%) and [14C]-valine (protein synthesis, 12 +/- 2%) as well as a lower protein content per culture (30 +/- 3%) compared with corresponding untreated controls. However, 20-30 microM BAPTA AM did not cause any demonstrable cytopathology based on morphological (electron microscopy) as well as biochemical (lactate dehydrogenase release, an indicator of cell viability loss) criteria, indicating a lack of acute toxicity. These results suggest that a mechanism of protection by BAPTA AM against HD may be via decreasing some metabolic, and therefore proliferative, rates. Bibliographic Information Comparison of cell size in sulfur mustard-induced death of keratinocytes and lymphocytes. Moser J; Meier H L Pharmacology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S23-30. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428638 AN 2001371697 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (HD) is a vesicant chemical warfare agent that directly alkylates cellular DNA and produces DNA strand breaks. To identify cellular models for in vitro screening of antivesicant compounds in DNA repair assays, we compared the mechanism of HD-induced cell death in cultured adult normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). One parameter that we used to distinguish apoptotic from necrotic cell death was the change in cell size due to HD. In the presence or absence of a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPI), cell preparations were exposed to various concentrations of HD (0.01-1.0 mM) and harvested at selected times after exposure (up to 24 h). Results from these experiments suggest that, with increasing HD concentration and time, NHEK will fragment irrespective of the presence or absence of PARPI, with cell fragmentation presumably preceded by necrosis. In the absence of PARPI, PBL size initially decreases and then remains constant over time. Previous DNA fragmentation studies indicate that both apoptosis and necrosis occur in HD-exposed PBL in a time-dependent manner. In the presence of PARPI, there is a HD concentration- and timedependent decrease in PBL size that is characteristic of apoptosis. The shift in the mechanism of HD-induced PBL death from apoptosis followed by necrosis to exclusively apoptosis in the absence and presence of PARPI, respectively, is in agreement with previous findings on HD-induced changes in membrane integrity, energy levels and DNA fragmentation. Considering that NHEK fragment early after exposure to HD concentrations that produce vesication in human skin, PBL may be a more appropriate model for use in DNA repair assays. Bibliographic Information MALDI-ToF/MS as a diagnostic tool for the confirmation of sulfur mustard exposure. Price E O; Smith J R; Clark C R; Schlager J J; Shih M L Pharmacology Division, Applied Pharmacology Branch, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S193-7. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. (EVALUATION STUDIES); Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428636 AN 2001371695 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))

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The continual threat of chemical and biological warfare has prompted the need for unambiguous analytical methods for the confirmation of agent exposure. In this paper, we have investigated the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF/MS) as a diagnostic tool for this purpose. Mass spectral studies of the interaction of sulfur mustard (bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, HD) with hemoglobin and metallothioneine were conducted. In vitro experiments with purified proteins were performed, using both HD and chloroethylethyl sulfide (CEES), in an effort to determine the extent of alkylation and occurrence of HD cross-linking using the MALDI-ToF/MS technique. In a typical experiment, 50 ml of 5 mM HD in acetonitrile was added to an equal volume of 0.5 mM hemoglobin in deionized water followed by vortexing and incubation at room temperature. After 24 h, the samples were analyzed by MALDI-ToF/MS. Mass spectral results indicated the presence of at least two distinct alkylation adducts for both HD and CEES experiments. These results demonstrate that MALDIToF/MS is a useful analytical technique to investigate the interaction of HD with biomolecules and may be employed potentially as a diagnostic tool for the confirmation of exposure to chemical warfare agents. Bibliographic Information Automated assay for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Byers S; Anderson D; Brobst D; Cowan F Pharmacology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S19-22. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. (EVALUATION STUDIES); Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428635 AN 2001371694 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (HD), a vesicating chemical warfare compound, has been shown to deplete the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) content in several cell systems and tissues. This NAD+ depletion has been proposed as an indicator of HD exposure and can be used to evaluate potential antivesicant compounds. To examine NAD+ levels, an automated method based on the alcohol dehydrogenase cycling assay of Jacobson and Jacobson and utilizing a Cobas FARA clinical analyzer has been developed. Automation of this assay led to smaller sample volumes and more efficient use of personnel and resources. The usefulness of this automated method was tested by evaluating the protection, if any, by the topical application of vitamin D or betamethasone against HD-induced NAD+ depletion in skin punches from the hairless guinea pig. The results showed that the samples exposed to HD exhibited significant decreases in NAD+ levels when compared with controls. However, neither vitamin D nor betamethasone demonstrated protection against HD-induced NAD+ depletion. In fact, betamethasone exacerbated the NAD+ depletion when compared with the HD exposed group. This assay appears to be useful for testing potential antivesicant compounds using both in vivo and in vitro exposure systems. Bibliographic Information A cutaneous full-thickness liquid sulfur mustard burn model in weanling swine: clinical pathology and urinary excretion of thiodiglycol. Graham J S; Reid F M; Smith J R; Stotts R R; Tucker E S; Shumaker S M; Niemuth N A; Janny S J US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S161-72. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428630 AN 2001371689 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide, HD) is a well-known blistering chemical warfare agent. We have developed a cutaneous full-thickness HD burn model in weanling pigs for efficacy testing of candidate treatment regimens. This report addresses clinical pathology findings and the urinary excretion profile of a major HD metabolite (thiodiglycol, TDG) in this model. Six female Yorkshire pigs were exposed to HD liquid on the ventral surface for 2 h, generating six 3-cm diameter fullthickness dermal lesions per pig. Blood samples were collected throughout a 7-day observation period for hematology and serum chemistry examinations. Urine was collected in metabolism cages. Routine urinalysis was performed and the urine analyzed for TDG using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Examination of clinical pathology parameters revealed subtle HD-related changes that are suggestive of a mild hemolytic episode. No other signs of clinically significant systemic toxicities were noted, including bone marrow suppression. Thiodiglycol was detected at the earliest time point tested (6-8 h postexposure) at levels ranging from 0.66 to 4.98 microg ml(-1) with a mean of 2.14 microg ml(-1). Thiodiglycol concentrations were the highest for half of the animals at this earliest time point and at 24-48 h for the others. By the evening of day 3, the mean level had reached 50 ng ml(-1). Mean levels remained 10-40 ng ml(-1) for the remainder of the 7-day observation period, with the highest individual concentration noted during this period of 132 ng ml(-1). Our results are in general agreement with the TDG excretion profiles previously described for rodent models and humans. Urinary excretion of absorbed HD in our weanling pig wound healing model appears to follow the same pattern as is seen in other laboratory animals models. In general, urinary excretion of TDG appears to peak within the first 1-4 days following exposure, with detectable levels after 1 week. Relatively high urinary TDG levels may thus indicate agent exposure within the previous 96 h. Low levels significantly above natural background levels may indicate either exposure to low levels of agent or exposure that occurred more than 4 days prior to collection of the sample. Bibliographic Information Systemic administration of candidate antivesicants to protect against topically applied sulfur mustard in the mouse ear vesicant model (MEVM). Babin M C; Ricketts K; Skvorak J P; Gazaway M; Mitcheltree L W; Casillas R P Drug Assessment and Comparative Medicine Divisions, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S141-4. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428627 AN 2001371686 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The mouse ear vesicant model (MEVM) provides a quantitative edema response as well as histopathological and biochemical endpoints as measurements of inflammation and tissue damage following exposure to the chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard (HD). In the MEVM, several topically applied anti-inflammatory agents provided a significant degree of protection against HD-induced edema and dermal-epidermal separation. This study evaluated the protective effects of three of these pharmacological compounds when administered systemically in the MEVM. Alzet osmotic pumps were used to deliver a subcutaneous dose of the appropriate anti-inflammatory agent, starting 24 h before exposure to sulfur mustard and continuing until 24 h post-exposure to HD. Twenty-four hours after pump implantation, 5 microl of a 195 mM (0.16 mg) solution of sulfur mustard (density = 1.27 g ml(-1); MW = 159; purity = 97.5%) in methylene chloride was applied to the inner surface of the right ear of each mouse. Sulfur mustard injury in the mouse ear was measured by both edema response (fluid accumulation) and histopathological damage (necrosis, epidermal-dermal separation). The systemic administration of hydrocortisone, indomethacin and olvanil provided a significant reduction in edema (24%, 26% and 22%, respectively) from the positive control. Compared to HD-positive controls, hydrocortisone, indomethacin and olvanil caused a significant reduction

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in subepidermal blisters (71%, 52% and 57%, respectively) whereas only hydrocortisone produced a significant reduction in contralateral epidermal necrosis (41%). We show here that these anti-inflammatory drugs are effective when administered systemically in the MEVM. Bibliographic Information N-acetylcysteine and endothelial cell injury by sulfur mustard. Atkins K B; Lodhi I J; Hurley L L; Hinshaw D B University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48105, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S125-8. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428622 AN 2001371681 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Understanding the underlying mechanisms of cell injury and death induced by the chemical warfare vesicant sulfur mustard (HD) will be extremely helpful in the development of effective countermeasures to this weapon of terror. We have found recently that HD induces both apoptosis and necrosis in endothelial cells (Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1996; 141: 568-583). Pretreatment of the endothelial cells for 20 h with the redox-active agent N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) selectively prevented apoptotic death induced by HD. In this study, we tested the hypotheses that pretreatment with NAC acts through two different pathways to minimize endothelial injury by HD: NAC pretreatment acts via a glutathione (GSH)-dependent pathway; and NAC pretreatment acts to suppress HD-induced activation of the nuclear transcription factor NFkappaB. We used a fluorescence microscopic assay of apoptotic nuclear features to assess viability and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) to assess the activity of NFkappaB following exposure to HD. The cells were treated with 0-10 mM GSH for 1 h prior to and during exposure to 0 or 500 microM HD for 5-6 h. Cells were also treated with 50 mM NAC or 200 microM buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of GSH synthesis, alone or in combination overnight prior to exposure to 0 or 500 microM HD for 5-6 h. Externally applied GSH up to a concentration of 5 mM had no toxic effect on the cells. Mild toxicity was associated with 10 mM GSH alone. There was a dose-related enhancement of viability when 2.5 and 5 mM GSH were present during the HD exposure. Pretreatment with BSO alone had no discernible toxicity. However, pretreatment with this inhibitor of GSH synthesis potentiated the toxicity of HD. Pretreatment with 50 mM NAC, as previously reported, provided substantial protection. Combining pretreatment with both BSO and NAC eliminated the protective effect of NAC pretreatment alone on HD injury. These observations are highly suggestive that NAC enhances endothelial survival via GSH-dependent effects and confirms and extends the work of others with different models that externally supplied GSH alone may be a fairly effective countermeasure against HD injury of endothelium. We next examined the hypothesis that HD may activate the nuclear transcription factor NFkappaB by performing EMSAs with nuclear extracts of endothelial cells following exposure to 0, 250 or 500 microM HD. This demonstrated an up to 2.5-fold increase (scanning densitometry) in activation of NFkappaB binding to its consensus sequence induced by 500 microM HD after 5 h of HD exposure. Paradoxically, treatment of the endothelial cells alone with 50 mM NAC activated NFkappaB, although HD-induced activation of NFkappaB was partially suppressed by NAC at 5 h. Factor NFkappaB is an important transcription factor for a number of cytokine genes (e.g. tumor necrosis factor, TNF), which can be activated following stress in endothelial cells. Taken together, these observations suggest that the protective effects of NAC may be mediated by enhanced GSH synthesis. The increased GSH may act to scavenge HD and also prevent oxidative activation of NFkappaB. Under some conditions, NAC may act as an oxidizing agent and thus increase NFkappaB activity. The NFkappaBdependent gene expression may be important in inducing endothelial cell death as well as in generating a local inflammatory reaction associated with the release of endothelial-derived cytokines. Bibliographic Information Effects of CEES on inflammatory mediators, heat shock protein 70A, histology and ultrastructure in two skin models. Blaha M; Bowers W Jr; Kohl J; DuBose D; Walker J; Alkhyyat A; Wong G US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S101-8. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428619 AN 2001371678 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chemical warfare threats require the development of diverse models for the assessment of countermeasures. Human skin products, Skin2 (differentiating keratinocytes on a fibroblast-collagen matrix) and EpiDerm (differentiating keratinocytes) were exposed (2 h) to the sulfur mustard 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES, 1-2 mg l(-1) min(-1)) in humidified air or to humidified air alone. Tissues were evaluated histologically, ultrastructurally and for viability 22 h later; media and tissues were also analyzed for inflammatory mediators. Histology showed that CEES induced the separation of dermal and epidermal regions in Skin2 with severe damage to basal keratinocytes. Histology and electron microscopy of both products revealed condensation of nuclear chromatin, retraction of spinous processes, collapse of the tonofibrillar network and cytoplasmic vacuolization and blebbing in those cells with loss of pseudobasement membrane integrity. Exposure of Skin2 to CEES increased extracellular interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) and especially IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) release (56,334 vs 84,614 pg ml(-1)), but decreased interleukin-6 (IL-6, 4,755 vs 351 pg ml(-1)). Exposure of EpiDerm to CEES led to unaffected extracellular and reduced intracelluar IL-1alpha (371 vs 92 pg ml(-1)). Extracellular IL-1Ra greatly increased (2,375 vs 24,875 pg ml(-1)), whereas cellular levels decreased (16,5425 vs 96,625 pg ml(-1)). Extracellular (224 vs 68 pg ml(-1)) and intracellular (485 vs 233 pg ml(-1)) soluble interleukin-1 receptor H (sIL-1RII) decreased. Prostanglandin E2 increased (1,835 vs 2,582 pg ml(-1)), whereas heat shock protein 70A (Hsp70A) remained statistically unchanged (57,000 vs 96,000 pg ml(1)). Failure to obtain a heat shock response to CEES may contribute to the susceptibility of tissue to the alkylating agent. Consistent and marked responses of cellular and extracellular IL-1Ra to CEES suggest a potential for use as a tissue status marker and primary antiinflammatory regulator in skin. Bibliographic Information Correlation of a specific mitochondrial phospholipid-phosgene adduct with chloroform acute toxicity. Di Consiglio E; De Angelis G; Testai E; Vittozzi L Biochemical Toxicology Unit, Department of Comparative Toxicology and Ecotoxicology, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161, Rome, Italy Toxicology (2001 Feb 21), 159(1-2), 43-53. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11250054 AN 2001195862 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The dose and time dependence of formation of a specific adduct between mitochondrial phospholipid and phosgene have been determined in the liver of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats as well as in the liver and kidney of B6C3F1 mice after dosing with chloroform. Rats were induced with phenobarbital or non-induced. Determination of tissue glutathione (GSH) and of serum markers of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity was also carried out. With dose-dependence experiments, a strong correlation between the formation of the specific phospholipid adduct, GSH depletion and organ toxicity could be evidenced in all the organs studied. With non-induced SD rats, no such effects could be induced up to a dose of 740 mg/kg. Time-course studies with B6C3F1 mice indicated that the specific adduct formation took place at very early times after chloroform dosing and was concurrent with GSH depletion. The adduct formed during even transient GSH depletion (residual level: 30% of control) and persisted after restoration of GSH levels. Following a chloroform dose at the hepatotoxicity threshold (150 mg/kg), the

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elimination of the adduct in the liver occurred within 24 h and correlated with the recovery of ALT, which was slightly increased (12 times) after treatment. Following a moderately nephrotoxic dose (60 mg/kg), the renal adduct persisted longer than 48 h, when a 100% increase in blood urea nitrogen and a 40% increase in serum creatinine indicated the onset of organ damage. The formation of the adduct in the liver mitochondria of B6C3F1 mice was associated with the decrease of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), in line with previous results in rat liver indicating that the adduct results from the reaction of phosgene with PE. The adduct levels implicated the reaction of phosgene with about 50% PE molecules in the liver mitochondrial membrane of phenobarbital-induced SD rats and of about 10% PE molecules of the inner mitochondrial membrane of the liver of B6C3F1 mice. The association of this adduct with the toxic effects of chloroform makes it a very good candidate as the primary critical alteration in the sequence of events leading to cell death caused by chloroform. Bibliographic Information The influence of anticholinergic drug selection on the efficacy of antidotal treatment of soman-poisoned rats. Kassa J; Fusek J Purkyne Military Medical Academy, PO Box 35/T, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic. [email protected] Toxicology (2000 Nov 23), 154(1-3), 67-73. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11118671 AN 2001083637 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The influence of some anticholinergic drugs (atropine, benactyzine, biperiden, scopolamine) on the efficacy of antidotal treatment to eliminate soman (O-pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate)-induced disturbance of respiration and circulation and to protect experimental animals poisoned with supralethal dose of soman (1.5 x LD(50)) was investigated in a rat model with on-line monitoring of respiratory and circulatory parameters. While the oxime HI-6 in combination with atropine prevented soman-induced changes in monitored physiological parameters insufficiently and very shortly, the combination of HI-6 with benactyzine or biperiden is able to prevent soman-induced alteration of respiration and circulation much more longer. Nevertheless, only rats treated with HI-6 in combination with scopolamine were fully protected against the lethal toxic effects of soman within 2 h following soman challenge. Our findings confirm that anticholinergic drugs with the strong central antimuscarinic activity, such as benactyzine, biperiden and especially scopolamine, seem to be more effective adjuncts to HI-6 treatment of severe acute soman-induced poisoning than atropine.

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Bibliographic Information Development of multifunctional perfluorinated polymer blends as an active barrier cream against chemical warfare agents. Hobson, Stephen T.; Braue, Ernest H., Jr. Drug Assessment Div., U.S. Army Medical Research Institute for Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering (2001), 84 80-81. CODEN: PMSEDG ISSN: 0743-0515. Journal written in English. CAN 138:363990 AN 2003:381106 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chem. warfare agents (CWA's) represent a real and growing threat both to U.S. armed forces as well as to civilians. Within the last three decades, chem. weapons have been used by the Soviets in Cambodia (yellow rain, tricothecene mycotoxins), by Iraq against Iran (HD and tabun), and by Iraq against its own dissident Kurdish population at Halabja (H-ID HCN0). In the United States' experience in World War I, almost one-third of hospitalized casualties were a result of CWA's. Furthermore, the 1000 casualties and 12 deaths resulting from the 1995 terrorist use of sarin (GB) in Tokyo show that civilians have also become targets. In this paper we focus on protection against two classes of CWA's: nerve agents (soman, GD) and blister agents (sulfur mustard, HD). Protection against these agents in the United States Army consists of a chem. resistant outer layer of clothing (BDO) and protective mask (M40). This scheme of protection allows operation in a chem. contaminated area but results in decreased performance and increased heat retention. We have investigated a material that serves as a phys. barrier to CWA's and contains an active moiety to neutralize hazardous chems. This Active Topical Skin Protectant (aTSP) would be used in conjunction with other protective procedures. Herein we report the prepn., characterization, and evaluation of aTSP's. Bibliographic Information Molecularly imprinted polymers for the detection of chemical agents in water. Jenkins, Amanda L.; Yin, Ray; Jensen, Janet L.; Durst, H. Dupont. US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering (2001), 84 76-77. CODEN: PMSEDG ISSN: 0743-0515. Journal written in English. CAN 138:343335 AN 2003:381101 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Molecularly imprinted polymers contg. Eu3+ were prepd. using a no. of pesticides and pinacolyl methylphosphonate (hydrolysis product of the nerve agent Soman), and sensors were fabricated by coating the polymers on optical fibers. The sensors were characterized in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, response time, adaptability, and portability; they provided detection limits in the low parts per trillion. Bibliographic Information Synthesis of carbon-coated MgO nanoparticles. Bedilo, Alexander F.; Sigel, M. Jake; Koper, Olga B.; Melgunov, Maxim S.; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA. Journal of Materials Chemistry (2002), 12(12), 3599-3604. CODEN: JMACEP ISSN: 0959-9428. Journal written in English. CAN 138:174329 AN 2002:910661 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Carbon-coated MgO nanoparticles, with carbon forming a porous coating on the surface of MgO nanoparticles, have been prepd. by two different techniques. Resorcinol has been found to be an efficient agent for the modification of magnesium methoxide leading to carbon-coated MgO nanocrystals of small crystallite size and high surface area. Decompn. of dry magnesium methoxide under an inert gas flow proved to be another efficient and economical way to synthesize carbon-coated MgO. The carbon coating acts as a hydrophobic barrier partially protecting the core metal oxide from water adsorption and conversion to magnesium hydroxide. However, destructive adsorption reactions can still proceed on the metal oxide surface, as evidenced by the dehydrochlorination of 2-chloroethyl Et sulfide (2-CEES) and 1-chlorobutane. The overall stability of the material in the presence of water vapor is significantly improved in comparison with non-coated nanocryst. MgO. Bibliographic Information Micellar Effects on Hypochlorite Catalyzed Decontamination of Toxic Phosphorus Esters. Dubey, D. K.; Gupta, A. K.; Sharma,

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Mamta; Prabha, S.; Vaidyanathaswamy, R. Defence R and D Establishment, Gwalior, India. Langmuir (2002), 18(26), 1048910492. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 138:94789 AN 2002:866089 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract At pH 8.5, the surfactant N,N,N-trimethyl-1-hexadecanaminium bromide (I) increased the pseudo-first-order rate consts. of hypochlorite-catalyzed hydrolysis of the sarin model compd. p-nitrophenyl di-Ph phosphate by 300 times and that of the toxic p-nitrophenyl iso-Pr methylphosphonate by 20 times, and the nerve agent sarin itself was completely decontaminated within 10 min at a sarin-hypochlorite ratio of 20:1 in a micellar I-hypochlorite mixt. In the absence of surfactant , it takes >70 min to detoxify sarin, even at a 10 times higher concn. of hypochlorite. Bibliographic Information A Comparative Study of the Adsorption of Chloro- and Non-Chloro-Containing Organophosphorus Compounds on WO3. Kanan, Sofian M.; Lu, Zhixiang; Tripp, Carl P. Laboratory for Surface Science Technology and Department of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA. Journal of Physical Chemistry B (2002), 106(37), 9576-9580. CODEN: JPCBFK ISSN: 1520-6106. Journal written in English. CAN 137:253624 AN 2002:620746 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The adsorption of di-Me methylphosphonate (DMMP), tri-Me phosphate (TMP), and methyldichlorophosphate (MDCP) on monoclinic tungsten oxide (m-WO3) evacuated at various temps. was investigated using IR spectroscopy. DMMP is the most common mol. used for evaluating the performance of WO3 and other semiconducting metal oxide (SMO)-based sensors to phosphonate-based nerve agents. However, toxic nerve agents such as sarin differ from DMMP in that they contain a functional group (P-F in sarin) that can be readily hydrolyzed. It is shown that the adsorption of organophosphates that contain P-Cl groups differs from nonhalogenated simulants such as DMMP and TMP on WO3 surfaces. Specifically, the non-chlorinated simulants DMMP and TMP adsorb on the surface solely through the P:O functionality with the surface water layer as well as the Lewis and Bronsted acid sites. The relative no. of mols. bound on Lewis and Bronsted acid surface sites depends on the initial evacuation temp. of the WO3 surface. When MDCP adsorbs on WO3 through the P:O bond, it is accompanied by the hydrolysis of P-Cl groups by water vapor or the adsorbed water layer leading to addnl. phosphate-like species on the surface. The IR data suggests that a halogenated phosphate like MDCP is a better simulant mol. for studies aimed at understanding the role of water and hydrolysis in the response of metal oxide-based sensors to nerve agents. Bibliographic Information Protection from half-mustard-gas-induced acute lung injury in the rat. McClintock, Shannon D.; Till, Gerd O.; Smith, Milton G.; Ward, Peter A. Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2002), 22(4), 257-262. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 137:151235 AN 2002:596130 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The chem. warfare agent analog, 2-chloroethyl Et sulfide, known as half-mustard gas (HMG), is less toxic and less of an environmental hazard than the full mol. and has been shown to produce an acute lung injury in rats when instilled via intrapulmonary injection. This injury is characterized by massive, localized hemorrhage and edema into the alveolar compartment and can be quantitated by measuring extravasation of 125I-bovine serum albumin into the extravascular compartment. Employing this rat model of HMG-induced lung injury, the authors obsd. significant attenuation of the pulmonary injury when exptl. animals were complement- or neutrophil-depleted prior to HMG challenge. Significant protection also was provided by the use of antioxidants such as catalase, DMSO, dimethylthiourea, Resveratrol, and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). The last compd. showed protection from lung injury as high as 70% and was still effective even when given up to 90 min after exposure of the lungs to HMG. These data suggest that acute lung injury caused by exposure to HMG may be related partially to complement-mediated pathways and the generation by neutrophils of toxic oxygen species. The data indicate that NAC is an effective antidote against HMG-induced acute lung injury in the rat. Bibliographic Information Oxidative decontamination of chemical and biological warfare agents using L-Gel. Raber, Ellen; McGuire, Raymond. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Environment Protection Department, University of California, Livermore, CA, USA. Journal of Hazardous Materials (2002), 93(3), 339-352. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 137:374412 AN 2002:558690 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A decontamination method was developed using a single reagent that is effective both against chem. warfare (CW) and biol. warfare (BW) agents. The new reagent, L-Gel, consists of an aq. soln. of a mild com. oxidizer, Oxone, together with a com. fumed silica gelling agent, Cab-O-Sil EH 5. L-Gel is non-toxic, environmentally friendly, relatively non-corrosive, maximizes contact time because of its thixotropic nature, clings to walls and ceilings, and does not harm carpets or painted surfaces. This reagent also addresses the most demanding requirements for decontamination in the civilian sector, including availability, low maintenance, ease of application and deployment by a variety of dispersal mechanisms, minimal training and acceptable expense. Expts. to test the effectiveness of L-Gel were conducted at Lawrence Livermore National Lab. and independently at 4 other locations. L-Gel was tested against all classes of chem. warfare agents and against various biol. warfare agent surrogates, including spore-forming bacteria and non-virulent strains of real biol. agents. Testing showed that L-Gel is as effective against chem. agents and biol. materials, including spores, as the best military decontaminants. Bibliographic Information Synthesis, Characterization, and Adsorption Studies of Nanocrystalline Aluminum Oxide and a Bimetallic Nanocrystalline Aluminum Oxide/Magnesium Oxide. Carnes, Corrie L.; Kapoor, Pramesh N.; Klabunde, Kenneth J.; Bonevich, John. Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA. Chemistry of Materials (2002), 14(7), 2922-2929. CODEN: CMATEX ISSN: 0897-4756. Journal written in English. CAN 137:128541 AN 2002:469813 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Nanocrystals of Al2O3 and Al2O3/MgO have been produced by a modified aerogel synthesis involving the corresponding aluminum tri-tert-butoxide, magnesium methoxide, toluene, methanol, ethanol, and water. The resulting oxides are in the form of powders having crystallites of .ltorsim.2 nm. These crystallites have been studied by TEM and BET methods, and were found to possess high surface areas and pore vols. (800 m2/g for Al2O3 and 790 m2/g for Al2O3/MgO, compared to 450 m2/ g for MgO). As seen with other metal oxides, once they are produced as nanoparticles, their reactivity is greatly enhanced on a

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per unit surface area basis. This is thought to be due to morphol. differences, whereas larger crystallites have only a small percentage of reactive sites on the surface, smaller crystallites possess much higher surface concn. of such sites per unit surface area. Elemental anal., X-ray diffraction, and IR spectroscopy have been used to characterize these nanoparticles, and reactions with CCl4, SO2, and Paraoxon have demonstrated significantly enhanced reactivity and/or capacity compared with common com. forms of the oxide powders. A significant feature is that, by a cogellation synthesis, Al2O3 and MgO have been intermingled, which engenders enhanced reactivity/capacity over the pure forms of nanoscale Al2O3 or MgO toward a chem. warfare surrogate (Paraoxon) and an acid gas (SO2). This serves as an example where tailored synthesis of a nanostructured formulation can yield special benefits. Bibliographic Information Nanocrystalline metal oxides as destructive adsorbents for organophosphorus compounds at ambient temperatures. Rajagopalan, Shyamala; Koper, Olga; Decker, Shawn; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Nanoscale Materials, Inc., Manhattan, KS, USA. Chemistry--A European Journal (2002), 8(11), 2602-2607. CODEN: CEUJED ISSN: 0947-6539. Journal written in English. CAN 137:191092 AN 2002:451335 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Nanocrystals of magnesium oxide react with organophosphorus compds. at room temp. by dissociative chemisorption, which we term "destructive adsorption". This process involves cleavage of P-O and P-F bonds (but not P-C bonds) and immobilization of the resultant mol. fragments. These ultrafine powders have unusual cryst. shapes and possess high surface concns. of reactive edge/corner and defect sites, and thereby display higher surface reactivity, normalized for surface area, than typical polycryst. material. This high surface reactivity coupled with high surface area allows their use for effective decontamination of chem. warfare agents and related toxic substances. Herein data is presented for paraoxon, diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), and (CH3CH2O)2P(O)CH2SC6H5 (DEPTMP). Solid-state NMR and IR spectroscopy indicate that all OR and F groups dissoc.; this leaves bound -PO4% 2C -F, and -OR groups for paraoxon, DFP, and DEPTMP, resp. For paraoxon, it was shown that one monolayer reacts. For DEPTMP, the OR groups dissoc., but not the P-CH2SC6H5 group. The nanocryst. MgO reacts much faster and in higher capacity than typical activated carbon samples, which physisorb but do not destructively adsorb these phosphorous compds. Bibliographic Information Routes of photocatalytic destruction of chemical warfare agent simulants. Vorontsov, Alexandre V.; Davydov, Lev; Reddy, Ettireddy P.; Lion, Claude; Savinov, Eugenii N.; Smirniotis, Panagiotis G. Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Novosibirsk, Russia. New Journal of Chemistry (2002), 26(6), 732-744. CODEN: NJCHE5 ISSN: 1144-0546. Journal written in English. CAN 137:236738 AN 2002:427511 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Selected imitants of chem. warfare agents such as di-Me methylphosphonate (DMMP), di-Et phosphoramidate (DEPA), pinacolyl methylphosphonate (PMP), and butylaminoethanethiol (BAET) were subjected to photocatalytic and sonophotocatalytic treatment in aq. suspensions of TiO2. Complete conversion of the same mass of imitants to inorg. products was obtained within 600 min for DMMP, DEPA, PMP, but required a longer time for BAET. Sonolysis accelerated photodegrdn. of DMMP. No degrdn. was obsd. without UV illumination. Final products of degrdn. were PO43-, CO2 for DMMP and PMP, PO43-, NO3- (25%), NH4+ (75%), CO2 for DEPA, and SO42-, NH4+, CO2 for BAET. The no. of main detected intermediate products increases in the order DMMP (7), DEPA (9), PMP (21), and exceeds 34 for BAET. Degrdn. of DMMP mainly proceeds through consecutive oxidn. of methoxy groups and then the Me group. Di-Me hydroxymethylphosphonate and dimethylphosphate testify to the parallel oxidn. of the Me group. Destruction of DEPA mainly starts with cleavage of the P-NH2 bond to form di-Et phosphate, which transforms further into Et phosphate. Oxidn. of and carbons of ethoxy groups to form ethylphosphonoamidate, hydroxyethyl ethylphosphonoamidate and other products also contributes to the destruction. Photocatalytic degrdn. of PMP mainly starts with oxidn. of the pinacolyl fragment, methylphosphonic acid and acetone being the major products. Oxidn. of BAET begins with dark dimerization to disulfide, which undergoes oxidn. of sulfur forming sulfinic and sulfonic acids as well as oxidn. of carbons to form butanal, aminobutane, etc., and cyclic products such as 2-propylthiazole. A scheme of degrdn. was proposed for DMMP and DEPA, and starting routes for PMP and BAET. Quantum efficiencies of complete mineralization calcd. as reaction rate to photon flux ratio approx. 10-3%. Bibliographic Information Solvent Effects on the Heterogeneous Adsorption and Reactions of (2-Chloroethyl) ethyl Sulfide on Nanocrystalline Magnesium Oxide. Narske, Richard M.; Klabunde, Kenneth J.; Fultz, Shawn. Department of Chemistry, Augustana College, Rock Island, IL, USA. Langmuir (2002), 18(12), 4819-4825. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 137:62952 AN 2002:360518 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The noncatalytic destructive adsorption of (2-chloroethyl) Et sulfide (2-CEES), a mimic of bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide (HD or Mustard Gas), on nanocryst. Mg oxide (AP-MgO) was studied in several solvents from pentane to methanol. The decompn. products formed in these reactions were vinyl Et sulfide and (2-hydroxyethyl) Et sulfide. Reactions in pentane allowed the highest reaction rates, while THF and methanol gave results quite different from those for the hydrocarbon solvent. Reactions in methanol yielded (methoxyethyl) Et sulfide and not the vinyl Et sulfide and (2-hydroxyethyl) Et sulfide compds. These studies showed that the MgO-2-CEES reaction chem. is significantly affected by the solvent present and can be enhanced by choice of solvent and the addn. of small amts. of water. Interestingly, the least polar, least reactive solvent (pentane) allowed the most rapid 2-CEES reactions, indicating that the solvent simply aided material transfer to the reactive surface sites without blocking these sites. Rate changes upon water addn., coupled with FTIR studies, indicate that isolated surface OH groups are important reactive sites. These results indicate that the use of certain inert solvents greatly aids material transfer, and thereby the reaction rates of the sorbent with the toxin are significantly enhanced. Bibliographic Information Adsorption and Reaction of Diethyl Sulfide on Active Carbons with and without Impregnants under Static Conditions. Prasad, G. K.; Singh, Beer; Saradhi, U. V. R.; Suryanarayana, M. V. S.; Pandey, D. Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. Langmuir (2002), 18(11), 4300-4306. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 137:52819 AN 2002:306380 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Active carbons of different grades with and without impregnants were studied for the adsorption of di-Et sulfide (DES), the simulant of S mustard, under static conditions at 36 1 . Kinetics of the adsorption were studied using linear driving force (LDF) and the Fickian diffusion model. The kinetic parameters such as equilibration time, equilibration capacity, equilibration const., diffusional exponent, and adsorbate-adsorbent interaction const. (K) were detd. The diffusional exponent (n), being

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<0.5, indicated a Fickian mode of diffusion of DES in the studied C. Chem. interaction also seemed to be the 2nd mechanism (although minor) involved in the DES uptake rate (the 1st being simple Fickian diffusion). The adsorbate-adsorbent interaction const. did not vary significantly indicating that probably DES chem. interacts to a small extent with the metal salts present on the surface of active C as impregnants. However, the characterization of reaction products, after extn. in CH2Cl2, using GC/MS indicated that the system CrO3/NaOH/C (C impregnated with Cr(VI) plus NaOH) only reacted with DES to give di-Et sulfone. Bibliographic Information An improved brain slice model of nerve agent-induced seizure activity. Wood, Sebastien J.; Tattersall, John E. H. Biomedical Sciences Department, CBD Porton Down, Salisbury, UK. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S83-S86. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:290254 AN 2002:246280 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A brain slice model was developed to investigate the mechanisms of seizure activity induced by soman and the effectiveness of potential anticonvulsant drugs. Unlike previously reported slice studies with nerve agents, this model contains the entorhinal cortex as well as the hippocampus. This allows the study of the spread of seizure discharges within the limbic system and the development of prolonged, sustained discharges that are rarely seen in the simple hippocampal slice prepn. Soman (1 M) induced a second population spike in the evoked field potential in the CA1 or CA3 region within 15-20 min. In almost all the slices tested, this developed into spontaneous seizure activity within 30-40 min. As well as interictal bursts, many slices also showed longer periods of high-frequency bursting analogous to ictal seizure activity that originated in the entorhinal cortex. This activity appeared similar to that induced by the muscarinic agonist pilocarpine. Both the second population spike and the spontaneous discharges could be blocked by diazepam and by AMPA/kainate antagonists but not by the NMDA antagonists AP5 and MK-801. This study confirms that the combined hippocampal-entorhinal cortex slice prepn. is a suitable model for investigating the origin and propagation of nerve agent-induced seizures within the limbic system. Bibliographic Information The NMDA receptor ion channel: a site for binding of huperzine A. Gordon, Richard K.; Nigam, Savita V.; Weitz, Julie A.; Dave, Jitendra R.; Doctor, Bhupendra P.; Ved, Haresh S. Division of Biochemistry, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S47-S51. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:397222 AN 2002:246274 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Huperzine A (HUP-A), first isolated from the Chinese club moss Huperzia serrata, is a potent, reversible and selective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) over butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) (Life Sci. 54: 991-997). Because HUP-A has been shown to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, is more stable than the carbamates used as pretreatments for organophosphate poisoning (OP) and the HUP-A:AChE complex has a longer half-life than other prophylactic sequestering agents, HUP-A has been proposed as a pretreatment drug for nerve agent toxicity by protecting AChE from irreversible OP-induced phosphonylation. More recently (NeuroReport 8: 963-968), pretreatment of embryonic neuronal cultures with HUP-A reduced glutamate-induced cell death and also decreased glutamate-induced calcium mobilization. These results suggest that HUP-A might interfere with and be beneficial for excitatory amino acid overstimulation, such as seen in ischemia, where persistent elevation of internal calcium levels by activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate subtype receptor is found. The authors have now investigated the interaction of HUP-A with glutamate receptors. Freshly frozen cortex or synaptic plasma membranes were used, providing 60-90% specific radioligand binding. Huperzine A ( 100 M) had no effect on the binding of [3H]glutamate (low- and high-affinity glutamate sites), [3H]MDL 105,519 (NMDA glycine regulatory site), [3H]ifenprodil (NMDA polyamine site) or [3H]CGS 19755 (NMDA antagonist). In contrast with these results, HUP-A non-competitively (Hill slope < 1) inhibited [3H]MK-801 and [3H]TCP binding (co-located NMDA ion channel PCP site) with pseudo Ki .apprx. 6 M. Furthermore, when neuronal cultures were pretreated with HUP-A for 45 min prior to NMDA exposure, HUP-A dose-dependently inhibited the NMDAinduced toxicity. Although HUP-A has been implicated to interact with cholinergic receptors, it was without effect at 100 M on muscarinic (measured by inhibition of [3H]QNB or [3H]NMS binding) or nicotinic [3H]epibatidine binding) receptors; also, HUP-A did not perturb adenosine receptor binding [3H]PIA or [3H]NECA). Therefore, HUP-A most likely attenuates excitatory amino acid toxicity by blocking the NMDA ion channel and subsequent Ca2+ mobilization at or near the PCP and MK-801 ligand sites. Thus, on the one hand, HUP-A could be used as a pretreatment against OPs and it might also be a valuable therapeutic intervention in a variety of acute and chronic disorders by protecting against overstimulation of the excitatory amino acid pathway. By blocking NMDA ion channels without psychotomimetic side-effects, HUP-A may protect against diverse neurodegenerative states obsd. during ischemia or Alzheimer's disease. Bibliographic Information Army medical laboratory telemedicine: role of mass spectrometry in telediagnosis for chemical and biological defense. Smith, J. Richard; Shih, Ming L.; Price, Elvis O.; Platoff, Gennady E.; Schlager, John J. Pharmacology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S35-S41. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:365032 AN 2002:246272 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract An army medical field lab. presently has the capability of performing std. protocols developed at the US Army Medical Research Institute of Chem. Defense for verification of nerve agent or sulfur mustard exposure. The protocols analyze hydrolysis products of chem. warfare agents using gas chromatog./mass spectrometry. Addnl., chem. warfare agents can produce alkylated or phosphorylated proteins following human exposure that have long biol. half-lives and can be used as diagnostic biomarkers of chem. agent exposure. An anal. technique known as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) currently is being examd. for its potential to analyze these biomarkers. The technique is capable of detecting large biomols. and modifications made to them. Its fast anal. time makes MALDI-TOF/MS technol. suitable for screening casualties from chem. or biol. attacks. Basic operation requires minimal training and the instrument has the potential to become field-portable. The limitation of the technique is that the generated data may require considerable expertise from knowledgeable personnel for consultation to ensure correct interpretation. The interaction between research scientists and field personnel in the acquisition of data and its interpretation via advanced digital telecommunication technologies can enhance rapid diagnosis and subsequently improve patient care in remote areas. Bibliographic Information Analysis of the degradation compounds of chemical warfare agents using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Smith, J. Richard; Shih, Ming L. Pharmacology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S27-S34. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:365031 AN 2002:246271 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Abstract The anal. of the degrdn. products of chem. warfare (CW) agents has been a challenge to analysts. The low volatility of these compds. makes them unsuitable for direct gas chromatog. anal. without prior derivatization. Lack of a chromophore causes difficulties with classic detection methods after liq. chromatog. sepn. With the recent development of various interfaces that allow for the introduction of a liq. solvent stream into the mass spectrometer, the task of directly analyzing these compds. has become easier. For this report, the authors examd. three different liq. chromatog./mass spectrometry (LC/MS) interfaces for their suitability for the anal. of CW degrdn. compds. The interface types examd. were particle beam electron impact ionization (PBI), electrospray ionization (ESI) and atm. pressure chem. ionization (APCI). Several alkylphosphonates and thiodiglycol analogs that are produced from the degrdn. of organophosphorus nerve agents and sulfur mustard, resp., were analyzed using each of the three techniques. Electron impact ionization following gas chromatog. or particle beam introduction typically generates very reproducible, library-searchable mass spectra. Most of the CW breakdown compds. examd. using the PBI interface did not produce a mol. ion. Despite the lack of a mol. ion, the mass spectra of the various compds. contained enough different structural information from fragment ions for the pos. identification of each. The mass spectra generated using ESI are generally limited to protonated mol. ions with little or no fragmentation. For pos. identification and confirmation, tandem mass spectrometry techniques quite often must be used. Many of the compds. in this study were characterized by prominent sodiated adducts along with the protonated mol. ion. Methylphosphonic acid produced protonated dimers, trimers, etc. Although the various adduct ions can be used for addnl. confirmation of the mol. wt. of a compd., the adducts also can result in suppression of ionization of the compd. and thus reduce sensitivity. Another "soft" ionization technique that results in abundant protonated mol. ions is APCI. The mass spectra of the breakdown compds. produced using APCI were characterized generally by either a prominent protonated mol. ion or a dehydrated form of it. In addn., a no. of structurally significant fragment ions were obsd. and their relative abundances could be adjusted by altering the APCI conditions. The data presented here indicate that each of the three techniques can be used successfully for direct liq. introduction and anal. of the non-volatile compds. produced from the degrdn. of CW agents. The mass spectra produced using each technique are quite different and could be utilized as addnl. confirmation of compd. identity. Bibliographic Information Development of an immunoassay for diagnosis of exposure to toxic organophosphorus compounds. Miller, Jennifer K.; Lenz, David E. Department of OCBS, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S23-S26. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:336395 AN 2002:246270 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Currently, diagnosis of exposure to toxic low-mol.-wt. compds. is effected by the use of chromatog. techniques. Such an approach is limited by the need for expensive equipment and sample clean-up before carrying out the anal. To overcome those drawbacks, the authors were involved in the development of an immunoassay for diagnosis of exposure to toxic organophosphorus compds. such as pinacolylmethyl phosphonofluoridate (soman), which is a chem. warfare agent. Prior ests. suggested that it is necessary to be able to detect soman at a concn. below 2.5 10-7 M. Using four previously developed monoclonal antibodies, an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) was used to optimize assay conditions and identify the antibody with the highest apparent affinity. The min. required assay time was 2.0-2.5 h with no loss in sensitivity. To det. the specificity of the highest affinity antibody, a competitive inhibition enzyme immunoassay (CIEIA) was performed with six structural analogs of soman. The IC50 values for these analogs were 5 10-7 M for 4nitrophenylpinacolylmethylphosphonate, 8 10-7 M for dipinacolylmethylphosphonate, 2 10-6 M for diisopropylmethylphosphonate, 3 10-5 M for 4-nitrophenylmethyl(phenylphosphinate) and 6.5 10-5 M for 4nitrophenylethyl(phenyl)phosphinate. 4-Nitrophenyl-di(n-butyl)phosphinate did not inhibit binding. Those inhibitors with branched alkyl side-chains, similar to the soman mol., were effective inhibitors. Compds., which contained predominately arom. groups, were poor inhibitors. We are continuing to probe the binding specificity of the monoclonal antibody to det. its utility in further assay development. Our present results suggest that the antibody chosen may have the appropriate specificity and affinity for immunodiagnosis of exposure to soman. Bibliographic Information The active site of human paraoxonase (PON1). Josse, Denis; Lockridge, Oksana; Xie, Weihua; Bartels, Cynthia F.; Schopfer, Lawrence M.; Masson, Patrick. Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S7-S11. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:365079 AN 2002:246267 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Ideally the authors would like to treat people exposed to nerve agents with an enzyme that rapidly destroys nerve agents. The enzymes considered for such a role include human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterase and paraoxonase (PON1). Success has been achieved in endowing BChE with the ability to hydrolyze organophosphates. The G117H mutant of BCHE hydrolyzes sarin and VX, whereas the double mutant G117H/E197Q hydrolyzes soman. However, the rates of organophosphate hydrolysis are slow and a faster organophosphate hydrolase is being sought. Native PON1 hydrolyzes paraoxon with a catalytic efficiency, of 2.4 106 M-1 min-1, and our goal is to improve the organophosphate hydrolase activity of PON1. To achieve this we need to identify the amino acids in the active site of PON1. Using site-directed mutagenesis and expression in human 293T cells, the authors have identified the following eight amino acids as being essential to PON1 activity: W280, H114, H133, H154, H242, H284, E52 and D53. Fluorescence of PON1 complexed to terbium ion shows that at least one tryptophan is close to the calcium binding site. Bibliographic Information Comparison of the hydrolytic stability of S-(N,N-diethylaminoethyl) isobutyl methylphosphonothiolate with VX in dilute solution. Crenshaw, M. D.; Hayes, T. L.; Miller, T. L.; Shannon, C. M. Medical Research and Evaluation Facility, Battelle Memorial Institute, JM-3, Columbus, OH, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S3-S6. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:365078 AN 2002:246266 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The stability of S-(N,N-diethylaminoethyl) iso-Bu methylphosphonothiolate-a V-type nerve agent developed by the former Soviet Union-in the environment is an important parameter in threat assessment anal. and for the detn. of use, prodn., testing and storage of this chem. warfare agent. S-(N,N-Diethylaminoethyl) iso-Bu methylphosphonothiolate is a structural isomer of the nerve agent VX developed by the USA and the UK and will be referred to as VXA (VX analog) in this presentation. Because VXA and VX differ structurally, even though they do have the same mol. formula, it is expected that their phys. and chem. properties would be different. This preliminary investigation was undertaken to det. the relative hydrolysis rate of VXA compared with VX. The hydrolysis of each compd. at approx. 1 mg ml-1 in unbuffered water at pH 7 was detd. side-by-side.

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The half-lives for VXA and VX were detd. to be 12.4 days and 4.78 days, resp. Agent VXA hydrolyzed 2.6 times more slowly than VX, and each agent followed second-order hydrolysis kinetics. These results imply that VXA is more persistent in the environment and therefore poses a greater threat. These results also imply that VXA is more likely to be detected, if present, during an inspection in support of the Chem. Weapons Convention. Bibliographic Information Synthesis of high surface area monoclinic WO3 particles using organic ligands and emulsion based methods. Lu, Zhixiang; Kanan, Sofian M.; Tripp, Carl P. Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology (LASST), University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA. Journal of Materials Chemistry (2002), 12(4), 983-989. CODEN: JMACEP ISSN: 0959-9428. Journal written in English. CAN 136:389533 AN 2002:226497 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Several synthetic approaches have been used to obtain nano-sized monoclinic WO3 (m-WO3) powders. All of these methods begin with a std. preparative method where H2WO4 is first generated by passing a Na2WO4 soln. through a cation-exchange resin. It is shown that high surface area particles are produced by dripping the H2WO4 exiting from the ion-exchange column into a soln. contg. oxalate and acetate exchange ligands or alternatively, into a water-in-oil (w/o) based emulsion. In comparison to com. WO3 powders, the surface area of the m-WO3 powders were higher by factors of 10 and 20 times when prepd. in the presence of acetate/oxalate chelating agents and w/o emulsions, resp. The much higher surface areas enable IR spectroscopic identification of surface sites along with detection and monitoring of gaseous reactions and adsorbed species on the surface of this metal oxide. This is demonstrated with the adsorption of a nerve agent simulant, di-Me Me phosphonate. In general, little is known about the reactions of gaseous mols. on m-WO3 surfaces and the fabrication of high surface area m-WO3 particles will aid in gaining an understanding of the chem. processes occurring in WO3 based sensors. Bibliographic Information Prefiltering Strategies for Metal Oxide Based Sensors: The Use of Chemical Displacers to Selectively Dislodge Adsorbed Organophosphonates from Silica Surfaces. Kanan, Sofian M.; Tripp, Carl P. Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology (LASST) and Department of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA. Langmuir (2002), 18(3), 722-728. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 136:173252 AN 2002:22837 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract IR spectroscopy is used to monitor the competitive adsorption/desorption behavior of the nerve gas simulants, di-Me methylphosphonate (DMMP), tri-Me phosphate (TMP), Me dichlorophosphate (MDCP), and trichlorophosphate (TCP) on SiO2. All 4 compds. molecularly adsorb via hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) with the surface hydroxyl groups. The adsorption strength depends on 2 factors: the specific functional group H-bonded to the surface hydroxyl groups and the no. of such bonds per mol. The phosphonates are molecularly displaced from the SiO2 surface by chem. displacers. By judiciously selecting chem. displacers as dictated by the 2 factors, (i.e., type and no. of functional groups H-bonded to the surface silanols) it is possible to selectively and sequentially dislodge each of the 4 phosphonate compds. adsorbed on SiO2. Specifically, the relative adsorption strength of the phosphonate compds. and the chem. displacers (labeled A-C) follows the order: TCP < MDCP < A < DMMP < B < TMP < C, where A = NEt3 (TEA), B = 2-pyridyl MeCN (2-PyAN), and C= ethylenediamine (EDA). AM1 semiempirical calcns. show that the toxic nerve agent, sarin, would position itself between MDCP and DMMP in the above order. The implications of using chem. displacers in filtering applications with metal oxide based sensors are discussed. Bibliographic Information New -phthalimidoperoxyalkanoic acids in decontamination. Destruction of some toxic organophosphorus and organosulfur pollutants. Lion, Claude; Da Conceicao, Louis; Delmas, Gerard; Magnaud, Gilbert. Institut de Topologie et de Dynamique des Systemes, Universite de Paris 7, Paris, Fr. New Journal of Chemistry (2001), 25(9), 1182-1184. CODEN: NJCHE5 ISSN: 11440546. Journal written in English. CAN 136:90120 AN 2001:726141 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chem. decontamination of toxic compds. (chem. warfare agents and/or insecticides) is of increasing importance. We report the use of -phthalimidoperoxyalkanoic acids in the destruction of paraoxon (di-Et p-nitrophenyl phosphate), a well-known insecticide, and 2-chloro-2'-phenyldiethyl sulfide (a half mustard). We show that while all the peroxy acids used in this series allow the destruction of toxic compds., the length n of the alkanoic side chain is important to the choice of the optimal industrial compd., which is 6-phthalimidoperoxyhexanoic acid (n = 5). Bibliographic Information In vitro skin absorption and decontamination of sulphur mustard: comparison of human and pig ear skin. Chilcott, R. P.; Jenner, J.; Hotchkiss, S. A. M.; Rice, P. Department of Biomedical Sciences, CBD Porton Down, Salisbury, UK. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(4), 279-283. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:191481 AN 2001:616748 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of an in vitro skin diffusion cell system as a model for assessing decontaminants against the chem. warfare agent sulfur mustard (SM). The in vitro absorption rates of SM through heat-sepd. human (157 66 g cm-2 h-1) and pig-ear (411 175 g cm-2 h-1) epidermal membranes were in agreement with previous in vivo studies that quoted skin absorption rates of 150 and 366 g cm-2 h-1, resp. Decontaminants (fuller's earth, Ambergard and BDH spillage granules) were ranked in order of effectiveness by measuring the skin absorption rates and the percentage of applied dose of SM that penetrated human and pig ear epidermal membranes. The effectiveness of fuller's earth measured in this in vitro study using human epidermal membranes was in agreement with a previous in vivo human volunteer study. Similarly, the effectiveness of fuller's earth and Ambergard measured in vitro with pig ear epidermal membranes was in agreement with a previous in vivo study conducted on rats. However, there was complete disparity in the ranking of decontaminants between human and pig ear epidermal membranes measured in vitro. Thus, although pig ear skin may be a relatively good model for predicting the human skin absorption of SM, it is a poor model for testing decontamination systems. The results of this study further validate the use of Franz-type glass diffusion cells contg. human epidermal membranes as a model for predicting in vivo human skin absorption. Bibliographic Information Modelling aerosol processes related to the atmospheric dispersion of sarin. Kukkonen, J.; Riikonen, K.; Nikmo, J.; Jappinen, A.; Nieminen, K. Air Quality Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland. Journal of Hazardous Materials (2001), 85(3), 165-179. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 136:41716 AN 2001:572441

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CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Math. models were developed to evaluate the atm. dispersion of selected chem. warfare agents (CWA), including evapn. and settling of pollutant liq. droplets. The presented models and numerical results may be used to design protection and control measures against the conceivable use of CWA. The model, AERCLOUD (AERosol CLOUD), was extended to treat 2 nerve agents, sarin and VX, and the mustard agent. This model evaluates the thermodn. evolution of a 5-component aerosol mixt., consisting of 2-component droplets together with the surrounding 3-component gas. Numerical computations were performed using this model on the evapn. and settling of airborne sarin droplets in characteristic dispersion and atm. conditions. In particular, the max. radii (rM) of a totally evapg. droplet, in terms of the ambient temp. and pollutant vapor concn., were evaluated. The radii rM were .apprx.15-80 m for sarin droplets for selected ambient conditions and initial heights. Deposition fractions in terms of initial droplet size were also evaluated. Bibliographic Information Oxidation of triphenylarsine to triphenylarsine oxide by Trichoderma harzianum and other fungi. Hofmann, K.; Hammer, E.; Kohler, M.; Bruser, V. URST Umwelt- und Rohstoff-Technologie GmbH Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. Chemosphere (2001), 44(4), 697-700. CODEN: CMSHAF ISSN: 0045-6535. Journal written in English. CAN 135:254254 AN 2001:483254 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Arsenic resistant strains of bacteria and fungi were isolated from soil contaminated by chem. warfare agents. Until now, no metabolic products of microbial attack against the Ph residues of the model substrate triphenylarsine (TP) were found if it was incubated together with these strains in liq. culture assays. However, one of the isolated fungi, Trichoderma harzianum As 11, was found to oxidize TP to triphenylarsine oxide (TPO). The yeast Trichosporon mucoides SBUG 801 and the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium were also able to oxidize the As(III) in TP. In addn., P. chrysosporium transformed phenylarsine oxide (PAO) to phenylarsonic acid (PAA) under O2-atmosphere. By means of a respirometer system, the oxidn. of TP by T. harzianum As 11 was confirmed by a significantly higher consumption of oxygen in the presence of these compds. HPLC anal. of the oxidn. products TPO and PAA in the medium of the assays provided evidence for the transfer reaction of As(III) to As(V) in org. bonds. The oxidn. products TPO and PAA are more hydrophilic than TP and PAO. Therefore, it was concluded that particular fungi contribute to the mobilization of arsenic in soil contaminated by chem. warfare agents. Bibliographic Information Nanocrystalline metal oxides as unique chemical reagents/sorbents. Lucas, Erik; Decker, Shawn; Khaleel, Abbas; Seitz, Adam; Fultz, Shawn; Ponce, Aldo; Li, Weifeng; Carnes, Corrie; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA. Chemistry--A European Journal (2001), 7(12), 2505-2510. CODEN: CEUJED ISSN: 0947-6539. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 135:216336 AN 2001:471452 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review with 29 refs. A new family of porous inorg. solids based on nanocryst. metal oxides is discussed. These materials, made up of 4-7 nm MgO, CaO, Al2O3, ZnO, and others, exhibit unparalleled destructive adsorption properties for acid gases, polar orgs., and even chem./biol. warfare agents. These unique sorption properties are due to nanocrystal shape, polar surfaces, and high surface areas. Free-flowing powders or consolidated pellets are effective, and pore structure can be controlled by consolidation pressures. Chem. properties can be adjusted by choice of metal oxide as well as by incorporating other oxides as monolayer films. Bibliographic Information MALDI-ToF/MS as a diagnostic tool for the confirmation of sulfur mustard exposure. Price, Elvis O.; Smith, J. Richard; Clark, Connie R.; Schlager, John J.; Shih, Ming L. Pharmacology Division, Applied Pharmacology Branch, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S193S197. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:206570 AN 2001:455416 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The continual threat of chem. and biol. warfare has prompted the need for unambiguous anal. methods for the confirmation of agent exposure. In this paper, we have investigated the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF/MS) as a diagnostic tool for this purpose. Mass spectral studies of the interaction of sulfur mustard (bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, HD) with Hb and metallothioneins were conducted. In vitro expts. with purified proteins were performed, using both HD and chloroethylethyl sulfide (CEES), in an effort to det. the extent of alkylation and occurrence of HD crosslinking using the MALDI-ToF/MS technique. In a typical expt., 50 mL of 5 mM HD in acetonitrile was added to an equal vol. of 0.5 mM Hb in deionized water followed by vortexing and incubation at room temp. After 24 h, the samples were analyzed by MALDI-ToF/MS. Mass spectral results indicated the presence of at least two distinct alkylation adducts for both HD and CEES expts. These results demonstrate that MALDI-ToF/MS is a useful anal. technique to investigate the interaction of HD with biomols. and may be employed potentially as a diagnostic tool for the confirmation of exposure to chem. warfare agents. Bibliographic Information A cutaneous full-thickness liquid sulfur mustard burn model in weanling swine: clinical pathology and urinary excretion of thiodiglycol. Graham, John S.; Reid, Frances M.; Smith, J. Richard; Stotts, Richard R.; Tucker, F. Steven; Shumaker, Shawn M.; Niemuth, Nancy A.; Janny, Stephen J. US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S161-S172. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72547 AN 2001:455411 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide, HD) is a well-known blistering chem. warfare agent. We have developed a cutaneous full-thickness HD burn model in weanling pigs for efficacy testing of candidate treatment regimens. This report addresses clin. pathol. findings and the urinary excretion profile of a major HD metabolite (thiodiglycol, TDG) in this model. Six female Yorkshire pigs were exposed to HD liq. on the ventral surface for 2 h, generating six 3-cm diam. full-thickness dermal lesions per pig. Blood samples were collected throughout a 7-day observation period for hematol. and serum chem. examns. Urine was collected in metab. cages. Routine urinalysis was performed and the urine analyzed for TDG using gas chromatog./mass spectrometry. Examn. of clin. pathol. parameters revealed subtle HD-related changes that are suggestive of a mild hemolytic episode. No other signs of clin. significant systemic toxicities were noted, including bone marrow suppression. Thiodiglycol was detected at the earliest time point tested (6-8 h post-exposure) at levels ranging from 0.66 to 4.98 g ml-1 with a mean of

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2.14 g ml-1. Thiodiglycol concns. were the highest for half of the animals at this earliest time point and at 24-48 h for the others. By the evening of day 3, the mean level had reached 50 ng ml-1. Mean levels remained 10-40 ng ml-1 for the remainder of the 7-day observation period, with the highest individual concn. noted during this period of 132 ng ml-1. Our results are in general agreement with the TDG excretion profiles previously described for rodent models and humans. Urinary excretion of absorbed HD in our weanling pig wound healing model appears to follow the same pattern as is seen in other lab. animals models. In general, urinary excretion of TDG appears to peak within the first 1-4 days following exposure, with detectable levels after 1 wk. Relatively high urinary TDG levels may thus indicate agent exposure within the previous 96 h. Low levels significantly above natural background levels may indicate either exposure to low levels of agent or exposure that occurred more than 4 days prior to collection of the sample. Bibliographic Information Systemic administration of candidate antivesicants to protect against topically applied sulfur mustard in the mouse ear vesicant model (MEVM). Babin, M. C.; Ricketts, K.; Skvorak, J. P.; Gazaway, M.; Mitcheltree, L. W.; Casillas, R. P. Drug Assessment and Comparative Medicine Divisions, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S141-S144. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72425 AN 2001:455408 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The mouse ear vesicant model (MEVM) provides a quant. edema response as well as histopathol. and biochem. endpoints as measurements of inflammation and tissue damage following exposure to the chem. warfare agent sulfur mustard (HD). In the MEVM, several topically applied anti-inflammatory agents provided a significant degree of protection against HD-induced edema and dermal-epidermal sepn. This study evaluated the protective effects of three of these pharmacol. compds. when administered systemically in the MEVM. Alzet osmotic pumps were used to deliver an s.c. dose of the appropriate antiinflammatory agent, starting 24 h before exposure to sulfur mustard and continuing until 24 h post-exposure to HD. Twentyfour hours after pump implantation, 5 l of a 195 mM (0.16 mg) soln. of sulfur mustard (d. = 1.27 g ml-1; MW = 159; purity = 97.5%) in methylene chloride was applied to the inner surface of the right ear of each mouse. Sulfur mustard injury in the mouse ear was measured by both edema response (fluid accumulation) and histopathol. damage (necrosis, epidermal-dermal sepn.). The systemic administration of hydrocortisone, indomethacin and olvanil provided a significant redn. in edema (24%, 26% and 22%, resp.) from the pos. control. Compared to HD-pos. controls, hydrocortisone, indomethacin and olvanil caused a significant redn. in subepidermal blisters (71%, 52% and 57%, resp.) whereas only hydrocortisone produced a significant redn. in contralateral epidermal necrosis (41%). The authors show here that these anti-inflammatory drugs are effective when administered systemically in the MEVM. Bibliographic Information N-acetylcysteine and endothelial cell injury by sulfur mustard. Atkins, Kevin B.; Lodhi, Irfan J.; Hurley, Lauren L.; Hinshaw, Daniel B. University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S125S128. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72423 AN 2001:455404 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Understanding the underlying mechanisms of cell injury and death induced by the chem. warfare vesicant sulfur mustard (HD) will be extremely helpful in the development of effective countermeasures to this weapon of terror. We have found recently that HD induces both apoptosis and necrosis in endothelial cells. Pretreatment of the endothelial cells for 20 h with the redoxactive agent N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) selectively prevented apoptotic death induced by HD. In this study, we tested the hypotheses that pretreatment with NAC acts through two different pathways to minimize endothelial injury by HD: NAC pretreatment acts via a glutathione (GSH)-dependent pathway; and NAC pretreatment acts to suppress HD-induced activation of the nuclear transcription factor NF B. We used a fluorescence microscopic assay of apoptotic nuclear features to assess viability and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) to assess the activity of NF B following exposure to HD. The cells were treated with 0-10 mM GSH for 1 h prior to and during exposure to 0 or 500 M HD for 5-6 h. Cells were also treated with 50 mM NAC or 200 M buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of GSH synthesis, alone or in combination overnight prior to exposure to 0 or 500 M HD for 5-6 h. Externally applied GSH up to a concn. of 5 mM had no toxic effect on the cells. Mild toxicity was assocd. with 10 mM GSH alone. There was a dose-related enhancement of viability when 2.5 and 5 mM GSH were present during the HD exposure. Pretreatment with BSO alone had no discernible toxicity. However, pretreatment with this inhibitor of GSH synthesis potentiated the toxicity of HD. Pretreatment with 50 mM NAC, as previously reported, provided substantial protection. Combining pretreatment with both BSO and NAC eliminated the protective effect of NAC pretreatment alone on HD injury. These observations are highly suggestive that NAC enhances endothelial survival via GSH-dependent effects and confirms and extends the work of others with different models that externally supplied GSH alone may be a fairly effective countermeasure against HD injury of endothelium. We next examd. the hypothesis that HD may activate the nuclear transcription factor NF B by performing EMSAs with nuclear exts. of endothelial cells following exposure to 0, 250 or 500 M HD. This demonstrated an up to 2.5-fold increase (scanning densitometry) in activation of NF B binding to its consensus sequence induced by 500 M HD after 5 h of HD exposure. Paradoxically, treatment of the endothelial cells alone with 50 mM NAC activated NF B, although HD-induced activation of NF B was partially suppressed by NAC at 5 h. Factor NF B is an important transcription factor for a no. of cytokine genes (e.g. tumor necrosis factor, TNF), which can be activated following stress in endothelial cells. Taken together, these observations suggest that the protective effects of NAC may be mediated by enhanced GSH synthesis. The increased GSH may act to scavenge HD and also prevent oxidative activation of NF B. Under some conditions, NAC may act as an oxidizing agent and thus increase NF B activity. The NF B-dependent gene expression may be important in inducing endothelial cell death as well as in generating a local inflammatory reaction assocd. with the release of endothelial-derived cytokines. Bibliographic Information Effects of CEES on inflammatory mediators, heat shock protein 70A, histology and ultrastructure in two skin models. Blaha, M.; Bowers, W., Jr.; Kohl, J.; DuBose, D.; Walker, J.; Alkhyyat, A.; Wong, G. US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S101-S108. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72420 AN 2001:455401 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chem. warfare threats require the development of diverse models for the assessment of countermeasures. Human skin products, Skin2 (differentiating keratinocytes on a fibroblast-collagen matrix) and EpiDerm (differentiating keratinocytes) were exposed (2 h) to the sulfur mustard 2-chloroethyl Et sulfide (CEES, 1-2 mg l-1 min-1) in humidified air or to humidified air alone. Tissues were evaluated histol., ultrastructurally and for viability 22 h later; media and tissues were also analyzed for inflammatory mediators. Histol. showed that CEES induced the sepn. of dermal and epidermal regions in Skin2 with severe damage to basal keratinocytes. Histol. and electron microscopy of both products revealed condensation of nuclear chromatin, retraction of spinous processes, collapse of the tonofibrillar network and cytoplasmic vacuolization and blebbing in those cells

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with loss of pseudobasement membrane integrity. Exposure of Skin2 to CEES increased extracellular interleukin-1 (IL-1 ), prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) and esp. IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) release (56334 vs. 84614 pg ml-1), but decreased interleukin-6 (IL-6, 4755 vs. 351 pg ml-1). Exposure of EpiDerm to CEES led to unaffected extracellular and reduced intracellular IL-1 (371 vs. 92 pg ml-1). Extracellular IL-1Ra greatly increased (2375 vs. 24875 pg ml-1), whereas cellular levels decreased (165425 vs. 96625 pg ml-1). Extracellular (224 vs. 68 pg ml-1) and intracellular (485 vs. 233 pg ml-1) sol. interleukin-1 receptor II (sIL-1RII) decreased. Prostanglandin E2 increased (1835 vs. 2582 pg ml-1), whereas heat shock protein 70A (Hsp70A) remained statistically unchanged (57000 vs. 96000 pg ml-1). Failure to obtain a heat shock response to CEES may contribute to the susceptibility of tissue to the alkylating agent. Consistent and marked responses of cellular and extracellular IL-1Ra to CEES suggest a potential for use as a tissue status marker and primary antiinflammatory regulator in skin. Bibliographic Information Intervention of sulfur mustard toxicity by down-regulation of cell proliferation and metabolic rates. Ray, R.; Benton, B. J.; Anderson, D. R.; Byers, S. L.; Petrali, J. P. US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S87-S91. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72419 AN 2001:455399 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Metabolically active and proliferating basal cells in the skin are most sensitive to the potent skin blistering chem. warfare compd. HD (bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide). We previously described a Ca2+-dependent mechanism of HD (0.3-1 mM) toxicity that was inhibited by the cell-permeant Ca2+ chelator BAPTA AM (1,2-bis(O-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester). We describe some cellular effects of BAPTA AM that suggest a mechanism for its protective action. Monolayer log-phase normal human epidermal keratinocytes were incubated (37 ) first in keratinocyte growth medium (KGM) contg. BAPTA AM (10-40 M) for 30 min and then in KGM alone overnight prior to evaluation. The BAPTA AM inhibited cell growth in a concn.-dependent manner with some cellular degeneration above 30 M (light microscopy). At 20-30 M, BAPTA AM also inhibited cellular metabolic processes, as evidenced by a lower incorporation of [3H]-thymidine (DNA synthesis, 54 5%), [3H]-uridine (RNA synthesis, 29 6%) and [14C]-valine (protein synthesis, 12 2%) as well as a lower protein content per culture (30 3%) compared with corresponding untreated controls. However, 20-30 M BAPTA AM did not cause any demonstrable cytopathol. based on morphol. (electron microscopy) as well as biochem. (lactate dehydrogenase release, an indicator of cell viability loss) criteria, indicating a lack of acute toxicity. These results suggest that a mechanism of protection by BAPTA AM against HD may be via decreasing some metabolic, and therefore proliferative, rates. Bibliographic Information Calmodulin, poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase and p53 are targets for modulating the effects of sulfur mustard. Rosenthal, Dean S.; Simbulan-Rosenthal, Cynthia M.; Iyer, Sudha; Smith, William J.; Ray, Radharaman; Smulson, Mark E. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S43-S49. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72546 AN 2001:455392 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract We describe two pathways by which the vesicating agent sulfur mustard (HD) may cause basal cell death and detachment: induction of terminal differentiation and apoptosis. Following treatment of normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) with 10 or 100 M HD, the differentiation-specific keratin pair K1/K10 was induced and the cornified envelope precursor protein, involucrin, was crosslinked by epidermal transglutaminase. Fibronectin levels were reduced in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The rapid increase in p53 and decrease in Bcl-2 levels was consistent not only with epidermal differentiation but with apoptosis as well. Further examn. of biochem. markers of apoptosis following treatment of either NHEK or human papillomavirus (HPV)-immortalized keratinocytes revealed a burst of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis, specific cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) in vivo and in vitro into characteristic 89 and 24 kDa fragments, processing of caspase-3 into its active form and the formation of DNA ladders. The intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA suppressed the differentiation markers, whereas antisense oligonucleotides and chem. inhibitors specific for calmodulin blocked both markers of differentiation and apoptosis. Modulation of p53 levels utilizing retroviral constructs expressing the E6, E7 or E6 + E7 genes of HPV-16 revealed that HD-induced apoptosis was partially p53-dependent. Finally, immortalized fibroblasts derived from PARP /- "knockout mice" were exquisitely sensitive to HD-induced apoptosis. These cells became HD resistant when wild-type PARP was stably expressed in these cells. These results indicate that HD exerts its effects via calmodulin, p53 and PARP-sensitive pathways. Bibliographic Information Comparison of cell size in sulfur mustard-induced death of keratinocytes and lymphocytes. Moser, Janet; Meier, Henry L. Pharmacology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S23-S30. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72413 AN 2001:455389 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (HD) is a vesicant chem. warfare agent that directly alkylates cellular DNA and produces DNA strand breaks. To identify cellular models for in vitro screening of antivesicant compds. in DNA repair assays, we compared the mechanism of HD-induced cell death in cultured adult normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). One parameter that we used to distinguish apoptotic from necrotic cell death was the change in cell size due to HD. In the presence or absence of a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPI), cell prepns. were exposed to various concns. of HD (0.01-1.0 mM) and harvested at selected times after exposure (up to 24 h). Results from these expts. suggest that, with increasing HD concn. and time, NHEK will fragment irresp. of the presence or absence of PARPI, with cell fragmentation presumably preceded by necrosis. In the absence of PARPI, PBL size initially decreases and then remains const. over time. Previous DNA fragmentation studies indicate that both apoptosis and necrosis occur in HD-exposed PBL in a time-dependent manner. In the presence of PARPI, there is a HD concn.- and time-dependent decrease in PBL size that is characteristic of apoptosis. The shift in the mechanism of HD-induced PBL death from apoptosis followed by necrosis to exclusively apoptosis in the absence and presence of PARPI, resp., is in agreement with previous findings on HD-induced changes in membrane integrity, energy levels and DNA fragmentation. Considering that NHEK fragment early after exposure to HD concns. that produce vesication in human skin, PBL may be a more appropriate model for use in DNA repair assays. Bibliographic Information Automated assay for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Byers, S.; Anderson, D.; Brobst, D.; Cowan, F. Pharmacology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S19-S22. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72270 AN 2001:455388 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Abstract Sulfur mustard (HD), a vesicating chem. warfare compd., has been shown to deplete the NAD (NAD+) content in several cell systems and tissues. This NAD+ depletion has been proposed as an indicator of HD exposure and can be used to evaluate potential antivesicant compds. To examine NAD+ levels, an automated method based on the alc. dehydrogenase cycling assay of Jacobson and Jacobson and utilizing a Cobas FARA clin. analyzer has been developed. Automation of this assay led to smaller sample vols. and more efficient use of personnel and resources. The usefulness of this automated method was tested by evaluating the protection, if any, by the topical application of vitamin D or betamethasone against HD-induced NAD+ depletion in skin punches from the hairless guinea pig. The results showed that the samples exposed to HD exhibited significant decreases in NAD+ levels when compared with controls. However, neither vitamin D nor betamethasone demonstrated protection against HD-induced NAD+ depletion. In fact, betamethasone exacerbated the NAD+ depletion when compared with the HD-exposed group. This assay appears to be useful for testing potential antivesicant compds. using both in vivo and in vitro exposure systems. Bibliographic Information Effects of Lewisite on cell membrane integrity and energy metabolism in human keratinocytes and SCL II cells. Kehe, K.; Flohe, S.; Krebs, G.; Kreppel, H.; Reichl, F. X.; Liebl, B.; Szinicz, L. Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, FAF Medical Academy, Munich, Germany. Toxicology (2001), 163(2-3), 137-144. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:133255 AN 2001:448571 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Lewisite is a highly toxic arsenic compd. which can cause skin damage. In the present study effects of Lewisite on cell membrane integrity and energy metab. as well as antidotal effects of DL-2,3-dimercaptopropanesulfonate (DMPS), and meso2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (m-DMSA) were investigated in a keratinocyte derived cell line (SCL II) and primary human keratinocytes (HK). Cells were incubated in Lewisite (60 M) contg. medium for 5 min. During the following 6 h lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the supernatant, intracellular ATP content, tetrazolium redn., glucose consumption and lactate formation were measured. Glucose consumption and lactate prodn. were decreased in both cell lines after Lewisite exposure. In SCL II cells an increase of LDH activity in the supernatant, a decrease of ATP content, and an impaired ability to reduce tetrazolium was found 3 h after Lewisite exposure. In HK cultures tetrazolium redn. was significantly decreased already after 2 h, whereas LDH increase in the supernatant and ATP content decrease occurred only at 6 h after Lewisite exposure. When DMPS or m-DMSA was added directly after Lewisite exposure to SCL II cells, glucose consumption and lactate formation were restored and LDH leakage was prevented. SCL II cells might be more prone to membrane damage whereas in keratinocytes mitochondrial impairment seems to be the predominant effect of Lewisite. Bibliographic Information Prophylactic efficacy of amifostine and its analogues against sulphur mustard toxicity. Vijayaraghavan, R.; Kumar, P.; Joshi, U.; Raza, S. K.; Lakshmana Rao, P. V.; Malhotra, R. C.; Jaiswal, D. K. Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. Toxicology (2001), 163(2-3), 83-91. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:299804 AN 2001:448565 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The successful implication of the chem. weapons convention stimulated research with a new vigor on the destruction of the stockpiled sulfur mustard (SM). A prophylactic agent for SM will be very useful for personnel engaged in the destruction of SM and during inspections by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chem. Weapons. Due to simple method of prepn., SM can be used clandestinely during war or by terrorist groups. Inspite of research over several decades no satisfactory prophylactic or treatment regimen has evolved for SM. Amifostine an organophosphorothioate, originally developed as a radioprotector, and its analogs were evaluated as a prophylactic agent for SM. Three analogs by varying the chain length and substitution at the sulfur atom were synthesized and coded as DRDE-06, DRDE-07 and DRDE-08. LD50 of amifostine and its analogs were estd. through i.p. route. For the protection studies, amifostine and its analogs were administered i.p. in mice, 30 min before dermal (percutaneous) application of SM. The dose of the prophylactic agent was 0.2 LD50 (i.p.) and that of SM was 152 mg/kg (undiluted) equal to 19-fold LD50 of SM. Amifostine and one of its analogs, DRDE-07 gave significant protection. Further studies were carried out using amifostine and DRDE-07, and both of them significantly protected mice against SM (155 mg/kg, in PEG 300, equal to 19 LD50) when they were administered i.p. either 30 min before or simultaneously. LD50 of amifostine and DRDE-07 were also estd. through the oral route (1049 or 1248 mg/kg, resp.). Prophylactically administered amifostine and DRDE-07 (0.2 LD50, p.o.) significantly protected the mice against dermally applied SM (155 mg/kg, in PEG 300, equal to 19 LD50). The protection offered by DRDE-07 was better than that of amifostine by the oral route. DRDE-07 (0.2 LD50, p.o.) also protected significantly with respect to the decrease in body wt. and the depletion of GSH induced by SM. DNA damage induced by SM was also significantly reduced by amifostine and DRDE-07 (0.2 LD50, p.o.). Further studies are in progress on the various pharmacol. and toxicol. properties of DRDE-07. Bibliographic Information Adsorption of Organic Contaminants from Water Using Tailored ACFs. Mangun, Christian L.; Yue, Zhongren; Economy, James; Maloney, Stephen; Kemme, Patricia; Cropek, Donald. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA. Chemistry of Materials (2001), 13(7), 2356-2360. CODEN: CMATEX ISSN: 0897-4756. Journal written in English. CAN 135:200059 AN 2001:428900 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Six activated carbon fibers (ACFs) with different chem. and phys. properties were prepd. by 1st curing a phenolic resin-coated glass fiber, followed by activation and post-treatment. Their adsorption properties were studied to evaluate the removal of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and p-xylene (BTEX) and the chem. warfare simulants diisopropylmethyl phosphonate (DIMP) and half mustard (HM) from water. The adsorption isotherms showed that ACF SL-2 (activated with CO2/H2O at 800 ) has a higher adsorption capacity for BTEX, DIMP, and HM than other ACFs. This suggests that the high adsorption affinity of SL-2 is related to its higher surface area, larger av. micropore size of 11.6 .ANG. (esp. effective for the adsorption of DIMP), and lower O content of the surface. The adsorption isotherms are well represented by the Freundlich equation. For BTEX, the adsorption parameters based on C coating showed that, in all cases, ACFs have a higher K value than the best available data obtained on granulated activated C. The adsorption isotherms of DIMP and HM on ACFs are presented. Bibliographic Information The U.S. Army reactive topical skin protectant (rTSP): challenges and successes. Hobson, Stephen T.; Lehnert, Erich K.; Braue, Ernest H., Jr. Drug Assessment Division, U. S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (2001), 628(Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Materials), CC10.8.1CC10.8.8. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 135:118044 AN 2001:354344 CAPLUS (Copyright

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract In 1994, the U.S. Army initiated a research effort towards an effective material that acts both as a protective barrier and as an active destructive matrix against chem. warfare agents (CWA). We report results on our prepn. and evaluation of Reactive Topical Skin Protectants (rTSP's). These creams are composite materials consisting of a base material (TSP) and a reactive moiety. Using an established base of perfluorinated-polyether and perfluoropolyethylene solids we incorporated over 60 reactive components. Classes tested include org. polymers, org./inorg. hybrid materials, polyoxometallates (POM's), enzymes, inorg. oxides, metal alloys and small mols. We characterized these materials by light microscopy and FTIR. We detd. the efficacy of these materials against both sulfur mustard (HD) and a representative nerve agent, soman (GD), using a penetration cell model coupled to a continuous air monitor and also by in vivo testing. Composite materials with optimum reactive compds. exhibit a 94% redn. of GD vapor break-through after 20 h (from 9458 ng to 581 ng) and a 3.6 fold increase (from 162 min to 588 min) in the time 1000 ng of GD liq. penetrates through the material. Similar composite materials show a 99% redn. in HD vapor break-through after 20 h (from 4040 ng to 16 ng), a 2.3 fold increase (from 524 min to > 1200 min) in the time 1000 ng of HD vapor penetrates through the material, and an elimination of erythema vs. control in an HD vapor challenge. These results indicate that an rTSP that protects against sulfur mustard and nerve agents is within reach. Bibliographic Information Inhibition and promotion of combustion by organophosphorus compounds added to flames of CH4 or H2 in O2 and Ar. Korobeinichev, O. P.; Bolshova, T. A.; Shvartsberg, V. M.; Chernov, A. A. Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, Russia. Combustion and Flame (2001), 125(1/2), 744-751. CODEN: CBFMAO ISSN: 0010-2180. Journal written in English. CAN 134:328437 AN 2001:309769 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Early in evaluating the destruction mechanisms of a no. of organophosphorus compds. (OPCs), such as tri-Me phosphate (TMP), di-Me methylphosphonate, and diisopropyl methylphosphonate, in connection with the disposal of chem. warfare agents, the promotion and inhibition effects of OPCs on stabilized flat flames of H2 +O2 were studied. Because OPCs were demonstrated to be more effective fire suppressants than CF3Br (Halon 1301) and due to the need for replacing the currently used Halon 1301, further investigation of the effects of the OPCs on flames is of interest. Thus a lean flame of CH4/O2/Ar (0.078/0.222/0.7) with and without TMP added, stabilized on a flat burner at 0.1 bar, was studied by mol. beam mass spectrometry (MBMS) and computer modeling using PREMIX and CHEMKIN codes. An exptl. study of this flame revealed that TMP increases the width of the reaction zone by inhibiting the flame. Bibliographic Information An Infrared Study of Adsorbed Organophosphonates on Silica: A Prefiltering Strategy for the Detection of Nerve Agents on Metal Oxide Sensors. Kanan, Sofian M.; Tripp, Carl P. Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology (LASST) and Department of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA. Langmuir (2001), 17(7), 2213-2218. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 134:349067 AN 2001:156303 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The gas-phase adsorption of the nerve gas simulant di-Me methylphosphonate (DMMP) along with tri-Me phosphate (TMP), Me dichlorophosphate (MDCP), and trichlorophosphate (TCP) on silica have been studied using IR spectroscopy. Each phosphonate compd. adsorbs through a different no. of H-bonds of the methoxy and P:O moieties with the surface hydroxyl groups on silica. The strength of the adsorption depends on the no. and type of the H-bonds and follows the order TCP < MDCP < DMMP < TMP. TCP is completely removed from silica by evacuation at room temp., adsorbed MDCP is removed by evacuation at 150 C, DMMP requires an evacuation temp. of 300 C, and TMP is eliminated at 400 C. All phosphonate compds. molecularly desorb, and the silica returns to its original state. The differences in the reactivity of phosphonate compds. on silica from other oxides demonstrate the potential use of silica in prefiltering/preconcg. strategies for semiconductive metal oxide based sensing devices. Specifically, it is shown that silica can be used to selectively adsorb DMMP from a gas stream contg. methanol/DMMP mixts. Bibliographic Information Reactions of VX, GB, GD, and HD with Nanosize Al2O3. Formation of Aluminophosphonates. Wagner, George W.; Procell, Lawrence R.; O'Connor, Richard J.; Munavalli, Shekar; Carnes, Corrie L.; Kapoor, Pramesh N.; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Research and Technology Directorate, U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of the American Chemical Society (2001), 123(8), 1636-1644. CODEN: JACSAT ISSN: 0002-7863. Journal written in English. CAN 134:276643 AN 2001:85006 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Room-temp. reactions of VX, GB, GD, and HD with nanosize Al2O3 (AP-Al2O3) have been characterized by 31P, 13C, and 27Al MAS NMR. Nerve agents VX, GB, and GD hydrolyze to yield surface-bound complexes of their corresponding nontoxic phosphonates. At sufficiently high loadings, discreet aluminophosphonate complexes, Al[OP(O)(CH3)OR]3, are generated which are identical to synthesized model compds. Thus, the reaction with phosphonic acids is not just surface-limited, but can continue to the core of alumina particles. HD mainly hydrolyzes at lower loadings to yield thiodiglycol (TG, 71%) and a minor amt. of the CH-TG sulfonium ion (12%), although some elimination of HCl is also obsd. (17%). The reactive capacity for HD is evidently exceeded at high loadings, where complete conversion to TG is hindered. However, addn. of excess water results in the quant. hydrolysis of sorbed HD to CH-TG. On AP-Al2O3 dried to remove physisorbed water, 13C CP-MAS NMR detects a surface alkoxide consistent with that of TG. Bibliographic Information New microemulsions for oxidative decontamination of mustard gas analogues and polymer-thickened half-mustard. Gonzaga, Ferdinand; Perez, Emile; Rico-Lattes, Isabelle; Lattes, Armand. Laboratoire des Interactions Moleculaires et Reactivite Chimique et Photochimique (CNRS UMR 5623), Universite Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, Fr. New Journal of Chemistry (2001), 25(1), 151-155. CODEN: NJCHE5 ISSN: 1144-0546. Journal written in English. CAN 134:232826 AN 2001:12053 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chem. decontamination of toxic compds. (warfare agents and pesticides) is of increasing importance. In this study, we report the oxidn. of mustard gas analogs in microemulsion media. A first formulation, very well-suited for stock-pile destruction, allows a fast, quant. and chemoselective oxidn. of the analogs. In a second formulation, the choice of microemulsion

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components used allowed us to study the oxidn. of a polymer-thickened half-mustard (2-chloroethylphenyl sulfide), opening the field of application of these microemulsions to on-site decontamination. These results confirm both the efficiency and potential of microemulsions for mustard gas destruction/decontamination in essentially aq. systems. Bibliographic Information Bacterial release of arsenic ions and organoarsenic compounds from soil contaminated by chemical warfare agents. Kohler, Manfred; Hofmann, Klaus; Volsgen, Fernando; Thurow, Kerstin; Koch, Andreas. URST Umwelt- und Rohstoff-Technologie GmbH, Greifswald, Germany. Chemosphere (2000), Volume Date 2001, 42(4), 425-429. CODEN: CMSHAF ISSN: 0045-6535. Journal written in English. CAN 134:60919 AN 2000:878002 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The objective was to study possible participation of microorganisms in the release of sol. arsenical compds. from organoarsenic warfare agents in contaminated soil. A no. of bacterial strains were isolated with high resistance against As5+ ions which are able to degrade the water insol. compds. triphenylarsine (TP) and triphenylarsineoxide (TPO). Release of As and sol. organoarsenic compds. from soil by the activity of autochthonic soil bacteria and a mixt. of the isolated pure cultures was demonstrated by percolation expts. with undisturbed soil samples (core drills) from the contaminated site. This release increased after addnl. of nutrients (mineral N and P, Na acetate and ethanol) and is nearly independent of the percolation temp. (5 and 22 ). These results show that bacteria play an important role in the release of arsenical compds. from organoarsenic warfare agent contaminated soil. This release is limited by shortage of water and, above all, of nutrients for the microorganisms in the sandy forest soil. These results are important both for the management and security and possibly for bioremediation of military waste sites contg. similar contaminations. Bibliographic Information The chemistry of the destruction of organophosphorus compounds in flames-IV: destruction of DIMP in a flame of H2 + O2 + Ar. Korobeinichev, O. P.; Chernov, A. A.; Bolshova, T. A. Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia. Combustion and Flame (2000), 123(3), 412-420. CODEN: CBFMAO ISSN: 0010-2180. Journal written in English. CAN 133:285779 AN 2000:714913 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Mol. beam mass spectrometry with electron impact ionization at 11-70 eV and an electron energy spread of 0.25 eV was used to study the structure of a premixed H2/O2/Ar (0.26/0.13/0.61) flame without any additives and with 0.14% of diisopropylmethylphosphonate (DIMP), stabilized on a flat-flame burner at 62 mbar. Stable species (H2, O2, H2O), as well as atoms and radicals (H, O, OH) were monitored, including phosphorus-contg. compds.: DIMP and some intermediates of its destruction, phosphorus oxides and acids. The profiles of the mole fractions of most species, including those of atoms and free radicals were obtained. The calibration coeffs. for some species were detd. exptl., and estd. for others. Isopropylmethylphosphonate was detected as a main primary phosphorus-contg. product of the destruction of DIMP. It has been shown that bimol. reactions with hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen atoms, rather than a unimol. decompn., provide the crucial initial steps in the destruction of DIMP. A detailed mechanism for the destruction of DIMP in H2/O2/Ar flames is suggested. Bibliographic Information Cytotoxicity of the MEIC reference chemicals in rat hepatoma-derived Fa32 cells. Dierickx, P. J. Laboratorium Biochemische Toxikologie, Afdeling Toxikologie, Instituut voor Volksgezondheid, Brussels, Belg. Toxicology (2000), 150(1-3), 159-169. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 134:1437 AN 2000:660792 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The cytotoxicity of the MEIC (Multicenter Evaluation of In Vitro Cytotoxicity) ref. chems. was investigated in rat hepatomaderived Fa32 cells. The total protein content was measured as an endpoint after exposure times of 30 min and 24 h, both in normal and glutathione-depleted cells. The neutral red uptake inhibition and the MTT conversion were also measured after 30 min. On av., the cytotoxicity was higher in glutathione-depleted cells when compared to normal cells, and was lower after 30 min than after 24 h. Evidence was obtained for lysosomal attack (of five chems.) or mitochondrial dysfunction (of six chems.) as the primary intoxication mechanism. Malathion and mercuric chloride belong to both series of chems. Good to excellent correlations were obsd. when the 50% inhibitory concns. of the six different in vitro assays were compared. When the six in vitro assays in Fa32 cells were compared with the human toxicity, the correlation coeff. was almost always identical to that obtained previously in human hepatoma-derived Hep G2 cells. The latter was the best acute in vitro assay for the prediction of human toxicity within the MEIC study. Altogether the results integrate very well with the basal cytotoxicity concept (B. Ekwall; 1995). Bibliographic Information The role of time in toxicology or Haber's c t product. Rozman, K. K. Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA. Toxicology (2000), 149(1), 35-42. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 133:306404 AN 2000:589244 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract It happened exactly 100 yr ago that Warren established for the first time a quant. link between dose and time while studying the toxicity of sodium chloride in Daphnia magna (Straus). During this century many toxicologists in different contexts returned to this idea, which has become known as Haber's rule of inhalation toxicol. Most attempts to explore this relationship ended in frustration because of the supposed occurrence of exceptions. Thus, toxicologists concd. on the quant. relationship between dose and effect under mostly isotemporal conditions while time took a back seat and was assigned such arbitrary, semiquant. designations as acute, subacute, subchronic and chronic. Time itself as a quantifiable variable of toxicity was seldom studied and when it was studied, it was often not under isodosic (steady state) conditions as required by theory. A recent anal. of toxicol. time indicated the impact of three independent time scales (toxicokinetic, toxicodynamic, exposure frequency/ duration) in toxicol. studies, which interact with dose and effect to yield the enormous complexity known to every toxicologist. Based on prototypical examples when toxicokinetic (dioxins), toxicodynamic (nitrosamines, benzene) or exposure frequency (methylene chloride, chloroacetic acid, HgCl2, CdCl2, etc.) represent the crit. time scale, the general validity of the c t=k concept will be discussed as a starting point for a theory of toxicol. As endpoints of toxicity, (delayed) acute toxicity, blood dyscrasias and cancer will be used to illustrate the crit. conditions needed to demonstrate the validity of this theory. Bibliographic Information Detection of Fluorophosphonate Chemical Warfare Agents by Catalytic Hydrolysis with a Porous Silicon Interferometer. Sohn,

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Honglae; Letant, Sonia; Sailor, Michael J.; Trogler, William C. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, CA, USA. Journal of the American Chemical Society (2000), 122(22), 5399-5400. CODEN: JACSAT ISSN: 0002-7863. Journal written in English. CAN 133:100551 AN 2000:335868 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The detection of a fluorophosphonate nerve chem. warfare agent can be achieved with an oxidized porous silicon interferometer film contg. a Cu(II) hydrolysis catalyst and surfactant (CTAB). Hydrolysis of the nerve agent produces HF gas, which removes the silicon oxide as SiF4(g) and induces both a blue-shift and a decrease in intensity of the Fabry-Perot fringes. Significant changes in these 2 parameters are detected after 5 min of DFP vapor (800 ppm) exposure. Bibliographic Information Reactions of VX, GD, and HD with Nanosize CaO: Autocatalytic Dehydrohalogenation of HD. Wagner, George W.; Koper, Olga B.; Lucas, Erik; Decker, Shawn; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Research and Technology Directorate, U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, MD, USA. Journal of Physical Chemistry B (2000), 104(21), 5118-5123. CODEN: JPCBFK ISSN: 1089-5647. Journal written in English. CAN 133:30783 AN 2000:281288 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Room-temp. reactions of the chem. warfare agents VX, GD, and HD with nanosize CaO (AP-CaO), and HD with com. CaO were studied using solid-state MAS NMR. VX and GD hydrolyze to yield surface-bound complexes of nontoxic Et methylphosphonate and pinacolyl methylphosphonate, resp. The kinetics were characterized by an initial fast reaction followed by a slower, diffusion-limited reaction. Similar behavior is obsd. for HD on either dried or hydrated AP-CaO and CaO. On partially hydrated AP-CaO (but not CaO), a rather fast steady-state elimination of HCl occurs after an induction period. This behavior is attributed to acid-catalyzed surface reconstruction (to regenerate fresh surface) and the formation of CaCl2, which is known to be more reactive than CaO. The product distribution for HD is .apprx.80% divinyl sulfide and 20% thiodiglycol and/or sulfonium ions, which apparently reside as surface alkoxides. Such kinetic behavior was not evident for the common mustard simulant 2-chloroethyl Et sulfide (CEES) on partially hydrated AP-CaO, which exhibited only the typical fast/diffusion-limited reaction. Bibliographic Information Design and synthesis of an , -difluorophosphinate hapten for antibody-catalyzed hydrolysis of organophosphorus nerve agents. Vayron, Philippe; Renard, Pierre-Yves; Valleix, Alain; Mioskowski, Charles. CEA, Service des Molecules Marquees, CESaclay, Gif sur Yvette, Fr. Chemistry--A European Journal (2000), 6(6), 1050-1063. CODEN: CEUJED ISSN: 0947-6539. Journal written in English. CAN 133:13524 AN 2000:214064 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract In a new approach to the safe neutralization of organophosphorus chem. weapons, we designed a hapten to elicit catalytic antibodies with phosphatase activity. Here we report the synthesis of this , -difluorophosphinate hapten 6. Various methods for the introduction of the key , -difluoromethyl feature into the phosphinate hapten are discussed. The best results were obtained with the electrophilic gem-difluorinating agent N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide. Bibliographic Information Equilibria, Kinetics, and Mechanism in the Bicarbonate Activation of Hydrogen Peroxide: Oxidation of Sulfides by Peroxymonocarbonate. Richardson, David E.; Yao, Huirong; Frank, Karen M.; Bennett, Deon A. Center for Catalysis Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. Journal of the American Chemical Society (2000), 122(8), 1729-1739. CODEN: JACSAT ISSN: 0002-7863. Journal written in English. CAN 132:222157 AN 2000:94955 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Bicarbonate ion is an effective activator for hydrogen peroxide in the oxidn. of sulfides. Kinetic and spectroscopic results support the formation of peroxymonocarbonate ion (HCO4-) as the oxidant in the catalytic reactions. The reaction of hydrogen peroxide and bicarbonate to form HCO4- occurs rapidly at 25 (t1/2 300 s) near neutral pH in aq. soln. and alc./water mixts., and an equil. anal. of the reaction by 13C NMR leads to an est. of the electrode potential for the HCO4-/HCO3- couple (1.8 V vs NHE). Soly. of the bicarbonate catalyst is enhanced by the use of NH4HCO3 rather than by the use of group 1 salts, which tend to have lower soly. in the mixed solvents and can lead to phase sepn. Rate laws and mechanistic analyses are presented for the oxidn. of Et Ph sulfide and related sulfides. The second-order rate consts. for sulfide oxidns. by HCO4- are .apprx.300-fold greater than those for H2O2, and this increase is consistent with expectations based on a Bronsted anal. of the kinetics for other heterolytic peroxide oxidns. At high concns. of H2O2, a pathway that is second order in H2O2 is significant, and this path is interpreted as a general acid catalysis by H2O2 of carbonate displacement accompanying substrate attack at the electrophilic oxygen of HCO4-. Increasing water content up to 80% in the solvent increases the rate of oxidn. The BAP (bicarbonate-activated peroxide) oxidn. system is a simple, inexpensive, and relatively nontoxic alternative to other oxidants and peroxyacids, and it can be used in a variety of oxidns. where a mild, neutral pH oxidant is required. Variation of bicarbonate source and the cosolvent can allow optimization of substrate soly. and oxidn. rates for applications such as org. synthesis and chem. warfare agent decontamination. Bibliographic Information Synthesis and Characterization of a Functionalized Double-Chain Surfactant and Its Cleavage of O-Methyl S-Benzyl Phenylphosphonothioate. Jaeger, David A.; Li, Bei. Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA. Langmuir (2000), 16(1), 5-10. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 132:24141 AN 1999:379097 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Functionalized double-chain surfactant 2-hydrazino-N-methyl-N,N-didodecyl-2-oxoethanaminium bromide (I) was synthesized, and its small unilamellar vesicles were characterized by dynamic laser light scattering and differential scanning calorimetry. In a pH 9.0 borate buffer at 25 , vesicular I and O-Me S-benzyl phenylphosphonothioate (II), a simulant for the chem. warfare agent VX [O-Et S-(2-N,N-diisopropylamino)ethyl methylphosphonothioate] reacted to give anion S-benzyl phenylphosphonothioate (III) and 3 cations (2-(2-N-methylhydrazino)-N'-methyl-N',N'-didodecyl-2-oxoethanaminium, 2-(2N,N-dimethylhydrazino)-N'-methyl-N',N'-didodecyl-2-oxoethanaminium, and 2-[1-hydroxy-2-(N-methyl-N,Ndidodecylammonio)ethylidene]-N',N',N'-trimethylhydrazinium, resp.) by SN2 substitution on the Me group of II. This reaction was accompanied by the pptn. of anion III with surfactant cations, which resulted in wounding/destruction of the vesicles. The combination of vesicle damage and reaction of II suggests the potential of vesicular systems for simultaneous signaling and decontamination of chem. agents. Ester II hydrolyzed in 0.10 M NaOH at 25 to give anions III and O-Me

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phenylphosphonothioate in a 38:62 ratio, resp. Bibliographic Information Reactivation kinetics of acetylcholinesterase from different species inhibited by highly toxic organophosphates. Worek F; Reiter G; Eyer P; Szinicz L Sanitatsakademie der Bundeswehr, Institut fur Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany. [email protected] Archives of toxicology (2002 Sep), 76(9), 523-9. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12242610 AN 2002479746 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Standard treatment of poisoning by organophosphates (OP) includes the administration of an antimuscarinic agent, e.g. atropine, and of an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivator (oxime). The presently available oximes, obidoxime and pralidoxime (2-PAM), are considered to be insufficient for highly toxic OPs, e.g. sarin. In the past decades numerous oximes were prepared and tested for their efficacy in OP poisoning, mostly in animal experiments. However, data indicate that the reactivating potency of oximes may be different in humans and animal species, which may hamper the extrapolation of animal data to humans and may pose a problem in the drug licensing of new compounds. In order to provide data for a better evaluation of the reactivating potency of oximes, experiments were undertaken to determine the reactivation rate constants of several oximes with human, rabbit, rat and guinea-pig AChE inhibited by the OPs sarin, cyclosarin and VX. The results show marked differences among the species, depending on the inhibitor and on the oxime, and indicate that the findings from animal experiments need careful evaluation before extrapolating these data to humans. Bibliographic Information Skin toxicokinetics of mustard gas in the guinea pig: effect of hypochlorite and safety aspects. Wormser Uri; Brodsky Berta; Sintov Amnon Faculty of Sciences,The Hebrew University, Edmond Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel. [email protected] Archives of toxicology (2002 Sep), 76(9), 517-22. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12242609 AN 2002479745 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (SM, mustard gas) is a chemical warfare vesicant that rapidly penetrates the skin due to its hydrophobicity. This study measured the rate of SM disappearance from the skin after topical application of the vesicant. In both fur-covered and hairless animals, the remaining toxicant levels measured 60 min after exposure to undiluted SM were 0.6% and 0.3%, respectively, of the initially applied SM amount. However, SM concentration reached 0.4% of the initial dose 3 h following exposure in female fur-covered guinea pigs. SM quantities extracted from skin of male fur-covered and hairless guinea pigs immediately after 16 min of exposure to SM vapor were 12.2 and 21.8 microg, respectively; levels declined to 1.6 and 1.7 microg at 30 and 15 min following termination of exposure of male fur-covered and hairless guinea pigs, respectively. Three swabbing treatments of undiluted SM-exposed skin with gauze pads soaked in 0.5% hypochlorite caused 68% reduction in skin SM content. Similar findings were obtained when hypochlorite was replaced by water (64% reduction). SM content in the gauze pads was 59, 38 and 25 microg, respectively, for the first, second and third decontamination processes with water. No SM was detected in the gauze pads soaked with hypochlorite. In vitro studies showed that incubation of SM with 0.5% hypochlorite at a ratio of 10:1 (v/v) did not cause SM inactivation, whereas 4% hypochlorite reduced SM levels by 17%. However, at a decontaminant:SM ratio of 1000:1, 0.5% and 4% hypochlorite reduced SM levels by 92% and 99%, respectively. These findings are important for health authorities and regulatory agencies in planning precautionary steps to be taken in case of emergency and in routine laboratory work. Bibliographic Information Protection from half-mustard-gas-induced acute lung injury in the rat. McClintock Shannon D; Till Gerd O; Smith Milton G; Ward Peter A Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109-0602, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2002 Jul-Aug), 22(4), 257-62. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12210543 AN 2002449749 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The chemical warfare agent analog, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, known as 'half-mustard gas' (HMG), is less toxic and less of an environmental hazard than the full molecule and has been shown to produce an acute lung injury in rats when instilled via intrapulmonary injection. This injury is characterized by massive, localized hemorrhage and edema into the alveolar compartment and can be quantitated by measuring extravasation of (125)I-bovine serum albumin into the extravascular compartment. Employing this rat model of HMG-induced lung injury, we observed significant attenuation of the pulmonary injury when experimental animals were complement or neutrophil depleted prior to HMG challenge. Significant protection also was provided by the use of antioxidants such as catalase, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl thiourea, resveratrol and N-acetyl-Lcysteine (NAC). The last compound showed protection from lung injury as high as 70% and was still effective even when given up to 90 min after exposure of the lungs to HMG. These data suggest that acute lung injury caused by exposure to HMG may be related partially to complement mediated pathways and the generation by neutrophils of toxic oxygen species The data indicate that NAC is an effective antidote against HMG-induced acute lung injury in the rat. Copyright 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Oxidative decontamination of chemical and biological warfare agents using L-Gel. Raber Ellen; McGuire Raymond Environment Protection Department, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, P.O. Box 808, L-626, Livermore, CA 94551, USA Journal of hazardous materials (2002 Aug 5), 93(3), 339-52. Journal code: 9422688. ISSN:0304-3894. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12137994 AN 2002389537 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A decontamination method has been developed using a single reagent that is effective both against chemical warfare (CW) and biological warfare (BW) agents. The new reagent, "L-Gel", consists of an aqueous solution of a mild commercial oxidizer, Oxone, together with a commercial fumed silica gelling agent, Cab-O-Sil EH-5. L-Gel is non-toxic, environmentally friendly, relatively non-corrosive, maximizes contact time because of its thixotropic nature, clings to walls and ceilings, and does not harm carpets or painted surfaces. The new reagent also addresses the most demanding requirements for decontamination in the civilian sector, including availability, low maintenance, ease of application and deployment by a variety of dispersal mechanisms, minimal training and acceptable expense. Experiments to test the effectiveness of L-Gel were conducted at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and independently at four other locations. L-Gel was tested against all classes of

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chemical warfare agents and against various biological warfare agent surrogates, including spore-forming bacteria and nonvirulent strains of real biological agents. Testing showed that L-Gel is as effective against chemical agents and biological materials, including spores, as the best military decontaminants. Bibliographic Information Adamantyl tenocyclidines--adjuvant therapy in poisoning with organophosphorus compounds and carbamates. Erratum in: Arch Toxicol 2002 Sep;76(9):552 Skare Danko; Radic Bozica; Lucic Ana; Peraica Maja; Domijan Ana-Marija; Milkovic-Kraus Sanja; Bradamante Vlasta; Jukic Ivan Institute Ruder Boskovic, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. [email protected] Archives of toxicology (2002 Apr), 76(3), 173-7. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11967623 AN 2002328057 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of thienyl phencyclidine (tenocyclidine, TCP) and its newly synthesized adamantyl derivatives containing piperidine (TAPIP), pyrolidine (TAPIR) and morpholine (TAMORF) groups, which were tested with or without standard therapy in mice poisoned with organophosphates (OPs) and carbamates. These compounds with potential activity at the N-methyl- D-aspartate and muscarinic receptors showed low acute toxicity, having LD50 values varying from 106.00 mg/kg (TCP) to >504.00 mg/kg body weight (TAMORF). TCP and its adamantyl derivatives were administered intraperitoneally (2.5 mg/kg body weight) together with atropine (10.0 mg/kg body weight) and with or without 1/4 LD50 of the oxime HI-6. Each compound administered with atropine had a therapeutic effect against poisoning with carbamates propoxur, aldicarb and Ro 02-0683 (protective ratio of tenocyclidines was from 3.99 LD50 of aldicarb to >16.00 LD50 for propoxur). However, the efficacy of those compounds in combination with atropine was lower against poisoning with the OP insecticide dichlorvos (DDVP) and chemical warfare agents soman and tabun. In soman-poisoned mice, the best therapeutic effects were obtained with the combination of HI-6 plus atropine and test compounds, with protective ratios being from 5.40 to 7.12 LD50 of soman. The results suggest that TCP and adamantyl tenocyclidines could be used in combination with atropine as antidotes in carbamate poisoning and as adjuvant therapy to HI-6 and atropine in soman poisoning. Bibliographic Information Site-specific percutaneous absorption of methyl salicylate and VX in domestic swine. Duncan E J Scott; Brown April; Lundy Paul; Sawyer Thomas W; Hamilton Murray; Hill Ira; Conley John D Chemical Biological Defence Section, Defence Research Establishment, Suffield, PO Box 4000, Station Main, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada T1A 8K6 Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2002 May-Jun), 22(3), 141-8. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12015792 AN 2002313565 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The site specificity of the percutaneous absorption of methyl salicylate (MeS) and the organophosphate nerve agent VX (Oethyl S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothioate) was examined in anaesthetized domestic swine that were fully instrumented for physiological endpoints. Four different anatomical sites (ear, perineum, inguinal crease and epigastrium) were exposed to the MeS and the serum levels were measured over a 6-h time period. The dose absorbed at the ear region was 11 microg cm(-2) with an initial flux of 0.063 microg cm(-2)min(-1), whereas at the epigastrium region the dose absorbed was 3 microg cm(-2) with an initial flux of 0.025 microg cm(-2)min(-1). For this reason further studies were carried out with VX on the ear and the epigastrium only. In animals treated with agent on the epigastrium, blood cholinesterase (ChE) activity began to drop 90 min after application and continued to decline at a constant rate for the remainder of the experiment to ca. 25% of awake control activity. At this time there were negligible signs of poisoning and the medical prognosis was judged to be good. In contrast, the ChE activity in animals receiving VX on the ear decreased to 25% of awake control values within 45 min and levelled out at 5-6% by 120 min. Clinical signs of VX poisoning paralleled the ChE inhibition, progressing in severity over the duration of the exposure. It was judged that these animals would not survive. The dramatic site dependence of agent absorption leading to vastly different toxicological endpoints demonstrated in this model system has important ramifications for chemical protective suit development, threat assessment, medical countermeasures and contamination control protocols. Copyright 2002 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information An improved brain slice model of nerve agent-induced seizure activity. Wood S J; Tattersall J E Biomedical Sciences Department, CBD Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S83-6. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920926 AN 2002191151 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A brain slice model was developed to investigate the mechanisms of seizure activity induced by soman and the effectiveness of potential anticonvulsant drugs. Unlike previously reported slice studies with nerve agents, this model contains the entorhinal cortex as well as the hippocampus. This allows the study of the spread of seizure discharges within the limbic system and the development of prolonged, sustained discharges that are rarely seen in the simple hippocampal slice preparation. Soman (1 microM) induced a second population spike in the evoked field potential in the CA1 or CA3 region within 15-20 min. In almost all the slices tested, this developed into spontaneous seizure activity within 30-40 min. As well as interictal bursts, many slices also showed longer periods of high-frequency bursting analogous to ictal seizure activity that originated in the entorhinal cortex. This activity appeared similar to that induced by the muscarinic agonist pilocarpine. Both the second population spike and the spontaneous discharges could be blocked by diazepam and by AMPA/kainate antagonists, but not by the NMDA antagonists AP5 and MK-801. This study confirms that the combined hippocampal-entorhinal cortex slice preparation is a suitable model for investigating the origin and propagation of nerve-agent-induced seizures within the limbic system. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Cardiopulmonary effects of HI-6 treatment in soman intoxication. Goransson-Nyberg A; Cassel G Division of NBC Defence, Department of Medical Counter Measures, Swedish Defence Research Agency, SE-90182 Umea, Sweden Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S79-81. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920925 AN 2002191150 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The cardiopulmonary effects of HI-6, together with atropine and soman, were studied in the rat. HI-6 is an effective antidote in acute poisoning with the nerve agent soman. The therapeutic efficiency of HI-6 is still unclear and cannot be explained entirely by the HI-6 reactivating ability of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Other non-cholinergic factors must be involved. One possible detoxifying process might be an effect of HI-6 on the blood flow to sensitive organs. The purpose of the present study was to

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investigate 1) whether soman per se induces changes in regional blood flow and 2) whether the blood flow to different organs is affected when HI-6 (50 mg x kg(-1) i.m.) and atropine (10 mg x kg(-1) i.m.) are given either before or immediately after soman intoxication (90 microg x kg(-1) s.c.). For regional blood flow determinations the microsphere method was used with male Wistar rats weighing 300-400 g. The rats were anaesthetised and breathed spontaneously during the experiment. Three different blood flow measurements were made in the same animal and concomitant physiological parameters such as mean arterial blood pressure and respiratory rate were recorded. The blood AChE activity was followed throughout the experiment. Our results show that when HI-6 is given after intoxication with soman, dramatic changes in blood flow occur with a significant decrease in both respiratory rate and blood AChE activity. If HI-6 is given prior to the intoxication, however, all rats are unaffected and none of the parameters measured are changed. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Prophylaxis against organophosphate poisoning by sustained release of scopolamine and physostigmine. Meshulam Y; Cohen G; Chapman S; Alkalai D; Levy A Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), PO Box 19, 70450 Ness-Ziona, Israel Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S75-8. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920924 AN 2002191149 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Protection efficacy of continuous prophylactic administration of physostigmine and scopolamine against sarin-induced toxicity was evaluated previously in guinea pigs. The present study in large animals used Beagle dogs, that serve as an animal model with cholinergic sensitivity similar to that of humans. Pretreatment with physostigmine salicylate and scopolamine hydrochloride at dose rates of 2.5 and 1 microg x kg(-1) x h(-1), respectively, was administered via Alzet mini-osmotic pumps. At the time of exposure, the physostigmine salicylate concentration in plasma was 0.7 ng x ml(-1) and the scopolamine hydrochloride concentration was ca. 0.2 ng x ml(-1), both of which are levels known to be well tolerated in humans. Whole-blood cholinesterase inhibition was 15-20%. This regimen conferred full protection against 2.5 x LD50 i.v. of sarin. Albeit the highdose exposure, cholinergic toxicity symptoms were mild with no convulsions. About 11-14 min following poisoning the treated animals started to walk and 15-20 min following exposure full recovery was observed and the dogs behaved normally. With higher dose rates of physostigmine salicylate and scopolamine hydrochloride, at plasma concentrations of 2.1 and 0.6 ng x ml(-1), respectively, treated dogs regained normal posture 6-10 min after exposure. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Intramuscular diazepam pharmacokinetics in soman-exposed guinea pigs. Capacio B R; Whalley C E; Byers C E; McDonough J H Pharmacology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 210105425, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S67-74. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920923 AN 2002191148 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Intramuscular (i.m.) diazepam is included by the US military as an anticonvulsant in the standard therapeutic regimen for organophosphorus nerve agent intoxication. In this study we investigated the pharmacokinetics of diazepam after i.m. administration while monitoring pharmacodynamic (electroencephalogram, EEG) data in soman-exposed guinea pigs. Prior to experiments the animals were surgically implanted with EEG leads to monitor seizure activity. For the study, animals were administered pyridostigmine (0.026 mg x kg(-1) i.m.) 30 min prior to soman (56 microg x kg(-1), 2 x LD50; subcutaneously, s.c.), which was followed in 1 min by atropine sulfate (2 mg x kg(-1) i.m.) and pralidoxime chloride (25 mg x kg(-1) i.m.). All animals receiving this regimen developed seizure activity. Diazepam (10 mg x kg(-1) i.m.) was administered 5 min after onset of seizure activity. Based on EEG data, animals were categorized as either seizure terminated or not terminated at 30 min after diazepam. Serial blood samples were obtained from each animal. Diazepam (10 mg x kg(-1) i.m.) terminated seizure activity in 52% of the animals within 30 min. The pharmacokinetics were characterized by a one-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination. The maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) were 991 and 839 ng x ml(-1) for seizure terminated and not terminated, respectively. Mean plasma concentrations of diazepam were significantly different (P < 0.05) for seizure terminated vs not terminated groups at 30 min. The plasma Cmax in seizure-terminated animals in this study is similar to the minimum range of plasma diazepam (200-800 ng x ml(-1)) reported to suppress seizure activity in humans. It has been reported in an earlier study that the minimum effective i.m. dose (0.1 mg x kg(-1)) required to prevent soman-induced convulsions in Rhesus monkeys produces a mean Cmax of 50 ng x ml(-1) for diazepam. The data from our current study suggest that a higher dose (and corresponding Cmax) is necessary to terminate ongoing seizure activity. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Combination anticonvulsant treatment of soman-induced seizures. Koplovitz I; Schulz S; Shutz M; Railer R; Macalalag R; Schons M; McDonough J Drug Assessment Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S53-5. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920921 AN 2002191147 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract These studies investigated the effectiveness of combination treatment with a benzodiazepine and an anticholinergic drug against soman-induced seizures. The anticholinergic drugs considered were biperiden, scopolamine, trihexaphenidyl, and procyclidine; the benzodiazepines were diazepam and midazolam. Male guinea pigs were implanted surgically with cortical screw electrodes. Electrocorticograms were displayed continually and recorded on a computerized electroencephalographic system. Pyridostigmine (0.026 mg x kg(-1), i.m.) was injected as a pretreatment to inhibit red blood cell acetylcholinesterase by 30-40%. Thirty minutes after pyridostigmine, 2 x LD50 (56 microg x kg(-1)) of soman was injected s.c., followed 1 min later by i.m. treatment with atropine (2 mg x kg(-1)) + 2-PAM (25 mg x kg(-1)). Electrographic seizures occurred in all animals. Anticonvulsant treatment combinations were administered i.m. at 5 or 40 min after seizure onset. Treatment consisted of diazepam or midazolam plus one of the above-mentioned anticholinergic drugs. All doses of the treatment compounds exhibited little or no antiseizure efficacy when given individually. The combination of a benzodiazepine and an anticholinergic drug was effective in terminating soman-induced seizure, whether given 5 or 40 min after seizure onset. The results suggest a strong synergistic effect of combining benzodiazepines with centrally active anticholinergic drugs and support the concept of using an adjunct to supplement diazepam for the treatment of nerve-agent-induced seizures. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Soman-induced seizures: limbic activity, oxidative stress and neuroprotective proteins. Pazdernik T L; Emerson M R; Cross R; Nelson S R; Samson F E Ralph L. Smith Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.

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[email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S87-94. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920927 AN 2002185330 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Soman, a potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, induces status epilepticus in rats followed by conspicuous neuropathology, most prominent in piriform cortex and the CA3 region of the hippocampus. Cholinergic seizures originate in striatal-nigral pathways and with fast-acting agents (soman) rapidly spread to limbic related areas and finally culminate in a full-blown status epilepticus. This leads to neurochemical changes, some of which may be neuroprotective whereas others may cause brain damage. Pretreatment with lithium sensitizes the brain to cholinergic seizures. Likewise, other agents that increase limbic hyperactivity may sensitize the brain to cholinergic agents. The hyperactivity associated with the seizure state leads to an increase in intracellular calcium, cellular edema and metal delocalization producing an oxidative stress. These changes induce the synthesis of stress-related proteins such as heat shock proteins, metallothioneins and heme oxygenases. We show that soman-induced seizures cause a depletion in tissue glutathione and an increase in tissue 'catalytic' iron, metallothioneins and heme oxygenase-1. The oxidative stress induces the synthesis of stress-related proteins, which are indicators of 'stress' and possibly provide neuroprotection. These findings suggest that delocalization of iron may catalyze Fenton-like reactions, causing progressive cellular damage via free radical products. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Beneficial effects of TCP on soman intoxication in guinea pigs: seizures, brain damage and learning behaviour. de Groot D M; Bierman E P; Bruijnzeel P L; Carpentier P; Kulig B M; Lallement G; Melchers B P; Philippens I H; van Huygevoort A H TNO Nutrition and Food Research, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S57-65. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920922 AN 2002185328 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Poisoning with the potent nerve agent soman produces a cascade of central nervous system (CNS) effects characterized by severe convulsions and eventually death. In animals that survive a soman intoxication, lesions in the amygdala, piriform cortex, hippocampus and thalamus can be observed. In order to examine the mechanisms involved in the effects of soman and to evaluate possible curative interventions, a series of behavioural, electrophysiological and neuropathological experiments were carried out in the guinea pig using the NMDA antagonist N-[1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl] piperidine (TCP) in conjunction with atropine and pyridostigmine. The NMDA antagonist TCP appeared to be very effective in the treatment of casualties who suffered from soman-induced seizures for 30 min: (i)Seizures were arrested within minutes after the TCP injection, confirmed by quantitative electroencephalogram (EEG), after fast Fourier analysis. Three hours after TCP the quantitative EEGs were completely normal in all frequency bands and remained normal during the entire 3-week intoxication period. The power shift to the lower (delta) frequency bands, indicative for neuropathology and found in control animals intoxicated only by soman, was not observed in the soman-TCP group. (ii)The gross neuropathology found in soman control animals within 48 h after soman was prevented in soman-TCP animals and was still absent in 3-week survivors. Instead, ultrastructural changes were observed, indicative of defense mechanisms of the cell against toxic circumstances. (iii)Twentyfour hours after soman, soman-TCP animals were able to perform in the shuttle box and Morris water maze. The beneficial effects of TCP on the performance in these tests during the 3-week intoxication period were very impressive, notwithstanding (minor) deficits in memory and learning. (iv)The increase in excitability after TCP was confirmed by an increase in the acoustic startle response. Taken together, these results confirmed the involvement of NMDA receptors in the maintenance of soman-induced seizures and the development of brain damage. They underline the current hypothesis that cholinergic mechanisms are responsible for eliciting seizure activity after soman and that, most likely, the subsequent recruitment of other excitatory neurotransmitters and loss of inhibitory control are responsible for the maintenance of seizures and the development of subsequent brain damage. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Comparison of the hydrolytic stability of S-(N,N-diethylaminoethyl) isobutyl methylphosphonothiolate with VX in dilute solution. Crenshaw M D; Hayes T L; Miller T L; Shannon C M Medical Research and Evaluation Facility, Battelle Memorial Institute, JM-3, Columbus, OH 43201, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S3-6. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920912 AN 2002185325 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The stability of S-(N,N-diethylaminoethyl) isobutyl methylphosphonothiolate--a V-type nerve agent developed by the former Soviet Union--in the environment is an important parameter in threat assessment analysis and for the determination of use, production, testing and storage of this chemical warfare agent. S-(N,N-Diethylaminoethyl) isobutyl methylphosphonothiolate is a structural isomer of the nerve agent VX developed by the USA and the UK and will be referred to as VXA (VX analog) in this presentation. Because VXA and VX differ structurally, even though they do have the same molecular formula, it is expected that their physical and chemical properties would be different. This preliminary investigation was undertaken to determine the relative hydrolysis rate of VXA compared with VX. The hydrolysis of each compound at approximately 1 mg x ml(-1) in unbuffered water at pH 7 was determined side-by-side. The half-lives for VXA and VX were determined to be 12.4 days and 4.78 days, respectively. Agent VXA hydrolyzed 2.6 times more slowly than VX, and each agent followed second-order hydrolysis kinetics. These results imply that VXA is more persistent in the environment and therefore poses a greater threat. These results also imply that VXA is more likely to be detected, if present, during an inspection in support of the Chemical Weapons Convention. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Development of an immunoassay for diagnosis of exposure to toxic organophosphorus compounds. Miller J K; Lenz D E Department of OCBS, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S23-6. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. (EVALUATION STUDIES); Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920916 AN 2002185323 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Currently, diagnosis of exposure to toxic low-molecular-weight compounds is effected by the use of chromatographic techniques. Such an approach is limited by the need for expensive equipment and sample clean-up before carrying out the analysis. To overcome those drawbacks, we have been involved in the development of an immunoassay for diagnosis of exposure to toxic organophosphorus compounds such as pinacolylmethyl phosphonofluoridate (soman), which is a chemical warfare agent. Prior estimates suggested that it is necessary to be able to detect soman at a concentration below 2.5 x 10(-7)

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M. Using four previously developed monoclonal antibodies, an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) was used to optimize assay conditions and identify the antibody with the highest apparent affinity. The minimum required assay time was 2.0-2.5 h with no loss in sensitivity. To determine the specificity of the highest affinity antibody, a competitive inhibition enzyme immunoassay (CIEIA) was performed with six structural analogs of soman. The IC50 values for these analogues were 5 x 10(-7) M for 4-nitrophenylpinacolylmethylphosphonate, 8 x 10(-7) M for dipinacolylmethylphosphonate, 2 x 10(-6) M for diisopropylmethylphosphonate, 3 x 10(-5) M for 4-nitrophenylmethyl(phenylphosphinate) and 6.5 x 10(-5) M for 4nitrophenylethyl(phenyl)phosphinate. 4-Nitrophenyl-di(n-butyl)phosphinate did not inhibit binding. Those inhibitors with branched alkyl side-chains, similar to the soman molecule, were effective inhibitors. Compounds, which contained predominately aromatic groups, were poor inhibitors. We are continuing to probe the binding specificity of the monoclonal antibody to determine its utility in further assay development. Our present results suggest that the antibody chosen may have the appropriate specificity and affinity for immunodiagnosis of exposure to soman. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Protective action of the serine protease inhibitor N-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK) against acute soman poisoning. Cowan F M; Broomfield C A; Lenz D E; Shih T M Biochemical Pharmacology and Neurotoxicology Branches, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Jul-Aug), 21(4), 293-6. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11481662 AN 2002027826 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Soman-poisoned rats display cholinergic crisis, a systemic mast cell degranulation characteristic of anaphylactic reactions and an excitotoxin-like sequential seizure and neuronal degeneration. The protection of guinea pigs from soman lethality by prophylactic administration of the serine protease inhibitor suramin suggests a possible proteolytic component in soman poisoning. The present study tested the effect of N-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK), an inhibitor of trypsin-like serine proteases, on soman-induced toxic signs (convulsions, righting reflex) and survival time. Nine control guinea pigs receiving 2 x LD(50) (56 microg kg(-1), s.c.) of soman immediately followed by a therapeutic dose of atropine sulfate (17.4 mg kg(-1) i.m.) experienced severe convulsions, and 8/9 lost the righting reflex. Six of these nine animals expired within 65 min; the three remaining animals survived 24 h to termination of the experiment. When a second group of animals were given TLCK (12 mg kg(-1), i.p.) 30 min prior to a 2 x LD(50) soman challenge and atropine-sulfate therapy, 5/9 experienced convulsions and only 3/9 lost the righting reflex. All nine animals survived beyond 4 h, with six surviving to 24 h. Compared with soman controls, prophylaxis with TLCK significantly prevented the loss of righting reflex (P = 0.05) and enhanced 4-h survival (P = 0.005). Although, convulsions were reduced and 24-h survival was improved in TLCK-treated animals, these results were not statistically significant. The protection from soman toxicity by chemically distinct protease inhibitors such as suramin and TLCK suggests a role for pathological proteolytic pathways in soman intoxication. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information In vitro skin absorption and decontamination of sulphur mustard: comparison of human and pig-ear skin. Chilcott R P; Jenner J; Hotchkiss S A; Rice P Department of Biomedical Sciences, CBD Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Jul-Aug), 21(4), 279-83. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11481660 AN 2002027824 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of an in vitro skin diffusion cell system as a model for assessing decontaminants against the chemical warfare agent sulphur mustard (SM). The in vitro absorption rates of SM through heatseparated human (157 +/- 66 microg cm(-2) h(-1)) and pig-ear (411 +/- 175 microg cm(-2) h(-1)) epidermal membranes were in agreement with previous in vivo studies that quoted skin absorption rates of 150 and 366 microg cm(-2) h(-1), respectively. Decontaminants (fuller's earth, Ambergard and BDH spillage granules) were ranked in order of effectiveness by measuring the skin absorption rates and the percentage of applied dose of SM that penetrated human and pig-ear epidermal membranes. The effectiveness of fuller's earth measured in this in vitro study using human epidermal membranes was in agreement with a previous in vivo human volunteer study. Similarly, the effectiveness of fuller's earth and Ambergard measured in vitro with pig-ear epidermal membranes was in agreement with a previous in vivo study conducted on rats. However, there was complete disparity in the ranking of decontaminants between human and pig-ear epidermal membranes measured in vitro. Thus, although pig-ear skin may be a relatively good model for predicting the human skin absorption of SM, it is a poor model for testing decontamination systems. The results of this study further validate the use of Franz-type glass diffusion cells containing human epidermal membranes as a model for predicting in vivo human skin absorption. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Modelling aerosol processes related to the atmospheric dispersion of sarin. Kukkonen J; Riikonen K; Nikmo J; Jappinen A; Nieminen K Air Quality Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Sahaajankatu 20 E, FIN-00810, Helsinki, Finland. [email protected] Journal of hazardous materials (2001 Aug 17), 85(3), 165-79. Journal code: 9422688. ISSN:03043894. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11489522 AN 2001443815 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract We have developed mathematical models for evaluating the atmospheric dispersion of selected chemical warfare agents (CWA), including the evaporation and settling of contaminant liquid droplets. The models and numerical results presented may be utilised for designing protection and control measures against the conceivable use of CWA's. The model AERCLOUD (AERosol CLOUD) was extended to treat two nerve agents, sarin and VX, and the mustard agent. This model evaluates the thermodynamical evolution of a five-component aerosol mixture, consisting of two-component droplets together with the surrounding three-component gas. We have performed numerical computations with this model on the evaporation and settling of airborne sarin droplets in characteristic dispersal and atmospheric conditions. In particular, we have evaluated the maximum radii (r(M)) of a totally evaporating droplet, in terms of the ambient temperature and contaminant vapour concentration. The radii r(M) range from approximately 15-80 microm for sarin droplets for the selected ambient conditions and initial heights. We have also evaluated deposition fractions in terms of the initial droplet size. Bibliographic Information Effects of iodine on inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in sulfur mustard-induced skin. Nyska A; Lomnitski L; Maronpot R; Moomaw C; Brodsky B; Sintov A; Wormser U Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. [email protected] Archives of toxicology (2001 Feb), 74(12), 768-74. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal;

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Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11305779 AN 2001394179 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract In a previous study we demonstrated the protective effect of topical iodine as postexposure treatment for sulfur mustard (SM) application. The iodine treatment results in significantly reduced inflammation and necrosis and increased epidermal hyperplasia. The expression and localization of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) in paraffin-embedded skin samples from that study were evaluated in the present investigation. We compared the immunoreactivity of iNOS and COX-2 using five samples from each of the following four test sites: untreated control sites, SMexposed sites, sites treated with iodine mixture 15 min after SM exposure, and sites treated with iodine 30 min after SM exposure. All animals were killed 2 days after irritant exposure. iNOS immunoreactivity was present only in skin sites exposed to SM without iodine treatment. The ulcerated skin was covered with a relatively thick band of exudate composed of iNOSimmunostained polymorphonuclear cells and macrophages. In untreated skin, COX-2 immunostaining was limited to the thin suprabasal epidermal layer. In SM-exposed skin, induction of COX-2 was noted in inflammatory cells located close to the site of epidermal injury. In skin sites treated with iodine 15 or 30 min after SM exposure, the regenerating hyperplastic epithelium showed moderate cytoplasmic staining localized to the epithelium overlying the basal layer. This pattern of staining was also present in the nearby dermal fibroblasts. Thus, in contrast to the skin samples exposed to SM without iodine treatment, the epidermal layer expressing immunohistochemical positivity for COX-2 was thicker and corresponded to the epidermal hyperplasia noted in samples treated with iodine. It is well documented that prostaglandins (PGs) promote epidermal proliferation, thereby contributing to the repair of injured skin. That the induction of the COX-2 shown in our study may also play a role in the healing process is indicated by the present evidence. The results suggest that nitric oxide radicals (NO*) are involved in mediating the damage induced by the SM and that iodinerelated reduction in acute epidermal inflammation is associated with reduced iNOS expression. Bibliographic Information Intervention of sulfur mustard toxicity by downregulation of cell proliferation and metabolic rates. Ray R; Benton B J; Anderson D R; Byers S L; Petrali J P US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 210105400, USA. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S87-91. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428650 AN 2001371709 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Metabolically active and proliferating basal cells in the skin are most sensitive to the potent skin blistering chemical warfare compound HD (bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide). We previously described a Ca2+-dependent mechanism of HD (0.3-1 mM) toxicity that was inhibited by the cell-permeant Ca2+ chelator BAPTA AM (1,2-bis(O-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester). We describe some cellular effects of BAPTA AM that suggest a mechanism for its protective action. Monolayer log-phase normal human epidermal keratinocytes were incubated (37 degrees C) first in keratinocyte growth medium (KGM) containing BAPTA AM (10-40 microM) for 30 min and then in KGM alone overnight prior to evaluation. The BAPTA AM inhibited cell growth in a concentration-dependent manner with some cellular degeneration above 30 microM (light microscopy). At 20-30 microM, BAPTA AM also inhibited cellular metabolic processes, as evidenced by a lower incorporation of [3H]-thymidine (DNA synthesis, 54 +/- 5%), [3H]-uridine (RNA synthesis, 29 +/- 6%) and [14C]-valine (protein synthesis, 12 +/- 2%) as well as a lower protein content per culture (30 +/- 3%) compared with corresponding untreated controls. However, 20-30 microM BAPTA AM did not cause any demonstrable cytopathology based on morphological (electron microscopy) as well as biochemical (lactate dehydrogenase release, an indicator of cell viability loss) criteria, indicating a lack of acute toxicity. These results suggest that a mechanism of protection by BAPTA AM against HD may be via decreasing some metabolic, and therefore proliferative, rates. Bibliographic Information Comparison of cell size in sulfur mustard-induced death of keratinocytes and lymphocytes. Moser J; Meier H L Pharmacology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S23-30. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428638 AN 2001371697 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (HD) is a vesicant chemical warfare agent that directly alkylates cellular DNA and produces DNA strand breaks. To identify cellular models for in vitro screening of antivesicant compounds in DNA repair assays, we compared the mechanism of HD-induced cell death in cultured adult normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). One parameter that we used to distinguish apoptotic from necrotic cell death was the change in cell size due to HD. In the presence or absence of a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPI), cell preparations were exposed to various concentrations of HD (0.01-1.0 mM) and harvested at selected times after exposure (up to 24 h). Results from these experiments suggest that, with increasing HD concentration and time, NHEK will fragment irrespective of the presence or absence of PARPI, with cell fragmentation presumably preceded by necrosis. In the absence of PARPI, PBL size initially decreases and then remains constant over time. Previous DNA fragmentation studies indicate that both apoptosis and necrosis occur in HD-exposed PBL in a time-dependent manner. In the presence of PARPI, there is a HD concentration- and timedependent decrease in PBL size that is characteristic of apoptosis. The shift in the mechanism of HD-induced PBL death from apoptosis followed by necrosis to exclusively apoptosis in the absence and presence of PARPI, respectively, is in agreement with previous findings on HD-induced changes in membrane integrity, energy levels and DNA fragmentation. Considering that NHEK fragment early after exposure to HD concentrations that produce vesication in human skin, PBL may be a more appropriate model for use in DNA repair assays. Bibliographic Information MALDI-ToF/MS as a diagnostic tool for the confirmation of sulfur mustard exposure. Price E O; Smith J R; Clark C R; Schlager J J; Shih M L Pharmacology Division, Applied Pharmacology Branch, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S193-7. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. (EVALUATION STUDIES); Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428636 AN 2001371695 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The continual threat of chemical and biological warfare has prompted the need for unambiguous analytical methods for the confirmation of agent exposure. In this paper, we have investigated the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF/MS) as a diagnostic tool for this purpose. Mass spectral studies of the interaction of sulfur mustard (bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, HD) with hemoglobin and metallothioneine were conducted. In vitro experiments

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with purified proteins were performed, using both HD and chloroethylethyl sulfide (CEES), in an effort to determine the extent of alkylation and occurrence of HD cross-linking using the MALDI-ToF/MS technique. In a typical experiment, 50 ml of 5 mM HD in acetonitrile was added to an equal volume of 0.5 mM hemoglobin in deionized water followed by vortexing and incubation at room temperature. After 24 h, the samples were analyzed by MALDI-ToF/MS. Mass spectral results indicated the presence of at least two distinct alkylation adducts for both HD and CEES experiments. These results demonstrate that MALDIToF/MS is a useful analytical technique to investigate the interaction of HD with biomolecules and may be employed potentially as a diagnostic tool for the confirmation of exposure to chemical warfare agents. Bibliographic Information Automated assay for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Byers S; Anderson D; Brobst D; Cowan F Pharmacology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S19-22. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. (EVALUATION STUDIES); Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428635 AN 2001371694 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (HD), a vesicating chemical warfare compound, has been shown to deplete the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) content in several cell systems and tissues. This NAD+ depletion has been proposed as an indicator of HD exposure and can be used to evaluate potential antivesicant compounds. To examine NAD+ levels, an automated method based on the alcohol dehydrogenase cycling assay of Jacobson and Jacobson and utilizing a Cobas FARA clinical analyzer has been developed. Automation of this assay led to smaller sample volumes and more efficient use of personnel and resources. The usefulness of this automated method was tested by evaluating the protection, if any, by the topical application of vitamin D or betamethasone against HD-induced NAD+ depletion in skin punches from the hairless guinea pig. The results showed that the samples exposed to HD exhibited significant decreases in NAD+ levels when compared with controls. However, neither vitamin D nor betamethasone demonstrated protection against HD-induced NAD+ depletion. In fact, betamethasone exacerbated the NAD+ depletion when compared with the HD exposed group. This assay appears to be useful for testing potential antivesicant compounds using both in vivo and in vitro exposure systems. Bibliographic Information A cutaneous full-thickness liquid sulfur mustard burn model in weanling swine: clinical pathology and urinary excretion of thiodiglycol. Graham J S; Reid F M; Smith J R; Stotts R R; Tucker E S; Shumaker S M; Niemuth N A; Janny S J US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S161-72. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428630 AN 2001371689 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide, HD) is a well-known blistering chemical warfare agent. We have developed a cutaneous full-thickness HD burn model in weanling pigs for efficacy testing of candidate treatment regimens. This report addresses clinical pathology findings and the urinary excretion profile of a major HD metabolite (thiodiglycol, TDG) in this model. Six female Yorkshire pigs were exposed to HD liquid on the ventral surface for 2 h, generating six 3-cm diameter fullthickness dermal lesions per pig. Blood samples were collected throughout a 7-day observation period for hematology and serum chemistry examinations. Urine was collected in metabolism cages. Routine urinalysis was performed and the urine analyzed for TDG using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Examination of clinical pathology parameters revealed subtle HD-related changes that are suggestive of a mild hemolytic episode. No other signs of clinically significant systemic toxicities were noted, including bone marrow suppression. Thiodiglycol was detected at the earliest time point tested (6-8 h postexposure) at levels ranging from 0.66 to 4.98 microg ml(-1) with a mean of 2.14 microg ml(-1). Thiodiglycol concentrations were the highest for half of the animals at this earliest time point and at 24-48 h for the others. By the evening of day 3, the mean level had reached 50 ng ml(-1). Mean levels remained 10-40 ng ml(-1) for the remainder of the 7-day observation period, with the highest individual concentration noted during this period of 132 ng ml(-1). Our results are in general agreement with the TDG excretion profiles previously described for rodent models and humans. Urinary excretion of absorbed HD in our weanling pig wound healing model appears to follow the same pattern as is seen in other laboratory animals models. In general, urinary excretion of TDG appears to peak within the first 1-4 days following exposure, with detectable levels after 1 week. Relatively high urinary TDG levels may thus indicate agent exposure within the previous 96 h. Low levels significantly above natural background levels may indicate either exposure to low levels of agent or exposure that occurred more than 4 days prior to collection of the sample. Bibliographic Information Systemic administration of candidate antivesicants to protect against topically applied sulfur mustard in the mouse ear vesicant model (MEVM). Babin M C; Ricketts K; Skvorak J P; Gazaway M; Mitcheltree L W; Casillas R P Drug Assessment and Comparative Medicine Divisions, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S141-4. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428627 AN 2001371686 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The mouse ear vesicant model (MEVM) provides a quantitative edema response as well as histopathological and biochemical endpoints as measurements of inflammation and tissue damage following exposure to the chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard (HD). In the MEVM, several topically applied anti-inflammatory agents provided a significant degree of protection against HD-induced edema and dermal-epidermal separation. This study evaluated the protective effects of three of these pharmacological compounds when administered systemically in the MEVM. Alzet osmotic pumps were used to deliver a subcutaneous dose of the appropriate anti-inflammatory agent, starting 24 h before exposure to sulfur mustard and continuing until 24 h post-exposure to HD. Twenty-four hours after pump implantation, 5 microl of a 195 mM (0.16 mg) solution of sulfur mustard (density = 1.27 g ml(-1); MW = 159; purity = 97.5%) in methylene chloride was applied to the inner surface of the right ear of each mouse. Sulfur mustard injury in the mouse ear was measured by both edema response (fluid accumulation) and histopathological damage (necrosis, epidermal-dermal separation). The systemic administration of hydrocortisone, indomethacin and olvanil provided a significant reduction in edema (24%, 26% and 22%, respectively) from the positive control. Compared to HD-positive controls, hydrocortisone, indomethacin and olvanil caused a significant reduction in subepidermal blisters (71%, 52% and 57%, respectively) whereas only hydrocortisone produced a significant reduction in contralateral epidermal necrosis (41%). We show here that these anti-inflammatory drugs are effective when administered systemically in the MEVM. Bibliographic Information

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N-acetylcysteine and endothelial cell injury by sulfur mustard. Atkins K B; Lodhi I J; Hurley L L; Hinshaw D B University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48105, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S125-8. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428622 AN 2001371681 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Understanding the underlying mechanisms of cell injury and death induced by the chemical warfare vesicant sulfur mustard (HD) will be extremely helpful in the development of effective countermeasures to this weapon of terror. We have found recently that HD induces both apoptosis and necrosis in endothelial cells (Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1996; 141: 568-583). Pretreatment of the endothelial cells for 20 h with the redox-active agent N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) selectively prevented apoptotic death induced by HD. In this study, we tested the hypotheses that pretreatment with NAC acts through two different pathways to minimize endothelial injury by HD: NAC pretreatment acts via a glutathione (GSH)-dependent pathway; and NAC pretreatment acts to suppress HD-induced activation of the nuclear transcription factor NFkappaB. We used a fluorescence microscopic assay of apoptotic nuclear features to assess viability and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) to assess the activity of NFkappaB following exposure to HD. The cells were treated with 0-10 mM GSH for 1 h prior to and during exposure to 0 or 500 microM HD for 5-6 h. Cells were also treated with 50 mM NAC or 200 microM buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of GSH synthesis, alone or in combination overnight prior to exposure to 0 or 500 microM HD for 5-6 h. Externally applied GSH up to a concentration of 5 mM had no toxic effect on the cells. Mild toxicity was associated with 10 mM GSH alone. There was a dose-related enhancement of viability when 2.5 and 5 mM GSH were present during the HD exposure. Pretreatment with BSO alone had no discernible toxicity. However, pretreatment with this inhibitor of GSH synthesis potentiated the toxicity of HD. Pretreatment with 50 mM NAC, as previously reported, provided substantial protection. Combining pretreatment with both BSO and NAC eliminated the protective effect of NAC pretreatment alone on HD injury. These observations are highly suggestive that NAC enhances endothelial survival via GSH-dependent effects and confirms and extends the work of others with different models that externally supplied GSH alone may be a fairly effective countermeasure against HD injury of endothelium. We next examined the hypothesis that HD may activate the nuclear transcription factor NFkappaB by performing EMSAs with nuclear extracts of endothelial cells following exposure to 0, 250 or 500 microM HD. This demonstrated an up to 2.5-fold increase (scanning densitometry) in activation of NFkappaB binding to its consensus sequence induced by 500 microM HD after 5 h of HD exposure. Paradoxically, treatment of the endothelial cells alone with 50 mM NAC activated NFkappaB, although HD-induced activation of NFkappaB was partially suppressed by NAC at 5 h. Factor NFkappaB is an important transcription factor for a number of cytokine genes (e.g. tumor necrosis factor, TNF), which can be activated following stress in endothelial cells. Taken together, these observations suggest that the protective effects of NAC may be mediated by enhanced GSH synthesis. The increased GSH may act to scavenge HD and also prevent oxidative activation of NFkappaB. Under some conditions, NAC may act as an oxidizing agent and thus increase NFkappaB activity. The NFkappaBdependent gene expression may be important in inducing endothelial cell death as well as in generating a local inflammatory reaction associated with the release of endothelial-derived cytokines. Bibliographic Information Effects of CEES on inflammatory mediators, heat shock protein 70A, histology and ultrastructure in two skin models. Blaha M; Bowers W Jr; Kohl J; DuBose D; Walker J; Alkhyyat A; Wong G US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S101-8. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428619 AN 2001371678 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chemical warfare threats require the development of diverse models for the assessment of countermeasures. Human skin products, Skin2 (differentiating keratinocytes on a fibroblast-collagen matrix) and EpiDerm (differentiating keratinocytes) were exposed (2 h) to the sulfur mustard 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES, 1-2 mg l(-1) min(-1)) in humidified air or to humidified air alone. Tissues were evaluated histologically, ultrastructurally and for viability 22 h later; media and tissues were also analyzed for inflammatory mediators. Histology showed that CEES induced the separation of dermal and epidermal regions in Skin2 with severe damage to basal keratinocytes. Histology and electron microscopy of both products revealed condensation of nuclear chromatin, retraction of spinous processes, collapse of the tonofibrillar network and cytoplasmic vacuolization and blebbing in those cells with loss of pseudobasement membrane integrity. Exposure of Skin2 to CEES increased extracellular interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) and especially IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) release (56,334 vs 84,614 pg ml(-1)), but decreased interleukin-6 (IL-6, 4,755 vs 351 pg ml(-1)). Exposure of EpiDerm to CEES led to unaffected extracellular and reduced intracelluar IL-1alpha (371 vs 92 pg ml(-1)). Extracellular IL-1Ra greatly increased (2,375 vs 24,875 pg ml(-1)), whereas cellular levels decreased (16,5425 vs 96,625 pg ml(-1)). Extracellular (224 vs 68 pg ml(-1)) and intracellular (485 vs 233 pg ml(-1)) soluble interleukin-1 receptor H (sIL-1RII) decreased. Prostanglandin E2 increased (1,835 vs 2,582 pg ml(-1)), whereas heat shock protein 70A (Hsp70A) remained statistically unchanged (57,000 vs 96,000 pg ml(1)). Failure to obtain a heat shock response to CEES may contribute to the susceptibility of tissue to the alkylating agent. Consistent and marked responses of cellular and extracellular IL-1Ra to CEES suggest a potential for use as a tissue status marker and primary antiinflammatory regulator in skin. Bibliographic Information Correlation of a specific mitochondrial phospholipid-phosgene adduct with chloroform acute toxicity. Di Consiglio E; De Angelis G; Testai E; Vittozzi L Biochemical Toxicology Unit, Department of Comparative Toxicology and Ecotoxicology, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161, Rome, Italy Toxicology (2001 Feb 21), 159(1-2), 43-53. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11250054 AN 2001195862 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The dose and time dependence of formation of a specific adduct between mitochondrial phospholipid and phosgene have been determined in the liver of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats as well as in the liver and kidney of B6C3F1 mice after dosing with chloroform. Rats were induced with phenobarbital or non-induced. Determination of tissue glutathione (GSH) and of serum markers of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity was also carried out. With dose-dependence experiments, a strong correlation between the formation of the specific phospholipid adduct, GSH depletion and organ toxicity could be evidenced in all the organs studied. With non-induced SD rats, no such effects could be induced up to a dose of 740 mg/kg. Time-course studies with B6C3F1 mice indicated that the specific adduct formation took place at very early times after chloroform dosing and was concurrent with GSH depletion. The adduct formed during even transient GSH depletion (residual level: 30% of control) and persisted after restoration of GSH levels. Following a chloroform dose at the hepatotoxicity threshold (150 mg/kg), the elimination of the adduct in the liver occurred within 24 h and correlated with the recovery of ALT, which was slightly increased (12 times) after treatment. Following a moderately nephrotoxic dose (60 mg/kg), the renal adduct persisted longer than 48 h, when a 100% increase in blood urea nitrogen and a 40% increase in serum creatinine indicated the onset of organ damage. The formation of the adduct in the liver mitochondria of B6C3F1 mice was associated with the decrease of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), in line with previous results in rat liver indicating that the adduct results from the reaction of phosgene with PE. The adduct levels implicated the reaction of phosgene with about 50% PE molecules in the liver mitochondrial membrane

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of phenobarbital-induced SD rats and of about 10% PE molecules of the inner mitochondrial membrane of the liver of B6C3F1 mice. The association of this adduct with the toxic effects of chloroform makes it a very good candidate as the primary critical alteration in the sequence of events leading to cell death caused by chloroform. Bibliographic Information The influence of anticholinergic drug selection on the efficacy of antidotal treatment of soman-poisoned rats. Kassa J; Fusek J Purkyne Military Medical Academy, PO Box 35/T, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic. [email protected] Toxicology (2000 Nov 23), 154(1-3), 67-73. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11118671 AN 2001083637 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The influence of some anticholinergic drugs (atropine, benactyzine, biperiden, scopolamine) on the efficacy of antidotal treatment to eliminate soman (O-pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate)-induced disturbance of respiration and circulation and to protect experimental animals poisoned with supralethal dose of soman (1.5 x LD(50)) was investigated in a rat model with on-line monitoring of respiratory and circulatory parameters. While the oxime HI-6 in combination with atropine prevented soman-induced changes in monitored physiological parameters insufficiently and very shortly, the combination of HI-6 with benactyzine or biperiden is able to prevent soman-induced alteration of respiration and circulation much more longer. Nevertheless, only rats treated with HI-6 in combination with scopolamine were fully protected against the lethal toxic effects of soman within 2 h following soman challenge. Our findings confirm that anticholinergic drugs with the strong central antimuscarinic activity, such as benactyzine, biperiden and especially scopolamine, seem to be more effective adjuncts to HI-6 treatment of severe acute soman-induced poisoning than atropine.

megalomania

April 20th, 2005, 05:12 PM

Bibliographic Information Development of multifunctional perfluorinated polymer blends as an active barrier cream against chemical warfare agents. Hobson, Stephen T.; Braue, Ernest H., Jr. Drug Assessment Div., U.S. Army Medical Research Institute for Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering (2001), 84 80-81. CODEN: PMSEDG ISSN: 0743-0515. Journal written in English. CAN 138:363990 AN 2003:381106 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chem. warfare agents (CWA's) represent a real and growing threat both to U.S. armed forces as well as to civilians. Within the last three decades, chem. weapons have been used by the Soviets in Cambodia (yellow rain, tricothecene mycotoxins), by Iraq against Iran (HD and tabun), and by Iraq against its own dissident Kurdish population at Halabja (H-ID HCN0). In the United States' experience in World War I, almost one-third of hospitalized casualties were a result of CWA's. Furthermore, the 1000 casualties and 12 deaths resulting from the 1995 terrorist use of sarin (GB) in Tokyo show that civilians have also become targets. In this paper we focus on protection against two classes of CWA's: nerve agents (soman, GD) and blister agents (sulfur mustard, HD). Protection against these agents in the United States Army consists of a chem. resistant outer layer of clothing (BDO) and protective mask (M40). This scheme of protection allows operation in a chem. contaminated area but results in decreased performance and increased heat retention. We have investigated a material that serves as a phys. barrier to CWA's and contains an active moiety to neutralize hazardous chems. This Active Topical Skin Protectant (aTSP) would be used in conjunction with other protective procedures. Herein we report the prepn., characterization, and evaluation of aTSP's. Bibliographic Information Molecularly imprinted polymers for the detection of chemical agents in water. Jenkins, Amanda L.; Yin, Ray; Jensen, Janet L.; Durst, H. Dupont. US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering (2001), 84 76-77. CODEN: PMSEDG ISSN: 0743-0515. Journal written in English. CAN 138:343335 AN 2003:381101 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Molecularly imprinted polymers contg. Eu3+ were prepd. using a no. of pesticides and pinacolyl methylphosphonate (hydrolysis product of the nerve agent Soman), and sensors were fabricated by coating the polymers on optical fibers. The sensors were characterized in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, response time, adaptability, and portability; they provided detection limits in the low parts per trillion. Bibliographic Information Synthesis of carbon-coated MgO nanoparticles. Bedilo, Alexander F.; Sigel, M. Jake; Koper, Olga B.; Melgunov, Maxim S.; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA. Journal of Materials Chemistry (2002), 12(12), 3599-3604. CODEN: JMACEP ISSN: 0959-9428. Journal written in English. CAN 138:174329 AN 2002:910661 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Carbon-coated MgO nanoparticles, with carbon forming a porous coating on the surface of MgO nanoparticles, have been prepd. by two different techniques. Resorcinol has been found to be an efficient agent for the modification of magnesium methoxide leading to carbon-coated MgO nanocrystals of small crystallite size and high surface area. Decompn. of dry magnesium methoxide under an inert gas flow proved to be another efficient and economical way to synthesize carbon-coated MgO. The carbon coating acts as a hydrophobic barrier partially protecting the core metal oxide from water adsorption and conversion to magnesium hydroxide. However, destructive adsorption reactions can still proceed on the metal oxide surface, as evidenced by the dehydrochlorination of 2-chloroethyl Et sulfide (2-CEES) and 1-chlorobutane. The overall stability of the material in the presence of water vapor is significantly improved in comparison with non-coated nanocryst. MgO. Bibliographic Information Micellar Effects on Hypochlorite Catalyzed Decontamination of Toxic Phosphorus Esters. Dubey, D. K.; Gupta, A. K.; Sharma, Mamta; Prabha, S.; Vaidyanathaswamy, R. Defence R and D Establishment, Gwalior, India. Langmuir (2002), 18(26), 1048910492. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 138:94789 AN 2002:866089 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract

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At pH 8.5, the surfactant N,N,N-trimethyl-1-hexadecanaminium bromide (I) increased the pseudo-first-order rate consts. of hypochlorite-catalyzed hydrolysis of the sarin model compd. p-nitrophenyl di-Ph phosphate by 300 times and that of the toxic p-nitrophenyl iso-Pr methylphosphonate by 20 times, and the nerve agent sarin itself was completely decontaminated within 10 min at a sarin-hypochlorite ratio of 20:1 in a micellar I-hypochlorite mixt. In the absence of surfactant , it takes >70 min to detoxify sarin, even at a 10 times higher concn. of hypochlorite. Bibliographic Information A Comparative Study of the Adsorption of Chloro- and Non-Chloro-Containing Organophosphorus Compounds on WO3. Kanan, Sofian M.; Lu, Zhixiang; Tripp, Carl P. Laboratory for Surface Science Technology and Department of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA. Journal of Physical Chemistry B (2002), 106(37), 9576-9580. CODEN: JPCBFK ISSN: 1520-6106. Journal written in English. CAN 137:253624 AN 2002:620746 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The adsorption of di-Me methylphosphonate (DMMP), tri-Me phosphate (TMP), and methyldichlorophosphate (MDCP) on monoclinic tungsten oxide (m-WO3) evacuated at various temps. was investigated using IR spectroscopy. DMMP is the most common mol. used for evaluating the performance of WO3 and other semiconducting metal oxide (SMO)-based sensors to phosphonate-based nerve agents. However, toxic nerve agents such as sarin differ from DMMP in that they contain a functional group (P-F in sarin) that can be readily hydrolyzed. It is shown that the adsorption of organophosphates that contain P-Cl groups differs from nonhalogenated simulants such as DMMP and TMP on WO3 surfaces. Specifically, the non-chlorinated simulants DMMP and TMP adsorb on the surface solely through the P:O functionality with the surface water layer as well as the Lewis and Bronsted acid sites. The relative no. of mols. bound on Lewis and Bronsted acid surface sites depends on the initial evacuation temp. of the WO3 surface. When MDCP adsorbs on WO3 through the P:O bond, it is accompanied by the hydrolysis of P-Cl groups by water vapor or the adsorbed water layer leading to addnl. phosphate-like species on the surface. The IR data suggests that a halogenated phosphate like MDCP is a better simulant mol. for studies aimed at understanding the role of water and hydrolysis in the response of metal oxide-based sensors to nerve agents. Bibliographic Information Protection from half-mustard-gas-induced acute lung injury in the rat. McClintock, Shannon D.; Till, Gerd O.; Smith, Milton G.; Ward, Peter A. Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2002), 22(4), 257-262. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 137:151235 AN 2002:596130 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The chem. warfare agent analog, 2-chloroethyl Et sulfide, known as half-mustard gas (HMG), is less toxic and less of an environmental hazard than the full mol. and has been shown to produce an acute lung injury in rats when instilled via intrapulmonary injection. This injury is characterized by massive, localized hemorrhage and edema into the alveolar compartment and can be quantitated by measuring extravasation of 125I-bovine serum albumin into the extravascular compartment. Employing this rat model of HMG-induced lung injury, the authors obsd. significant attenuation of the pulmonary injury when exptl. animals were complement- or neutrophil-depleted prior to HMG challenge. Significant protection also was provided by the use of antioxidants such as catalase, DMSO, dimethylthiourea, Resveratrol, and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). The last compd. showed protection from lung injury as high as 70% and was still effective even when given up to 90 min after exposure of the lungs to HMG. These data suggest that acute lung injury caused by exposure to HMG may be related partially to complement-mediated pathways and the generation by neutrophils of toxic oxygen species. The data indicate that NAC is an effective antidote against HMG-induced acute lung injury in the rat. Bibliographic Information Oxidative decontamination of chemical and biological warfare agents using L-Gel. Raber, Ellen; McGuire, Raymond. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Environment Protection Department, University of California, Livermore, CA, USA. Journal of Hazardous Materials (2002), 93(3), 339-352. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 137:374412 AN 2002:558690 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A decontamination method was developed using a single reagent that is effective both against chem. warfare (CW) and biol. warfare (BW) agents. The new reagent, L-Gel, consists of an aq. soln. of a mild com. oxidizer, Oxone, together with a com. fumed silica gelling agent, Cab-O-Sil EH 5. L-Gel is non-toxic, environmentally friendly, relatively non-corrosive, maximizes contact time because of its thixotropic nature, clings to walls and ceilings, and does not harm carpets or painted surfaces. This reagent also addresses the most demanding requirements for decontamination in the civilian sector, including availability, low maintenance, ease of application and deployment by a variety of dispersal mechanisms, minimal training and acceptable expense. Expts. to test the effectiveness of L-Gel were conducted at Lawrence Livermore National Lab. and independently at 4 other locations. L-Gel was tested against all classes of chem. warfare agents and against various biol. warfare agent surrogates, including spore-forming bacteria and non-virulent strains of real biol. agents. Testing showed that L-Gel is as effective against chem. agents and biol. materials, including spores, as the best military decontaminants. Bibliographic Information Synthesis, Characterization, and Adsorption Studies of Nanocrystalline Aluminum Oxide and a Bimetallic Nanocrystalline Aluminum Oxide/Magnesium Oxide. Carnes, Corrie L.; Kapoor, Pramesh N.; Klabunde, Kenneth J.; Bonevich, John. Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA. Chemistry of Materials (2002), 14(7), 2922-2929. CODEN: CMATEX ISSN: 0897-4756. Journal written in English. CAN 137:128541 AN 2002:469813 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Nanocrystals of Al2O3 and Al2O3/MgO have been produced by a modified aerogel synthesis involving the corresponding aluminum tri-tert-butoxide, magnesium methoxide, toluene, methanol, ethanol, and water. The resulting oxides are in the form of powders having crystallites of .ltorsim.2 nm. These crystallites have been studied by TEM and BET methods, and were found to possess high surface areas and pore vols. (800 m2/g for Al2O3 and 790 m2/g for Al2O3/MgO, compared to 450 m2/ g for MgO). As seen with other metal oxides, once they are produced as nanoparticles, their reactivity is greatly enhanced on a per unit surface area basis. This is thought to be due to morphol. differences, whereas larger crystallites have only a small percentage of reactive sites on the surface, smaller crystallites possess much higher surface concn. of such sites per unit surface area. Elemental anal., X-ray diffraction, and IR spectroscopy have been used to characterize these nanoparticles, and reactions with CCl4, SO2, and Paraoxon have demonstrated significantly enhanced reactivity and/or capacity compared with common com. forms of the oxide powders. A significant feature is that, by a cogellation synthesis, Al2O3 and MgO have been intermingled, which engenders enhanced reactivity/capacity over the pure forms of nanoscale Al2O3 or MgO toward a chem.

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warfare surrogate (Paraoxon) and an acid gas (SO2). This serves as an example where tailored synthesis of a nanostructured formulation can yield special benefits. Bibliographic Information Nanocrystalline metal oxides as destructive adsorbents for organophosphorus compounds at ambient temperatures. Rajagopalan, Shyamala; Koper, Olga; Decker, Shawn; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Nanoscale Materials, Inc., Manhattan, KS, USA. Chemistry--A European Journal (2002), 8(11), 2602-2607. CODEN: CEUJED ISSN: 0947-6539. Journal written in English. CAN 137:191092 AN 2002:451335 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Nanocrystals of magnesium oxide react with organophosphorus compds. at room temp. by dissociative chemisorption, which we term "destructive adsorption". This process involves cleavage of P-O and P-F bonds (but not P-C bonds) and immobilization of the resultant mol. fragments. These ultrafine powders have unusual cryst. shapes and possess high surface concns. of reactive edge/corner and defect sites, and thereby display higher surface reactivity, normalized for surface area, than typical polycryst. material. This high surface reactivity coupled with high surface area allows their use for effective decontamination of chem. warfare agents and related toxic substances. Herein data is presented for paraoxon, diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), and (CH3CH2O)2P(O)CH2SC6H5 (DEPTMP). Solid-state NMR and IR spectroscopy indicate that all OR and F groups dissoc.; this leaves bound -PO4% 2C -F, and -OR groups for paraoxon, DFP, and DEPTMP, resp. For paraoxon, it was shown that one monolayer reacts. For DEPTMP, the OR groups dissoc., but not the P-CH2SC6H5 group. The nanocryst. MgO reacts much faster and in higher capacity than typical activated carbon samples, which physisorb but do not destructively adsorb these phosphorous compds. Bibliographic Information Routes of photocatalytic destruction of chemical warfare agent simulants. Vorontsov, Alexandre V.; Davydov, Lev; Reddy, Ettireddy P.; Lion, Claude; Savinov, Eugenii N.; Smirniotis, Panagiotis G. Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Novosibirsk, Russia. New Journal of Chemistry (2002), 26(6), 732-744. CODEN: NJCHE5 ISSN: 1144-0546. Journal written in English. CAN 137:236738 AN 2002:427511 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Selected imitants of chem. warfare agents such as di-Me methylphosphonate (DMMP), di-Et phosphoramidate (DEPA), pinacolyl methylphosphonate (PMP), and butylaminoethanethiol (BAET) were subjected to photocatalytic and sonophotocatalytic treatment in aq. suspensions of TiO2. Complete conversion of the same mass of imitants to inorg. products was obtained within 600 min for DMMP, DEPA, PMP, but required a longer time for BAET. Sonolysis accelerated photodegrdn. of DMMP. No degrdn. was obsd. without UV illumination. Final products of degrdn. were PO43-, CO2 for DMMP and PMP, PO43-, NO3- (25%), NH4+ (75%), CO2 for DEPA, and SO42-, NH4+, CO2 for BAET. The no. of main detected intermediate products increases in the order DMMP (7), DEPA (9), PMP (21), and exceeds 34 for BAET. Degrdn. of DMMP mainly proceeds through consecutive oxidn. of methoxy groups and then the Me group. Di-Me hydroxymethylphosphonate and dimethylphosphate testify to the parallel oxidn. of the Me group. Destruction of DEPA mainly starts with cleavage of the P-NH2 bond to form di-Et phosphate, which transforms further into Et phosphate. Oxidn. of and carbons of ethoxy groups to form ethylphosphonoamidate, hydroxyethyl ethylphosphonoamidate and other products also contributes to the destruction. Photocatalytic degrdn. of PMP mainly starts with oxidn. of the pinacolyl fragment, methylphosphonic acid and acetone being the major products. Oxidn. of BAET begins with dark dimerization to disulfide, which undergoes oxidn. of sulfur forming sulfinic and sulfonic acids as well as oxidn. of carbons to form butanal, aminobutane, etc., and cyclic products such as 2-propylthiazole. A scheme of degrdn. was proposed for DMMP and DEPA, and starting routes for PMP and BAET. Quantum efficiencies of complete mineralization calcd. as reaction rate to photon flux ratio approx. 10-3%. Bibliographic Information Solvent Effects on the Heterogeneous Adsorption and Reactions of (2-Chloroethyl) ethyl Sulfide on Nanocrystalline Magnesium Oxide. Narske, Richard M.; Klabunde, Kenneth J.; Fultz, Shawn. Department of Chemistry, Augustana College, Rock Island, IL, USA. Langmuir (2002), 18(12), 4819-4825. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 137:62952 AN 2002:360518 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The noncatalytic destructive adsorption of (2-chloroethyl) Et sulfide (2-CEES), a mimic of bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide (HD or Mustard Gas), on nanocryst. Mg oxide (AP-MgO) was studied in several solvents from pentane to methanol. The decompn. products formed in these reactions were vinyl Et sulfide and (2-hydroxyethyl) Et sulfide. Reactions in pentane allowed the highest reaction rates, while THF and methanol gave results quite different from those for the hydrocarbon solvent. Reactions in methanol yielded (methoxyethyl) Et sulfide and not the vinyl Et sulfide and (2-hydroxyethyl) Et sulfide compds. These studies showed that the MgO-2-CEES reaction chem. is significantly affected by the solvent present and can be enhanced by choice of solvent and the addn. of small amts. of water. Interestingly, the least polar, least reactive solvent (pentane) allowed the most rapid 2-CEES reactions, indicating that the solvent simply aided material transfer to the reactive surface sites without blocking these sites. Rate changes upon water addn., coupled with FTIR studies, indicate that isolated surface OH groups are important reactive sites. These results indicate that the use of certain inert solvents greatly aids material transfer, and thereby the reaction rates of the sorbent with the toxin are significantly enhanced. Bibliographic Information Adsorption and Reaction of Diethyl Sulfide on Active Carbons with and without Impregnants under Static Conditions. Prasad, G. K.; Singh, Beer; Saradhi, U. V. R.; Suryanarayana, M. V. S.; Pandey, D. Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. Langmuir (2002), 18(11), 4300-4306. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 137:52819 AN 2002:306380 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Active carbons of different grades with and without impregnants were studied for the adsorption of di-Et sulfide (DES), the simulant of S mustard, under static conditions at 36 1 . Kinetics of the adsorption were studied using linear driving force (LDF) and the Fickian diffusion model. The kinetic parameters such as equilibration time, equilibration capacity, equilibration const., diffusional exponent, and adsorbate-adsorbent interaction const. (K) were detd. The diffusional exponent (n), being <0.5, indicated a Fickian mode of diffusion of DES in the studied C. Chem. interaction also seemed to be the 2nd mechanism (although minor) involved in the DES uptake rate (the 1st being simple Fickian diffusion). The adsorbate-adsorbent interaction const. did not vary significantly indicating that probably DES chem. interacts to a small extent with the metal salts present on the surface of active C as impregnants. However, the characterization of reaction products, after extn. in CH2Cl2, using GC/MS indicated that the system CrO3/NaOH/C (C impregnated with Cr(VI) plus NaOH) only reacted with DES to give di-Et sulfone.

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An improved brain slice model of nerve agent-induced seizure activity. Wood, Sebastien J.; Tattersall, John E. H. Biomedical Sciences Department, CBD Porton Down, Salisbury, UK. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S83-S86. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:290254 AN 2002:246280 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A brain slice model was developed to investigate the mechanisms of seizure activity induced by soman and the effectiveness of potential anticonvulsant drugs. Unlike previously reported slice studies with nerve agents, this model contains the entorhinal cortex as well as the hippocampus. This allows the study of the spread of seizure discharges within the limbic system and the development of prolonged, sustained discharges that are rarely seen in the simple hippocampal slice prepn. Soman (1 M) induced a second population spike in the evoked field potential in the CA1 or CA3 region within 15-20 min. In almost all the slices tested, this developed into spontaneous seizure activity within 30-40 min. As well as interictal bursts, many slices also showed longer periods of high-frequency bursting analogous to ictal seizure activity that originated in the entorhinal cortex. This activity appeared similar to that induced by the muscarinic agonist pilocarpine. Both the second population spike and the spontaneous discharges could be blocked by diazepam and by AMPA/kainate antagonists but not by the NMDA antagonists AP5 and MK-801. This study confirms that the combined hippocampal-entorhinal cortex slice prepn. is a suitable model for investigating the origin and propagation of nerve agent-induced seizures within the limbic system. Bibliographic Information The NMDA receptor ion channel: a site for binding of huperzine A. Gordon, Richard K.; Nigam, Savita V.; Weitz, Julie A.; Dave, Jitendra R.; Doctor, Bhupendra P.; Ved, Haresh S. Division of Biochemistry, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S47-S51. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:397222 AN 2002:246274 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Huperzine A (HUP-A), first isolated from the Chinese club moss Huperzia serrata, is a potent, reversible and selective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) over butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) (Life Sci. 54: 991-997). Because HUP-A has been shown to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, is more stable than the carbamates used as pretreatments for organophosphate poisoning (OP) and the HUP-A:AChE complex has a longer half-life than other prophylactic sequestering agents, HUP-A has been proposed as a pretreatment drug for nerve agent toxicity by protecting AChE from irreversible OP-induced phosphonylation. More recently (NeuroReport 8: 963-968), pretreatment of embryonic neuronal cultures with HUP-A reduced glutamate-induced cell death and also decreased glutamate-induced calcium mobilization. These results suggest that HUP-A might interfere with and be beneficial for excitatory amino acid overstimulation, such as seen in ischemia, where persistent elevation of internal calcium levels by activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate subtype receptor is found. The authors have now investigated the interaction of HUP-A with glutamate receptors. Freshly frozen cortex or synaptic plasma membranes were used, providing 60-90% specific radioligand binding. Huperzine A ( 100 M) had no effect on the binding of [3H]glutamate (low- and high-affinity glutamate sites), [3H]MDL 105,519 (NMDA glycine regulatory site), [3H]ifenprodil (NMDA polyamine site) or [3H]CGS 19755 (NMDA antagonist). In contrast with these results, HUP-A non-competitively (Hill slope < 1) inhibited [3H]MK-801 and [3H]TCP binding (co-located NMDA ion channel PCP site) with pseudo Ki .apprx. 6 M. Furthermore, when neuronal cultures were pretreated with HUP-A for 45 min prior to NMDA exposure, HUP-A dose-dependently inhibited the NMDAinduced toxicity. Although HUP-A has been implicated to interact with cholinergic receptors, it was without effect at 100 M on muscarinic (measured by inhibition of [3H]QNB or [3H]NMS binding) or nicotinic [3H]epibatidine binding) receptors; also, HUP-A did not perturb adenosine receptor binding [3H]PIA or [3H]NECA). Therefore, HUP-A most likely attenuates excitatory amino acid toxicity by blocking the NMDA ion channel and subsequent Ca2+ mobilization at or near the PCP and MK-801 ligand sites. Thus, on the one hand, HUP-A could be used as a pretreatment against OPs and it might also be a valuable therapeutic intervention in a variety of acute and chronic disorders by protecting against overstimulation of the excitatory amino acid pathway. By blocking NMDA ion channels without psychotomimetic side-effects, HUP-A may protect against diverse neurodegenerative states obsd. during ischemia or Alzheimer's disease. Bibliographic Information Army medical laboratory telemedicine: role of mass spectrometry in telediagnosis for chemical and biological defense. Smith, J. Richard; Shih, Ming L.; Price, Elvis O.; Platoff, Gennady E.; Schlager, John J. Pharmacology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S35-S41. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:365032 AN 2002:246272 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract An army medical field lab. presently has the capability of performing std. protocols developed at the US Army Medical Research Institute of Chem. Defense for verification of nerve agent or sulfur mustard exposure. The protocols analyze hydrolysis products of chem. warfare agents using gas chromatog./mass spectrometry. Addnl., chem. warfare agents can produce alkylated or phosphorylated proteins following human exposure that have long biol. half-lives and can be used as diagnostic biomarkers of chem. agent exposure. An anal. technique known as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) currently is being examd. for its potential to analyze these biomarkers. The technique is capable of detecting large biomols. and modifications made to them. Its fast anal. time makes MALDI-TOF/MS technol. suitable for screening casualties from chem. or biol. attacks. Basic operation requires minimal training and the instrument has the potential to become field-portable. The limitation of the technique is that the generated data may require considerable expertise from knowledgeable personnel for consultation to ensure correct interpretation. The interaction between research scientists and field personnel in the acquisition of data and its interpretation via advanced digital telecommunication technologies can enhance rapid diagnosis and subsequently improve patient care in remote areas. Bibliographic Information Analysis of the degradation compounds of chemical warfare agents using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Smith, J. Richard; Shih, Ming L. Pharmacology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S27-S34. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:365031 AN 2002:246271 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The anal. of the degrdn. products of chem. warfare (CW) agents has been a challenge to analysts. The low volatility of these compds. makes them unsuitable for direct gas chromatog. anal. without prior derivatization. Lack of a chromophore causes difficulties with classic detection methods after liq. chromatog. sepn. With the recent development of various interfaces that

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allow for the introduction of a liq. solvent stream into the mass spectrometer, the task of directly analyzing these compds. has become easier. For this report, the authors examd. three different liq. chromatog./mass spectrometry (LC/MS) interfaces for their suitability for the anal. of CW degrdn. compds. The interface types examd. were particle beam electron impact ionization (PBI), electrospray ionization (ESI) and atm. pressure chem. ionization (APCI). Several alkylphosphonates and thiodiglycol analogs that are produced from the degrdn. of organophosphorus nerve agents and sulfur mustard, resp., were analyzed using each of the three techniques. Electron impact ionization following gas chromatog. or particle beam introduction typically generates very reproducible, library-searchable mass spectra. Most of the CW breakdown compds. examd. using the PBI interface did not produce a mol. ion. Despite the lack of a mol. ion, the mass spectra of the various compds. contained enough different structural information from fragment ions for the pos. identification of each. The mass spectra generated using ESI are generally limited to protonated mol. ions with little or no fragmentation. For pos. identification and confirmation, tandem mass spectrometry techniques quite often must be used. Many of the compds. in this study were characterized by prominent sodiated adducts along with the protonated mol. ion. Methylphosphonic acid produced protonated dimers, trimers, etc. Although the various adduct ions can be used for addnl. confirmation of the mol. wt. of a compd., the adducts also can result in suppression of ionization of the compd. and thus reduce sensitivity. Another "soft" ionization technique that results in abundant protonated mol. ions is APCI. The mass spectra of the breakdown compds. produced using APCI were characterized generally by either a prominent protonated mol. ion or a dehydrated form of it. In addn., a no. of structurally significant fragment ions were obsd. and their relative abundances could be adjusted by altering the APCI conditions. The data presented here indicate that each of the three techniques can be used successfully for direct liq. introduction and anal. of the non-volatile compds. produced from the degrdn. of CW agents. The mass spectra produced using each technique are quite different and could be utilized as addnl. confirmation of compd. identity. Bibliographic Information Development of an immunoassay for diagnosis of exposure to toxic organophosphorus compounds. Miller, Jennifer K.; Lenz, David E. Department of OCBS, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S23-S26. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:336395 AN 2002:246270 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Currently, diagnosis of exposure to toxic low-mol.-wt. compds. is effected by the use of chromatog. techniques. Such an approach is limited by the need for expensive equipment and sample clean-up before carrying out the anal. To overcome those drawbacks, the authors were involved in the development of an immunoassay for diagnosis of exposure to toxic organophosphorus compds. such as pinacolylmethyl phosphonofluoridate (soman), which is a chem. warfare agent. Prior ests. suggested that it is necessary to be able to detect soman at a concn. below 2.5 10-7 M. Using four previously developed monoclonal antibodies, an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) was used to optimize assay conditions and identify the antibody with the highest apparent affinity. The min. required assay time was 2.0-2.5 h with no loss in sensitivity. To det. the specificity of the highest affinity antibody, a competitive inhibition enzyme immunoassay (CIEIA) was performed with six structural analogs of soman. The IC50 values for these analogs were 5 10-7 M for 4nitrophenylpinacolylmethylphosphonate, 8 10-7 M for dipinacolylmethylphosphonate, 2 10-6 M for diisopropylmethylphosphonate, 3 10-5 M for 4-nitrophenylmethyl(phenylphosphinate) and 6.5 10-5 M for 4nitrophenylethyl(phenyl)phosphinate. 4-Nitrophenyl-di(n-butyl)phosphinate did not inhibit binding. Those inhibitors with branched alkyl side-chains, similar to the soman mol., were effective inhibitors. Compds., which contained predominately arom. groups, were poor inhibitors. We are continuing to probe the binding specificity of the monoclonal antibody to det. its utility in further assay development. Our present results suggest that the antibody chosen may have the appropriate specificity and affinity for immunodiagnosis of exposure to soman. Bibliographic Information The active site of human paraoxonase (PON1). Josse, Denis; Lockridge, Oksana; Xie, Weihua; Bartels, Cynthia F.; Schopfer, Lawrence M.; Masson, Patrick. Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S7-S11. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:365079 AN 2002:246267 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Ideally the authors would like to treat people exposed to nerve agents with an enzyme that rapidly destroys nerve agents. The enzymes considered for such a role include human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterase and paraoxonase (PON1). Success has been achieved in endowing BChE with the ability to hydrolyze organophosphates. The G117H mutant of BCHE hydrolyzes sarin and VX, whereas the double mutant G117H/E197Q hydrolyzes soman. However, the rates of organophosphate hydrolysis are slow and a faster organophosphate hydrolase is being sought. Native PON1 hydrolyzes paraoxon with a catalytic efficiency, of 2.4 106 M-1 min-1, and our goal is to improve the organophosphate hydrolase activity of PON1. To achieve this we need to identify the amino acids in the active site of PON1. Using site-directed mutagenesis and expression in human 293T cells, the authors have identified the following eight amino acids as being essential to PON1 activity: W280, H114, H133, H154, H242, H284, E52 and D53. Fluorescence of PON1 complexed to terbium ion shows that at least one tryptophan is close to the calcium binding site. Bibliographic Information Comparison of the hydrolytic stability of S-(N,N-diethylaminoethyl) isobutyl methylphosphonothiolate with VX in dilute solution. Crenshaw, M. D.; Hayes, T. L.; Miller, T. L.; Shannon, C. M. Medical Research and Evaluation Facility, Battelle Memorial Institute, JM-3, Columbus, OH, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S3-S6. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:365078 AN 2002:246266 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The stability of S-(N,N-diethylaminoethyl) iso-Bu methylphosphonothiolate-a V-type nerve agent developed by the former Soviet Union-in the environment is an important parameter in threat assessment anal. and for the detn. of use, prodn., testing and storage of this chem. warfare agent. S-(N,N-Diethylaminoethyl) iso-Bu methylphosphonothiolate is a structural isomer of the nerve agent VX developed by the USA and the UK and will be referred to as VXA (VX analog) in this presentation. Because VXA and VX differ structurally, even though they do have the same mol. formula, it is expected that their phys. and chem. properties would be different. This preliminary investigation was undertaken to det. the relative hydrolysis rate of VXA compared with VX. The hydrolysis of each compd. at approx. 1 mg ml-1 in unbuffered water at pH 7 was detd. side-by-side. The half-lives for VXA and VX were detd. to be 12.4 days and 4.78 days, resp. Agent VXA hydrolyzed 2.6 times more slowly than VX, and each agent followed second-order hydrolysis kinetics. These results imply that VXA is more persistent in the environment and therefore poses a greater threat. These results also imply that VXA is more likely to be detected, if present, during an inspection in support of the Chem. Weapons Convention. Bibliographic Information

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Synthesis of high surface area monoclinic WO3 particles using organic ligands and emulsion based methods. Lu, Zhixiang; Kanan, Sofian M.; Tripp, Carl P. Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology (LASST), University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA. Journal of Materials Chemistry (2002), 12(4), 983-989. CODEN: JMACEP ISSN: 0959-9428. Journal written in English. CAN 136:389533 AN 2002:226497 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Several synthetic approaches have been used to obtain nano-sized monoclinic WO3 (m-WO3) powders. All of these methods begin with a std. preparative method where H2WO4 is first generated by passing a Na2WO4 soln. through a cation-exchange resin. It is shown that high surface area particles are produced by dripping the H2WO4 exiting from the ion-exchange column into a soln. contg. oxalate and acetate exchange ligands or alternatively, into a water-in-oil (w/o) based emulsion. In comparison to com. WO3 powders, the surface area of the m-WO3 powders were higher by factors of 10 and 20 times when prepd. in the presence of acetate/oxalate chelating agents and w/o emulsions, resp. The much higher surface areas enable IR spectroscopic identification of surface sites along with detection and monitoring of gaseous reactions and adsorbed species on the surface of this metal oxide. This is demonstrated with the adsorption of a nerve agent simulant, di-Me Me phosphonate. In general, little is known about the reactions of gaseous mols. on m-WO3 surfaces and the fabrication of high surface area m-WO3 particles will aid in gaining an understanding of the chem. processes occurring in WO3 based sensors. Bibliographic Information Prefiltering Strategies for Metal Oxide Based Sensors: The Use of Chemical Displacers to Selectively Dislodge Adsorbed Organophosphonates from Silica Surfaces. Kanan, Sofian M.; Tripp, Carl P. Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology (LASST) and Department of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA. Langmuir (2002), 18(3), 722-728. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 136:173252 AN 2002:22837 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract IR spectroscopy is used to monitor the competitive adsorption/desorption behavior of the nerve gas simulants, di-Me methylphosphonate (DMMP), tri-Me phosphate (TMP), Me dichlorophosphate (MDCP), and trichlorophosphate (TCP) on SiO2. All 4 compds. molecularly adsorb via hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) with the surface hydroxyl groups. The adsorption strength depends on 2 factors: the specific functional group H-bonded to the surface hydroxyl groups and the no. of such bonds per mol. The phosphonates are molecularly displaced from the SiO2 surface by chem. displacers. By judiciously selecting chem. displacers as dictated by the 2 factors, (i.e., type and no. of functional groups H-bonded to the surface silanols) it is possible to selectively and sequentially dislodge each of the 4 phosphonate compds. adsorbed on SiO2. Specifically, the relative adsorption strength of the phosphonate compds. and the chem. displacers (labeled A-C) follows the order: TCP < MDCP < A < DMMP < B < TMP < C, where A = NEt3 (TEA), B = 2-pyridyl MeCN (2-PyAN), and C= ethylenediamine (EDA). AM1 semiempirical calcns. show that the toxic nerve agent, sarin, would position itself between MDCP and DMMP in the above order. The implications of using chem. displacers in filtering applications with metal oxide based sensors are discussed. Bibliographic Information New -phthalimidoperoxyalkanoic acids in decontamination. Destruction of some toxic organophosphorus and organosulfur pollutants. Lion, Claude; Da Conceicao, Louis; Delmas, Gerard; Magnaud, Gilbert. Institut de Topologie et de Dynamique des Systemes, Universite de Paris 7, Paris, Fr. New Journal of Chemistry (2001), 25(9), 1182-1184. CODEN: NJCHE5 ISSN: 11440546. Journal written in English. CAN 136:90120 AN 2001:726141 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chem. decontamination of toxic compds. (chem. warfare agents and/or insecticides) is of increasing importance. We report the use of -phthalimidoperoxyalkanoic acids in the destruction of paraoxon (di-Et p-nitrophenyl phosphate), a well-known insecticide, and 2-chloro-2'-phenyldiethyl sulfide (a half mustard). We show that while all the peroxy acids used in this series allow the destruction of toxic compds., the length n of the alkanoic side chain is important to the choice of the optimal industrial compd., which is 6-phthalimidoperoxyhexanoic acid (n = 5). Bibliographic Information In vitro skin absorption and decontamination of sulphur mustard: comparison of human and pig ear skin. Chilcott, R. P.; Jenner, J.; Hotchkiss, S. A. M.; Rice, P. Department of Biomedical Sciences, CBD Porton Down, Salisbury, UK. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(4), 279-283. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:191481 AN 2001:616748 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of an in vitro skin diffusion cell system as a model for assessing decontaminants against the chem. warfare agent sulfur mustard (SM). The in vitro absorption rates of SM through heat-sepd. human (157 66 g cm-2 h-1) and pig-ear (411 175 g cm-2 h-1) epidermal membranes were in agreement with previous in vivo studies that quoted skin absorption rates of 150 and 366 g cm-2 h-1, resp. Decontaminants (fuller's earth, Ambergard and BDH spillage granules) were ranked in order of effectiveness by measuring the skin absorption rates and the percentage of applied dose of SM that penetrated human and pig ear epidermal membranes. The effectiveness of fuller's earth measured in this in vitro study using human epidermal membranes was in agreement with a previous in vivo human volunteer study. Similarly, the effectiveness of fuller's earth and Ambergard measured in vitro with pig ear epidermal membranes was in agreement with a previous in vivo study conducted on rats. However, there was complete disparity in the ranking of decontaminants between human and pig ear epidermal membranes measured in vitro. Thus, although pig ear skin may be a relatively good model for predicting the human skin absorption of SM, it is a poor model for testing decontamination systems. The results of this study further validate the use of Franz-type glass diffusion cells contg. human epidermal membranes as a model for predicting in vivo human skin absorption. Bibliographic Information Modelling aerosol processes related to the atmospheric dispersion of sarin. Kukkonen, J.; Riikonen, K.; Nikmo, J.; Jappinen, A.; Nieminen, K. Air Quality Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland. Journal of Hazardous Materials (2001), 85(3), 165-179. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 136:41716 AN 2001:572441 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Math. models were developed to evaluate the atm. dispersion of selected chem. warfare agents (CWA), including evapn. and settling of pollutant liq. droplets. The presented models and numerical results may be used to design protection and control

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measures against the conceivable use of CWA. The model, AERCLOUD (AERosol CLOUD), was extended to treat 2 nerve agents, sarin and VX, and the mustard agent. This model evaluates the thermodn. evolution of a 5-component aerosol mixt., consisting of 2-component droplets together with the surrounding 3-component gas. Numerical computations were performed using this model on the evapn. and settling of airborne sarin droplets in characteristic dispersion and atm. conditions. In particular, the max. radii (rM) of a totally evapg. droplet, in terms of the ambient temp. and pollutant vapor concn., were evaluated. The radii rM were .apprx.15-80 m for sarin droplets for selected ambient conditions and initial heights. Deposition fractions in terms of initial droplet size were also evaluated. Bibliographic Information Oxidation of triphenylarsine to triphenylarsine oxide by Trichoderma harzianum and other fungi. Hofmann, K.; Hammer, E.; Kohler, M.; Bruser, V. URST Umwelt- und Rohstoff-Technologie GmbH Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. Chemosphere (2001), 44(4), 697-700. CODEN: CMSHAF ISSN: 0045-6535. Journal written in English. CAN 135:254254 AN 2001:483254 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Arsenic resistant strains of bacteria and fungi were isolated from soil contaminated by chem. warfare agents. Until now, no metabolic products of microbial attack against the Ph residues of the model substrate triphenylarsine (TP) were found if it was incubated together with these strains in liq. culture assays. However, one of the isolated fungi, Trichoderma harzianum As 11, was found to oxidize TP to triphenylarsine oxide (TPO). The yeast Trichosporon mucoides SBUG 801 and the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium were also able to oxidize the As(III) in TP. In addn., P. chrysosporium transformed phenylarsine oxide (PAO) to phenylarsonic acid (PAA) under O2-atmosphere. By means of a respirometer system, the oxidn. of TP by T. harzianum As 11 was confirmed by a significantly higher consumption of oxygen in the presence of these compds. HPLC anal. of the oxidn. products TPO and PAA in the medium of the assays provided evidence for the transfer reaction of As(III) to As(V) in org. bonds. The oxidn. products TPO and PAA are more hydrophilic than TP and PAO. Therefore, it was concluded that particular fungi contribute to the mobilization of arsenic in soil contaminated by chem. warfare agents. Bibliographic Information Nanocrystalline metal oxides as unique chemical reagents/sorbents. Lucas, Erik; Decker, Shawn; Khaleel, Abbas; Seitz, Adam; Fultz, Shawn; Ponce, Aldo; Li, Weifeng; Carnes, Corrie; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA. Chemistry--A European Journal (2001), 7(12), 2505-2510. CODEN: CEUJED ISSN: 0947-6539. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 135:216336 AN 2001:471452 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review with 29 refs. A new family of porous inorg. solids based on nanocryst. metal oxides is discussed. These materials, made up of 4-7 nm MgO, CaO, Al2O3, ZnO, and others, exhibit unparalleled destructive adsorption properties for acid gases, polar orgs., and even chem./biol. warfare agents. These unique sorption properties are due to nanocrystal shape, polar surfaces, and high surface areas. Free-flowing powders or consolidated pellets are effective, and pore structure can be controlled by consolidation pressures. Chem. properties can be adjusted by choice of metal oxide as well as by incorporating other oxides as monolayer films. Bibliographic Information MALDI-ToF/MS as a diagnostic tool for the confirmation of sulfur mustard exposure. Price, Elvis O.; Smith, J. Richard; Clark, Connie R.; Schlager, John J.; Shih, Ming L. Pharmacology Division, Applied Pharmacology Branch, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S193S197. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:206570 AN 2001:455416 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The continual threat of chem. and biol. warfare has prompted the need for unambiguous anal. methods for the confirmation of agent exposure. In this paper, we have investigated the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF/MS) as a diagnostic tool for this purpose. Mass spectral studies of the interaction of sulfur mustard (bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, HD) with Hb and metallothioneins were conducted. In vitro expts. with purified proteins were performed, using both HD and chloroethylethyl sulfide (CEES), in an effort to det. the extent of alkylation and occurrence of HD crosslinking using the MALDI-ToF/MS technique. In a typical expt., 50 mL of 5 mM HD in acetonitrile was added to an equal vol. of 0.5 mM Hb in deionized water followed by vortexing and incubation at room temp. After 24 h, the samples were analyzed by MALDI-ToF/MS. Mass spectral results indicated the presence of at least two distinct alkylation adducts for both HD and CEES expts. These results demonstrate that MALDI-ToF/MS is a useful anal. technique to investigate the interaction of HD with biomols. and may be employed potentially as a diagnostic tool for the confirmation of exposure to chem. warfare agents. Bibliographic Information A cutaneous full-thickness liquid sulfur mustard burn model in weanling swine: clinical pathology and urinary excretion of thiodiglycol. Graham, John S.; Reid, Frances M.; Smith, J. Richard; Stotts, Richard R.; Tucker, F. Steven; Shumaker, Shawn M.; Niemuth, Nancy A.; Janny, Stephen J. US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S161-S172. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72547 AN 2001:455411 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide, HD) is a well-known blistering chem. warfare agent. We have developed a cutaneous full-thickness HD burn model in weanling pigs for efficacy testing of candidate treatment regimens. This report addresses clin. pathol. findings and the urinary excretion profile of a major HD metabolite (thiodiglycol, TDG) in this model. Six female Yorkshire pigs were exposed to HD liq. on the ventral surface for 2 h, generating six 3-cm diam. full-thickness dermal lesions per pig. Blood samples were collected throughout a 7-day observation period for hematol. and serum chem. examns. Urine was collected in metab. cages. Routine urinalysis was performed and the urine analyzed for TDG using gas chromatog./mass spectrometry. Examn. of clin. pathol. parameters revealed subtle HD-related changes that are suggestive of a mild hemolytic episode. No other signs of clin. significant systemic toxicities were noted, including bone marrow suppression. Thiodiglycol was detected at the earliest time point tested (6-8 h post-exposure) at levels ranging from 0.66 to 4.98 g ml-1 with a mean of 2.14 g ml-1. Thiodiglycol concns. were the highest for half of the animals at this earliest time point and at 24-48 h for the others. By the evening of day 3, the mean level had reached 50 ng ml-1. Mean levels remained 10-40 ng ml-1 for the remainder of the 7-day observation period, with the highest individual concn. noted during this period of 132 ng ml-1. Our results are in general agreement with the TDG excretion profiles previously described for rodent models and humans. Urinary excretion of absorbed HD in our weanling pig wound healing model appears to follow the same pattern as is seen in other lab. animals models. In general, urinary excretion of TDG appears to peak within the first 1-4 days following exposure, with

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detectable levels after 1 wk. Relatively high urinary TDG levels may thus indicate agent exposure within the previous 96 h. Low levels significantly above natural background levels may indicate either exposure to low levels of agent or exposure that occurred more than 4 days prior to collection of the sample. Bibliographic Information Systemic administration of candidate antivesicants to protect against topically applied sulfur mustard in the mouse ear vesicant model (MEVM). Babin, M. C.; Ricketts, K.; Skvorak, J. P.; Gazaway, M.; Mitcheltree, L. W.; Casillas, R. P. Drug Assessment and Comparative Medicine Divisions, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S141-S144. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72425 AN 2001:455408 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The mouse ear vesicant model (MEVM) provides a quant. edema response as well as histopathol. and biochem. endpoints as measurements of inflammation and tissue damage following exposure to the chem. warfare agent sulfur mustard (HD). In the MEVM, several topically applied anti-inflammatory agents provided a significant degree of protection against HD-induced edema and dermal-epidermal sepn. This study evaluated the protective effects of three of these pharmacol. compds. when administered systemically in the MEVM. Alzet osmotic pumps were used to deliver an s.c. dose of the appropriate antiinflammatory agent, starting 24 h before exposure to sulfur mustard and continuing until 24 h post-exposure to HD. Twentyfour hours after pump implantation, 5 l of a 195 mM (0.16 mg) soln. of sulfur mustard (d. = 1.27 g ml-1; MW = 159; purity = 97.5%) in methylene chloride was applied to the inner surface of the right ear of each mouse. Sulfur mustard injury in the mouse ear was measured by both edema response (fluid accumulation) and histopathol. damage (necrosis, epidermal-dermal sepn.). The systemic administration of hydrocortisone, indomethacin and olvanil provided a significant redn. in edema (24%, 26% and 22%, resp.) from the pos. control. Compared to HD-pos. controls, hydrocortisone, indomethacin and olvanil caused a significant redn. in subepidermal blisters (71%, 52% and 57%, resp.) whereas only hydrocortisone produced a significant redn. in contralateral epidermal necrosis (41%). The authors show here that these anti-inflammatory drugs are effective when administered systemically in the MEVM. Bibliographic Information N-acetylcysteine and endothelial cell injury by sulfur mustard. Atkins, Kevin B.; Lodhi, Irfan J.; Hurley, Lauren L.; Hinshaw, Daniel B. University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S125S128. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72423 AN 2001:455404 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Understanding the underlying mechanisms of cell injury and death induced by the chem. warfare vesicant sulfur mustard (HD) will be extremely helpful in the development of effective countermeasures to this weapon of terror. We have found recently that HD induces both apoptosis and necrosis in endothelial cells. Pretreatment of the endothelial cells for 20 h with the redoxactive agent N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) selectively prevented apoptotic death induced by HD. In this study, we tested the hypotheses that pretreatment with NAC acts through two different pathways to minimize endothelial injury by HD: NAC pretreatment acts via a glutathione (GSH)-dependent pathway; and NAC pretreatment acts to suppress HD-induced activation of the nuclear transcription factor NF B. We used a fluorescence microscopic assay of apoptotic nuclear features to assess viability and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) to assess the activity of NF B following exposure to HD. The cells were treated with 0-10 mM GSH for 1 h prior to and during exposure to 0 or 500 M HD for 5-6 h. Cells were also treated with 50 mM NAC or 200 M buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of GSH synthesis, alone or in combination overnight prior to exposure to 0 or 500 M HD for 5-6 h. Externally applied GSH up to a concn. of 5 mM had no toxic effect on the cells. Mild toxicity was assocd. with 10 mM GSH alone. There was a dose-related enhancement of viability when 2.5 and 5 mM GSH were present during the HD exposure. Pretreatment with BSO alone had no discernible toxicity. However, pretreatment with this inhibitor of GSH synthesis potentiated the toxicity of HD. Pretreatment with 50 mM NAC, as previously reported, provided substantial protection. Combining pretreatment with both BSO and NAC eliminated the protective effect of NAC pretreatment alone on HD injury. These observations are highly suggestive that NAC enhances endothelial survival via GSH-dependent effects and confirms and extends the work of others with different models that externally supplied GSH alone may be a fairly effective countermeasure against HD injury of endothelium. We next examd. the hypothesis that HD may activate the nuclear transcription factor NF B by performing EMSAs with nuclear exts. of endothelial cells following exposure to 0, 250 or 500 M HD. This demonstrated an up to 2.5-fold increase (scanning densitometry) in activation of NF B binding to its consensus sequence induced by 500 M HD after 5 h of HD exposure. Paradoxically, treatment of the endothelial cells alone with 50 mM NAC activated NF B, although HD-induced activation of NF B was partially suppressed by NAC at 5 h. Factor NF B is an important transcription factor for a no. of cytokine genes (e.g. tumor necrosis factor, TNF), which can be activated following stress in endothelial cells. Taken together, these observations suggest that the protective effects of NAC may be mediated by enhanced GSH synthesis. The increased GSH may act to scavenge HD and also prevent oxidative activation of NF B. Under some conditions, NAC may act as an oxidizing agent and thus increase NF B activity. The NF B-dependent gene expression may be important in inducing endothelial cell death as well as in generating a local inflammatory reaction assocd. with the release of endothelial-derived cytokines. Bibliographic Information Effects of CEES on inflammatory mediators, heat shock protein 70A, histology and ultrastructure in two skin models. Blaha, M.; Bowers, W., Jr.; Kohl, J.; DuBose, D.; Walker, J.; Alkhyyat, A.; Wong, G. US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S101-S108. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72420 AN 2001:455401 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chem. warfare threats require the development of diverse models for the assessment of countermeasures. Human skin products, Skin2 (differentiating keratinocytes on a fibroblast-collagen matrix) and EpiDerm (differentiating keratinocytes) were exposed (2 h) to the sulfur mustard 2-chloroethyl Et sulfide (CEES, 1-2 mg l-1 min-1) in humidified air or to humidified air alone. Tissues were evaluated histol., ultrastructurally and for viability 22 h later; media and tissues were also analyzed for inflammatory mediators. Histol. showed that CEES induced the sepn. of dermal and epidermal regions in Skin2 with severe damage to basal keratinocytes. Histol. and electron microscopy of both products revealed condensation of nuclear chromatin, retraction of spinous processes, collapse of the tonofibrillar network and cytoplasmic vacuolization and blebbing in those cells with loss of pseudobasement membrane integrity. Exposure of Skin2 to CEES increased extracellular interleukin-1 (IL-1 ), prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) and esp. IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) release (56334 vs. 84614 pg ml-1), but decreased interleukin-6 (IL-6, 4755 vs. 351 pg ml-1). Exposure of EpiDerm to CEES led to unaffected extracellular and reduced intracellular IL-1 (371 vs. 92 pg ml-1). Extracellular IL-1Ra greatly increased (2375 vs. 24875 pg ml-1), whereas cellular levels decreased (165425 vs. 96625 pg ml-1). Extracellular (224 vs. 68 pg ml-1) and intracellular (485 vs. 233 pg ml-1) sol. interleukin-1 receptor II (sIL-1RII) decreased. Prostanglandin E2 increased (1835 vs. 2582 pg ml-1), whereas heat shock

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protein 70A (Hsp70A) remained statistically unchanged (57000 vs. 96000 pg ml-1). Failure to obtain a heat shock response to CEES may contribute to the susceptibility of tissue to the alkylating agent. Consistent and marked responses of cellular and extracellular IL-1Ra to CEES suggest a potential for use as a tissue status marker and primary antiinflammatory regulator in skin. Bibliographic Information Intervention of sulfur mustard toxicity by down-regulation of cell proliferation and metabolic rates. Ray, R.; Benton, B. J.; Anderson, D. R.; Byers, S. L.; Petrali, J. P. US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S87-S91. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72419 AN 2001:455399 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Metabolically active and proliferating basal cells in the skin are most sensitive to the potent skin blistering chem. warfare compd. HD (bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide). We previously described a Ca2+-dependent mechanism of HD (0.3-1 mM) toxicity that was inhibited by the cell-permeant Ca2+ chelator BAPTA AM (1,2-bis(O-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester). We describe some cellular effects of BAPTA AM that suggest a mechanism for its protective action. Monolayer log-phase normal human epidermal keratinocytes were incubated (37 ) first in keratinocyte growth medium (KGM) contg. BAPTA AM (10-40 M) for 30 min and then in KGM alone overnight prior to evaluation. The BAPTA AM inhibited cell growth in a concn.-dependent manner with some cellular degeneration above 30 M (light microscopy). At 20-30 M, BAPTA AM also inhibited cellular metabolic processes, as evidenced by a lower incorporation of [3H]-thymidine (DNA synthesis, 54 5%), [3H]-uridine (RNA synthesis, 29 6%) and [14C]-valine (protein synthesis, 12 2%) as well as a lower protein content per culture (30 3%) compared with corresponding untreated controls. However, 20-30 M BAPTA AM did not cause any demonstrable cytopathol. based on morphol. (electron microscopy) as well as biochem. (lactate dehydrogenase release, an indicator of cell viability loss) criteria, indicating a lack of acute toxicity. These results suggest that a mechanism of protection by BAPTA AM against HD may be via decreasing some metabolic, and therefore proliferative, rates. Bibliographic Information Calmodulin, poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase and p53 are targets for modulating the effects of sulfur mustard. Rosenthal, Dean S.; Simbulan-Rosenthal, Cynthia M.; Iyer, Sudha; Smith, William J.; Ray, Radharaman; Smulson, Mark E. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S43-S49. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72546 AN 2001:455392 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract We describe two pathways by which the vesicating agent sulfur mustard (HD) may cause basal cell death and detachment: induction of terminal differentiation and apoptosis. Following treatment of normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) with 10 or 100 M HD, the differentiation-specific keratin pair K1/K10 was induced and the cornified envelope precursor protein, involucrin, was crosslinked by epidermal transglutaminase. Fibronectin levels were reduced in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The rapid increase in p53 and decrease in Bcl-2 levels was consistent not only with epidermal differentiation but with apoptosis as well. Further examn. of biochem. markers of apoptosis following treatment of either NHEK or human papillomavirus (HPV)-immortalized keratinocytes revealed a burst of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis, specific cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) in vivo and in vitro into characteristic 89 and 24 kDa fragments, processing of caspase-3 into its active form and the formation of DNA ladders. The intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA suppressed the differentiation markers, whereas antisense oligonucleotides and chem. inhibitors specific for calmodulin blocked both markers of differentiation and apoptosis. Modulation of p53 levels utilizing retroviral constructs expressing the E6, E7 or E6 + E7 genes of HPV-16 revealed that HD-induced apoptosis was partially p53-dependent. Finally, immortalized fibroblasts derived from PARP /- "knockout mice" were exquisitely sensitive to HD-induced apoptosis. These cells became HD resistant when wild-type PARP was stably expressed in these cells. These results indicate that HD exerts its effects via calmodulin, p53 and PARP-sensitive pathways. Bibliographic Information Comparison of cell size in sulfur mustard-induced death of keratinocytes and lymphocytes. Moser, Janet; Meier, Henry L. Pharmacology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S23-S30. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72413 AN 2001:455389 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (HD) is a vesicant chem. warfare agent that directly alkylates cellular DNA and produces DNA strand breaks. To identify cellular models for in vitro screening of antivesicant compds. in DNA repair assays, we compared the mechanism of HD-induced cell death in cultured adult normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). One parameter that we used to distinguish apoptotic from necrotic cell death was the change in cell size due to HD. In the presence or absence of a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPI), cell prepns. were exposed to various concns. of HD (0.01-1.0 mM) and harvested at selected times after exposure (up to 24 h). Results from these expts. suggest that, with increasing HD concn. and time, NHEK will fragment irresp. of the presence or absence of PARPI, with cell fragmentation presumably preceded by necrosis. In the absence of PARPI, PBL size initially decreases and then remains const. over time. Previous DNA fragmentation studies indicate that both apoptosis and necrosis occur in HD-exposed PBL in a time-dependent manner. In the presence of PARPI, there is a HD concn.- and time-dependent decrease in PBL size that is characteristic of apoptosis. The shift in the mechanism of HD-induced PBL death from apoptosis followed by necrosis to exclusively apoptosis in the absence and presence of PARPI, resp., is in agreement with previous findings on HD-induced changes in membrane integrity, energy levels and DNA fragmentation. Considering that NHEK fragment early after exposure to HD concns. that produce vesication in human skin, PBL may be a more appropriate model for use in DNA repair assays. Bibliographic Information Automated assay for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Byers, S.; Anderson, D.; Brobst, D.; Cowan, F. Pharmacology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S19-S22. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72270 AN 2001:455388 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (HD), a vesicating chem. warfare compd., has been shown to deplete the NAD (NAD+) content in several cell systems and tissues. This NAD+ depletion has been proposed as an indicator of HD exposure and can be used to evaluate potential antivesicant compds. To examine NAD+ levels, an automated method based on the alc. dehydrogenase cycling

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assay of Jacobson and Jacobson and utilizing a Cobas FARA clin. analyzer has been developed. Automation of this assay led to smaller sample vols. and more efficient use of personnel and resources. The usefulness of this automated method was tested by evaluating the protection, if any, by the topical application of vitamin D or betamethasone against HD-induced NAD+ depletion in skin punches from the hairless guinea pig. The results showed that the samples exposed to HD exhibited significant decreases in NAD+ levels when compared with controls. However, neither vitamin D nor betamethasone demonstrated protection against HD-induced NAD+ depletion. In fact, betamethasone exacerbated the NAD+ depletion when compared with the HD-exposed group. This assay appears to be useful for testing potential antivesicant compds. using both in vivo and in vitro exposure systems. Bibliographic Information Effects of Lewisite on cell membrane integrity and energy metabolism in human keratinocytes and SCL II cells. Kehe, K.; Flohe, S.; Krebs, G.; Kreppel, H.; Reichl, F. X.; Liebl, B.; Szinicz, L. Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, FAF Medical Academy, Munich, Germany. Toxicology (2001), 163(2-3), 137-144. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:133255 AN 2001:448571 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Lewisite is a highly toxic arsenic compd. which can cause skin damage. In the present study effects of Lewisite on cell membrane integrity and energy metab. as well as antidotal effects of DL-2,3-dimercaptopropanesulfonate (DMPS), and meso2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (m-DMSA) were investigated in a keratinocyte derived cell line (SCL II) and primary human keratinocytes (HK). Cells were incubated in Lewisite (60 M) contg. medium for 5 min. During the following 6 h lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the supernatant, intracellular ATP content, tetrazolium redn., glucose consumption and lactate formation were measured. Glucose consumption and lactate prodn. were decreased in both cell lines after Lewisite exposure. In SCL II cells an increase of LDH activity in the supernatant, a decrease of ATP content, and an impaired ability to reduce tetrazolium was found 3 h after Lewisite exposure. In HK cultures tetrazolium redn. was significantly decreased already after 2 h, whereas LDH increase in the supernatant and ATP content decrease occurred only at 6 h after Lewisite exposure. When DMPS or m-DMSA was added directly after Lewisite exposure to SCL II cells, glucose consumption and lactate formation were restored and LDH leakage was prevented. SCL II cells might be more prone to membrane damage whereas in keratinocytes mitochondrial impairment seems to be the predominant effect of Lewisite. Bibliographic Information Prophylactic efficacy of amifostine and its analogues against sulphur mustard toxicity. Vijayaraghavan, R.; Kumar, P.; Joshi, U.; Raza, S. K.; Lakshmana Rao, P. V.; Malhotra, R. C.; Jaiswal, D. K. Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. Toxicology (2001), 163(2-3), 83-91. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:299804 AN 2001:448565 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The successful implication of the chem. weapons convention stimulated research with a new vigor on the destruction of the stockpiled sulfur mustard (SM). A prophylactic agent for SM will be very useful for personnel engaged in the destruction of SM and during inspections by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chem. Weapons. Due to simple method of prepn., SM can be used clandestinely during war or by terrorist groups. Inspite of research over several decades no satisfactory prophylactic or treatment regimen has evolved for SM. Amifostine an organophosphorothioate, originally developed as a radioprotector, and its analogs were evaluated as a prophylactic agent for SM. Three analogs by varying the chain length and substitution at the sulfur atom were synthesized and coded as DRDE-06, DRDE-07 and DRDE-08. LD50 of amifostine and its analogs were estd. through i.p. route. For the protection studies, amifostine and its analogs were administered i.p. in mice, 30 min before dermal (percutaneous) application of SM. The dose of the prophylactic agent was 0.2 LD50 (i.p.) and that of SM was 152 mg/kg (undiluted) equal to 19-fold LD50 of SM. Amifostine and one of its analogs, DRDE-07 gave significant protection. Further studies were carried out using amifostine and DRDE-07, and both of them significantly protected mice against SM (155 mg/kg, in PEG 300, equal to 19 LD50) when they were administered i.p. either 30 min before or simultaneously. LD50 of amifostine and DRDE-07 were also estd. through the oral route (1049 or 1248 mg/kg, resp.). Prophylactically administered amifostine and DRDE-07 (0.2 LD50, p.o.) significantly protected the mice against dermally applied SM (155 mg/kg, in PEG 300, equal to 19 LD50). The protection offered by DRDE-07 was better than that of amifostine by the oral route. DRDE-07 (0.2 LD50, p.o.) also protected significantly with respect to the decrease in body wt. and the depletion of GSH induced by SM. DNA damage induced by SM was also significantly reduced by amifostine and DRDE-07 (0.2 LD50, p.o.). Further studies are in progress on the various pharmacol. and toxicol. properties of DRDE-07. Bibliographic Information Adsorption of Organic Contaminants from Water Using Tailored ACFs. Mangun, Christian L.; Yue, Zhongren; Economy, James; Maloney, Stephen; Kemme, Patricia; Cropek, Donald. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA. Chemistry of Materials (2001), 13(7), 2356-2360. CODEN: CMATEX ISSN: 0897-4756. Journal written in English. CAN 135:200059 AN 2001:428900 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Six activated carbon fibers (ACFs) with different chem. and phys. properties were prepd. by 1st curing a phenolic resin-coated glass fiber, followed by activation and post-treatment. Their adsorption properties were studied to evaluate the removal of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and p-xylene (BTEX) and the chem. warfare simulants diisopropylmethyl phosphonate (DIMP) and half mustard (HM) from water. The adsorption isotherms showed that ACF SL-2 (activated with CO2/H2O at 800 ) has a higher adsorption capacity for BTEX, DIMP, and HM than other ACFs. This suggests that the high adsorption affinity of SL-2 is related to its higher surface area, larger av. micropore size of 11.6 .ANG. (esp. effective for the adsorption of DIMP), and lower O content of the surface. The adsorption isotherms are well represented by the Freundlich equation. For BTEX, the adsorption parameters based on C coating showed that, in all cases, ACFs have a higher K value than the best available data obtained on granulated activated C. The adsorption isotherms of DIMP and HM on ACFs are presented. Bibliographic Information The U.S. Army reactive topical skin protectant (rTSP): challenges and successes. Hobson, Stephen T.; Lehnert, Erich K.; Braue, Ernest H., Jr. Drug Assessment Division, U. S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (2001), 628(Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Materials), CC10.8.1CC10.8.8. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 135:118044 AN 2001:354344 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract In 1994, the U.S. Army initiated a research effort towards an effective material that acts both as a protective barrier and as an active destructive matrix against chem. warfare agents (CWA). We report results on our prepn. and evaluation of Reactive

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Topical Skin Protectants (rTSP's). These creams are composite materials consisting of a base material (TSP) and a reactive moiety. Using an established base of perfluorinated-polyether and perfluoropolyethylene solids we incorporated over 60 reactive components. Classes tested include org. polymers, org./inorg. hybrid materials, polyoxometallates (POM's), enzymes, inorg. oxides, metal alloys and small mols. We characterized these materials by light microscopy and FTIR. We detd. the efficacy of these materials against both sulfur mustard (HD) and a representative nerve agent, soman (GD), using a penetration cell model coupled to a continuous air monitor and also by in vivo testing. Composite materials with optimum reactive compds. exhibit a 94% redn. of GD vapor break-through after 20 h (from 9458 ng to 581 ng) and a 3.6 fold increase (from 162 min to 588 min) in the time 1000 ng of GD liq. penetrates through the material. Similar composite materials show a 99% redn. in HD vapor break-through after 20 h (from 4040 ng to 16 ng), a 2.3 fold increase (from 524 min to > 1200 min) in the time 1000 ng of HD vapor penetrates through the material, and an elimination of erythema vs. control in an HD vapor challenge. These results indicate that an rTSP that protects against sulfur mustard and nerve agents is within reach. Bibliographic Information Inhibition and promotion of combustion by organophosphorus compounds added to flames of CH4 or H2 in O2 and Ar. Korobeinichev, O. P.; Bolshova, T. A.; Shvartsberg, V. M.; Chernov, A. A. Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, Russia. Combustion and Flame (2001), 125(1/2), 744-751. CODEN: CBFMAO ISSN: 0010-2180. Journal written in English. CAN 134:328437 AN 2001:309769 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Early in evaluating the destruction mechanisms of a no. of organophosphorus compds. (OPCs), such as tri-Me phosphate (TMP), di-Me methylphosphonate, and diisopropyl methylphosphonate, in connection with the disposal of chem. warfare agents, the promotion and inhibition effects of OPCs on stabilized flat flames of H2 +O2 were studied. Because OPCs were demonstrated to be more effective fire suppressants than CF3Br (Halon 1301) and due to the need for replacing the currently used Halon 1301, further investigation of the effects of the OPCs on flames is of interest. Thus a lean flame of CH4/O2/Ar (0.078/0.222/0.7) with and without TMP added, stabilized on a flat burner at 0.1 bar, was studied by mol. beam mass spectrometry (MBMS) and computer modeling using PREMIX and CHEMKIN codes. An exptl. study of this flame revealed that TMP increases the width of the reaction zone by inhibiting the flame. Bibliographic Information An Infrared Study of Adsorbed Organophosphonates on Silica: A Prefiltering Strategy for the Detection of Nerve Agents on Metal Oxide Sensors. Kanan, Sofian M.; Tripp, Carl P. Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology (LASST) and Department of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA. Langmuir (2001), 17(7), 2213-2218. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 134:349067 AN 2001:156303 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The gas-phase adsorption of the nerve gas simulant di-Me methylphosphonate (DMMP) along with tri-Me phosphate (TMP), Me dichlorophosphate (MDCP), and trichlorophosphate (TCP) on silica have been studied using IR spectroscopy. Each phosphonate compd. adsorbs through a different no. of H-bonds of the methoxy and P:O moieties with the surface hydroxyl groups on silica. The strength of the adsorption depends on the no. and type of the H-bonds and follows the order TCP < MDCP < DMMP < TMP. TCP is completely removed from silica by evacuation at room temp., adsorbed MDCP is removed by evacuation at 150 C, DMMP requires an evacuation temp. of 300 C, and TMP is eliminated at 400 C. All phosphonate compds. molecularly desorb, and the silica returns to its original state. The differences in the reactivity of phosphonate compds. on silica from other oxides demonstrate the potential use of silica in prefiltering/preconcg. strategies for semiconductive metal oxide based sensing devices. Specifically, it is shown that silica can be used to selectively adsorb DMMP from a gas stream contg. methanol/DMMP mixts. Bibliographic Information Reactions of VX, GB, GD, and HD with Nanosize Al2O3. Formation of Aluminophosphonates. Wagner, George W.; Procell, Lawrence R.; O'Connor, Richard J.; Munavalli, Shekar; Carnes, Corrie L.; Kapoor, Pramesh N.; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Research and Technology Directorate, U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of the American Chemical Society (2001), 123(8), 1636-1644. CODEN: JACSAT ISSN: 0002-7863. Journal written in English. CAN 134:276643 AN 2001:85006 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Room-temp. reactions of VX, GB, GD, and HD with nanosize Al2O3 (AP-Al2O3) have been characterized by 31P, 13C, and 27Al MAS NMR. Nerve agents VX, GB, and GD hydrolyze to yield surface-bound complexes of their corresponding nontoxic phosphonates. At sufficiently high loadings, discreet aluminophosphonate complexes, Al[OP(O)(CH3)OR]3, are generated which are identical to synthesized model compds. Thus, the reaction with phosphonic acids is not just surface-limited, but can continue to the core of alumina particles. HD mainly hydrolyzes at lower loadings to yield thiodiglycol (TG, 71%) and a minor amt. of the CH-TG sulfonium ion (12%), although some elimination of HCl is also obsd. (17%). The reactive capacity for HD is evidently exceeded at high loadings, where complete conversion to TG is hindered. However, addn. of excess water results in the quant. hydrolysis of sorbed HD to CH-TG. On AP-Al2O3 dried to remove physisorbed water, 13C CP-MAS NMR detects a surface alkoxide consistent with that of TG. Bibliographic Information New microemulsions for oxidative decontamination of mustard gas analogues and polymer-thickened half-mustard. Gonzaga, Ferdinand; Perez, Emile; Rico-Lattes, Isabelle; Lattes, Armand. Laboratoire des Interactions Moleculaires et Reactivite Chimique et Photochimique (CNRS UMR 5623), Universite Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, Fr. New Journal of Chemistry (2001), 25(1), 151-155. CODEN: NJCHE5 ISSN: 1144-0546. Journal written in English. CAN 134:232826 AN 2001:12053 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chem. decontamination of toxic compds. (warfare agents and pesticides) is of increasing importance. In this study, we report the oxidn. of mustard gas analogs in microemulsion media. A first formulation, very well-suited for stock-pile destruction, allows a fast, quant. and chemoselective oxidn. of the analogs. In a second formulation, the choice of microemulsion components used allowed us to study the oxidn. of a polymer-thickened half-mustard (2-chloroethylphenyl sulfide), opening the field of application of these microemulsions to on-site decontamination. These results confirm both the efficiency and potential of microemulsions for mustard gas destruction/decontamination in essentially aq. systems. Bibliographic Information

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Bacterial release of arsenic ions and organoarsenic compounds from soil contaminated by chemical warfare agents. Kohler, Manfred; Hofmann, Klaus; Volsgen, Fernando; Thurow, Kerstin; Koch, Andreas. URST Umwelt- und Rohstoff-Technologie GmbH, Greifswald, Germany. Chemosphere (2000), Volume Date 2001, 42(4), 425-429. CODEN: CMSHAF ISSN: 0045-6535. Journal written in English. CAN 134:60919 AN 2000:878002 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The objective was to study possible participation of microorganisms in the release of sol. arsenical compds. from organoarsenic warfare agents in contaminated soil. A no. of bacterial strains were isolated with high resistance against As5+ ions which are able to degrade the water insol. compds. triphenylarsine (TP) and triphenylarsineoxide (TPO). Release of As and sol. organoarsenic compds. from soil by the activity of autochthonic soil bacteria and a mixt. of the isolated pure cultures was demonstrated by percolation expts. with undisturbed soil samples (core drills) from the contaminated site. This release increased after addnl. of nutrients (mineral N and P, Na acetate and ethanol) and is nearly independent of the percolation temp. (5 and 22 ). These results show that bacteria play an important role in the release of arsenical compds. from organoarsenic warfare agent contaminated soil. This release is limited by shortage of water and, above all, of nutrients for the microorganisms in the sandy forest soil. These results are important both for the management and security and possibly for bioremediation of military waste sites contg. similar contaminations. Bibliographic Information The chemistry of the destruction of organophosphorus compounds in flames-IV: destruction of DIMP in a flame of H2 + O2 + Ar. Korobeinichev, O. P.; Chernov, A. A.; Bolshova, T. A. Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia. Combustion and Flame (2000), 123(3), 412-420. CODEN: CBFMAO ISSN: 0010-2180. Journal written in English. CAN 133:285779 AN 2000:714913 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Mol. beam mass spectrometry with electron impact ionization at 11-70 eV and an electron energy spread of 0.25 eV was used to study the structure of a premixed H2/O2/Ar (0.26/0.13/0.61) flame without any additives and with 0.14% of diisopropylmethylphosphonate (DIMP), stabilized on a flat-flame burner at 62 mbar. Stable species (H2, O2, H2O), as well as atoms and radicals (H, O, OH) were monitored, including phosphorus-contg. compds.: DIMP and some intermediates of its destruction, phosphorus oxides and acids. The profiles of the mole fractions of most species, including those of atoms and free radicals were obtained. The calibration coeffs. for some species were detd. exptl., and estd. for others. Isopropylmethylphosphonate was detected as a main primary phosphorus-contg. product of the destruction of DIMP. It has been shown that bimol. reactions with hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen atoms, rather than a unimol. decompn., provide the crucial initial steps in the destruction of DIMP. A detailed mechanism for the destruction of DIMP in H2/O2/Ar flames is suggested. Bibliographic Information Cytotoxicity of the MEIC reference chemicals in rat hepatoma-derived Fa32 cells. Dierickx, P. J. Laboratorium Biochemische Toxikologie, Afdeling Toxikologie, Instituut voor Volksgezondheid, Brussels, Belg. Toxicology (2000), 150(1-3), 159-169. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 134:1437 AN 2000:660792 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The cytotoxicity of the MEIC (Multicenter Evaluation of In Vitro Cytotoxicity) ref. chems. was investigated in rat hepatomaderived Fa32 cells. The total protein content was measured as an endpoint after exposure times of 30 min and 24 h, both in normal and glutathione-depleted cells. The neutral red uptake inhibition and the MTT conversion were also measured after 30 min. On av., the cytotoxicity was higher in glutathione-depleted cells when compared to normal cells, and was lower after 30 min than after 24 h. Evidence was obtained for lysosomal attack (of five chems.) or mitochondrial dysfunction (of six chems.) as the primary intoxication mechanism. Malathion and mercuric chloride belong to both series of chems. Good to excellent correlations were obsd. when the 50% inhibitory concns. of the six different in vitro assays were compared. When the six in vitro assays in Fa32 cells were compared with the human toxicity, the correlation coeff. was almost always identical to that obtained previously in human hepatoma-derived Hep G2 cells. The latter was the best acute in vitro assay for the prediction of human toxicity within the MEIC study. Altogether the results integrate very well with the basal cytotoxicity concept (B. Ekwall; 1995). Bibliographic Information The role of time in toxicology or Haber's c t product. Rozman, K. K. Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA. Toxicology (2000), 149(1), 35-42. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 133:306404 AN 2000:589244 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract It happened exactly 100 yr ago that Warren established for the first time a quant. link between dose and time while studying the toxicity of sodium chloride in Daphnia magna (Straus). During this century many toxicologists in different contexts returned to this idea, which has become known as Haber's rule of inhalation toxicol. Most attempts to explore this relationship ended in frustration because of the supposed occurrence of exceptions. Thus, toxicologists concd. on the quant. relationship between dose and effect under mostly isotemporal conditions while time took a back seat and was assigned such arbitrary, semiquant. designations as acute, subacute, subchronic and chronic. Time itself as a quantifiable variable of toxicity was seldom studied and when it was studied, it was often not under isodosic (steady state) conditions as required by theory. A recent anal. of toxicol. time indicated the impact of three independent time scales (toxicokinetic, toxicodynamic, exposure frequency/ duration) in toxicol. studies, which interact with dose and effect to yield the enormous complexity known to every toxicologist. Based on prototypical examples when toxicokinetic (dioxins), toxicodynamic (nitrosamines, benzene) or exposure frequency (methylene chloride, chloroacetic acid, HgCl2, CdCl2, etc.) represent the crit. time scale, the general validity of the c t=k concept will be discussed as a starting point for a theory of toxicol. As endpoints of toxicity, (delayed) acute toxicity, blood dyscrasias and cancer will be used to illustrate the crit. conditions needed to demonstrate the validity of this theory. Bibliographic Information Detection of Fluorophosphonate Chemical Warfare Agents by Catalytic Hydrolysis with a Porous Silicon Interferometer. Sohn, Honglae; Letant, Sonia; Sailor, Michael J.; Trogler, William C. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, CA, USA. Journal of the American Chemical Society (2000), 122(22), 5399-5400. CODEN: JACSAT ISSN: 0002-7863. Journal written in English. CAN 133:100551 AN 2000:335868 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract

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The detection of a fluorophosphonate nerve chem. warfare agent can be achieved with an oxidized porous silicon interferometer film contg. a Cu(II) hydrolysis catalyst and surfactant (CTAB). Hydrolysis of the nerve agent produces HF gas, which removes the silicon oxide as SiF4(g) and induces both a blue-shift and a decrease in intensity of the Fabry-Perot fringes. Significant changes in these 2 parameters are detected after 5 min of DFP vapor (800 ppm) exposure. Bibliographic Information Reactions of VX, GD, and HD with Nanosize CaO: Autocatalytic Dehydrohalogenation of HD. Wagner, George W.; Koper, Olga B.; Lucas, Erik; Decker, Shawn; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Research and Technology Directorate, U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, MD, USA. Journal of Physical Chemistry B (2000), 104(21), 5118-5123. CODEN: JPCBFK ISSN: 1089-5647. Journal written in English. CAN 133:30783 AN 2000:281288 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Room-temp. reactions of the chem. warfare agents VX, GD, and HD with nanosize CaO (AP-CaO), and HD with com. CaO were studied using solid-state MAS NMR. VX and GD hydrolyze to yield surface-bound complexes of nontoxic Et methylphosphonate and pinacolyl methylphosphonate, resp. The kinetics were characterized by an initial fast reaction followed by a slower, diffusion-limited reaction. Similar behavior is obsd. for HD on either dried or hydrated AP-CaO and CaO. On partially hydrated AP-CaO (but not CaO), a rather fast steady-state elimination of HCl occurs after an induction period. This behavior is attributed to acid-catalyzed surface reconstruction (to regenerate fresh surface) and the formation of CaCl2, which is known to be more reactive than CaO. The product distribution for HD is .apprx.80% divinyl sulfide and 20% thiodiglycol and/or sulfonium ions, which apparently reside as surface alkoxides. Such kinetic behavior was not evident for the common mustard simulant 2-chloroethyl Et sulfide (CEES) on partially hydrated AP-CaO, which exhibited only the typical fast/diffusion-limited reaction. Bibliographic Information Design and synthesis of an , -difluorophosphinate hapten for antibody-catalyzed hydrolysis of organophosphorus nerve agents. Vayron, Philippe; Renard, Pierre-Yves; Valleix, Alain; Mioskowski, Charles. CEA, Service des Molecules Marquees, CESaclay, Gif sur Yvette, Fr. Chemistry--A European Journal (2000), 6(6), 1050-1063. CODEN: CEUJED ISSN: 0947-6539. Journal written in English. CAN 133:13524 AN 2000:214064 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract In a new approach to the safe neutralization of organophosphorus chem. weapons, we designed a hapten to elicit catalytic antibodies with phosphatase activity. Here we report the synthesis of this , -difluorophosphinate hapten 6. Various methods for the introduction of the key , -difluoromethyl feature into the phosphinate hapten are discussed. The best results were obtained with the electrophilic gem-difluorinating agent N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide. Bibliographic Information Equilibria, Kinetics, and Mechanism in the Bicarbonate Activation of Hydrogen Peroxide: Oxidation of Sulfides by Peroxymonocarbonate. Richardson, David E.; Yao, Huirong; Frank, Karen M.; Bennett, Deon A. Center for Catalysis Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. Journal of the American Chemical Society (2000), 122(8), 1729-1739. CODEN: JACSAT ISSN: 0002-7863. Journal written in English. CAN 132:222157 AN 2000:94955 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Bicarbonate ion is an effective activator for hydrogen peroxide in the oxidn. of sulfides. Kinetic and spectroscopic results support the formation of peroxymonocarbonate ion (HCO4-) as the oxidant in the catalytic reactions. The reaction of hydrogen peroxide and bicarbonate to form HCO4- occurs rapidly at 25 (t1/2 300 s) near neutral pH in aq. soln. and alc./water mixts., and an equil. anal. of the reaction by 13C NMR leads to an est. of the electrode potential for the HCO4-/HCO3- couple (1.8 V vs NHE). Soly. of the bicarbonate catalyst is enhanced by the use of NH4HCO3 rather than by the use of group 1 salts, which tend to have lower soly. in the mixed solvents and can lead to phase sepn. Rate laws and mechanistic analyses are presented for the oxidn. of Et Ph sulfide and related sulfides. The second-order rate consts. for sulfide oxidns. by HCO4- are .apprx.300-fold greater than those for H2O2, and this increase is consistent with expectations based on a Bronsted anal. of the kinetics for other heterolytic peroxide oxidns. At high concns. of H2O2, a pathway that is second order in H2O2 is significant, and this path is interpreted as a general acid catalysis by H2O2 of carbonate displacement accompanying substrate attack at the electrophilic oxygen of HCO4-. Increasing water content up to 80% in the solvent increases the rate of oxidn. The BAP (bicarbonate-activated peroxide) oxidn. system is a simple, inexpensive, and relatively nontoxic alternative to other oxidants and peroxyacids, and it can be used in a variety of oxidns. where a mild, neutral pH oxidant is required. Variation of bicarbonate source and the cosolvent can allow optimization of substrate soly. and oxidn. rates for applications such as org. synthesis and chem. warfare agent decontamination. Bibliographic Information Synthesis and Characterization of a Functionalized Double-Chain Surfactant and Its Cleavage of O-Methyl S-Benzyl Phenylphosphonothioate. Jaeger, David A.; Li, Bei. Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA. Langmuir (2000), 16(1), 5-10. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 132:24141 AN 1999:379097 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Functionalized double-chain surfactant 2-hydrazino-N-methyl-N,N-didodecyl-2-oxoethanaminium bromide (I) was synthesized, and its small unilamellar vesicles were characterized by dynamic laser light scattering and differential scanning calorimetry. In a pH 9.0 borate buffer at 25 , vesicular I and O-Me S-benzyl phenylphosphonothioate (II), a simulant for the chem. warfare agent VX [O-Et S-(2-N,N-diisopropylamino)ethyl methylphosphonothioate] reacted to give anion S-benzyl phenylphosphonothioate (III) and 3 cations (2-(2-N-methylhydrazino)-N'-methyl-N',N'-didodecyl-2-oxoethanaminium, 2-(2N,N-dimethylhydrazino)-N'-methyl-N',N'-didodecyl-2-oxoethanaminium, and 2-[1-hydroxy-2-(N-methyl-N,Ndidodecylammonio)ethylidene]-N',N',N'-trimethylhydrazinium, resp.) by SN2 substitution on the Me group of II. This reaction was accompanied by the pptn. of anion III with surfactant cations, which resulted in wounding/destruction of the vesicles. The combination of vesicle damage and reaction of II suggests the potential of vesicular systems for simultaneous signaling and decontamination of chem. agents. Ester II hydrolyzed in 0.10 M NaOH at 25 to give anions III and O-Me phenylphosphonothioate in a 38:62 ratio, resp. Bibliographic Information Reactivation kinetics of acetylcholinesterase from different species inhibited by highly toxic organophosphates. Worek F; Reiter G; Eyer P; Szinicz L Sanitatsakademie der Bundeswehr, Institut fur Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Neuherbergstrasse 11,

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80937 Munich, Germany. [email protected] Archives of toxicology (2002 Sep), 76(9), 523-9. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12242610 AN 2002479746 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Standard treatment of poisoning by organophosphates (OP) includes the administration of an antimuscarinic agent, e.g. atropine, and of an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivator (oxime). The presently available oximes, obidoxime and pralidoxime (2-PAM), are considered to be insufficient for highly toxic OPs, e.g. sarin. In the past decades numerous oximes were prepared and tested for their efficacy in OP poisoning, mostly in animal experiments. However, data indicate that the reactivating potency of oximes may be different in humans and animal species, which may hamper the extrapolation of animal data to humans and may pose a problem in the drug licensing of new compounds. In order to provide data for a better evaluation of the reactivating potency of oximes, experiments were undertaken to determine the reactivation rate constants of several oximes with human, rabbit, rat and guinea-pig AChE inhibited by the OPs sarin, cyclosarin and VX. The results show marked differences among the species, depending on the inhibitor and on the oxime, and indicate that the findings from animal experiments need careful evaluation before extrapolating these data to humans. Bibliographic Information Skin toxicokinetics of mustard gas in the guinea pig: effect of hypochlorite and safety aspects. Wormser Uri; Brodsky Berta; Sintov Amnon Faculty of Sciences,The Hebrew University, Edmond Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel. [email protected] Archives of toxicology (2002 Sep), 76(9), 517-22. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12242609 AN 2002479745 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (SM, mustard gas) is a chemical warfare vesicant that rapidly penetrates the skin due to its hydrophobicity. This study measured the rate of SM disappearance from the skin after topical application of the vesicant. In both fur-covered and hairless animals, the remaining toxicant levels measured 60 min after exposure to undiluted SM were 0.6% and 0.3%, respectively, of the initially applied SM amount. However, SM concentration reached 0.4% of the initial dose 3 h following exposure in female fur-covered guinea pigs. SM quantities extracted from skin of male fur-covered and hairless guinea pigs immediately after 16 min of exposure to SM vapor were 12.2 and 21.8 microg, respectively; levels declined to 1.6 and 1.7 microg at 30 and 15 min following termination of exposure of male fur-covered and hairless guinea pigs, respectively. Three swabbing treatments of undiluted SM-exposed skin with gauze pads soaked in 0.5% hypochlorite caused 68% reduction in skin SM content. Similar findings were obtained when hypochlorite was replaced by water (64% reduction). SM content in the gauze pads was 59, 38 and 25 microg, respectively, for the first, second and third decontamination processes with water. No SM was detected in the gauze pads soaked with hypochlorite. In vitro studies showed that incubation of SM with 0.5% hypochlorite at a ratio of 10:1 (v/v) did not cause SM inactivation, whereas 4% hypochlorite reduced SM levels by 17%. However, at a decontaminant:SM ratio of 1000:1, 0.5% and 4% hypochlorite reduced SM levels by 92% and 99%, respectively. These findings are important for health authorities and regulatory agencies in planning precautionary steps to be taken in case of emergency and in routine laboratory work. Bibliographic Information Protection from half-mustard-gas-induced acute lung injury in the rat. McClintock Shannon D; Till Gerd O; Smith Milton G; Ward Peter A Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109-0602, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2002 Jul-Aug), 22(4), 257-62. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12210543 AN 2002449749 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The chemical warfare agent analog, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, known as 'half-mustard gas' (HMG), is less toxic and less of an environmental hazard than the full molecule and has been shown to produce an acute lung injury in rats when instilled via intrapulmonary injection. This injury is characterized by massive, localized hemorrhage and edema into the alveolar compartment and can be quantitated by measuring extravasation of (125)I-bovine serum albumin into the extravascular compartment. Employing this rat model of HMG-induced lung injury, we observed significant attenuation of the pulmonary injury when experimental animals were complement or neutrophil depleted prior to HMG challenge. Significant protection also was provided by the use of antioxidants such as catalase, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl thiourea, resveratrol and N-acetyl-Lcysteine (NAC). The last compound showed protection from lung injury as high as 70% and was still effective even when given up to 90 min after exposure of the lungs to HMG. These data suggest that acute lung injury caused by exposure to HMG may be related partially to complement mediated pathways and the generation by neutrophils of toxic oxygen species The data indicate that NAC is an effective antidote against HMG-induced acute lung injury in the rat. Copyright 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Oxidative decontamination of chemical and biological warfare agents using L-Gel. Raber Ellen; McGuire Raymond Environment Protection Department, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, P.O. Box 808, L-626, Livermore, CA 94551, USA Journal of hazardous materials (2002 Aug 5), 93(3), 339-52. Journal code: 9422688. ISSN:0304-3894. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12137994 AN 2002389537 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A decontamination method has been developed using a single reagent that is effective both against chemical warfare (CW) and biological warfare (BW) agents. The new reagent, "L-Gel", consists of an aqueous solution of a mild commercial oxidizer, Oxone, together with a commercial fumed silica gelling agent, Cab-O-Sil EH-5. L-Gel is non-toxic, environmentally friendly, relatively non-corrosive, maximizes contact time because of its thixotropic nature, clings to walls and ceilings, and does not harm carpets or painted surfaces. The new reagent also addresses the most demanding requirements for decontamination in the civilian sector, including availability, low maintenance, ease of application and deployment by a variety of dispersal mechanisms, minimal training and acceptable expense. Experiments to test the effectiveness of L-Gel were conducted at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and independently at four other locations. L-Gel was tested against all classes of chemical warfare agents and against various biological warfare agent surrogates, including spore-forming bacteria and nonvirulent strains of real biological agents. Testing showed that L-Gel is as effective against chemical agents and biological materials, including spores, as the best military decontaminants. Bibliographic Information

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Adamantyl tenocyclidines--adjuvant therapy in poisoning with organophosphorus compounds and carbamates. Erratum in: Arch Toxicol 2002 Sep;76(9):552 Skare Danko; Radic Bozica; Lucic Ana; Peraica Maja; Domijan Ana-Marija; Milkovic-Kraus Sanja; Bradamante Vlasta; Jukic Ivan Institute Ruder Boskovic, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. [email protected] Archives of toxicology (2002 Apr), 76(3), 173-7. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11967623 AN 2002328057 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of thienyl phencyclidine (tenocyclidine, TCP) and its newly synthesized adamantyl derivatives containing piperidine (TAPIP), pyrolidine (TAPIR) and morpholine (TAMORF) groups, which were tested with or without standard therapy in mice poisoned with organophosphates (OPs) and carbamates. These compounds with potential activity at the N-methyl- D-aspartate and muscarinic receptors showed low acute toxicity, having LD50 values varying from 106.00 mg/kg (TCP) to >504.00 mg/kg body weight (TAMORF). TCP and its adamantyl derivatives were administered intraperitoneally (2.5 mg/kg body weight) together with atropine (10.0 mg/kg body weight) and with or without 1/4 LD50 of the oxime HI-6. Each compound administered with atropine had a therapeutic effect against poisoning with carbamates propoxur, aldicarb and Ro 02-0683 (protective ratio of tenocyclidines was from 3.99 LD50 of aldicarb to >16.00 LD50 for propoxur). However, the efficacy of those compounds in combination with atropine was lower against poisoning with the OP insecticide dichlorvos (DDVP) and chemical warfare agents soman and tabun. In soman-poisoned mice, the best therapeutic effects were obtained with the combination of HI-6 plus atropine and test compounds, with protective ratios being from 5.40 to 7.12 LD50 of soman. The results suggest that TCP and adamantyl tenocyclidines could be used in combination with atropine as antidotes in carbamate poisoning and as adjuvant therapy to HI-6 and atropine in soman poisoning. Bibliographic Information Site-specific percutaneous absorption of methyl salicylate and VX in domestic swine. Duncan E J Scott; Brown April; Lundy Paul; Sawyer Thomas W; Hamilton Murray; Hill Ira; Conley John D Chemical Biological Defence Section, Defence Research Establishment, Suffield, PO Box 4000, Station Main, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada T1A 8K6 Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2002 May-Jun), 22(3), 141-8. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12015792 AN 2002313565 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The site specificity of the percutaneous absorption of methyl salicylate (MeS) and the organophosphate nerve agent VX (Oethyl S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothioate) was examined in anaesthetized domestic swine that were fully instrumented for physiological endpoints. Four different anatomical sites (ear, perineum, inguinal crease and epigastrium) were exposed to the MeS and the serum levels were measured over a 6-h time period. The dose absorbed at the ear region was 11 microg cm(-2) with an initial flux of 0.063 microg cm(-2)min(-1), whereas at the epigastrium region the dose absorbed was 3 microg cm(-2) with an initial flux of 0.025 microg cm(-2)min(-1). For this reason further studies were carried out with VX on the ear and the epigastrium only. In animals treated with agent on the epigastrium, blood cholinesterase (ChE) activity began to drop 90 min after application and continued to decline at a constant rate for the remainder of the experiment to ca. 25% of awake control activity. At this time there were negligible signs of poisoning and the medical prognosis was judged to be good. In contrast, the ChE activity in animals receiving VX on the ear decreased to 25% of awake control values within 45 min and levelled out at 5-6% by 120 min. Clinical signs of VX poisoning paralleled the ChE inhibition, progressing in severity over the duration of the exposure. It was judged that these animals would not survive. The dramatic site dependence of agent absorption leading to vastly different toxicological endpoints demonstrated in this model system has important ramifications for chemical protective suit development, threat assessment, medical countermeasures and contamination control protocols. Copyright 2002 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information An improved brain slice model of nerve agent-induced seizure activity. Wood S J; Tattersall J E Biomedical Sciences Department, CBD Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S83-6. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920926 AN 2002191151 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A brain slice model was developed to investigate the mechanisms of seizure activity induced by soman and the effectiveness of potential anticonvulsant drugs. Unlike previously reported slice studies with nerve agents, this model contains the entorhinal cortex as well as the hippocampus. This allows the study of the spread of seizure discharges within the limbic system and the development of prolonged, sustained discharges that are rarely seen in the simple hippocampal slice preparation. Soman (1 microM) induced a second population spike in the evoked field potential in the CA1 or CA3 region within 15-20 min. In almost all the slices tested, this developed into spontaneous seizure activity within 30-40 min. As well as interictal bursts, many slices also showed longer periods of high-frequency bursting analogous to ictal seizure activity that originated in the entorhinal cortex. This activity appeared similar to that induced by the muscarinic agonist pilocarpine. Both the second population spike and the spontaneous discharges could be blocked by diazepam and by AMPA/kainate antagonists, but not by the NMDA antagonists AP5 and MK-801. This study confirms that the combined hippocampal-entorhinal cortex slice preparation is a suitable model for investigating the origin and propagation of nerve-agent-induced seizures within the limbic system. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Cardiopulmonary effects of HI-6 treatment in soman intoxication. Goransson-Nyberg A; Cassel G Division of NBC Defence, Department of Medical Counter Measures, Swedish Defence Research Agency, SE-90182 Umea, Sweden Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S79-81. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920925 AN 2002191150 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The cardiopulmonary effects of HI-6, together with atropine and soman, were studied in the rat. HI-6 is an effective antidote in acute poisoning with the nerve agent soman. The therapeutic efficiency of HI-6 is still unclear and cannot be explained entirely by the HI-6 reactivating ability of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Other non-cholinergic factors must be involved. One possible detoxifying process might be an effect of HI-6 on the blood flow to sensitive organs. The purpose of the present study was to investigate 1) whether soman per se induces changes in regional blood flow and 2) whether the blood flow to different organs is affected when HI-6 (50 mg x kg(-1) i.m.) and atropine (10 mg x kg(-1) i.m.) are given either before or immediately after soman intoxication (90 microg x kg(-1) s.c.). For regional blood flow determinations the microsphere method was used with male Wistar rats weighing 300-400 g. The rats were anaesthetised and breathed spontaneously during the experiment. Three different blood flow measurements were made in the same animal and concomitant physiological parameters such as mean arterial blood pressure and respiratory rate were recorded. The blood AChE activity was followed throughout the experiment.

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Our results show that when HI-6 is given after intoxication with soman, dramatic changes in blood flow occur with a significant decrease in both respiratory rate and blood AChE activity. If HI-6 is given prior to the intoxication, however, all rats are unaffected and none of the parameters measured are changed. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Prophylaxis against organophosphate poisoning by sustained release of scopolamine and physostigmine. Meshulam Y; Cohen G; Chapman S; Alkalai D; Levy A Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), PO Box 19, 70450 Ness-Ziona, Israel Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S75-8. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920924 AN 2002191149 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Protection efficacy of continuous prophylactic administration of physostigmine and scopolamine against sarin-induced toxicity was evaluated previously in guinea pigs. The present study in large animals used Beagle dogs, that serve as an animal model with cholinergic sensitivity similar to that of humans. Pretreatment with physostigmine salicylate and scopolamine hydrochloride at dose rates of 2.5 and 1 microg x kg(-1) x h(-1), respectively, was administered via Alzet mini-osmotic pumps. At the time of exposure, the physostigmine salicylate concentration in plasma was 0.7 ng x ml(-1) and the scopolamine hydrochloride concentration was ca. 0.2 ng x ml(-1), both of which are levels known to be well tolerated in humans. Whole-blood cholinesterase inhibition was 15-20%. This regimen conferred full protection against 2.5 x LD50 i.v. of sarin. Albeit the highdose exposure, cholinergic toxicity symptoms were mild with no convulsions. About 11-14 min following poisoning the treated animals started to walk and 15-20 min following exposure full recovery was observed and the dogs behaved normally. With higher dose rates of physostigmine salicylate and scopolamine hydrochloride, at plasma concentrations of 2.1 and 0.6 ng x ml(-1), respectively, treated dogs regained normal posture 6-10 min after exposure. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Intramuscular diazepam pharmacokinetics in soman-exposed guinea pigs. Capacio B R; Whalley C E; Byers C E; McDonough J H Pharmacology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 210105425, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S67-74. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920923 AN 2002191148 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Intramuscular (i.m.) diazepam is included by the US military as an anticonvulsant in the standard therapeutic regimen for organophosphorus nerve agent intoxication. In this study we investigated the pharmacokinetics of diazepam after i.m. administration while monitoring pharmacodynamic (electroencephalogram, EEG) data in soman-exposed guinea pigs. Prior to experiments the animals were surgically implanted with EEG leads to monitor seizure activity. For the study, animals were administered pyridostigmine (0.026 mg x kg(-1) i.m.) 30 min prior to soman (56 microg x kg(-1), 2 x LD50; subcutaneously, s.c.), which was followed in 1 min by atropine sulfate (2 mg x kg(-1) i.m.) and pralidoxime chloride (25 mg x kg(-1) i.m.). All animals receiving this regimen developed seizure activity. Diazepam (10 mg x kg(-1) i.m.) was administered 5 min after onset of seizure activity. Based on EEG data, animals were categorized as either seizure terminated or not terminated at 30 min after diazepam. Serial blood samples were obtained from each animal. Diazepam (10 mg x kg(-1) i.m.) terminated seizure activity in 52% of the animals within 30 min. The pharmacokinetics were characterized by a one-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination. The maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) were 991 and 839 ng x ml(-1) for seizure terminated and not terminated, respectively. Mean plasma concentrations of diazepam were significantly different (P < 0.05) for seizure terminated vs not terminated groups at 30 min. The plasma Cmax in seizure-terminated animals in this study is similar to the minimum range of plasma diazepam (200-800 ng x ml(-1)) reported to suppress seizure activity in humans. It has been reported in an earlier study that the minimum effective i.m. dose (0.1 mg x kg(-1)) required to prevent soman-induced convulsions in Rhesus monkeys produces a mean Cmax of 50 ng x ml(-1) for diazepam. The data from our current study suggest that a higher dose (and corresponding Cmax) is necessary to terminate ongoing seizure activity. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Combination anticonvulsant treatment of soman-induced seizures. Koplovitz I; Schulz S; Shutz M; Railer R; Macalalag R; Schons M; McDonough J Drug Assessment Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S53-5. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920921 AN 2002191147 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract These studies investigated the effectiveness of combination treatment with a benzodiazepine and an anticholinergic drug against soman-induced seizures. The anticholinergic drugs considered were biperiden, scopolamine, trihexaphenidyl, and procyclidine; the benzodiazepines were diazepam and midazolam. Male guinea pigs were implanted surgically with cortical screw electrodes. Electrocorticograms were displayed continually and recorded on a computerized electroencephalographic system. Pyridostigmine (0.026 mg x kg(-1), i.m.) was injected as a pretreatment to inhibit red blood cell acetylcholinesterase by 30-40%. Thirty minutes after pyridostigmine, 2 x LD50 (56 microg x kg(-1)) of soman was injected s.c., followed 1 min later by i.m. treatment with atropine (2 mg x kg(-1)) + 2-PAM (25 mg x kg(-1)). Electrographic seizures occurred in all animals. Anticonvulsant treatment combinations were administered i.m. at 5 or 40 min after seizure onset. Treatment consisted of diazepam or midazolam plus one of the above-mentioned anticholinergic drugs. All doses of the treatment compounds exhibited little or no antiseizure efficacy when given individually. The combination of a benzodiazepine and an anticholinergic drug was effective in terminating soman-induced seizure, whether given 5 or 40 min after seizure onset. The results suggest a strong synergistic effect of combining benzodiazepines with centrally active anticholinergic drugs and support the concept of using an adjunct to supplement diazepam for the treatment of nerve-agent-induced seizures. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Soman-induced seizures: limbic activity, oxidative stress and neuroprotective proteins. Pazdernik T L; Emerson M R; Cross R; Nelson S R; Samson F E Ralph L. Smith Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S87-94. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920927 AN 2002185330 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract

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Soman, a potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, induces status epilepticus in rats followed by conspicuous neuropathology, most prominent in piriform cortex and the CA3 region of the hippocampus. Cholinergic seizures originate in striatal-nigral pathways and with fast-acting agents (soman) rapidly spread to limbic related areas and finally culminate in a full-blown status epilepticus. This leads to neurochemical changes, some of which may be neuroprotective whereas others may cause brain damage. Pretreatment with lithium sensitizes the brain to cholinergic seizures. Likewise, other agents that increase limbic hyperactivity may sensitize the brain to cholinergic agents. The hyperactivity associated with the seizure state leads to an increase in intracellular calcium, cellular edema and metal delocalization producing an oxidative stress. These changes induce the synthesis of stress-related proteins such as heat shock proteins, metallothioneins and heme oxygenases. We show that soman-induced seizures cause a depletion in tissue glutathione and an increase in tissue 'catalytic' iron, metallothioneins and heme oxygenase-1. The oxidative stress induces the synthesis of stress-related proteins, which are indicators of 'stress' and possibly provide neuroprotection. These findings suggest that delocalization of iron may catalyze Fenton-like reactions, causing progressive cellular damage via free radical products. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Beneficial effects of TCP on soman intoxication in guinea pigs: seizures, brain damage and learning behaviour. de Groot D M; Bierman E P; Bruijnzeel P L; Carpentier P; Kulig B M; Lallement G; Melchers B P; Philippens I H; van Huygevoort A H TNO Nutrition and Food Research, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S57-65. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920922 AN 2002185328 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Poisoning with the potent nerve agent soman produces a cascade of central nervous system (CNS) effects characterized by severe convulsions and eventually death. In animals that survive a soman intoxication, lesions in the amygdala, piriform cortex, hippocampus and thalamus can be observed. In order to examine the mechanisms involved in the effects of soman and to evaluate possible curative interventions, a series of behavioural, electrophysiological and neuropathological experiments were carried out in the guinea pig using the NMDA antagonist N-[1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl] piperidine (TCP) in conjunction with atropine and pyridostigmine. The NMDA antagonist TCP appeared to be very effective in the treatment of casualties who suffered from soman-induced seizures for 30 min: (i)Seizures were arrested within minutes after the TCP injection, confirmed by quantitative electroencephalogram (EEG), after fast Fourier analysis. Three hours after TCP the quantitative EEGs were completely normal in all frequency bands and remained normal during the entire 3-week intoxication period. The power shift to the lower (delta) frequency bands, indicative for neuropathology and found in control animals intoxicated only by soman, was not observed in the soman-TCP group. (ii)The gross neuropathology found in soman control animals within 48 h after soman was prevented in soman-TCP animals and was still absent in 3-week survivors. Instead, ultrastructural changes were observed, indicative of defense mechanisms of the cell against toxic circumstances. (iii)Twentyfour hours after soman, soman-TCP animals were able to perform in the shuttle box and Morris water maze. The beneficial effects of TCP on the performance in these tests during the 3-week intoxication period were very impressive, notwithstanding (minor) deficits in memory and learning. (iv)The increase in excitability after TCP was confirmed by an increase in the acoustic startle response. Taken together, these results confirmed the involvement of NMDA receptors in the maintenance of soman-induced seizures and the development of brain damage. They underline the current hypothesis that cholinergic mechanisms are responsible for eliciting seizure activity after soman and that, most likely, the subsequent recruitment of other excitatory neurotransmitters and loss of inhibitory control are responsible for the maintenance of seizures and the development of subsequent brain damage. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Comparison of the hydrolytic stability of S-(N,N-diethylaminoethyl) isobutyl methylphosphonothiolate with VX in dilute solution. Crenshaw M D; Hayes T L; Miller T L; Shannon C M Medical Research and Evaluation Facility, Battelle Memorial Institute, JM-3, Columbus, OH 43201, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S3-6. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920912 AN 2002185325 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The stability of S-(N,N-diethylaminoethyl) isobutyl methylphosphonothiolate--a V-type nerve agent developed by the former Soviet Union--in the environment is an important parameter in threat assessment analysis and for the determination of use, production, testing and storage of this chemical warfare agent. S-(N,N-Diethylaminoethyl) isobutyl methylphosphonothiolate is a structural isomer of the nerve agent VX developed by the USA and the UK and will be referred to as VXA (VX analog) in this presentation. Because VXA and VX differ structurally, even though they do have the same molecular formula, it is expected that their physical and chemical properties would be different. This preliminary investigation was undertaken to determine the relative hydrolysis rate of VXA compared with VX. The hydrolysis of each compound at approximately 1 mg x ml(-1) in unbuffered water at pH 7 was determined side-by-side. The half-lives for VXA and VX were determined to be 12.4 days and 4.78 days, respectively. Agent VXA hydrolyzed 2.6 times more slowly than VX, and each agent followed second-order hydrolysis kinetics. These results imply that VXA is more persistent in the environment and therefore poses a greater threat. These results also imply that VXA is more likely to be detected, if present, during an inspection in support of the Chemical Weapons Convention. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Development of an immunoassay for diagnosis of exposure to toxic organophosphorus compounds. Miller J K; Lenz D E Department of OCBS, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S23-6. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. (EVALUATION STUDIES); Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920916 AN 2002185323 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Currently, diagnosis of exposure to toxic low-molecular-weight compounds is effected by the use of chromatographic techniques. Such an approach is limited by the need for expensive equipment and sample clean-up before carrying out the analysis. To overcome those drawbacks, we have been involved in the development of an immunoassay for diagnosis of exposure to toxic organophosphorus compounds such as pinacolylmethyl phosphonofluoridate (soman), which is a chemical warfare agent. Prior estimates suggested that it is necessary to be able to detect soman at a concentration below 2.5 x 10(-7) M. Using four previously developed monoclonal antibodies, an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) was used to optimize assay conditions and identify the antibody with the highest apparent affinity. The minimum required assay time was 2.0-2.5 h with no loss in sensitivity. To determine the specificity of the highest affinity antibody, a competitive inhibition enzyme immunoassay (CIEIA) was performed with six structural analogs of soman. The IC50 values for these analogues were 5 x 10(-7) M for 4-nitrophenylpinacolylmethylphosphonate, 8 x 10(-7) M for dipinacolylmethylphosphonate, 2 x 10(-6) M for diisopropylmethylphosphonate, 3 x 10(-5) M for 4-nitrophenylmethyl(phenylphosphinate) and 6.5 x 10(-5) M for 4-

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nitrophenylethyl(phenyl)phosphinate. 4-Nitrophenyl-di(n-butyl)phosphinate did not inhibit binding. Those inhibitors with branched alkyl side-chains, similar to the soman molecule, were effective inhibitors. Compounds, which contained predominately aromatic groups, were poor inhibitors. We are continuing to probe the binding specificity of the monoclonal antibody to determine its utility in further assay development. Our present results suggest that the antibody chosen may have the appropriate specificity and affinity for immunodiagnosis of exposure to soman. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Protective action of the serine protease inhibitor N-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK) against acute soman poisoning. Cowan F M; Broomfield C A; Lenz D E; Shih T M Biochemical Pharmacology and Neurotoxicology Branches, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Jul-Aug), 21(4), 293-6. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11481662 AN 2002027826 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Soman-poisoned rats display cholinergic crisis, a systemic mast cell degranulation characteristic of anaphylactic reactions and an excitotoxin-like sequential seizure and neuronal degeneration. The protection of guinea pigs from soman lethality by prophylactic administration of the serine protease inhibitor suramin suggests a possible proteolytic component in soman poisoning. The present study tested the effect of N-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK), an inhibitor of trypsin-like serine proteases, on soman-induced toxic signs (convulsions, righting reflex) and survival time. Nine control guinea pigs receiving 2 x LD(50) (56 microg kg(-1), s.c.) of soman immediately followed by a therapeutic dose of atropine sulfate (17.4 mg kg(-1) i.m.) experienced severe convulsions, and 8/9 lost the righting reflex. Six of these nine animals expired within 65 min; the three remaining animals survived 24 h to termination of the experiment. When a second group of animals were given TLCK (12 mg kg(-1), i.p.) 30 min prior to a 2 x LD(50) soman challenge and atropine-sulfate therapy, 5/9 experienced convulsions and only 3/9 lost the righting reflex. All nine animals survived beyond 4 h, with six surviving to 24 h. Compared with soman controls, prophylaxis with TLCK significantly prevented the loss of righting reflex (P = 0.05) and enhanced 4-h survival (P = 0.005). Although, convulsions were reduced and 24-h survival was improved in TLCK-treated animals, these results were not statistically significant. The protection from soman toxicity by chemically distinct protease inhibitors such as suramin and TLCK suggests a role for pathological proteolytic pathways in soman intoxication. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information In vitro skin absorption and decontamination of sulphur mustard: comparison of human and pig-ear skin. Chilcott R P; Jenner J; Hotchkiss S A; Rice P Department of Biomedical Sciences, CBD Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Jul-Aug), 21(4), 279-83. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11481660 AN 2002027824 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of an in vitro skin diffusion cell system as a model for assessing decontaminants against the chemical warfare agent sulphur mustard (SM). The in vitro absorption rates of SM through heatseparated human (157 +/- 66 microg cm(-2) h(-1)) and pig-ear (411 +/- 175 microg cm(-2) h(-1)) epidermal membranes were in agreement with previous in vivo studies that quoted skin absorption rates of 150 and 366 microg cm(-2) h(-1), respectively. Decontaminants (fuller's earth, Ambergard and BDH spillage granules) were ranked in order of effectiveness by measuring the skin absorption rates and the percentage of applied dose of SM that penetrated human and pig-ear epidermal membranes. The effectiveness of fuller's earth measured in this in vitro study using human epidermal membranes was in agreement with a previous in vivo human volunteer study. Similarly, the effectiveness of fuller's earth and Ambergard measured in vitro with pig-ear epidermal membranes was in agreement with a previous in vivo study conducted on rats. However, there was complete disparity in the ranking of decontaminants between human and pig-ear epidermal membranes measured in vitro. Thus, although pig-ear skin may be a relatively good model for predicting the human skin absorption of SM, it is a poor model for testing decontamination systems. The results of this study further validate the use of Franz-type glass diffusion cells containing human epidermal membranes as a model for predicting in vivo human skin absorption. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Modelling aerosol processes related to the atmospheric dispersion of sarin. Kukkonen J; Riikonen K; Nikmo J; Jappinen A; Nieminen K Air Quality Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Sahaajankatu 20 E, FIN-00810, Helsinki, Finland. [email protected] Journal of hazardous materials (2001 Aug 17), 85(3), 165-79. Journal code: 9422688. ISSN:03043894. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11489522 AN 2001443815 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract We have developed mathematical models for evaluating the atmospheric dispersion of selected chemical warfare agents (CWA), including the evaporation and settling of contaminant liquid droplets. The models and numerical results presented may be utilised for designing protection and control measures against the conceivable use of CWA's. The model AERCLOUD (AERosol CLOUD) was extended to treat two nerve agents, sarin and VX, and the mustard agent. This model evaluates the thermodynamical evolution of a five-component aerosol mixture, consisting of two-component droplets together with the surrounding three-component gas. We have performed numerical computations with this model on the evaporation and settling of airborne sarin droplets in characteristic dispersal and atmospheric conditions. In particular, we have evaluated the maximum radii (r(M)) of a totally evaporating droplet, in terms of the ambient temperature and contaminant vapour concentration. The radii r(M) range from approximately 15-80 microm for sarin droplets for the selected ambient conditions and initial heights. We have also evaluated deposition fractions in terms of the initial droplet size. Bibliographic Information Effects of iodine on inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in sulfur mustard-induced skin. Nyska A; Lomnitski L; Maronpot R; Moomaw C; Brodsky B; Sintov A; Wormser U Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. [email protected] Archives of toxicology (2001 Feb), 74(12), 768-74. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11305779 AN 2001394179 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract In a previous study we demonstrated the protective effect of topical iodine as postexposure treatment for sulfur mustard (SM)

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application. The iodine treatment results in significantly reduced inflammation and necrosis and increased epidermal hyperplasia. The expression and localization of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) in paraffin-embedded skin samples from that study were evaluated in the present investigation. We compared the immunoreactivity of iNOS and COX-2 using five samples from each of the following four test sites: untreated control sites, SMexposed sites, sites treated with iodine mixture 15 min after SM exposure, and sites treated with iodine 30 min after SM exposure. All animals were killed 2 days after irritant exposure. iNOS immunoreactivity was present only in skin sites exposed to SM without iodine treatment. The ulcerated skin was covered with a relatively thick band of exudate composed of iNOSimmunostained polymorphonuclear cells and macrophages. In untreated skin, COX-2 immunostaining was limited to the thin suprabasal epidermal layer. In SM-exposed skin, induction of COX-2 was noted in inflammatory cells located close to the site of epidermal injury. In skin sites treated with iodine 15 or 30 min after SM exposure, the regenerating hyperplastic epithelium showed moderate cytoplasmic staining localized to the epithelium overlying the basal layer. This pattern of staining was also present in the nearby dermal fibroblasts. Thus, in contrast to the skin samples exposed to SM without iodine treatment, the epidermal layer expressing immunohistochemical positivity for COX-2 was thicker and corresponded to the epidermal hyperplasia noted in samples treated with iodine. It is well documented that prostaglandins (PGs) promote epidermal proliferation, thereby contributing to the repair of injured skin. That the induction of the COX-2 shown in our study may also play a role in the healing process is indicated by the present evidence. The results suggest that nitric oxide radicals (NO*) are involved in mediating the damage induced by the SM and that iodinerelated reduction in acute epidermal inflammation is associated with reduced iNOS expression. Bibliographic Information Intervention of sulfur mustard toxicity by downregulation of cell proliferation and metabolic rates. Ray R; Benton B J; Anderson D R; Byers S L; Petrali J P US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 210105400, USA. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S87-91. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428650 AN 2001371709 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Metabolically active and proliferating basal cells in the skin are most sensitive to the potent skin blistering chemical warfare compound HD (bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide). We previously described a Ca2+-dependent mechanism of HD (0.3-1 mM) toxicity that was inhibited by the cell-permeant Ca2+ chelator BAPTA AM (1,2-bis(O-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester). We describe some cellular effects of BAPTA AM that suggest a mechanism for its protective action. Monolayer log-phase normal human epidermal keratinocytes were incubated (37 degrees C) first in keratinocyte growth medium (KGM) containing BAPTA AM (10-40 microM) for 30 min and then in KGM alone overnight prior to evaluation. The BAPTA AM inhibited cell growth in a concentration-dependent manner with some cellular degeneration above 30 microM (light microscopy). At 20-30 microM, BAPTA AM also inhibited cellular metabolic processes, as evidenced by a lower incorporation of [3H]-thymidine (DNA synthesis, 54 +/- 5%), [3H]-uridine (RNA synthesis, 29 +/- 6%) and [14C]-valine (protein synthesis, 12 +/- 2%) as well as a lower protein content per culture (30 +/- 3%) compared with corresponding untreated controls. However, 20-30 microM BAPTA AM did not cause any demonstrable cytopathology based on morphological (electron microscopy) as well as biochemical (lactate dehydrogenase release, an indicator of cell viability loss) criteria, indicating a lack of acute toxicity. These results suggest that a mechanism of protection by BAPTA AM against HD may be via decreasing some metabolic, and therefore proliferative, rates. Bibliographic Information Comparison of cell size in sulfur mustard-induced death of keratinocytes and lymphocytes. Moser J; Meier H L Pharmacology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S23-30. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428638 AN 2001371697 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (HD) is a vesicant chemical warfare agent that directly alkylates cellular DNA and produces DNA strand breaks. To identify cellular models for in vitro screening of antivesicant compounds in DNA repair assays, we compared the mechanism of HD-induced cell death in cultured adult normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). One parameter that we used to distinguish apoptotic from necrotic cell death was the change in cell size due to HD. In the presence or absence of a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPI), cell preparations were exposed to various concentrations of HD (0.01-1.0 mM) and harvested at selected times after exposure (up to 24 h). Results from these experiments suggest that, with increasing HD concentration and time, NHEK will fragment irrespective of the presence or absence of PARPI, with cell fragmentation presumably preceded by necrosis. In the absence of PARPI, PBL size initially decreases and then remains constant over time. Previous DNA fragmentation studies indicate that both apoptosis and necrosis occur in HD-exposed PBL in a time-dependent manner. In the presence of PARPI, there is a HD concentration- and timedependent decrease in PBL size that is characteristic of apoptosis. The shift in the mechanism of HD-induced PBL death from apoptosis followed by necrosis to exclusively apoptosis in the absence and presence of PARPI, respectively, is in agreement with previous findings on HD-induced changes in membrane integrity, energy levels and DNA fragmentation. Considering that NHEK fragment early after exposure to HD concentrations that produce vesication in human skin, PBL may be a more appropriate model for use in DNA repair assays. Bibliographic Information MALDI-ToF/MS as a diagnostic tool for the confirmation of sulfur mustard exposure. Price E O; Smith J R; Clark C R; Schlager J J; Shih M L Pharmacology Division, Applied Pharmacology Branch, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S193-7. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. (EVALUATION STUDIES); Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428636 AN 2001371695 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The continual threat of chemical and biological warfare has prompted the need for unambiguous analytical methods for the confirmation of agent exposure. In this paper, we have investigated the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF/MS) as a diagnostic tool for this purpose. Mass spectral studies of the interaction of sulfur mustard (bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, HD) with hemoglobin and metallothioneine were conducted. In vitro experiments with purified proteins were performed, using both HD and chloroethylethyl sulfide (CEES), in an effort to determine the extent of alkylation and occurrence of HD cross-linking using the MALDI-ToF/MS technique. In a typical experiment, 50 ml of 5 mM HD in acetonitrile was added to an equal volume of 0.5 mM hemoglobin in deionized water followed by vortexing and incubation at room temperature. After 24 h, the samples were analyzed by MALDI-ToF/MS. Mass spectral results indicated the presence of at least two distinct alkylation adducts for both HD and CEES experiments. These results demonstrate that MALDIToF/MS is a useful analytical technique to investigate the interaction of HD with biomolecules and may be employed potentially

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as a diagnostic tool for the confirmation of exposure to chemical warfare agents. Bibliographic Information Automated assay for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Byers S; Anderson D; Brobst D; Cowan F Pharmacology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S19-22. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. (EVALUATION STUDIES); Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428635 AN 2001371694 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (HD), a vesicating chemical warfare compound, has been shown to deplete the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) content in several cell systems and tissues. This NAD+ depletion has been proposed as an indicator of HD exposure and can be used to evaluate potential antivesicant compounds. To examine NAD+ levels, an automated method based on the alcohol dehydrogenase cycling assay of Jacobson and Jacobson and utilizing a Cobas FARA clinical analyzer has been developed. Automation of this assay led to smaller sample volumes and more efficient use of personnel and resources. The usefulness of this automated method was tested by evaluating the protection, if any, by the topical application of vitamin D or betamethasone against HD-induced NAD+ depletion in skin punches from the hairless guinea pig. The results showed that the samples exposed to HD exhibited significant decreases in NAD+ levels when compared with controls. However, neither vitamin D nor betamethasone demonstrated protection against HD-induced NAD+ depletion. In fact, betamethasone exacerbated the NAD+ depletion when compared with the HD exposed group. This assay appears to be useful for testing potential antivesicant compounds using both in vivo and in vitro exposure systems. Bibliographic Information A cutaneous full-thickness liquid sulfur mustard burn model in weanling swine: clinical pathology and urinary excretion of thiodiglycol. Graham J S; Reid F M; Smith J R; Stotts R R; Tucker E S; Shumaker S M; Niemuth N A; Janny S J US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S161-72. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428630 AN 2001371689 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide, HD) is a well-known blistering chemical warfare agent. We have developed a cutaneous full-thickness HD burn model in weanling pigs for efficacy testing of candidate treatment regimens. This report addresses clinical pathology findings and the urinary excretion profile of a major HD metabolite (thiodiglycol, TDG) in this model. Six female Yorkshire pigs were exposed to HD liquid on the ventral surface for 2 h, generating six 3-cm diameter fullthickness dermal lesions per pig. Blood samples were collected throughout a 7-day observation period for hematology and serum chemistry examinations. Urine was collected in metabolism cages. Routine urinalysis was performed and the urine analyzed for TDG using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Examination of clinical pathology parameters revealed subtle HD-related changes that are suggestive of a mild hemolytic episode. No other signs of clinically significant systemic toxicities were noted, including bone marrow suppression. Thiodiglycol was detected at the earliest time point tested (6-8 h postexposure) at levels ranging from 0.66 to 4.98 microg ml(-1) with a mean of 2.14 microg ml(-1). Thiodiglycol concentrations were the highest for half of the animals at this earliest time point and at 24-48 h for the others. By the evening of day 3, the mean level had reached 50 ng ml(-1). Mean levels remained 10-40 ng ml(-1) for the remainder of the 7-day observation period, with the highest individual concentration noted during this period of 132 ng ml(-1). Our results are in general agreement with the TDG excretion profiles previously described for rodent models and humans. Urinary excretion of absorbed HD in our weanling pig wound healing model appears to follow the same pattern as is seen in other laboratory animals models. In general, urinary excretion of TDG appears to peak within the first 1-4 days following exposure, with detectable levels after 1 week. Relatively high urinary TDG levels may thus indicate agent exposure within the previous 96 h. Low levels significantly above natural background levels may indicate either exposure to low levels of agent or exposure that occurred more than 4 days prior to collection of the sample. Bibliographic Information Systemic administration of candidate antivesicants to protect against topically applied sulfur mustard in the mouse ear vesicant model (MEVM). Babin M C; Ricketts K; Skvorak J P; Gazaway M; Mitcheltree L W; Casillas R P Drug Assessment and Comparative Medicine Divisions, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S141-4. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428627 AN 2001371686 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The mouse ear vesicant model (MEVM) provides a quantitative edema response as well as histopathological and biochemical endpoints as measurements of inflammation and tissue damage following exposure to the chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard (HD). In the MEVM, several topically applied anti-inflammatory agents provided a significant degree of protection against HD-induced edema and dermal-epidermal separation. This study evaluated the protective effects of three of these pharmacological compounds when administered systemically in the MEVM. Alzet osmotic pumps were used to deliver a subcutaneous dose of the appropriate anti-inflammatory agent, starting 24 h before exposure to sulfur mustard and continuing until 24 h post-exposure to HD. Twenty-four hours after pump implantation, 5 microl of a 195 mM (0.16 mg) solution of sulfur mustard (density = 1.27 g ml(-1); MW = 159; purity = 97.5%) in methylene chloride was applied to the inner surface of the right ear of each mouse. Sulfur mustard injury in the mouse ear was measured by both edema response (fluid accumulation) and histopathological damage (necrosis, epidermal-dermal separation). The systemic administration of hydrocortisone, indomethacin and olvanil provided a significant reduction in edema (24%, 26% and 22%, respectively) from the positive control. Compared to HD-positive controls, hydrocortisone, indomethacin and olvanil caused a significant reduction in subepidermal blisters (71%, 52% and 57%, respectively) whereas only hydrocortisone produced a significant reduction in contralateral epidermal necrosis (41%). We show here that these anti-inflammatory drugs are effective when administered systemically in the MEVM. Bibliographic Information N-acetylcysteine and endothelial cell injury by sulfur mustard. Atkins K B; Lodhi I J; Hurley L L; Hinshaw D B University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48105, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S125-8. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428622 AN 2001371681 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Understanding the underlying mechanisms of cell injury and death induced by the chemical warfare vesicant sulfur mustard (HD) will be extremely helpful in the development of effective countermeasures to this weapon of terror. We have found recently that HD induces both apoptosis and necrosis in endothelial cells (Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1996; 141: 568-583). Pretreatment of the endothelial cells for 20 h with the redox-active agent N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) selectively prevented apoptotic death induced by HD. In this study, we tested the hypotheses that pretreatment with NAC acts through two different pathways to minimize endothelial injury by HD: NAC pretreatment acts via a glutathione (GSH)-dependent pathway; and NAC pretreatment acts to suppress HD-induced activation of the nuclear transcription factor NFkappaB. We used a fluorescence microscopic assay of apoptotic nuclear features to assess viability and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) to assess the activity of NFkappaB following exposure to HD. The cells were treated with 0-10 mM GSH for 1 h prior to and during exposure to 0 or 500 microM HD for 5-6 h. Cells were also treated with 50 mM NAC or 200 microM buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of GSH synthesis, alone or in combination overnight prior to exposure to 0 or 500 microM HD for 5-6 h. Externally applied GSH up to a concentration of 5 mM had no toxic effect on the cells. Mild toxicity was associated with 10 mM GSH alone. There was a dose-related enhancement of viability when 2.5 and 5 mM GSH were present during the HD exposure. Pretreatment with BSO alone had no discernible toxicity. However, pretreatment with this inhibitor of GSH synthesis potentiated the toxicity of HD. Pretreatment with 50 mM NAC, as previously reported, provided substantial protection. Combining pretreatment with both BSO and NAC eliminated the protective effect of NAC pretreatment alone on HD injury. These observations are highly suggestive that NAC enhances endothelial survival via GSH-dependent effects and confirms and extends the work of others with different models that externally supplied GSH alone may be a fairly effective countermeasure against HD injury of endothelium. We next examined the hypothesis that HD may activate the nuclear transcription factor NFkappaB by performing EMSAs with nuclear extracts of endothelial cells following exposure to 0, 250 or 500 microM HD. This demonstrated an up to 2.5-fold increase (scanning densitometry) in activation of NFkappaB binding to its consensus sequence induced by 500 microM HD after 5 h of HD exposure. Paradoxically, treatment of the endothelial cells alone with 50 mM NAC activated NFkappaB, although HD-induced activation of NFkappaB was partially suppressed by NAC at 5 h. Factor NFkappaB is an important transcription factor for a number of cytokine genes (e.g. tumor necrosis factor, TNF), which can be activated following stress in endothelial cells. Taken together, these observations suggest that the protective effects of NAC may be mediated by enhanced GSH synthesis. The increased GSH may act to scavenge HD and also prevent oxidative activation of NFkappaB. Under some conditions, NAC may act as an oxidizing agent and thus increase NFkappaB activity. The NFkappaBdependent gene expression may be important in inducing endothelial cell death as well as in generating a local inflammatory reaction associated with the release of endothelial-derived cytokines. Bibliographic Information Effects of CEES on inflammatory mediators, heat shock protein 70A, histology and ultrastructure in two skin models. Blaha M; Bowers W Jr; Kohl J; DuBose D; Walker J; Alkhyyat A; Wong G US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S101-8. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428619 AN 2001371678 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chemical warfare threats require the development of diverse models for the assessment of countermeasures. Human skin products, Skin2 (differentiating keratinocytes on a fibroblast-collagen matrix) and EpiDerm (differentiating keratinocytes) were exposed (2 h) to the sulfur mustard 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES, 1-2 mg l(-1) min(-1)) in humidified air or to humidified air alone. Tissues were evaluated histologically, ultrastructurally and for viability 22 h later; media and tissues were also analyzed for inflammatory mediators. Histology showed that CEES induced the separation of dermal and epidermal regions in Skin2 with severe damage to basal keratinocytes. Histology and electron microscopy of both products revealed condensation of nuclear chromatin, retraction of spinous processes, collapse of the tonofibrillar network and cytoplasmic vacuolization and blebbing in those cells with loss of pseudobasement membrane integrity. Exposure of Skin2 to CEES increased extracellular interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) and especially IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) release (56,334 vs 84,614 pg ml(-1)), but decreased interleukin-6 (IL-6, 4,755 vs 351 pg ml(-1)). Exposure of EpiDerm to CEES led to unaffected extracellular and reduced intracelluar IL-1alpha (371 vs 92 pg ml(-1)). Extracellular IL-1Ra greatly increased (2,375 vs 24,875 pg ml(-1)), whereas cellular levels decreased (16,5425 vs 96,625 pg ml(-1)). Extracellular (224 vs 68 pg ml(-1)) and intracellular (485 vs 233 pg ml(-1)) soluble interleukin-1 receptor H (sIL-1RII) decreased. Prostanglandin E2 increased (1,835 vs 2,582 pg ml(-1)), whereas heat shock protein 70A (Hsp70A) remained statistically unchanged (57,000 vs 96,000 pg ml(1)). Failure to obtain a heat shock response to CEES may contribute to the susceptibility of tissue to the alkylating agent. Consistent and marked responses of cellular and extracellular IL-1Ra to CEES suggest a potential for use as a tissue status marker and primary antiinflammatory regulator in skin. Bibliographic Information Correlation of a specific mitochondrial phospholipid-phosgene adduct with chloroform acute toxicity. Di Consiglio E; De Angelis G; Testai E; Vittozzi L Biochemical Toxicology Unit, Department of Comparative Toxicology and Ecotoxicology, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161, Rome, Italy Toxicology (2001 Feb 21), 159(1-2), 43-53. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11250054 AN 2001195862 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The dose and time dependence of formation of a specific adduct between mitochondrial phospholipid and phosgene have been determined in the liver of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats as well as in the liver and kidney of B6C3F1 mice after dosing with chloroform. Rats were induced with phenobarbital or non-induced. Determination of tissue glutathione (GSH) and of serum markers of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity was also carried out. With dose-dependence experiments, a strong correlation between the formation of the specific phospholipid adduct, GSH depletion and organ toxicity could be evidenced in all the organs studied. With non-induced SD rats, no such effects could be induced up to a dose of 740 mg/kg. Time-course studies with B6C3F1 mice indicated that the specific adduct formation took place at very early times after chloroform dosing and was concurrent with GSH depletion. The adduct formed during even transient GSH depletion (residual level: 30% of control) and persisted after restoration of GSH levels. Following a chloroform dose at the hepatotoxicity threshold (150 mg/kg), the elimination of the adduct in the liver occurred within 24 h and correlated with the recovery of ALT, which was slightly increased (12 times) after treatment. Following a moderately nephrotoxic dose (60 mg/kg), the renal adduct persisted longer than 48 h, when a 100% increase in blood urea nitrogen and a 40% increase in serum creatinine indicated the onset of organ damage. The formation of the adduct in the liver mitochondria of B6C3F1 mice was associated with the decrease of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), in line with previous results in rat liver indicating that the adduct results from the reaction of phosgene with PE. The adduct levels implicated the reaction of phosgene with about 50% PE molecules in the liver mitochondrial membrane of phenobarbital-induced SD rats and of about 10% PE molecules of the inner mitochondrial membrane of the liver of B6C3F1 mice. The association of this adduct with the toxic effects of chloroform makes it a very good candidate as the primary critical alteration in the sequence of events leading to cell death caused by chloroform. Bibliographic Information

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The influence of anticholinergic drug selection on the efficacy of antidotal treatment of soman-poisoned rats. Kassa J; Fusek J Purkyne Military Medical Academy, PO Box 35/T, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic. [email protected] Toxicology (2000 Nov 23), 154(1-3), 67-73. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11118671 AN 2001083637 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The influence of some anticholinergic drugs (atropine, benactyzine, biperiden, scopolamine) on the efficacy of antidotal treatment to eliminate soman (O-pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate)-induced disturbance of respiration and circulation and to protect experimental animals poisoned with supralethal dose of soman (1.5 x LD(50)) was investigated in a rat model with on-line monitoring of respiratory and circulatory parameters. While the oxime HI-6 in combination with atropine prevented soman-induced changes in monitored physiological parameters insufficiently and very shortly, the combination of HI-6 with benactyzine or biperiden is able to prevent soman-induced alteration of respiration and circulation much more longer. Nevertheless, only rats treated with HI-6 in combination with scopolamine were fully protected against the lethal toxic effects of soman within 2 h following soman challenge. Our findings confirm that anticholinergic drugs with the strong central antimuscarinic activity, such as benactyzine, biperiden and especially scopolamine, seem to be more effective adjuncts to HI-6 treatment of severe acute soman-induced poisoning than atropine.

megalomania

April 20th, 2005, 05:12 PM

Bibliographic Information Development of multifunctional perfluorinated polymer blends as an active barrier cream against chemical warfare agents. Hobson, Stephen T.; Braue, Ernest H., Jr. Drug Assessment Div., U.S. Army Medical Research Institute for Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering (2001), 84 80-81. CODEN: PMSEDG ISSN: 0743-0515. Journal written in English. CAN 138:363990 AN 2003:381106 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chem. warfare agents (CWA's) represent a real and growing threat both to U.S. armed forces as well as to civilians. Within the last three decades, chem. weapons have been used by the Soviets in Cambodia (yellow rain, tricothecene mycotoxins), by Iraq against Iran (HD and tabun), and by Iraq against its own dissident Kurdish population at Halabja (H-ID HCN0). In the United States' experience in World War I, almost one-third of hospitalized casualties were a result of CWA's. Furthermore, the 1000 casualties and 12 deaths resulting from the 1995 terrorist use of sarin (GB) in Tokyo show that civilians have also become targets. In this paper we focus on protection against two classes of CWA's: nerve agents (soman, GD) and blister agents (sulfur mustard, HD). Protection against these agents in the United States Army consists of a chem. resistant outer layer of clothing (BDO) and protective mask (M40). This scheme of protection allows operation in a chem. contaminated area but results in decreased performance and increased heat retention. We have investigated a material that serves as a phys. barrier to CWA's and contains an active moiety to neutralize hazardous chems. This Active Topical Skin Protectant (aTSP) would be used in conjunction with other protective procedures. Herein we report the prepn., characterization, and evaluation of aTSP's. Bibliographic Information Molecularly imprinted polymers for the detection of chemical agents in water. Jenkins, Amanda L.; Yin, Ray; Jensen, Janet L.; Durst, H. Dupont. US Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering (2001), 84 76-77. CODEN: PMSEDG ISSN: 0743-0515. Journal written in English. CAN 138:343335 AN 2003:381101 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Molecularly imprinted polymers contg. Eu3+ were prepd. using a no. of pesticides and pinacolyl methylphosphonate (hydrolysis product of the nerve agent Soman), and sensors were fabricated by coating the polymers on optical fibers. The sensors were characterized in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, response time, adaptability, and portability; they provided detection limits in the low parts per trillion. Bibliographic Information Synthesis of carbon-coated MgO nanoparticles. Bedilo, Alexander F.; Sigel, M. Jake; Koper, Olga B.; Melgunov, Maxim S.; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA. Journal of Materials Chemistry (2002), 12(12), 3599-3604. CODEN: JMACEP ISSN: 0959-9428. Journal written in English. CAN 138:174329 AN 2002:910661 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Carbon-coated MgO nanoparticles, with carbon forming a porous coating on the surface of MgO nanoparticles, have been prepd. by two different techniques. Resorcinol has been found to be an efficient agent for the modification of magnesium methoxide leading to carbon-coated MgO nanocrystals of small crystallite size and high surface area. Decompn. of dry magnesium methoxide under an inert gas flow proved to be another efficient and economical way to synthesize carbon-coated MgO. The carbon coating acts as a hydrophobic barrier partially protecting the core metal oxide from water adsorption and conversion to magnesium hydroxide. However, destructive adsorption reactions can still proceed on the metal oxide surface, as evidenced by the dehydrochlorination of 2-chloroethyl Et sulfide (2-CEES) and 1-chlorobutane. The overall stability of the material in the presence of water vapor is significantly improved in comparison with non-coated nanocryst. MgO. Bibliographic Information Micellar Effects on Hypochlorite Catalyzed Decontamination of Toxic Phosphorus Esters. Dubey, D. K.; Gupta, A. K.; Sharma, Mamta; Prabha, S.; Vaidyanathaswamy, R. Defence R and D Establishment, Gwalior, India. Langmuir (2002), 18(26), 1048910492. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 138:94789 AN 2002:866089 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract At pH 8.5, the surfactant N,N,N-trimethyl-1-hexadecanaminium bromide (I) increased the pseudo-first-order rate consts. of hypochlorite-catalyzed hydrolysis of the sarin model compd. p-nitrophenyl di-Ph phosphate by 300 times and that of the toxic p-nitrophenyl iso-Pr methylphosphonate by 20 times, and the nerve agent sarin itself was completely decontaminated within 10 min at a sarin-hypochlorite ratio of 20:1 in a micellar I-hypochlorite mixt. In the absence of surfactant , it takes >70 min to detoxify sarin, even at a 10 times higher concn. of hypochlorite.

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A Comparative Study of the Adsorption of Chloro- and Non-Chloro-Containing Organophosphorus Compounds on WO3. Kanan, Sofian M.; Lu, Zhixiang; Tripp, Carl P. Laboratory for Surface Science Technology and Department of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA. Journal of Physical Chemistry B (2002), 106(37), 9576-9580. CODEN: JPCBFK ISSN: 1520-6106. Journal written in English. CAN 137:253624 AN 2002:620746 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The adsorption of di-Me methylphosphonate (DMMP), tri-Me phosphate (TMP), and methyldichlorophosphate (MDCP) on monoclinic tungsten oxide (m-WO3) evacuated at various temps. was investigated using IR spectroscopy. DMMP is the most common mol. used for evaluating the performance of WO3 and other semiconducting metal oxide (SMO)-based sensors to phosphonate-based nerve agents. However, toxic nerve agents such as sarin differ from DMMP in that they contain a functional group (P-F in sarin) that can be readily hydrolyzed. It is shown that the adsorption of organophosphates that contain P-Cl groups differs from nonhalogenated simulants such as DMMP and TMP on WO3 surfaces. Specifically, the non-chlorinated simulants DMMP and TMP adsorb on the surface solely through the P:O functionality with the surface water layer as well as the Lewis and Bronsted acid sites. The relative no. of mols. bound on Lewis and Bronsted acid surface sites depends on the initial evacuation temp. of the WO3 surface. When MDCP adsorbs on WO3 through the P:O bond, it is accompanied by the hydrolysis of P-Cl groups by water vapor or the adsorbed water layer leading to addnl. phosphate-like species on the surface. The IR data suggests that a halogenated phosphate like MDCP is a better simulant mol. for studies aimed at understanding the role of water and hydrolysis in the response of metal oxide-based sensors to nerve agents. Bibliographic Information Protection from half-mustard-gas-induced acute lung injury in the rat. McClintock, Shannon D.; Till, Gerd O.; Smith, Milton G.; Ward, Peter A. Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2002), 22(4), 257-262. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 137:151235 AN 2002:596130 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The chem. warfare agent analog, 2-chloroethyl Et sulfide, known as half-mustard gas (HMG), is less toxic and less of an environmental hazard than the full mol. and has been shown to produce an acute lung injury in rats when instilled via intrapulmonary injection. This injury is characterized by massive, localized hemorrhage and edema into the alveolar compartment and can be quantitated by measuring extravasation of 125I-bovine serum albumin into the extravascular compartment. Employing this rat model of HMG-induced lung injury, the authors obsd. significant attenuation of the pulmonary injury when exptl. animals were complement- or neutrophil-depleted prior to HMG challenge. Significant protection also was provided by the use of antioxidants such as catalase, DMSO, dimethylthiourea, Resveratrol, and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). The last compd. showed protection from lung injury as high as 70% and was still effective even when given up to 90 min after exposure of the lungs to HMG. These data suggest that acute lung injury caused by exposure to HMG may be related partially to complement-mediated pathways and the generation by neutrophils of toxic oxygen species. The data indicate that NAC is an effective antidote against HMG-induced acute lung injury in the rat. Bibliographic Information Oxidative decontamination of chemical and biological warfare agents using L-Gel. Raber, Ellen; McGuire, Raymond. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Environment Protection Department, University of California, Livermore, CA, USA. Journal of Hazardous Materials (2002), 93(3), 339-352. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 137:374412 AN 2002:558690 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A decontamination method was developed using a single reagent that is effective both against chem. warfare (CW) and biol. warfare (BW) agents. The new reagent, L-Gel, consists of an aq. soln. of a mild com. oxidizer, Oxone, together with a com. fumed silica gelling agent, Cab-O-Sil EH 5. L-Gel is non-toxic, environmentally friendly, relatively non-corrosive, maximizes contact time because of its thixotropic nature, clings to walls and ceilings, and does not harm carpets or painted surfaces. This reagent also addresses the most demanding requirements for decontamination in the civilian sector, including availability, low maintenance, ease of application and deployment by a variety of dispersal mechanisms, minimal training and acceptable expense. Expts. to test the effectiveness of L-Gel were conducted at Lawrence Livermore National Lab. and independently at 4 other locations. L-Gel was tested against all classes of chem. warfare agents and against various biol. warfare agent surrogates, including spore-forming bacteria and non-virulent strains of real biol. agents. Testing showed that L-Gel is as effective against chem. agents and biol. materials, including spores, as the best military decontaminants. Bibliographic Information Synthesis, Characterization, and Adsorption Studies of Nanocrystalline Aluminum Oxide and a Bimetallic Nanocrystalline Aluminum Oxide/Magnesium Oxide. Carnes, Corrie L.; Kapoor, Pramesh N.; Klabunde, Kenneth J.; Bonevich, John. Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA. Chemistry of Materials (2002), 14(7), 2922-2929. CODEN: CMATEX ISSN: 0897-4756. Journal written in English. CAN 137:128541 AN 2002:469813 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Nanocrystals of Al2O3 and Al2O3/MgO have been produced by a modified aerogel synthesis involving the corresponding aluminum tri-tert-butoxide, magnesium methoxide, toluene, methanol, ethanol, and water. The resulting oxides are in the form of powders having crystallites of .ltorsim.2 nm. These crystallites have been studied by TEM and BET methods, and were found to possess high surface areas and pore vols. (800 m2/g for Al2O3 and 790 m2/g for Al2O3/MgO, compared to 450 m2/ g for MgO). As seen with other metal oxides, once they are produced as nanoparticles, their reactivity is greatly enhanced on a per unit surface area basis. This is thought to be due to morphol. differences, whereas larger crystallites have only a small percentage of reactive sites on the surface, smaller crystallites possess much higher surface concn. of such sites per unit surface area. Elemental anal., X-ray diffraction, and IR spectroscopy have been used to characterize these nanoparticles, and reactions with CCl4, SO2, and Paraoxon have demonstrated significantly enhanced reactivity and/or capacity compared with common com. forms of the oxide powders. A significant feature is that, by a cogellation synthesis, Al2O3 and MgO have been intermingled, which engenders enhanced reactivity/capacity over the pure forms of nanoscale Al2O3 or MgO toward a chem. warfare surrogate (Paraoxon) and an acid gas (SO2). This serves as an example where tailored synthesis of a nanostructured formulation can yield special benefits. Bibliographic Information Nanocrystalline metal oxides as destructive adsorbents for organophosphorus compounds at ambient temperatures.

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Rajagopalan, Shyamala; Koper, Olga; Decker, Shawn; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Nanoscale Materials, Inc., Manhattan, KS, USA. Chemistry--A European Journal (2002), 8(11), 2602-2607. CODEN: CEUJED ISSN: 0947-6539. Journal written in English. CAN 137:191092 AN 2002:451335 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Nanocrystals of magnesium oxide react with organophosphorus compds. at room temp. by dissociative chemisorption, which we term "destructive adsorption". This process involves cleavage of P-O and P-F bonds (but not P-C bonds) and immobilization of the resultant mol. fragments. These ultrafine powders have unusual cryst. shapes and possess high surface concns. of reactive edge/corner and defect sites, and thereby display higher surface reactivity, normalized for surface area, than typical polycryst. material. This high surface reactivity coupled with high surface area allows their use for effective decontamination of chem. warfare agents and related toxic substances. Herein data is presented for paraoxon, diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), and (CH3CH2O)2P(O)CH2SC6H5 (DEPTMP). Solid-state NMR and IR spectroscopy indicate that all OR and F groups dissoc.; this leaves bound -PO4% 2C -F, and -OR groups for paraoxon, DFP, and DEPTMP, resp. For paraoxon, it was shown that one monolayer reacts. For DEPTMP, the OR groups dissoc., but not the P-CH2SC6H5 group. The nanocryst. MgO reacts much faster and in higher capacity than typical activated carbon samples, which physisorb but do not destructively adsorb these phosphorous compds. Bibliographic Information Routes of photocatalytic destruction of chemical warfare agent simulants. Vorontsov, Alexandre V.; Davydov, Lev; Reddy, Ettireddy P.; Lion, Claude; Savinov, Eugenii N.; Smirniotis, Panagiotis G. Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Novosibirsk, Russia. New Journal of Chemistry (2002), 26(6), 732-744. CODEN: NJCHE5 ISSN: 1144-0546. Journal written in English. CAN 137:236738 AN 2002:427511 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Selected imitants of chem. warfare agents such as di-Me methylphosphonate (DMMP), di-Et phosphoramidate (DEPA), pinacolyl methylphosphonate (PMP), and butylaminoethanethiol (BAET) were subjected to photocatalytic and sonophotocatalytic treatment in aq. suspensions of TiO2. Complete conversion of the same mass of imitants to inorg. products was obtained within 600 min for DMMP, DEPA, PMP, but required a longer time for BAET. Sonolysis accelerated photodegrdn. of DMMP. No degrdn. was obsd. without UV illumination. Final products of degrdn. were PO43-, CO2 for DMMP and PMP, PO43-, NO3- (25%), NH4+ (75%), CO2 for DEPA, and SO42-, NH4+, CO2 for BAET. The no. of main detected intermediate products increases in the order DMMP (7), DEPA (9), PMP (21), and exceeds 34 for BAET. Degrdn. of DMMP mainly proceeds through consecutive oxidn. of methoxy groups and then the Me group. Di-Me hydroxymethylphosphonate and dimethylphosphate testify to the parallel oxidn. of the Me group. Destruction of DEPA mainly starts with cleavage of the P-NH2 bond to form di-Et phosphate, which transforms further into Et phosphate. Oxidn. of and carbons of ethoxy groups to form ethylphosphonoamidate, hydroxyethyl ethylphosphonoamidate and other products also contributes to the destruction. Photocatalytic degrdn. of PMP mainly starts with oxidn. of the pinacolyl fragment, methylphosphonic acid and acetone being the major products. Oxidn. of BAET begins with dark dimerization to disulfide, which undergoes oxidn. of sulfur forming sulfinic and sulfonic acids as well as oxidn. of carbons to form butanal, aminobutane, etc., and cyclic products such as 2-propylthiazole. A scheme of degrdn. was proposed for DMMP and DEPA, and starting routes for PMP and BAET. Quantum efficiencies of complete mineralization calcd. as reaction rate to photon flux ratio approx. 10-3%. Bibliographic Information Solvent Effects on the Heterogeneous Adsorption and Reactions of (2-Chloroethyl) ethyl Sulfide on Nanocrystalline Magnesium Oxide. Narske, Richard M.; Klabunde, Kenneth J.; Fultz, Shawn. Department of Chemistry, Augustana College, Rock Island, IL, USA. Langmuir (2002), 18(12), 4819-4825. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 137:62952 AN 2002:360518 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The noncatalytic destructive adsorption of (2-chloroethyl) Et sulfide (2-CEES), a mimic of bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide (HD or Mustard Gas), on nanocryst. Mg oxide (AP-MgO) was studied in several solvents from pentane to methanol. The decompn. products formed in these reactions were vinyl Et sulfide and (2-hydroxyethyl) Et sulfide. Reactions in pentane allowed the highest reaction rates, while THF and methanol gave results quite different from those for the hydrocarbon solvent. Reactions in methanol yielded (methoxyethyl) Et sulfide and not the vinyl Et sulfide and (2-hydroxyethyl) Et sulfide compds. These studies showed that the MgO-2-CEES reaction chem. is significantly affected by the solvent present and can be enhanced by choice of solvent and the addn. of small amts. of water. Interestingly, the least polar, least reactive solvent (pentane) allowed the most rapid 2-CEES reactions, indicating that the solvent simply aided material transfer to the reactive surface sites without blocking these sites. Rate changes upon water addn., coupled with FTIR studies, indicate that isolated surface OH groups are important reactive sites. These results indicate that the use of certain inert solvents greatly aids material transfer, and thereby the reaction rates of the sorbent with the toxin are significantly enhanced. Bibliographic Information Adsorption and Reaction of Diethyl Sulfide on Active Carbons with and without Impregnants under Static Conditions. Prasad, G. K.; Singh, Beer; Saradhi, U. V. R.; Suryanarayana, M. V. S.; Pandey, D. Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. Langmuir (2002), 18(11), 4300-4306. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 137:52819 AN 2002:306380 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Active carbons of different grades with and without impregnants were studied for the adsorption of di-Et sulfide (DES), the simulant of S mustard, under static conditions at 36 1 . Kinetics of the adsorption were studied using linear driving force (LDF) and the Fickian diffusion model. The kinetic parameters such as equilibration time, equilibration capacity, equilibration const., diffusional exponent, and adsorbate-adsorbent interaction const. (K) were detd. The diffusional exponent (n), being <0.5, indicated a Fickian mode of diffusion of DES in the studied C. Chem. interaction also seemed to be the 2nd mechanism (although minor) involved in the DES uptake rate (the 1st being simple Fickian diffusion). The adsorbate-adsorbent interaction const. did not vary significantly indicating that probably DES chem. interacts to a small extent with the metal salts present on the surface of active C as impregnants. However, the characterization of reaction products, after extn. in CH2Cl2, using GC/MS indicated that the system CrO3/NaOH/C (C impregnated with Cr(VI) plus NaOH) only reacted with DES to give di-Et sulfone. Bibliographic Information An improved brain slice model of nerve agent-induced seizure activity. Wood, Sebastien J.; Tattersall, John E. H. Biomedical Sciences Department, CBD Porton Down, Salisbury, UK. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S83-S86. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:290254 AN 2002:246280 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Abstract A brain slice model was developed to investigate the mechanisms of seizure activity induced by soman and the effectiveness of potential anticonvulsant drugs. Unlike previously reported slice studies with nerve agents, this model contains the entorhinal cortex as well as the hippocampus. This allows the study of the spread of seizure discharges within the limbic system and the development of prolonged, sustained discharges that are rarely seen in the simple hippocampal slice prepn. Soman (1 M) induced a second population spike in the evoked field potential in the CA1 or CA3 region within 15-20 min. In almost all the slices tested, this developed into spontaneous seizure activity within 30-40 min. As well as interictal bursts, many slices also showed longer periods of high-frequency bursting analogous to ictal seizure activity that originated in the entorhinal cortex. This activity appeared similar to that induced by the muscarinic agonist pilocarpine. Both the second population spike and the spontaneous discharges could be blocked by diazepam and by AMPA/kainate antagonists but not by the NMDA antagonists AP5 and MK-801. This study confirms that the combined hippocampal-entorhinal cortex slice prepn. is a suitable model for investigating the origin and propagation of nerve agent-induced seizures within the limbic system. Bibliographic Information The NMDA receptor ion channel: a site for binding of huperzine A. Gordon, Richard K.; Nigam, Savita V.; Weitz, Julie A.; Dave, Jitendra R.; Doctor, Bhupendra P.; Ved, Haresh S. Division of Biochemistry, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S47-S51. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:397222 AN 2002:246274 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Huperzine A (HUP-A), first isolated from the Chinese club moss Huperzia serrata, is a potent, reversible and selective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) over butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) (Life Sci. 54: 991-997). Because HUP-A has been shown to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, is more stable than the carbamates used as pretreatments for organophosphate poisoning (OP) and the HUP-A:AChE complex has a longer half-life than other prophylactic sequestering agents, HUP-A has been proposed as a pretreatment drug for nerve agent toxicity by protecting AChE from irreversible OP-induced phosphonylation. More recently (NeuroReport 8: 963-968), pretreatment of embryonic neuronal cultures with HUP-A reduced glutamate-induced cell death and also decreased glutamate-induced calcium mobilization. These results suggest that HUP-A might interfere with and be beneficial for excitatory amino acid overstimulation, such as seen in ischemia, where persistent elevation of internal calcium levels by activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate subtype receptor is found. The authors have now investigated the interaction of HUP-A with glutamate receptors. Freshly frozen cortex or synaptic plasma membranes were used, providing 60-90% specific radioligand binding. Huperzine A ( 100 M) had no effect on the binding of [3H]glutamate (low- and high-affinity glutamate sites), [3H]MDL 105,519 (NMDA glycine regulatory site), [3H]ifenprodil (NMDA polyamine site) or [3H]CGS 19755 (NMDA antagonist). In contrast with these results, HUP-A non-competitively (Hill slope < 1) inhibited [3H]MK-801 and [3H]TCP binding (co-located NMDA ion channel PCP site) with pseudo Ki .apprx. 6 M. Furthermore, when neuronal cultures were pretreated with HUP-A for 45 min prior to NMDA exposure, HUP-A dose-dependently inhibited the NMDAinduced toxicity. Although HUP-A has been implicated to interact with cholinergic receptors, it was without effect at 100 M on muscarinic (measured by inhibition of [3H]QNB or [3H]NMS binding) or nicotinic [3H]epibatidine binding) receptors; also, HUP-A did not perturb adenosine receptor binding [3H]PIA or [3H]NECA). Therefore, HUP-A most likely attenuates excitatory amino acid toxicity by blocking the NMDA ion channel and subsequent Ca2+ mobilization at or near the PCP and MK-801 ligand sites. Thus, on the one hand, HUP-A could be used as a pretreatment against OPs and it might also be a valuable therapeutic intervention in a variety of acute and chronic disorders by protecting against overstimulation of the excitatory amino acid pathway. By blocking NMDA ion channels without psychotomimetic side-effects, HUP-A may protect against diverse neurodegenerative states obsd. during ischemia or Alzheimer's disease. Bibliographic Information Army medical laboratory telemedicine: role of mass spectrometry in telediagnosis for chemical and biological defense. Smith, J. Richard; Shih, Ming L.; Price, Elvis O.; Platoff, Gennady E.; Schlager, John J. Pharmacology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S35-S41. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:365032 AN 2002:246272 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract An army medical field lab. presently has the capability of performing std. protocols developed at the US Army Medical Research Institute of Chem. Defense for verification of nerve agent or sulfur mustard exposure. The protocols analyze hydrolysis products of chem. warfare agents using gas chromatog./mass spectrometry. Addnl., chem. warfare agents can produce alkylated or phosphorylated proteins following human exposure that have long biol. half-lives and can be used as diagnostic biomarkers of chem. agent exposure. An anal. technique known as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) currently is being examd. for its potential to analyze these biomarkers. The technique is capable of detecting large biomols. and modifications made to them. Its fast anal. time makes MALDI-TOF/MS technol. suitable for screening casualties from chem. or biol. attacks. Basic operation requires minimal training and the instrument has the potential to become field-portable. The limitation of the technique is that the generated data may require considerable expertise from knowledgeable personnel for consultation to ensure correct interpretation. The interaction between research scientists and field personnel in the acquisition of data and its interpretation via advanced digital telecommunication technologies can enhance rapid diagnosis and subsequently improve patient care in remote areas. Bibliographic Information Analysis of the degradation compounds of chemical warfare agents using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Smith, J. Richard; Shih, Ming L. Pharmacology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S27-S34. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:365031 AN 2002:246271 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The anal. of the degrdn. products of chem. warfare (CW) agents has been a challenge to analysts. The low volatility of these compds. makes them unsuitable for direct gas chromatog. anal. without prior derivatization. Lack of a chromophore causes difficulties with classic detection methods after liq. chromatog. sepn. With the recent development of various interfaces that allow for the introduction of a liq. solvent stream into the mass spectrometer, the task of directly analyzing these compds. has become easier. For this report, the authors examd. three different liq. chromatog./mass spectrometry (LC/MS) interfaces for their suitability for the anal. of CW degrdn. compds. The interface types examd. were particle beam electron impact ionization (PBI), electrospray ionization (ESI) and atm. pressure chem. ionization (APCI). Several alkylphosphonates and thiodiglycol analogs that are produced from the degrdn. of organophosphorus nerve agents and sulfur mustard, resp., were analyzed using each of the three techniques. Electron impact ionization following gas chromatog. or particle beam introduction typically

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generates very reproducible, library-searchable mass spectra. Most of the CW breakdown compds. examd. using the PBI interface did not produce a mol. ion. Despite the lack of a mol. ion, the mass spectra of the various compds. contained enough different structural information from fragment ions for the pos. identification of each. The mass spectra generated using ESI are generally limited to protonated mol. ions with little or no fragmentation. For pos. identification and confirmation, tandem mass spectrometry techniques quite often must be used. Many of the compds. in this study were characterized by prominent sodiated adducts along with the protonated mol. ion. Methylphosphonic acid produced protonated dimers, trimers, etc. Although the various adduct ions can be used for addnl. confirmation of the mol. wt. of a compd., the adducts also can result in suppression of ionization of the compd. and thus reduce sensitivity. Another "soft" ionization technique that results in abundant protonated mol. ions is APCI. The mass spectra of the breakdown compds. produced using APCI were characterized generally by either a prominent protonated mol. ion or a dehydrated form of it. In addn., a no. of structurally significant fragment ions were obsd. and their relative abundances could be adjusted by altering the APCI conditions. The data presented here indicate that each of the three techniques can be used successfully for direct liq. introduction and anal. of the non-volatile compds. produced from the degrdn. of CW agents. The mass spectra produced using each technique are quite different and could be utilized as addnl. confirmation of compd. identity. Bibliographic Information Development of an immunoassay for diagnosis of exposure to toxic organophosphorus compounds. Miller, Jennifer K.; Lenz, David E. Department of OCBS, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S23-S26. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:336395 AN 2002:246270 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Currently, diagnosis of exposure to toxic low-mol.-wt. compds. is effected by the use of chromatog. techniques. Such an approach is limited by the need for expensive equipment and sample clean-up before carrying out the anal. To overcome those drawbacks, the authors were involved in the development of an immunoassay for diagnosis of exposure to toxic organophosphorus compds. such as pinacolylmethyl phosphonofluoridate (soman), which is a chem. warfare agent. Prior ests. suggested that it is necessary to be able to detect soman at a concn. below 2.5 10-7 M. Using four previously developed monoclonal antibodies, an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) was used to optimize assay conditions and identify the antibody with the highest apparent affinity. The min. required assay time was 2.0-2.5 h with no loss in sensitivity. To det. the specificity of the highest affinity antibody, a competitive inhibition enzyme immunoassay (CIEIA) was performed with six structural analogs of soman. The IC50 values for these analogs were 5 10-7 M for 4nitrophenylpinacolylmethylphosphonate, 8 10-7 M for dipinacolylmethylphosphonate, 2 10-6 M for diisopropylmethylphosphonate, 3 10-5 M for 4-nitrophenylmethyl(phenylphosphinate) and 6.5 10-5 M for 4nitrophenylethyl(phenyl)phosphinate. 4-Nitrophenyl-di(n-butyl)phosphinate did not inhibit binding. Those inhibitors with branched alkyl side-chains, similar to the soman mol., were effective inhibitors. Compds., which contained predominately arom. groups, were poor inhibitors. We are continuing to probe the binding specificity of the monoclonal antibody to det. its utility in further assay development. Our present results suggest that the antibody chosen may have the appropriate specificity and affinity for immunodiagnosis of exposure to soman. Bibliographic Information The active site of human paraoxonase (PON1). Josse, Denis; Lockridge, Oksana; Xie, Weihua; Bartels, Cynthia F.; Schopfer, Lawrence M.; Masson, Patrick. Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S7-S11. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:365079 AN 2002:246267 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Ideally the authors would like to treat people exposed to nerve agents with an enzyme that rapidly destroys nerve agents. The enzymes considered for such a role include human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterase and paraoxonase (PON1). Success has been achieved in endowing BChE with the ability to hydrolyze organophosphates. The G117H mutant of BCHE hydrolyzes sarin and VX, whereas the double mutant G117H/E197Q hydrolyzes soman. However, the rates of organophosphate hydrolysis are slow and a faster organophosphate hydrolase is being sought. Native PON1 hydrolyzes paraoxon with a catalytic efficiency, of 2.4 106 M-1 min-1, and our goal is to improve the organophosphate hydrolase activity of PON1. To achieve this we need to identify the amino acids in the active site of PON1. Using site-directed mutagenesis and expression in human 293T cells, the authors have identified the following eight amino acids as being essential to PON1 activity: W280, H114, H133, H154, H242, H284, E52 and D53. Fluorescence of PON1 complexed to terbium ion shows that at least one tryptophan is close to the calcium binding site. Bibliographic Information Comparison of the hydrolytic stability of S-(N,N-diethylaminoethyl) isobutyl methylphosphonothiolate with VX in dilute solution. Crenshaw, M. D.; Hayes, T. L.; Miller, T. L.; Shannon, C. M. Medical Research and Evaluation Facility, Battelle Memorial Institute, JM-3, Columbus, OH, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(Suppl. 1), S3-S6. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260437X. Journal written in English. CAN 136:365078 AN 2002:246266 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The stability of S-(N,N-diethylaminoethyl) iso-Bu methylphosphonothiolate-a V-type nerve agent developed by the former Soviet Union-in the environment is an important parameter in threat assessment anal. and for the detn. of use, prodn., testing and storage of this chem. warfare agent. S-(N,N-Diethylaminoethyl) iso-Bu methylphosphonothiolate is a structural isomer of the nerve agent VX developed by the USA and the UK and will be referred to as VXA (VX analog) in this presentation. Because VXA and VX differ structurally, even though they do have the same mol. formula, it is expected that their phys. and chem. properties would be different. This preliminary investigation was undertaken to det. the relative hydrolysis rate of VXA compared with VX. The hydrolysis of each compd. at approx. 1 mg ml-1 in unbuffered water at pH 7 was detd. side-by-side. The half-lives for VXA and VX were detd. to be 12.4 days and 4.78 days, resp. Agent VXA hydrolyzed 2.6 times more slowly than VX, and each agent followed second-order hydrolysis kinetics. These results imply that VXA is more persistent in the environment and therefore poses a greater threat. These results also imply that VXA is more likely to be detected, if present, during an inspection in support of the Chem. Weapons Convention. Bibliographic Information Synthesis of high surface area monoclinic WO3 particles using organic ligands and emulsion based methods. Lu, Zhixiang; Kanan, Sofian M.; Tripp, Carl P. Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology (LASST), University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA. Journal of Materials Chemistry (2002), 12(4), 983-989. CODEN: JMACEP ISSN: 0959-9428. Journal written in English. CAN 136:389533 AN 2002:226497 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

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Several synthetic approaches have been used to obtain nano-sized monoclinic WO3 (m-WO3) powders. All of these methods begin with a std. preparative method where H2WO4 is first generated by passing a Na2WO4 soln. through a cation-exchange resin. It is shown that high surface area particles are produced by dripping the H2WO4 exiting from the ion-exchange column into a soln. contg. oxalate and acetate exchange ligands or alternatively, into a water-in-oil (w/o) based emulsion. In comparison to com. WO3 powders, the surface area of the m-WO3 powders were higher by factors of 10 and 20 times when prepd. in the presence of acetate/oxalate chelating agents and w/o emulsions, resp. The much higher surface areas enable IR spectroscopic identification of surface sites along with detection and monitoring of gaseous reactions and adsorbed species on the surface of this metal oxide. This is demonstrated with the adsorption of a nerve agent simulant, di-Me Me phosphonate. In general, little is known about the reactions of gaseous mols. on m-WO3 surfaces and the fabrication of high surface area m-WO3 particles will aid in gaining an understanding of the chem. processes occurring in WO3 based sensors. Bibliographic Information Prefiltering Strategies for Metal Oxide Based Sensors: The Use of Chemical Displacers to Selectively Dislodge Adsorbed Organophosphonates from Silica Surfaces. Kanan, Sofian M.; Tripp, Carl P. Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology (LASST) and Department of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA. Langmuir (2002), 18(3), 722-728. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 136:173252 AN 2002:22837 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract IR spectroscopy is used to monitor the competitive adsorption/desorption behavior of the nerve gas simulants, di-Me methylphosphonate (DMMP), tri-Me phosphate (TMP), Me dichlorophosphate (MDCP), and trichlorophosphate (TCP) on SiO2. All 4 compds. molecularly adsorb via hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) with the surface hydroxyl groups. The adsorption strength depends on 2 factors: the specific functional group H-bonded to the surface hydroxyl groups and the no. of such bonds per mol. The phosphonates are molecularly displaced from the SiO2 surface by chem. displacers. By judiciously selecting chem. displacers as dictated by the 2 factors, (i.e., type and no. of functional groups H-bonded to the surface silanols) it is possible to selectively and sequentially dislodge each of the 4 phosphonate compds. adsorbed on SiO2. Specifically, the relative adsorption strength of the phosphonate compds. and the chem. displacers (labeled A-C) follows the order: TCP < MDCP < A < DMMP < B < TMP < C, where A = NEt3 (TEA), B = 2-pyridyl MeCN (2-PyAN), and C= ethylenediamine (EDA). AM1 semiempirical calcns. show that the toxic nerve agent, sarin, would position itself between MDCP and DMMP in the above order. The implications of using chem. displacers in filtering applications with metal oxide based sensors are discussed. Bibliographic Information New -phthalimidoperoxyalkanoic acids in decontamination. Destruction of some toxic organophosphorus and organosulfur pollutants. Lion, Claude; Da Conceicao, Louis; Delmas, Gerard; Magnaud, Gilbert. Institut de Topologie et de Dynamique des Systemes, Universite de Paris 7, Paris, Fr. New Journal of Chemistry (2001), 25(9), 1182-1184. CODEN: NJCHE5 ISSN: 11440546. Journal written in English. CAN 136:90120 AN 2001:726141 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chem. decontamination of toxic compds. (chem. warfare agents and/or insecticides) is of increasing importance. We report the use of -phthalimidoperoxyalkanoic acids in the destruction of paraoxon (di-Et p-nitrophenyl phosphate), a well-known insecticide, and 2-chloro-2'-phenyldiethyl sulfide (a half mustard). We show that while all the peroxy acids used in this series allow the destruction of toxic compds., the length n of the alkanoic side chain is important to the choice of the optimal industrial compd., which is 6-phthalimidoperoxyhexanoic acid (n = 5). Bibliographic Information In vitro skin absorption and decontamination of sulphur mustard: comparison of human and pig ear skin. Chilcott, R. P.; Jenner, J.; Hotchkiss, S. A. M.; Rice, P. Department of Biomedical Sciences, CBD Porton Down, Salisbury, UK. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2001), 21(4), 279-283. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:191481 AN 2001:616748 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of an in vitro skin diffusion cell system as a model for assessing decontaminants against the chem. warfare agent sulfur mustard (SM). The in vitro absorption rates of SM through heat-sepd. human (157 66 g cm-2 h-1) and pig-ear (411 175 g cm-2 h-1) epidermal membranes were in agreement with previous in vivo studies that quoted skin absorption rates of 150 and 366 g cm-2 h-1, resp. Decontaminants (fuller's earth, Ambergard and BDH spillage granules) were ranked in order of effectiveness by measuring the skin absorption rates and the percentage of applied dose of SM that penetrated human and pig ear epidermal membranes. The effectiveness of fuller's earth measured in this in vitro study using human epidermal membranes was in agreement with a previous in vivo human volunteer study. Similarly, the effectiveness of fuller's earth and Ambergard measured in vitro with pig ear epidermal membranes was in agreement with a previous in vivo study conducted on rats. However, there was complete disparity in the ranking of decontaminants between human and pig ear epidermal membranes measured in vitro. Thus, although pig ear skin may be a relatively good model for predicting the human skin absorption of SM, it is a poor model for testing decontamination systems. The results of this study further validate the use of Franz-type glass diffusion cells contg. human epidermal membranes as a model for predicting in vivo human skin absorption. Bibliographic Information Modelling aerosol processes related to the atmospheric dispersion of sarin. Kukkonen, J.; Riikonen, K.; Nikmo, J.; Jappinen, A.; Nieminen, K. Air Quality Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland. Journal of Hazardous Materials (2001), 85(3), 165-179. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 136:41716 AN 2001:572441 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Math. models were developed to evaluate the atm. dispersion of selected chem. warfare agents (CWA), including evapn. and settling of pollutant liq. droplets. The presented models and numerical results may be used to design protection and control measures against the conceivable use of CWA. The model, AERCLOUD (AERosol CLOUD), was extended to treat 2 nerve agents, sarin and VX, and the mustard agent. This model evaluates the thermodn. evolution of a 5-component aerosol mixt., consisting of 2-component droplets together with the surrounding 3-component gas. Numerical computations were performed using this model on the evapn. and settling of airborne sarin droplets in characteristic dispersion and atm. conditions. In particular, the max. radii (rM) of a totally evapg. droplet, in terms of the ambient temp. and pollutant vapor concn., were evaluated. The radii rM were .apprx.15-80 m for sarin droplets for selected ambient conditions and initial heights. Deposition

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fractions in terms of initial droplet size were also evaluated. Bibliographic Information Oxidation of triphenylarsine to triphenylarsine oxide by Trichoderma harzianum and other fungi. Hofmann, K.; Hammer, E.; Kohler, M.; Bruser, V. URST Umwelt- und Rohstoff-Technologie GmbH Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. Chemosphere (2001), 44(4), 697-700. CODEN: CMSHAF ISSN: 0045-6535. Journal written in English. CAN 135:254254 AN 2001:483254 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Arsenic resistant strains of bacteria and fungi were isolated from soil contaminated by chem. warfare agents. Until now, no metabolic products of microbial attack against the Ph residues of the model substrate triphenylarsine (TP) were found if it was incubated together with these strains in liq. culture assays. However, one of the isolated fungi, Trichoderma harzianum As 11, was found to oxidize TP to triphenylarsine oxide (TPO). The yeast Trichosporon mucoides SBUG 801 and the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium were also able to oxidize the As(III) in TP. In addn., P. chrysosporium transformed phenylarsine oxide (PAO) to phenylarsonic acid (PAA) under O2-atmosphere. By means of a respirometer system, the oxidn. of TP by T. harzianum As 11 was confirmed by a significantly higher consumption of oxygen in the presence of these compds. HPLC anal. of the oxidn. products TPO and PAA in the medium of the assays provided evidence for the transfer reaction of As(III) to As(V) in org. bonds. The oxidn. products TPO and PAA are more hydrophilic than TP and PAO. Therefore, it was concluded that particular fungi contribute to the mobilization of arsenic in soil contaminated by chem. warfare agents. Bibliographic Information Nanocrystalline metal oxides as unique chemical reagents/sorbents. Lucas, Erik; Decker, Shawn; Khaleel, Abbas; Seitz, Adam; Fultz, Shawn; Ponce, Aldo; Li, Weifeng; Carnes, Corrie; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA. Chemistry--A European Journal (2001), 7(12), 2505-2510. CODEN: CEUJED ISSN: 0947-6539. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 135:216336 AN 2001:471452 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review with 29 refs. A new family of porous inorg. solids based on nanocryst. metal oxides is discussed. These materials, made up of 4-7 nm MgO, CaO, Al2O3, ZnO, and others, exhibit unparalleled destructive adsorption properties for acid gases, polar orgs., and even chem./biol. warfare agents. These unique sorption properties are due to nanocrystal shape, polar surfaces, and high surface areas. Free-flowing powders or consolidated pellets are effective, and pore structure can be controlled by consolidation pressures. Chem. properties can be adjusted by choice of metal oxide as well as by incorporating other oxides as monolayer films. Bibliographic Information MALDI-ToF/MS as a diagnostic tool for the confirmation of sulfur mustard exposure. Price, Elvis O.; Smith, J. Richard; Clark, Connie R.; Schlager, John J.; Shih, Ming L. Pharmacology Division, Applied Pharmacology Branch, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S193S197. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:206570 AN 2001:455416 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The continual threat of chem. and biol. warfare has prompted the need for unambiguous anal. methods for the confirmation of agent exposure. In this paper, we have investigated the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF/MS) as a diagnostic tool for this purpose. Mass spectral studies of the interaction of sulfur mustard (bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, HD) with Hb and metallothioneins were conducted. In vitro expts. with purified proteins were performed, using both HD and chloroethylethyl sulfide (CEES), in an effort to det. the extent of alkylation and occurrence of HD crosslinking using the MALDI-ToF/MS technique. In a typical expt., 50 mL of 5 mM HD in acetonitrile was added to an equal vol. of 0.5 mM Hb in deionized water followed by vortexing and incubation at room temp. After 24 h, the samples were analyzed by MALDI-ToF/MS. Mass spectral results indicated the presence of at least two distinct alkylation adducts for both HD and CEES expts. These results demonstrate that MALDI-ToF/MS is a useful anal. technique to investigate the interaction of HD with biomols. and may be employed potentially as a diagnostic tool for the confirmation of exposure to chem. warfare agents. Bibliographic Information A cutaneous full-thickness liquid sulfur mustard burn model in weanling swine: clinical pathology and urinary excretion of thiodiglycol. Graham, John S.; Reid, Frances M.; Smith, J. Richard; Stotts, Richard R.; Tucker, F. Steven; Shumaker, Shawn M.; Niemuth, Nancy A.; Janny, Stephen J. US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S161-S172. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72547 AN 2001:455411 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide, HD) is a well-known blistering chem. warfare agent. We have developed a cutaneous full-thickness HD burn model in weanling pigs for efficacy testing of candidate treatment regimens. This report addresses clin. pathol. findings and the urinary excretion profile of a major HD metabolite (thiodiglycol, TDG) in this model. Six female Yorkshire pigs were exposed to HD liq. on the ventral surface for 2 h, generating six 3-cm diam. full-thickness dermal lesions per pig. Blood samples were collected throughout a 7-day observation period for hematol. and serum chem. examns. Urine was collected in metab. cages. Routine urinalysis was performed and the urine analyzed for TDG using gas chromatog./mass spectrometry. Examn. of clin. pathol. parameters revealed subtle HD-related changes that are suggestive of a mild hemolytic episode. No other signs of clin. significant systemic toxicities were noted, including bone marrow suppression. Thiodiglycol was detected at the earliest time point tested (6-8 h post-exposure) at levels ranging from 0.66 to 4.98 g ml-1 with a mean of 2.14 g ml-1. Thiodiglycol concns. were the highest for half of the animals at this earliest time point and at 24-48 h for the others. By the evening of day 3, the mean level had reached 50 ng ml-1. Mean levels remained 10-40 ng ml-1 for the remainder of the 7-day observation period, with the highest individual concn. noted during this period of 132 ng ml-1. Our results are in general agreement with the TDG excretion profiles previously described for rodent models and humans. Urinary excretion of absorbed HD in our weanling pig wound healing model appears to follow the same pattern as is seen in other lab. animals models. In general, urinary excretion of TDG appears to peak within the first 1-4 days following exposure, with detectable levels after 1 wk. Relatively high urinary TDG levels may thus indicate agent exposure within the previous 96 h. Low levels significantly above natural background levels may indicate either exposure to low levels of agent or exposure that occurred more than 4 days prior to collection of the sample. Bibliographic Information

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Systemic administration of candidate antivesicants to protect against topically applied sulfur mustard in the mouse ear vesicant model (MEVM). Babin, M. C.; Ricketts, K.; Skvorak, J. P.; Gazaway, M.; Mitcheltree, L. W.; Casillas, R. P. Drug Assessment and Comparative Medicine Divisions, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S141-S144. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72425 AN 2001:455408 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The mouse ear vesicant model (MEVM) provides a quant. edema response as well as histopathol. and biochem. endpoints as measurements of inflammation and tissue damage following exposure to the chem. warfare agent sulfur mustard (HD). In the MEVM, several topically applied anti-inflammatory agents provided a significant degree of protection against HD-induced edema and dermal-epidermal sepn. This study evaluated the protective effects of three of these pharmacol. compds. when administered systemically in the MEVM. Alzet osmotic pumps were used to deliver an s.c. dose of the appropriate antiinflammatory agent, starting 24 h before exposure to sulfur mustard and continuing until 24 h post-exposure to HD. Twentyfour hours after pump implantation, 5 l of a 195 mM (0.16 mg) soln. of sulfur mustard (d. = 1.27 g ml-1; MW = 159; purity = 97.5%) in methylene chloride was applied to the inner surface of the right ear of each mouse. Sulfur mustard injury in the mouse ear was measured by both edema response (fluid accumulation) and histopathol. damage (necrosis, epidermal-dermal sepn.). The systemic administration of hydrocortisone, indomethacin and olvanil provided a significant redn. in edema (24%, 26% and 22%, resp.) from the pos. control. Compared to HD-pos. controls, hydrocortisone, indomethacin and olvanil caused a significant redn. in subepidermal blisters (71%, 52% and 57%, resp.) whereas only hydrocortisone produced a significant redn. in contralateral epidermal necrosis (41%). The authors show here that these anti-inflammatory drugs are effective when administered systemically in the MEVM. Bibliographic Information N-acetylcysteine and endothelial cell injury by sulfur mustard. Atkins, Kevin B.; Lodhi, Irfan J.; Hurley, Lauren L.; Hinshaw, Daniel B. University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S125S128. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72423 AN 2001:455404 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Understanding the underlying mechanisms of cell injury and death induced by the chem. warfare vesicant sulfur mustard (HD) will be extremely helpful in the development of effective countermeasures to this weapon of terror. We have found recently that HD induces both apoptosis and necrosis in endothelial cells. Pretreatment of the endothelial cells for 20 h with the redoxactive agent N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) selectively prevented apoptotic death induced by HD. In this study, we tested the hypotheses that pretreatment with NAC acts through two different pathways to minimize endothelial injury by HD: NAC pretreatment acts via a glutathione (GSH)-dependent pathway; and NAC pretreatment acts to suppress HD-induced activation of the nuclear transcription factor NF B. We used a fluorescence microscopic assay of apoptotic nuclear features to assess viability and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) to assess the activity of NF B following exposure to HD. The cells were treated with 0-10 mM GSH for 1 h prior to and during exposure to 0 or 500 M HD for 5-6 h. Cells were also treated with 50 mM NAC or 200 M buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of GSH synthesis, alone or in combination overnight prior to exposure to 0 or 500 M HD for 5-6 h. Externally applied GSH up to a concn. of 5 mM had no toxic effect on the cells. Mild toxicity was assocd. with 10 mM GSH alone. There was a dose-related enhancement of viability when 2.5 and 5 mM GSH were present during the HD exposure. Pretreatment with BSO alone had no discernible toxicity. However, pretreatment with this inhibitor of GSH synthesis potentiated the toxicity of HD. Pretreatment with 50 mM NAC, as previously reported, provided substantial protection. Combining pretreatment with both BSO and NAC eliminated the protective effect of NAC pretreatment alone on HD injury. These observations are highly suggestive that NAC enhances endothelial survival via GSH-dependent effects and confirms and extends the work of others with different models that externally supplied GSH alone may be a fairly effective countermeasure against HD injury of endothelium. We next examd. the hypothesis that HD may activate the nuclear transcription factor NF B by performing EMSAs with nuclear exts. of endothelial cells following exposure to 0, 250 or 500 M HD. This demonstrated an up to 2.5-fold increase (scanning densitometry) in activation of NF B binding to its consensus sequence induced by 500 M HD after 5 h of HD exposure. Paradoxically, treatment of the endothelial cells alone with 50 mM NAC activated NF B, although HD-induced activation of NF B was partially suppressed by NAC at 5 h. Factor NF B is an important transcription factor for a no. of cytokine genes (e.g. tumor necrosis factor, TNF), which can be activated following stress in endothelial cells. Taken together, these observations suggest that the protective effects of NAC may be mediated by enhanced GSH synthesis. The increased GSH may act to scavenge HD and also prevent oxidative activation of NF B. Under some conditions, NAC may act as an oxidizing agent and thus increase NF B activity. The NF B-dependent gene expression may be important in inducing endothelial cell death as well as in generating a local inflammatory reaction assocd. with the release of endothelial-derived cytokines. Bibliographic Information Effects of CEES on inflammatory mediators, heat shock protein 70A, histology and ultrastructure in two skin models. Blaha, M.; Bowers, W., Jr.; Kohl, J.; DuBose, D.; Walker, J.; Alkhyyat, A.; Wong, G. US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S101-S108. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72420 AN 2001:455401 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chem. warfare threats require the development of diverse models for the assessment of countermeasures. Human skin products, Skin2 (differentiating keratinocytes on a fibroblast-collagen matrix) and EpiDerm (differentiating keratinocytes) were exposed (2 h) to the sulfur mustard 2-chloroethyl Et sulfide (CEES, 1-2 mg l-1 min-1) in humidified air or to humidified air alone. Tissues were evaluated histol., ultrastructurally and for viability 22 h later; media and tissues were also analyzed for inflammatory mediators. Histol. showed that CEES induced the sepn. of dermal and epidermal regions in Skin2 with severe damage to basal keratinocytes. Histol. and electron microscopy of both products revealed condensation of nuclear chromatin, retraction of spinous processes, collapse of the tonofibrillar network and cytoplasmic vacuolization and blebbing in those cells with loss of pseudobasement membrane integrity. Exposure of Skin2 to CEES increased extracellular interleukin-1 (IL-1 ), prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) and esp. IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) release (56334 vs. 84614 pg ml-1), but decreased interleukin-6 (IL-6, 4755 vs. 351 pg ml-1). Exposure of EpiDerm to CEES led to unaffected extracellular and reduced intracellular IL-1 (371 vs. 92 pg ml-1). Extracellular IL-1Ra greatly increased (2375 vs. 24875 pg ml-1), whereas cellular levels decreased (165425 vs. 96625 pg ml-1). Extracellular (224 vs. 68 pg ml-1) and intracellular (485 vs. 233 pg ml-1) sol. interleukin-1 receptor II (sIL-1RII) decreased. Prostanglandin E2 increased (1835 vs. 2582 pg ml-1), whereas heat shock protein 70A (Hsp70A) remained statistically unchanged (57000 vs. 96000 pg ml-1). Failure to obtain a heat shock response to CEES may contribute to the susceptibility of tissue to the alkylating agent. Consistent and marked responses of cellular and extracellular IL-1Ra to CEES suggest a potential for use as a tissue status marker and primary antiinflammatory regulator in skin. Bibliographic Information

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Intervention of sulfur mustard toxicity by down-regulation of cell proliferation and metabolic rates. Ray, R.; Benton, B. J.; Anderson, D. R.; Byers, S. L.; Petrali, J. P. US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S87-S91. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72419 AN 2001:455399 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Metabolically active and proliferating basal cells in the skin are most sensitive to the potent skin blistering chem. warfare compd. HD (bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide). We previously described a Ca2+-dependent mechanism of HD (0.3-1 mM) toxicity that was inhibited by the cell-permeant Ca2+ chelator BAPTA AM (1,2-bis(O-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester). We describe some cellular effects of BAPTA AM that suggest a mechanism for its protective action. Monolayer log-phase normal human epidermal keratinocytes were incubated (37 ) first in keratinocyte growth medium (KGM) contg. BAPTA AM (10-40 M) for 30 min and then in KGM alone overnight prior to evaluation. The BAPTA AM inhibited cell growth in a concn.-dependent manner with some cellular degeneration above 30 M (light microscopy). At 20-30 M, BAPTA AM also inhibited cellular metabolic processes, as evidenced by a lower incorporation of [3H]-thymidine (DNA synthesis, 54 5%), [3H]-uridine (RNA synthesis, 29 6%) and [14C]-valine (protein synthesis, 12 2%) as well as a lower protein content per culture (30 3%) compared with corresponding untreated controls. However, 20-30 M BAPTA AM did not cause any demonstrable cytopathol. based on morphol. (electron microscopy) as well as biochem. (lactate dehydrogenase release, an indicator of cell viability loss) criteria, indicating a lack of acute toxicity. These results suggest that a mechanism of protection by BAPTA AM against HD may be via decreasing some metabolic, and therefore proliferative, rates. Bibliographic Information Calmodulin, poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase and p53 are targets for modulating the effects of sulfur mustard. Rosenthal, Dean S.; Simbulan-Rosenthal, Cynthia M.; Iyer, Sudha; Smith, William J.; Ray, Radharaman; Smulson, Mark E. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S43-S49. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72546 AN 2001:455392 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract We describe two pathways by which the vesicating agent sulfur mustard (HD) may cause basal cell death and detachment: induction of terminal differentiation and apoptosis. Following treatment of normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) with 10 or 100 M HD, the differentiation-specific keratin pair K1/K10 was induced and the cornified envelope precursor protein, involucrin, was crosslinked by epidermal transglutaminase. Fibronectin levels were reduced in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The rapid increase in p53 and decrease in Bcl-2 levels was consistent not only with epidermal differentiation but with apoptosis as well. Further examn. of biochem. markers of apoptosis following treatment of either NHEK or human papillomavirus (HPV)-immortalized keratinocytes revealed a burst of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis, specific cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) in vivo and in vitro into characteristic 89 and 24 kDa fragments, processing of caspase-3 into its active form and the formation of DNA ladders. The intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA suppressed the differentiation markers, whereas antisense oligonucleotides and chem. inhibitors specific for calmodulin blocked both markers of differentiation and apoptosis. Modulation of p53 levels utilizing retroviral constructs expressing the E6, E7 or E6 + E7 genes of HPV-16 revealed that HD-induced apoptosis was partially p53-dependent. Finally, immortalized fibroblasts derived from PARP /- "knockout mice" were exquisitely sensitive to HD-induced apoptosis. These cells became HD resistant when wild-type PARP was stably expressed in these cells. These results indicate that HD exerts its effects via calmodulin, p53 and PARP-sensitive pathways. Bibliographic Information Comparison of cell size in sulfur mustard-induced death of keratinocytes and lymphocytes. Moser, Janet; Meier, Henry L. Pharmacology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S23-S30. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72413 AN 2001:455389 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (HD) is a vesicant chem. warfare agent that directly alkylates cellular DNA and produces DNA strand breaks. To identify cellular models for in vitro screening of antivesicant compds. in DNA repair assays, we compared the mechanism of HD-induced cell death in cultured adult normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). One parameter that we used to distinguish apoptotic from necrotic cell death was the change in cell size due to HD. In the presence or absence of a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPI), cell prepns. were exposed to various concns. of HD (0.01-1.0 mM) and harvested at selected times after exposure (up to 24 h). Results from these expts. suggest that, with increasing HD concn. and time, NHEK will fragment irresp. of the presence or absence of PARPI, with cell fragmentation presumably preceded by necrosis. In the absence of PARPI, PBL size initially decreases and then remains const. over time. Previous DNA fragmentation studies indicate that both apoptosis and necrosis occur in HD-exposed PBL in a time-dependent manner. In the presence of PARPI, there is a HD concn.- and time-dependent decrease in PBL size that is characteristic of apoptosis. The shift in the mechanism of HD-induced PBL death from apoptosis followed by necrosis to exclusively apoptosis in the absence and presence of PARPI, resp., is in agreement with previous findings on HD-induced changes in membrane integrity, energy levels and DNA fragmentation. Considering that NHEK fragment early after exposure to HD concns. that produce vesication in human skin, PBL may be a more appropriate model for use in DNA repair assays. Bibliographic Information Automated assay for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Byers, S.; Anderson, D.; Brobst, D.; Cowan, F. Pharmacology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2000), 20(Suppl. 1), S19-S22. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:72270 AN 2001:455388 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (HD), a vesicating chem. warfare compd., has been shown to deplete the NAD (NAD+) content in several cell systems and tissues. This NAD+ depletion has been proposed as an indicator of HD exposure and can be used to evaluate potential antivesicant compds. To examine NAD+ levels, an automated method based on the alc. dehydrogenase cycling assay of Jacobson and Jacobson and utilizing a Cobas FARA clin. analyzer has been developed. Automation of this assay led to smaller sample vols. and more efficient use of personnel and resources. The usefulness of this automated method was tested by evaluating the protection, if any, by the topical application of vitamin D or betamethasone against HD-induced NAD+ depletion in skin punches from the hairless guinea pig. The results showed that the samples exposed to HD exhibited significant decreases in NAD+ levels when compared with controls. However, neither vitamin D nor betamethasone demonstrated protection against HD-induced NAD+ depletion. In fact, betamethasone exacerbated the NAD+ depletion when

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compared with the HD-exposed group. This assay appears to be useful for testing potential antivesicant compds. using both in vivo and in vitro exposure systems. Bibliographic Information Effects of Lewisite on cell membrane integrity and energy metabolism in human keratinocytes and SCL II cells. Kehe, K.; Flohe, S.; Krebs, G.; Kreppel, H.; Reichl, F. X.; Liebl, B.; Szinicz, L. Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, FAF Medical Academy, Munich, Germany. Toxicology (2001), 163(2-3), 137-144. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:133255 AN 2001:448571 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Lewisite is a highly toxic arsenic compd. which can cause skin damage. In the present study effects of Lewisite on cell membrane integrity and energy metab. as well as antidotal effects of DL-2,3-dimercaptopropanesulfonate (DMPS), and meso2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (m-DMSA) were investigated in a keratinocyte derived cell line (SCL II) and primary human keratinocytes (HK). Cells were incubated in Lewisite (60 M) contg. medium for 5 min. During the following 6 h lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the supernatant, intracellular ATP content, tetrazolium redn., glucose consumption and lactate formation were measured. Glucose consumption and lactate prodn. were decreased in both cell lines after Lewisite exposure. In SCL II cells an increase of LDH activity in the supernatant, a decrease of ATP content, and an impaired ability to reduce tetrazolium was found 3 h after Lewisite exposure. In HK cultures tetrazolium redn. was significantly decreased already after 2 h, whereas LDH increase in the supernatant and ATP content decrease occurred only at 6 h after Lewisite exposure. When DMPS or m-DMSA was added directly after Lewisite exposure to SCL II cells, glucose consumption and lactate formation were restored and LDH leakage was prevented. SCL II cells might be more prone to membrane damage whereas in keratinocytes mitochondrial impairment seems to be the predominant effect of Lewisite. Bibliographic Information Prophylactic efficacy of amifostine and its analogues against sulphur mustard toxicity. Vijayaraghavan, R.; Kumar, P.; Joshi, U.; Raza, S. K.; Lakshmana Rao, P. V.; Malhotra, R. C.; Jaiswal, D. K. Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. Toxicology (2001), 163(2-3), 83-91. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 135:299804 AN 2001:448565 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The successful implication of the chem. weapons convention stimulated research with a new vigor on the destruction of the stockpiled sulfur mustard (SM). A prophylactic agent for SM will be very useful for personnel engaged in the destruction of SM and during inspections by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chem. Weapons. Due to simple method of prepn., SM can be used clandestinely during war or by terrorist groups. Inspite of research over several decades no satisfactory prophylactic or treatment regimen has evolved for SM. Amifostine an organophosphorothioate, originally developed as a radioprotector, and its analogs were evaluated as a prophylactic agent for SM. Three analogs by varying the chain length and substitution at the sulfur atom were synthesized and coded as DRDE-06, DRDE-07 and DRDE-08. LD50 of amifostine and its analogs were estd. through i.p. route. For the protection studies, amifostine and its analogs were administered i.p. in mice, 30 min before dermal (percutaneous) application of SM. The dose of the prophylactic agent was 0.2 LD50 (i.p.) and that of SM was 152 mg/kg (undiluted) equal to 19-fold LD50 of SM. Amifostine and one of its analogs, DRDE-07 gave significant protection. Further studies were carried out using amifostine and DRDE-07, and both of them significantly protected mice against SM (155 mg/kg, in PEG 300, equal to 19 LD50) when they were administered i.p. either 30 min before or simultaneously. LD50 of amifostine and DRDE-07 were also estd. through the oral route (1049 or 1248 mg/kg, resp.). Prophylactically administered amifostine and DRDE-07 (0.2 LD50, p.o.) significantly protected the mice against dermally applied SM (155 mg/kg, in PEG 300, equal to 19 LD50). The protection offered by DRDE-07 was better than that of amifostine by the oral route. DRDE-07 (0.2 LD50, p.o.) also protected significantly with respect to the decrease in body wt. and the depletion of GSH induced by SM. DNA damage induced by SM was also significantly reduced by amifostine and DRDE-07 (0.2 LD50, p.o.). Further studies are in progress on the various pharmacol. and toxicol. properties of DRDE-07. Bibliographic Information Adsorption of Organic Contaminants from Water Using Tailored ACFs. Mangun, Christian L.; Yue, Zhongren; Economy, James; Maloney, Stephen; Kemme, Patricia; Cropek, Donald. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA. Chemistry of Materials (2001), 13(7), 2356-2360. CODEN: CMATEX ISSN: 0897-4756. Journal written in English. CAN 135:200059 AN 2001:428900 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Six activated carbon fibers (ACFs) with different chem. and phys. properties were prepd. by 1st curing a phenolic resin-coated glass fiber, followed by activation and post-treatment. Their adsorption properties were studied to evaluate the removal of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and p-xylene (BTEX) and the chem. warfare simulants diisopropylmethyl phosphonate (DIMP) and half mustard (HM) from water. The adsorption isotherms showed that ACF SL-2 (activated with CO2/H2O at 800 ) has a higher adsorption capacity for BTEX, DIMP, and HM than other ACFs. This suggests that the high adsorption affinity of SL-2 is related to its higher surface area, larger av. micropore size of 11.6 .ANG. (esp. effective for the adsorption of DIMP), and lower O content of the surface. The adsorption isotherms are well represented by the Freundlich equation. For BTEX, the adsorption parameters based on C coating showed that, in all cases, ACFs have a higher K value than the best available data obtained on granulated activated C. The adsorption isotherms of DIMP and HM on ACFs are presented. Bibliographic Information The U.S. Army reactive topical skin protectant (rTSP): challenges and successes. Hobson, Stephen T.; Lehnert, Erich K.; Braue, Ernest H., Jr. Drug Assessment Division, U. S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (2001), 628(Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Materials), CC10.8.1CC10.8.8. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 135:118044 AN 2001:354344 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract In 1994, the U.S. Army initiated a research effort towards an effective material that acts both as a protective barrier and as an active destructive matrix against chem. warfare agents (CWA). We report results on our prepn. and evaluation of Reactive Topical Skin Protectants (rTSP's). These creams are composite materials consisting of a base material (TSP) and a reactive moiety. Using an established base of perfluorinated-polyether and perfluoropolyethylene solids we incorporated over 60 reactive components. Classes tested include org. polymers, org./inorg. hybrid materials, polyoxometallates (POM's), enzymes, inorg. oxides, metal alloys and small mols. We characterized these materials by light microscopy and FTIR. We detd. the efficacy of these materials against both sulfur mustard (HD) and a representative nerve agent, soman (GD), using a penetration cell model coupled to a continuous air monitor and also by in vivo testing. Composite materials with optimum

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reactive compds. exhibit a 94% redn. of GD vapor break-through after 20 h (from 9458 ng to 581 ng) and a 3.6 fold increase (from 162 min to 588 min) in the time 1000 ng of GD liq. penetrates through the material. Similar composite materials show a 99% redn. in HD vapor break-through after 20 h (from 4040 ng to 16 ng), a 2.3 fold increase (from 524 min to > 1200 min) in the time 1000 ng of HD vapor penetrates through the material, and an elimination of erythema vs. control in an HD vapor challenge. These results indicate that an rTSP that protects against sulfur mustard and nerve agents is within reach. Bibliographic Information Inhibition and promotion of combustion by organophosphorus compounds added to flames of CH4 or H2 in O2 and Ar. Korobeinichev, O. P.; Bolshova, T. A.; Shvartsberg, V. M.; Chernov, A. A. Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, Russia. Combustion and Flame (2001), 125(1/2), 744-751. CODEN: CBFMAO ISSN: 0010-2180. Journal written in English. CAN 134:328437 AN 2001:309769 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Early in evaluating the destruction mechanisms of a no. of organophosphorus compds. (OPCs), such as tri-Me phosphate (TMP), di-Me methylphosphonate, and diisopropyl methylphosphonate, in connection with the disposal of chem. warfare agents, the promotion and inhibition effects of OPCs on stabilized flat flames of H2 +O2 were studied. Because OPCs were demonstrated to be more effective fire suppressants than CF3Br (Halon 1301) and due to the need for replacing the currently used Halon 1301, further investigation of the effects of the OPCs on flames is of interest. Thus a lean flame of CH4/O2/Ar (0.078/0.222/0.7) with and without TMP added, stabilized on a flat burner at 0.1 bar, was studied by mol. beam mass spectrometry (MBMS) and computer modeling using PREMIX and CHEMKIN codes. An exptl. study of this flame revealed that TMP increases the width of the reaction zone by inhibiting the flame. Bibliographic Information An Infrared Study of Adsorbed Organophosphonates on Silica: A Prefiltering Strategy for the Detection of Nerve Agents on Metal Oxide Sensors. Kanan, Sofian M.; Tripp, Carl P. Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology (LASST) and Department of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA. Langmuir (2001), 17(7), 2213-2218. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 134:349067 AN 2001:156303 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The gas-phase adsorption of the nerve gas simulant di-Me methylphosphonate (DMMP) along with tri-Me phosphate (TMP), Me dichlorophosphate (MDCP), and trichlorophosphate (TCP) on silica have been studied using IR spectroscopy. Each phosphonate compd. adsorbs through a different no. of H-bonds of the methoxy and P:O moieties with the surface hydroxyl groups on silica. The strength of the adsorption depends on the no. and type of the H-bonds and follows the order TCP < MDCP < DMMP < TMP. TCP is completely removed from silica by evacuation at room temp., adsorbed MDCP is removed by evacuation at 150 C, DMMP requires an evacuation temp. of 300 C, and TMP is eliminated at 400 C. All phosphonate compds. molecularly desorb, and the silica returns to its original state. The differences in the reactivity of phosphonate compds. on silica from other oxides demonstrate the potential use of silica in prefiltering/preconcg. strategies for semiconductive metal oxide based sensing devices. Specifically, it is shown that silica can be used to selectively adsorb DMMP from a gas stream contg. methanol/DMMP mixts. Bibliographic Information Reactions of VX, GB, GD, and HD with Nanosize Al2O3. Formation of Aluminophosphonates. Wagner, George W.; Procell, Lawrence R.; O'Connor, Richard J.; Munavalli, Shekar; Carnes, Corrie L.; Kapoor, Pramesh N.; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Research and Technology Directorate, U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of the American Chemical Society (2001), 123(8), 1636-1644. CODEN: JACSAT ISSN: 0002-7863. Journal written in English. CAN 134:276643 AN 2001:85006 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Room-temp. reactions of VX, GB, GD, and HD with nanosize Al2O3 (AP-Al2O3) have been characterized by 31P, 13C, and 27Al MAS NMR. Nerve agents VX, GB, and GD hydrolyze to yield surface-bound complexes of their corresponding nontoxic phosphonates. At sufficiently high loadings, discreet aluminophosphonate complexes, Al[OP(O)(CH3)OR]3, are generated which are identical to synthesized model compds. Thus, the reaction with phosphonic acids is not just surface-limited, but can continue to the core of alumina particles. HD mainly hydrolyzes at lower loadings to yield thiodiglycol (TG, 71%) and a minor amt. of the CH-TG sulfonium ion (12%), although some elimination of HCl is also obsd. (17%). The reactive capacity for HD is evidently exceeded at high loadings, where complete conversion to TG is hindered. However, addn. of excess water results in the quant. hydrolysis of sorbed HD to CH-TG. On AP-Al2O3 dried to remove physisorbed water, 13C CP-MAS NMR detects a surface alkoxide consistent with that of TG. Bibliographic Information New microemulsions for oxidative decontamination of mustard gas analogues and polymer-thickened half-mustard. Gonzaga, Ferdinand; Perez, Emile; Rico-Lattes, Isabelle; Lattes, Armand. Laboratoire des Interactions Moleculaires et Reactivite Chimique et Photochimique (CNRS UMR 5623), Universite Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, Fr. New Journal of Chemistry (2001), 25(1), 151-155. CODEN: NJCHE5 ISSN: 1144-0546. Journal written in English. CAN 134:232826 AN 2001:12053 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chem. decontamination of toxic compds. (warfare agents and pesticides) is of increasing importance. In this study, we report the oxidn. of mustard gas analogs in microemulsion media. A first formulation, very well-suited for stock-pile destruction, allows a fast, quant. and chemoselective oxidn. of the analogs. In a second formulation, the choice of microemulsion components used allowed us to study the oxidn. of a polymer-thickened half-mustard (2-chloroethylphenyl sulfide), opening the field of application of these microemulsions to on-site decontamination. These results confirm both the efficiency and potential of microemulsions for mustard gas destruction/decontamination in essentially aq. systems. Bibliographic Information Bacterial release of arsenic ions and organoarsenic compounds from soil contaminated by chemical warfare agents. Kohler, Manfred; Hofmann, Klaus; Volsgen, Fernando; Thurow, Kerstin; Koch, Andreas. URST Umwelt- und Rohstoff-Technologie GmbH, Greifswald, Germany. Chemosphere (2000), Volume Date 2001, 42(4), 425-429. CODEN: CMSHAF ISSN: 0045-6535. Journal written in English. CAN 134:60919 AN 2000:878002 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The objective was to study possible participation of microorganisms in the release of sol. arsenical compds. from organoarsenic warfare agents in contaminated soil. A no. of bacterial strains were isolated with high resistance against As5+ ions which are able to degrade the water insol. compds. triphenylarsine (TP) and triphenylarsineoxide (TPO). Release of As and sol. organoarsenic compds. from soil by the activity of autochthonic soil bacteria and a mixt. of the isolated pure cultures was demonstrated by percolation expts. with undisturbed soil samples (core drills) from the contaminated site. This release increased after addnl. of nutrients (mineral N and P, Na acetate and ethanol) and is nearly independent of the percolation temp. (5 and 22 ). These results show that bacteria play an important role in the release of arsenical compds. from organoarsenic warfare agent contaminated soil. This release is limited by shortage of water and, above all, of nutrients for the microorganisms in the sandy forest soil. These results are important both for the management and security and possibly for bioremediation of military waste sites contg. similar contaminations. Bibliographic Information The chemistry of the destruction of organophosphorus compounds in flames-IV: destruction of DIMP in a flame of H2 + O2 + Ar. Korobeinichev, O. P.; Chernov, A. A.; Bolshova, T. A. Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia. Combustion and Flame (2000), 123(3), 412-420. CODEN: CBFMAO ISSN: 0010-2180. Journal written in English. CAN 133:285779 AN 2000:714913 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Mol. beam mass spectrometry with electron impact ionization at 11-70 eV and an electron energy spread of 0.25 eV was used to study the structure of a premixed H2/O2/Ar (0.26/0.13/0.61) flame without any additives and with 0.14% of diisopropylmethylphosphonate (DIMP), stabilized on a flat-flame burner at 62 mbar. Stable species (H2, O2, H2O), as well as atoms and radicals (H, O, OH) were monitored, including phosphorus-contg. compds.: DIMP and some intermediates of its destruction, phosphorus oxides and acids. The profiles of the mole fractions of most species, including those of atoms and free radicals were obtained. The calibration coeffs. for some species were detd. exptl., and estd. for others. Isopropylmethylphosphonate was detected as a main primary phosphorus-contg. product of the destruction of DIMP. It has been shown that bimol. reactions with hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen atoms, rather than a unimol. decompn., provide the crucial initial steps in the destruction of DIMP. A detailed mechanism for the destruction of DIMP in H2/O2/Ar flames is suggested. Bibliographic Information Cytotoxicity of the MEIC reference chemicals in rat hepatoma-derived Fa32 cells. Dierickx, P. J. Laboratorium Biochemische Toxikologie, Afdeling Toxikologie, Instituut voor Volksgezondheid, Brussels, Belg. Toxicology (2000), 150(1-3), 159-169. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 134:1437 AN 2000:660792 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The cytotoxicity of the MEIC (Multicenter Evaluation of In Vitro Cytotoxicity) ref. chems. was investigated in rat hepatomaderived Fa32 cells. The total protein content was measured as an endpoint after exposure times of 30 min and 24 h, both in normal and glutathione-depleted cells. The neutral red uptake inhibition and the MTT conversion were also measured after 30 min. On av., the cytotoxicity was higher in glutathione-depleted cells when compared to normal cells, and was lower after 30 min than after 24 h. Evidence was obtained for lysosomal attack (of five chems.) or mitochondrial dysfunction (of six chems.) as the primary intoxication mechanism. Malathion and mercuric chloride belong to both series of chems. Good to excellent correlations were obsd. when the 50% inhibitory concns. of the six different in vitro assays were compared. When the six in vitro assays in Fa32 cells were compared with the human toxicity, the correlation coeff. was almost always identical to that obtained previously in human hepatoma-derived Hep G2 cells. The latter was the best acute in vitro assay for the prediction of human toxicity within the MEIC study. Altogether the results integrate very well with the basal cytotoxicity concept (B. Ekwall; 1995). Bibliographic Information The role of time in toxicology or Haber's c t product. Rozman, K. K. Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA. Toxicology (2000), 149(1), 35-42. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 133:306404 AN 2000:589244 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract It happened exactly 100 yr ago that Warren established for the first time a quant. link between dose and time while studying the toxicity of sodium chloride in Daphnia magna (Straus). During this century many toxicologists in different contexts returned to this idea, which has become known as Haber's rule of inhalation toxicol. Most attempts to explore this relationship ended in frustration because of the supposed occurrence of exceptions. Thus, toxicologists concd. on the quant. relationship between dose and effect under mostly isotemporal conditions while time took a back seat and was assigned such arbitrary, semiquant. designations as acute, subacute, subchronic and chronic. Time itself as a quantifiable variable of toxicity was seldom studied and when it was studied, it was often not under isodosic (steady state) conditions as required by theory. A recent anal. of toxicol. time indicated the impact of three independent time scales (toxicokinetic, toxicodynamic, exposure frequency/ duration) in toxicol. studies, which interact with dose and effect to yield the enormous complexity known to every toxicologist. Based on prototypical examples when toxicokinetic (dioxins), toxicodynamic (nitrosamines, benzene) or exposure frequency (methylene chloride, chloroacetic acid, HgCl2, CdCl2, etc.) represent the crit. time scale, the general validity of the c t=k concept will be discussed as a starting point for a theory of toxicol. As endpoints of toxicity, (delayed) acute toxicity, blood dyscrasias and cancer will be used to illustrate the crit. conditions needed to demonstrate the validity of this theory. Bibliographic Information Detection of Fluorophosphonate Chemical Warfare Agents by Catalytic Hydrolysis with a Porous Silicon Interferometer. Sohn, Honglae; Letant, Sonia; Sailor, Michael J.; Trogler, William C. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, CA, USA. Journal of the American Chemical Society (2000), 122(22), 5399-5400. CODEN: JACSAT ISSN: 0002-7863. Journal written in English. CAN 133:100551 AN 2000:335868 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The detection of a fluorophosphonate nerve chem. warfare agent can be achieved with an oxidized porous silicon interferometer film contg. a Cu(II) hydrolysis catalyst and surfactant (CTAB). Hydrolysis of the nerve agent produces HF gas, which removes the silicon oxide as SiF4(g) and induces both a blue-shift and a decrease in intensity of the Fabry-Perot fringes. Significant changes in these 2 parameters are detected after 5 min of DFP vapor (800 ppm) exposure. Bibliographic Information

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Reactions of VX, GD, and HD with Nanosize CaO: Autocatalytic Dehydrohalogenation of HD. Wagner, George W.; Koper, Olga B.; Lucas, Erik; Decker, Shawn; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Research and Technology Directorate, U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, MD, USA. Journal of Physical Chemistry B (2000), 104(21), 5118-5123. CODEN: JPCBFK ISSN: 1089-5647. Journal written in English. CAN 133:30783 AN 2000:281288 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Room-temp. reactions of the chem. warfare agents VX, GD, and HD with nanosize CaO (AP-CaO), and HD with com. CaO were studied using solid-state MAS NMR. VX and GD hydrolyze to yield surface-bound complexes of nontoxic Et methylphosphonate and pinacolyl methylphosphonate, resp. The kinetics were characterized by an initial fast reaction followed by a slower, diffusion-limited reaction. Similar behavior is obsd. for HD on either dried or hydrated AP-CaO and CaO. On partially hydrated AP-CaO (but not CaO), a rather fast steady-state elimination of HCl occurs after an induction period. This behavior is attributed to acid-catalyzed surface reconstruction (to regenerate fresh surface) and the formation of CaCl2, which is known to be more reactive than CaO. The product distribution for HD is .apprx.80% divinyl sulfide and 20% thiodiglycol and/or sulfonium ions, which apparently reside as surface alkoxides. Such kinetic behavior was not evident for the common mustard simulant 2-chloroethyl Et sulfide (CEES) on partially hydrated AP-CaO, which exhibited only the typical fast/diffusion-limited reaction. Bibliographic Information Design and synthesis of an , -difluorophosphinate hapten for antibody-catalyzed hydrolysis of organophosphorus nerve agents. Vayron, Philippe; Renard, Pierre-Yves; Valleix, Alain; Mioskowski, Charles. CEA, Service des Molecules Marquees, CESaclay, Gif sur Yvette, Fr. Chemistry--A European Journal (2000), 6(6), 1050-1063. CODEN: CEUJED ISSN: 0947-6539. Journal written in English. CAN 133:13524 AN 2000:214064 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract In a new approach to the safe neutralization of organophosphorus chem. weapons, we designed a hapten to elicit catalytic antibodies with phosphatase activity. Here we report the synthesis of this , -difluorophosphinate hapten 6. Various methods for the introduction of the key , -difluoromethyl feature into the phosphinate hapten are discussed. The best results were obtained with the electrophilic gem-difluorinating agent N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide. Bibliographic Information Equilibria, Kinetics, and Mechanism in the Bicarbonate Activation of Hydrogen Peroxide: Oxidation of Sulfides by Peroxymonocarbonate. Richardson, David E.; Yao, Huirong; Frank, Karen M.; Bennett, Deon A. Center for Catalysis Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. Journal of the American Chemical Society (2000), 122(8), 1729-1739. CODEN: JACSAT ISSN: 0002-7863. Journal written in English. CAN 132:222157 AN 2000:94955 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Bicarbonate ion is an effective activator for hydrogen peroxide in the oxidn. of sulfides. Kinetic and spectroscopic results support the formation of peroxymonocarbonate ion (HCO4-) as the oxidant in the catalytic reactions. The reaction of hydrogen peroxide and bicarbonate to form HCO4- occurs rapidly at 25 (t1/2 300 s) near neutral pH in aq. soln. and alc./water mixts., and an equil. anal. of the reaction by 13C NMR leads to an est. of the electrode potential for the HCO4-/HCO3- couple (1.8 V vs NHE). Soly. of the bicarbonate catalyst is enhanced by the use of NH4HCO3 rather than by the use of group 1 salts, which tend to have lower soly. in the mixed solvents and can lead to phase sepn. Rate laws and mechanistic analyses are presented for the oxidn. of Et Ph sulfide and related sulfides. The second-order rate consts. for sulfide oxidns. by HCO4- are .apprx.300-fold greater than those for H2O2, and this increase is consistent with expectations based on a Bronsted anal. of the kinetics for other heterolytic peroxide oxidns. At high concns. of H2O2, a pathway that is second order in H2O2 is significant, and this path is interpreted as a general acid catalysis by H2O2 of carbonate displacement accompanying substrate attack at the electrophilic oxygen of HCO4-. Increasing water content up to 80% in the solvent increases the rate of oxidn. The BAP (bicarbonate-activated peroxide) oxidn. system is a simple, inexpensive, and relatively nontoxic alternative to other oxidants and peroxyacids, and it can be used in a variety of oxidns. where a mild, neutral pH oxidant is required. Variation of bicarbonate source and the cosolvent can allow optimization of substrate soly. and oxidn. rates for applications such as org. synthesis and chem. warfare agent decontamination. Bibliographic Information Synthesis and Characterization of a Functionalized Double-Chain Surfactant and Its Cleavage of O-Methyl S-Benzyl Phenylphosphonothioate. Jaeger, David A.; Li, Bei. Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA. Langmuir (2000), 16(1), 5-10. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 132:24141 AN 1999:379097 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Functionalized double-chain surfactant 2-hydrazino-N-methyl-N,N-didodecyl-2-oxoethanaminium bromide (I) was synthesized, and its small unilamellar vesicles were characterized by dynamic laser light scattering and differential scanning calorimetry. In a pH 9.0 borate buffer at 25 , vesicular I and O-Me S-benzyl phenylphosphonothioate (II), a simulant for the chem. warfare agent VX [O-Et S-(2-N,N-diisopropylamino)ethyl methylphosphonothioate] reacted to give anion S-benzyl phenylphosphonothioate (III) and 3 cations (2-(2-N-methylhydrazino)-N'-methyl-N',N'-didodecyl-2-oxoethanaminium, 2-(2N,N-dimethylhydrazino)-N'-methyl-N',N'-didodecyl-2-oxoethanaminium, and 2-[1-hydroxy-2-(N-methyl-N,Ndidodecylammonio)ethylidene]-N',N',N'-trimethylhydrazinium, resp.) by SN2 substitution on the Me group of II. This reaction was accompanied by the pptn. of anion III with surfactant cations, which resulted in wounding/destruction of the vesicles. The combination of vesicle damage and reaction of II suggests the potential of vesicular systems for simultaneous signaling and decontamination of chem. agents. Ester II hydrolyzed in 0.10 M NaOH at 25 to give anions III and O-Me phenylphosphonothioate in a 38:62 ratio, resp. Bibliographic Information Reactivation kinetics of acetylcholinesterase from different species inhibited by highly toxic organophosphates. Worek F; Reiter G; Eyer P; Szinicz L Sanitatsakademie der Bundeswehr, Institut fur Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany. [email protected] Archives of toxicology (2002 Sep), 76(9), 523-9. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12242610 AN 2002479746 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract

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Standard treatment of poisoning by organophosphates (OP) includes the administration of an antimuscarinic agent, e.g. atropine, and of an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivator (oxime). The presently available oximes, obidoxime and pralidoxime (2-PAM), are considered to be insufficient for highly toxic OPs, e.g. sarin. In the past decades numerous oximes were prepared and tested for their efficacy in OP poisoning, mostly in animal experiments. However, data indicate that the reactivating potency of oximes may be different in humans and animal species, which may hamper the extrapolation of animal data to humans and may pose a problem in the drug licensing of new compounds. In order to provide data for a better evaluation of the reactivating potency of oximes, experiments were undertaken to determine the reactivation rate constants of several oximes with human, rabbit, rat and guinea-pig AChE inhibited by the OPs sarin, cyclosarin and VX. The results show marked differences among the species, depending on the inhibitor and on the oxime, and indicate that the findings from animal experiments need careful evaluation before extrapolating these data to humans. Bibliographic Information Skin toxicokinetics of mustard gas in the guinea pig: effect of hypochlorite and safety aspects. Wormser Uri; Brodsky Berta; Sintov Amnon Faculty of Sciences,The Hebrew University, Edmond Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel. [email protected] Archives of toxicology (2002 Sep), 76(9), 517-22. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12242609 AN 2002479745 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (SM, mustard gas) is a chemical warfare vesicant that rapidly penetrates the skin due to its hydrophobicity. This study measured the rate of SM disappearance from the skin after topical application of the vesicant. In both fur-covered and hairless animals, the remaining toxicant levels measured 60 min after exposure to undiluted SM were 0.6% and 0.3%, respectively, of the initially applied SM amount. However, SM concentration reached 0.4% of the initial dose 3 h following exposure in female fur-covered guinea pigs. SM quantities extracted from skin of male fur-covered and hairless guinea pigs immediately after 16 min of exposure to SM vapor were 12.2 and 21.8 microg, respectively; levels declined to 1.6 and 1.7 microg at 30 and 15 min following termination of exposure of male fur-covered and hairless guinea pigs, respectively. Three swabbing treatments of undiluted SM-exposed skin with gauze pads soaked in 0.5% hypochlorite caused 68% reduction in skin SM content. Similar findings were obtained when hypochlorite was replaced by water (64% reduction). SM content in the gauze pads was 59, 38 and 25 microg, respectively, for the first, second and third decontamination processes with water. No SM was detected in the gauze pads soaked with hypochlorite. In vitro studies showed that incubation of SM with 0.5% hypochlorite at a ratio of 10:1 (v/v) did not cause SM inactivation, whereas 4% hypochlorite reduced SM levels by 17%. However, at a decontaminant:SM ratio of 1000:1, 0.5% and 4% hypochlorite reduced SM levels by 92% and 99%, respectively. These findings are important for health authorities and regulatory agencies in planning precautionary steps to be taken in case of emergency and in routine laboratory work. Bibliographic Information Protection from half-mustard-gas-induced acute lung injury in the rat. McClintock Shannon D; Till Gerd O; Smith Milton G; Ward Peter A Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109-0602, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2002 Jul-Aug), 22(4), 257-62. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12210543 AN 2002449749 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The chemical warfare agent analog, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, known as 'half-mustard gas' (HMG), is less toxic and less of an environmental hazard than the full molecule and has been shown to produce an acute lung injury in rats when instilled via intrapulmonary injection. This injury is characterized by massive, localized hemorrhage and edema into the alveolar compartment and can be quantitated by measuring extravasation of (125)I-bovine serum albumin into the extravascular compartment. Employing this rat model of HMG-induced lung injury, we observed significant attenuation of the pulmonary injury when experimental animals were complement or neutrophil depleted prior to HMG challenge. Significant protection also was provided by the use of antioxidants such as catalase, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl thiourea, resveratrol and N-acetyl-Lcysteine (NAC). The last compound showed protection from lung injury as high as 70% and was still effective even when given up to 90 min after exposure of the lungs to HMG. These data suggest that acute lung injury caused by exposure to HMG may be related partially to complement mediated pathways and the generation by neutrophils of toxic oxygen species The data indicate that NAC is an effective antidote against HMG-induced acute lung injury in the rat. Copyright 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Oxidative decontamination of chemical and biological warfare agents using L-Gel. Raber Ellen; McGuire Raymond Environment Protection Department, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, P.O. Box 808, L-626, Livermore, CA 94551, USA Journal of hazardous materials (2002 Aug 5), 93(3), 339-52. Journal code: 9422688. ISSN:0304-3894. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12137994 AN 2002389537 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A decontamination method has been developed using a single reagent that is effective both against chemical warfare (CW) and biological warfare (BW) agents. The new reagent, "L-Gel", consists of an aqueous solution of a mild commercial oxidizer, Oxone, together with a commercial fumed silica gelling agent, Cab-O-Sil EH-5. L-Gel is non-toxic, environmentally friendly, relatively non-corrosive, maximizes contact time because of its thixotropic nature, clings to walls and ceilings, and does not harm carpets or painted surfaces. The new reagent also addresses the most demanding requirements for decontamination in the civilian sector, including availability, low maintenance, ease of application and deployment by a variety of dispersal mechanisms, minimal training and acceptable expense. Experiments to test the effectiveness of L-Gel were conducted at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and independently at four other locations. L-Gel was tested against all classes of chemical warfare agents and against various biological warfare agent surrogates, including spore-forming bacteria and nonvirulent strains of real biological agents. Testing showed that L-Gel is as effective against chemical agents and biological materials, including spores, as the best military decontaminants. Bibliographic Information Adamantyl tenocyclidines--adjuvant therapy in poisoning with organophosphorus compounds and carbamates. Erratum in: Arch Toxicol 2002 Sep;76(9):552 Skare Danko; Radic Bozica; Lucic Ana; Peraica Maja; Domijan Ana-Marija; Milkovic-Kraus Sanja; Bradamante Vlasta; Jukic Ivan Institute Ruder Boskovic, Bijenicka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. [email protected] Archives of toxicology (2002 Apr), 76(3), 173-7. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11967623 AN 2002328057 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of thienyl phencyclidine (tenocyclidine, TCP) and its newly synthesized adamantyl derivatives containing piperidine (TAPIP), pyrolidine (TAPIR) and morpholine (TAMORF) groups, which were tested with or without standard therapy in mice poisoned with organophosphates (OPs) and carbamates. These compounds with potential activity at the N-methyl- D-aspartate and muscarinic receptors showed low acute toxicity, having LD50 values varying from 106.00 mg/kg (TCP) to >504.00 mg/kg body weight (TAMORF). TCP and its adamantyl derivatives were administered intraperitoneally (2.5 mg/kg body weight) together with atropine (10.0 mg/kg body weight) and with or without 1/4 LD50 of the oxime HI-6. Each compound administered with atropine had a therapeutic effect against poisoning with carbamates propoxur, aldicarb and Ro 02-0683 (protective ratio of tenocyclidines was from 3.99 LD50 of aldicarb to >16.00 LD50 for propoxur). However, the efficacy of those compounds in combination with atropine was lower against poisoning with the OP insecticide dichlorvos (DDVP) and chemical warfare agents soman and tabun. In soman-poisoned mice, the best therapeutic effects were obtained with the combination of HI-6 plus atropine and test compounds, with protective ratios being from 5.40 to 7.12 LD50 of soman. The results suggest that TCP and adamantyl tenocyclidines could be used in combination with atropine as antidotes in carbamate poisoning and as adjuvant therapy to HI-6 and atropine in soman poisoning. Bibliographic Information Site-specific percutaneous absorption of methyl salicylate and VX in domestic swine. Duncan E J Scott; Brown April; Lundy Paul; Sawyer Thomas W; Hamilton Murray; Hill Ira; Conley John D Chemical Biological Defence Section, Defence Research Establishment, Suffield, PO Box 4000, Station Main, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada T1A 8K6 Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2002 May-Jun), 22(3), 141-8. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 12015792 AN 2002313565 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The site specificity of the percutaneous absorption of methyl salicylate (MeS) and the organophosphate nerve agent VX (Oethyl S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothioate) was examined in anaesthetized domestic swine that were fully instrumented for physiological endpoints. Four different anatomical sites (ear, perineum, inguinal crease and epigastrium) were exposed to the MeS and the serum levels were measured over a 6-h time period. The dose absorbed at the ear region was 11 microg cm(-2) with an initial flux of 0.063 microg cm(-2)min(-1), whereas at the epigastrium region the dose absorbed was 3 microg cm(-2) with an initial flux of 0.025 microg cm(-2)min(-1). For this reason further studies were carried out with VX on the ear and the epigastrium only. In animals treated with agent on the epigastrium, blood cholinesterase (ChE) activity began to drop 90 min after application and continued to decline at a constant rate for the remainder of the experiment to ca. 25% of awake control activity. At this time there were negligible signs of poisoning and the medical prognosis was judged to be good. In contrast, the ChE activity in animals receiving VX on the ear decreased to 25% of awake control values within 45 min and levelled out at 5-6% by 120 min. Clinical signs of VX poisoning paralleled the ChE inhibition, progressing in severity over the duration of the exposure. It was judged that these animals would not survive. The dramatic site dependence of agent absorption leading to vastly different toxicological endpoints demonstrated in this model system has important ramifications for chemical protective suit development, threat assessment, medical countermeasures and contamination control protocols. Copyright 2002 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information An improved brain slice model of nerve agent-induced seizure activity. Wood S J; Tattersall J E Biomedical Sciences Department, CBD Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S83-6. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920926 AN 2002191151 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A brain slice model was developed to investigate the mechanisms of seizure activity induced by soman and the effectiveness of potential anticonvulsant drugs. Unlike previously reported slice studies with nerve agents, this model contains the entorhinal cortex as well as the hippocampus. This allows the study of the spread of seizure discharges within the limbic system and the development of prolonged, sustained discharges that are rarely seen in the simple hippocampal slice preparation. Soman (1 microM) induced a second population spike in the evoked field potential in the CA1 or CA3 region within 15-20 min. In almost all the slices tested, this developed into spontaneous seizure activity within 30-40 min. As well as interictal bursts, many slices also showed longer periods of high-frequency bursting analogous to ictal seizure activity that originated in the entorhinal cortex. This activity appeared similar to that induced by the muscarinic agonist pilocarpine. Both the second population spike and the spontaneous discharges could be blocked by diazepam and by AMPA/kainate antagonists, but not by the NMDA antagonists AP5 and MK-801. This study confirms that the combined hippocampal-entorhinal cortex slice preparation is a suitable model for investigating the origin and propagation of nerve-agent-induced seizures within the limbic system. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Cardiopulmonary effects of HI-6 treatment in soman intoxication. Goransson-Nyberg A; Cassel G Division of NBC Defence, Department of Medical Counter Measures, Swedish Defence Research Agency, SE-90182 Umea, Sweden Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S79-81. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920925 AN 2002191150 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The cardiopulmonary effects of HI-6, together with atropine and soman, were studied in the rat. HI-6 is an effective antidote in acute poisoning with the nerve agent soman. The therapeutic efficiency of HI-6 is still unclear and cannot be explained entirely by the HI-6 reactivating ability of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Other non-cholinergic factors must be involved. One possible detoxifying process might be an effect of HI-6 on the blood flow to sensitive organs. The purpose of the present study was to investigate 1) whether soman per se induces changes in regional blood flow and 2) whether the blood flow to different organs is affected when HI-6 (50 mg x kg(-1) i.m.) and atropine (10 mg x kg(-1) i.m.) are given either before or immediately after soman intoxication (90 microg x kg(-1) s.c.). For regional blood flow determinations the microsphere method was used with male Wistar rats weighing 300-400 g. The rats were anaesthetised and breathed spontaneously during the experiment. Three different blood flow measurements were made in the same animal and concomitant physiological parameters such as mean arterial blood pressure and respiratory rate were recorded. The blood AChE activity was followed throughout the experiment. Our results show that when HI-6 is given after intoxication with soman, dramatic changes in blood flow occur with a significant decrease in both respiratory rate and blood AChE activity. If HI-6 is given prior to the intoxication, however, all rats are unaffected and none of the parameters measured are changed. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information

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Prophylaxis against organophosphate poisoning by sustained release of scopolamine and physostigmine. Meshulam Y; Cohen G; Chapman S; Alkalai D; Levy A Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), PO Box 19, 70450 Ness-Ziona, Israel Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S75-8. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920924 AN 2002191149 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Protection efficacy of continuous prophylactic administration of physostigmine and scopolamine against sarin-induced toxicity was evaluated previously in guinea pigs. The present study in large animals used Beagle dogs, that serve as an animal model with cholinergic sensitivity similar to that of humans. Pretreatment with physostigmine salicylate and scopolamine hydrochloride at dose rates of 2.5 and 1 microg x kg(-1) x h(-1), respectively, was administered via Alzet mini-osmotic pumps. At the time of exposure, the physostigmine salicylate concentration in plasma was 0.7 ng x ml(-1) and the scopolamine hydrochloride concentration was ca. 0.2 ng x ml(-1), both of which are levels known to be well tolerated in humans. Whole-blood cholinesterase inhibition was 15-20%. This regimen conferred full protection against 2.5 x LD50 i.v. of sarin. Albeit the highdose exposure, cholinergic toxicity symptoms were mild with no convulsions. About 11-14 min following poisoning the treated animals started to walk and 15-20 min following exposure full recovery was observed and the dogs behaved normally. With higher dose rates of physostigmine salicylate and scopolamine hydrochloride, at plasma concentrations of 2.1 and 0.6 ng x ml(-1), respectively, treated dogs regained normal posture 6-10 min after exposure. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Intramuscular diazepam pharmacokinetics in soman-exposed guinea pigs. Capacio B R; Whalley C E; Byers C E; McDonough J H Pharmacology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 210105425, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S67-74. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920923 AN 2002191148 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Intramuscular (i.m.) diazepam is included by the US military as an anticonvulsant in the standard therapeutic regimen for organophosphorus nerve agent intoxication. In this study we investigated the pharmacokinetics of diazepam after i.m. administration while monitoring pharmacodynamic (electroencephalogram, EEG) data in soman-exposed guinea pigs. Prior to experiments the animals were surgically implanted with EEG leads to monitor seizure activity. For the study, animals were administered pyridostigmine (0.026 mg x kg(-1) i.m.) 30 min prior to soman (56 microg x kg(-1), 2 x LD50; subcutaneously, s.c.), which was followed in 1 min by atropine sulfate (2 mg x kg(-1) i.m.) and pralidoxime chloride (25 mg x kg(-1) i.m.). All animals receiving this regimen developed seizure activity. Diazepam (10 mg x kg(-1) i.m.) was administered 5 min after onset of seizure activity. Based on EEG data, animals were categorized as either seizure terminated or not terminated at 30 min after diazepam. Serial blood samples were obtained from each animal. Diazepam (10 mg x kg(-1) i.m.) terminated seizure activity in 52% of the animals within 30 min. The pharmacokinetics were characterized by a one-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination. The maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) were 991 and 839 ng x ml(-1) for seizure terminated and not terminated, respectively. Mean plasma concentrations of diazepam were significantly different (P < 0.05) for seizure terminated vs not terminated groups at 30 min. The plasma Cmax in seizure-terminated animals in this study is similar to the minimum range of plasma diazepam (200-800 ng x ml(-1)) reported to suppress seizure activity in humans. It has been reported in an earlier study that the minimum effective i.m. dose (0.1 mg x kg(-1)) required to prevent soman-induced convulsions in Rhesus monkeys produces a mean Cmax of 50 ng x ml(-1) for diazepam. The data from our current study suggest that a higher dose (and corresponding Cmax) is necessary to terminate ongoing seizure activity. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Combination anticonvulsant treatment of soman-induced seizures. Koplovitz I; Schulz S; Shutz M; Railer R; Macalalag R; Schons M; McDonough J Drug Assessment Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S53-5. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920921 AN 2002191147 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract These studies investigated the effectiveness of combination treatment with a benzodiazepine and an anticholinergic drug against soman-induced seizures. The anticholinergic drugs considered were biperiden, scopolamine, trihexaphenidyl, and procyclidine; the benzodiazepines were diazepam and midazolam. Male guinea pigs were implanted surgically with cortical screw electrodes. Electrocorticograms were displayed continually and recorded on a computerized electroencephalographic system. Pyridostigmine (0.026 mg x kg(-1), i.m.) was injected as a pretreatment to inhibit red blood cell acetylcholinesterase by 30-40%. Thirty minutes after pyridostigmine, 2 x LD50 (56 microg x kg(-1)) of soman was injected s.c., followed 1 min later by i.m. treatment with atropine (2 mg x kg(-1)) + 2-PAM (25 mg x kg(-1)). Electrographic seizures occurred in all animals. Anticonvulsant treatment combinations were administered i.m. at 5 or 40 min after seizure onset. Treatment consisted of diazepam or midazolam plus one of the above-mentioned anticholinergic drugs. All doses of the treatment compounds exhibited little or no antiseizure efficacy when given individually. The combination of a benzodiazepine and an anticholinergic drug was effective in terminating soman-induced seizure, whether given 5 or 40 min after seizure onset. The results suggest a strong synergistic effect of combining benzodiazepines with centrally active anticholinergic drugs and support the concept of using an adjunct to supplement diazepam for the treatment of nerve-agent-induced seizures. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Soman-induced seizures: limbic activity, oxidative stress and neuroprotective proteins. Pazdernik T L; Emerson M R; Cross R; Nelson S R; Samson F E Ralph L. Smith Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S87-94. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920927 AN 2002185330 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Soman, a potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, induces status epilepticus in rats followed by conspicuous neuropathology, most prominent in piriform cortex and the CA3 region of the hippocampus. Cholinergic seizures originate in striatal-nigral pathways and with fast-acting agents (soman) rapidly spread to limbic related areas and finally culminate in a full-blown status epilepticus. This leads to neurochemical changes, some of which may be neuroprotective whereas others may cause brain damage. Pretreatment with lithium sensitizes the brain to cholinergic seizures. Likewise, other agents that increase limbic hyperactivity may sensitize the brain to cholinergic agents. The hyperactivity associated with the seizure state leads to an

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increase in intracellular calcium, cellular edema and metal delocalization producing an oxidative stress. These changes induce the synthesis of stress-related proteins such as heat shock proteins, metallothioneins and heme oxygenases. We show that soman-induced seizures cause a depletion in tissue glutathione and an increase in tissue 'catalytic' iron, metallothioneins and heme oxygenase-1. The oxidative stress induces the synthesis of stress-related proteins, which are indicators of 'stress' and possibly provide neuroprotection. These findings suggest that delocalization of iron may catalyze Fenton-like reactions, causing progressive cellular damage via free radical products. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Beneficial effects of TCP on soman intoxication in guinea pigs: seizures, brain damage and learning behaviour. de Groot D M; Bierman E P; Bruijnzeel P L; Carpentier P; Kulig B M; Lallement G; Melchers B P; Philippens I H; van Huygevoort A H TNO Nutrition and Food Research, PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S57-65. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920922 AN 2002185328 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Poisoning with the potent nerve agent soman produces a cascade of central nervous system (CNS) effects characterized by severe convulsions and eventually death. In animals that survive a soman intoxication, lesions in the amygdala, piriform cortex, hippocampus and thalamus can be observed. In order to examine the mechanisms involved in the effects of soman and to evaluate possible curative interventions, a series of behavioural, electrophysiological and neuropathological experiments were carried out in the guinea pig using the NMDA antagonist N-[1-(2-thienyl)cyclohexyl] piperidine (TCP) in conjunction with atropine and pyridostigmine. The NMDA antagonist TCP appeared to be very effective in the treatment of casualties who suffered from soman-induced seizures for 30 min: (i)Seizures were arrested within minutes after the TCP injection, confirmed by quantitative electroencephalogram (EEG), after fast Fourier analysis. Three hours after TCP the quantitative EEGs were completely normal in all frequency bands and remained normal during the entire 3-week intoxication period. The power shift to the lower (delta) frequency bands, indicative for neuropathology and found in control animals intoxicated only by soman, was not observed in the soman-TCP group. (ii)The gross neuropathology found in soman control animals within 48 h after soman was prevented in soman-TCP animals and was still absent in 3-week survivors. Instead, ultrastructural changes were observed, indicative of defense mechanisms of the cell against toxic circumstances. (iii)Twentyfour hours after soman, soman-TCP animals were able to perform in the shuttle box and Morris water maze. The beneficial effects of TCP on the performance in these tests during the 3-week intoxication period were very impressive, notwithstanding (minor) deficits in memory and learning. (iv)The increase in excitability after TCP was confirmed by an increase in the acoustic startle response. Taken together, these results confirmed the involvement of NMDA receptors in the maintenance of soman-induced seizures and the development of brain damage. They underline the current hypothesis that cholinergic mechanisms are responsible for eliciting seizure activity after soman and that, most likely, the subsequent recruitment of other excitatory neurotransmitters and loss of inhibitory control are responsible for the maintenance of seizures and the development of subsequent brain damage. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Comparison of the hydrolytic stability of S-(N,N-diethylaminoethyl) isobutyl methylphosphonothiolate with VX in dilute solution. Crenshaw M D; Hayes T L; Miller T L; Shannon C M Medical Research and Evaluation Facility, Battelle Memorial Institute, JM-3, Columbus, OH 43201, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S3-6. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920912 AN 2002185325 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The stability of S-(N,N-diethylaminoethyl) isobutyl methylphosphonothiolate--a V-type nerve agent developed by the former Soviet Union--in the environment is an important parameter in threat assessment analysis and for the determination of use, production, testing and storage of this chemical warfare agent. S-(N,N-Diethylaminoethyl) isobutyl methylphosphonothiolate is a structural isomer of the nerve agent VX developed by the USA and the UK and will be referred to as VXA (VX analog) in this presentation. Because VXA and VX differ structurally, even though they do have the same molecular formula, it is expected that their physical and chemical properties would be different. This preliminary investigation was undertaken to determine the relative hydrolysis rate of VXA compared with VX. The hydrolysis of each compound at approximately 1 mg x ml(-1) in unbuffered water at pH 7 was determined side-by-side. The half-lives for VXA and VX were determined to be 12.4 days and 4.78 days, respectively. Agent VXA hydrolyzed 2.6 times more slowly than VX, and each agent followed second-order hydrolysis kinetics. These results imply that VXA is more persistent in the environment and therefore poses a greater threat. These results also imply that VXA is more likely to be detected, if present, during an inspection in support of the Chemical Weapons Convention. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Development of an immunoassay for diagnosis of exposure to toxic organophosphorus compounds. Miller J K; Lenz D E Department of OCBS, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Dec), 21 Suppl 1 S23-6. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. (EVALUATION STUDIES); Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11920916 AN 2002185323 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Currently, diagnosis of exposure to toxic low-molecular-weight compounds is effected by the use of chromatographic techniques. Such an approach is limited by the need for expensive equipment and sample clean-up before carrying out the analysis. To overcome those drawbacks, we have been involved in the development of an immunoassay for diagnosis of exposure to toxic organophosphorus compounds such as pinacolylmethyl phosphonofluoridate (soman), which is a chemical warfare agent. Prior estimates suggested that it is necessary to be able to detect soman at a concentration below 2.5 x 10(-7) M. Using four previously developed monoclonal antibodies, an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) was used to optimize assay conditions and identify the antibody with the highest apparent affinity. The minimum required assay time was 2.0-2.5 h with no loss in sensitivity. To determine the specificity of the highest affinity antibody, a competitive inhibition enzyme immunoassay (CIEIA) was performed with six structural analogs of soman. The IC50 values for these analogues were 5 x 10(-7) M for 4-nitrophenylpinacolylmethylphosphonate, 8 x 10(-7) M for dipinacolylmethylphosphonate, 2 x 10(-6) M for diisopropylmethylphosphonate, 3 x 10(-5) M for 4-nitrophenylmethyl(phenylphosphinate) and 6.5 x 10(-5) M for 4nitrophenylethyl(phenyl)phosphinate. 4-Nitrophenyl-di(n-butyl)phosphinate did not inhibit binding. Those inhibitors with branched alkyl side-chains, similar to the soman molecule, were effective inhibitors. Compounds, which contained predominately aromatic groups, were poor inhibitors. We are continuing to probe the binding specificity of the monoclonal antibody to determine its utility in further assay development. Our present results suggest that the antibody chosen may have the appropriate specificity and affinity for immunodiagnosis of exposure to soman. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Protective action of the serine protease inhibitor N-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK) against acute soman poisoning. Cowan F M; Broomfield C A; Lenz D E; Shih T M Biochemical Pharmacology and Neurotoxicology Branches, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Jul-Aug), 21(4), 293-6. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11481662 AN 2002027826 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Soman-poisoned rats display cholinergic crisis, a systemic mast cell degranulation characteristic of anaphylactic reactions and an excitotoxin-like sequential seizure and neuronal degeneration. The protection of guinea pigs from soman lethality by prophylactic administration of the serine protease inhibitor suramin suggests a possible proteolytic component in soman poisoning. The present study tested the effect of N-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK), an inhibitor of trypsin-like serine proteases, on soman-induced toxic signs (convulsions, righting reflex) and survival time. Nine control guinea pigs receiving 2 x LD(50) (56 microg kg(-1), s.c.) of soman immediately followed by a therapeutic dose of atropine sulfate (17.4 mg kg(-1) i.m.) experienced severe convulsions, and 8/9 lost the righting reflex. Six of these nine animals expired within 65 min; the three remaining animals survived 24 h to termination of the experiment. When a second group of animals were given TLCK (12 mg kg(-1), i.p.) 30 min prior to a 2 x LD(50) soman challenge and atropine-sulfate therapy, 5/9 experienced convulsions and only 3/9 lost the righting reflex. All nine animals survived beyond 4 h, with six surviving to 24 h. Compared with soman controls, prophylaxis with TLCK significantly prevented the loss of righting reflex (P = 0.05) and enhanced 4-h survival (P = 0.005). Although, convulsions were reduced and 24-h survival was improved in TLCK-treated animals, these results were not statistically significant. The protection from soman toxicity by chemically distinct protease inhibitors such as suramin and TLCK suggests a role for pathological proteolytic pathways in soman intoxication. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information In vitro skin absorption and decontamination of sulphur mustard: comparison of human and pig-ear skin. Chilcott R P; Jenner J; Hotchkiss S A; Rice P Department of Biomedical Sciences, CBD Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2001 Jul-Aug), 21(4), 279-83. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11481660 AN 2002027824 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of an in vitro skin diffusion cell system as a model for assessing decontaminants against the chemical warfare agent sulphur mustard (SM). The in vitro absorption rates of SM through heatseparated human (157 +/- 66 microg cm(-2) h(-1)) and pig-ear (411 +/- 175 microg cm(-2) h(-1)) epidermal membranes were in agreement with previous in vivo studies that quoted skin absorption rates of 150 and 366 microg cm(-2) h(-1), respectively. Decontaminants (fuller's earth, Ambergard and BDH spillage granules) were ranked in order of effectiveness by measuring the skin absorption rates and the percentage of applied dose of SM that penetrated human and pig-ear epidermal membranes. The effectiveness of fuller's earth measured in this in vitro study using human epidermal membranes was in agreement with a previous in vivo human volunteer study. Similarly, the effectiveness of fuller's earth and Ambergard measured in vitro with pig-ear epidermal membranes was in agreement with a previous in vivo study conducted on rats. However, there was complete disparity in the ranking of decontaminants between human and pig-ear epidermal membranes measured in vitro. Thus, although pig-ear skin may be a relatively good model for predicting the human skin absorption of SM, it is a poor model for testing decontamination systems. The results of this study further validate the use of Franz-type glass diffusion cells containing human epidermal membranes as a model for predicting in vivo human skin absorption. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Modelling aerosol processes related to the atmospheric dispersion of sarin. Kukkonen J; Riikonen K; Nikmo J; Jappinen A; Nieminen K Air Quality Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Sahaajankatu 20 E, FIN-00810, Helsinki, Finland. [email protected] Journal of hazardous materials (2001 Aug 17), 85(3), 165-79. Journal code: 9422688. ISSN:03043894. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11489522 AN 2001443815 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract We have developed mathematical models for evaluating the atmospheric dispersion of selected chemical warfare agents (CWA), including the evaporation and settling of contaminant liquid droplets. The models and numerical results presented may be utilised for designing protection and control measures against the conceivable use of CWA's. The model AERCLOUD (AERosol CLOUD) was extended to treat two nerve agents, sarin and VX, and the mustard agent. This model evaluates the thermodynamical evolution of a five-component aerosol mixture, consisting of two-component droplets together with the surrounding three-component gas. We have performed numerical computations with this model on the evaporation and settling of airborne sarin droplets in characteristic dispersal and atmospheric conditions. In particular, we have evaluated the maximum radii (r(M)) of a totally evaporating droplet, in terms of the ambient temperature and contaminant vapour concentration. The radii r(M) range from approximately 15-80 microm for sarin droplets for the selected ambient conditions and initial heights. We have also evaluated deposition fractions in terms of the initial droplet size. Bibliographic Information Effects of iodine on inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in sulfur mustard-induced skin. Nyska A; Lomnitski L; Maronpot R; Moomaw C; Brodsky B; Sintov A; Wormser U Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. [email protected] Archives of toxicology (2001 Feb), 74(12), 768-74. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11305779 AN 2001394179 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract In a previous study we demonstrated the protective effect of topical iodine as postexposure treatment for sulfur mustard (SM) application. The iodine treatment results in significantly reduced inflammation and necrosis and increased epidermal hyperplasia. The expression and localization of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) in paraffin-embedded skin samples from that study were evaluated in the present investigation. We compared the immunoreactivity of iNOS and COX-2 using five samples from each of the following four test sites: untreated control sites, SMexposed sites, sites treated with iodine mixture 15 min after SM exposure, and sites treated with iodine 30 min after SM exposure. All animals were killed 2 days after irritant exposure. iNOS immunoreactivity was present only in skin sites exposed

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to SM without iodine treatment. The ulcerated skin was covered with a relatively thick band of exudate composed of iNOSimmunostained polymorphonuclear cells and macrophages. In untreated skin, COX-2 immunostaining was limited to the thin suprabasal epidermal layer. In SM-exposed skin, induction of COX-2 was noted in inflammatory cells located close to the site of epidermal injury. In skin sites treated with iodine 15 or 30 min after SM exposure, the regenerating hyperplastic epithelium showed moderate cytoplasmic staining localized to the epithelium overlying the basal layer. This pattern of staining was also present in the nearby dermal fibroblasts. Thus, in contrast to the skin samples exposed to SM without iodine treatment, the epidermal layer expressing immunohistochemical positivity for COX-2 was thicker and corresponded to the epidermal hyperplasia noted in samples treated with iodine. It is well documented that prostaglandins (PGs) promote epidermal proliferation, thereby contributing to the repair of injured skin. That the induction of the COX-2 shown in our study may also play a role in the healing process is indicated by the present evidence. The results suggest that nitric oxide radicals (NO*) are involved in mediating the damage induced by the SM and that iodinerelated reduction in acute epidermal inflammation is associated with reduced iNOS expression. Bibliographic Information Intervention of sulfur mustard toxicity by downregulation of cell proliferation and metabolic rates. Ray R; Benton B J; Anderson D R; Byers S L; Petrali J P US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 210105400, USA. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S87-91. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428650 AN 2001371709 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Metabolically active and proliferating basal cells in the skin are most sensitive to the potent skin blistering chemical warfare compound HD (bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide). We previously described a Ca2+-dependent mechanism of HD (0.3-1 mM) toxicity that was inhibited by the cell-permeant Ca2+ chelator BAPTA AM (1,2-bis(O-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester). We describe some cellular effects of BAPTA AM that suggest a mechanism for its protective action. Monolayer log-phase normal human epidermal keratinocytes were incubated (37 degrees C) first in keratinocyte growth medium (KGM) containing BAPTA AM (10-40 microM) for 30 min and then in KGM alone overnight prior to evaluation. The BAPTA AM inhibited cell growth in a concentration-dependent manner with some cellular degeneration above 30 microM (light microscopy). At 20-30 microM, BAPTA AM also inhibited cellular metabolic processes, as evidenced by a lower incorporation of [3H]-thymidine (DNA synthesis, 54 +/- 5%), [3H]-uridine (RNA synthesis, 29 +/- 6%) and [14C]-valine (protein synthesis, 12 +/- 2%) as well as a lower protein content per culture (30 +/- 3%) compared with corresponding untreated controls. However, 20-30 microM BAPTA AM did not cause any demonstrable cytopathology based on morphological (electron microscopy) as well as biochemical (lactate dehydrogenase release, an indicator of cell viability loss) criteria, indicating a lack of acute toxicity. These results suggest that a mechanism of protection by BAPTA AM against HD may be via decreasing some metabolic, and therefore proliferative, rates. Bibliographic Information Comparison of cell size in sulfur mustard-induced death of keratinocytes and lymphocytes. Moser J; Meier H L Pharmacology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S23-30. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428638 AN 2001371697 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (HD) is a vesicant chemical warfare agent that directly alkylates cellular DNA and produces DNA strand breaks. To identify cellular models for in vitro screening of antivesicant compounds in DNA repair assays, we compared the mechanism of HD-induced cell death in cultured adult normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). One parameter that we used to distinguish apoptotic from necrotic cell death was the change in cell size due to HD. In the presence or absence of a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPI), cell preparations were exposed to various concentrations of HD (0.01-1.0 mM) and harvested at selected times after exposure (up to 24 h). Results from these experiments suggest that, with increasing HD concentration and time, NHEK will fragment irrespective of the presence or absence of PARPI, with cell fragmentation presumably preceded by necrosis. In the absence of PARPI, PBL size initially decreases and then remains constant over time. Previous DNA fragmentation studies indicate that both apoptosis and necrosis occur in HD-exposed PBL in a time-dependent manner. In the presence of PARPI, there is a HD concentration- and timedependent decrease in PBL size that is characteristic of apoptosis. The shift in the mechanism of HD-induced PBL death from apoptosis followed by necrosis to exclusively apoptosis in the absence and presence of PARPI, respectively, is in agreement with previous findings on HD-induced changes in membrane integrity, energy levels and DNA fragmentation. Considering that NHEK fragment early after exposure to HD concentrations that produce vesication in human skin, PBL may be a more appropriate model for use in DNA repair assays. Bibliographic Information MALDI-ToF/MS as a diagnostic tool for the confirmation of sulfur mustard exposure. Price E O; Smith J R; Clark C R; Schlager J J; Shih M L Pharmacology Division, Applied Pharmacology Branch, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S193-7. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. (EVALUATION STUDIES); Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428636 AN 2001371695 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The continual threat of chemical and biological warfare has prompted the need for unambiguous analytical methods for the confirmation of agent exposure. In this paper, we have investigated the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF/MS) as a diagnostic tool for this purpose. Mass spectral studies of the interaction of sulfur mustard (bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, HD) with hemoglobin and metallothioneine were conducted. In vitro experiments with purified proteins were performed, using both HD and chloroethylethyl sulfide (CEES), in an effort to determine the extent of alkylation and occurrence of HD cross-linking using the MALDI-ToF/MS technique. In a typical experiment, 50 ml of 5 mM HD in acetonitrile was added to an equal volume of 0.5 mM hemoglobin in deionized water followed by vortexing and incubation at room temperature. After 24 h, the samples were analyzed by MALDI-ToF/MS. Mass spectral results indicated the presence of at least two distinct alkylation adducts for both HD and CEES experiments. These results demonstrate that MALDIToF/MS is a useful analytical technique to investigate the interaction of HD with biomolecules and may be employed potentially as a diagnostic tool for the confirmation of exposure to chemical warfare agents. Bibliographic Information Automated assay for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Byers S; Anderson D; Brobst D; Cowan F Pharmacology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425, USA Journal of

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applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S19-22. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. (EVALUATION STUDIES); Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428635 AN 2001371694 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (HD), a vesicating chemical warfare compound, has been shown to deplete the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) content in several cell systems and tissues. This NAD+ depletion has been proposed as an indicator of HD exposure and can be used to evaluate potential antivesicant compounds. To examine NAD+ levels, an automated method based on the alcohol dehydrogenase cycling assay of Jacobson and Jacobson and utilizing a Cobas FARA clinical analyzer has been developed. Automation of this assay led to smaller sample volumes and more efficient use of personnel and resources. The usefulness of this automated method was tested by evaluating the protection, if any, by the topical application of vitamin D or betamethasone against HD-induced NAD+ depletion in skin punches from the hairless guinea pig. The results showed that the samples exposed to HD exhibited significant decreases in NAD+ levels when compared with controls. However, neither vitamin D nor betamethasone demonstrated protection against HD-induced NAD+ depletion. In fact, betamethasone exacerbated the NAD+ depletion when compared with the HD exposed group. This assay appears to be useful for testing potential antivesicant compounds using both in vivo and in vitro exposure systems. Bibliographic Information A cutaneous full-thickness liquid sulfur mustard burn model in weanling swine: clinical pathology and urinary excretion of thiodiglycol. Graham J S; Reid F M; Smith J R; Stotts R R; Tucker E S; Shumaker S M; Niemuth N A; Janny S J US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S161-72. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428630 AN 2001371689 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide, HD) is a well-known blistering chemical warfare agent. We have developed a cutaneous full-thickness HD burn model in weanling pigs for efficacy testing of candidate treatment regimens. This report addresses clinical pathology findings and the urinary excretion profile of a major HD metabolite (thiodiglycol, TDG) in this model. Six female Yorkshire pigs were exposed to HD liquid on the ventral surface for 2 h, generating six 3-cm diameter fullthickness dermal lesions per pig. Blood samples were collected throughout a 7-day observation period for hematology and serum chemistry examinations. Urine was collected in metabolism cages. Routine urinalysis was performed and the urine analyzed for TDG using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Examination of clinical pathology parameters revealed subtle HD-related changes that are suggestive of a mild hemolytic episode. No other signs of clinically significant systemic toxicities were noted, including bone marrow suppression. Thiodiglycol was detected at the earliest time point tested (6-8 h postexposure) at levels ranging from 0.66 to 4.98 microg ml(-1) with a mean of 2.14 microg ml(-1). Thiodiglycol concentrations were the highest for half of the animals at this earliest time point and at 24-48 h for the others. By the evening of day 3, the mean level had reached 50 ng ml(-1). Mean levels remained 10-40 ng ml(-1) for the remainder of the 7-day observation period, with the highest individual concentration noted during this period of 132 ng ml(-1). Our results are in general agreement with the TDG excretion profiles previously described for rodent models and humans. Urinary excretion of absorbed HD in our weanling pig wound healing model appears to follow the same pattern as is seen in other laboratory animals models. In general, urinary excretion of TDG appears to peak within the first 1-4 days following exposure, with detectable levels after 1 week. Relatively high urinary TDG levels may thus indicate agent exposure within the previous 96 h. Low levels significantly above natural background levels may indicate either exposure to low levels of agent or exposure that occurred more than 4 days prior to collection of the sample. Bibliographic Information Systemic administration of candidate antivesicants to protect against topically applied sulfur mustard in the mouse ear vesicant model (MEVM). Babin M C; Ricketts K; Skvorak J P; Gazaway M; Mitcheltree L W; Casillas R P Drug Assessment and Comparative Medicine Divisions, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA. [email protected] Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S141-4. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428627 AN 2001371686 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The mouse ear vesicant model (MEVM) provides a quantitative edema response as well as histopathological and biochemical endpoints as measurements of inflammation and tissue damage following exposure to the chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard (HD). In the MEVM, several topically applied anti-inflammatory agents provided a significant degree of protection against HD-induced edema and dermal-epidermal separation. This study evaluated the protective effects of three of these pharmacological compounds when administered systemically in the MEVM. Alzet osmotic pumps were used to deliver a subcutaneous dose of the appropriate anti-inflammatory agent, starting 24 h before exposure to sulfur mustard and continuing until 24 h post-exposure to HD. Twenty-four hours after pump implantation, 5 microl of a 195 mM (0.16 mg) solution of sulfur mustard (density = 1.27 g ml(-1); MW = 159; purity = 97.5%) in methylene chloride was applied to the inner surface of the right ear of each mouse. Sulfur mustard injury in the mouse ear was measured by both edema response (fluid accumulation) and histopathological damage (necrosis, epidermal-dermal separation). The systemic administration of hydrocortisone, indomethacin and olvanil provided a significant reduction in edema (24%, 26% and 22%, respectively) from the positive control. Compared to HD-positive controls, hydrocortisone, indomethacin and olvanil caused a significant reduction in subepidermal blisters (71%, 52% and 57%, respectively) whereas only hydrocortisone produced a significant reduction in contralateral epidermal necrosis (41%). We show here that these anti-inflammatory drugs are effective when administered systemically in the MEVM. Bibliographic Information N-acetylcysteine and endothelial cell injury by sulfur mustard. Atkins K B; Lodhi I J; Hurley L L; Hinshaw D B University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48105, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S125-8. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428622 AN 2001371681 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Understanding the underlying mechanisms of cell injury and death induced by the chemical warfare vesicant sulfur mustard (HD) will be extremely helpful in the development of effective countermeasures to this weapon of terror. We have found recently that HD induces both apoptosis and necrosis in endothelial cells (Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1996; 141: 568-583). Pretreatment of the endothelial cells for 20 h with the redox-active agent N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) selectively prevented apoptotic death induced by HD. In this study, we tested the hypotheses that pretreatment with NAC acts through two different

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pathways to minimize endothelial injury by HD: NAC pretreatment acts via a glutathione (GSH)-dependent pathway; and NAC pretreatment acts to suppress HD-induced activation of the nuclear transcription factor NFkappaB. We used a fluorescence microscopic assay of apoptotic nuclear features to assess viability and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) to assess the activity of NFkappaB following exposure to HD. The cells were treated with 0-10 mM GSH for 1 h prior to and during exposure to 0 or 500 microM HD for 5-6 h. Cells were also treated with 50 mM NAC or 200 microM buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of GSH synthesis, alone or in combination overnight prior to exposure to 0 or 500 microM HD for 5-6 h. Externally applied GSH up to a concentration of 5 mM had no toxic effect on the cells. Mild toxicity was associated with 10 mM GSH alone. There was a dose-related enhancement of viability when 2.5 and 5 mM GSH were present during the HD exposure. Pretreatment with BSO alone had no discernible toxicity. However, pretreatment with this inhibitor of GSH synthesis potentiated the toxicity of HD. Pretreatment with 50 mM NAC, as previously reported, provided substantial protection. Combining pretreatment with both BSO and NAC eliminated the protective effect of NAC pretreatment alone on HD injury. These observations are highly suggestive that NAC enhances endothelial survival via GSH-dependent effects and confirms and extends the work of others with different models that externally supplied GSH alone may be a fairly effective countermeasure against HD injury of endothelium. We next examined the hypothesis that HD may activate the nuclear transcription factor NFkappaB by performing EMSAs with nuclear extracts of endothelial cells following exposure to 0, 250 or 500 microM HD. This demonstrated an up to 2.5-fold increase (scanning densitometry) in activation of NFkappaB binding to its consensus sequence induced by 500 microM HD after 5 h of HD exposure. Paradoxically, treatment of the endothelial cells alone with 50 mM NAC activated NFkappaB, although HD-induced activation of NFkappaB was partially suppressed by NAC at 5 h. Factor NFkappaB is an important transcription factor for a number of cytokine genes (e.g. tumor necrosis factor, TNF), which can be activated following stress in endothelial cells. Taken together, these observations suggest that the protective effects of NAC may be mediated by enhanced GSH synthesis. The increased GSH may act to scavenge HD and also prevent oxidative activation of NFkappaB. Under some conditions, NAC may act as an oxidizing agent and thus increase NFkappaB activity. The NFkappaBdependent gene expression may be important in inducing endothelial cell death as well as in generating a local inflammatory reaction associated with the release of endothelial-derived cytokines. Bibliographic Information Effects of CEES on inflammatory mediators, heat shock protein 70A, histology and ultrastructure in two skin models. Blaha M; Bowers W Jr; Kohl J; DuBose D; Walker J; Alkhyyat A; Wong G US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (2000 Dec), 20 Suppl 1 S101-8. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11428619 AN 2001371678 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chemical warfare threats require the development of diverse models for the assessment of countermeasures. Human skin products, Skin2 (differentiating keratinocytes on a fibroblast-collagen matrix) and EpiDerm (differentiating keratinocytes) were exposed (2 h) to the sulfur mustard 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES, 1-2 mg l(-1) min(-1)) in humidified air or to humidified air alone. Tissues were evaluated histologically, ultrastructurally and for viability 22 h later; media and tissues were also analyzed for inflammatory mediators. Histology showed that CEES induced the separation of dermal and epidermal regions in Skin2 with severe damage to basal keratinocytes. Histology and electron microscopy of both products revealed condensation of nuclear chromatin, retraction of spinous processes, collapse of the tonofibrillar network and cytoplasmic vacuolization and blebbing in those cells with loss of pseudobasement membrane integrity. Exposure of Skin2 to CEES increased extracellular interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) and especially IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) release (56,334 vs 84,614 pg ml(-1)), but decreased interleukin-6 (IL-6, 4,755 vs 351 pg ml(-1)). Exposure of EpiDerm to CEES led to unaffected extracellular and reduced intracelluar IL-1alpha (371 vs 92 pg ml(-1)). Extracellular IL-1Ra greatly increased (2,375 vs 24,875 pg ml(-1)), whereas cellular levels decreased (16,5425 vs 96,625 pg ml(-1)). Extracellular (224 vs 68 pg ml(-1)) and intracellular (485 vs 233 pg ml(-1)) soluble interleukin-1 receptor H (sIL-1RII) decreased. Prostanglandin E2 increased (1,835 vs 2,582 pg ml(-1)), whereas heat shock protein 70A (Hsp70A) remained statistically unchanged (57,000 vs 96,000 pg ml(1)). Failure to obtain a heat shock response to CEES may contribute to the susceptibility of tissue to the alkylating agent. Consistent and marked responses of cellular and extracellular IL-1Ra to CEES suggest a potential for use as a tissue status marker and primary antiinflammatory regulator in skin. Bibliographic Information Correlation of a specific mitochondrial phospholipid-phosgene adduct with chloroform acute toxicity. Di Consiglio E; De Angelis G; Testai E; Vittozzi L Biochemical Toxicology Unit, Department of Comparative Toxicology and Ecotoxicology, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161, Rome, Italy Toxicology (2001 Feb 21), 159(1-2), 43-53. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11250054 AN 2001195862 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The dose and time dependence of formation of a specific adduct between mitochondrial phospholipid and phosgene have been determined in the liver of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats as well as in the liver and kidney of B6C3F1 mice after dosing with chloroform. Rats were induced with phenobarbital or non-induced. Determination of tissue glutathione (GSH) and of serum markers of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity was also carried out. With dose-dependence experiments, a strong correlation between the formation of the specific phospholipid adduct, GSH depletion and organ toxicity could be evidenced in all the organs studied. With non-induced SD rats, no such effects could be induced up to a dose of 740 mg/kg. Time-course studies with B6C3F1 mice indicated that the specific adduct formation took place at very early times after chloroform dosing and was concurrent with GSH depletion. The adduct formed during even transient GSH depletion (residual level: 30% of control) and persisted after restoration of GSH levels. Following a chloroform dose at the hepatotoxicity threshold (150 mg/kg), the elimination of the adduct in the liver occurred within 24 h and correlated with the recovery of ALT, which was slightly increased (12 times) after treatment. Following a moderately nephrotoxic dose (60 mg/kg), the renal adduct persisted longer than 48 h, when a 100% increase in blood urea nitrogen and a 40% increase in serum creatinine indicated the onset of organ damage. The formation of the adduct in the liver mitochondria of B6C3F1 mice was associated with the decrease of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), in line with previous results in rat liver indicating that the adduct results from the reaction of phosgene with PE. The adduct levels implicated the reaction of phosgene with about 50% PE molecules in the liver mitochondrial membrane of phenobarbital-induced SD rats and of about 10% PE molecules of the inner mitochondrial membrane of the liver of B6C3F1 mice. The association of this adduct with the toxic effects of chloroform makes it a very good candidate as the primary critical alteration in the sequence of events leading to cell death caused by chloroform. Bibliographic Information The influence of anticholinergic drug selection on the efficacy of antidotal treatment of soman-poisoned rats. Kassa J; Fusek J Purkyne Military Medical Academy, PO Box 35/T, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic. [email protected] Toxicology (2000 Nov 23), 154(1-3), 67-73. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 11118671 AN 2001083637 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))

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The influence of some anticholinergic drugs (atropine, benactyzine, biperiden, scopolamine) on the efficacy of antidotal treatment to eliminate soman (O-pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate)-induced disturbance of respiration and circulation and to protect experimental animals poisoned with supralethal dose of soman (1.5 x LD(50)) was investigated in a rat model with on-line monitoring of respiratory and circulatory parameters. While the oxime HI-6 in combination with atropine prevented soman-induced changes in monitored physiological parameters insufficiently and very shortly, the combination of HI-6 with benactyzine or biperiden is able to prevent soman-induced alteration of respiration and circulation much more longer. Nevertheless, only rats treated with HI-6 in combination with scopolamine were fully protected against the lethal toxic effects of soman within 2 h following soman challenge. Our findings confirm that anticholinergic drugs with the strong central antimuscarinic activity, such as benactyzine, biperiden and especially scopolamine, seem to be more effective adjuncts to HI-6 treatment of severe acute soman-induced poisoning than atropine.

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Bibliographic Information Reactions of sulfides with S-330, a potential decontaminant of sulfur mustard in formulations. Shih, Ming L.; Korte, William D.; Smith, J. Richard; Szafraniec, Linda L. US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, APG, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1999), 19(Suppl. 1), S83-S88. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 132:289769 AN 2000:132684 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Because the vesicant sulfur mustard (HD) remains a major chem. threat from either domestic terrorists or countries in conflict, topical prepns. are being evaluated as protectants from HD exposure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of chloroamide S-330 as a potential reactive component in topical formulations. Therefore, the rate, mechanism and byproducts of the oxidn. reactions of sulfides by S-330 in solvent media or specific formulation vehicles were investigated. Using NMR, LC, LC-MS and GC-MS, the reactions of S-330 with HD, di-Bu sulfide (DBS) and Me Ph sulfide (MPS) were studied in acetonitrile, chloroform and perfluoropolyether (PFPE) oil. The oxidn. of the three sulfides with S-330 was very rapid and completed in <4 min in acetonitrile-water or PFPE oil, but the rates of reaction in chloroform were significantly slower. In a large excess of S-330, the major products resulted from chlorination of the side chains. At a high HD/S-330 ratio, the major product was HD sulfoxide. Under both conditions, only a trace of HD sulfone, also a blistering agent, was obsd. Reactions with DBS and MPS primarily gave sulfoxides and sulfones, with less side-chain chlorination. The chloroamide S-330 appeared to be a rapid and effective decontaminant of HD in either polar media or in a PFPE oil. The two alkyl and aryl sulfides are suitable simulants of HD for the initial screening and evaluation of S-330 or other similar oxidizing agents. Bibliographic Information Polyoxometalate oxidation of chemical warfare agent simulants in fluorinated media. Johnson, Rhoma P.; Hill, Craig L. Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1999), 19(Suppl. 1), S71-S75. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 133:1581 AN 2000:132682 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The aim of this research is to det. if appropriate polyoxometalates (POMs) could be added to perfluoropolyether topical skin protectants (TSPs) currently available or under development to give these TSPs the addnl. capability of detecting and in some cases catalytically decontaminating sulfur mustard (HD) and perhaps other chem. warfare agents (CWAs) at ambient temps. Detection would be based on significant color changes in the POM upon redn. by the CWA whereas catalytic decontamination would be based on the ability of some families of POMs to catalyze O2-based oxidns. by more than one mechanism. Five POMs (10-25% by wt.) were each suspended in .apprx.5 g of the perfluoropolyether (PFPE, CF3O[-CF(CF3)CF2O-]x(-CF2O)yCF3) "barrier" cream. A stoichiometric amt. of HD sulfide simulant was layered on top of each POM-cream mixt. The short reaction times were recorded for each system. Mechanistic studies were conducted using an PFPE oil analog of the barrier cream in a microemulsion with the sulfide simulant, POM, PFPE surfactant and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol co-surfactant. Bibliographic Information Development of reactive topical skin protectants against sulfur mustard and nerve agents. Koper, Olga; Lucas, Eric; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Nantek, Inc., Manhattan, KS, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1999), 19(Suppl. 1), S59-S70. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 132:261513 AN 2000:132681 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The potential for highly reactive nanoparticles (RNP) to absorb destructively, i.e. to neutralize highly toxic substances such as the warfare agents GA, GB, HD and VX, has been demonstrated in the lab. Reactive nanoparticles represent a new class of nanoscale particles of metals and metal oxides that differ from other nanoparticles in reactivity and cryst. morphol. The potential for incorporating RNP into a protective barrier skin cream also has been demonstrated. Preliminary studies indicate that RNP are phys. and chem. compatible with a base cream provided by the Army Medical Research Office and, importantly, remain reactive with chem. agents while promising to be compatible with skin contact. Bibliographic Information Development of a reactive topical skin protectant. Braue, Ernest H., Jr. Advanced Assessment Branch, Drug Assessment Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1999), 19(Suppl. 1), S47-S53. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 132:289768 AN 2000:132679 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The use of a topical skin protectant (TSP) as a means of protecting troops from percutaneous chem. warfare agent (CWA) exposure has been proposed since these weapons were first used during World War I. The TSP is applied to vulnerable skin surfaces prior to entry into a chem. combat area. In 1990, the US Army Medical Research Institute of Chem. Defense transferred two non-reactive TSPs into advanced development. Following US Food and Drug Administration approval, the final product is expected to be available to soldiers in 1999. A continuing research effort is designed to develop a secondgeneration TSP that will increase effectiveness and also decontaminate CWAs into non-toxic products. We identified a list of 29 reactive moieties as potential additives to the TSP formulation. All candidate formulations are evaluated in a decision tree network, consisting of a series of 11 efficacy testing models. A prototype formulation (ICD 2701) contg. the reactive ingredient S-330 has dramatically improved the protection against satd. sulfur mustard vapor. In addn., we have discovered a compd.

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(ICD 2837) that significantly increases the skin's natural resistance to CWA penetration. Our goal is to transfer a significantly improved TSP formulation into advanced development by 1999. Bibliographic Information Efficacy of the topical skin protectant in advanced development. Liu, Dai Kee; Wannemacher, Robert W.; Snider, Thomas H.; Hayes, Timothy L. US Army Medical Material Development Activity, Fort Detrick, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1999), 19(Suppl. 1), S41-S45. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 132:261511 AN 2000:132678 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A topical skin protectant (TSP) (ICD 2289) is being developed to protect service members from exposure to chem. warfare agents (CWA). The TSP is designed for use on the skin at the overgarment closures and other vulnerable areas to enhance protection. The TSP, which is in phase II clin. studies, is a cream contg. two chem. inert substances: perfluoroalkylpolyether and polytetrafluoroethylene. Animal data showed that the TSP was effective against percutaneous penetration of a blister agent, sulfur mustard (HD), by reducing the size of skin lesions and against T-2 mycotoxin by preventing the development of erythema and edema. The insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) reduced the TSP protection against HD regardless of the order of application on rabbit skin prior to dosing of HD. The protection was sustained when DEET was removed with a dry gauze prior to TSP application. The TSP was also effective against percutaneous exposure of nerve agents-thickened (with 5% Me methacrylamide) soman and VX by reducing the mortality rate and protecting the red blood cell acetylcholinesterase activity. The TSP was effective against VX when DEET was applied prior to TSP application. Because human efficacy studies using CWA cannot be conducted, the efficacy will be demonstrated by the level of protection against poison ivy (urushiol) contact dermatitis in humans. Bibliographic Information Sulfur mustard induced DNA damage in mice after dermal and inhalation exposure. Lakshmana Rao, P. V.; Vijayaraghavan, R.; Bhaskar, A. S. B. Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. Toxicology (1999), 139(1-2), 39-51. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 132:162248 AN 1999:746442 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (SM) is a chem. warfare agent of the blistering agent category for which there is still no effective therapy. SM, being a strong electrophile, readily reacts with a wide range of cellular macromols. including DNA, RNA and protein. Since the main intoxication routes for SM are inhalation and dermal penetration, in the present study we have exposed female mice to different concns. of SM by dermal and inhalation exposures and estd. the DNA damage in different organs viz., liver, lung, spleen and thymus. SM was applied at 38.7, 77.4, 154.7 mg/kg body wt., on the hair-clipped skin (dermal exposure) equiv. to 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 of the LD50. Inhalation exposure was carried out at 10.6, 21.2 and 42.3 mg/m3 for 1 h duration equiv. to 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 LC50. SM induced a dose-dependent DNA damage in all the organs except the lung in dermal exposure. Similarly the inhalation exposure resulted in dose- and time-dependent effect in all the organs including lung. By both routes of exposure liver was the most affected organ followed by spleen, thymus and lung in decreasing order. The quant. data were corroborated by qual. anal. of DNA on agarose gel electrophoresis. The genomic DNA anal. of the organs had revealed random nuclear DNA fragmentation resulting in a 'smear' typical of necrotic form of cell death. Since DNA damage is not reversible esp. in liver, this can be used as a marker for SM exposure through either the dermal or inhalation route. Bibliographic Information Synthesis and mass spectral characterization of diisopropylamino-ethanethiol, -sulfides and -disulfides and vinyl sulfides. Rohrbauch, D. K.; Berg, F. J.; Szafraniec, L. J.; Rossman, D. I.; Durst, H. D.; Munavalli, S. Edgewood Research Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, U.S. Army, Aberdeen, MD, USA. Phosphorus, Sulfur and Silicon and the Related Elements (1999), 149 95-106. CODEN: PSSLEC ISSN: 1042-6507. Journal written in English. CAN 132:49741 AN 1999:681810 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The sulfur contg. chem. agent, O-ethyl-S-2-(diisopropylaminoethyl)methylphosphonothiolate, is an extremely potent inhibitor of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase and exhibits extended neurol. effects. It undergoes degrdn. on standing alone or in the environment. Hence, identification of its primary degrdn. products assumes considerable importance. The synthesis and mass spectral fragmentation behavior of the title compds., some of which are present in the O-ethyl-S-2(diisopropylaminoethyl)methylphosphonothiolate degrdn. products, has not received much attention. This communication describes the synthesis and mass spectral characterization of the title compds. Bibliographic Information Reaction of Bis(2-chloroethyl) Sulfide with N,N'-Dichlorobis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)urea. Dubey, D. K.; Malhotra, R. C.; Vaidyanathaswamy, R.; Vijayaraghavan, R. Defence R. & D. Establishment, Gwalior, India. Journal of Organic Chemistry (1999), 64(21), 8031-8033. CODEN: JOCEAH ISSN: 0022-3263. Journal written in English. CAN 132:12186 AN 1999:629651 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The reaction of bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide (warfare agent) with N,N'-dichloro-N,N'-bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)urea was describe with the aim of using the latter as a decontamination agent. Bibliographic Information Reactions of VX, HD, and Their Simulants with NaY and AgY Zeolites. Desulfurization of VX on AgY. Wagner, George W.; Bartram, Philip W. Geo-Centers Inc., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Langmuir (1999), 15(23), 8113-8118. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 131:299202 AN 1999:577485 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The room-temp. reactions of the chem. warfare agents VX (O-Et S-2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methylphosphonothioate), HD (2,2'-dichloroethyl sulfide, or mustard), and their common simulants, O,S-di-Et phenylphosphonothioate (DEPPT) and 2chloroethyl Ph sulfide (CEPS), with NaY and silver-exchanged (AgY) zeolites have been studied using solid-state magic angle spinning NMR. VX hydrolyzes via exclusive cleavage of the P-S bond on both NaY and AgY to yield Et methylphosphonate (EMPA). The reaction is significantly faster on AgY than on NaY, suggesting catalysis by silver. On AgY, an intermediate silver

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salt of EMPA is apparently formed which is slowly converted to Et 2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methylphosphonate (QB, the desulfurized analog of VX) in about a 78% yield. DEPPT similarly hydrolyzes via P-S cleavage on AgY to yield an apparent silver salt of Et phenylphosphonate, which does not undergo further reaction to the desulfurized analog. No reaction is obsd. for DEPPT on NaY. HD on AgY forms both vinyl sulfide and the cyclic ether 1,4-thioxane. HD reacts faster on NaY to exclusively form the CH-TG sulfonium ion (HOCH2CH2SCH2CH2S+[CH2CH2OH]2). CEPS also reacts faster on NaY, forming 2-hydroxyethyl Ph sulfide. On AgY, CEPS does not give the vinyl product, but does yield the ether product PhSCH2CH2OCH2CH2SPh. A mechanism is proposed for the silver-catalyzed hydrolysis of VX, the desulfurization of the cleaved thiol, and the formation of QB. Bibliographic Information Reaction of a Vesicular Functionalized Surfactant with 2-Chloroethyl Phenyl Sulfide, a Mustard Simulant. Jaeger, David A.; Schilling, Curtis L. III; Zelenin, Alexander K.; Li, Bei; Kubicz-Loring, Elzbieta. Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA. Langmuir (1999), 15(21), 7180-7185. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 131:233071 AN 1999:505232 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Functionalized double-chain surfactant, potassium O,O'-didodecylphosphorodithioate (I) was synthesized. Its small unilamellar vesicles were characterized by dynamic laser light scattering and differential scanning calorimetry and its giant vesicles by phase-contrast optical microscopy. Also, I's giant vesicles contg. fluorescent dye, 5-carboxyfluorescein or 5(dodecanamido)fluorescein, were characterized by epifluorescence microscopy. In a pH 9.0 borate buffer at 25 , vesicular I reacted with 2-(2-chloroethyl Ph sulfide), a simulant for the chem. warfare agent mustard [bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide], to give 5-[S-[(2-phenylthio)ethyl]O,O'-didodecylphosphorodithioate] (II), involving capture of reactive intermediate cation 1phenylthiocyclopropane by the anion of I. This reaction was accompanied by the pptn. of II, which resulted in wounding/ destruction of the vesicles and the release of dye 5-carboxyfluorescein (from giant vesicles). The combination of the conversion and dye release suggests the potential of vesicular systems for simultaneous decontamination and signaling of chem. agents. 2-(2-Chloroethyl Ph sulfide) hydrolyzed to give only 2-(phenylthio)ethanol in the pH 9.0 buffer at 25 . Bibliographic Information Two-generation reproduction study of lewisite in rats. Sasser, L. B.; Cushing, J. A.; Lindenmeier, C. W.; Mellick, P. W.; Dacre, J. C. Battelle, Richland, WA, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1999), 19(4), 229-235. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 131:253491 AN 1999:485887 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Lewisite, a potent toxic vesicant and chem. warfare agent, is used in a no. of research labs., is stored in large quantities at depot sites throughout the USA and is occasionally transported to distant sites. Thus, the potential for environmental or occupational exposure exists where lewisite is present. A 42-wk two-generation study was conducted to det. the reproductive consequences of lewisite in parental male and female rats and their offspring. Rats were administered lewisite in sesame oil (0, 0.10, 0.25 or 0.60 mg kg-1 day-1 for 5 days a week) via intragastric intubation before mating, during mating and after mating until the birth of their offspring. The dams continued to receive lewisite during lactation. At weaning, male and female offspring of each group were selected to continue the study, receiving lewisite during adolescence, mating and throughout gestation and lactation. Lewisite had no adverse effect on reprodn. performance, fertility or reproductive organ wts. of male or female rats through two consecutive generations. No adverse effects to offspring were attributed to lewisite exposure. Minor changes in growth were the only maternal effects obsd. Lewisite exposure of parental rats caused no gross or microscopic lesion in testes, epididymis, prostate, seminal vesicles, ovaries, uterus or vagina. The no-observable-effect level (NOEL) for the reproductive effects of Lewisite would be >0.60 mg kg-1 day-1. Bibliographic Information Chemistry and toxicology of sulfur mustard-a review. Malhotra, R. C.; Ganesan, K.; Sugendran, K.; Swamy, R. V. Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. Defence Science Journal (1999), 49(2), 97-116. CODEN: DSJOAA ISSN: 0011-748X. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 131:112423 AN 1999:324517 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review and discussion with 124 refs. Bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide commonly known as sulfur mustard (SM) is highly reactive bifunctional compd., documented as antimitotic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, teratogenic and cytotoxic agent. It is a powerful vesicant and has been employed as a chem. warfare agent. Skin, eyes and respiratory tract are the principal target organs and the DNA is the most important mol. target of SM toxicity. There is no specific antidote for SM injury. Treatment to SM toxicity is symptomatic. Bibliographic Information Surrogate burns in deactivation furnace system. Shah, Jay K. Science Applications International, Tooele, UT, USA. Journal of Hazardous Materials (1999), 66(3), 279-290. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 131:35263 AN 1999:308797 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The deactivation furnace system at the Deseret Chem. Depot in Utah is designed for processing explosive components from munitions contg. nerve and mustard agents. The Utah Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste (UDSHW) required that trial burns be conducted using surrogate chems. prior to introducing chem. agents into the system. Three surrogate runs of the selected surrogate chems. monochlorobenzene and hexachloroethane based on the criteria established by the UDSHW were conducted. The gaseous emissions and liq. and solid effluents were sampled and analyzed using approved EPA methods. The trial burns demonstrated the desirable destruction and removal efficiency for the selected surrogate chems. The pollution abatement system demonstrated the desired scrubbing efficiency for acid gases generated during incineration of chlorinated surrogate chems. The particulate removal efficiency during the trial burns was also considerably higher than required by regulations. After comprehensive survey of the performance of the deactivation furnace system during the surrogate trial burns, UDSHW approved introduction of GB nerve agent into the system to prep. it for agent trial burns. Bibliographic Information Reactions of VX, GD, and HD with Nanosize MgO. Wagner, George W.; Bartram, Philip W.; Koper, Olga; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Geo-Centers Inc., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Physical Chemistry B (1999), 103(16), 3225-3228. CODEN: JPCBFK ISSN: 1089-5647. Journal written in English. CAN 130:337750 AN 1999:218187 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Abstract The room-temp. reactions of the chem. warfare agents VX (O-Et S-2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methylphosphonothioate), GD (3,3-dimethyl-2-Bu methylphosphonofluoridate, or Soman), and HD (2,2'-dichloroethyl sulfide, or mustard) with nanosize MgO have been studied using solid-state MAS NMR. All three agents hydrolyze on the surface of the very reactive MgO nanoparticles. VX yields Et methylphosphonic acid (EMPA) and methylphosphonic acid (MPA), but no toxic S-(2diisopropylamino)ethyl methylphosphonothioate (EA-2192). GD forms both GD-acid and MPA. For HD, in addn. to hydrolysis to thiodiglycol, about 50% elimination to divinyl sulfide occurs. The reaction kinetics for all three agents are characterized by a fast initial reaction followed by gradual slowing to a steady-state reaction with first-order behavior. The fast reaction is consistent with liq. spreading through the porous nanoparticle aggregates. The steady-state reaction is identified as a gasphase reaction, mediated by evapn., once the liq. achieves its vol. in the smallest available pores. Bibliographic Information Cleavage of VX Simulants by Micellar Iodoso- and Iodoxybenzoate. Moss, Robert A.; Morales-Rojas, Hugo; Zhang, Hongmei; Park, Byeong-Deog. Department of Chemistry, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA. Langmuir (1999), 15(8), 2738-2744. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 130:328660 AN 1999:197621 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract O,S-Di-Et phenylphosphonothioate and S-Ph and S-Et diphenylthiophosphinate were efficiently cleaved by 3-fold excess oiodosobenzoate (IBA) in aq. micellar cetyltrimethylammonium chloride solns. at pH 9.5. The max. obsd. rate consts. (monitored by HPLC aliquot procedures) were 1.09 10-3 s-1 for O,S-Di-Et phenylphosphonothioate and 6.0 10-3 s-1 for S-Et diphenylthiophosphinate with 0.06 M IBA at 25 . S-Ph diphenylthiophosphinate cleaved too rapidly to follow by the aliquot method. With equimolar quantities of O,S-Di-Et phenylphosphonothioate and IBA, cleavage was slower and incomplete because of the redn. of the IBA to iodobenzoate by the EtSH liberated in the cleavage step. Mixts. of IBA and oiodoxybenzoate (IBX) efficiently cleaved O,S-Di-Et phenylphosphonothioate, even though IBX was not reactive toward O,S-Di-Et phenylphosphonothioate, because the IBX competitively oxidized the EtSH, mitigating its reaction with IBA, while simultaneously affording addnl. IBA as the IBX was reduced. Studies of IBA and IBX redox reactions with EtSH are also included. Bibliographic Information Kinetic model for the decomposition of DMMP in a hydrogen/oxygen flame. Werner, James H.; Cool, Terrill A. School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA. Combustion and Flame (1999), 117(1/2), 78-98. CODEN: CBFMAO ISSN: 0010-2180. Journal written in English. CAN 130:112199 AN 1999:101405 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A kinetic model of the combustion chem. of a hydrogen/oxygen base flame, doped with di-Me methylphosphonate (DMMP), a useful simulant for chem. warfare agents (CWAs), has been developed to assist in the controlled thermal destruction of CWA stockpiles. Laser-ionization mass spectrometry is employed to record concn. profiles of radical intermediates in a low-pressure premixed laminar flame. These measurements, combined with ab initio ests. of thermochem. properties of organophosphorus compds., lead to a kinetic model incorporating several key reaction intermediates, which include Me metaphosphate CH3OPO2, Me dioxophosphorane CH3PO2, and monomethyl methylphosphonate PO(OH)(CH3)(OCH3). Bibliographic Information Deactivation of Mustard and Nerve Agent Models via Low-Temperature Microemulsions. Menger, Fredric M.; Rourk, Michael J. Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. Langmuir (1999), 15(2), 309-313. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 07437463. Journal written in English. CAN 130:164143 AN 1998:796211 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract New low-temp. oil-in-water (O/W) type microemulsions that resist freezing and phase sepn. at -18 have been developed. These systems were shown to simultaneously destroy, via oxidative and hydrolytic mechanisms, simulants of three chem. warfare agents. Reactions, monitored at 25 by gradient elution high-performance liq. chromatog., took place instantly or over many minutes, depending upon the particular simulant. Neglecting reaction products, the low-temp. microemulsions contained 11 components: propylene glycol, water, base, oxidant/nucleophile, surfactant, cosurfactant, oil, stabilizer, two nerve agent simulants, and a mustard simulant. Only by virtue of self-aggregation does this extraordinarily complex chem. system adopt a useful mol. organization and, in this limited sense, the microemulsion chem. resembles what happens in a living cell. Substantial practical issues remain: rates for a recalcitrant VX simulant should be increased and overoxidn. of the mustard simulant to a sulfone retarded. Nonetheless, the new system demonstrates once again the potential of microemulsions in carrying out useful org. reactions at realistic substrate concns. in aq. solvents. Bibliographic Information Treatment for sulfur mustard poisoning - a review. Sugendran, K.; Kumar, Pravin; Vijayaraghavan, R. Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. Defence Science Journal (1998), 48(2), 155-162. CODEN: DSJOAA ISSN: 0011748X. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 130:164031 AN 1998:781689 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review and discussion with 39 refs. Sulfur mustard (SM) is a chem. warfare agent of historical and current interest. It is a well known blistering agent or vesicant. SM was extensively used in world war I as a chem. weapon and has been stockpiled by several countries since that time. SM serves as an ideal war gas and is favored militarily for its ability to incapacitate rather than to kill. Its use resulted in large nos. of casualties requiring prolonged and intensive medical care. Despite Geneva Protocol of 1925, which categorically banned the prodn., stockpiling and use of chem. weapons in wars, SM has been used in several wars, including the Iran-Iraq war during the 1980s, which renewed interest in it. Though, the chem. weapons convention was signed by more than 160 countries in 1993 and was subsequently ratified by several countries, the threat from this agent persists due to its clandestine usage during war and also by terrorist groups. There is no effective and specific antidote for local and systemic toxicity of SM despite scientific research for more than 75 yr. Many compds. were tested as antidotes for SM, but very few of them have been shown to provide some protection. The present review is aimed at evaluating the treatment regime and other clin. measures used to treat SM victims and the various drugs and chems. screened as antidotes for SM poisoning in exptl. animals.

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Evaluation of neutralized chemical agent identification sets (CAIS) for skin injury with an overview of the vesicant potential of agent degradation products. Olajos, E. J.; Olson, C. T.; Salem, H.; Singer, A. W.; Hayes, T. L.; Menton, R. G.; Miller, T. L.; Rosso, T.; MacIver, B. Edgewood Research Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1998), 18(6), 409-420. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 130:106238 AN 1998:750883 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Vesication and skin irritation studies were conducted in hairless guinea-pigs to det. the vesicant and skin irritation potential of chem.-neutralized Chem. Agent Identification Sets (CAIS). The CAIS are training items that contain chem. warfare-related material-sulfur mustard (HD), nitrogen mustard (HN) or lewisite (L)-and were declared obsolete in 1971. Animals were dosed topically with "test article"-neat HD, 10% agent/chloroform solns. or product solns. (waste-streams) from neutralized CAIS-and evaluated for skin-damaging effects (gross and microscopic). Product solns. from the chem. neutralization of neat sulfur mustard resulted in microvesicle formation. All agent-dosed (HD or agent/chloroform solns.) sites manifested microblisters as well as other histopathol. lesions of the skin. Waste-streams from the neutralization of agent (agent/chloroform or agent/ charcoal) were devoid of vesicant activity. Cutaneous effects (erythema and edema) were consistent with the skin-injurious activity assocd. with the neutralizing reagent 1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DCDMH). Chem. neutralization of CAIS was effective in eliminating/reducing the vesicant property of CAIS contg. agent in chloroform or agent on charcoal but was inefficient in reducing the vesicant potential of CAIS contg. neat sulfur mustard. Bibliographic Information Degradation and fate of mustard in soil as determined by 13C MAS NMR. Wagner, George W.; MacIver, Brian K. Geo-Centers Inc., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Langmuir (1998), 14(24), 6930-6934. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 130:91384 AN 1998:713429 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The environmental fate of chem. warfare agents is a current concern, and the notorious persistency of mustard in soil is wellknown. The current study utilizes 13C MAS NMR as an in situ method to study the behavior of mustard, and the common simulants 2-chloroethyl Me sulfide (CEMS) and 2-chloroethyl Ph sulfide (CEPS), in a sandy loam soil. Spreading of these waterinsol. liqs. and surface sorption on the dry soil particles is observable, as is the recoalescence of liq. droplets and/or hydrolysis in the presence of added water. The relative hydrolysis rates are in agreement with those obsd. in soln. CEMS, possessing the shortest aq. half-life, hydrolyzes without droplet reformation. But mustard and CEPS, possessing much longer aq. half-lives, do not substantially hydrolyze prior to droplet reformation. For mustard, this behavior is crucial to its longevity in soil. Hydrolysis of CEMS and CEPS in the sandy loam soil yields predominately their corresponding alcs., with some ether formation for the latter. Mustard hydrolysis in the sandy loam soil results in the nearly exclusive formation of the branched sulfonium ion HOCH2CH2SCH2CH2S+(CH2CH2OH)2 (CH-TG). A simple model based on droplet size is presented to explain the persistency of mustard in soil. Bibliographic Information Old arsenical munitions: methods for destruction and site cleanup. Beletskaya; Bilger; Boronin; Bunnett; Costantino; Cullen; Dominas; Goessler; Haiduc; Maeda; Martens. Neth. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1998), 19(Arsenic and Old Mustard: Chemical Problems in the Destruction of Old Arsenical and Mustard Munitions), 177-183. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 130:42626 AN 1998:702909 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review with 11 refs. concerning methods to destroy and clean-up sites polluted by old arsenical munitions is given. Topics discussed include: spilled arsenical agents (natural chem. transformations in-situ, biotransformation, decontamination of soil contg. arsenical agents, removing polluted soil for treatment elsewhere); destruction of arsenical agents in munition containers or storage tanks (incorporation into concrete, incineration, reactions with alkalies, Na cleavage, hydrogenolysis, novel methods from Russia, oxidn. in water solns., oxidn. under UV irradn., Ag2+ oxidn., other technologies, biodegrdn); and need for research. Bibliographic Information Old "mustard" or yperite munitions: methods for destruction and container detoxification. Koch, E.; Koch, M.; Leslie; Mikolajczyk; Modena; Mulbry; Petrosyan; Sokolowski; Yang. Neth. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1998), 19(Arsenic and Old Mustard: Chemical Problems in the Destruction of Old Arsenical and Mustard Munitions), 175-176. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 130:42704 AN 1998:702908 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Problems assocd. with disposal of mustard chem. warfare agent, particularly the presence of materials other than the pure chem. compd., bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide, greatly affects the suitability of processes which may be proposed for their destruction. Thus, destruction of mustard involved the conversion of a multitude of chem. species into material suitable for ultimate disposal; overall destruction also requires the material be presented in the correct form to the reaction stage of the process. Currently, only high temp. oxidn., i.e., incineration, is demonstrated bot be suitable for large-scale destruction of all materials collectively referred to as mustard. For a no. of reasons and public opposition, incineration may not be appropriate or acceptable for destruction of mustard at some locations. Technologies which for one reason or another were not pursued or were disregarded should be reconsidered in light of the wide range of problems that exist for destruction of mustard. Research into clean-up of contaminated sites is also necessary, including bioremediation of soil and chem. transformations in soil. Bibliographic Information Breakdown of sulfur "mustard" by phase transfer catalyzed HCl elimination, A potential destruction method for "mustard" stocks. Koch, Ernst - Christian. ABC- und Selbstschutzschule, Sonthofen, Germany. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1998), 19(Arsenic and Old Mustard: Chemical Problems in the Destruction of Old Arsenical and Mustard Munitions), 169-174. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 130:42625 AN 1998:702907 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review with 56 refs. concerning sulfur mustard breakdown by phase transfer-catalyzed HCl elimination is given. Topics

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discussed include: mustard destruction; problem; process results and discussion; summary; instrumentation; and exptl. Bibliographic Information Reductive decomposition of deposits in old "mustard" munitions. Bunnett, Joseph F. University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1998), 19(Arsenic and Old Mustard: Chemical Problems in the Destruction of Old Arsenical and Mustard Munitions), 163-164. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 130:42703 AN 1998:702905 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The nature of gelled or solid deposits in decades-old mustard tanks or munitions is uncertain. Some possibilities which may occur alone or in combination include: polysulfonium salts; poly(ethylenesulfide); elemental S; di- or oligo-sulfide polymers; and Fe compds. from container corrosion. All these structural types are vulnerable to attack by strong reducing agents: Na in liq. NH3; electrochem. cleaving; S reaction with Na; Fe salt redn. by Na; and alkyl halide cleavage by Na. In the lab., conducting such reactions in liq. NH3 is attractive because solns. of Na in NH3 are stable for hours or days. Thus, factory-type installations using Na in liq. NH3 to clean out old mustard munitions with gelled or solid deposits should be feasible. After munitions have been opened and drained of liq. mustard, liq. NH3 could be added followed by pieces of Na metal to react with and destroy the deposits. Munitions so treated would be safe to ship to a furnace to burn out remaining traces. For field situations, a promising alternative is using Na in ethanol; Na reacts with ethanol to release H gas. Addnl. research is needed to confirm that compds. modeling the various suggested structures for gelled or solid mustard are reactive with Na in ethanol as expected. Bibliographic Information Electrochemical and biological approach to the destruction of Lewisite and "Mustard". Boronin, Alexander M.; Sakharovski, Valentin G.; Starovoitov, Ivan I.; Kashparov, Konstantin I.; Shvetsov, Valery N.; Morozova, Ksenija M.; Nechaev, Igor A.; Tugoshov, Vladimir I.; Kuzmin, Nikolai P.; Kochergin, Alexander I. Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1998), 19(Arsenic and Old Mustard: Chemical Problems in the Destruction of Old Arsenical and Mustard Munitions), 159-162. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 130:42702 AN 1998:702904 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Ecol. benign destruction of lewisite and mustard was achieved by electrochem. pretreatment of their neutralization products followed by biol. oxidn. of the waste stream. The process, reaction products, and results are discussed. Bibliographic Information Destruction of Adamsite by sodium. Sokolowski, M.; Bilger, E. Military Institute of Chemistry and Radiometry, Warsaw, Pol. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1998), 19(Arsenic and Old Mustard: Chemical Problems in the Destruction of Old Arsenical and Mustard Munitions), 157-158. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 130:42701 AN 1998:702903 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sodium destroys chem. weapons, such as adamsite in a liq., dissolved, or gaseous state, with a special form of metallic, high surface Na, either on supports or as a dispersion in oil to yield inorg. Na salts and small org. mols. with little or no toxicity. Adamsite is destroyed by reacting with Na at low and even ambient temps. within a short time. Most of the originally org.bonded As is transformed into inorg. As (ionic) and therefore can be pptd. as an insol. sulfide. After completing adamsite decompn., water contg. sodium sulfide is added in a closed compartment to initiate hydrolysis of org. Na compds. and ppt. As2S3. Bibliographic Information A method for mutual disposal of old chemical weapons. Chimishkyan, Alexander L. D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, Moscow, Russia. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1998), 19(Arsenic and Old Mustard: Chemical Problems in the Destruction of Old Arsenical and Mustard Munitions), 155-156. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 130:42700 AN 1998:702902 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract It is known that HCl destroys adamsite with formation of diphenylamine and AsCl3, and that the reaction of diphenylamine with another toxic agent, phosgene, is a method to produce acridone-9. These two reactions were used for the mutual disposal of adamsite and phosgene. Preliminary results showed the best results are obtained when phosgene is passed through an adamsite/paraffin melt. At the high temp. of the process (190-200 ), AsCl3 vapors are removed from the reaction mass where acridone-9 accumulates. It was also obsd. that tetraphenylurea is present in the reaction mass. This process guarantees a high yield of AsCl3. Bibliographic Information HPLC-ICP-MS methods for the determination of inorganic and organic arsenic compound. Goessler, W.; Kuehnelt, D.; Irgolic, K. J. Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Karl-Frazens-Universitat, Graz, Austria. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1998), 19(Arsenic and Old Mustard: Chemical Problems in the Destruction of Old Arsenical and Mustard Munitions), 151-154. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 130:62116 AN 1998:702901 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract To improve the detection limits, a hydraulic high-pressure nebulizer was substituted for the normal pneumatic nebulizer. Chromatog. conditions for the sepn. of inorg. and org. arsenic compds. are identified. Characteristic chromatograms are presented. The combination of the hydraulic high-pressure nebulizer with the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer enables the sepn. and detection of arsenic at the sub ng/mL level. These methods can certainly be used to identify and quantify arsenic compds. in soil samples suspected of contamination with arsenic-contg. chem. warfare agents. Bibliographic Information Practical actions of Russia on preparations for destruction of stockpiled Lewisite and "Mustard". Petrov, S. V.; Kholstov, V. I.; Zoubrilin, V. P.; Zavialova, N. V. Ministry Of Defence Of Russian Federation, Russia. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1998), 19(Arsenic and Old Mustard: Chemical Problems in the Destruction of Old Arsenical and Mustard

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Munitions), 79-90. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 130:42697 AN 1998:702894 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract To meet its international obligations while pursuing national policy, Russia has given priority to destroying its chem. warfare agent stockpiles as a major national objective. A mobile chem. warfare agent destruction mobile complex was constructed. It was necessary to first destroy stockpiled mustard-lewisite mixts. stored in high tonnage containers. The next priority is design and construction of a facility for organophosphorus agent destruction. This will be conducted simultaneously with work on blister agent destruction. This required site selection and submission to proper authorities and to the public for approval. Topics discussed include: Russian chem. weapons stockpiles; technol. aspects of lewisite and mustard destruction (lewisite stockpile destruction technologies [S treatment, lewisite interaction with ethylene glycol monomethacrylate ester and its subsequent polymn., chlorination, alk. hydrolysis, alcoholysis, high temp. oxidn., hydrogenolysis, NH3 redn.], mustard stockpile destruction technologies, mustard-lewisite mixts. destruction); and provisions for ecol. safe destruction of stockpiled lewisite and mustard. Bibliographic Information The problem of old chemical weapons which contain "mustard gas" or organoarsenic compounds: an overview. Manley, Ron G. Chemical Demilitarisation Branch, Provisional Technical Secretariat of the Preparatory Commission for the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Neth. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1998), 19(Arsenic and Old Mustard: Chemical Problems in the Destruction of Old Arsenical and Mustard Munitions), 1-16. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383715X. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 130:42622 AN 1998:702891 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review with 26 refs. of problems related to old and/or abandoned chem. weapons and the practicalities assocd. with their recovery and safe disposal. Emphasis is placed on weapons contg. either thickened or polymd. mustard gas and/or org. arsenicals, as these pose some of the most difficult disposal problems. Bibliographic Information Cardiorespiratory effects of O-isobutyl S-[2-(diethylamino)-ethyl] methylphosphonothioate - a structural isomer of VX. Chang, F.-C. T.; Gouty, S. C.; Eder, L. C.; Hoffman, B. E.; Maxwell, D. M.; Brecht, K. M. US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1998), 18(5), 337-347. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 130:34271 AN 1998:676630 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract O-Iso-Bu S-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]methylphosphonothioate (VR) is a structural isomer of a more well-known chem. warfare agent, O-Et S-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl]methylphosphonothioate (code designation VX). In this study, cardiorespiratory and central nervous system (CNS) effects of VR (2LD50 or 22.6 g kg-1; s.c.) were evaluated in urethane-anesthetized (Group 1) and unanesthetized (Group 2) guinea pigs instrumented for concurrent recordings of electrocorticogram (ECoG) and a variety of cardiorespiratory activities. The first sign of intoxication was a state of progressive bradycardia, vascular hypotension and arrhythmia (Group 1, .apprx. 13 min post-VR; Group 2, .apprx.6 min post-VR). Bradypnea, excessive salivation and compensatory changes in blood pressure typically did not emerge until 3-5 min prior to apnea (Group 1, .apprx.28 min postVR; Group 2, .apprx.15 min post-VR). An idioventricular rhythm, which signaled a failing myocardium, appeared at the same time or shortly after the development of a bradypneic profile. Another notable toxicity component of VR, based on arterial pH, pO2/pCO2 and bicarbonate (HCO3-) level data, was a state of combined hypercapnia, acidemia and hypoxemia during the development of bradypnea. Taken together, findings from this study indicated that changes in medullary respiratory unit activity and ECoG data displayed little, if any, notable signs of CNS perturbation prior to the terminal stage (.apprx.1 min prior to respiratory failure). Thus, in addn. to displaying a greater sensitivity to perturbation by VR, the peripheral cardiorespiratory system components also appeared to play a more important role in pptg. a progressively dysfunctional cardiorespiratory status that ultimately led to collapse of central respiratory mechanisms and death. Bibliographic Information Gas-phase pyrolysis of diisopropyl methylphosphonate. Zegers, E. J. P.; Fisher, E. M. Sibley Sch. Mechanical and Aerospace Eng., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, USA. Combustion and Flame (1998), 115(1/2), 230-240. CODEN: CBFMAO ISSN: 0010-2180. Journal written in English. CAN 129:58161 AN 1998:377527 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Gas-phase pyrolysis studies of diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP) in nitrogen have been conducted to gain insight into the decompn. behavior of organophosphorus chem. warfare nerve agents. Expts. were conducted in a quartz-lined atm. flow reactor between 700 and 800 K, at residence times ranging from 15 to 90 ms. Propylene, isopropanol, iso-Pr methylphosphonate (IMP), and methylphosphonic acid (MPA) were identified as decompn. products of DIMP. FTIR spectrometry was used to quantify parent, propylene, and isopropanol mole fractions in the reactor. The proposed pyrolysis mechanism for DIMP comprises two stages. The first corresponds to the unimol. decompn. of the parent into IMP and propylene. The second involves two competing pathways for the unimol. decompn. of IMP, one leading to isopropanol and the very reactive Me dioxophosphorane; the other to propylene once again and MPA. In the range of temps. studied, an isopropanol to propylene mole fraction ratio close to 0.25 suggests a branching ratio of 1.5 between these two pathways in favor of propylene prodn. The Arrhenius expression for the unimol. decompn. of DIMP was found to be: k[s-1]=10(12.0 1.5)[s-1] exp(-36.7 4.9[kcal.mole-1]/(RT)). Pyrolysis expts. with iso-Pr and t-Bu acetates, which have well-known decompn. rates, were performed to illustrate the ability of the app. to produce valid chem. kinetic data. An investigation of the effects of surface to vol. ratio on the DIMP decompn. process shows that wall reactions are significant in a 4-mm i.d. quartz tube, but less important in an 8-mm i.d. tube. Their effects are expected to be small in the 45-mm i.d. reactor. Bibliographic Information GC/MS screening of alkyl methylphosphonofluoridates and alkyl methylphosphonic acids. Rohrbaugh, Dennis K.; Sarver, Emory W. U.S. Army Edgewood Research Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 313-347. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 128:18255 AN 1997:713947 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and GC-MS-MS techniques, including electron impact, CH4 chem. ionization, and

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NH3 chem. ionization, were examd. for their use as potential screening techniques to monitor and detect Schedule 1A1 C1-10alkyl and cycloalkyl methylphosphonofluoridates and the corresponding Schedule 2 hydrolysis products. These compds. [the methylphosphonofluoridates, of general formula MeP(:O)F(OR), and MeP(:O)OH(OR), R = Et, iso-Pr, iso-Bu, pinacolyl, and cyclohexyl] are, or are derived from, common chem. warfare agents. The base peak for all methylphosphonofluoridates in electron-impact mass spectrometry was at m/e 99. Because of low volatility, the methylphosphonic acids were not amenable to GC anal. However, electron impact mass spectra of their trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivs. gave a base peak at m/e 153 and a dominant peak (10-50% of base peak) at m/e 169 for all compds. Chem. ionization mass spectrometry with CH4 and NH3 can not only be used to also screen samples, but it can give information on mol. wt. of specific compds. Bibliographic Information Possibilities of incorporation of the CO2 DIAL detector into the system of atmospheric quality monitoring associated with storing and destruction of chemical weapons. Kadlcak, J.; Dubina, P.; Safar, B. Military Technical Institute of Protection Brno, Brno, Czech Rep. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 255-263. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:350239 AN 1997:713942 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The CO2 DIAL system is capable of detecting GB and other chem. warfare agents over a distance of 600 m, theor. up to 3.5 km. In addn., the CO2 DIAL system is able to follow the changes in the concn. of monitored species in a cloud. The detection limit with which the concn. of these compds. could be measured is limited by the min. changes in the differential absorption LIDAR returns that could be distinguished from background fluctuations. Bibliographic Information A data analysis routine to protect confidential information during GC-MS analysis. Mcguire, Raymond R.; Martin, Walter H. Arms Control and Treaty Verification Program Lawrence Livermore National laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 229-240. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 128:9885 AN 1997:713940 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A shell program, MASK was added to the std. GC-MS data anal. code M CODE to protect confidentiality of information not relevant to the Chem. Weapons Convention. This program was demonstrated to work well where high total ion counts are available. A subroutine for blind background subtraction needs to be added for cases where the peak is only slightly above baseline. Bibliographic Information The application of LC/ES-MS in the OPCW/PTS inter-laboratory comparison test. Peng, Lixin; Xu, Danian. Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, Peop. Rep. China. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 225-228. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:350237 AN 1997:713939 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Structural identification of several Chem. Warfare Convention-related compds., (R)P(O)(OH)2, (CH3)p(O)(OH)(OR), bis(2chloroethyl)ethylamine, o-cyclopentyl-S-2-(diethylamino)ethylmethylphosphonothiolate, N,N-diethylaminoethanol, and ethyldiethanolamine, using HPLC/emission spectroscopy-mass spectrometry is presented, and the main fragmentation pattern under ES-MS is discussed. LC/ES-MS can det. high wt. mol. and structural anal. of polar, low mol. wt. analytes, esp. phosphonic acid. Bibliographic Information Air monitoring equipment for CW destruction facilities with special emphasis on OCW destruction. Starrock, Volker; Doering, Hans Ruediger. German Armed Forces NBC Defence Establishment, Munster, Germany. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 157-180. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:350386 AN 1997:713936 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A discussion is given on the air monitoring system in chem. warfare agent destruction site. It includes monitoring system, destruction activities, and anal. Bibliographic Information GCQ GC/MS system: preliminary experiences. Cermak, J. CETA Analytical Department, Research Institute for Organic Syntheses, Pardubice - Rybitvi, Czech Rep. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 133-146. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:350634 AN 1997:713934 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A discussion is given on the GC/MS system in relation to destruction of chem. warfare agents. Bibliographic Information GC/MS investigation of Ethyl S-2-diisopropyl aminoethyl methylphosphonothiolate (VX) age decomposition products. Sliwakowski, M. Military Institute of Chemistry and Radiometry, Warsaw, Pol. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 127-132. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 128:39042 AN 1997:713933 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sample of VX stored for a long time in glass container was investigated using GC/MS system. A variety of age decompn. products including O-alkyl and N,N-diisopropylamino- substituted thiophosphonic esters and acids as well as phosphonic

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anhydrides were identified. Diazomethane methylation was used to obtain derivs. convenient to GC process. Retention parameters and EI-MS spectra were obtained and presented. Bibliographic Information Chemical ionization and electron impact mass spectrometry of some methylphosphonothiolates. Podborsky, V.; Stein, V. Military Technical Institute of Protection, Brno, Czech Rep. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 109-125. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 128:3728 AN 1997:713932 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Mass spectrometric data of 18 organophosphorus compds. from the family of V-agents were studied. MS spectra of S-2dimethyl-, S-2-diethyl-, S-2-dipropyl-, S-2-diisopropyl- and S-2-dibutylaminoethyl O-alkyl methylphosphonothiolates were measured in EI and CI modes. MS spectra were completed with some toxicol. data of these organophosphorus compds. Bibliographic Information Application of some modern sample introduction techniques and Poraplot Q GC column in the analysis of volatile toxic compounds. Bardarov, V.; Tashkov, V. Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulg. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 77-97. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:350235 AN 1997:713929 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Anal. of toxic substances is difficult due to the complexity of the matrixes and usual requirements of multi-component anal. leading to application of chromatog. sepn. The greatest part of chem. warfare agents, their precursors, and degrdn. products demonstrate significant vapor pressure and cause measurable concns. in the gaseous environment at ambient or slightly increased temps. This results in problems for sampling and sample prepn., but favorable distribution of analytes and matrix components among the matrix or suitable sorbent and the gaseous environment may occur and can be used in some techniques to combine sampling, sample prepn., and sample introduction when analyzed using gas chromatog. These techniques, headspace, thermodesorption, and gas extn., realized using different instrument variants in combination with gas chromatog. sepn., are discussed. Bibliographic Information On-site sample work-up procedures to isolate chemical warfare related compounds using solid phase extraction and solid phase microextraction technology. Alcaraz, A.; Hulsey, S. S.; Whipple, R. E.; Andresen, B. D. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Forensic Science Center, Livermore, CA, USA. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 65-76. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:350879 AN 1997:713928 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract To rapidly prep. and accurately analyze suspect samples for on-site investigations of chem. warfare agents, new methods and field portable equipment, including collection, prepn., and anal. of suspect samples, were required. Using solid phase extn., sample prepn. time was greatly reduced and cumbersome lab. equipment was eliminated. Three different portable modules to achieve on-site field anal. capability were developed. The first consisted of pre-cleaned, sealed sample collection equipment capable of obtaining any type of sample. The second module allowed for complete chem. work-up of collected samples to prep. them for instrumental anal. The third module contained anal. instrumentation necessary for chem. identification, including gas chromatog.-flame photometric detection and gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry for pos. compd. identification. Two field exercises were conducted to provide information on detection limits of on-site anal. approach for soil, water, and swipe samples. Both exercises showed the on-site anal. equipment can be easily deployed. All chem. warfare-related compds. were readily identified using the solid phase extn. technol. and portable anal. equipment. Results were later confirmed by analysts in inhouse labs. Bibliographic Information Super Toxic Analytical Glovebox System (STAGS). Henry, Charles E.; Heyl, Monica; Reutter, Dennis; Diez, Hernan; Landy, Keith. U.S. ARMY, ERDEC, AMC Treaty Laboratory, AMSCB-ACL, APG-EA, MD, USA. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 59-63. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:350413 AN 1997:713927 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The US Army was directed to dispose of the stockpile of unitary chem. weapons by Public Law 99-145 and subsequent amendments. This stockpile consists primarily of the agents, VX, HD, and GB, contained in a variety of munitions and bulk containers. To minimize the total risk to the public and the environment posed by chem. weapons storage and disposal, the National Research Council recommended the Army continue the current baseline incineration program while evaluating alternative technologies as replacements for the liq. incinerator used in agent destruction. To accomplish research necessary to det. the efficiency of neutralization, field grade chem. agents were characterized on-site in their natural environment. An onsite purity anal. for ton container survey at 3 storage sites was conducted. Super toxic anal. glovebox system (STAGS), an anal. equipment platformed within a regulated enclosure was designed to successfully perform super toxic work in the field. Development and initial testing of STAGS is discussed. Bibliographic Information Analytical control for destruction of chemical weapons. Requirements and organization. Myasoedov, B. F. V.I.Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 39-58. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:350412 AN 1997:713926 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract An effectively operating anal. control system for chem. weapons destruction in Russia is discussed. The Russian chem. weapons stockpile identified for destruction includes V-gas, sarin, soman, mustard gas, lewisite, and mustard gas-lewisite mixts. amounting to 40,000 tons of chem. warfare agents. Key problems include safety provisions for humans and the environment regarding chem. weapons storage, transportation, and destruction; neutralization of detoxification products; use of solid wastes; and physicochem. parameters of chem. warfare prodn. testing; and disposal of chem. warfare agents and

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sites. To meet these requirements, an effective system of anal. control coupled with a computer-assisted information system capable of providing expert with high quality reliable data is essential. The operation and elements of this control system are discussed. Bibliographic Information Development of analytical technologies for the alternatives to incineration program. Reutter, Dennis J.; Sumpter, Kenneth; Vickers, Eugene; Simak, Richard; Henry, Charles; Hoffland, Lynn; Smith, Philip B.; Brickhouse, Mark. U.S. Army, ERDEC, AMC Treaty Laboratory, AMSCB-ACL, APG-EA, MD, USA. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 27-38. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:336178 AN 1997:713925 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Various aspects of the destruction of chem. weapons are discussed using VX as an example including the development of anal. technologies for the alternatives to incineration program . Bibliographic Information Project SWIFTSURE: destruction of chemical agents at Defense Research Establishment Suffield. Mcandless, John M.; Boulet, Camille A. Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Medicine Hat, AB, Can. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 1-14. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 127:350492 AN 1997:713923 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review, with 11 refs., on the project location, waste inventory, operational concept, environmental monitoring, and destruction of chem. agents. Bibliographic Information Pyrethroid decrease in central nervous system from nerve agent pretreatment. Buchholz, Bruce A.; Pawley, Norma H.; Vogel, John S.; Mauthe, Robert J. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1997), 17(4), 231-234. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:172426 AN 1997:560828 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The authors studied the effect of pyridostigmine bromide, a nerve agent prophylactic, on the central nervous system (CNS) uptake of [14C]permethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, at scaled human-equiv. exposures in rats using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). AMS detects 14C at attomole sensitivities and dets. the tissue distribution of 14C-labeled compds. Pyridostigmine bromide in chow at 7.75 mg kg-1 per day lowered the CNS tissue levels of permethrin, dosed at 4.75 g kg-1, in the CNS of rats by 30%. These results are inconsistent with hypothesized synergy of such compds. as a precursor to "Gulf War syndrome". Bibliographic Information Sulchem process for treatment of chemical weapons-related wastes. Berkey, Edgar; Paff, Stephen W.; King, A. Bruce. Center for Hazardous Materials Research, University of Pittsburgh Applied Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 12(Mobile Alternative Demilitarization Technologies), 129-148. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:180466 AN 1997:545010 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The Sulchem process is a chem. treatment process that uses elemental S at elevated temps. in an O-free environment to clean up soil contaminated with org. and metallic waste. The process relies on the high reactivity of S and its ability to oxidize org. compds. rapidly and non-selectively at reaction conditions. Org. compds. react with the S to form an inert fine solid of C and S, as well as a variety of simple gases whose compn. varies with the waste material being treated. Byproduct gases may be scrubbed or treated to recover elemental S using an auxiliary process unit. Heavy metals contained in the soil react to form insol. sulfides that become immobilized. The process is potentially applicable to a variety of chem. weapons-related wastes, including soil contaminated with chem. agents, nerve agents, or energetics. The Sulchem process is operated as a 2-stage system at 300-350 . Org. compds. that are not volatilized from the soil are completely destroyed in the 1st reactor, in which the insol. metallic sulfides are also formed. A 2nd stage S/vapor reactor is used to destroy orgs. desorbed from the soil reactor. A series of bench-scale and pilot-scale test have been conducted that support feasibility of the process. Projected remediation costs using the process are estd. at $105-$183/ton based on site size, reactor configuration, and processing rate. Bibliographic Information The application of the Silver II electrochemical oxidation process for the demilitarization of non-stockpile material. Batey, W.; Warren, N. AEA Technology, Caithness, UK. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 12(Mobile Alternative Demilitarization Technologies), 103-127. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:194862 AN 1997:545009 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The Silver II Process is a recognized alternative technol. to incineration for the demilitarization of chem. munitions. This paper describes an integrated electrochem. cutting method for the breakdown of munitions with the Silver II Process being used to demilitarize the recovered org. material and decontaminate the shell casing. The Silver II Process is a low temp. and pressure electrochem. oxidn. process which stops when the electrochem. cell current is stopped. The offgases comply with environmental discharge stds. All liq. wastes are stored on-site pending return to a central depot for regeneration. The liq. wastes from the regeneration plant are discharged at the central depot once they have been confirmed to be free of chem. agent. The proposed concept provides a mobile soln. for the demilitarization of recovered buried conventional and chem. weapons. The concept is applicable to the remediation of small and large formerly used defense sites. Bibliographic Information Chemical detoxification of chemical weapons applying sodium-technology. Bilger, Edgar. c/o Dr. Bilger Umweltconsulting GmbH, Freigericht, Germany. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 12(Mobile Alternative Demilitarization Technologies), 71-82. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:194861 AN 1997:545008 CAPLUS

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A cost-effective chem. method to destroy chem. weapons in a mobile unit using Na is described. Case studies for the destruction of Adamsite or mustard are highlighted. Using Na technol., the chem. can be controlled and analyses can be made at any stage of treatment since all substances are kept in closed compartments until the products are released after thorough final anal. Advantages of the Na technol. include: low temp.; chem. weapon mineralization; low investment cost; inexpensive reagents; no formation of dioxins or furans (vs. incineration); prodn. of solid or dissolved reaction products; no hazardous gases released; and mobile detoxification units. Bibliographic Information Cryofracture as a mobile demilitarization technology for non-stockpile chemical munitions. Spritzer, M. H.; Johnson, L. D. General Atomics, San Diego, CA, USA. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 12(Mobile Alternative Demilitarization Technologies), 19-39. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:180485 AN 1997:545005 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Cryofracture is a demilitarization process that has been under development for chem. agent munitions for over 12 yr. Cryofracture uses liq. N to pre-cool munitions prior to fracturing in a hydraulic press. Cryofracture exposes the chem. agents and explosives for subsequent destruction by other means such as thermal or chem. treatment. The cryofracture process is designed to demilitarize projectiles, cartridges, mortar rounds, mines and rockets. Over $60 million has been spent by the US Army to develop cryofracture for demilitarization of chem. agent munitions stored at stockpile sites in the US. Extensive tests have been performed with live explosives and simulant agents, and the test results verify all key aspects of the process. More recently, the cryofracture process has been applied to conventional munitions with the same good results. The process is also likely to find application for non-stockpile chem. munitions in the US and throughout the world. A description of the process and the results of extensive testing are presented, with particular emphasis on the adaptation of cryofracture to non-stockpile chem. munitions. Bibliographic Information Radial Heterogeneity of Impregnated Active Carbon Particles. Buczek, B.; Zietek, S.; Swiatkowski, A. University of Mining and Metallurgy, Krakow, Pol. Langmuir (1997), 13(5), 1342-1344. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 126:122909 AN 1997:126980 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Texture and sorptive properties of the active carbon, before and after impregnation with the soln. of Cr, Cu, and Ag salts, were investigated. Initial active carbon and the impregnated one were sep. subjected to abrasion in a spouted bed, thus obtaining core samples with different degrees of external layers removed. They were analyzed by means of densimetry, mercury porosimetry, and adsorption techniques. The pore vol. was detd. from measurements of true and real densities. Mercury porosimetry was used to est. vol. pores in the macropore range. Mesopore and micropore structures were detd. using benzene adsorption/desorption isotherms. Both the active carbon and impregnated active carbon showed radial changes in the micro-, meso-, and macropore structure. For impregnated active carbon samples the amt. of deposited material and sorption of ClCN were measured. The outer regions of particles were richer in active material whose distribution was analyzed. Samples with removed external layers exhibited substantially higher protective efficiency against cyanogen chloride. Bibliographic Information Comparative evaluation of benzodiazepines for control of soman-induced seizures. McDonough J H Jr; McMonagle J; Copeland T; Zoeffel D; Shih T M Pharmacology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400, USA Archives of toxicology (1999 Nov), 73(8-9), 473-8. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 10650919 AN 2000114341 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract This study evaluated the ability of six benzodiazepines to stop seizures produced by exposure to the nerve agent soman. Guinea pigs, previously prepared with electrodes to record electroencephalographic (EEG) activity, were pretreated with pyridostigmine (0.026 mg/kg, i.m.) 30 min before challenge with soman (56 microg/kg, s.c.) and then treated 1 min after soman exposure with atropine (2.0 mg/kg, i.m.) and pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM Cl; 25 mg/kg, i.m.). All animals developed seizures following this treatment. Benzodiazepines (avizafone, clonazepam, diazepam, loprazolam, lorazepam, and midazolam) were given i.m. 5 or 40 min after seizure onset. All benzodiazepines were effective in stopping soman-induced seizures, but there were marked differences between drugs in the rapidity of seizure control. The 50% effective dose (ED50) values and latencies for anticonvulsant effect for a given benzodiazepine were the same at the two times of treatment delay. Midazolam was the most potent and rapidly acting compound at both treatment times. Since rapid seizure control minimizes the chance of brain damage, use of midazolam as an anticonvulsant may lead to improved clinical outcome in the treatment of nerve agent seizures. Bibliographic Information Sulphur mustard induced DNA damage in mice after dermal and inhalation exposure. Lakshmana Rao P V; Vijayaraghavan R; Bhaskar A S Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. [email protected] Toxicology (1999 Nov 29), 139(1-2), 39-51. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 10614687 AN 2000080350 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulphur mustard (SM) is a chemical warfare agent of the blistering agent category for which there is still no effective therapy. SM, being a strong electrophile, readily reacts with a wide range of cellular macromolecules including DNA, RNA and protein. Since the main intoxication routes for SM are inhalation and dermal penetration, in the present study we have exposed female mice to different concentrations of SM by dermal and inhalation exposures and estimated the DNA damage in different organs viz., liver, lung, spleen and thymus. SM was applied at 38.7, 77.4, 154.7 mg/kg body weight, on the hair-clipped skin (dermal exposure) equivalent to 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 of the LD50. Inhalation exposure was carried out at 10.6, 21.2 and 42.3 mg/m3 for 1 h duration equivalent to 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 LC50. SM induced a dose-dependent DNA damage in all the organs except the lung in dermal exposure. Similarly the inhalation exposure resulted in dose- and time-dependent effect in all the organs including lung. By both routes of exposure liver was the most affected organ followed by spleen, thymus and lung in

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decreasing order. The quantitative data were corroborated by qualitative analysis of DNA on agarose gel electrophoresis. The genomic DNA analysis of the organs had revealed random nuclear DNA fragmentation resulting in a 'smear' typical of necrotic form of cell death. Since DNA damage is not reversible especially in liver, this can be used as a marker for SM exposure through either the dermal or inhalation route. Bibliographic Information Development of reactive topical skin protectants against sulfur mustard and nerve agents. Koper O; Lucas E; Klabunde K J Nantek, Inc., 1500 Hayes Drive, and Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1999 Dec), 19 Suppl 1 S59-70. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 10594903 AN 2000062800 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The potential for highly reactive nanoparticles (RNP) to absorb destructively, i.e. to neutralize highly toxic substances such as the warfare agents GA, GB, HD and VX, has been demonstrated in the laboratory. Reactive nanoparticles represent a new class of nanoscale particles of metals and metal oxides that differ from other nanoparticles in reactivity and crystalline morphology. The potential for incorporating RNP into a protective barrier skin cream also has been demonstrated. Preliminary studies indicate that RNP are physically and chemically compatible with a base cream provided by the Army Medical Research Office and, importantly, remain reactive with chemical agents while promising to be compatible with skin contact. Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Efficacy of the topical skin protectant in advanced development. Liu D K; Wannemacher R W; Snider T H; Hayes T L US Army Medical Material Development Activity, 622 Neiman Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5009, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1999 Dec), 19 Suppl 1 S40-5. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 10594900 AN 2000062797 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A topical skin protectant (TSP) (ICD 2289) is being developed to protect service members from exposure to chemical warfare agents (CWA). The TSP is designed for use on the skin at the overgarment closures and other vulnerable areas to enhance protection. The TSP, which is in phase II clinical studies, is a cream containing two chemically inert substances: perfluoroalkylpolyether and polytetrafluoroethylene. Animal data showed that the TSP was effective against percutaneous penetration of a blister agent, sulfur mustard (HD), by reducing the size of skin lesions and against T-2 mycotoxin by preventing the development of erythema and edema. The insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) reduced the TSP protection against HD regardless of the order of application on rabbit skin prior to dosing of HD. The protection was sustained when DEET was removed with a dry gauze prior to TSP application. The TSP was also effective against percutaneous exposure of nerve agents-thickened (with 5% methyl methacrylamide) soman (TGD) and VX (O-ethyl-S-[2(diisopropylamino)ethyl]methylphosphonothioate )-by reducing the mortality rate and protecting the red blood cell acetylcholinesterase activity. The TSP was effective against VX when DEET was applied prior to TSP application. Because human efficacy studies using CWA cannot be conducted, the efficacy will be demonstrated by the level of protection against poison ivy (urushiol) contact dermatitis in humans. Bibliographic Information Two-generation reproduction study of lewisite in rats. Sasser L B; Cushing J A; Lindenmeier C W; Mellick P W; Dacre J C Molecular Bioscience Department, Battelle, Richland, WA 99352-0999, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1999 Jul-Aug), 19(4), 229-35. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 10439336 AN 1999368191 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Lewisite, a potent toxic vesicant and chemical warfare agent, is used in a number of research laboratories, is stored in large quantities at depot sites throughout the USA and is occasionally transported to distant sites. Thus, the potential for environmental or occupational exposure exists where lewisite is present. A 42-week two-generation study was conducted to determine the reproductive consequences of lewisite in parental male and female rats and their offspring. Rats were administered lewisite in sesame oil (0, 0.10, 0.25 or 0.60 mg kg-1 day-1 for 5 days a week) via intragastic intubation before mating, during mating and after mating until the birth of their offspring. The dams continued to receive lewisite during lactation. At weaning, male and female offspring of each group were selected to continue the study, receiving lewisite during adolescence, mating and throughout gestation and lactation. Lewisite had no adverse effect on reproduction performance, fertility or reproductive organ weights of male or female rats through two consecutive generations. No adverse effects to offspring were attributed to lewisite exposure. Minor changes in growth were the only maternal effects observed. Lewisite exposure of parental rats caused no gross or microscopic lesion in testes, epididymis, prostate, seminal vesicles, ovaries, uterus or vagina. The no-observable-effect level (NOEL) for the reproductive effects of Lewisite would be > 0.60 mg kg-1 day1. Bibliographic Information Effect of lowered temperature on the toxicity of sulphur mustard in vitro and in vivo. Sawyer T W; Risk D Therapy Group, Medical Countermeasures Section, Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Alberta, Canada. [email protected] Toxicology (1999 May 3), 134(1), 27-37. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 10413186 AN 1999339531 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Primary cultures of chick embryo neurons were exposed to sulphur mustard (HD) and L-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and then incubated at either 25 or 37 degrees C. Lowering the temperature of the cultures decreased the 24-h toxicity of HD, but did not increase the efficacy of L-NAME protection. However, the length of time post-HD treatment in which L-NAME was maximally effective in protecting against HD toxicity was dramatically enhanced, out to 12 h after HD exposure. In addition, the persistence of L-NAME protection of the cells against HD was significantly lengthened. Tests conducted in human skin keratinocytes also showed that lowering the incubation temperature of actively proliferating, just-confluent or post-confluent cultures significantly and persistently decreased the cytotoxicity of HD. The persistence of L-NAME protection was increased in non-proliferating cells. Finally, cooling of HD-vapour exposed sites on hairless guinea pigs for 4.5 h decreased the severity of the resultant lesions out to 72 h post-exposure. Bibliographic Information

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The interaction of sarin and soman with plasma proteins: the identification of a novel phosphonylation site. Black R M; Harrison J M; Read R W DERA, CBD Porton Down, Salisbury, Wilts, UK Archives of toxicology (1999 Mar), 73(2), 123-6. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 10350193 AN 1999277696 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Incubation of both sarin and soman with human plasma has shown that binding occurs to a tyrosine residue. Similar binding occurs when sarin and soman are incubated with human serum albumin. This binding may provide an important biological marker, which retains full structural information concerning the identity of the agent, in cases of allegations of chemical warfare use. Bibliographic Information Acute soman poisoning in primates neither pretreated nor receiving immediate therapy: value of gacyclidine (GK-11) in delayed medical support. Lallement G; Clarencon D; Galonnier M; Baubichon D; Burckhart M F; Peoc'h M Unite de Neuropharmacologie, CRSSA-BP, La Tronche, France. 100437,[email protected] Archives of toxicology (1999 Mar), 73(2), 115-22. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 10350192 AN 1999277695 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents are still used as warfare and terrorism compounds. Classical delayed treatment of victims of organophosphate poisoning includes combined i.v. administration of a cholinesterase reactivator (an oxime), a muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist (atropine) and a benzodiazepine anticonvulsant (diazepam). The objective of this study was to evaluate, in a realistic setting, the therapeutic benefit of administration of GK-11 (gacyclidine), an antiglutamatergic compound, as a complement to the above therapy against organophosphate poisoning. Gacyclidine was injected (i.v.) in combination with atropine/diazepam/pralidoxime at man-equivalent doses after a 45- or 30-min latency period to intoxicated primates (2 LD50). The effects of gacyclidine on the animals' survival, electroencephalographic (EEG) activity, signs of toxicity, recovery after challenge and central nervous system histology were examined. The present data demonstrated that atropine/diazepam/pralidoxime alone or combined with gacyclidine did not prevent signs of soman toxicity when treatment was delayed 45 min after poisoning. Atropine/diazepam/pralidoxime also did not control seizures or prevent neuropathology in primates exhibiting severe signs of poisoning when treatment was commenced 30 min after intoxication. However, in this latter case, EEG recordings revealed that additional treatment with gacyclidine was able to stop soman-induced seizures and restore normal EEG activity. This drug also totally prevented the neuropathology observed 5 weeks after soman exposure in animals treated with atropine/diazepam/pralidoxime alone. Overall, in the case of severe OP-poisoning, gacyclidine represents a promising adjuvant therapy to the currently available polymedication to ensure optimal management of organophosphate poisoning in man. This drug is presently being evaluated in a human clinical trial for a different neuroprotective indication. However, it should always be kept in mind that, in the case of severe OP-poisoning, medical intervention must be conducted as early as possible. Bibliographic Information Evaluation of neutralized chemical agent identification sets (CAIS) for skin injury with an overview of the vesicant potential of agent degradation products. Olajos E J; Olson C T; Salem H; Singer A W; Hayes T L; Menton R G; Miller T L; Rosso T; MacIver B Edgewood Research Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1998 Nov-Dec), 18(6), 409-20. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 9840748 AN 1999054483 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Vesication and skin irritation studies were conducted in hairless guinea-pigs to determine the vesicant and skin irritation potential of chemically-neutralized Chemical Agent Identification Sets (CAIS). The CAIS are training items that contain chemical warfare-related material--sulfur mustard (HD), nitrogen mustard (HN) or lewisite (L)--and were declared obsolete in 1971. Animals were dosed topically with 'test article'--neat HD, 10% agent/chloroform solutions or product solutions (wastestreams) from neutralized CAIS--and evaluated for skin-damaging effects (gross and microscopic). Product solutions from the chemical neutralization of neat sulfur mustard resulted in microvesicle formation. All agent-dosed (HD or agent/chloroform solutions) sites manifested microblisters as well as other histopathological lesions of the skin. Waste-streams from the neutralization of agent (agent/chloroform or agent/charcoal) were devoid of vesicant activity. Cutaneous effects (erythema and edema) were consistent with the skin-injurious activity associated with the neutralizing reagent 1,3-dichloro-5,5dimethylhydantoin (DCDMH). Chemical neutralization of CAIS was effective in eliminating/reducing the vesicant property of CAIS containing agent in chloroform or agent on charcoal but was inefficient in reducing the vesicant potential of CAIS containing neat sulfur mustard. Bibliographic Information Inhibition, reactivation and aging kinetics of cyclohexylmethylphosphonofluoridate-inhibited human cholinesterases. Worek F; Eyer P; Szinicz L Institut fur Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Sanitatsakademie der Bundeswehr, Garching, Germany Archives of toxicology (1998 Sep), 72(9), 580-7. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 9806430 AN 1999021267 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Cyclohexylmethylphosphonofluoridate (cyclosarin) is a highly toxic organophosphate, which was shown to be rather resistant to conventional oxime therapy. To give more insight into the inhibition, reactivation and aging kinetics, human acetyl-(AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) were inhibited by cyclosarin (k2 of 7.4 and 3.8 x 10(8) M(-1) min(-1), respectively; pH 7.4, 37 degrees C) and reactivated with obidoxime, pralidoxime and three experimental oximes. The new oxime HLo 7 (1-[[[4aminocarbonyl)-pyridinio]-methoxy]-methyl]-2,4-bis-[ (hydroxyimino)methyl] pyridinium dimethanesulphonate) was shown to be superior to the other oximes. At oxime concentrations anticipated to be relevant in humans, obidoxime and pralidoxime were extremely weak reactivators of AChE. Aging velocity of BChE was almost fourfold higher compared to AChE (ka of 0.32 h(1) and 0.08 h(-1), respectively). A substantial spontaneous reactivation was observed with AChE. These results support previous in vivo findings that obidoxime and pralidoxime are insufficient antidotes in cyclosarin poisoning. By contrast, HLo 7 was shown to be an extremely potent reactivator of human AChE and BChE, which supports its position as a broad-spectrum oxime. Bibliographic Information Acute inhalation toxicity of neutralized chemical agent identification sets (CAIS) containing agent in chloroform. Olajos E J;

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Morgan E W; Renne R A; Salem H; McVeety B; Johnson R; Phelps R L Edgewood Research Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5423, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1998 Sep-Oct), 18(5), 363-71. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 9804437 AN 1999019582 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract An acute head-only inhalation study was conducted in rats exposed for 1 h to product solution (wastestream) resultant from the chemical neutralization of Chemical Agent Identification Sets (CAIS) containing agent (sulfur mustard (HD), nitrogen mustard (HN-1) or lewisite (L)) in chloroform. Groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to varying concentrations (24000, 18000, 12000 or 6000 ppm) of CAIS wastestream. An additional group was exposed to the vehicle (chloroform/t-butanol) only, at a concentration equivalent to the concentration of vehicle at the highest exposure level. Animals were evaluated for toxic effects, including assessment of toxicant-induced alterations to the ocular and respiratory systems. Mortality on exposure to 24000 ppm of test article or to vehicle alone was high. Mortality in the other exposure groups was roughly proportional to the concentration of test article (wastestream). Toxic signs were consistent with exposure to solvent system components (chloroform/t-butanol) and to agent decomposition products/by-products. Incidence and severity of ocular effects were similar in vehicle control and treatment groups. The salient respiratory effect observed was a decreased minute volume, which was also noted in vehicle and treatment groups. Bibliographic Information Cardiorespiratory effects of O-isobutyl S-[2-(diethylamino)-ethyl] methylphosphonothioate -- a structural isomer of VX. Chang F C; Gouty S C; Eder L C; Hoffman B E; Maxwell D M; Brecht K M US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1998 Sep-Oct), 18(5), 337-47. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 9804434 AN 1999019579 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract O-Isobutyl S-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]methylphosphonothioate (VR) is a structural isomer of a more well-known chemical warefare agent, O-ethyl S-[2(diisopropylamino)ethyl]methylphosphonothioate (code designation VX). In this study, cardiorespiratory and central nervous system (CNS) effects of VR (2LD50 or 22.6 microg kg(-1); s.c.) were evaluated in urethane-anesthetized (Group 1) and unanesthetized (Group 2) guinea pigs instrumented for concurrent recordings of electrocorticogram (ECoG) and a variety of cardiorespiratory activities. The first sign of intoxication was a state of progressive bradycardia, vascular hypotension and arrhythmia (Group 1, approximately 13 min post-VR; Group 2, approximately 6 min post-VR). Bradypnea, excessive salivation and compensatory changes in blood pressure typically did not emerge until 3-5 min prior to apnea (Group 1, approximately 28 min post-VR; Group 2, approximately 15 min post-VR). An idioventricular rhythm, which signalled a failing myocardium, appeared at the same time or shortly after the development of a bradypneic profile. Another notable toxicity component of VR, based on arterial pH, pO2/pCO2 and bicarbonate (HCO3-) level data, was a state of combined hypercapnia, acidemia and hypoxemia during the development of bradypnea. Taken together, findings from this study indicated that changes in medullary respiratory unit activity and ECoG data displayed little, if any, notable signs of CNS perturbation prior to the terminal stage (approximately 1 min prior to respiratory failure). Thus, in addition to displaying a greater sensitivity to perturbation by VR, the peripheral cardiorespiratory system components also appeared to play a more important role in precipitating a progressively dysfunctional cardiorespiratory status that ultimately led to collapse of central respiratory mechanisms and death. Bibliographic Information Effect of sulphur mustard inhalation exposure on some urinary variables in mice. Kumar O; Vijayaraghavan R Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1998 Jul-Aug), 18(4), 257-9. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 9719425 AN 1998383930 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The effect of sulphur mustard (2,2'-dichlorodiethyl sulphide) exposure through inhalation at 0.5. 1.0 and 2.0 LC50 (21.2, 42.3 and 84.6 mg m(-3) for 1 h) on some urinary variables was studied in female mice at 6, 24 and 48 h and 7 days postexposure. The urinary excretion and circulatory blood accumulation of uric acid increased significantly. The level of creatine was also elevated significantly as compared to the control at 2 LC50. It is concluded that sulphur mustard alkylates DNA and triggers catabolism of apurinated purine bases in a very short time. The increase in uric acid excretion in urine can be detected only when the exposure concentration is high. Bibliographic Information Nerve agent poisoning in primates: antilethal, anti-epileptic and neuroprotective effects of GK-11. Lallement G; Clarencon D; Masqueliez C; Baubichon D; Galonnier M; Burckhart M F; Peoc'h M; Mestries J C Unite de Neurotoxicologie, CRSSA, La Tronche, France Archives of toxicology (1998), 72(2), 84-92. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 9456079 AN 1998115614 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Organophosphorus nerve agents are still in use today in warfare and as terrorism compounds. Classical emergency treatment of organophosphate poisoning includes the combined administration of a cholinesterase reactivator (an oxime), a muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist (atropine) and a benzodiazepine anticonvulsant (diazepam). However, recent experiments with primates have demonstrated that such treatment, even when administered immediately after organophosphate exposure, does not rapidly restore normal electroencephalographic (EEG) activity and fails to totally prevent neuronal brain damage. The objective of this study was to evaluate, in a realistic setting, the therapeutic benefit of administration of GK-11 (gacyclidine), an antiglutamatergic compound, as a complement to the available emergency therapy against organophosphate poisoning. GK-11 was injected at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg (i.v) after a 45-min latency period to heavily intoxicated (8 LD50) primates. Just after intoxication, man-equivalent doses of one autoinjector containing atropine/pralidoxime/diazepam were administered. The effects of GK-11 were examined on survival, EEG activity, signs of toxicity, recovery after challenge and central nervous system histology. The present data demonstrate that treatment with GK-11 prevents the mortality observed after early administration of classical emergency medication alone. EEG recordings and clinical observations also revealed that GK-11 prevented soman-induced seizures and motor convulsions. EEG analysis within the classical frequency bands (beta, theta, alpha, delta) demonstrated that central activity was totally restored to normal after GK-11 treatment, but remained profoundly altered in animals receiving atropine/pralidoxime/diazepam alone. GK-11 also markedly accelerated clinical recovery of soman-challenged primates. Lastly, this drug totally prevented the neuropathology observed 3 weeks after soman exposure in animals treated with classical emergency treatment alone. GK-11 represents a promising adjuvant therapy to the currently available emergency polymedication to ensure optimal

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management of organophosphate poisoning in man. This drug is presently being evaluated in a human clinical trial for a different neuroprotective indication. Bibliographic Information A model for quantitative measurement of sulfur mustard skin lesions in the rabbit ear. Zlotogorski A; Goldenhersh M; Shafran A Department of Dermatology, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel. [email protected] Toxicology (1997 Jun 27), 120(2), 105-10. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 9184197 AN 97327530 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The search for treatment and protection against the vesicant and inflammatory skin lesions induced by sulfur mustard suffers from the lack of a good in vivo reproducible model. We applied sulfur mustard (25-500 microg/cm2) to the outer surface of the ears of 10 rabbits and measured the edema formation 12, 24 and 48 h post-application with a caliper especially designed for soft matter. There was a dose-dependent linear increase in edema magnitude in the range from 25 to 150 microg/cm2. Maximal edema was observed after 12 h. There was a 12% reduction in edema size 24 h after application and a further decrease after 48 h. Skin thickness, inflammatory cell infiltrate, necrosis and vesiculation were evaluated in biopsies taken after 24 h. We found the same dose-related increase both in skin thickness and in degree of blister formation. This simple dose-response in vivo model can be used for evaluation of the dermal inflammation induced by topical application of sulfur mustard. This model has the additional advantage of a built-in control, namely the untreated contralateral ear. Consequently, this model can serve as a useful tool for future screening of potential compounds for prevention and treatment of sulfur mustard-induced skin lesions. Bibliographic Information Effect of sulphur mustard on the expression of urokinase in cultured 3T3 fibroblasts. Detheux M; Jijakli H; Lison D Laboratory of Medical Toxicology, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium Archives of toxicology (1997), 71(4), 243-9. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 9101041 AN 97255694 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The expression of plasminogen activator (PA), a serine proteinase involved in the degradation of extracellular matrix proteins, has been investigated in 3T3 fibroblasts after in vitro exposure to sulphur mustard (SM). Expression of the cell-associated enzyme has been assessed with a synthetic substrate assay and at the mRNA level. Twenty-four hours after 100 microM SM, cell viability (monitored by MTT assay) was not significantly affected, but protein synthesis (tritiated leucine incorporation) was reduced to < 20% of the control value. PA activity was significantly increased compared to control cells with a 20-fold increase after 24 h. This up-regulation was independent of the cell density, occurred maximally between days 1 and 4 and persisted for at least 6 days after exposure. Lower concentrations of SM (< or = 10 microM) did not significantly affect PA activity. Northern blotting experiments revealed an increased expression of urokinase (u-PA) transcripts in cells treated with 100 microM SM, with a peak at 10 h after exposure. Conditioned culture medium from cell cultures treated with 100 microM SM did not affect the expression of PA activity in naive or SM-treated cultures. Thiodiglycol (100 microM), the main metabolite of SM, did not influence the expression of PA in the same system. Different compounds were tested for modulation of the PA upregulation after SM exposure. Nicotinamide (5 mM), vitamin D3 (10(-10)M), extracellular calcium (2 mM) or EGTA (5 mM) had no effect. Ryanodine (10 microM) amplified the PA up-regulation by a factor of 2 and vanadate (500 microM) reduced it by approximately 50%. Dexamethasone (1 microM) added directly after SM treatment almost completely prevented the induction of PA at both the protein and mRNA levels. Overall these results demonstrate an up-regulation of urokinase in 3T3 fibroblasts after treatment with SM, which is possibly mediated by intracellular calcium mobilization. Further studies are needed to identify the significance of this proteolytic response in the pathogenesis of blistering and/or DNA repair mechanisms. Bibliographic Information Synthesis and mass spectrometric identification of the major amino acid adducts formed between sulphur mustard and haemoglobin in human blood. Noort D; Hulst A G; Trap H C; de Jong L P; Benschop H P Department of Chemical Toxicology, TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory, Rijswijk, The Netherlands Archives of toxicology (1997), 71(3), 171-8. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 9049054 AN 97201271 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract As part of a program to develop methods for the verification of alleged exposure to sulphur mustard, we synthesized and characterized three amino acid adducts presumably formed by alkylation of haemoglobin: 4-(2-hydroxyethylthioethyl)-Laspartate, 5-(2-hydroxyethylthioethyl)L-glutamate and N1- and N3-(2-hydroxyethylthioethyl)-L-histidine. Suitable derivatization methods for GC/MS analysis were developed for these adducts as well as for the cysteine and the N-terminal valine adduct. Incubation of human blood with [35S]sulfur mustard in vitro followed by acidic hydrolysis of isolated globin and derivatization with Fmoc-Cl afforded three radioactive peaks upon HPLC analysis, one of which coeluted with the synthetic Fmoc derivative of N1/N3-(2-hydroxyethylthioethyl)-L-histidine. After pronase digestion of globin the adducts of histidine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, cysteine and N-terminal valine could be tentatively identified and quantitated. Final identification was obtained from GC/MS analysis. The most abundant adduct, N1/N3-(2-hydroxyethylthioethyl)-L-histidine, could not be sensitively analysed by GC/MS. A convenient LC-tandem MS procedure was developed for this compound, enabling the detection of exposure of human blood to 10 microM sulphur mustard in vitro. Bibliographic Information Protective effect of povidone-iodine ointment against skin lesions induced by sulphur and nitrogen mustards and by nonmustard vesicants. Wormser U; Brodsky B; Green B S; Arad-Yellin R; Nyska A Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Archives of toxicology (1997), 71(3), 165-70. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 9049053 AN 97201270 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Mustard gas (sulphur mustard, SM) is a powerful vesicant employed as a chemical weapon. The present study demonstrates the effect of povidone iodine (PI) ointment against skin toxicity caused by SM. Gross and histopathological examinations showed that application of PI up to 20 min following exposure to the vesicant resulted in marked skin protection. The shorter the interval between exposure and treatment the better was the protection achieved. PI was also effective against other mustards such as carboxybutyl chloroethyl sulphide (CBCS) and mechlorethamine. The fact that PI protected the skin against agents which cannot be oxidized such as iodoacetic acid, divinylsulphone and cantharidine showed that the antidotal effect of

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PI was unrelated to oxidation of the nitrogen and sulphur atoms of the mustards. PI ointment is proposed as an efficient protective agent against skin toxicity caused by mustards and other alkylators. Bibliographic Information Modifications of breathing pattern induced by inhaled sulphur mustard in mice. Vijayaraghavan R Pharmacology and Toxicology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India Archives of toxicology (1997), 71(3), 157-64. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 9049052 AN 97201269 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A head-only exposure assembly was used for exposing mice to vapours of sulphur mustard (SM). The respiration was monitored using an on-line computer program, capable of recognizing the breathing pattern as sensory irritation, airflow limitation and pulmonary irritation. SM was dissolved in acetone and vapourized using a compressed air nebulizer. Mice were exposed to the vapours (8.5, 16.9, 21.3, 26.8, 42.3 and 84.7 mg/m3) for 1 h in a body plethysmograph fitted with a 20gauge needle and a microphone for sensing the respiratory flow signals. The signals were amplified, digitized and integrated to give tidal volume, and stored in a computer for further analysis. The respiration of the mice was followed for modifications in the breathing pattern until 7 days post-exposure. SM induced sensory irritation during exposure, and there was a concentration dependent decrease in the respiratory frequency and an increase in tidal volume. Lower concentrations showed recovery after stopping the exposure. RD50, the concentration that depresses 50% of the respiration was estimated to be 27.4 mg/m3. Following exposure to higher concentrations the animals started dying after 6 days. The LC50 was estimated to be 42.5 mg/m3 (14 days observation period). The respiratory frequency decreased on subsequent days of exposure depending upon the exposure concentration, and the breathing pattern was characteristic of airflow limitation. The ratio of flow/tidal volume was decreased following exposure to concentrations of 26.8 and 42.3 mg/m3. The ratio of flow/tidal volume may be a better measurement than the measurements based on flow alone for the assessment of airflow limitation. Pulmonary irritation was not observed showing that the lungs were not affected. The body weight of the animals decreased progressively. The present methodology will be useful for identifying the effects of SM on the respiratory system, one of the endpoints considered when establishing occupational exposure limits.

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Bibliographic Information Reactions of sulfides with S-330, a potential decontaminant of sulfur mustard in formulations. Shih, Ming L.; Korte, William D.; Smith, J. Richard; Szafraniec, Linda L. US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, APG, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1999), 19(Suppl. 1), S83-S88. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 132:289769 AN 2000:132684 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Because the vesicant sulfur mustard (HD) remains a major chem. threat from either domestic terrorists or countries in conflict, topical prepns. are being evaluated as protectants from HD exposure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of chloroamide S-330 as a potential reactive component in topical formulations. Therefore, the rate, mechanism and byproducts of the oxidn. reactions of sulfides by S-330 in solvent media or specific formulation vehicles were investigated. Using NMR, LC, LC-MS and GC-MS, the reactions of S-330 with HD, di-Bu sulfide (DBS) and Me Ph sulfide (MPS) were studied in acetonitrile, chloroform and perfluoropolyether (PFPE) oil. The oxidn. of the three sulfides with S-330 was very rapid and completed in <4 min in acetonitrile-water or PFPE oil, but the rates of reaction in chloroform were significantly slower. In a large excess of S-330, the major products resulted from chlorination of the side chains. At a high HD/S-330 ratio, the major product was HD sulfoxide. Under both conditions, only a trace of HD sulfone, also a blistering agent, was obsd. Reactions with DBS and MPS primarily gave sulfoxides and sulfones, with less side-chain chlorination. The chloroamide S-330 appeared to be a rapid and effective decontaminant of HD in either polar media or in a PFPE oil. The two alkyl and aryl sulfides are suitable simulants of HD for the initial screening and evaluation of S-330 or other similar oxidizing agents. Bibliographic Information Polyoxometalate oxidation of chemical warfare agent simulants in fluorinated media. Johnson, Rhoma P.; Hill, Craig L. Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1999), 19(Suppl. 1), S71-S75. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 133:1581 AN 2000:132682 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The aim of this research is to det. if appropriate polyoxometalates (POMs) could be added to perfluoropolyether topical skin protectants (TSPs) currently available or under development to give these TSPs the addnl. capability of detecting and in some cases catalytically decontaminating sulfur mustard (HD) and perhaps other chem. warfare agents (CWAs) at ambient temps. Detection would be based on significant color changes in the POM upon redn. by the CWA whereas catalytic decontamination would be based on the ability of some families of POMs to catalyze O2-based oxidns. by more than one mechanism. Five POMs (10-25% by wt.) were each suspended in .apprx.5 g of the perfluoropolyether (PFPE, CF3O[-CF(CF3)CF2O-]x(-CF2O)yCF3) "barrier" cream. A stoichiometric amt. of HD sulfide simulant was layered on top of each POM-cream mixt. The short reaction times were recorded for each system. Mechanistic studies were conducted using an PFPE oil analog of the barrier cream in a microemulsion with the sulfide simulant, POM, PFPE surfactant and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol co-surfactant. Bibliographic Information Development of reactive topical skin protectants against sulfur mustard and nerve agents. Koper, Olga; Lucas, Eric; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Nantek, Inc., Manhattan, KS, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1999), 19(Suppl. 1), S59-S70. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 132:261513 AN 2000:132681 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The potential for highly reactive nanoparticles (RNP) to absorb destructively, i.e. to neutralize highly toxic substances such as the warfare agents GA, GB, HD and VX, has been demonstrated in the lab. Reactive nanoparticles represent a new class of nanoscale particles of metals and metal oxides that differ from other nanoparticles in reactivity and cryst. morphol. The potential for incorporating RNP into a protective barrier skin cream also has been demonstrated. Preliminary studies indicate that RNP are phys. and chem. compatible with a base cream provided by the Army Medical Research Office and, importantly, remain reactive with chem. agents while promising to be compatible with skin contact. Bibliographic Information

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Development of a reactive topical skin protectant. Braue, Ernest H., Jr. Advanced Assessment Branch, Drug Assessment Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1999), 19(Suppl. 1), S47-S53. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 132:289768 AN 2000:132679 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The use of a topical skin protectant (TSP) as a means of protecting troops from percutaneous chem. warfare agent (CWA) exposure has been proposed since these weapons were first used during World War I. The TSP is applied to vulnerable skin surfaces prior to entry into a chem. combat area. In 1990, the US Army Medical Research Institute of Chem. Defense transferred two non-reactive TSPs into advanced development. Following US Food and Drug Administration approval, the final product is expected to be available to soldiers in 1999. A continuing research effort is designed to develop a secondgeneration TSP that will increase effectiveness and also decontaminate CWAs into non-toxic products. We identified a list of 29 reactive moieties as potential additives to the TSP formulation. All candidate formulations are evaluated in a decision tree network, consisting of a series of 11 efficacy testing models. A prototype formulation (ICD 2701) contg. the reactive ingredient S-330 has dramatically improved the protection against satd. sulfur mustard vapor. In addn., we have discovered a compd. (ICD 2837) that significantly increases the skin's natural resistance to CWA penetration. Our goal is to transfer a significantly improved TSP formulation into advanced development by 1999. Bibliographic Information Efficacy of the topical skin protectant in advanced development. Liu, Dai Kee; Wannemacher, Robert W.; Snider, Thomas H.; Hayes, Timothy L. US Army Medical Material Development Activity, Fort Detrick, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1999), 19(Suppl. 1), S41-S45. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 132:261511 AN 2000:132678 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A topical skin protectant (TSP) (ICD 2289) is being developed to protect service members from exposure to chem. warfare agents (CWA). The TSP is designed for use on the skin at the overgarment closures and other vulnerable areas to enhance protection. The TSP, which is in phase II clin. studies, is a cream contg. two chem. inert substances: perfluoroalkylpolyether and polytetrafluoroethylene. Animal data showed that the TSP was effective against percutaneous penetration of a blister agent, sulfur mustard (HD), by reducing the size of skin lesions and against T-2 mycotoxin by preventing the development of erythema and edema. The insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) reduced the TSP protection against HD regardless of the order of application on rabbit skin prior to dosing of HD. The protection was sustained when DEET was removed with a dry gauze prior to TSP application. The TSP was also effective against percutaneous exposure of nerve agents-thickened (with 5% Me methacrylamide) soman and VX by reducing the mortality rate and protecting the red blood cell acetylcholinesterase activity. The TSP was effective against VX when DEET was applied prior to TSP application. Because human efficacy studies using CWA cannot be conducted, the efficacy will be demonstrated by the level of protection against poison ivy (urushiol) contact dermatitis in humans. Bibliographic Information Sulfur mustard induced DNA damage in mice after dermal and inhalation exposure. Lakshmana Rao, P. V.; Vijayaraghavan, R.; Bhaskar, A. S. B. Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. Toxicology (1999), 139(1-2), 39-51. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 132:162248 AN 1999:746442 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (SM) is a chem. warfare agent of the blistering agent category for which there is still no effective therapy. SM, being a strong electrophile, readily reacts with a wide range of cellular macromols. including DNA, RNA and protein. Since the main intoxication routes for SM are inhalation and dermal penetration, in the present study we have exposed female mice to different concns. of SM by dermal and inhalation exposures and estd. the DNA damage in different organs viz., liver, lung, spleen and thymus. SM was applied at 38.7, 77.4, 154.7 mg/kg body wt., on the hair-clipped skin (dermal exposure) equiv. to 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 of the LD50. Inhalation exposure was carried out at 10.6, 21.2 and 42.3 mg/m3 for 1 h duration equiv. to 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 LC50. SM induced a dose-dependent DNA damage in all the organs except the lung in dermal exposure. Similarly the inhalation exposure resulted in dose- and time-dependent effect in all the organs including lung. By both routes of exposure liver was the most affected organ followed by spleen, thymus and lung in decreasing order. The quant. data were corroborated by qual. anal. of DNA on agarose gel electrophoresis. The genomic DNA anal. of the organs had revealed random nuclear DNA fragmentation resulting in a 'smear' typical of necrotic form of cell death. Since DNA damage is not reversible esp. in liver, this can be used as a marker for SM exposure through either the dermal or inhalation route. Bibliographic Information Synthesis and mass spectral characterization of diisopropylamino-ethanethiol, -sulfides and -disulfides and vinyl sulfides. Rohrbauch, D. K.; Berg, F. J.; Szafraniec, L. J.; Rossman, D. I.; Durst, H. D.; Munavalli, S. Edgewood Research Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, U.S. Army, Aberdeen, MD, USA. Phosphorus, Sulfur and Silicon and the Related Elements (1999), 149 95-106. CODEN: PSSLEC ISSN: 1042-6507. Journal written in English. CAN 132:49741 AN 1999:681810 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The sulfur contg. chem. agent, O-ethyl-S-2-(diisopropylaminoethyl)methylphosphonothiolate, is an extremely potent inhibitor of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase and exhibits extended neurol. effects. It undergoes degrdn. on standing alone or in the environment. Hence, identification of its primary degrdn. products assumes considerable importance. The synthesis and mass spectral fragmentation behavior of the title compds., some of which are present in the O-ethyl-S-2(diisopropylaminoethyl)methylphosphonothiolate degrdn. products, has not received much attention. This communication describes the synthesis and mass spectral characterization of the title compds. Bibliographic Information Reaction of Bis(2-chloroethyl) Sulfide with N,N'-Dichlorobis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)urea. Dubey, D. K.; Malhotra, R. C.; Vaidyanathaswamy, R.; Vijayaraghavan, R. Defence R. & D. Establishment, Gwalior, India. Journal of Organic Chemistry (1999), 64(21), 8031-8033. CODEN: JOCEAH ISSN: 0022-3263. Journal written in English. CAN 132:12186 AN 1999:629651 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract

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The reaction of bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide (warfare agent) with N,N'-dichloro-N,N'-bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)urea was describe with the aim of using the latter as a decontamination agent. Bibliographic Information Reactions of VX, HD, and Their Simulants with NaY and AgY Zeolites. Desulfurization of VX on AgY. Wagner, George W.; Bartram, Philip W. Geo-Centers Inc., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Langmuir (1999), 15(23), 8113-8118. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 131:299202 AN 1999:577485 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The room-temp. reactions of the chem. warfare agents VX (O-Et S-2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methylphosphonothioate), HD (2,2'-dichloroethyl sulfide, or mustard), and their common simulants, O,S-di-Et phenylphosphonothioate (DEPPT) and 2chloroethyl Ph sulfide (CEPS), with NaY and silver-exchanged (AgY) zeolites have been studied using solid-state magic angle spinning NMR. VX hydrolyzes via exclusive cleavage of the P-S bond on both NaY and AgY to yield Et methylphosphonate (EMPA). The reaction is significantly faster on AgY than on NaY, suggesting catalysis by silver. On AgY, an intermediate silver salt of EMPA is apparently formed which is slowly converted to Et 2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methylphosphonate (QB, the desulfurized analog of VX) in about a 78% yield. DEPPT similarly hydrolyzes via P-S cleavage on AgY to yield an apparent silver salt of Et phenylphosphonate, which does not undergo further reaction to the desulfurized analog. No reaction is obsd. for DEPPT on NaY. HD on AgY forms both vinyl sulfide and the cyclic ether 1,4-thioxane. HD reacts faster on NaY to exclusively form the CH-TG sulfonium ion (HOCH2CH2SCH2CH2S+[CH2CH2OH]2). CEPS also reacts faster on NaY, forming 2-hydroxyethyl Ph sulfide. On AgY, CEPS does not give the vinyl product, but does yield the ether product PhSCH2CH2OCH2CH2SPh. A mechanism is proposed for the silver-catalyzed hydrolysis of VX, the desulfurization of the cleaved thiol, and the formation of QB. Bibliographic Information Reaction of a Vesicular Functionalized Surfactant with 2-Chloroethyl Phenyl Sulfide, a Mustard Simulant. Jaeger, David A.; Schilling, Curtis L. III; Zelenin, Alexander K.; Li, Bei; Kubicz-Loring, Elzbieta. Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA. Langmuir (1999), 15(21), 7180-7185. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 131:233071 AN 1999:505232 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Functionalized double-chain surfactant, potassium O,O'-didodecylphosphorodithioate (I) was synthesized. Its small unilamellar vesicles were characterized by dynamic laser light scattering and differential scanning calorimetry and its giant vesicles by phase-contrast optical microscopy. Also, I's giant vesicles contg. fluorescent dye, 5-carboxyfluorescein or 5(dodecanamido)fluorescein, were characterized by epifluorescence microscopy. In a pH 9.0 borate buffer at 25 , vesicular I reacted with 2-(2-chloroethyl Ph sulfide), a simulant for the chem. warfare agent mustard [bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide], to give 5-[S-[(2-phenylthio)ethyl]O,O'-didodecylphosphorodithioate] (II), involving capture of reactive intermediate cation 1phenylthiocyclopropane by the anion of I. This reaction was accompanied by the pptn. of II, which resulted in wounding/ destruction of the vesicles and the release of dye 5-carboxyfluorescein (from giant vesicles). The combination of the conversion and dye release suggests the potential of vesicular systems for simultaneous decontamination and signaling of chem. agents. 2-(2-Chloroethyl Ph sulfide) hydrolyzed to give only 2-(phenylthio)ethanol in the pH 9.0 buffer at 25 . Bibliographic Information Two-generation reproduction study of lewisite in rats. Sasser, L. B.; Cushing, J. A.; Lindenmeier, C. W.; Mellick, P. W.; Dacre, J. C. Battelle, Richland, WA, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1999), 19(4), 229-235. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 131:253491 AN 1999:485887 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Lewisite, a potent toxic vesicant and chem. warfare agent, is used in a no. of research labs., is stored in large quantities at depot sites throughout the USA and is occasionally transported to distant sites. Thus, the potential for environmental or occupational exposure exists where lewisite is present. A 42-wk two-generation study was conducted to det. the reproductive consequences of lewisite in parental male and female rats and their offspring. Rats were administered lewisite in sesame oil (0, 0.10, 0.25 or 0.60 mg kg-1 day-1 for 5 days a week) via intragastric intubation before mating, during mating and after mating until the birth of their offspring. The dams continued to receive lewisite during lactation. At weaning, male and female offspring of each group were selected to continue the study, receiving lewisite during adolescence, mating and throughout gestation and lactation. Lewisite had no adverse effect on reprodn. performance, fertility or reproductive organ wts. of male or female rats through two consecutive generations. No adverse effects to offspring were attributed to lewisite exposure. Minor changes in growth were the only maternal effects obsd. Lewisite exposure of parental rats caused no gross or microscopic lesion in testes, epididymis, prostate, seminal vesicles, ovaries, uterus or vagina. The no-observable-effect level (NOEL) for the reproductive effects of Lewisite would be >0.60 mg kg-1 day-1. Bibliographic Information Chemistry and toxicology of sulfur mustard-a review. Malhotra, R. C.; Ganesan, K.; Sugendran, K.; Swamy, R. V. Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. Defence Science Journal (1999), 49(2), 97-116. CODEN: DSJOAA ISSN: 0011-748X. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 131:112423 AN 1999:324517 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review and discussion with 124 refs. Bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide commonly known as sulfur mustard (SM) is highly reactive bifunctional compd., documented as antimitotic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, teratogenic and cytotoxic agent. It is a powerful vesicant and has been employed as a chem. warfare agent. Skin, eyes and respiratory tract are the principal target organs and the DNA is the most important mol. target of SM toxicity. There is no specific antidote for SM injury. Treatment to SM toxicity is symptomatic. Bibliographic Information Surrogate burns in deactivation furnace system. Shah, Jay K. Science Applications International, Tooele, UT, USA. Journal of Hazardous Materials (1999), 66(3), 279-290. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 131:35263 AN 1999:308797 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract

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The deactivation furnace system at the Deseret Chem. Depot in Utah is designed for processing explosive components from munitions contg. nerve and mustard agents. The Utah Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste (UDSHW) required that trial burns be conducted using surrogate chems. prior to introducing chem. agents into the system. Three surrogate runs of the selected surrogate chems. monochlorobenzene and hexachloroethane based on the criteria established by the UDSHW were conducted. The gaseous emissions and liq. and solid effluents were sampled and analyzed using approved EPA methods. The trial burns demonstrated the desirable destruction and removal efficiency for the selected surrogate chems. The pollution abatement system demonstrated the desired scrubbing efficiency for acid gases generated during incineration of chlorinated surrogate chems. The particulate removal efficiency during the trial burns was also considerably higher than required by regulations. After comprehensive survey of the performance of the deactivation furnace system during the surrogate trial burns, UDSHW approved introduction of GB nerve agent into the system to prep. it for agent trial burns. Bibliographic Information Reactions of VX, GD, and HD with Nanosize MgO. Wagner, George W.; Bartram, Philip W.; Koper, Olga; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Geo-Centers Inc., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Physical Chemistry B (1999), 103(16), 3225-3228. CODEN: JPCBFK ISSN: 1089-5647. Journal written in English. CAN 130:337750 AN 1999:218187 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The room-temp. reactions of the chem. warfare agents VX (O-Et S-2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methylphosphonothioate), GD (3,3-dimethyl-2-Bu methylphosphonofluoridate, or Soman), and HD (2,2'-dichloroethyl sulfide, or mustard) with nanosize MgO have been studied using solid-state MAS NMR. All three agents hydrolyze on the surface of the very reactive MgO nanoparticles. VX yields Et methylphosphonic acid (EMPA) and methylphosphonic acid (MPA), but no toxic S-(2diisopropylamino)ethyl methylphosphonothioate (EA-2192). GD forms both GD-acid and MPA. For HD, in addn. to hydrolysis to thiodiglycol, about 50% elimination to divinyl sulfide occurs. The reaction kinetics for all three agents are characterized by a fast initial reaction followed by gradual slowing to a steady-state reaction with first-order behavior. The fast reaction is consistent with liq. spreading through the porous nanoparticle aggregates. The steady-state reaction is identified as a gasphase reaction, mediated by evapn., once the liq. achieves its vol. in the smallest available pores. Bibliographic Information Cleavage of VX Simulants by Micellar Iodoso- and Iodoxybenzoate. Moss, Robert A.; Morales-Rojas, Hugo; Zhang, Hongmei; Park, Byeong-Deog. Department of Chemistry, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA. Langmuir (1999), 15(8), 2738-2744. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 130:328660 AN 1999:197621 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract O,S-Di-Et phenylphosphonothioate and S-Ph and S-Et diphenylthiophosphinate were efficiently cleaved by 3-fold excess oiodosobenzoate (IBA) in aq. micellar cetyltrimethylammonium chloride solns. at pH 9.5. The max. obsd. rate consts. (monitored by HPLC aliquot procedures) were 1.09 10-3 s-1 for O,S-Di-Et phenylphosphonothioate and 6.0 10-3 s-1 for S-Et diphenylthiophosphinate with 0.06 M IBA at 25 . S-Ph diphenylthiophosphinate cleaved too rapidly to follow by the aliquot method. With equimolar quantities of O,S-Di-Et phenylphosphonothioate and IBA, cleavage was slower and incomplete because of the redn. of the IBA to iodobenzoate by the EtSH liberated in the cleavage step. Mixts. of IBA and oiodoxybenzoate (IBX) efficiently cleaved O,S-Di-Et phenylphosphonothioate, even though IBX was not reactive toward O,S-Di-Et phenylphosphonothioate, because the IBX competitively oxidized the EtSH, mitigating its reaction with IBA, while simultaneously affording addnl. IBA as the IBX was reduced. Studies of IBA and IBX redox reactions with EtSH are also included. Bibliographic Information Kinetic model for the decomposition of DMMP in a hydrogen/oxygen flame. Werner, James H.; Cool, Terrill A. School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA. Combustion and Flame (1999), 117(1/2), 78-98. CODEN: CBFMAO ISSN: 0010-2180. Journal written in English. CAN 130:112199 AN 1999:101405 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A kinetic model of the combustion chem. of a hydrogen/oxygen base flame, doped with di-Me methylphosphonate (DMMP), a useful simulant for chem. warfare agents (CWAs), has been developed to assist in the controlled thermal destruction of CWA stockpiles. Laser-ionization mass spectrometry is employed to record concn. profiles of radical intermediates in a low-pressure premixed laminar flame. These measurements, combined with ab initio ests. of thermochem. properties of organophosphorus compds., lead to a kinetic model incorporating several key reaction intermediates, which include Me metaphosphate CH3OPO2, Me dioxophosphorane CH3PO2, and monomethyl methylphosphonate PO(OH)(CH3)(OCH3). Bibliographic Information Deactivation of Mustard and Nerve Agent Models via Low-Temperature Microemulsions. Menger, Fredric M.; Rourk, Michael J. Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. Langmuir (1999), 15(2), 309-313. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 07437463. Journal written in English. CAN 130:164143 AN 1998:796211 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract New low-temp. oil-in-water (O/W) type microemulsions that resist freezing and phase sepn. at -18 have been developed. These systems were shown to simultaneously destroy, via oxidative and hydrolytic mechanisms, simulants of three chem. warfare agents. Reactions, monitored at 25 by gradient elution high-performance liq. chromatog., took place instantly or over many minutes, depending upon the particular simulant. Neglecting reaction products, the low-temp. microemulsions contained 11 components: propylene glycol, water, base, oxidant/nucleophile, surfactant, cosurfactant, oil, stabilizer, two nerve agent simulants, and a mustard simulant. Only by virtue of self-aggregation does this extraordinarily complex chem. system adopt a useful mol. organization and, in this limited sense, the microemulsion chem. resembles what happens in a living cell. Substantial practical issues remain: rates for a recalcitrant VX simulant should be increased and overoxidn. of the mustard simulant to a sulfone retarded. Nonetheless, the new system demonstrates once again the potential of microemulsions in carrying out useful org. reactions at realistic substrate concns. in aq. solvents. Bibliographic Information Treatment for sulfur mustard poisoning - a review. Sugendran, K.; Kumar, Pravin; Vijayaraghavan, R. Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. Defence Science Journal (1998), 48(2), 155-162. CODEN: DSJOAA ISSN: 0011748X. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 130:164031 AN 1998:781689 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder

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Abstract A review and discussion with 39 refs. Sulfur mustard (SM) is a chem. warfare agent of historical and current interest. It is a well known blistering agent or vesicant. SM was extensively used in world war I as a chem. weapon and has been stockpiled by several countries since that time. SM serves as an ideal war gas and is favored militarily for its ability to incapacitate rather than to kill. Its use resulted in large nos. of casualties requiring prolonged and intensive medical care. Despite Geneva Protocol of 1925, which categorically banned the prodn., stockpiling and use of chem. weapons in wars, SM has been used in several wars, including the Iran-Iraq war during the 1980s, which renewed interest in it. Though, the chem. weapons convention was signed by more than 160 countries in 1993 and was subsequently ratified by several countries, the threat from this agent persists due to its clandestine usage during war and also by terrorist groups. There is no effective and specific antidote for local and systemic toxicity of SM despite scientific research for more than 75 yr. Many compds. were tested as antidotes for SM, but very few of them have been shown to provide some protection. The present review is aimed at evaluating the treatment regime and other clin. measures used to treat SM victims and the various drugs and chems. screened as antidotes for SM poisoning in exptl. animals. Bibliographic Information Evaluation of neutralized chemical agent identification sets (CAIS) for skin injury with an overview of the vesicant potential of agent degradation products. Olajos, E. J.; Olson, C. T.; Salem, H.; Singer, A. W.; Hayes, T. L.; Menton, R. G.; Miller, T. L.; Rosso, T.; MacIver, B. Edgewood Research Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1998), 18(6), 409-420. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 130:106238 AN 1998:750883 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Vesication and skin irritation studies were conducted in hairless guinea-pigs to det. the vesicant and skin irritation potential of chem.-neutralized Chem. Agent Identification Sets (CAIS). The CAIS are training items that contain chem. warfare-related material-sulfur mustard (HD), nitrogen mustard (HN) or lewisite (L)-and were declared obsolete in 1971. Animals were dosed topically with "test article"-neat HD, 10% agent/chloroform solns. or product solns. (waste-streams) from neutralized CAIS-and evaluated for skin-damaging effects (gross and microscopic). Product solns. from the chem. neutralization of neat sulfur mustard resulted in microvesicle formation. All agent-dosed (HD or agent/chloroform solns.) sites manifested microblisters as well as other histopathol. lesions of the skin. Waste-streams from the neutralization of agent (agent/chloroform or agent/ charcoal) were devoid of vesicant activity. Cutaneous effects (erythema and edema) were consistent with the skin-injurious activity assocd. with the neutralizing reagent 1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DCDMH). Chem. neutralization of CAIS was effective in eliminating/reducing the vesicant property of CAIS contg. agent in chloroform or agent on charcoal but was inefficient in reducing the vesicant potential of CAIS contg. neat sulfur mustard. Bibliographic Information Degradation and fate of mustard in soil as determined by 13C MAS NMR. Wagner, George W.; MacIver, Brian K. Geo-Centers Inc., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Langmuir (1998), 14(24), 6930-6934. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 130:91384 AN 1998:713429 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The environmental fate of chem. warfare agents is a current concern, and the notorious persistency of mustard in soil is wellknown. The current study utilizes 13C MAS NMR as an in situ method to study the behavior of mustard, and the common simulants 2-chloroethyl Me sulfide (CEMS) and 2-chloroethyl Ph sulfide (CEPS), in a sandy loam soil. Spreading of these waterinsol. liqs. and surface sorption on the dry soil particles is observable, as is the recoalescence of liq. droplets and/or hydrolysis in the presence of added water. The relative hydrolysis rates are in agreement with those obsd. in soln. CEMS, possessing the shortest aq. half-life, hydrolyzes without droplet reformation. But mustard and CEPS, possessing much longer aq. half-lives, do not substantially hydrolyze prior to droplet reformation. For mustard, this behavior is crucial to its longevity in soil. Hydrolysis of CEMS and CEPS in the sandy loam soil yields predominately their corresponding alcs., with some ether formation for the latter. Mustard hydrolysis in the sandy loam soil results in the nearly exclusive formation of the branched sulfonium ion HOCH2CH2SCH2CH2S+(CH2CH2OH)2 (CH-TG). A simple model based on droplet size is presented to explain the persistency of mustard in soil. Bibliographic Information Old arsenical munitions: methods for destruction and site cleanup. Beletskaya; Bilger; Boronin; Bunnett; Costantino; Cullen; Dominas; Goessler; Haiduc; Maeda; Martens. Neth. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1998), 19(Arsenic and Old Mustard: Chemical Problems in the Destruction of Old Arsenical and Mustard Munitions), 177-183. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 130:42626 AN 1998:702909 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review with 11 refs. concerning methods to destroy and clean-up sites polluted by old arsenical munitions is given. Topics discussed include: spilled arsenical agents (natural chem. transformations in-situ, biotransformation, decontamination of soil contg. arsenical agents, removing polluted soil for treatment elsewhere); destruction of arsenical agents in munition containers or storage tanks (incorporation into concrete, incineration, reactions with alkalies, Na cleavage, hydrogenolysis, novel methods from Russia, oxidn. in water solns., oxidn. under UV irradn., Ag2+ oxidn., other technologies, biodegrdn); and need for research. Bibliographic Information Old "mustard" or yperite munitions: methods for destruction and container detoxification. Koch, E.; Koch, M.; Leslie; Mikolajczyk; Modena; Mulbry; Petrosyan; Sokolowski; Yang. Neth. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1998), 19(Arsenic and Old Mustard: Chemical Problems in the Destruction of Old Arsenical and Mustard Munitions), 175-176. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 130:42704 AN 1998:702908 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Problems assocd. with disposal of mustard chem. warfare agent, particularly the presence of materials other than the pure chem. compd., bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide, greatly affects the suitability of processes which may be proposed for their destruction. Thus, destruction of mustard involved the conversion of a multitude of chem. species into material suitable for ultimate disposal; overall destruction also requires the material be presented in the correct form to the reaction stage of the

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process. Currently, only high temp. oxidn., i.e., incineration, is demonstrated bot be suitable for large-scale destruction of all materials collectively referred to as mustard. For a no. of reasons and public opposition, incineration may not be appropriate or acceptable for destruction of mustard at some locations. Technologies which for one reason or another were not pursued or were disregarded should be reconsidered in light of the wide range of problems that exist for destruction of mustard. Research into clean-up of contaminated sites is also necessary, including bioremediation of soil and chem. transformations in soil. Bibliographic Information Breakdown of sulfur "mustard" by phase transfer catalyzed HCl elimination, A potential destruction method for "mustard" stocks. Koch, Ernst - Christian. ABC- und Selbstschutzschule, Sonthofen, Germany. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1998), 19(Arsenic and Old Mustard: Chemical Problems in the Destruction of Old Arsenical and Mustard Munitions), 169-174. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 130:42625 AN 1998:702907 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review with 56 refs. concerning sulfur mustard breakdown by phase transfer-catalyzed HCl elimination is given. Topics discussed include: mustard destruction; problem; process results and discussion; summary; instrumentation; and exptl. Bibliographic Information Reductive decomposition of deposits in old "mustard" munitions. Bunnett, Joseph F. University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1998), 19(Arsenic and Old Mustard: Chemical Problems in the Destruction of Old Arsenical and Mustard Munitions), 163-164. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 130:42703 AN 1998:702905 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The nature of gelled or solid deposits in decades-old mustard tanks or munitions is uncertain. Some possibilities which may occur alone or in combination include: polysulfonium salts; poly(ethylenesulfide); elemental S; di- or oligo-sulfide polymers; and Fe compds. from container corrosion. All these structural types are vulnerable to attack by strong reducing agents: Na in liq. NH3; electrochem. cleaving; S reaction with Na; Fe salt redn. by Na; and alkyl halide cleavage by Na. In the lab., conducting such reactions in liq. NH3 is attractive because solns. of Na in NH3 are stable for hours or days. Thus, factory-type installations using Na in liq. NH3 to clean out old mustard munitions with gelled or solid deposits should be feasible. After munitions have been opened and drained of liq. mustard, liq. NH3 could be added followed by pieces of Na metal to react with and destroy the deposits. Munitions so treated would be safe to ship to a furnace to burn out remaining traces. For field situations, a promising alternative is using Na in ethanol; Na reacts with ethanol to release H gas. Addnl. research is needed to confirm that compds. modeling the various suggested structures for gelled or solid mustard are reactive with Na in ethanol as expected. Bibliographic Information Electrochemical and biological approach to the destruction of Lewisite and "Mustard". Boronin, Alexander M.; Sakharovski, Valentin G.; Starovoitov, Ivan I.; Kashparov, Konstantin I.; Shvetsov, Valery N.; Morozova, Ksenija M.; Nechaev, Igor A.; Tugoshov, Vladimir I.; Kuzmin, Nikolai P.; Kochergin, Alexander I. Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1998), 19(Arsenic and Old Mustard: Chemical Problems in the Destruction of Old Arsenical and Mustard Munitions), 159-162. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 130:42702 AN 1998:702904 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Ecol. benign destruction of lewisite and mustard was achieved by electrochem. pretreatment of their neutralization products followed by biol. oxidn. of the waste stream. The process, reaction products, and results are discussed. Bibliographic Information Destruction of Adamsite by sodium. Sokolowski, M.; Bilger, E. Military Institute of Chemistry and Radiometry, Warsaw, Pol. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1998), 19(Arsenic and Old Mustard: Chemical Problems in the Destruction of Old Arsenical and Mustard Munitions), 157-158. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 130:42701 AN 1998:702903 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sodium destroys chem. weapons, such as adamsite in a liq., dissolved, or gaseous state, with a special form of metallic, high surface Na, either on supports or as a dispersion in oil to yield inorg. Na salts and small org. mols. with little or no toxicity. Adamsite is destroyed by reacting with Na at low and even ambient temps. within a short time. Most of the originally org.bonded As is transformed into inorg. As (ionic) and therefore can be pptd. as an insol. sulfide. After completing adamsite decompn., water contg. sodium sulfide is added in a closed compartment to initiate hydrolysis of org. Na compds. and ppt. As2S3. Bibliographic Information A method for mutual disposal of old chemical weapons. Chimishkyan, Alexander L. D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, Moscow, Russia. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1998), 19(Arsenic and Old Mustard: Chemical Problems in the Destruction of Old Arsenical and Mustard Munitions), 155-156. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 130:42700 AN 1998:702902 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract It is known that HCl destroys adamsite with formation of diphenylamine and AsCl3, and that the reaction of diphenylamine with another toxic agent, phosgene, is a method to produce acridone-9. These two reactions were used for the mutual disposal of adamsite and phosgene. Preliminary results showed the best results are obtained when phosgene is passed through an adamsite/paraffin melt. At the high temp. of the process (190-200 ), AsCl3 vapors are removed from the reaction mass where acridone-9 accumulates. It was also obsd. that tetraphenylurea is present in the reaction mass. This process guarantees a high yield of AsCl3. Bibliographic Information HPLC-ICP-MS methods for the determination of inorganic and organic arsenic compound. Goessler, W.; Kuehnelt, D.; Irgolic, K. J. Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Karl-Frazens-Universitat, Graz, Austria. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament

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Technologies (1998), 19(Arsenic and Old Mustard: Chemical Problems in the Destruction of Old Arsenical and Mustard Munitions), 151-154. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 130:62116 AN 1998:702901 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract To improve the detection limits, a hydraulic high-pressure nebulizer was substituted for the normal pneumatic nebulizer. Chromatog. conditions for the sepn. of inorg. and org. arsenic compds. are identified. Characteristic chromatograms are presented. The combination of the hydraulic high-pressure nebulizer with the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer enables the sepn. and detection of arsenic at the sub ng/mL level. These methods can certainly be used to identify and quantify arsenic compds. in soil samples suspected of contamination with arsenic-contg. chem. warfare agents. Bibliographic Information Practical actions of Russia on preparations for destruction of stockpiled Lewisite and "Mustard". Petrov, S. V.; Kholstov, V. I.; Zoubrilin, V. P.; Zavialova, N. V. Ministry Of Defence Of Russian Federation, Russia. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1998), 19(Arsenic and Old Mustard: Chemical Problems in the Destruction of Old Arsenical and Mustard Munitions), 79-90. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 130:42697 AN 1998:702894 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract To meet its international obligations while pursuing national policy, Russia has given priority to destroying its chem. warfare agent stockpiles as a major national objective. A mobile chem. warfare agent destruction mobile complex was constructed. It was necessary to first destroy stockpiled mustard-lewisite mixts. stored in high tonnage containers. The next priority is design and construction of a facility for organophosphorus agent destruction. This will be conducted simultaneously with work on blister agent destruction. This required site selection and submission to proper authorities and to the public for approval. Topics discussed include: Russian chem. weapons stockpiles; technol. aspects of lewisite and mustard destruction (lewisite stockpile destruction technologies [S treatment, lewisite interaction with ethylene glycol monomethacrylate ester and its subsequent polymn., chlorination, alk. hydrolysis, alcoholysis, high temp. oxidn., hydrogenolysis, NH3 redn.], mustard stockpile destruction technologies, mustard-lewisite mixts. destruction); and provisions for ecol. safe destruction of stockpiled lewisite and mustard. Bibliographic Information The problem of old chemical weapons which contain "mustard gas" or organoarsenic compounds: an overview. Manley, Ron G. Chemical Demilitarisation Branch, Provisional Technical Secretariat of the Preparatory Commission for the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Neth. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1998), 19(Arsenic and Old Mustard: Chemical Problems in the Destruction of Old Arsenical and Mustard Munitions), 1-16. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383715X. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 130:42622 AN 1998:702891 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review with 26 refs. of problems related to old and/or abandoned chem. weapons and the practicalities assocd. with their recovery and safe disposal. Emphasis is placed on weapons contg. either thickened or polymd. mustard gas and/or org. arsenicals, as these pose some of the most difficult disposal problems. Bibliographic Information Cardiorespiratory effects of O-isobutyl S-[2-(diethylamino)-ethyl] methylphosphonothioate - a structural isomer of VX. Chang, F.-C. T.; Gouty, S. C.; Eder, L. C.; Hoffman, B. E.; Maxwell, D. M.; Brecht, K. M. US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1998), 18(5), 337-347. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 130:34271 AN 1998:676630 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract O-Iso-Bu S-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]methylphosphonothioate (VR) is a structural isomer of a more well-known chem. warfare agent, O-Et S-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl]methylphosphonothioate (code designation VX). In this study, cardiorespiratory and central nervous system (CNS) effects of VR (2LD50 or 22.6 g kg-1; s.c.) were evaluated in urethane-anesthetized (Group 1) and unanesthetized (Group 2) guinea pigs instrumented for concurrent recordings of electrocorticogram (ECoG) and a variety of cardiorespiratory activities. The first sign of intoxication was a state of progressive bradycardia, vascular hypotension and arrhythmia (Group 1, .apprx. 13 min post-VR; Group 2, .apprx.6 min post-VR). Bradypnea, excessive salivation and compensatory changes in blood pressure typically did not emerge until 3-5 min prior to apnea (Group 1, .apprx.28 min postVR; Group 2, .apprx.15 min post-VR). An idioventricular rhythm, which signaled a failing myocardium, appeared at the same time or shortly after the development of a bradypneic profile. Another notable toxicity component of VR, based on arterial pH, pO2/pCO2 and bicarbonate (HCO3-) level data, was a state of combined hypercapnia, acidemia and hypoxemia during the development of bradypnea. Taken together, findings from this study indicated that changes in medullary respiratory unit activity and ECoG data displayed little, if any, notable signs of CNS perturbation prior to the terminal stage (.apprx.1 min prior to respiratory failure). Thus, in addn. to displaying a greater sensitivity to perturbation by VR, the peripheral cardiorespiratory system components also appeared to play a more important role in pptg. a progressively dysfunctional cardiorespiratory status that ultimately led to collapse of central respiratory mechanisms and death. Bibliographic Information Gas-phase pyrolysis of diisopropyl methylphosphonate. Zegers, E. J. P.; Fisher, E. M. Sibley Sch. Mechanical and Aerospace Eng., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, USA. Combustion and Flame (1998), 115(1/2), 230-240. CODEN: CBFMAO ISSN: 0010-2180. Journal written in English. CAN 129:58161 AN 1998:377527 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Gas-phase pyrolysis studies of diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP) in nitrogen have been conducted to gain insight into the decompn. behavior of organophosphorus chem. warfare nerve agents. Expts. were conducted in a quartz-lined atm. flow reactor between 700 and 800 K, at residence times ranging from 15 to 90 ms. Propylene, isopropanol, iso-Pr methylphosphonate (IMP), and methylphosphonic acid (MPA) were identified as decompn. products of DIMP. FTIR spectrometry was used to quantify parent, propylene, and isopropanol mole fractions in the reactor. The proposed pyrolysis mechanism for DIMP comprises two stages. The first corresponds to the unimol. decompn. of the parent into IMP and propylene. The second involves two competing pathways for the unimol. decompn. of IMP, one leading to isopropanol and the very reactive Me dioxophosphorane; the other to propylene once again and MPA. In the range of temps. studied, an isopropanol to propylene mole fraction ratio close to 0.25 suggests a branching ratio of 1.5 between these two pathways in

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favor of propylene prodn. The Arrhenius expression for the unimol. decompn. of DIMP was found to be: k[s-1]=10(12.0 1.5)[s-1] exp(-36.7 4.9[kcal.mole-1]/(RT)). Pyrolysis expts. with iso-Pr and t-Bu acetates, which have well-known decompn. rates, were performed to illustrate the ability of the app. to produce valid chem. kinetic data. An investigation of the effects of surface to vol. ratio on the DIMP decompn. process shows that wall reactions are significant in a 4-mm i.d. quartz tube, but less important in an 8-mm i.d. tube. Their effects are expected to be small in the 45-mm i.d. reactor. Bibliographic Information GC/MS screening of alkyl methylphosphonofluoridates and alkyl methylphosphonic acids. Rohrbaugh, Dennis K.; Sarver, Emory W. U.S. Army Edgewood Research Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 313-347. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 128:18255 AN 1997:713947 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and GC-MS-MS techniques, including electron impact, CH4 chem. ionization, and NH3 chem. ionization, were examd. for their use as potential screening techniques to monitor and detect Schedule 1A1 C1-10alkyl and cycloalkyl methylphosphonofluoridates and the corresponding Schedule 2 hydrolysis products. These compds. [the methylphosphonofluoridates, of general formula MeP(:O)F(OR), and MeP(:O)OH(OR), R = Et, iso-Pr, iso-Bu, pinacolyl, and cyclohexyl] are, or are derived from, common chem. warfare agents. The base peak for all methylphosphonofluoridates in electron-impact mass spectrometry was at m/e 99. Because of low volatility, the methylphosphonic acids were not amenable to GC anal. However, electron impact mass spectra of their trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivs. gave a base peak at m/e 153 and a dominant peak (10-50% of base peak) at m/e 169 for all compds. Chem. ionization mass spectrometry with CH4 and NH3 can not only be used to also screen samples, but it can give information on mol. wt. of specific compds. Bibliographic Information Possibilities of incorporation of the CO2 DIAL detector into the system of atmospheric quality monitoring associated with storing and destruction of chemical weapons. Kadlcak, J.; Dubina, P.; Safar, B. Military Technical Institute of Protection Brno, Brno, Czech Rep. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 255-263. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:350239 AN 1997:713942 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The CO2 DIAL system is capable of detecting GB and other chem. warfare agents over a distance of 600 m, theor. up to 3.5 km. In addn., the CO2 DIAL system is able to follow the changes in the concn. of monitored species in a cloud. The detection limit with which the concn. of these compds. could be measured is limited by the min. changes in the differential absorption LIDAR returns that could be distinguished from background fluctuations. Bibliographic Information A data analysis routine to protect confidential information during GC-MS analysis. Mcguire, Raymond R.; Martin, Walter H. Arms Control and Treaty Verification Program Lawrence Livermore National laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 229-240. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 128:9885 AN 1997:713940 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A shell program, MASK was added to the std. GC-MS data anal. code M CODE to protect confidentiality of information not relevant to the Chem. Weapons Convention. This program was demonstrated to work well where high total ion counts are available. A subroutine for blind background subtraction needs to be added for cases where the peak is only slightly above baseline. Bibliographic Information The application of LC/ES-MS in the OPCW/PTS inter-laboratory comparison test. Peng, Lixin; Xu, Danian. Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, Peop. Rep. China. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 225-228. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:350237 AN 1997:713939 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Structural identification of several Chem. Warfare Convention-related compds., (R)P(O)(OH)2, (CH3)p(O)(OH)(OR), bis(2chloroethyl)ethylamine, o-cyclopentyl-S-2-(diethylamino)ethylmethylphosphonothiolate, N,N-diethylaminoethanol, and ethyldiethanolamine, using HPLC/emission spectroscopy-mass spectrometry is presented, and the main fragmentation pattern under ES-MS is discussed. LC/ES-MS can det. high wt. mol. and structural anal. of polar, low mol. wt. analytes, esp. phosphonic acid. Bibliographic Information Air monitoring equipment for CW destruction facilities with special emphasis on OCW destruction. Starrock, Volker; Doering, Hans Ruediger. German Armed Forces NBC Defence Establishment, Munster, Germany. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 157-180. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:350386 AN 1997:713936 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A discussion is given on the air monitoring system in chem. warfare agent destruction site. It includes monitoring system, destruction activities, and anal. Bibliographic Information GCQ GC/MS system: preliminary experiences. Cermak, J. CETA Analytical Department, Research Institute for Organic Syntheses, Pardubice - Rybitvi, Czech Rep. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 133-146. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:350634 AN 1997:713934 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Abstract A discussion is given on the GC/MS system in relation to destruction of chem. warfare agents. Bibliographic Information GC/MS investigation of Ethyl S-2-diisopropyl aminoethyl methylphosphonothiolate (VX) age decomposition products. Sliwakowski, M. Military Institute of Chemistry and Radiometry, Warsaw, Pol. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 127-132. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 128:39042 AN 1997:713933 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sample of VX stored for a long time in glass container was investigated using GC/MS system. A variety of age decompn. products including O-alkyl and N,N-diisopropylamino- substituted thiophosphonic esters and acids as well as phosphonic anhydrides were identified. Diazomethane methylation was used to obtain derivs. convenient to GC process. Retention parameters and EI-MS spectra were obtained and presented. Bibliographic Information Chemical ionization and electron impact mass spectrometry of some methylphosphonothiolates. Podborsky, V.; Stein, V. Military Technical Institute of Protection, Brno, Czech Rep. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 109-125. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 128:3728 AN 1997:713932 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Mass spectrometric data of 18 organophosphorus compds. from the family of V-agents were studied. MS spectra of S-2dimethyl-, S-2-diethyl-, S-2-dipropyl-, S-2-diisopropyl- and S-2-dibutylaminoethyl O-alkyl methylphosphonothiolates were measured in EI and CI modes. MS spectra were completed with some toxicol. data of these organophosphorus compds. Bibliographic Information Application of some modern sample introduction techniques and Poraplot Q GC column in the analysis of volatile toxic compounds. Bardarov, V.; Tashkov, V. Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulg. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 77-97. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:350235 AN 1997:713929 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Anal. of toxic substances is difficult due to the complexity of the matrixes and usual requirements of multi-component anal. leading to application of chromatog. sepn. The greatest part of chem. warfare agents, their precursors, and degrdn. products demonstrate significant vapor pressure and cause measurable concns. in the gaseous environment at ambient or slightly increased temps. This results in problems for sampling and sample prepn., but favorable distribution of analytes and matrix components among the matrix or suitable sorbent and the gaseous environment may occur and can be used in some techniques to combine sampling, sample prepn., and sample introduction when analyzed using gas chromatog. These techniques, headspace, thermodesorption, and gas extn., realized using different instrument variants in combination with gas chromatog. sepn., are discussed. Bibliographic Information On-site sample work-up procedures to isolate chemical warfare related compounds using solid phase extraction and solid phase microextraction technology. Alcaraz, A.; Hulsey, S. S.; Whipple, R. E.; Andresen, B. D. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Forensic Science Center, Livermore, CA, USA. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 65-76. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:350879 AN 1997:713928 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract To rapidly prep. and accurately analyze suspect samples for on-site investigations of chem. warfare agents, new methods and field portable equipment, including collection, prepn., and anal. of suspect samples, were required. Using solid phase extn., sample prepn. time was greatly reduced and cumbersome lab. equipment was eliminated. Three different portable modules to achieve on-site field anal. capability were developed. The first consisted of pre-cleaned, sealed sample collection equipment capable of obtaining any type of sample. The second module allowed for complete chem. work-up of collected samples to prep. them for instrumental anal. The third module contained anal. instrumentation necessary for chem. identification, including gas chromatog.-flame photometric detection and gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry for pos. compd. identification. Two field exercises were conducted to provide information on detection limits of on-site anal. approach for soil, water, and swipe samples. Both exercises showed the on-site anal. equipment can be easily deployed. All chem. warfare-related compds. were readily identified using the solid phase extn. technol. and portable anal. equipment. Results were later confirmed by analysts in inhouse labs. Bibliographic Information Super Toxic Analytical Glovebox System (STAGS). Henry, Charles E.; Heyl, Monica; Reutter, Dennis; Diez, Hernan; Landy, Keith. U.S. ARMY, ERDEC, AMC Treaty Laboratory, AMSCB-ACL, APG-EA, MD, USA. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 59-63. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:350413 AN 1997:713927 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The US Army was directed to dispose of the stockpile of unitary chem. weapons by Public Law 99-145 and subsequent amendments. This stockpile consists primarily of the agents, VX, HD, and GB, contained in a variety of munitions and bulk containers. To minimize the total risk to the public and the environment posed by chem. weapons storage and disposal, the National Research Council recommended the Army continue the current baseline incineration program while evaluating alternative technologies as replacements for the liq. incinerator used in agent destruction. To accomplish research necessary to det. the efficiency of neutralization, field grade chem. agents were characterized on-site in their natural environment. An onsite purity anal. for ton container survey at 3 storage sites was conducted. Super toxic anal. glovebox system (STAGS), an anal. equipment platformed within a regulated enclosure was designed to successfully perform super toxic work in the field.

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Development and initial testing of STAGS is discussed. Bibliographic Information Analytical control for destruction of chemical weapons. Requirements and organization. Myasoedov, B. F. V.I.Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 39-58. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:350412 AN 1997:713926 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract An effectively operating anal. control system for chem. weapons destruction in Russia is discussed. The Russian chem. weapons stockpile identified for destruction includes V-gas, sarin, soman, mustard gas, lewisite, and mustard gas-lewisite mixts. amounting to 40,000 tons of chem. warfare agents. Key problems include safety provisions for humans and the environment regarding chem. weapons storage, transportation, and destruction; neutralization of detoxification products; use of solid wastes; and physicochem. parameters of chem. warfare prodn. testing; and disposal of chem. warfare agents and sites. To meet these requirements, an effective system of anal. control coupled with a computer-assisted information system capable of providing expert with high quality reliable data is essential. The operation and elements of this control system are discussed. Bibliographic Information Development of analytical technologies for the alternatives to incineration program. Reutter, Dennis J.; Sumpter, Kenneth; Vickers, Eugene; Simak, Richard; Henry, Charles; Hoffland, Lynn; Smith, Philip B.; Brickhouse, Mark. U.S. Army, ERDEC, AMC Treaty Laboratory, AMSCB-ACL, APG-EA, MD, USA. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 27-38. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:336178 AN 1997:713925 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Various aspects of the destruction of chem. weapons are discussed using VX as an example including the development of anal. technologies for the alternatives to incineration program . Bibliographic Information Project SWIFTSURE: destruction of chemical agents at Defense Research Establishment Suffield. Mcandless, John M.; Boulet, Camille A. Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Medicine Hat, AB, Can. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 1-14. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 127:350492 AN 1997:713923 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review, with 11 refs., on the project location, waste inventory, operational concept, environmental monitoring, and destruction of chem. agents. Bibliographic Information Pyrethroid decrease in central nervous system from nerve agent pretreatment. Buchholz, Bruce A.; Pawley, Norma H.; Vogel, John S.; Mauthe, Robert J. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1997), 17(4), 231-234. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:172426 AN 1997:560828 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The authors studied the effect of pyridostigmine bromide, a nerve agent prophylactic, on the central nervous system (CNS) uptake of [14C]permethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, at scaled human-equiv. exposures in rats using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). AMS detects 14C at attomole sensitivities and dets. the tissue distribution of 14C-labeled compds. Pyridostigmine bromide in chow at 7.75 mg kg-1 per day lowered the CNS tissue levels of permethrin, dosed at 4.75 g kg-1, in the CNS of rats by 30%. These results are inconsistent with hypothesized synergy of such compds. as a precursor to "Gulf War syndrome". Bibliographic Information Sulchem process for treatment of chemical weapons-related wastes. Berkey, Edgar; Paff, Stephen W.; King, A. Bruce. Center for Hazardous Materials Research, University of Pittsburgh Applied Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 12(Mobile Alternative Demilitarization Technologies), 129-148. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:180466 AN 1997:545010 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The Sulchem process is a chem. treatment process that uses elemental S at elevated temps. in an O-free environment to clean up soil contaminated with org. and metallic waste. The process relies on the high reactivity of S and its ability to oxidize org. compds. rapidly and non-selectively at reaction conditions. Org. compds. react with the S to form an inert fine solid of C and S, as well as a variety of simple gases whose compn. varies with the waste material being treated. Byproduct gases may be scrubbed or treated to recover elemental S using an auxiliary process unit. Heavy metals contained in the soil react to form insol. sulfides that become immobilized. The process is potentially applicable to a variety of chem. weapons-related wastes, including soil contaminated with chem. agents, nerve agents, or energetics. The Sulchem process is operated as a 2-stage system at 300-350 . Org. compds. that are not volatilized from the soil are completely destroyed in the 1st reactor, in which the insol. metallic sulfides are also formed. A 2nd stage S/vapor reactor is used to destroy orgs. desorbed from the soil reactor. A series of bench-scale and pilot-scale test have been conducted that support feasibility of the process. Projected remediation costs using the process are estd. at $105-$183/ton based on site size, reactor configuration, and processing rate. Bibliographic Information The application of the Silver II electrochemical oxidation process for the demilitarization of non-stockpile material. Batey, W.; Warren, N. AEA Technology, Caithness, UK. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 12(Mobile Alternative Demilitarization Technologies), 103-127. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:194862 AN 1997:545009 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Abstract The Silver II Process is a recognized alternative technol. to incineration for the demilitarization of chem. munitions. This paper describes an integrated electrochem. cutting method for the breakdown of munitions with the Silver II Process being used to demilitarize the recovered org. material and decontaminate the shell casing. The Silver II Process is a low temp. and pressure electrochem. oxidn. process which stops when the electrochem. cell current is stopped. The offgases comply with environmental discharge stds. All liq. wastes are stored on-site pending return to a central depot for regeneration. The liq. wastes from the regeneration plant are discharged at the central depot once they have been confirmed to be free of chem. agent. The proposed concept provides a mobile soln. for the demilitarization of recovered buried conventional and chem. weapons. The concept is applicable to the remediation of small and large formerly used defense sites. Bibliographic Information Chemical detoxification of chemical weapons applying sodium-technology. Bilger, Edgar. c/o Dr. Bilger Umweltconsulting GmbH, Freigericht, Germany. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 12(Mobile Alternative Demilitarization Technologies), 71-82. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:194861 AN 1997:545008 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A cost-effective chem. method to destroy chem. weapons in a mobile unit using Na is described. Case studies for the destruction of Adamsite or mustard are highlighted. Using Na technol., the chem. can be controlled and analyses can be made at any stage of treatment since all substances are kept in closed compartments until the products are released after thorough final anal. Advantages of the Na technol. include: low temp.; chem. weapon mineralization; low investment cost; inexpensive reagents; no formation of dioxins or furans (vs. incineration); prodn. of solid or dissolved reaction products; no hazardous gases released; and mobile detoxification units. Bibliographic Information Cryofracture as a mobile demilitarization technology for non-stockpile chemical munitions. Spritzer, M. H.; Johnson, L. D. General Atomics, San Diego, CA, USA. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 12(Mobile Alternative Demilitarization Technologies), 19-39. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:180485 AN 1997:545005 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Cryofracture is a demilitarization process that has been under development for chem. agent munitions for over 12 yr. Cryofracture uses liq. N to pre-cool munitions prior to fracturing in a hydraulic press. Cryofracture exposes the chem. agents and explosives for subsequent destruction by other means such as thermal or chem. treatment. The cryofracture process is designed to demilitarize projectiles, cartridges, mortar rounds, mines and rockets. Over $60 million has been spent by the US Army to develop cryofracture for demilitarization of chem. agent munitions stored at stockpile sites in the US. Extensive tests have been performed with live explosives and simulant agents, and the test results verify all key aspects of the process. More recently, the cryofracture process has been applied to conventional munitions with the same good results. The process is also likely to find application for non-stockpile chem. munitions in the US and throughout the world. A description of the process and the results of extensive testing are presented, with particular emphasis on the adaptation of cryofracture to non-stockpile chem. munitions. Bibliographic Information Radial Heterogeneity of Impregnated Active Carbon Particles. Buczek, B.; Zietek, S.; Swiatkowski, A. University of Mining and Metallurgy, Krakow, Pol. Langmuir (1997), 13(5), 1342-1344. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 126:122909 AN 1997:126980 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Texture and sorptive properties of the active carbon, before and after impregnation with the soln. of Cr, Cu, and Ag salts, were investigated. Initial active carbon and the impregnated one were sep. subjected to abrasion in a spouted bed, thus obtaining core samples with different degrees of external layers removed. They were analyzed by means of densimetry, mercury porosimetry, and adsorption techniques. The pore vol. was detd. from measurements of true and real densities. Mercury porosimetry was used to est. vol. pores in the macropore range. Mesopore and micropore structures were detd. using benzene adsorption/desorption isotherms. Both the active carbon and impregnated active carbon showed radial changes in the micro-, meso-, and macropore structure. For impregnated active carbon samples the amt. of deposited material and sorption of ClCN were measured. The outer regions of particles were richer in active material whose distribution was analyzed. Samples with removed external layers exhibited substantially higher protective efficiency against cyanogen chloride. Bibliographic Information Comparative evaluation of benzodiazepines for control of soman-induced seizures. McDonough J H Jr; McMonagle J; Copeland T; Zoeffel D; Shih T M Pharmacology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400, USA Archives of toxicology (1999 Nov), 73(8-9), 473-8. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 10650919 AN 2000114341 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract This study evaluated the ability of six benzodiazepines to stop seizures produced by exposure to the nerve agent soman. Guinea pigs, previously prepared with electrodes to record electroencephalographic (EEG) activity, were pretreated with pyridostigmine (0.026 mg/kg, i.m.) 30 min before challenge with soman (56 microg/kg, s.c.) and then treated 1 min after soman exposure with atropine (2.0 mg/kg, i.m.) and pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM Cl; 25 mg/kg, i.m.). All animals developed seizures following this treatment. Benzodiazepines (avizafone, clonazepam, diazepam, loprazolam, lorazepam, and midazolam) were given i.m. 5 or 40 min after seizure onset. All benzodiazepines were effective in stopping soman-induced seizures, but there were marked differences between drugs in the rapidity of seizure control. The 50% effective dose (ED50) values and latencies for anticonvulsant effect for a given benzodiazepine were the same at the two times of treatment delay. Midazolam was the most potent and rapidly acting compound at both treatment times. Since rapid seizure control minimizes the chance of brain damage, use of midazolam as an anticonvulsant may lead to improved clinical outcome in the treatment of nerve agent seizures. Bibliographic Information

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Sulphur mustard induced DNA damage in mice after dermal and inhalation exposure. Lakshmana Rao P V; Vijayaraghavan R; Bhaskar A S Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. [email protected] Toxicology (1999 Nov 29), 139(1-2), 39-51. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 10614687 AN 2000080350 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulphur mustard (SM) is a chemical warfare agent of the blistering agent category for which there is still no effective therapy. SM, being a strong electrophile, readily reacts with a wide range of cellular macromolecules including DNA, RNA and protein. Since the main intoxication routes for SM are inhalation and dermal penetration, in the present study we have exposed female mice to different concentrations of SM by dermal and inhalation exposures and estimated the DNA damage in different organs viz., liver, lung, spleen and thymus. SM was applied at 38.7, 77.4, 154.7 mg/kg body weight, on the hair-clipped skin (dermal exposure) equivalent to 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 of the LD50. Inhalation exposure was carried out at 10.6, 21.2 and 42.3 mg/m3 for 1 h duration equivalent to 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 LC50. SM induced a dose-dependent DNA damage in all the organs except the lung in dermal exposure. Similarly the inhalation exposure resulted in dose- and time-dependent effect in all the organs including lung. By both routes of exposure liver was the most affected organ followed by spleen, thymus and lung in decreasing order. The quantitative data were corroborated by qualitative analysis of DNA on agarose gel electrophoresis. The genomic DNA analysis of the organs had revealed random nuclear DNA fragmentation resulting in a 'smear' typical of necrotic form of cell death. Since DNA damage is not reversible especially in liver, this can be used as a marker for SM exposure through either the dermal or inhalation route. Bibliographic Information Development of reactive topical skin protectants against sulfur mustard and nerve agents. Koper O; Lucas E; Klabunde K J Nantek, Inc., 1500 Hayes Drive, and Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1999 Dec), 19 Suppl 1 S59-70. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 10594903 AN 2000062800 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The potential for highly reactive nanoparticles (RNP) to absorb destructively, i.e. to neutralize highly toxic substances such as the warfare agents GA, GB, HD and VX, has been demonstrated in the laboratory. Reactive nanoparticles represent a new class of nanoscale particles of metals and metal oxides that differ from other nanoparticles in reactivity and crystalline morphology. The potential for incorporating RNP into a protective barrier skin cream also has been demonstrated. Preliminary studies indicate that RNP are physically and chemically compatible with a base cream provided by the Army Medical Research Office and, importantly, remain reactive with chemical agents while promising to be compatible with skin contact. Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Efficacy of the topical skin protectant in advanced development. Liu D K; Wannemacher R W; Snider T H; Hayes T L US Army Medical Material Development Activity, 622 Neiman Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5009, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1999 Dec), 19 Suppl 1 S40-5. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 10594900 AN 2000062797 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A topical skin protectant (TSP) (ICD 2289) is being developed to protect service members from exposure to chemical warfare agents (CWA). The TSP is designed for use on the skin at the overgarment closures and other vulnerable areas to enhance protection. The TSP, which is in phase II clinical studies, is a cream containing two chemically inert substances: perfluoroalkylpolyether and polytetrafluoroethylene. Animal data showed that the TSP was effective against percutaneous penetration of a blister agent, sulfur mustard (HD), by reducing the size of skin lesions and against T-2 mycotoxin by preventing the development of erythema and edema. The insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) reduced the TSP protection against HD regardless of the order of application on rabbit skin prior to dosing of HD. The protection was sustained when DEET was removed with a dry gauze prior to TSP application. The TSP was also effective against percutaneous exposure of nerve agents-thickened (with 5% methyl methacrylamide) soman (TGD) and VX (O-ethyl-S-[2(diisopropylamino)ethyl]methylphosphonothioate )-by reducing the mortality rate and protecting the red blood cell acetylcholinesterase activity. The TSP was effective against VX when DEET was applied prior to TSP application. Because human efficacy studies using CWA cannot be conducted, the efficacy will be demonstrated by the level of protection against poison ivy (urushiol) contact dermatitis in humans. Bibliographic Information Two-generation reproduction study of lewisite in rats. Sasser L B; Cushing J A; Lindenmeier C W; Mellick P W; Dacre J C Molecular Bioscience Department, Battelle, Richland, WA 99352-0999, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1999 Jul-Aug), 19(4), 229-35. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 10439336 AN 1999368191 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Lewisite, a potent toxic vesicant and chemical warfare agent, is used in a number of research laboratories, is stored in large quantities at depot sites throughout the USA and is occasionally transported to distant sites. Thus, the potential for environmental or occupational exposure exists where lewisite is present. A 42-week two-generation study was conducted to determine the reproductive consequences of lewisite in parental male and female rats and their offspring. Rats were administered lewisite in sesame oil (0, 0.10, 0.25 or 0.60 mg kg-1 day-1 for 5 days a week) via intragastic intubation before mating, during mating and after mating until the birth of their offspring. The dams continued to receive lewisite during lactation. At weaning, male and female offspring of each group were selected to continue the study, receiving lewisite during adolescence, mating and throughout gestation and lactation. Lewisite had no adverse effect on reproduction performance, fertility or reproductive organ weights of male or female rats through two consecutive generations. No adverse effects to offspring were attributed to lewisite exposure. Minor changes in growth were the only maternal effects observed. Lewisite exposure of parental rats caused no gross or microscopic lesion in testes, epididymis, prostate, seminal vesicles, ovaries, uterus or vagina. The no-observable-effect level (NOEL) for the reproductive effects of Lewisite would be > 0.60 mg kg-1 day1. Bibliographic Information Effect of lowered temperature on the toxicity of sulphur mustard in vitro and in vivo. Sawyer T W; Risk D Therapy Group, Medical Countermeasures Section, Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Alberta, Canada. [email protected]

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Toxicology (1999 May 3), 134(1), 27-37. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 10413186 AN 1999339531 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Primary cultures of chick embryo neurons were exposed to sulphur mustard (HD) and L-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and then incubated at either 25 or 37 degrees C. Lowering the temperature of the cultures decreased the 24-h toxicity of HD, but did not increase the efficacy of L-NAME protection. However, the length of time post-HD treatment in which L-NAME was maximally effective in protecting against HD toxicity was dramatically enhanced, out to 12 h after HD exposure. In addition, the persistence of L-NAME protection of the cells against HD was significantly lengthened. Tests conducted in human skin keratinocytes also showed that lowering the incubation temperature of actively proliferating, just-confluent or post-confluent cultures significantly and persistently decreased the cytotoxicity of HD. The persistence of L-NAME protection was increased in non-proliferating cells. Finally, cooling of HD-vapour exposed sites on hairless guinea pigs for 4.5 h decreased the severity of the resultant lesions out to 72 h post-exposure. Bibliographic Information The interaction of sarin and soman with plasma proteins: the identification of a novel phosphonylation site. Black R M; Harrison J M; Read R W DERA, CBD Porton Down, Salisbury, Wilts, UK Archives of toxicology (1999 Mar), 73(2), 123-6. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 10350193 AN 1999277696 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Incubation of both sarin and soman with human plasma has shown that binding occurs to a tyrosine residue. Similar binding occurs when sarin and soman are incubated with human serum albumin. This binding may provide an important biological marker, which retains full structural information concerning the identity of the agent, in cases of allegations of chemical warfare use. Bibliographic Information Acute soman poisoning in primates neither pretreated nor receiving immediate therapy: value of gacyclidine (GK-11) in delayed medical support. Lallement G; Clarencon D; Galonnier M; Baubichon D; Burckhart M F; Peoc'h M Unite de Neuropharmacologie, CRSSA-BP, La Tronche, France. 100437,[email protected] Archives of toxicology (1999 Mar), 73(2), 115-22. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 10350192 AN 1999277695 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents are still used as warfare and terrorism compounds. Classical delayed treatment of victims of organophosphate poisoning includes combined i.v. administration of a cholinesterase reactivator (an oxime), a muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist (atropine) and a benzodiazepine anticonvulsant (diazepam). The objective of this study was to evaluate, in a realistic setting, the therapeutic benefit of administration of GK-11 (gacyclidine), an antiglutamatergic compound, as a complement to the above therapy against organophosphate poisoning. Gacyclidine was injected (i.v.) in combination with atropine/diazepam/pralidoxime at man-equivalent doses after a 45- or 30-min latency period to intoxicated primates (2 LD50). The effects of gacyclidine on the animals' survival, electroencephalographic (EEG) activity, signs of toxicity, recovery after challenge and central nervous system histology were examined. The present data demonstrated that atropine/diazepam/pralidoxime alone or combined with gacyclidine did not prevent signs of soman toxicity when treatment was delayed 45 min after poisoning. Atropine/diazepam/pralidoxime also did not control seizures or prevent neuropathology in primates exhibiting severe signs of poisoning when treatment was commenced 30 min after intoxication. However, in this latter case, EEG recordings revealed that additional treatment with gacyclidine was able to stop soman-induced seizures and restore normal EEG activity. This drug also totally prevented the neuropathology observed 5 weeks after soman exposure in animals treated with atropine/diazepam/pralidoxime alone. Overall, in the case of severe OP-poisoning, gacyclidine represents a promising adjuvant therapy to the currently available polymedication to ensure optimal management of organophosphate poisoning in man. This drug is presently being evaluated in a human clinical trial for a different neuroprotective indication. However, it should always be kept in mind that, in the case of severe OP-poisoning, medical intervention must be conducted as early as possible. Bibliographic Information Evaluation of neutralized chemical agent identification sets (CAIS) for skin injury with an overview of the vesicant potential of agent degradation products. Olajos E J; Olson C T; Salem H; Singer A W; Hayes T L; Menton R G; Miller T L; Rosso T; MacIver B Edgewood Research Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1998 Nov-Dec), 18(6), 409-20. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 9840748 AN 1999054483 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Vesication and skin irritation studies were conducted in hairless guinea-pigs to determine the vesicant and skin irritation potential of chemically-neutralized Chemical Agent Identification Sets (CAIS). The CAIS are training items that contain chemical warfare-related material--sulfur mustard (HD), nitrogen mustard (HN) or lewisite (L)--and were declared obsolete in 1971. Animals were dosed topically with 'test article'--neat HD, 10% agent/chloroform solutions or product solutions (wastestreams) from neutralized CAIS--and evaluated for skin-damaging effects (gross and microscopic). Product solutions from the chemical neutralization of neat sulfur mustard resulted in microvesicle formation. All agent-dosed (HD or agent/chloroform solutions) sites manifested microblisters as well as other histopathological lesions of the skin. Waste-streams from the neutralization of agent (agent/chloroform or agent/charcoal) were devoid of vesicant activity. Cutaneous effects (erythema and edema) were consistent with the skin-injurious activity associated with the neutralizing reagent 1,3-dichloro-5,5dimethylhydantoin (DCDMH). Chemical neutralization of CAIS was effective in eliminating/reducing the vesicant property of CAIS containing agent in chloroform or agent on charcoal but was inefficient in reducing the vesicant potential of CAIS containing neat sulfur mustard. Bibliographic Information Inhibition, reactivation and aging kinetics of cyclohexylmethylphosphonofluoridate-inhibited human cholinesterases. Worek F; Eyer P; Szinicz L Institut fur Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Sanitatsakademie der Bundeswehr, Garching, Germany Archives of toxicology (1998 Sep), 72(9), 580-7. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 9806430 AN 1999021267 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))

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Cyclohexylmethylphosphonofluoridate (cyclosarin) is a highly toxic organophosphate, which was shown to be rather resistant to conventional oxime therapy. To give more insight into the inhibition, reactivation and aging kinetics, human acetyl-(AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) were inhibited by cyclosarin (k2 of 7.4 and 3.8 x 10(8) M(-1) min(-1), respectively; pH 7.4, 37 degrees C) and reactivated with obidoxime, pralidoxime and three experimental oximes. The new oxime HLo 7 (1-[[[4aminocarbonyl)-pyridinio]-methoxy]-methyl]-2,4-bis-[ (hydroxyimino)methyl] pyridinium dimethanesulphonate) was shown to be superior to the other oximes. At oxime concentrations anticipated to be relevant in humans, obidoxime and pralidoxime were extremely weak reactivators of AChE. Aging velocity of BChE was almost fourfold higher compared to AChE (ka of 0.32 h(1) and 0.08 h(-1), respectively). A substantial spontaneous reactivation was observed with AChE. These results support previous in vivo findings that obidoxime and pralidoxime are insufficient antidotes in cyclosarin poisoning. By contrast, HLo 7 was shown to be an extremely potent reactivator of human AChE and BChE, which supports its position as a broad-spectrum oxime. Bibliographic Information Acute inhalation toxicity of neutralized chemical agent identification sets (CAIS) containing agent in chloroform. Olajos E J; Morgan E W; Renne R A; Salem H; McVeety B; Johnson R; Phelps R L Edgewood Research Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5423, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1998 Sep-Oct), 18(5), 363-71. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 9804437 AN 1999019582 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract An acute head-only inhalation study was conducted in rats exposed for 1 h to product solution (wastestream) resultant from the chemical neutralization of Chemical Agent Identification Sets (CAIS) containing agent (sulfur mustard (HD), nitrogen mustard (HN-1) or lewisite (L)) in chloroform. Groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to varying concentrations (24000, 18000, 12000 or 6000 ppm) of CAIS wastestream. An additional group was exposed to the vehicle (chloroform/t-butanol) only, at a concentration equivalent to the concentration of vehicle at the highest exposure level. Animals were evaluated for toxic effects, including assessment of toxicant-induced alterations to the ocular and respiratory systems. Mortality on exposure to 24000 ppm of test article or to vehicle alone was high. Mortality in the other exposure groups was roughly proportional to the concentration of test article (wastestream). Toxic signs were consistent with exposure to solvent system components (chloroform/t-butanol) and to agent decomposition products/by-products. Incidence and severity of ocular effects were similar in vehicle control and treatment groups. The salient respiratory effect observed was a decreased minute volume, which was also noted in vehicle and treatment groups. Bibliographic Information Cardiorespiratory effects of O-isobutyl S-[2-(diethylamino)-ethyl] methylphosphonothioate -- a structural isomer of VX. Chang F C; Gouty S C; Eder L C; Hoffman B E; Maxwell D M; Brecht K M US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1998 Sep-Oct), 18(5), 337-47. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 9804434 AN 1999019579 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract O-Isobutyl S-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]methylphosphonothioate (VR) is a structural isomer of a more well-known chemical warefare agent, O-ethyl S-[2(diisopropylamino)ethyl]methylphosphonothioate (code designation VX). In this study, cardiorespiratory and central nervous system (CNS) effects of VR (2LD50 or 22.6 microg kg(-1); s.c.) were evaluated in urethane-anesthetized (Group 1) and unanesthetized (Group 2) guinea pigs instrumented for concurrent recordings of electrocorticogram (ECoG) and a variety of cardiorespiratory activities. The first sign of intoxication was a state of progressive bradycardia, vascular hypotension and arrhythmia (Group 1, approximately 13 min post-VR; Group 2, approximately 6 min post-VR). Bradypnea, excessive salivation and compensatory changes in blood pressure typically did not emerge until 3-5 min prior to apnea (Group 1, approximately 28 min post-VR; Group 2, approximately 15 min post-VR). An idioventricular rhythm, which signalled a failing myocardium, appeared at the same time or shortly after the development of a bradypneic profile. Another notable toxicity component of VR, based on arterial pH, pO2/pCO2 and bicarbonate (HCO3-) level data, was a state of combined hypercapnia, acidemia and hypoxemia during the development of bradypnea. Taken together, findings from this study indicated that changes in medullary respiratory unit activity and ECoG data displayed little, if any, notable signs of CNS perturbation prior to the terminal stage (approximately 1 min prior to respiratory failure). Thus, in addition to displaying a greater sensitivity to perturbation by VR, the peripheral cardiorespiratory system components also appeared to play a more important role in precipitating a progressively dysfunctional cardiorespiratory status that ultimately led to collapse of central respiratory mechanisms and death. Bibliographic Information Effect of sulphur mustard inhalation exposure on some urinary variables in mice. Kumar O; Vijayaraghavan R Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1998 Jul-Aug), 18(4), 257-9. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 9719425 AN 1998383930 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The effect of sulphur mustard (2,2'-dichlorodiethyl sulphide) exposure through inhalation at 0.5. 1.0 and 2.0 LC50 (21.2, 42.3 and 84.6 mg m(-3) for 1 h) on some urinary variables was studied in female mice at 6, 24 and 48 h and 7 days postexposure. The urinary excretion and circulatory blood accumulation of uric acid increased significantly. The level of creatine was also elevated significantly as compared to the control at 2 LC50. It is concluded that sulphur mustard alkylates DNA and triggers catabolism of apurinated purine bases in a very short time. The increase in uric acid excretion in urine can be detected only when the exposure concentration is high. Bibliographic Information Nerve agent poisoning in primates: antilethal, anti-epileptic and neuroprotective effects of GK-11. Lallement G; Clarencon D; Masqueliez C; Baubichon D; Galonnier M; Burckhart M F; Peoc'h M; Mestries J C Unite de Neurotoxicologie, CRSSA, La Tronche, France Archives of toxicology (1998), 72(2), 84-92. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 9456079 AN 1998115614 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Organophosphorus nerve agents are still in use today in warfare and as terrorism compounds. Classical emergency treatment

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of organophosphate poisoning includes the combined administration of a cholinesterase reactivator (an oxime), a muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist (atropine) and a benzodiazepine anticonvulsant (diazepam). However, recent experiments with primates have demonstrated that such treatment, even when administered immediately after organophosphate exposure, does not rapidly restore normal electroencephalographic (EEG) activity and fails to totally prevent neuronal brain damage. The objective of this study was to evaluate, in a realistic setting, the therapeutic benefit of administration of GK-11 (gacyclidine), an antiglutamatergic compound, as a complement to the available emergency therapy against organophosphate poisoning. GK-11 was injected at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg (i.v) after a 45-min latency period to heavily intoxicated (8 LD50) primates. Just after intoxication, man-equivalent doses of one autoinjector containing atropine/pralidoxime/diazepam were administered. The effects of GK-11 were examined on survival, EEG activity, signs of toxicity, recovery after challenge and central nervous system histology. The present data demonstrate that treatment with GK-11 prevents the mortality observed after early administration of classical emergency medication alone. EEG recordings and clinical observations also revealed that GK-11 prevented soman-induced seizures and motor convulsions. EEG analysis within the classical frequency bands (beta, theta, alpha, delta) demonstrated that central activity was totally restored to normal after GK-11 treatment, but remained profoundly altered in animals receiving atropine/pralidoxime/diazepam alone. GK-11 also markedly accelerated clinical recovery of soman-challenged primates. Lastly, this drug totally prevented the neuropathology observed 3 weeks after soman exposure in animals treated with classical emergency treatment alone. GK-11 represents a promising adjuvant therapy to the currently available emergency polymedication to ensure optimal management of organophosphate poisoning in man. This drug is presently being evaluated in a human clinical trial for a different neuroprotective indication. Bibliographic Information A model for quantitative measurement of sulfur mustard skin lesions in the rabbit ear. Zlotogorski A; Goldenhersh M; Shafran A Department of Dermatology, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel. [email protected] Toxicology (1997 Jun 27), 120(2), 105-10. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 9184197 AN 97327530 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The search for treatment and protection against the vesicant and inflammatory skin lesions induced by sulfur mustard suffers from the lack of a good in vivo reproducible model. We applied sulfur mustard (25-500 microg/cm2) to the outer surface of the ears of 10 rabbits and measured the edema formation 12, 24 and 48 h post-application with a caliper especially designed for soft matter. There was a dose-dependent linear increase in edema magnitude in the range from 25 to 150 microg/cm2. Maximal edema was observed after 12 h. There was a 12% reduction in edema size 24 h after application and a further decrease after 48 h. Skin thickness, inflammatory cell infiltrate, necrosis and vesiculation were evaluated in biopsies taken after 24 h. We found the same dose-related increase both in skin thickness and in degree of blister formation. This simple dose-response in vivo model can be used for evaluation of the dermal inflammation induced by topical application of sulfur mustard. This model has the additional advantage of a built-in control, namely the untreated contralateral ear. Consequently, this model can serve as a useful tool for future screening of potential compounds for prevention and treatment of sulfur mustard-induced skin lesions. Bibliographic Information Effect of sulphur mustard on the expression of urokinase in cultured 3T3 fibroblasts. Detheux M; Jijakli H; Lison D Laboratory of Medical Toxicology, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium Archives of toxicology (1997), 71(4), 243-9. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 9101041 AN 97255694 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The expression of plasminogen activator (PA), a serine proteinase involved in the degradation of extracellular matrix proteins, has been investigated in 3T3 fibroblasts after in vitro exposure to sulphur mustard (SM). Expression of the cell-associated enzyme has been assessed with a synthetic substrate assay and at the mRNA level. Twenty-four hours after 100 microM SM, cell viability (monitored by MTT assay) was not significantly affected, but protein synthesis (tritiated leucine incorporation) was reduced to < 20% of the control value. PA activity was significantly increased compared to control cells with a 20-fold increase after 24 h. This up-regulation was independent of the cell density, occurred maximally between days 1 and 4 and persisted for at least 6 days after exposure. Lower concentrations of SM (< or = 10 microM) did not significantly affect PA activity. Northern blotting experiments revealed an increased expression of urokinase (u-PA) transcripts in cells treated with 100 microM SM, with a peak at 10 h after exposure. Conditioned culture medium from cell cultures treated with 100 microM SM did not affect the expression of PA activity in naive or SM-treated cultures. Thiodiglycol (100 microM), the main metabolite of SM, did not influence the expression of PA in the same system. Different compounds were tested for modulation of the PA upregulation after SM exposure. Nicotinamide (5 mM), vitamin D3 (10(-10)M), extracellular calcium (2 mM) or EGTA (5 mM) had no effect. Ryanodine (10 microM) amplified the PA up-regulation by a factor of 2 and vanadate (500 microM) reduced it by approximately 50%. Dexamethasone (1 microM) added directly after SM treatment almost completely prevented the induction of PA at both the protein and mRNA levels. Overall these results demonstrate an up-regulation of urokinase in 3T3 fibroblasts after treatment with SM, which is possibly mediated by intracellular calcium mobilization. Further studies are needed to identify the significance of this proteolytic response in the pathogenesis of blistering and/or DNA repair mechanisms. Bibliographic Information Synthesis and mass spectrometric identification of the major amino acid adducts formed between sulphur mustard and haemoglobin in human blood. Noort D; Hulst A G; Trap H C; de Jong L P; Benschop H P Department of Chemical Toxicology, TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory, Rijswijk, The Netherlands Archives of toxicology (1997), 71(3), 171-8. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 9049054 AN 97201271 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract As part of a program to develop methods for the verification of alleged exposure to sulphur mustard, we synthesized and characterized three amino acid adducts presumably formed by alkylation of haemoglobin: 4-(2-hydroxyethylthioethyl)-Laspartate, 5-(2-hydroxyethylthioethyl)L-glutamate and N1- and N3-(2-hydroxyethylthioethyl)-L-histidine. Suitable derivatization methods for GC/MS analysis were developed for these adducts as well as for the cysteine and the N-terminal valine adduct. Incubation of human blood with [35S]sulfur mustard in vitro followed by acidic hydrolysis of isolated globin and derivatization with Fmoc-Cl afforded three radioactive peaks upon HPLC analysis, one of which coeluted with the synthetic Fmoc derivative of N1/N3-(2-hydroxyethylthioethyl)-L-histidine. After pronase digestion of globin the adducts of histidine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, cysteine and N-terminal valine could be tentatively identified and quantitated. Final identification was obtained from GC/MS analysis. The most abundant adduct, N1/N3-(2-hydroxyethylthioethyl)-L-histidine, could not be sensitively analysed by GC/MS. A convenient LC-tandem MS procedure was developed for this compound, enabling the detection of exposure of human blood to 10 microM sulphur mustard in vitro.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Bibliographic Information Protective effect of povidone-iodine ointment against skin lesions induced by sulphur and nitrogen mustards and by nonmustard vesicants. Wormser U; Brodsky B; Green B S; Arad-Yellin R; Nyska A Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Archives of toxicology (1997), 71(3), 165-70. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 9049053 AN 97201270 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Mustard gas (sulphur mustard, SM) is a powerful vesicant employed as a chemical weapon. The present study demonstrates the effect of povidone iodine (PI) ointment against skin toxicity caused by SM. Gross and histopathological examinations showed that application of PI up to 20 min following exposure to the vesicant resulted in marked skin protection. The shorter the interval between exposure and treatment the better was the protection achieved. PI was also effective against other mustards such as carboxybutyl chloroethyl sulphide (CBCS) and mechlorethamine. The fact that PI protected the skin against agents which cannot be oxidized such as iodoacetic acid, divinylsulphone and cantharidine showed that the antidotal effect of PI was unrelated to oxidation of the nitrogen and sulphur atoms of the mustards. PI ointment is proposed as an efficient protective agent against skin toxicity caused by mustards and other alkylators. Bibliographic Information Modifications of breathing pattern induced by inhaled sulphur mustard in mice. Vijayaraghavan R Pharmacology and Toxicology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India Archives of toxicology (1997), 71(3), 157-64. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 9049052 AN 97201269 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A head-only exposure assembly was used for exposing mice to vapours of sulphur mustard (SM). The respiration was monitored using an on-line computer program, capable of recognizing the breathing pattern as sensory irritation, airflow limitation and pulmonary irritation. SM was dissolved in acetone and vapourized using a compressed air nebulizer. Mice were exposed to the vapours (8.5, 16.9, 21.3, 26.8, 42.3 and 84.7 mg/m3) for 1 h in a body plethysmograph fitted with a 20gauge needle and a microphone for sensing the respiratory flow signals. The signals were amplified, digitized and integrated to give tidal volume, and stored in a computer for further analysis. The respiration of the mice was followed for modifications in the breathing pattern until 7 days post-exposure. SM induced sensory irritation during exposure, and there was a concentration dependent decrease in the respiratory frequency and an increase in tidal volume. Lower concentrations showed recovery after stopping the exposure. RD50, the concentration that depresses 50% of the respiration was estimated to be 27.4 mg/m3. Following exposure to higher concentrations the animals started dying after 6 days. The LC50 was estimated to be 42.5 mg/m3 (14 days observation period). The respiratory frequency decreased on subsequent days of exposure depending upon the exposure concentration, and the breathing pattern was characteristic of airflow limitation. The ratio of flow/tidal volume was decreased following exposure to concentrations of 26.8 and 42.3 mg/m3. The ratio of flow/tidal volume may be a better measurement than the measurements based on flow alone for the assessment of airflow limitation. Pulmonary irritation was not observed showing that the lungs were not affected. The body weight of the animals decreased progressively. The present methodology will be useful for identifying the effects of SM on the respiratory system, one of the endpoints considered when establishing occupational exposure limits.

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Bibliographic Information Reactions of sulfides with S-330, a potential decontaminant of sulfur mustard in formulations. Shih, Ming L.; Korte, William D.; Smith, J. Richard; Szafraniec, Linda L. US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, APG, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1999), 19(Suppl. 1), S83-S88. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 132:289769 AN 2000:132684 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Because the vesicant sulfur mustard (HD) remains a major chem. threat from either domestic terrorists or countries in conflict, topical prepns. are being evaluated as protectants from HD exposure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of chloroamide S-330 as a potential reactive component in topical formulations. Therefore, the rate, mechanism and byproducts of the oxidn. reactions of sulfides by S-330 in solvent media or specific formulation vehicles were investigated. Using NMR, LC, LC-MS and GC-MS, the reactions of S-330 with HD, di-Bu sulfide (DBS) and Me Ph sulfide (MPS) were studied in acetonitrile, chloroform and perfluoropolyether (PFPE) oil. The oxidn. of the three sulfides with S-330 was very rapid and completed in <4 min in acetonitrile-water or PFPE oil, but the rates of reaction in chloroform were significantly slower. In a large excess of S-330, the major products resulted from chlorination of the side chains. At a high HD/S-330 ratio, the major product was HD sulfoxide. Under both conditions, only a trace of HD sulfone, also a blistering agent, was obsd. Reactions with DBS and MPS primarily gave sulfoxides and sulfones, with less side-chain chlorination. The chloroamide S-330 appeared to be a rapid and effective decontaminant of HD in either polar media or in a PFPE oil. The two alkyl and aryl sulfides are suitable simulants of HD for the initial screening and evaluation of S-330 or other similar oxidizing agents. Bibliographic Information Polyoxometalate oxidation of chemical warfare agent simulants in fluorinated media. Johnson, Rhoma P.; Hill, Craig L. Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1999), 19(Suppl. 1), S71-S75. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 133:1581 AN 2000:132682 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The aim of this research is to det. if appropriate polyoxometalates (POMs) could be added to perfluoropolyether topical skin protectants (TSPs) currently available or under development to give these TSPs the addnl. capability of detecting and in some cases catalytically decontaminating sulfur mustard (HD) and perhaps other chem. warfare agents (CWAs) at ambient temps. Detection would be based on significant color changes in the POM upon redn. by the CWA whereas catalytic decontamination would be based on the ability of some families of POMs to catalyze O2-based oxidns. by more than one mechanism. Five POMs (10-25% by wt.) were each suspended in .apprx.5 g of the perfluoropolyether (PFPE, CF3O[-CF(CF3)CF2O-]x(-CF2O)yCF3) "barrier" cream. A stoichiometric amt. of HD sulfide simulant was layered on top of each POM-cream mixt. The short reaction times were recorded for each system. Mechanistic studies were conducted using an PFPE oil analog of the barrier cream in a microemulsion with the sulfide simulant, POM, PFPE surfactant and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol co-surfactant.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Bibliographic Information Development of reactive topical skin protectants against sulfur mustard and nerve agents. Koper, Olga; Lucas, Eric; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Nantek, Inc., Manhattan, KS, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1999), 19(Suppl. 1), S59-S70. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 132:261513 AN 2000:132681 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The potential for highly reactive nanoparticles (RNP) to absorb destructively, i.e. to neutralize highly toxic substances such as the warfare agents GA, GB, HD and VX, has been demonstrated in the lab. Reactive nanoparticles represent a new class of nanoscale particles of metals and metal oxides that differ from other nanoparticles in reactivity and cryst. morphol. The potential for incorporating RNP into a protective barrier skin cream also has been demonstrated. Preliminary studies indicate that RNP are phys. and chem. compatible with a base cream provided by the Army Medical Research Office and, importantly, remain reactive with chem. agents while promising to be compatible with skin contact. Bibliographic Information Development of a reactive topical skin protectant. Braue, Ernest H., Jr. Advanced Assessment Branch, Drug Assessment Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1999), 19(Suppl. 1), S47-S53. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 132:289768 AN 2000:132679 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The use of a topical skin protectant (TSP) as a means of protecting troops from percutaneous chem. warfare agent (CWA) exposure has been proposed since these weapons were first used during World War I. The TSP is applied to vulnerable skin surfaces prior to entry into a chem. combat area. In 1990, the US Army Medical Research Institute of Chem. Defense transferred two non-reactive TSPs into advanced development. Following US Food and Drug Administration approval, the final product is expected to be available to soldiers in 1999. A continuing research effort is designed to develop a secondgeneration TSP that will increase effectiveness and also decontaminate CWAs into non-toxic products. We identified a list of 29 reactive moieties as potential additives to the TSP formulation. All candidate formulations are evaluated in a decision tree network, consisting of a series of 11 efficacy testing models. A prototype formulation (ICD 2701) contg. the reactive ingredient S-330 has dramatically improved the protection against satd. sulfur mustard vapor. In addn., we have discovered a compd. (ICD 2837) that significantly increases the skin's natural resistance to CWA penetration. Our goal is to transfer a significantly improved TSP formulation into advanced development by 1999. Bibliographic Information Efficacy of the topical skin protectant in advanced development. Liu, Dai Kee; Wannemacher, Robert W.; Snider, Thomas H.; Hayes, Timothy L. US Army Medical Material Development Activity, Fort Detrick, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1999), 19(Suppl. 1), S41-S45. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 132:261511 AN 2000:132678 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A topical skin protectant (TSP) (ICD 2289) is being developed to protect service members from exposure to chem. warfare agents (CWA). The TSP is designed for use on the skin at the overgarment closures and other vulnerable areas to enhance protection. The TSP, which is in phase II clin. studies, is a cream contg. two chem. inert substances: perfluoroalkylpolyether and polytetrafluoroethylene. Animal data showed that the TSP was effective against percutaneous penetration of a blister agent, sulfur mustard (HD), by reducing the size of skin lesions and against T-2 mycotoxin by preventing the development of erythema and edema. The insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) reduced the TSP protection against HD regardless of the order of application on rabbit skin prior to dosing of HD. The protection was sustained when DEET was removed with a dry gauze prior to TSP application. The TSP was also effective against percutaneous exposure of nerve agents-thickened (with 5% Me methacrylamide) soman and VX by reducing the mortality rate and protecting the red blood cell acetylcholinesterase activity. The TSP was effective against VX when DEET was applied prior to TSP application. Because human efficacy studies using CWA cannot be conducted, the efficacy will be demonstrated by the level of protection against poison ivy (urushiol) contact dermatitis in humans. Bibliographic Information Sulfur mustard induced DNA damage in mice after dermal and inhalation exposure. Lakshmana Rao, P. V.; Vijayaraghavan, R.; Bhaskar, A. S. B. Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. Toxicology (1999), 139(1-2), 39-51. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 132:162248 AN 1999:746442 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulfur mustard (SM) is a chem. warfare agent of the blistering agent category for which there is still no effective therapy. SM, being a strong electrophile, readily reacts with a wide range of cellular macromols. including DNA, RNA and protein. Since the main intoxication routes for SM are inhalation and dermal penetration, in the present study we have exposed female mice to different concns. of SM by dermal and inhalation exposures and estd. the DNA damage in different organs viz., liver, lung, spleen and thymus. SM was applied at 38.7, 77.4, 154.7 mg/kg body wt., on the hair-clipped skin (dermal exposure) equiv. to 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 of the LD50. Inhalation exposure was carried out at 10.6, 21.2 and 42.3 mg/m3 for 1 h duration equiv. to 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 LC50. SM induced a dose-dependent DNA damage in all the organs except the lung in dermal exposure. Similarly the inhalation exposure resulted in dose- and time-dependent effect in all the organs including lung. By both routes of exposure liver was the most affected organ followed by spleen, thymus and lung in decreasing order. The quant. data were corroborated by qual. anal. of DNA on agarose gel electrophoresis. The genomic DNA anal. of the organs had revealed random nuclear DNA fragmentation resulting in a 'smear' typical of necrotic form of cell death. Since DNA damage is not reversible esp. in liver, this can be used as a marker for SM exposure through either the dermal or inhalation route. Bibliographic Information Synthesis and mass spectral characterization of diisopropylamino-ethanethiol, -sulfides and -disulfides and vinyl sulfides. Rohrbauch, D. K.; Berg, F. J.; Szafraniec, L. J.; Rossman, D. I.; Durst, H. D.; Munavalli, S. Edgewood Research Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, U.S. Army, Aberdeen, MD, USA. Phosphorus, Sulfur and Silicon and the Related Elements (1999), 149 95-106. CODEN: PSSLEC ISSN: 1042-6507. Journal written in English. CAN 132:49741 AN 1999:681810 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The sulfur contg. chem. agent, O-ethyl-S-2-(diisopropylaminoethyl)methylphosphonothiolate, is an extremely potent inhibitor of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase and exhibits extended neurol. effects. It undergoes degrdn. on standing alone or in the environment. Hence, identification of its primary degrdn. products assumes considerable importance. The synthesis and mass spectral fragmentation behavior of the title compds., some of which are present in the O-ethyl-S-2(diisopropylaminoethyl)methylphosphonothiolate degrdn. products, has not received much attention. This communication describes the synthesis and mass spectral characterization of the title compds. Bibliographic Information Reaction of Bis(2-chloroethyl) Sulfide with N,N'-Dichlorobis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)urea. Dubey, D. K.; Malhotra, R. C.; Vaidyanathaswamy, R.; Vijayaraghavan, R. Defence R. & D. Establishment, Gwalior, India. Journal of Organic Chemistry (1999), 64(21), 8031-8033. CODEN: JOCEAH ISSN: 0022-3263. Journal written in English. CAN 132:12186 AN 1999:629651 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The reaction of bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide (warfare agent) with N,N'-dichloro-N,N'-bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)urea was describe with the aim of using the latter as a decontamination agent. Bibliographic Information Reactions of VX, HD, and Their Simulants with NaY and AgY Zeolites. Desulfurization of VX on AgY. Wagner, George W.; Bartram, Philip W. Geo-Centers Inc., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Langmuir (1999), 15(23), 8113-8118. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 131:299202 AN 1999:577485 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The room-temp. reactions of the chem. warfare agents VX (O-Et S-2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methylphosphonothioate), HD (2,2'-dichloroethyl sulfide, or mustard), and their common simulants, O,S-di-Et phenylphosphonothioate (DEPPT) and 2chloroethyl Ph sulfide (CEPS), with NaY and silver-exchanged (AgY) zeolites have been studied using solid-state magic angle spinning NMR. VX hydrolyzes via exclusive cleavage of the P-S bond on both NaY and AgY to yield Et methylphosphonate (EMPA). The reaction is significantly faster on AgY than on NaY, suggesting catalysis by silver. On AgY, an intermediate silver salt of EMPA is apparently formed which is slowly converted to Et 2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methylphosphonate (QB, the desulfurized analog of VX) in about a 78% yield. DEPPT similarly hydrolyzes via P-S cleavage on AgY to yield an apparent silver salt of Et phenylphosphonate, which does not undergo further reaction to the desulfurized analog. No reaction is obsd. for DEPPT on NaY. HD on AgY forms both vinyl sulfide and the cyclic ether 1,4-thioxane. HD reacts faster on NaY to exclusively form the CH-TG sulfonium ion (HOCH2CH2SCH2CH2S+[CH2CH2OH]2). CEPS also reacts faster on NaY, forming 2-hydroxyethyl Ph sulfide. On AgY, CEPS does not give the vinyl product, but does yield the ether product PhSCH2CH2OCH2CH2SPh. A mechanism is proposed for the silver-catalyzed hydrolysis of VX, the desulfurization of the cleaved thiol, and the formation of QB. Bibliographic Information Reaction of a Vesicular Functionalized Surfactant with 2-Chloroethyl Phenyl Sulfide, a Mustard Simulant. Jaeger, David A.; Schilling, Curtis L. III; Zelenin, Alexander K.; Li, Bei; Kubicz-Loring, Elzbieta. Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA. Langmuir (1999), 15(21), 7180-7185. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 131:233071 AN 1999:505232 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Functionalized double-chain surfactant, potassium O,O'-didodecylphosphorodithioate (I) was synthesized. Its small unilamellar vesicles were characterized by dynamic laser light scattering and differential scanning calorimetry and its giant vesicles by phase-contrast optical microscopy. Also, I's giant vesicles contg. fluorescent dye, 5-carboxyfluorescein or 5(dodecanamido)fluorescein, were characterized by epifluorescence microscopy. In a pH 9.0 borate buffer at 25 , vesicular I reacted with 2-(2-chloroethyl Ph sulfide), a simulant for the chem. warfare agent mustard [bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide], to give 5-[S-[(2-phenylthio)ethyl]O,O'-didodecylphosphorodithioate] (II), involving capture of reactive intermediate cation 1phenylthiocyclopropane by the anion of I. This reaction was accompanied by the pptn. of II, which resulted in wounding/ destruction of the vesicles and the release of dye 5-carboxyfluorescein (from giant vesicles). The combination of the conversion and dye release suggests the potential of vesicular systems for simultaneous decontamination and signaling of chem. agents. 2-(2-Chloroethyl Ph sulfide) hydrolyzed to give only 2-(phenylthio)ethanol in the pH 9.0 buffer at 25 . Bibliographic Information Two-generation reproduction study of lewisite in rats. Sasser, L. B.; Cushing, J. A.; Lindenmeier, C. W.; Mellick, P. W.; Dacre, J. C. Battelle, Richland, WA, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1999), 19(4), 229-235. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 131:253491 AN 1999:485887 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Lewisite, a potent toxic vesicant and chem. warfare agent, is used in a no. of research labs., is stored in large quantities at depot sites throughout the USA and is occasionally transported to distant sites. Thus, the potential for environmental or occupational exposure exists where lewisite is present. A 42-wk two-generation study was conducted to det. the reproductive consequences of lewisite in parental male and female rats and their offspring. Rats were administered lewisite in sesame oil (0, 0.10, 0.25 or 0.60 mg kg-1 day-1 for 5 days a week) via intragastric intubation before mating, during mating and after mating until the birth of their offspring. The dams continued to receive lewisite during lactation. At weaning, male and female offspring of each group were selected to continue the study, receiving lewisite during adolescence, mating and throughout gestation and lactation. Lewisite had no adverse effect on reprodn. performance, fertility or reproductive organ wts. of male or female rats through two consecutive generations. No adverse effects to offspring were attributed to lewisite exposure. Minor changes in growth were the only maternal effects obsd. Lewisite exposure of parental rats caused no gross or microscopic lesion in testes, epididymis, prostate, seminal vesicles, ovaries, uterus or vagina. The no-observable-effect level (NOEL) for the reproductive effects of Lewisite would be >0.60 mg kg-1 day-1. Bibliographic Information Chemistry and toxicology of sulfur mustard-a review. Malhotra, R. C.; Ganesan, K.; Sugendran, K.; Swamy, R. V. Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. Defence Science Journal (1999), 49(2), 97-116. CODEN: DSJOAA ISSN: 0011-748X. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 131:112423 AN 1999:324517 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Abstract A review and discussion with 124 refs. Bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide commonly known as sulfur mustard (SM) is highly reactive bifunctional compd., documented as antimitotic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, teratogenic and cytotoxic agent. It is a powerful vesicant and has been employed as a chem. warfare agent. Skin, eyes and respiratory tract are the principal target organs and the DNA is the most important mol. target of SM toxicity. There is no specific antidote for SM injury. Treatment to SM toxicity is symptomatic. Bibliographic Information Surrogate burns in deactivation furnace system. Shah, Jay K. Science Applications International, Tooele, UT, USA. Journal of Hazardous Materials (1999), 66(3), 279-290. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 131:35263 AN 1999:308797 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The deactivation furnace system at the Deseret Chem. Depot in Utah is designed for processing explosive components from munitions contg. nerve and mustard agents. The Utah Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste (UDSHW) required that trial burns be conducted using surrogate chems. prior to introducing chem. agents into the system. Three surrogate runs of the selected surrogate chems. monochlorobenzene and hexachloroethane based on the criteria established by the UDSHW were conducted. The gaseous emissions and liq. and solid effluents were sampled and analyzed using approved EPA methods. The trial burns demonstrated the desirable destruction and removal efficiency for the selected surrogate chems. The pollution abatement system demonstrated the desired scrubbing efficiency for acid gases generated during incineration of chlorinated surrogate chems. The particulate removal efficiency during the trial burns was also considerably higher than required by regulations. After comprehensive survey of the performance of the deactivation furnace system during the surrogate trial burns, UDSHW approved introduction of GB nerve agent into the system to prep. it for agent trial burns. Bibliographic Information Reactions of VX, GD, and HD with Nanosize MgO. Wagner, George W.; Bartram, Philip W.; Koper, Olga; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Geo-Centers Inc., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Physical Chemistry B (1999), 103(16), 3225-3228. CODEN: JPCBFK ISSN: 1089-5647. Journal written in English. CAN 130:337750 AN 1999:218187 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The room-temp. reactions of the chem. warfare agents VX (O-Et S-2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methylphosphonothioate), GD (3,3-dimethyl-2-Bu methylphosphonofluoridate, or Soman), and HD (2,2'-dichloroethyl sulfide, or mustard) with nanosize MgO have been studied using solid-state MAS NMR. All three agents hydrolyze on the surface of the very reactive MgO nanoparticles. VX yields Et methylphosphonic acid (EMPA) and methylphosphonic acid (MPA), but no toxic S-(2diisopropylamino)ethyl methylphosphonothioate (EA-2192). GD forms both GD-acid and MPA. For HD, in addn. to hydrolysis to thiodiglycol, about 50% elimination to divinyl sulfide occurs. The reaction kinetics for all three agents are characterized by a fast initial reaction followed by gradual slowing to a steady-state reaction with first-order behavior. The fast reaction is consistent with liq. spreading through the porous nanoparticle aggregates. The steady-state reaction is identified as a gasphase reaction, mediated by evapn., once the liq. achieves its vol. in the smallest available pores. Bibliographic Information Cleavage of VX Simulants by Micellar Iodoso- and Iodoxybenzoate. Moss, Robert A.; Morales-Rojas, Hugo; Zhang, Hongmei; Park, Byeong-Deog. Department of Chemistry, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA. Langmuir (1999), 15(8), 2738-2744. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 130:328660 AN 1999:197621 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract O,S-Di-Et phenylphosphonothioate and S-Ph and S-Et diphenylthiophosphinate were efficiently cleaved by 3-fold excess oiodosobenzoate (IBA) in aq. micellar cetyltrimethylammonium chloride solns. at pH 9.5. The max. obsd. rate consts. (monitored by HPLC aliquot procedures) were 1.09 10-3 s-1 for O,S-Di-Et phenylphosphonothioate and 6.0 10-3 s-1 for S-Et diphenylthiophosphinate with 0.06 M IBA at 25 . S-Ph diphenylthiophosphinate cleaved too rapidly to follow by the aliquot method. With equimolar quantities of O,S-Di-Et phenylphosphonothioate and IBA, cleavage was slower and incomplete because of the redn. of the IBA to iodobenzoate by the EtSH liberated in the cleavage step. Mixts. of IBA and oiodoxybenzoate (IBX) efficiently cleaved O,S-Di-Et phenylphosphonothioate, even though IBX was not reactive toward O,S-Di-Et phenylphosphonothioate, because the IBX competitively oxidized the EtSH, mitigating its reaction with IBA, while simultaneously affording addnl. IBA as the IBX was reduced. Studies of IBA and IBX redox reactions with EtSH are also included. Bibliographic Information Kinetic model for the decomposition of DMMP in a hydrogen/oxygen flame. Werner, James H.; Cool, Terrill A. School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA. Combustion and Flame (1999), 117(1/2), 78-98. CODEN: CBFMAO ISSN: 0010-2180. Journal written in English. CAN 130:112199 AN 1999:101405 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A kinetic model of the combustion chem. of a hydrogen/oxygen base flame, doped with di-Me methylphosphonate (DMMP), a useful simulant for chem. warfare agents (CWAs), has been developed to assist in the controlled thermal destruction of CWA stockpiles. Laser-ionization mass spectrometry is employed to record concn. profiles of radical intermediates in a low-pressure premixed laminar flame. These measurements, combined with ab initio ests. of thermochem. properties of organophosphorus compds., lead to a kinetic model incorporating several key reaction intermediates, which include Me metaphosphate CH3OPO2, Me dioxophosphorane CH3PO2, and monomethyl methylphosphonate PO(OH)(CH3)(OCH3). Bibliographic Information Deactivation of Mustard and Nerve Agent Models via Low-Temperature Microemulsions. Menger, Fredric M.; Rourk, Michael J. Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. Langmuir (1999), 15(2), 309-313. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 07437463. Journal written in English. CAN 130:164143 AN 1998:796211 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter New low-temp. oil-in-water (O/W) type microemulsions that resist freezing and phase sepn. at -18 have been developed. These systems were shown to simultaneously destroy, via oxidative and hydrolytic mechanisms, simulants of three chem. warfare agents. Reactions, monitored at 25 by gradient elution high-performance liq. chromatog., took place instantly or over many minutes, depending upon the particular simulant. Neglecting reaction products, the low-temp. microemulsions contained 11 components: propylene glycol, water, base, oxidant/nucleophile, surfactant, cosurfactant, oil, stabilizer, two nerve agent simulants, and a mustard simulant. Only by virtue of self-aggregation does this extraordinarily complex chem. system adopt a useful mol. organization and, in this limited sense, the microemulsion chem. resembles what happens in a living cell. Substantial practical issues remain: rates for a recalcitrant VX simulant should be increased and overoxidn. of the mustard simulant to a sulfone retarded. Nonetheless, the new system demonstrates once again the potential of microemulsions in carrying out useful org. reactions at realistic substrate concns. in aq. solvents. Bibliographic Information Treatment for sulfur mustard poisoning - a review. Sugendran, K.; Kumar, Pravin; Vijayaraghavan, R. Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. Defence Science Journal (1998), 48(2), 155-162. CODEN: DSJOAA ISSN: 0011748X. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 130:164031 AN 1998:781689 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review and discussion with 39 refs. Sulfur mustard (SM) is a chem. warfare agent of historical and current interest. It is a well known blistering agent or vesicant. SM was extensively used in world war I as a chem. weapon and has been stockpiled by several countries since that time. SM serves as an ideal war gas and is favored militarily for its ability to incapacitate rather than to kill. Its use resulted in large nos. of casualties requiring prolonged and intensive medical care. Despite Geneva Protocol of 1925, which categorically banned the prodn., stockpiling and use of chem. weapons in wars, SM has been used in several wars, including the Iran-Iraq war during the 1980s, which renewed interest in it. Though, the chem. weapons convention was signed by more than 160 countries in 1993 and was subsequently ratified by several countries, the threat from this agent persists due to its clandestine usage during war and also by terrorist groups. There is no effective and specific antidote for local and systemic toxicity of SM despite scientific research for more than 75 yr. Many compds. were tested as antidotes for SM, but very few of them have been shown to provide some protection. The present review is aimed at evaluating the treatment regime and other clin. measures used to treat SM victims and the various drugs and chems. screened as antidotes for SM poisoning in exptl. animals. Bibliographic Information Evaluation of neutralized chemical agent identification sets (CAIS) for skin injury with an overview of the vesicant potential of agent degradation products. Olajos, E. J.; Olson, C. T.; Salem, H.; Singer, A. W.; Hayes, T. L.; Menton, R. G.; Miller, T. L.; Rosso, T.; MacIver, B. Edgewood Research Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1998), 18(6), 409-420. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 130:106238 AN 1998:750883 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Vesication and skin irritation studies were conducted in hairless guinea-pigs to det. the vesicant and skin irritation potential of chem.-neutralized Chem. Agent Identification Sets (CAIS). The CAIS are training items that contain chem. warfare-related material-sulfur mustard (HD), nitrogen mustard (HN) or lewisite (L)-and were declared obsolete in 1971. Animals were dosed topically with "test article"-neat HD, 10% agent/chloroform solns. or product solns. (waste-streams) from neutralized CAIS-and evaluated for skin-damaging effects (gross and microscopic). Product solns. from the chem. neutralization of neat sulfur mustard resulted in microvesicle formation. All agent-dosed (HD or agent/chloroform solns.) sites manifested microblisters as well as other histopathol. lesions of the skin. Waste-streams from the neutralization of agent (agent/chloroform or agent/ charcoal) were devoid of vesicant activity. Cutaneous effects (erythema and edema) were consistent with the skin-injurious activity assocd. with the neutralizing reagent 1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DCDMH). Chem. neutralization of CAIS was effective in eliminating/reducing the vesicant property of CAIS contg. agent in chloroform or agent on charcoal but was inefficient in reducing the vesicant potential of CAIS contg. neat sulfur mustard. Bibliographic Information Degradation and fate of mustard in soil as determined by 13C MAS NMR. Wagner, George W.; MacIver, Brian K. Geo-Centers Inc., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Langmuir (1998), 14(24), 6930-6934. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 130:91384 AN 1998:713429 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The environmental fate of chem. warfare agents is a current concern, and the notorious persistency of mustard in soil is wellknown. The current study utilizes 13C MAS NMR as an in situ method to study the behavior of mustard, and the common simulants 2-chloroethyl Me sulfide (CEMS) and 2-chloroethyl Ph sulfide (CEPS), in a sandy loam soil. Spreading of these waterinsol. liqs. and surface sorption on the dry soil particles is observable, as is the recoalescence of liq. droplets and/or hydrolysis in the presence of added water. The relative hydrolysis rates are in agreement with those obsd. in soln. CEMS, possessing the shortest aq. half-life, hydrolyzes without droplet reformation. But mustard and CEPS, possessing much longer aq. half-lives, do not substantially hydrolyze prior to droplet reformation. For mustard, this behavior is crucial to its longevity in soil. Hydrolysis of CEMS and CEPS in the sandy loam soil yields predominately their corresponding alcs., with some ether formation for the latter. Mustard hydrolysis in the sandy loam soil results in the nearly exclusive formation of the branched sulfonium ion HOCH2CH2SCH2CH2S+(CH2CH2OH)2 (CH-TG). A simple model based on droplet size is presented to explain the persistency of mustard in soil. Bibliographic Information Old arsenical munitions: methods for destruction and site cleanup. Beletskaya; Bilger; Boronin; Bunnett; Costantino; Cullen; Dominas; Goessler; Haiduc; Maeda; Martens. Neth. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1998), 19(Arsenic and Old Mustard: Chemical Problems in the Destruction of Old Arsenical and Mustard Munitions), 177-183. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 130:42626 AN 1998:702909 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review with 11 refs. concerning methods to destroy and clean-up sites polluted by old arsenical munitions is given. Topics discussed include: spilled arsenical agents (natural chem. transformations in-situ, biotransformation, decontamination of soil contg. arsenical agents, removing polluted soil for treatment elsewhere); destruction of arsenical agents in munition containers or storage tanks (incorporation into concrete, incineration, reactions with alkalies, Na cleavage, hydrogenolysis, novel methods

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from Russia, oxidn. in water solns., oxidn. under UV irradn., Ag2+ oxidn., other technologies, biodegrdn); and need for research. Bibliographic Information Old "mustard" or yperite munitions: methods for destruction and container detoxification. Koch, E.; Koch, M.; Leslie; Mikolajczyk; Modena; Mulbry; Petrosyan; Sokolowski; Yang. Neth. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1998), 19(Arsenic and Old Mustard: Chemical Problems in the Destruction of Old Arsenical and Mustard Munitions), 175-176. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 130:42704 AN 1998:702908 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Problems assocd. with disposal of mustard chem. warfare agent, particularly the presence of materials other than the pure chem. compd., bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide, greatly affects the suitability of processes which may be proposed for their destruction. Thus, destruction of mustard involved the conversion of a multitude of chem. species into material suitable for ultimate disposal; overall destruction also requires the material be presented in the correct form to the reaction stage of the process. Currently, only high temp. oxidn., i.e., incineration, is demonstrated bot be suitable for large-scale destruction of all materials collectively referred to as mustard. For a no. of reasons and public opposition, incineration may not be appropriate or acceptable for destruction of mustard at some locations. Technologies which for one reason or another were not pursued or were disregarded should be reconsidered in light of the wide range of problems that exist for destruction of mustard. Research into clean-up of contaminated sites is also necessary, including bioremediation of soil and chem. transformations in soil. Bibliographic Information Breakdown of sulfur "mustard" by phase transfer catalyzed HCl elimination, A potential destruction method for "mustard" stocks. Koch, Ernst - Christian. ABC- und Selbstschutzschule, Sonthofen, Germany. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1998), 19(Arsenic and Old Mustard: Chemical Problems in the Destruction of Old Arsenical and Mustard Munitions), 169-174. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 130:42625 AN 1998:702907 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review with 56 refs. concerning sulfur mustard breakdown by phase transfer-catalyzed HCl elimination is given. Topics discussed include: mustard destruction; problem; process results and discussion; summary; instrumentation; and exptl. Bibliographic Information Reductive decomposition of deposits in old "mustard" munitions. Bunnett, Joseph F. University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1998), 19(Arsenic and Old Mustard: Chemical Problems in the Destruction of Old Arsenical and Mustard Munitions), 163-164. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 130:42703 AN 1998:702905 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The nature of gelled or solid deposits in decades-old mustard tanks or munitions is uncertain. Some possibilities which may occur alone or in combination include: polysulfonium salts; poly(ethylenesulfide); elemental S; di- or oligo-sulfide polymers; and Fe compds. from container corrosion. All these structural types are vulnerable to attack by strong reducing agents: Na in liq. NH3; electrochem. cleaving; S reaction with Na; Fe salt redn. by Na; and alkyl halide cleavage by Na. In the lab., conducting such reactions in liq. NH3 is attractive because solns. of Na in NH3 are stable for hours or days. Thus, factory-type installations using Na in liq. NH3 to clean out old mustard munitions with gelled or solid deposits should be feasible. After munitions have been opened and drained of liq. mustard, liq. NH3 could be added followed by pieces of Na metal to react with and destroy the deposits. Munitions so treated would be safe to ship to a furnace to burn out remaining traces. For field situations, a promising alternative is using Na in ethanol; Na reacts with ethanol to release H gas. Addnl. research is needed to confirm that compds. modeling the various suggested structures for gelled or solid mustard are reactive with Na in ethanol as expected. Bibliographic Information Electrochemical and biological approach to the destruction of Lewisite and "Mustard". Boronin, Alexander M.; Sakharovski, Valentin G.; Starovoitov, Ivan I.; Kashparov, Konstantin I.; Shvetsov, Valery N.; Morozova, Ksenija M.; Nechaev, Igor A.; Tugoshov, Vladimir I.; Kuzmin, Nikolai P.; Kochergin, Alexander I. Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1998), 19(Arsenic and Old Mustard: Chemical Problems in the Destruction of Old Arsenical and Mustard Munitions), 159-162. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 130:42702 AN 1998:702904 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Ecol. benign destruction of lewisite and mustard was achieved by electrochem. pretreatment of their neutralization products followed by biol. oxidn. of the waste stream. The process, reaction products, and results are discussed. Bibliographic Information Destruction of Adamsite by sodium. Sokolowski, M.; Bilger, E. Military Institute of Chemistry and Radiometry, Warsaw, Pol. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1998), 19(Arsenic and Old Mustard: Chemical Problems in the Destruction of Old Arsenical and Mustard Munitions), 157-158. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 130:42701 AN 1998:702903 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sodium destroys chem. weapons, such as adamsite in a liq., dissolved, or gaseous state, with a special form of metallic, high surface Na, either on supports or as a dispersion in oil to yield inorg. Na salts and small org. mols. with little or no toxicity. Adamsite is destroyed by reacting with Na at low and even ambient temps. within a short time. Most of the originally org.bonded As is transformed into inorg. As (ionic) and therefore can be pptd. as an insol. sulfide. After completing adamsite decompn., water contg. sodium sulfide is added in a closed compartment to initiate hydrolysis of org. Na compds. and ppt. As2S3. Bibliographic Information A method for mutual disposal of old chemical weapons. Chimishkyan, Alexander L. D. Mendeleev University of Chemical

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Technology, Moscow, Russia. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1998), 19(Arsenic and Old Mustard: Chemical Problems in the Destruction of Old Arsenical and Mustard Munitions), 155-156. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 130:42700 AN 1998:702902 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract It is known that HCl destroys adamsite with formation of diphenylamine and AsCl3, and that the reaction of diphenylamine with another toxic agent, phosgene, is a method to produce acridone-9. These two reactions were used for the mutual disposal of adamsite and phosgene. Preliminary results showed the best results are obtained when phosgene is passed through an adamsite/paraffin melt. At the high temp. of the process (190-200 ), AsCl3 vapors are removed from the reaction mass where acridone-9 accumulates. It was also obsd. that tetraphenylurea is present in the reaction mass. This process guarantees a high yield of AsCl3. Bibliographic Information HPLC-ICP-MS methods for the determination of inorganic and organic arsenic compound. Goessler, W.; Kuehnelt, D.; Irgolic, K. J. Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Karl-Frazens-Universitat, Graz, Austria. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1998), 19(Arsenic and Old Mustard: Chemical Problems in the Destruction of Old Arsenical and Mustard Munitions), 151-154. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 130:62116 AN 1998:702901 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract To improve the detection limits, a hydraulic high-pressure nebulizer was substituted for the normal pneumatic nebulizer. Chromatog. conditions for the sepn. of inorg. and org. arsenic compds. are identified. Characteristic chromatograms are presented. The combination of the hydraulic high-pressure nebulizer with the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer enables the sepn. and detection of arsenic at the sub ng/mL level. These methods can certainly be used to identify and quantify arsenic compds. in soil samples suspected of contamination with arsenic-contg. chem. warfare agents. Bibliographic Information Practical actions of Russia on preparations for destruction of stockpiled Lewisite and "Mustard". Petrov, S. V.; Kholstov, V. I.; Zoubrilin, V. P.; Zavialova, N. V. Ministry Of Defence Of Russian Federation, Russia. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1998), 19(Arsenic and Old Mustard: Chemical Problems in the Destruction of Old Arsenical and Mustard Munitions), 79-90. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 130:42697 AN 1998:702894 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract To meet its international obligations while pursuing national policy, Russia has given priority to destroying its chem. warfare agent stockpiles as a major national objective. A mobile chem. warfare agent destruction mobile complex was constructed. It was necessary to first destroy stockpiled mustard-lewisite mixts. stored in high tonnage containers. The next priority is design and construction of a facility for organophosphorus agent destruction. This will be conducted simultaneously with work on blister agent destruction. This required site selection and submission to proper authorities and to the public for approval. Topics discussed include: Russian chem. weapons stockpiles; technol. aspects of lewisite and mustard destruction (lewisite stockpile destruction technologies [S treatment, lewisite interaction with ethylene glycol monomethacrylate ester and its subsequent polymn., chlorination, alk. hydrolysis, alcoholysis, high temp. oxidn., hydrogenolysis, NH3 redn.], mustard stockpile destruction technologies, mustard-lewisite mixts. destruction); and provisions for ecol. safe destruction of stockpiled lewisite and mustard. Bibliographic Information The problem of old chemical weapons which contain "mustard gas" or organoarsenic compounds: an overview. Manley, Ron G. Chemical Demilitarisation Branch, Provisional Technical Secretariat of the Preparatory Commission for the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Neth. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1998), 19(Arsenic and Old Mustard: Chemical Problems in the Destruction of Old Arsenical and Mustard Munitions), 1-16. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383715X. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 130:42622 AN 1998:702891 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review with 26 refs. of problems related to old and/or abandoned chem. weapons and the practicalities assocd. with their recovery and safe disposal. Emphasis is placed on weapons contg. either thickened or polymd. mustard gas and/or org. arsenicals, as these pose some of the most difficult disposal problems. Bibliographic Information Cardiorespiratory effects of O-isobutyl S-[2-(diethylamino)-ethyl] methylphosphonothioate - a structural isomer of VX. Chang, F.-C. T.; Gouty, S. C.; Eder, L. C.; Hoffman, B. E.; Maxwell, D. M.; Brecht, K. M. US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1998), 18(5), 337-347. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 130:34271 AN 1998:676630 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract O-Iso-Bu S-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]methylphosphonothioate (VR) is a structural isomer of a more well-known chem. warfare agent, O-Et S-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl]methylphosphonothioate (code designation VX). In this study, cardiorespiratory and central nervous system (CNS) effects of VR (2LD50 or 22.6 g kg-1; s.c.) were evaluated in urethane-anesthetized (Group 1) and unanesthetized (Group 2) guinea pigs instrumented for concurrent recordings of electrocorticogram (ECoG) and a variety of cardiorespiratory activities. The first sign of intoxication was a state of progressive bradycardia, vascular hypotension and arrhythmia (Group 1, .apprx. 13 min post-VR; Group 2, .apprx.6 min post-VR). Bradypnea, excessive salivation and compensatory changes in blood pressure typically did not emerge until 3-5 min prior to apnea (Group 1, .apprx.28 min postVR; Group 2, .apprx.15 min post-VR). An idioventricular rhythm, which signaled a failing myocardium, appeared at the same time or shortly after the development of a bradypneic profile. Another notable toxicity component of VR, based on arterial pH, pO2/pCO2 and bicarbonate (HCO3-) level data, was a state of combined hypercapnia, acidemia and hypoxemia during the development of bradypnea. Taken together, findings from this study indicated that changes in medullary respiratory unit activity and ECoG data displayed little, if any, notable signs of CNS perturbation prior to the terminal stage (.apprx.1 min prior to respiratory failure). Thus, in addn. to displaying a greater sensitivity to perturbation by VR, the peripheral cardiorespiratory system components also appeared to play a more important role in pptg. a progressively dysfunctional cardiorespiratory status that ultimately led to collapse of central respiratory mechanisms and death.

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Gas-phase pyrolysis of diisopropyl methylphosphonate. Zegers, E. J. P.; Fisher, E. M. Sibley Sch. Mechanical and Aerospace Eng., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, USA. Combustion and Flame (1998), 115(1/2), 230-240. CODEN: CBFMAO ISSN: 0010-2180. Journal written in English. CAN 129:58161 AN 1998:377527 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Gas-phase pyrolysis studies of diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP) in nitrogen have been conducted to gain insight into the decompn. behavior of organophosphorus chem. warfare nerve agents. Expts. were conducted in a quartz-lined atm. flow reactor between 700 and 800 K, at residence times ranging from 15 to 90 ms. Propylene, isopropanol, iso-Pr methylphosphonate (IMP), and methylphosphonic acid (MPA) were identified as decompn. products of DIMP. FTIR spectrometry was used to quantify parent, propylene, and isopropanol mole fractions in the reactor. The proposed pyrolysis mechanism for DIMP comprises two stages. The first corresponds to the unimol. decompn. of the parent into IMP and propylene. The second involves two competing pathways for the unimol. decompn. of IMP, one leading to isopropanol and the very reactive Me dioxophosphorane; the other to propylene once again and MPA. In the range of temps. studied, an isopropanol to propylene mole fraction ratio close to 0.25 suggests a branching ratio of 1.5 between these two pathways in favor of propylene prodn. The Arrhenius expression for the unimol. decompn. of DIMP was found to be: k[s-1]=10(12.0 1.5)[s-1] exp(-36.7 4.9[kcal.mole-1]/(RT)). Pyrolysis expts. with iso-Pr and t-Bu acetates, which have well-known decompn. rates, were performed to illustrate the ability of the app. to produce valid chem. kinetic data. An investigation of the effects of surface to vol. ratio on the DIMP decompn. process shows that wall reactions are significant in a 4-mm i.d. quartz tube, but less important in an 8-mm i.d. tube. Their effects are expected to be small in the 45-mm i.d. reactor. Bibliographic Information GC/MS screening of alkyl methylphosphonofluoridates and alkyl methylphosphonic acids. Rohrbaugh, Dennis K.; Sarver, Emory W. U.S. Army Edgewood Research Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 313-347. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 128:18255 AN 1997:713947 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and GC-MS-MS techniques, including electron impact, CH4 chem. ionization, and NH3 chem. ionization, were examd. for their use as potential screening techniques to monitor and detect Schedule 1A1 C1-10alkyl and cycloalkyl methylphosphonofluoridates and the corresponding Schedule 2 hydrolysis products. These compds. [the methylphosphonofluoridates, of general formula MeP(:O)F(OR), and MeP(:O)OH(OR), R = Et, iso-Pr, iso-Bu, pinacolyl, and cyclohexyl] are, or are derived from, common chem. warfare agents. The base peak for all methylphosphonofluoridates in electron-impact mass spectrometry was at m/e 99. Because of low volatility, the methylphosphonic acids were not amenable to GC anal. However, electron impact mass spectra of their trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivs. gave a base peak at m/e 153 and a dominant peak (10-50% of base peak) at m/e 169 for all compds. Chem. ionization mass spectrometry with CH4 and NH3 can not only be used to also screen samples, but it can give information on mol. wt. of specific compds. Bibliographic Information Possibilities of incorporation of the CO2 DIAL detector into the system of atmospheric quality monitoring associated with storing and destruction of chemical weapons. Kadlcak, J.; Dubina, P.; Safar, B. Military Technical Institute of Protection Brno, Brno, Czech Rep. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 255-263. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:350239 AN 1997:713942 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The CO2 DIAL system is capable of detecting GB and other chem. warfare agents over a distance of 600 m, theor. up to 3.5 km. In addn., the CO2 DIAL system is able to follow the changes in the concn. of monitored species in a cloud. The detection limit with which the concn. of these compds. could be measured is limited by the min. changes in the differential absorption LIDAR returns that could be distinguished from background fluctuations. Bibliographic Information A data analysis routine to protect confidential information during GC-MS analysis. Mcguire, Raymond R.; Martin, Walter H. Arms Control and Treaty Verification Program Lawrence Livermore National laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 229-240. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 128:9885 AN 1997:713940 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A shell program, MASK was added to the std. GC-MS data anal. code M CODE to protect confidentiality of information not relevant to the Chem. Weapons Convention. This program was demonstrated to work well where high total ion counts are available. A subroutine for blind background subtraction needs to be added for cases where the peak is only slightly above baseline. Bibliographic Information The application of LC/ES-MS in the OPCW/PTS inter-laboratory comparison test. Peng, Lixin; Xu, Danian. Research Institute of Chemical Defence, Beijing, Peop. Rep. China. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 225-228. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:350237 AN 1997:713939 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Structural identification of several Chem. Warfare Convention-related compds., (R)P(O)(OH)2, (CH3)p(O)(OH)(OR), bis(2chloroethyl)ethylamine, o-cyclopentyl-S-2-(diethylamino)ethylmethylphosphonothiolate, N,N-diethylaminoethanol, and ethyldiethanolamine, using HPLC/emission spectroscopy-mass spectrometry is presented, and the main fragmentation pattern under ES-MS is discussed. LC/ES-MS can det. high wt. mol. and structural anal. of polar, low mol. wt. analytes, esp. phosphonic acid. Bibliographic Information

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Air monitoring equipment for CW destruction facilities with special emphasis on OCW destruction. Starrock, Volker; Doering, Hans Ruediger. German Armed Forces NBC Defence Establishment, Munster, Germany. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 157-180. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:350386 AN 1997:713936 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A discussion is given on the air monitoring system in chem. warfare agent destruction site. It includes monitoring system, destruction activities, and anal. Bibliographic Information GCQ GC/MS system: preliminary experiences. Cermak, J. CETA Analytical Department, Research Institute for Organic Syntheses, Pardubice - Rybitvi, Czech Rep. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 133-146. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:350634 AN 1997:713934 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A discussion is given on the GC/MS system in relation to destruction of chem. warfare agents. Bibliographic Information GC/MS investigation of Ethyl S-2-diisopropyl aminoethyl methylphosphonothiolate (VX) age decomposition products. Sliwakowski, M. Military Institute of Chemistry and Radiometry, Warsaw, Pol. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 127-132. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 128:39042 AN 1997:713933 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sample of VX stored for a long time in glass container was investigated using GC/MS system. A variety of age decompn. products including O-alkyl and N,N-diisopropylamino- substituted thiophosphonic esters and acids as well as phosphonic anhydrides were identified. Diazomethane methylation was used to obtain derivs. convenient to GC process. Retention parameters and EI-MS spectra were obtained and presented. Bibliographic Information Chemical ionization and electron impact mass spectrometry of some methylphosphonothiolates. Podborsky, V.; Stein, V. Military Technical Institute of Protection, Brno, Czech Rep. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 109-125. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 128:3728 AN 1997:713932 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Mass spectrometric data of 18 organophosphorus compds. from the family of V-agents were studied. MS spectra of S-2dimethyl-, S-2-diethyl-, S-2-dipropyl-, S-2-diisopropyl- and S-2-dibutylaminoethyl O-alkyl methylphosphonothiolates were measured in EI and CI modes. MS spectra were completed with some toxicol. data of these organophosphorus compds. Bibliographic Information Application of some modern sample introduction techniques and Poraplot Q GC column in the analysis of volatile toxic compounds. Bardarov, V.; Tashkov, V. Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulg. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 77-97. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:350235 AN 1997:713929 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Anal. of toxic substances is difficult due to the complexity of the matrixes and usual requirements of multi-component anal. leading to application of chromatog. sepn. The greatest part of chem. warfare agents, their precursors, and degrdn. products demonstrate significant vapor pressure and cause measurable concns. in the gaseous environment at ambient or slightly increased temps. This results in problems for sampling and sample prepn., but favorable distribution of analytes and matrix components among the matrix or suitable sorbent and the gaseous environment may occur and can be used in some techniques to combine sampling, sample prepn., and sample introduction when analyzed using gas chromatog. These techniques, headspace, thermodesorption, and gas extn., realized using different instrument variants in combination with gas chromatog. sepn., are discussed. Bibliographic Information On-site sample work-up procedures to isolate chemical warfare related compounds using solid phase extraction and solid phase microextraction technology. Alcaraz, A.; Hulsey, S. S.; Whipple, R. E.; Andresen, B. D. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Forensic Science Center, Livermore, CA, USA. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 65-76. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:350879 AN 1997:713928 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract To rapidly prep. and accurately analyze suspect samples for on-site investigations of chem. warfare agents, new methods and field portable equipment, including collection, prepn., and anal. of suspect samples, were required. Using solid phase extn., sample prepn. time was greatly reduced and cumbersome lab. equipment was eliminated. Three different portable modules to achieve on-site field anal. capability were developed. The first consisted of pre-cleaned, sealed sample collection equipment capable of obtaining any type of sample. The second module allowed for complete chem. work-up of collected samples to prep. them for instrumental anal. The third module contained anal. instrumentation necessary for chem. identification, including gas chromatog.-flame photometric detection and gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry for pos. compd. identification. Two field exercises were conducted to provide information on detection limits of on-site anal. approach for soil, water, and swipe samples. Both exercises showed the on-site anal. equipment can be easily deployed. All chem. warfare-related compds. were readily identified using the solid phase extn. technol. and portable anal. equipment. Results were later confirmed by analysts in inhouse labs.

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Super Toxic Analytical Glovebox System (STAGS). Henry, Charles E.; Heyl, Monica; Reutter, Dennis; Diez, Hernan; Landy, Keith. U.S. ARMY, ERDEC, AMC Treaty Laboratory, AMSCB-ACL, APG-EA, MD, USA. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 59-63. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:350413 AN 1997:713927 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The US Army was directed to dispose of the stockpile of unitary chem. weapons by Public Law 99-145 and subsequent amendments. This stockpile consists primarily of the agents, VX, HD, and GB, contained in a variety of munitions and bulk containers. To minimize the total risk to the public and the environment posed by chem. weapons storage and disposal, the National Research Council recommended the Army continue the current baseline incineration program while evaluating alternative technologies as replacements for the liq. incinerator used in agent destruction. To accomplish research necessary to det. the efficiency of neutralization, field grade chem. agents were characterized on-site in their natural environment. An onsite purity anal. for ton container survey at 3 storage sites was conducted. Super toxic anal. glovebox system (STAGS), an anal. equipment platformed within a regulated enclosure was designed to successfully perform super toxic work in the field. Development and initial testing of STAGS is discussed. Bibliographic Information Analytical control for destruction of chemical weapons. Requirements and organization. Myasoedov, B. F. V.I.Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 39-58. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:350412 AN 1997:713926 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract An effectively operating anal. control system for chem. weapons destruction in Russia is discussed. The Russian chem. weapons stockpile identified for destruction includes V-gas, sarin, soman, mustard gas, lewisite, and mustard gas-lewisite mixts. amounting to 40,000 tons of chem. warfare agents. Key problems include safety provisions for humans and the environment regarding chem. weapons storage, transportation, and destruction; neutralization of detoxification products; use of solid wastes; and physicochem. parameters of chem. warfare prodn. testing; and disposal of chem. warfare agents and sites. To meet these requirements, an effective system of anal. control coupled with a computer-assisted information system capable of providing expert with high quality reliable data is essential. The operation and elements of this control system are discussed. Bibliographic Information Development of analytical technologies for the alternatives to incineration program. Reutter, Dennis J.; Sumpter, Kenneth; Vickers, Eugene; Simak, Richard; Henry, Charles; Hoffland, Lynn; Smith, Philip B.; Brickhouse, Mark. U.S. Army, ERDEC, AMC Treaty Laboratory, AMSCB-ACL, APG-EA, MD, USA. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 27-38. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:336178 AN 1997:713925 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Various aspects of the destruction of chem. weapons are discussed using VX as an example including the development of anal. technologies for the alternatives to incineration program . Bibliographic Information Project SWIFTSURE: destruction of chemical agents at Defense Research Establishment Suffield. Mcandless, John M.; Boulet, Camille A. Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Medicine Hat, AB, Can. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 13(Analytical Chemistry Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons), 1-14. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 127:350492 AN 1997:713923 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review, with 11 refs., on the project location, waste inventory, operational concept, environmental monitoring, and destruction of chem. agents. Bibliographic Information Pyrethroid decrease in central nervous system from nerve agent pretreatment. Buchholz, Bruce A.; Pawley, Norma H.; Vogel, John S.; Mauthe, Robert J. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1997), 17(4), 231-234. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:172426 AN 1997:560828 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The authors studied the effect of pyridostigmine bromide, a nerve agent prophylactic, on the central nervous system (CNS) uptake of [14C]permethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, at scaled human-equiv. exposures in rats using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). AMS detects 14C at attomole sensitivities and dets. the tissue distribution of 14C-labeled compds. Pyridostigmine bromide in chow at 7.75 mg kg-1 per day lowered the CNS tissue levels of permethrin, dosed at 4.75 g kg-1, in the CNS of rats by 30%. These results are inconsistent with hypothesized synergy of such compds. as a precursor to "Gulf War syndrome". Bibliographic Information Sulchem process for treatment of chemical weapons-related wastes. Berkey, Edgar; Paff, Stephen W.; King, A. Bruce. Center for Hazardous Materials Research, University of Pittsburgh Applied Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 12(Mobile Alternative Demilitarization Technologies), 129-148. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:180466 AN 1997:545010 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The Sulchem process is a chem. treatment process that uses elemental S at elevated temps. in an O-free environment to

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clean up soil contaminated with org. and metallic waste. The process relies on the high reactivity of S and its ability to oxidize org. compds. rapidly and non-selectively at reaction conditions. Org. compds. react with the S to form an inert fine solid of C and S, as well as a variety of simple gases whose compn. varies with the waste material being treated. Byproduct gases may be scrubbed or treated to recover elemental S using an auxiliary process unit. Heavy metals contained in the soil react to form insol. sulfides that become immobilized. The process is potentially applicable to a variety of chem. weapons-related wastes, including soil contaminated with chem. agents, nerve agents, or energetics. The Sulchem process is operated as a 2-stage system at 300-350 . Org. compds. that are not volatilized from the soil are completely destroyed in the 1st reactor, in which the insol. metallic sulfides are also formed. A 2nd stage S/vapor reactor is used to destroy orgs. desorbed from the soil reactor. A series of bench-scale and pilot-scale test have been conducted that support feasibility of the process. Projected remediation costs using the process are estd. at $105-$183/ton based on site size, reactor configuration, and processing rate. Bibliographic Information The application of the Silver II electrochemical oxidation process for the demilitarization of non-stockpile material. Batey, W.; Warren, N. AEA Technology, Caithness, UK. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 12(Mobile Alternative Demilitarization Technologies), 103-127. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:194862 AN 1997:545009 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The Silver II Process is a recognized alternative technol. to incineration for the demilitarization of chem. munitions. This paper describes an integrated electrochem. cutting method for the breakdown of munitions with the Silver II Process being used to demilitarize the recovered org. material and decontaminate the shell casing. The Silver II Process is a low temp. and pressure electrochem. oxidn. process which stops when the electrochem. cell current is stopped. The offgases comply with environmental discharge stds. All liq. wastes are stored on-site pending return to a central depot for regeneration. The liq. wastes from the regeneration plant are discharged at the central depot once they have been confirmed to be free of chem. agent. The proposed concept provides a mobile soln. for the demilitarization of recovered buried conventional and chem. weapons. The concept is applicable to the remediation of small and large formerly used defense sites. Bibliographic Information Chemical detoxification of chemical weapons applying sodium-technology. Bilger, Edgar. c/o Dr. Bilger Umweltconsulting GmbH, Freigericht, Germany. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 12(Mobile Alternative Demilitarization Technologies), 71-82. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:194861 AN 1997:545008 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A cost-effective chem. method to destroy chem. weapons in a mobile unit using Na is described. Case studies for the destruction of Adamsite or mustard are highlighted. Using Na technol., the chem. can be controlled and analyses can be made at any stage of treatment since all substances are kept in closed compartments until the products are released after thorough final anal. Advantages of the Na technol. include: low temp.; chem. weapon mineralization; low investment cost; inexpensive reagents; no formation of dioxins or furans (vs. incineration); prodn. of solid or dissolved reaction products; no hazardous gases released; and mobile detoxification units. Bibliographic Information Cryofracture as a mobile demilitarization technology for non-stockpile chemical munitions. Spritzer, M. H.; Johnson, L. D. General Atomics, San Diego, CA, USA. NATO ASI Series, Series 1: Disarmament Technologies (1997), 12(Mobile Alternative Demilitarization Technologies), 19-39. CODEN: NASTFP ISSN: 1383-715X. Journal written in English. CAN 127:180485 AN 1997:545005 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Cryofracture is a demilitarization process that has been under development for chem. agent munitions for over 12 yr. Cryofracture uses liq. N to pre-cool munitions prior to fracturing in a hydraulic press. Cryofracture exposes the chem. agents and explosives for subsequent destruction by other means such as thermal or chem. treatment. The cryofracture process is designed to demilitarize projectiles, cartridges, mortar rounds, mines and rockets. Over $60 million has been spent by the US Army to develop cryofracture for demilitarization of chem. agent munitions stored at stockpile sites in the US. Extensive tests have been performed with live explosives and simulant agents, and the test results verify all key aspects of the process. More recently, the cryofracture process has been applied to conventional munitions with the same good results. The process is also likely to find application for non-stockpile chem. munitions in the US and throughout the world. A description of the process and the results of extensive testing are presented, with particular emphasis on the adaptation of cryofracture to non-stockpile chem. munitions. Bibliographic Information Radial Heterogeneity of Impregnated Active Carbon Particles. Buczek, B.; Zietek, S.; Swiatkowski, A. University of Mining and Metallurgy, Krakow, Pol. Langmuir (1997), 13(5), 1342-1344. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 126:122909 AN 1997:126980 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Texture and sorptive properties of the active carbon, before and after impregnation with the soln. of Cr, Cu, and Ag salts, were investigated. Initial active carbon and the impregnated one were sep. subjected to abrasion in a spouted bed, thus obtaining core samples with different degrees of external layers removed. They were analyzed by means of densimetry, mercury porosimetry, and adsorption techniques. The pore vol. was detd. from measurements of true and real densities. Mercury porosimetry was used to est. vol. pores in the macropore range. Mesopore and micropore structures were detd. using benzene adsorption/desorption isotherms. Both the active carbon and impregnated active carbon showed radial changes in the micro-, meso-, and macropore structure. For impregnated active carbon samples the amt. of deposited material and sorption of ClCN were measured. The outer regions of particles were richer in active material whose distribution was analyzed. Samples with removed external layers exhibited substantially higher protective efficiency against cyanogen chloride. Bibliographic Information Comparative evaluation of benzodiazepines for control of soman-induced seizures. McDonough J H Jr; McMonagle J; Copeland T; Zoeffel D; Shih T M Pharmacology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400, USA Archives of toxicology (1999 Nov), 73(8-9), 473-8. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 10650919 AN 2000114341 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Abstract This study evaluated the ability of six benzodiazepines to stop seizures produced by exposure to the nerve agent soman. Guinea pigs, previously prepared with electrodes to record electroencephalographic (EEG) activity, were pretreated with pyridostigmine (0.026 mg/kg, i.m.) 30 min before challenge with soman (56 microg/kg, s.c.) and then treated 1 min after soman exposure with atropine (2.0 mg/kg, i.m.) and pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM Cl; 25 mg/kg, i.m.). All animals developed seizures following this treatment. Benzodiazepines (avizafone, clonazepam, diazepam, loprazolam, lorazepam, and midazolam) were given i.m. 5 or 40 min after seizure onset. All benzodiazepines were effective in stopping soman-induced seizures, but there were marked differences between drugs in the rapidity of seizure control. The 50% effective dose (ED50) values and latencies for anticonvulsant effect for a given benzodiazepine were the same at the two times of treatment delay. Midazolam was the most potent and rapidly acting compound at both treatment times. Since rapid seizure control minimizes the chance of brain damage, use of midazolam as an anticonvulsant may lead to improved clinical outcome in the treatment of nerve agent seizures. Bibliographic Information Sulphur mustard induced DNA damage in mice after dermal and inhalation exposure. Lakshmana Rao P V; Vijayaraghavan R; Bhaskar A S Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. [email protected] Toxicology (1999 Nov 29), 139(1-2), 39-51. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 10614687 AN 2000080350 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Sulphur mustard (SM) is a chemical warfare agent of the blistering agent category for which there is still no effective therapy. SM, being a strong electrophile, readily reacts with a wide range of cellular macromolecules including DNA, RNA and protein. Since the main intoxication routes for SM are inhalation and dermal penetration, in the present study we have exposed female mice to different concentrations of SM by dermal and inhalation exposures and estimated the DNA damage in different organs viz., liver, lung, spleen and thymus. SM was applied at 38.7, 77.4, 154.7 mg/kg body weight, on the hair-clipped skin (dermal exposure) equivalent to 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 of the LD50. Inhalation exposure was carried out at 10.6, 21.2 and 42.3 mg/m3 for 1 h duration equivalent to 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 LC50. SM induced a dose-dependent DNA damage in all the organs except the lung in dermal exposure. Similarly the inhalation exposure resulted in dose- and time-dependent effect in all the organs including lung. By both routes of exposure liver was the most affected organ followed by spleen, thymus and lung in decreasing order. The quantitative data were corroborated by qualitative analysis of DNA on agarose gel electrophoresis. The genomic DNA analysis of the organs had revealed random nuclear DNA fragmentation resulting in a 'smear' typical of necrotic form of cell death. Since DNA damage is not reversible especially in liver, this can be used as a marker for SM exposure through either the dermal or inhalation route. Bibliographic Information Development of reactive topical skin protectants against sulfur mustard and nerve agents. Koper O; Lucas E; Klabunde K J Nantek, Inc., 1500 Hayes Drive, and Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1999 Dec), 19 Suppl 1 S59-70. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 10594903 AN 2000062800 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The potential for highly reactive nanoparticles (RNP) to absorb destructively, i.e. to neutralize highly toxic substances such as the warfare agents GA, GB, HD and VX, has been demonstrated in the laboratory. Reactive nanoparticles represent a new class of nanoscale particles of metals and metal oxides that differ from other nanoparticles in reactivity and crystalline morphology. The potential for incorporating RNP into a protective barrier skin cream also has been demonstrated. Preliminary studies indicate that RNP are physically and chemically compatible with a base cream provided by the Army Medical Research Office and, importantly, remain reactive with chemical agents while promising to be compatible with skin contact. Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bibliographic Information Efficacy of the topical skin protectant in advanced development. Liu D K; Wannemacher R W; Snider T H; Hayes T L US Army Medical Material Development Activity, 622 Neiman Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5009, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1999 Dec), 19 Suppl 1 S40-5. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 10594900 AN 2000062797 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A topical skin protectant (TSP) (ICD 2289) is being developed to protect service members from exposure to chemical warfare agents (CWA). The TSP is designed for use on the skin at the overgarment closures and other vulnerable areas to enhance protection. The TSP, which is in phase II clinical studies, is a cream containing two chemically inert substances: perfluoroalkylpolyether and polytetrafluoroethylene. Animal data showed that the TSP was effective against percutaneous penetration of a blister agent, sulfur mustard (HD), by reducing the size of skin lesions and against T-2 mycotoxin by preventing the development of erythema and edema. The insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) reduced the TSP protection against HD regardless of the order of application on rabbit skin prior to dosing of HD. The protection was sustained when DEET was removed with a dry gauze prior to TSP application. The TSP was also effective against percutaneous exposure of nerve agents-thickened (with 5% methyl methacrylamide) soman (TGD) and VX (O-ethyl-S-[2(diisopropylamino)ethyl]methylphosphonothioate )-by reducing the mortality rate and protecting the red blood cell acetylcholinesterase activity. The TSP was effective against VX when DEET was applied prior to TSP application. Because human efficacy studies using CWA cannot be conducted, the efficacy will be demonstrated by the level of protection against poison ivy (urushiol) contact dermatitis in humans. Bibliographic Information Two-generation reproduction study of lewisite in rats. Sasser L B; Cushing J A; Lindenmeier C W; Mellick P W; Dacre J C Molecular Bioscience Department, Battelle, Richland, WA 99352-0999, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1999 Jul-Aug), 19(4), 229-35. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 10439336 AN 1999368191 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Lewisite, a potent toxic vesicant and chemical warfare agent, is used in a number of research laboratories, is stored in large

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quantities at depot sites throughout the USA and is occasionally transported to distant sites. Thus, the potential for environmental or occupational exposure exists where lewisite is present. A 42-week two-generation study was conducted to determine the reproductive consequences of lewisite in parental male and female rats and their offspring. Rats were administered lewisite in sesame oil (0, 0.10, 0.25 or 0.60 mg kg-1 day-1 for 5 days a week) via intragastic intubation before mating, during mating and after mating until the birth of their offspring. The dams continued to receive lewisite during lactation. At weaning, male and female offspring of each group were selected to continue the study, receiving lewisite during adolescence, mating and throughout gestation and lactation. Lewisite had no adverse effect on reproduction performance, fertility or reproductive organ weights of male or female rats through two consecutive generations. No adverse effects to offspring were attributed to lewisite exposure. Minor changes in growth were the only maternal effects observed. Lewisite exposure of parental rats caused no gross or microscopic lesion in testes, epididymis, prostate, seminal vesicles, ovaries, uterus or vagina. The no-observable-effect level (NOEL) for the reproductive effects of Lewisite would be > 0.60 mg kg-1 day1. Bibliographic Information Effect of lowered temperature on the toxicity of sulphur mustard in vitro and in vivo. Sawyer T W; Risk D Therapy Group, Medical Countermeasures Section, Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Alberta, Canada. [email protected] Toxicology (1999 May 3), 134(1), 27-37. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 10413186 AN 1999339531 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Primary cultures of chick embryo neurons were exposed to sulphur mustard (HD) and L-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and then incubated at either 25 or 37 degrees C. Lowering the temperature of the cultures decreased the 24-h toxicity of HD, but did not increase the efficacy of L-NAME protection. However, the length of time post-HD treatment in which L-NAME was maximally effective in protecting against HD toxicity was dramatically enhanced, out to 12 h after HD exposure. In addition, the persistence of L-NAME protection of the cells against HD was significantly lengthened. Tests conducted in human skin keratinocytes also showed that lowering the incubation temperature of actively proliferating, just-confluent or post-confluent cultures significantly and persistently decreased the cytotoxicity of HD. The persistence of L-NAME protection was increased in non-proliferating cells. Finally, cooling of HD-vapour exposed sites on hairless guinea pigs for 4.5 h decreased the severity of the resultant lesions out to 72 h post-exposure. Bibliographic Information The interaction of sarin and soman with plasma proteins: the identification of a novel phosphonylation site. Black R M; Harrison J M; Read R W DERA, CBD Porton Down, Salisbury, Wilts, UK Archives of toxicology (1999 Mar), 73(2), 123-6. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 10350193 AN 1999277696 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Incubation of both sarin and soman with human plasma has shown that binding occurs to a tyrosine residue. Similar binding occurs when sarin and soman are incubated with human serum albumin. This binding may provide an important biological marker, which retains full structural information concerning the identity of the agent, in cases of allegations of chemical warfare use. Bibliographic Information Acute soman poisoning in primates neither pretreated nor receiving immediate therapy: value of gacyclidine (GK-11) in delayed medical support. Lallement G; Clarencon D; Galonnier M; Baubichon D; Burckhart M F; Peoc'h M Unite de Neuropharmacologie, CRSSA-BP, La Tronche, France. 100437,[email protected] Archives of toxicology (1999 Mar), 73(2), 115-22. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 10350192 AN 1999277695 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents are still used as warfare and terrorism compounds. Classical delayed treatment of victims of organophosphate poisoning includes combined i.v. administration of a cholinesterase reactivator (an oxime), a muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist (atropine) and a benzodiazepine anticonvulsant (diazepam). The objective of this study was to evaluate, in a realistic setting, the therapeutic benefit of administration of GK-11 (gacyclidine), an antiglutamatergic compound, as a complement to the above therapy against organophosphate poisoning. Gacyclidine was injected (i.v.) in combination with atropine/diazepam/pralidoxime at man-equivalent doses after a 45- or 30-min latency period to intoxicated primates (2 LD50). The effects of gacyclidine on the animals' survival, electroencephalographic (EEG) activity, signs of toxicity, recovery after challenge and central nervous system histology were examined. The present data demonstrated that atropine/diazepam/pralidoxime alone or combined with gacyclidine did not prevent signs of soman toxicity when treatment was delayed 45 min after poisoning. Atropine/diazepam/pralidoxime also did not control seizures or prevent neuropathology in primates exhibiting severe signs of poisoning when treatment was commenced 30 min after intoxication. However, in this latter case, EEG recordings revealed that additional treatment with gacyclidine was able to stop soman-induced seizures and restore normal EEG activity. This drug also totally prevented the neuropathology observed 5 weeks after soman exposure in animals treated with atropine/diazepam/pralidoxime alone. Overall, in the case of severe OP-poisoning, gacyclidine represents a promising adjuvant therapy to the currently available polymedication to ensure optimal management of organophosphate poisoning in man. This drug is presently being evaluated in a human clinical trial for a different neuroprotective indication. However, it should always be kept in mind that, in the case of severe OP-poisoning, medical intervention must be conducted as early as possible. Bibliographic Information Evaluation of neutralized chemical agent identification sets (CAIS) for skin injury with an overview of the vesicant potential of agent degradation products. Olajos E J; Olson C T; Salem H; Singer A W; Hayes T L; Menton R G; Miller T L; Rosso T; MacIver B Edgewood Research Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1998 Nov-Dec), 18(6), 409-20. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 9840748 AN 1999054483 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Vesication and skin irritation studies were conducted in hairless guinea-pigs to determine the vesicant and skin irritation potential of chemically-neutralized Chemical Agent Identification Sets (CAIS). The CAIS are training items that contain chemical warfare-related material--sulfur mustard (HD), nitrogen mustard (HN) or lewisite (L)--and were declared obsolete in

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1971. Animals were dosed topically with 'test article'--neat HD, 10% agent/chloroform solutions or product solutions (wastestreams) from neutralized CAIS--and evaluated for skin-damaging effects (gross and microscopic). Product solutions from the chemical neutralization of neat sulfur mustard resulted in microvesicle formation. All agent-dosed (HD or agent/chloroform solutions) sites manifested microblisters as well as other histopathological lesions of the skin. Waste-streams from the neutralization of agent (agent/chloroform or agent/charcoal) were devoid of vesicant activity. Cutaneous effects (erythema and edema) were consistent with the skin-injurious activity associated with the neutralizing reagent 1,3-dichloro-5,5dimethylhydantoin (DCDMH). Chemical neutralization of CAIS was effective in eliminating/reducing the vesicant property of CAIS containing agent in chloroform or agent on charcoal but was inefficient in reducing the vesicant potential of CAIS containing neat sulfur mustard. Bibliographic Information Inhibition, reactivation and aging kinetics of cyclohexylmethylphosphonofluoridate-inhibited human cholinesterases. Worek F; Eyer P; Szinicz L Institut fur Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Sanitatsakademie der Bundeswehr, Garching, Germany Archives of toxicology (1998 Sep), 72(9), 580-7. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 9806430 AN 1999021267 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Cyclohexylmethylphosphonofluoridate (cyclosarin) is a highly toxic organophosphate, which was shown to be rather resistant to conventional oxime therapy. To give more insight into the inhibition, reactivation and aging kinetics, human acetyl-(AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) were inhibited by cyclosarin (k2 of 7.4 and 3.8 x 10(8) M(-1) min(-1), respectively; pH 7.4, 37 degrees C) and reactivated with obidoxime, pralidoxime and three experimental oximes. The new oxime HLo 7 (1-[[[4aminocarbonyl)-pyridinio]-methoxy]-methyl]-2,4-bis-[ (hydroxyimino)methyl] pyridinium dimethanesulphonate) was shown to be superior to the other oximes. At oxime concentrations anticipated to be relevant in humans, obidoxime and pralidoxime were extremely weak reactivators of AChE. Aging velocity of BChE was almost fourfold higher compared to AChE (ka of 0.32 h(1) and 0.08 h(-1), respectively). A substantial spontaneous reactivation was observed with AChE. These results support previous in vivo findings that obidoxime and pralidoxime are insufficient antidotes in cyclosarin poisoning. By contrast, HLo 7 was shown to be an extremely potent reactivator of human AChE and BChE, which supports its position as a broad-spectrum oxime. Bibliographic Information Acute inhalation toxicity of neutralized chemical agent identification sets (CAIS) containing agent in chloroform. Olajos E J; Morgan E W; Renne R A; Salem H; McVeety B; Johnson R; Phelps R L Edgewood Research Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5423, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1998 Sep-Oct), 18(5), 363-71. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 9804437 AN 1999019582 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract An acute head-only inhalation study was conducted in rats exposed for 1 h to product solution (wastestream) resultant from the chemical neutralization of Chemical Agent Identification Sets (CAIS) containing agent (sulfur mustard (HD), nitrogen mustard (HN-1) or lewisite (L)) in chloroform. Groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to varying concentrations (24000, 18000, 12000 or 6000 ppm) of CAIS wastestream. An additional group was exposed to the vehicle (chloroform/t-butanol) only, at a concentration equivalent to the concentration of vehicle at the highest exposure level. Animals were evaluated for toxic effects, including assessment of toxicant-induced alterations to the ocular and respiratory systems. Mortality on exposure to 24000 ppm of test article or to vehicle alone was high. Mortality in the other exposure groups was roughly proportional to the concentration of test article (wastestream). Toxic signs were consistent with exposure to solvent system components (chloroform/t-butanol) and to agent decomposition products/by-products. Incidence and severity of ocular effects were similar in vehicle control and treatment groups. The salient respiratory effect observed was a decreased minute volume, which was also noted in vehicle and treatment groups. Bibliographic Information Cardiorespiratory effects of O-isobutyl S-[2-(diethylamino)-ethyl] methylphosphonothioate -- a structural isomer of VX. Chang F C; Gouty S C; Eder L C; Hoffman B E; Maxwell D M; Brecht K M US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1998 Sep-Oct), 18(5), 337-47. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 9804434 AN 1999019579 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract O-Isobutyl S-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]methylphosphonothioate (VR) is a structural isomer of a more well-known chemical warefare agent, O-ethyl S-[2(diisopropylamino)ethyl]methylphosphonothioate (code designation VX). In this study, cardiorespiratory and central nervous system (CNS) effects of VR (2LD50 or 22.6 microg kg(-1); s.c.) were evaluated in urethane-anesthetized (Group 1) and unanesthetized (Group 2) guinea pigs instrumented for concurrent recordings of electrocorticogram (ECoG) and a variety of cardiorespiratory activities. The first sign of intoxication was a state of progressive bradycardia, vascular hypotension and arrhythmia (Group 1, approximately 13 min post-VR; Group 2, approximately 6 min post-VR). Bradypnea, excessive salivation and compensatory changes in blood pressure typically did not emerge until 3-5 min prior to apnea (Group 1, approximately 28 min post-VR; Group 2, approximately 15 min post-VR). An idioventricular rhythm, which signalled a failing myocardium, appeared at the same time or shortly after the development of a bradypneic profile. Another notable toxicity component of VR, based on arterial pH, pO2/pCO2 and bicarbonate (HCO3-) level data, was a state of combined hypercapnia, acidemia and hypoxemia during the development of bradypnea. Taken together, findings from this study indicated that changes in medullary respiratory unit activity and ECoG data displayed little, if any, notable signs of CNS perturbation prior to the terminal stage (approximately 1 min prior to respiratory failure). Thus, in addition to displaying a greater sensitivity to perturbation by VR, the peripheral cardiorespiratory system components also appeared to play a more important role in precipitating a progressively dysfunctional cardiorespiratory status that ultimately led to collapse of central respiratory mechanisms and death. Bibliographic Information Effect of sulphur mustard inhalation exposure on some urinary variables in mice. Kumar O; Vijayaraghavan R Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1998 Jul-Aug), 18(4), 257-9. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 9719425 AN 1998383930 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The effect of sulphur mustard (2,2'-dichlorodiethyl sulphide) exposure through inhalation at 0.5. 1.0 and 2.0 LC50 (21.2, 42.3

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and 84.6 mg m(-3) for 1 h) on some urinary variables was studied in female mice at 6, 24 and 48 h and 7 days postexposure. The urinary excretion and circulatory blood accumulation of uric acid increased significantly. The level of creatine was also elevated significantly as compared to the control at 2 LC50. It is concluded that sulphur mustard alkylates DNA and triggers catabolism of apurinated purine bases in a very short time. The increase in uric acid excretion in urine can be detected only when the exposure concentration is high. Bibliographic Information Nerve agent poisoning in primates: antilethal, anti-epileptic and neuroprotective effects of GK-11. Lallement G; Clarencon D; Masqueliez C; Baubichon D; Galonnier M; Burckhart M F; Peoc'h M; Mestries J C Unite de Neurotoxicologie, CRSSA, La Tronche, France Archives of toxicology (1998), 72(2), 84-92. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 9456079 AN 1998115614 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Organophosphorus nerve agents are still in use today in warfare and as terrorism compounds. Classical emergency treatment of organophosphate poisoning includes the combined administration of a cholinesterase reactivator (an oxime), a muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist (atropine) and a benzodiazepine anticonvulsant (diazepam). However, recent experiments with primates have demonstrated that such treatment, even when administered immediately after organophosphate exposure, does not rapidly restore normal electroencephalographic (EEG) activity and fails to totally prevent neuronal brain damage. The objective of this study was to evaluate, in a realistic setting, the therapeutic benefit of administration of GK-11 (gacyclidine), an antiglutamatergic compound, as a complement to the available emergency therapy against organophosphate poisoning. GK-11 was injected at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg (i.v) after a 45-min latency period to heavily intoxicated (8 LD50) primates. Just after intoxication, man-equivalent doses of one autoinjector containing atropine/pralidoxime/diazepam were administered. The effects of GK-11 were examined on survival, EEG activity, signs of toxicity, recovery after challenge and central nervous system histology. The present data demonstrate that treatment with GK-11 prevents the mortality observed after early administration of classical emergency medication alone. EEG recordings and clinical observations also revealed that GK-11 prevented soman-induced seizures and motor convulsions. EEG analysis within the classical frequency bands (beta, theta, alpha, delta) demonstrated that central activity was totally restored to normal after GK-11 treatment, but remained profoundly altered in animals receiving atropine/pralidoxime/diazepam alone. GK-11 also markedly accelerated clinical recovery of soman-challenged primates. Lastly, this drug totally prevented the neuropathology observed 3 weeks after soman exposure in animals treated with classical emergency treatment alone. GK-11 represents a promising adjuvant therapy to the currently available emergency polymedication to ensure optimal management of organophosphate poisoning in man. This drug is presently being evaluated in a human clinical trial for a different neuroprotective indication. Bibliographic Information A model for quantitative measurement of sulfur mustard skin lesions in the rabbit ear. Zlotogorski A; Goldenhersh M; Shafran A Department of Dermatology, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel. [email protected] Toxicology (1997 Jun 27), 120(2), 105-10. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 9184197 AN 97327530 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The search for treatment and protection against the vesicant and inflammatory skin lesions induced by sulfur mustard suffers from the lack of a good in vivo reproducible model. We applied sulfur mustard (25-500 microg/cm2) to the outer surface of the ears of 10 rabbits and measured the edema formation 12, 24 and 48 h post-application with a caliper especially designed for soft matter. There was a dose-dependent linear increase in edema magnitude in the range from 25 to 150 microg/cm2. Maximal edema was observed after 12 h. There was a 12% reduction in edema size 24 h after application and a further decrease after 48 h. Skin thickness, inflammatory cell infiltrate, necrosis and vesiculation were evaluated in biopsies taken after 24 h. We found the same dose-related increase both in skin thickness and in degree of blister formation. This simple dose-response in vivo model can be used for evaluation of the dermal inflammation induced by topical application of sulfur mustard. This model has the additional advantage of a built-in control, namely the untreated contralateral ear. Consequently, this model can serve as a useful tool for future screening of potential compounds for prevention and treatment of sulfur mustard-induced skin lesions. Bibliographic Information Effect of sulphur mustard on the expression of urokinase in cultured 3T3 fibroblasts. Detheux M; Jijakli H; Lison D Laboratory of Medical Toxicology, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium Archives of toxicology (1997), 71(4), 243-9. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 9101041 AN 97255694 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The expression of plasminogen activator (PA), a serine proteinase involved in the degradation of extracellular matrix proteins, has been investigated in 3T3 fibroblasts after in vitro exposure to sulphur mustard (SM). Expression of the cell-associated enzyme has been assessed with a synthetic substrate assay and at the mRNA level. Twenty-four hours after 100 microM SM, cell viability (monitored by MTT assay) was not significantly affected, but protein synthesis (tritiated leucine incorporation) was reduced to < 20% of the control value. PA activity was significantly increased compared to control cells with a 20-fold increase after 24 h. This up-regulation was independent of the cell density, occurred maximally between days 1 and 4 and persisted for at least 6 days after exposure. Lower concentrations of SM (< or = 10 microM) did not significantly affect PA activity. Northern blotting experiments revealed an increased expression of urokinase (u-PA) transcripts in cells treated with 100 microM SM, with a peak at 10 h after exposure. Conditioned culture medium from cell cultures treated with 100 microM SM did not affect the expression of PA activity in naive or SM-treated cultures. Thiodiglycol (100 microM), the main metabolite of SM, did not influence the expression of PA in the same system. Different compounds were tested for modulation of the PA upregulation after SM exposure. Nicotinamide (5 mM), vitamin D3 (10(-10)M), extracellular calcium (2 mM) or EGTA (5 mM) had no effect. Ryanodine (10 microM) amplified the PA up-regulation by a factor of 2 and vanadate (500 microM) reduced it by approximately 50%. Dexamethasone (1 microM) added directly after SM treatment almost completely prevented the induction of PA at both the protein and mRNA levels. Overall these results demonstrate an up-regulation of urokinase in 3T3 fibroblasts after treatment with SM, which is possibly mediated by intracellular calcium mobilization. Further studies are needed to identify the significance of this proteolytic response in the pathogenesis of blistering and/or DNA repair mechanisms. Bibliographic Information Synthesis and mass spectrometric identification of the major amino acid adducts formed between sulphur mustard and haemoglobin in human blood. Noort D; Hulst A G; Trap H C; de Jong L P; Benschop H P Department of Chemical Toxicology,

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TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory, Rijswijk, The Netherlands Archives of toxicology (1997), 71(3), 171-8. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 9049054 AN 97201271 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract As part of a program to develop methods for the verification of alleged exposure to sulphur mustard, we synthesized and characterized three amino acid adducts presumably formed by alkylation of haemoglobin: 4-(2-hydroxyethylthioethyl)-Laspartate, 5-(2-hydroxyethylthioethyl)L-glutamate and N1- and N3-(2-hydroxyethylthioethyl)-L-histidine. Suitable derivatization methods for GC/MS analysis were developed for these adducts as well as for the cysteine and the N-terminal valine adduct. Incubation of human blood with [35S]sulfur mustard in vitro followed by acidic hydrolysis of isolated globin and derivatization with Fmoc-Cl afforded three radioactive peaks upon HPLC analysis, one of which coeluted with the synthetic Fmoc derivative of N1/N3-(2-hydroxyethylthioethyl)-L-histidine. After pronase digestion of globin the adducts of histidine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, cysteine and N-terminal valine could be tentatively identified and quantitated. Final identification was obtained from GC/MS analysis. The most abundant adduct, N1/N3-(2-hydroxyethylthioethyl)-L-histidine, could not be sensitively analysed by GC/MS. A convenient LC-tandem MS procedure was developed for this compound, enabling the detection of exposure of human blood to 10 microM sulphur mustard in vitro. Bibliographic Information Protective effect of povidone-iodine ointment against skin lesions induced by sulphur and nitrogen mustards and by nonmustard vesicants. Wormser U; Brodsky B; Green B S; Arad-Yellin R; Nyska A Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Archives of toxicology (1997), 71(3), 165-70. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 9049053 AN 97201270 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Mustard gas (sulphur mustard, SM) is a powerful vesicant employed as a chemical weapon. The present study demonstrates the effect of povidone iodine (PI) ointment against skin toxicity caused by SM. Gross and histopathological examinations showed that application of PI up to 20 min following exposure to the vesicant resulted in marked skin protection. The shorter the interval between exposure and treatment the better was the protection achieved. PI was also effective against other mustards such as carboxybutyl chloroethyl sulphide (CBCS) and mechlorethamine. The fact that PI protected the skin against agents which cannot be oxidized such as iodoacetic acid, divinylsulphone and cantharidine showed that the antidotal effect of PI was unrelated to oxidation of the nitrogen and sulphur atoms of the mustards. PI ointment is proposed as an efficient protective agent against skin toxicity caused by mustards and other alkylators. Bibliographic Information Modifications of breathing pattern induced by inhaled sulphur mustard in mice. Vijayaraghavan R Pharmacology and Toxicology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India Archives of toxicology (1997), 71(3), 157-64. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 9049052 AN 97201269 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A head-only exposure assembly was used for exposing mice to vapours of sulphur mustard (SM). The respiration was monitored using an on-line computer program, capable of recognizing the breathing pattern as sensory irritation, airflow limitation and pulmonary irritation. SM was dissolved in acetone and vapourized using a compressed air nebulizer. Mice were exposed to the vapours (8.5, 16.9, 21.3, 26.8, 42.3 and 84.7 mg/m3) for 1 h in a body plethysmograph fitted with a 20gauge needle and a microphone for sensing the respiratory flow signals. The signals were amplified, digitized and integrated to give tidal volume, and stored in a computer for further analysis. The respiration of the mice was followed for modifications in the breathing pattern until 7 days post-exposure. SM induced sensory irritation during exposure, and there was a concentration dependent decrease in the respiratory frequency and an increase in tidal volume. Lower concentrations showed recovery after stopping the exposure. RD50, the concentration that depresses 50% of the respiration was estimated to be 27.4 mg/m3. Following exposure to higher concentrations the animals started dying after 6 days. The LC50 was estimated to be 42.5 mg/m3 (14 days observation period). The respiratory frequency decreased on subsequent days of exposure depending upon the exposure concentration, and the breathing pattern was characteristic of airflow limitation. The ratio of flow/tidal volume was decreased following exposure to concentrations of 26.8 and 42.3 mg/m3. The ratio of flow/tidal volume may be a better measurement than the measurements based on flow alone for the assessment of airflow limitation. Pulmonary irritation was not observed showing that the lungs were not affected. The body weight of the animals decreased progressively. The present methodology will be useful for identifying the effects of SM on the respiratory system, one of the endpoints considered when establishing occupational exposure limits.

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Bibliographic Information Aluminum nitride defect chemistry dependence on sintering atmosphere. Chang, E. K.; Kirschner, M. J. BOC Group Technical Cent., Murray Hill, NJ, USA. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1996), 15(18), 1580-1581. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 125:282600 AN 1996:614771 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review, with 12 refs., of equations explaining theor. relations between aluminum nitride defect chem. and sintering atm. Bibliographic Information Microstructure, chemical reaction and mechanical properties of TiC/Si3N4 and TiN-coated TiC/Si3N4 composites. Huang, JowLay; Lee, Ming-Tung; Lu, Horng-Hwa; Lii, Ding-Fwu. Dep. Material Science Eng., National Cheng-Kung Univ., Tainan, Taiwan. Journal of Materials Science (1996), 31(18), 4899-4906. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 125:254919 AN 1996:610489 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Silicon nitride contg. various compns. of as-received TiC and TiN-coated TiC, were hot pressed at 1800 C for 1 h in a nitrogen atm. In TiN-coated TiC/Si3N4 composites, TiC reacted first with the TiN coating to form a titanium carbonitride interlayer at 1450 C, which essentially reduced further reactions between TiC and Si3N4 and enhanced densification. TiN-coated TiC/Si3N4 composites exhibited better densification, hardness, flexural strength and fracture toughness than those of as-received TiC/

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Si3N4. The toughening mechanisms for as-received TiC/Si3N4 and TiN-coated TiC/Si3N4 composite were attributed to crack deflection, load transfer and crack interference by the compressive thermal residual stress. Bibliographic Information Wet chemical synthesis of ZrO2-SiO2 composite powders. Wang, Shi-Wei; Huang, Xiao-Xian; Guo, Jing-Kun. Shanghai Inst. Ceramics, Chinese Academy Sciences, Shanghai, Peop. Rep. China. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1996), 16(10), 1057-1061. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 125:254896 AN 1996:596753 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Gels of compn. xZrO2(I-x)SiO2, with x = 10, 20, 30 and 40 vol.%, have been prepd. by a wet chem. method using fumed silica and zirconyl chloride as precursors. Thermogravimetric anal. and differential thermal anal. (DTA) show that wt. loss is caused by release of the absorbed water and decompn. of the Zr(OH)4 gels. Gels were heat-treated for 2 h at 500, 700, 900, 1100 and 1350 C, and the products examd. using IR spectroscopy. The increasing intensity of the peak at 800 cm-1 in the IR spectra with increasing temp. is attributed to the formation of Si-O-Si bonds among different SiO2 particles, which means that the SiO2 particles grow bigger with increasing temp. The DTA exothermic peak as well as the IR results reveal that the crystn. of tetragonal zirconia (t-ZrO2) begins at about 900 C, which is confirmed by x-ray diffraction (XRD). XRD curves also suggest that the silica matrix contributes to the thermal stability of t-ZrO2. The stability of t-ZrO2 is interpreted by the particlesize effect. Bibliographic Information Structure-property relationship of ceramic coatings produced by laser processing. De Hosson, J. Th. M.; Zhou, X. B. Dep. Applied Physics, Univ. Groningen, Groningen, Neth. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1996), 397(Advanced Laser Processing of Materials--Fundamentals and Applications), 537-542. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 125:306847 AN 1996:579019 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract This paper deals with a well known puzzling observation that wetting in some instances is improved by a chem. reaction between a liq. and a solid substrate in laser processing while in other systems just the opposite effect takes place. Contact angles of liq. Al on SiO2 and liq. Ti on Al2O3 are reported and some results of laser melt injection of SiO2 particles into molten Al. The surface and interface structures were explored by SEM and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry. According to the exptl. observations, it appears that the vol. change of ceramic substrates during reaction plays a key role in the effect of chem. reaction on wetting. Bibliographic Information Mechanical and thermal properties of SiC-SiC composites made with CVR SiC fibers. Kowbel, W.; Tsou, H. T.; Bruce, C. A.; Withers, J. C. MER Corp., Tucson, AZ, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1996), 410(Covalent Ceramics III--Science and Technology of Non-Oxides), 417-422. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 125:202665 AN 1996:502987 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Nicalon fiber is the primary reinforcement in SiC-SiC composites currently produced by a variety of techniques including CVI and polymer infiltration. Low strength retention and dimensional change at high temps. of the Nicalon fibers limits the choice of manufg. processes which can be employed to produce low cost SiC-SiC composites. MER has developed a SiC reinforcement based upon the conversion of low cost carbon fabric to SiC via a Chem. Vapor Reaction (CVR) process. These new SiC filaments exhibit excellent creep resistance at temps. up to 1600 C. SiC-SiC composites were fabricated using different types of graphite fabric converted to SiC fabric utilizing the CVR process combined with a polycarbosilane (PCS) infiltration and CVI densification. In addn., enhancement of the composite through-the-thickness thermal cond. was accomplished via boron doping of the matrix. A correlation between processing conditions, microstructure and properties of the SiC-SiC composites will be presented. Bibliographic Information The influence of surface kinetics in modeling chemical vapor deposition processes in porous preforms. Dekker, J. P.; Moene, R.; Schoonman, J. Lab. Appl. Inorg. Chem., Delft Univ. Technol., Delft, Neth. Journal of Materials Science (1996), 31(11), 3021-3033. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 125:65201 AN 1996:378298 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The isothermal chem. vapor infiltration (ICVI) process is a well known technique for the prodn. of composites and the surface modification of porous preforms. Math. modeling of the process can provide a better understanding of the influence of individual process parameters on the deposition characteristics such as final porosity or deposition profiles in the pore network. The influence of different rate expressions for several binary compds. on the ICVI process is discussed. Exptl. work is used to validate the importance of correct kinetic expressions in a continuous ICVI model for cylindrical pores. The predicted infiltration characteristics are compared with exptl. results. The final densification and Thiele modulus, i.e. a no. which is a measure for the diffusion limitations in a pore, are used for the evaluation of the presented model, and conditions are given for an optimal densification of a porous preform by the ICVI process for several binary compds. The deposition profiles as predicted by the model calcns. are in agreement with the exptl. detd. deposition profiles of TiN and TiC in small tubes. Moreover, it can be concluded that the shape of the deposition profiles is detd. by the heterogeneous reaction kinetics. There is only a qual. agreement between the predicted densification and measured densification for the synthesis of TiN and TiB2 in sintered porous alumina. This mismatch can be explained in terms of a complexity of the pore network and differences in reaction kinetics. Model calcns. reveal that there is a scattering for the predicted residual porosity as a function of the Thiele modulus for TiN. Moreover, this Thiele modulus can not fully account for the changes in densification at different temps. Given these uncertainties it is likely that a residual porosity of less than one percent can be obtained if the Thiele modulus is smaller than 1 10-4. However, a CVI process with such a small Thiele modulus will not be practical, because of the concomitant long process times. Therefore, more precise conditions for the individual process parameters, i.e. concn., reactor pressure, and temp. are deduced from the model calcns. Bibliographic Information Pressure-pulsed chemical vapor infiltration of TiN into SiC particulate preforms. Sugiyama, K.; Sugata, M. Dep. Appl. Chem., Aichi Inst. Technol., Toyota, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1996), 31(11), 2945-2949. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-

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2461. Journal written in English. CAN 125:65198 AN 1996:378286 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract SiC particulate preforms were infiltrated by TiN matrix from a gas mixt. of TiCl4 (5%), nitrogen (30%) and hydrogen using a repeating pressure pulse between 760 and about 1 torr. SiC particle sizes of 5 and 20 m were used. For matrix packing into deep level, optimum temp. was detd. between 800 and 850 , and the max. packing ratio reached 67% after 4 104 pulses at 850 . The increase of TiCl4 concn. to 10% resulted in higher deposition rate and packing ratio. The decrease of nitrogen concn. led to slower deposition, i.e., a similar effect to temp. lowering. The max. flexural strength measured was 140 MPa. Bibliographic Information Synthesis of mullite coatings by chemical vapor deposition. Mulpuri, Rao P.; Sarin, Vinod K. Dep. Mfg. Eng., Boston Univ., Boston, MA, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1996), 11(6), 1315-1324. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 125:39956 AN 1996:366859 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Formation of mullite on ceramic substrates via chem. vapor deposition was investigated. Mullite is a solid soln. of Al2O3 and SiO2 with a compn. of 3Al2O3 2SiO2. Thermodn. calcns. performed on the AlCl3-SiCl4-CO2-H2 system were used to construct equil. chem. vapor deposition (CVD) phase diagrams. With the aid of these diagrams and consideration of kinetic rate limiting factors, initial process parameters were detd. Through process optimization, cryst. CVD mullite coatings have been successfully grown on SiC and Si3N4 substrates. Results from the thermodn. anal., process optimization, and effect of various process parameters on deposition rate and coating morphol. are discussed. Bibliographic Information Mixed chromium and aluminum oxides elaborated by a sol-gel process. I. Chemistry of the preparation. Rezgui, Saloua; Ghorbel, Abdelhamid; Henry, Marc. Lab. Chimie Materiaux Catalyse, Dep. Chimie, Tunisia. Journal of Materials Synthesis and Processing (1995), 3(6), 371-376. CODEN: JMSPEI ISSN: 1064-7562. Journal written in English. CAN 125:16967 AN 1996:331762 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Gels of mixed chromium and aluminum oxide were prepd. by a sol-gel process. The precursor is a mixt. of Al(O-s-Bu)3 and Cr(acac)3 with a mass ratio Al/Cr = 10 in sec-butanol. Gelation occurred by adding acetic acid. The amt. of added acetic acid is represented by the ratio k = [CH3COOH]/[Al(O-s-Bu)3], with k varying between 0.5 and 3. Acetic acid played crucial roles in both hydrolysis and polycondensation, (1) producing water in situ by esterification, (2) modifying the precursor by substituting some of the O-s-Bu ligands by acetate ligands, and (3) catalyzing the polycondensation. The importance of each of these roles in the process as well as the nature of the products varied with the ratio k. Bibliographic Information Influence of alloying elements on the chemical reactivity between Si-Al-O-N ceramics and iron-based alloys. Vluegels, J.; Vandeperre, L.; Van Der Biest, O. Dep. Metallurgy Materials Eng., Katholieke Univ. Leuven, Leuvan, Belg. Journal of Materials Research (1996), 11(5), 1265-1276. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 124:323490 AN 1996:293140 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The chem. interaction between two '-O' Si-Al-O-N ceramics and a no. of iron-based alloys is studied by means of static interaction couple expts. at 1100 and 1200 C. The onset temp. of reaction of Si3N4 with pure iron was 1095 C, which is in good agreement with a calcd. temp. of 1033 C. During the interaction, silicon and nitrogen from the ceramic dissolve and diffuse into the iron alloy, whereas the remaining aluminum and oxygen form Al2O3 particles. The interaction between the ceramic and iron alloy is reaction controlled. In the initial stage of the interaction, the dissocn. rate of the ceramic is the ratecontrolling step. After the ceramic/metal interface is isolated from the furnace atm., the nitrogen soln. rate into the iron alloy becomes rate controlling. The influence of alloying elements on the reactivity could be related to their effect on the nitrogen soly. in the iron alloy. Ni, Si, and C decrease the nitrogen soly. and decrease the reactivity with the Sialon ceramic. Cr and Mo have the opposite effect. The thickness of the interaction layer on the ceramic side of the interaction couple was found to be a function of the calcd. nitrogen soly. in the iron alloy at 1 atm nitrogen pressure, making it possible to predict the relative chem. reactivity of a no. of iron-based alloys with the same Sialon ceramic. Bibliographic Information Preparation and pressureless sintering of chemical vapor deposited SiC-B composite powder. Chen, Lidong; Goto, Takashi; Hirai, Toshio. Institute Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. Jo urnal of Materials Science (1996), 31(3), 679-83. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 124:239925 AN 1996:180535 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract SiC-B composite powder was prepd. by chem. vapor deposition (CVD) using (CH3)2SiCl2 + B2H6 + H2 as source gases at 1673 K. The powder was -type polycryst. silicon carbide contg. several per cents of boron and carbon. The boron content increased from 0 to 7.7 mass% as the B2H6 gas concn. increased from 0 to 0.7 mol%. Boron and carbon in amorphous form dispersed homogeneously in the -SiC polycryst. particles. The particles were spherical, non-agglomerated and uniform in size with an av. particle size of about 50 nm. Sintering tests were performed with the resulting composite powder without applying pressure. Powder contg. 1 mass% boron and 2 mass% carbon was sintered to a d. of 3.16 x 103 kg m-3 at 2273 K, and the Vickers hardness of the sintered body was 30 GPa. When the sintering temp. was higher than 2323 K, significant grain growth due to the phase transformation from to form occurred, which decreased bulk d. and Vickers hardness. Bibliographic Information Nanocrystalline metals, intermetallics, and a metal-matrix nanocomposite by solution-based chemical reductions. Buhro, W. E.; Haber, J. A.; Waller, B. E.; Trentler, T. J.; Suryanarayanan, R.; Frey, C. A.; Sastry, S. M. L. Department Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA. Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering (1995), 73 39-40. CODEN: PMSEDG ISSN: 0743-0515. Journal written in English. CAN 124:123490 AN 1996:951 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A metal salt soln. was reduced to nanocryst. and nanocomposite. CuCl in THF was reduced with NaBH4 to form nanocrystal Cu,

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and Ni and Al can also be prepd. in similar manner. NiCl2 soln. was reduced with LiAlH4 ti NiAl intermetallic compds. of nano size. MoCl5 and SiCl4 were reduced with NaK to nanocryst. MoSi2 in ultrasound field. TiB2 nanocryst. particles were suspended in THF and CuCl was reduced to obtain a Cu-coated TiB2 nanocomposite. Bibliographic Information Preparation of low density free-standing shape of SiC by pressure-pulsed chemical vapor infiltration. Sugiyama, K.; Norizuki, K. Dep. Applied Chem., Aichi Inst. Technology, Toyoda, Japan. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1995), 14(23), 1720-2. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 124:64057 AN 1995:1000853 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The effects of the conditions of pressure-pulsed chem. vapor infiltration (PCVI) on the deposition rate, ease of substrate oxidn., gross d., and flexural strength in prepn. of low-d. free-standing SiC shapes were examd. By selection of a porous carbon substrate, highly porous SiC shapes with a desirable pore distribution may be prepd. by the PCVI process. Bibliographic Information Identification of chemical and physical change during acid cleaning of ceramics. Johnson, Jessica S.; Erickson, Harold M.; Iceland, Harry. Texas Mem. Mus., Univ. Texas, Austin, TX, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 352(Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology 4), 831-7. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 124:54897 AN 1995:985335 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract This report describes the results of two expts. characterizing chem. and phys. change in ceramic constituents occurring from acid solns. commonly used to remove deposits from the surface of archaeol. ceramics. The first examines the chem. effects of hydrochloric acid, in an attempt to identify the yellow color, commonly known as "acid burn", often seen in museum collections on black-on-white sherds found in the Southwestern U.S. The compd. is identified as Fe2O3 H2O. The second study compares the phys. effects of different acids on a group of Maya sherds. All acids tested in this study were found to cause phys. damage. Bibliographic Information Influence of particle characteristics on sintering behavior of alumina-zirconia composites. Balasubramanian, M.; Malhotra, S. K.; Gokularathnam, C. V. FRP Research Center, Indian Inst. of Technology, Madras, India. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1995), 14(21), 1484-5. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 123:347792 AN 1995:927403 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A uniform distribution of zirconia particles in an alumina matrix can be achieved by chem. processing methods. Three chem. processing routes were used to obtain better powders. The sintered d. and the tetragonal ZrO2 content of composites were correlated with powder size and morphol. Bibliographic Information Wet air oxidation of energetics and chemical agent surrogates. Copa, William M.; Momont, Joseph A. Zimpro Environmental Inc., Rothschild, WI, USA. Journal of Energetic Materials (1995), 13(3&4), 235-58. CODEN: JOEMDK ISSN: 0737-0652. Journal written in English. CAN 123:295590 AN 1995:895724 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Wet oxidn. studies have been conducted on a no. of energetic materials and wastewaters derived from energetic materials to demonstrate high destruction levels of specific energetic components. Triple-base propellant, OTTO Fuel (used as torpedo propellant) and hydrazine-based rocket fuel were energetics of interest. Triple-base propellant contain nitrocellulose, nitroglycerin, and nitroguanidine. OTTO Fuel contains substantial amts. of propylene glycol trinitrate. Hydrazine based rocket fuel contains hydrazine and 1,1-di-Me hydrazine (asym. di-Me hydrazine or UDMH). A bench scale wet air oxidn. study on alk. hydrolyzates of triple-base propellants indicated that essentially complete destruction of the reactive nitrogen components could be achieved at an oxidn. temp. of 280 . Bench scale wet air oxidn. studies on OTTO Fuel wastewaters indicated that a >99% destruction of propylene glycol dinitrate can be achieved at 280 . Processing OTTO Fuel wastewaters in a continuous flow, full scale wet air oxidn. unit achieved even higher destruction levels. Bench scale wet air oxidn. studies on hydrazinebased rocket fuel wastewaters indicated that a 99.8% destruction of hydrazine and a >99.0% destruction of 1,1dimethylhydrazine can be oxidized at 280 . Again, processing of hydrazine-based rocket fuel wastewaters in a continuous flow, full scale wet air oxidn. unit achieved similar destruction levels. The application of wet air oxidn. for the destruction of chem. agents has been made by the extrapolation of data from the wet air oxidn. of compds. with similar chem. structures or of surrogate compds. Sarin and V-agents are nerve agents which have an organo-phosphorus structure similar to that of contain commonly used pesticides. Pesticides such as glyphosate and malathion, which have a similar organo-phosphorus structure, are essentially completely destroyed (>99% destruction) by wet air oxidn. at 200-280 . The chem. agent surrogate, di-Me Me phosphonate (DMMP) was wet air oxidized at 220-280 . Alk. hydrolyzed DMMP was wet air oxidized at 280 . All of the oxidized effluents showed a >97.5% destruction efficiency for the DMMP. The blister agent, mustard (HD) is a chlorinated sulfide, bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide. Org. sulfides such as mercaptans can be destroyed by wet air oxidn. at 260-280 . It is concluded that the wet air oxidn. process is a promising alternative to incineration for disposal of energetics and chem. warfare agents. Bibliographic Information Molten salt oxidation of chemical munitions. Stewart, Albert; Schnittgrund, Gary. PyroPacific Processes, Grand Hills, CA, USA. Journal of Energetic Materials (1995), 13(3&4), 213-34. CODEN: JOEMDK ISSN: 0737-0652. Journal written in English. CAN 123:295589 AN 1995:895723 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Molten salt oxidn. is reviewed as a potential near term alternative technol. for the destruction of chem. agents. Initial tests completed by the US Army in 1975 showed the promise of achieving very high removal efficiencies on actual agents. Recent testing by DOE has verified the potential for very low PIC and dioxin or furan releases. To further explore the possible application of this technol. to chem. agent destruction, a molten salt reactor and assocd. equipment was designed to process a nominal 50 kg/h of Sarin. Mass and energy balances are presented for process conditions representing a range of molten salt potential operational modes and schemes for enhancing plant capacity. Process economics are presented.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Bibliographic Information Supercritical water oxidation of chemical agents, and solid propellants. Spritzer, M. H.; Hazlebeck, D. A.; Downey, K. W. San Diego, CA, USA. Journal of Energetic Materials (1995), 13(3&4), 185-212. CODEN: JOEMDK ISSN: 0737-0652. Journal written in English. CAN 123:295588 AN 1995:895722 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Supercrit. water oxidn. (SCWO), also referred to as hydrothermal oxidn. (HTO), is a developing technol. for the destruction of hazardous and nonhazardous wastes. SCWO destroys combustible materials using an oxidant in water at 350-600 and pressures of 17 MPa. General Atomics and its subcontractors are currently conducting 2 comprehensive research and demonstration programs geared toward the destruction of Department of Defense (DoD) wastes utilizing SCWO technol. Wastes of primary interest include chem. agents and solid propellants. Tech. challenges, particularly corrosion and solids handling, were overcome, and the destruction of chem. agents and solid propellants was demonstrated on a bench scale. SCWO results for chem. agents show destruction and removal efficiencies for GB, VX, and mustard agents to be in excess of 99.9999%, limited only by detection capability. SCWO results for hydrolyzed Class 1.1 solid propellant show destruction and removal efficiencies for total org. carbon (TOC) of >99.9%. Design and fabrication of a transportable SCWO pilot plant for chem. warfare agents, propellants and other DoD hazardous wastes and a prototype HTO system for solid rocket propellant disposal are complete and demonstration testing is underway. Bibliographic Information Pressure pulsed chemical vapor infiltration of SiC to two-dimensional-Tyranno/SiC-C preforms. Sygiyama, Kohzo; Yoshida, Yazutoshi. Department of Applied Chemistry, Aichi Institute of Technology, Toyoda, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1995), 30(20), 5125-9. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 123:320390 AN 1995:894944 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Preforms of two-dimensional Tyranno fiber (SiC base) of 7 20 1.3 mm3 were chem. vapor infiltrated with SiC at 850-1050 C from a gas mixt. of CH3SiCl3 (6%)-H2 using pressure pulses between below 0.3 kPa and 0.1 MPa. Above 900 C, films grew on the macrosurface dominantly. At 850 C, residual porosity decreased to about 10% after 105 pulses, and three point flexural strength reached about 200 MPa. X-ray diffractograms on the surface showed the deposits to be -SiC only. Bibliographic Information Matrix characterization of fiber-reinforced SiC matrix composites fabricated by chemical vapor infiltration. Stinton, D. P.; Hembree, D. M.; More, K. L.; Sheldon, B. W.; Besmann, T. M.; Headinger, M. H.; Davis, R. F. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Journal of Materials Science (1995), 30(17), 4279-85. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 123:206673 AN 1995:804167 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), that consist of silicon carbide (SiC) reinforced with continuous Nicalon or T-300 fibers, are being developed for many high-temp. structural applications. The large potential use of CMCs has prompted an in-depth investigation and characterization of these materials. Electron microscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize and compare the SiC matrix crystal structure and morphol. of composite materials fabricated by two different chem. vapor infiltration (CVI) processes. Bibliographic Information Characterization of pseudo-porous SiC/C coatings on NextelTM 440 and NicalonTM fibers. Khasgiwale, N. R.; Butler, E. P.; Tsakalakos, L.; Hensley, D. A.; Cannon, W. R.; Danforth, S. C.; Gonczy, S. T. Center Ceramic Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 365 395-400. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 02729172. Journal written in English. CAN 123:177329 AN 1995:774261 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Pseudo-porous SiC/C coatings were deposited on NextelTM 440 and NicalonTM fibers by CVD. The morphol. and chem. of the coatings was evaluated, both before and after oxidn., using SEM, X-Ray Diffraction Anal. (XRD), XPS and Auger spectroscopy. Coated fibers were subjected to two different oxidn. treatments to assess coating stability: a) oxidn. at 600 C for 20 h, and b) oxidn. at 1000 C for 20 h. Pseudo-porous SiC/C on NicalonTM fibers appear to be more oxidn. resistant than the same coatings on NextelTM440 fibers. Bibliographic Information The preparation and economics of silicon carbide matrix composites by chemical vapor infiltration. Roman, Yvette G.; Stinton, David P. Centre Technical Ceramics-TNO, Eindhoven, Neth. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 365 343-50. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 123:176964 AN 1995:774254 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review with 35 refs. A no. of processing techniques that are currently in use for the development and prodn. of continuous fiber reinforced ceramic composite materials are described. The limited no. of available processing routes are compared with respect to the resulting material properties. The chem. vapor infiltration (CVI) technique is one of the most extensively developed methods. During the last decade, at least five different modifications of the isobaric isothermal CVI principle have been developed; each route having its own benefits. CVI techniques have now been developed to the extent that industrial commercialization is being realized. Projected cost aspects of the various CVI manufg. techniques are examd. and compared. Bibliographic Information Properties of SiC-SiC composites produced using CVR converted graphite cloth to SiC cloth. Kowbel, W.; Kyriacou, C.; Gao, F.; Bruce, C. A.; Withers, J. C. MER corp., Tucson, AZ, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 365 197202. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 123:177312 AN 1995:774236 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract

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Nicalon fiber is the primary reinforcement in SiC-SiC composites currently produced by a variety of techniques including CVI and polymer infiltration. Low strength retention at high temps. of the Nicalon fibers limits the choice of manufg. processes which can be employed to produce low cost SiC-SiC composites. MER has developed a new SiC reinforcement based upon a conversion of low cost carbon fabric to SiC via a Chem. Vapor Reaction (CVR) process. This new SiC filaments exhibit an excellent creep resistance at temps. up to 1600 C. Several SiC-SiC composites were fabricated using graphite fabric converted to SiC fabric utilizing the CVR process combined with a slurry infiltration and CVI densification. A correlation between processing conditions, microstructure and properties of the SiC-SiC composites are discussed. Bibliographic Information Chemically bonded ceramic matrix composites: densification and conversion to diffusion bonding. Johnson, Bradley R.; Guelguen, Mehmet A.; Kriven, Waltraud, M. Department Materials Science and Engineering, University Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 365 67-72. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 123:177295 AN 1995:774216 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chem. bonded ceramics appear to be a promising alternative route for near-net shape fabrication of multi-phase ceramic matrix composites (CMC's). The hydraulic (and refractory) properties of fine mono-calcium aluminate (CaAl2O4) powders were used as the chem. bonding matrix phase, while calcia-stabilized zirconia powders were the second phase material. Samples contg. up to 70 wt% (55 vol%) zirconia have been successfully compacted and sintered. Various processing techniques were evaluated. Processing was optimized based on material properties, dilatometry and simultaneous thermal anal. (DTA/TGA). The phys. characteristics of this novel CMC were characterized by hardness, d., and fracture toughness testing. Microstructures were evaluated by SEM and phase identification was verified using XRD. Bibliographic Information Oxidative catalytic decomposition of toxic gases using hydroxyapatite and fluorhydroxyapatite. Palucka, Timothy P.; Eror, Nicholas G.; McNamara, Thomas A. Department Materials Science and Engineering, University Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 368(Synthesis and Properties of Advanced Catalytic Materials), 275-80. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 123:151604 AN 1995:734790 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract An oxidative catalytic route to decomp. nerve gases was studied using hydroxyapatite (HA, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) and its partially fluorinated analog fluorhydroxyapatite (FHA, Ca10(PO4)6Fx(OH)2-x). Samples were prepd. with surface areas of 34-238 m2/g to study surface area effects; 1.2 wt.% Pt was deposited on 1 substrate to study the effect of a transition metal on activity and selectivity. Reaction studies were performed using di-Me methylphosphonate, a nerve gas simulant, in a stream of 80% N and 20% O at 573 K and atm. pressure. High surface area FHA samples showed an increase in the protection period (period of 100% conversion) with increasing F substitution; such an increase was not seen for low surface area FHA samples. In the absence of Pt, the reaction products were CH3OH and di-Me ether; with Pt, CO2 was also obtained. Bibliographic Information Toxicity Medical (1995), CAPLUS

of sulfur mustard in adult rat lung organ culture. Sawyer, Thomas W.; Wilde, Paul E.; Rice, Paul; Weiss, M. Tracy. Countermeasures Section, Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Box 4000, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Can. Toxicology 100(1-3), 39-49. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 123:104668 AN 1995:700024 (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

Abstract The toxicity of the chem. warfare agent sulfur mustard, (bis-(2-chloroethyl)sulfide, HD), was examd. in adult rat lung organ cultures. Assessment of HD-induced damage by the MTT cytotoxicity assay indicated that the median lethal concn. (LC50) of HD in these cultures was reproducible, and in the M range. Damage to the lung slices was expressed only after a latent period of 48 h and did not increase significantly with longer expression times. Histopathol. examn. of HD-treated lung cultures showed that the structural changes in the lung tissue paralleled the toxicity measured biochem., and were also similar to the damage found in animals and man exposed to HD in vivo. This in vitro model offers a useful tool with which to study the toxicity and mechanism of action of sulfur mustard. Bibliographic Information Characterization and surface chemistry of uncoated and coated silicon nitride powders. Schmidt, H.; Nabert, G.; Ziegler, G.; Goretzki, H. Inst. Materialforschung, Univ. Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1995), 15(7), 667-74. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 123:90766 AN 1995:695131 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Various Si3N4 powders, produced by different procedures, were characterized by imaging (TEM) and anal. methods (EDS, FTIR, XPS) in the as-received state as well as after doping with a metal oxide (MgO). For the doping, an alternative procedure to the usual methods was applied based on sol. organometallic compds. Anal. TEM combined with lateral resoln. element anal. and XPS measurements was used for morphol., structural and anal. characterization. The distribution of the dopant was deduced from measurements of XPS sputter depth profiles. These investigations were supplemented by FT-IR measurements to det. qual. and semi-quant. the reactive groups on the particle surfaces of the as-received powders. For comparison, measurements were performed with Si3N4 powders which were doped by the above chem. procedure and by mech. mixing. The results of the various characterization methods are interpreted in the form of a model display for surface reactions of organometallic doping reagents on the surfaces of ceramic particles. The results show that Si3N4 powders with high concn. of OH groups on their particle surface reveal very good distribution of the fluxing element (layer-like coating). Bibliographic Information Influence of crystallographic orientation, chemical inhomogeneities, material transport anisotropy and elastic strain energy on the migration of grain boundaries in chromium-doped alumina during internal reduction. Backhaus-Ricoult, Monika; PeyrotChabrol, A.; Chiron, R.; Hagege, S. Cent. d'Etudes Chim. Metall., CNRS, Vitry, Fr. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 357(Structure and Properties of Interfaces in Ceramics), 293-9. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 123:90732 AN 1995:685875 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract

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Diffusion-induced grain boundary migration is obsd. during internal redn. of chromium-doped alumina. It occurs because grain boundary diffusion is fast compared to lattice diffusion of oxygen. The oxygen chem. potential relaxes between grain boundaries and adjacent grains. Migration to either side of the boundary is controlled by multiple factors: chem. compn. differences between adjacent grains, elastic strain energy differences on the two sides of the boundary plane or by more rapid oxygen relaxation when the c-axis of a grain is perpendicular to the boundary plane. Bibliographic Information Synthesis and chemical stability of NaSn2P3O12. Breval, E.; Harshe, G.; Agrawal, D. K.; Limaye, S. Y. Intercoll. Mater. Res. Lab., Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA, USA. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1995), 14(10), 728-31. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 123:39204 AN 1995:606064 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract NaSn2P3O12 and NaZr2P3O12 powders were prepd. by solid-state reaction methods and sintered at 1050-1200 . The resulting pellets were characterized in terms of d., thermal expansion, and phase compn. before and after chem. stability tests. Chem. stability tests were performed in polethylene containers in 3 solns., H+ + SO42- (pH = 0.5), Na+ + H+ + SO42(pH = 0.7), and Na+ + OH- (pH + 14.3). Results indicate that NaSn2P3O12 is a very stable NZP compd. in high and low pH solns. (pH + 0.5-14.3) as compared to the parent compn. NaZr2P3O12, which shows high losses, esp. in alk. leachants. The surface-to-vol. of a single phase NaSn2P3O12 material, sintered without sintering agents, hardly affects the dissoln. Use of a sintering agent may result in a highly reactive grain boundary phase, the amt. of which may exceed the amt. of added sintering aid. Bibliographic Information Low-level detection of chemical agent simulants in meat and milk by ion trap mass spectrometry. Buchanan, Michelle V.; Hettich, Robert L.; Xu, Jing Hai; Waters, Larry C.; Watson, Annetta. Chemical and Analytical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Building 5510, MS/6365, Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Journal of Hazardous Materials (1995), 42(1), 49-59. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 123:31526 AN 1995:596587 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Anal. methods for the detection of two chem. warfare agent simulants, diisopropyl methylphosphonate and chloroethylethylsulfide, in beef tissue and milk were demonstrated to be effective to levels as low as 50-100 ppb. These methods are based upon thermal desorption into an ion trap mass spectrometer. Selective detection of the target compds. is achieved by isobutane chem. ionization in combination with collision-induced dissocn., which yields characteristic fragment ions. Rapid sample clean-up steps were also devised to reduce interferences from the sample matrix. The low detection limits achieved with this method suggest that it may be possible to take small tissue samples from livestock by needle biopsy, without requiring animal sacrifice for the anal. In addn., because the new methods may be performed more quickly than conventional methods requiring substantial sample prepn. and anal. time, more samples could be analyzed. Bibliographic Information The effect of ceria co-doping on chemical stability and fracture toughness of Y-TZP. Boutz, M. M. R.; Winnubst, A. j. a.; Van Langerak, B.; Scholtenhuis, R. J. M. Olde; Kreuwel, K.; Burggraaf, A. J. Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Twente, Enschde, Neth. Journal of Materials Science (1995), 30(7), 1854-62. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 122:271892 AN 1995:504770 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The fracture toughness and ageing resistance of yttria, ceria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (Y, Ce-TZP) were evaluated as a function of grain size and ceria content. Very fine grained, fully dense materials could be produced by sinter forging at relatively low temps. (1150-1200 C). The aging resistance in hot water (185 C) of 2 mol% Y2O3-stabilized TZP is strongly enhanced by alloying with ceria. The ceria content necessary to avoid degrdn. completely, decreases with grain size. The toughness of fully dense Y, Ce-TZP is 7-9 MPa m1/2 for grain sizes down to 0.2 m. No or very little transformation took place during fracturing and no clear variation with grain size was obsd. for the toughness at grain sizes up to 0.8 m. Reversible transformation and crack deflection may explain the obsd. toughness values. Bibliographic Information Microstructure and chemistry of second phases in MgO- and NiO-codoped alumina by analytical transmission electron microscopy. Park, K.; Vasilos, T.; Sung, C. Cent. Advanced Materials Dep. Chem. Nuclear Eng., Univ. Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1995), 14(4), 261-4. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 122:167982 AN 1995:415637 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The effects MgO-NiO-codoping on microstructure and chem. of 2nd phases, segregated particles and cryst. defects in alumina ceramics were examd. MgO-NiO-codoping contributed significantly to the prepn. of dense fine-grained alumina. It appeared that Ni-Al and Ni-Mg-Al spinels, segregated Ni particles, and K- '' alumina ppts. were formed at triple points or at grain boundaries, because the concns. of the MgO and NiO dopants were higher than their solid solubilities. In particular, the codopants formed a Ni-Mg-Al spinel as well as a Ni-Al spinel, because Mg2+ and Ni2+ were partitioned in the cation position of the spinel structure. Bibliographic Information Compositions and chemical bonding in ceramics by quantitative electron energy-loss spectrometry. Bentley, J.; Horton, L. L.; McHargue, C. J.; McKernan, S.; Carter, C. B.; Revcolevschi, A.; Tanaka, S.; Davis, R. F. Metals and Ceramics Div.r., Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1994), 332(Determining Nanoscale Physical Properties of Materials by Microscopy and Spectroscopy), 385-90. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 122:87360 AN 1995:266442 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Quant. electron energy-loss spectrometry was applied to a range of ceramic materials at a spatial resoln. of <5 nm. Anal. of Fe L23 white lines indicates a low-spin state with a charge transfer of .apprx.1.5 electrons/atom onto the Fe atoms implanted into (amorphized) silicon carbide. Gradients of 2-5% in the Co:O stoichiometry were measured across 100-nm-thick Co3O4 layers in an oxidized directionally solidified CoO-ZrO2 eutectic, with the highest O levels near the ZrO2. The energy-loss near-

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edge structures were dramatically different for the two cobalt oxides; those for Co3O4 have been incorrectly ascribed to CoO in the published literature. Kinetically stabilized solid soly. occurred in an AlN-SiC film grown by low-temp. mol. beam epitaxy (MBE) on (6H)-SiC, and no detectable interdiffusion occurred in couples of MBE-grown AlN on SiC following annealing at up to 1750 C. In diffusion couples of polycryst. AlN on SiC, interfacial 8H Sialon (aluminum silicon oxynitride) and pockets of Si3N4rich '-Sialon in the SiC were detected. Bibliographic Information Chemically bonded ceramics as an alternative to high temperature composite processing. Gulgun, Mehmet A.; Johnson, Bradley R.; Kriven, Waltraud M. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1994), 346(Better Ceramics through Chemistry VI), 51116. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 122:15230 AN 1995:174876 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Processing of multi-phase ceramic composite materials using chem. bonded ceramics as a binding agent appears to be a promising route for fabricating complex-shaped structures. In a zirconia-calcium aluminate ceramic matrix composite, the hydraulic property of fine, monocalcium aluminate (CaAl2O4) powders was used to prep. strong prefired bodies. The changes in the phys. characteristics of the composite during the conversion from a chem. bonded compact into a sintered composite were studied using thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), X-ray diffraction and SEM. The d. and the hardness of the chem. bonded and sintered composite were measured. Bibliographic Information Assessing delayed neurotoxicity in rodents after nerve gas exposure. Husain, K.; Pant, S. C.; Vijayaraghavan, R.; Singh, Ram. Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. Defence Science Journal (1994), 44(2), 161-4. CODEN: DSJOAA ISSN: 0011-748X. Journal written in English. CAN 121:294553 AN 1994:694553 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Delayed neurotoxicity of an organophosphorus nerve gas, Sarin (a chem. warfare agent) following repeated inhalation exposure in rats and mice, was studied by behavioral, biochem. and histopathol. analyses. Rats exposed to Sarin aerosols (12.5 mg/m3 for 20 min) daily for ten days did not exhibit any clin. sign of delayed neurotoxicity. Neurotoxic esterase (NTE) activity in the brain, spinal cord and platelets was significantly inhibited, but the inhibition was below the threshold. Histopathol. examn. of spinal cord did not show any axonal degeneration. Mice exposed to Sarin aerosols (5 mg/m3 for 20 min) daily for ten days developed mild ataxia and muscular weakness of the hind limb on 14th day after the start of exposure. NTE activity was significantly inhibited in brain, spinal cord and platelets. Histopathol. of spinal cord showed focal axonal degeneration. Acetyl-choline esterase activity in the platelets of both the animals was significantly inhibited. The authors conclude that mice are sensitive to delayed neurotoxicity induced by repeated exposure to Sarin whereas rats are insensitive. Bibliographic Information Clean-up of chemical warfare agents on soils using simple washing or chemical treatment processes. Amos, Denys; Leake, Brian. DSTO, Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 4331, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Journal of Hazardous Materials (1994), 39(1), 107-17. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 121:262645 AN 1994:662645 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Several simple processes have been studied for the destruction of chem. agents, Soman and Mustard, on soils. A double wash or an extended single wash with water was effective in removing Mustard and Soman from soil; addn. of either anionic or cationic surfactant did not improve removal efficiency. Soils with higher org. carbon content were more difficult to decontaminate. The most effective chem. process for the removal of Mustard was treatment with hypochlorite; treatment with Na2CO3 or NaOH were almost as effective as hypochlorite in cleaning Mustard contaminated soil. Soman was removed most effectively by treatment with Na2CO3. Overall the most efficient process for the destruction of both Mustard and Soman was treatment with Na2CO3 soln. Bibliographic Information Liquid phase sintering, electrical conductivity, and chemical stability of lanthanum chromite doped with calcium and nickel. Christie, G. M.; Middleton, P. H.; Steele, B. C. H. Dep. Mater., Imperial Coll. Sci., Tech. Med., London, UK. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1994), 14(2), 163-75. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 121:236480 AN 1994:636480 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The substitution of 10 mol% nickel for chromium in calcium-doped lanthanum chromite has been shown to promote rapid densification of the compd. at low temps. in air by the form of a transient liq. phase. Liqs. were generated via the decompn. of CaCrO4 second phase material present in calcined powders. During elec. cond. measurements at 1000 C, severe microstructural degrdn. occurred at atms. of H2 and CO2. The processes leading to chem. degrdn. are attributed to the pptn. of Ni from the (La,Ca)(Cr,Ni)O3 solid soln. and to the decompn. of small amts. of residual CaCrO4 which remains at grain boundaries and triple points after sintering. DTA studies on CaCrO4 in CO2 and H2 atms. suggested that the degrdn. due to CaCrO4 decompn. was primarily a result of the reaction of CaO with CO2 to form CaCO3. The presence of H2 gas is thought to catalyze this reaction via the formation of large amt. of CaO during the decompn. of CaCrO4. Degrdn. is more severe in atms. contg. a mixt. of CO2 and H2 gases than in either gas on its own. Bibliographic Information Photochemical degradation of a toxic organophosphorus analog (PMSF) in microemulsion media. Yang, Yun; Donegan, Sheila; Patel, Ramesh C.; Ward, Anthony J. I. Center for Advanced Materials Processing, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA. Chemosphere (1994), 28(11), 1967-76. CODEN: CMSHAF ISSN: 0045-6535. Journal written in English. CAN 121:217331 AN 1994:617331 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A study has been made of the photodegrdn. of an analog, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), of a toxic chem. warfare agent. The agent was solubilized in a water-in-oil surfactant stabilized microemulsion system comprising sodium dodecyl sulfate, pentanol and water. Loss of the parent PMSF mol. upon exposure of the system to UV irradn. was monitored by 19F

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NMR spectroscopy. Consideration of the changes in the chem. shifts, splittings in conjunction with GC/Mass spectroscopy data strongly suggest the degrdn. leads to partial fluorination of pentanol. Anal. of peak areas also indicates the formation of volatile degrdn. products such as HF. The addn. of TiO2 or hydroquinone to the system did not appreciably change the overall amts. of degrdn. The results are interpreted in terms of the possible radical based reaction pathways and show that such a microemulsion medium to have significant potential as a vehicle for effecting such a degrdn. process. Bibliographic Information Comparative evaluation of high protein against normal protein diet in combination with carbamates against organophosphorus intoxication in rats. Chatterjee, A.K.; Sikder, Nirmala; Sikder, A.K. Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. Defence Science Journal (1994), 44(1), 11-14. CODEN: DSJOAA ISSN: 0011-748X. Journal written in English. CAN 121:197892 AN 1994:597892 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The relative efficacy of an isocaloric high protein diet (HPD) contg. 59 per cent protein, in comparison to a conventional diet contg. 21 per cent protein, as applied in the alleviation of toxicity of diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP) and Me iso-Pr phosphonofluoridate (sarin), has been reported. In combination with well-known prophylactics like carbamates and cholinolytics like atropine against nerve gas toxicity, HPD appears to be superior to the conventional diet as studied by survival time measurements. Apart from carbamates, atropine and mecamylamine, HPD may be treated as an addnl. prophylactic agent to guard against the toxicity of DFP and sarin, which are being used as war chems. Bibliographic Information The surface chemistry of silicon nitride powder in the presence of dissolved ions. Hackley, V. A.; Malghan, S. G. Ceram. Div., Natl. Inst. Standards and Technol., Gaithersburg, MD, USA. Journal of Materials Science (1994), 29(17), 4420-30. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 121:185440 AN 1994:585440 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Colloidal processing of silicon nitride (Si3N4) powders depends largely on the control of reactions at the solid-soln. interface. The role of dissolved ions in the surface chem. of Si3N4 powders has been investigated, and the implications of these results for the effects of impurities, contaminants and additives in processing are discussed. The interaction of ions at the solid-soln. interface was characterized by particle electrokinetic behavior detd. from electroacoustic measurements in moderately concd. suspensions. Ions were classified according to chem. similarity and surface specificity. Specific adsorption was inferred from the movement of the isoelec. point relative to the endemic "native" value. Most simple univalent electrolytes behaved indifferently towards the Si3N4 surface, with the exception of fluoride which specifically adsorbed and may have formed a strong complex with surface silicon sites. The alk.-earth cations exhibited a similar weak specificity. In the presence of hydrolyzable transition metal cations, powder surface chem. was controlled by the adsorption of hydroxy metal complexes and by the soly. of a surface-pptd. metal hydroxide phase. Oxo anions, such as sulfate and carbonate, adsorbed specifically on the Si3N4 surface, but the interactions were weaker than previously obsd. on metal oxide surfaces. Bibliographic Information X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of uv laser irradiated sapphire and alumina. Pedraza, A. J.; Park, J. W.; Meyer, H. M., III; Braski, D. N. Dep. Materials Science Engineering, Univ. Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1994), 9(9), 2251-7. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 121:162453 AN 1994:562453 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract XPS was performed in as-received, thermally annealed, and laser-irradiated sapphire and alumina specimens to study the effects of the different treatments on surface chem. and properties. Laser irradiations with a 308 nm wavelength laser were performed in air and in a reducing atm. consisting of a mixt. of Ar and 4% hydrogen. The at. percentages of carbon, aluminum, and oxygen were measured in all the specimens. Particular attention was paid to the percentages of oxygen in the oxide and in a hydroxyl state. The XPS analyses clearly established that a very thin film of metallic aluminum is formed on the surface of both alumina and sapphire substrates when they are irradiated under a reducing atm. However, the film is discontinuous because it is elec. insulating. Substrates irradiated in air have metallic aluminum only for fluences below 0.4 J/ cm2. The valence band photoemission spectra of as-received, annealed, and laser-irradiated specimens were measured. In irradiated specimens, the width of the valence band spectra was found to decrease by .apprx.10%. One possible cause of this decrease is the generation of point defects during laser irradn. Electroless copper deposition occurs on sapphire and alumina substrates if their surface has been activated by laser irradn. The time required for copper deposition was monitored by measuring the elec. resistivity in the irradiated area while the substrates were immersed in an electroless bath. The kinetics of deposition on laser-activated substrates and the XPS results show that the presence of metallic aluminum accelerates the deposition process. However, the presence of aluminum is not the sole reason for laser activation in alumina. Very strong metal-ceramic bonding is produced after thermal annealing of samples having preirradiated substrates. This result is explained in terms of the excess oxygen that is present at the ceramic surface after irradn. Bibliographic Information X-ray absorption spectroscopy study of the local structure and the chemical state of yttrium in polycrystalline -alumina. Loudjani, M. K.; Cortes, R. Lab. Metallurgie Structurale, CNRS, Orsay, Fr. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1994), 14(1), 67-75. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 121:162396 AN 1994:562396 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The chem. state and local structure around the yttrium ion in doped polycryst. -alumina (0.03 mol% Y2O3 1) system was examd. by extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements for yttrium K-edge energy. In the case of highly doped alumina samples (0.1 and 1 mol% Y2O3) most of the yttrium is pptd. as a Y3Al5O12 phase, whereas in the dil. doped alumina sample (0.03 mol% Y2O3) yttrium is in solid soln., being located on the octahedral aluminum sites. The yttrium ion size, comparatively greater than that of the aluminum ion, induces locally a significant distortion of the oxygen ion lattice. This effect creates point defects in the nearest neighbor shell of the yttrium: vacancy (Vo..) and interstitial (Oi'') oxygen point defects. Bibliographic Information Constitution of the -alumina phase in chemically produced mullite precursors. Schneider, H.; Voll, D.; Saruhan, B.; Schmucker, M. Inst. Mater. Res., German Aerosp. Res. Establ., Cologne, Germany. Journal of the European Ceramic Society

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(1993), 13(5), 441-8. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 121:89568 AN 1994:489568 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The temp. development of type II mullite precursor powders have been studied in the temp. range of 150 C (as-received) and 1150 C. X-ray diffraction measurements, IR and 29Si and 27Al NMR spectroscopy and anal. transmission electron microscopy have been performed on the heat-treated precursors. The investigations had the aim of contributing to the frequently discussed question, whether Si is incorporated into the -alumina spinel being formed as a transient phase in type II mullite precursors. The as-received precursors consist of relatively large spherical particles ( 0 5 m) of noncryst. SiO2 and of much finer-grained agglomerates of pseudo-boehmite crystals ( -AlO(OH), 20 nm), which are embedded in a SiO2 matrix. Above 350 C, pseudo-boehmite transforms to spinel-type alumina ( -Al2O3). During this transformation, all Si existing in the SiO2 matrix of the pseudoboehmite agglomerates is incorporated into -Al2O3 corresponding to a SiO2 content of 12 mol% at 500 C. Up to 750 C, the SiO2 content of the -alumina remains const. but above this temp. it gradually rises and reaches a max. amt. of 18 mol% at 1150 C. A marginal decompn. of the spherical non-cryst. SiO2 particles may be the sources to provide diffusion of Si species into the -alumina during a temp. increase above 750 C. It is most likely that Si species diffuse into the -alumina crystals along the crystallite boundaries. The diffusion process and Si incorporation are facilitated with the temp. increase. Bibliographic Information Quantitative analysis of Si3N4 microstructure response on interface chemistry. Meissner, E.; Unger, S.; Kleebe, H.-J.; Ziegler, G. Univ. Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany. Key Engineering Materials (1994), 89-91(Silicon Nitride 93), 471-5. CODEN: KEMAEY ISSN: 1013-9826. Journal written in English. CAN 121:89560 AN 1994:489560 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Quant. microstructure anal. was performed on gas-pressure sintered Si3N4 materials (SSN) by employing an image processing system. Variations in grain-diam. distribution and aspect-ratio distribution with changing additive compn. and annealing time, resp., were investigated. Clear evidence was found that both interface compn. and post-sintering anneal can strongly affect the matrix grain morphol. For the Y2O3-doped material, extended annealing time supported the formation of Si3N4 grains with increased diam. and length via Ostwald ripening. Moreover, the aspect-ratio distribution was shifted to higher values indicating anisotropic grain growth. The addn. of Al2O3 + ZrO2, compared to SSN doped with Y2O3, resulted in a finer microstructure with still high aspect ratios. This chem. effect is closely related to the viscosity of the liqs. at processing temps. Furthermore, ZrO2 addn. results in a more pronounced transgranular fracture mode, while Y2O3-contg. SSN predominantly revealed intergranular fracture. The influence of annealing time and interface chem. on both microstructure evolution and resulting fracture toughness is discussed. Bibliographic Information Surface chemical interactions of Si3N4 with polyelectrolyte deflocculants. Hackley, V.A.; Premachandran, R.; Malghan, S.G. Mater. Sci. Eng. Lab., Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol., Gaithersburg, MD, USA. Key Engineering Materials (1994), 89-91(Silicon Nitride 93), 679-82. CODEN: KEMAEY ISSN: 1013-9826. Journal written in English. CAN 121:41008 AN 1994:441008 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The interaction of org. polyelectrolyte deflocculants at the Si3N4 solid-soln. interface was investigated using electroacoustic measurements, polymer adsorption and particle size distribution anal. One cationic and two anionic polymers were studied: quaternized poly(diamine epoxychlorohydrin), ammonium poly(methacrylate) and poly(acrylic acid), resp. Electrostatic interactions are emphasized as a function of pH, concn. and mol. wt. Bibliographic Information Metabolite pharmacokinetics of soman, sarin and GF in rats and biological monitoring of exposure to toxic organophosphorus agents. Shih, Ming L.; McMonagle, Joseph D.; Dolzine, Theodore W.; Gresham, Vincent C. US Army Med. Res. Inst. Chem. Def., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1994), 14(3), 195-9. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260437X. Journal written in English. CAN 121:28848 AN 1994:428848 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract This study reports on the pharmacokinetics of the elimination of the metabolites of three toxic organophosphorus compds. (soman, sarin and GF). Urine, blood and lung tissue were collected from rats dosed s.c. at 75 g kg-1. Urinary excretion of the metabolite was the major elimination route for these three compds. The major differences among them were primarily the extent and rate of excretion. The hydrolyzed form, alkylmethylphosphonic acid, was the single major metabolite formed and excreted in urine by a non-saturable mechanism. Nearly total recoveries of the given doses for sarin and GF in metabolite form were obtained from the urine. The terminal elimination half-lives in urine were 3.7 0.1 and 9.9 0.8 h for sarin and GF, resp. Soman metabolite showed a biphasic elimination curve with terminal half-lives of 18.5 2.7 and 3.6 2.2 h. Soman was excreted at a slower rate with a recovery of only 62%. Lung was the major organ of accumulation for soman. In blood the toxic agents were concd. more in red blood cells than in plasma. The acid metabolites can serve as a better chem. marker for monitoring organophosphorus exposure in humans via their higher concn. and longer half-life in urine than the parent compds. Bibliographic Information Movement of chemical warfare agent simulants through porous media. Jenkins, R. A.; Buchanan, M. V.; Merriweather, R.; Ilgner, R. H.; Gayle, T. M.; Watson, A. P. Analytical Chemistry Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Building 4500S, MS6120, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Journal of Hazardous Materials (1994), 37(2), 303-25. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 121:16666 AN 1994:416666 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A measurement protocol is documented and data are presented to characterize the permeation of chem. warfare agent simulants through the porous construction materials brick, cinder block, gypsum wall board, and wood. These data will be used to develop guidelines for access ("reentry") to potentially contaminated properties if nerve or vesicant agents are released during any phase of the US Department of the Army's Chem. Stockpile Disposal Program. A novel permeation cell design allowed sampling of air vols. adjacent to the spiked face, breakthrough face, and lateral face of each test medium at two temps. Simulant movement through wood is nearly always in the direction of the wood grain. Two-dimensional breakthrough was obsd. in brick and gypsum wall board. The sulfur mustard simulant broke through all test media in less than 60 min; nerve agent simulant breakthrough required several hours. Surface decontamination of wood with high-test hypochlorite is

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Bibliographic Information Pharmacology of organophosphates. Koelle, George B. Med. Sch., Univ. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1994), 14(2), 105-9. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 121:2654 AN 1994:402654 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review with 8 refs. The cholinergic nerve fibers, which employ acetylcholine (ACh) as a neurohumoral transmitter, and the results of their activation are listed. The reactions between the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), its natural substrate, ACh, and the various types of inhibitors are described. The limited therapeutic uses of the anticholinesterase (anti-ChE) agents are considered. The toxicol. effects encountered when the anti-ChE agents are employed as insecticides or as chem. warfare (CW) agents are discussed. Certain anti-ChE agents produce also a delayed neurotoxic effect which is apparently unrelated to the inhibition of AChE. Bibliographic Information Genotoxicity of the phosphoramidate agent tabun (GA). Wilson, Barry W.; Kawakami, Thomas G.; Cone, Norman; Henderson, John D.; Rosenblatt, Leon S.; Goldman, Marvin; Dacre, Jack C. Inst. Toxicol., Univ. California, Davis, CA, USA. Toxicology (1994), 86(1-2), 1-12. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 120:263586 AN 1994:263586 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Five mutagenicity tests were performed on Agent GA (tabun, phosphoramidocyanidic acid, dimethyl-, Et ester) as part of a program to demilitarize chem. warfare agents. GA was mutagenic in Salmonella spp. assays with S-9 and it was a direct-acting mutagen to mouse lymphoma cells. GA did not promote unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes; it induced sister chromatid exchanges in mouse cells in vitro but not in vivo. The conclusion that GA is a weakly acting mutagen is supported by the fact that it was mutagenic in only 3 of the 5 assays, and that increases in mutagenicity were often less than 2-fold the controls and occurred near toxic levels. Bibliographic Information Effect of chemically added zirconia and yttria mechanical properties of zirconia-dispersed alumina. Ranjbar, Khalil; Rao, Boddapati T.; Mohan, Tallapragada R. Rama; Harendranath, Chilkunda S. Dep. Metall. Eng., Indian Inst. Technol., Bombay, India. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (1994), 73(2), 63-6. CODEN: ACSBA7 ISSN: 0002-7812. Journal written in English. CAN 120:171374 AN 1994:171374 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Alumina powders dispersed with monoclinic, tetragonal, and cubic zirconia were prepd. by evapg. a colloidal dispersion of alumina powders in solns. contg. zirconium and yttrium salts. The dried and calcined powders were compacted, sintered, and characterized. The results demonstrated a clear toughening effect by the zirconia on the alumina ceramics. The alumina contg. 20-wt%-yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia had the max. toughness. Bibliographic Information Chemical vapor infiltration of silicon carbide with microwave heating. [Erratum to document cited in CA119(2):13852e]. Morell, Jose I.; Economou, Demetre J.; Amundson, Neal R. Dep. Chem. Eng., Univ. Houston, Houston, TX, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1993), 8(12), 3251. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 120:141948 AN 1994:141948 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The errors were not reflected in the abstr. or the index entries. Bibliographic Information Chemical compatibility between silicon-based and titanium-based ceramics. Wang, L.; Wada, H. Dep. Mater. Sci. Eng., Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Journal of Materials Synthesis and Processing (1993), 1(3), 181-93. CODEN: JMSPEI ISSN: 1064-7562. Journal written in English. CAN 119:277176 AN 1993:677176 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The chem. compatibility between Si-based ceramics and Ti-based ceramics was studied to establish guidelines for the processing of related composites. Phase stabilities were calcd. for the Si-Ti-B-C, Si-Ti-B-N, and Si-Ti-B-C-N systems as a function of B activity and N pressure or C activity. SiC is compatible with TiC, TiN, or TiB2, depending on the range of these parameters. Si3N4 and TiN appear to be compatible in a certain range of N2 pressure and C activity, but Si3N4 and pure TiC will not coexist. However, the fact that TiC and TiN can form a solid soln., TiC1-xNx, suggests that Si3N4 and TiC1-xNx may be obsd. in the presence of both C and N2. The Si3N4 + TiB2 2-phase region is limited in such a narrow range of N2 pressure and B activity that processing and application of TiB2/Si3N4 composites would be very difficult. High-temp. solid-state expts. were carried out with selected systems to verify phase stability diagrams. The results of reactions were in agreement with the thermodn. prediction. A high-d. TiB2/SiC composite was prepd. as an example of the application of phase stability diagrams. Bibliographic Information Thermal and acid catalyzed conversion of organic phosphorus compounds. De Lijser, H. J. P.; Mulder, P.; Louw, R. Cent. Chem. Environ., Leiden Univ., Leiden, Neth. Chemosphere (1993), 27(5), 773-8. CODEN: CMSHAF ISSN: 0045-6535. Journal written in English. CAN 119:233159 AN 1993:633159 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The org. P compds. tri-Bu and tri-Me phosphate (I and II, resp.), tri-Me phosphite (III), and di-Me phosphonate (IV) were thermolyzed using a plug flow (gas-phase) reactor. I and II proved to be sensitive to acid (wall) catalysis and can be fully degraded at temps. of .mchlt.400 . III can isomerize to II and IV. In contrast, IV requires a temp. of >750 for complete conversion; admixed with II it counteracts the smooth acid-mediated degrdn. of II. Unlike real thermolysis at elevated temps., preferably in a reducing atm. of hydrogen, mere acid catalysis is not generally applicable for effectively destroying a variety of ecotoxic org. P compds.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Bibliographic Information Preparation of uniformly calcia-doped zirconia. Hill, J.; Newhouse, M.; Xue, J.; Dieckmann, R. Dep. Mater. Sci. Eng., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, USA. Journal of Materials Synthesis and Processing (1993), 1(2), 101-9. CODEN: JMSPEI ISSN: 1064-7562. Journal written in English. CAN 119:232072 AN 1993:632072 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The prepn. of dense samples of high-purity zirconia doped with varying, small contents of CaO has been explored by means of traditional ceramic techniques with sintering and hot-pressing as well as a chem. soln. method. First, CaO-doped samples were prepd. by traditional ceramic methods. Their homogeneities were checked by SEM with x-ray mapping. CaO-dopant distribution was not uniform in all samples with overall CaO contents below 7 mol%. The difficulty in prepg. uniformly doped zirconia with small CaO contents led to exploration of the use of chem. soln. processing techniques. When exploring such techniques, the products of each process step were characterized by x-ray diffraction and electron microprobe anal. The characterization results enabled identification of a processing route which is suitable for prepg. dense, high-purity zirconia uniformly doped with CaO at low concns. Bibliographic Information A model for the isothermal isobaric chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) in a straight cylindrical pore. Application to the CVI of silicon carbide. Fedou, R.; Langlais, F.; Naslain, R. Lab. Compos. Thermostruct., CNRS, Pessac, Fr. Journal of Materials Synthesis and Processing (1993), 1(2), 61-74. CODEN: JMSPEI ISSN: 1064-7562. Journal written in English. CAN 119:208796 AN 1993:608796 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A previously described modeling of the chem. vapor infiltration (CVI) process in a straight cylindrical pore is applied to the deposition of SiC-based ceramics from MeSiCl3-H2 in the case of a 1st-order kinetic law with respect to MeSiCl3. The model gives concns. and deposit thickness profiles along the pore at any stage of the densification and, particularly, at the end of the process when the pore becomes sealed. The infiltration homogeneity is predicted to be improved by decreasing the aspect ratio of the pore and the CVI temp. and, under conditions of Fick diffusion, by decreasing the total pressure and the pore diam. The model is validated by the good fit between the deposit thickness profiles along the pore calcd. after adjustment of the kinetic data and exptl. profiles for a 34- m straight pore. Bibliographic Information Nicalon-fiber-reinforced silicon carbide composites via polymer solution infiltration and chemical vapor infiltration. Kim, Young Wook; Song, Jin Soo; Park, Sang Whan; Lee, Juen Gunn. Struct. Ceram. Lab., Korea Inst. Sci. Technol., Seoul, S. Korea. Journal of Materials Science (1993), 28(14), 3866-8. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 119:186895 AN 1993:586895 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A new, faster process was developed for the fabrication of Nicalon-fiber-reinforced SiC composites by combining polymer soln. infiltration (PSI) and chem. vapor infiltration (CVI). The process led to the near-net-shape fabrication of fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites and reduced infiltration time. Typical flexural strength and fracture toughness of these composites were 296 MPa and 10.9 MPa.m1/2 at room temp. and 252 MPa and 9.6 MPa.m1/2 at 1000 , resp. The composites exhibited load-carrying capability after crack initiation. Bibliographic Information The effect of glass chemistry on the microstructure and properties of self reinforced silicon nitride. Pyzik, Aleksander J.; Carroll, Daniel F.; Hwang, C. James. Adv. Ceram. Lab., Dow Chem. Co., Midland, MI, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1993), 287(Silicon Nitride Ceramics), 411-16. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 119:186804 AN 1993:586804 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The advantage of self-reinforced silicon nitride is the in-situ control of the microstructure. This control is provided in large degree by the chem. of glassy phase which can be adjusted to tailor the morphol. of silicon nitride grains as well as the matrix-reinforcement interface. The presence of high aspect ratio silicon nitride grains is necessary but not sufficient condition to produce materials with optimum properties. For max. flexure strength and fracture toughness, an optimized glass matrix is required. Bibliographic Information Microwave assisted chemical vapor infiltration. Devlin, D. J.; Currier, R. P.; Barbero, R. S.; Espinoza, B. F.; Elliott, N. Mater. Sci. Technol. Div., Los Alamos Natl. Lab., Los Alamos, NM, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1992), 250(Chemical Vapor Deposition of Refractory Metals and Ceramics II), 245-50. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 119:144800 AN 1993:544800 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A microwave-assisted process for prepn. of continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites is described. A simple app. combining a chem.-vapor-infiltration reactor with a conventional 700-W multimode oven is described. Microwave-induced inverted thermal gradients are exploited with the ultimate goal of reducing processing times on complex shapes. Thermal gradients in stacks of SiC (Nicalon) cloths have been measured using optical thermometry. Initial results on the inside-out deposition of SiC via decompn. of MeSiCl3 in H are presented. Several key processing issues are identified and discussed. Bibliographic Information Chemical vapor deposition of multiphase boron-carbon-silicon ceramics. Golda, E. Michael; Gallois, B. Dep. Mater. Sci. Eng., Stevens Inst. Technol., Hoboken, NJ, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1992), 250(Chemical Vapor Deposition of Refractory Metals and Ceramics II), 167-72. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 119:144796 AN 1993:544796 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Specific compns. of boron-carbon-silicon ceramics exhibit improved abrasive wear and good thermal shock resistance, but

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require bulk sintering at temps. in excess of 2100K. The formation of such phases by CVD was examd. at 1073-1573K. Methyltrichlorosilane (CH3SiCl3), boron trichloride, and methane were chosen as reactant gases, with hydrogen as a carrier gas and diluent. The coatings were deposited in a computer-controlled, hot-wall reactor at a pressure of 33 MPa. Below 1473K the coatings were amorphous. At higher temps. nonequil. reactions controlled the deposition process. The most common coating consisted of a silicon carbide matrix and a silicon boride, SiB6, dispersed phase. Multiphase coatings of B + B4C + SiB6 and SiC + SiB6 + SiB14 were also deposited by controlling the partial pressure of methane and boron trichloride. Non-equil. thermodn. anal. qual. predicted the exptl. deposited multiphase coatings. Bibliographic Information CVD of silicon nitride plate from trichlorosilane-ammonia-hydrogen mixtures. Lennartz, J. W.; Dowell, M. B. Union Carbide Coat. Serv. Corp., Parma, OH, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1992), 250(Chemical Vapor Deposition of Refractory Metals and Ceramics II), 161-6. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 119:144795 AN 1993:544795 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Preferred conditions for deposition of thick -Si3N4 plate from HSiCl3-NH3-H2 on the vertical surfaces of a low-pressure, hotwall CVD reactor were identified by means of a designed expt. The design included temp. range 1300-1500 , pressures 0.52.0 torr, and residence times 0.01-1.0 s. The vertical deposition surfaces received a viscous, laminar flow of well mixed, thermally equilibrated reactants. Plates 0.05-0.5 mm thick were produced on multiple vertical substrates 350 cm2 in area at deposition rates 5-70 m/h. Plates 0.5-4.0 mm thick were produced on horizontal substrates at deposition rates of 60-120 m/h. When NH3 flows in stoichiometric excess, deposition rates on vertical surfaces increase approx. linearly with the flow rate of HSiCl3 but depend little on temp., as would be expected if the reaction proceeds under mass transport control with product depletion. Multiple correlation analyses show that thickness variations in the deposit are reduced by increasing the temp. and decreasing the gas residence time. CVD silicon nitride plate produced under the optimized conditions exhibits theor. d. and is free of pores and cracks. It exhibits a columnar morphol. in which the <222> and <101> crystallog. directions are oriented preferentially normal to a surface, which consists of well-defined trigonal facets 10-50 m across. Crystallite sizes detd. by xray line broadening range from 0.06-1.0 m. This CVD plate is gray and contains approx. 0.5 C and 0.5 wt.% 0 as principal impurities. Bibliographic Information Unequivocal evidence. Black, Robin M.; Pearson, Graham S. Chem. Biol. Def. Estab., Porton/Down/Salisbury Wiltshire, UK. Chemistry in Britain (1993), 29(7), 584-5, 587. CODEN: CHMBAY ISSN: 0009-3106. Journal written in English. CAN 119:123791 AN 1993:523791 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The anal. of chem. warfare agent, Sarin, in the Kurdush village of Birjinni, Iraq, was discussed. Bibliographic Information Bioanalysis of organophosphate nerve agents in soil samples. Sawyer, T. W.; Weiss, M. T. Biomed. Def. Sect., Def. Res. Establ. Suffield, Medicine Hat, AB, Can. Chemosphere (1993), 26(11), 2023-9. CODEN: CMSHAF ISSN: 0045-6535. Journal written in English. CAN 119:94477 AN 1993:494477 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Four soil samples that may have been spiked with chem. warfare (CW) agents and their degrdn. products were received by Defense Research Establishment Suffield as part of a multinational round-robin exercise designed to evaluate lab. methodologies for the chem. detection of CW agents in soil. After chem. anal. revealed that VX (Et S-2-diisopropyl aminoethyl methylphosphorothiolate) was the CW agent "spike", the samples were also bioassayed for their VX content by assessing their anticholinesterase activities in primary chick embryo neuron cultures. Bioassay quantitation of VX contamination in the soil samples was in good agreement with the actual spike levels and generally better than the chem. anal. results. Sequential bioassay of the samples over a two week period showed that the VX content was rapidly degraded with time. This assay complements std. chem. anal. techniques for the detection and verification of organophosphate warfare agent use. Bibliographic Information The effect of trace element segregation to iron/sapphire interfaces. Pope, D. P.; Smith, M. A. Dep. Mater. Sci., Univ. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1992), 238(Structure and Properties of Interfaces in Materials), 427-32. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 119:77041 AN 1993:477041 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The effects of segregation of tramp impurities such as sulfur on metal/ceramic bonding is discussed. Microstructural and chem. information is given for the Fe/sapphire interface. The segregation behavior of the interface is evaluated between 500-800 . The interfacial structure is important to the segregation behavior. A possible link between the segregation of sulfur and interface void formation is presented. Bibliographic Information Chemical vapor infiltration of silicon carbide with microwave heating. Morell, Jose I.; Economou, Demetre J.; Amundson, Neal R. Dep. Chem. Eng., Univ. Houston, Houston, TX, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1993), 8(5), 1057-67. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 119:13852 AN 1993:413852 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A math. model is presented to describe the interaction between transport/reaction processes and the evolution of porosity in chem. vapor infiltration with microwave heating (MCVI). The anal. includes a set of partial differential equations describing the spatiotemporal variation of gaseous species concn., composite temp., porosity, and stress. Maxwell's equations were used to det. the distribution of power dissipated inside the composite. The deposition of silicon carbide was selected as a model chem. system to explore the general features of MCVI. MCVI can provide a favorable temp. distribution in the composite yielding an inside-out deposition pattern, thereby preventing entrapment of accessible porosity. For this temp. profile, tensile stresses develop at the outer regions and compressive stresses are found in the composite core. For a given system there exists a min. value of the coeff. for heat transfer from the composite surface, h, below which accessible porosity is trapped within the composite. Similarly, there exists a max. value of the incident microwave energy flux, I0, above which accessible porosity is trapped within the composite. I0 and h can be optimized for a given preform to achieve complete densification with min.

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processing time. Using the technique of pulsed-power, the processing time can be reduced even further without compromising d. uniformity. Power dissipation profiles in the composite depend strongly on preform thickness, microwave frequency, and relative loss factor. Bibliographic Information Permeation measurements of chemical agent simulants through protective clothing materials. Pal, Tarasankar; Griffin, Guy D.; Miller, Gordon H.; Watson, Annetta P.; Daugherty, Mary Lou; Vo Dinh Tuan. Health Saf. Res. Dev., Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Journal of Hazardous Materials (1993), 33(1), 123-41. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 118:239880 AN 1993:239880 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A method was developed to study the permeation of chem. warfare (CW) agent simulants through chem. protective clothing (CPC) materials. The exptl. results characterize some com. available CPC materials. Thirteen different CPC materials having widely differing compns. were chosen to study the permeation of 4 different liq. CW simulants (di-Me methylphosphonate, diisopropyl methylphosphonate, malathion, and Bu2S) through these CPC materials at 25 . This permeation study involved a newly developed anal. technique employing room temp. fluorescence quenching of an indicator compd., phenanthrene, on filter paper. Various exptl. factors such as breakthrough time, rate of permeation, and uptake were investigated. On the basis of breakthrough time, the 13 CPC materials could be divided into 3 groups: most resistant, moderately resistant, and least resistant. Materials in the most resistant category exhibited no permeation by any of the simulants for 24 h. Breakthrough occurred in the least resistant materials in generally less than an hour, and sometimes as soon as a few minutes. Bibliographic Information Interfacial structure of chemical vapor infiltration carbon fiber/silicon carbide composite. Araki, H.; Noda, T.; Abe, F.; Suzuki, H. Tsukuba Lab., Natl. Res. Inst. Met., Tsukuba, Japan. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1992), 11(23), 1582-4. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 118:44089 AN 1993:44089 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The microstructure at the interface in carbon fiber-SiC matrix composites prepd. by chem. vapor infiltration from EtSiCl3 was examd., and the infiltration reaction is discussed. A graphite layer formed on the carbon fiber and the SiC-SiC interface as a result of thermal decompn. of silane gas before SiC infiltration. This graphite layer, of .apprx.500 nm thickness, is assumed to assist in the crystal growth of SiC, leading to structural stability of the composites. Bibliographic Information Comparative evaluation of carbamates as prophylactic agents against organophosphate intoxication in rats. Chatterjee, A. K. Def. Res. Dev. Establ., Gwalior, UK. Defence Science Journal (1992), 42(2), 85-7. CODEN: DSJOAA ISSN: 0011-748X. Journal written in English. CAN 118:34070 AN 1993:34070 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract This paper investigates the effects of two well-known carbamates, physostigmine and pyridostigmine, against organophosphorus compd. and nerve gas toxicity. Physostigmine pretreatment for 30 min enhanced the survival time of rats against DFP intoxication, whereas it did not have any effect with sarin poisoning. However, pyridostigmine pretreatment did not produce any significant effect on survival time either against DFP or sarin intoxication. Treatment with atropine along with carbamates further enhanced significantly the survival time against DFP poisoning. Bibliographic Information On the influence of chemical processing in the crystallization behavior of zirconium titanate materials. Navio, J. A.; Macias, M.; Sanchez-Soto, P. J. Inst. Cienc. Mater., Univ. Sevilla, Seville, Spain. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1992), 11(23), 15702. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 118:26385 AN 1993:26385 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The crystn. phenomena of ZrTiO4 powders prepd. from various gel precursors was related to the chem. processing. Correlation of data from the literature and further expt. indicated that the presence of H2O2 in the chem. processing of the amorphous precursors plays a key role in controlling the crystn. temp. The crystn. temp. can be as low as 640 . Bibliographic Information Effect of dopants on the sintering behavior and stability of tetragonal zirconia ceramics. Theunissen, G. S. A. M.; Winnubst, A. J. A.; Burggraaf, A. J. Fac. Chem. Technol., Univ. Twente, Enschede, Neth. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1992), 9(4), 251-63. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 117:54278 AN 1992:454278 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The microstructure development during nonisothermal and isothermal sintering was studied for tetragonal zirconia ceramics (TZP) contg. various amts. of Y, Ce, and Ti. Smaller grain sizes were obtained when Ce-TZP was doped with Y. This could be attributed to segregation of Y to the grain boundaries, thus causing an impurity drag. With increasing temp., the grain growth rate in the Ce-TZP samples increased which could be attributed to the absence of a dragging force. The slow grain growth at low temp. in the Ce-TZP samples could be attributed to the slow diffusion kinetics of the diffusing species (trivalent and tetravalent Ce). The crit. grain size for retainment of the tetragonal phase at room temp. is larger in the Y,Ce-TZP systems compared to the Y-TZP and Ce-TZP systems. The chem. stability increased by doping Y-TZP with Ce or Ti. Bibliographic Information Free radical-mediated lung response to the monofunctional sulfur mustard butyl 2-chloroethyl sulfide after subcutaneous injection. Elsayed, Nabil M.; Omaye, Stanley T.; Klain, George J.; Korte, Don W., Jr. Letterman Army Inst. Res., Presidio of San Francisco, CA, USA. Toxicology (1992), 72(2), 153-65. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 117:42116 AN 1992:442116 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract

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The authors postulated that vesicants may cause free radical-mediated oxidative stress distal to the site of exposure. To test this postulate in the lung, the authors injected 3 groups of 5-mo-old, male, athymic, nude mice, weighing 30-35 g with a single s.c. dose (5 L/mouse) of Bu 2-chloroethyl sulfide (BCS). Total lung wt. was not altered after treatment, but the wet/dry wt. ratio decreased 18% and Hb content increased 50 and 36% at 1 and 24 h, resp. The activity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase increased significantly, 40% at 1 and 24 h and 84% at 48 h and that of glutathione S-transferases was 60%. Lipid peroxidn. (estd. by the thiobarbituric acid test) and total protein content increased 3-fold and 2-fold, at 1 and 24 h, resp. Total and oxidized glutathione contents were significantly elevated, 38% at 1 h and 64% at 24 h for the former and 45% at 24 h and 56% at 48 h for the latter. Because these changes are consistent with the cellular response to oxidative stress, it is concluded that BCS injected s.c. can cause changes in the lung possibly via a free radical-mediated mechanism. Bibliographic Information Effects of liquid environments on zirconia-toughened alumina. Part I. Chemical stability. Thompson, I.; Rawlings, R. D. Dep. Mater., Imp. Coll. Sci., Technol. Med., London, UK. Journal of Materials Science (1992), 27(10), 2823-30. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 117:32321 AN 1992:432321 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The structural changes which occur in zirconia-toughened alumina when aged in a range of liq. environments (distd. water, ethylene glycol soln., and HCl at room temp., and ethylene glycol soln. at 80 ) are described. The changes were monitored by x-ray diffraction, surface anal., anal. of the aging solns., and microstructural observations. HCl induced significant proportions of the zirconia particles in the zirconia-toughened alumina to transform from the tetragonal to the monoclinic crystal structure. This transformation was accompanied by microcracking which eventually led to macrocracking after long periods of aging. The transformation is a consequence of the leaching of the yttrium from the zirconia particles, thereby reducing their stability. Bibliographic Information Binder chemistry, adhesion and structure of interfaces in thick-film metalized aluminum nitride substrates. Newberg, C. E.; Risbud, S. H. IBM Corp., East Fishkill, NY, USA. Journal of Materials Science (1992), 27(10), 2670-6. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 117:13161 AN 1992:413161 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Aluminum nitride substrates from 3 sources were metalized by std. thick-film processing using gold conductor pastes, Pd-Ag paste, and a ruthenium oxide resistor paste. Screen-printed pastes were fired in a typical 3-zone furnace to obtain metalized AlN substrates. Interfacial reaction zones were studied by microscopic (optical and SEM) and electron beam microprobe anal. techniques. The elements in the binder materials in thick-film pastes form amorphous phases at the interface which influence the adhesion of thick films to the AlN substrate. The lack of certain elements (Cd, Zn, Ca) in the binder of the gold thick-film paste led to weaker adhesion and severe degrdn. of the thick-film adhesion during thermal cycling. Bibliographic Information Preparation and characterization of a dispersion toughened ceramic for thermomechanical uses (ZTA). Part I. Material preparation. Characterization of microstructure. Leriche, A.; Moortgat, G.; Cambier, F.; Homerin, P.; Thevenot, F.; Orange, G.; Fantozzi, G. CRIBC, Mons, Belg. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1992), 9(3), 169-76. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 09552219. Journal written in English. CAN 117:13037 AN 1992:413037 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA) materials contg. increasing amts. of zirconia (5-45 vol.%) and yttria (0-3 mol% zirconia) were prepd. from com. ceramic powders by different techniques of homogenization, shaping, and sintering. The powder mixts. were homogenized by a chem. method (addn. of dispersing agents at fixed pH), by a mech. method (attrition milling) and by combining the methods. The materials were formed and sintered by shaping by isostatic pressing or slip casting, followed by pressureless sintering, and by hot uniaxial pressing. The phys., crystallog. and microstructural properties of the materials prepd. following these different techniques are compared. The combined chem. and mech. dispersion method leads to the fabrication of dense composites presenting a fine and homogeneous zirconia dispersion required for effective toughening of the alumina matrix. The addn. of 3 mol% of yttria allows maintenance of a high tetragonal zirconia content because of a chem. stabilization of tetragonal zirconia and of a decrease of zirconia grain size. As the hot-pressing technique impedes the grain coarsening, the hot-pressed materials present the finest microstructure mainly for the compns. with <20 vol.% zirconia. The zirconia and alumina grain size vary from 0.5 to 0.9 m and from 0.9 to 1.6 m, resp., following the compn. Pressureless sintered materials also present a fine microstructure with submicron zirconia grains (0.6 m-0.9 m) and micron size alumina grains (1.0-1.9 m). These ZTA materials present all the microstructural characteristics necessary to obtain high mech. performances. The addn. of 3 mol% of yttria allows an increase of the zirconia content ( 45 vol.%) without a decrease of the relative tetragonal zirconia ratio occurring. Bibliographic Information Adsorption and decomposition of organophosphorus compounds on nanoscale metal oxide particles. In situ GC-MS studies of pulsed microreactions over magnesium oxide. Li, Yong Xi; Koper, Olga; Atteya, Maher; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Dep. Chem., Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS, USA. Chemistry of Materials (1992), 4(2), 323-30. CODEN: CMATEX ISSN: 0897-4756. Journal written in English. CAN 116:200414 AN 1992:200414 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Using an in-situ pulse reactor-GC-mass spectrometric system, the thermal decompn. of organophosphorus compds. (as models of nerve agents) were compared with their destructive absorption on high-surface-area MgO. Dramatically lower temps. are required when MgO is present. Volatile products evolved were HCO2H, water, alcs., and alkenes. At higher temps., CO, CH4, and water predominated. The P residues remained completely immobilized. The addn. of water enhanced the facility of MgO to destroy these compds., and, in fact, water pulses were found to partially regenerate a spent MgO bed. Using 18O labeling, some aspects of the reaction mechanisms were clarified and in particular showed that O scrambling occurred. Surface OH and MgO groups transferred O in the formation of HCO2H, and the surface mobility and reactivity of absorbed groups were high. The substantial capacity of high-surface-area MgO for destruction and immobilization of such toxic substances makes it attractive for air purifn. schemes, as well as solid reagents for destruction and immobilization of bulk quantities of hazardous P compds. or organohalides. Bibliographic Information -(N,N-Dialkylamino)ethyl arylthiosulfonates: new simulants for O-ethyl S-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothioate. Davis, Franklin A.; Ray, Jayanta K.; Kasperowicz, Steve; Przeslawski, Robert M.; Durst, H. Dupont. Dep. Chem., Drexel Univ., Philadelphia, PA, USA. Journal of Organic Chemistry (1992), 57(9), 2594-9. CODEN: JOCEAH ISSN:

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0022-3263. Journal written in English. CAN 116:193819 AN 1992:193819 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Certain S-[2-(dialkylamino)]ethyl benzenesulfonothioates 4-XC6H4SO2SCH2CH2NR2 (I; X = Me, F; R = Me2CH) were prepd. as simulants for O-Et S-[(diisopropylamino)ethyl]methylphosphonothioate (VX) a chem. warfare nerve agent. I are useful simulants for the hydrolysis or oxidn. chem. of VX. Bibliographic Information Dissolution of sintered silicon nitride bulk specimens for elemental analysis. Homeier, E. H.; Bradley, S. A.; Karasek, K. R. UOP, Des Plaines, IL, USA. Journal of Materials Science (1992), 27(5), 1231-4. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 116:179524 AN 1992:179524 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Heating bulk, sintered Si3N4 samples in an aq. HF-HCl mixt. decomps. the Si3N4. Subsequent addn. of H2SO4 and volatilization of fluorides enables total dissoln. of the bulk specimens for anal. The elemental compns. that were detd. by inductively coupled plasma at. emission and at. absorption spectrometries agreed with the nominal sample compn. and confirmed analyses performed by scanning TEM. Neutron activation detns. on the same samples are not believed to be as accurate as the spectrometric detns. Furthermore, the precision of the neutron activation measurements were less satisfactory, esp. for key elements such as Y. Bibliographic Information Comparison of several oximes against poisoning by soman, tabun and GF. Lundy, Paul M.; Hansen, Arnold S.; Hand, Brian T.; Boulet, Camille A. Def. Res. Establ. Suffield, Ralston, AB, Can. Toxicology (1992), 72(1), 99-105. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 116:168061 AN 1992:168061 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Three oximes currently being evaluated for adoption as replacement nerve agent therapy by various countries were compared for therapeutic efficacy against the toxic organophosphate inhibitors soman and tabun under a std. set of conditions. These oximes together with PAM-Cl and toxogonin, were also compared for efficacy against GF, an agent weaponized by Iraq. The order of effectiveness against soman was HI 6 > HLoe 7 > pyrimidoxine. Hloe 7 was very effective against tabun poisoning while HI 6 and pyrimidoxime were of moderate value. Against GF, HI 6 and HLoe 7 were extremely effective, toxogonin was moderately effective, and PAM-Cl and pyrimidoxime were the least effective. HI-6 provided a high level of protection against all of the agents tested as did HLoe-7 to a slightly lesser degree. The other oximes lacked the effects against one or more of the organophosphates. Bibliographic Information Chemical vapor deposition of copper via disproportionation of hexafluoroacetylacetonato(1,5-cyclooctadiene)copper(I), (hfac)Cu(1,5-COD). Jain, A.; Chi, K. M.; Hampden-Smith, M. J.; Kodas, T. T.; Farr, J. D.; Paffett, M. F. Dep. Chem. Eng., Univ. New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1992), 7(2), 261-4. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 116:111299 AN 1992:111299 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Hot- and cold-wall chem.-vapor deposition (CVD) using the volatile Cu(I) compd. (hfac)Cu(1,5-COD), where hfac = 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoroacetylacetonate and 1,5-COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene, as a precursor was carried out in hot-wall and warmwall, lamp-heated reactors using SiO2 substrates that were patterned with Pt or W at 120 -250 . Deposition was obsd. onto Pt, W, and SiO2 over this temp. range at rates of 3750 .ANG./min to give Cu films that contained no impurities detectable by AES and with resistivities of 1.9-5.7 ohm-cm. The volatile byproducts formed during deposition were 1,5-COD and Cu(hfac)2 and a mass balance was consistent with the quant. disproportionation reaction: 2(hfac)Cu(1,5-COD) Cu + Cu(hfac)2 + 2(1,5-COD). The measured activation energy for this CVD reaction was 26(2) kcal/mol. The absence of selectivity for metal surfaces in the presence of SiO2 is in contrast to CVD results for the related compds. ( -diketonate)Cu(PMe3) where diketonate = hfac, 1,1,1-trifluoroacetylacetonate, and acetylacetonate (acac). Bibliographic Information Bioassay of organophosphate nerve agents in soil using neuronal tissue cultures. Sawyer, Thomas W.; Weiss, M. Tracy; D'Agostino, Paul A.; Provost, Lionel R.; Hancock, James R. Def. Res. Establ. Suffield, Medicine Hat, AB, Can. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1992), 12(1), 1-6. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 116:105057 AN 1992:105057 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A soil sample originating from an area of suspected chem. warfare activity was subjected to chem. anal. and bioassay. Sarin and several related compds. were confirmed in the soil by capillary column gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); however, the binding of these compds. to the soil hindered quantitation. The chem. results were then compared to those obtained by bioassay in primary cultures of chick embryo forebrain neurons. By comparing the sample's anticholinesterase activity against those of purified stds. in chick embryo neuron cultures, a reasonable agreement was found between the chem. and bioassay semiquant. ests. of sarin content in the soil ext. Furthermore, the in-vitro system appears to offer a sensitive technique for the estn. of sarin remaining bound to the soil following solvent extn. as well as for an assessment of the potential toxicity of the contaminated soil in vivo. Bibliographic Information Pharmacological effects of oximes: how relevant are they?. van Helden H P; Busker R W; Melchers B P; Bruijnzeel P L Department of Pharmacology, TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory, Rijswijk, The Netherlands Archives of toxicology (1996), 70(12), 779-86. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE); General Review; (REVIEW); (REVIEW, TUTORIAL) written in English. PubMed ID 8911635 AN 97068325 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The increased international concern about the threat of military and terroristic use of nerve agents, prompted us to critically consider the expected value of the currently available oxime treatment of nerve agent poisoning. Although oximes have been designed to reactivate the inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE), clinical experience has indicated that they are not always very

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effective as reactivators and at this very moment none of them can be regarded as a broad-spectrum antidote. In spite of this drawback, oximes are worth further investigating, since recent data derived from soman or tabun lethally intoxicated nonhuman primates suggest that the oxime HI-6 may exert a pharmacological effect that is not related to reactivation of inhibited AChE, but still leads to survival. This pharmacological effect causes recovery of neuronal transmission in the respiratory centres of the brain and recovery of neuromuscular transmission in the diaphragm. These findings have stimulated research to reveal the pharmacological basis of these effects in order to find drugs which could be more effective and less toxic than the available oximes. Since cholinergic drugs were able to exert this effect, a new concept for further treatment is suggested: maintenance of neuronal transmission in spite of continued AChE-inhibition by pharmacological manipulation of the cholinergic receptor. This should renew interest in the diverse pharmacological effects of oximes to reach a more effective treatment in the future. Bibliographic Information Evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of some antimuscarinics against soman in vivo. Lau W M; Lewis K J; Dawson R M Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory, Defence Science and Technology Organization, Department of Defence, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1996 Sep-Oct), 16(5), 423-30. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8889794 AN 97044723 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The therapeutic efficacy of tacrine, atropine and glycopyrrolate alone or in combination with the oxime HI-6 against soman was evaluated in anaesthetized rats. Arterial blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory frequency and body temperature were monitored in vivo. Blood cholinesterases were determined after each drug or soman challenge. At the lowest concentration tested (2.5 mg kg-1), tacrine was effective in improving the survivability of the rat by a factor of 2.6 (protection ratio), whereas the protection by atropine or glycopyrrolate was either insignificant or only marginally effective (protection ratio ranged from 1.0 to 1.9). In combination with HI-6, atropine increased the ratio to 4.6. In contrast, tacrine with HI-6 failed to improve the efficacy of the regimen, while glycopyrrolate plus HI-6 showed only slight improvement. The four physiological parameters monitored were relatively constant during the time course of the experiment in both the control and those with drug therapy. The more noticeable changes occurred toward the end of the experiment when sufficient amount of soman was injected to cause lethality. Death of the animal was usually preceded by a surge of arterial blood pressure and heart rate and a decrease in respiratory frequency. These physiological parameters rapidly deteriorated to zero just before the animal died. Blood and plasma cholinesterases were significantly inhibited after the animal received a relatively small dose of soman (20 micrograms kg-1) and were almost completely inactivated after the lethal dose of soman was administered. However, these changes of enzyme activity did not correspond well with the survivability of the rat. The inclusion of HI-6 with the three antimuscarinics appeared to be capable of protecting some cholinesterases against soman. Bibliographic Information Efficacy of ibuprofen and pentoxifylline in the treatment of phosgene-induced acute lung injury. Sciuto A M; Stotts R R; Hurt H H Pathophysiology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1996 Sep-Oct), 16(5), 381-4. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8889788 AN 97044717 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Phosgene, a highly reactive former warfare gas, is a deep lung irritant which produces adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)-like symptoms following inhalation. Death caused by phosgene involves a latent, 6-24-h, fulminating non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. The following dose-ranging study was designed to determine the efficacy of a non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug, ibuprofen (IBU), and a methylxanthine, pentoxifylline (PTX). These drugs were tested singly and in combination to treat phosgene-induced acute lung injury in rats. Ibuprofen, in concentrations of 15-300 mg kg-1 (i.p.), was administered to rats 30 min before and 1 h after the start of whole-body exposure to phosgene (80 mg m-3 for 20 min). Pentoxifylline, 10-120 mg kg-1 (i.p.), was first administered 15 min prior to phosgene exposure and twice more at 45 and 105 min after the start of exposure. Five hours after phosgene inhalation, rats were euthanized, the lungs were removed and wet weight values were determined gravimetrically. Ibuprofen administered alone significantly decreased lung wet weight to body weight ratios compared with controls (P < or = 0.01) whereas PTX, at all doses tested alone, did not. In addition, the decrease in lung wet weight to body weight ratio observed with IBU+PTX could be attributed entirely to the dose of IBU employed. This is the first study to show that pre- and post-treatment with IBU can significantly reduce lung edema in rats exposed to phosgene. Bibliographic Information Subchronic toxicity evaluation of sulfur mustard in rats. Sasser L B; Miller R A; Kalkwarf D R; Cushing J A; Dacre J C Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352-0999, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1996 Jan-Feb), 16(1), 5-13. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8821670 AN 96418885 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Occupational exposure criteria have not been established for sulfur mustard (bis(2-chlorethyl) sulfide), a strong alkylating agent with known mutagenic properties. Seventy-two Sprague-Dawley rats of each sex, 6-7 weeks old, were divided into six groups (12 of each sex per group) and gavaged with 0, 0.003, 0.01, 0.03, 0.1 or 0.3 mg kg-1 sulfur mustard in sesame oil for 5 days a week for 13 weeks. No dose-related mortality was observed. A significant decrease (P > 0.05) in body weight was observed in both sexes of rats only in the 0.3 mg kg-1 group. Hematological evaluations and clinical chemistry measurements found non consistent treatment-related effects at the doses studied. The only treatment-related lesion associated with gavage exposure upon histopathological evaluation was epithelial hyperplasia of the forestomach of both sexes at 0.3 mg kg-1 and of males at 0.1 mg kg-1. The hyperplastic change was minimal and characterized by cellular disorganization of the basilar layer, apparent increase in mitotic activity of the basilar epithelial cells and thickening of the epithelial layer due to the apparent increase in cellularity. The estimated no-observed-effect level (NOEL) for sulfur mustard in this 90-day study was 0.1 mg kg-1 day-1 when administered orally. Bibliographic Information Acute toxicity of cyclohexylmethylphosphonofluoridate (CMPF) in rhesus monkeys: serum biochemical and hematologic changes. Young G D; Koplovitz I U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425, USA Archives of toxicology (1995), 69(6), 379-83. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 7495375 AN 96114840 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Changes in serum biochemical and hematological parameters were studied in 20 male rhesus monkeys following acute poisoning by the organophosphate nerve agent cyclohexylmethylphosphonofluoridate (CMPF or GF). Animals were challenged with 5 x LD50 GF (233 micrograms/kg, IM) following pretreatment with pyridostigmine (0.3-0.7 mg/kg per 24 h) and treated with atropine (0.4 mg/kg, IM) and either 2-PAM (25.7 mg/kg, IM) or H16 (37.8 mg/kg, IM) at the onset of clinical signs or at 1 min after exposure. Muscle fasciculations, tremors, or convulsions occurred in 19 of 20 animals. Serum biochemical and hematologic parameters were analyzed 2 days and 7 days after exposure and compared to pre-exposure baseline values. Significant increases in creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LD), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and potassium ion (K+), associated with damage to striated muscle and metabolic acidosis, occurred in both oxime-treated groups 2 days after exposure. Total protein, albumin, red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin concentration (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct), were decreased in both oxime-treated groups at 7 days. The results demonstrate that animals exposed to a single high dose of GF and treated with standard therapy exhibit changes in serum biochemical and hematological indices directly and indirectly associated with their clinical presentations. Bibliographic Information Production, characterization and application of monoclonal antibodies against the organophosphorus nerve agent Vx. Ci Y X; Zhou Y X; Guo Z Q; Rong K T; Chang W B Department of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, China Archives of toxicology (1995), 69(8), 565-7. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8534201 AN 96036122 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Two monoclonal antibodies (Vx-BB8 and Vx-EA11) to the chemical warfare agent Vx were produced and characterized. A competitive inhibition enzyme immunoassay was developed to detect Vx concentrations as low as 3.7 x 10(-7) - 3.7 x 10(-6) mol/l in biological samples. Vx-BB8 400 micrograms given intravenously immediately before 1 x LD95 Vx or 400 micrograms Vx-BB8 intraperitoneally 1.5 h-3 days before 1 x LD95 Vx could protect all the tested mice from death. Bibliographic Information Toxicity of sulphur mustard in adult rat lung organ culture. Sawyer T W; Wilde P E; Rice P; Weiss M T Medical Countermeasures Section, Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Alberta, Canada Toxicology (1995 Jun 26), 100(1-3), 3949. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 7542806 AN 95350771 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The toxicity of the chemical warfare agent sulphur mustard, (bis-(2-chloroethyl)sulphide, HD), was examined in adult rat lung organ cultures. Assessment of HD-induced damage by the MTT cytotoxicity assay indicated that the median lethal concentration (LC50) of HD in these cultures was reproducible, and in the microM range. Damage to the lung slices was expressed only after a latent period of 48 h and did not increase significantly with longer expression times. Histopathological examination of HD-treated lung cultures showed that the structural changes in the lung tissue paralleled the toxicity measured biochemically, and were also similar to the damage found in animals and man exposed to HD in vivo. This in vitro model offers a useful tool with which to study the toxicity and mechanism of action of sulphur mustard. Bibliographic Information Toxicity of the combined nerve agents GB/GF in mice: efficacy of atropine and various oximes as antidotes. Clement J G Biomedical Defence Section, Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Ralston, Canada Archives of toxicology (1994), 68(1), 64-6. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8166607 AN 94219995 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The toxicity of a combination of isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (sarin; GB) and cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate (GF) and the efficacy of various oxime reactivators in combination with atropine against the combined GB/GF challenge were evaluated in mice. The 24-h s.c. LD50 of the GB/GF combination was 1.15 mumol/kg (1.10-1.21; 95% confidence limits). Mice administered GB/GF displayed typical signs of nerve agent poisoning such as tremors and convulsions, with death most likely due to anoxia subsequent to respiratory arrest. The GB/GF LD50 value was comparable to the s.c. LD50 of 1.35 and 1.21 mumol/kg for GF and GB in mice, respectively. Combining the two nerve agents did not result in potentiation of the toxicity. In combination with atropine sulfate (17.4 mg/kg, i.p.), which alone did not reduce mortality, the oximes tested, 2-PAM, obidoxime and HI-6, were all effective when administered 5 min before 3 x LD50 dose of GB/GF with 24-h ED50 values of 102.5, 18.22 and 1.96 mumol/kg, respectively. Use of the GB/GF combination does not appear to confer any unique toxicity profile and appears to be easily treated with the standard therapy of a cholinolytic and oxime. Bibliographic Information Toxicokinetics of soman stereoisomers after subcutaneous administration to atropinized guinea pigs. Due A H; Trap H C; Langenberg J P; Benschop H P TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory, Rijswijk, The Netherlands Archives of toxicology (1994), 68(1), 60-3. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8166606 AN 94219994 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The toxicokinetics of the four stereoisomers of the nerve agent C(+/-)P(+/-)-soman were investigated after subcutaneous administration of a 6 LD50 dose (148 micrograms/kg) to anaesthetized, atropinized, and artificially ventilated guinea pigs. Whereas the relatively nontoxic C(+/-)P(+)-isomers were not detected in blood, the highly toxic C(+/-)P(-)-isomers appeared within 1 min in the general circulation and reached maximum levels of 10-15 ng/ml blood within a period of ca. 7 min. In this absorption phase the blood levels of the C(+)P(-)-isomer lag clearly behind those of the C(-)P(-)-isomer. The blood levels of both C(+/-)P(-)-isomers could be mathematically described using non-linear regression by a three-exponential equation, with one exponential term describing the rapid absorption phase and the other two terms describing distribution and elimination. A comparison with the toxicokinetics of the same isomers upon intravenous administration of the same dose shows that the systemic availability upon subcutaneous administration is in the range of 74-83%. Toxicologically relevant concentrations of the C(+/-)P(-)-isomers prevail almost twice as long after subcutaneous than after intravenous administration. From a toxicokinetic point of view, subcutaneous administration of C(+/-)P(+/-)-soman appears not to be a realistic model for the most relevant route of exposure to C(+/-)P(+/-)-soman in case of chemical warfare, i.e. short term respiratory exposure. Bibliographic Information Genotoxicity of the phosphoramidate agent tabun (GA). Wilson B W; Kawakami T G; Cone N; Henderson J D; Rosenblatt L S;

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Goldman M; Dacre J C Department of Avian Sciences, University of California, Davis 95616-5224 Toxicology (1994 Jan 26), 86(1-2), 1-12. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8134917 AN 94182225 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Five mutagenicity tests were performed on Agent GA (Tabun, phosphoramidocyanidic acid, dimethyl-, ethyl ester) as part of a program to demilitarize chemical warfare agents. GA was mutagenic in Salmonella spp. assays with S-9 and it was a directacting mutagen to mouse lymphoma cells. GA did not promote unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes; it induced sister chromatid exchanges in mouse cells in vitro but in vivo. The conclusion that GA is a weakly acting mutagen is supported by the fact that it was mutagenic in only three of the five assays, and that increases in mutagenicity were often less than 2-fold the controls and occurred near toxic levels. Bibliographic Information Evaluation of the toxicity, pathology, and treatment of cyclohexylmethylphosphonofluoridate (CMPF) poisoning in rhesus monkeys. Koplovitz I; Gresham V C; Dochterman L W; Kaminskis A; Stewart J R US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425 Archives of toxicology (1992), 66(9), 622-8. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 1482284 AN 93129117 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Cyclohexylmethylphosphonofluoridate (CMPF) is an organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor with military significance. The purpose of these studies was 1) to determine the acute toxicity of CMPF in the male rhesus monkey, 2) to evaluate the efficacy of pyridostigmine (PYR) pretreatment plus atropine and oxime (2-PAM or H16) treatment, and 3) to evaluate the pathological consequences of acute poisoning. An i.m. LD50 of CMPF was estimated using an up-and-down dose selection procedure and 12 animals. The 48-h and 7-day LD50 was 46.6 micrograms/kg, i.m. In the protection experiments, pyridostigmine (0.3-0.7 mg/kg/24 h) was administered by surgically implanted osmotic minipumps for 3-12 days resulting in 21-65% inhibition of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity. Animals were challenged with 5 x L50 CMPF (233 micrograms/kg) and treated with atropine (0.4 mg/kg) and either 2-PAM (25.7 mg/kg) or HI6 (37.8 mg/kg) at the onset of signs or 1 min after challenge. Osmotic pumps were removed within 30 min after agent challenge. Pyridostigmine, atropine, and either 2-PAM or H16 were completely effective against CMPF, saving ten of ten animals in each group. In comparison, three of five animals challenged with 5 x LD50 of soman and treated with atropine and 2-PAM survived 7 days. The primary histologic lesions in the acute toxicity group were neuronal degeneration/necrosis and spinal cord hemorrhage. The CMPF treated groups (total of 20 animals) had minimal nervous system changes with no significant lesion difference resulting from the different oxime therapies. The primary non-neural lesions were degenerative cardiomyopathy and skeletal muscle degeneration which occasionally progressed to necrosis and mineralization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Bibliographic Information Efficacy of various oximes against GF (cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate) poisoning in mice. Clement J G Biomedical Defence Section, Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Ralston, Alta., Canada Archives of toxicology (1992), 66(2), 143-4. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 1605730 AN 92296882 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The efficacy of oxime (HI-6, toxogonin or PAM Cl) therapy against GF (cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate) poisoning was assessed in mice. It was found that the combinations of atropine and either toxogonin or HI-6 were effective therapies against GF poisoning. PAM therapy was ineffective. HI-6 was the only oxime which reactivated GF inhibited acetylcholinesterase. This might explain the reason why the HI-6 treated mice appeared to recover more quickly from the incapacitating effects following GF poisoning. Bibliographic Information Bioassay of organophosphate nerve agents in soil using neuronal tissue cultures. Sawyer T W; Weiss M T; D'Agostino P A; Provost L R; Hancock J R Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Alberta, Canada Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1992 Feb), 12(1), 1-6. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 1564246 AN 92226402 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A soil sample originating from an area of suspected chemical warfare activity was subjected to chemical analysis and bioassay. Sarin and several related compounds were confirmed in the soil by capillary column gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); however, the binding of these compounds to the soil hindered quantitation. The chemical results were then compared to those obtained by bioassay in primary cultures of chick embryo forebrain neurons. By comparing the sample's anticholinesterase activity against those of purified standards in chick embryo neuron cultures, a reasonable agreement was found between the chemical and bioassay semi-quantitative estimates of sarin content in the soil extract. Furthermore, the in vitro system appears to offer a sensitive technique for the estimation of sarin remaining bound to the soil following solvent extraction as well as for an assessment of the potential toxicity of the contaminated soil in vivo. Bibliographic Information Comparison of several oximes against poisoning by soman, tabun and GF. Lundy P M; Hansen A S; Hand B T; Boulet C A Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Ralston, Alberta, Canada Toxicology (1992), 72(1), 99-105. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 1539175 AN 92169690 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Three oximes currently being evaluated for adoption as replacement nerve agent therapy by various countries were compared for therapeutic efficacy against the toxic organophosphate inhibitors soman and tabun under a standard set of conditions. These oximes together with PAM-Cl and toxogonin, were also compared for efficacy against GF, an agent weaponized by Iraq. The order of effectiveness against soman was HI-6 greater than HLo-7 greater than pyrimidoxime. HLo-7 was very effective against tabun poisoning while HI-6 and pyrimidoxime were of moderate value. Against GF, HI-6 and HLo-7 were extremely effective, toxogonin was moderately effective, and PAM-Cl and pyrimidoxime were the least effective. HI-6 provided a high level of protection against all of the agents tested as did HLo-7 to a slightly lesser degree. The other oximes suffered from their lack of effects against one or more of the organophosphates.

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Bibliographic Information Aluminum nitride defect chemistry dependence on sintering atmosphere. Chang, E. K.; Kirschner, M. J. BOC Group Technical Cent., Murray Hill, NJ, USA. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1996), 15(18), 1580-1581. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 125:282600 AN 1996:614771 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review, with 12 refs., of equations explaining theor. relations between aluminum nitride defect chem. and sintering atm. Bibliographic Information Microstructure, chemical reaction and mechanical properties of TiC/Si3N4 and TiN-coated TiC/Si3N4 composites. Huang, JowLay; Lee, Ming-Tung; Lu, Horng-Hwa; Lii, Ding-Fwu. Dep. Material Science Eng., National Cheng-Kung Univ., Tainan, Taiwan. Journal of Materials Science (1996), 31(18), 4899-4906. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 125:254919 AN 1996:610489 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Silicon nitride contg. various compns. of as-received TiC and TiN-coated TiC, were hot pressed at 1800 C for 1 h in a nitrogen atm. In TiN-coated TiC/Si3N4 composites, TiC reacted first with the TiN coating to form a titanium carbonitride interlayer at 1450 C, which essentially reduced further reactions between TiC and Si3N4 and enhanced densification. TiN-coated TiC/Si3N4 composites exhibited better densification, hardness, flexural strength and fracture toughness than those of as-received TiC/ Si3N4. The toughening mechanisms for as-received TiC/Si3N4 and TiN-coated TiC/Si3N4 composite were attributed to crack deflection, load transfer and crack interference by the compressive thermal residual stress. Bibliographic Information Wet chemical synthesis of ZrO2-SiO2 composite powders. Wang, Shi-Wei; Huang, Xiao-Xian; Guo, Jing-Kun. Shanghai Inst. Ceramics, Chinese Academy Sciences, Shanghai, Peop. Rep. China. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1996), 16(10), 1057-1061. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 125:254896 AN 1996:596753 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Gels of compn. xZrO2(I-x)SiO2, with x = 10, 20, 30 and 40 vol.%, have been prepd. by a wet chem. method using fumed silica and zirconyl chloride as precursors. Thermogravimetric anal. and differential thermal anal. (DTA) show that wt. loss is caused by release of the absorbed water and decompn. of the Zr(OH)4 gels. Gels were heat-treated for 2 h at 500, 700, 900, 1100 and 1350 C, and the products examd. using IR spectroscopy. The increasing intensity of the peak at 800 cm-1 in the IR spectra with increasing temp. is attributed to the formation of Si-O-Si bonds among different SiO2 particles, which means that the SiO2 particles grow bigger with increasing temp. The DTA exothermic peak as well as the IR results reveal that the crystn. of tetragonal zirconia (t-ZrO2) begins at about 900 C, which is confirmed by x-ray diffraction (XRD). XRD curves also suggest that the silica matrix contributes to the thermal stability of t-ZrO2. The stability of t-ZrO2 is interpreted by the particlesize effect. Bibliographic Information Structure-property relationship of ceramic coatings produced by laser processing. De Hosson, J. Th. M.; Zhou, X. B. Dep. Applied Physics, Univ. Groningen, Groningen, Neth. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1996), 397(Advanced Laser Processing of Materials--Fundamentals and Applications), 537-542. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 125:306847 AN 1996:579019 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract This paper deals with a well known puzzling observation that wetting in some instances is improved by a chem. reaction between a liq. and a solid substrate in laser processing while in other systems just the opposite effect takes place. Contact angles of liq. Al on SiO2 and liq. Ti on Al2O3 are reported and some results of laser melt injection of SiO2 particles into molten Al. The surface and interface structures were explored by SEM and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry. According to the exptl. observations, it appears that the vol. change of ceramic substrates during reaction plays a key role in the effect of chem. reaction on wetting. Bibliographic Information Mechanical and thermal properties of SiC-SiC composites made with CVR SiC fibers. Kowbel, W.; Tsou, H. T.; Bruce, C. A.; Withers, J. C. MER Corp., Tucson, AZ, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1996), 410(Covalent Ceramics III--Science and Technology of Non-Oxides), 417-422. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 125:202665 AN 1996:502987 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Nicalon fiber is the primary reinforcement in SiC-SiC composites currently produced by a variety of techniques including CVI and polymer infiltration. Low strength retention and dimensional change at high temps. of the Nicalon fibers limits the choice of manufg. processes which can be employed to produce low cost SiC-SiC composites. MER has developed a SiC reinforcement based upon the conversion of low cost carbon fabric to SiC via a Chem. Vapor Reaction (CVR) process. These new SiC filaments exhibit excellent creep resistance at temps. up to 1600 C. SiC-SiC composites were fabricated using different types of graphite fabric converted to SiC fabric utilizing the CVR process combined with a polycarbosilane (PCS) infiltration and CVI densification. In addn., enhancement of the composite through-the-thickness thermal cond. was accomplished via boron doping of the matrix. A correlation between processing conditions, microstructure and properties of the SiC-SiC composites will be presented. Bibliographic Information The influence of surface kinetics in modeling chemical vapor deposition processes in porous preforms. Dekker, J. P.; Moene, R.; Schoonman, J. Lab. Appl. Inorg. Chem., Delft Univ. Technol., Delft, Neth. Journal of Materials Science (1996), 31(11), 3021-3033. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 125:65201 AN 1996:378298 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

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The isothermal chem. vapor infiltration (ICVI) process is a well known technique for the prodn. of composites and the surface modification of porous preforms. Math. modeling of the process can provide a better understanding of the influence of individual process parameters on the deposition characteristics such as final porosity or deposition profiles in the pore network. The influence of different rate expressions for several binary compds. on the ICVI process is discussed. Exptl. work is used to validate the importance of correct kinetic expressions in a continuous ICVI model for cylindrical pores. The predicted infiltration characteristics are compared with exptl. results. The final densification and Thiele modulus, i.e. a no. which is a measure for the diffusion limitations in a pore, are used for the evaluation of the presented model, and conditions are given for an optimal densification of a porous preform by the ICVI process for several binary compds. The deposition profiles as predicted by the model calcns. are in agreement with the exptl. detd. deposition profiles of TiN and TiC in small tubes. Moreover, it can be concluded that the shape of the deposition profiles is detd. by the heterogeneous reaction kinetics. There is only a qual. agreement between the predicted densification and measured densification for the synthesis of TiN and TiB2 in sintered porous alumina. This mismatch can be explained in terms of a complexity of the pore network and differences in reaction kinetics. Model calcns. reveal that there is a scattering for the predicted residual porosity as a function of the Thiele modulus for TiN. Moreover, this Thiele modulus can not fully account for the changes in densification at different temps. Given these uncertainties it is likely that a residual porosity of less than one percent can be obtained if the Thiele modulus is smaller than 1 10-4. However, a CVI process with such a small Thiele modulus will not be practical, because of the concomitant long process times. Therefore, more precise conditions for the individual process parameters, i.e. concn., reactor pressure, and temp. are deduced from the model calcns. Bibliographic Information Pressure-pulsed chemical vapor infiltration of TiN into SiC particulate preforms. Sugiyama, K.; Sugata, M. Dep. Appl. Chem., Aichi Inst. Technol., Toyota, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1996), 31(11), 2945-2949. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 00222461. Journal written in English. CAN 125:65198 AN 1996:378286 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract SiC particulate preforms were infiltrated by TiN matrix from a gas mixt. of TiCl4 (5%), nitrogen (30%) and hydrogen using a repeating pressure pulse between 760 and about 1 torr. SiC particle sizes of 5 and 20 m were used. For matrix packing into deep level, optimum temp. was detd. between 800 and 850 , and the max. packing ratio reached 67% after 4 104 pulses at 850 . The increase of TiCl4 concn. to 10% resulted in higher deposition rate and packing ratio. The decrease of nitrogen concn. led to slower deposition, i.e., a similar effect to temp. lowering. The max. flexural strength measured was 140 MPa. Bibliographic Information Synthesis of mullite coatings by chemical vapor deposition. Mulpuri, Rao P.; Sarin, Vinod K. Dep. Mfg. Eng., Boston Univ., Boston, MA, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1996), 11(6), 1315-1324. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 125:39956 AN 1996:366859 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Formation of mullite on ceramic substrates via chem. vapor deposition was investigated. Mullite is a solid soln. of Al2O3 and SiO2 with a compn. of 3Al2O3 2SiO2. Thermodn. calcns. performed on the AlCl3-SiCl4-CO2-H2 system were used to construct equil. chem. vapor deposition (CVD) phase diagrams. With the aid of these diagrams and consideration of kinetic rate limiting factors, initial process parameters were detd. Through process optimization, cryst. CVD mullite coatings have been successfully grown on SiC and Si3N4 substrates. Results from the thermodn. anal., process optimization, and effect of various process parameters on deposition rate and coating morphol. are discussed. Bibliographic Information Mixed chromium and aluminum oxides elaborated by a sol-gel process. I. Chemistry of the preparation. Rezgui, Saloua; Ghorbel, Abdelhamid; Henry, Marc. Lab. Chimie Materiaux Catalyse, Dep. Chimie, Tunisia. Journal of Materials Synthesis and Processing (1995), 3(6), 371-376. CODEN: JMSPEI ISSN: 1064-7562. Journal written in English. CAN 125:16967 AN 1996:331762 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Gels of mixed chromium and aluminum oxide were prepd. by a sol-gel process. The precursor is a mixt. of Al(O-s-Bu)3 and Cr(acac)3 with a mass ratio Al/Cr = 10 in sec-butanol. Gelation occurred by adding acetic acid. The amt. of added acetic acid is represented by the ratio k = [CH3COOH]/[Al(O-s-Bu)3], with k varying between 0.5 and 3. Acetic acid played crucial roles in both hydrolysis and polycondensation, (1) producing water in situ by esterification, (2) modifying the precursor by substituting some of the O-s-Bu ligands by acetate ligands, and (3) catalyzing the polycondensation. The importance of each of these roles in the process as well as the nature of the products varied with the ratio k. Bibliographic Information Influence of alloying elements on the chemical reactivity between Si-Al-O-N ceramics and iron-based alloys. Vluegels, J.; Vandeperre, L.; Van Der Biest, O. Dep. Metallurgy Materials Eng., Katholieke Univ. Leuven, Leuvan, Belg. Journal of Materials Research (1996), 11(5), 1265-1276. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 124:323490 AN 1996:293140 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The chem. interaction between two '-O' Si-Al-O-N ceramics and a no. of iron-based alloys is studied by means of static interaction couple expts. at 1100 and 1200 C. The onset temp. of reaction of Si3N4 with pure iron was 1095 C, which is in good agreement with a calcd. temp. of 1033 C. During the interaction, silicon and nitrogen from the ceramic dissolve and diffuse into the iron alloy, whereas the remaining aluminum and oxygen form Al2O3 particles. The interaction between the ceramic and iron alloy is reaction controlled. In the initial stage of the interaction, the dissocn. rate of the ceramic is the ratecontrolling step. After the ceramic/metal interface is isolated from the furnace atm., the nitrogen soln. rate into the iron alloy becomes rate controlling. The influence of alloying elements on the reactivity could be related to their effect on the nitrogen soly. in the iron alloy. Ni, Si, and C decrease the nitrogen soly. and decrease the reactivity with the Sialon ceramic. Cr and Mo have the opposite effect. The thickness of the interaction layer on the ceramic side of the interaction couple was found to be a function of the calcd. nitrogen soly. in the iron alloy at 1 atm nitrogen pressure, making it possible to predict the relative chem. reactivity of a no. of iron-based alloys with the same Sialon ceramic. Bibliographic Information

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Preparation and pressureless sintering of chemical vapor deposited SiC-B composite powder. Chen, Lidong; Goto, Takashi; Hirai, Toshio. Institute Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. Jo urnal of Materials Science (1996), 31(3), 679-83. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 124:239925 AN 1996:180535 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract SiC-B composite powder was prepd. by chem. vapor deposition (CVD) using (CH3)2SiCl2 + B2H6 + H2 as source gases at 1673 K. The powder was -type polycryst. silicon carbide contg. several per cents of boron and carbon. The boron content increased from 0 to 7.7 mass% as the B2H6 gas concn. increased from 0 to 0.7 mol%. Boron and carbon in amorphous form dispersed homogeneously in the -SiC polycryst. particles. The particles were spherical, non-agglomerated and uniform in size with an av. particle size of about 50 nm. Sintering tests were performed with the resulting composite powder without applying pressure. Powder contg. 1 mass% boron and 2 mass% carbon was sintered to a d. of 3.16 x 103 kg m-3 at 2273 K, and the Vickers hardness of the sintered body was 30 GPa. When the sintering temp. was higher than 2323 K, significant grain growth due to the phase transformation from to form occurred, which decreased bulk d. and Vickers hardness. Bibliographic Information Nanocrystalline metals, intermetallics, and a metal-matrix nanocomposite by solution-based chemical reductions. Buhro, W. E.; Haber, J. A.; Waller, B. E.; Trentler, T. J.; Suryanarayanan, R.; Frey, C. A.; Sastry, S. M. L. Department Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA. Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering (1995), 73 39-40. CODEN: PMSEDG ISSN: 0743-0515. Journal written in English. CAN 124:123490 AN 1996:951 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A metal salt soln. was reduced to nanocryst. and nanocomposite. CuCl in THF was reduced with NaBH4 to form nanocrystal Cu, and Ni and Al can also be prepd. in similar manner. NiCl2 soln. was reduced with LiAlH4 ti NiAl intermetallic compds. of nano size. MoCl5 and SiCl4 were reduced with NaK to nanocryst. MoSi2 in ultrasound field. TiB2 nanocryst. particles were suspended in THF and CuCl was reduced to obtain a Cu-coated TiB2 nanocomposite. Bibliographic Information Preparation of low density free-standing shape of SiC by pressure-pulsed chemical vapor infiltration. Sugiyama, K.; Norizuki, K. Dep. Applied Chem., Aichi Inst. Technology, Toyoda, Japan. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1995), 14(23), 1720-2. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 124:64057 AN 1995:1000853 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The effects of the conditions of pressure-pulsed chem. vapor infiltration (PCVI) on the deposition rate, ease of substrate oxidn., gross d., and flexural strength in prepn. of low-d. free-standing SiC shapes were examd. By selection of a porous carbon substrate, highly porous SiC shapes with a desirable pore distribution may be prepd. by the PCVI process. Bibliographic Information Identification of chemical and physical change during acid cleaning of ceramics. Johnson, Jessica S.; Erickson, Harold M.; Iceland, Harry. Texas Mem. Mus., Univ. Texas, Austin, TX, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 352(Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology 4), 831-7. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 124:54897 AN 1995:985335 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract This report describes the results of two expts. characterizing chem. and phys. change in ceramic constituents occurring from acid solns. commonly used to remove deposits from the surface of archaeol. ceramics. The first examines the chem. effects of hydrochloric acid, in an attempt to identify the yellow color, commonly known as "acid burn", often seen in museum collections on black-on-white sherds found in the Southwestern U.S. The compd. is identified as Fe2O3 H2O. The second study compares the phys. effects of different acids on a group of Maya sherds. All acids tested in this study were found to cause phys. damage. Bibliographic Information Influence of particle characteristics on sintering behavior of alumina-zirconia composites. Balasubramanian, M.; Malhotra, S. K.; Gokularathnam, C. V. FRP Research Center, Indian Inst. of Technology, Madras, India. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1995), 14(21), 1484-5. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 123:347792 AN 1995:927403 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A uniform distribution of zirconia particles in an alumina matrix can be achieved by chem. processing methods. Three chem. processing routes were used to obtain better powders. The sintered d. and the tetragonal ZrO2 content of composites were correlated with powder size and morphol. Bibliographic Information Wet air oxidation of energetics and chemical agent surrogates. Copa, William M.; Momont, Joseph A. Zimpro Environmental Inc., Rothschild, WI, USA. Journal of Energetic Materials (1995), 13(3&4), 235-58. CODEN: JOEMDK ISSN: 0737-0652. Journal written in English. CAN 123:295590 AN 1995:895724 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Wet oxidn. studies have been conducted on a no. of energetic materials and wastewaters derived from energetic materials to demonstrate high destruction levels of specific energetic components. Triple-base propellant, OTTO Fuel (used as torpedo propellant) and hydrazine-based rocket fuel were energetics of interest. Triple-base propellant contain nitrocellulose, nitroglycerin, and nitroguanidine. OTTO Fuel contains substantial amts. of propylene glycol trinitrate. Hydrazine based rocket fuel contains hydrazine and 1,1-di-Me hydrazine (asym. di-Me hydrazine or UDMH). A bench scale wet air oxidn. study on alk. hydrolyzates of triple-base propellants indicated that essentially complete destruction of the reactive nitrogen components could be achieved at an oxidn. temp. of 280 . Bench scale wet air oxidn. studies on OTTO Fuel wastewaters indicated that a >99% destruction of propylene glycol dinitrate can be achieved at 280 . Processing OTTO Fuel wastewaters in a continuous flow, full scale wet air oxidn. unit achieved even higher destruction levels. Bench scale wet air oxidn. studies on hydrazinebased rocket fuel wastewaters indicated that a 99.8% destruction of hydrazine and a >99.0% destruction of 1,1-

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dimethylhydrazine can be oxidized at 280 . Again, processing of hydrazine-based rocket fuel wastewaters in a continuous flow, full scale wet air oxidn. unit achieved similar destruction levels. The application of wet air oxidn. for the destruction of chem. agents has been made by the extrapolation of data from the wet air oxidn. of compds. with similar chem. structures or of surrogate compds. Sarin and V-agents are nerve agents which have an organo-phosphorus structure similar to that of contain commonly used pesticides. Pesticides such as glyphosate and malathion, which have a similar organo-phosphorus structure, are essentially completely destroyed (>99% destruction) by wet air oxidn. at 200-280 . The chem. agent surrogate, di-Me Me phosphonate (DMMP) was wet air oxidized at 220-280 . Alk. hydrolyzed DMMP was wet air oxidized at 280 . All of the oxidized effluents showed a >97.5% destruction efficiency for the DMMP. The blister agent, mustard (HD) is a chlorinated sulfide, bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide. Org. sulfides such as mercaptans can be destroyed by wet air oxidn. at 260-280 . It is concluded that the wet air oxidn. process is a promising alternative to incineration for disposal of energetics and chem. warfare agents. Bibliographic Information Molten salt oxidation of chemical munitions. Stewart, Albert; Schnittgrund, Gary. PyroPacific Processes, Grand Hills, CA, USA. Journal of Energetic Materials (1995), 13(3&4), 213-34. CODEN: JOEMDK ISSN: 0737-0652. Journal written in English. CAN 123:295589 AN 1995:895723 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Molten salt oxidn. is reviewed as a potential near term alternative technol. for the destruction of chem. agents. Initial tests completed by the US Army in 1975 showed the promise of achieving very high removal efficiencies on actual agents. Recent testing by DOE has verified the potential for very low PIC and dioxin or furan releases. To further explore the possible application of this technol. to chem. agent destruction, a molten salt reactor and assocd. equipment was designed to process a nominal 50 kg/h of Sarin. Mass and energy balances are presented for process conditions representing a range of molten salt potential operational modes and schemes for enhancing plant capacity. Process economics are presented. Bibliographic Information Supercritical water oxidation of chemical agents, and solid propellants. Spritzer, M. H.; Hazlebeck, D. A.; Downey, K. W. San Diego, CA, USA. Journal of Energetic Materials (1995), 13(3&4), 185-212. CODEN: JOEMDK ISSN: 0737-0652. Journal written in English. CAN 123:295588 AN 1995:895722 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Supercrit. water oxidn. (SCWO), also referred to as hydrothermal oxidn. (HTO), is a developing technol. for the destruction of hazardous and nonhazardous wastes. SCWO destroys combustible materials using an oxidant in water at 350-600 and pressures of 17 MPa. General Atomics and its subcontractors are currently conducting 2 comprehensive research and demonstration programs geared toward the destruction of Department of Defense (DoD) wastes utilizing SCWO technol. Wastes of primary interest include chem. agents and solid propellants. Tech. challenges, particularly corrosion and solids handling, were overcome, and the destruction of chem. agents and solid propellants was demonstrated on a bench scale. SCWO results for chem. agents show destruction and removal efficiencies for GB, VX, and mustard agents to be in excess of 99.9999%, limited only by detection capability. SCWO results for hydrolyzed Class 1.1 solid propellant show destruction and removal efficiencies for total org. carbon (TOC) of >99.9%. Design and fabrication of a transportable SCWO pilot plant for chem. warfare agents, propellants and other DoD hazardous wastes and a prototype HTO system for solid rocket propellant disposal are complete and demonstration testing is underway. Bibliographic Information Pressure pulsed chemical vapor infiltration of SiC to two-dimensional-Tyranno/SiC-C preforms. Sygiyama, Kohzo; Yoshida, Yazutoshi. Department of Applied Chemistry, Aichi Institute of Technology, Toyoda, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1995), 30(20), 5125-9. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 123:320390 AN 1995:894944 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Preforms of two-dimensional Tyranno fiber (SiC base) of 7 20 1.3 mm3 were chem. vapor infiltrated with SiC at 850-1050 C from a gas mixt. of CH3SiCl3 (6%)-H2 using pressure pulses between below 0.3 kPa and 0.1 MPa. Above 900 C, films grew on the macrosurface dominantly. At 850 C, residual porosity decreased to about 10% after 105 pulses, and three point flexural strength reached about 200 MPa. X-ray diffractograms on the surface showed the deposits to be -SiC only. Bibliographic Information Matrix characterization of fiber-reinforced SiC matrix composites fabricated by chemical vapor infiltration. Stinton, D. P.; Hembree, D. M.; More, K. L.; Sheldon, B. W.; Besmann, T. M.; Headinger, M. H.; Davis, R. F. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Journal of Materials Science (1995), 30(17), 4279-85. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 123:206673 AN 1995:804167 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), that consist of silicon carbide (SiC) reinforced with continuous Nicalon or T-300 fibers, are being developed for many high-temp. structural applications. The large potential use of CMCs has prompted an in-depth investigation and characterization of these materials. Electron microscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize and compare the SiC matrix crystal structure and morphol. of composite materials fabricated by two different chem. vapor infiltration (CVI) processes. Bibliographic Information Characterization of pseudo-porous SiC/C coatings on NextelTM 440 and NicalonTM fibers. Khasgiwale, N. R.; Butler, E. P.; Tsakalakos, L.; Hensley, D. A.; Cannon, W. R.; Danforth, S. C.; Gonczy, S. T. Center Ceramic Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 365 395-400. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 02729172. Journal written in English. CAN 123:177329 AN 1995:774261 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Pseudo-porous SiC/C coatings were deposited on NextelTM 440 and NicalonTM fibers by CVD. The morphol. and chem. of the coatings was evaluated, both before and after oxidn., using SEM, X-Ray Diffraction Anal. (XRD), XPS and Auger spectroscopy. Coated fibers were subjected to two different oxidn. treatments to assess coating stability: a) oxidn. at 600 C for 20 h, and b) oxidn. at 1000 C for 20 h. Pseudo-porous SiC/C on NicalonTM fibers appear to be more oxidn. resistant than the same coatings on NextelTM440 fibers.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Bibliographic Information The preparation and economics of silicon carbide matrix composites by chemical vapor infiltration. Roman, Yvette G.; Stinton, David P. Centre Technical Ceramics-TNO, Eindhoven, Neth. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 365 343-50. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 123:176964 AN 1995:774254 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review with 35 refs. A no. of processing techniques that are currently in use for the development and prodn. of continuous fiber reinforced ceramic composite materials are described. The limited no. of available processing routes are compared with respect to the resulting material properties. The chem. vapor infiltration (CVI) technique is one of the most extensively developed methods. During the last decade, at least five different modifications of the isobaric isothermal CVI principle have been developed; each route having its own benefits. CVI techniques have now been developed to the extent that industrial commercialization is being realized. Projected cost aspects of the various CVI manufg. techniques are examd. and compared. Bibliographic Information Properties of SiC-SiC composites produced using CVR converted graphite cloth to SiC cloth. Kowbel, W.; Kyriacou, C.; Gao, F.; Bruce, C. A.; Withers, J. C. MER corp., Tucson, AZ, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 365 197202. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 123:177312 AN 1995:774236 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Nicalon fiber is the primary reinforcement in SiC-SiC composites currently produced by a variety of techniques including CVI and polymer infiltration. Low strength retention at high temps. of the Nicalon fibers limits the choice of manufg. processes which can be employed to produce low cost SiC-SiC composites. MER has developed a new SiC reinforcement based upon a conversion of low cost carbon fabric to SiC via a Chem. Vapor Reaction (CVR) process. This new SiC filaments exhibit an excellent creep resistance at temps. up to 1600 C. Several SiC-SiC composites were fabricated using graphite fabric converted to SiC fabric utilizing the CVR process combined with a slurry infiltration and CVI densification. A correlation between processing conditions, microstructure and properties of the SiC-SiC composites are discussed. Bibliographic Information Chemically bonded ceramic matrix composites: densification and conversion to diffusion bonding. Johnson, Bradley R.; Guelguen, Mehmet A.; Kriven, Waltraud, M. Department Materials Science and Engineering, University Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 365 67-72. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 123:177295 AN 1995:774216 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chem. bonded ceramics appear to be a promising alternative route for near-net shape fabrication of multi-phase ceramic matrix composites (CMC's). The hydraulic (and refractory) properties of fine mono-calcium aluminate (CaAl2O4) powders were used as the chem. bonding matrix phase, while calcia-stabilized zirconia powders were the second phase material. Samples contg. up to 70 wt% (55 vol%) zirconia have been successfully compacted and sintered. Various processing techniques were evaluated. Processing was optimized based on material properties, dilatometry and simultaneous thermal anal. (DTA/TGA). The phys. characteristics of this novel CMC were characterized by hardness, d., and fracture toughness testing. Microstructures were evaluated by SEM and phase identification was verified using XRD. Bibliographic Information Oxidative catalytic decomposition of toxic gases using hydroxyapatite and fluorhydroxyapatite. Palucka, Timothy P.; Eror, Nicholas G.; McNamara, Thomas A. Department Materials Science and Engineering, University Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 368(Synthesis and Properties of Advanced Catalytic Materials), 275-80. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 123:151604 AN 1995:734790 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract An oxidative catalytic route to decomp. nerve gases was studied using hydroxyapatite (HA, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) and its partially fluorinated analog fluorhydroxyapatite (FHA, Ca10(PO4)6Fx(OH)2-x). Samples were prepd. with surface areas of 34-238 m2/g to study surface area effects; 1.2 wt.% Pt was deposited on 1 substrate to study the effect of a transition metal on activity and selectivity. Reaction studies were performed using di-Me methylphosphonate, a nerve gas simulant, in a stream of 80% N and 20% O at 573 K and atm. pressure. High surface area FHA samples showed an increase in the protection period (period of 100% conversion) with increasing F substitution; such an increase was not seen for low surface area FHA samples. In the absence of Pt, the reaction products were CH3OH and di-Me ether; with Pt, CO2 was also obtained. Bibliographic Information Toxicity Medical (1995), CAPLUS

of sulfur mustard in adult rat lung organ culture. Sawyer, Thomas W.; Wilde, Paul E.; Rice, Paul; Weiss, M. Tracy. Countermeasures Section, Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Box 4000, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Can. Toxicology 100(1-3), 39-49. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 123:104668 AN 1995:700024 (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

Abstract The toxicity of the chem. warfare agent sulfur mustard, (bis-(2-chloroethyl)sulfide, HD), was examd. in adult rat lung organ cultures. Assessment of HD-induced damage by the MTT cytotoxicity assay indicated that the median lethal concn. (LC50) of HD in these cultures was reproducible, and in the M range. Damage to the lung slices was expressed only after a latent period of 48 h and did not increase significantly with longer expression times. Histopathol. examn. of HD-treated lung cultures showed that the structural changes in the lung tissue paralleled the toxicity measured biochem., and were also similar to the damage found in animals and man exposed to HD in vivo. This in vitro model offers a useful tool with which to study the toxicity and mechanism of action of sulfur mustard. Bibliographic Information Characterization and surface chemistry of uncoated and coated silicon nitride powders. Schmidt, H.; Nabert, G.; Ziegler, G.; Goretzki, H. Inst. Materialforschung, Univ. Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1995),

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15(7), 667-74. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 123:90766 AN 1995:695131 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Various Si3N4 powders, produced by different procedures, were characterized by imaging (TEM) and anal. methods (EDS, FTIR, XPS) in the as-received state as well as after doping with a metal oxide (MgO). For the doping, an alternative procedure to the usual methods was applied based on sol. organometallic compds. Anal. TEM combined with lateral resoln. element anal. and XPS measurements was used for morphol., structural and anal. characterization. The distribution of the dopant was deduced from measurements of XPS sputter depth profiles. These investigations were supplemented by FT-IR measurements to det. qual. and semi-quant. the reactive groups on the particle surfaces of the as-received powders. For comparison, measurements were performed with Si3N4 powders which were doped by the above chem. procedure and by mech. mixing. The results of the various characterization methods are interpreted in the form of a model display for surface reactions of organometallic doping reagents on the surfaces of ceramic particles. The results show that Si3N4 powders with high concn. of OH groups on their particle surface reveal very good distribution of the fluxing element (layer-like coating). Bibliographic Information Influence of crystallographic orientation, chemical inhomogeneities, material transport anisotropy and elastic strain energy on the migration of grain boundaries in chromium-doped alumina during internal reduction. Backhaus-Ricoult, Monika; PeyrotChabrol, A.; Chiron, R.; Hagege, S. Cent. d'Etudes Chim. Metall., CNRS, Vitry, Fr. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 357(Structure and Properties of Interfaces in Ceramics), 293-9. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 123:90732 AN 1995:685875 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Diffusion-induced grain boundary migration is obsd. during internal redn. of chromium-doped alumina. It occurs because grain boundary diffusion is fast compared to lattice diffusion of oxygen. The oxygen chem. potential relaxes between grain boundaries and adjacent grains. Migration to either side of the boundary is controlled by multiple factors: chem. compn. differences between adjacent grains, elastic strain energy differences on the two sides of the boundary plane or by more rapid oxygen relaxation when the c-axis of a grain is perpendicular to the boundary plane. Bibliographic Information Synthesis and chemical stability of NaSn2P3O12. Breval, E.; Harshe, G.; Agrawal, D. K.; Limaye, S. Y. Intercoll. Mater. Res. Lab., Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA, USA. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1995), 14(10), 728-31. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 123:39204 AN 1995:606064 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract NaSn2P3O12 and NaZr2P3O12 powders were prepd. by solid-state reaction methods and sintered at 1050-1200 . The resulting pellets were characterized in terms of d., thermal expansion, and phase compn. before and after chem. stability tests. Chem. stability tests were performed in polethylene containers in 3 solns., H+ + SO42- (pH = 0.5), Na+ + H+ + SO42(pH = 0.7), and Na+ + OH- (pH + 14.3). Results indicate that NaSn2P3O12 is a very stable NZP compd. in high and low pH solns. (pH + 0.5-14.3) as compared to the parent compn. NaZr2P3O12, which shows high losses, esp. in alk. leachants. The surface-to-vol. of a single phase NaSn2P3O12 material, sintered without sintering agents, hardly affects the dissoln. Use of a sintering agent may result in a highly reactive grain boundary phase, the amt. of which may exceed the amt. of added sintering aid. Bibliographic Information Low-level detection of chemical agent simulants in meat and milk by ion trap mass spectrometry. Buchanan, Michelle V.; Hettich, Robert L.; Xu, Jing Hai; Waters, Larry C.; Watson, Annetta. Chemical and Analytical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Building 5510, MS/6365, Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Journal of Hazardous Materials (1995), 42(1), 49-59. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 123:31526 AN 1995:596587 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Anal. methods for the detection of two chem. warfare agent simulants, diisopropyl methylphosphonate and chloroethylethylsulfide, in beef tissue and milk were demonstrated to be effective to levels as low as 50-100 ppb. These methods are based upon thermal desorption into an ion trap mass spectrometer. Selective detection of the target compds. is achieved by isobutane chem. ionization in combination with collision-induced dissocn., which yields characteristic fragment ions. Rapid sample clean-up steps were also devised to reduce interferences from the sample matrix. The low detection limits achieved with this method suggest that it may be possible to take small tissue samples from livestock by needle biopsy, without requiring animal sacrifice for the anal. In addn., because the new methods may be performed more quickly than conventional methods requiring substantial sample prepn. and anal. time, more samples could be analyzed. Bibliographic Information The effect of ceria co-doping on chemical stability and fracture toughness of Y-TZP. Boutz, M. M. R.; Winnubst, A. j. a.; Van Langerak, B.; Scholtenhuis, R. J. M. Olde; Kreuwel, K.; Burggraaf, A. J. Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Twente, Enschde, Neth. Journal of Materials Science (1995), 30(7), 1854-62. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 122:271892 AN 1995:504770 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The fracture toughness and ageing resistance of yttria, ceria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (Y, Ce-TZP) were evaluated as a function of grain size and ceria content. Very fine grained, fully dense materials could be produced by sinter forging at relatively low temps. (1150-1200 C). The aging resistance in hot water (185 C) of 2 mol% Y2O3-stabilized TZP is strongly enhanced by alloying with ceria. The ceria content necessary to avoid degrdn. completely, decreases with grain size. The toughness of fully dense Y, Ce-TZP is 7-9 MPa m1/2 for grain sizes down to 0.2 m. No or very little transformation took place during fracturing and no clear variation with grain size was obsd. for the toughness at grain sizes up to 0.8 m. Reversible transformation and crack deflection may explain the obsd. toughness values. Bibliographic Information Microstructure and chemistry of second phases in MgO- and NiO-codoped alumina by analytical transmission electron microscopy. Park, K.; Vasilos, T.; Sung, C. Cent. Advanced Materials Dep. Chem. Nuclear Eng., Univ. Massachusetts, Lowell,

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MA, USA. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1995), 14(4), 261-4. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 122:167982 AN 1995:415637 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The effects MgO-NiO-codoping on microstructure and chem. of 2nd phases, segregated particles and cryst. defects in alumina ceramics were examd. MgO-NiO-codoping contributed significantly to the prepn. of dense fine-grained alumina. It appeared that Ni-Al and Ni-Mg-Al spinels, segregated Ni particles, and K- '' alumina ppts. were formed at triple points or at grain boundaries, because the concns. of the MgO and NiO dopants were higher than their solid solubilities. In particular, the codopants formed a Ni-Mg-Al spinel as well as a Ni-Al spinel, because Mg2+ and Ni2+ were partitioned in the cation position of the spinel structure. Bibliographic Information Compositions and chemical bonding in ceramics by quantitative electron energy-loss spectrometry. Bentley, J.; Horton, L. L.; McHargue, C. J.; McKernan, S.; Carter, C. B.; Revcolevschi, A.; Tanaka, S.; Davis, R. F. Metals and Ceramics Div.r., Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1994), 332(Determining Nanoscale Physical Properties of Materials by Microscopy and Spectroscopy), 385-90. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 122:87360 AN 1995:266442 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Quant. electron energy-loss spectrometry was applied to a range of ceramic materials at a spatial resoln. of <5 nm. Anal. of Fe L23 white lines indicates a low-spin state with a charge transfer of .apprx.1.5 electrons/atom onto the Fe atoms implanted into (amorphized) silicon carbide. Gradients of 2-5% in the Co:O stoichiometry were measured across 100-nm-thick Co3O4 layers in an oxidized directionally solidified CoO-ZrO2 eutectic, with the highest O levels near the ZrO2. The energy-loss nearedge structures were dramatically different for the two cobalt oxides; those for Co3O4 have been incorrectly ascribed to CoO in the published literature. Kinetically stabilized solid soly. occurred in an AlN-SiC film grown by low-temp. mol. beam epitaxy (MBE) on (6H)-SiC, and no detectable interdiffusion occurred in couples of MBE-grown AlN on SiC following annealing at up to 1750 C. In diffusion couples of polycryst. AlN on SiC, interfacial 8H Sialon (aluminum silicon oxynitride) and pockets of Si3N4rich '-Sialon in the SiC were detected. Bibliographic Information Chemically bonded ceramics as an alternative to high temperature composite processing. Gulgun, Mehmet A.; Johnson, Bradley R.; Kriven, Waltraud M. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1994), 346(Better Ceramics through Chemistry VI), 51116. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 122:15230 AN 1995:174876 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Processing of multi-phase ceramic composite materials using chem. bonded ceramics as a binding agent appears to be a promising route for fabricating complex-shaped structures. In a zirconia-calcium aluminate ceramic matrix composite, the hydraulic property of fine, monocalcium aluminate (CaAl2O4) powders was used to prep. strong prefired bodies. The changes in the phys. characteristics of the composite during the conversion from a chem. bonded compact into a sintered composite were studied using thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), X-ray diffraction and SEM. The d. and the hardness of the chem. bonded and sintered composite were measured. Bibliographic Information Assessing delayed neurotoxicity in rodents after nerve gas exposure. Husain, K.; Pant, S. C.; Vijayaraghavan, R.; Singh, Ram. Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. Defence Science Journal (1994), 44(2), 161-4. CODEN: DSJOAA ISSN: 0011-748X. Journal written in English. CAN 121:294553 AN 1994:694553 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Delayed neurotoxicity of an organophosphorus nerve gas, Sarin (a chem. warfare agent) following repeated inhalation exposure in rats and mice, was studied by behavioral, biochem. and histopathol. analyses. Rats exposed to Sarin aerosols (12.5 mg/m3 for 20 min) daily for ten days did not exhibit any clin. sign of delayed neurotoxicity. Neurotoxic esterase (NTE) activity in the brain, spinal cord and platelets was significantly inhibited, but the inhibition was below the threshold. Histopathol. examn. of spinal cord did not show any axonal degeneration. Mice exposed to Sarin aerosols (5 mg/m3 for 20 min) daily for ten days developed mild ataxia and muscular weakness of the hind limb on 14th day after the start of exposure. NTE activity was significantly inhibited in brain, spinal cord and platelets. Histopathol. of spinal cord showed focal axonal degeneration. Acetyl-choline esterase activity in the platelets of both the animals was significantly inhibited. The authors conclude that mice are sensitive to delayed neurotoxicity induced by repeated exposure to Sarin whereas rats are insensitive. Bibliographic Information Clean-up of chemical warfare agents on soils using simple washing or chemical treatment processes. Amos, Denys; Leake, Brian. DSTO, Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 4331, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Journal of Hazardous Materials (1994), 39(1), 107-17. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 121:262645 AN 1994:662645 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Several simple processes have been studied for the destruction of chem. agents, Soman and Mustard, on soils. A double wash or an extended single wash with water was effective in removing Mustard and Soman from soil; addn. of either anionic or cationic surfactant did not improve removal efficiency. Soils with higher org. carbon content were more difficult to decontaminate. The most effective chem. process for the removal of Mustard was treatment with hypochlorite; treatment with Na2CO3 or NaOH were almost as effective as hypochlorite in cleaning Mustard contaminated soil. Soman was removed most effectively by treatment with Na2CO3. Overall the most efficient process for the destruction of both Mustard and Soman was treatment with Na2CO3 soln. Bibliographic Information Liquid phase sintering, electrical conductivity, and chemical stability of lanthanum chromite doped with calcium and nickel. Christie, G. M.; Middleton, P. H.; Steele, B. C. H. Dep. Mater., Imperial Coll. Sci., Tech. Med., London, UK. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1994), 14(2), 163-75. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN

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121:236480 AN 1994:636480 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The substitution of 10 mol% nickel for chromium in calcium-doped lanthanum chromite has been shown to promote rapid densification of the compd. at low temps. in air by the form of a transient liq. phase. Liqs. were generated via the decompn. of CaCrO4 second phase material present in calcined powders. During elec. cond. measurements at 1000 C, severe microstructural degrdn. occurred at atms. of H2 and CO2. The processes leading to chem. degrdn. are attributed to the pptn. of Ni from the (La,Ca)(Cr,Ni)O3 solid soln. and to the decompn. of small amts. of residual CaCrO4 which remains at grain boundaries and triple points after sintering. DTA studies on CaCrO4 in CO2 and H2 atms. suggested that the degrdn. due to CaCrO4 decompn. was primarily a result of the reaction of CaO with CO2 to form CaCO3. The presence of H2 gas is thought to catalyze this reaction via the formation of large amt. of CaO during the decompn. of CaCrO4. Degrdn. is more severe in atms. contg. a mixt. of CO2 and H2 gases than in either gas on its own. Bibliographic Information Photochemical degradation of a toxic organophosphorus analog (PMSF) in microemulsion media. Yang, Yun; Donegan, Sheila; Patel, Ramesh C.; Ward, Anthony J. I. Center for Advanced Materials Processing, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA. Chemosphere (1994), 28(11), 1967-76. CODEN: CMSHAF ISSN: 0045-6535. Journal written in English. CAN 121:217331 AN 1994:617331 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A study has been made of the photodegrdn. of an analog, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), of a toxic chem. warfare agent. The agent was solubilized in a water-in-oil surfactant stabilized microemulsion system comprising sodium dodecyl sulfate, pentanol and water. Loss of the parent PMSF mol. upon exposure of the system to UV irradn. was monitored by 19F NMR spectroscopy. Consideration of the changes in the chem. shifts, splittings in conjunction with GC/Mass spectroscopy data strongly suggest the degrdn. leads to partial fluorination of pentanol. Anal. of peak areas also indicates the formation of volatile degrdn. products such as HF. The addn. of TiO2 or hydroquinone to the system did not appreciably change the overall amts. of degrdn. The results are interpreted in terms of the possible radical based reaction pathways and show that such a microemulsion medium to have significant potential as a vehicle for effecting such a degrdn. process. Bibliographic Information Comparative evaluation of high protein against normal protein diet in combination with carbamates against organophosphorus intoxication in rats. Chatterjee, A.K.; Sikder, Nirmala; Sikder, A.K. Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. Defence Science Journal (1994), 44(1), 11-14. CODEN: DSJOAA ISSN: 0011-748X. Journal written in English. CAN 121:197892 AN 1994:597892 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The relative efficacy of an isocaloric high protein diet (HPD) contg. 59 per cent protein, in comparison to a conventional diet contg. 21 per cent protein, as applied in the alleviation of toxicity of diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP) and Me iso-Pr phosphonofluoridate (sarin), has been reported. In combination with well-known prophylactics like carbamates and cholinolytics like atropine against nerve gas toxicity, HPD appears to be superior to the conventional diet as studied by survival time measurements. Apart from carbamates, atropine and mecamylamine, HPD may be treated as an addnl. prophylactic agent to guard against the toxicity of DFP and sarin, which are being used as war chems. Bibliographic Information The surface chemistry of silicon nitride powder in the presence of dissolved ions. Hackley, V. A.; Malghan, S. G. Ceram. Div., Natl. Inst. Standards and Technol., Gaithersburg, MD, USA. Journal of Materials Science (1994), 29(17), 4420-30. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 121:185440 AN 1994:585440 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Colloidal processing of silicon nitride (Si3N4) powders depends largely on the control of reactions at the solid-soln. interface. The role of dissolved ions in the surface chem. of Si3N4 powders has been investigated, and the implications of these results for the effects of impurities, contaminants and additives in processing are discussed. The interaction of ions at the solid-soln. interface was characterized by particle electrokinetic behavior detd. from electroacoustic measurements in moderately concd. suspensions. Ions were classified according to chem. similarity and surface specificity. Specific adsorption was inferred from the movement of the isoelec. point relative to the endemic "native" value. Most simple univalent electrolytes behaved indifferently towards the Si3N4 surface, with the exception of fluoride which specifically adsorbed and may have formed a strong complex with surface silicon sites. The alk.-earth cations exhibited a similar weak specificity. In the presence of hydrolyzable transition metal cations, powder surface chem. was controlled by the adsorption of hydroxy metal complexes and by the soly. of a surface-pptd. metal hydroxide phase. Oxo anions, such as sulfate and carbonate, adsorbed specifically on the Si3N4 surface, but the interactions were weaker than previously obsd. on metal oxide surfaces. Bibliographic Information X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of uv laser irradiated sapphire and alumina. Pedraza, A. J.; Park, J. W.; Meyer, H. M., III; Braski, D. N. Dep. Materials Science Engineering, Univ. Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1994), 9(9), 2251-7. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 121:162453 AN 1994:562453 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract XPS was performed in as-received, thermally annealed, and laser-irradiated sapphire and alumina specimens to study the effects of the different treatments on surface chem. and properties. Laser irradiations with a 308 nm wavelength laser were performed in air and in a reducing atm. consisting of a mixt. of Ar and 4% hydrogen. The at. percentages of carbon, aluminum, and oxygen were measured in all the specimens. Particular attention was paid to the percentages of oxygen in the oxide and in a hydroxyl state. The XPS analyses clearly established that a very thin film of metallic aluminum is formed on the surface of both alumina and sapphire substrates when they are irradiated under a reducing atm. However, the film is discontinuous because it is elec. insulating. Substrates irradiated in air have metallic aluminum only for fluences below 0.4 J/ cm2. The valence band photoemission spectra of as-received, annealed, and laser-irradiated specimens were measured. In irradiated specimens, the width of the valence band spectra was found to decrease by .apprx.10%. One possible cause of this decrease is the generation of point defects during laser irradn. Electroless copper deposition occurs on sapphire and alumina substrates if their surface has been activated by laser irradn. The time required for copper deposition was monitored by measuring the elec. resistivity in the irradiated area while the substrates were immersed in an electroless bath. The kinetics of

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deposition on laser-activated substrates and the XPS results show that deposition process. However, the presence of aluminum is not the sole metal-ceramic bonding is produced after thermal annealing of samples explained in terms of the excess oxygen that is present at the ceramic

the presence of metallic aluminum accelerates the reason for laser activation in alumina. Very strong having preirradiated substrates. This result is surface after irradn.

Bibliographic Information X-ray absorption spectroscopy study of the local structure and the chemical state of yttrium in polycrystalline -alumina. Loudjani, M. K.; Cortes, R. Lab. Metallurgie Structurale, CNRS, Orsay, Fr. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1994), 14(1), 67-75. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 121:162396 AN 1994:562396 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The chem. state and local structure around the yttrium ion in doped polycryst. -alumina (0.03 mol% Y2O3 1) system was examd. by extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements for yttrium K-edge energy. In the case of highly doped alumina samples (0.1 and 1 mol% Y2O3) most of the yttrium is pptd. as a Y3Al5O12 phase, whereas in the dil. doped alumina sample (0.03 mol% Y2O3) yttrium is in solid soln., being located on the octahedral aluminum sites. The yttrium ion size, comparatively greater than that of the aluminum ion, induces locally a significant distortion of the oxygen ion lattice. This effect creates point defects in the nearest neighbor shell of the yttrium: vacancy (Vo..) and interstitial (Oi'') oxygen point defects. Bibliographic Information Constitution of the -alumina phase in chemically produced mullite precursors. Schneider, H.; Voll, D.; Saruhan, B.; Schmucker, M. Inst. Mater. Res., German Aerosp. Res. Establ., Cologne, Germany. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1993), 13(5), 441-8. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 121:89568 AN 1994:489568 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The temp. development of type II mullite precursor powders have been studied in the temp. range of 150 C (as-received) and 1150 C. X-ray diffraction measurements, IR and 29Si and 27Al NMR spectroscopy and anal. transmission electron microscopy have been performed on the heat-treated precursors. The investigations had the aim of contributing to the frequently discussed question, whether Si is incorporated into the -alumina spinel being formed as a transient phase in type II mullite precursors. The as-received precursors consist of relatively large spherical particles ( 0 5 m) of noncryst. SiO2 and of much finer-grained agglomerates of pseudo-boehmite crystals ( -AlO(OH), 20 nm), which are embedded in a SiO2 matrix. Above 350 C, pseudo-boehmite transforms to spinel-type alumina ( -Al2O3). During this transformation, all Si existing in the SiO2 matrix of the pseudoboehmite agglomerates is incorporated into -Al2O3 corresponding to a SiO2 content of 12 mol% at 500 C. Up to 750 C, the SiO2 content of the -alumina remains const. but above this temp. it gradually rises and reaches a max. amt. of 18 mol% at 1150 C. A marginal decompn. of the spherical non-cryst. SiO2 particles may be the sources to provide diffusion of Si species into the -alumina during a temp. increase above 750 C. It is most likely that Si species diffuse into the -alumina crystals along the crystallite boundaries. The diffusion process and Si incorporation are facilitated with the temp. increase. Bibliographic Information Quantitative analysis of Si3N4 microstructure response on interface chemistry. Meissner, E.; Unger, S.; Kleebe, H.-J.; Ziegler, G. Univ. Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany. Key Engineering Materials (1994), 89-91(Silicon Nitride 93), 471-5. CODEN: KEMAEY ISSN: 1013-9826. Journal written in English. CAN 121:89560 AN 1994:489560 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Quant. microstructure anal. was performed on gas-pressure sintered Si3N4 materials (SSN) by employing an image processing system. Variations in grain-diam. distribution and aspect-ratio distribution with changing additive compn. and annealing time, resp., were investigated. Clear evidence was found that both interface compn. and post-sintering anneal can strongly affect the matrix grain morphol. For the Y2O3-doped material, extended annealing time supported the formation of Si3N4 grains with increased diam. and length via Ostwald ripening. Moreover, the aspect-ratio distribution was shifted to higher values indicating anisotropic grain growth. The addn. of Al2O3 + ZrO2, compared to SSN doped with Y2O3, resulted in a finer microstructure with still high aspect ratios. This chem. effect is closely related to the viscosity of the liqs. at processing temps. Furthermore, ZrO2 addn. results in a more pronounced transgranular fracture mode, while Y2O3-contg. SSN predominantly revealed intergranular fracture. The influence of annealing time and interface chem. on both microstructure evolution and resulting fracture toughness is discussed. Bibliographic Information Surface chemical interactions of Si3N4 with polyelectrolyte deflocculants. Hackley, V.A.; Premachandran, R.; Malghan, S.G. Mater. Sci. Eng. Lab., Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol., Gaithersburg, MD, USA. Key Engineering Materials (1994), 89-91(Silicon Nitride 93), 679-82. CODEN: KEMAEY ISSN: 1013-9826. Journal written in English. CAN 121:41008 AN 1994:441008 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The interaction of org. polyelectrolyte deflocculants at the Si3N4 solid-soln. interface was investigated using electroacoustic measurements, polymer adsorption and particle size distribution anal. One cationic and two anionic polymers were studied: quaternized poly(diamine epoxychlorohydrin), ammonium poly(methacrylate) and poly(acrylic acid), resp. Electrostatic interactions are emphasized as a function of pH, concn. and mol. wt. Bibliographic Information Metabolite pharmacokinetics of soman, sarin and GF in rats and biological monitoring of exposure to toxic organophosphorus agents. Shih, Ming L.; McMonagle, Joseph D.; Dolzine, Theodore W.; Gresham, Vincent C. US Army Med. Res. Inst. Chem. Def., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1994), 14(3), 195-9. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260437X. Journal written in English. CAN 121:28848 AN 1994:428848 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract This study reports on the pharmacokinetics of the elimination of the metabolites of three toxic organophosphorus compds. (soman, sarin and GF). Urine, blood and lung tissue were collected from rats dosed s.c. at 75 g kg-1. Urinary excretion of the metabolite was the major elimination route for these three compds. The major differences among them were primarily the

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extent and rate of excretion. The hydrolyzed form, alkylmethylphosphonic acid, was the single major metabolite formed and excreted in urine by a non-saturable mechanism. Nearly total recoveries of the given doses for sarin and GF in metabolite form were obtained from the urine. The terminal elimination half-lives in urine were 3.7 0.1 and 9.9 0.8 h for sarin and GF, resp. Soman metabolite showed a biphasic elimination curve with terminal half-lives of 18.5 2.7 and 3.6 2.2 h. Soman was excreted at a slower rate with a recovery of only 62%. Lung was the major organ of accumulation for soman. In blood the toxic agents were concd. more in red blood cells than in plasma. The acid metabolites can serve as a better chem. marker for monitoring organophosphorus exposure in humans via their higher concn. and longer half-life in urine than the parent compds. Bibliographic Information Movement of chemical warfare agent simulants through porous media. Jenkins, R. A.; Buchanan, M. V.; Merriweather, R.; Ilgner, R. H.; Gayle, T. M.; Watson, A. P. Analytical Chemistry Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Building 4500S, MS6120, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Journal of Hazardous Materials (1994), 37(2), 303-25. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 121:16666 AN 1994:416666 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A measurement protocol is documented and data are presented to characterize the permeation of chem. warfare agent simulants through the porous construction materials brick, cinder block, gypsum wall board, and wood. These data will be used to develop guidelines for access ("reentry") to potentially contaminated properties if nerve or vesicant agents are released during any phase of the US Department of the Army's Chem. Stockpile Disposal Program. A novel permeation cell design allowed sampling of air vols. adjacent to the spiked face, breakthrough face, and lateral face of each test medium at two temps. Simulant movement through wood is nearly always in the direction of the wood grain. Two-dimensional breakthrough was obsd. in brick and gypsum wall board. The sulfur mustard simulant broke through all test media in less than 60 min; nerve agent simulant breakthrough required several hours. Surface decontamination of wood with high-test hypochlorite is 95% effective. Bibliographic Information Pharmacology of organophosphates. Koelle, George B. Med. Sch., Univ. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1994), 14(2), 105-9. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 121:2654 AN 1994:402654 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review with 8 refs. The cholinergic nerve fibers, which employ acetylcholine (ACh) as a neurohumoral transmitter, and the results of their activation are listed. The reactions between the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), its natural substrate, ACh, and the various types of inhibitors are described. The limited therapeutic uses of the anticholinesterase (anti-ChE) agents are considered. The toxicol. effects encountered when the anti-ChE agents are employed as insecticides or as chem. warfare (CW) agents are discussed. Certain anti-ChE agents produce also a delayed neurotoxic effect which is apparently unrelated to the inhibition of AChE. Bibliographic Information Genotoxicity of the phosphoramidate agent tabun (GA). Wilson, Barry W.; Kawakami, Thomas G.; Cone, Norman; Henderson, John D.; Rosenblatt, Leon S.; Goldman, Marvin; Dacre, Jack C. Inst. Toxicol., Univ. California, Davis, CA, USA. Toxicology (1994), 86(1-2), 1-12. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 120:263586 AN 1994:263586 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Five mutagenicity tests were performed on Agent GA (tabun, phosphoramidocyanidic acid, dimethyl-, Et ester) as part of a program to demilitarize chem. warfare agents. GA was mutagenic in Salmonella spp. assays with S-9 and it was a direct-acting mutagen to mouse lymphoma cells. GA did not promote unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes; it induced sister chromatid exchanges in mouse cells in vitro but not in vivo. The conclusion that GA is a weakly acting mutagen is supported by the fact that it was mutagenic in only 3 of the 5 assays, and that increases in mutagenicity were often less than 2-fold the controls and occurred near toxic levels. Bibliographic Information Effect of chemically added zirconia and yttria mechanical properties of zirconia-dispersed alumina. Ranjbar, Khalil; Rao, Boddapati T.; Mohan, Tallapragada R. Rama; Harendranath, Chilkunda S. Dep. Metall. Eng., Indian Inst. Technol., Bombay, India. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (1994), 73(2), 63-6. CODEN: ACSBA7 ISSN: 0002-7812. Journal written in English. CAN 120:171374 AN 1994:171374 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Alumina powders dispersed with monoclinic, tetragonal, and cubic zirconia were prepd. by evapg. a colloidal dispersion of alumina powders in solns. contg. zirconium and yttrium salts. The dried and calcined powders were compacted, sintered, and characterized. The results demonstrated a clear toughening effect by the zirconia on the alumina ceramics. The alumina contg. 20-wt%-yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia had the max. toughness. Bibliographic Information Chemical vapor infiltration of silicon carbide with microwave heating. [Erratum to document cited in CA119(2):13852e]. Morell, Jose I.; Economou, Demetre J.; Amundson, Neal R. Dep. Chem. Eng., Univ. Houston, Houston, TX, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1993), 8(12), 3251. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 120:141948 AN 1994:141948 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The errors were not reflected in the abstr. or the index entries. Bibliographic Information Chemical compatibility between silicon-based and titanium-based ceramics. Wang, L.; Wada, H. Dep. Mater. Sci. Eng., Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Journal of Materials Synthesis and Processing (1993), 1(3), 181-93. CODEN: JMSPEI ISSN: 1064-7562. Journal written in English. CAN 119:277176 AN 1993:677176 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

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The chem. compatibility between Si-based ceramics and Ti-based ceramics was studied to establish guidelines for the processing of related composites. Phase stabilities were calcd. for the Si-Ti-B-C, Si-Ti-B-N, and Si-Ti-B-C-N systems as a function of B activity and N pressure or C activity. SiC is compatible with TiC, TiN, or TiB2, depending on the range of these parameters. Si3N4 and TiN appear to be compatible in a certain range of N2 pressure and C activity, but Si3N4 and pure TiC will not coexist. However, the fact that TiC and TiN can form a solid soln., TiC1-xNx, suggests that Si3N4 and TiC1-xNx may be obsd. in the presence of both C and N2. The Si3N4 + TiB2 2-phase region is limited in such a narrow range of N2 pressure and B activity that processing and application of TiB2/Si3N4 composites would be very difficult. High-temp. solid-state expts. were carried out with selected systems to verify phase stability diagrams. The results of reactions were in agreement with the thermodn. prediction. A high-d. TiB2/SiC composite was prepd. as an example of the application of phase stability diagrams. Bibliographic Information Thermal and acid catalyzed conversion of organic phosphorus compounds. De Lijser, H. J. P.; Mulder, P.; Louw, R. Cent. Chem. Environ., Leiden Univ., Leiden, Neth. Chemosphere (1993), 27(5), 773-8. CODEN: CMSHAF ISSN: 0045-6535. Journal written in English. CAN 119:233159 AN 1993:633159 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The org. P compds. tri-Bu and tri-Me phosphate (I and II, resp.), tri-Me phosphite (III), and di-Me phosphonate (IV) were thermolyzed using a plug flow (gas-phase) reactor. I and II proved to be sensitive to acid (wall) catalysis and can be fully degraded at temps. of .mchlt.400 . III can isomerize to II and IV. In contrast, IV requires a temp. of >750 for complete conversion; admixed with II it counteracts the smooth acid-mediated degrdn. of II. Unlike real thermolysis at elevated temps., preferably in a reducing atm. of hydrogen, mere acid catalysis is not generally applicable for effectively destroying a variety of ecotoxic org. P compds. Bibliographic Information Preparation of uniformly calcia-doped zirconia. Hill, J.; Newhouse, M.; Xue, J.; Dieckmann, R. Dep. Mater. Sci. Eng., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, USA. Journal of Materials Synthesis and Processing (1993), 1(2), 101-9. CODEN: JMSPEI ISSN: 1064-7562. Journal written in English. CAN 119:232072 AN 1993:632072 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The prepn. of dense samples of high-purity zirconia doped with varying, small contents of CaO has been explored by means of traditional ceramic techniques with sintering and hot-pressing as well as a chem. soln. method. First, CaO-doped samples were prepd. by traditional ceramic methods. Their homogeneities were checked by SEM with x-ray mapping. CaO-dopant distribution was not uniform in all samples with overall CaO contents below 7 mol%. The difficulty in prepg. uniformly doped zirconia with small CaO contents led to exploration of the use of chem. soln. processing techniques. When exploring such techniques, the products of each process step were characterized by x-ray diffraction and electron microprobe anal. The characterization results enabled identification of a processing route which is suitable for prepg. dense, high-purity zirconia uniformly doped with CaO at low concns. Bibliographic Information A model for the isothermal isobaric chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) in a straight cylindrical pore. Application to the CVI of silicon carbide. Fedou, R.; Langlais, F.; Naslain, R. Lab. Compos. Thermostruct., CNRS, Pessac, Fr. Journal of Materials Synthesis and Processing (1993), 1(2), 61-74. CODEN: JMSPEI ISSN: 1064-7562. Journal written in English. CAN 119:208796 AN 1993:608796 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A previously described modeling of the chem. vapor infiltration (CVI) process in a straight cylindrical pore is applied to the deposition of SiC-based ceramics from MeSiCl3-H2 in the case of a 1st-order kinetic law with respect to MeSiCl3. The model gives concns. and deposit thickness profiles along the pore at any stage of the densification and, particularly, at the end of the process when the pore becomes sealed. The infiltration homogeneity is predicted to be improved by decreasing the aspect ratio of the pore and the CVI temp. and, under conditions of Fick diffusion, by decreasing the total pressure and the pore diam. The model is validated by the good fit between the deposit thickness profiles along the pore calcd. after adjustment of the kinetic data and exptl. profiles for a 34- m straight pore. Bibliographic Information Nicalon-fiber-reinforced silicon carbide composites via polymer solution infiltration and chemical vapor infiltration. Kim, Young Wook; Song, Jin Soo; Park, Sang Whan; Lee, Juen Gunn. Struct. Ceram. Lab., Korea Inst. Sci. Technol., Seoul, S. Korea. Journal of Materials Science (1993), 28(14), 3866-8. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 119:186895 AN 1993:586895 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A new, faster process was developed for the fabrication of Nicalon-fiber-reinforced SiC composites by combining polymer soln. infiltration (PSI) and chem. vapor infiltration (CVI). The process led to the near-net-shape fabrication of fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites and reduced infiltration time. Typical flexural strength and fracture toughness of these composites were 296 MPa and 10.9 MPa.m1/2 at room temp. and 252 MPa and 9.6 MPa.m1/2 at 1000 , resp. The composites exhibited load-carrying capability after crack initiation. Bibliographic Information The effect of glass chemistry on the microstructure and properties of self reinforced silicon nitride. Pyzik, Aleksander J.; Carroll, Daniel F.; Hwang, C. James. Adv. Ceram. Lab., Dow Chem. Co., Midland, MI, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1993), 287(Silicon Nitride Ceramics), 411-16. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 119:186804 AN 1993:586804 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The advantage of self-reinforced silicon nitride is the in-situ control of the microstructure. This control is provided in large degree by the chem. of glassy phase which can be adjusted to tailor the morphol. of silicon nitride grains as well as the matrix-reinforcement interface. The presence of high aspect ratio silicon nitride grains is necessary but not sufficient condition to produce materials with optimum properties. For max. flexure strength and fracture toughness, an optimized glass matrix is required.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Bibliographic Information Microwave assisted chemical vapor infiltration. Devlin, D. J.; Currier, R. P.; Barbero, R. S.; Espinoza, B. F.; Elliott, N. Mater. Sci. Technol. Div., Los Alamos Natl. Lab., Los Alamos, NM, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1992), 250(Chemical Vapor Deposition of Refractory Metals and Ceramics II), 245-50. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 119:144800 AN 1993:544800 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A microwave-assisted process for prepn. of continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites is described. A simple app. combining a chem.-vapor-infiltration reactor with a conventional 700-W multimode oven is described. Microwave-induced inverted thermal gradients are exploited with the ultimate goal of reducing processing times on complex shapes. Thermal gradients in stacks of SiC (Nicalon) cloths have been measured using optical thermometry. Initial results on the inside-out deposition of SiC via decompn. of MeSiCl3 in H are presented. Several key processing issues are identified and discussed. Bibliographic Information Chemical vapor deposition of multiphase boron-carbon-silicon ceramics. Golda, E. Michael; Gallois, B. Dep. Mater. Sci. Eng., Stevens Inst. Technol., Hoboken, NJ, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1992), 250(Chemical Vapor Deposition of Refractory Metals and Ceramics II), 167-72. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 119:144796 AN 1993:544796 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Specific compns. of boron-carbon-silicon ceramics exhibit improved abrasive wear and good thermal shock resistance, but require bulk sintering at temps. in excess of 2100K. The formation of such phases by CVD was examd. at 1073-1573K. Methyltrichlorosilane (CH3SiCl3), boron trichloride, and methane were chosen as reactant gases, with hydrogen as a carrier gas and diluent. The coatings were deposited in a computer-controlled, hot-wall reactor at a pressure of 33 MPa. Below 1473K the coatings were amorphous. At higher temps. nonequil. reactions controlled the deposition process. The most common coating consisted of a silicon carbide matrix and a silicon boride, SiB6, dispersed phase. Multiphase coatings of B + B4C + SiB6 and SiC + SiB6 + SiB14 were also deposited by controlling the partial pressure of methane and boron trichloride. Non-equil. thermodn. anal. qual. predicted the exptl. deposited multiphase coatings. Bibliographic Information CVD of silicon nitride plate from trichlorosilane-ammonia-hydrogen mixtures. Lennartz, J. W.; Dowell, M. B. Union Carbide Coat. Serv. Corp., Parma, OH, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1992), 250(Chemical Vapor Deposition of Refractory Metals and Ceramics II), 161-6. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 119:144795 AN 1993:544795 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Preferred conditions for deposition of thick -Si3N4 plate from HSiCl3-NH3-H2 on the vertical surfaces of a low-pressure, hotwall CVD reactor were identified by means of a designed expt. The design included temp. range 1300-1500 , pressures 0.52.0 torr, and residence times 0.01-1.0 s. The vertical deposition surfaces received a viscous, laminar flow of well mixed, thermally equilibrated reactants. Plates 0.05-0.5 mm thick were produced on multiple vertical substrates 350 cm2 in area at deposition rates 5-70 m/h. Plates 0.5-4.0 mm thick were produced on horizontal substrates at deposition rates of 60-120 m/h. When NH3 flows in stoichiometric excess, deposition rates on vertical surfaces increase approx. linearly with the flow rate of HSiCl3 but depend little on temp., as would be expected if the reaction proceeds under mass transport control with product depletion. Multiple correlation analyses show that thickness variations in the deposit are reduced by increasing the temp. and decreasing the gas residence time. CVD silicon nitride plate produced under the optimized conditions exhibits theor. d. and is free of pores and cracks. It exhibits a columnar morphol. in which the <222> and <101> crystallog. directions are oriented preferentially normal to a surface, which consists of well-defined trigonal facets 10-50 m across. Crystallite sizes detd. by xray line broadening range from 0.06-1.0 m. This CVD plate is gray and contains approx. 0.5 C and 0.5 wt.% 0 as principal impurities. Bibliographic Information Unequivocal evidence. Black, Robin M.; Pearson, Graham S. Chem. Biol. Def. Estab., Porton/Down/Salisbury Wiltshire, UK. Chemistry in Britain (1993), 29(7), 584-5, 587. CODEN: CHMBAY ISSN: 0009-3106. Journal written in English. CAN 119:123791 AN 1993:523791 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The anal. of chem. warfare agent, Sarin, in the Kurdush village of Birjinni, Iraq, was discussed. Bibliographic Information Bioanalysis of organophosphate nerve agents in soil samples. Sawyer, T. W.; Weiss, M. T. Biomed. Def. Sect., Def. Res. Establ. Suffield, Medicine Hat, AB, Can. Chemosphere (1993), 26(11), 2023-9. CODEN: CMSHAF ISSN: 0045-6535. Journal written in English. CAN 119:94477 AN 1993:494477 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Four soil samples that may have been spiked with chem. warfare (CW) agents and their degrdn. products were received by Defense Research Establishment Suffield as part of a multinational round-robin exercise designed to evaluate lab. methodologies for the chem. detection of CW agents in soil. After chem. anal. revealed that VX (Et S-2-diisopropyl aminoethyl methylphosphorothiolate) was the CW agent "spike", the samples were also bioassayed for their VX content by assessing their anticholinesterase activities in primary chick embryo neuron cultures. Bioassay quantitation of VX contamination in the soil samples was in good agreement with the actual spike levels and generally better than the chem. anal. results. Sequential bioassay of the samples over a two week period showed that the VX content was rapidly degraded with time. This assay complements std. chem. anal. techniques for the detection and verification of organophosphate warfare agent use. Bibliographic Information The effect of trace element segregation to iron/sapphire interfaces. Pope, D. P.; Smith, M. A. Dep. Mater. Sci., Univ. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1992), 238(Structure and Properties of Interfaces in Materials), 427-32. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 119:77041 AN 1993:477041 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Abstract The effects of segregation of tramp impurities such as sulfur on metal/ceramic bonding is discussed. Microstructural and chem. information is given for the Fe/sapphire interface. The segregation behavior of the interface is evaluated between 500-800 . The interfacial structure is important to the segregation behavior. A possible link between the segregation of sulfur and interface void formation is presented. Bibliographic Information Chemical vapor infiltration of silicon carbide with microwave heating. Morell, Jose I.; Economou, Demetre J.; Amundson, Neal R. Dep. Chem. Eng., Univ. Houston, Houston, TX, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1993), 8(5), 1057-67. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 119:13852 AN 1993:413852 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A math. model is presented to describe the interaction between transport/reaction processes and the evolution of porosity in chem. vapor infiltration with microwave heating (MCVI). The anal. includes a set of partial differential equations describing the spatiotemporal variation of gaseous species concn., composite temp., porosity, and stress. Maxwell's equations were used to det. the distribution of power dissipated inside the composite. The deposition of silicon carbide was selected as a model chem. system to explore the general features of MCVI. MCVI can provide a favorable temp. distribution in the composite yielding an inside-out deposition pattern, thereby preventing entrapment of accessible porosity. For this temp. profile, tensile stresses develop at the outer regions and compressive stresses are found in the composite core. For a given system there exists a min. value of the coeff. for heat transfer from the composite surface, h, below which accessible porosity is trapped within the composite. Similarly, there exists a max. value of the incident microwave energy flux, I0, above which accessible porosity is trapped within the composite. I0 and h can be optimized for a given preform to achieve complete densification with min. processing time. Using the technique of pulsed-power, the processing time can be reduced even further without compromising d. uniformity. Power dissipation profiles in the composite depend strongly on preform thickness, microwave frequency, and relative loss factor. Bibliographic Information Permeation measurements of chemical agent simulants through protective clothing materials. Pal, Tarasankar; Griffin, Guy D.; Miller, Gordon H.; Watson, Annetta P.; Daugherty, Mary Lou; Vo Dinh Tuan. Health Saf. Res. Dev., Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Journal of Hazardous Materials (1993), 33(1), 123-41. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 118:239880 AN 1993:239880 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A method was developed to study the permeation of chem. warfare (CW) agent simulants through chem. protective clothing (CPC) materials. The exptl. results characterize some com. available CPC materials. Thirteen different CPC materials having widely differing compns. were chosen to study the permeation of 4 different liq. CW simulants (di-Me methylphosphonate, diisopropyl methylphosphonate, malathion, and Bu2S) through these CPC materials at 25 . This permeation study involved a newly developed anal. technique employing room temp. fluorescence quenching of an indicator compd., phenanthrene, on filter paper. Various exptl. factors such as breakthrough time, rate of permeation, and uptake were investigated. On the basis of breakthrough time, the 13 CPC materials could be divided into 3 groups: most resistant, moderately resistant, and least resistant. Materials in the most resistant category exhibited no permeation by any of the simulants for 24 h. Breakthrough occurred in the least resistant materials in generally less than an hour, and sometimes as soon as a few minutes. Bibliographic Information Interfacial structure of chemical vapor infiltration carbon fiber/silicon carbide composite. Araki, H.; Noda, T.; Abe, F.; Suzuki, H. Tsukuba Lab., Natl. Res. Inst. Met., Tsukuba, Japan. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1992), 11(23), 1582-4. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 118:44089 AN 1993:44089 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The microstructure at the interface in carbon fiber-SiC matrix composites prepd. by chem. vapor infiltration from EtSiCl3 was examd., and the infiltration reaction is discussed. A graphite layer formed on the carbon fiber and the SiC-SiC interface as a result of thermal decompn. of silane gas before SiC infiltration. This graphite layer, of .apprx.500 nm thickness, is assumed to assist in the crystal growth of SiC, leading to structural stability of the composites. Bibliographic Information Comparative evaluation of carbamates as prophylactic agents against organophosphate intoxication in rats. Chatterjee, A. K. Def. Res. Dev. Establ., Gwalior, UK. Defence Science Journal (1992), 42(2), 85-7. CODEN: DSJOAA ISSN: 0011-748X. Journal written in English. CAN 118:34070 AN 1993:34070 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract This paper investigates the effects of two well-known carbamates, physostigmine and pyridostigmine, against organophosphorus compd. and nerve gas toxicity. Physostigmine pretreatment for 30 min enhanced the survival time of rats against DFP intoxication, whereas it did not have any effect with sarin poisoning. However, pyridostigmine pretreatment did not produce any significant effect on survival time either against DFP or sarin intoxication. Treatment with atropine along with carbamates further enhanced significantly the survival time against DFP poisoning. Bibliographic Information On the influence of chemical processing in the crystallization behavior of zirconium titanate materials. Navio, J. A.; Macias, M.; Sanchez-Soto, P. J. Inst. Cienc. Mater., Univ. Sevilla, Seville, Spain. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1992), 11(23), 15702. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 118:26385 AN 1993:26385 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The crystn. phenomena of ZrTiO4 powders prepd. from various gel precursors was related to the chem. processing. Correlation of data from the literature and further expt. indicated that the presence of H2O2 in the chem. processing of the amorphous precursors plays a key role in controlling the crystn. temp. The crystn. temp. can be as low as 640 .

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Effect of dopants on the sintering behavior and stability of tetragonal zirconia ceramics. Theunissen, G. S. A. M.; Winnubst, A. J. A.; Burggraaf, A. J. Fac. Chem. Technol., Univ. Twente, Enschede, Neth. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1992), 9(4), 251-63. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 117:54278 AN 1992:454278 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The microstructure development during nonisothermal and isothermal sintering was studied for tetragonal zirconia ceramics (TZP) contg. various amts. of Y, Ce, and Ti. Smaller grain sizes were obtained when Ce-TZP was doped with Y. This could be attributed to segregation of Y to the grain boundaries, thus causing an impurity drag. With increasing temp., the grain growth rate in the Ce-TZP samples increased which could be attributed to the absence of a dragging force. The slow grain growth at low temp. in the Ce-TZP samples could be attributed to the slow diffusion kinetics of the diffusing species (trivalent and tetravalent Ce). The crit. grain size for retainment of the tetragonal phase at room temp. is larger in the Y,Ce-TZP systems compared to the Y-TZP and Ce-TZP systems. The chem. stability increased by doping Y-TZP with Ce or Ti. Bibliographic Information Free radical-mediated lung response to the monofunctional sulfur mustard butyl 2-chloroethyl sulfide after subcutaneous injection. Elsayed, Nabil M.; Omaye, Stanley T.; Klain, George J.; Korte, Don W., Jr. Letterman Army Inst. Res., Presidio of San Francisco, CA, USA. Toxicology (1992), 72(2), 153-65. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 117:42116 AN 1992:442116 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The authors postulated that vesicants may cause free radical-mediated oxidative stress distal to the site of exposure. To test this postulate in the lung, the authors injected 3 groups of 5-mo-old, male, athymic, nude mice, weighing 30-35 g with a single s.c. dose (5 L/mouse) of Bu 2-chloroethyl sulfide (BCS). Total lung wt. was not altered after treatment, but the wet/dry wt. ratio decreased 18% and Hb content increased 50 and 36% at 1 and 24 h, resp. The activity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase increased significantly, 40% at 1 and 24 h and 84% at 48 h and that of glutathione S-transferases was 60%. Lipid peroxidn. (estd. by the thiobarbituric acid test) and total protein content increased 3-fold and 2-fold, at 1 and 24 h, resp. Total and oxidized glutathione contents were significantly elevated, 38% at 1 h and 64% at 24 h for the former and 45% at 24 h and 56% at 48 h for the latter. Because these changes are consistent with the cellular response to oxidative stress, it is concluded that BCS injected s.c. can cause changes in the lung possibly via a free radical-mediated mechanism. Bibliographic Information Effects of liquid environments on zirconia-toughened alumina. Part I. Chemical stability. Thompson, I.; Rawlings, R. D. Dep. Mater., Imp. Coll. Sci., Technol. Med., London, UK. Journal of Materials Science (1992), 27(10), 2823-30. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 117:32321 AN 1992:432321 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The structural changes which occur in zirconia-toughened alumina when aged in a range of liq. environments (distd. water, ethylene glycol soln., and HCl at room temp., and ethylene glycol soln. at 80 ) are described. The changes were monitored by x-ray diffraction, surface anal., anal. of the aging solns., and microstructural observations. HCl induced significant proportions of the zirconia particles in the zirconia-toughened alumina to transform from the tetragonal to the monoclinic crystal structure. This transformation was accompanied by microcracking which eventually led to macrocracking after long periods of aging. The transformation is a consequence of the leaching of the yttrium from the zirconia particles, thereby reducing their stability. Bibliographic Information Binder chemistry, adhesion and structure of interfaces in thick-film metalized aluminum nitride substrates. Newberg, C. E.; Risbud, S. H. IBM Corp., East Fishkill, NY, USA. Journal of Materials Science (1992), 27(10), 2670-6. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 117:13161 AN 1992:413161 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Aluminum nitride substrates from 3 sources were metalized by std. thick-film processing using gold conductor pastes, Pd-Ag paste, and a ruthenium oxide resistor paste. Screen-printed pastes were fired in a typical 3-zone furnace to obtain metalized AlN substrates. Interfacial reaction zones were studied by microscopic (optical and SEM) and electron beam microprobe anal. techniques. The elements in the binder materials in thick-film pastes form amorphous phases at the interface which influence the adhesion of thick films to the AlN substrate. The lack of certain elements (Cd, Zn, Ca) in the binder of the gold thick-film paste led to weaker adhesion and severe degrdn. of the thick-film adhesion during thermal cycling. Bibliographic Information Preparation and characterization of a dispersion toughened ceramic for thermomechanical uses (ZTA). Part I. Material preparation. Characterization of microstructure. Leriche, A.; Moortgat, G.; Cambier, F.; Homerin, P.; Thevenot, F.; Orange, G.; Fantozzi, G. CRIBC, Mons, Belg. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1992), 9(3), 169-76. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 09552219. Journal written in English. CAN 117:13037 AN 1992:413037 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA) materials contg. increasing amts. of zirconia (5-45 vol.%) and yttria (0-3 mol% zirconia) were prepd. from com. ceramic powders by different techniques of homogenization, shaping, and sintering. The powder mixts. were homogenized by a chem. method (addn. of dispersing agents at fixed pH), by a mech. method (attrition milling) and by combining the methods. The materials were formed and sintered by shaping by isostatic pressing or slip casting, followed by pressureless sintering, and by hot uniaxial pressing. The phys., crystallog. and microstructural properties of the materials prepd. following these different techniques are compared. The combined chem. and mech. dispersion method leads to the fabrication of dense composites presenting a fine and homogeneous zirconia dispersion required for effective toughening of the alumina matrix. The addn. of 3 mol% of yttria allows maintenance of a high tetragonal zirconia content because of a chem. stabilization of tetragonal zirconia and of a decrease of zirconia grain size. As the hot-pressing technique impedes the grain coarsening, the hot-pressed materials present the finest microstructure mainly for the compns. with <20 vol.% zirconia. The zirconia and alumina grain size vary from 0.5 to 0.9 m and from 0.9 to 1.6 m, resp., following the compn. Pressureless sintered materials also present a fine microstructure with submicron zirconia grains (0.6 m-0.9 m) and micron size alumina grains (1.0-1.9 m). These ZTA materials present all the microstructural characteristics necessary to obtain high mech. performances. The addn. of 3 mol% of yttria allows an increase of the zirconia content ( 45 vol.%) without a decrease of the relative tetragonal zirconia ratio occurring.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Bibliographic Information Adsorption and decomposition of organophosphorus compounds on nanoscale metal oxide particles. In situ GC-MS studies of pulsed microreactions over magnesium oxide. Li, Yong Xi; Koper, Olga; Atteya, Maher; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Dep. Chem., Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS, USA. Chemistry of Materials (1992), 4(2), 323-30. CODEN: CMATEX ISSN: 0897-4756. Journal written in English. CAN 116:200414 AN 1992:200414 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Using an in-situ pulse reactor-GC-mass spectrometric system, the thermal decompn. of organophosphorus compds. (as models of nerve agents) were compared with their destructive absorption on high-surface-area MgO. Dramatically lower temps. are required when MgO is present. Volatile products evolved were HCO2H, water, alcs., and alkenes. At higher temps., CO, CH4, and water predominated. The P residues remained completely immobilized. The addn. of water enhanced the facility of MgO to destroy these compds., and, in fact, water pulses were found to partially regenerate a spent MgO bed. Using 18O labeling, some aspects of the reaction mechanisms were clarified and in particular showed that O scrambling occurred. Surface OH and MgO groups transferred O in the formation of HCO2H, and the surface mobility and reactivity of absorbed groups were high. The substantial capacity of high-surface-area MgO for destruction and immobilization of such toxic substances makes it attractive for air purifn. schemes, as well as solid reagents for destruction and immobilization of bulk quantities of hazardous P compds. or organohalides. Bibliographic Information -(N,N-Dialkylamino)ethyl arylthiosulfonates: new simulants for O-ethyl S-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothioate. Davis, Franklin A.; Ray, Jayanta K.; Kasperowicz, Steve; Przeslawski, Robert M.; Durst, H. Dupont. Dep. Chem., Drexel Univ., Philadelphia, PA, USA. Journal of Organic Chemistry (1992), 57(9), 2594-9. CODEN: JOCEAH ISSN: 0022-3263. Journal written in English. CAN 116:193819 AN 1992:193819 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Certain S-[2-(dialkylamino)]ethyl benzenesulfonothioates 4-XC6H4SO2SCH2CH2NR2 (I; X = Me, F; R = Me2CH) were prepd. as simulants for O-Et S-[(diisopropylamino)ethyl]methylphosphonothioate (VX) a chem. warfare nerve agent. I are useful simulants for the hydrolysis or oxidn. chem. of VX. Bibliographic Information Dissolution of sintered silicon nitride bulk specimens for elemental analysis. Homeier, E. H.; Bradley, S. A.; Karasek, K. R. UOP, Des Plaines, IL, USA. Journal of Materials Science (1992), 27(5), 1231-4. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 116:179524 AN 1992:179524 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Heating bulk, sintered Si3N4 samples in an aq. HF-HCl mixt. decomps. the Si3N4. Subsequent addn. of H2SO4 and volatilization of fluorides enables total dissoln. of the bulk specimens for anal. The elemental compns. that were detd. by inductively coupled plasma at. emission and at. absorption spectrometries agreed with the nominal sample compn. and confirmed analyses performed by scanning TEM. Neutron activation detns. on the same samples are not believed to be as accurate as the spectrometric detns. Furthermore, the precision of the neutron activation measurements were less satisfactory, esp. for key elements such as Y. Bibliographic Information Comparison of several oximes against poisoning by soman, tabun and GF. Lundy, Paul M.; Hansen, Arnold S.; Hand, Brian T.; Boulet, Camille A. Def. Res. Establ. Suffield, Ralston, AB, Can. Toxicology (1992), 72(1), 99-105. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 116:168061 AN 1992:168061 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Three oximes currently being evaluated for adoption as replacement nerve agent therapy by various countries were compared for therapeutic efficacy against the toxic organophosphate inhibitors soman and tabun under a std. set of conditions. These oximes together with PAM-Cl and toxogonin, were also compared for efficacy against GF, an agent weaponized by Iraq. The order of effectiveness against soman was HI 6 > HLoe 7 > pyrimidoxine. Hloe 7 was very effective against tabun poisoning while HI 6 and pyrimidoxime were of moderate value. Against GF, HI 6 and HLoe 7 were extremely effective, toxogonin was moderately effective, and PAM-Cl and pyrimidoxime were the least effective. HI-6 provided a high level of protection against all of the agents tested as did HLoe-7 to a slightly lesser degree. The other oximes lacked the effects against one or more of the organophosphates. Bibliographic Information Chemical vapor deposition of copper via disproportionation of hexafluoroacetylacetonato(1,5-cyclooctadiene)copper(I), (hfac)Cu(1,5-COD). Jain, A.; Chi, K. M.; Hampden-Smith, M. J.; Kodas, T. T.; Farr, J. D.; Paffett, M. F. Dep. Chem. Eng., Univ. New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1992), 7(2), 261-4. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 116:111299 AN 1992:111299 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Hot- and cold-wall chem.-vapor deposition (CVD) using the volatile Cu(I) compd. (hfac)Cu(1,5-COD), where hfac = 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoroacetylacetonate and 1,5-COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene, as a precursor was carried out in hot-wall and warmwall, lamp-heated reactors using SiO2 substrates that were patterned with Pt or W at 120 -250 . Deposition was obsd. onto Pt, W, and SiO2 over this temp. range at rates of 3750 .ANG./min to give Cu films that contained no impurities detectable by AES and with resistivities of 1.9-5.7 ohm-cm. The volatile byproducts formed during deposition were 1,5-COD and Cu(hfac)2 and a mass balance was consistent with the quant. disproportionation reaction: 2(hfac)Cu(1,5-COD) Cu + Cu(hfac)2 + 2(1,5-COD). The measured activation energy for this CVD reaction was 26(2) kcal/mol. The absence of selectivity for metal surfaces in the presence of SiO2 is in contrast to CVD results for the related compds. ( -diketonate)Cu(PMe3) where diketonate = hfac, 1,1,1-trifluoroacetylacetonate, and acetylacetonate (acac). Bibliographic Information Bioassay of organophosphate nerve agents in soil using neuronal tissue cultures. Sawyer, Thomas W.; Weiss, M. Tracy; D'Agostino, Paul A.; Provost, Lionel R.; Hancock, James R. Def. Res. Establ. Suffield, Medicine Hat, AB, Can. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1992), 12(1), 1-6. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 116:105057 AN 1992:105057

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CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A soil sample originating from an area of suspected chem. warfare activity was subjected to chem. anal. and bioassay. Sarin and several related compds. were confirmed in the soil by capillary column gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); however, the binding of these compds. to the soil hindered quantitation. The chem. results were then compared to those obtained by bioassay in primary cultures of chick embryo forebrain neurons. By comparing the sample's anticholinesterase activity against those of purified stds. in chick embryo neuron cultures, a reasonable agreement was found between the chem. and bioassay semiquant. ests. of sarin content in the soil ext. Furthermore, the in-vitro system appears to offer a sensitive technique for the estn. of sarin remaining bound to the soil following solvent extn. as well as for an assessment of the potential toxicity of the contaminated soil in vivo. Bibliographic Information Pharmacological effects of oximes: how relevant are they?. van Helden H P; Busker R W; Melchers B P; Bruijnzeel P L Department of Pharmacology, TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory, Rijswijk, The Netherlands Archives of toxicology (1996), 70(12), 779-86. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE); General Review; (REVIEW); (REVIEW, TUTORIAL) written in English. PubMed ID 8911635 AN 97068325 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The increased international concern about the threat of military and terroristic use of nerve agents, prompted us to critically consider the expected value of the currently available oxime treatment of nerve agent poisoning. Although oximes have been designed to reactivate the inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE), clinical experience has indicated that they are not always very effective as reactivators and at this very moment none of them can be regarded as a broad-spectrum antidote. In spite of this drawback, oximes are worth further investigating, since recent data derived from soman or tabun lethally intoxicated nonhuman primates suggest that the oxime HI-6 may exert a pharmacological effect that is not related to reactivation of inhibited AChE, but still leads to survival. This pharmacological effect causes recovery of neuronal transmission in the respiratory centres of the brain and recovery of neuromuscular transmission in the diaphragm. These findings have stimulated research to reveal the pharmacological basis of these effects in order to find drugs which could be more effective and less toxic than the available oximes. Since cholinergic drugs were able to exert this effect, a new concept for further treatment is suggested: maintenance of neuronal transmission in spite of continued AChE-inhibition by pharmacological manipulation of the cholinergic receptor. This should renew interest in the diverse pharmacological effects of oximes to reach a more effective treatment in the future. Bibliographic Information Evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of some antimuscarinics against soman in vivo. Lau W M; Lewis K J; Dawson R M Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory, Defence Science and Technology Organization, Department of Defence, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1996 Sep-Oct), 16(5), 423-30. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8889794 AN 97044723 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The therapeutic efficacy of tacrine, atropine and glycopyrrolate alone or in combination with the oxime HI-6 against soman was evaluated in anaesthetized rats. Arterial blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory frequency and body temperature were monitored in vivo. Blood cholinesterases were determined after each drug or soman challenge. At the lowest concentration tested (2.5 mg kg-1), tacrine was effective in improving the survivability of the rat by a factor of 2.6 (protection ratio), whereas the protection by atropine or glycopyrrolate was either insignificant or only marginally effective (protection ratio ranged from 1.0 to 1.9). In combination with HI-6, atropine increased the ratio to 4.6. In contrast, tacrine with HI-6 failed to improve the efficacy of the regimen, while glycopyrrolate plus HI-6 showed only slight improvement. The four physiological parameters monitored were relatively constant during the time course of the experiment in both the control and those with drug therapy. The more noticeable changes occurred toward the end of the experiment when sufficient amount of soman was injected to cause lethality. Death of the animal was usually preceded by a surge of arterial blood pressure and heart rate and a decrease in respiratory frequency. These physiological parameters rapidly deteriorated to zero just before the animal died. Blood and plasma cholinesterases were significantly inhibited after the animal received a relatively small dose of soman (20 micrograms kg-1) and were almost completely inactivated after the lethal dose of soman was administered. However, these changes of enzyme activity did not correspond well with the survivability of the rat. The inclusion of HI-6 with the three antimuscarinics appeared to be capable of protecting some cholinesterases against soman. Bibliographic Information Efficacy of ibuprofen and pentoxifylline in the treatment of phosgene-induced acute lung injury. Sciuto A M; Stotts R R; Hurt H H Pathophysiology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1996 Sep-Oct), 16(5), 381-4. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8889788 AN 97044717 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Phosgene, a highly reactive former warfare gas, is a deep lung irritant which produces adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)-like symptoms following inhalation. Death caused by phosgene involves a latent, 6-24-h, fulminating non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. The following dose-ranging study was designed to determine the efficacy of a non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug, ibuprofen (IBU), and a methylxanthine, pentoxifylline (PTX). These drugs were tested singly and in combination to treat phosgene-induced acute lung injury in rats. Ibuprofen, in concentrations of 15-300 mg kg-1 (i.p.), was administered to rats 30 min before and 1 h after the start of whole-body exposure to phosgene (80 mg m-3 for 20 min). Pentoxifylline, 10-120 mg kg-1 (i.p.), was first administered 15 min prior to phosgene exposure and twice more at 45 and 105 min after the start of exposure. Five hours after phosgene inhalation, rats were euthanized, the lungs were removed and wet weight values were determined gravimetrically. Ibuprofen administered alone significantly decreased lung wet weight to body weight ratios compared with controls (P < or = 0.01) whereas PTX, at all doses tested alone, did not. In addition, the decrease in lung wet weight to body weight ratio observed with IBU+PTX could be attributed entirely to the dose of IBU employed. This is the first study to show that pre- and post-treatment with IBU can significantly reduce lung edema in rats exposed to phosgene. Bibliographic Information Subchronic toxicity evaluation of sulfur mustard in rats. Sasser L B; Miller R A; Kalkwarf D R; Cushing J A; Dacre J C Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352-0999, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1996 Jan-Feb), 16(1), 5-13. Journal

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code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8821670 AN 96418885 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Occupational exposure criteria have not been established for sulfur mustard (bis(2-chlorethyl) sulfide), a strong alkylating agent with known mutagenic properties. Seventy-two Sprague-Dawley rats of each sex, 6-7 weeks old, were divided into six groups (12 of each sex per group) and gavaged with 0, 0.003, 0.01, 0.03, 0.1 or 0.3 mg kg-1 sulfur mustard in sesame oil for 5 days a week for 13 weeks. No dose-related mortality was observed. A significant decrease (P > 0.05) in body weight was observed in both sexes of rats only in the 0.3 mg kg-1 group. Hematological evaluations and clinical chemistry measurements found non consistent treatment-related effects at the doses studied. The only treatment-related lesion associated with gavage exposure upon histopathological evaluation was epithelial hyperplasia of the forestomach of both sexes at 0.3 mg kg-1 and of males at 0.1 mg kg-1. The hyperplastic change was minimal and characterized by cellular disorganization of the basilar layer, apparent increase in mitotic activity of the basilar epithelial cells and thickening of the epithelial layer due to the apparent increase in cellularity. The estimated no-observed-effect level (NOEL) for sulfur mustard in this 90-day study was 0.1 mg kg-1 day-1 when administered orally. Bibliographic Information Acute toxicity of cyclohexylmethylphosphonofluoridate (CMPF) in rhesus monkeys: serum biochemical and hematologic changes. Young G D; Koplovitz I U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425, USA Archives of toxicology (1995), 69(6), 379-83. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 7495375 AN 96114840 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Changes in serum biochemical and hematological parameters were studied in 20 male rhesus monkeys following acute poisoning by the organophosphate nerve agent cyclohexylmethylphosphonofluoridate (CMPF or GF). Animals were challenged with 5 x LD50 GF (233 micrograms/kg, IM) following pretreatment with pyridostigmine (0.3-0.7 mg/kg per 24 h) and treated with atropine (0.4 mg/kg, IM) and either 2-PAM (25.7 mg/kg, IM) or H16 (37.8 mg/kg, IM) at the onset of clinical signs or at 1 min after exposure. Muscle fasciculations, tremors, or convulsions occurred in 19 of 20 animals. Serum biochemical and hematologic parameters were analyzed 2 days and 7 days after exposure and compared to pre-exposure baseline values. Significant increases in creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LD), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and potassium ion (K+), associated with damage to striated muscle and metabolic acidosis, occurred in both oxime-treated groups 2 days after exposure. Total protein, albumin, red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin concentration (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct), were decreased in both oxime-treated groups at 7 days. The results demonstrate that animals exposed to a single high dose of GF and treated with standard therapy exhibit changes in serum biochemical and hematological indices directly and indirectly associated with their clinical presentations. Bibliographic Information Production, characterization and application of monoclonal antibodies against the organophosphorus nerve agent Vx. Ci Y X; Zhou Y X; Guo Z Q; Rong K T; Chang W B Department of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, China Archives of toxicology (1995), 69(8), 565-7. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8534201 AN 96036122 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Two monoclonal antibodies (Vx-BB8 and Vx-EA11) to the chemical warfare agent Vx were produced and characterized. A competitive inhibition enzyme immunoassay was developed to detect Vx concentrations as low as 3.7 x 10(-7) - 3.7 x 10(-6) mol/l in biological samples. Vx-BB8 400 micrograms given intravenously immediately before 1 x LD95 Vx or 400 micrograms Vx-BB8 intraperitoneally 1.5 h-3 days before 1 x LD95 Vx could protect all the tested mice from death. Bibliographic Information Toxicity of sulphur mustard in adult rat lung organ culture. Sawyer T W; Wilde P E; Rice P; Weiss M T Medical Countermeasures Section, Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Alberta, Canada Toxicology (1995 Jun 26), 100(1-3), 3949. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 7542806 AN 95350771 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The toxicity of the chemical warfare agent sulphur mustard, (bis-(2-chloroethyl)sulphide, HD), was examined in adult rat lung organ cultures. Assessment of HD-induced damage by the MTT cytotoxicity assay indicated that the median lethal concentration (LC50) of HD in these cultures was reproducible, and in the microM range. Damage to the lung slices was expressed only after a latent period of 48 h and did not increase significantly with longer expression times. Histopathological examination of HD-treated lung cultures showed that the structural changes in the lung tissue paralleled the toxicity measured biochemically, and were also similar to the damage found in animals and man exposed to HD in vivo. This in vitro model offers a useful tool with which to study the toxicity and mechanism of action of sulphur mustard. Bibliographic Information Toxicity of the combined nerve agents GB/GF in mice: efficacy of atropine and various oximes as antidotes. Clement J G Biomedical Defence Section, Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Ralston, Canada Archives of toxicology (1994), 68(1), 64-6. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8166607 AN 94219995 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The toxicity of a combination of isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (sarin; GB) and cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate (GF) and the efficacy of various oxime reactivators in combination with atropine against the combined GB/GF challenge were evaluated in mice. The 24-h s.c. LD50 of the GB/GF combination was 1.15 mumol/kg (1.10-1.21; 95% confidence limits). Mice administered GB/GF displayed typical signs of nerve agent poisoning such as tremors and convulsions, with death most likely due to anoxia subsequent to respiratory arrest. The GB/GF LD50 value was comparable to the s.c. LD50 of 1.35 and 1.21 mumol/kg for GF and GB in mice, respectively. Combining the two nerve agents did not result in potentiation of the toxicity. In combination with atropine sulfate (17.4 mg/kg, i.p.), which alone did not reduce mortality, the oximes tested, 2-PAM, obidoxime and HI-6, were all effective when administered 5 min before 3 x LD50 dose of GB/GF with 24-h ED50 values of 102.5, 18.22 and 1.96 mumol/kg, respectively. Use of the GB/GF combination does not appear to confer any unique toxicity profile and appears to be easily treated with the standard therapy of a cholinolytic and oxime.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Bibliographic Information Toxicokinetics of soman stereoisomers after subcutaneous administration to atropinized guinea pigs. Due A H; Trap H C; Langenberg J P; Benschop H P TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory, Rijswijk, The Netherlands Archives of toxicology (1994), 68(1), 60-3. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8166606 AN 94219994 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The toxicokinetics of the four stereoisomers of the nerve agent C(+/-)P(+/-)-soman were investigated after subcutaneous administration of a 6 LD50 dose (148 micrograms/kg) to anaesthetized, atropinized, and artificially ventilated guinea pigs. Whereas the relatively nontoxic C(+/-)P(+)-isomers were not detected in blood, the highly toxic C(+/-)P(-)-isomers appeared within 1 min in the general circulation and reached maximum levels of 10-15 ng/ml blood within a period of ca. 7 min. In this absorption phase the blood levels of the C(+)P(-)-isomer lag clearly behind those of the C(-)P(-)-isomer. The blood levels of both C(+/-)P(-)-isomers could be mathematically described using non-linear regression by a three-exponential equation, with one exponential term describing the rapid absorption phase and the other two terms describing distribution and elimination. A comparison with the toxicokinetics of the same isomers upon intravenous administration of the same dose shows that the systemic availability upon subcutaneous administration is in the range of 74-83%. Toxicologically relevant concentrations of the C(+/-)P(-)-isomers prevail almost twice as long after subcutaneous than after intravenous administration. From a toxicokinetic point of view, subcutaneous administration of C(+/-)P(+/-)-soman appears not to be a realistic model for the most relevant route of exposure to C(+/-)P(+/-)-soman in case of chemical warfare, i.e. short term respiratory exposure. Bibliographic Information Genotoxicity of the phosphoramidate agent tabun (GA). Wilson B W; Kawakami T G; Cone N; Henderson J D; Rosenblatt L S; Goldman M; Dacre J C Department of Avian Sciences, University of California, Davis 95616-5224 Toxicology (1994 Jan 26), 86(1-2), 1-12. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8134917 AN 94182225 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Five mutagenicity tests were performed on Agent GA (Tabun, phosphoramidocyanidic acid, dimethyl-, ethyl ester) as part of a program to demilitarize chemical warfare agents. GA was mutagenic in Salmonella spp. assays with S-9 and it was a directacting mutagen to mouse lymphoma cells. GA did not promote unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes; it induced sister chromatid exchanges in mouse cells in vitro but in vivo. The conclusion that GA is a weakly acting mutagen is supported by the fact that it was mutagenic in only three of the five assays, and that increases in mutagenicity were often less than 2-fold the controls and occurred near toxic levels. Bibliographic Information Evaluation of the toxicity, pathology, and treatment of cyclohexylmethylphosphonofluoridate (CMPF) poisoning in rhesus monkeys. Koplovitz I; Gresham V C; Dochterman L W; Kaminskis A; Stewart J R US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425 Archives of toxicology (1992), 66(9), 622-8. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 1482284 AN 93129117 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Cyclohexylmethylphosphonofluoridate (CMPF) is an organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor with military significance. The purpose of these studies was 1) to determine the acute toxicity of CMPF in the male rhesus monkey, 2) to evaluate the efficacy of pyridostigmine (PYR) pretreatment plus atropine and oxime (2-PAM or H16) treatment, and 3) to evaluate the pathological consequences of acute poisoning. An i.m. LD50 of CMPF was estimated using an up-and-down dose selection procedure and 12 animals. The 48-h and 7-day LD50 was 46.6 micrograms/kg, i.m. In the protection experiments, pyridostigmine (0.3-0.7 mg/kg/24 h) was administered by surgically implanted osmotic minipumps for 3-12 days resulting in 21-65% inhibition of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity. Animals were challenged with 5 x L50 CMPF (233 micrograms/kg) and treated with atropine (0.4 mg/kg) and either 2-PAM (25.7 mg/kg) or HI6 (37.8 mg/kg) at the onset of signs or 1 min after challenge. Osmotic pumps were removed within 30 min after agent challenge. Pyridostigmine, atropine, and either 2-PAM or H16 were completely effective against CMPF, saving ten of ten animals in each group. In comparison, three of five animals challenged with 5 x LD50 of soman and treated with atropine and 2-PAM survived 7 days. The primary histologic lesions in the acute toxicity group were neuronal degeneration/necrosis and spinal cord hemorrhage. The CMPF treated groups (total of 20 animals) had minimal nervous system changes with no significant lesion difference resulting from the different oxime therapies. The primary non-neural lesions were degenerative cardiomyopathy and skeletal muscle degeneration which occasionally progressed to necrosis and mineralization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Bibliographic Information Efficacy of various oximes against GF (cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate) poisoning in mice. Clement J G Biomedical Defence Section, Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Ralston, Alta., Canada Archives of toxicology (1992), 66(2), 143-4. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 1605730 AN 92296882 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The efficacy of oxime (HI-6, toxogonin or PAM Cl) therapy against GF (cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate) poisoning was assessed in mice. It was found that the combinations of atropine and either toxogonin or HI-6 were effective therapies against GF poisoning. PAM therapy was ineffective. HI-6 was the only oxime which reactivated GF inhibited acetylcholinesterase. This might explain the reason why the HI-6 treated mice appeared to recover more quickly from the incapacitating effects following GF poisoning. Bibliographic Information Bioassay of organophosphate nerve agents in soil using neuronal tissue cultures. Sawyer T W; Weiss M T; D'Agostino P A; Provost L R; Hancock J R Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Alberta, Canada Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1992 Feb), 12(1), 1-6. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 1564246 AN 92226402 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A soil sample originating from an area of suspected chemical warfare activity was subjected to chemical analysis and bioassay.

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Sarin and several related compounds were confirmed in the soil by capillary column gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); however, the binding of these compounds to the soil hindered quantitation. The chemical results were then compared to those obtained by bioassay in primary cultures of chick embryo forebrain neurons. By comparing the sample's anticholinesterase activity against those of purified standards in chick embryo neuron cultures, a reasonable agreement was found between the chemical and bioassay semi-quantitative estimates of sarin content in the soil extract. Furthermore, the in vitro system appears to offer a sensitive technique for the estimation of sarin remaining bound to the soil following solvent extraction as well as for an assessment of the potential toxicity of the contaminated soil in vivo. Bibliographic Information Comparison of several oximes against poisoning by soman, tabun and GF. Lundy P M; Hansen A S; Hand B T; Boulet C A Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Ralston, Alberta, Canada Toxicology (1992), 72(1), 99-105. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 1539175 AN 92169690 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Three oximes currently being evaluated for adoption as replacement nerve agent therapy by various countries were compared for therapeutic efficacy against the toxic organophosphate inhibitors soman and tabun under a standard set of conditions. These oximes together with PAM-Cl and toxogonin, were also compared for efficacy against GF, an agent weaponized by Iraq. The order of effectiveness against soman was HI-6 greater than HLo-7 greater than pyrimidoxime. HLo-7 was very effective against tabun poisoning while HI-6 and pyrimidoxime were of moderate value. Against GF, HI-6 and HLo-7 were extremely effective, toxogonin was moderately effective, and PAM-Cl and pyrimidoxime were the least effective. HI-6 provided a high level of protection against all of the agents tested as did HLo-7 to a slightly lesser degree. The other oximes suffered from their lack of effects against one or more of the organophosphates.

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Bibliographic Information Aluminum nitride defect chemistry dependence on sintering atmosphere. Chang, E. K.; Kirschner, M. J. BOC Group Technical Cent., Murray Hill, NJ, USA. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1996), 15(18), 1580-1581. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 125:282600 AN 1996:614771 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review, with 12 refs., of equations explaining theor. relations between aluminum nitride defect chem. and sintering atm. Bibliographic Information Microstructure, chemical reaction and mechanical properties of TiC/Si3N4 and TiN-coated TiC/Si3N4 composites. Huang, JowLay; Lee, Ming-Tung; Lu, Horng-Hwa; Lii, Ding-Fwu. Dep. Material Science Eng., National Cheng-Kung Univ., Tainan, Taiwan. Journal of Materials Science (1996), 31(18), 4899-4906. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 125:254919 AN 1996:610489 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Silicon nitride contg. various compns. of as-received TiC and TiN-coated TiC, were hot pressed at 1800 C for 1 h in a nitrogen atm. In TiN-coated TiC/Si3N4 composites, TiC reacted first with the TiN coating to form a titanium carbonitride interlayer at 1450 C, which essentially reduced further reactions between TiC and Si3N4 and enhanced densification. TiN-coated TiC/Si3N4 composites exhibited better densification, hardness, flexural strength and fracture toughness than those of as-received TiC/ Si3N4. The toughening mechanisms for as-received TiC/Si3N4 and TiN-coated TiC/Si3N4 composite were attributed to crack deflection, load transfer and crack interference by the compressive thermal residual stress. Bibliographic Information Wet chemical synthesis of ZrO2-SiO2 composite powders. Wang, Shi-Wei; Huang, Xiao-Xian; Guo, Jing-Kun. Shanghai Inst. Ceramics, Chinese Academy Sciences, Shanghai, Peop. Rep. China. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1996), 16(10), 1057-1061. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 125:254896 AN 1996:596753 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Gels of compn. xZrO2(I-x)SiO2, with x = 10, 20, 30 and 40 vol.%, have been prepd. by a wet chem. method using fumed silica and zirconyl chloride as precursors. Thermogravimetric anal. and differential thermal anal. (DTA) show that wt. loss is caused by release of the absorbed water and decompn. of the Zr(OH)4 gels. Gels were heat-treated for 2 h at 500, 700, 900, 1100 and 1350 C, and the products examd. using IR spectroscopy. The increasing intensity of the peak at 800 cm-1 in the IR spectra with increasing temp. is attributed to the formation of Si-O-Si bonds among different SiO2 particles, which means that the SiO2 particles grow bigger with increasing temp. The DTA exothermic peak as well as the IR results reveal that the crystn. of tetragonal zirconia (t-ZrO2) begins at about 900 C, which is confirmed by x-ray diffraction (XRD). XRD curves also suggest that the silica matrix contributes to the thermal stability of t-ZrO2. The stability of t-ZrO2 is interpreted by the particlesize effect. Bibliographic Information Structure-property relationship of ceramic coatings produced by laser processing. De Hosson, J. Th. M.; Zhou, X. B. Dep. Applied Physics, Univ. Groningen, Groningen, Neth. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1996), 397(Advanced Laser Processing of Materials--Fundamentals and Applications), 537-542. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 125:306847 AN 1996:579019 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract This paper deals with a well known puzzling observation that wetting in some instances is improved by a chem. reaction between a liq. and a solid substrate in laser processing while in other systems just the opposite effect takes place. Contact angles of liq. Al on SiO2 and liq. Ti on Al2O3 are reported and some results of laser melt injection of SiO2 particles into molten Al. The surface and interface structures were explored by SEM and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry. According to the exptl. observations, it appears that the vol. change of ceramic substrates during reaction plays a key role in the effect of chem. reaction on wetting.

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Mechanical and thermal properties of SiC-SiC composites made with CVR SiC fibers. Kowbel, W.; Tsou, H. T.; Bruce, C. A.; Withers, J. C. MER Corp., Tucson, AZ, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1996), 410(Covalent Ceramics III--Science and Technology of Non-Oxides), 417-422. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 125:202665 AN 1996:502987 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Nicalon fiber is the primary reinforcement in SiC-SiC composites currently produced by a variety of techniques including CVI and polymer infiltration. Low strength retention and dimensional change at high temps. of the Nicalon fibers limits the choice of manufg. processes which can be employed to produce low cost SiC-SiC composites. MER has developed a SiC reinforcement based upon the conversion of low cost carbon fabric to SiC via a Chem. Vapor Reaction (CVR) process. These new SiC filaments exhibit excellent creep resistance at temps. up to 1600 C. SiC-SiC composites were fabricated using different types of graphite fabric converted to SiC fabric utilizing the CVR process combined with a polycarbosilane (PCS) infiltration and CVI densification. In addn., enhancement of the composite through-the-thickness thermal cond. was accomplished via boron doping of the matrix. A correlation between processing conditions, microstructure and properties of the SiC-SiC composites will be presented. Bibliographic Information The influence of surface kinetics in modeling chemical vapor deposition processes in porous preforms. Dekker, J. P.; Moene, R.; Schoonman, J. Lab. Appl. Inorg. Chem., Delft Univ. Technol., Delft, Neth. Journal of Materials Science (1996), 31(11), 3021-3033. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 125:65201 AN 1996:378298 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The isothermal chem. vapor infiltration (ICVI) process is a well known technique for the prodn. of composites and the surface modification of porous preforms. Math. modeling of the process can provide a better understanding of the influence of individual process parameters on the deposition characteristics such as final porosity or deposition profiles in the pore network. The influence of different rate expressions for several binary compds. on the ICVI process is discussed. Exptl. work is used to validate the importance of correct kinetic expressions in a continuous ICVI model for cylindrical pores. The predicted infiltration characteristics are compared with exptl. results. The final densification and Thiele modulus, i.e. a no. which is a measure for the diffusion limitations in a pore, are used for the evaluation of the presented model, and conditions are given for an optimal densification of a porous preform by the ICVI process for several binary compds. The deposition profiles as predicted by the model calcns. are in agreement with the exptl. detd. deposition profiles of TiN and TiC in small tubes. Moreover, it can be concluded that the shape of the deposition profiles is detd. by the heterogeneous reaction kinetics. There is only a qual. agreement between the predicted densification and measured densification for the synthesis of TiN and TiB2 in sintered porous alumina. This mismatch can be explained in terms of a complexity of the pore network and differences in reaction kinetics. Model calcns. reveal that there is a scattering for the predicted residual porosity as a function of the Thiele modulus for TiN. Moreover, this Thiele modulus can not fully account for the changes in densification at different temps. Given these uncertainties it is likely that a residual porosity of less than one percent can be obtained if the Thiele modulus is smaller than 1 10-4. However, a CVI process with such a small Thiele modulus will not be practical, because of the concomitant long process times. Therefore, more precise conditions for the individual process parameters, i.e. concn., reactor pressure, and temp. are deduced from the model calcns. Bibliographic Information Pressure-pulsed chemical vapor infiltration of TiN into SiC particulate preforms. Sugiyama, K.; Sugata, M. Dep. Appl. Chem., Aichi Inst. Technol., Toyota, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1996), 31(11), 2945-2949. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 00222461. Journal written in English. CAN 125:65198 AN 1996:378286 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract SiC particulate preforms were infiltrated by TiN matrix from a gas mixt. of TiCl4 (5%), nitrogen (30%) and hydrogen using a repeating pressure pulse between 760 and about 1 torr. SiC particle sizes of 5 and 20 m were used. For matrix packing into deep level, optimum temp. was detd. between 800 and 850 , and the max. packing ratio reached 67% after 4 104 pulses at 850 . The increase of TiCl4 concn. to 10% resulted in higher deposition rate and packing ratio. The decrease of nitrogen concn. led to slower deposition, i.e., a similar effect to temp. lowering. The max. flexural strength measured was 140 MPa. Bibliographic Information Synthesis of mullite coatings by chemical vapor deposition. Mulpuri, Rao P.; Sarin, Vinod K. Dep. Mfg. Eng., Boston Univ., Boston, MA, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1996), 11(6), 1315-1324. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 125:39956 AN 1996:366859 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Formation of mullite on ceramic substrates via chem. vapor deposition was investigated. Mullite is a solid soln. of Al2O3 and SiO2 with a compn. of 3Al2O3 2SiO2. Thermodn. calcns. performed on the AlCl3-SiCl4-CO2-H2 system were used to construct equil. chem. vapor deposition (CVD) phase diagrams. With the aid of these diagrams and consideration of kinetic rate limiting factors, initial process parameters were detd. Through process optimization, cryst. CVD mullite coatings have been successfully grown on SiC and Si3N4 substrates. Results from the thermodn. anal., process optimization, and effect of various process parameters on deposition rate and coating morphol. are discussed. Bibliographic Information Mixed chromium and aluminum oxides elaborated by a sol-gel process. I. Chemistry of the preparation. Rezgui, Saloua; Ghorbel, Abdelhamid; Henry, Marc. Lab. Chimie Materiaux Catalyse, Dep. Chimie, Tunisia. Journal of Materials Synthesis and Processing (1995), 3(6), 371-376. CODEN: JMSPEI ISSN: 1064-7562. Journal written in English. CAN 125:16967 AN 1996:331762 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Gels of mixed chromium and aluminum oxide were prepd. by a sol-gel process. The precursor is a mixt. of Al(O-s-Bu)3 and Cr(acac)3 with a mass ratio Al/Cr = 10 in sec-butanol. Gelation occurred by adding acetic acid. The amt. of added acetic acid is represented by the ratio k = [CH3COOH]/[Al(O-s-Bu)3], with k varying between 0.5 and 3. Acetic acid played crucial roles in both hydrolysis and polycondensation, (1) producing water in situ by esterification, (2) modifying the precursor by substituting

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some of the O-s-Bu ligands by acetate ligands, and (3) catalyzing the polycondensation. The importance of each of these roles in the process as well as the nature of the products varied with the ratio k. Bibliographic Information Influence of alloying elements on the chemical reactivity between Si-Al-O-N ceramics and iron-based alloys. Vluegels, J.; Vandeperre, L.; Van Der Biest, O. Dep. Metallurgy Materials Eng., Katholieke Univ. Leuven, Leuvan, Belg. Journal of Materials Research (1996), 11(5), 1265-1276. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 124:323490 AN 1996:293140 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The chem. interaction between two '-O' Si-Al-O-N ceramics and a no. of iron-based alloys is studied by means of static interaction couple expts. at 1100 and 1200 C. The onset temp. of reaction of Si3N4 with pure iron was 1095 C, which is in good agreement with a calcd. temp. of 1033 C. During the interaction, silicon and nitrogen from the ceramic dissolve and diffuse into the iron alloy, whereas the remaining aluminum and oxygen form Al2O3 particles. The interaction between the ceramic and iron alloy is reaction controlled. In the initial stage of the interaction, the dissocn. rate of the ceramic is the ratecontrolling step. After the ceramic/metal interface is isolated from the furnace atm., the nitrogen soln. rate into the iron alloy becomes rate controlling. The influence of alloying elements on the reactivity could be related to their effect on the nitrogen soly. in the iron alloy. Ni, Si, and C decrease the nitrogen soly. and decrease the reactivity with the Sialon ceramic. Cr and Mo have the opposite effect. The thickness of the interaction layer on the ceramic side of the interaction couple was found to be a function of the calcd. nitrogen soly. in the iron alloy at 1 atm nitrogen pressure, making it possible to predict the relative chem. reactivity of a no. of iron-based alloys with the same Sialon ceramic. Bibliographic Information Preparation and pressureless sintering of chemical vapor deposited SiC-B composite powder. Chen, Lidong; Goto, Takashi; Hirai, Toshio. Institute Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. Jo urnal of Materials Science (1996), 31(3), 679-83. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 124:239925 AN 1996:180535 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract SiC-B composite powder was prepd. by chem. vapor deposition (CVD) using (CH3)2SiCl2 + B2H6 + H2 as source gases at 1673 K. The powder was -type polycryst. silicon carbide contg. several per cents of boron and carbon. The boron content increased from 0 to 7.7 mass% as the B2H6 gas concn. increased from 0 to 0.7 mol%. Boron and carbon in amorphous form dispersed homogeneously in the -SiC polycryst. particles. The particles were spherical, non-agglomerated and uniform in size with an av. particle size of about 50 nm. Sintering tests were performed with the resulting composite powder without applying pressure. Powder contg. 1 mass% boron and 2 mass% carbon was sintered to a d. of 3.16 x 103 kg m-3 at 2273 K, and the Vickers hardness of the sintered body was 30 GPa. When the sintering temp. was higher than 2323 K, significant grain growth due to the phase transformation from to form occurred, which decreased bulk d. and Vickers hardness. Bibliographic Information Nanocrystalline metals, intermetallics, and a metal-matrix nanocomposite by solution-based chemical reductions. Buhro, W. E.; Haber, J. A.; Waller, B. E.; Trentler, T. J.; Suryanarayanan, R.; Frey, C. A.; Sastry, S. M. L. Department Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA. Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering (1995), 73 39-40. CODEN: PMSEDG ISSN: 0743-0515. Journal written in English. CAN 124:123490 AN 1996:951 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A metal salt soln. was reduced to nanocryst. and nanocomposite. CuCl in THF was reduced with NaBH4 to form nanocrystal Cu, and Ni and Al can also be prepd. in similar manner. NiCl2 soln. was reduced with LiAlH4 ti NiAl intermetallic compds. of nano size. MoCl5 and SiCl4 were reduced with NaK to nanocryst. MoSi2 in ultrasound field. TiB2 nanocryst. particles were suspended in THF and CuCl was reduced to obtain a Cu-coated TiB2 nanocomposite. Bibliographic Information Preparation of low density free-standing shape of SiC by pressure-pulsed chemical vapor infiltration. Sugiyama, K.; Norizuki, K. Dep. Applied Chem., Aichi Inst. Technology, Toyoda, Japan. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1995), 14(23), 1720-2. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 124:64057 AN 1995:1000853 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The effects of the conditions of pressure-pulsed chem. vapor infiltration (PCVI) on the deposition rate, ease of substrate oxidn., gross d., and flexural strength in prepn. of low-d. free-standing SiC shapes were examd. By selection of a porous carbon substrate, highly porous SiC shapes with a desirable pore distribution may be prepd. by the PCVI process. Bibliographic Information Identification of chemical and physical change during acid cleaning of ceramics. Johnson, Jessica S.; Erickson, Harold M.; Iceland, Harry. Texas Mem. Mus., Univ. Texas, Austin, TX, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 352(Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology 4), 831-7. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 124:54897 AN 1995:985335 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract This report describes the results of two expts. characterizing chem. and phys. change in ceramic constituents occurring from acid solns. commonly used to remove deposits from the surface of archaeol. ceramics. The first examines the chem. effects of hydrochloric acid, in an attempt to identify the yellow color, commonly known as "acid burn", often seen in museum collections on black-on-white sherds found in the Southwestern U.S. The compd. is identified as Fe2O3 H2O. The second study compares the phys. effects of different acids on a group of Maya sherds. All acids tested in this study were found to cause phys. damage. Bibliographic Information Influence of particle characteristics on sintering behavior of alumina-zirconia composites. Balasubramanian, M.; Malhotra, S. K.; Gokularathnam, C. V. FRP Research Center, Indian Inst. of Technology, Madras, India. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1995), 14(21), 1484-5. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 123:347792 AN 1995:927403

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CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A uniform distribution of zirconia particles in an alumina matrix can be achieved by chem. processing methods. Three chem. processing routes were used to obtain better powders. The sintered d. and the tetragonal ZrO2 content of composites were correlated with powder size and morphol. Bibliographic Information Wet air oxidation of energetics and chemical agent surrogates. Copa, William M.; Momont, Joseph A. Zimpro Environmental Inc., Rothschild, WI, USA. Journal of Energetic Materials (1995), 13(3&4), 235-58. CODEN: JOEMDK ISSN: 0737-0652. Journal written in English. CAN 123:295590 AN 1995:895724 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Wet oxidn. studies have been conducted on a no. of energetic materials and wastewaters derived from energetic materials to demonstrate high destruction levels of specific energetic components. Triple-base propellant, OTTO Fuel (used as torpedo propellant) and hydrazine-based rocket fuel were energetics of interest. Triple-base propellant contain nitrocellulose, nitroglycerin, and nitroguanidine. OTTO Fuel contains substantial amts. of propylene glycol trinitrate. Hydrazine based rocket fuel contains hydrazine and 1,1-di-Me hydrazine (asym. di-Me hydrazine or UDMH). A bench scale wet air oxidn. study on alk. hydrolyzates of triple-base propellants indicated that essentially complete destruction of the reactive nitrogen components could be achieved at an oxidn. temp. of 280 . Bench scale wet air oxidn. studies on OTTO Fuel wastewaters indicated that a >99% destruction of propylene glycol dinitrate can be achieved at 280 . Processing OTTO Fuel wastewaters in a continuous flow, full scale wet air oxidn. unit achieved even higher destruction levels. Bench scale wet air oxidn. studies on hydrazinebased rocket fuel wastewaters indicated that a 99.8% destruction of hydrazine and a >99.0% destruction of 1,1dimethylhydrazine can be oxidized at 280 . Again, processing of hydrazine-based rocket fuel wastewaters in a continuous flow, full scale wet air oxidn. unit achieved similar destruction levels. The application of wet air oxidn. for the destruction of chem. agents has been made by the extrapolation of data from the wet air oxidn. of compds. with similar chem. structures or of surrogate compds. Sarin and V-agents are nerve agents which have an organo-phosphorus structure similar to that of contain commonly used pesticides. Pesticides such as glyphosate and malathion, which have a similar organo-phosphorus structure, are essentially completely destroyed (>99% destruction) by wet air oxidn. at 200-280 . The chem. agent surrogate, di-Me Me phosphonate (DMMP) was wet air oxidized at 220-280 . Alk. hydrolyzed DMMP was wet air oxidized at 280 . All of the oxidized effluents showed a >97.5% destruction efficiency for the DMMP. The blister agent, mustard (HD) is a chlorinated sulfide, bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide. Org. sulfides such as mercaptans can be destroyed by wet air oxidn. at 260-280 . It is concluded that the wet air oxidn. process is a promising alternative to incineration for disposal of energetics and chem. warfare agents. Bibliographic Information Molten salt oxidation of chemical munitions. Stewart, Albert; Schnittgrund, Gary. PyroPacific Processes, Grand Hills, CA, USA. Journal of Energetic Materials (1995), 13(3&4), 213-34. CODEN: JOEMDK ISSN: 0737-0652. Journal written in English. CAN 123:295589 AN 1995:895723 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Molten salt oxidn. is reviewed as a potential near term alternative technol. for the destruction of chem. agents. Initial tests completed by the US Army in 1975 showed the promise of achieving very high removal efficiencies on actual agents. Recent testing by DOE has verified the potential for very low PIC and dioxin or furan releases. To further explore the possible application of this technol. to chem. agent destruction, a molten salt reactor and assocd. equipment was designed to process a nominal 50 kg/h of Sarin. Mass and energy balances are presented for process conditions representing a range of molten salt potential operational modes and schemes for enhancing plant capacity. Process economics are presented. Bibliographic Information Supercritical water oxidation of chemical agents, and solid propellants. Spritzer, M. H.; Hazlebeck, D. A.; Downey, K. W. San Diego, CA, USA. Journal of Energetic Materials (1995), 13(3&4), 185-212. CODEN: JOEMDK ISSN: 0737-0652. Journal written in English. CAN 123:295588 AN 1995:895722 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Supercrit. water oxidn. (SCWO), also referred to as hydrothermal oxidn. (HTO), is a developing technol. for the destruction of hazardous and nonhazardous wastes. SCWO destroys combustible materials using an oxidant in water at 350-600 and pressures of 17 MPa. General Atomics and its subcontractors are currently conducting 2 comprehensive research and demonstration programs geared toward the destruction of Department of Defense (DoD) wastes utilizing SCWO technol. Wastes of primary interest include chem. agents and solid propellants. Tech. challenges, particularly corrosion and solids handling, were overcome, and the destruction of chem. agents and solid propellants was demonstrated on a bench scale. SCWO results for chem. agents show destruction and removal efficiencies for GB, VX, and mustard agents to be in excess of 99.9999%, limited only by detection capability. SCWO results for hydrolyzed Class 1.1 solid propellant show destruction and removal efficiencies for total org. carbon (TOC) of >99.9%. Design and fabrication of a transportable SCWO pilot plant for chem. warfare agents, propellants and other DoD hazardous wastes and a prototype HTO system for solid rocket propellant disposal are complete and demonstration testing is underway. Bibliographic Information Pressure pulsed chemical vapor infiltration of SiC to two-dimensional-Tyranno/SiC-C preforms. Sygiyama, Kohzo; Yoshida, Yazutoshi. Department of Applied Chemistry, Aichi Institute of Technology, Toyoda, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1995), 30(20), 5125-9. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 123:320390 AN 1995:894944 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Preforms of two-dimensional Tyranno fiber (SiC base) of 7 20 1.3 mm3 were chem. vapor infiltrated with SiC at 850-1050 C from a gas mixt. of CH3SiCl3 (6%)-H2 using pressure pulses between below 0.3 kPa and 0.1 MPa. Above 900 C, films grew on the macrosurface dominantly. At 850 C, residual porosity decreased to about 10% after 105 pulses, and three point flexural strength reached about 200 MPa. X-ray diffractograms on the surface showed the deposits to be -SiC only. Bibliographic Information Matrix characterization of fiber-reinforced SiC matrix composites fabricated by chemical vapor infiltration. Stinton, D. P.;

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Hembree, D. M.; More, K. L.; Sheldon, B. W.; Besmann, T. M.; Headinger, M. H.; Davis, R. F. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Journal of Materials Science (1995), 30(17), 4279-85. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 123:206673 AN 1995:804167 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), that consist of silicon carbide (SiC) reinforced with continuous Nicalon or T-300 fibers, are being developed for many high-temp. structural applications. The large potential use of CMCs has prompted an in-depth investigation and characterization of these materials. Electron microscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize and compare the SiC matrix crystal structure and morphol. of composite materials fabricated by two different chem. vapor infiltration (CVI) processes. Bibliographic Information Characterization of pseudo-porous SiC/C coatings on NextelTM 440 and NicalonTM fibers. Khasgiwale, N. R.; Butler, E. P.; Tsakalakos, L.; Hensley, D. A.; Cannon, W. R.; Danforth, S. C.; Gonczy, S. T. Center Ceramic Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 365 395-400. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 02729172. Journal written in English. CAN 123:177329 AN 1995:774261 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Pseudo-porous SiC/C coatings were deposited on NextelTM 440 and NicalonTM fibers by CVD. The morphol. and chem. of the coatings was evaluated, both before and after oxidn., using SEM, X-Ray Diffraction Anal. (XRD), XPS and Auger spectroscopy. Coated fibers were subjected to two different oxidn. treatments to assess coating stability: a) oxidn. at 600 C for 20 h, and b) oxidn. at 1000 C for 20 h. Pseudo-porous SiC/C on NicalonTM fibers appear to be more oxidn. resistant than the same coatings on NextelTM440 fibers. Bibliographic Information The preparation and economics of silicon carbide matrix composites by chemical vapor infiltration. Roman, Yvette G.; Stinton, David P. Centre Technical Ceramics-TNO, Eindhoven, Neth. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 365 343-50. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 123:176964 AN 1995:774254 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review with 35 refs. A no. of processing techniques that are currently in use for the development and prodn. of continuous fiber reinforced ceramic composite materials are described. The limited no. of available processing routes are compared with respect to the resulting material properties. The chem. vapor infiltration (CVI) technique is one of the most extensively developed methods. During the last decade, at least five different modifications of the isobaric isothermal CVI principle have been developed; each route having its own benefits. CVI techniques have now been developed to the extent that industrial commercialization is being realized. Projected cost aspects of the various CVI manufg. techniques are examd. and compared. Bibliographic Information Properties of SiC-SiC composites produced using CVR converted graphite cloth to SiC cloth. Kowbel, W.; Kyriacou, C.; Gao, F.; Bruce, C. A.; Withers, J. C. MER corp., Tucson, AZ, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 365 197202. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 123:177312 AN 1995:774236 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Nicalon fiber is the primary reinforcement in SiC-SiC composites currently produced by a variety of techniques including CVI and polymer infiltration. Low strength retention at high temps. of the Nicalon fibers limits the choice of manufg. processes which can be employed to produce low cost SiC-SiC composites. MER has developed a new SiC reinforcement based upon a conversion of low cost carbon fabric to SiC via a Chem. Vapor Reaction (CVR) process. This new SiC filaments exhibit an excellent creep resistance at temps. up to 1600 C. Several SiC-SiC composites were fabricated using graphite fabric converted to SiC fabric utilizing the CVR process combined with a slurry infiltration and CVI densification. A correlation between processing conditions, microstructure and properties of the SiC-SiC composites are discussed. Bibliographic Information Chemically bonded ceramic matrix composites: densification and conversion to diffusion bonding. Johnson, Bradley R.; Guelguen, Mehmet A.; Kriven, Waltraud, M. Department Materials Science and Engineering, University Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 365 67-72. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 123:177295 AN 1995:774216 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chem. bonded ceramics appear to be a promising alternative route for near-net shape fabrication of multi-phase ceramic matrix composites (CMC's). The hydraulic (and refractory) properties of fine mono-calcium aluminate (CaAl2O4) powders were used as the chem. bonding matrix phase, while calcia-stabilized zirconia powders were the second phase material. Samples contg. up to 70 wt% (55 vol%) zirconia have been successfully compacted and sintered. Various processing techniques were evaluated. Processing was optimized based on material properties, dilatometry and simultaneous thermal anal. (DTA/TGA). The phys. characteristics of this novel CMC were characterized by hardness, d., and fracture toughness testing. Microstructures were evaluated by SEM and phase identification was verified using XRD. Bibliographic Information Oxidative catalytic decomposition of toxic gases using hydroxyapatite and fluorhydroxyapatite. Palucka, Timothy P.; Eror, Nicholas G.; McNamara, Thomas A. Department Materials Science and Engineering, University Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 368(Synthesis and Properties of Advanced Catalytic Materials), 275-80. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 123:151604 AN 1995:734790 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract An oxidative catalytic route to decomp. nerve gases was studied using hydroxyapatite (HA, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) and its partially fluorinated analog fluorhydroxyapatite (FHA, Ca10(PO4)6Fx(OH)2-x). Samples were prepd. with surface areas of 34-238 m2/g to study surface area effects; 1.2 wt.% Pt was deposited on 1 substrate to study the effect of a transition metal on activity and

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selectivity. Reaction studies were performed using di-Me methylphosphonate, a nerve gas simulant, in a stream of 80% N and 20% O at 573 K and atm. pressure. High surface area FHA samples showed an increase in the protection period (period of 100% conversion) with increasing F substitution; such an increase was not seen for low surface area FHA samples. In the absence of Pt, the reaction products were CH3OH and di-Me ether; with Pt, CO2 was also obtained. Bibliographic Information Toxicity Medical (1995), CAPLUS

of sulfur mustard in adult rat lung organ culture. Sawyer, Thomas W.; Wilde, Paul E.; Rice, Paul; Weiss, M. Tracy. Countermeasures Section, Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Box 4000, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Can. Toxicology 100(1-3), 39-49. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 123:104668 AN 1995:700024 (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

Abstract The toxicity of the chem. warfare agent sulfur mustard, (bis-(2-chloroethyl)sulfide, HD), was examd. in adult rat lung organ cultures. Assessment of HD-induced damage by the MTT cytotoxicity assay indicated that the median lethal concn. (LC50) of HD in these cultures was reproducible, and in the M range. Damage to the lung slices was expressed only after a latent period of 48 h and did not increase significantly with longer expression times. Histopathol. examn. of HD-treated lung cultures showed that the structural changes in the lung tissue paralleled the toxicity measured biochem., and were also similar to the damage found in animals and man exposed to HD in vivo. This in vitro model offers a useful tool with which to study the toxicity and mechanism of action of sulfur mustard. Bibliographic Information Characterization and surface chemistry of uncoated and coated silicon nitride powders. Schmidt, H.; Nabert, G.; Ziegler, G.; Goretzki, H. Inst. Materialforschung, Univ. Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1995), 15(7), 667-74. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 123:90766 AN 1995:695131 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Various Si3N4 powders, produced by different procedures, were characterized by imaging (TEM) and anal. methods (EDS, FTIR, XPS) in the as-received state as well as after doping with a metal oxide (MgO). For the doping, an alternative procedure to the usual methods was applied based on sol. organometallic compds. Anal. TEM combined with lateral resoln. element anal. and XPS measurements was used for morphol., structural and anal. characterization. The distribution of the dopant was deduced from measurements of XPS sputter depth profiles. These investigations were supplemented by FT-IR measurements to det. qual. and semi-quant. the reactive groups on the particle surfaces of the as-received powders. For comparison, measurements were performed with Si3N4 powders which were doped by the above chem. procedure and by mech. mixing. The results of the various characterization methods are interpreted in the form of a model display for surface reactions of organometallic doping reagents on the surfaces of ceramic particles. The results show that Si3N4 powders with high concn. of OH groups on their particle surface reveal very good distribution of the fluxing element (layer-like coating). Bibliographic Information Influence of crystallographic orientation, chemical inhomogeneities, material transport anisotropy and elastic strain energy on the migration of grain boundaries in chromium-doped alumina during internal reduction. Backhaus-Ricoult, Monika; PeyrotChabrol, A.; Chiron, R.; Hagege, S. Cent. d'Etudes Chim. Metall., CNRS, Vitry, Fr. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 357(Structure and Properties of Interfaces in Ceramics), 293-9. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 123:90732 AN 1995:685875 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Diffusion-induced grain boundary migration is obsd. during internal redn. of chromium-doped alumina. It occurs because grain boundary diffusion is fast compared to lattice diffusion of oxygen. The oxygen chem. potential relaxes between grain boundaries and adjacent grains. Migration to either side of the boundary is controlled by multiple factors: chem. compn. differences between adjacent grains, elastic strain energy differences on the two sides of the boundary plane or by more rapid oxygen relaxation when the c-axis of a grain is perpendicular to the boundary plane. Bibliographic Information Synthesis and chemical stability of NaSn2P3O12. Breval, E.; Harshe, G.; Agrawal, D. K.; Limaye, S. Y. Intercoll. Mater. Res. Lab., Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA, USA. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1995), 14(10), 728-31. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 123:39204 AN 1995:606064 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract NaSn2P3O12 and NaZr2P3O12 powders were prepd. by solid-state reaction methods and sintered at 1050-1200 . The resulting pellets were characterized in terms of d., thermal expansion, and phase compn. before and after chem. stability tests. Chem. stability tests were performed in polethylene containers in 3 solns., H+ + SO42- (pH = 0.5), Na+ + H+ + SO42(pH = 0.7), and Na+ + OH- (pH + 14.3). Results indicate that NaSn2P3O12 is a very stable NZP compd. in high and low pH solns. (pH + 0.5-14.3) as compared to the parent compn. NaZr2P3O12, which shows high losses, esp. in alk. leachants. The surface-to-vol. of a single phase NaSn2P3O12 material, sintered without sintering agents, hardly affects the dissoln. Use of a sintering agent may result in a highly reactive grain boundary phase, the amt. of which may exceed the amt. of added sintering aid. Bibliographic Information Low-level detection of chemical agent simulants in meat and milk by ion trap mass spectrometry. Buchanan, Michelle V.; Hettich, Robert L.; Xu, Jing Hai; Waters, Larry C.; Watson, Annetta. Chemical and Analytical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Building 5510, MS/6365, Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Journal of Hazardous Materials (1995), 42(1), 49-59. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 123:31526 AN 1995:596587 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Anal. methods for the detection of two chem. warfare agent simulants, diisopropyl methylphosphonate and chloroethylethylsulfide, in beef tissue and milk were demonstrated to be effective to levels as low as 50-100 ppb. These methods are based upon thermal desorption into an ion trap mass spectrometer. Selective detection of the target compds. is achieved by isobutane chem. ionization in combination with collision-induced dissocn., which yields characteristic fragment ions.

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Rapid sample clean-up steps were also devised to reduce interferences from the sample matrix. The low detection limits achieved with this method suggest that it may be possible to take small tissue samples from livestock by needle biopsy, without requiring animal sacrifice for the anal. In addn., because the new methods may be performed more quickly than conventional methods requiring substantial sample prepn. and anal. time, more samples could be analyzed. Bibliographic Information The effect of ceria co-doping on chemical stability and fracture toughness of Y-TZP. Boutz, M. M. R.; Winnubst, A. j. a.; Van Langerak, B.; Scholtenhuis, R. J. M. Olde; Kreuwel, K.; Burggraaf, A. J. Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Twente, Enschde, Neth. Journal of Materials Science (1995), 30(7), 1854-62. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 122:271892 AN 1995:504770 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The fracture toughness and ageing resistance of yttria, ceria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (Y, Ce-TZP) were evaluated as a function of grain size and ceria content. Very fine grained, fully dense materials could be produced by sinter forging at relatively low temps. (1150-1200 C). The aging resistance in hot water (185 C) of 2 mol% Y2O3-stabilized TZP is strongly enhanced by alloying with ceria. The ceria content necessary to avoid degrdn. completely, decreases with grain size. The toughness of fully dense Y, Ce-TZP is 7-9 MPa m1/2 for grain sizes down to 0.2 m. No or very little transformation took place during fracturing and no clear variation with grain size was obsd. for the toughness at grain sizes up to 0.8 m. Reversible transformation and crack deflection may explain the obsd. toughness values. Bibliographic Information Microstructure and chemistry of second phases in MgO- and NiO-codoped alumina by analytical transmission electron microscopy. Park, K.; Vasilos, T.; Sung, C. Cent. Advanced Materials Dep. Chem. Nuclear Eng., Univ. Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1995), 14(4), 261-4. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 122:167982 AN 1995:415637 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The effects MgO-NiO-codoping on microstructure and chem. of 2nd phases, segregated particles and cryst. defects in alumina ceramics were examd. MgO-NiO-codoping contributed significantly to the prepn. of dense fine-grained alumina. It appeared that Ni-Al and Ni-Mg-Al spinels, segregated Ni particles, and K- '' alumina ppts. were formed at triple points or at grain boundaries, because the concns. of the MgO and NiO dopants were higher than their solid solubilities. In particular, the codopants formed a Ni-Mg-Al spinel as well as a Ni-Al spinel, because Mg2+ and Ni2+ were partitioned in the cation position of the spinel structure. Bibliographic Information Compositions and chemical bonding in ceramics by quantitative electron energy-loss spectrometry. Bentley, J.; Horton, L. L.; McHargue, C. J.; McKernan, S.; Carter, C. B.; Revcolevschi, A.; Tanaka, S.; Davis, R. F. Metals and Ceramics Div.r., Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1994), 332(Determining Nanoscale Physical Properties of Materials by Microscopy and Spectroscopy), 385-90. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 122:87360 AN 1995:266442 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Quant. electron energy-loss spectrometry was applied to a range of ceramic materials at a spatial resoln. of <5 nm. Anal. of Fe L23 white lines indicates a low-spin state with a charge transfer of .apprx.1.5 electrons/atom onto the Fe atoms implanted into (amorphized) silicon carbide. Gradients of 2-5% in the Co:O stoichiometry were measured across 100-nm-thick Co3O4 layers in an oxidized directionally solidified CoO-ZrO2 eutectic, with the highest O levels near the ZrO2. The energy-loss nearedge structures were dramatically different for the two cobalt oxides; those for Co3O4 have been incorrectly ascribed to CoO in the published literature. Kinetically stabilized solid soly. occurred in an AlN-SiC film grown by low-temp. mol. beam epitaxy (MBE) on (6H)-SiC, and no detectable interdiffusion occurred in couples of MBE-grown AlN on SiC following annealing at up to 1750 C. In diffusion couples of polycryst. AlN on SiC, interfacial 8H Sialon (aluminum silicon oxynitride) and pockets of Si3N4rich '-Sialon in the SiC were detected. Bibliographic Information Chemically bonded ceramics as an alternative to high temperature composite processing. Gulgun, Mehmet A.; Johnson, Bradley R.; Kriven, Waltraud M. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1994), 346(Better Ceramics through Chemistry VI), 51116. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 122:15230 AN 1995:174876 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Processing of multi-phase ceramic composite materials using chem. bonded ceramics as a binding agent appears to be a promising route for fabricating complex-shaped structures. In a zirconia-calcium aluminate ceramic matrix composite, the hydraulic property of fine, monocalcium aluminate (CaAl2O4) powders was used to prep. strong prefired bodies. The changes in the phys. characteristics of the composite during the conversion from a chem. bonded compact into a sintered composite were studied using thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), X-ray diffraction and SEM. The d. and the hardness of the chem. bonded and sintered composite were measured. Bibliographic Information Assessing delayed neurotoxicity in rodents after nerve gas exposure. Husain, K.; Pant, S. C.; Vijayaraghavan, R.; Singh, Ram. Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. Defence Science Journal (1994), 44(2), 161-4. CODEN: DSJOAA ISSN: 0011-748X. Journal written in English. CAN 121:294553 AN 1994:694553 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Delayed neurotoxicity of an organophosphorus nerve gas, Sarin (a chem. warfare agent) following repeated inhalation exposure in rats and mice, was studied by behavioral, biochem. and histopathol. analyses. Rats exposed to Sarin aerosols (12.5 mg/m3 for 20 min) daily for ten days did not exhibit any clin. sign of delayed neurotoxicity. Neurotoxic esterase (NTE) activity in the brain, spinal cord and platelets was significantly inhibited, but the inhibition was below the threshold. Histopathol. examn. of spinal cord did not show any axonal degeneration. Mice exposed to Sarin aerosols (5 mg/m3 for 20 min) daily for ten days developed mild ataxia and muscular weakness of the hind limb on 14th day after the start of exposure. NTE activity

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was significantly inhibited in brain, spinal cord and platelets. Histopathol. of spinal cord showed focal axonal degeneration. Acetyl-choline esterase activity in the platelets of both the animals was significantly inhibited. The authors conclude that mice are sensitive to delayed neurotoxicity induced by repeated exposure to Sarin whereas rats are insensitive. Bibliographic Information Clean-up of chemical warfare agents on soils using simple washing or chemical treatment processes. Amos, Denys; Leake, Brian. DSTO, Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 4331, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Journal of Hazardous Materials (1994), 39(1), 107-17. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 121:262645 AN 1994:662645 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Several simple processes have been studied for the destruction of chem. agents, Soman and Mustard, on soils. A double wash or an extended single wash with water was effective in removing Mustard and Soman from soil; addn. of either anionic or cationic surfactant did not improve removal efficiency. Soils with higher org. carbon content were more difficult to decontaminate. The most effective chem. process for the removal of Mustard was treatment with hypochlorite; treatment with Na2CO3 or NaOH were almost as effective as hypochlorite in cleaning Mustard contaminated soil. Soman was removed most effectively by treatment with Na2CO3. Overall the most efficient process for the destruction of both Mustard and Soman was treatment with Na2CO3 soln. Bibliographic Information Liquid phase sintering, electrical conductivity, and chemical stability of lanthanum chromite doped with calcium and nickel. Christie, G. M.; Middleton, P. H.; Steele, B. C. H. Dep. Mater., Imperial Coll. Sci., Tech. Med., London, UK. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1994), 14(2), 163-75. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 121:236480 AN 1994:636480 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The substitution of 10 mol% nickel for chromium in calcium-doped lanthanum chromite has been shown to promote rapid densification of the compd. at low temps. in air by the form of a transient liq. phase. Liqs. were generated via the decompn. of CaCrO4 second phase material present in calcined powders. During elec. cond. measurements at 1000 C, severe microstructural degrdn. occurred at atms. of H2 and CO2. The processes leading to chem. degrdn. are attributed to the pptn. of Ni from the (La,Ca)(Cr,Ni)O3 solid soln. and to the decompn. of small amts. of residual CaCrO4 which remains at grain boundaries and triple points after sintering. DTA studies on CaCrO4 in CO2 and H2 atms. suggested that the degrdn. due to CaCrO4 decompn. was primarily a result of the reaction of CaO with CO2 to form CaCO3. The presence of H2 gas is thought to catalyze this reaction via the formation of large amt. of CaO during the decompn. of CaCrO4. Degrdn. is more severe in atms. contg. a mixt. of CO2 and H2 gases than in either gas on its own. Bibliographic Information Photochemical degradation of a toxic organophosphorus analog (PMSF) in microemulsion media. Yang, Yun; Donegan, Sheila; Patel, Ramesh C.; Ward, Anthony J. I. Center for Advanced Materials Processing, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA. Chemosphere (1994), 28(11), 1967-76. CODEN: CMSHAF ISSN: 0045-6535. Journal written in English. CAN 121:217331 AN 1994:617331 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A study has been made of the photodegrdn. of an analog, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), of a toxic chem. warfare agent. The agent was solubilized in a water-in-oil surfactant stabilized microemulsion system comprising sodium dodecyl sulfate, pentanol and water. Loss of the parent PMSF mol. upon exposure of the system to UV irradn. was monitored by 19F NMR spectroscopy. Consideration of the changes in the chem. shifts, splittings in conjunction with GC/Mass spectroscopy data strongly suggest the degrdn. leads to partial fluorination of pentanol. Anal. of peak areas also indicates the formation of volatile degrdn. products such as HF. The addn. of TiO2 or hydroquinone to the system did not appreciably change the overall amts. of degrdn. The results are interpreted in terms of the possible radical based reaction pathways and show that such a microemulsion medium to have significant potential as a vehicle for effecting such a degrdn. process. Bibliographic Information Comparative evaluation of high protein against normal protein diet in combination with carbamates against organophosphorus intoxication in rats. Chatterjee, A.K.; Sikder, Nirmala; Sikder, A.K. Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. Defence Science Journal (1994), 44(1), 11-14. CODEN: DSJOAA ISSN: 0011-748X. Journal written in English. CAN 121:197892 AN 1994:597892 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The relative efficacy of an isocaloric high protein diet (HPD) contg. 59 per cent protein, in comparison to a conventional diet contg. 21 per cent protein, as applied in the alleviation of toxicity of diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP) and Me iso-Pr phosphonofluoridate (sarin), has been reported. In combination with well-known prophylactics like carbamates and cholinolytics like atropine against nerve gas toxicity, HPD appears to be superior to the conventional diet as studied by survival time measurements. Apart from carbamates, atropine and mecamylamine, HPD may be treated as an addnl. prophylactic agent to guard against the toxicity of DFP and sarin, which are being used as war chems. Bibliographic Information The surface chemistry of silicon nitride powder in the presence of dissolved ions. Hackley, V. A.; Malghan, S. G. Ceram. Div., Natl. Inst. Standards and Technol., Gaithersburg, MD, USA. Journal of Materials Science (1994), 29(17), 4420-30. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 121:185440 AN 1994:585440 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Colloidal processing of silicon nitride (Si3N4) powders depends largely on the control of reactions at the solid-soln. interface. The role of dissolved ions in the surface chem. of Si3N4 powders has been investigated, and the implications of these results for the effects of impurities, contaminants and additives in processing are discussed. The interaction of ions at the solid-soln. interface was characterized by particle electrokinetic behavior detd. from electroacoustic measurements in moderately concd. suspensions. Ions were classified according to chem. similarity and surface specificity. Specific adsorption was inferred from the movement of the isoelec. point relative to the endemic "native" value. Most simple univalent electrolytes behaved indifferently towards the Si3N4 surface, with the exception of fluoride which specifically adsorbed and may have formed a strong complex

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with surface silicon sites. The alk.-earth cations exhibited a similar weak specificity. In the presence of hydrolyzable transition metal cations, powder surface chem. was controlled by the adsorption of hydroxy metal complexes and by the soly. of a surface-pptd. metal hydroxide phase. Oxo anions, such as sulfate and carbonate, adsorbed specifically on the Si3N4 surface, but the interactions were weaker than previously obsd. on metal oxide surfaces. Bibliographic Information X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of uv laser irradiated sapphire and alumina. Pedraza, A. J.; Park, J. W.; Meyer, H. M., III; Braski, D. N. Dep. Materials Science Engineering, Univ. Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1994), 9(9), 2251-7. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 121:162453 AN 1994:562453 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract XPS was performed in as-received, thermally annealed, and laser-irradiated sapphire and alumina specimens to study the effects of the different treatments on surface chem. and properties. Laser irradiations with a 308 nm wavelength laser were performed in air and in a reducing atm. consisting of a mixt. of Ar and 4% hydrogen. The at. percentages of carbon, aluminum, and oxygen were measured in all the specimens. Particular attention was paid to the percentages of oxygen in the oxide and in a hydroxyl state. The XPS analyses clearly established that a very thin film of metallic aluminum is formed on the surface of both alumina and sapphire substrates when they are irradiated under a reducing atm. However, the film is discontinuous because it is elec. insulating. Substrates irradiated in air have metallic aluminum only for fluences below 0.4 J/ cm2. The valence band photoemission spectra of as-received, annealed, and laser-irradiated specimens were measured. In irradiated specimens, the width of the valence band spectra was found to decrease by .apprx.10%. One possible cause of this decrease is the generation of point defects during laser irradn. Electroless copper deposition occurs on sapphire and alumina substrates if their surface has been activated by laser irradn. The time required for copper deposition was monitored by measuring the elec. resistivity in the irradiated area while the substrates were immersed in an electroless bath. The kinetics of deposition on laser-activated substrates and the XPS results show that the presence of metallic aluminum accelerates the deposition process. However, the presence of aluminum is not the sole reason for laser activation in alumina. Very strong metal-ceramic bonding is produced after thermal annealing of samples having preirradiated substrates. This result is explained in terms of the excess oxygen that is present at the ceramic surface after irradn. Bibliographic Information X-ray absorption spectroscopy study of the local structure and the chemical state of yttrium in polycrystalline -alumina. Loudjani, M. K.; Cortes, R. Lab. Metallurgie Structurale, CNRS, Orsay, Fr. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1994), 14(1), 67-75. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 121:162396 AN 1994:562396 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The chem. state and local structure around the yttrium ion in doped polycryst. -alumina (0.03 mol% Y2O3 1) system was examd. by extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements for yttrium K-edge energy. In the case of highly doped alumina samples (0.1 and 1 mol% Y2O3) most of the yttrium is pptd. as a Y3Al5O12 phase, whereas in the dil. doped alumina sample (0.03 mol% Y2O3) yttrium is in solid soln., being located on the octahedral aluminum sites. The yttrium ion size, comparatively greater than that of the aluminum ion, induces locally a significant distortion of the oxygen ion lattice. This effect creates point defects in the nearest neighbor shell of the yttrium: vacancy (Vo..) and interstitial (Oi'') oxygen point defects. Bibliographic Information Constitution of the -alumina phase in chemically produced mullite precursors. Schneider, H.; Voll, D.; Saruhan, B.; Schmucker, M. Inst. Mater. Res., German Aerosp. Res. Establ., Cologne, Germany. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1993), 13(5), 441-8. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 121:89568 AN 1994:489568 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The temp. development of type II mullite precursor powders have been studied in the temp. range of 150 C (as-received) and 1150 C. X-ray diffraction measurements, IR and 29Si and 27Al NMR spectroscopy and anal. transmission electron microscopy have been performed on the heat-treated precursors. The investigations had the aim of contributing to the frequently discussed question, whether Si is incorporated into the -alumina spinel being formed as a transient phase in type II mullite precursors. The as-received precursors consist of relatively large spherical particles ( 0 5 m) of noncryst. SiO2 and of much finer-grained agglomerates of pseudo-boehmite crystals ( -AlO(OH), 20 nm), which are embedded in a SiO2 matrix. Above 350 C, pseudo-boehmite transforms to spinel-type alumina ( -Al2O3). During this transformation, all Si existing in the SiO2 matrix of the pseudoboehmite agglomerates is incorporated into -Al2O3 corresponding to a SiO2 content of 12 mol% at 500 C. Up to 750 C, the SiO2 content of the -alumina remains const. but above this temp. it gradually rises and reaches a max. amt. of 18 mol% at 1150 C. A marginal decompn. of the spherical non-cryst. SiO2 particles may be the sources to provide diffusion of Si species into the -alumina during a temp. increase above 750 C. It is most likely that Si species diffuse into the -alumina crystals along the crystallite boundaries. The diffusion process and Si incorporation are facilitated with the temp. increase. Bibliographic Information Quantitative analysis of Si3N4 microstructure response on interface chemistry. Meissner, E.; Unger, S.; Kleebe, H.-J.; Ziegler, G. Univ. Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany. Key Engineering Materials (1994), 89-91(Silicon Nitride 93), 471-5. CODEN: KEMAEY ISSN: 1013-9826. Journal written in English. CAN 121:89560 AN 1994:489560 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Quant. microstructure anal. was performed on gas-pressure sintered Si3N4 materials (SSN) by employing an image processing system. Variations in grain-diam. distribution and aspect-ratio distribution with changing additive compn. and annealing time, resp., were investigated. Clear evidence was found that both interface compn. and post-sintering anneal can strongly affect the matrix grain morphol. For the Y2O3-doped material, extended annealing time supported the formation of Si3N4 grains with increased diam. and length via Ostwald ripening. Moreover, the aspect-ratio distribution was shifted to higher values indicating anisotropic grain growth. The addn. of Al2O3 + ZrO2, compared to SSN doped with Y2O3, resulted in a finer microstructure with still high aspect ratios. This chem. effect is closely related to the viscosity of the liqs. at processing temps. Furthermore, ZrO2 addn. results in a more pronounced transgranular fracture mode, while Y2O3-contg. SSN predominantly revealed intergranular fracture. The influence of annealing time and interface chem. on both microstructure evolution and resulting fracture toughness is discussed.

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Surface chemical interactions of Si3N4 with polyelectrolyte deflocculants. Hackley, V.A.; Premachandran, R.; Malghan, S.G. Mater. Sci. Eng. Lab., Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol., Gaithersburg, MD, USA. Key Engineering Materials (1994), 89-91(Silicon Nitride 93), 679-82. CODEN: KEMAEY ISSN: 1013-9826. Journal written in English. CAN 121:41008 AN 1994:441008 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The interaction of org. polyelectrolyte deflocculants at the Si3N4 solid-soln. interface was investigated using electroacoustic measurements, polymer adsorption and particle size distribution anal. One cationic and two anionic polymers were studied: quaternized poly(diamine epoxychlorohydrin), ammonium poly(methacrylate) and poly(acrylic acid), resp. Electrostatic interactions are emphasized as a function of pH, concn. and mol. wt. Bibliographic Information Metabolite pharmacokinetics of soman, sarin and GF in rats and biological monitoring of exposure to toxic organophosphorus agents. Shih, Ming L.; McMonagle, Joseph D.; Dolzine, Theodore W.; Gresham, Vincent C. US Army Med. Res. Inst. Chem. Def., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1994), 14(3), 195-9. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260437X. Journal written in English. CAN 121:28848 AN 1994:428848 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract This study reports on the pharmacokinetics of the elimination of the metabolites of three toxic organophosphorus compds. (soman, sarin and GF). Urine, blood and lung tissue were collected from rats dosed s.c. at 75 g kg-1. Urinary excretion of the metabolite was the major elimination route for these three compds. The major differences among them were primarily the extent and rate of excretion. The hydrolyzed form, alkylmethylphosphonic acid, was the single major metabolite formed and excreted in urine by a non-saturable mechanism. Nearly total recoveries of the given doses for sarin and GF in metabolite form were obtained from the urine. The terminal elimination half-lives in urine were 3.7 0.1 and 9.9 0.8 h for sarin and GF, resp. Soman metabolite showed a biphasic elimination curve with terminal half-lives of 18.5 2.7 and 3.6 2.2 h. Soman was excreted at a slower rate with a recovery of only 62%. Lung was the major organ of accumulation for soman. In blood the toxic agents were concd. more in red blood cells than in plasma. The acid metabolites can serve as a better chem. marker for monitoring organophosphorus exposure in humans via their higher concn. and longer half-life in urine than the parent compds. Bibliographic Information Movement of chemical warfare agent simulants through porous media. Jenkins, R. A.; Buchanan, M. V.; Merriweather, R.; Ilgner, R. H.; Gayle, T. M.; Watson, A. P. Analytical Chemistry Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Building 4500S, MS6120, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Journal of Hazardous Materials (1994), 37(2), 303-25. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 121:16666 AN 1994:416666 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A measurement protocol is documented and data are presented to characterize the permeation of chem. warfare agent simulants through the porous construction materials brick, cinder block, gypsum wall board, and wood. These data will be used to develop guidelines for access ("reentry") to potentially contaminated properties if nerve or vesicant agents are released during any phase of the US Department of the Army's Chem. Stockpile Disposal Program. A novel permeation cell design allowed sampling of air vols. adjacent to the spiked face, breakthrough face, and lateral face of each test medium at two temps. Simulant movement through wood is nearly always in the direction of the wood grain. Two-dimensional breakthrough was obsd. in brick and gypsum wall board. The sulfur mustard simulant broke through all test media in less than 60 min; nerve agent simulant breakthrough required several hours. Surface decontamination of wood with high-test hypochlorite is 95% effective. Bibliographic Information Pharmacology of organophosphates. Koelle, George B. Med. Sch., Univ. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1994), 14(2), 105-9. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 121:2654 AN 1994:402654 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review with 8 refs. The cholinergic nerve fibers, which employ acetylcholine (ACh) as a neurohumoral transmitter, and the results of their activation are listed. The reactions between the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), its natural substrate, ACh, and the various types of inhibitors are described. The limited therapeutic uses of the anticholinesterase (anti-ChE) agents are considered. The toxicol. effects encountered when the anti-ChE agents are employed as insecticides or as chem. warfare (CW) agents are discussed. Certain anti-ChE agents produce also a delayed neurotoxic effect which is apparently unrelated to the inhibition of AChE. Bibliographic Information Genotoxicity of the phosphoramidate agent tabun (GA). Wilson, Barry W.; Kawakami, Thomas G.; Cone, Norman; Henderson, John D.; Rosenblatt, Leon S.; Goldman, Marvin; Dacre, Jack C. Inst. Toxicol., Univ. California, Davis, CA, USA. Toxicology (1994), 86(1-2), 1-12. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 120:263586 AN 1994:263586 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Five mutagenicity tests were performed on Agent GA (tabun, phosphoramidocyanidic acid, dimethyl-, Et ester) as part of a program to demilitarize chem. warfare agents. GA was mutagenic in Salmonella spp. assays with S-9 and it was a direct-acting mutagen to mouse lymphoma cells. GA did not promote unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes; it induced sister chromatid exchanges in mouse cells in vitro but not in vivo. The conclusion that GA is a weakly acting mutagen is supported by the fact that it was mutagenic in only 3 of the 5 assays, and that increases in mutagenicity were often less than 2-fold the controls and occurred near toxic levels. Bibliographic Information Effect of chemically added zirconia and yttria mechanical properties of zirconia-dispersed alumina. Ranjbar, Khalil; Rao, Boddapati T.; Mohan, Tallapragada R. Rama; Harendranath, Chilkunda S. Dep. Metall. Eng., Indian Inst. Technol., Bombay, India. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (1994), 73(2), 63-6. CODEN: ACSBA7 ISSN: 0002-7812. Journal written in English.

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CAN 120:171374 AN 1994:171374 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Alumina powders dispersed with monoclinic, tetragonal, and cubic zirconia were prepd. by evapg. a colloidal dispersion of alumina powders in solns. contg. zirconium and yttrium salts. The dried and calcined powders were compacted, sintered, and characterized. The results demonstrated a clear toughening effect by the zirconia on the alumina ceramics. The alumina contg. 20-wt%-yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia had the max. toughness. Bibliographic Information Chemical vapor infiltration of silicon carbide with microwave heating. [Erratum to document cited in CA119(2):13852e]. Morell, Jose I.; Economou, Demetre J.; Amundson, Neal R. Dep. Chem. Eng., Univ. Houston, Houston, TX, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1993), 8(12), 3251. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 120:141948 AN 1994:141948 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The errors were not reflected in the abstr. or the index entries. Bibliographic Information Chemical compatibility between silicon-based and titanium-based ceramics. Wang, L.; Wada, H. Dep. Mater. Sci. Eng., Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Journal of Materials Synthesis and Processing (1993), 1(3), 181-93. CODEN: JMSPEI ISSN: 1064-7562. Journal written in English. CAN 119:277176 AN 1993:677176 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The chem. compatibility between Si-based ceramics and Ti-based ceramics was studied to establish guidelines for the processing of related composites. Phase stabilities were calcd. for the Si-Ti-B-C, Si-Ti-B-N, and Si-Ti-B-C-N systems as a function of B activity and N pressure or C activity. SiC is compatible with TiC, TiN, or TiB2, depending on the range of these parameters. Si3N4 and TiN appear to be compatible in a certain range of N2 pressure and C activity, but Si3N4 and pure TiC will not coexist. However, the fact that TiC and TiN can form a solid soln., TiC1-xNx, suggests that Si3N4 and TiC1-xNx may be obsd. in the presence of both C and N2. The Si3N4 + TiB2 2-phase region is limited in such a narrow range of N2 pressure and B activity that processing and application of TiB2/Si3N4 composites would be very difficult. High-temp. solid-state expts. were carried out with selected systems to verify phase stability diagrams. The results of reactions were in agreement with the thermodn. prediction. A high-d. TiB2/SiC composite was prepd. as an example of the application of phase stability diagrams. Bibliographic Information Thermal and acid catalyzed conversion of organic phosphorus compounds. De Lijser, H. J. P.; Mulder, P.; Louw, R. Cent. Chem. Environ., Leiden Univ., Leiden, Neth. Chemosphere (1993), 27(5), 773-8. CODEN: CMSHAF ISSN: 0045-6535. Journal written in English. CAN 119:233159 AN 1993:633159 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The org. P compds. tri-Bu and tri-Me phosphate (I and II, resp.), tri-Me phosphite (III), and di-Me phosphonate (IV) were thermolyzed using a plug flow (gas-phase) reactor. I and II proved to be sensitive to acid (wall) catalysis and can be fully degraded at temps. of .mchlt.400 . III can isomerize to II and IV. In contrast, IV requires a temp. of >750 for complete conversion; admixed with II it counteracts the smooth acid-mediated degrdn. of II. Unlike real thermolysis at elevated temps., preferably in a reducing atm. of hydrogen, mere acid catalysis is not generally applicable for effectively destroying a variety of ecotoxic org. P compds. Bibliographic Information Preparation of uniformly calcia-doped zirconia. Hill, J.; Newhouse, M.; Xue, J.; Dieckmann, R. Dep. Mater. Sci. Eng., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, USA. Journal of Materials Synthesis and Processing (1993), 1(2), 101-9. CODEN: JMSPEI ISSN: 1064-7562. Journal written in English. CAN 119:232072 AN 1993:632072 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The prepn. of dense samples of high-purity zirconia doped with varying, small contents of CaO has been explored by means of traditional ceramic techniques with sintering and hot-pressing as well as a chem. soln. method. First, CaO-doped samples were prepd. by traditional ceramic methods. Their homogeneities were checked by SEM with x-ray mapping. CaO-dopant distribution was not uniform in all samples with overall CaO contents below 7 mol%. The difficulty in prepg. uniformly doped zirconia with small CaO contents led to exploration of the use of chem. soln. processing techniques. When exploring such techniques, the products of each process step were characterized by x-ray diffraction and electron microprobe anal. The characterization results enabled identification of a processing route which is suitable for prepg. dense, high-purity zirconia uniformly doped with CaO at low concns. Bibliographic Information A model for the isothermal isobaric chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) in a straight cylindrical pore. Application to the CVI of silicon carbide. Fedou, R.; Langlais, F.; Naslain, R. Lab. Compos. Thermostruct., CNRS, Pessac, Fr. Journal of Materials Synthesis and Processing (1993), 1(2), 61-74. CODEN: JMSPEI ISSN: 1064-7562. Journal written in English. CAN 119:208796 AN 1993:608796 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A previously described modeling of the chem. vapor infiltration (CVI) process in a straight cylindrical pore is applied to the deposition of SiC-based ceramics from MeSiCl3-H2 in the case of a 1st-order kinetic law with respect to MeSiCl3. The model gives concns. and deposit thickness profiles along the pore at any stage of the densification and, particularly, at the end of the process when the pore becomes sealed. The infiltration homogeneity is predicted to be improved by decreasing the aspect ratio of the pore and the CVI temp. and, under conditions of Fick diffusion, by decreasing the total pressure and the pore diam. The model is validated by the good fit between the deposit thickness profiles along the pore calcd. after adjustment of the kinetic data and exptl. profiles for a 34- m straight pore. Bibliographic Information Nicalon-fiber-reinforced silicon carbide composites via polymer solution infiltration and chemical vapor infiltration. Kim, Young

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Wook; Song, Jin Soo; Park, Sang Whan; Lee, Juen Gunn. Struct. Ceram. Lab., Korea Inst. Sci. Technol., Seoul, S. Korea. Journal of Materials Science (1993), 28(14), 3866-8. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 119:186895 AN 1993:586895 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A new, faster process was developed for the fabrication of Nicalon-fiber-reinforced SiC composites by combining polymer soln. infiltration (PSI) and chem. vapor infiltration (CVI). The process led to the near-net-shape fabrication of fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites and reduced infiltration time. Typical flexural strength and fracture toughness of these composites were 296 MPa and 10.9 MPa.m1/2 at room temp. and 252 MPa and 9.6 MPa.m1/2 at 1000 , resp. The composites exhibited load-carrying capability after crack initiation. Bibliographic Information The effect of glass chemistry on the microstructure and properties of self reinforced silicon nitride. Pyzik, Aleksander J.; Carroll, Daniel F.; Hwang, C. James. Adv. Ceram. Lab., Dow Chem. Co., Midland, MI, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1993), 287(Silicon Nitride Ceramics), 411-16. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 119:186804 AN 1993:586804 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The advantage of self-reinforced silicon nitride is the in-situ control of the microstructure. This control is provided in large degree by the chem. of glassy phase which can be adjusted to tailor the morphol. of silicon nitride grains as well as the matrix-reinforcement interface. The presence of high aspect ratio silicon nitride grains is necessary but not sufficient condition to produce materials with optimum properties. For max. flexure strength and fracture toughness, an optimized glass matrix is required. Bibliographic Information Microwave assisted chemical vapor infiltration. Devlin, D. J.; Currier, R. P.; Barbero, R. S.; Espinoza, B. F.; Elliott, N. Mater. Sci. Technol. Div., Los Alamos Natl. Lab., Los Alamos, NM, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1992), 250(Chemical Vapor Deposition of Refractory Metals and Ceramics II), 245-50. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 119:144800 AN 1993:544800 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A microwave-assisted process for prepn. of continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites is described. A simple app. combining a chem.-vapor-infiltration reactor with a conventional 700-W multimode oven is described. Microwave-induced inverted thermal gradients are exploited with the ultimate goal of reducing processing times on complex shapes. Thermal gradients in stacks of SiC (Nicalon) cloths have been measured using optical thermometry. Initial results on the inside-out deposition of SiC via decompn. of MeSiCl3 in H are presented. Several key processing issues are identified and discussed. Bibliographic Information Chemical vapor deposition of multiphase boron-carbon-silicon ceramics. Golda, E. Michael; Gallois, B. Dep. Mater. Sci. Eng., Stevens Inst. Technol., Hoboken, NJ, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1992), 250(Chemical Vapor Deposition of Refractory Metals and Ceramics II), 167-72. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 119:144796 AN 1993:544796 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Specific compns. of boron-carbon-silicon ceramics exhibit improved abrasive wear and good thermal shock resistance, but require bulk sintering at temps. in excess of 2100K. The formation of such phases by CVD was examd. at 1073-1573K. Methyltrichlorosilane (CH3SiCl3), boron trichloride, and methane were chosen as reactant gases, with hydrogen as a carrier gas and diluent. The coatings were deposited in a computer-controlled, hot-wall reactor at a pressure of 33 MPa. Below 1473K the coatings were amorphous. At higher temps. nonequil. reactions controlled the deposition process. The most common coating consisted of a silicon carbide matrix and a silicon boride, SiB6, dispersed phase. Multiphase coatings of B + B4C + SiB6 and SiC + SiB6 + SiB14 were also deposited by controlling the partial pressure of methane and boron trichloride. Non-equil. thermodn. anal. qual. predicted the exptl. deposited multiphase coatings. Bibliographic Information CVD of silicon nitride plate from trichlorosilane-ammonia-hydrogen mixtures. Lennartz, J. W.; Dowell, M. B. Union Carbide Coat. Serv. Corp., Parma, OH, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1992), 250(Chemical Vapor Deposition of Refractory Metals and Ceramics II), 161-6. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 119:144795 AN 1993:544795 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Preferred conditions for deposition of thick -Si3N4 plate from HSiCl3-NH3-H2 on the vertical surfaces of a low-pressure, hotwall CVD reactor were identified by means of a designed expt. The design included temp. range 1300-1500 , pressures 0.52.0 torr, and residence times 0.01-1.0 s. The vertical deposition surfaces received a viscous, laminar flow of well mixed, thermally equilibrated reactants. Plates 0.05-0.5 mm thick were produced on multiple vertical substrates 350 cm2 in area at deposition rates 5-70 m/h. Plates 0.5-4.0 mm thick were produced on horizontal substrates at deposition rates of 60-120 m/h. When NH3 flows in stoichiometric excess, deposition rates on vertical surfaces increase approx. linearly with the flow rate of HSiCl3 but depend little on temp., as would be expected if the reaction proceeds under mass transport control with product depletion. Multiple correlation analyses show that thickness variations in the deposit are reduced by increasing the temp. and decreasing the gas residence time. CVD silicon nitride plate produced under the optimized conditions exhibits theor. d. and is free of pores and cracks. It exhibits a columnar morphol. in which the <222> and <101> crystallog. directions are oriented preferentially normal to a surface, which consists of well-defined trigonal facets 10-50 m across. Crystallite sizes detd. by xray line broadening range from 0.06-1.0 m. This CVD plate is gray and contains approx. 0.5 C and 0.5 wt.% 0 as principal impurities. Bibliographic Information Unequivocal evidence. Black, Robin M.; Pearson, Graham S. Chem. Biol. Def. Estab., Porton/Down/Salisbury Wiltshire, UK. Chemistry in Britain (1993), 29(7), 584-5, 587. CODEN: CHMBAY ISSN: 0009-3106. Journal written in English. CAN 119:123791 AN 1993:523791 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The anal. of chem. warfare agent, Sarin, in the Kurdush village of Birjinni, Iraq, was discussed. Bibliographic Information Bioanalysis of organophosphate nerve agents in soil samples. Sawyer, T. W.; Weiss, M. T. Biomed. Def. Sect., Def. Res. Establ. Suffield, Medicine Hat, AB, Can. Chemosphere (1993), 26(11), 2023-9. CODEN: CMSHAF ISSN: 0045-6535. Journal written in English. CAN 119:94477 AN 1993:494477 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Four soil samples that may have been spiked with chem. warfare (CW) agents and their degrdn. products were received by Defense Research Establishment Suffield as part of a multinational round-robin exercise designed to evaluate lab. methodologies for the chem. detection of CW agents in soil. After chem. anal. revealed that VX (Et S-2-diisopropyl aminoethyl methylphosphorothiolate) was the CW agent "spike", the samples were also bioassayed for their VX content by assessing their anticholinesterase activities in primary chick embryo neuron cultures. Bioassay quantitation of VX contamination in the soil samples was in good agreement with the actual spike levels and generally better than the chem. anal. results. Sequential bioassay of the samples over a two week period showed that the VX content was rapidly degraded with time. This assay complements std. chem. anal. techniques for the detection and verification of organophosphate warfare agent use. Bibliographic Information The effect of trace element segregation to iron/sapphire interfaces. Pope, D. P.; Smith, M. A. Dep. Mater. Sci., Univ. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1992), 238(Structure and Properties of Interfaces in Materials), 427-32. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 119:77041 AN 1993:477041 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The effects of segregation of tramp impurities such as sulfur on metal/ceramic bonding is discussed. Microstructural and chem. information is given for the Fe/sapphire interface. The segregation behavior of the interface is evaluated between 500-800 . The interfacial structure is important to the segregation behavior. A possible link between the segregation of sulfur and interface void formation is presented. Bibliographic Information Chemical vapor infiltration of silicon carbide with microwave heating. Morell, Jose I.; Economou, Demetre J.; Amundson, Neal R. Dep. Chem. Eng., Univ. Houston, Houston, TX, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1993), 8(5), 1057-67. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 119:13852 AN 1993:413852 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A math. model is presented to describe the interaction between transport/reaction processes and the evolution of porosity in chem. vapor infiltration with microwave heating (MCVI). The anal. includes a set of partial differential equations describing the spatiotemporal variation of gaseous species concn., composite temp., porosity, and stress. Maxwell's equations were used to det. the distribution of power dissipated inside the composite. The deposition of silicon carbide was selected as a model chem. system to explore the general features of MCVI. MCVI can provide a favorable temp. distribution in the composite yielding an inside-out deposition pattern, thereby preventing entrapment of accessible porosity. For this temp. profile, tensile stresses develop at the outer regions and compressive stresses are found in the composite core. For a given system there exists a min. value of the coeff. for heat transfer from the composite surface, h, below which accessible porosity is trapped within the composite. Similarly, there exists a max. value of the incident microwave energy flux, I0, above which accessible porosity is trapped within the composite. I0 and h can be optimized for a given preform to achieve complete densification with min. processing time. Using the technique of pulsed-power, the processing time can be reduced even further without compromising d. uniformity. Power dissipation profiles in the composite depend strongly on preform thickness, microwave frequency, and relative loss factor. Bibliographic Information Permeation measurements of chemical agent simulants through protective clothing materials. Pal, Tarasankar; Griffin, Guy D.; Miller, Gordon H.; Watson, Annetta P.; Daugherty, Mary Lou; Vo Dinh Tuan. Health Saf. Res. Dev., Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Journal of Hazardous Materials (1993), 33(1), 123-41. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 118:239880 AN 1993:239880 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A method was developed to study the permeation of chem. warfare (CW) agent simulants through chem. protective clothing (CPC) materials. The exptl. results characterize some com. available CPC materials. Thirteen different CPC materials having widely differing compns. were chosen to study the permeation of 4 different liq. CW simulants (di-Me methylphosphonate, diisopropyl methylphosphonate, malathion, and Bu2S) through these CPC materials at 25 . This permeation study involved a newly developed anal. technique employing room temp. fluorescence quenching of an indicator compd., phenanthrene, on filter paper. Various exptl. factors such as breakthrough time, rate of permeation, and uptake were investigated. On the basis of breakthrough time, the 13 CPC materials could be divided into 3 groups: most resistant, moderately resistant, and least resistant. Materials in the most resistant category exhibited no permeation by any of the simulants for 24 h. Breakthrough occurred in the least resistant materials in generally less than an hour, and sometimes as soon as a few minutes. Bibliographic Information Interfacial structure of chemical vapor infiltration carbon fiber/silicon carbide composite. Araki, H.; Noda, T.; Abe, F.; Suzuki, H. Tsukuba Lab., Natl. Res. Inst. Met., Tsukuba, Japan. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1992), 11(23), 1582-4. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 118:44089 AN 1993:44089 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The microstructure at the interface in carbon fiber-SiC matrix composites prepd. by chem. vapor infiltration from EtSiCl3 was examd., and the infiltration reaction is discussed. A graphite layer formed on the carbon fiber and the SiC-SiC interface as a result of thermal decompn. of silane gas before SiC infiltration. This graphite layer, of .apprx.500 nm thickness, is assumed to assist in the crystal growth of SiC, leading to structural stability of the composites. Bibliographic Information

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Comparative evaluation of carbamates as prophylactic agents against organophosphate intoxication in rats. Chatterjee, A. K. Def. Res. Dev. Establ., Gwalior, UK. Defence Science Journal (1992), 42(2), 85-7. CODEN: DSJOAA ISSN: 0011-748X. Journal written in English. CAN 118:34070 AN 1993:34070 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract This paper investigates the effects of two well-known carbamates, physostigmine and pyridostigmine, against organophosphorus compd. and nerve gas toxicity. Physostigmine pretreatment for 30 min enhanced the survival time of rats against DFP intoxication, whereas it did not have any effect with sarin poisoning. However, pyridostigmine pretreatment did not produce any significant effect on survival time either against DFP or sarin intoxication. Treatment with atropine along with carbamates further enhanced significantly the survival time against DFP poisoning. Bibliographic Information On the influence of chemical processing in the crystallization behavior of zirconium titanate materials. Navio, J. A.; Macias, M.; Sanchez-Soto, P. J. Inst. Cienc. Mater., Univ. Sevilla, Seville, Spain. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1992), 11(23), 15702. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 118:26385 AN 1993:26385 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The crystn. phenomena of ZrTiO4 powders prepd. from various gel precursors was related to the chem. processing. Correlation of data from the literature and further expt. indicated that the presence of H2O2 in the chem. processing of the amorphous precursors plays a key role in controlling the crystn. temp. The crystn. temp. can be as low as 640 . Bibliographic Information Effect of dopants on the sintering behavior and stability of tetragonal zirconia ceramics. Theunissen, G. S. A. M.; Winnubst, A. J. A.; Burggraaf, A. J. Fac. Chem. Technol., Univ. Twente, Enschede, Neth. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1992), 9(4), 251-63. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 117:54278 AN 1992:454278 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The microstructure development during nonisothermal and isothermal sintering was studied for tetragonal zirconia ceramics (TZP) contg. various amts. of Y, Ce, and Ti. Smaller grain sizes were obtained when Ce-TZP was doped with Y. This could be attributed to segregation of Y to the grain boundaries, thus causing an impurity drag. With increasing temp., the grain growth rate in the Ce-TZP samples increased which could be attributed to the absence of a dragging force. The slow grain growth at low temp. in the Ce-TZP samples could be attributed to the slow diffusion kinetics of the diffusing species (trivalent and tetravalent Ce). The crit. grain size for retainment of the tetragonal phase at room temp. is larger in the Y,Ce-TZP systems compared to the Y-TZP and Ce-TZP systems. The chem. stability increased by doping Y-TZP with Ce or Ti. Bibliographic Information Free radical-mediated lung response to the monofunctional sulfur mustard butyl 2-chloroethyl sulfide after subcutaneous injection. Elsayed, Nabil M.; Omaye, Stanley T.; Klain, George J.; Korte, Don W., Jr. Letterman Army Inst. Res., Presidio of San Francisco, CA, USA. Toxicology (1992), 72(2), 153-65. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 117:42116 AN 1992:442116 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The authors postulated that vesicants may cause free radical-mediated oxidative stress distal to the site of exposure. To test this postulate in the lung, the authors injected 3 groups of 5-mo-old, male, athymic, nude mice, weighing 30-35 g with a single s.c. dose (5 L/mouse) of Bu 2-chloroethyl sulfide (BCS). Total lung wt. was not altered after treatment, but the wet/dry wt. ratio decreased 18% and Hb content increased 50 and 36% at 1 and 24 h, resp. The activity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase increased significantly, 40% at 1 and 24 h and 84% at 48 h and that of glutathione S-transferases was 60%. Lipid peroxidn. (estd. by the thiobarbituric acid test) and total protein content increased 3-fold and 2-fold, at 1 and 24 h, resp. Total and oxidized glutathione contents were significantly elevated, 38% at 1 h and 64% at 24 h for the former and 45% at 24 h and 56% at 48 h for the latter. Because these changes are consistent with the cellular response to oxidative stress, it is concluded that BCS injected s.c. can cause changes in the lung possibly via a free radical-mediated mechanism. Bibliographic Information Effects of liquid environments on zirconia-toughened alumina. Part I. Chemical stability. Thompson, I.; Rawlings, R. D. Dep. Mater., Imp. Coll. Sci., Technol. Med., London, UK. Journal of Materials Science (1992), 27(10), 2823-30. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 117:32321 AN 1992:432321 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The structural changes which occur in zirconia-toughened alumina when aged in a range of liq. environments (distd. water, ethylene glycol soln., and HCl at room temp., and ethylene glycol soln. at 80 ) are described. The changes were monitored by x-ray diffraction, surface anal., anal. of the aging solns., and microstructural observations. HCl induced significant proportions of the zirconia particles in the zirconia-toughened alumina to transform from the tetragonal to the monoclinic crystal structure. This transformation was accompanied by microcracking which eventually led to macrocracking after long periods of aging. The transformation is a consequence of the leaching of the yttrium from the zirconia particles, thereby reducing their stability. Bibliographic Information Binder chemistry, adhesion and structure of interfaces in thick-film metalized aluminum nitride substrates. Newberg, C. E.; Risbud, S. H. IBM Corp., East Fishkill, NY, USA. Journal of Materials Science (1992), 27(10), 2670-6. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 117:13161 AN 1992:413161 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Aluminum nitride substrates from 3 sources were metalized by std. thick-film processing using gold conductor pastes, Pd-Ag paste, and a ruthenium oxide resistor paste. Screen-printed pastes were fired in a typical 3-zone furnace to obtain metalized AlN substrates. Interfacial reaction zones were studied by microscopic (optical and SEM) and electron beam microprobe anal. techniques. The elements in the binder materials in thick-film pastes form amorphous phases at the interface which influence the adhesion of thick films to the AlN substrate. The lack of certain elements (Cd, Zn, Ca) in the binder of the gold thick-film

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paste led to weaker adhesion and severe degrdn. of the thick-film adhesion during thermal cycling. Bibliographic Information Preparation and characterization of a dispersion toughened ceramic for thermomechanical uses (ZTA). Part I. Material preparation. Characterization of microstructure. Leriche, A.; Moortgat, G.; Cambier, F.; Homerin, P.; Thevenot, F.; Orange, G.; Fantozzi, G. CRIBC, Mons, Belg. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1992), 9(3), 169-76. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 09552219. Journal written in English. CAN 117:13037 AN 1992:413037 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA) materials contg. increasing amts. of zirconia (5-45 vol.%) and yttria (0-3 mol% zirconia) were prepd. from com. ceramic powders by different techniques of homogenization, shaping, and sintering. The powder mixts. were homogenized by a chem. method (addn. of dispersing agents at fixed pH), by a mech. method (attrition milling) and by combining the methods. The materials were formed and sintered by shaping by isostatic pressing or slip casting, followed by pressureless sintering, and by hot uniaxial pressing. The phys., crystallog. and microstructural properties of the materials prepd. following these different techniques are compared. The combined chem. and mech. dispersion method leads to the fabrication of dense composites presenting a fine and homogeneous zirconia dispersion required for effective toughening of the alumina matrix. The addn. of 3 mol% of yttria allows maintenance of a high tetragonal zirconia content because of a chem. stabilization of tetragonal zirconia and of a decrease of zirconia grain size. As the hot-pressing technique impedes the grain coarsening, the hot-pressed materials present the finest microstructure mainly for the compns. with <20 vol.% zirconia. The zirconia and alumina grain size vary from 0.5 to 0.9 m and from 0.9 to 1.6 m, resp., following the compn. Pressureless sintered materials also present a fine microstructure with submicron zirconia grains (0.6 m-0.9 m) and micron size alumina grains (1.0-1.9 m). These ZTA materials present all the microstructural characteristics necessary to obtain high mech. performances. The addn. of 3 mol% of yttria allows an increase of the zirconia content ( 45 vol.%) without a decrease of the relative tetragonal zirconia ratio occurring. Bibliographic Information Adsorption and decomposition of organophosphorus compounds on nanoscale metal oxide particles. In situ GC-MS studies of pulsed microreactions over magnesium oxide. Li, Yong Xi; Koper, Olga; Atteya, Maher; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Dep. Chem., Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS, USA. Chemistry of Materials (1992), 4(2), 323-30. CODEN: CMATEX ISSN: 0897-4756. Journal written in English. CAN 116:200414 AN 1992:200414 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Using an in-situ pulse reactor-GC-mass spectrometric system, the thermal decompn. of organophosphorus compds. (as models of nerve agents) were compared with their destructive absorption on high-surface-area MgO. Dramatically lower temps. are required when MgO is present. Volatile products evolved were HCO2H, water, alcs., and alkenes. At higher temps., CO, CH4, and water predominated. The P residues remained completely immobilized. The addn. of water enhanced the facility of MgO to destroy these compds., and, in fact, water pulses were found to partially regenerate a spent MgO bed. Using 18O labeling, some aspects of the reaction mechanisms were clarified and in particular showed that O scrambling occurred. Surface OH and MgO groups transferred O in the formation of HCO2H, and the surface mobility and reactivity of absorbed groups were high. The substantial capacity of high-surface-area MgO for destruction and immobilization of such toxic substances makes it attractive for air purifn. schemes, as well as solid reagents for destruction and immobilization of bulk quantities of hazardous P compds. or organohalides. Bibliographic Information -(N,N-Dialkylamino)ethyl arylthiosulfonates: new simulants for O-ethyl S-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothioate. Davis, Franklin A.; Ray, Jayanta K.; Kasperowicz, Steve; Przeslawski, Robert M.; Durst, H. Dupont. Dep. Chem., Drexel Univ., Philadelphia, PA, USA. Journal of Organic Chemistry (1992), 57(9), 2594-9. CODEN: JOCEAH ISSN: 0022-3263. Journal written in English. CAN 116:193819 AN 1992:193819 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Certain S-[2-(dialkylamino)]ethyl benzenesulfonothioates 4-XC6H4SO2SCH2CH2NR2 (I; X = Me, F; R = Me2CH) were prepd. as simulants for O-Et S-[(diisopropylamino)ethyl]methylphosphonothioate (VX) a chem. warfare nerve agent. I are useful simulants for the hydrolysis or oxidn. chem. of VX. Bibliographic Information Dissolution of sintered silicon nitride bulk specimens for elemental analysis. Homeier, E. H.; Bradley, S. A.; Karasek, K. R. UOP, Des Plaines, IL, USA. Journal of Materials Science (1992), 27(5), 1231-4. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 116:179524 AN 1992:179524 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Heating bulk, sintered Si3N4 samples in an aq. HF-HCl mixt. decomps. the Si3N4. Subsequent addn. of H2SO4 and volatilization of fluorides enables total dissoln. of the bulk specimens for anal. The elemental compns. that were detd. by inductively coupled plasma at. emission and at. absorption spectrometries agreed with the nominal sample compn. and confirmed analyses performed by scanning TEM. Neutron activation detns. on the same samples are not believed to be as accurate as the spectrometric detns. Furthermore, the precision of the neutron activation measurements were less satisfactory, esp. for key elements such as Y. Bibliographic Information Comparison of several oximes against poisoning by soman, tabun and GF. Lundy, Paul M.; Hansen, Arnold S.; Hand, Brian T.; Boulet, Camille A. Def. Res. Establ. Suffield, Ralston, AB, Can. Toxicology (1992), 72(1), 99-105. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 116:168061 AN 1992:168061 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Three oximes currently being evaluated for adoption as replacement nerve agent therapy by various countries were compared for therapeutic efficacy against the toxic organophosphate inhibitors soman and tabun under a std. set of conditions. These oximes together with PAM-Cl and toxogonin, were also compared for efficacy against GF, an agent weaponized by Iraq. The order of effectiveness against soman was HI 6 > HLoe 7 > pyrimidoxine. Hloe 7 was very effective against tabun poisoning while HI 6 and pyrimidoxime were of moderate value. Against GF, HI 6 and HLoe 7 were extremely effective, toxogonin was moderately effective, and PAM-Cl and pyrimidoxime were the least effective. HI-6 provided a high level of protection against all of the agents tested as did HLoe-7 to a slightly lesser degree. The other oximes lacked the effects against one or more of

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Bibliographic Information Chemical vapor deposition of copper via disproportionation of hexafluoroacetylacetonato(1,5-cyclooctadiene)copper(I), (hfac)Cu(1,5-COD). Jain, A.; Chi, K. M.; Hampden-Smith, M. J.; Kodas, T. T.; Farr, J. D.; Paffett, M. F. Dep. Chem. Eng., Univ. New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1992), 7(2), 261-4. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 116:111299 AN 1992:111299 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Hot- and cold-wall chem.-vapor deposition (CVD) using the volatile Cu(I) compd. (hfac)Cu(1,5-COD), where hfac = 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoroacetylacetonate and 1,5-COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene, as a precursor was carried out in hot-wall and warmwall, lamp-heated reactors using SiO2 substrates that were patterned with Pt or W at 120 -250 . Deposition was obsd. onto Pt, W, and SiO2 over this temp. range at rates of 3750 .ANG./min to give Cu films that contained no impurities detectable by AES and with resistivities of 1.9-5.7 ohm-cm. The volatile byproducts formed during deposition were 1,5-COD and Cu(hfac)2 and a mass balance was consistent with the quant. disproportionation reaction: 2(hfac)Cu(1,5-COD) Cu + Cu(hfac)2 + 2(1,5-COD). The measured activation energy for this CVD reaction was 26(2) kcal/mol. The absence of selectivity for metal surfaces in the presence of SiO2 is in contrast to CVD results for the related compds. ( -diketonate)Cu(PMe3) where diketonate = hfac, 1,1,1-trifluoroacetylacetonate, and acetylacetonate (acac). Bibliographic Information Bioassay of organophosphate nerve agents in soil using neuronal tissue cultures. Sawyer, Thomas W.; Weiss, M. Tracy; D'Agostino, Paul A.; Provost, Lionel R.; Hancock, James R. Def. Res. Establ. Suffield, Medicine Hat, AB, Can. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1992), 12(1), 1-6. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 116:105057 AN 1992:105057 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A soil sample originating from an area of suspected chem. warfare activity was subjected to chem. anal. and bioassay. Sarin and several related compds. were confirmed in the soil by capillary column gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); however, the binding of these compds. to the soil hindered quantitation. The chem. results were then compared to those obtained by bioassay in primary cultures of chick embryo forebrain neurons. By comparing the sample's anticholinesterase activity against those of purified stds. in chick embryo neuron cultures, a reasonable agreement was found between the chem. and bioassay semiquant. ests. of sarin content in the soil ext. Furthermore, the in-vitro system appears to offer a sensitive technique for the estn. of sarin remaining bound to the soil following solvent extn. as well as for an assessment of the potential toxicity of the contaminated soil in vivo. Bibliographic Information Pharmacological effects of oximes: how relevant are they?. van Helden H P; Busker R W; Melchers B P; Bruijnzeel P L Department of Pharmacology, TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory, Rijswijk, The Netherlands Archives of toxicology (1996), 70(12), 779-86. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE); General Review; (REVIEW); (REVIEW, TUTORIAL) written in English. PubMed ID 8911635 AN 97068325 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The increased international concern about the threat of military and terroristic use of nerve agents, prompted us to critically consider the expected value of the currently available oxime treatment of nerve agent poisoning. Although oximes have been designed to reactivate the inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE), clinical experience has indicated that they are not always very effective as reactivators and at this very moment none of them can be regarded as a broad-spectrum antidote. In spite of this drawback, oximes are worth further investigating, since recent data derived from soman or tabun lethally intoxicated nonhuman primates suggest that the oxime HI-6 may exert a pharmacological effect that is not related to reactivation of inhibited AChE, but still leads to survival. This pharmacological effect causes recovery of neuronal transmission in the respiratory centres of the brain and recovery of neuromuscular transmission in the diaphragm. These findings have stimulated research to reveal the pharmacological basis of these effects in order to find drugs which could be more effective and less toxic than the available oximes. Since cholinergic drugs were able to exert this effect, a new concept for further treatment is suggested: maintenance of neuronal transmission in spite of continued AChE-inhibition by pharmacological manipulation of the cholinergic receptor. This should renew interest in the diverse pharmacological effects of oximes to reach a more effective treatment in the future. Bibliographic Information Evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of some antimuscarinics against soman in vivo. Lau W M; Lewis K J; Dawson R M Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory, Defence Science and Technology Organization, Department of Defence, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1996 Sep-Oct), 16(5), 423-30. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8889794 AN 97044723 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The therapeutic efficacy of tacrine, atropine and glycopyrrolate alone or in combination with the oxime HI-6 against soman was evaluated in anaesthetized rats. Arterial blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory frequency and body temperature were monitored in vivo. Blood cholinesterases were determined after each drug or soman challenge. At the lowest concentration tested (2.5 mg kg-1), tacrine was effective in improving the survivability of the rat by a factor of 2.6 (protection ratio), whereas the protection by atropine or glycopyrrolate was either insignificant or only marginally effective (protection ratio ranged from 1.0 to 1.9). In combination with HI-6, atropine increased the ratio to 4.6. In contrast, tacrine with HI-6 failed to improve the efficacy of the regimen, while glycopyrrolate plus HI-6 showed only slight improvement. The four physiological parameters monitored were relatively constant during the time course of the experiment in both the control and those with drug therapy. The more noticeable changes occurred toward the end of the experiment when sufficient amount of soman was injected to cause lethality. Death of the animal was usually preceded by a surge of arterial blood pressure and heart rate and a decrease in respiratory frequency. These physiological parameters rapidly deteriorated to zero just before the animal died. Blood and plasma cholinesterases were significantly inhibited after the animal received a relatively small dose of soman (20 micrograms kg-1) and were almost completely inactivated after the lethal dose of soman was administered. However, these changes of enzyme activity did not correspond well with the survivability of the rat. The inclusion of HI-6 with the three antimuscarinics appeared to be capable of protecting some cholinesterases against soman. Bibliographic Information

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Efficacy of ibuprofen and pentoxifylline in the treatment of phosgene-induced acute lung injury. Sciuto A M; Stotts R R; Hurt H H Pathophysiology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1996 Sep-Oct), 16(5), 381-4. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8889788 AN 97044717 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Phosgene, a highly reactive former warfare gas, is a deep lung irritant which produces adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)-like symptoms following inhalation. Death caused by phosgene involves a latent, 6-24-h, fulminating non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. The following dose-ranging study was designed to determine the efficacy of a non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug, ibuprofen (IBU), and a methylxanthine, pentoxifylline (PTX). These drugs were tested singly and in combination to treat phosgene-induced acute lung injury in rats. Ibuprofen, in concentrations of 15-300 mg kg-1 (i.p.), was administered to rats 30 min before and 1 h after the start of whole-body exposure to phosgene (80 mg m-3 for 20 min). Pentoxifylline, 10-120 mg kg-1 (i.p.), was first administered 15 min prior to phosgene exposure and twice more at 45 and 105 min after the start of exposure. Five hours after phosgene inhalation, rats were euthanized, the lungs were removed and wet weight values were determined gravimetrically. Ibuprofen administered alone significantly decreased lung wet weight to body weight ratios compared with controls (P < or = 0.01) whereas PTX, at all doses tested alone, did not. In addition, the decrease in lung wet weight to body weight ratio observed with IBU+PTX could be attributed entirely to the dose of IBU employed. This is the first study to show that pre- and post-treatment with IBU can significantly reduce lung edema in rats exposed to phosgene. Bibliographic Information Subchronic toxicity evaluation of sulfur mustard in rats. Sasser L B; Miller R A; Kalkwarf D R; Cushing J A; Dacre J C Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352-0999, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1996 Jan-Feb), 16(1), 5-13. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8821670 AN 96418885 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Occupational exposure criteria have not been established for sulfur mustard (bis(2-chlorethyl) sulfide), a strong alkylating agent with known mutagenic properties. Seventy-two Sprague-Dawley rats of each sex, 6-7 weeks old, were divided into six groups (12 of each sex per group) and gavaged with 0, 0.003, 0.01, 0.03, 0.1 or 0.3 mg kg-1 sulfur mustard in sesame oil for 5 days a week for 13 weeks. No dose-related mortality was observed. A significant decrease (P > 0.05) in body weight was observed in both sexes of rats only in the 0.3 mg kg-1 group. Hematological evaluations and clinical chemistry measurements found non consistent treatment-related effects at the doses studied. The only treatment-related lesion associated with gavage exposure upon histopathological evaluation was epithelial hyperplasia of the forestomach of both sexes at 0.3 mg kg-1 and of males at 0.1 mg kg-1. The hyperplastic change was minimal and characterized by cellular disorganization of the basilar layer, apparent increase in mitotic activity of the basilar epithelial cells and thickening of the epithelial layer due to the apparent increase in cellularity. The estimated no-observed-effect level (NOEL) for sulfur mustard in this 90-day study was 0.1 mg kg-1 day-1 when administered orally. Bibliographic Information Acute toxicity of cyclohexylmethylphosphonofluoridate (CMPF) in rhesus monkeys: serum biochemical and hematologic changes. Young G D; Koplovitz I U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425, USA Archives of toxicology (1995), 69(6), 379-83. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 7495375 AN 96114840 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Changes in serum biochemical and hematological parameters were studied in 20 male rhesus monkeys following acute poisoning by the organophosphate nerve agent cyclohexylmethylphosphonofluoridate (CMPF or GF). Animals were challenged with 5 x LD50 GF (233 micrograms/kg, IM) following pretreatment with pyridostigmine (0.3-0.7 mg/kg per 24 h) and treated with atropine (0.4 mg/kg, IM) and either 2-PAM (25.7 mg/kg, IM) or H16 (37.8 mg/kg, IM) at the onset of clinical signs or at 1 min after exposure. Muscle fasciculations, tremors, or convulsions occurred in 19 of 20 animals. Serum biochemical and hematologic parameters were analyzed 2 days and 7 days after exposure and compared to pre-exposure baseline values. Significant increases in creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LD), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and potassium ion (K+), associated with damage to striated muscle and metabolic acidosis, occurred in both oxime-treated groups 2 days after exposure. Total protein, albumin, red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin concentration (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct), were decreased in both oxime-treated groups at 7 days. The results demonstrate that animals exposed to a single high dose of GF and treated with standard therapy exhibit changes in serum biochemical and hematological indices directly and indirectly associated with their clinical presentations. Bibliographic Information Production, characterization and application of monoclonal antibodies against the organophosphorus nerve agent Vx. Ci Y X; Zhou Y X; Guo Z Q; Rong K T; Chang W B Department of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, China Archives of toxicology (1995), 69(8), 565-7. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8534201 AN 96036122 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Two monoclonal antibodies (Vx-BB8 and Vx-EA11) to the chemical warfare agent Vx were produced and characterized. A competitive inhibition enzyme immunoassay was developed to detect Vx concentrations as low as 3.7 x 10(-7) - 3.7 x 10(-6) mol/l in biological samples. Vx-BB8 400 micrograms given intravenously immediately before 1 x LD95 Vx or 400 micrograms Vx-BB8 intraperitoneally 1.5 h-3 days before 1 x LD95 Vx could protect all the tested mice from death. Bibliographic Information Toxicity of sulphur mustard in adult rat lung organ culture. Sawyer T W; Wilde P E; Rice P; Weiss M T Medical Countermeasures Section, Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Alberta, Canada Toxicology (1995 Jun 26), 100(1-3), 3949. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 7542806 AN 95350771 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The toxicity of the chemical warfare agent sulphur mustard, (bis-(2-chloroethyl)sulphide, HD), was examined in adult rat lung

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organ cultures. Assessment of HD-induced damage by the MTT cytotoxicity assay indicated that the median lethal concentration (LC50) of HD in these cultures was reproducible, and in the microM range. Damage to the lung slices was expressed only after a latent period of 48 h and did not increase significantly with longer expression times. Histopathological examination of HD-treated lung cultures showed that the structural changes in the lung tissue paralleled the toxicity measured biochemically, and were also similar to the damage found in animals and man exposed to HD in vivo. This in vitro model offers a useful tool with which to study the toxicity and mechanism of action of sulphur mustard. Bibliographic Information Toxicity of the combined nerve agents GB/GF in mice: efficacy of atropine and various oximes as antidotes. Clement J G Biomedical Defence Section, Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Ralston, Canada Archives of toxicology (1994), 68(1), 64-6. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8166607 AN 94219995 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The toxicity of a combination of isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (sarin; GB) and cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate (GF) and the efficacy of various oxime reactivators in combination with atropine against the combined GB/GF challenge were evaluated in mice. The 24-h s.c. LD50 of the GB/GF combination was 1.15 mumol/kg (1.10-1.21; 95% confidence limits). Mice administered GB/GF displayed typical signs of nerve agent poisoning such as tremors and convulsions, with death most likely due to anoxia subsequent to respiratory arrest. The GB/GF LD50 value was comparable to the s.c. LD50 of 1.35 and 1.21 mumol/kg for GF and GB in mice, respectively. Combining the two nerve agents did not result in potentiation of the toxicity. In combination with atropine sulfate (17.4 mg/kg, i.p.), which alone did not reduce mortality, the oximes tested, 2-PAM, obidoxime and HI-6, were all effective when administered 5 min before 3 x LD50 dose of GB/GF with 24-h ED50 values of 102.5, 18.22 and 1.96 mumol/kg, respectively. Use of the GB/GF combination does not appear to confer any unique toxicity profile and appears to be easily treated with the standard therapy of a cholinolytic and oxime. Bibliographic Information Toxicokinetics of soman stereoisomers after subcutaneous administration to atropinized guinea pigs. Due A H; Trap H C; Langenberg J P; Benschop H P TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory, Rijswijk, The Netherlands Archives of toxicology (1994), 68(1), 60-3. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8166606 AN 94219994 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The toxicokinetics of the four stereoisomers of the nerve agent C(+/-)P(+/-)-soman were investigated after subcutaneous administration of a 6 LD50 dose (148 micrograms/kg) to anaesthetized, atropinized, and artificially ventilated guinea pigs. Whereas the relatively nontoxic C(+/-)P(+)-isomers were not detected in blood, the highly toxic C(+/-)P(-)-isomers appeared within 1 min in the general circulation and reached maximum levels of 10-15 ng/ml blood within a period of ca. 7 min. In this absorption phase the blood levels of the C(+)P(-)-isomer lag clearly behind those of the C(-)P(-)-isomer. The blood levels of both C(+/-)P(-)-isomers could be mathematically described using non-linear regression by a three-exponential equation, with one exponential term describing the rapid absorption phase and the other two terms describing distribution and elimination. A comparison with the toxicokinetics of the same isomers upon intravenous administration of the same dose shows that the systemic availability upon subcutaneous administration is in the range of 74-83%. Toxicologically relevant concentrations of the C(+/-)P(-)-isomers prevail almost twice as long after subcutaneous than after intravenous administration. From a toxicokinetic point of view, subcutaneous administration of C(+/-)P(+/-)-soman appears not to be a realistic model for the most relevant route of exposure to C(+/-)P(+/-)-soman in case of chemical warfare, i.e. short term respiratory exposure. Bibliographic Information Genotoxicity of the phosphoramidate agent tabun (GA). Wilson B W; Kawakami T G; Cone N; Henderson J D; Rosenblatt L S; Goldman M; Dacre J C Department of Avian Sciences, University of California, Davis 95616-5224 Toxicology (1994 Jan 26), 86(1-2), 1-12. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8134917 AN 94182225 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Five mutagenicity tests were performed on Agent GA (Tabun, phosphoramidocyanidic acid, dimethyl-, ethyl ester) as part of a program to demilitarize chemical warfare agents. GA was mutagenic in Salmonella spp. assays with S-9 and it was a directacting mutagen to mouse lymphoma cells. GA did not promote unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes; it induced sister chromatid exchanges in mouse cells in vitro but in vivo. The conclusion that GA is a weakly acting mutagen is supported by the fact that it was mutagenic in only three of the five assays, and that increases in mutagenicity were often less than 2-fold the controls and occurred near toxic levels. Bibliographic Information Evaluation of the toxicity, pathology, and treatment of cyclohexylmethylphosphonofluoridate (CMPF) poisoning in rhesus monkeys. Koplovitz I; Gresham V C; Dochterman L W; Kaminskis A; Stewart J R US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425 Archives of toxicology (1992), 66(9), 622-8. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 1482284 AN 93129117 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Cyclohexylmethylphosphonofluoridate (CMPF) is an organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor with military significance. The purpose of these studies was 1) to determine the acute toxicity of CMPF in the male rhesus monkey, 2) to evaluate the efficacy of pyridostigmine (PYR) pretreatment plus atropine and oxime (2-PAM or H16) treatment, and 3) to evaluate the pathological consequences of acute poisoning. An i.m. LD50 of CMPF was estimated using an up-and-down dose selection procedure and 12 animals. The 48-h and 7-day LD50 was 46.6 micrograms/kg, i.m. In the protection experiments, pyridostigmine (0.3-0.7 mg/kg/24 h) was administered by surgically implanted osmotic minipumps for 3-12 days resulting in 21-65% inhibition of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity. Animals were challenged with 5 x L50 CMPF (233 micrograms/kg) and treated with atropine (0.4 mg/kg) and either 2-PAM (25.7 mg/kg) or HI6 (37.8 mg/kg) at the onset of signs or 1 min after challenge. Osmotic pumps were removed within 30 min after agent challenge. Pyridostigmine, atropine, and either 2-PAM or H16 were completely effective against CMPF, saving ten of ten animals in each group. In comparison, three of five animals challenged with 5 x LD50 of soman and treated with atropine and 2-PAM survived 7 days. The primary histologic lesions in the acute toxicity group were neuronal degeneration/necrosis and spinal cord hemorrhage. The CMPF treated groups (total of 20 animals) had minimal nervous system changes with no significant lesion difference resulting from the different oxime therapies. The primary non-neural lesions were degenerative cardiomyopathy and skeletal muscle degeneration which occasionally progressed to necrosis and mineralization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Bibliographic Information Efficacy of various oximes against GF (cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate) poisoning in mice. Clement J G Biomedical Defence Section, Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Ralston, Alta., Canada Archives of toxicology (1992), 66(2), 143-4. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 1605730 AN 92296882 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The efficacy of oxime (HI-6, toxogonin or PAM Cl) therapy against GF (cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate) poisoning was assessed in mice. It was found that the combinations of atropine and either toxogonin or HI-6 were effective therapies against GF poisoning. PAM therapy was ineffective. HI-6 was the only oxime which reactivated GF inhibited acetylcholinesterase. This might explain the reason why the HI-6 treated mice appeared to recover more quickly from the incapacitating effects following GF poisoning. Bibliographic Information Bioassay of organophosphate nerve agents in soil using neuronal tissue cultures. Sawyer T W; Weiss M T; D'Agostino P A; Provost L R; Hancock J R Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Alberta, Canada Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1992 Feb), 12(1), 1-6. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 1564246 AN 92226402 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A soil sample originating from an area of suspected chemical warfare activity was subjected to chemical analysis and bioassay. Sarin and several related compounds were confirmed in the soil by capillary column gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); however, the binding of these compounds to the soil hindered quantitation. The chemical results were then compared to those obtained by bioassay in primary cultures of chick embryo forebrain neurons. By comparing the sample's anticholinesterase activity against those of purified standards in chick embryo neuron cultures, a reasonable agreement was found between the chemical and bioassay semi-quantitative estimates of sarin content in the soil extract. Furthermore, the in vitro system appears to offer a sensitive technique for the estimation of sarin remaining bound to the soil following solvent extraction as well as for an assessment of the potential toxicity of the contaminated soil in vivo. Bibliographic Information Comparison of several oximes against poisoning by soman, tabun and GF. Lundy P M; Hansen A S; Hand B T; Boulet C A Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Ralston, Alberta, Canada Toxicology (1992), 72(1), 99-105. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 1539175 AN 92169690 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Three oximes currently being evaluated for adoption as replacement nerve agent therapy by various countries were compared for therapeutic efficacy against the toxic organophosphate inhibitors soman and tabun under a standard set of conditions. These oximes together with PAM-Cl and toxogonin, were also compared for efficacy against GF, an agent weaponized by Iraq. The order of effectiveness against soman was HI-6 greater than HLo-7 greater than pyrimidoxime. HLo-7 was very effective against tabun poisoning while HI-6 and pyrimidoxime were of moderate value. Against GF, HI-6 and HLo-7 were extremely effective, toxogonin was moderately effective, and PAM-Cl and pyrimidoxime were the least effective. HI-6 provided a high level of protection against all of the agents tested as did HLo-7 to a slightly lesser degree. The other oximes suffered from their lack of effects against one or more of the organophosphates.

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Bibliographic Information Aluminum nitride defect chemistry dependence on sintering atmosphere. Chang, E. K.; Kirschner, M. J. BOC Group Technical Cent., Murray Hill, NJ, USA. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1996), 15(18), 1580-1581. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 125:282600 AN 1996:614771 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review, with 12 refs., of equations explaining theor. relations between aluminum nitride defect chem. and sintering atm. Bibliographic Information Microstructure, chemical reaction and mechanical properties of TiC/Si3N4 and TiN-coated TiC/Si3N4 composites. Huang, JowLay; Lee, Ming-Tung; Lu, Horng-Hwa; Lii, Ding-Fwu. Dep. Material Science Eng., National Cheng-Kung Univ., Tainan, Taiwan. Journal of Materials Science (1996), 31(18), 4899-4906. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 125:254919 AN 1996:610489 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Silicon nitride contg. various compns. of as-received TiC and TiN-coated TiC, were hot pressed at 1800 C for 1 h in a nitrogen atm. In TiN-coated TiC/Si3N4 composites, TiC reacted first with the TiN coating to form a titanium carbonitride interlayer at 1450 C, which essentially reduced further reactions between TiC and Si3N4 and enhanced densification. TiN-coated TiC/Si3N4 composites exhibited better densification, hardness, flexural strength and fracture toughness than those of as-received TiC/ Si3N4. The toughening mechanisms for as-received TiC/Si3N4 and TiN-coated TiC/Si3N4 composite were attributed to crack deflection, load transfer and crack interference by the compressive thermal residual stress. Bibliographic Information Wet chemical synthesis of ZrO2-SiO2 composite powders. Wang, Shi-Wei; Huang, Xiao-Xian; Guo, Jing-Kun. Shanghai Inst. Ceramics, Chinese Academy Sciences, Shanghai, Peop. Rep. China. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1996), 16(10), 1057-1061. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 125:254896 AN 1996:596753 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract

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Gels of compn. xZrO2(I-x)SiO2, with x = 10, 20, 30 and 40 vol.%, have been prepd. by a wet chem. method using fumed silica and zirconyl chloride as precursors. Thermogravimetric anal. and differential thermal anal. (DTA) show that wt. loss is caused by release of the absorbed water and decompn. of the Zr(OH)4 gels. Gels were heat-treated for 2 h at 500, 700, 900, 1100 and 1350 C, and the products examd. using IR spectroscopy. The increasing intensity of the peak at 800 cm-1 in the IR spectra with increasing temp. is attributed to the formation of Si-O-Si bonds among different SiO2 particles, which means that the SiO2 particles grow bigger with increasing temp. The DTA exothermic peak as well as the IR results reveal that the crystn. of tetragonal zirconia (t-ZrO2) begins at about 900 C, which is confirmed by x-ray diffraction (XRD). XRD curves also suggest that the silica matrix contributes to the thermal stability of t-ZrO2. The stability of t-ZrO2 is interpreted by the particlesize effect. Bibliographic Information Structure-property relationship of ceramic coatings produced by laser processing. De Hosson, J. Th. M.; Zhou, X. B. Dep. Applied Physics, Univ. Groningen, Groningen, Neth. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1996), 397(Advanced Laser Processing of Materials--Fundamentals and Applications), 537-542. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 125:306847 AN 1996:579019 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract This paper deals with a well known puzzling observation that wetting in some instances is improved by a chem. reaction between a liq. and a solid substrate in laser processing while in other systems just the opposite effect takes place. Contact angles of liq. Al on SiO2 and liq. Ti on Al2O3 are reported and some results of laser melt injection of SiO2 particles into molten Al. The surface and interface structures were explored by SEM and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry. According to the exptl. observations, it appears that the vol. change of ceramic substrates during reaction plays a key role in the effect of chem. reaction on wetting. Bibliographic Information Mechanical and thermal properties of SiC-SiC composites made with CVR SiC fibers. Kowbel, W.; Tsou, H. T.; Bruce, C. A.; Withers, J. C. MER Corp., Tucson, AZ, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1996), 410(Covalent Ceramics III--Science and Technology of Non-Oxides), 417-422. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 125:202665 AN 1996:502987 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Nicalon fiber is the primary reinforcement in SiC-SiC composites currently produced by a variety of techniques including CVI and polymer infiltration. Low strength retention and dimensional change at high temps. of the Nicalon fibers limits the choice of manufg. processes which can be employed to produce low cost SiC-SiC composites. MER has developed a SiC reinforcement based upon the conversion of low cost carbon fabric to SiC via a Chem. Vapor Reaction (CVR) process. These new SiC filaments exhibit excellent creep resistance at temps. up to 1600 C. SiC-SiC composites were fabricated using different types of graphite fabric converted to SiC fabric utilizing the CVR process combined with a polycarbosilane (PCS) infiltration and CVI densification. In addn., enhancement of the composite through-the-thickness thermal cond. was accomplished via boron doping of the matrix. A correlation between processing conditions, microstructure and properties of the SiC-SiC composites will be presented. Bibliographic Information The influence of surface kinetics in modeling chemical vapor deposition processes in porous preforms. Dekker, J. P.; Moene, R.; Schoonman, J. Lab. Appl. Inorg. Chem., Delft Univ. Technol., Delft, Neth. Journal of Materials Science (1996), 31(11), 3021-3033. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 125:65201 AN 1996:378298 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The isothermal chem. vapor infiltration (ICVI) process is a well known technique for the prodn. of composites and the surface modification of porous preforms. Math. modeling of the process can provide a better understanding of the influence of individual process parameters on the deposition characteristics such as final porosity or deposition profiles in the pore network. The influence of different rate expressions for several binary compds. on the ICVI process is discussed. Exptl. work is used to validate the importance of correct kinetic expressions in a continuous ICVI model for cylindrical pores. The predicted infiltration characteristics are compared with exptl. results. The final densification and Thiele modulus, i.e. a no. which is a measure for the diffusion limitations in a pore, are used for the evaluation of the presented model, and conditions are given for an optimal densification of a porous preform by the ICVI process for several binary compds. The deposition profiles as predicted by the model calcns. are in agreement with the exptl. detd. deposition profiles of TiN and TiC in small tubes. Moreover, it can be concluded that the shape of the deposition profiles is detd. by the heterogeneous reaction kinetics. There is only a qual. agreement between the predicted densification and measured densification for the synthesis of TiN and TiB2 in sintered porous alumina. This mismatch can be explained in terms of a complexity of the pore network and differences in reaction kinetics. Model calcns. reveal that there is a scattering for the predicted residual porosity as a function of the Thiele modulus for TiN. Moreover, this Thiele modulus can not fully account for the changes in densification at different temps. Given these uncertainties it is likely that a residual porosity of less than one percent can be obtained if the Thiele modulus is smaller than 1 10-4. However, a CVI process with such a small Thiele modulus will not be practical, because of the concomitant long process times. Therefore, more precise conditions for the individual process parameters, i.e. concn., reactor pressure, and temp. are deduced from the model calcns. Bibliographic Information Pressure-pulsed chemical vapor infiltration of TiN into SiC particulate preforms. Sugiyama, K.; Sugata, M. Dep. Appl. Chem., Aichi Inst. Technol., Toyota, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1996), 31(11), 2945-2949. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 00222461. Journal written in English. CAN 125:65198 AN 1996:378286 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract SiC particulate preforms were infiltrated by TiN matrix from a gas mixt. of TiCl4 (5%), nitrogen (30%) and hydrogen using a repeating pressure pulse between 760 and about 1 torr. SiC particle sizes of 5 and 20 m were used. For matrix packing into deep level, optimum temp. was detd. between 800 and 850 , and the max. packing ratio reached 67% after 4 104 pulses at 850 . The increase of TiCl4 concn. to 10% resulted in higher deposition rate and packing ratio. The decrease of nitrogen concn. led to slower deposition, i.e., a similar effect to temp. lowering. The max. flexural strength measured was 140 MPa. Bibliographic Information

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Synthesis of mullite coatings by chemical vapor deposition. Mulpuri, Rao P.; Sarin, Vinod K. Dep. Mfg. Eng., Boston Univ., Boston, MA, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1996), 11(6), 1315-1324. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 125:39956 AN 1996:366859 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Formation of mullite on ceramic substrates via chem. vapor deposition was investigated. Mullite is a solid soln. of Al2O3 and SiO2 with a compn. of 3Al2O3 2SiO2. Thermodn. calcns. performed on the AlCl3-SiCl4-CO2-H2 system were used to construct equil. chem. vapor deposition (CVD) phase diagrams. With the aid of these diagrams and consideration of kinetic rate limiting factors, initial process parameters were detd. Through process optimization, cryst. CVD mullite coatings have been successfully grown on SiC and Si3N4 substrates. Results from the thermodn. anal., process optimization, and effect of various process parameters on deposition rate and coating morphol. are discussed. Bibliographic Information Mixed chromium and aluminum oxides elaborated by a sol-gel process. I. Chemistry of the preparation. Rezgui, Saloua; Ghorbel, Abdelhamid; Henry, Marc. Lab. Chimie Materiaux Catalyse, Dep. Chimie, Tunisia. Journal of Materials Synthesis and Processing (1995), 3(6), 371-376. CODEN: JMSPEI ISSN: 1064-7562. Journal written in English. CAN 125:16967 AN 1996:331762 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Gels of mixed chromium and aluminum oxide were prepd. by a sol-gel process. The precursor is a mixt. of Al(O-s-Bu)3 and Cr(acac)3 with a mass ratio Al/Cr = 10 in sec-butanol. Gelation occurred by adding acetic acid. The amt. of added acetic acid is represented by the ratio k = [CH3COOH]/[Al(O-s-Bu)3], with k varying between 0.5 and 3. Acetic acid played crucial roles in both hydrolysis and polycondensation, (1) producing water in situ by esterification, (2) modifying the precursor by substituting some of the O-s-Bu ligands by acetate ligands, and (3) catalyzing the polycondensation. The importance of each of these roles in the process as well as the nature of the products varied with the ratio k. Bibliographic Information Influence of alloying elements on the chemical reactivity between Si-Al-O-N ceramics and iron-based alloys. Vluegels, J.; Vandeperre, L.; Van Der Biest, O. Dep. Metallurgy Materials Eng., Katholieke Univ. Leuven, Leuvan, Belg. Journal of Materials Research (1996), 11(5), 1265-1276. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 124:323490 AN 1996:293140 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The chem. interaction between two '-O' Si-Al-O-N ceramics and a no. of iron-based alloys is studied by means of static interaction couple expts. at 1100 and 1200 C. The onset temp. of reaction of Si3N4 with pure iron was 1095 C, which is in good agreement with a calcd. temp. of 1033 C. During the interaction, silicon and nitrogen from the ceramic dissolve and diffuse into the iron alloy, whereas the remaining aluminum and oxygen form Al2O3 particles. The interaction between the ceramic and iron alloy is reaction controlled. In the initial stage of the interaction, the dissocn. rate of the ceramic is the ratecontrolling step. After the ceramic/metal interface is isolated from the furnace atm., the nitrogen soln. rate into the iron alloy becomes rate controlling. The influence of alloying elements on the reactivity could be related to their effect on the nitrogen soly. in the iron alloy. Ni, Si, and C decrease the nitrogen soly. and decrease the reactivity with the Sialon ceramic. Cr and Mo have the opposite effect. The thickness of the interaction layer on the ceramic side of the interaction couple was found to be a function of the calcd. nitrogen soly. in the iron alloy at 1 atm nitrogen pressure, making it possible to predict the relative chem. reactivity of a no. of iron-based alloys with the same Sialon ceramic. Bibliographic Information Preparation and pressureless sintering of chemical vapor deposited SiC-B composite powder. Chen, Lidong; Goto, Takashi; Hirai, Toshio. Institute Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1996), 31(3), 67983. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 124:239925 AN 1996:180535 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract SiC-B composite powder was prepd. by chem. vapor deposition (CVD) using (CH3)2SiCl2 + B2H6 + H2 as source gases at 1673 K. The powder was -type polycryst. silicon carbide contg. several per cents of boron and carbon. The boron content increased from 0 to 7.7 mass% as the B2H6 gas concn. increased from 0 to 0.7 mol%. Boron and carbon in amorphous form dispersed homogeneously in the -SiC polycryst. particles. The particles were spherical, non-agglomerated and uniform in size with an av. particle size of about 50 nm. Sintering tests were performed with the resulting composite powder without applying pressure. Powder contg. 1 mass% boron and 2 mass% carbon was sintered to a d. of 3.16 x 103 kg m-3 at 2273 K, and the Vickers hardness of the sintered body was 30 GPa. When the sintering temp. was higher than 2323 K, significant grain growth due to the phase transformation from to form occurred, which decreased bulk d. and Vickers hardness. Bibliographic Information Nanocrystalline metals, intermetallics, and a metal-matrix nanocomposite by solution-based chemical reductions. Buhro, W. E.; Haber, J. A.; Waller, B. E.; Trentler, T. J.; Suryanarayanan, R.; Frey, C. A.; Sastry, S. M. L. Department Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA. Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering (1995), 73 39-40. CODEN: PMSEDG ISSN: 0743-0515. Journal written in English. CAN 124:123490 AN 1996:951 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A metal salt soln. was reduced to nanocryst. and nanocomposite. CuCl in THF was reduced with NaBH4 to form nanocrystal Cu, and Ni and Al can also be prepd. in similar manner. NiCl2 soln. was reduced with LiAlH4 ti NiAl intermetallic compds. of nano size. MoCl5 and SiCl4 were reduced with NaK to nanocryst. MoSi2 in ultrasound field. TiB2 nanocryst. particles were suspended in THF and CuCl was reduced to obtain a Cu-coated TiB2 nanocomposite. Bibliographic Information Preparation of low density free-standing shape of SiC by pressure-pulsed chemical vapor infiltration. Sugiyama, K.; Norizuki, K. Dep. Applied Chem., Aichi Inst. Technology, Toyoda, Japan. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1995), 14(23), 1720-2. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 124:64057 AN 1995:1000853 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The effects of the conditions of pressure-pulsed chem. vapor infiltration (PCVI) on the deposition rate, ease of substrate oxidn., gross d., and flexural strength in prepn. of low-d. free-standing SiC shapes were examd. By selection of a porous carbon substrate, highly porous SiC shapes with a desirable pore distribution may be prepd. by the PCVI process. Bibliographic Information Identification of chemical and physical change during acid cleaning of ceramics. Johnson, Jessica S.; Erickson, Harold M.; Iceland, Harry. Texas Mem. Mus., Univ. Texas, Austin, TX, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 352(Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology 4), 831-7. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 124:54897 AN 1995:985335 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract This report describes the results of two expts. characterizing chem. and phys. change in ceramic constituents occurring from acid solns. commonly used to remove deposits from the surface of archaeol. ceramics. The first examines the chem. effects of hydrochloric acid, in an attempt to identify the yellow color, commonly known as "acid burn", often seen in museum collections on black-on-white sherds found in the Southwestern U.S. The compd. is identified as Fe2O3 H2O. The second study compares the phys. effects of different acids on a group of Maya sherds. All acids tested in this study were found to cause phys. damage. Bibliographic Information Influence of particle characteristics on sintering behavior of alumina-zirconia composites. Balasubramanian, M.; Malhotra, S. K.; Gokularathnam, C. V. FRP Research Center, Indian Inst. of Technology, Madras, India. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1995), 14(21), 1484-5. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 123:347792 AN 1995:927403 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A uniform distribution of zirconia particles in an alumina matrix can be achieved by chem. processing methods. Three chem. processing routes were used to obtain better powders. The sintered d. and the tetragonal ZrO2 content of composites were correlated with powder size and morphol. Bibliographic Information Wet air oxidation of energetics and chemical agent surrogates. Copa, William M.; Momont, Joseph A. Zimpro Environmental Inc., Rothschild, WI, USA. Journal of Energetic Materials (1995), 13(3&4), 235-58. CODEN: JOEMDK ISSN: 0737-0652. Journal written in English. CAN 123:295590 AN 1995:895724 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Wet oxidn. studies have been conducted on a no. of energetic materials and wastewaters derived from energetic materials to demonstrate high destruction levels of specific energetic components. Triple-base propellant, OTTO Fuel (used as torpedo propellant) and hydrazine-based rocket fuel were energetics of interest. Triple-base propellant contain nitrocellulose, nitroglycerin, and nitroguanidine. OTTO Fuel contains substantial amts. of propylene glycol trinitrate. Hydrazine based rocket fuel contains hydrazine and 1,1-di-Me hydrazine (asym. di-Me hydrazine or UDMH). A bench scale wet air oxidn. study on alk. hydrolyzates of triple-base propellants indicated that essentially complete destruction of the reactive nitrogen components could be achieved at an oxidn. temp. of 280 . Bench scale wet air oxidn. studies on OTTO Fuel wastewaters indicated that a >99% destruction of propylene glycol dinitrate can be achieved at 280 . Processing OTTO Fuel wastewaters in a continuous flow, full scale wet air oxidn. unit achieved even higher destruction levels. Bench scale wet air oxidn. studies on hydrazinebased rocket fuel wastewaters indicated that a 99.8% destruction of hydrazine and a >99.0% destruction of 1,1dimethylhydrazine can be oxidized at 280 . Again, processing of hydrazine-based rocket fuel wastewaters in a continuous flow, full scale wet air oxidn. unit achieved similar destruction levels. The application of wet air oxidn. for the destruction of chem. agents has been made by the extrapolation of data from the wet air oxidn. of compds. with similar chem. structures or of surrogate compds. Sarin and V-agents are nerve agents which have an organo-phosphorus structure similar to that of contain commonly used pesticides. Pesticides such as glyphosate and malathion, which have a similar organo-phosphorus structure, are essentially completely destroyed (>99% destruction) by wet air oxidn. at 200-280 . The chem. agent surrogate, di-Me Me phosphonate (DMMP) was wet air oxidized at 220-280 . Alk. hydrolyzed DMMP was wet air oxidized at 280 . All of the oxidized effluents showed a >97.5% destruction efficiency for the DMMP. The blister agent, mustard (HD) is a chlorinated sulfide, bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide. Org. sulfides such as mercaptans can be destroyed by wet air oxidn. at 260-280 . It is concluded that the wet air oxidn. process is a promising alternative to incineration for disposal of energetics and chem. warfare agents. Bibliographic Information Molten salt oxidation of chemical munitions. Stewart, Albert; Schnittgrund, Gary. PyroPacific Processes, Grand Hills, CA, USA. Journal of Energetic Materials (1995), 13(3&4), 213-34. CODEN: JOEMDK ISSN: 0737-0652. Journal written in English. CAN 123:295589 AN 1995:895723 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Molten salt oxidn. is reviewed as a potential near term alternative technol. for the destruction of chem. agents. Initial tests completed by the US Army in 1975 showed the promise of achieving very high removal efficiencies on actual agents. Recent testing by DOE has verified the potential for very low PIC and dioxin or furan releases. To further explore the possible application of this technol. to chem. agent destruction, a molten salt reactor and assocd. equipment was designed to process a nominal 50 kg/h of Sarin. Mass and energy balances are presented for process conditions representing a range of molten salt potential operational modes and schemes for enhancing plant capacity. Process economics are presented. Bibliographic Information Supercritical water oxidation of chemical agents, and solid propellants. Spritzer, M. H.; Hazlebeck, D. A.; Downey, K. W. San Diego, CA, USA. Journal of Energetic Materials (1995), 13(3&4), 185-212. CODEN: JOEMDK ISSN: 0737-0652. Journal written in English. CAN 123:295588 AN 1995:895722 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Supercrit. water oxidn. (SCWO), also referred to as hydrothermal oxidn. (HTO), is a developing technol. for the destruction of hazardous and nonhazardous wastes. SCWO destroys combustible materials using an oxidant in water at 350-600 and pressures of 17 MPa. General Atomics and its subcontractors are currently conducting 2 comprehensive research and

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demonstration programs geared toward the destruction of Department of Defense (DoD) wastes utilizing SCWO technol. Wastes of primary interest include chem. agents and solid propellants. Tech. challenges, particularly corrosion and solids handling, were overcome, and the destruction of chem. agents and solid propellants was demonstrated on a bench scale. SCWO results for chem. agents show destruction and removal efficiencies for GB, VX, and mustard agents to be in excess of 99.9999%, limited only by detection capability. SCWO results for hydrolyzed Class 1.1 solid propellant show destruction and removal efficiencies for total org. carbon (TOC) of >99.9%. Design and fabrication of a transportable SCWO pilot plant for chem. warfare agents, propellants and other DoD hazardous wastes and a prototype HTO system for solid rocket propellant disposal are complete and demonstration testing is underway. Bibliographic Information Pressure pulsed chemical vapor infiltration of SiC to two-dimensional-Tyranno/SiC-C preforms. Sygiyama, Kohzo; Yoshida, Yazutoshi. Department of Applied Chemistry, Aichi Institute of Technology, Toyoda, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1995), 30(20), 5125-9. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 123:320390 AN 1995:894944 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Preforms of two-dimensional Tyranno fiber (SiC base) of 7 20 1.3 mm3 were chem. vapor infiltrated with SiC at 850-1050 C from a gas mixt. of CH3SiCl3 (6%)-H2 using pressure pulses between below 0.3 kPa and 0.1 MPa. Above 900 C, films grew on the macrosurface dominantly. At 850 C, residual porosity decreased to about 10% after 105 pulses, and three point flexural strength reached about 200 MPa. X-ray diffractograms on the surface showed the deposits to be -SiC only. Bibliographic Information Matrix characterization of fiber-reinforced SiC matrix composites fabricated by chemical vapor infiltration. Stinton, D. P.; Hembree, D. M.; More, K. L.; Sheldon, B. W.; Besmann, T. M.; Headinger, M. H.; Davis, R. F. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Journal of Materials Science (1995), 30(17), 4279-85. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 123:206673 AN 1995:804167 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), that consist of silicon carbide (SiC) reinforced with continuous Nicalon or T-300 fibers, are being developed for many high-temp. structural applications. The large potential use of CMCs has prompted an in-depth investigation and characterization of these materials. Electron microscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize and compare the SiC matrix crystal structure and morphol. of composite materials fabricated by two different chem. vapor infiltration (CVI) processes. Bibliographic Information Characterization of pseudo-porous SiC/C coatings on NextelTM 440 and NicalonTM fibers. Khasgiwale, N. R.; Butler, E. P.; Tsakalakos, L.; Hensley, D. A.; Cannon, W. R.; Danforth, S. C.; Gonczy, S. T. Center Ceramic Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 365 395-400. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 02729172. Journal written in English. CAN 123:177329 AN 1995:774261 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Pseudo-porous SiC/C coatings were deposited on NextelTM 440 and NicalonTM fibers by CVD. The morphol. and chem. of the coatings was evaluated, both before and after oxidn., using SEM, X-Ray Diffraction Anal. (XRD), XPS and Auger spectroscopy. Coated fibers were subjected to two different oxidn. treatments to assess coating stability: a) oxidn. at 600 C for 20 h, and b) oxidn. at 1000 C for 20 h. Pseudo-porous SiC/C on NicalonTM fibers appear to be more oxidn. resistant than the same coatings on NextelTM440 fibers. Bibliographic Information The preparation and economics of silicon carbide matrix composites by chemical vapor infiltration. Roman, Yvette G.; Stinton, David P. Centre Technical Ceramics-TNO, Eindhoven, Neth. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 365 343-50. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 123:176964 AN 1995:774254 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review with 35 refs. A no. of processing techniques that are currently in use for the development and prodn. of continuous fiber reinforced ceramic composite materials are described. The limited no. of available processing routes are compared with respect to the resulting material properties. The chem. vapor infiltration (CVI) technique is one of the most extensively developed methods. During the last decade, at least five different modifications of the isobaric isothermal CVI principle have been developed; each route having its own benefits. CVI techniques have now been developed to the extent that industrial commercialization is being realized. Projected cost aspects of the various CVI manufg. techniques are examd. and compared. Bibliographic Information Properties of SiC-SiC composites produced using CVR converted graphite cloth to SiC cloth. Kowbel, W.; Kyriacou, C.; Gao, F.; Bruce, C. A.; Withers, J. C. MER corp., Tucson, AZ, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 365 197202. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 123:177312 AN 1995:774236 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Nicalon fiber is the primary reinforcement in SiC-SiC composites currently produced by a variety of techniques including CVI and polymer infiltration. Low strength retention at high temps. of the Nicalon fibers limits the choice of manufg. processes which can be employed to produce low cost SiC-SiC composites. MER has developed a new SiC reinforcement based upon a conversion of low cost carbon fabric to SiC via a Chem. Vapor Reaction (CVR) process. This new SiC filaments exhibit an excellent creep resistance at temps. up to 1600 C. Several SiC-SiC composites were fabricated using graphite fabric converted to SiC fabric utilizing the CVR process combined with a slurry infiltration and CVI densification. A correlation between processing conditions, microstructure and properties of the SiC-SiC composites are discussed. Bibliographic Information Chemically bonded ceramic matrix composites: densification and conversion to diffusion bonding. Johnson, Bradley R.; Guelguen, Mehmet A.; Kriven, Waltraud, M. Department Materials Science and Engineering, University Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.

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Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 365 67-72. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 123:177295 AN 1995:774216 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chem. bonded ceramics appear to be a promising alternative route for near-net shape fabrication of multi-phase ceramic matrix composites (CMC's). The hydraulic (and refractory) properties of fine mono-calcium aluminate (CaAl2O4) powders were used as the chem. bonding matrix phase, while calcia-stabilized zirconia powders were the second phase material. Samples contg. up to 70 wt% (55 vol%) zirconia have been successfully compacted and sintered. Various processing techniques were evaluated. Processing was optimized based on material properties, dilatometry and simultaneous thermal anal. (DTA/TGA). The phys. characteristics of this novel CMC were characterized by hardness, d., and fracture toughness testing. Microstructures were evaluated by SEM and phase identification was verified using XRD. Bibliographic Information Oxidative catalytic decomposition of toxic gases using hydroxyapatite and fluorhydroxyapatite. Palucka, Timothy P.; Eror, Nicholas G.; McNamara, Thomas A. Department Materials Science and Engineering, University Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 368(Synthesis and Properties of Advanced Catalytic Materials), 275-80. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 123:151604 AN 1995:734790 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract An oxidative catalytic route to decomp. nerve gases was studied using hydroxyapatite (HA, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) and its partially fluorinated analog fluorhydroxyapatite (FHA, Ca10(PO4)6Fx(OH)2-x). Samples were prepd. with surface areas of 34-238 m2/g to study surface area effects; 1.2 wt.% Pt was deposited on 1 substrate to study the effect of a transition metal on activity and selectivity. Reaction studies were performed using di-Me methylphosphonate, a nerve gas simulant, in a stream of 80% N and 20% O at 573 K and atm. pressure. High surface area FHA samples showed an increase in the protection period (period of 100% conversion) with increasing F substitution; such an increase was not seen for low surface area FHA samples. In the absence of Pt, the reaction products were CH3OH and di-Me ether; with Pt, CO2 was also obtained. Bibliographic Information Toxicity Medical (1995), CAPLUS

of sulfur mustard in adult rat lung organ culture. Sawyer, Thomas W.; Wilde, Paul E.; Rice, Paul; Weiss, M. Tracy. Countermeasures Section, Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Box 4000, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Can. Toxicology 100(1-3), 39-49. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 123:104668 AN 1995:700024 (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

Abstract The toxicity of the chem. warfare agent sulfur mustard, (bis-(2-chloroethyl)sulfide, HD), was examd. in adult rat lung organ cultures. Assessment of HD-induced damage by the MTT cytotoxicity assay indicated that the median lethal concn. (LC50) of HD in these cultures was reproducible, and in the M range. Damage to the lung slices was expressed only after a latent period of 48 h and did not increase significantly with longer expression times. Histopathol. examn. of HD-treated lung cultures showed that the structural changes in the lung tissue paralleled the toxicity measured biochem., and were also similar to the damage found in animals and man exposed to HD in vivo. This in vitro model offers a useful tool with which to study the toxicity and mechanism of action of sulfur mustard. Bibliographic Information Characterization and surface chemistry of uncoated and coated silicon nitride powders. Schmidt, H.; Nabert, G.; Ziegler, G.; Goretzki, H. Inst. Materialforschung, Univ. Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1995), 15(7), 667-74. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 123:90766 AN 1995:695131 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Various Si3N4 powders, produced by different procedures, were characterized by imaging (TEM) and anal. methods (EDS, FTIR, XPS) in the as-received state as well as after doping with a metal oxide (MgO). For the doping, an alternative procedure to the usual methods was applied based on sol. organometallic compds. Anal. TEM combined with lateral resoln. element anal. and XPS measurements was used for morphol., structural and anal. characterization. The distribution of the dopant was deduced from measurements of XPS sputter depth profiles. These investigations were supplemented by FT-IR measurements to det. qual. and semi-quant. the reactive groups on the particle surfaces of the as-received powders. For comparison, measurements were performed with Si3N4 powders which were doped by the above chem. procedure and by mech. mixing. The results of the various characterization methods are interpreted in the form of a model display for surface reactions of organometallic doping reagents on the surfaces of ceramic particles. The results show that Si3N4 powders with high concn. of OH groups on their particle surface reveal very good distribution of the fluxing element (layer-like coating). Bibliographic Information Influence of crystallographic orientation, chemical inhomogeneities, material transport anisotropy and elastic strain energy on the migration of grain boundaries in chromium-doped alumina during internal reduction. Backhaus-Ricoult, Monika; PeyrotChabrol, A.; Chiron, R.; Hagege, S. Cent. d'Etudes Chim. Metall., CNRS, Vitry, Fr. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 357(Structure and Properties of Interfaces in Ceramics), 293-9. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 123:90732 AN 1995:685875 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Diffusion-induced grain boundary migration is obsd. during internal redn. of chromium-doped alumina. It occurs because grain boundary diffusion is fast compared to lattice diffusion of oxygen. The oxygen chem. potential relaxes between grain boundaries and adjacent grains. Migration to either side of the boundary is controlled by multiple factors: chem. compn. differences between adjacent grains, elastic strain energy differences on the two sides of the boundary plane or by more rapid oxygen relaxation when the c-axis of a grain is perpendicular to the boundary plane. Bibliographic Information Synthesis and chemical stability of NaSn2P3O12. Breval, E.; Harshe, G.; Agrawal, D. K.; Limaye, S. Y. Intercoll. Mater. Res. Lab., Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA, USA. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1995), 14(10), 728-31. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 123:39204 AN 1995:606064 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Abstract NaSn2P3O12 and NaZr2P3O12 powders were prepd. by solid-state reaction methods and sintered at 1050-1200 . The resulting pellets were characterized in terms of d., thermal expansion, and phase compn. before and after chem. stability tests. Chem. stability tests were performed in polethylene containers in 3 solns., H+ + SO42- (pH = 0.5), Na+ + H+ + SO42(pH = 0.7), and Na+ + OH- (pH + 14.3). Results indicate that NaSn2P3O12 is a very stable NZP compd. in high and low pH solns. (pH + 0.5-14.3) as compared to the parent compn. NaZr2P3O12, which shows high losses, esp. in alk. leachants. The surface-to-vol. of a single phase NaSn2P3O12 material, sintered without sintering agents, hardly affects the dissoln. Use of a sintering agent may result in a highly reactive grain boundary phase, the amt. of which may exceed the amt. of added sintering aid. Bibliographic Information Low-level detection of chemical agent simulants in meat and milk by ion trap mass spectrometry. Buchanan, Michelle V.; Hettich, Robert L.; Xu, Jing Hai; Waters, Larry C.; Watson, Annetta. Chemical and Analytical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Building 5510, MS/6365, Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Journal of Hazardous Materials (1995), 42(1), 49-59. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 123:31526 AN 1995:596587 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Anal. methods for the detection of two chem. warfare agent simulants, diisopropyl methylphosphonate and chloroethylethylsulfide, in beef tissue and milk were demonstrated to be effective to levels as low as 50-100 ppb. These methods are based upon thermal desorption into an ion trap mass spectrometer. Selective detection of the target compds. is achieved by isobutane chem. ionization in combination with collision-induced dissocn., which yields characteristic fragment ions. Rapid sample clean-up steps were also devised to reduce interferences from the sample matrix. The low detection limits achieved with this method suggest that it may be possible to take small tissue samples from livestock by needle biopsy, without requiring animal sacrifice for the anal. In addn., because the new methods may be performed more quickly than conventional methods requiring substantial sample prepn. and anal. time, more samples could be analyzed. Bibliographic Information The effect of ceria co-doping on chemical stability and fracture toughness of Y-TZP. Boutz, M. M. R.; Winnubst, A. j. a.; Van Langerak, B.; Scholtenhuis, R. J. M. Olde; Kreuwel, K.; Burggraaf, A. J. Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Twente, Enschde, Neth. Journal of Materials Science (1995), 30(7), 1854-62. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 122:271892 AN 1995:504770 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The fracture toughness and ageing resistance of yttria, ceria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (Y, Ce-TZP) were evaluated as a function of grain size and ceria content. Very fine grained, fully dense materials could be produced by sinter forging at relatively low temps. (1150-1200 C). The aging resistance in hot water (185 C) of 2 mol% Y2O3-stabilized TZP is strongly enhanced by alloying with ceria. The ceria content necessary to avoid degrdn. completely, decreases with grain size. The toughness of fully dense Y, Ce-TZP is 7-9 MPa m1/2 for grain sizes down to 0.2 m. No or very little transformation took place during fracturing and no clear variation with grain size was obsd. for the toughness at grain sizes up to 0.8 m. Reversible transformation and crack deflection may explain the obsd. toughness values. Bibliographic Information Microstructure and chemistry of second phases in MgO- and NiO-codoped alumina by analytical transmission electron microscopy. Park, K.; Vasilos, T.; Sung, C. Cent. Advanced Materials Dep. Chem. Nuclear Eng., Univ. Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1995), 14(4), 261-4. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 122:167982 AN 1995:415637 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The effects MgO-NiO-codoping on microstructure and chem. of 2nd phases, segregated particles and cryst. defects in alumina ceramics were examd. MgO-NiO-codoping contributed significantly to the prepn. of dense fine-grained alumina. It appeared that Ni-Al and Ni-Mg-Al spinels, segregated Ni particles, and K- '' alumina ppts. were formed at triple points or at grain boundaries, because the concns. of the MgO and NiO dopants were higher than their solid solubilities. In particular, the codopants formed a Ni-Mg-Al spinel as well as a Ni-Al spinel, because Mg2+ and Ni2+ were partitioned in the cation position of the spinel structure. Bibliographic Information Compositions and chemical bonding in ceramics by quantitative electron energy-loss spectrometry. Bentley, J.; Horton, L. L.; McHargue, C. J.; McKernan, S.; Carter, C. B.; Revcolevschi, A.; Tanaka, S.; Davis, R. F. Metals and Ceramics Div.r., Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1994), 332(Determining Nanoscale Physical Properties of Materials by Microscopy and Spectroscopy), 385-90. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 122:87360 AN 1995:266442 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Quant. electron energy-loss spectrometry was applied to a range of ceramic materials at a spatial resoln. of <5 nm. Anal. of Fe L23 white lines indicates a low-spin state with a charge transfer of .apprx.1.5 electrons/atom onto the Fe atoms implanted into (amorphized) silicon carbide. Gradients of 2-5% in the Co:O stoichiometry were measured across 100-nm-thick Co3O4 layers in an oxidized directionally solidified CoO-ZrO2 eutectic, with the highest O levels near the ZrO2. The energy-loss nearedge structures were dramatically different for the two cobalt oxides; those for Co3O4 have been incorrectly ascribed to CoO in the published literature. Kinetically stabilized solid soly. occurred in an AlN-SiC film grown by low-temp. mol. beam epitaxy (MBE) on (6H)-SiC, and no detectable interdiffusion occurred in couples of MBE-grown AlN on SiC following annealing at up to 1750 C. In diffusion couples of polycryst. AlN on SiC, interfacial 8H Sialon (aluminum silicon oxynitride) and pockets of Si3N4rich '-Sialon in the SiC were detected. Bibliographic Information Chemically bonded ceramics as an alternative to high temperature composite processing. Gulgun, Mehmet A.; Johnson, Bradley R.; Kriven, Waltraud M. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1994), 346(Better Ceramics through Chemistry VI), 51116. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 122:15230 AN 1995:174876 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Processing of multi-phase ceramic composite materials using chem. bonded ceramics as a binding agent appears to be a promising route for fabricating complex-shaped structures. In a zirconia-calcium aluminate ceramic matrix composite, the hydraulic property of fine, monocalcium aluminate (CaAl2O4) powders was used to prep. strong prefired bodies. The changes in the phys. characteristics of the composite during the conversion from a chem. bonded compact into a sintered composite were studied using thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), X-ray diffraction and SEM. The d. and the hardness of the chem. bonded and sintered composite were measured. Bibliographic Information Assessing delayed neurotoxicity in rodents after nerve gas exposure. Husain, K.; Pant, S. C.; Vijayaraghavan, R.; Singh, Ram. Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. Defence Science Journal (1994), 44(2), 161-4. CODEN: DSJOAA ISSN: 0011-748X. Journal written in English. CAN 121:294553 AN 1994:694553 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Delayed neurotoxicity of an organophosphorus nerve gas, Sarin (a chem. warfare agent) following repeated inhalation exposure in rats and mice, was studied by behavioral, biochem. and histopathol. analyses. Rats exposed to Sarin aerosols (12.5 mg/m3 for 20 min) daily for ten days did not exhibit any clin. sign of delayed neurotoxicity. Neurotoxic esterase (NTE) activity in the brain, spinal cord and platelets was significantly inhibited, but the inhibition was below the threshold. Histopathol. examn. of spinal cord did not show any axonal degeneration. Mice exposed to Sarin aerosols (5 mg/m3 for 20 min) daily for ten days developed mild ataxia and muscular weakness of the hind limb on 14th day after the start of exposure. NTE activity was significantly inhibited in brain, spinal cord and platelets. Histopathol. of spinal cord showed focal axonal degeneration. Acetyl-choline esterase activity in the platelets of both the animals was significantly inhibited. The authors conclude that mice are sensitive to delayed neurotoxicity induced by repeated exposure to Sarin whereas rats are insensitive. Bibliographic Information Clean-up of chemical warfare agents on soils using simple washing or chemical treatment processes. Amos, Denys; Leake, Brian. DSTO, Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 4331, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Journal of Hazardous Materials (1994), 39(1), 107-17. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 121:262645 AN 1994:662645 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Several simple processes have been studied for the destruction of chem. agents, Soman and Mustard, on soils. A double wash or an extended single wash with water was effective in removing Mustard and Soman from soil; addn. of either anionic or cationic surfactant did not improve removal efficiency. Soils with higher org. carbon content were more difficult to decontaminate. The most effective chem. process for the removal of Mustard was treatment with hypochlorite; treatment with Na2CO3 or NaOH were almost as effective as hypochlorite in cleaning Mustard contaminated soil. Soman was removed most effectively by treatment with Na2CO3. Overall the most efficient process for the destruction of both Mustard and Soman was treatment with Na2CO3 soln. Bibliographic Information Liquid phase sintering, electrical conductivity, and chemical stability of lanthanum chromite doped with calcium and nickel. Christie, G. M.; Middleton, P. H.; Steele, B. C. H. Dep. Mater., Imperial Coll. Sci., Tech. Med., London, UK. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1994), 14(2), 163-75. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 121:236480 AN 1994:636480 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The substitution of 10 mol% nickel for chromium in calcium-doped lanthanum chromite has been shown to promote rapid densification of the compd. at low temps. in air by the form of a transient liq. phase. Liqs. were generated via the decompn. of CaCrO4 second phase material present in calcined powders. During elec. cond. measurements at 1000 C, severe microstructural degrdn. occurred at atms. of H2 and CO2. The processes leading to chem. degrdn. are attributed to the pptn. of Ni from the (La,Ca)(Cr,Ni)O3 solid soln. and to the decompn. of small amts. of residual CaCrO4 which remains at grain boundaries and triple points after sintering. DTA studies on CaCrO4 in CO2 and H2 atms. suggested that the degrdn. due to CaCrO4 decompn. was primarily a result of the reaction of CaO with CO2 to form CaCO3. The presence of H2 gas is thought to catalyze this reaction via the formation of large amt. of CaO during the decompn. of CaCrO4. Degrdn. is more severe in atms. contg. a mixt. of CO2 and H2 gases than in either gas on its own. Bibliographic Information Photochemical degradation of a toxic organophosphorus analog (PMSF) in microemulsion media. Yang, Yun; Donegan, Sheila; Patel, Ramesh C.; Ward, Anthony J. I. Center for Advanced Materials Processing, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA. Chemosphere (1994), 28(11), 1967-76. CODEN: CMSHAF ISSN: 0045-6535. Journal written in English. CAN 121:217331 AN 1994:617331 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A study has been made of the photodegrdn. of an analog, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), of a toxic chem. warfare agent. The agent was solubilized in a water-in-oil surfactant stabilized microemulsion system comprising sodium dodecyl sulfate, pentanol and water. Loss of the parent PMSF mol. upon exposure of the system to UV irradn. was monitored by 19F NMR spectroscopy. Consideration of the changes in the chem. shifts, splittings in conjunction with GC/Mass spectroscopy data strongly suggest the degrdn. leads to partial fluorination of pentanol. Anal. of peak areas also indicates the formation of volatile degrdn. products such as HF. The addn. of TiO2 or hydroquinone to the system did not appreciably change the overall amts. of degrdn. The results are interpreted in terms of the possible radical based reaction pathways and show that such a microemulsion medium to have significant potential as a vehicle for effecting such a degrdn. process. Bibliographic Information Comparative evaluation of high protein against normal protein diet in combination with carbamates against organophosphorus intoxication in rats. Chatterjee, A.K.; Sikder, Nirmala; Sikder, A.K. Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. Defence Science Journal (1994), 44(1), 11-14. CODEN: DSJOAA ISSN: 0011-748X. Journal written in English. CAN 121:197892 AN 1994:597892 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Abstract The relative efficacy of an isocaloric high protein diet (HPD) contg. 59 per cent protein, in comparison to a conventional diet contg. 21 per cent protein, as applied in the alleviation of toxicity of diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP) and Me iso-Pr phosphonofluoridate (sarin), has been reported. In combination with well-known prophylactics like carbamates and cholinolytics like atropine against nerve gas toxicity, HPD appears to be superior to the conventional diet as studied by survival time measurements. Apart from carbamates, atropine and mecamylamine, HPD may be treated as an addnl. prophylactic agent to guard against the toxicity of DFP and sarin, which are being used as war chems. Bibliographic Information The surface chemistry of silicon nitride powder in the presence of dissolved ions. Hackley, V. A.; Malghan, S. G. Ceram. Div., Natl. Inst. Standards and Technol., Gaithersburg, MD, USA. Journal of Materials Science (1994), 29(17), 4420-30. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 121:185440 AN 1994:585440 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Colloidal processing of silicon nitride (Si3N4) powders depends largely on the control of reactions at the solid-soln. interface. The role of dissolved ions in the surface chem. of Si3N4 powders has been investigated, and the implications of these results for the effects of impurities, contaminants and additives in processing are discussed. The interaction of ions at the solid-soln. interface was characterized by particle electrokinetic behavior detd. from electroacoustic measurements in moderately concd. suspensions. Ions were classified according to chem. similarity and surface specificity. Specific adsorption was inferred from the movement of the isoelec. point relative to the endemic "native" value. Most simple univalent electrolytes behaved indifferently towards the Si3N4 surface, with the exception of fluoride which specifically adsorbed and may have formed a strong complex with surface silicon sites. The alk.-earth cations exhibited a similar weak specificity. In the presence of hydrolyzable transition metal cations, powder surface chem. was controlled by the adsorption of hydroxy metal complexes and by the soly. of a surface-pptd. metal hydroxide phase. Oxo anions, such as sulfate and carbonate, adsorbed specifically on the Si3N4 surface, but the interactions were weaker than previously obsd. on metal oxide surfaces. Bibliographic Information X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of uv laser irradiated sapphire and alumina. Pedraza, A. J.; Park, J. W.; Meyer, H. M., III; Braski, D. N. Dep. Materials Science Engineering, Univ. Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1994), 9(9), 2251-7. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 121:162453 AN 1994:562453 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract XPS was performed in as-received, thermally annealed, and laser-irradiated sapphire and alumina specimens to study the effects of the different treatments on surface chem. and properties. Laser irradiations with a 308 nm wavelength laser were performed in air and in a reducing atm. consisting of a mixt. of Ar and 4% hydrogen. The at. percentages of carbon, aluminum, and oxygen were measured in all the specimens. Particular attention was paid to the percentages of oxygen in the oxide and in a hydroxyl state. The XPS analyses clearly established that a very thin film of metallic aluminum is formed on the surface of both alumina and sapphire substrates when they are irradiated under a reducing atm. However, the film is discontinuous because it is elec. insulating. Substrates irradiated in air have metallic aluminum only for fluences below 0.4 J/ cm2. The valence band photoemission spectra of as-received, annealed, and laser-irradiated specimens were measured. In irradiated specimens, the width of the valence band spectra was found to decrease by .apprx.10%. One possible cause of this decrease is the generation of point defects during laser irradn. Electroless copper deposition occurs on sapphire and alumina substrates if their surface has been activated by laser irradn. The time required for copper deposition was monitored by measuring the elec. resistivity in the irradiated area while the substrates were immersed in an electroless bath. The kinetics of deposition on laser-activated substrates and the XPS results show that the presence of metallic aluminum accelerates the deposition process. However, the presence of aluminum is not the sole reason for laser activation in alumina. Very strong metal-ceramic bonding is produced after thermal annealing of samples having preirradiated substrates. This result is explained in terms of the excess oxygen that is present at the ceramic surface after irradn. Bibliographic Information X-ray absorption spectroscopy study of the local structure and the chemical state of yttrium in polycrystalline -alumina. Loudjani, M. K.; Cortes, R. Lab. Metallurgie Structurale, CNRS, Orsay, Fr. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1994), 14(1), 67-75. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 121:162396 AN 1994:562396 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The chem. state and local structure around the yttrium ion in doped polycryst. -alumina (0.03 mol% Y2O3 1) system was examd. by extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements for yttrium K-edge energy. In the case of highly doped alumina samples (0.1 and 1 mol% Y2O3) most of the yttrium is pptd. as a Y3Al5O12 phase, whereas in the dil. doped alumina sample (0.03 mol% Y2O3) yttrium is in solid soln., being located on the octahedral aluminum sites. The yttrium ion size, comparatively greater than that of the aluminum ion, induces locally a significant distortion of the oxygen ion lattice. This effect creates point defects in the nearest neighbor shell of the yttrium: vacancy (Vo..) and interstitial (Oi'') oxygen point defects. Bibliographic Information Constitution of the -alumina phase in chemically produced mullite precursors. Schneider, H.; Voll, D.; Saruhan, B.; Schmucker, M. Inst. Mater. Res., German Aerosp. Res. Establ., Cologne, Germany. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1993), 13(5), 441-8. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 121:89568 AN 1994:489568 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The temp. development of type II mullite precursor powders have been studied in the temp. range of 150 C (as-received) and 1150 C. X-ray diffraction measurements, IR and 29Si and 27Al NMR spectroscopy and anal. transmission electron microscopy have been performed on the heat-treated precursors. The investigations had the aim of contributing to the frequently discussed question, whether Si is incorporated into the -alumina spinel being formed as a transient phase in type II mullite precursors. The as-received precursors consist of relatively large spherical particles ( 0 5 m) of noncryst. SiO2 and of much finer-grained agglomerates of pseudo-boehmite crystals ( -AlO(OH), 20 nm), which are embedded in a SiO2 matrix. Above 350 C, pseudo-boehmite transforms to spinel-type alumina ( -Al2O3). During this transformation, all Si

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existing in the SiO2 matrix of the pseudoboehmite agglomerates is incorporated into -Al2O3 corresponding to a SiO2 content of 12 mol% at 500 C. Up to 750 C, the SiO2 content of the -alumina remains const. but above this temp. it gradually rises and reaches a max. amt. of 18 mol% at 1150 C. A marginal decompn. of the spherical non-cryst. SiO2 particles may be the sources to provide diffusion of Si species into the -alumina during a temp. increase above 750 C. It is most likely that Si species diffuse into the -alumina crystals along the crystallite boundaries. The diffusion process and Si incorporation are facilitated with the temp. increase. Bibliographic Information Quantitative analysis of Si3N4 microstructure response on interface chemistry. Meissner, E.; Unger, S.; Kleebe, H.-J.; Ziegler, G. Univ. Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany. Key Engineering Materials (1994), 89-91(Silicon Nitride 93), 471-5. CODEN: KEMAEY ISSN: 1013-9826. Journal written in English. CAN 121:89560 AN 1994:489560 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Quant. microstructure anal. was performed on gas-pressure sintered Si3N4 materials (SSN) by employing an image processing system. Variations in grain-diam. distribution and aspect-ratio distribution with changing additive compn. and annealing time, resp., were investigated. Clear evidence was found that both interface compn. and post-sintering anneal can strongly affect the matrix grain morphol. For the Y2O3-doped material, extended annealing time supported the formation of Si3N4 grains with increased diam. and length via Ostwald ripening. Moreover, the aspect-ratio distribution was shifted to higher values indicating anisotropic grain growth. The addn. of Al2O3 + ZrO2, compared to SSN doped with Y2O3, resulted in a finer microstructure with still high aspect ratios. This chem. effect is closely related to the viscosity of the liqs. at processing temps. Furthermore, ZrO2 addn. results in a more pronounced transgranular fracture mode, while Y2O3-contg. SSN predominantly revealed intergranular fracture. The influence of annealing time and interface chem. on both microstructure evolution and resulting fracture toughness is discussed. Bibliographic Information Surface chemical interactions of Si3N4 with polyelectrolyte deflocculants. Hackley, V.A.; Premachandran, R.; Malghan, S.G. Mater. Sci. Eng. Lab., Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol., Gaithersburg, MD, USA. Key Engineering Materials (1994), 89-91(Silicon Nitride 93), 679-82. CODEN: KEMAEY ISSN: 1013-9826. Journal written in English. CAN 121:41008 AN 1994:441008 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The interaction of org. polyelectrolyte deflocculants at the Si3N4 solid-soln. interface was investigated using electroacoustic measurements, polymer adsorption and particle size distribution anal. One cationic and two anionic polymers were studied: quaternized poly(diamine epoxychlorohydrin), ammonium poly(methacrylate) and poly(acrylic acid), resp. Electrostatic interactions are emphasized as a function of pH, concn. and mol. wt. Bibliographic Information Metabolite pharmacokinetics of soman, sarin and GF in rats and biological monitoring of exposure to toxic organophosphorus agents. Shih, Ming L.; McMonagle, Joseph D.; Dolzine, Theodore W.; Gresham, Vincent C. US Army Med. Res. Inst. Chem. Def., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1994), 14(3), 195-9. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260437X. Journal written in English. CAN 121:28848 AN 1994:428848 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract This study reports on the pharmacokinetics of the elimination of the metabolites of three toxic organophosphorus compds. (soman, sarin and GF). Urine, blood and lung tissue were collected from rats dosed s.c. at 75 g kg-1. Urinary excretion of the metabolite was the major elimination route for these three compds. The major differences among them were primarily the extent and rate of excretion. The hydrolyzed form, alkylmethylphosphonic acid, was the single major metabolite formed and excreted in urine by a non-saturable mechanism. Nearly total recoveries of the given doses for sarin and GF in metabolite form were obtained from the urine. The terminal elimination half-lives in urine were 3.7 0.1 and 9.9 0.8 h for sarin and GF, resp. Soman metabolite showed a biphasic elimination curve with terminal half-lives of 18.5 2.7 and 3.6 2.2 h. Soman was excreted at a slower rate with a recovery of only 62%. Lung was the major organ of accumulation for soman. In blood the toxic agents were concd. more in red blood cells than in plasma. The acid metabolites can serve as a better chem. marker for monitoring organophosphorus exposure in humans via their higher concn. and longer half-life in urine than the parent compds. Bibliographic Information Movement of chemical warfare agent simulants through porous media. Jenkins, R. A.; Buchanan, M. V.; Merriweather, R.; Ilgner, R. H.; Gayle, T. M.; Watson, A. P. Analytical Chemistry Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Building 4500S, MS6120, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Journal of Hazardous Materials (1994), 37(2), 303-25. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 121:16666 AN 1994:416666 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A measurement protocol is documented and data are presented to characterize the permeation of chem. warfare agent simulants through the porous construction materials brick, cinder block, gypsum wall board, and wood. These data will be used to develop guidelines for access ("reentry") to potentially contaminated properties if nerve or vesicant agents are released during any phase of the US Department of the Army's Chem. Stockpile Disposal Program. A novel permeation cell design allowed sampling of air vols. adjacent to the spiked face, breakthrough face, and lateral face of each test medium at two temps. Simulant movement through wood is nearly always in the direction of the wood grain. Two-dimensional breakthrough was obsd. in brick and gypsum wall board. The sulfur mustard simulant broke through all test media in less than 60 min; nerve agent simulant breakthrough required several hours. Surface decontamination of wood with high-test hypochlorite is 95% effective. Bibliographic Information Pharmacology of organophosphates. Koelle, George B. Med. Sch., Univ. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1994), 14(2), 105-9. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 121:2654 AN 1994:402654 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review with 8 refs. The cholinergic nerve fibers, which employ acetylcholine (ACh) as a neurohumoral transmitter, and the results of their activation are listed. The reactions between the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), its natural substrate, ACh,

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and the various types of inhibitors are described. The limited therapeutic uses of the anticholinesterase (anti-ChE) agents are considered. The toxicol. effects encountered when the anti-ChE agents are employed as insecticides or as chem. warfare (CW) agents are discussed. Certain anti-ChE agents produce also a delayed neurotoxic effect which is apparently unrelated to the inhibition of AChE. Bibliographic Information Genotoxicity of the phosphoramidate agent tabun (GA). Wilson, Barry W.; Kawakami, Thomas G.; Cone, Norman; Henderson, John D.; Rosenblatt, Leon S.; Goldman, Marvin; Dacre, Jack C. Inst. Toxicol., Univ. California, Davis, CA, USA. Toxicology (1994), 86(1-2), 1-12. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 120:263586 AN 1994:263586 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Five mutagenicity tests were performed on Agent GA (tabun, phosphoramidocyanidic acid, dimethyl-, Et ester) as part of a program to demilitarize chem. warfare agents. GA was mutagenic in Salmonella spp. assays with S-9 and it was a direct-acting mutagen to mouse lymphoma cells. GA did not promote unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes; it induced sister chromatid exchanges in mouse cells in vitro but not in vivo. The conclusion that GA is a weakly acting mutagen is supported by the fact that it was mutagenic in only 3 of the 5 assays, and that increases in mutagenicity were often less than 2-fold the controls and occurred near toxic levels. Bibliographic Information Effect of chemically added zirconia and yttria mechanical properties of zirconia-dispersed alumina. Ranjbar, Khalil; Rao, Boddapati T.; Mohan, Tallapragada R. Rama; Harendranath, Chilkunda S. Dep. Metall. Eng., Indian Inst. Technol., Bombay, India. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (1994), 73(2), 63-6. CODEN: ACSBA7 ISSN: 0002-7812. Journal written in English. CAN 120:171374 AN 1994:171374 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Alumina powders dispersed with monoclinic, tetragonal, and cubic zirconia were prepd. by evapg. a colloidal dispersion of alumina powders in solns. contg. zirconium and yttrium salts. The dried and calcined powders were compacted, sintered, and characterized. The results demonstrated a clear toughening effect by the zirconia on the alumina ceramics. The alumina contg. 20-wt%-yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia had the max. toughness. Bibliographic Information Chemical vapor infiltration of silicon carbide with microwave heating. [Erratum to document cited in CA119(2):13852e]. Morell, Jose I.; Economou, Demetre J.; Amundson, Neal R. Dep. Chem. Eng., Univ. Houston, Houston, TX, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1993), 8(12), 3251. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 120:141948 AN 1994:141948 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The errors were not reflected in the abstr. or the index entries. Bibliographic Information Chemical compatibility between silicon-based and titanium-based ceramics. Wang, L.; Wada, H. Dep. Mater. Sci. Eng., Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Journal of Materials Synthesis and Processing (1993), 1(3), 181-93. CODEN: JMSPEI ISSN: 1064-7562. Journal written in English. CAN 119:277176 AN 1993:677176 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The chem. compatibility between Si-based ceramics and Ti-based ceramics was studied to establish guidelines for the processing of related composites. Phase stabilities were calcd. for the Si-Ti-B-C, Si-Ti-B-N, and Si-Ti-B-C-N systems as a function of B activity and N pressure or C activity. SiC is compatible with TiC, TiN, or TiB2, depending on the range of these parameters. Si3N4 and TiN appear to be compatible in a certain range of N2 pressure and C activity, but Si3N4 and pure TiC will not coexist. However, the fact that TiC and TiN can form a solid soln., TiC1-xNx, suggests that Si3N4 and TiC1-xNx may be obsd. in the presence of both C and N2. The Si3N4 + TiB2 2-phase region is limited in such a narrow range of N2 pressure and B activity that processing and application of TiB2/Si3N4 composites would be very difficult. High-temp. solid-state expts. were carried out with selected systems to verify phase stability diagrams. The results of reactions were in agreement with the thermodn. prediction. A high-d. TiB2/SiC composite was prepd. as an example of the application of phase stability diagrams. Bibliographic Information Thermal and acid catalyzed conversion of organic phosphorus compounds. De Lijser, H. J. P.; Mulder, P.; Louw, R. Cent. Chem. Environ., Leiden Univ., Leiden, Neth. Chemosphere (1993), 27(5), 773-8. CODEN: CMSHAF ISSN: 0045-6535. Journal written in English. CAN 119:233159 AN 1993:633159 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The org. P compds. tri-Bu and tri-Me phosphate (I and II, resp.), tri-Me phosphite (III), and di-Me phosphonate (IV) were thermolyzed using a plug flow (gas-phase) reactor. I and II proved to be sensitive to acid (wall) catalysis and can be fully degraded at temps. of .mchlt.400 . III can isomerize to II and IV. In contrast, IV requires a temp. of >750 for complete conversion; admixed with II it counteracts the smooth acid-mediated degrdn. of II. Unlike real thermolysis at elevated temps., preferably in a reducing atm. of hydrogen, mere acid catalysis is not generally applicable for effectively destroying a variety of ecotoxic org. P compds. Bibliographic Information Preparation of uniformly calcia-doped zirconia. Hill, J.; Newhouse, M.; Xue, J.; Dieckmann, R. Dep. Mater. Sci. Eng., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, USA. Journal of Materials Synthesis and Processing (1993), 1(2), 101-9. CODEN: JMSPEI ISSN: 1064-7562. Journal written in English. CAN 119:232072 AN 1993:632072 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The prepn. of dense samples of high-purity zirconia doped with varying, small contents of CaO has been explored by means of traditional ceramic techniques with sintering and hot-pressing as well as a chem. soln. method. First, CaO-doped samples were prepd. by traditional ceramic methods. Their homogeneities were checked by SEM with x-ray mapping. CaO-dopant

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distribution was not uniform in all samples with overall CaO contents below 7 mol%. The difficulty in prepg. uniformly doped zirconia with small CaO contents led to exploration of the use of chem. soln. processing techniques. When exploring such techniques, the products of each process step were characterized by x-ray diffraction and electron microprobe anal. The characterization results enabled identification of a processing route which is suitable for prepg. dense, high-purity zirconia uniformly doped with CaO at low concns. Bibliographic Information A model for the isothermal isobaric chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) in a straight cylindrical pore. Application to the CVI of silicon carbide. Fedou, R.; Langlais, F.; Naslain, R. Lab. Compos. Thermostruct., CNRS, Pessac, Fr. Journal of Materials Synthesis and Processing (1993), 1(2), 61-74. CODEN: JMSPEI ISSN: 1064-7562. Journal written in English. CAN 119:208796 AN 1993:608796 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A previously described modeling of the chem. vapor infiltration (CVI) process in a straight cylindrical pore is applied to the deposition of SiC-based ceramics from MeSiCl3-H2 in the case of a 1st-order kinetic law with respect to MeSiCl3. The model gives concns. and deposit thickness profiles along the pore at any stage of the densification and, particularly, at the end of the process when the pore becomes sealed. The infiltration homogeneity is predicted to be improved by decreasing the aspect ratio of the pore and the CVI temp. and, under conditions of Fick diffusion, by decreasing the total pressure and the pore diam. The model is validated by the good fit between the deposit thickness profiles along the pore calcd. after adjustment of the kinetic data and exptl. profiles for a 34- m straight pore. Bibliographic Information Nicalon-fiber-reinforced silicon carbide composites via polymer solution infiltration and chemical vapor infiltration. Kim, Young Wook; Song, Jin Soo; Park, Sang Whan; Lee, Juen Gunn. Struct. Ceram. Lab., Korea Inst. Sci. Technol., Seoul, S. Korea. Journal of Materials Science (1993), 28(14), 3866-8. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 119:186895 AN 1993:586895 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A new, faster process was developed for the fabrication of Nicalon-fiber-reinforced SiC composites by combining polymer soln. infiltration (PSI) and chem. vapor infiltration (CVI). The process led to the near-net-shape fabrication of fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites and reduced infiltration time. Typical flexural strength and fracture toughness of these composites were 296 MPa and 10.9 MPa.m1/2 at room temp. and 252 MPa and 9.6 MPa.m1/2 at 1000 , resp. The composites exhibited load-carrying capability after crack initiation. Bibliographic Information The effect of glass chemistry on the microstructure and properties of self reinforced silicon nitride. Pyzik, Aleksander J.; Carroll, Daniel F.; Hwang, C. James. Adv. Ceram. Lab., Dow Chem. Co., Midland, MI, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1993), 287(Silicon Nitride Ceramics), 411-16. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 119:186804 AN 1993:586804 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The advantage of self-reinforced silicon nitride is the in-situ control of the microstructure. This control is provided in large degree by the chem. of glassy phase which can be adjusted to tailor the morphol. of silicon nitride grains as well as the matrix-reinforcement interface. The presence of high aspect ratio silicon nitride grains is necessary but not sufficient condition to produce materials with optimum properties. For max. flexure strength and fracture toughness, an optimized glass matrix is required. Bibliographic Information Microwave assisted chemical vapor infiltration. Devlin, D. J.; Currier, R. P.; Barbero, R. S.; Espinoza, B. F.; Elliott, N. Mater. Sci. Technol. Div., Los Alamos Natl. Lab., Los Alamos, NM, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1992), 250(Chemical Vapor Deposition of Refractory Metals and Ceramics II), 245-50. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 119:144800 AN 1993:544800 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A microwave-assisted process for prepn. of continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites is described. A simple app. combining a chem.-vapor-infiltration reactor with a conventional 700-W multimode oven is described. Microwave-induced inverted thermal gradients are exploited with the ultimate goal of reducing processing times on complex shapes. Thermal gradients in stacks of SiC (Nicalon) cloths have been measured using optical thermometry. Initial results on the inside-out deposition of SiC via decompn. of MeSiCl3 in H are presented. Several key processing issues are identified and discussed. Bibliographic Information Chemical vapor deposition of multiphase boron-carbon-silicon ceramics. Golda, E. Michael; Gallois, B. Dep. Mater. Sci. Eng., Stevens Inst. Technol., Hoboken, NJ, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1992), 250(Chemical Vapor Deposition of Refractory Metals and Ceramics II), 167-72. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 119:144796 AN 1993:544796 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Specific compns. of boron-carbon-silicon ceramics exhibit improved abrasive wear and good thermal shock resistance, but require bulk sintering at temps. in excess of 2100K. The formation of such phases by CVD was examd. at 1073-1573K. Methyltrichlorosilane (CH3SiCl3), boron trichloride, and methane were chosen as reactant gases, with hydrogen as a carrier gas and diluent. The coatings were deposited in a computer-controlled, hot-wall reactor at a pressure of 33 MPa. Below 1473K the coatings were amorphous. At higher temps. nonequil. reactions controlled the deposition process. The most common coating consisted of a silicon carbide matrix and a silicon boride, SiB6, dispersed phase. Multiphase coatings of B + B4C + SiB6 and SiC + SiB6 + SiB14 were also deposited by controlling the partial pressure of methane and boron trichloride. Non-equil. thermodn. anal. qual. predicted the exptl. deposited multiphase coatings. Bibliographic Information CVD of silicon nitride plate from trichlorosilane-ammonia-hydrogen mixtures. Lennartz, J. W.; Dowell, M. B. Union Carbide Coat. Serv. Corp., Parma, OH, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1992), 250(Chemical Vapor

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Deposition of Refractory Metals and Ceramics II), 161-6. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 119:144795 AN 1993:544795 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Preferred conditions for deposition of thick -Si3N4 plate from HSiCl3-NH3-H2 on the vertical surfaces of a low-pressure, hotwall CVD reactor were identified by means of a designed expt. The design included temp. range 1300-1500 , pressures 0.52.0 torr, and residence times 0.01-1.0 s. The vertical deposition surfaces received a viscous, laminar flow of well mixed, thermally equilibrated reactants. Plates 0.05-0.5 mm thick were produced on multiple vertical substrates 350 cm2 in area at deposition rates 5-70 m/h. Plates 0.5-4.0 mm thick were produced on horizontal substrates at deposition rates of 60-120 m/h. When NH3 flows in stoichiometric excess, deposition rates on vertical surfaces increase approx. linearly with the flow rate of HSiCl3 but depend little on temp., as would be expected if the reaction proceeds under mass transport control with product depletion. Multiple correlation analyses show that thickness variations in the deposit are reduced by increasing the temp. and decreasing the gas residence time. CVD silicon nitride plate produced under the optimized conditions exhibits theor. d. and is free of pores and cracks. It exhibits a columnar morphol. in which the <222> and <101> crystallog. directions are oriented preferentially normal to a surface, which consists of well-defined trigonal facets 10-50 m across. Crystallite sizes detd. by xray line broadening range from 0.06-1.0 m. This CVD plate is gray and contains approx. 0.5 C and 0.5 wt.% 0 as principal impurities. Bibliographic Information Unequivocal evidence. Black, Robin M.; Pearson, Graham S. Chem. Biol. Def. Estab., Porton/Down/Salisbury Wiltshire, UK. Chemistry in Britain (1993), 29(7), 584-5, 587. CODEN: CHMBAY ISSN: 0009-3106. Journal written in English. CAN 119:123791 AN 1993:523791 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The anal. of chem. warfare agent, Sarin, in the Kurdush village of Birjinni, Iraq, was discussed. Bibliographic Information Bioanalysis of organophosphate nerve agents in soil samples. Sawyer, T. W.; Weiss, M. T. Biomed. Def. Sect., Def. Res. Establ. Suffield, Medicine Hat, AB, Can. Chemosphere (1993), 26(11), 2023-9. CODEN: CMSHAF ISSN: 0045-6535. Journal written in English. CAN 119:94477 AN 1993:494477 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Four soil samples that may have been spiked with chem. warfare (CW) agents and their degrdn. products were received by Defense Research Establishment Suffield as part of a multinational round-robin exercise designed to evaluate lab. methodologies for the chem. detection of CW agents in soil. After chem. anal. revealed that VX (Et S-2-diisopropyl aminoethyl methylphosphorothiolate) was the CW agent "spike", the samples were also bioassayed for their VX content by assessing their anticholinesterase activities in primary chick embryo neuron cultures. Bioassay quantitation of VX contamination in the soil samples was in good agreement with the actual spike levels and generally better than the chem. anal. results. Sequential bioassay of the samples over a two week period showed that the VX content was rapidly degraded with time. This assay complements std. chem. anal. techniques for the detection and verification of organophosphate warfare agent use. Bibliographic Information The effect of trace element segregation to iron/sapphire interfaces. Pope, D. P.; Smith, M. A. Dep. Mater. Sci., Univ. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1992), 238(Structure and Properties of Interfaces in Materials), 427-32. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 119:77041 AN 1993:477041 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The effects of segregation of tramp impurities such as sulfur on metal/ceramic bonding is discussed. Microstructural and chem. information is given for the Fe/sapphire interface. The segregation behavior of the interface is evaluated between 500-800 . The interfacial structure is important to the segregation behavior. A possible link between the segregation of sulfur and interface void formation is presented. Bibliographic Information Chemical vapor infiltration of silicon carbide with microwave heating. Morell, Jose I.; Economou, Demetre J.; Amundson, Neal R. Dep. Chem. Eng., Univ. Houston, Houston, TX, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1993), 8(5), 1057-67. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 119:13852 AN 1993:413852 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A math. model is presented to describe the interaction between transport/reaction processes and the evolution of porosity in chem. vapor infiltration with microwave heating (MCVI). The anal. includes a set of partial differential equations describing the spatiotemporal variation of gaseous species concn., composite temp., porosity, and stress. Maxwell's equations were used to det. the distribution of power dissipated inside the composite. The deposition of silicon carbide was selected as a model chem. system to explore the general features of MCVI. MCVI can provide a favorable temp. distribution in the composite yielding an inside-out deposition pattern, thereby preventing entrapment of accessible porosity. For this temp. profile, tensile stresses develop at the outer regions and compressive stresses are found in the composite core. For a given system there exists a min. value of the coeff. for heat transfer from the composite surface, h, below which accessible porosity is trapped within the composite. Similarly, there exists a max. value of the incident microwave energy flux, I0, above which accessible porosity is trapped within the composite. I0 and h can be optimized for a given preform to achieve complete densification with min. processing time. Using the technique of pulsed-power, the processing time can be reduced even further without compromising d. uniformity. Power dissipation profiles in the composite depend strongly on preform thickness, microwave frequency, and relative loss factor. Bibliographic Information Permeation measurements of chemical agent simulants through protective clothing materials. Pal, Tarasankar; Griffin, Guy D.; Miller, Gordon H.; Watson, Annetta P.; Daugherty, Mary Lou; Vo Dinh Tuan. Health Saf. Res. Dev., Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Journal of Hazardous Materials (1993), 33(1), 123-41. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 118:239880 AN 1993:239880 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter A method was developed to study the permeation of chem. warfare (CW) agent simulants through chem. protective clothing (CPC) materials. The exptl. results characterize some com. available CPC materials. Thirteen different CPC materials having widely differing compns. were chosen to study the permeation of 4 different liq. CW simulants (di-Me methylphosphonate, diisopropyl methylphosphonate, malathion, and Bu2S) through these CPC materials at 25 . This permeation study involved a newly developed anal. technique employing room temp. fluorescence quenching of an indicator compd., phenanthrene, on filter paper. Various exptl. factors such as breakthrough time, rate of permeation, and uptake were investigated. On the basis of breakthrough time, the 13 CPC materials could be divided into 3 groups: most resistant, moderately resistant, and least resistant. Materials in the most resistant category exhibited no permeation by any of the simulants for 24 h. Breakthrough occurred in the least resistant materials in generally less than an hour, and sometimes as soon as a few minutes. Bibliographic Information Interfacial structure of chemical vapor infiltration carbon fiber/silicon carbide composite. Araki, H.; Noda, T.; Abe, F.; Suzuki, H. Tsukuba Lab., Natl. Res. Inst. Met., Tsukuba, Japan. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1992), 11(23), 1582-4. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 118:44089 AN 1993:44089 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The microstructure at the interface in carbon fiber-SiC matrix composites prepd. by chem. vapor infiltration from EtSiCl3 was examd., and the infiltration reaction is discussed. A graphite layer formed on the carbon fiber and the SiC-SiC interface as a result of thermal decompn. of silane gas before SiC infiltration. This graphite layer, of .apprx.500 nm thickness, is assumed to assist in the crystal growth of SiC, leading to structural stability of the composites. Bibliographic Information Comparative evaluation of carbamates as prophylactic agents against organophosphate intoxication in rats. Chatterjee, A. K. Def. Res. Dev. Establ., Gwalior, UK. Defence Science Journal (1992), 42(2), 85-7. CODEN: DSJOAA ISSN: 0011-748X. Journal written in English. CAN 118:34070 AN 1993:34070 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract This paper investigates the effects of two well-known carbamates, physostigmine and pyridostigmine, against organophosphorus compd. and nerve gas toxicity. Physostigmine pretreatment for 30 min enhanced the survival time of rats against DFP intoxication, whereas it did not have any effect with sarin poisoning. However, pyridostigmine pretreatment did not produce any significant effect on survival time either against DFP or sarin intoxication. Treatment with atropine along with carbamates further enhanced significantly the survival time against DFP poisoning. Bibliographic Information On the influence of chemical processing in the crystallization behavior of zirconium titanate materials. Navio, J. A.; Macias, M.; Sanchez-Soto, P. J. Inst. Cienc. Mater., Univ. Sevilla, Seville, Spain. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1992), 11(23), 15702. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 118:26385 AN 1993:26385 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The crystn. phenomena of ZrTiO4 powders prepd. from various gel precursors was related to the chem. processing. Correlation of data from the literature and further expt. indicated that the presence of H2O2 in the chem. processing of the amorphous precursors plays a key role in controlling the crystn. temp. The crystn. temp. can be as low as 640 . Bibliographic Information Effect of dopants on the sintering behavior and stability of tetragonal zirconia ceramics. Theunissen, G. S. A. M.; Winnubst, A. J. A.; Burggraaf, A. J. Fac. Chem. Technol., Univ. Twente, Enschede, Neth. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1992), 9(4), 251-63. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 117:54278 AN 1992:454278 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The microstructure development during nonisothermal and isothermal sintering was studied for tetragonal zirconia ceramics (TZP) contg. various amts. of Y, Ce, and Ti. Smaller grain sizes were obtained when Ce-TZP was doped with Y. This could be attributed to segregation of Y to the grain boundaries, thus causing an impurity drag. With increasing temp., the grain growth rate in the Ce-TZP samples increased which could be attributed to the absence of a dragging force. The slow grain growth at low temp. in the Ce-TZP samples could be attributed to the slow diffusion kinetics of the diffusing species (trivalent and tetravalent Ce). The crit. grain size for retainment of the tetragonal phase at room temp. is larger in the Y,Ce-TZP systems compared to the Y-TZP and Ce-TZP systems. The chem. stability increased by doping Y-TZP with Ce or Ti. Bibliographic Information Free radical-mediated lung response to the monofunctional sulfur mustard butyl 2-chloroethyl sulfide after subcutaneous injection. Elsayed, Nabil M.; Omaye, Stanley T.; Klain, George J.; Korte, Don W., Jr. Letterman Army Inst. Res., Presidio of San Francisco, CA, USA. Toxicology (1992), 72(2), 153-65. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 117:42116 AN 1992:442116 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The authors postulated that vesicants may cause free radical-mediated oxidative stress distal to the site of exposure. To test this postulate in the lung, the authors injected 3 groups of 5-mo-old, male, athymic, nude mice, weighing 30-35 g with a single s.c. dose (5 L/mouse) of Bu 2-chloroethyl sulfide (BCS). Total lung wt. was not altered after treatment, but the wet/dry wt. ratio decreased 18% and Hb content increased 50 and 36% at 1 and 24 h, resp. The activity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase increased significantly, 40% at 1 and 24 h and 84% at 48 h and that of glutathione S-transferases was 60%. Lipid peroxidn. (estd. by the thiobarbituric acid test) and total protein content increased 3-fold and 2-fold, at 1 and 24 h, resp. Total and oxidized glutathione contents were significantly elevated, 38% at 1 h and 64% at 24 h for the former and 45% at 24 h and 56% at 48 h for the latter. Because these changes are consistent with the cellular response to oxidative stress, it is concluded that BCS injected s.c. can cause changes in the lung possibly via a free radical-mediated mechanism. Bibliographic Information

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Effects of liquid environments on zirconia-toughened alumina. Part I. Chemical stability. Thompson, I.; Rawlings, R. D. Dep. Mater., Imp. Coll. Sci., Technol. Med., London, UK. Journal of Materials Science (1992), 27(10), 2823-30. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 117:32321 AN 1992:432321 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The structural changes which occur in zirconia-toughened alumina when aged in a range of liq. environments (distd. water, ethylene glycol soln., and HCl at room temp., and ethylene glycol soln. at 80 ) are described. The changes were monitored by x-ray diffraction, surface anal., anal. of the aging solns., and microstructural observations. HCl induced significant proportions of the zirconia particles in the zirconia-toughened alumina to transform from the tetragonal to the monoclinic crystal structure. This transformation was accompanied by microcracking which eventually led to macrocracking after long periods of aging. The transformation is a consequence of the leaching of the yttrium from the zirconia particles, thereby reducing their stability. Bibliographic Information Binder chemistry, adhesion and structure of interfaces in thick-film metalized aluminum nitride substrates. Newberg, C. E.; Risbud, S. H. IBM Corp., East Fishkill, NY, USA. Journal of Materials Science (1992), 27(10), 2670-6. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 117:13161 AN 1992:413161 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Aluminum nitride substrates from 3 sources were metalized by std. thick-film processing using gold conductor pastes, Pd-Ag paste, and a ruthenium oxide resistor paste. Screen-printed pastes were fired in a typical 3-zone furnace to obtain metalized AlN substrates. Interfacial reaction zones were studied by microscopic (optical and SEM) and electron beam microprobe anal. techniques. The elements in the binder materials in thick-film pastes form amorphous phases at the interface which influence the adhesion of thick films to the AlN substrate. The lack of certain elements (Cd, Zn, Ca) in the binder of the gold thick-film paste led to weaker adhesion and severe degrdn. of the thick-film adhesion during thermal cycling. Bibliographic Information Preparation and characterization of a dispersion toughened ceramic for thermomechanical uses (ZTA). Part I. Material preparation. Characterization of microstructure. Leriche, A.; Moortgat, G.; Cambier, F.; Homerin, P.; Thevenot, F.; Orange, G.; Fantozzi, G. CRIBC, Mons, Belg. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1992), 9(3), 169-76. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 09552219. Journal written in English. CAN 117:13037 AN 1992:413037 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA) materials contg. increasing amts. of zirconia (5-45 vol.%) and yttria (0-3 mol% zirconia) were prepd. from com. ceramic powders by different techniques of homogenization, shaping, and sintering. The powder mixts. were homogenized by a chem. method (addn. of dispersing agents at fixed pH), by a mech. method (attrition milling) and by combining the methods. The materials were formed and sintered by shaping by isostatic pressing or slip casting, followed by pressureless sintering, and by hot uniaxial pressing. The phys., crystallog. and microstructural properties of the materials prepd. following these different techniques are compared. The combined chem. and mech. dispersion method leads to the fabrication of dense composites presenting a fine and homogeneous zirconia dispersion required for effective toughening of the alumina matrix. The addn. of 3 mol% of yttria allows maintenance of a high tetragonal zirconia content because of a chem. stabilization of tetragonal zirconia and of a decrease of zirconia grain size. As the hot-pressing technique impedes the grain coarsening, the hot-pressed materials present the finest microstructure mainly for the compns. with <20 vol.% zirconia. The zirconia and alumina grain size vary from 0.5 to 0.9 m and from 0.9 to 1.6 m, resp., following the compn. Pressureless sintered materials also present a fine microstructure with submicron zirconia grains (0.6 m-0.9 m) and micron size alumina grains (1.0-1.9 m). These ZTA materials present all the microstructural characteristics necessary to obtain high mech. performances. The addn. of 3 mol% of yttria allows an increase of the zirconia content ( 45 vol.%) without a decrease of the relative tetragonal zirconia ratio occurring. Bibliographic Information Adsorption and decomposition of organophosphorus compounds on nanoscale metal oxide particles. In situ GC-MS studies of pulsed microreactions over magnesium oxide. Li, Yong Xi; Koper, Olga; Atteya, Maher; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Dep. Chem., Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS, USA. Chemistry of Materials (1992), 4(2), 323-30. CODEN: CMATEX ISSN: 0897-4756. Journal written in English. CAN 116:200414 AN 1992:200414 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Using an in-situ pulse reactor-GC-mass spectrometric system, the thermal decompn. of organophosphorus compds. (as models of nerve agents) were compared with their destructive absorption on high-surface-area MgO. Dramatically lower temps. are required when MgO is present. Volatile products evolved were HCO2H, water, alcs., and alkenes. At higher temps., CO, CH4, and water predominated. The P residues remained completely immobilized. The addn. of water enhanced the facility of MgO to destroy these compds., and, in fact, water pulses were found to partially regenerate a spent MgO bed. Using 18O labeling, some aspects of the reaction mechanisms were clarified and in particular showed that O scrambling occurred. Surface OH and MgO groups transferred O in the formation of HCO2H, and the surface mobility and reactivity of absorbed groups were high. The substantial capacity of high-surface-area MgO for destruction and immobilization of such toxic substances makes it attractive for air purifn. schemes, as well as solid reagents for destruction and immobilization of bulk quantities of hazardous P compds. or organohalides. Bibliographic Information -(N,N-Dialkylamino)ethyl arylthiosulfonates: new simulants for O-ethyl S-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothioate. Davis, Franklin A.; Ray, Jayanta K.; Kasperowicz, Steve; Przeslawski, Robert M.; Durst, H. Dupont. Dep. Chem., Drexel Univ., Philadelphia, PA, USA. Journal of Organic Chemistry (1992), 57(9), 2594-9. CODEN: JOCEAH ISSN: 0022-3263. Journal written in English. CAN 116:193819 AN 1992:193819 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Certain S-[2-(dialkylamino)]ethyl benzenesulfonothioates 4-XC6H4SO2SCH2CH2NR2 (I; X = Me, F; R = Me2CH) were prepd. as simulants for O-Et S-[(diisopropylamino)ethyl]methylphosphonothioate (VX) a chem. warfare nerve agent. I are useful simulants for the hydrolysis or oxidn. chem. of VX. Bibliographic Information Dissolution of sintered silicon nitride bulk specimens for elemental analysis. Homeier, E. H.; Bradley, S. A.; Karasek, K. R. UOP, Des Plaines, IL, USA. Journal of Materials Science (1992), 27(5), 1231-4. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal

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written in English. CAN 116:179524 AN 1992:179524 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Heating bulk, sintered Si3N4 samples in an aq. HF-HCl mixt. decomps. the Si3N4. Subsequent addn. of H2SO4 and volatilization of fluorides enables total dissoln. of the bulk specimens for anal. The elemental compns. that were detd. by inductively coupled plasma at. emission and at. absorption spectrometries agreed with the nominal sample compn. and confirmed analyses performed by scanning TEM. Neutron activation detns. on the same samples are not believed to be as accurate as the spectrometric detns. Furthermore, the precision of the neutron activation measurements were less satisfactory, esp. for key elements such as Y. Bibliographic Information Comparison of several oximes against poisoning by soman, tabun and GF. Lundy, Paul M.; Hansen, Arnold S.; Hand, Brian T.; Boulet, Camille A. Def. Res. Establ. Suffield, Ralston, AB, Can. Toxicology (1992), 72(1), 99-105. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 116:168061 AN 1992:168061 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Three oximes currently being evaluated for adoption as replacement nerve agent therapy by various countries were compared for therapeutic efficacy against the toxic organophosphate inhibitors soman and tabun under a std. set of conditions. These oximes together with PAM-Cl and toxogonin, were also compared for efficacy against GF, an agent weaponized by Iraq. The order of effectiveness against soman was HI 6 > HLoe 7 > pyrimidoxine. Hloe 7 was very effective against tabun poisoning while HI 6 and pyrimidoxime were of moderate value. Against GF, HI 6 and HLoe 7 were extremely effective, toxogonin was moderately effective, and PAM-Cl and pyrimidoxime were the least effective. HI-6 provided a high level of protection against all of the agents tested as did HLoe-7 to a slightly lesser degree. The other oximes lacked the effects against one or more of the organophosphates. Bibliographic Information Chemical vapor deposition of copper via disproportionation of hexafluoroacetylacetonato(1,5-cyclooctadiene)copper(I), (hfac)Cu(1,5-COD). Jain, A.; Chi, K. M.; Hampden-Smith, M. J.; Kodas, T. T.; Farr, J. D.; Paffett, M. F. Dep. Chem. Eng., Univ. New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1992), 7(2), 261-4. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 116:111299 AN 1992:111299 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Hot- and cold-wall chem.-vapor deposition (CVD) using the volatile Cu(I) compd. (hfac)Cu(1,5-COD), where hfac = 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoroacetylacetonate and 1,5-COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene, as a precursor was carried out in hot-wall and warmwall, lamp-heated reactors using SiO2 substrates that were patterned with Pt or W at 120 -250 . Deposition was obsd. onto Pt, W, and SiO2 over this temp. range at rates of 3750 .ANG./min to give Cu films that contained no impurities detectable by AES and with resistivities of 1.9-5.7 ohm-cm. The volatile byproducts formed during deposition were 1,5-COD and Cu(hfac)2 and a mass balance was consistent with the quant. disproportionation reaction: 2(hfac)Cu(1,5-COD) Cu + Cu(hfac)2 + 2(1,5-COD). The measured activation energy for this CVD reaction was 26(2) kcal/mol. The absence of selectivity for metal surfaces in the presence of SiO2 is in contrast to CVD results for the related compds. ( -diketonate)Cu(PMe3) where diketonate = hfac, 1,1,1-trifluoroacetylacetonate, and acetylacetonate (acac). Bibliographic Information Bioassay of organophosphate nerve agents in soil using neuronal tissue cultures. Sawyer, Thomas W.; Weiss, M. Tracy; D'Agostino, Paul A.; Provost, Lionel R.; Hancock, James R. Def. Res. Establ. Suffield, Medicine Hat, AB, Can. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1992), 12(1), 1-6. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 116:105057 AN 1992:105057 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A soil sample originating from an area of suspected chem. warfare activity was subjected to chem. anal. and bioassay. Sarin and several related compds. were confirmed in the soil by capillary column gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); however, the binding of these compds. to the soil hindered quantitation. The chem. results were then compared to those obtained by bioassay in primary cultures of chick embryo forebrain neurons. By comparing the sample's anticholinesterase activity against those of purified stds. in chick embryo neuron cultures, a reasonable agreement was found between the chem. and bioassay semiquant. ests. of sarin content in the soil ext. Furthermore, the in-vitro system appears to offer a sensitive technique for the estn. of sarin remaining bound to the soil following solvent extn. as well as for an assessment of the potential toxicity of the contaminated soil in vivo. Bibliographic Information Pharmacological effects of oximes: how relevant are they?. van Helden H P; Busker R W; Melchers B P; Bruijnzeel P L Department of Pharmacology, TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory, Rijswijk, The Netherlands Archives of toxicology (1996), 70(12), 779-86. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE); General Review; (REVIEW); (REVIEW, TUTORIAL) written in English. PubMed ID 8911635 AN 97068325 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The increased international concern about the threat of military and terroristic use of nerve agents, prompted us to critically consider the expected value of the currently available oxime treatment of nerve agent poisoning. Although oximes have been designed to reactivate the inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE), clinical experience has indicated that they are not always very effective as reactivators and at this very moment none of them can be regarded as a broad-spectrum antidote. In spite of this drawback, oximes are worth further investigating, since recent data derived from soman or tabun lethally intoxicated nonhuman primates suggest that the oxime HI-6 may exert a pharmacological effect that is not related to reactivation of inhibited AChE, but still leads to survival. This pharmacological effect causes recovery of neuronal transmission in the respiratory centres of the brain and recovery of neuromuscular transmission in the diaphragm. These findings have stimulated research to reveal the pharmacological basis of these effects in order to find drugs which could be more effective and less toxic than the available oximes. Since cholinergic drugs were able to exert this effect, a new concept for further treatment is suggested: maintenance of neuronal transmission in spite of continued AChE-inhibition by pharmacological manipulation of the cholinergic receptor. This should renew interest in the diverse pharmacological effects of oximes to reach a more effective treatment in the future. Bibliographic Information

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of some antimuscarinics against soman in vivo. Lau W M; Lewis K J; Dawson R M Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory, Defence Science and Technology Organization, Department of Defence, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1996 Sep-Oct), 16(5), 423-30. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8889794 AN 97044723 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The therapeutic efficacy of tacrine, atropine and glycopyrrolate alone or in combination with the oxime HI-6 against soman was evaluated in anaesthetized rats. Arterial blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory frequency and body temperature were monitored in vivo. Blood cholinesterases were determined after each drug or soman challenge. At the lowest concentration tested (2.5 mg kg-1), tacrine was effective in improving the survivability of the rat by a factor of 2.6 (protection ratio), whereas the protection by atropine or glycopyrrolate was either insignificant or only marginally effective (protection ratio ranged from 1.0 to 1.9). In combination with HI-6, atropine increased the ratio to 4.6. In contrast, tacrine with HI-6 failed to improve the efficacy of the regimen, while glycopyrrolate plus HI-6 showed only slight improvement. The four physiological parameters monitored were relatively constant during the time course of the experiment in both the control and those with drug therapy. The more noticeable changes occurred toward the end of the experiment when sufficient amount of soman was injected to cause lethality. Death of the animal was usually preceded by a surge of arterial blood pressure and heart rate and a decrease in respiratory frequency. These physiological parameters rapidly deteriorated to zero just before the animal died. Blood and plasma cholinesterases were significantly inhibited after the animal received a relatively small dose of soman (20 micrograms kg-1) and were almost completely inactivated after the lethal dose of soman was administered. However, these changes of enzyme activity did not correspond well with the survivability of the rat. The inclusion of HI-6 with the three antimuscarinics appeared to be capable of protecting some cholinesterases against soman. Bibliographic Information Efficacy of ibuprofen and pentoxifylline in the treatment of phosgene-induced acute lung injury. Sciuto A M; Stotts R R; Hurt H H Pathophysiology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1996 Sep-Oct), 16(5), 381-4. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8889788 AN 97044717 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Phosgene, a highly reactive former warfare gas, is a deep lung irritant which produces adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)-like symptoms following inhalation. Death caused by phosgene involves a latent, 6-24-h, fulminating non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. The following dose-ranging study was designed to determine the efficacy of a non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug, ibuprofen (IBU), and a methylxanthine, pentoxifylline (PTX). These drugs were tested singly and in combination to treat phosgene-induced acute lung injury in rats. Ibuprofen, in concentrations of 15-300 mg kg-1 (i.p.), was administered to rats 30 min before and 1 h after the start of whole-body exposure to phosgene (80 mg m-3 for 20 min). Pentoxifylline, 10-120 mg kg-1 (i.p.), was first administered 15 min prior to phosgene exposure and twice more at 45 and 105 min after the start of exposure. Five hours after phosgene inhalation, rats were euthanized, the lungs were removed and wet weight values were determined gravimetrically. Ibuprofen administered alone significantly decreased lung wet weight to body weight ratios compared with controls (P < or = 0.01) whereas PTX, at all doses tested alone, did not. In addition, the decrease in lung wet weight to body weight ratio observed with IBU+PTX could be attributed entirely to the dose of IBU employed. This is the first study to show that pre- and post-treatment with IBU can significantly reduce lung edema in rats exposed to phosgene. Bibliographic Information Subchronic toxicity evaluation of sulfur mustard in rats. Sasser L B; Miller R A; Kalkwarf D R; Cushing J A; Dacre J C Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352-0999, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1996 Jan-Feb), 16(1), 5-13. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8821670 AN 96418885 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Occupational exposure criteria have not been established for sulfur mustard (bis(2-chlorethyl) sulfide), a strong alkylating agent with known mutagenic properties. Seventy-two Sprague-Dawley rats of each sex, 6-7 weeks old, were divided into six groups (12 of each sex per group) and gavaged with 0, 0.003, 0.01, 0.03, 0.1 or 0.3 mg kg-1 sulfur mustard in sesame oil for 5 days a week for 13 weeks. No dose-related mortality was observed. A significant decrease (P > 0.05) in body weight was observed in both sexes of rats only in the 0.3 mg kg-1 group. Hematological evaluations and clinical chemistry measurements found non consistent treatment-related effects at the doses studied. The only treatment-related lesion associated with gavage exposure upon histopathological evaluation was epithelial hyperplasia of the forestomach of both sexes at 0.3 mg kg-1 and of males at 0.1 mg kg-1. The hyperplastic change was minimal and characterized by cellular disorganization of the basilar layer, apparent increase in mitotic activity of the basilar epithelial cells and thickening of the epithelial layer due to the apparent increase in cellularity. The estimated no-observed-effect level (NOEL) for sulfur mustard in this 90-day study was 0.1 mg kg-1 day-1 when administered orally. Bibliographic Information Acute toxicity of cyclohexylmethylphosphonofluoridate (CMPF) in rhesus monkeys: serum biochemical and hematologic changes. Young G D; Koplovitz I U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425, USA Archives of toxicology (1995), 69(6), 379-83. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 7495375 AN 96114840 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Changes in serum biochemical and hematological parameters were studied in 20 male rhesus monkeys following acute poisoning by the organophosphate nerve agent cyclohexylmethylphosphonofluoridate (CMPF or GF). Animals were challenged with 5 x LD50 GF (233 micrograms/kg, IM) following pretreatment with pyridostigmine (0.3-0.7 mg/kg per 24 h) and treated with atropine (0.4 mg/kg, IM) and either 2-PAM (25.7 mg/kg, IM) or H16 (37.8 mg/kg, IM) at the onset of clinical signs or at 1 min after exposure. Muscle fasciculations, tremors, or convulsions occurred in 19 of 20 animals. Serum biochemical and hematologic parameters were analyzed 2 days and 7 days after exposure and compared to pre-exposure baseline values. Significant increases in creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LD), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and potassium ion (K+), associated with damage to striated muscle and metabolic acidosis, occurred in both oxime-treated groups 2 days after exposure. Total protein, albumin, red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin concentration (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct), were decreased in both oxime-treated groups at 7 days. The results demonstrate that animals exposed to a single high dose of GF and treated with standard therapy exhibit changes in serum biochemical and

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hematological indices directly and indirectly associated with their clinical presentations. Bibliographic Information Production, characterization and application of monoclonal antibodies against the organophosphorus nerve agent Vx. Ci Y X; Zhou Y X; Guo Z Q; Rong K T; Chang W B Department of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, China Archives of toxicology (1995), 69(8), 565-7. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8534201 AN 96036122 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Two monoclonal antibodies (Vx-BB8 and Vx-EA11) to the chemical warfare agent Vx were produced and characterized. A competitive inhibition enzyme immunoassay was developed to detect Vx concentrations as low as 3.7 x 10(-7) - 3.7 x 10(-6) mol/l in biological samples. Vx-BB8 400 micrograms given intravenously immediately before 1 x LD95 Vx or 400 micrograms Vx-BB8 intraperitoneally 1.5 h-3 days before 1 x LD95 Vx could protect all the tested mice from death. Bibliographic Information Toxicity of sulphur mustard in adult rat lung organ culture. Sawyer T W; Wilde P E; Rice P; Weiss M T Medical Countermeasures Section, Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Alberta, Canada Toxicology (1995 Jun 26), 100(1-3), 3949. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 7542806 AN 95350771 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The toxicity of the chemical warfare agent sulphur mustard, (bis-(2-chloroethyl)sulphide, HD), was examined in adult rat lung organ cultures. Assessment of HD-induced damage by the MTT cytotoxicity assay indicated that the median lethal concentration (LC50) of HD in these cultures was reproducible, and in the microM range. Damage to the lung slices was expressed only after a latent period of 48 h and did not increase significantly with longer expression times. Histopathological examination of HD-treated lung cultures showed that the structural changes in the lung tissue paralleled the toxicity measured biochemically, and were also similar to the damage found in animals and man exposed to HD in vivo. This in vitro model offers a useful tool with which to study the toxicity and mechanism of action of sulphur mustard. Bibliographic Information Toxicity of the combined nerve agents GB/GF in mice: efficacy of atropine and various oximes as antidotes. Clement J G Biomedical Defence Section, Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Ralston, Canada Archives of toxicology (1994), 68(1), 64-6. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8166607 AN 94219995 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The toxicity of a combination of isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (sarin; GB) and cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate (GF) and the efficacy of various oxime reactivators in combination with atropine against the combined GB/GF challenge were evaluated in mice. The 24-h s.c. LD50 of the GB/GF combination was 1.15 mumol/kg (1.10-1.21; 95% confidence limits). Mice administered GB/GF displayed typical signs of nerve agent poisoning such as tremors and convulsions, with death most likely due to anoxia subsequent to respiratory arrest. The GB/GF LD50 value was comparable to the s.c. LD50 of 1.35 and 1.21 mumol/kg for GF and GB in mice, respectively. Combining the two nerve agents did not result in potentiation of the toxicity. In combination with atropine sulfate (17.4 mg/kg, i.p.), which alone did not reduce mortality, the oximes tested, 2-PAM, obidoxime and HI-6, were all effective when administered 5 min before 3 x LD50 dose of GB/GF with 24-h ED50 values of 102.5, 18.22 and 1.96 mumol/kg, respectively. Use of the GB/GF combination does not appear to confer any unique toxicity profile and appears to be easily treated with the standard therapy of a cholinolytic and oxime. Bibliographic Information Toxicokinetics of soman stereoisomers after subcutaneous administration to atropinized guinea pigs. Due A H; Trap H C; Langenberg J P; Benschop H P TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory, Rijswijk, The Netherlands Archives of toxicology (1994), 68(1), 60-3. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8166606 AN 94219994 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The toxicokinetics of the four stereoisomers of the nerve agent C(+/-)P(+/-)-soman were investigated after subcutaneous administration of a 6 LD50 dose (148 micrograms/kg) to anaesthetized, atropinized, and artificially ventilated guinea pigs. Whereas the relatively nontoxic C(+/-)P(+)-isomers were not detected in blood, the highly toxic C(+/-)P(-)-isomers appeared within 1 min in the general circulation and reached maximum levels of 10-15 ng/ml blood within a period of ca. 7 min. In this absorption phase the blood levels of the C(+)P(-)-isomer lag clearly behind those of the C(-)P(-)-isomer. The blood levels of both C(+/-)P(-)-isomers could be mathematically described using non-linear regression by a three-exponential equation, with one exponential term describing the rapid absorption phase and the other two terms describing distribution and elimination. A comparison with the toxicokinetics of the same isomers upon intravenous administration of the same dose shows that the systemic availability upon subcutaneous administration is in the range of 74-83%. Toxicologically relevant concentrations of the C(+/-)P(-)-isomers prevail almost twice as long after subcutaneous than after intravenous administration. From a toxicokinetic point of view, subcutaneous administration of C(+/-)P(+/-)-soman appears not to be a realistic model for the most relevant route of exposure to C(+/-)P(+/-)-soman in case of chemical warfare, i.e. short term respiratory exposure. Bibliographic Information Genotoxicity of the phosphoramidate agent tabun (GA). Wilson B W; Kawakami T G; Cone N; Henderson J D; Rosenblatt L S; Goldman M; Dacre J C Department of Avian Sciences, University of California, Davis 95616-5224 Toxicology (1994 Jan 26), 86(1-2), 1-12. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8134917 AN 94182225 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Five mutagenicity tests were performed on Agent GA (Tabun, phosphoramidocyanidic acid, dimethyl-, ethyl ester) as part of a program to demilitarize chemical warfare agents. GA was mutagenic in Salmonella spp. assays with S-9 and it was a directacting mutagen to mouse lymphoma cells. GA did not promote unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes; it induced sister chromatid exchanges in mouse cells in vitro but in vivo. The conclusion that GA is a weakly acting mutagen is supported by the fact that it was mutagenic in only three of the five assays, and that increases in mutagenicity were often less than 2-fold the controls and occurred near toxic levels.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Bibliographic Information Evaluation of the toxicity, pathology, and treatment of cyclohexylmethylphosphonofluoridate (CMPF) poisoning in rhesus monkeys. Koplovitz I; Gresham V C; Dochterman L W; Kaminskis A; Stewart J R US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425 Archives of toxicology (1992), 66(9), 622-8. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 1482284 AN 93129117 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Cyclohexylmethylphosphonofluoridate (CMPF) is an organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor with military significance. The purpose of these studies was 1) to determine the acute toxicity of CMPF in the male rhesus monkey, 2) to evaluate the efficacy of pyridostigmine (PYR) pretreatment plus atropine and oxime (2-PAM or H16) treatment, and 3) to evaluate the pathological consequences of acute poisoning. An i.m. LD50 of CMPF was estimated using an up-and-down dose selection procedure and 12 animals. The 48-h and 7-day LD50 was 46.6 micrograms/kg, i.m. In the protection experiments, pyridostigmine (0.3-0.7 mg/kg/24 h) was administered by surgically implanted osmotic minipumps for 3-12 days resulting in 21-65% inhibition of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity. Animals were challenged with 5 x L50 CMPF (233 micrograms/kg) and treated with atropine (0.4 mg/kg) and either 2-PAM (25.7 mg/kg) or HI6 (37.8 mg/kg) at the onset of signs or 1 min after challenge. Osmotic pumps were removed within 30 min after agent challenge. Pyridostigmine, atropine, and either 2-PAM or H16 were completely effective against CMPF, saving ten of ten animals in each group. In comparison, three of five animals challenged with 5 x LD50 of soman and treated with atropine and 2-PAM survived 7 days. The primary histologic lesions in the acute toxicity group were neuronal degeneration/necrosis and spinal cord hemorrhage. The CMPF treated groups (total of 20 animals) had minimal nervous system changes with no significant lesion difference resulting from the different oxime therapies. The primary non-neural lesions were degenerative cardiomyopathy and skeletal muscle degeneration which occasionally progressed to necrosis and mineralization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Bibliographic Information Efficacy of various oximes against GF (cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate) poisoning in mice. Clement J G Biomedical Defence Section, Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Ralston, Alta., Canada Archives of toxicology (1992), 66(2), 143-4. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 1605730 AN 92296882 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The efficacy of oxime (HI-6, toxogonin or PAM Cl) therapy against GF (cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate) poisoning was assessed in mice. It was found that the combinations of atropine and either toxogonin or HI-6 were effective therapies against GF poisoning. PAM therapy was ineffective. HI-6 was the only oxime which reactivated GF inhibited acetylcholinesterase. This might explain the reason why the HI-6 treated mice appeared to recover more quickly from the incapacitating effects following GF poisoning. Bibliographic Information Bioassay of organophosphate nerve agents in soil using neuronal tissue cultures. Sawyer T W; Weiss M T; D'Agostino P A; Provost L R; Hancock J R Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Alberta, Canada Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1992 Feb), 12(1), 1-6. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 1564246 AN 92226402 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A soil sample originating from an area of suspected chemical warfare activity was subjected to chemical analysis and bioassay. Sarin and several related compounds were confirmed in the soil by capillary column gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); however, the binding of these compounds to the soil hindered quantitation. The chemical results were then compared to those obtained by bioassay in primary cultures of chick embryo forebrain neurons. By comparing the sample's anticholinesterase activity against those of purified standards in chick embryo neuron cultures, a reasonable agreement was found between the chemical and bioassay semi-quantitative estimates of sarin content in the soil extract. Furthermore, the in vitro system appears to offer a sensitive technique for the estimation of sarin remaining bound to the soil following solvent extraction as well as for an assessment of the potential toxicity of the contaminated soil in vivo. Bibliographic Information Comparison of several oximes against poisoning by soman, tabun and GF. Lundy P M; Hansen A S; Hand B T; Boulet C A Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Ralston, Alberta, Canada Toxicology (1992), 72(1), 99-105. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 1539175 AN 92169690 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Three oximes currently being evaluated for adoption as replacement nerve agent therapy by various countries were compared for therapeutic efficacy against the toxic organophosphate inhibitors soman and tabun under a standard set of conditions. These oximes together with PAM-Cl and toxogonin, were also compared for efficacy against GF, an agent weaponized by Iraq. The order of effectiveness against soman was HI-6 greater than HLo-7 greater than pyrimidoxime. HLo-7 was very effective against tabun poisoning while HI-6 and pyrimidoxime were of moderate value. Against GF, HI-6 and HLo-7 were extremely effective, toxogonin was moderately effective, and PAM-Cl and pyrimidoxime were the least effective. HI-6 provided a high level of protection against all of the agents tested as did HLo-7 to a slightly lesser degree. The other oximes suffered from their lack of effects against one or more of the organophosphates.

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Bibliographic Information Aluminum nitride defect chemistry dependence on sintering atmosphere. Chang, E. K.; Kirschner, M. J. BOC Group Technical Cent., Murray Hill, NJ, USA. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1996), 15(18), 1580-1581. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 125:282600 AN 1996:614771 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review, with 12 refs., of equations explaining theor. relations between aluminum nitride defect chem. and sintering atm.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Bibliographic Information Microstructure, chemical reaction and mechanical properties of TiC/Si3N4 and TiN-coated TiC/Si3N4 composites. Huang, JowLay; Lee, Ming-Tung; Lu, Horng-Hwa; Lii, Ding-Fwu. Dep. Material Science Eng., National Cheng-Kung Univ., Tainan, Taiwan. Journal of Materials Science (1996), 31(18), 4899-4906. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 125:254919 AN 1996:610489 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Silicon nitride contg. various compns. of as-received TiC and TiN-coated TiC, were hot pressed at 1800 C for 1 h in a nitrogen atm. In TiN-coated TiC/Si3N4 composites, TiC reacted first with the TiN coating to form a titanium carbonitride interlayer at 1450 C, which essentially reduced further reactions between TiC and Si3N4 and enhanced densification. TiN-coated TiC/Si3N4 composites exhibited better densification, hardness, flexural strength and fracture toughness than those of as-received TiC/ Si3N4. The toughening mechanisms for as-received TiC/Si3N4 and TiN-coated TiC/Si3N4 composite were attributed to crack deflection, load transfer and crack interference by the compressive thermal residual stress. Bibliographic Information Wet chemical synthesis of ZrO2-SiO2 composite powders. Wang, Shi-Wei; Huang, Xiao-Xian; Guo, Jing-Kun. Shanghai Inst. Ceramics, Chinese Academy Sciences, Shanghai, Peop. Rep. China. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1996), 16(10), 1057-1061. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 125:254896 AN 1996:596753 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Gels of compn. xZrO2(I-x)SiO2, with x = 10, 20, 30 and 40 vol.%, have been prepd. by a wet chem. method using fumed silica and zirconyl chloride as precursors. Thermogravimetric anal. and differential thermal anal. (DTA) show that wt. loss is caused by release of the absorbed water and decompn. of the Zr(OH)4 gels. Gels were heat-treated for 2 h at 500, 700, 900, 1100 and 1350 C, and the products examd. using IR spectroscopy. The increasing intensity of the peak at 800 cm-1 in the IR spectra with increasing temp. is attributed to the formation of Si-O-Si bonds among different SiO2 particles, which means that the SiO2 particles grow bigger with increasing temp. The DTA exothermic peak as well as the IR results reveal that the crystn. of tetragonal zirconia (t-ZrO2) begins at about 900 C, which is confirmed by x-ray diffraction (XRD). XRD curves also suggest that the silica matrix contributes to the thermal stability of t-ZrO2. The stability of t-ZrO2 is interpreted by the particlesize effect. Bibliographic Information Structure-property relationship of ceramic coatings produced by laser processing. De Hosson, J. Th. M.; Zhou, X. B. Dep. Applied Physics, Univ. Groningen, Groningen, Neth. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1996), 397(Advanced Laser Processing of Materials--Fundamentals and Applications), 537-542. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 125:306847 AN 1996:579019 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract This paper deals with a well known puzzling observation that wetting in some instances is improved by a chem. reaction between a liq. and a solid substrate in laser processing while in other systems just the opposite effect takes place. Contact angles of liq. Al on SiO2 and liq. Ti on Al2O3 are reported and some results of laser melt injection of SiO2 particles into molten Al. The surface and interface structures were explored by SEM and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry. According to the exptl. observations, it appears that the vol. change of ceramic substrates during reaction plays a key role in the effect of chem. reaction on wetting. Bibliographic Information Mechanical and thermal properties of SiC-SiC composites made with CVR SiC fibers. Kowbel, W.; Tsou, H. T.; Bruce, C. A.; Withers, J. C. MER Corp., Tucson, AZ, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1996), 410(Covalent Ceramics III--Science and Technology of Non-Oxides), 417-422. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 125:202665 AN 1996:502987 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Nicalon fiber is the primary reinforcement in SiC-SiC composites currently produced by a variety of techniques including CVI and polymer infiltration. Low strength retention and dimensional change at high temps. of the Nicalon fibers limits the choice of manufg. processes which can be employed to produce low cost SiC-SiC composites. MER has developed a SiC reinforcement based upon the conversion of low cost carbon fabric to SiC via a Chem. Vapor Reaction (CVR) process. These new SiC filaments exhibit excellent creep resistance at temps. up to 1600 C. SiC-SiC composites were fabricated using different types of graphite fabric converted to SiC fabric utilizing the CVR process combined with a polycarbosilane (PCS) infiltration and CVI densification. In addn., enhancement of the composite through-the-thickness thermal cond. was accomplished via boron doping of the matrix. A correlation between processing conditions, microstructure and properties of the SiC-SiC composites will be presented. Bibliographic Information The influence of surface kinetics in modeling chemical vapor deposition processes in porous preforms. Dekker, J. P.; Moene, R.; Schoonman, J. Lab. Appl. Inorg. Chem., Delft Univ. Technol., Delft, Neth. Journal of Materials Science (1996), 31(11), 3021-3033. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 125:65201 AN 1996:378298 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The isothermal chem. vapor infiltration (ICVI) process is a well known technique for the prodn. of composites and the surface modification of porous preforms. Math. modeling of the process can provide a better understanding of the influence of individual process parameters on the deposition characteristics such as final porosity or deposition profiles in the pore network. The influence of different rate expressions for several binary compds. on the ICVI process is discussed. Exptl. work is used to validate the importance of correct kinetic expressions in a continuous ICVI model for cylindrical pores. The predicted infiltration characteristics are compared with exptl. results. The final densification and Thiele modulus, i.e. a no. which is a measure for the diffusion limitations in a pore, are used for the evaluation of the presented model, and conditions are given for an optimal densification of a porous preform by the ICVI process for several binary compds. The deposition profiles as predicted by the model calcns. are in agreement with the exptl. detd. deposition profiles of TiN and TiC in small tubes. Moreover, it can be concluded that the shape of the deposition profiles is detd. by the heterogeneous reaction kinetics. There is only a qual.

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agreement between the predicted densification and measured densification for the synthesis of TiN and TiB2 in sintered porous alumina. This mismatch can be explained in terms of a complexity of the pore network and differences in reaction kinetics. Model calcns. reveal that there is a scattering for the predicted residual porosity as a function of the Thiele modulus for TiN. Moreover, this Thiele modulus can not fully account for the changes in densification at different temps. Given these uncertainties it is likely that a residual porosity of less than one percent can be obtained if the Thiele modulus is smaller than 1 10-4. However, a CVI process with such a small Thiele modulus will not be practical, because of the concomitant long process times. Therefore, more precise conditions for the individual process parameters, i.e. concn., reactor pressure, and temp. are deduced from the model calcns. Bibliographic Information Pressure-pulsed chemical vapor infiltration of TiN into SiC particulate preforms. Sugiyama, K.; Sugata, M. Dep. Appl. Chem., Aichi Inst. Technol., Toyota, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1996), 31(11), 2945-2949. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 00222461. Journal written in English. CAN 125:65198 AN 1996:378286 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract SiC particulate preforms were infiltrated by TiN matrix from a gas mixt. of TiCl4 (5%), nitrogen (30%) and hydrogen using a repeating pressure pulse between 760 and about 1 torr. SiC particle sizes of 5 and 20 m were used. For matrix packing into deep level, optimum temp. was detd. between 800 and 850 , and the max. packing ratio reached 67% after 4 104 pulses at 850 . The increase of TiCl4 concn. to 10% resulted in higher deposition rate and packing ratio. The decrease of nitrogen concn. led to slower deposition, i.e., a similar effect to temp. lowering. The max. flexural strength measured was 140 MPa. Bibliographic Information Synthesis of mullite coatings by chemical vapor deposition. Mulpuri, Rao P.; Sarin, Vinod K. Dep. Mfg. Eng., Boston Univ., Boston, MA, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1996), 11(6), 1315-1324. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 125:39956 AN 1996:366859 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Formation of mullite on ceramic substrates via chem. vapor deposition was investigated. Mullite is a solid soln. of Al2O3 and SiO2 with a compn. of 3Al2O3 2SiO2. Thermodn. calcns. performed on the AlCl3-SiCl4-CO2-H2 system were used to construct equil. chem. vapor deposition (CVD) phase diagrams. With the aid of these diagrams and consideration of kinetic rate limiting factors, initial process parameters were detd. Through process optimization, cryst. CVD mullite coatings have been successfully grown on SiC and Si3N4 substrates. Results from the thermodn. anal., process optimization, and effect of various process parameters on deposition rate and coating morphol. are discussed. Bibliographic Information Mixed chromium and aluminum oxides elaborated by a sol-gel process. I. Chemistry of the preparation. Rezgui, Saloua; Ghorbel, Abdelhamid; Henry, Marc. Lab. Chimie Materiaux Catalyse, Dep. Chimie, Tunisia. Journal of Materials Synthesis and Processing (1995), 3(6), 371-376. CODEN: JMSPEI ISSN: 1064-7562. Journal written in English. CAN 125:16967 AN 1996:331762 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Gels of mixed chromium and aluminum oxide were prepd. by a sol-gel process. The precursor is a mixt. of Al(O-s-Bu)3 and Cr(acac)3 with a mass ratio Al/Cr = 10 in sec-butanol. Gelation occurred by adding acetic acid. The amt. of added acetic acid is represented by the ratio k = [CH3COOH]/[Al(O-s-Bu)3], with k varying between 0.5 and 3. Acetic acid played crucial roles in both hydrolysis and polycondensation, (1) producing water in situ by esterification, (2) modifying the precursor by substituting some of the O-s-Bu ligands by acetate ligands, and (3) catalyzing the polycondensation. The importance of each of these roles in the process as well as the nature of the products varied with the ratio k. Bibliographic Information Influence of alloying elements on the chemical reactivity between Si-Al-O-N ceramics and iron-based alloys. Vluegels, J.; Vandeperre, L.; Van Der Biest, O. Dep. Metallurgy Materials Eng., Katholieke Univ. Leuven, Leuvan, Belg. Journal of Materials Research (1996), 11(5), 1265-1276. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 124:323490 AN 1996:293140 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The chem. interaction between two '-O' Si-Al-O-N ceramics and a no. of iron-based alloys is studied by means of static interaction couple expts. at 1100 and 1200 C. The onset temp. of reaction of Si3N4 with pure iron was 1095 C, which is in good agreement with a calcd. temp. of 1033 C. During the interaction, silicon and nitrogen from the ceramic dissolve and diffuse into the iron alloy, whereas the remaining aluminum and oxygen form Al2O3 particles. The interaction between the ceramic and iron alloy is reaction controlled. In the initial stage of the interaction, the dissocn. rate of the ceramic is the ratecontrolling step. After the ceramic/metal interface is isolated from the furnace atm., the nitrogen soln. rate into the iron alloy becomes rate controlling. The influence of alloying elements on the reactivity could be related to their effect on the nitrogen soly. in the iron alloy. Ni, Si, and C decrease the nitrogen soly. and decrease the reactivity with the Sialon ceramic. Cr and Mo have the opposite effect. The thickness of the interaction layer on the ceramic side of the interaction couple was found to be a function of the calcd. nitrogen soly. in the iron alloy at 1 atm nitrogen pressure, making it possible to predict the relative chem. reactivity of a no. of iron-based alloys with the same Sialon ceramic. Bibliographic Information Preparation and pressureless sintering of chemical vapor deposited SiC-B composite powder. Chen, Lidong; Goto, Takashi; Hirai, Toshio. Institute Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1996), 31(3), 67983. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 124:239925 AN 1996:180535 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract SiC-B composite powder was prepd. by chem. vapor deposition (CVD) using (CH3)2SiCl2 + B2H6 + H2 as source gases at 1673 K. The powder was -type polycryst. silicon carbide contg. several per cents of boron and carbon. The boron content increased from 0 to 7.7 mass% as the B2H6 gas concn. increased from 0 to 0.7 mol%. Boron and carbon in amorphous form dispersed homogeneously in the -SiC polycryst. particles. The particles were spherical, non-agglomerated and uniform in size with an av. particle size of about 50 nm. Sintering tests were performed with the resulting composite powder without applying pressure.

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Powder contg. 1 mass% boron and 2 mass% carbon was sintered to a d. of 3.16 x 103 kg m-3 at 2273 K, and the Vickers hardness of the sintered body was 30 GPa. When the sintering temp. was higher than 2323 K, significant grain growth due to the phase transformation from to form occurred, which decreased bulk d. and Vickers hardness. Bibliographic Information Nanocrystalline metals, intermetallics, and a metal-matrix nanocomposite by solution-based chemical reductions. Buhro, W. E.; Haber, J. A.; Waller, B. E.; Trentler, T. J.; Suryanarayanan, R.; Frey, C. A.; Sastry, S. M. L. Department Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA. Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering (1995), 73 39-40. CODEN: PMSEDG ISSN: 0743-0515. Journal written in English. CAN 124:123490 AN 1996:951 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A metal salt soln. was reduced to nanocryst. and nanocomposite. CuCl in THF was reduced with NaBH4 to form nanocrystal Cu, and Ni and Al can also be prepd. in similar manner. NiCl2 soln. was reduced with LiAlH4 ti NiAl intermetallic compds. of nano size. MoCl5 and SiCl4 were reduced with NaK to nanocryst. MoSi2 in ultrasound field. TiB2 nanocryst. particles were suspended in THF and CuCl was reduced to obtain a Cu-coated TiB2 nanocomposite. Bibliographic Information Preparation of low density free-standing shape of SiC by pressure-pulsed chemical vapor infiltration. Sugiyama, K.; Norizuki, K. Dep. Applied Chem., Aichi Inst. Technology, Toyoda, Japan. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1995), 14(23), 1720-2. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 124:64057 AN 1995:1000853 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The effects of the conditions of pressure-pulsed chem. vapor infiltration (PCVI) on the deposition rate, ease of substrate oxidn., gross d., and flexural strength in prepn. of low-d. free-standing SiC shapes were examd. By selection of a porous carbon substrate, highly porous SiC shapes with a desirable pore distribution may be prepd. by the PCVI process. Bibliographic Information Identification of chemical and physical change during acid cleaning of ceramics. Johnson, Jessica S.; Erickson, Harold M.; Iceland, Harry. Texas Mem. Mus., Univ. Texas, Austin, TX, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 352(Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology 4), 831-7. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 124:54897 AN 1995:985335 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract This report describes the results of two expts. characterizing chem. and phys. change in ceramic constituents occurring from acid solns. commonly used to remove deposits from the surface of archaeol. ceramics. The first examines the chem. effects of hydrochloric acid, in an attempt to identify the yellow color, commonly known as "acid burn", often seen in museum collections on black-on-white sherds found in the Southwestern U.S. The compd. is identified as Fe2O3 H2O. The second study compares the phys. effects of different acids on a group of Maya sherds. All acids tested in this study were found to cause phys. damage. Bibliographic Information Influence of particle characteristics on sintering behavior of alumina-zirconia composites. Balasubramanian, M.; Malhotra, S. K.; Gokularathnam, C. V. FRP Research Center, Indian Inst. of Technology, Madras, India. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1995), 14(21), 1484-5. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 123:347792 AN 1995:927403 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A uniform distribution of zirconia particles in an alumina matrix can be achieved by chem. processing methods. Three chem. processing routes were used to obtain better powders. The sintered d. and the tetragonal ZrO2 content of composites were correlated with powder size and morphol. Bibliographic Information Wet air oxidation of energetics and chemical agent surrogates. Copa, William M.; Momont, Joseph A. Zimpro Environmental Inc., Rothschild, WI, USA. Journal of Energetic Materials (1995), 13(3&4), 235-58. CODEN: JOEMDK ISSN: 0737-0652. Journal written in English. CAN 123:295590 AN 1995:895724 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Wet oxidn. studies have been conducted on a no. of energetic materials and wastewaters derived from energetic materials to demonstrate high destruction levels of specific energetic components. Triple-base propellant, OTTO Fuel (used as torpedo propellant) and hydrazine-based rocket fuel were energetics of interest. Triple-base propellant contain nitrocellulose, nitroglycerin, and nitroguanidine. OTTO Fuel contains substantial amts. of propylene glycol trinitrate. Hydrazine based rocket fuel contains hydrazine and 1,1-di-Me hydrazine (asym. di-Me hydrazine or UDMH). A bench scale wet air oxidn. study on alk. hydrolyzates of triple-base propellants indicated that essentially complete destruction of the reactive nitrogen components could be achieved at an oxidn. temp. of 280 . Bench scale wet air oxidn. studies on OTTO Fuel wastewaters indicated that a >99% destruction of propylene glycol dinitrate can be achieved at 280 . Processing OTTO Fuel wastewaters in a continuous flow, full scale wet air oxidn. unit achieved even higher destruction levels. Bench scale wet air oxidn. studies on hydrazinebased rocket fuel wastewaters indicated that a 99.8% destruction of hydrazine and a >99.0% destruction of 1,1dimethylhydrazine can be oxidized at 280 . Again, processing of hydrazine-based rocket fuel wastewaters in a continuous flow, full scale wet air oxidn. unit achieved similar destruction levels. The application of wet air oxidn. for the destruction of chem. agents has been made by the extrapolation of data from the wet air oxidn. of compds. with similar chem. structures or of surrogate compds. Sarin and V-agents are nerve agents which have an organo-phosphorus structure similar to that of contain commonly used pesticides. Pesticides such as glyphosate and malathion, which have a similar organo-phosphorus structure, are essentially completely destroyed (>99% destruction) by wet air oxidn. at 200-280 . The chem. agent surrogate, di-Me Me phosphonate (DMMP) was wet air oxidized at 220-280 . Alk. hydrolyzed DMMP was wet air oxidized at 280 . All of the oxidized effluents showed a >97.5% destruction efficiency for the DMMP. The blister agent, mustard (HD) is a chlorinated sulfide, bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide. Org. sulfides such as mercaptans can be destroyed by wet air oxidn. at 260-280 . It is concluded that the wet air oxidn. process is a promising alternative to incineration for disposal of energetics and chem. warfare agents.

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Molten salt oxidation of chemical munitions. Stewart, Albert; Schnittgrund, Gary. PyroPacific Processes, Grand Hills, CA, USA. Journal of Energetic Materials (1995), 13(3&4), 213-34. CODEN: JOEMDK ISSN: 0737-0652. Journal written in English. CAN 123:295589 AN 1995:895723 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Molten salt oxidn. is reviewed as a potential near term alternative technol. for the destruction of chem. agents. Initial tests completed by the US Army in 1975 showed the promise of achieving very high removal efficiencies on actual agents. Recent testing by DOE has verified the potential for very low PIC and dioxin or furan releases. To further explore the possible application of this technol. to chem. agent destruction, a molten salt reactor and assocd. equipment was designed to process a nominal 50 kg/h of Sarin. Mass and energy balances are presented for process conditions representing a range of molten salt potential operational modes and schemes for enhancing plant capacity. Process economics are presented. Bibliographic Information Supercritical water oxidation of chemical agents, and solid propellants. Spritzer, M. H.; Hazlebeck, D. A.; Downey, K. W. San Diego, CA, USA. Journal of Energetic Materials (1995), 13(3&4), 185-212. CODEN: JOEMDK ISSN: 0737-0652. Journal written in English. CAN 123:295588 AN 1995:895722 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Supercrit. water oxidn. (SCWO), also referred to as hydrothermal oxidn. (HTO), is a developing technol. for the destruction of hazardous and nonhazardous wastes. SCWO destroys combustible materials using an oxidant in water at 350-600 and pressures of 17 MPa. General Atomics and its subcontractors are currently conducting 2 comprehensive research and demonstration programs geared toward the destruction of Department of Defense (DoD) wastes utilizing SCWO technol. Wastes of primary interest include chem. agents and solid propellants. Tech. challenges, particularly corrosion and solids handling, were overcome, and the destruction of chem. agents and solid propellants was demonstrated on a bench scale. SCWO results for chem. agents show destruction and removal efficiencies for GB, VX, and mustard agents to be in excess of 99.9999%, limited only by detection capability. SCWO results for hydrolyzed Class 1.1 solid propellant show destruction and removal efficiencies for total org. carbon (TOC) of >99.9%. Design and fabrication of a transportable SCWO pilot plant for chem. warfare agents, propellants and other DoD hazardous wastes and a prototype HTO system for solid rocket propellant disposal are complete and demonstration testing is underway. Bibliographic Information Pressure pulsed chemical vapor infiltration of SiC to two-dimensional-Tyranno/SiC-C preforms. Sygiyama, Kohzo; Yoshida, Yazutoshi. Department of Applied Chemistry, Aichi Institute of Technology, Toyoda, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1995), 30(20), 5125-9. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 123:320390 AN 1995:894944 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Preforms of two-dimensional Tyranno fiber (SiC base) of 7 20 1.3 mm3 were chem. vapor infiltrated with SiC at 850-1050 C from a gas mixt. of CH3SiCl3 (6%)-H2 using pressure pulses between below 0.3 kPa and 0.1 MPa. Above 900 C, films grew on the macrosurface dominantly. At 850 C, residual porosity decreased to about 10% after 105 pulses, and three point flexural strength reached about 200 MPa. X-ray diffractograms on the surface showed the deposits to be -SiC only. Bibliographic Information Matrix characterization of fiber-reinforced SiC matrix composites fabricated by chemical vapor infiltration. Stinton, D. P.; Hembree, D. M.; More, K. L.; Sheldon, B. W.; Besmann, T. M.; Headinger, M. H.; Davis, R. F. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Journal of Materials Science (1995), 30(17), 4279-85. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 123:206673 AN 1995:804167 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), that consist of silicon carbide (SiC) reinforced with continuous Nicalon or T-300 fibers, are being developed for many high-temp. structural applications. The large potential use of CMCs has prompted an in-depth investigation and characterization of these materials. Electron microscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize and compare the SiC matrix crystal structure and morphol. of composite materials fabricated by two different chem. vapor infiltration (CVI) processes. Bibliographic Information Characterization of pseudo-porous SiC/C coatings on NextelTM 440 and NicalonTM fibers. Khasgiwale, N. R.; Butler, E. P.; Tsakalakos, L.; Hensley, D. A.; Cannon, W. R.; Danforth, S. C.; Gonczy, S. T. Center Ceramic Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 365 395-400. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 02729172. Journal written in English. CAN 123:177329 AN 1995:774261 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Pseudo-porous SiC/C coatings were deposited on NextelTM 440 and NicalonTM fibers by CVD. The morphol. and chem. of the coatings was evaluated, both before and after oxidn., using SEM, X-Ray Diffraction Anal. (XRD), XPS and Auger spectroscopy. Coated fibers were subjected to two different oxidn. treatments to assess coating stability: a) oxidn. at 600 C for 20 h, and b) oxidn. at 1000 C for 20 h. Pseudo-porous SiC/C on NicalonTM fibers appear to be more oxidn. resistant than the same coatings on NextelTM440 fibers. Bibliographic Information The preparation and economics of silicon carbide matrix composites by chemical vapor infiltration. Roman, Yvette G.; Stinton, David P. Centre Technical Ceramics-TNO, Eindhoven, Neth. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 365 343-50. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 123:176964 AN 1995:774254 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review with 35 refs. A no. of processing techniques that are currently in use for the development and prodn. of continuous fiber reinforced ceramic composite materials are described. The limited no. of available processing routes are compared with

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respect to the resulting material properties. The chem. vapor infiltration (CVI) technique is one of the most extensively developed methods. During the last decade, at least five different modifications of the isobaric isothermal CVI principle have been developed; each route having its own benefits. CVI techniques have now been developed to the extent that industrial commercialization is being realized. Projected cost aspects of the various CVI manufg. techniques are examd. and compared. Bibliographic Information Properties of SiC-SiC composites produced using CVR converted graphite cloth to SiC cloth. Kowbel, W.; Kyriacou, C.; Gao, F.; Bruce, C. A.; Withers, J. C. MER corp., Tucson, AZ, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 365 197202. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 123:177312 AN 1995:774236 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Nicalon fiber is the primary reinforcement in SiC-SiC composites currently produced by a variety of techniques including CVI and polymer infiltration. Low strength retention at high temps. of the Nicalon fibers limits the choice of manufg. processes which can be employed to produce low cost SiC-SiC composites. MER has developed a new SiC reinforcement based upon a conversion of low cost carbon fabric to SiC via a Chem. Vapor Reaction (CVR) process. This new SiC filaments exhibit an excellent creep resistance at temps. up to 1600 C. Several SiC-SiC composites were fabricated using graphite fabric converted to SiC fabric utilizing the CVR process combined with a slurry infiltration and CVI densification. A correlation between processing conditions, microstructure and properties of the SiC-SiC composites are discussed. Bibliographic Information Chemically bonded ceramic matrix composites: densification and conversion to diffusion bonding. Johnson, Bradley R.; Guelguen, Mehmet A.; Kriven, Waltraud, M. Department Materials Science and Engineering, University Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 365 67-72. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 123:177295 AN 1995:774216 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chem. bonded ceramics appear to be a promising alternative route for near-net shape fabrication of multi-phase ceramic matrix composites (CMC's). The hydraulic (and refractory) properties of fine mono-calcium aluminate (CaAl2O4) powders were used as the chem. bonding matrix phase, while calcia-stabilized zirconia powders were the second phase material. Samples contg. up to 70 wt% (55 vol%) zirconia have been successfully compacted and sintered. Various processing techniques were evaluated. Processing was optimized based on material properties, dilatometry and simultaneous thermal anal. (DTA/TGA). The phys. characteristics of this novel CMC were characterized by hardness, d., and fracture toughness testing. Microstructures were evaluated by SEM and phase identification was verified using XRD. Bibliographic Information Oxidative catalytic decomposition of toxic gases using hydroxyapatite and fluorhydroxyapatite. Palucka, Timothy P.; Eror, Nicholas G.; McNamara, Thomas A. Department Materials Science and Engineering, University Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 368(Synthesis and Properties of Advanced Catalytic Materials), 275-80. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 123:151604 AN 1995:734790 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract An oxidative catalytic route to decomp. nerve gases was studied using hydroxyapatite (HA, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) and its partially fluorinated analog fluorhydroxyapatite (FHA, Ca10(PO4)6Fx(OH)2-x). Samples were prepd. with surface areas of 34-238 m2/g to study surface area effects; 1.2 wt.% Pt was deposited on 1 substrate to study the effect of a transition metal on activity and selectivity. Reaction studies were performed using di-Me methylphosphonate, a nerve gas simulant, in a stream of 80% N and 20% O at 573 K and atm. pressure. High surface area FHA samples showed an increase in the protection period (period of 100% conversion) with increasing F substitution; such an increase was not seen for low surface area FHA samples. In the absence of Pt, the reaction products were CH3OH and di-Me ether; with Pt, CO2 was also obtained. Bibliographic Information Toxicity Medical (1995), CAPLUS

of sulfur mustard in adult rat lung organ culture. Sawyer, Thomas W.; Wilde, Paul E.; Rice, Paul; Weiss, M. Tracy. Countermeasures Section, Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Box 4000, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Can. Toxicology 100(1-3), 39-49. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 123:104668 AN 1995:700024 (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

Abstract The toxicity of the chem. warfare agent sulfur mustard, (bis-(2-chloroethyl)sulfide, HD), was examd. in adult rat lung organ cultures. Assessment of HD-induced damage by the MTT cytotoxicity assay indicated that the median lethal concn. (LC50) of HD in these cultures was reproducible, and in the M range. Damage to the lung slices was expressed only after a latent period of 48 h and did not increase significantly with longer expression times. Histopathol. examn. of HD-treated lung cultures showed that the structural changes in the lung tissue paralleled the toxicity measured biochem., and were also similar to the damage found in animals and man exposed to HD in vivo. This in vitro model offers a useful tool with which to study the toxicity and mechanism of action of sulfur mustard. Bibliographic Information Characterization and surface chemistry of uncoated and coated silicon nitride powders. Schmidt, H.; Nabert, G.; Ziegler, G.; Goretzki, H. Inst. Materialforschung, Univ. Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1995), 15(7), 667-74. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 123:90766 AN 1995:695131 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Various Si3N4 powders, produced by different procedures, were characterized by imaging (TEM) and anal. methods (EDS, FTIR, XPS) in the as-received state as well as after doping with a metal oxide (MgO). For the doping, an alternative procedure to the usual methods was applied based on sol. organometallic compds. Anal. TEM combined with lateral resoln. element anal. and XPS measurements was used for morphol., structural and anal. characterization. The distribution of the dopant was deduced from measurements of XPS sputter depth profiles. These investigations were supplemented by FT-IR measurements to det. qual. and semi-quant. the reactive groups on the particle surfaces of the as-received powders. For comparison, measurements were performed with Si3N4 powders which were doped by the above chem. procedure and by mech. mixing. The

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results of the various characterization methods are interpreted in the form of a model display for surface reactions of organometallic doping reagents on the surfaces of ceramic particles. The results show that Si3N4 powders with high concn. of OH groups on their particle surface reveal very good distribution of the fluxing element (layer-like coating). Bibliographic Information Influence of crystallographic orientation, chemical inhomogeneities, material transport anisotropy and elastic strain energy on the migration of grain boundaries in chromium-doped alumina during internal reduction. Backhaus-Ricoult, Monika; PeyrotChabrol, A.; Chiron, R.; Hagege, S. Cent. d'Etudes Chim. Metall., CNRS, Vitry, Fr. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 357(Structure and Properties of Interfaces in Ceramics), 293-9. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 123:90732 AN 1995:685875 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Diffusion-induced grain boundary migration is obsd. during internal redn. of chromium-doped alumina. It occurs because grain boundary diffusion is fast compared to lattice diffusion of oxygen. The oxygen chem. potential relaxes between grain boundaries and adjacent grains. Migration to either side of the boundary is controlled by multiple factors: chem. compn. differences between adjacent grains, elastic strain energy differences on the two sides of the boundary plane or by more rapid oxygen relaxation when the c-axis of a grain is perpendicular to the boundary plane. Bibliographic Information Synthesis and chemical stability of NaSn2P3O12. Breval, E.; Harshe, G.; Agrawal, D. K.; Limaye, S. Y. Intercoll. Mater. Res. Lab., Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA, USA. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1995), 14(10), 728-31. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 123:39204 AN 1995:606064 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract NaSn2P3O12 and NaZr2P3O12 powders were prepd. by solid-state reaction methods and sintered at 1050-1200 . The resulting pellets were characterized in terms of d., thermal expansion, and phase compn. before and after chem. stability tests. Chem. stability tests were performed in polethylene containers in 3 solns., H+ + SO42- (pH = 0.5), Na+ + H+ + SO42(pH = 0.7), and Na+ + OH- (pH + 14.3). Results indicate that NaSn2P3O12 is a very stable NZP compd. in high and low pH solns. (pH + 0.5-14.3) as compared to the parent compn. NaZr2P3O12, which shows high losses, esp. in alk. leachants. The surface-to-vol. of a single phase NaSn2P3O12 material, sintered without sintering agents, hardly affects the dissoln. Use of a sintering agent may result in a highly reactive grain boundary phase, the amt. of which may exceed the amt. of added sintering aid. Bibliographic Information Low-level detection of chemical agent simulants in meat and milk by ion trap mass spectrometry. Buchanan, Michelle V.; Hettich, Robert L.; Xu, Jing Hai; Waters, Larry C.; Watson, Annetta. Chemical and Analytical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Building 5510, MS/6365, Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Journal of Hazardous Materials (1995), 42(1), 49-59. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 123:31526 AN 1995:596587 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Anal. methods for the detection of two chem. warfare agent simulants, diisopropyl methylphosphonate and chloroethylethylsulfide, in beef tissue and milk were demonstrated to be effective to levels as low as 50-100 ppb. These methods are based upon thermal desorption into an ion trap mass spectrometer. Selective detection of the target compds. is achieved by isobutane chem. ionization in combination with collision-induced dissocn., which yields characteristic fragment ions. Rapid sample clean-up steps were also devised to reduce interferences from the sample matrix. The low detection limits achieved with this method suggest that it may be possible to take small tissue samples from livestock by needle biopsy, without requiring animal sacrifice for the anal. In addn., because the new methods may be performed more quickly than conventional methods requiring substantial sample prepn. and anal. time, more samples could be analyzed. Bibliographic Information The effect of ceria co-doping on chemical stability and fracture toughness of Y-TZP. Boutz, M. M. R.; Winnubst, A. j. a.; Van Langerak, B.; Scholtenhuis, R. J. M. Olde; Kreuwel, K.; Burggraaf, A. J. Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Twente, Enschde, Neth. Journal of Materials Science (1995), 30(7), 1854-62. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 122:271892 AN 1995:504770 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The fracture toughness and ageing resistance of yttria, ceria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (Y, Ce-TZP) were evaluated as a function of grain size and ceria content. Very fine grained, fully dense materials could be produced by sinter forging at relatively low temps. (1150-1200 C). The aging resistance in hot water (185 C) of 2 mol% Y2O3-stabilized TZP is strongly enhanced by alloying with ceria. The ceria content necessary to avoid degrdn. completely, decreases with grain size. The toughness of fully dense Y, Ce-TZP is 7-9 MPa m1/2 for grain sizes down to 0.2 m. No or very little transformation took place during fracturing and no clear variation with grain size was obsd. for the toughness at grain sizes up to 0.8 m. Reversible transformation and crack deflection may explain the obsd. toughness values. Bibliographic Information Microstructure and chemistry of second phases in MgO- and NiO-codoped alumina by analytical transmission electron microscopy. Park, K.; Vasilos, T.; Sung, C. Cent. Advanced Materials Dep. Chem. Nuclear Eng., Univ. Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1995), 14(4), 261-4. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 122:167982 AN 1995:415637 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The effects MgO-NiO-codoping on microstructure and chem. of 2nd phases, segregated particles and cryst. defects in alumina ceramics were examd. MgO-NiO-codoping contributed significantly to the prepn. of dense fine-grained alumina. It appeared that Ni-Al and Ni-Mg-Al spinels, segregated Ni particles, and K- '' alumina ppts. were formed at triple points or at grain boundaries, because the concns. of the MgO and NiO dopants were higher than their solid solubilities. In particular, the codopants formed a Ni-Mg-Al spinel as well as a Ni-Al spinel, because Mg2+ and Ni2+ were partitioned in the cation position of the spinel structure.

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Compositions and chemical bonding in ceramics by quantitative electron energy-loss spectrometry. Bentley, J.; Horton, L. L.; McHargue, C. J.; McKernan, S.; Carter, C. B.; Revcolevschi, A.; Tanaka, S.; Davis, R. F. Metals and Ceramics Div.r., Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1994), 332(Determining Nanoscale Physical Properties of Materials by Microscopy and Spectroscopy), 385-90. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 122:87360 AN 1995:266442 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Quant. electron energy-loss spectrometry was applied to a range of ceramic materials at a spatial resoln. of <5 nm. Anal. of Fe L23 white lines indicates a low-spin state with a charge transfer of .apprx.1.5 electrons/atom onto the Fe atoms implanted into (amorphized) silicon carbide. Gradients of 2-5% in the Co:O stoichiometry were measured across 100-nm-thick Co3O4 layers in an oxidized directionally solidified CoO-ZrO2 eutectic, with the highest O levels near the ZrO2. The energy-loss nearedge structures were dramatically different for the two cobalt oxides; those for Co3O4 have been incorrectly ascribed to CoO in the published literature. Kinetically stabilized solid soly. occurred in an AlN-SiC film grown by low-temp. mol. beam epitaxy (MBE) on (6H)-SiC, and no detectable interdiffusion occurred in couples of MBE-grown AlN on SiC following annealing at up to 1750 C. In diffusion couples of polycryst. AlN on SiC, interfacial 8H Sialon (aluminum silicon oxynitride) and pockets of Si3N4rich '-Sialon in the SiC were detected. Bibliographic Information Chemically bonded ceramics as an alternative to high temperature composite processing. Gulgun, Mehmet A.; Johnson, Bradley R.; Kriven, Waltraud M. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1994), 346(Better Ceramics through Chemistry VI), 51116. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 122:15230 AN 1995:174876 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Processing of multi-phase ceramic composite materials using chem. bonded ceramics as a binding agent appears to be a promising route for fabricating complex-shaped structures. In a zirconia-calcium aluminate ceramic matrix composite, the hydraulic property of fine, monocalcium aluminate (CaAl2O4) powders was used to prep. strong prefired bodies. The changes in the phys. characteristics of the composite during the conversion from a chem. bonded compact into a sintered composite were studied using thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), X-ray diffraction and SEM. The d. and the hardness of the chem. bonded and sintered composite were measured. Bibliographic Information Assessing delayed neurotoxicity in rodents after nerve gas exposure. Husain, K.; Pant, S. C.; Vijayaraghavan, R.; Singh, Ram. Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. Defence Science Journal (1994), 44(2), 161-4. CODEN: DSJOAA ISSN: 0011-748X. Journal written in English. CAN 121:294553 AN 1994:694553 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Delayed neurotoxicity of an organophosphorus nerve gas, Sarin (a chem. warfare agent) following repeated inhalation exposure in rats and mice, was studied by behavioral, biochem. and histopathol. analyses. Rats exposed to Sarin aerosols (12.5 mg/m3 for 20 min) daily for ten days did not exhibit any clin. sign of delayed neurotoxicity. Neurotoxic esterase (NTE) activity in the brain, spinal cord and platelets was significantly inhibited, but the inhibition was below the threshold. Histopathol. examn. of spinal cord did not show any axonal degeneration. Mice exposed to Sarin aerosols (5 mg/m3 for 20 min) daily for ten days developed mild ataxia and muscular weakness of the hind limb on 14th day after the start of exposure. NTE activity was significantly inhibited in brain, spinal cord and platelets. Histopathol. of spinal cord showed focal axonal degeneration. Acetyl-choline esterase activity in the platelets of both the animals was significantly inhibited. The authors conclude that mice are sensitive to delayed neurotoxicity induced by repeated exposure to Sarin whereas rats are insensitive. Bibliographic Information Clean-up of chemical warfare agents on soils using simple washing or chemical treatment processes. Amos, Denys; Leake, Brian. DSTO, Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 4331, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Journal of Hazardous Materials (1994), 39(1), 107-17. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 121:262645 AN 1994:662645 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Several simple processes have been studied for the destruction of chem. agents, Soman and Mustard, on soils. A double wash or an extended single wash with water was effective in removing Mustard and Soman from soil; addn. of either anionic or cationic surfactant did not improve removal efficiency. Soils with higher org. carbon content were more difficult to decontaminate. The most effective chem. process for the removal of Mustard was treatment with hypochlorite; treatment with Na2CO3 or NaOH were almost as effective as hypochlorite in cleaning Mustard contaminated soil. Soman was removed most effectively by treatment with Na2CO3. Overall the most efficient process for the destruction of both Mustard and Soman was treatment with Na2CO3 soln. Bibliographic Information Liquid phase sintering, electrical conductivity, and chemical stability of lanthanum chromite doped with calcium and nickel. Christie, G. M.; Middleton, P. H.; Steele, B. C. H. Dep. Mater., Imperial Coll. Sci., Tech. Med., London, UK. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1994), 14(2), 163-75. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 121:236480 AN 1994:636480 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The substitution of 10 mol% nickel for chromium in calcium-doped lanthanum chromite has been shown to promote rapid densification of the compd. at low temps. in air by the form of a transient liq. phase. Liqs. were generated via the decompn. of CaCrO4 second phase material present in calcined powders. During elec. cond. measurements at 1000 C, severe microstructural degrdn. occurred at atms. of H2 and CO2. The processes leading to chem. degrdn. are attributed to the pptn. of Ni from the (La,Ca)(Cr,Ni)O3 solid soln. and to the decompn. of small amts. of residual CaCrO4 which remains at grain boundaries and triple points after sintering. DTA studies on CaCrO4 in CO2 and H2 atms. suggested that the degrdn. due to CaCrO4 decompn. was primarily a result of the reaction of CaO with CO2 to form CaCO3. The presence of H2 gas is thought to catalyze this reaction via the formation of large amt. of CaO during the decompn. of CaCrO4. Degrdn. is more severe in atms.

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contg. a mixt. of CO2 and H2 gases than in either gas on its own. Bibliographic Information Photochemical degradation of a toxic organophosphorus analog (PMSF) in microemulsion media. Yang, Yun; Donegan, Sheila; Patel, Ramesh C.; Ward, Anthony J. I. Center for Advanced Materials Processing, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA. Chemosphere (1994), 28(11), 1967-76. CODEN: CMSHAF ISSN: 0045-6535. Journal written in English. CAN 121:217331 AN 1994:617331 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A study has been made of the photodegrdn. of an analog, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), of a toxic chem. warfare agent. The agent was solubilized in a water-in-oil surfactant stabilized microemulsion system comprising sodium dodecyl sulfate, pentanol and water. Loss of the parent PMSF mol. upon exposure of the system to UV irradn. was monitored by 19F NMR spectroscopy. Consideration of the changes in the chem. shifts, splittings in conjunction with GC/Mass spectroscopy data strongly suggest the degrdn. leads to partial fluorination of pentanol. Anal. of peak areas also indicates the formation of volatile degrdn. products such as HF. The addn. of TiO2 or hydroquinone to the system did not appreciably change the overall amts. of degrdn. The results are interpreted in terms of the possible radical based reaction pathways and show that such a microemulsion medium to have significant potential as a vehicle for effecting such a degrdn. process. Bibliographic Information Comparative evaluation of high protein against normal protein diet in combination with carbamates against organophosphorus intoxication in rats. Chatterjee, A.K.; Sikder, Nirmala; Sikder, A.K. Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. Defence Science Journal (1994), 44(1), 11-14. CODEN: DSJOAA ISSN: 0011-748X. Journal written in English. CAN 121:197892 AN 1994:597892 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The relative efficacy of an isocaloric high protein diet (HPD) contg. 59 per cent protein, in comparison to a conventional diet contg. 21 per cent protein, as applied in the alleviation of toxicity of diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP) and Me iso-Pr phosphonofluoridate (sarin), has been reported. In combination with well-known prophylactics like carbamates and cholinolytics like atropine against nerve gas toxicity, HPD appears to be superior to the conventional diet as studied by survival time measurements. Apart from carbamates, atropine and mecamylamine, HPD may be treated as an addnl. prophylactic agent to guard against the toxicity of DFP and sarin, which are being used as war chems. Bibliographic Information The surface chemistry of silicon nitride powder in the presence of dissolved ions. Hackley, V. A.; Malghan, S. G. Ceram. Div., Natl. Inst. Standards and Technol., Gaithersburg, MD, USA. Journal of Materials Science (1994), 29(17), 4420-30. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 121:185440 AN 1994:585440 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Colloidal processing of silicon nitride (Si3N4) powders depends largely on the control of reactions at the solid-soln. interface. The role of dissolved ions in the surface chem. of Si3N4 powders has been investigated, and the implications of these results for the effects of impurities, contaminants and additives in processing are discussed. The interaction of ions at the solid-soln. interface was characterized by particle electrokinetic behavior detd. from electroacoustic measurements in moderately concd. suspensions. Ions were classified according to chem. similarity and surface specificity. Specific adsorption was inferred from the movement of the isoelec. point relative to the endemic "native" value. Most simple univalent electrolytes behaved indifferently towards the Si3N4 surface, with the exception of fluoride which specifically adsorbed and may have formed a strong complex with surface silicon sites. The alk.-earth cations exhibited a similar weak specificity. In the presence of hydrolyzable transition metal cations, powder surface chem. was controlled by the adsorption of hydroxy metal complexes and by the soly. of a surface-pptd. metal hydroxide phase. Oxo anions, such as sulfate and carbonate, adsorbed specifically on the Si3N4 surface, but the interactions were weaker than previously obsd. on metal oxide surfaces. Bibliographic Information X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of uv laser irradiated sapphire and alumina. Pedraza, A. J.; Park, J. W.; Meyer, H. M., III; Braski, D. N. Dep. Materials Science Engineering, Univ. Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1994), 9(9), 2251-7. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 121:162453 AN 1994:562453 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract XPS was performed in as-received, thermally annealed, and laser-irradiated sapphire and alumina specimens to study the effects of the different treatments on surface chem. and properties. Laser irradiations with a 308 nm wavelength laser were performed in air and in a reducing atm. consisting of a mixt. of Ar and 4% hydrogen. The at. percentages of carbon, aluminum, and oxygen were measured in all the specimens. Particular attention was paid to the percentages of oxygen in the oxide and in a hydroxyl state. The XPS analyses clearly established that a very thin film of metallic aluminum is formed on the surface of both alumina and sapphire substrates when they are irradiated under a reducing atm. However, the film is discontinuous because it is elec. insulating. Substrates irradiated in air have metallic aluminum only for fluences below 0.4 J/ cm2. The valence band photoemission spectra of as-received, annealed, and laser-irradiated specimens were measured. In irradiated specimens, the width of the valence band spectra was found to decrease by .apprx.10%. One possible cause of this decrease is the generation of point defects during laser irradn. Electroless copper deposition occurs on sapphire and alumina substrates if their surface has been activated by laser irradn. The time required for copper deposition was monitored by measuring the elec. resistivity in the irradiated area while the substrates were immersed in an electroless bath. The kinetics of deposition on laser-activated substrates and the XPS results show that the presence of metallic aluminum accelerates the deposition process. However, the presence of aluminum is not the sole reason for laser activation in alumina. Very strong metal-ceramic bonding is produced after thermal annealing of samples having preirradiated substrates. This result is explained in terms of the excess oxygen that is present at the ceramic surface after irradn. Bibliographic Information X-ray absorption spectroscopy study of the local structure and the chemical state of yttrium in polycrystalline -alumina. Loudjani, M. K.; Cortes, R. Lab. Metallurgie Structurale, CNRS, Orsay, Fr. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1994), 14(1), 67-75. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 121:162396 AN 1994:562396 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

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The chem. state and local structure around the yttrium ion in doped polycryst. -alumina (0.03 mol% Y2O3 1) system was examd. by extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements for yttrium K-edge energy. In the case of highly doped alumina samples (0.1 and 1 mol% Y2O3) most of the yttrium is pptd. as a Y3Al5O12 phase, whereas in the dil. doped alumina sample (0.03 mol% Y2O3) yttrium is in solid soln., being located on the octahedral aluminum sites. The yttrium ion size, comparatively greater than that of the aluminum ion, induces locally a significant distortion of the oxygen ion lattice. This effect creates point defects in the nearest neighbor shell of the yttrium: vacancy (Vo..) and interstitial (Oi'') oxygen point defects. Bibliographic Information Constitution of the -alumina phase in chemically produced mullite precursors. Schneider, H.; Voll, D.; Saruhan, B.; Schmucker, M. Inst. Mater. Res., German Aerosp. Res. Establ., Cologne, Germany. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1993), 13(5), 441-8. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 121:89568 AN 1994:489568 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The temp. development of type II mullite precursor powders have been studied in the temp. range of 150 C (as-received) and 1150 C. X-ray diffraction measurements, IR and 29Si and 27Al NMR spectroscopy and anal. transmission electron microscopy have been performed on the heat-treated precursors. The investigations had the aim of contributing to the frequently discussed question, whether Si is incorporated into the -alumina spinel being formed as a transient phase in type II mullite precursors. The as-received precursors consist of relatively large spherical particles ( 0 5 m) of noncryst. SiO2 and of much finer-grained agglomerates of pseudo-boehmite crystals ( -AlO(OH), 20 nm), which are embedded in a SiO2 matrix. Above 350 C, pseudo-boehmite transforms to spinel-type alumina ( -Al2O3). During this transformation, all Si existing in the SiO2 matrix of the pseudoboehmite agglomerates is incorporated into -Al2O3 corresponding to a SiO2 content of 12 mol% at 500 C. Up to 750 C, the SiO2 content of the -alumina remains const. but above this temp. it gradually rises and reaches a max. amt. of 18 mol% at 1150 C. A marginal decompn. of the spherical non-cryst. SiO2 particles may be the sources to provide diffusion of Si species into the -alumina during a temp. increase above 750 C. It is most likely that Si species diffuse into the -alumina crystals along the crystallite boundaries. The diffusion process and Si incorporation are facilitated with the temp. increase. Bibliographic Information Quantitative analysis of Si3N4 microstructure response on interface chemistry. Meissner, E.; Unger, S.; Kleebe, H.-J.; Ziegler, G. Univ. Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany. Key Engineering Materials (1994), 89-91(Silicon Nitride 93), 471-5. CODEN: KEMAEY ISSN: 1013-9826. Journal written in English. CAN 121:89560 AN 1994:489560 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Quant. microstructure anal. was performed on gas-pressure sintered Si3N4 materials (SSN) by employing an image processing system. Variations in grain-diam. distribution and aspect-ratio distribution with changing additive compn. and annealing time, resp., were investigated. Clear evidence was found that both interface compn. and post-sintering anneal can strongly affect the matrix grain morphol. For the Y2O3-doped material, extended annealing time supported the formation of Si3N4 grains with increased diam. and length via Ostwald ripening. Moreover, the aspect-ratio distribution was shifted to higher values indicating anisotropic grain growth. The addn. of Al2O3 + ZrO2, compared to SSN doped with Y2O3, resulted in a finer microstructure with still high aspect ratios. This chem. effect is closely related to the viscosity of the liqs. at processing temps. Furthermore, ZrO2 addn. results in a more pronounced transgranular fracture mode, while Y2O3-contg. SSN predominantly revealed intergranular fracture. The influence of annealing time and interface chem. on both microstructure evolution and resulting fracture toughness is discussed. Bibliographic Information Surface chemical interactions of Si3N4 with polyelectrolyte deflocculants. Hackley, V.A.; Premachandran, R.; Malghan, S.G. Mater. Sci. Eng. Lab., Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol., Gaithersburg, MD, USA. Key Engineering Materials (1994), 89-91(Silicon Nitride 93), 679-82. CODEN: KEMAEY ISSN: 1013-9826. Journal written in English. CAN 121:41008 AN 1994:441008 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The interaction of org. polyelectrolyte deflocculants at the Si3N4 solid-soln. interface was investigated using electroacoustic measurements, polymer adsorption and particle size distribution anal. One cationic and two anionic polymers were studied: quaternized poly(diamine epoxychlorohydrin), ammonium poly(methacrylate) and poly(acrylic acid), resp. Electrostatic interactions are emphasized as a function of pH, concn. and mol. wt. Bibliographic Information Metabolite pharmacokinetics of soman, sarin and GF in rats and biological monitoring of exposure to toxic organophosphorus agents. Shih, Ming L.; McMonagle, Joseph D.; Dolzine, Theodore W.; Gresham, Vincent C. US Army Med. Res. Inst. Chem. Def., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1994), 14(3), 195-9. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260437X. Journal written in English. CAN 121:28848 AN 1994:428848 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract This study reports on the pharmacokinetics of the elimination of the metabolites of three toxic organophosphorus compds. (soman, sarin and GF). Urine, blood and lung tissue were collected from rats dosed s.c. at 75 g kg-1. Urinary excretion of the metabolite was the major elimination route for these three compds. The major differences among them were primarily the extent and rate of excretion. The hydrolyzed form, alkylmethylphosphonic acid, was the single major metabolite formed and excreted in urine by a non-saturable mechanism. Nearly total recoveries of the given doses for sarin and GF in metabolite form were obtained from the urine. The terminal elimination half-lives in urine were 3.7 0.1 and 9.9 0.8 h for sarin and GF, resp. Soman metabolite showed a biphasic elimination curve with terminal half-lives of 18.5 2.7 and 3.6 2.2 h. Soman was excreted at a slower rate with a recovery of only 62%. Lung was the major organ of accumulation for soman. In blood the toxic agents were concd. more in red blood cells than in plasma. The acid metabolites can serve as a better chem. marker for monitoring organophosphorus exposure in humans via their higher concn. and longer half-life in urine than the parent compds. Bibliographic Information Movement of chemical warfare agent simulants through porous media. Jenkins, R. A.; Buchanan, M. V.; Merriweather, R.;

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Ilgner, R. H.; Gayle, T. M.; Watson, A. P. Analytical Chemistry Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Building 4500S, MS6120, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Journal of Hazardous Materials (1994), 37(2), 303-25. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 121:16666 AN 1994:416666 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A measurement protocol is documented and data are presented to characterize the permeation of chem. warfare agent simulants through the porous construction materials brick, cinder block, gypsum wall board, and wood. These data will be used to develop guidelines for access ("reentry") to potentially contaminated properties if nerve or vesicant agents are released during any phase of the US Department of the Army's Chem. Stockpile Disposal Program. A novel permeation cell design allowed sampling of air vols. adjacent to the spiked face, breakthrough face, and lateral face of each test medium at two temps. Simulant movement through wood is nearly always in the direction of the wood grain. Two-dimensional breakthrough was obsd. in brick and gypsum wall board. The sulfur mustard simulant broke through all test media in less than 60 min; nerve agent simulant breakthrough required several hours. Surface decontamination of wood with high-test hypochlorite is 95% effective. Bibliographic Information Pharmacology of organophosphates. Koelle, George B. Med. Sch., Univ. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1994), 14(2), 105-9. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 121:2654 AN 1994:402654 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review with 8 refs. The cholinergic nerve fibers, which employ acetylcholine (ACh) as a neurohumoral transmitter, and the results of their activation are listed. The reactions between the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), its natural substrate, ACh, and the various types of inhibitors are described. The limited therapeutic uses of the anticholinesterase (anti-ChE) agents are considered. The toxicol. effects encountered when the anti-ChE agents are employed as insecticides or as chem. warfare (CW) agents are discussed. Certain anti-ChE agents produce also a delayed neurotoxic effect which is apparently unrelated to the inhibition of AChE. Bibliographic Information Genotoxicity of the phosphoramidate agent tabun (GA). Wilson, Barry W.; Kawakami, Thomas G.; Cone, Norman; Henderson, John D.; Rosenblatt, Leon S.; Goldman, Marvin; Dacre, Jack C. Inst. Toxicol., Univ. California, Davis, CA, USA. Toxicology (1994), 86(1-2), 1-12. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 120:263586 AN 1994:263586 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Five mutagenicity tests were performed on Agent GA (tabun, phosphoramidocyanidic acid, dimethyl-, Et ester) as part of a program to demilitarize chem. warfare agents. GA was mutagenic in Salmonella spp. assays with S-9 and it was a direct-acting mutagen to mouse lymphoma cells. GA did not promote unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes; it induced sister chromatid exchanges in mouse cells in vitro but not in vivo. The conclusion that GA is a weakly acting mutagen is supported by the fact that it was mutagenic in only 3 of the 5 assays, and that increases in mutagenicity were often less than 2-fold the controls and occurred near toxic levels. Bibliographic Information Effect of chemically added zirconia and yttria mechanical properties of zirconia-dispersed alumina. Ranjbar, Khalil; Rao, Boddapati T.; Mohan, Tallapragada R. Rama; Harendranath, Chilkunda S. Dep. Metall. Eng., Indian Inst. Technol., Bombay, India. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (1994), 73(2), 63-6. CODEN: ACSBA7 ISSN: 0002-7812. Journal written in English. CAN 120:171374 AN 1994:171374 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Alumina powders dispersed with monoclinic, tetragonal, and cubic zirconia were prepd. by evapg. a colloidal dispersion of alumina powders in solns. contg. zirconium and yttrium salts. The dried and calcined powders were compacted, sintered, and characterized. The results demonstrated a clear toughening effect by the zirconia on the alumina ceramics. The alumina contg. 20-wt%-yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia had the max. toughness. Bibliographic Information Chemical vapor infiltration of silicon carbide with microwave heating. [Erratum to document cited in CA119(2):13852e]. Morell, Jose I.; Economou, Demetre J.; Amundson, Neal R. Dep. Chem. Eng., Univ. Houston, Houston, TX, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1993), 8(12), 3251. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 120:141948 AN 1994:141948 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The errors were not reflected in the abstr. or the index entries. Bibliographic Information Chemical compatibility between silicon-based and titanium-based ceramics. Wang, L.; Wada, H. Dep. Mater. Sci. Eng., Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Journal of Materials Synthesis and Processing (1993), 1(3), 181-93. CODEN: JMSPEI ISSN: 1064-7562. Journal written in English. CAN 119:277176 AN 1993:677176 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The chem. compatibility between Si-based ceramics and Ti-based ceramics was studied to establish guidelines for the processing of related composites. Phase stabilities were calcd. for the Si-Ti-B-C, Si-Ti-B-N, and Si-Ti-B-C-N systems as a function of B activity and N pressure or C activity. SiC is compatible with TiC, TiN, or TiB2, depending on the range of these parameters. Si3N4 and TiN appear to be compatible in a certain range of N2 pressure and C activity, but Si3N4 and pure TiC will not coexist. However, the fact that TiC and TiN can form a solid soln., TiC1-xNx, suggests that Si3N4 and TiC1-xNx may be obsd. in the presence of both C and N2. The Si3N4 + TiB2 2-phase region is limited in such a narrow range of N2 pressure and B activity that processing and application of TiB2/Si3N4 composites would be very difficult. High-temp. solid-state expts. were carried out with selected systems to verify phase stability diagrams. The results of reactions were in agreement with the thermodn. prediction. A high-d. TiB2/SiC composite was prepd. as an example of the application of phase stability diagrams.

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Thermal and acid catalyzed conversion of organic phosphorus compounds. De Lijser, H. J. P.; Mulder, P.; Louw, R. Cent. Chem. Environ., Leiden Univ., Leiden, Neth. Chemosphere (1993), 27(5), 773-8. CODEN: CMSHAF ISSN: 0045-6535. Journal written in English. CAN 119:233159 AN 1993:633159 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The org. P compds. tri-Bu and tri-Me phosphate (I and II, resp.), tri-Me phosphite (III), and di-Me phosphonate (IV) were thermolyzed using a plug flow (gas-phase) reactor. I and II proved to be sensitive to acid (wall) catalysis and can be fully degraded at temps. of .mchlt.400 . III can isomerize to II and IV. In contrast, IV requires a temp. of >750 for complete conversion; admixed with II it counteracts the smooth acid-mediated degrdn. of II. Unlike real thermolysis at elevated temps., preferably in a reducing atm. of hydrogen, mere acid catalysis is not generally applicable for effectively destroying a variety of ecotoxic org. P compds. Bibliographic Information Preparation of uniformly calcia-doped zirconia. Hill, J.; Newhouse, M.; Xue, J.; Dieckmann, R. Dep. Mater. Sci. Eng., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, USA. Journal of Materials Synthesis and Processing (1993), 1(2), 101-9. CODEN: JMSPEI ISSN: 1064-7562. Journal written in English. CAN 119:232072 AN 1993:632072 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The prepn. of dense samples of high-purity zirconia doped with varying, small contents of CaO has been explored by means of traditional ceramic techniques with sintering and hot-pressing as well as a chem. soln. method. First, CaO-doped samples were prepd. by traditional ceramic methods. Their homogeneities were checked by SEM with x-ray mapping. CaO-dopant distribution was not uniform in all samples with overall CaO contents below 7 mol%. The difficulty in prepg. uniformly doped zirconia with small CaO contents led to exploration of the use of chem. soln. processing techniques. When exploring such techniques, the products of each process step were characterized by x-ray diffraction and electron microprobe anal. The characterization results enabled identification of a processing route which is suitable for prepg. dense, high-purity zirconia uniformly doped with CaO at low concns. Bibliographic Information A model for the isothermal isobaric chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) in a straight cylindrical pore. Application to the CVI of silicon carbide. Fedou, R.; Langlais, F.; Naslain, R. Lab. Compos. Thermostruct., CNRS, Pessac, Fr. Journal of Materials Synthesis and Processing (1993), 1(2), 61-74. CODEN: JMSPEI ISSN: 1064-7562. Journal written in English. CAN 119:208796 AN 1993:608796 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A previously described modeling of the chem. vapor infiltration (CVI) process in a straight cylindrical pore is applied to the deposition of SiC-based ceramics from MeSiCl3-H2 in the case of a 1st-order kinetic law with respect to MeSiCl3. The model gives concns. and deposit thickness profiles along the pore at any stage of the densification and, particularly, at the end of the process when the pore becomes sealed. The infiltration homogeneity is predicted to be improved by decreasing the aspect ratio of the pore and the CVI temp. and, under conditions of Fick diffusion, by decreasing the total pressure and the pore diam. The model is validated by the good fit between the deposit thickness profiles along the pore calcd. after adjustment of the kinetic data and exptl. profiles for a 34- m straight pore. Bibliographic Information Nicalon-fiber-reinforced silicon carbide composites via polymer solution infiltration and chemical vapor infiltration. Kim, Young Wook; Song, Jin Soo; Park, Sang Whan; Lee, Juen Gunn. Struct. Ceram. Lab., Korea Inst. Sci. Technol., Seoul, S. Korea. Journal of Materials Science (1993), 28(14), 3866-8. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 119:186895 AN 1993:586895 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A new, faster process was developed for the fabrication of Nicalon-fiber-reinforced SiC composites by combining polymer soln. infiltration (PSI) and chem. vapor infiltration (CVI). The process led to the near-net-shape fabrication of fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites and reduced infiltration time. Typical flexural strength and fracture toughness of these composites were 296 MPa and 10.9 MPa.m1/2 at room temp. and 252 MPa and 9.6 MPa.m1/2 at 1000 , resp. The composites exhibited load-carrying capability after crack initiation. Bibliographic Information The effect of glass chemistry on the microstructure and properties of self reinforced silicon nitride. Pyzik, Aleksander J.; Carroll, Daniel F.; Hwang, C. James. Adv. Ceram. Lab., Dow Chem. Co., Midland, MI, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1993), 287(Silicon Nitride Ceramics), 411-16. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 119:186804 AN 1993:586804 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The advantage of self-reinforced silicon nitride is the in-situ control of the microstructure. This control is provided in large degree by the chem. of glassy phase which can be adjusted to tailor the morphol. of silicon nitride grains as well as the matrix-reinforcement interface. The presence of high aspect ratio silicon nitride grains is necessary but not sufficient condition to produce materials with optimum properties. For max. flexure strength and fracture toughness, an optimized glass matrix is required. Bibliographic Information Microwave assisted chemical vapor infiltration. Devlin, D. J.; Currier, R. P.; Barbero, R. S.; Espinoza, B. F.; Elliott, N. Mater. Sci. Technol. Div., Los Alamos Natl. Lab., Los Alamos, NM, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1992), 250(Chemical Vapor Deposition of Refractory Metals and Ceramics II), 245-50. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 119:144800 AN 1993:544800 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A microwave-assisted process for prepn. of continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites is described. A simple app. combining a chem.-vapor-infiltration reactor with a conventional 700-W multimode oven is described. Microwave-induced

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inverted thermal gradients are exploited with the ultimate goal of reducing processing times on complex shapes. Thermal gradients in stacks of SiC (Nicalon) cloths have been measured using optical thermometry. Initial results on the inside-out deposition of SiC via decompn. of MeSiCl3 in H are presented. Several key processing issues are identified and discussed. Bibliographic Information Chemical vapor deposition of multiphase boron-carbon-silicon ceramics. Golda, E. Michael; Gallois, B. Dep. Mater. Sci. Eng., Stevens Inst. Technol., Hoboken, NJ, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1992), 250(Chemical Vapor Deposition of Refractory Metals and Ceramics II), 167-72. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 119:144796 AN 1993:544796 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Specific compns. of boron-carbon-silicon ceramics exhibit improved abrasive wear and good thermal shock resistance, but require bulk sintering at temps. in excess of 2100K. The formation of such phases by CVD was examd. at 1073-1573K. Methyltrichlorosilane (CH3SiCl3), boron trichloride, and methane were chosen as reactant gases, with hydrogen as a carrier gas and diluent. The coatings were deposited in a computer-controlled, hot-wall reactor at a pressure of 33 MPa. Below 1473K the coatings were amorphous. At higher temps. nonequil. reactions controlled the deposition process. The most common coating consisted of a silicon carbide matrix and a silicon boride, SiB6, dispersed phase. Multiphase coatings of B + B4C + SiB6 and SiC + SiB6 + SiB14 were also deposited by controlling the partial pressure of methane and boron trichloride. Non-equil. thermodn. anal. qual. predicted the exptl. deposited multiphase coatings. Bibliographic Information CVD of silicon nitride plate from trichlorosilane-ammonia-hydrogen mixtures. Lennartz, J. W.; Dowell, M. B. Union Carbide Coat. Serv. Corp., Parma, OH, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1992), 250(Chemical Vapor Deposition of Refractory Metals and Ceramics II), 161-6. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 119:144795 AN 1993:544795 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Preferred conditions for deposition of thick -Si3N4 plate from HSiCl3-NH3-H2 on the vertical surfaces of a low-pressure, hotwall CVD reactor were identified by means of a designed expt. The design included temp. range 1300-1500 , pressures 0.52.0 torr, and residence times 0.01-1.0 s. The vertical deposition surfaces received a viscous, laminar flow of well mixed, thermally equilibrated reactants. Plates 0.05-0.5 mm thick were produced on multiple vertical substrates 350 cm2 in area at deposition rates 5-70 m/h. Plates 0.5-4.0 mm thick were produced on horizontal substrates at deposition rates of 60-120 m/h. When NH3 flows in stoichiometric excess, deposition rates on vertical surfaces increase approx. linearly with the flow rate of HSiCl3 but depend little on temp., as would be expected if the reaction proceeds under mass transport control with product depletion. Multiple correlation analyses show that thickness variations in the deposit are reduced by increasing the temp. and decreasing the gas residence time. CVD silicon nitride plate produced under the optimized conditions exhibits theor. d. and is free of pores and cracks. It exhibits a columnar morphol. in which the <222> and <101> crystallog. directions are oriented preferentially normal to a surface, which consists of well-defined trigonal facets 10-50 m across. Crystallite sizes detd. by xray line broadening range from 0.06-1.0 m. This CVD plate is gray and contains approx. 0.5 C and 0.5 wt.% 0 as principal impurities. Bibliographic Information Unequivocal evidence. Black, Robin M.; Pearson, Graham S. Chem. Biol. Def. Estab., Porton/Down/Salisbury Wiltshire, UK. Chemistry in Britain (1993), 29(7), 584-5, 587. CODEN: CHMBAY ISSN: 0009-3106. Journal written in English. CAN 119:123791 AN 1993:523791 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The anal. of chem. warfare agent, Sarin, in the Kurdush village of Birjinni, Iraq, was discussed. Bibliographic Information Bioanalysis of organophosphate nerve agents in soil samples. Sawyer, T. W.; Weiss, M. T. Biomed. Def. Sect., Def. Res. Establ. Suffield, Medicine Hat, AB, Can. Chemosphere (1993), 26(11), 2023-9. CODEN: CMSHAF ISSN: 0045-6535. Journal written in English. CAN 119:94477 AN 1993:494477 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Four soil samples that may have been spiked with chem. warfare (CW) agents and their degrdn. products were received by Defense Research Establishment Suffield as part of a multinational round-robin exercise designed to evaluate lab. methodologies for the chem. detection of CW agents in soil. After chem. anal. revealed that VX (Et S-2-diisopropyl aminoethyl methylphosphorothiolate) was the CW agent "spike", the samples were also bioassayed for their VX content by assessing their anticholinesterase activities in primary chick embryo neuron cultures. Bioassay quantitation of VX contamination in the soil samples was in good agreement with the actual spike levels and generally better than the chem. anal. results. Sequential bioassay of the samples over a two week period showed that the VX content was rapidly degraded with time. This assay complements std. chem. anal. techniques for the detection and verification of organophosphate warfare agent use. Bibliographic Information The effect of trace element segregation to iron/sapphire interfaces. Pope, D. P.; Smith, M. A. Dep. Mater. Sci., Univ. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1992), 238(Structure and Properties of Interfaces in Materials), 427-32. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 119:77041 AN 1993:477041 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The effects of segregation of tramp impurities such as sulfur on metal/ceramic bonding is discussed. Microstructural and chem. information is given for the Fe/sapphire interface. The segregation behavior of the interface is evaluated between 500-800 . The interfacial structure is important to the segregation behavior. A possible link between the segregation of sulfur and interface void formation is presented. Bibliographic Information Chemical vapor infiltration of silicon carbide with microwave heating. Morell, Jose I.; Economou, Demetre J.; Amundson, Neal R. Dep. Chem. Eng., Univ. Houston, Houston, TX, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1993), 8(5), 1057-67. CODEN: JMREEE

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ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 119:13852 AN 1993:413852 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A math. model is presented to describe the interaction between transport/reaction processes and the evolution of porosity in chem. vapor infiltration with microwave heating (MCVI). The anal. includes a set of partial differential equations describing the spatiotemporal variation of gaseous species concn., composite temp., porosity, and stress. Maxwell's equations were used to det. the distribution of power dissipated inside the composite. The deposition of silicon carbide was selected as a model chem. system to explore the general features of MCVI. MCVI can provide a favorable temp. distribution in the composite yielding an inside-out deposition pattern, thereby preventing entrapment of accessible porosity. For this temp. profile, tensile stresses develop at the outer regions and compressive stresses are found in the composite core. For a given system there exists a min. value of the coeff. for heat transfer from the composite surface, h, below which accessible porosity is trapped within the composite. Similarly, there exists a max. value of the incident microwave energy flux, I0, above which accessible porosity is trapped within the composite. I0 and h can be optimized for a given preform to achieve complete densification with min. processing time. Using the technique of pulsed-power, the processing time can be reduced even further without compromising d. uniformity. Power dissipation profiles in the composite depend strongly on preform thickness, microwave frequency, and relative loss factor. Bibliographic Information Permeation measurements of chemical agent simulants through protective clothing materials. Pal, Tarasankar; Griffin, Guy D.; Miller, Gordon H.; Watson, Annetta P.; Daugherty, Mary Lou; Vo Dinh Tuan. Health Saf. Res. Dev., Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Journal of Hazardous Materials (1993), 33(1), 123-41. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 118:239880 AN 1993:239880 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A method was developed to study the permeation of chem. warfare (CW) agent simulants through chem. protective clothing (CPC) materials. The exptl. results characterize some com. available CPC materials. Thirteen different CPC materials having widely differing compns. were chosen to study the permeation of 4 different liq. CW simulants (di-Me methylphosphonate, diisopropyl methylphosphonate, malathion, and Bu2S) through these CPC materials at 25 . This permeation study involved a newly developed anal. technique employing room temp. fluorescence quenching of an indicator compd., phenanthrene, on filter paper. Various exptl. factors such as breakthrough time, rate of permeation, and uptake were investigated. On the basis of breakthrough time, the 13 CPC materials could be divided into 3 groups: most resistant, moderately resistant, and least resistant. Materials in the most resistant category exhibited no permeation by any of the simulants for 24 h. Breakthrough occurred in the least resistant materials in generally less than an hour, and sometimes as soon as a few minutes. Bibliographic Information Interfacial structure of chemical vapor infiltration carbon fiber/silicon carbide composite. Araki, H.; Noda, T.; Abe, F.; Suzuki, H. Tsukuba Lab., Natl. Res. Inst. Met., Tsukuba, Japan. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1992), 11(23), 1582-4. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 118:44089 AN 1993:44089 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The microstructure at the interface in carbon fiber-SiC matrix composites prepd. by chem. vapor infiltration from EtSiCl3 was examd., and the infiltration reaction is discussed. A graphite layer formed on the carbon fiber and the SiC-SiC interface as a result of thermal decompn. of silane gas before SiC infiltration. This graphite layer, of .apprx.500 nm thickness, is assumed to assist in the crystal growth of SiC, leading to structural stability of the composites. Bibliographic Information Comparative evaluation of carbamates as prophylactic agents against organophosphate intoxication in rats. Chatterjee, A. K. Def. Res. Dev. Establ., Gwalior, UK. Defence Science Journal (1992), 42(2), 85-7. CODEN: DSJOAA ISSN: 0011-748X. Journal written in English. CAN 118:34070 AN 1993:34070 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract This paper investigates the effects of two well-known carbamates, physostigmine and pyridostigmine, against organophosphorus compd. and nerve gas toxicity. Physostigmine pretreatment for 30 min enhanced the survival time of rats against DFP intoxication, whereas it did not have any effect with sarin poisoning. However, pyridostigmine pretreatment did not produce any significant effect on survival time either against DFP or sarin intoxication. Treatment with atropine along with carbamates further enhanced significantly the survival time against DFP poisoning. Bibliographic Information On the influence of chemical processing in the crystallization behavior of zirconium titanate materials. Navio, J. A.; Macias, M.; Sanchez-Soto, P. J. Inst. Cienc. Mater., Univ. Sevilla, Seville, Spain. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1992), 11(23), 15702. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 118:26385 AN 1993:26385 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The crystn. phenomena of ZrTiO4 powders prepd. from various gel precursors was related to the chem. processing. Correlation of data from the literature and further expt. indicated that the presence of H2O2 in the chem. processing of the amorphous precursors plays a key role in controlling the crystn. temp. The crystn. temp. can be as low as 640 . Bibliographic Information Effect of dopants on the sintering behavior and stability of tetragonal zirconia ceramics. Theunissen, G. S. A. M.; Winnubst, A. J. A.; Burggraaf, A. J. Fac. Chem. Technol., Univ. Twente, Enschede, Neth. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1992), 9(4), 251-63. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 117:54278 AN 1992:454278 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The microstructure development during nonisothermal and isothermal sintering was studied for tetragonal zirconia ceramics (TZP) contg. various amts. of Y, Ce, and Ti. Smaller grain sizes were obtained when Ce-TZP was doped with Y. This could be attributed to segregation of Y to the grain boundaries, thus causing an impurity drag. With increasing temp., the grain growth

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rate in the Ce-TZP samples increased which could be attributed to the absence of a dragging force. The slow grain growth at low temp. in the Ce-TZP samples could be attributed to the slow diffusion kinetics of the diffusing species (trivalent and tetravalent Ce). The crit. grain size for retainment of the tetragonal phase at room temp. is larger in the Y,Ce-TZP systems compared to the Y-TZP and Ce-TZP systems. The chem. stability increased by doping Y-TZP with Ce or Ti. Bibliographic Information Free radical-mediated lung response to the monofunctional sulfur mustard butyl 2-chloroethyl sulfide after subcutaneous injection. Elsayed, Nabil M.; Omaye, Stanley T.; Klain, George J.; Korte, Don W., Jr. Letterman Army Inst. Res., Presidio of San Francisco, CA, USA. Toxicology (1992), 72(2), 153-65. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 117:42116 AN 1992:442116 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The authors postulated that vesicants may cause free radical-mediated oxidative stress distal to the site of exposure. To test this postulate in the lung, the authors injected 3 groups of 5-mo-old, male, athymic, nude mice, weighing 30-35 g with a single s.c. dose (5 L/mouse) of Bu 2-chloroethyl sulfide (BCS). Total lung wt. was not altered after treatment, but the wet/dry wt. ratio decreased 18% and Hb content increased 50 and 36% at 1 and 24 h, resp. The activity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase increased significantly, 40% at 1 and 24 h and 84% at 48 h and that of glutathione S-transferases was 60%. Lipid peroxidn. (estd. by the thiobarbituric acid test) and total protein content increased 3-fold and 2-fold, at 1 and 24 h, resp. Total and oxidized glutathione contents were significantly elevated, 38% at 1 h and 64% at 24 h for the former and 45% at 24 h and 56% at 48 h for the latter. Because these changes are consistent with the cellular response to oxidative stress, it is concluded that BCS injected s.c. can cause changes in the lung possibly via a free radical-mediated mechanism. Bibliographic Information Effects of liquid environments on zirconia-toughened alumina. Part I. Chemical stability. Thompson, I.; Rawlings, R. D. Dep. Mater., Imp. Coll. Sci., Technol. Med., London, UK. Journal of Materials Science (1992), 27(10), 2823-30. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 117:32321 AN 1992:432321 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The structural changes which occur in zirconia-toughened alumina when aged in a range of liq. environments (distd. water, ethylene glycol soln., and HCl at room temp., and ethylene glycol soln. at 80 ) are described. The changes were monitored by x-ray diffraction, surface anal., anal. of the aging solns., and microstructural observations. HCl induced significant proportions of the zirconia particles in the zirconia-toughened alumina to transform from the tetragonal to the monoclinic crystal structure. This transformation was accompanied by microcracking which eventually led to macrocracking after long periods of aging. The transformation is a consequence of the leaching of the yttrium from the zirconia particles, thereby reducing their stability. Bibliographic Information Binder chemistry, adhesion and structure of interfaces in thick-film metalized aluminum nitride substrates. Newberg, C. E.; Risbud, S. H. IBM Corp., East Fishkill, NY, USA. Journal of Materials Science (1992), 27(10), 2670-6. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 117:13161 AN 1992:413161 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Aluminum nitride substrates from 3 sources were metalized by std. thick-film processing using gold conductor pastes, Pd-Ag paste, and a ruthenium oxide resistor paste. Screen-printed pastes were fired in a typical 3-zone furnace to obtain metalized AlN substrates. Interfacial reaction zones were studied by microscopic (optical and SEM) and electron beam microprobe anal. techniques. The elements in the binder materials in thick-film pastes form amorphous phases at the interface which influence the adhesion of thick films to the AlN substrate. The lack of certain elements (Cd, Zn, Ca) in the binder of the gold thick-film paste led to weaker adhesion and severe degrdn. of the thick-film adhesion during thermal cycling. Bibliographic Information Preparation and characterization of a dispersion toughened ceramic for thermomechanical uses (ZTA). Part I. Material preparation. Characterization of microstructure. Leriche, A.; Moortgat, G.; Cambier, F.; Homerin, P.; Thevenot, F.; Orange, G.; Fantozzi, G. CRIBC, Mons, Belg. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1992), 9(3), 169-76. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 09552219. Journal written in English. CAN 117:13037 AN 1992:413037 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA) materials contg. increasing amts. of zirconia (5-45 vol.%) and yttria (0-3 mol% zirconia) were prepd. from com. ceramic powders by different techniques of homogenization, shaping, and sintering. The powder mixts. were homogenized by a chem. method (addn. of dispersing agents at fixed pH), by a mech. method (attrition milling) and by combining the methods. The materials were formed and sintered by shaping by isostatic pressing or slip casting, followed by pressureless sintering, and by hot uniaxial pressing. The phys., crystallog. and microstructural properties of the materials prepd. following these different techniques are compared. The combined chem. and mech. dispersion method leads to the fabrication of dense composites presenting a fine and homogeneous zirconia dispersion required for effective toughening of the alumina matrix. The addn. of 3 mol% of yttria allows maintenance of a high tetragonal zirconia content because of a chem. stabilization of tetragonal zirconia and of a decrease of zirconia grain size. As the hot-pressing technique impedes the grain coarsening, the hot-pressed materials present the finest microstructure mainly for the compns. with <20 vol.% zirconia. The zirconia and alumina grain size vary from 0.5 to 0.9 m and from 0.9 to 1.6 m, resp., following the compn. Pressureless sintered materials also present a fine microstructure with submicron zirconia grains (0.6 m-0.9 m) and micron size alumina grains (1.0-1.9 m). These ZTA materials present all the microstructural characteristics necessary to obtain high mech. performances. The addn. of 3 mol% of yttria allows an increase of the zirconia content ( 45 vol.%) without a decrease of the relative tetragonal zirconia ratio occurring. Bibliographic Information Adsorption and decomposition of organophosphorus compounds on nanoscale metal oxide particles. In situ GC-MS studies of pulsed microreactions over magnesium oxide. Li, Yong Xi; Koper, Olga; Atteya, Maher; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Dep. Chem., Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS, USA. Chemistry of Materials (1992), 4(2), 323-30. CODEN: CMATEX ISSN: 0897-4756. Journal written in English. CAN 116:200414 AN 1992:200414 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Using an in-situ pulse reactor-GC-mass spectrometric system, the thermal decompn. of organophosphorus compds. (as models of nerve agents) were compared with their destructive absorption on high-surface-area MgO. Dramatically lower temps.

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are required when MgO is present. Volatile products evolved were HCO2H, water, alcs., and alkenes. At higher temps., CO, CH4, and water predominated. The P residues remained completely immobilized. The addn. of water enhanced the facility of MgO to destroy these compds., and, in fact, water pulses were found to partially regenerate a spent MgO bed. Using 18O labeling, some aspects of the reaction mechanisms were clarified and in particular showed that O scrambling occurred. Surface OH and MgO groups transferred O in the formation of HCO2H, and the surface mobility and reactivity of absorbed groups were high. The substantial capacity of high-surface-area MgO for destruction and immobilization of such toxic substances makes it attractive for air purifn. schemes, as well as solid reagents for destruction and immobilization of bulk quantities of hazardous P compds. or organohalides. Bibliographic Information -(N,N-Dialkylamino)ethyl arylthiosulfonates: new simulants for O-ethyl S-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothioate. Davis, Franklin A.; Ray, Jayanta K.; Kasperowicz, Steve; Przeslawski, Robert M.; Durst, H. Dupont. Dep. Chem., Drexel Univ., Philadelphia, PA, USA. Journal of Organic Chemistry (1992), 57(9), 2594-9. CODEN: JOCEAH ISSN: 0022-3263. Journal written in English. CAN 116:193819 AN 1992:193819 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Certain S-[2-(dialkylamino)]ethyl benzenesulfonothioates 4-XC6H4SO2SCH2CH2NR2 (I; X = Me, F; R = Me2CH) were prepd. as simulants for O-Et S-[(diisopropylamino)ethyl]methylphosphonothioate (VX) a chem. warfare nerve agent. I are useful simulants for the hydrolysis or oxidn. chem. of VX. Bibliographic Information Dissolution of sintered silicon nitride bulk specimens for elemental analysis. Homeier, E. H.; Bradley, S. A.; Karasek, K. R. UOP, Des Plaines, IL, USA. Journal of Materials Science (1992), 27(5), 1231-4. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 116:179524 AN 1992:179524 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Heating bulk, sintered Si3N4 samples in an aq. HF-HCl mixt. decomps. the Si3N4. Subsequent addn. of H2SO4 and volatilization of fluorides enables total dissoln. of the bulk specimens for anal. The elemental compns. that were detd. by inductively coupled plasma at. emission and at. absorption spectrometries agreed with the nominal sample compn. and confirmed analyses performed by scanning TEM. Neutron activation detns. on the same samples are not believed to be as accurate as the spectrometric detns. Furthermore, the precision of the neutron activation measurements were less satisfactory, esp. for key elements such as Y. Bibliographic Information Comparison of several oximes against poisoning by soman, tabun and GF. Lundy, Paul M.; Hansen, Arnold S.; Hand, Brian T.; Boulet, Camille A. Def. Res. Establ. Suffield, Ralston, AB, Can. Toxicology (1992), 72(1), 99-105. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 116:168061 AN 1992:168061 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Three oximes currently being evaluated for adoption as replacement nerve agent therapy by various countries were compared for therapeutic efficacy against the toxic organophosphate inhibitors soman and tabun under a std. set of conditions. These oximes together with PAM-Cl and toxogonin, were also compared for efficacy against GF, an agent weaponized by Iraq. The order of effectiveness against soman was HI 6 > HLoe 7 > pyrimidoxine. Hloe 7 was very effective against tabun poisoning while HI 6 and pyrimidoxime were of moderate value. Against GF, HI 6 and HLoe 7 were extremely effective, toxogonin was moderately effective, and PAM-Cl and pyrimidoxime were the least effective. HI-6 provided a high level of protection against all of the agents tested as did HLoe-7 to a slightly lesser degree. The other oximes lacked the effects against one or more of the organophosphates. Bibliographic Information Chemical vapor deposition of copper via disproportionation of hexafluoroacetylacetonato(1,5-cyclooctadiene)copper(I), (hfac)Cu(1,5-COD). Jain, A.; Chi, K. M.; Hampden-Smith, M. J.; Kodas, T. T.; Farr, J. D.; Paffett, M. F. Dep. Chem. Eng., Univ. New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1992), 7(2), 261-4. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 116:111299 AN 1992:111299 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Hot- and cold-wall chem.-vapor deposition (CVD) using the volatile Cu(I) compd. (hfac)Cu(1,5-COD), where hfac = 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoroacetylacetonate and 1,5-COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene, as a precursor was carried out in hot-wall and warmwall, lamp-heated reactors using SiO2 substrates that were patterned with Pt or W at 120 -250 . Deposition was obsd. onto Pt, W, and SiO2 over this temp. range at rates of 3750 .ANG./min to give Cu films that contained no impurities detectable by AES and with resistivities of 1.9-5.7 ohm-cm. The volatile byproducts formed during deposition were 1,5-COD and Cu(hfac)2 and a mass balance was consistent with the quant. disproportionation reaction: 2(hfac)Cu(1,5-COD) Cu + Cu(hfac)2 + 2(1,5-COD). The measured activation energy for this CVD reaction was 26(2) kcal/mol. The absence of selectivity for metal surfaces in the presence of SiO2 is in contrast to CVD results for the related compds. ( -diketonate)Cu(PMe3) where diketonate = hfac, 1,1,1-trifluoroacetylacetonate, and acetylacetonate (acac). Bibliographic Information Bioassay of organophosphate nerve agents in soil using neuronal tissue cultures. Sawyer, Thomas W.; Weiss, M. Tracy; D'Agostino, Paul A.; Provost, Lionel R.; Hancock, James R. Def. Res. Establ. Suffield, Medicine Hat, AB, Can. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1992), 12(1), 1-6. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 116:105057 AN 1992:105057 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A soil sample originating from an area of suspected chem. warfare activity was subjected to chem. anal. and bioassay. Sarin and several related compds. were confirmed in the soil by capillary column gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); however, the binding of these compds. to the soil hindered quantitation. The chem. results were then compared to those obtained by bioassay in primary cultures of chick embryo forebrain neurons. By comparing the sample's anticholinesterase activity against those of purified stds. in chick embryo neuron cultures, a reasonable agreement was found between the chem. and bioassay semiquant. ests. of sarin content in the soil ext. Furthermore, the in-vitro system appears to offer a sensitive technique for the estn. of sarin remaining bound to the soil following solvent extn. as well as for an assessment of the potential toxicity of the contaminated soil in vivo.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Bibliographic Information Pharmacological effects of oximes: how relevant are they?. van Helden H P; Busker R W; Melchers B P; Bruijnzeel P L Department of Pharmacology, TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory, Rijswijk, The Netherlands Archives of toxicology (1996), 70(12), 779-86. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE); General Review; (REVIEW); (REVIEW, TUTORIAL) written in English. PubMed ID 8911635 AN 97068325 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The increased international concern about the threat of military and terroristic use of nerve agents, prompted us to critically consider the expected value of the currently available oxime treatment of nerve agent poisoning. Although oximes have been designed to reactivate the inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE), clinical experience has indicated that they are not always very effective as reactivators and at this very moment none of them can be regarded as a broad-spectrum antidote. In spite of this drawback, oximes are worth further investigating, since recent data derived from soman or tabun lethally intoxicated nonhuman primates suggest that the oxime HI-6 may exert a pharmacological effect that is not related to reactivation of inhibited AChE, but still leads to survival. This pharmacological effect causes recovery of neuronal transmission in the respiratory centres of the brain and recovery of neuromuscular transmission in the diaphragm. These findings have stimulated research to reveal the pharmacological basis of these effects in order to find drugs which could be more effective and less toxic than the available oximes. Since cholinergic drugs were able to exert this effect, a new concept for further treatment is suggested: maintenance of neuronal transmission in spite of continued AChE-inhibition by pharmacological manipulation of the cholinergic receptor. This should renew interest in the diverse pharmacological effects of oximes to reach a more effective treatment in the future. Bibliographic Information Evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of some antimuscarinics against soman in vivo. Lau W M; Lewis K J; Dawson R M Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory, Defence Science and Technology Organization, Department of Defence, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1996 Sep-Oct), 16(5), 423-30. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8889794 AN 97044723 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The therapeutic efficacy of tacrine, atropine and glycopyrrolate alone or in combination with the oxime HI-6 against soman was evaluated in anaesthetized rats. Arterial blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory frequency and body temperature were monitored in vivo. Blood cholinesterases were determined after each drug or soman challenge. At the lowest concentration tested (2.5 mg kg-1), tacrine was effective in improving the survivability of the rat by a factor of 2.6 (protection ratio), whereas the protection by atropine or glycopyrrolate was either insignificant or only marginally effective (protection ratio ranged from 1.0 to 1.9). In combination with HI-6, atropine increased the ratio to 4.6. In contrast, tacrine with HI-6 failed to improve the efficacy of the regimen, while glycopyrrolate plus HI-6 showed only slight improvement. The four physiological parameters monitored were relatively constant during the time course of the experiment in both the control and those with drug therapy. The more noticeable changes occurred toward the end of the experiment when sufficient amount of soman was injected to cause lethality. Death of the animal was usually preceded by a surge of arterial blood pressure and heart rate and a decrease in respiratory frequency. These physiological parameters rapidly deteriorated to zero just before the animal died. Blood and plasma cholinesterases were significantly inhibited after the animal received a relatively small dose of soman (20 micrograms kg-1) and were almost completely inactivated after the lethal dose of soman was administered. However, these changes of enzyme activity did not correspond well with the survivability of the rat. The inclusion of HI-6 with the three antimuscarinics appeared to be capable of protecting some cholinesterases against soman. Bibliographic Information Efficacy of ibuprofen and pentoxifylline in the treatment of phosgene-induced acute lung injury. Sciuto A M; Stotts R R; Hurt H H Pathophysiology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1996 Sep-Oct), 16(5), 381-4. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8889788 AN 97044717 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Phosgene, a highly reactive former warfare gas, is a deep lung irritant which produces adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)-like symptoms following inhalation. Death caused by phosgene involves a latent, 6-24-h, fulminating non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. The following dose-ranging study was designed to determine the efficacy of a non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug, ibuprofen (IBU), and a methylxanthine, pentoxifylline (PTX). These drugs were tested singly and in combination to treat phosgene-induced acute lung injury in rats. Ibuprofen, in concentrations of 15-300 mg kg-1 (i.p.), was administered to rats 30 min before and 1 h after the start of whole-body exposure to phosgene (80 mg m-3 for 20 min). Pentoxifylline, 10-120 mg kg-1 (i.p.), was first administered 15 min prior to phosgene exposure and twice more at 45 and 105 min after the start of exposure. Five hours after phosgene inhalation, rats were euthanized, the lungs were removed and wet weight values were determined gravimetrically. Ibuprofen administered alone significantly decreased lung wet weight to body weight ratios compared with controls (P < or = 0.01) whereas PTX, at all doses tested alone, did not. In addition, the decrease in lung wet weight to body weight ratio observed with IBU+PTX could be attributed entirely to the dose of IBU employed. This is the first study to show that pre- and post-treatment with IBU can significantly reduce lung edema in rats exposed to phosgene. Bibliographic Information Subchronic toxicity evaluation of sulfur mustard in rats. Sasser L B; Miller R A; Kalkwarf D R; Cushing J A; Dacre J C Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352-0999, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1996 Jan-Feb), 16(1), 5-13. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8821670 AN 96418885 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Occupational exposure criteria have not been established for sulfur mustard (bis(2-chlorethyl) sulfide), a strong alkylating agent with known mutagenic properties. Seventy-two Sprague-Dawley rats of each sex, 6-7 weeks old, were divided into six groups (12 of each sex per group) and gavaged with 0, 0.003, 0.01, 0.03, 0.1 or 0.3 mg kg-1 sulfur mustard in sesame oil for 5 days a week for 13 weeks. No dose-related mortality was observed. A significant decrease (P > 0.05) in body weight was observed in both sexes of rats only in the 0.3 mg kg-1 group. Hematological evaluations and clinical chemistry measurements found non consistent treatment-related effects at the doses studied. The only treatment-related lesion associated with gavage exposure upon histopathological evaluation was epithelial hyperplasia of the forestomach of both sexes at 0.3 mg kg-1 and of

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males at 0.1 mg kg-1. The hyperplastic change was minimal and characterized by cellular disorganization of the basilar layer, apparent increase in mitotic activity of the basilar epithelial cells and thickening of the epithelial layer due to the apparent increase in cellularity. The estimated no-observed-effect level (NOEL) for sulfur mustard in this 90-day study was 0.1 mg kg-1 day-1 when administered orally. Bibliographic Information Acute toxicity of cyclohexylmethylphosphonofluoridate (CMPF) in rhesus monkeys: serum biochemical and hematologic changes. Young G D; Koplovitz I U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425, USA Archives of toxicology (1995), 69(6), 379-83. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 7495375 AN 96114840 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Changes in serum biochemical and hematological parameters were studied in 20 male rhesus monkeys following acute poisoning by the organophosphate nerve agent cyclohexylmethylphosphonofluoridate (CMPF or GF). Animals were challenged with 5 x LD50 GF (233 micrograms/kg, IM) following pretreatment with pyridostigmine (0.3-0.7 mg/kg per 24 h) and treated with atropine (0.4 mg/kg, IM) and either 2-PAM (25.7 mg/kg, IM) or H16 (37.8 mg/kg, IM) at the onset of clinical signs or at 1 min after exposure. Muscle fasciculations, tremors, or convulsions occurred in 19 of 20 animals. Serum biochemical and hematologic parameters were analyzed 2 days and 7 days after exposure and compared to pre-exposure baseline values. Significant increases in creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LD), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and potassium ion (K+), associated with damage to striated muscle and metabolic acidosis, occurred in both oxime-treated groups 2 days after exposure. Total protein, albumin, red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin concentration (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct), were decreased in both oxime-treated groups at 7 days. The results demonstrate that animals exposed to a single high dose of GF and treated with standard therapy exhibit changes in serum biochemical and hematological indices directly and indirectly associated with their clinical presentations. Bibliographic Information Production, characterization and application of monoclonal antibodies against the organophosphorus nerve agent Vx. Ci Y X; Zhou Y X; Guo Z Q; Rong K T; Chang W B Department of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, China Archives of toxicology (1995), 69(8), 565-7. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8534201 AN 96036122 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Two monoclonal antibodies (Vx-BB8 and Vx-EA11) to the chemical warfare agent Vx were produced and characterized. A competitive inhibition enzyme immunoassay was developed to detect Vx concentrations as low as 3.7 x 10(-7) - 3.7 x 10(-6) mol/l in biological samples. Vx-BB8 400 micrograms given intravenously immediately before 1 x LD95 Vx or 400 micrograms Vx-BB8 intraperitoneally 1.5 h-3 days before 1 x LD95 Vx could protect all the tested mice from death. Bibliographic Information Toxicity of sulphur mustard in adult rat lung organ culture. Sawyer T W; Wilde P E; Rice P; Weiss M T Medical Countermeasures Section, Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Alberta, Canada Toxicology (1995 Jun 26), 100(1-3), 3949. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 7542806 AN 95350771 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The toxicity of the chemical warfare agent sulphur mustard, (bis-(2-chloroethyl)sulphide, HD), was examined in adult rat lung organ cultures. Assessment of HD-induced damage by the MTT cytotoxicity assay indicated that the median lethal concentration (LC50) of HD in these cultures was reproducible, and in the microM range. Damage to the lung slices was expressed only after a latent period of 48 h and did not increase significantly with longer expression times. Histopathological examination of HD-treated lung cultures showed that the structural changes in the lung tissue paralleled the toxicity measured biochemically, and were also similar to the damage found in animals and man exposed to HD in vivo. This in vitro model offers a useful tool with which to study the toxicity and mechanism of action of sulphur mustard. Bibliographic Information Toxicity of the combined nerve agents GB/GF in mice: efficacy of atropine and various oximes as antidotes. Clement J G Biomedical Defence Section, Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Ralston, Canada Archives of toxicology (1994), 68(1), 64-6. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8166607 AN 94219995 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The toxicity of a combination of isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (sarin; GB) and cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate (GF) and the efficacy of various oxime reactivators in combination with atropine against the combined GB/GF challenge were evaluated in mice. The 24-h s.c. LD50 of the GB/GF combination was 1.15 mumol/kg (1.10-1.21; 95% confidence limits). Mice administered GB/GF displayed typical signs of nerve agent poisoning such as tremors and convulsions, with death most likely due to anoxia subsequent to respiratory arrest. The GB/GF LD50 value was comparable to the s.c. LD50 of 1.35 and 1.21 mumol/kg for GF and GB in mice, respectively. Combining the two nerve agents did not result in potentiation of the toxicity. In combination with atropine sulfate (17.4 mg/kg, i.p.), which alone did not reduce mortality, the oximes tested, 2-PAM, obidoxime and HI-6, were all effective when administered 5 min before 3 x LD50 dose of GB/GF with 24-h ED50 values of 102.5, 18.22 and 1.96 mumol/kg, respectively. Use of the GB/GF combination does not appear to confer any unique toxicity profile and appears to be easily treated with the standard therapy of a cholinolytic and oxime. Bibliographic Information Toxicokinetics of soman stereoisomers after subcutaneous administration to atropinized guinea pigs. Due A H; Trap H C; Langenberg J P; Benschop H P TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory, Rijswijk, The Netherlands Archives of toxicology (1994), 68(1), 60-3. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8166606 AN 94219994 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The toxicokinetics of the four stereoisomers of the nerve agent C(+/-)P(+/-)-soman were investigated after subcutaneous administration of a 6 LD50 dose (148 micrograms/kg) to anaesthetized, atropinized, and artificially ventilated guinea pigs.

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Whereas the relatively nontoxic C(+/-)P(+)-isomers were not detected in blood, the highly toxic C(+/-)P(-)-isomers appeared within 1 min in the general circulation and reached maximum levels of 10-15 ng/ml blood within a period of ca. 7 min. In this absorption phase the blood levels of the C(+)P(-)-isomer lag clearly behind those of the C(-)P(-)-isomer. The blood levels of both C(+/-)P(-)-isomers could be mathematically described using non-linear regression by a three-exponential equation, with one exponential term describing the rapid absorption phase and the other two terms describing distribution and elimination. A comparison with the toxicokinetics of the same isomers upon intravenous administration of the same dose shows that the systemic availability upon subcutaneous administration is in the range of 74-83%. Toxicologically relevant concentrations of the C(+/-)P(-)-isomers prevail almost twice as long after subcutaneous than after intravenous administration. From a toxicokinetic point of view, subcutaneous administration of C(+/-)P(+/-)-soman appears not to be a realistic model for the most relevant route of exposure to C(+/-)P(+/-)-soman in case of chemical warfare, i.e. short term respiratory exposure. Bibliographic Information Genotoxicity of the phosphoramidate agent tabun (GA). Wilson B W; Kawakami T G; Cone N; Henderson J D; Rosenblatt L S; Goldman M; Dacre J C Department of Avian Sciences, University of California, Davis 95616-5224 Toxicology (1994 Jan 26), 86(1-2), 1-12. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8134917 AN 94182225 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Five mutagenicity tests were performed on Agent GA (Tabun, phosphoramidocyanidic acid, dimethyl-, ethyl ester) as part of a program to demilitarize chemical warfare agents. GA was mutagenic in Salmonella spp. assays with S-9 and it was a directacting mutagen to mouse lymphoma cells. GA did not promote unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes; it induced sister chromatid exchanges in mouse cells in vitro but in vivo. The conclusion that GA is a weakly acting mutagen is supported by the fact that it was mutagenic in only three of the five assays, and that increases in mutagenicity were often less than 2-fold the controls and occurred near toxic levels. Bibliographic Information Evaluation of the toxicity, pathology, and treatment of cyclohexylmethylphosphonofluoridate (CMPF) poisoning in rhesus monkeys. Koplovitz I; Gresham V C; Dochterman L W; Kaminskis A; Stewart J R US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425 Archives of toxicology (1992), 66(9), 622-8. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 1482284 AN 93129117 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Cyclohexylmethylphosphonofluoridate (CMPF) is an organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor with military significance. The purpose of these studies was 1) to determine the acute toxicity of CMPF in the male rhesus monkey, 2) to evaluate the efficacy of pyridostigmine (PYR) pretreatment plus atropine and oxime (2-PAM or H16) treatment, and 3) to evaluate the pathological consequences of acute poisoning. An i.m. LD50 of CMPF was estimated using an up-and-down dose selection procedure and 12 animals. The 48-h and 7-day LD50 was 46.6 micrograms/kg, i.m. In the protection experiments, pyridostigmine (0.3-0.7 mg/kg/24 h) was administered by surgically implanted osmotic minipumps for 3-12 days resulting in 21-65% inhibition of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity. Animals were challenged with 5 x L50 CMPF (233 micrograms/kg) and treated with atropine (0.4 mg/kg) and either 2-PAM (25.7 mg/kg) or HI6 (37.8 mg/kg) at the onset of signs or 1 min after challenge. Osmotic pumps were removed within 30 min after agent challenge. Pyridostigmine, atropine, and either 2-PAM or H16 were completely effective against CMPF, saving ten of ten animals in each group. In comparison, three of five animals challenged with 5 x LD50 of soman and treated with atropine and 2-PAM survived 7 days. The primary histologic lesions in the acute toxicity group were neuronal degeneration/necrosis and spinal cord hemorrhage. The CMPF treated groups (total of 20 animals) had minimal nervous system changes with no significant lesion difference resulting from the different oxime therapies. The primary non-neural lesions were degenerative cardiomyopathy and skeletal muscle degeneration which occasionally progressed to necrosis and mineralization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Bibliographic Information Efficacy of various oximes against GF (cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate) poisoning in mice. Clement J G Biomedical Defence Section, Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Ralston, Alta., Canada Archives of toxicology (1992), 66(2), 143-4. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 1605730 AN 92296882 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The efficacy of oxime (HI-6, toxogonin or PAM Cl) therapy against GF (cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate) poisoning was assessed in mice. It was found that the combinations of atropine and either toxogonin or HI-6 were effective therapies against GF poisoning. PAM therapy was ineffective. HI-6 was the only oxime which reactivated GF inhibited acetylcholinesterase. This might explain the reason why the HI-6 treated mice appeared to recover more quickly from the incapacitating effects following GF poisoning. Bibliographic Information Bioassay of organophosphate nerve agents in soil using neuronal tissue cultures. Sawyer T W; Weiss M T; D'Agostino P A; Provost L R; Hancock J R Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Alberta, Canada Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1992 Feb), 12(1), 1-6. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 1564246 AN 92226402 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A soil sample originating from an area of suspected chemical warfare activity was subjected to chemical analysis and bioassay. Sarin and several related compounds were confirmed in the soil by capillary column gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); however, the binding of these compounds to the soil hindered quantitation. The chemical results were then compared to those obtained by bioassay in primary cultures of chick embryo forebrain neurons. By comparing the sample's anticholinesterase activity against those of purified standards in chick embryo neuron cultures, a reasonable agreement was found between the chemical and bioassay semi-quantitative estimates of sarin content in the soil extract. Furthermore, the in vitro system appears to offer a sensitive technique for the estimation of sarin remaining bound to the soil following solvent extraction as well as for an assessment of the potential toxicity of the contaminated soil in vivo. Bibliographic Information Comparison of several oximes against poisoning by soman, tabun and GF. Lundy P M; Hansen A S; Hand B T; Boulet C A Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Ralston, Alberta, Canada Toxicology (1992), 72(1), 99-105. Journal code: 0361055.

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ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 1539175 AN 92169690 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Three oximes currently being evaluated for adoption as replacement nerve agent therapy by various countries were compared for therapeutic efficacy against the toxic organophosphate inhibitors soman and tabun under a standard set of conditions. These oximes together with PAM-Cl and toxogonin, were also compared for efficacy against GF, an agent weaponized by Iraq. The order of effectiveness against soman was HI-6 greater than HLo-7 greater than pyrimidoxime. HLo-7 was very effective against tabun poisoning while HI-6 and pyrimidoxime were of moderate value. Against GF, HI-6 and HLo-7 were extremely effective, toxogonin was moderately effective, and PAM-Cl and pyrimidoxime were the least effective. HI-6 provided a high level of protection against all of the agents tested as did HLo-7 to a slightly lesser degree. The other oximes suffered from their lack of effects against one or more of the organophosphates.

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Bibliographic Information Aluminum nitride defect chemistry dependence on sintering atmosphere. Chang, E. K.; Kirschner, M. J. BOC Group Technical Cent., Murray Hill, NJ, USA. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1996), 15(18), 1580-1581. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 125:282600 AN 1996:614771 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review, with 12 refs., of equations explaining theor. relations between aluminum nitride defect chem. and sintering atm. Bibliographic Information Microstructure, chemical reaction and mechanical properties of TiC/Si3N4 and TiN-coated TiC/Si3N4 composites. Huang, JowLay; Lee, Ming-Tung; Lu, Horng-Hwa; Lii, Ding-Fwu. Dep. Material Science Eng., National Cheng-Kung Univ., Tainan, Taiwan. Journal of Materials Science (1996), 31(18), 4899-4906. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 125:254919 AN 1996:610489 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Silicon nitride contg. various compns. of as-received TiC and TiN-coated TiC, were hot pressed at 1800 C for 1 h in a nitrogen atm. In TiN-coated TiC/Si3N4 composites, TiC reacted first with the TiN coating to form a titanium carbonitride interlayer at 1450 C, which essentially reduced further reactions between TiC and Si3N4 and enhanced densification. TiN-coated TiC/Si3N4 composites exhibited better densification, hardness, flexural strength and fracture toughness than those of as-received TiC/ Si3N4. The toughening mechanisms for as-received TiC/Si3N4 and TiN-coated TiC/Si3N4 composite were attributed to crack deflection, load transfer and crack interference by the compressive thermal residual stress. Bibliographic Information Wet chemical synthesis of ZrO2-SiO2 composite powders. Wang, Shi-Wei; Huang, Xiao-Xian; Guo, Jing-Kun. Shanghai Inst. Ceramics, Chinese Academy Sciences, Shanghai, Peop. Rep. China. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1996), 16(10), 1057-1061. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 125:254896 AN 1996:596753 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Gels of compn. xZrO2(I-x)SiO2, with x = 10, 20, 30 and 40 vol.%, have been prepd. by a wet chem. method using fumed silica and zirconyl chloride as precursors. Thermogravimetric anal. and differential thermal anal. (DTA) show that wt. loss is caused by release of the absorbed water and decompn. of the Zr(OH)4 gels. Gels were heat-treated for 2 h at 500, 700, 900, 1100 and 1350 C, and the products examd. using IR spectroscopy. The increasing intensity of the peak at 800 cm-1 in the IR spectra with increasing temp. is attributed to the formation of Si-O-Si bonds among different SiO2 particles, which means that the SiO2 particles grow bigger with increasing temp. The DTA exothermic peak as well as the IR results reveal that the crystn. of tetragonal zirconia (t-ZrO2) begins at about 900 C, which is confirmed by x-ray diffraction (XRD). XRD curves also suggest that the silica matrix contributes to the thermal stability of t-ZrO2. The stability of t-ZrO2 is interpreted by the particlesize effect. Bibliographic Information Structure-property relationship of ceramic coatings produced by laser processing. De Hosson, J. Th. M.; Zhou, X. B. Dep. Applied Physics, Univ. Groningen, Groningen, Neth. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1996), 397(Advanced Laser Processing of Materials--Fundamentals and Applications), 537-542. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 125:306847 AN 1996:579019 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract This paper deals with a well known puzzling observation that wetting in some instances is improved by a chem. reaction between a liq. and a solid substrate in laser processing while in other systems just the opposite effect takes place. Contact angles of liq. Al on SiO2 and liq. Ti on Al2O3 are reported and some results of laser melt injection of SiO2 particles into molten Al. The surface and interface structures were explored by SEM and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry. According to the exptl. observations, it appears that the vol. change of ceramic substrates during reaction plays a key role in the effect of chem. reaction on wetting. Bibliographic Information Mechanical and thermal properties of SiC-SiC composites made with CVR SiC fibers. Kowbel, W.; Tsou, H. T.; Bruce, C. A.; Withers, J. C. MER Corp., Tucson, AZ, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1996), 410(Covalent Ceramics III--Science and Technology of Non-Oxides), 417-422. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 125:202665 AN 1996:502987 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Nicalon fiber is the primary reinforcement in SiC-SiC composites currently produced by a variety of techniques including CVI and polymer infiltration. Low strength retention and dimensional change at high temps. of the Nicalon fibers limits the choice of manufg. processes which can be employed to produce low cost SiC-SiC composites. MER has developed a SiC reinforcement

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based upon the conversion of low cost carbon fabric to SiC via a Chem. Vapor Reaction (CVR) process. These new SiC filaments exhibit excellent creep resistance at temps. up to 1600 C. SiC-SiC composites were fabricated using different types of graphite fabric converted to SiC fabric utilizing the CVR process combined with a polycarbosilane (PCS) infiltration and CVI densification. In addn., enhancement of the composite through-the-thickness thermal cond. was accomplished via boron doping of the matrix. A correlation between processing conditions, microstructure and properties of the SiC-SiC composites will be presented. Bibliographic Information The influence of surface kinetics in modeling chemical vapor deposition processes in porous preforms. Dekker, J. P.; Moene, R.; Schoonman, J. Lab. Appl. Inorg. Chem., Delft Univ. Technol., Delft, Neth. Journal of Materials Science (1996), 31(11), 3021-3033. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 125:65201 AN 1996:378298 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The isothermal chem. vapor infiltration (ICVI) process is a well known technique for the prodn. of composites and the surface modification of porous preforms. Math. modeling of the process can provide a better understanding of the influence of individual process parameters on the deposition characteristics such as final porosity or deposition profiles in the pore network. The influence of different rate expressions for several binary compds. on the ICVI process is discussed. Exptl. work is used to validate the importance of correct kinetic expressions in a continuous ICVI model for cylindrical pores. The predicted infiltration characteristics are compared with exptl. results. The final densification and Thiele modulus, i.e. a no. which is a measure for the diffusion limitations in a pore, are used for the evaluation of the presented model, and conditions are given for an optimal densification of a porous preform by the ICVI process for several binary compds. The deposition profiles as predicted by the model calcns. are in agreement with the exptl. detd. deposition profiles of TiN and TiC in small tubes. Moreover, it can be concluded that the shape of the deposition profiles is detd. by the heterogeneous reaction kinetics. There is only a qual. agreement between the predicted densification and measured densification for the synthesis of TiN and TiB2 in sintered porous alumina. This mismatch can be explained in terms of a complexity of the pore network and differences in reaction kinetics. Model calcns. reveal that there is a scattering for the predicted residual porosity as a function of the Thiele modulus for TiN. Moreover, this Thiele modulus can not fully account for the changes in densification at different temps. Given these uncertainties it is likely that a residual porosity of less than one percent can be obtained if the Thiele modulus is smaller than 1 10-4. However, a CVI process with such a small Thiele modulus will not be practical, because of the concomitant long process times. Therefore, more precise conditions for the individual process parameters, i.e. concn., reactor pressure, and temp. are deduced from the model calcns. Bibliographic Information Pressure-pulsed chemical vapor infiltration of TiN into SiC particulate preforms. Sugiyama, K.; Sugata, M. Dep. Appl. Chem., Aichi Inst. Technol., Toyota, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1996), 31(11), 2945-2949. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 00222461. Journal written in English. CAN 125:65198 AN 1996:378286 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract SiC particulate preforms were infiltrated by TiN matrix from a gas mixt. of TiCl4 (5%), nitrogen (30%) and hydrogen using a repeating pressure pulse between 760 and about 1 torr. SiC particle sizes of 5 and 20 m were used. For matrix packing into deep level, optimum temp. was detd. between 800 and 850 , and the max. packing ratio reached 67% after 4 104 pulses at 850 . The increase of TiCl4 concn. to 10% resulted in higher deposition rate and packing ratio. The decrease of nitrogen concn. led to slower deposition, i.e., a similar effect to temp. lowering. The max. flexural strength measured was 140 MPa. Bibliographic Information Synthesis of mullite coatings by chemical vapor deposition. Mulpuri, Rao P.; Sarin, Vinod K. Dep. Mfg. Eng., Boston Univ., Boston, MA, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1996), 11(6), 1315-1324. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 125:39956 AN 1996:366859 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Formation of mullite on ceramic substrates via chem. vapor deposition was investigated. Mullite is a solid soln. of Al2O3 and SiO2 with a compn. of 3Al2O3 2SiO2. Thermodn. calcns. performed on the AlCl3-SiCl4-CO2-H2 system were used to construct equil. chem. vapor deposition (CVD) phase diagrams. With the aid of these diagrams and consideration of kinetic rate limiting factors, initial process parameters were detd. Through process optimization, cryst. CVD mullite coatings have been successfully grown on SiC and Si3N4 substrates. Results from the thermodn. anal., process optimization, and effect of various process parameters on deposition rate and coating morphol. are discussed. Bibliographic Information Mixed chromium and aluminum oxides elaborated by a sol-gel process. I. Chemistry of the preparation. Rezgui, Saloua; Ghorbel, Abdelhamid; Henry, Marc. Lab. Chimie Materiaux Catalyse, Dep. Chimie, Tunisia. Journal of Materials Synthesis and Processing (1995), 3(6), 371-376. CODEN: JMSPEI ISSN: 1064-7562. Journal written in English. CAN 125:16967 AN 1996:331762 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Gels of mixed chromium and aluminum oxide were prepd. by a sol-gel process. The precursor is a mixt. of Al(O-s-Bu)3 and Cr(acac)3 with a mass ratio Al/Cr = 10 in sec-butanol. Gelation occurred by adding acetic acid. The amt. of added acetic acid is represented by the ratio k = [CH3COOH]/[Al(O-s-Bu)3], with k varying between 0.5 and 3. Acetic acid played crucial roles in both hydrolysis and polycondensation, (1) producing water in situ by esterification, (2) modifying the precursor by substituting some of the O-s-Bu ligands by acetate ligands, and (3) catalyzing the polycondensation. The importance of each of these roles in the process as well as the nature of the products varied with the ratio k. Bibliographic Information Influence of alloying elements on the chemical reactivity between Si-Al-O-N ceramics and iron-based alloys. Vluegels, J.; Vandeperre, L.; Van Der Biest, O. Dep. Metallurgy Materials Eng., Katholieke Univ. Leuven, Leuvan, Belg. Journal of Materials Research (1996), 11(5), 1265-1276. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 124:323490 AN 1996:293140 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract

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The chem. interaction between two '-O' Si-Al-O-N ceramics and a no. of iron-based alloys is studied by means of static interaction couple expts. at 1100 and 1200 C. The onset temp. of reaction of Si3N4 with pure iron was 1095 C, which is in good agreement with a calcd. temp. of 1033 C. During the interaction, silicon and nitrogen from the ceramic dissolve and diffuse into the iron alloy, whereas the remaining aluminum and oxygen form Al2O3 particles. The interaction between the ceramic and iron alloy is reaction controlled. In the initial stage of the interaction, the dissocn. rate of the ceramic is the ratecontrolling step. After the ceramic/metal interface is isolated from the furnace atm., the nitrogen soln. rate into the iron alloy becomes rate controlling. The influence of alloying elements on the reactivity could be related to their effect on the nitrogen soly. in the iron alloy. Ni, Si, and C decrease the nitrogen soly. and decrease the reactivity with the Sialon ceramic. Cr and Mo have the opposite effect. The thickness of the interaction layer on the ceramic side of the interaction couple was found to be a function of the calcd. nitrogen soly. in the iron alloy at 1 atm nitrogen pressure, making it possible to predict the relative chem. reactivity of a no. of iron-based alloys with the same Sialon ceramic. Bibliographic Information Preparation and pressureless sintering of chemical vapor deposited SiC-B composite powder. Chen, Lidong; Goto, Takashi; Hirai, Toshio. Institute Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1996), 31(3), 67983. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 124:239925 AN 1996:180535 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract SiC-B composite powder was prepd. by chem. vapor deposition (CVD) using (CH3)2SiCl2 + B2H6 + H2 as source gases at 1673 K. The powder was -type polycryst. silicon carbide contg. several per cents of boron and carbon. The boron content increased from 0 to 7.7 mass% as the B2H6 gas concn. increased from 0 to 0.7 mol%. Boron and carbon in amorphous form dispersed homogeneously in the -SiC polycryst. particles. The particles were spherical, non-agglomerated and uniform in size with an av. particle size of about 50 nm. Sintering tests were performed with the resulting composite powder without applying pressure. Powder contg. 1 mass% boron and 2 mass% carbon was sintered to a d. of 3.16 x 103 kg m-3 at 2273 K, and the Vickers hardness of the sintered body was 30 GPa. When the sintering temp. was higher than 2323 K, significant grain growth due to the phase transformation from to form occurred, which decreased bulk d. and Vickers hardness. Bibliographic Information Nanocrystalline metals, intermetallics, and a metal-matrix nanocomposite by solution-based chemical reductions. Buhro, W. E.; Haber, J. A.; Waller, B. E.; Trentler, T. J.; Suryanarayanan, R.; Frey, C. A.; Sastry, S. M. L. Department Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA. Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering (1995), 73 39-40. CODEN: PMSEDG ISSN: 0743-0515. Journal written in English. CAN 124:123490 AN 1996:951 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A metal salt soln. was reduced to nanocryst. and nanocomposite. CuCl in THF was reduced with NaBH4 to form nanocrystal Cu, and Ni and Al can also be prepd. in similar manner. NiCl2 soln. was reduced with LiAlH4 ti NiAl intermetallic compds. of nano size. MoCl5 and SiCl4 were reduced with NaK to nanocryst. MoSi2 in ultrasound field. TiB2 nanocryst. particles were suspended in THF and CuCl was reduced to obtain a Cu-coated TiB2 nanocomposite. Bibliographic Information Preparation of low density free-standing shape of SiC by pressure-pulsed chemical vapor infiltration. Sugiyama, K.; Norizuki, K. Dep. Applied Chem., Aichi Inst. Technology, Toyoda, Japan. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1995), 14(23), 1720-2. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 124:64057 AN 1995:1000853 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The effects of the conditions of pressure-pulsed chem. vapor infiltration (PCVI) on the deposition rate, ease of substrate oxidn., gross d., and flexural strength in prepn. of low-d. free-standing SiC shapes were examd. By selection of a porous carbon substrate, highly porous SiC shapes with a desirable pore distribution may be prepd. by the PCVI process. Bibliographic Information Identification of chemical and physical change during acid cleaning of ceramics. Johnson, Jessica S.; Erickson, Harold M.; Iceland, Harry. Texas Mem. Mus., Univ. Texas, Austin, TX, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 352(Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology 4), 831-7. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 124:54897 AN 1995:985335 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract This report describes the results of two expts. characterizing chem. and phys. change in ceramic constituents occurring from acid solns. commonly used to remove deposits from the surface of archaeol. ceramics. The first examines the chem. effects of hydrochloric acid, in an attempt to identify the yellow color, commonly known as "acid burn", often seen in museum collections on black-on-white sherds found in the Southwestern U.S. The compd. is identified as Fe2O3 H2O. The second study compares the phys. effects of different acids on a group of Maya sherds. All acids tested in this study were found to cause phys. damage. Bibliographic Information Influence of particle characteristics on sintering behavior of alumina-zirconia composites. Balasubramanian, M.; Malhotra, S. K.; Gokularathnam, C. V. FRP Research Center, Indian Inst. of Technology, Madras, India. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1995), 14(21), 1484-5. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 123:347792 AN 1995:927403 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A uniform distribution of zirconia particles in an alumina matrix can be achieved by chem. processing methods. Three chem. processing routes were used to obtain better powders. The sintered d. and the tetragonal ZrO2 content of composites were correlated with powder size and morphol. Bibliographic Information Wet air oxidation of energetics and chemical agent surrogates. Copa, William M.; Momont, Joseph A. Zimpro Environmental Inc., Rothschild, WI, USA. Journal of Energetic Materials (1995), 13(3&4), 235-58. CODEN: JOEMDK ISSN: 0737-0652. Journal

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written in English. CAN 123:295590 AN 1995:895724 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Wet oxidn. studies have been conducted on a no. of energetic materials and wastewaters derived from energetic materials to demonstrate high destruction levels of specific energetic components. Triple-base propellant, OTTO Fuel (used as torpedo propellant) and hydrazine-based rocket fuel were energetics of interest. Triple-base propellant contain nitrocellulose, nitroglycerin, and nitroguanidine. OTTO Fuel contains substantial amts. of propylene glycol trinitrate. Hydrazine based rocket fuel contains hydrazine and 1,1-di-Me hydrazine (asym. di-Me hydrazine or UDMH). A bench scale wet air oxidn. study on alk. hydrolyzates of triple-base propellants indicated that essentially complete destruction of the reactive nitrogen components could be achieved at an oxidn. temp. of 280 . Bench scale wet air oxidn. studies on OTTO Fuel wastewaters indicated that a >99% destruction of propylene glycol dinitrate can be achieved at 280 . Processing OTTO Fuel wastewaters in a continuous flow, full scale wet air oxidn. unit achieved even higher destruction levels. Bench scale wet air oxidn. studies on hydrazinebased rocket fuel wastewaters indicated that a 99.8% destruction of hydrazine and a >99.0% destruction of 1,1dimethylhydrazine can be oxidized at 280 . Again, processing of hydrazine-based rocket fuel wastewaters in a continuous flow, full scale wet air oxidn. unit achieved similar destruction levels. The application of wet air oxidn. for the destruction of chem. agents has been made by the extrapolation of data from the wet air oxidn. of compds. with similar chem. structures or of surrogate compds. Sarin and V-agents are nerve agents which have an organo-phosphorus structure similar to that of contain commonly used pesticides. Pesticides such as glyphosate and malathion, which have a similar organo-phosphorus structure, are essentially completely destroyed (>99% destruction) by wet air oxidn. at 200-280 . The chem. agent surrogate, di-Me Me phosphonate (DMMP) was wet air oxidized at 220-280 . Alk. hydrolyzed DMMP was wet air oxidized at 280 . All of the oxidized effluents showed a >97.5% destruction efficiency for the DMMP. The blister agent, mustard (HD) is a chlorinated sulfide, bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide. Org. sulfides such as mercaptans can be destroyed by wet air oxidn. at 260-280 . It is concluded that the wet air oxidn. process is a promising alternative to incineration for disposal of energetics and chem. warfare agents. Bibliographic Information Molten salt oxidation of chemical munitions. Stewart, Albert; Schnittgrund, Gary. PyroPacific Processes, Grand Hills, CA, USA. Journal of Energetic Materials (1995), 13(3&4), 213-34. CODEN: JOEMDK ISSN: 0737-0652. Journal written in English. CAN 123:295589 AN 1995:895723 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Molten salt oxidn. is reviewed as a potential near term alternative technol. for the destruction of chem. agents. Initial tests completed by the US Army in 1975 showed the promise of achieving very high removal efficiencies on actual agents. Recent testing by DOE has verified the potential for very low PIC and dioxin or furan releases. To further explore the possible application of this technol. to chem. agent destruction, a molten salt reactor and assocd. equipment was designed to process a nominal 50 kg/h of Sarin. Mass and energy balances are presented for process conditions representing a range of molten salt potential operational modes and schemes for enhancing plant capacity. Process economics are presented. Bibliographic Information Supercritical water oxidation of chemical agents, and solid propellants. Spritzer, M. H.; Hazlebeck, D. A.; Downey, K. W. San Diego, CA, USA. Journal of Energetic Materials (1995), 13(3&4), 185-212. CODEN: JOEMDK ISSN: 0737-0652. Journal written in English. CAN 123:295588 AN 1995:895722 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Supercrit. water oxidn. (SCWO), also referred to as hydrothermal oxidn. (HTO), is a developing technol. for the destruction of hazardous and nonhazardous wastes. SCWO destroys combustible materials using an oxidant in water at 350-600 and pressures of 17 MPa. General Atomics and its subcontractors are currently conducting 2 comprehensive research and demonstration programs geared toward the destruction of Department of Defense (DoD) wastes utilizing SCWO technol. Wastes of primary interest include chem. agents and solid propellants. Tech. challenges, particularly corrosion and solids handling, were overcome, and the destruction of chem. agents and solid propellants was demonstrated on a bench scale. SCWO results for chem. agents show destruction and removal efficiencies for GB, VX, and mustard agents to be in excess of 99.9999%, limited only by detection capability. SCWO results for hydrolyzed Class 1.1 solid propellant show destruction and removal efficiencies for total org. carbon (TOC) of >99.9%. Design and fabrication of a transportable SCWO pilot plant for chem. warfare agents, propellants and other DoD hazardous wastes and a prototype HTO system for solid rocket propellant disposal are complete and demonstration testing is underway. Bibliographic Information Pressure pulsed chemical vapor infiltration of SiC to two-dimensional-Tyranno/SiC-C preforms. Sygiyama, Kohzo; Yoshida, Yazutoshi. Department of Applied Chemistry, Aichi Institute of Technology, Toyoda, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1995), 30(20), 5125-9. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 123:320390 AN 1995:894944 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Preforms of two-dimensional Tyranno fiber (SiC base) of 7 20 1.3 mm3 were chem. vapor infiltrated with SiC at 850-1050 C from a gas mixt. of CH3SiCl3 (6%)-H2 using pressure pulses between below 0.3 kPa and 0.1 MPa. Above 900 C, films grew on the macrosurface dominantly. At 850 C, residual porosity decreased to about 10% after 105 pulses, and three point flexural strength reached about 200 MPa. X-ray diffractograms on the surface showed the deposits to be -SiC only. Bibliographic Information Matrix characterization of fiber-reinforced SiC matrix composites fabricated by chemical vapor infiltration. Stinton, D. P.; Hembree, D. M.; More, K. L.; Sheldon, B. W.; Besmann, T. M.; Headinger, M. H.; Davis, R. F. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Journal of Materials Science (1995), 30(17), 4279-85. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 123:206673 AN 1995:804167 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), that consist of silicon carbide (SiC) reinforced with continuous Nicalon or T-300 fibers, are being developed for many high-temp. structural applications. The large potential use of CMCs has prompted an in-depth investigation and characterization of these materials. Electron microscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize and compare the SiC matrix crystal structure and morphol. of composite materials fabricated by two different chem. vapor infiltration (CVI) processes.

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Characterization of pseudo-porous SiC/C coatings on NextelTM 440 and NicalonTM fibers. Khasgiwale, N. R.; Butler, E. P.; Tsakalakos, L.; Hensley, D. A.; Cannon, W. R.; Danforth, S. C.; Gonczy, S. T. Center Ceramic Research, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 365 395-400. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 02729172. Journal written in English. CAN 123:177329 AN 1995:774261 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Pseudo-porous SiC/C coatings were deposited on NextelTM 440 and NicalonTM fibers by CVD. The morphol. and chem. of the coatings was evaluated, both before and after oxidn., using SEM, X-Ray Diffraction Anal. (XRD), XPS and Auger spectroscopy. Coated fibers were subjected to two different oxidn. treatments to assess coating stability: a) oxidn. at 600 C for 20 h, and b) oxidn. at 1000 C for 20 h. Pseudo-porous SiC/C on NicalonTM fibers appear to be more oxidn. resistant than the same coatings on NextelTM440 fibers. Bibliographic Information The preparation and economics of silicon carbide matrix composites by chemical vapor infiltration. Roman, Yvette G.; Stinton, David P. Centre Technical Ceramics-TNO, Eindhoven, Neth. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 365 343-50. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 123:176964 AN 1995:774254 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review with 35 refs. A no. of processing techniques that are currently in use for the development and prodn. of continuous fiber reinforced ceramic composite materials are described. The limited no. of available processing routes are compared with respect to the resulting material properties. The chem. vapor infiltration (CVI) technique is one of the most extensively developed methods. During the last decade, at least five different modifications of the isobaric isothermal CVI principle have been developed; each route having its own benefits. CVI techniques have now been developed to the extent that industrial commercialization is being realized. Projected cost aspects of the various CVI manufg. techniques are examd. and compared. Bibliographic Information Properties of SiC-SiC composites produced using CVR converted graphite cloth to SiC cloth. Kowbel, W.; Kyriacou, C.; Gao, F.; Bruce, C. A.; Withers, J. C. MER corp., Tucson, AZ, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 365 197202. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 123:177312 AN 1995:774236 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Nicalon fiber is the primary reinforcement in SiC-SiC composites currently produced by a variety of techniques including CVI and polymer infiltration. Low strength retention at high temps. of the Nicalon fibers limits the choice of manufg. processes which can be employed to produce low cost SiC-SiC composites. MER has developed a new SiC reinforcement based upon a conversion of low cost carbon fabric to SiC via a Chem. Vapor Reaction (CVR) process. This new SiC filaments exhibit an excellent creep resistance at temps. up to 1600 C. Several SiC-SiC composites were fabricated using graphite fabric converted to SiC fabric utilizing the CVR process combined with a slurry infiltration and CVI densification. A correlation between processing conditions, microstructure and properties of the SiC-SiC composites are discussed. Bibliographic Information Chemically bonded ceramic matrix composites: densification and conversion to diffusion bonding. Johnson, Bradley R.; Guelguen, Mehmet A.; Kriven, Waltraud, M. Department Materials Science and Engineering, University Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 365 67-72. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 123:177295 AN 1995:774216 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chem. bonded ceramics appear to be a promising alternative route for near-net shape fabrication of multi-phase ceramic matrix composites (CMC's). The hydraulic (and refractory) properties of fine mono-calcium aluminate (CaAl2O4) powders were used as the chem. bonding matrix phase, while calcia-stabilized zirconia powders were the second phase material. Samples contg. up to 70 wt% (55 vol%) zirconia have been successfully compacted and sintered. Various processing techniques were evaluated. Processing was optimized based on material properties, dilatometry and simultaneous thermal anal. (DTA/TGA). The phys. characteristics of this novel CMC were characterized by hardness, d., and fracture toughness testing. Microstructures were evaluated by SEM and phase identification was verified using XRD. Bibliographic Information Oxidative catalytic decomposition of toxic gases using hydroxyapatite and fluorhydroxyapatite. Palucka, Timothy P.; Eror, Nicholas G.; McNamara, Thomas A. Department Materials Science and Engineering, University Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 368(Synthesis and Properties of Advanced Catalytic Materials), 275-80. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 123:151604 AN 1995:734790 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract An oxidative catalytic route to decomp. nerve gases was studied using hydroxyapatite (HA, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) and its partially fluorinated analog fluorhydroxyapatite (FHA, Ca10(PO4)6Fx(OH)2-x). Samples were prepd. with surface areas of 34-238 m2/g to study surface area effects; 1.2 wt.% Pt was deposited on 1 substrate to study the effect of a transition metal on activity and selectivity. Reaction studies were performed using di-Me methylphosphonate, a nerve gas simulant, in a stream of 80% N and 20% O at 573 K and atm. pressure. High surface area FHA samples showed an increase in the protection period (period of 100% conversion) with increasing F substitution; such an increase was not seen for low surface area FHA samples. In the absence of Pt, the reaction products were CH3OH and di-Me ether; with Pt, CO2 was also obtained. Bibliographic Information Toxicity Medical (1995), CAPLUS

of sulfur mustard in adult rat lung organ culture. Sawyer, Thomas W.; Wilde, Paul E.; Rice, Paul; Weiss, M. Tracy. Countermeasures Section, Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Box 4000, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Can. Toxicology 100(1-3), 39-49. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 123:104668 AN 1995:700024 (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

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The toxicity of the chem. warfare agent sulfur mustard, (bis-(2-chloroethyl)sulfide, HD), was examd. in adult rat lung organ cultures. Assessment of HD-induced damage by the MTT cytotoxicity assay indicated that the median lethal concn. (LC50) of HD in these cultures was reproducible, and in the M range. Damage to the lung slices was expressed only after a latent period of 48 h and did not increase significantly with longer expression times. Histopathol. examn. of HD-treated lung cultures showed that the structural changes in the lung tissue paralleled the toxicity measured biochem., and were also similar to the damage found in animals and man exposed to HD in vivo. This in vitro model offers a useful tool with which to study the toxicity and mechanism of action of sulfur mustard. Bibliographic Information Characterization and surface chemistry of uncoated and coated silicon nitride powders. Schmidt, H.; Nabert, G.; Ziegler, G.; Goretzki, H. Inst. Materialforschung, Univ. Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1995), 15(7), 667-74. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 123:90766 AN 1995:695131 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Various Si3N4 powders, produced by different procedures, were characterized by imaging (TEM) and anal. methods (EDS, FTIR, XPS) in the as-received state as well as after doping with a metal oxide (MgO). For the doping, an alternative procedure to the usual methods was applied based on sol. organometallic compds. Anal. TEM combined with lateral resoln. element anal. and XPS measurements was used for morphol., structural and anal. characterization. The distribution of the dopant was deduced from measurements of XPS sputter depth profiles. These investigations were supplemented by FT-IR measurements to det. qual. and semi-quant. the reactive groups on the particle surfaces of the as-received powders. For comparison, measurements were performed with Si3N4 powders which were doped by the above chem. procedure and by mech. mixing. The results of the various characterization methods are interpreted in the form of a model display for surface reactions of organometallic doping reagents on the surfaces of ceramic particles. The results show that Si3N4 powders with high concn. of OH groups on their particle surface reveal very good distribution of the fluxing element (layer-like coating). Bibliographic Information Influence of crystallographic orientation, chemical inhomogeneities, material transport anisotropy and elastic strain energy on the migration of grain boundaries in chromium-doped alumina during internal reduction. Backhaus-Ricoult, Monika; PeyrotChabrol, A.; Chiron, R.; Hagege, S. Cent. d'Etudes Chim. Metall., CNRS, Vitry, Fr. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1995), 357(Structure and Properties of Interfaces in Ceramics), 293-9. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 123:90732 AN 1995:685875 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Diffusion-induced grain boundary migration is obsd. during internal redn. of chromium-doped alumina. It occurs because grain boundary diffusion is fast compared to lattice diffusion of oxygen. The oxygen chem. potential relaxes between grain boundaries and adjacent grains. Migration to either side of the boundary is controlled by multiple factors: chem. compn. differences between adjacent grains, elastic strain energy differences on the two sides of the boundary plane or by more rapid oxygen relaxation when the c-axis of a grain is perpendicular to the boundary plane. Bibliographic Information Synthesis and chemical stability of NaSn2P3O12. Breval, E.; Harshe, G.; Agrawal, D. K.; Limaye, S. Y. Intercoll. Mater. Res. Lab., Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA, USA. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1995), 14(10), 728-31. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 123:39204 AN 1995:606064 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract NaSn2P3O12 and NaZr2P3O12 powders were prepd. by solid-state reaction methods and sintered at 1050-1200 . The resulting pellets were characterized in terms of d., thermal expansion, and phase compn. before and after chem. stability tests. Chem. stability tests were performed in polethylene containers in 3 solns., H+ + SO42- (pH = 0.5), Na+ + H+ + SO42(pH = 0.7), and Na+ + OH- (pH + 14.3). Results indicate that NaSn2P3O12 is a very stable NZP compd. in high and low pH solns. (pH + 0.5-14.3) as compared to the parent compn. NaZr2P3O12, which shows high losses, esp. in alk. leachants. The surface-to-vol. of a single phase NaSn2P3O12 material, sintered without sintering agents, hardly affects the dissoln. Use of a sintering agent may result in a highly reactive grain boundary phase, the amt. of which may exceed the amt. of added sintering aid. Bibliographic Information Low-level detection of chemical agent simulants in meat and milk by ion trap mass spectrometry. Buchanan, Michelle V.; Hettich, Robert L.; Xu, Jing Hai; Waters, Larry C.; Watson, Annetta. Chemical and Analytical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Building 5510, MS/6365, Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Journal of Hazardous Materials (1995), 42(1), 49-59. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 123:31526 AN 1995:596587 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Anal. methods for the detection of two chem. warfare agent simulants, diisopropyl methylphosphonate and chloroethylethylsulfide, in beef tissue and milk were demonstrated to be effective to levels as low as 50-100 ppb. These methods are based upon thermal desorption into an ion trap mass spectrometer. Selective detection of the target compds. is achieved by isobutane chem. ionization in combination with collision-induced dissocn., which yields characteristic fragment ions. Rapid sample clean-up steps were also devised to reduce interferences from the sample matrix. The low detection limits achieved with this method suggest that it may be possible to take small tissue samples from livestock by needle biopsy, without requiring animal sacrifice for the anal. In addn., because the new methods may be performed more quickly than conventional methods requiring substantial sample prepn. and anal. time, more samples could be analyzed. Bibliographic Information The effect of ceria co-doping on chemical stability and fracture toughness of Y-TZP. Boutz, M. M. R.; Winnubst, A. j. a.; Van Langerak, B.; Scholtenhuis, R. J. M. Olde; Kreuwel, K.; Burggraaf, A. J. Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Twente, Enschde, Neth. Journal of Materials Science (1995), 30(7), 1854-62. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 122:271892 AN 1995:504770 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

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The fracture toughness and ageing resistance of yttria, ceria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (Y, Ce-TZP) were evaluated as a function of grain size and ceria content. Very fine grained, fully dense materials could be produced by sinter forging at relatively low temps. (1150-1200 C). The aging resistance in hot water (185 C) of 2 mol% Y2O3-stabilized TZP is strongly enhanced by alloying with ceria. The ceria content necessary to avoid degrdn. completely, decreases with grain size. The toughness of fully dense Y, Ce-TZP is 7-9 MPa m1/2 for grain sizes down to 0.2 m. No or very little transformation took place during fracturing and no clear variation with grain size was obsd. for the toughness at grain sizes up to 0.8 m. Reversible transformation and crack deflection may explain the obsd. toughness values. Bibliographic Information Microstructure and chemistry of second phases in MgO- and NiO-codoped alumina by analytical transmission electron microscopy. Park, K.; Vasilos, T.; Sung, C. Cent. Advanced Materials Dep. Chem. Nuclear Eng., Univ. Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1995), 14(4), 261-4. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 122:167982 AN 1995:415637 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The effects MgO-NiO-codoping on microstructure and chem. of 2nd phases, segregated particles and cryst. defects in alumina ceramics were examd. MgO-NiO-codoping contributed significantly to the prepn. of dense fine-grained alumina. It appeared that Ni-Al and Ni-Mg-Al spinels, segregated Ni particles, and K- '' alumina ppts. were formed at triple points or at grain boundaries, because the concns. of the MgO and NiO dopants were higher than their solid solubilities. In particular, the codopants formed a Ni-Mg-Al spinel as well as a Ni-Al spinel, because Mg2+ and Ni2+ were partitioned in the cation position of the spinel structure. Bibliographic Information Compositions and chemical bonding in ceramics by quantitative electron energy-loss spectrometry. Bentley, J.; Horton, L. L.; McHargue, C. J.; McKernan, S.; Carter, C. B.; Revcolevschi, A.; Tanaka, S.; Davis, R. F. Metals and Ceramics Div.r., Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1994), 332(Determining Nanoscale Physical Properties of Materials by Microscopy and Spectroscopy), 385-90. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 122:87360 AN 1995:266442 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Quant. electron energy-loss spectrometry was applied to a range of ceramic materials at a spatial resoln. of <5 nm. Anal. of Fe L23 white lines indicates a low-spin state with a charge transfer of .apprx.1.5 electrons/atom onto the Fe atoms implanted into (amorphized) silicon carbide. Gradients of 2-5% in the Co:O stoichiometry were measured across 100-nm-thick Co3O4 layers in an oxidized directionally solidified CoO-ZrO2 eutectic, with the highest O levels near the ZrO2. The energy-loss nearedge structures were dramatically different for the two cobalt oxides; those for Co3O4 have been incorrectly ascribed to CoO in the published literature. Kinetically stabilized solid soly. occurred in an AlN-SiC film grown by low-temp. mol. beam epitaxy (MBE) on (6H)-SiC, and no detectable interdiffusion occurred in couples of MBE-grown AlN on SiC following annealing at up to 1750 C. In diffusion couples of polycryst. AlN on SiC, interfacial 8H Sialon (aluminum silicon oxynitride) and pockets of Si3N4rich '-Sialon in the SiC were detected. Bibliographic Information Chemically bonded ceramics as an alternative to high temperature composite processing. Gulgun, Mehmet A.; Johnson, Bradley R.; Kriven, Waltraud M. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1994), 346(Better Ceramics through Chemistry VI), 51116. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 122:15230 AN 1995:174876 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Processing of multi-phase ceramic composite materials using chem. bonded ceramics as a binding agent appears to be a promising route for fabricating complex-shaped structures. In a zirconia-calcium aluminate ceramic matrix composite, the hydraulic property of fine, monocalcium aluminate (CaAl2O4) powders was used to prep. strong prefired bodies. The changes in the phys. characteristics of the composite during the conversion from a chem. bonded compact into a sintered composite were studied using thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), X-ray diffraction and SEM. The d. and the hardness of the chem. bonded and sintered composite were measured. Bibliographic Information Assessing delayed neurotoxicity in rodents after nerve gas exposure. Husain, K.; Pant, S. C.; Vijayaraghavan, R.; Singh, Ram. Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. Defence Science Journal (1994), 44(2), 161-4. CODEN: DSJOAA ISSN: 0011-748X. Journal written in English. CAN 121:294553 AN 1994:694553 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Delayed neurotoxicity of an organophosphorus nerve gas, Sarin (a chem. warfare agent) following repeated inhalation exposure in rats and mice, was studied by behavioral, biochem. and histopathol. analyses. Rats exposed to Sarin aerosols (12.5 mg/m3 for 20 min) daily for ten days did not exhibit any clin. sign of delayed neurotoxicity. Neurotoxic esterase (NTE) activity in the brain, spinal cord and platelets was significantly inhibited, but the inhibition was below the threshold. Histopathol. examn. of spinal cord did not show any axonal degeneration. Mice exposed to Sarin aerosols (5 mg/m3 for 20 min) daily for ten days developed mild ataxia and muscular weakness of the hind limb on 14th day after the start of exposure. NTE activity was significantly inhibited in brain, spinal cord and platelets. Histopathol. of spinal cord showed focal axonal degeneration. Acetyl-choline esterase activity in the platelets of both the animals was significantly inhibited. The authors conclude that mice are sensitive to delayed neurotoxicity induced by repeated exposure to Sarin whereas rats are insensitive. Bibliographic Information Clean-up of chemical warfare agents on soils using simple washing or chemical treatment processes. Amos, Denys; Leake, Brian. DSTO, Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 4331, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Journal of Hazardous Materials (1994), 39(1), 107-17. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 121:262645 AN 1994:662645 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Several simple processes have been studied for the destruction of chem. agents, Soman and Mustard, on soils. A double wash or an extended single wash with water was effective in removing Mustard and Soman from soil; addn. of either anionic or cationic surfactant did not improve removal efficiency. Soils with higher org. carbon content were more difficult to decontaminate. The most effective chem. process for the removal of Mustard was treatment with hypochlorite; treatment with Na2CO3 or NaOH were almost as effective as hypochlorite in cleaning Mustard contaminated soil. Soman was removed most effectively by treatment with Na2CO3. Overall the most efficient process for the destruction of both Mustard and Soman was treatment with Na2CO3 soln. Bibliographic Information Liquid phase sintering, electrical conductivity, and chemical stability of lanthanum chromite doped with calcium and nickel. Christie, G. M.; Middleton, P. H.; Steele, B. C. H. Dep. Mater., Imperial Coll. Sci., Tech. Med., London, UK. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1994), 14(2), 163-75. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 121:236480 AN 1994:636480 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The substitution of 10 mol% nickel for chromium in calcium-doped lanthanum chromite has been shown to promote rapid densification of the compd. at low temps. in air by the form of a transient liq. phase. Liqs. were generated via the decompn. of CaCrO4 second phase material present in calcined powders. During elec. cond. measurements at 1000 C, severe microstructural degrdn. occurred at atms. of H2 and CO2. The processes leading to chem. degrdn. are attributed to the pptn. of Ni from the (La,Ca)(Cr,Ni)O3 solid soln. and to the decompn. of small amts. of residual CaCrO4 which remains at grain boundaries and triple points after sintering. DTA studies on CaCrO4 in CO2 and H2 atms. suggested that the degrdn. due to CaCrO4 decompn. was primarily a result of the reaction of CaO with CO2 to form CaCO3. The presence of H2 gas is thought to catalyze this reaction via the formation of large amt. of CaO during the decompn. of CaCrO4. Degrdn. is more severe in atms. contg. a mixt. of CO2 and H2 gases than in either gas on its own. Bibliographic Information Photochemical degradation of a toxic organophosphorus analog (PMSF) in microemulsion media. Yang, Yun; Donegan, Sheila; Patel, Ramesh C.; Ward, Anthony J. I. Center for Advanced Materials Processing, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA. Chemosphere (1994), 28(11), 1967-76. CODEN: CMSHAF ISSN: 0045-6535. Journal written in English. CAN 121:217331 AN 1994:617331 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A study has been made of the photodegrdn. of an analog, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), of a toxic chem. warfare agent. The agent was solubilized in a water-in-oil surfactant stabilized microemulsion system comprising sodium dodecyl sulfate, pentanol and water. Loss of the parent PMSF mol. upon exposure of the system to UV irradn. was monitored by 19F NMR spectroscopy. Consideration of the changes in the chem. shifts, splittings in conjunction with GC/Mass spectroscopy data strongly suggest the degrdn. leads to partial fluorination of pentanol. Anal. of peak areas also indicates the formation of volatile degrdn. products such as HF. The addn. of TiO2 or hydroquinone to the system did not appreciably change the overall amts. of degrdn. The results are interpreted in terms of the possible radical based reaction pathways and show that such a microemulsion medium to have significant potential as a vehicle for effecting such a degrdn. process. Bibliographic Information Comparative evaluation of high protein against normal protein diet in combination with carbamates against organophosphorus intoxication in rats. Chatterjee, A.K.; Sikder, Nirmala; Sikder, A.K. Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. Defence Science Journal (1994), 44(1), 11-14. CODEN: DSJOAA ISSN: 0011-748X. Journal written in English. CAN 121:197892 AN 1994:597892 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The relative efficacy of an isocaloric high protein diet (HPD) contg. 59 per cent protein, in comparison to a conventional diet contg. 21 per cent protein, as applied in the alleviation of toxicity of diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP) and Me iso-Pr phosphonofluoridate (sarin), has been reported. In combination with well-known prophylactics like carbamates and cholinolytics like atropine against nerve gas toxicity, HPD appears to be superior to the conventional diet as studied by survival time measurements. Apart from carbamates, atropine and mecamylamine, HPD may be treated as an addnl. prophylactic agent to guard against the toxicity of DFP and sarin, which are being used as war chems. Bibliographic Information The surface chemistry of silicon nitride powder in the presence of dissolved ions. Hackley, V. A.; Malghan, S. G. Ceram. Div., Natl. Inst. Standards and Technol., Gaithersburg, MD, USA. Journal of Materials Science (1994), 29(17), 4420-30. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 121:185440 AN 1994:585440 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Colloidal processing of silicon nitride (Si3N4) powders depends largely on the control of reactions at the solid-soln. interface. The role of dissolved ions in the surface chem. of Si3N4 powders has been investigated, and the implications of these results for the effects of impurities, contaminants and additives in processing are discussed. The interaction of ions at the solid-soln. interface was characterized by particle electrokinetic behavior detd. from electroacoustic measurements in moderately concd. suspensions. Ions were classified according to chem. similarity and surface specificity. Specific adsorption was inferred from the movement of the isoelec. point relative to the endemic "native" value. Most simple univalent electrolytes behaved indifferently towards the Si3N4 surface, with the exception of fluoride which specifically adsorbed and may have formed a strong complex with surface silicon sites. The alk.-earth cations exhibited a similar weak specificity. In the presence of hydrolyzable transition metal cations, powder surface chem. was controlled by the adsorption of hydroxy metal complexes and by the soly. of a surface-pptd. metal hydroxide phase. Oxo anions, such as sulfate and carbonate, adsorbed specifically on the Si3N4 surface, but the interactions were weaker than previously obsd. on metal oxide surfaces. Bibliographic Information X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of uv laser irradiated sapphire and alumina. Pedraza, A. J.; Park, J. W.; Meyer, H. M., III; Braski, D. N. Dep. Materials Science Engineering, Univ. Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1994), 9(9), 2251-7. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 121:162453 AN 1994:562453 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

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XPS was performed in as-received, thermally annealed, and laser-irradiated sapphire and alumina specimens to study the effects of the different treatments on surface chem. and properties. Laser irradiations with a 308 nm wavelength laser were performed in air and in a reducing atm. consisting of a mixt. of Ar and 4% hydrogen. The at. percentages of carbon, aluminum, and oxygen were measured in all the specimens. Particular attention was paid to the percentages of oxygen in the oxide and in a hydroxyl state. The XPS analyses clearly established that a very thin film of metallic aluminum is formed on the surface of both alumina and sapphire substrates when they are irradiated under a reducing atm. However, the film is discontinuous because it is elec. insulating. Substrates irradiated in air have metallic aluminum only for fluences below 0.4 J/ cm2. The valence band photoemission spectra of as-received, annealed, and laser-irradiated specimens were measured. In irradiated specimens, the width of the valence band spectra was found to decrease by .apprx.10%. One possible cause of this decrease is the generation of point defects during laser irradn. Electroless copper deposition occurs on sapphire and alumina substrates if their surface has been activated by laser irradn. The time required for copper deposition was monitored by measuring the elec. resistivity in the irradiated area while the substrates were immersed in an electroless bath. The kinetics of deposition on laser-activated substrates and the XPS results show that the presence of metallic aluminum accelerates the deposition process. However, the presence of aluminum is not the sole reason for laser activation in alumina. Very strong metal-ceramic bonding is produced after thermal annealing of samples having preirradiated substrates. This result is explained in terms of the excess oxygen that is present at the ceramic surface after irradn. Bibliographic Information X-ray absorption spectroscopy study of the local structure and the chemical state of yttrium in polycrystalline -alumina. Loudjani, M. K.; Cortes, R. Lab. Metallurgie Structurale, CNRS, Orsay, Fr. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1994), 14(1), 67-75. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 121:162396 AN 1994:562396 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The chem. state and local structure around the yttrium ion in doped polycryst. -alumina (0.03 mol% Y2O3 1) system was examd. by extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements for yttrium K-edge energy. In the case of highly doped alumina samples (0.1 and 1 mol% Y2O3) most of the yttrium is pptd. as a Y3Al5O12 phase, whereas in the dil. doped alumina sample (0.03 mol% Y2O3) yttrium is in solid soln., being located on the octahedral aluminum sites. The yttrium ion size, comparatively greater than that of the aluminum ion, induces locally a significant distortion of the oxygen ion lattice. This effect creates point defects in the nearest neighbor shell of the yttrium: vacancy (Vo..) and interstitial (Oi'') oxygen point defects. Bibliographic Information Constitution of the -alumina phase in chemically produced mullite precursors. Schneider, H.; Voll, D.; Saruhan, B.; Schmucker, M. Inst. Mater. Res., German Aerosp. Res. Establ., Cologne, Germany. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1993), 13(5), 441-8. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 121:89568 AN 1994:489568 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The temp. development of type II mullite precursor powders have been studied in the temp. range of 150 C (as-received) and 1150 C. X-ray diffraction measurements, IR and 29Si and 27Al NMR spectroscopy and anal. transmission electron microscopy have been performed on the heat-treated precursors. The investigations had the aim of contributing to the frequently discussed question, whether Si is incorporated into the -alumina spinel being formed as a transient phase in type II mullite precursors. The as-received precursors consist of relatively large spherical particles ( 0 5 m) of noncryst. SiO2 and of much finer-grained agglomerates of pseudo-boehmite crystals ( -AlO(OH), 20 nm), which are embedded in a SiO2 matrix. Above 350 C, pseudo-boehmite transforms to spinel-type alumina ( -Al2O3). During this transformation, all Si existing in the SiO2 matrix of the pseudoboehmite agglomerates is incorporated into -Al2O3 corresponding to a SiO2 content of 12 mol% at 500 C. Up to 750 C, the SiO2 content of the -alumina remains const. but above this temp. it gradually rises and reaches a max. amt. of 18 mol% at 1150 C. A marginal decompn. of the spherical non-cryst. SiO2 particles may be the sources to provide diffusion of Si species into the -alumina during a temp. increase above 750 C. It is most likely that Si species diffuse into the -alumina crystals along the crystallite boundaries. The diffusion process and Si incorporation are facilitated with the temp. increase. Bibliographic Information Quantitative analysis of Si3N4 microstructure response on interface chemistry. Meissner, E.; Unger, S.; Kleebe, H.-J.; Ziegler, G. Univ. Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany. Key Engineering Materials (1994), 89-91(Silicon Nitride 93), 471-5. CODEN: KEMAEY ISSN: 1013-9826. Journal written in English. CAN 121:89560 AN 1994:489560 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Quant. microstructure anal. was performed on gas-pressure sintered Si3N4 materials (SSN) by employing an image processing system. Variations in grain-diam. distribution and aspect-ratio distribution with changing additive compn. and annealing time, resp., were investigated. Clear evidence was found that both interface compn. and post-sintering anneal can strongly affect the matrix grain morphol. For the Y2O3-doped material, extended annealing time supported the formation of Si3N4 grains with increased diam. and length via Ostwald ripening. Moreover, the aspect-ratio distribution was shifted to higher values indicating anisotropic grain growth. The addn. of Al2O3 + ZrO2, compared to SSN doped with Y2O3, resulted in a finer microstructure with still high aspect ratios. This chem. effect is closely related to the viscosity of the liqs. at processing temps. Furthermore, ZrO2 addn. results in a more pronounced transgranular fracture mode, while Y2O3-contg. SSN predominantly revealed intergranular fracture. The influence of annealing time and interface chem. on both microstructure evolution and resulting fracture toughness is discussed. Bibliographic Information Surface chemical interactions of Si3N4 with polyelectrolyte deflocculants. Hackley, V.A.; Premachandran, R.; Malghan, S.G. Mater. Sci. Eng. Lab., Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol., Gaithersburg, MD, USA. Key Engineering Materials (1994), 89-91(Silicon Nitride 93), 679-82. CODEN: KEMAEY ISSN: 1013-9826. Journal written in English. CAN 121:41008 AN 1994:441008 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The interaction of org. polyelectrolyte deflocculants at the Si3N4 solid-soln. interface was investigated using electroacoustic measurements, polymer adsorption and particle size distribution anal. One cationic and two anionic polymers were studied: quaternized poly(diamine epoxychlorohydrin), ammonium poly(methacrylate) and poly(acrylic acid), resp. Electrostatic

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interactions are emphasized as a function of pH, concn. and mol. wt. Bibliographic Information Metabolite pharmacokinetics of soman, sarin and GF in rats and biological monitoring of exposure to toxic organophosphorus agents. Shih, Ming L.; McMonagle, Joseph D.; Dolzine, Theodore W.; Gresham, Vincent C. US Army Med. Res. Inst. Chem. Def., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1994), 14(3), 195-9. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260437X. Journal written in English. CAN 121:28848 AN 1994:428848 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract This study reports on the pharmacokinetics of the elimination of the metabolites of three toxic organophosphorus compds. (soman, sarin and GF). Urine, blood and lung tissue were collected from rats dosed s.c. at 75 g kg-1. Urinary excretion of the metabolite was the major elimination route for these three compds. The major differences among them were primarily the extent and rate of excretion. The hydrolyzed form, alkylmethylphosphonic acid, was the single major metabolite formed and excreted in urine by a non-saturable mechanism. Nearly total recoveries of the given doses for sarin and GF in metabolite form were obtained from the urine. The terminal elimination half-lives in urine were 3.7 0.1 and 9.9 0.8 h for sarin and GF, resp. Soman metabolite showed a biphasic elimination curve with terminal half-lives of 18.5 2.7 and 3.6 2.2 h. Soman was excreted at a slower rate with a recovery of only 62%. Lung was the major organ of accumulation for soman. In blood the toxic agents were concd. more in red blood cells than in plasma. The acid metabolites can serve as a better chem. marker for monitoring organophosphorus exposure in humans via their higher concn. and longer half-life in urine than the parent compds. Bibliographic Information Movement of chemical warfare agent simulants through porous media. Jenkins, R. A.; Buchanan, M. V.; Merriweather, R.; Ilgner, R. H.; Gayle, T. M.; Watson, A. P. Analytical Chemistry Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Building 4500S, MS6120, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Journal of Hazardous Materials (1994), 37(2), 303-25. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 121:16666 AN 1994:416666 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A measurement protocol is documented and data are presented to characterize the permeation of chem. warfare agent simulants through the porous construction materials brick, cinder block, gypsum wall board, and wood. These data will be used to develop guidelines for access ("reentry") to potentially contaminated properties if nerve or vesicant agents are released during any phase of the US Department of the Army's Chem. Stockpile Disposal Program. A novel permeation cell design allowed sampling of air vols. adjacent to the spiked face, breakthrough face, and lateral face of each test medium at two temps. Simulant movement through wood is nearly always in the direction of the wood grain. Two-dimensional breakthrough was obsd. in brick and gypsum wall board. The sulfur mustard simulant broke through all test media in less than 60 min; nerve agent simulant breakthrough required several hours. Surface decontamination of wood with high-test hypochlorite is 95% effective. Bibliographic Information Pharmacology of organophosphates. Koelle, George B. Med. Sch., Univ. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1994), 14(2), 105-9. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 121:2654 AN 1994:402654 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review with 8 refs. The cholinergic nerve fibers, which employ acetylcholine (ACh) as a neurohumoral transmitter, and the results of their activation are listed. The reactions between the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), its natural substrate, ACh, and the various types of inhibitors are described. The limited therapeutic uses of the anticholinesterase (anti-ChE) agents are considered. The toxicol. effects encountered when the anti-ChE agents are employed as insecticides or as chem. warfare (CW) agents are discussed. Certain anti-ChE agents produce also a delayed neurotoxic effect which is apparently unrelated to the inhibition of AChE. Bibliographic Information Genotoxicity of the phosphoramidate agent tabun (GA). Wilson, Barry W.; Kawakami, Thomas G.; Cone, Norman; Henderson, John D.; Rosenblatt, Leon S.; Goldman, Marvin; Dacre, Jack C. Inst. Toxicol., Univ. California, Davis, CA, USA. Toxicology (1994), 86(1-2), 1-12. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 120:263586 AN 1994:263586 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Five mutagenicity tests were performed on Agent GA (tabun, phosphoramidocyanidic acid, dimethyl-, Et ester) as part of a program to demilitarize chem. warfare agents. GA was mutagenic in Salmonella spp. assays with S-9 and it was a direct-acting mutagen to mouse lymphoma cells. GA did not promote unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes; it induced sister chromatid exchanges in mouse cells in vitro but not in vivo. The conclusion that GA is a weakly acting mutagen is supported by the fact that it was mutagenic in only 3 of the 5 assays, and that increases in mutagenicity were often less than 2-fold the controls and occurred near toxic levels. Bibliographic Information Effect of chemically added zirconia and yttria mechanical properties of zirconia-dispersed alumina. Ranjbar, Khalil; Rao, Boddapati T.; Mohan, Tallapragada R. Rama; Harendranath, Chilkunda S. Dep. Metall. Eng., Indian Inst. Technol., Bombay, India. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (1994), 73(2), 63-6. CODEN: ACSBA7 ISSN: 0002-7812. Journal written in English. CAN 120:171374 AN 1994:171374 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Alumina powders dispersed with monoclinic, tetragonal, and cubic zirconia were prepd. by evapg. a colloidal dispersion of alumina powders in solns. contg. zirconium and yttrium salts. The dried and calcined powders were compacted, sintered, and characterized. The results demonstrated a clear toughening effect by the zirconia on the alumina ceramics. The alumina contg. 20-wt%-yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia had the max. toughness. Bibliographic Information Chemical vapor infiltration of silicon carbide with microwave heating. [Erratum to document cited in CA119(2):13852e]. Morell,

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Jose I.; Economou, Demetre J.; Amundson, Neal R. Dep. Chem. Eng., Univ. Houston, Houston, TX, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1993), 8(12), 3251. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 120:141948 AN 1994:141948 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The errors were not reflected in the abstr. or the index entries. Bibliographic Information Chemical compatibility between silicon-based and titanium-based ceramics. Wang, L.; Wada, H. Dep. Mater. Sci. Eng., Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Journal of Materials Synthesis and Processing (1993), 1(3), 181-93. CODEN: JMSPEI ISSN: 1064-7562. Journal written in English. CAN 119:277176 AN 1993:677176 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The chem. compatibility between Si-based ceramics and Ti-based ceramics was studied to establish guidelines for the processing of related composites. Phase stabilities were calcd. for the Si-Ti-B-C, Si-Ti-B-N, and Si-Ti-B-C-N systems as a function of B activity and N pressure or C activity. SiC is compatible with TiC, TiN, or TiB2, depending on the range of these parameters. Si3N4 and TiN appear to be compatible in a certain range of N2 pressure and C activity, but Si3N4 and pure TiC will not coexist. However, the fact that TiC and TiN can form a solid soln., TiC1-xNx, suggests that Si3N4 and TiC1-xNx may be obsd. in the presence of both C and N2. The Si3N4 + TiB2 2-phase region is limited in such a narrow range of N2 pressure and B activity that processing and application of TiB2/Si3N4 composites would be very difficult. High-temp. solid-state expts. were carried out with selected systems to verify phase stability diagrams. The results of reactions were in agreement with the thermodn. prediction. A high-d. TiB2/SiC composite was prepd. as an example of the application of phase stability diagrams. Bibliographic Information Thermal and acid catalyzed conversion of organic phosphorus compounds. De Lijser, H. J. P.; Mulder, P.; Louw, R. Cent. Chem. Environ., Leiden Univ., Leiden, Neth. Chemosphere (1993), 27(5), 773-8. CODEN: CMSHAF ISSN: 0045-6535. Journal written in English. CAN 119:233159 AN 1993:633159 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The org. P compds. tri-Bu and tri-Me phosphate (I and II, resp.), tri-Me phosphite (III), and di-Me phosphonate (IV) were thermolyzed using a plug flow (gas-phase) reactor. I and II proved to be sensitive to acid (wall) catalysis and can be fully degraded at temps. of .mchlt.400 . III can isomerize to II and IV. In contrast, IV requires a temp. of >750 for complete conversion; admixed with II it counteracts the smooth acid-mediated degrdn. of II. Unlike real thermolysis at elevated temps., preferably in a reducing atm. of hydrogen, mere acid catalysis is not generally applicable for effectively destroying a variety of ecotoxic org. P compds. Bibliographic Information Preparation of uniformly calcia-doped zirconia. Hill, J.; Newhouse, M.; Xue, J.; Dieckmann, R. Dep. Mater. Sci. Eng., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, USA. Journal of Materials Synthesis and Processing (1993), 1(2), 101-9. CODEN: JMSPEI ISSN: 1064-7562. Journal written in English. CAN 119:232072 AN 1993:632072 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The prepn. of dense samples of high-purity zirconia doped with varying, small contents of CaO has been explored by means of traditional ceramic techniques with sintering and hot-pressing as well as a chem. soln. method. First, CaO-doped samples were prepd. by traditional ceramic methods. Their homogeneities were checked by SEM with x-ray mapping. CaO-dopant distribution was not uniform in all samples with overall CaO contents below 7 mol%. The difficulty in prepg. uniformly doped zirconia with small CaO contents led to exploration of the use of chem. soln. processing techniques. When exploring such techniques, the products of each process step were characterized by x-ray diffraction and electron microprobe anal. The characterization results enabled identification of a processing route which is suitable for prepg. dense, high-purity zirconia uniformly doped with CaO at low concns. Bibliographic Information A model for the isothermal isobaric chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) in a straight cylindrical pore. Application to the CVI of silicon carbide. Fedou, R.; Langlais, F.; Naslain, R. Lab. Compos. Thermostruct., CNRS, Pessac, Fr. Journal of Materials Synthesis and Processing (1993), 1(2), 61-74. CODEN: JMSPEI ISSN: 1064-7562. Journal written in English. CAN 119:208796 AN 1993:608796 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A previously described modeling of the chem. vapor infiltration (CVI) process in a straight cylindrical pore is applied to the deposition of SiC-based ceramics from MeSiCl3-H2 in the case of a 1st-order kinetic law with respect to MeSiCl3. The model gives concns. and deposit thickness profiles along the pore at any stage of the densification and, particularly, at the end of the process when the pore becomes sealed. The infiltration homogeneity is predicted to be improved by decreasing the aspect ratio of the pore and the CVI temp. and, under conditions of Fick diffusion, by decreasing the total pressure and the pore diam. The model is validated by the good fit between the deposit thickness profiles along the pore calcd. after adjustment of the kinetic data and exptl. profiles for a 34- m straight pore. Bibliographic Information Nicalon-fiber-reinforced silicon carbide composites via polymer solution infiltration and chemical vapor infiltration. Kim, Young Wook; Song, Jin Soo; Park, Sang Whan; Lee, Juen Gunn. Struct. Ceram. Lab., Korea Inst. Sci. Technol., Seoul, S. Korea. Journal of Materials Science (1993), 28(14), 3866-8. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 119:186895 AN 1993:586895 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A new, faster process was developed for the fabrication of Nicalon-fiber-reinforced SiC composites by combining polymer soln. infiltration (PSI) and chem. vapor infiltration (CVI). The process led to the near-net-shape fabrication of fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites and reduced infiltration time. Typical flexural strength and fracture toughness of these composites were 296 MPa and 10.9 MPa.m1/2 at room temp. and 252 MPa and 9.6 MPa.m1/2 at 1000 , resp. The composites exhibited load-carrying capability after crack initiation.

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The effect of glass chemistry on the microstructure and properties of self reinforced silicon nitride. Pyzik, Aleksander J.; Carroll, Daniel F.; Hwang, C. James. Adv. Ceram. Lab., Dow Chem. Co., Midland, MI, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1993), 287(Silicon Nitride Ceramics), 411-16. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 119:186804 AN 1993:586804 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The advantage of self-reinforced silicon nitride is the in-situ control of the microstructure. This control is provided in large degree by the chem. of glassy phase which can be adjusted to tailor the morphol. of silicon nitride grains as well as the matrix-reinforcement interface. The presence of high aspect ratio silicon nitride grains is necessary but not sufficient condition to produce materials with optimum properties. For max. flexure strength and fracture toughness, an optimized glass matrix is required. Bibliographic Information Microwave assisted chemical vapor infiltration. Devlin, D. J.; Currier, R. P.; Barbero, R. S.; Espinoza, B. F.; Elliott, N. Mater. Sci. Technol. Div., Los Alamos Natl. Lab., Los Alamos, NM, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1992), 250(Chemical Vapor Deposition of Refractory Metals and Ceramics II), 245-50. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 119:144800 AN 1993:544800 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A microwave-assisted process for prepn. of continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites is described. A simple app. combining a chem.-vapor-infiltration reactor with a conventional 700-W multimode oven is described. Microwave-induced inverted thermal gradients are exploited with the ultimate goal of reducing processing times on complex shapes. Thermal gradients in stacks of SiC (Nicalon) cloths have been measured using optical thermometry. Initial results on the inside-out deposition of SiC via decompn. of MeSiCl3 in H are presented. Several key processing issues are identified and discussed. Bibliographic Information Chemical vapor deposition of multiphase boron-carbon-silicon ceramics. Golda, E. Michael; Gallois, B. Dep. Mater. Sci. Eng., Stevens Inst. Technol., Hoboken, NJ, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1992), 250(Chemical Vapor Deposition of Refractory Metals and Ceramics II), 167-72. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 119:144796 AN 1993:544796 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Specific compns. of boron-carbon-silicon ceramics exhibit improved abrasive wear and good thermal shock resistance, but require bulk sintering at temps. in excess of 2100K. The formation of such phases by CVD was examd. at 1073-1573K. Methyltrichlorosilane (CH3SiCl3), boron trichloride, and methane were chosen as reactant gases, with hydrogen as a carrier gas and diluent. The coatings were deposited in a computer-controlled, hot-wall reactor at a pressure of 33 MPa. Below 1473K the coatings were amorphous. At higher temps. nonequil. reactions controlled the deposition process. The most common coating consisted of a silicon carbide matrix and a silicon boride, SiB6, dispersed phase. Multiphase coatings of B + B4C + SiB6 and SiC + SiB6 + SiB14 were also deposited by controlling the partial pressure of methane and boron trichloride. Non-equil. thermodn. anal. qual. predicted the exptl. deposited multiphase coatings. Bibliographic Information CVD of silicon nitride plate from trichlorosilane-ammonia-hydrogen mixtures. Lennartz, J. W.; Dowell, M. B. Union Carbide Coat. Serv. Corp., Parma, OH, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1992), 250(Chemical Vapor Deposition of Refractory Metals and Ceramics II), 161-6. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 119:144795 AN 1993:544795 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Preferred conditions for deposition of thick -Si3N4 plate from HSiCl3-NH3-H2 on the vertical surfaces of a low-pressure, hotwall CVD reactor were identified by means of a designed expt. The design included temp. range 1300-1500 , pressures 0.52.0 torr, and residence times 0.01-1.0 s. The vertical deposition surfaces received a viscous, laminar flow of well mixed, thermally equilibrated reactants. Plates 0.05-0.5 mm thick were produced on multiple vertical substrates 350 cm2 in area at deposition rates 5-70 m/h. Plates 0.5-4.0 mm thick were produced on horizontal substrates at deposition rates of 60-120 m/h. When NH3 flows in stoichiometric excess, deposition rates on vertical surfaces increase approx. linearly with the flow rate of HSiCl3 but depend little on temp., as would be expected if the reaction proceeds under mass transport control with product depletion. Multiple correlation analyses show that thickness variations in the deposit are reduced by increasing the temp. and decreasing the gas residence time. CVD silicon nitride plate produced under the optimized conditions exhibits theor. d. and is free of pores and cracks. It exhibits a columnar morphol. in which the <222> and <101> crystallog. directions are oriented preferentially normal to a surface, which consists of well-defined trigonal facets 10-50 m across. Crystallite sizes detd. by xray line broadening range from 0.06-1.0 m. This CVD plate is gray and contains approx. 0.5 C and 0.5 wt.% 0 as principal impurities. Bibliographic Information Unequivocal evidence. Black, Robin M.; Pearson, Graham S. Chem. Biol. Def. Estab., Porton/Down/Salisbury Wiltshire, UK. Chemistry in Britain (1993), 29(7), 584-5, 587. CODEN: CHMBAY ISSN: 0009-3106. Journal written in English. CAN 119:123791 AN 1993:523791 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The anal. of chem. warfare agent, Sarin, in the Kurdush village of Birjinni, Iraq, was discussed. Bibliographic Information Bioanalysis of organophosphate nerve agents in soil samples. Sawyer, T. W.; Weiss, M. T. Biomed. Def. Sect., Def. Res. Establ. Suffield, Medicine Hat, AB, Can. Chemosphere (1993), 26(11), 2023-9. CODEN: CMSHAF ISSN: 0045-6535. Journal written in English. CAN 119:94477 AN 1993:494477 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Four soil samples that may have been spiked with chem. warfare (CW) agents and their degrdn. products were received by

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Defense Research Establishment Suffield as part of a multinational round-robin exercise designed to evaluate lab. methodologies for the chem. detection of CW agents in soil. After chem. anal. revealed that VX (Et S-2-diisopropyl aminoethyl methylphosphorothiolate) was the CW agent "spike", the samples were also bioassayed for their VX content by assessing their anticholinesterase activities in primary chick embryo neuron cultures. Bioassay quantitation of VX contamination in the soil samples was in good agreement with the actual spike levels and generally better than the chem. anal. results. Sequential bioassay of the samples over a two week period showed that the VX content was rapidly degraded with time. This assay complements std. chem. anal. techniques for the detection and verification of organophosphate warfare agent use. Bibliographic Information The effect of trace element segregation to iron/sapphire interfaces. Pope, D. P.; Smith, M. A. Dep. Mater. Sci., Univ. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1992), 238(Structure and Properties of Interfaces in Materials), 427-32. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 119:77041 AN 1993:477041 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The effects of segregation of tramp impurities such as sulfur on metal/ceramic bonding is discussed. Microstructural and chem. information is given for the Fe/sapphire interface. The segregation behavior of the interface is evaluated between 500-800 . The interfacial structure is important to the segregation behavior. A possible link between the segregation of sulfur and interface void formation is presented. Bibliographic Information Chemical vapor infiltration of silicon carbide with microwave heating. Morell, Jose I.; Economou, Demetre J.; Amundson, Neal R. Dep. Chem. Eng., Univ. Houston, Houston, TX, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1993), 8(5), 1057-67. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 119:13852 AN 1993:413852 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A math. model is presented to describe the interaction between transport/reaction processes and the evolution of porosity in chem. vapor infiltration with microwave heating (MCVI). The anal. includes a set of partial differential equations describing the spatiotemporal variation of gaseous species concn., composite temp., porosity, and stress. Maxwell's equations were used to det. the distribution of power dissipated inside the composite. The deposition of silicon carbide was selected as a model chem. system to explore the general features of MCVI. MCVI can provide a favorable temp. distribution in the composite yielding an inside-out deposition pattern, thereby preventing entrapment of accessible porosity. For this temp. profile, tensile stresses develop at the outer regions and compressive stresses are found in the composite core. For a given system there exists a min. value of the coeff. for heat transfer from the composite surface, h, below which accessible porosity is trapped within the composite. Similarly, there exists a max. value of the incident microwave energy flux, I0, above which accessible porosity is trapped within the composite. I0 and h can be optimized for a given preform to achieve complete densification with min. processing time. Using the technique of pulsed-power, the processing time can be reduced even further without compromising d. uniformity. Power dissipation profiles in the composite depend strongly on preform thickness, microwave frequency, and relative loss factor. Bibliographic Information Permeation measurements of chemical agent simulants through protective clothing materials. Pal, Tarasankar; Griffin, Guy D.; Miller, Gordon H.; Watson, Annetta P.; Daugherty, Mary Lou; Vo Dinh Tuan. Health Saf. Res. Dev., Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Journal of Hazardous Materials (1993), 33(1), 123-41. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 118:239880 AN 1993:239880 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A method was developed to study the permeation of chem. warfare (CW) agent simulants through chem. protective clothing (CPC) materials. The exptl. results characterize some com. available CPC materials. Thirteen different CPC materials having widely differing compns. were chosen to study the permeation of 4 different liq. CW simulants (di-Me methylphosphonate, diisopropyl methylphosphonate, malathion, and Bu2S) through these CPC materials at 25 . This permeation study involved a newly developed anal. technique employing room temp. fluorescence quenching of an indicator compd., phenanthrene, on filter paper. Various exptl. factors such as breakthrough time, rate of permeation, and uptake were investigated. On the basis of breakthrough time, the 13 CPC materials could be divided into 3 groups: most resistant, moderately resistant, and least resistant. Materials in the most resistant category exhibited no permeation by any of the simulants for 24 h. Breakthrough occurred in the least resistant materials in generally less than an hour, and sometimes as soon as a few minutes. Bibliographic Information Interfacial structure of chemical vapor infiltration carbon fiber/silicon carbide composite. Araki, H.; Noda, T.; Abe, F.; Suzuki, H. Tsukuba Lab., Natl. Res. Inst. Met., Tsukuba, Japan. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1992), 11(23), 1582-4. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 118:44089 AN 1993:44089 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The microstructure at the interface in carbon fiber-SiC matrix composites prepd. by chem. vapor infiltration from EtSiCl3 was examd., and the infiltration reaction is discussed. A graphite layer formed on the carbon fiber and the SiC-SiC interface as a result of thermal decompn. of silane gas before SiC infiltration. This graphite layer, of .apprx.500 nm thickness, is assumed to assist in the crystal growth of SiC, leading to structural stability of the composites. Bibliographic Information Comparative evaluation of carbamates as prophylactic agents against organophosphate intoxication in rats. Chatterjee, A. K. Def. Res. Dev. Establ., Gwalior, UK. Defence Science Journal (1992), 42(2), 85-7. CODEN: DSJOAA ISSN: 0011-748X. Journal written in English. CAN 118:34070 AN 1993:34070 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract This paper investigates the effects of two well-known carbamates, physostigmine and pyridostigmine, against organophosphorus compd. and nerve gas toxicity. Physostigmine pretreatment for 30 min enhanced the survival time of rats against DFP intoxication, whereas it did not have any effect with sarin poisoning. However, pyridostigmine pretreatment did not produce any significant effect on survival time either against DFP or sarin intoxication. Treatment with atropine along with carbamates further enhanced significantly the survival time against DFP poisoning.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Bibliographic Information On the influence of chemical processing in the crystallization behavior of zirconium titanate materials. Navio, J. A.; Macias, M.; Sanchez-Soto, P. J. Inst. Cienc. Mater., Univ. Sevilla, Seville, Spain. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1992), 11(23), 15702. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 118:26385 AN 1993:26385 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The crystn. phenomena of ZrTiO4 powders prepd. from various gel precursors was related to the chem. processing. Correlation of data from the literature and further expt. indicated that the presence of H2O2 in the chem. processing of the amorphous precursors plays a key role in controlling the crystn. temp. The crystn. temp. can be as low as 640 . Bibliographic Information Effect of dopants on the sintering behavior and stability of tetragonal zirconia ceramics. Theunissen, G. S. A. M.; Winnubst, A. J. A.; Burggraaf, A. J. Fac. Chem. Technol., Univ. Twente, Enschede, Neth. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1992), 9(4), 251-63. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 117:54278 AN 1992:454278 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The microstructure development during nonisothermal and isothermal sintering was studied for tetragonal zirconia ceramics (TZP) contg. various amts. of Y, Ce, and Ti. Smaller grain sizes were obtained when Ce-TZP was doped with Y. This could be attributed to segregation of Y to the grain boundaries, thus causing an impurity drag. With increasing temp., the grain growth rate in the Ce-TZP samples increased which could be attributed to the absence of a dragging force. The slow grain growth at low temp. in the Ce-TZP samples could be attributed to the slow diffusion kinetics of the diffusing species (trivalent and tetravalent Ce). The crit. grain size for retainment of the tetragonal phase at room temp. is larger in the Y,Ce-TZP systems compared to the Y-TZP and Ce-TZP systems. The chem. stability increased by doping Y-TZP with Ce or Ti. Bibliographic Information Free radical-mediated lung response to the monofunctional sulfur mustard butyl 2-chloroethyl sulfide after subcutaneous injection. Elsayed, Nabil M.; Omaye, Stanley T.; Klain, George J.; Korte, Don W., Jr. Letterman Army Inst. Res., Presidio of San Francisco, CA, USA. Toxicology (1992), 72(2), 153-65. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 117:42116 AN 1992:442116 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The authors postulated that vesicants may cause free radical-mediated oxidative stress distal to the site of exposure. To test this postulate in the lung, the authors injected 3 groups of 5-mo-old, male, athymic, nude mice, weighing 30-35 g with a single s.c. dose (5 L/mouse) of Bu 2-chloroethyl sulfide (BCS). Total lung wt. was not altered after treatment, but the wet/dry wt. ratio decreased 18% and Hb content increased 50 and 36% at 1 and 24 h, resp. The activity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase increased significantly, 40% at 1 and 24 h and 84% at 48 h and that of glutathione S-transferases was 60%. Lipid peroxidn. (estd. by the thiobarbituric acid test) and total protein content increased 3-fold and 2-fold, at 1 and 24 h, resp. Total and oxidized glutathione contents were significantly elevated, 38% at 1 h and 64% at 24 h for the former and 45% at 24 h and 56% at 48 h for the latter. Because these changes are consistent with the cellular response to oxidative stress, it is concluded that BCS injected s.c. can cause changes in the lung possibly via a free radical-mediated mechanism. Bibliographic Information Effects of liquid environments on zirconia-toughened alumina. Part I. Chemical stability. Thompson, I.; Rawlings, R. D. Dep. Mater., Imp. Coll. Sci., Technol. Med., London, UK. Journal of Materials Science (1992), 27(10), 2823-30. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 117:32321 AN 1992:432321 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The structural changes which occur in zirconia-toughened alumina when aged in a range of liq. environments (distd. water, ethylene glycol soln., and HCl at room temp., and ethylene glycol soln. at 80 ) are described. The changes were monitored by x-ray diffraction, surface anal., anal. of the aging solns., and microstructural observations. HCl induced significant proportions of the zirconia particles in the zirconia-toughened alumina to transform from the tetragonal to the monoclinic crystal structure. This transformation was accompanied by microcracking which eventually led to macrocracking after long periods of aging. The transformation is a consequence of the leaching of the yttrium from the zirconia particles, thereby reducing their stability. Bibliographic Information Binder chemistry, adhesion and structure of interfaces in thick-film metalized aluminum nitride substrates. Newberg, C. E.; Risbud, S. H. IBM Corp., East Fishkill, NY, USA. Journal of Materials Science (1992), 27(10), 2670-6. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 117:13161 AN 1992:413161 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Aluminum nitride substrates from 3 sources were metalized by std. thick-film processing using gold conductor pastes, Pd-Ag paste, and a ruthenium oxide resistor paste. Screen-printed pastes were fired in a typical 3-zone furnace to obtain metalized AlN substrates. Interfacial reaction zones were studied by microscopic (optical and SEM) and electron beam microprobe anal. techniques. The elements in the binder materials in thick-film pastes form amorphous phases at the interface which influence the adhesion of thick films to the AlN substrate. The lack of certain elements (Cd, Zn, Ca) in the binder of the gold thick-film paste led to weaker adhesion and severe degrdn. of the thick-film adhesion during thermal cycling. Bibliographic Information Preparation and characterization of a dispersion toughened ceramic for thermomechanical uses (ZTA). Part I. Material preparation. Characterization of microstructure. Leriche, A.; Moortgat, G.; Cambier, F.; Homerin, P.; Thevenot, F.; Orange, G.; Fantozzi, G. CRIBC, Mons, Belg. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1992), 9(3), 169-76. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 09552219. Journal written in English. CAN 117:13037 AN 1992:413037 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA) materials contg. increasing amts. of zirconia (5-45 vol.%) and yttria (0-3 mol% zirconia)

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were prepd. from com. ceramic powders by different techniques of homogenization, shaping, and sintering. The powder mixts. were homogenized by a chem. method (addn. of dispersing agents at fixed pH), by a mech. method (attrition milling) and by combining the methods. The materials were formed and sintered by shaping by isostatic pressing or slip casting, followed by pressureless sintering, and by hot uniaxial pressing. The phys., crystallog. and microstructural properties of the materials prepd. following these different techniques are compared. The combined chem. and mech. dispersion method leads to the fabrication of dense composites presenting a fine and homogeneous zirconia dispersion required for effective toughening of the alumina matrix. The addn. of 3 mol% of yttria allows maintenance of a high tetragonal zirconia content because of a chem. stabilization of tetragonal zirconia and of a decrease of zirconia grain size. As the hot-pressing technique impedes the grain coarsening, the hot-pressed materials present the finest microstructure mainly for the compns. with <20 vol.% zirconia. The zirconia and alumina grain size vary from 0.5 to 0.9 m and from 0.9 to 1.6 m, resp., following the compn. Pressureless sintered materials also present a fine microstructure with submicron zirconia grains (0.6 m-0.9 m) and micron size alumina grains (1.0-1.9 m). These ZTA materials present all the microstructural characteristics necessary to obtain high mech. performances. The addn. of 3 mol% of yttria allows an increase of the zirconia content ( 45 vol.%) without a decrease of the relative tetragonal zirconia ratio occurring. Bibliographic Information Adsorption and decomposition of organophosphorus compounds on nanoscale metal oxide particles. In situ GC-MS studies of pulsed microreactions over magnesium oxide. Li, Yong Xi; Koper, Olga; Atteya, Maher; Klabunde, Kenneth J. Dep. Chem., Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS, USA. Chemistry of Materials (1992), 4(2), 323-30. CODEN: CMATEX ISSN: 0897-4756. Journal written in English. CAN 116:200414 AN 1992:200414 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Using an in-situ pulse reactor-GC-mass spectrometric system, the thermal decompn. of organophosphorus compds. (as models of nerve agents) were compared with their destructive absorption on high-surface-area MgO. Dramatically lower temps. are required when MgO is present. Volatile products evolved were HCO2H, water, alcs., and alkenes. At higher temps., CO, CH4, and water predominated. The P residues remained completely immobilized. The addn. of water enhanced the facility of MgO to destroy these compds., and, in fact, water pulses were found to partially regenerate a spent MgO bed. Using 18O labeling, some aspects of the reaction mechanisms were clarified and in particular showed that O scrambling occurred. Surface OH and MgO groups transferred O in the formation of HCO2H, and the surface mobility and reactivity of absorbed groups were high. The substantial capacity of high-surface-area MgO for destruction and immobilization of such toxic substances makes it attractive for air purifn. schemes, as well as solid reagents for destruction and immobilization of bulk quantities of hazardous P compds. or organohalides. Bibliographic Information -(N,N-Dialkylamino)ethyl arylthiosulfonates: new simulants for O-ethyl S-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothioate. Davis, Franklin A.; Ray, Jayanta K.; Kasperowicz, Steve; Przeslawski, Robert M.; Durst, H. Dupont. Dep. Chem., Drexel Univ., Philadelphia, PA, USA. Journal of Organic Chemistry (1992), 57(9), 2594-9. CODEN: JOCEAH ISSN: 0022-3263. Journal written in English. CAN 116:193819 AN 1992:193819 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Certain S-[2-(dialkylamino)]ethyl benzenesulfonothioates 4-XC6H4SO2SCH2CH2NR2 (I; X = Me, F; R = Me2CH) were prepd. as simulants for O-Et S-[(diisopropylamino)ethyl]methylphosphonothioate (VX) a chem. warfare nerve agent. I are useful simulants for the hydrolysis or oxidn. chem. of VX. Bibliographic Information Dissolution of sintered silicon nitride bulk specimens for elemental analysis. Homeier, E. H.; Bradley, S. A.; Karasek, K. R. UOP, Des Plaines, IL, USA. Journal of Materials Science (1992), 27(5), 1231-4. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 116:179524 AN 1992:179524 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Heating bulk, sintered Si3N4 samples in an aq. HF-HCl mixt. decomps. the Si3N4. Subsequent addn. of H2SO4 and volatilization of fluorides enables total dissoln. of the bulk specimens for anal. The elemental compns. that were detd. by inductively coupled plasma at. emission and at. absorption spectrometries agreed with the nominal sample compn. and confirmed analyses performed by scanning TEM. Neutron activation detns. on the same samples are not believed to be as accurate as the spectrometric detns. Furthermore, the precision of the neutron activation measurements were less satisfactory, esp. for key elements such as Y. Bibliographic Information Comparison of several oximes against poisoning by soman, tabun and GF. Lundy, Paul M.; Hansen, Arnold S.; Hand, Brian T.; Boulet, Camille A. Def. Res. Establ. Suffield, Ralston, AB, Can. Toxicology (1992), 72(1), 99-105. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 116:168061 AN 1992:168061 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Three oximes currently being evaluated for adoption as replacement nerve agent therapy by various countries were compared for therapeutic efficacy against the toxic organophosphate inhibitors soman and tabun under a std. set of conditions. These oximes together with PAM-Cl and toxogonin, were also compared for efficacy against GF, an agent weaponized by Iraq. The order of effectiveness against soman was HI 6 > HLoe 7 > pyrimidoxine. Hloe 7 was very effective against tabun poisoning while HI 6 and pyrimidoxime were of moderate value. Against GF, HI 6 and HLoe 7 were extremely effective, toxogonin was moderately effective, and PAM-Cl and pyrimidoxime were the least effective. HI-6 provided a high level of protection against all of the agents tested as did HLoe-7 to a slightly lesser degree. The other oximes lacked the effects against one or more of the organophosphates. Bibliographic Information Chemical vapor deposition of copper via disproportionation of hexafluoroacetylacetonato(1,5-cyclooctadiene)copper(I), (hfac)Cu(1,5-COD). Jain, A.; Chi, K. M.; Hampden-Smith, M. J.; Kodas, T. T.; Farr, J. D.; Paffett, M. F. Dep. Chem. Eng., Univ. New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1992), 7(2), 261-4. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 116:111299 AN 1992:111299 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Hot- and cold-wall chem.-vapor deposition (CVD) using the volatile Cu(I) compd. (hfac)Cu(1,5-COD), where hfac =

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1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoroacetylacetonate and 1,5-COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene, as a precursor was carried out in hot-wall and warmwall, lamp-heated reactors using SiO2 substrates that were patterned with Pt or W at 120 -250 . Deposition was obsd. onto Pt, W, and SiO2 over this temp. range at rates of 3750 .ANG./min to give Cu films that contained no impurities detectable by AES and with resistivities of 1.9-5.7 ohm-cm. The volatile byproducts formed during deposition were 1,5-COD and Cu(hfac)2 and a mass balance was consistent with the quant. disproportionation reaction: 2(hfac)Cu(1,5-COD) Cu + Cu(hfac)2 + 2(1,5-COD). The measured activation energy for this CVD reaction was 26(2) kcal/mol. The absence of selectivity for metal surfaces in the presence of SiO2 is in contrast to CVD results for the related compds. ( -diketonate)Cu(PMe3) where diketonate = hfac, 1,1,1-trifluoroacetylacetonate, and acetylacetonate (acac). Bibliographic Information Bioassay of organophosphate nerve agents in soil using neuronal tissue cultures. Sawyer, Thomas W.; Weiss, M. Tracy; D'Agostino, Paul A.; Provost, Lionel R.; Hancock, James R. Def. Res. Establ. Suffield, Medicine Hat, AB, Can. Journal of Applied Toxicology (1992), 12(1), 1-6. CODEN: JJATDK ISSN: 0260-437X. Journal written in English. CAN 116:105057 AN 1992:105057 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A soil sample originating from an area of suspected chem. warfare activity was subjected to chem. anal. and bioassay. Sarin and several related compds. were confirmed in the soil by capillary column gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); however, the binding of these compds. to the soil hindered quantitation. The chem. results were then compared to those obtained by bioassay in primary cultures of chick embryo forebrain neurons. By comparing the sample's anticholinesterase activity against those of purified stds. in chick embryo neuron cultures, a reasonable agreement was found between the chem. and bioassay semiquant. ests. of sarin content in the soil ext. Furthermore, the in-vitro system appears to offer a sensitive technique for the estn. of sarin remaining bound to the soil following solvent extn. as well as for an assessment of the potential toxicity of the contaminated soil in vivo. Bibliographic Information Pharmacological effects of oximes: how relevant are they?. van Helden H P; Busker R W; Melchers B P; Bruijnzeel P L Department of Pharmacology, TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory, Rijswijk, The Netherlands Archives of toxicology (1996), 70(12), 779-86. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE); General Review; (REVIEW); (REVIEW, TUTORIAL) written in English. PubMed ID 8911635 AN 97068325 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The increased international concern about the threat of military and terroristic use of nerve agents, prompted us to critically consider the expected value of the currently available oxime treatment of nerve agent poisoning. Although oximes have been designed to reactivate the inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE), clinical experience has indicated that they are not always very effective as reactivators and at this very moment none of them can be regarded as a broad-spectrum antidote. In spite of this drawback, oximes are worth further investigating, since recent data derived from soman or tabun lethally intoxicated nonhuman primates suggest that the oxime HI-6 may exert a pharmacological effect that is not related to reactivation of inhibited AChE, but still leads to survival. This pharmacological effect causes recovery of neuronal transmission in the respiratory centres of the brain and recovery of neuromuscular transmission in the diaphragm. These findings have stimulated research to reveal the pharmacological basis of these effects in order to find drugs which could be more effective and less toxic than the available oximes. Since cholinergic drugs were able to exert this effect, a new concept for further treatment is suggested: maintenance of neuronal transmission in spite of continued AChE-inhibition by pharmacological manipulation of the cholinergic receptor. This should renew interest in the diverse pharmacological effects of oximes to reach a more effective treatment in the future. Bibliographic Information Evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of some antimuscarinics against soman in vivo. Lau W M; Lewis K J; Dawson R M Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory, Defence Science and Technology Organization, Department of Defence, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1996 Sep-Oct), 16(5), 423-30. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8889794 AN 97044723 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The therapeutic efficacy of tacrine, atropine and glycopyrrolate alone or in combination with the oxime HI-6 against soman was evaluated in anaesthetized rats. Arterial blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory frequency and body temperature were monitored in vivo. Blood cholinesterases were determined after each drug or soman challenge. At the lowest concentration tested (2.5 mg kg-1), tacrine was effective in improving the survivability of the rat by a factor of 2.6 (protection ratio), whereas the protection by atropine or glycopyrrolate was either insignificant or only marginally effective (protection ratio ranged from 1.0 to 1.9). In combination with HI-6, atropine increased the ratio to 4.6. In contrast, tacrine with HI-6 failed to improve the efficacy of the regimen, while glycopyrrolate plus HI-6 showed only slight improvement. The four physiological parameters monitored were relatively constant during the time course of the experiment in both the control and those with drug therapy. The more noticeable changes occurred toward the end of the experiment when sufficient amount of soman was injected to cause lethality. Death of the animal was usually preceded by a surge of arterial blood pressure and heart rate and a decrease in respiratory frequency. These physiological parameters rapidly deteriorated to zero just before the animal died. Blood and plasma cholinesterases were significantly inhibited after the animal received a relatively small dose of soman (20 micrograms kg-1) and were almost completely inactivated after the lethal dose of soman was administered. However, these changes of enzyme activity did not correspond well with the survivability of the rat. The inclusion of HI-6 with the three antimuscarinics appeared to be capable of protecting some cholinesterases against soman. Bibliographic Information Efficacy of ibuprofen and pentoxifylline in the treatment of phosgene-induced acute lung injury. Sciuto A M; Stotts R R; Hurt H H Pathophysiology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1996 Sep-Oct), 16(5), 381-4. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8889788 AN 97044717 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Phosgene, a highly reactive former warfare gas, is a deep lung irritant which produces adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)-like symptoms following inhalation. Death caused by phosgene involves a latent, 6-24-h, fulminating non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. The following dose-ranging study was designed to determine the efficacy of a non-steroidal anti-

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inflammatory drug, ibuprofen (IBU), and a methylxanthine, pentoxifylline (PTX). These drugs were tested singly and in combination to treat phosgene-induced acute lung injury in rats. Ibuprofen, in concentrations of 15-300 mg kg-1 (i.p.), was administered to rats 30 min before and 1 h after the start of whole-body exposure to phosgene (80 mg m-3 for 20 min). Pentoxifylline, 10-120 mg kg-1 (i.p.), was first administered 15 min prior to phosgene exposure and twice more at 45 and 105 min after the start of exposure. Five hours after phosgene inhalation, rats were euthanized, the lungs were removed and wet weight values were determined gravimetrically. Ibuprofen administered alone significantly decreased lung wet weight to body weight ratios compared with controls (P < or = 0.01) whereas PTX, at all doses tested alone, did not. In addition, the decrease in lung wet weight to body weight ratio observed with IBU+PTX could be attributed entirely to the dose of IBU employed. This is the first study to show that pre- and post-treatment with IBU can significantly reduce lung edema in rats exposed to phosgene. Bibliographic Information Subchronic toxicity evaluation of sulfur mustard in rats. Sasser L B; Miller R A; Kalkwarf D R; Cushing J A; Dacre J C Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352-0999, USA Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1996 Jan-Feb), 16(1), 5-13. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8821670 AN 96418885 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Occupational exposure criteria have not been established for sulfur mustard (bis(2-chlorethyl) sulfide), a strong alkylating agent with known mutagenic properties. Seventy-two Sprague-Dawley rats of each sex, 6-7 weeks old, were divided into six groups (12 of each sex per group) and gavaged with 0, 0.003, 0.01, 0.03, 0.1 or 0.3 mg kg-1 sulfur mustard in sesame oil for 5 days a week for 13 weeks. No dose-related mortality was observed. A significant decrease (P > 0.05) in body weight was observed in both sexes of rats only in the 0.3 mg kg-1 group. Hematological evaluations and clinical chemistry measurements found non consistent treatment-related effects at the doses studied. The only treatment-related lesion associated with gavage exposure upon histopathological evaluation was epithelial hyperplasia of the forestomach of both sexes at 0.3 mg kg-1 and of males at 0.1 mg kg-1. The hyperplastic change was minimal and characterized by cellular disorganization of the basilar layer, apparent increase in mitotic activity of the basilar epithelial cells and thickening of the epithelial layer due to the apparent increase in cellularity. The estimated no-observed-effect level (NOEL) for sulfur mustard in this 90-day study was 0.1 mg kg-1 day-1 when administered orally. Bibliographic Information Acute toxicity of cyclohexylmethylphosphonofluoridate (CMPF) in rhesus monkeys: serum biochemical and hematologic changes. Young G D; Koplovitz I U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425, USA Archives of toxicology (1995), 69(6), 379-83. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 7495375 AN 96114840 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Changes in serum biochemical and hematological parameters were studied in 20 male rhesus monkeys following acute poisoning by the organophosphate nerve agent cyclohexylmethylphosphonofluoridate (CMPF or GF). Animals were challenged with 5 x LD50 GF (233 micrograms/kg, IM) following pretreatment with pyridostigmine (0.3-0.7 mg/kg per 24 h) and treated with atropine (0.4 mg/kg, IM) and either 2-PAM (25.7 mg/kg, IM) or H16 (37.8 mg/kg, IM) at the onset of clinical signs or at 1 min after exposure. Muscle fasciculations, tremors, or convulsions occurred in 19 of 20 animals. Serum biochemical and hematologic parameters were analyzed 2 days and 7 days after exposure and compared to pre-exposure baseline values. Significant increases in creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LD), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and potassium ion (K+), associated with damage to striated muscle and metabolic acidosis, occurred in both oxime-treated groups 2 days after exposure. Total protein, albumin, red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin concentration (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct), were decreased in both oxime-treated groups at 7 days. The results demonstrate that animals exposed to a single high dose of GF and treated with standard therapy exhibit changes in serum biochemical and hematological indices directly and indirectly associated with their clinical presentations. Bibliographic Information Production, characterization and application of monoclonal antibodies against the organophosphorus nerve agent Vx. Ci Y X; Zhou Y X; Guo Z Q; Rong K T; Chang W B Department of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, China Archives of toxicology (1995), 69(8), 565-7. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8534201 AN 96036122 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Two monoclonal antibodies (Vx-BB8 and Vx-EA11) to the chemical warfare agent Vx were produced and characterized. A competitive inhibition enzyme immunoassay was developed to detect Vx concentrations as low as 3.7 x 10(-7) - 3.7 x 10(-6) mol/l in biological samples. Vx-BB8 400 micrograms given intravenously immediately before 1 x LD95 Vx or 400 micrograms Vx-BB8 intraperitoneally 1.5 h-3 days before 1 x LD95 Vx could protect all the tested mice from death. Bibliographic Information Toxicity of sulphur mustard in adult rat lung organ culture. Sawyer T W; Wilde P E; Rice P; Weiss M T Medical Countermeasures Section, Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Alberta, Canada Toxicology (1995 Jun 26), 100(1-3), 3949. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 7542806 AN 95350771 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The toxicity of the chemical warfare agent sulphur mustard, (bis-(2-chloroethyl)sulphide, HD), was examined in adult rat lung organ cultures. Assessment of HD-induced damage by the MTT cytotoxicity assay indicated that the median lethal concentration (LC50) of HD in these cultures was reproducible, and in the microM range. Damage to the lung slices was expressed only after a latent period of 48 h and did not increase significantly with longer expression times. Histopathological examination of HD-treated lung cultures showed that the structural changes in the lung tissue paralleled the toxicity measured biochemically, and were also similar to the damage found in animals and man exposed to HD in vivo. This in vitro model offers a useful tool with which to study the toxicity and mechanism of action of sulphur mustard. Bibliographic Information Toxicity of the combined nerve agents GB/GF in mice: efficacy of atropine and various oximes as antidotes. Clement J G Biomedical Defence Section, Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Ralston, Canada Archives of toxicology (1994), 68(1), 64-6. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8166607 AN

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94219995 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The toxicity of a combination of isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (sarin; GB) and cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate (GF) and the efficacy of various oxime reactivators in combination with atropine against the combined GB/GF challenge were evaluated in mice. The 24-h s.c. LD50 of the GB/GF combination was 1.15 mumol/kg (1.10-1.21; 95% confidence limits). Mice administered GB/GF displayed typical signs of nerve agent poisoning such as tremors and convulsions, with death most likely due to anoxia subsequent to respiratory arrest. The GB/GF LD50 value was comparable to the s.c. LD50 of 1.35 and 1.21 mumol/kg for GF and GB in mice, respectively. Combining the two nerve agents did not result in potentiation of the toxicity. In combination with atropine sulfate (17.4 mg/kg, i.p.), which alone did not reduce mortality, the oximes tested, 2-PAM, obidoxime and HI-6, were all effective when administered 5 min before 3 x LD50 dose of GB/GF with 24-h ED50 values of 102.5, 18.22 and 1.96 mumol/kg, respectively. Use of the GB/GF combination does not appear to confer any unique toxicity profile and appears to be easily treated with the standard therapy of a cholinolytic and oxime. Bibliographic Information Toxicokinetics of soman stereoisomers after subcutaneous administration to atropinized guinea pigs. Due A H; Trap H C; Langenberg J P; Benschop H P TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory, Rijswijk, The Netherlands Archives of toxicology (1994), 68(1), 60-3. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8166606 AN 94219994 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The toxicokinetics of the four stereoisomers of the nerve agent C(+/-)P(+/-)-soman were investigated after subcutaneous administration of a 6 LD50 dose (148 micrograms/kg) to anaesthetized, atropinized, and artificially ventilated guinea pigs. Whereas the relatively nontoxic C(+/-)P(+)-isomers were not detected in blood, the highly toxic C(+/-)P(-)-isomers appeared within 1 min in the general circulation and reached maximum levels of 10-15 ng/ml blood within a period of ca. 7 min. In this absorption phase the blood levels of the C(+)P(-)-isomer lag clearly behind those of the C(-)P(-)-isomer. The blood levels of both C(+/-)P(-)-isomers could be mathematically described using non-linear regression by a three-exponential equation, with one exponential term describing the rapid absorption phase and the other two terms describing distribution and elimination. A comparison with the toxicokinetics of the same isomers upon intravenous administration of the same dose shows that the systemic availability upon subcutaneous administration is in the range of 74-83%. Toxicologically relevant concentrations of the C(+/-)P(-)-isomers prevail almost twice as long after subcutaneous than after intravenous administration. From a toxicokinetic point of view, subcutaneous administration of C(+/-)P(+/-)-soman appears not to be a realistic model for the most relevant route of exposure to C(+/-)P(+/-)-soman in case of chemical warfare, i.e. short term respiratory exposure. Bibliographic Information Genotoxicity of the phosphoramidate agent tabun (GA). Wilson B W; Kawakami T G; Cone N; Henderson J D; Rosenblatt L S; Goldman M; Dacre J C Department of Avian Sciences, University of California, Davis 95616-5224 Toxicology (1994 Jan 26), 86(1-2), 1-12. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 8134917 AN 94182225 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Five mutagenicity tests were performed on Agent GA (Tabun, phosphoramidocyanidic acid, dimethyl-, ethyl ester) as part of a program to demilitarize chemical warfare agents. GA was mutagenic in Salmonella spp. assays with S-9 and it was a directacting mutagen to mouse lymphoma cells. GA did not promote unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes; it induced sister chromatid exchanges in mouse cells in vitro but in vivo. The conclusion that GA is a weakly acting mutagen is supported by the fact that it was mutagenic in only three of the five assays, and that increases in mutagenicity were often less than 2-fold the controls and occurred near toxic levels. Bibliographic Information Evaluation of the toxicity, pathology, and treatment of cyclohexylmethylphosphonofluoridate (CMPF) poisoning in rhesus monkeys. Koplovitz I; Gresham V C; Dochterman L W; Kaminskis A; Stewart J R US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5425 Archives of toxicology (1992), 66(9), 622-8. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 1482284 AN 93129117 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Cyclohexylmethylphosphonofluoridate (CMPF) is an organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor with military significance. The purpose of these studies was 1) to determine the acute toxicity of CMPF in the male rhesus monkey, 2) to evaluate the efficacy of pyridostigmine (PYR) pretreatment plus atropine and oxime (2-PAM or H16) treatment, and 3) to evaluate the pathological consequences of acute poisoning. An i.m. LD50 of CMPF was estimated using an up-and-down dose selection procedure and 12 animals. The 48-h and 7-day LD50 was 46.6 micrograms/kg, i.m. In the protection experiments, pyridostigmine (0.3-0.7 mg/kg/24 h) was administered by surgically implanted osmotic minipumps for 3-12 days resulting in 21-65% inhibition of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity. Animals were challenged with 5 x L50 CMPF (233 micrograms/kg) and treated with atropine (0.4 mg/kg) and either 2-PAM (25.7 mg/kg) or HI6 (37.8 mg/kg) at the onset of signs or 1 min after challenge. Osmotic pumps were removed within 30 min after agent challenge. Pyridostigmine, atropine, and either 2-PAM or H16 were completely effective against CMPF, saving ten of ten animals in each group. In comparison, three of five animals challenged with 5 x LD50 of soman and treated with atropine and 2-PAM survived 7 days. The primary histologic lesions in the acute toxicity group were neuronal degeneration/necrosis and spinal cord hemorrhage. The CMPF treated groups (total of 20 animals) had minimal nervous system changes with no significant lesion difference resulting from the different oxime therapies. The primary non-neural lesions were degenerative cardiomyopathy and skeletal muscle degeneration which occasionally progressed to necrosis and mineralization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Bibliographic Information Efficacy of various oximes against GF (cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate) poisoning in mice. Clement J G Biomedical Defence Section, Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Ralston, Alta., Canada Archives of toxicology (1992), 66(2), 143-4. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 1605730 AN 92296882 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The efficacy of oxime (HI-6, toxogonin or PAM Cl) therapy against GF (cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate) poisoning was assessed in mice. It was found that the combinations of atropine and either toxogonin or HI-6 were effective therapies against

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GF poisoning. PAM therapy was ineffective. HI-6 was the only oxime which reactivated GF inhibited acetylcholinesterase. This might explain the reason why the HI-6 treated mice appeared to recover more quickly from the incapacitating effects following GF poisoning. Bibliographic Information Bioassay of organophosphate nerve agents in soil using neuronal tissue cultures. Sawyer T W; Weiss M T; D'Agostino P A; Provost L R; Hancock J R Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Alberta, Canada Journal of applied toxicology : JAT (1992 Feb), 12(1), 1-6. Journal code: 8109495. ISSN:0260-437X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 1564246 AN 92226402 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A soil sample originating from an area of suspected chemical warfare activity was subjected to chemical analysis and bioassay. Sarin and several related compounds were confirmed in the soil by capillary column gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); however, the binding of these compounds to the soil hindered quantitation. The chemical results were then compared to those obtained by bioassay in primary cultures of chick embryo forebrain neurons. By comparing the sample's anticholinesterase activity against those of purified standards in chick embryo neuron cultures, a reasonable agreement was found between the chemical and bioassay semi-quantitative estimates of sarin content in the soil extract. Furthermore, the in vitro system appears to offer a sensitive technique for the estimation of sarin remaining bound to the soil following solvent extraction as well as for an assessment of the potential toxicity of the contaminated soil in vivo. Bibliographic Information Comparison of several oximes against poisoning by soman, tabun and GF. Lundy P M; Hansen A S; Hand B T; Boulet C A Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Ralston, Alberta, Canada Toxicology (1992), 72(1), 99-105. Journal code: 0361055. ISSN:0300-483X. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 1539175 AN 92169690 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Three oximes currently being evaluated for adoption as replacement nerve agent therapy by various countries were compared for therapeutic efficacy against the toxic organophosphate inhibitors soman and tabun under a standard set of conditions. These oximes together with PAM-Cl and toxogonin, were also compared for efficacy against GF, an agent weaponized by Iraq. The order of effectiveness against soman was HI-6 greater than HLo-7 greater than pyrimidoxime. HLo-7 was very effective against tabun poisoning while HI-6 and pyrimidoxime were of moderate value. Against GF, HI-6 and HLo-7 were extremely effective, toxogonin was moderately effective, and PAM-Cl and pyrimidoxime were the least effective. HI-6 provided a high level of protection against all of the agents tested as did HLo-7 to a slightly lesser degree. The other oximes suffered from their lack of effects against one or more of the organophosphates.

simply RED

April 20th, 2005, 05:17 PM

Great!!! (no more comment i found) Interesting to say: GD is refered somewhere as soman and in some articles as the GD 42 like compounds. [ """"""rg - 42""""" (small symbols) is the cyriclic (bul, rus...) transcription of it. ]

simply RED

April 20th, 2005, 05:17 PM

Great!!! (no more comment i found) Interesting to say: GD is refered somewhere as soman and in some articles as the GD 42 like compounds. [ """"""rg - 42""""" (small symbols) is the cyriclic (bul, rus...) transcription of it. ]

simply RED

April 20th, 2005, 05:17 PM

Great!!! (no more comment i found) Interesting to say: GD is refered somewhere as soman and in some articles as the GD 42 like compounds. [ """"""rg - 42""""" (small symbols) is the cyriclic (bul, rus...) transcription of it. ]

megalomania

April 20th, 2005, 05:18 PM

Bibliographic Information Crystal chemistry and phase manipulation in Synroc. Vance, E. R.; Moricca, S.; Thorogood, G. J.; Lumpkin, G. R. Aust. Nucl. Sci. Technol. Organ., Menai, Australia. Key Engineering Materials (1991), 53-55(Austceram '90), 717-21. CODEN: KEMAEY ISSN: 1013-9826. Journal written in English. CAN 118:259605 AN 1993:259605 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The modification of the titanate ceramic Synroc was studied in terms of decreasing the unstable perovskite phase content, incorporation of process chems., and incorporation of Al-rich and actinide-rich nuclear wastes. A formulation of alkoxidederived Al2O3 (7.8), BaO (11.7), CaO (8.3), TiO2 (54.1), and ZrO2 (18.1 wt.%) produced a mixt. of hollandite and zirconolite when sintered at 1200 in air, but .apprx.10 wt.% perovskite formed when hot pressed at 1200 . A cor. formulation with 30 wt.% simulated high-level waste substitution for ZrO2 still produced a significant amt. of perovskite. Mg from fuel cladding was predicted to be incorporated in a MgTi2O5 phase which was demonstrated to be compatible with the other Synroc phases. P was incorporated in the alloy phase and as Ca3(PO4)2 at higher loadings. Satisfactory Cs leach rates were obtained when

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alkoxide-derived Synroc powders were hot pressed at 1400 phases at loadings as low as 10 wt.% Al2O3.

, but not all Al from the waste was incorporated in the Synroc

Bibliographic Information Study of the efficacy of CC-2 and Fuller's earth combination as a decontaminant against sulfur mustard (mustard gas) dermal intoxication in mice. Kumar, Pravin; Sharma, U. S.; Vijayaraghavan, R. Def. Res. and Dev. Establ., Gwalior, India. Defence Science Journal (1991), 41(4), 363-6. CODEN: DSJOAA ISSN: 0011-748X. Journal written in English. CAN 116:189222 AN 1992:189222 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Decontamination efficacy of Fuller's earth and CC-2 independently; and in different combinations was evaluated against toxicity of sulfur mustard applied percutaneously on mice. Max. protection was obtained with fuller's earth and CC-2 in a combination of 80:20 (wt./wt.). Bibliographic Information Thermochemical analysis of chemical processes relevant to the stability and processing of silicon carbide-reinforced silicon nitride composites. Misra, A. K. NASA Lewis Res. Cent., Sverdrup Technol., Inc., Cleveland, OH, USA. Journal of Materials Science (1991), 26(24), 6591-8. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 116:65309 AN 1992:65309 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chem. processes relevant to the stability and processing of SiC-reinforced Si3N4 composites are examd. from a thermochem. point of view. The thermodn. stability of various interfaces, such as SiC-Si3N4, SiC-Si3N4-Si2ON2, and SiC-Si3N4-SiO2, is examd. as a function of temp. The temps. above which these interfaces become unstable are calcd., and the degrdn. of SiC during the processing of the composite is examd. The processing routes considered in this study include the reaction-bonded Si3N4 process, as well as pressure-assisted sintering processes in the presence of suitable sintering additives. Bibliographic Information Microstructural and chemical effects in alumina implanted with iron at 77 K and annealed in oxidizing or reducing atmospheres. McHargue, C. J.; Sklad, P. S.; White, C. W.; McCallum, J. C.; Perez, A.; Marest, G. Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1991), 6(10), 2160-77. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 115:238068 AN 1991:638068 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Implantation of Fe (160 keV) into -Al2O3 at 77 K produces an amorphous surface layer for fluences 1016-1017 Fe ions/cm2. Measurements of short-range order were made by extended energy loss fine structure anal. The structure of amorphous Al2O3 produced by implantation of Fe at 77 K exhibits short-range order that differs from that produced by stoichiometric (Al + O) implants. This difference is manifested by changes in the Al-O near-neighbor bond length. The local environments of implanted Fe were detd. from conversion electron Moessbauer spectroscopy. The Fe resides in several different local environments consistent with the electronic states of Fe2+, Fe4+, and Fe0. The relative amt. of each environment depends on the concn. (fluence) of the implanted Fe ions. Regrowth of the amorphous zone during annealing occurs in the sequence amorphous Al2O3 -Al2O3 -Al2O3. The kinetics of regrowth and phase sepn. vary with implanted fluence with annealing atm. The higher the concn. of implanted Fe, the slower the formation of Fe-Al2O3 ppt. phases in oxidizing atmospheres and -Fe ppts. in reducing atmospheres. Bibliographic Information Microstructural and chemical effects in alumina implanted with iron at room temperature and annealed in oxidizing or reducing atmospheres. McHargue, C. J.; Sklad, P. S.; White, C. W.; Farlow, G. C.; Perez, A.; Marest, G. Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1991), 6(10), 2145-59. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 115:238067 AN 1991:638067 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract RBS-ion channeling, TEM, and conversion electron Moessbauer spectroscopy were used to det. the structure of -Al2O3 implanted with Fe at room temp. Changes produced by post-implantation annealing in oxidizing and reducing atmospheres were followed using the same methods. Implantation of 160 keV Fe at room temp. produces a damaged but cryst. microstructure for fluences 1 1017 Fe ions/cm2. The Fe resides in a variety of local environments: 3 Fe2+ components, 1 Fe0 component, and 2 Fe4+ components. The relative amt. of each component varies with implantation fluence. Only the Fe0 component seems to be assocd. with 2nd-phase formation. In this case, 2 nm diam. -Fe particles were detected by TEM studies. Recovery of implantation-induced disorder in the Al- and O-sublattices occurs in 2 stages for annealing in O and in 1 continuous stage for H-annealing. The end state for Fe is Fe3+ for O anneals and Fe0 for H anneals. The pptd. phases obsd. are those to be expected from the equil. phase diagrams. Bibliographic Information Grain boundaries in high thermal conductivity aluminum nitride. McKernan, Stuart; Norton, M. Grant; Carter, C. Barry. Dep. Mater. Sci. Eng., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1991), 203(Electron. Packag. Mater. Sci. 5), 229-34. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 115:237865 AN 1991:637865 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The benefits of AlN as a substrate material for the electronics packaging industry appear to be limited by the deleterious effects of boundaries in the polycryst. material. Some observations on different types of boundary in AlN using several complementary techniques are reported. Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy anal. of grain boundaries shows that there is O at the grain boundaries, in agreement with previous work. No variation in the grain-boundary chem. was detected in the proximity of Y2O3-rich particles. The apparent increase in the O peak is probably due to an increased width of the oxide layer close to the triple junction. Bibliographic Information Modified CVD of nanoscale structures in and EVD of thin layers on porous ceramic membranes. De Haart, L. G. J.; Lin, Y. S.; De Vries, K. J.; Burggraaf, A. J. Fac. Chem. Technol., Univ. Twente, Enschede, Neth. Journal of the European Ceramic Society

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(1991), 8(1), 59-70. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 115:213226 AN 1991:613226 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Expts. on the modified CVD and the electrochem. vapor deposition (EVD) of Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2 on porous substrates are reported. In the CVD stage, deposition occurs in a small (<20 m) region at the edge of the substrate, very likely leading to pore narrowing. This result illustrates the feasibility of the CVD technique for the modification of ceramic membranes to the (sub)nanometer scale. Film growth in the EVD stage is controlled by the in-pore diffusion of the O source reactant for short (<5 h) deposition times. The Y2O3/ZrO2 ratio in the deposited film is detd. by the ratio present in the vapor phase. Very thin ( 2 m) films can be deposited, which have a potential application in solid oxide fuel cells. Bibliographic Information Thermal stability of ceramic fiber in a CVI-processed silicon carbide matrix composite. Lin, W.; Yang, J. M. Dep. Mater. Sci. Eng., Univ. California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Journal of Materials Science (1991), 26(15), 4116-22. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 115:140940 AN 1991:540940 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The thermal stability of the HPZ (Si-C-O-N system from hydridopolysilazane polymer precursor) fiber in a chem. vapor infiltration (CVI)-processed SiC matrix composite was studied. The mech. properties and fracture behavior of the untreated and SiC-coated fibers after thermal exposure at different temps. and atmospheres were characterized. At <1000 , the strength degrdn. is negligible. However, severe degrdn. occurs at >1000 due to the evolution of CO, SiO, and other gaseous species. Also, pyrolytic C coating is needed to tailor the interfacial bond strength in the HPZ/SiC composites. Bibliographic Information Reaction chemistry at joined interfaces between silicon nitride and aluminum. Ning, X. S.; Okamoto, T.; Miyamoto, Y.; Koreeda, A.; Suganuma, K. Inst. Sci. Ind. Res., Osaka Univ., Osaka, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1991), 26(15), 4142-9. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 115:118946 AN 1991:518946 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Joined interfaces of hot-isostatically pressed, additive-free Si3N4 ceramic/Al braze bonded at 1073 K for 18 ks or at 1473 K for 1.8 ks in a vacuum of 1.3 mPa and of -Si3N4 powder/Al powder interfaces bonded at 1073 K for 1.8 ks or 18 ks in the same vacuum were examd. by anal. TEM and x-ray diffraction. Mullite, some small crystals, and '-Sialon were detected at the interface of the ceramic/Al braze bonded at the low temp. and 15R AlN-polytype Sialon, '-Sialon, AlN, mullite, and SiO2Al2O3 noncryst. material were detected at interfaces bonded at 1473 K. At the powder interface, AlN, and Si were also detected besides '-Sialon and the SiO2-Al2O3 noncryst. material, even though the bonding was conducted at the low temp. The interfacial reactions of the joints were affected not only by the bonding temp., but also by the oxide formed at the interface before bonding occurred. Bibliographic Information Thermo-mechanical properties and oxidation resistance of zirconia CVI matrix composites: 2 - thermal properties and oxidation resistance. Minet, J.; Langlais, F.; Naslain, R. Lab. Chim. Solide, Univ. Bordeaux, Talence, Fr. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1991), 7(5), 283-93. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 115:118899 AN 1991:518899 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract ZrO2 matrix composites, prepd. by chem. vapor infiltration (CVI) from preforms (Al2O3 or C fibers) having a 2 (or pseudo-3-) dimensional character, were studied from a thermal behavior and resistance to oxidn. standpoint. The ZrO2 vol. fraction and residual porosity were within the 0.30-0.75 and 0.10-0.25 ranges, resp. The expts. were carried out 1500 . Thermal expansion is low and almost reversible for the C-ZrO2 composites whereas it is more significant and partly irreversible for the Al2O3-ZrO2 composites. The Al2O3-ZrO2 composites exhibit an insulating character at >1000 , comparable to that of sintered ZrO2, whereas the C-ZrO2 composites have a thermal cond. equal to that of sintered Al2O3 at >1000 . The resistance to oxidn. by air is acceptable at moderate temps. and for short exposures. Under more severe conditions, damaging phenomena occur (i.e., grain growth, oxidn. of the C preform or BN interphase) which are detrimental to the mech. behavior. Bibliographic Information Efficacy of an oximate-based skin decontaminant against organophosphate nerve agents determined in vivo and in vitro. Sawyer, Thomas W.; Parker, Deborah; Thomas, Norleen; Weiss, M. Tracy; Bide, Richard W. Def. Res. Establ., Suffield/Ralston, AB, Can. Toxicology (1991), 67(3), 267-77. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 115:87007 AN 1991:487007 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Recent Canadian research efforts have been directed towards the development of a reactive skin decontaminant (RSD) lotion active against classical nerve agents and mustard. The formulation presently under study consists of a 1.25 m soln. of potassium 2,3-butanedione monoximate (KBDO) in polyethylene glycol Me ether 550. Although this formulation has shown good efficacy, concern has been expressed as to the potential toxicity of the reaction products of KBDO and organophosphate (OP) nerve agents. This report describes the high efficacy of this lotion in inactivating OPs as measured by the systemic toxicity of the OP/RSD mixts. in rats. In addn., primary cultures of chick embryo neurons were also used to test the efficacy of the RSD. By relating the anticholinesterase activity in these cultures of the OP/RSD mixt. to that of pure OP stds., a sensitive measure of the value of the RSD in inactivating tabun, sarin, soman and VX was obtained. Expts. with all 4 nerve agents in this in vitro system provided a good correlation with the in vivo data, and also indicated that the inactivation process was timeand agent-dependent and also related to the ratio of OP to RSD. Bibliographic Information Refractory ceramic foams: a novel, new high-temperature structure. Sherman, Andrew J.; Tuffias, Robert H.; Kaplan, Richard B. Ultramet Corp., Pacoima, CA, USA. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (1991), 70(6), 1025-7, 1029. CODEN: ACSBA7 ISSN: 0002-7812. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 115:33992 AN 1991:433992 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

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A review with 6 refs. Chem.-vapor infiltration (CVI) enables prepn. of the porous cellular structure. The fabrication of such a structure begins with the pyrolysis of a resin-impregnated thermosetting foam to obtain a reticulated C foam skeleton. The foam ligaments can then be coated with a variety of materials (metals, oxides, nitrides, carbides, borides, silicides, etc.), either singly or as hybrid, layered, alloyed, or graded structures. During this process, 10-1000 m of the desired material(s) are deposited onto the foam ligaments by CVI. The thermomech. properties of the resultant structure are dominated by the properties of the deposit, becoming independent of the c properties at very small material loadings. With precise control over the variables available, it is possible to obtain the simultaneous optimization of stiffness, strength, thermal cond., overall wt. and environmental resistance. Bibliographic Information Chemical control in precipitation of spherical zirconia particles. Lerot, L.; Legrand, F.; De Bruycker, P. Lab. Cent. Rech., Solvay et Cie, Brussels, Belg. Journal of Materials Science (1991), 26(9), 2353-8. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 115:13964 AN 1991:413964 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Monodisperse spherical ZrO2 particles were pptd. by hydrolysis of alc. solns. of Zr alkoxides in the presence of long-chain carboxylic acids. The particle size can be finely tuned from 0.1 to 2.5 m by controlling the concn. of Zr alkoxide, the water/Zr ratio, the nature of alc. from EtOH to BuOH, the nature of carboxylic acid from caproic to oleic acid, and its concn. The relations among the induction time before nucleation, the particle size, and all the above parameters are tentatively explained on the grounds of the soly. of the carboxy-alkoxide derivs. and their tendency to form micelles. Calcination of pptd. powders at 300600 produces mixts. of varying compn. from cubic to monoclinic phases of small crystallite sizes and brings out the loss of surface area and org. content. Different conditions of drying powders lead to variously ordered microstructures. Bibliographic Information Stability of zirconia-ceria-yttria ceramics in hostile environments. Leach, C.; Khan, N. Dep. Mater., Imp. Coll. Sci., Technol. Med., London, UK. Journal of Materials Science (1991), 26(8), 2026-30. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 114:212576 AN 1991:212576 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The phase chem., elec. cond. in air and forming gas, and stability in warm humid environments of ZrO2-CeO2-Y2O3 ceramics are described. The compns. studied lie between 12 mol% CeO2/88 mol% ZrO2 and 3 mol% Y2O3/97 mol% ZrO2 and fall within the tetragonal phase field of this ternary system. At 700 , reducing atms. affected only the cond. of the end-member CeO2-ZrO2 ceramic, having no effect on the ternary compns. Compns. contg. >10 mol% CeO2 were more stable to stabilizer loss in water vapor at 132 than those contg. <10 mol% CeO2. Bibliographic Information A mathematical model for chemical vapor infiltration with microwave heating and external cooling. Gupta, Deepak; Evans, James W. Lawrence Berkeley Lab., Univ. California, Berkeley, CA, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1991), 6(4), 810-18. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 114:191000 AN 1991:191000 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A math. model was used to compute temp. profiles in ceramic preforms that are heated by microwaves. The temp. profiles were then input to a 2nd part of the model describing chem. vapor infiltration of the preform, that is the diffusion of gaseous reactants, heterogeneous reaction, and evolution of the pore structure. Equations were solved numerically for parameters corresponding to the infiltration of SiC preforms by pyrolysis of MeSiCl3. While based on some simplifications, the model leads to the conclusion that infiltration proceeds more rapidly, and to a greater extent, with microwave heating/external cooling than in isothermal infiltration. The model suggests that infiltration might be optimized by manipulation of microwave power and external cooling. The computed extent of infiltration is very sensitive to the initial pore size. Bibliographic Information Preparation of silicon carbide powders by chemical-vapor deposition of the dichlorodimethylsilane-hydrogen system. Chen, Lidong; Goto, Takashi; Hirai, Toshio. Inst. Mater. Res., Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1990), 25(11), 4614-21. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 113:236356 AN 1990:636356 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract SiC powders were prepd. by chem.-vapor deposition using (Me)2SiCl2 and H2 as source gases at 1273-1673 K. Various kinds of SiC powders such as amorphous powder, -type single-phase powder, and composite powder were obtained. The composite powders contained free Si and/or free C phases of a few nanometers in diam. All the particles obsd. were spherical in shape and uniform in size. The particle size increased from 45 to 130 nm with decreasing reaction temp. and gas flow rate and with increasing reactant concn. The lattice parameter of the -SiC particles decreased with increasing reaction temp. All the lattice parameters were larger than those of bulk -SiC. Bibliographic Information Thermodynamics for the preparation of silicon carbide-carbon nanocomposites by chemical-vapor deposition. Wang, Y.; Sasaki, M.; Goto, T.; Hirai, T. Inst. Mater. Res., Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1990), 25(11), 4607-13. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 113:236355 AN 1990:636355 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract SiC-C nanocomposites covering every possible combination of C and SiC were prepd. by chem.-vapor deposition. The specific compns. of the deposits were controlled by changing the Si/C molar ratio in the source gases at deposition temps. 1673-1873 K and total gas pressures 6.7-40 kPa using the SiCl4-C3H8-H2 system. The prediction, based on the thermodn. calcn. on compn., morphol. and deposition rate, was compared with exptl. results. The optimal deposition conditions predicted by the calcns. were nearly in agreement with the exptl. results. Bibliographic Information

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Thermomechanical properties and oxidation resistance of zirconia CVI-matrix composites: 1 - mechanical behavior. Minet, J.; Langlais, F.; Quenisset, J. M.; Naslain, R. Lab. Chim. Solide, Univ. Bordeaux, Talence, Fr. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1989), 5(6), 341-56. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 113:216698 AN 1990:616698 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The mech. behavior of various ZrO2-based fibrous composites was studied at ambient and high temps. The composites were prepd. by ZrO2-chem.-vapor infiltration (CVI) densification, from preforms made of Al2O3 or C fibers consolidated with a small amt. of Al2O3, pyrocarbon or hexagonal BN. When loaded under compression at room temp., 2-dimensional (2-D) C-C/ZrO2 composites exhibit mech. behavior similar to that already reported for the related 2-D-C-C/SiC, 2-D-C-C/B4C, 2-D-C-C/TiC or 2-D-C-C/BN materials with: a linear elastic domain, a damaging domain prior to failure, and an anisotropy which decreases as ZrO2 vol. fraction is raised. Under 3-point bending, the Al2O3-ZrO2 composites behave, at room temp., in a nonbrittle manner when the preform has been consolidated by BN, with crack deviation and pull-out phenomena. The variations of the stiffness and strength vs. ZrO2 vol. fraction obey exponential laws at room temp. Finally, the Al2O3-ZrO2 composites keep their strength and rigidity .ltorsim.1000 under an atm. of Ar/H. Bibliographic Information Low-temperature MOCVD of silicon-based ceramic films. Du, Honghua; Bae, Yongwoong; Gallois, Bernard; Gonsalves, Kenneth E. Dep. Mater. Sci. Eng., Stevens Inst. Technol., Hoboken, NJ, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1990), 168(Chem. Vap. Deposition Refract. Met. Ceram.), 331-6. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 113:196275 AN 1990:596275 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A liq. methylsilazane compd., [MeSiHNH]n, was used, with H2, NH3, and a 60%/40% NH3/H2 mixt., to deposit Si-based ceramic films in a metalorg. chem.-vapor-deposition (MOCVD) reactor at 873-1073 K. Characterization of the films by ellipsometry and FTIR and Auger electron spectrometry showed that the methylsilazane was pyrolyzed to form Si carbonitride in H2 and Si3N4 in both NH3 and NH3/H2, with the incorporation of appreciable amts. of O. The deposition rate increased and the activation energy decreased in order from NH3-, NH3/H2-, and H2-[MeSiHNH]n gas mixts. The temp. dependence of the structural d. of the films increased in the same order. Bibliographic Information Modeling transport, reaction, and pore structure evolution during densification of cellular or fibrous structures. Sotirchos, Stratis V.; Tomadakis, Manolis M. Dep. Chem. Eng., Univ. Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1990), 168(Chem. Vap. Deposition Refract. Met. Ceram.), 73-8. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 113:196263 AN 1990:596263 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A math. model is developed to describe mass transport, reaction, and structure evolution during densification of porous media of initially fibrous or cellular structure. The use of Monte Carlo simulation procedures for detg. the variation of the local (av.) structural properties of the porous structure and of the effective diffusion coeffs. in the porous medium with the porosity is also discussed, and results are presented for Knudsen diffusion in cellular or fibrous media. The model is used to theor. study the transient behavior of the densification process during prepn. of SiC/SiC ceramic matrix composites by chem. vapor infiltration of porous preforms. Particular emphasis is placed on the investigation of the effects of pressure pulsing on the d. gradients in the densifying structure. Bibliographic Information Analytical simulation of an improved CVI [chemical vapor infiltration] process for forming highly densified ceramic composites. Tai, Nyan Hwa; Chou, Tsu Wei. Cent. Compos. Mater., Univ. Delaware, Newark, DE, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1990), 168(Chem. Vap. Deposition Refract. Met. Ceram.), 61-6. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 113:196261 AN 1990:596261 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A model for chem.-vapor infiltration (CVI) under pressure and temp. gradients is applied to the study of deposition of SiC from the pyrolysis of MeSiCl3 within a 3-dimensional (3-D) woven fibrous preform. The model considers the infiltration of reactants into a preform with temp. gradients by applying a pressure gradient between the vapor inlet and outlet; it also takes into account the variation in concn. of the vapor precursor. A quasi-steady-state approach was adopted to stimulate the matrix deposition in a 3-D unit cell. The d. distribution, consolidation profile, and total fabrication period were theor. predicted. Bibliographic Information Formation of novel sintered composites by high-pressure crystallization of amorphous ceramics. Onodera, Akifumi; Takahashi, Norikazu; Yoshihara, Haruyuki; Nakae, Hiroyuki; Matsunami, Yukio; Hirai, Toshio. Fac. Eng. Sci., Osaka Univ., Toyonaka, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1990), 25(9), 4157-61. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 113:176879 AN 1990:576879 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A combination of chem.-vapor deposition (CVD) and high-pressure (HP) sintering methods were used to prep. the zincblende form of BN (z-BN)-based ceramic composites. The CVD method provides amorphous B-N-X (X = Al, Si, or Ti). The HP method renders the amorphous samples cryst., and decompn. into z-BN plus the resp. nitride (e.g., -Si3N4) occurs. Compacts of the composites are obtained by in situ sintering under high pressure. The compacts exhibit peculiar microstructures composed of z-BN nanocrystals homogeneously dispersed in the nitride matrixes. Bibliographic Information Characterization of ceramic matrix composites fabricated by chemical vapor infiltration. Stinton, D. P.; Hembree, D. M., Jr.; More, K. L.; Sheldon, B. W.; Besmann, T. M. Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1990), 168(Chem. Vap. Deposition Refract. Met. Ceram.), 273-80. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 02729172. Journal written in English. CAN 113:176787 AN 1990:576787 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract

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A process for the prepn. of fiber-reinforced SiC composites by chem.-vapor deposition has been developed at Oak Ridge National Lab. Composites are prepd. by infiltrating fibrous preforms with reactant gases that decomp. at elevated temps. to deposit SiC between and around the fibers. Because the infiltration process utilizes both temp. and pressure gradients, SiC is deposited under conditions that vary considerably from the hot face to the cool face of the composite. Matrix characterization of composite samples by TEM and Raman spectroscopy are described. Bibliographic Information Analysis and testing of the metal parts furnace for the demilitarization of chemical warfare munitions. Fournier, Ronald L.; Horne, Deane A.; Rinker, Franklin G.; Jackson, Kerm. Dep. Chem. Eng., Univ. Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA. Journal of Hazardous Materials (1990), 23(1), 1-20. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 113:137967 AN 1990:537967 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract At the Chem. Agent Munitions Disposal System (CAMDS) located to Tooele Army Depot, Utah, the munition metal parts contg. <5% residual agent are thermally decontaminated in roller hearth-type furnace, the Metal Parts Furnace (MPF). The drained munitions are heated to >1000 F for 15 min to insure complete destruction of any remaining agent residue. During this heating process the residual agent vaporizes. The vaporized agent burns within the MPF and the MPF afterburner prior to treatment of the combustion product gases in the pollution abatement system. Agent vaporization is a rapid unsteady process with peak Btu loadings on the MPF of 10 million Btu/h. Since there are 14 different munition types contg. 3 different types of chem. agents, ranging from a load of 96 105-mm projectiles contg. as little as 0.08 lbs of the nerve agent GB per projectile to a ton container with 80 lbs of the nerve agent VX, the control system of the MPF system must be flexible enough to handle a wide variety of thermal loads. To evaluate and predict the performance of the MPF, tests were performed at CAMDS by using a variety of munitions contg. chem. agent simulants. The simulants were selected on the basis of comparable b.ps., heat of vaporization, and heat of combustion. A math. model of the MPF was developed to predict the heating rate of the munition and the vaporization profiles of the agents and their simulants. The results of the model were compared to simulant testing in ton containers at CAMDS. The results show good agreement with the math. model predictions. Bibliographic Information Powder preparation and compaction behavior of fine-grained yttria-doped tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (Y-TZP). Groot Zevert, W. F. M.; Winnubst, A. J. A.; Theunissen, G. S. A. M.; Burggraaf, A. J. Fac. Chem. Technol., Univ. Twente, Enschede, Neth. Journal of Materials Science (1990), 25(8), 3449-55. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 113:119698 AN 1990:519698 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Two wet chem. prepn. methods are described for Y2O3-doped tetragonal ZrO2 powders. Both methods yield powders with an extremely small crystallite size (8 nm) and a narrow size distribution. The agglomerate and aggregate structure of these powders was investigated by several techniques. Gel pptn. from an alkoxide soln. in water (alkoxide synthesis) results in a ceramic powder with irregular-shaped weak and porous agglomerates, which are built up from dense aggregates with a size of 18 nm. Gel ppts. formed from a metal-chloride soln. in NH3 (chloride synthesis) do not contain aggregates. Both types of agglomerate are fractured during isostatic compaction. Hydrolysis and washing under (strong) basic conditions probably decrease the degree of aggregation. The aggregate morphol. and structure are key parameters in the microstructure development during sintering of a ceramic. Several characteristics of these powders are compared with those of a com. one (Toyo Soda TZ3Y). Bibliographic Information Preparation of titanium carbide plates by chemical vapor deposition. Jiang, Chorn Cherng; Goto, Takashi; Hirai, Toshio. Inst. Mater. Res., Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1990), 25(2A), 1086-93. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 00222461. Journal written in English. CAN 112:144385 AN 1990:144385 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Thick TeCx plates were prepd. by chem.-vapor deposition using TiCl4, CCl4, and H2 as source gases at deposition temps. (Tdep) 1573-1873 K, total gas pressures (Ptot) 4-40 kPa, and source gas molar ratio [CCl4/(TiCl4 + CCl4)] (mc) 0.13-0.91. The effects of deposition conditions on the microstructure, preferred orientation, deposition rate, lattice parameter, and compn. were studied. A plate-like TiCx was obtained at mc 0.5. The (110) plane was preferably oriented parallel to the deposition surface at Tdep 1673-1873 K. The deposition rates showed a strong mc dependence and the max. rate was found at mc = 0.3-0.5. The activation energies for the formation of TiCx plates were 86 kJ/mol at Ptot = 4 kPa and 95 kJ/mol at Ptot = 40 kPa. When mc values were 0.13-0.51, the lattice parameter increased with increasing mc >0.72 at all Tdep. The at. ratio (C:Ti) for TiCx was 0.6-1.0 depending on deposition conditions. Bibliographic Information Characterization and processing of CVD powders for fabrication of composite and compound ceramics. Hori, Saburo; Shigaki, Yoshiki; Hirata, Yoshihiro; Yoshimura, Masahiro; Somiya, Shigeyuki. Kureha Chem. Ind. Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1989), 155(Process. Sci. Adv. Ceram.), 3-12. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 112:144279 AN 1990:144279 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Two-component oxide powders were prepd. in the systems Al2O3-ZrO2, AliO3-TiO2, and Al2O3-SiO2 by a chem.-vapor deposition (CVD) method using a combustion flame for the purpose of fabricating resp. composite or compd. ceramics. The CVD powders were spherical and ultrafine (av. 30-70 nm) with log-normal size distribution, and exhibited either very homogeneous or nanoheterogeneous structure and crystallog. metastability in phases and solid soln. By starting from these CVD powders, uniform microstructures were achieved in the sintered products and better sinterability and novel microstructure became possible due to the metastability which reflected the formation mechanism of 2-component powders at high temps. CVD powders, previously considered difficult to sinter, proved to be excellent starting materials for fabrication of composite and compd. ceramics when improved processing methods were applied. Bibliographic Information Preparation of silicon carbide powders by chemical vapor deposition from the silane-methane-hydrogen system. Chen, Lidong; Goto, Takashi; Hirai, Toshio. Inst. Mater. Res., Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1989), 24(11), 3824-30. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 112:41177 AN 1990:41177 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

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Chem. vapor deposition (CVD) from the SiH4 + CH4 + H2 system was used to prep. -SiC powders at 1523-1673 K. The powders obtained at 1673 K were single-phase -SiC contg. neither free Si or free C. The powders obtained at <1623 K were composite powders contg. free Si. The carburization ratio (SiC/SiC + Si)) increased with increasing reaction temp. and total gas flow rate, and with decreasing reactant concn. The av. particle sizes detd. by TEM were 46-114 nm. The particle size increased with increasing reaction temp. and gas concn. but decreased with increasing gas flow rate. The -SiC particles obtained at <1623 K consisted of a Si core and a -SiC shell, as opposed to the -SiC particles obtained at 1673 K, which were hollow. IR absorption peaks were obsd. at 940 and 810 cm-1 for particles contg. a Si core, whereas a single peak at .apprx.830 cm-1 with a shoulder at .apprx.930 cm-1 was obsd. for the -SiC hollow particles. The lattice parameter of -SiC having a carburization ratio <70 wt. %, was larger than that of bulk -SiC and decreased with increasing carburization ratio. However, when the carburization ratio was >70 wt.%, the lattice parameter became approx. equal to that of bulk -SiC. Bibliographic Information The interaction of chemical kinetics and diffusion in the dynamics of chemical vapor infiltration. Middleman, Stanley. Dep. Ames/Chem. Eng., Univ. California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1989), 4(6), 1515-24. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 112:24678 AN 1990:24678 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The classical model of chem. vapor infiltration treats diffusion and surface reaction in a representative cylindrical pore. Two significant modifications to that approach are presented. One accounts for more complex chem. by allowing for both gasphase and surface reactions which lead to film growth. The other couples the pore model to a reactor model for the region external to the porous preform. The results demonstrate that it is possible to select chem. schemes that yield densification from the interior to the exterior of the preform, thus avoiding premature trapping of interior voids. Bibliographic Information The colloid chemistry of ceramic membranes. Xu, Qunyin; Gieselmann, Mary J.; Anderson, Marc A. Water Chem. Program, Univ. Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA. Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering (1989), 61 889-93. CODEN: PMSEDG ISSN: 0743-0515. Journal written in English. CAN 111:238343 AN 1989:638343 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The colloid chem. in sol-gel processing for prepg. particulate ceramic membranes is a key tool used for tailoring membrane structures. The chem.-phys. variables in hydrolysis and peptization processes control the particle nature in sols, which is directly related to the gelation process and particle packing geometry in the hydrogel. The pore structure of membranes is mainly detd. by the size of primary particles rather than by that of aggregates. TiO2 membranes with mean pore diam. 1.83.0 nm were prepd. from primary particles <10 nm. A larger variety of pore structures in membranes, including broader pore size range and more narrow size distributions, can be made by controlling sol-gel processing conditions to serve a large range of applications. Bibliographic Information Chemical vapor deposition of ultrafine ceramic structures. Gallois, B. M.; Mathur, R.; Lee, S. R.; Yoo, J. Y. Dep. Mater. Metall. Eng., Stevens Inst. Technol., Hoboken, NJ, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1989), Volume Date 1988, 132(Multicompon. Ultrafine Microstruct.), 49-60. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 111:238219 AN 1989:638219 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Ultrafine ceramic structures based on the nitrides and carbides of Ti and Si were prepd. in a computer-controlled hot-wall chem.-vapor deposition (CVD) reactor. Layered deposits were produced by pulsing the reactant gases judiciously under software control. The development of a columnar structure which is endemic to most CVD materials was suppressed. Skeletal structures of filaments were grown with appropriate catalysts by the vapor-liq.-solid mechanism and immediately infiltrated in situ with different materials to produce filament-reinforced composite coatings. Ultrafine-grained C films and filaments were grown from CH4-H mixts. by plasma-assisted CVD. The microstructural features of these materials are of the order 20-100 nm. The subgrain structure detd. by Raman spectroscopy varies at 2-3 nm. Bibliographic Information Stability to moisture for chemically vapor-deposited boron nitride. Matsuda, T. Japan Met. and Chem. Co. Ltd., Gunma, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1989), 24(7), 2353-7. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 111:82901 AN 1989:482901 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chem. vapor-deposited BN (CVD-BN) plates, prepd. from the BCl3-NH3-H2 gas system, were studied in terms of stability to moisture by IR spectroscopic measurement, chem. anal., and TG. The synthesis conditions of CVD-BN plates have a large effect on their stability to moisture. The stability of CVD-BN plates prepd. under a total gas pressure (Ptot) of 10-60 torr degraded as the deposition temp. (Tdep) decreased. The CVD-BN plates with transparent and isotropic properties, which were prepd. at <1400 and >10 torr, showed poor stability to moisture. The CVD-BN plates synthesized under 5 torr had high moisture-resistance, even at a Tdep 1400 . An IR absorption spectra revealed that the unstable species existing in CVD-BN plates had changed to ammonium borate hydrates by reacting with moisture in the atm. The stability to moisture for CVD-BN plates degraded as the deposition rate increased, esp. for the CVD-BN plates prepd. at 1400 . Bibliographic Information Interfacial chemistry-structure and fracture of ceramic composites. Schoenlein, L. H.; Jones, R. H.; Henager, C. H.; Schilling, C. H.; Gac, F. Pac. Northwest Lab., Richland, WA, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1988), 120(High Temp./High Perform. Compos.), 313-21. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 110:119795 AN 1989:119795 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The interfacial chem. and phases of SiC-reinforced Si3N4 composites were studied by TEM with assocd. x-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy microanal. and Auger electron spectroscopy. Hot-pressed Si3N4 (HPSN) composites reinforced with Nicalon SiC fibers or Tateho SiC whiskers and reaction-bonded Si3N4 (RBSN) composites reinforced with uncoated or coated VLS SiC

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whiskers were evaluated. In the Nicalon fiber-reinforced HPSN, an interfacial phase composed of a layer of amorphous C and an adjacent layer of graphitic C was obsd. and is believed to assist fiber pull-out during fracture of the composite. However, the fracture strength and toughness of these composites were considerably less than those of unreinforced HPSN. HPSN composites reinforced with Tateho SiC whiskers contained an interfacial phase believed to be similar to the intergranular phase found in the HPSN matrix. In RBSN composites fabricated with an Fe2O3 sintering aid, the VLS SiC whiskers were severely faceted by a reactive Fe silicide phase despite C, BN, or SiO2 coatings on the whiskers. When no sintering aid was used, the uncoated whiskers were not degraded and appeared to be strongly bounded to the RBSN matrix. The composites reinforced with SiO2-coated whiskers possessed the highest fracture strength and toughness, and the composites reinforced with the BNcoated whiskers possessed the lowest fracture strength and toughness. Bibliographic Information Theoretical analysis of chemical vapor infiltration in ceramic/ceramic composites. Tai, Nyan Hwa; Chou, Tsu Wei. Dep. Mech. Eng., Univ. Delaware, Newark, DE, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1988), 120(High Temp./High Perform. Compos.), 185-92. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 110:119788 AN 1989:119788 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A model for the deposition of Al2O3 and TiC with a ceramic fiber bundle from the chem. reactions was studied. The model considers vapor diffusion, chem. reaction on the inner surface of the capillary, deposition film growth, porosity, and effects of reactant compns. at various reactor temps. and pressures. Binary, multicomponent diffusion and Knudsen diffusion account for the different stages of the chem.-vapor-infiltration (CVI) process. Furthermore, both diffusion-controlled and reactioncontrolled processes were examd. to det. the dominating process in CVI. Bibliographic Information Fracture behavior of 3-D braided Nicalon/silicon carbide composite. Yang, J. M.; Chou, J. C.; Burkland, C. V. Dep. Mater. Sci. Eng., Univ. California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1988), 120(High Temp./ High Perform. Compos.), 163-8. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 110:119785 AN 1989:119785 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The fracture behavior of a 3-dimensional (3-D) braided Nicalon fiber-reinforced SiC matrix composite processed by chem. vapor infiltration (CVI) was studied. The fracture toughness and thermal shock resistance under various thermomech. loadings were characterized. A tough and durable structural ceramic composite can be achieved through the combination of 3-D fiber architecture and the low-temp. CVI processing. Bibliographic Information Chemical interactions in ceramic and carbon-carbon composites. Luthra, Krishan L. Corp. Res. Dev., Gen. Electr. Co., Schenectady, NY, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1988), 125(Mater. Stab. Environ. Degrad.), 53-60. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 110:119676 AN 1989:119676 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review with 10 refs. The useful lives of many ceramic composites are affected, if not controlled, by chem. interactions between various constituents and the gas environment. Thermochem. calcns. are extremely valuable in evaluating these concerns. Examples of many possible concerns are presented. The usefulness of a thermochem. approach is demonstrated by a somewhat detailed discussion of the oxidn. protection of C/C composites. This includes discussion of the various possible rate-limiting steps and the detrimental effects of CO gas formed as a result of C oxidn. Bibliographic Information Consolidation of silicon nitride (Si3N4) powder-preform by infiltration of boron nitride using the pulse CVI [chemical vapor infiltration] process. Sugiyama, Kohzo; Ohsawa, Yoshimi. Fac. Eng., Nagoya Univ., Nagoya, Japan. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1988), 7(11), 1221-4. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 110:62400 AN 1989:62400 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract BN infiltration into a Si3N4 powder preform, as a model of pulse chem.-vapor infiltration and means of consolidating powder preforms, is reported. The resulting samples were studied using SEM and electron microprobe x-ray microanal. and the effect on flexural strength was detd. The BN matrix deposits tightly among the particles of Si3N4. Bibliographic Information Bonding in aluminum phosphate ceramics prepared at low temperatures. Silsbee, Michael R.; Roy, D. M. Dep. Mater. Sci. Eng., Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1988), 114(Bonding Cem. Compos.), 295-300. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 109:114885 AN 1988:514885 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The process of chem. binding involves the transformation of a powder into a single contiguous mass. This process is likely to involve considerable structural rearrangement. The presence of a liq. phase offers a low energy pathway for the movement of ions required to achieve this rearrangement. The presence of the liq. phase alone is not sufficient to insure a successful transformation. Thermodn. considerations govern the ultimate reaction products, and the structure and chem. reactivity of the starting materials play a major role in the binding reaction. The ability of the solid phases to release ions for transport is important. Al(OH)3 served as a source of Al ions that reacted with the phosphate ions already in soln. to form an amorphous phase binding the less reactive -Al2O3 and AlPO4 particles together. The addn. of relatively small amts. of amorphous SiO2 altered the reaction products rather drastically. Bibliographic Information Detectors in battle. Powell, R. J. UK. Chemistry in Britain (1988), 24(7), 665, 667, 669. CODEN: CHMBAY ISSN: 0009-3106. Journal written in English. CAN 109:78950 AN 1988:478950 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

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The operating principle and design of 2 chem. warfare agent detectors are discussed. Both of the detectors have electrochem. cells which respond to nerve agents (tabun, sarin, VX) and to HCN. Bibliographic Information Density and deposition rate of chemical-vapor-deposited boron nitride. Matsuda, Toshitsugu; Nakae, Hiroyuki; Hirai, Toshio. Japan Met. Chem. Co., Ltd., Gunma, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1988), 23(2), 509-14. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 00222461. Journal written in English. CAN 108:191407 AN 1988:191407 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The d. and deposition rate characteristics were studied of chem.-vapor-deposited BN (CVD-BN) plates synthesized by use of the BCl3-NH3-H2 system at deposition temp. (Idep) 1200-2000 and total gas pressure (Ptot) 5-60 torr. At Ptot, all the CVDBN plates synthesized at each Tdep above 1300 had a d. >2.0 g/cm3 and thus showed no noticeable dependence on Idep. Over the Ptot range from 10-60 torr, on the other hand, the d. of the plates reached the max. of 2.08 g/cm3 at Tdep 2000 . As Tdep was lowered, the d. decreased to a min. of 1.40 g/cm3. The deposition rate varied with both Tdep and Ptot and showed a max. value under a certain Ptot at a given Tdep. The value of Ptot where the deposition rate becomes max. changed depending on the Tdep. The max. deposition rate was 0.6 mm/h for the CVD-BN plates when the d. was <2.0 g/cm3 and 0.4 mm/h when the d. was >2.0 g/cm3. The effects of deposition conditions on the characteristics of the d. and deposition rate are discussed in terms of the structure and deposition mechanism. Bibliographic Information Synthesis and catalytic activity of surfactant analogs of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine. Katritzky, Alan R.; Duell, Bradley L.; Durst, H. Dupont. Dep. Chem., Univ. Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. Langmuir (1987), 3(6), 976-82. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 107:197237 AN 1987:597237 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Seven surfactants have been synthesized, each contg. a 4-(dialkylamino)pyridine moiety carrying an 8-10-carbon chain with an attached polar or charged group. Two of the compds. fall into the neutral charge category, two are cationic, two are zwitterionic, and one is anionic. Rates of hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl hexanoate and 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl methylphosphonofluoridate by each surfactant were measured, both with and without added cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC). The most active deriv. was sodium 10-[butyl(4-pyridinyl)amino]decyl sulfate. The present catalysts, in contrast to the iodosobenzoates, show poor rate enhancements in the hydrolysis of fluorophosphonates. Bibliographic Information High temperature evaporation characteristics of amorphous Si3N4-C composite prepared by chemical vapor deposition. Goto, Takashi; Hirai, Toshio. Inst. Mater. Res., Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1987), 22(8), 2842-6. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 107:119869 AN 1987:519869 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Evapn. characteristics of amorphous Si3N4 and amorphous Si3N4-C composite (6 wt.% C) prepd. by the chem.-vapor deposition (CVD) were studied at 1400-1650 in a vacuum of .apprx.10-6 torr. The wt. loss due to the evapn. was linear with time for all samples tested. The evapn. rate of the amorphous CVD-(Si3N4-C) composite was 50-70% of that for the amorphous CVD-Si3N4. The activation energy for evapn., calcd. from the temp. dependence of the evapn. rates, was .apprx.160 kcal/mol for both samples. The C dispersed in the amorphous CVD-(Si3N4-C) composite reacted at the time of heat-treatment with the amorphous Si3N4 matrix and formed -SiC particles. The -SiC particles were .apprx.100 nm in diam. and connected to form a 3-dimensional network structure. Bibliographic Information Influence of synthesis chemistry on alumina-zirconia powder characteristics. Debsikdar, J. C. Battelle Columbus Div., Columbus, OH, USA. Journal of Materials Science (1987), 22(6), 2237-47. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 107:44957 AN 1987:444957 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chem. polymn., destabilization of mixed sols, and copptn. chem. processes were used to synthesize 80Al2O3.20ZrO2 (wt.%) powders. The elementary particles produced by each of these processes were 1.5-3.0 nm in size and were amorphous to electron diffraction. The powders were evaluated in terms of wt. loss (TGA), thermal characteristics (DTA), surface area (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller equation), pore size distribution, d. at different temps., and crystn. behavior (x-ray diffraction). The physicochem. characteristics and crystn. behavior of these chem. derived powders were significantly affected by the chem. of the powder synthesis. The powders produced by the chem. polymn. and the colloidal processes retained the tetragonal ZrO2 phase during cooling from 1600 , but significant transformation of tetragonal to monoclinic ZrO2 occurred in the copptd. powder under identical conditions. The 1550 -calcined powder derived by the chem. polymn. process retained a substantial amt. of tetragonal ZrO2 after annealing at 1000 for 72 h. The av. Al2O3 and ZrO2 crystal size of the calcined powders, calcd. by the Scherrer equation, was 20-80 nm. Bibliographic Information Characterization of wurtzitic boron nitride compacts. Singh, Bhanu Pratap. Natl. Phys. Lab., New Delhi, India. Journal of Materials Science (1987), 22(2), 495-8. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 106:161234 AN 1987:161234 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The properties of sintered polycryst. wurtzitic BN compacts were studied including the cryst. phases that formed at high temp. and pressure, compn., BN and binder particle size distribution, and hardness. Wurtzitic BN, cubic BN, TiC/TiN solid soln., TiB, and TiB2 were the cryst. phases obsd. The BN and binder particle size distributions were comparable (1-5 m), with .apprx.80% of the particles 2-3 m. Wt. percentages of different elements present in these compacts were detd. The av. Knoop hardness values under 500 g load and the variation of hardness as a function of position on the specimen surface were studied. Bibliographic Information

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Morphological and mechanical characterization of ceramic composite materials. Chermant, J. L.; Gomina, M.; Osterstock, F. ISMRa, Univ. Caen, Caen, Fr. Materials Science Research (1986), 20(Tailoring Multiphase Compos. Ceram.), 615-29. CODEN: MTSRAY ISSN: 0076-5201. Journal written in English. CAN 106:124512 AN 1987:124512 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract C fiber-reinforced (chem. vapor-deposited SiC) ceramic composites were tested in 3-point bending in 3 orientations of the notch prior to the applied stress. For the 2 main orientations, load-unloading sequences were performed to investigate the rupture parameters using the M. Sakai et al. (1983) method. The very good mech. behavior of these materials are due to the energy dissipative effect of the reinforcement. For the weaker orientation, an empirical method is proposed to measure the compliance at any point of the load-displacement curve. Bibliographic Information Chemical vapor deposition of Si3N4 from a gas mixture of Si2Cl6, NH3 and H2. Motojima, Seiji; Iwamori, Noriyuki; Hattori, Tatsuhiko. Fac. Eng., Gifu Univ., Gifu, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1986), 21(11), 3836-42. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 105:231265 AN 1986:631265 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Si3N4 layers were prepd. on a quartz substrate from a gas mixt. of Si2Cl6, NH3, and H2 under a reduced pressure and at 8001300 . Amorphous Si3N4 layers that were dense and adherent to the substrate were obtained at 800-1100 . On the other hand, -Si3N4 layers were obtained at 1200 and a source-gas ratio (N/Si) of 1.33-1.77. The lowest deposition temp. of amorphous Si3N4 was .apprx.700 . The microhardness of amorphous Si3N4 obtained at 800-1100 was 2400-2600 kg/mm2 (load: 50 g), and that of -Si3N4 obtained at 1200 was 3400 kg/mm2. Chlorine contents in the Si3N4 layer decreased with increasing deposition temp. and source-gas ratio (N/Si), and with decreasing total pressure. Bibliographic Information Innovative chemical/ceramic directions. Morgan, P. E. D. Rockwell Int. Sci. Cent., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1986), 73(Better Ceram. Chem. 2), 751-63. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 105:213019 AN 1986:613019 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review, with 37 refs., of chem. methods of ceramic prepn. including discussions of the sol-gel process, nanostructures, polymer pyrolysis, fused salt synthesis of chalcogenides, transformation toughening, liq. boundary phases, and Si3N4 prepn. from SiCl4 and (SiS2 + SiCl4). Bibliographic Information Microhardness and internal stress of silicon nitride (Si3N4)-silicon carbide films prepared by plasma CVD. Kamata, Kiichiro; Aizawa, Naoyoshi; Moriyama, Minoru. Technol. Univ. Nagaoka, Nagaoka, Japan. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1986), 5(10), 1055-7. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 105:196083 AN 1986:596083 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The microhardness and internal stress of Si3N4-SiC films prepd. by plasma chem.-vapor deposition were detd. in relation to use of the coatings for high strength and wear resistance. The films had compns. indicated by SiNxCy where x = 0-1.42 and y = 0-1.04. The relation between the crack length in a film coating on glass substrates (induced by a Vickers indentor) and the internal stress is discussed. Bibliographic Information Hybridization between silicon nitride (Si3N4) and silicon carbide films by plasma CVD. Kamata, Kiichiro; Maeda, Yuuji; Moriyama, Minoru. Technol. Univ. Nagaoka, Nagaoka, Japan. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1986), 5(10), 1051-4. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 105:196082 AN 1986:596082 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Hybrid SiC-Si3N4 films were prepd. by charge-coupled plasma chem.-vapor deposition from SiH4, NH3, CH4 (or C2H4), and H2 reaction gases. Homogeneous amorphous films were easily obtained. The C, N, and Si contents of the films were detd. Grains or phase boundaries were not obsd. using TEM. The n, IR absorption peak position, and optical band gap of the films varied continuously with changing amts. of each component in the Si3N4-SiC films. These results and TEM observations indicate that the films are not a mixt. of Si3N4 and SiC clusters. but are hybrid materials in which Si, N, and C atoms are blended on an at. scale. Bibliographic Information Zirconia: ceramic engineering's toughness challenge. Fisher, Greg. Dir. Tech. Serv., ACerS, USA. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (1986), 65(10), 1355-60. CODEN: ACSBA7 ISSN: 0002-7812. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 105:195989 AN 1986:595989 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review, with 54 bibliog. refs., of the chem. and properties of ZrO2 ceramics and the relations of these characteristics to ceramic toughness. Bibliographic Information Hydrolysis of mustard derivatives in aqueous acetone-water and ethanol-water mixtures. Yang, Yu Chu; Ward, J. Richard; Luteran, Thomas. Res. Dir., U. S. Army Chem. Res. Dev. cent., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Organic Chemistry (1986), 51(14), 2756-9. CODEN: JOCEAH ISSN: 0022-3263. Journal written in English. CAN 105:42037 AN 1986:442037 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Kinetic data for the hydrolysis of ClCH2CH2SR (R = Me, Et) in the title solvents were interpreted in terms of an SN1 mechanism with anchimeric assistance of the S atom to form a cyclic sulfonium ion as an intermediate. A finite and neg. Cp.thermod. was obsd. Bibliographic Information Synthesis of fiber-reinforced silicon carbide composites by chemical vapor infiltration. Stinton, David P.; Caputo, A. J.; Lowden, Richard A. Oak Ridge Natl. Lab, Oak Ridge, TN, USA. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (1986), 65(2), 347-50. CODEN: ACSBA7 ISSN: 0002-7812. Journal written in English. CAN 104:93916 AN 1986:93916 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A process was developed for the fabrication of fiber-reinforced SiC composites by chem.-vapor infiltration. Infiltration times of the low-d. fibrous structures were reduced significantly from previous processes by utilizing simultaneously a thermal gradient and forced gas flow. Synthesis of composites in this fashion produced specimens with high flexural strengths and with strain tolerances which significantly exceeded that of monolithic SiC. Bibliographic Information Creep of chemically vapor deposited silicon carbide fibers. Dicarlo, James A. Lewis Res. Cent., Natl. Aeronaut. Space Adm., Cleveland, OH, USA. Journal of Materials Science (1986), 21(1), 217-24. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 104:55136 AN 1986:55136 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The creep, thermal expansion, and elastic modulus properties of chem. vapor-deposited SiC fibers were detd. at 1000-1500 . Creep strain increased logarithmically with time, monotonically with temp., and linearly with tensile stress at 600 MPa. The controlling activation energy was 480 20 kJ/mol. Thermal pretreatments at .apprx.1200 and 1450 significantly reduced fiber creep. These results coupled with creep recovery observations indicate that at <1400 fiber creep is anelastic with a negligible plastic component. This allowed a simple predictive method to be developed for describing fiber total deformation as a function of time, temp., and stress. Mechanistic anal. of the property data suggests that fiber creep is the result of -SiC grain-boundary sliding, controlled by a small percentage of free Si in the grain boundaries. Bibliographic Information Mechanical properties of zirconia-toughened alumina ceramics from CVD powders. Hori, Saburo; Yoshimura, Masahiro; Somiya, Shigeyuki; Kurita, Ryuichi; Kaji, Hisatsugu. Res. Lab. Eng. Mater., Tokyo Inst. Technol., Yokohama, Japan. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1985), 4(4), 413-16. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 103:10304 AN 1985:410304 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The fracture toughness and bending strength were measured on sintered ZrO2/-toughened Al2O3 samples which had been prepd. from a chem. vapor-deposited powder. Fracture toughness increased with ZrO2 addns. from 2.6 to 4.8 MPam1/2. Bending strength increased from 430 to 660 MPa with ZrO2 addns. up to 15 wt. % then droped to .simeq.500 MPa at 20-25 wt. % addn. X-ray anal. showed that the drop in bending strength corresponded to a drop in tetragonal phase content. Both the bending strength and fracture toughness increased .apprx.50% with 15 wt. % ZrO2 addn. Bibliographic Information Fracture energy of silicon nitride. Rice, R. W.; McKinney, K. R.; Wu, C. C.; Freiman, S. W.; Donough, W. J. M. Nav. Res. Lab., Washington, DC, USA. Journal of Materials Science (1985), 20(4), 1392-406. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 102:224933 AN 1985:224933 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The fracture energy of Si3N4 made by hot pressing, reaction sintering, and chem. vapor deposition (CVD) was studied. Extrapolation of fracture energies to zero additive or porosity levels, as well as anal. of CVD Si3N4 all indicate an intrinsic fracture energy of 20-30 J/m. Higher fracture energies in dense bodies with increasing additive content, or in some more porous bodies (relative to expected porosity dependence) are assocd. with crack branching. In dense bodies such branching may arise due to microcracking from combined effects of crack tip stresses and mismatch stresses due to differences in properties, esp. thermal expansion, between Si3N4 and the additive or it reaction products. In porous bodies such branching appears to be due to spatial distribution of pores. Bibliographic Information A morphological study of silicon carbide prepared by chemical vapor deposition. Tsui, P.; Spear, K. E. Mater. Res. Lab., Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA, USA. Materials Science Research (1984), 17(Emergent Process Methods HighTechnol. Ceram.), 371-80. CODEN: MTSRAY ISSN: 0076-5201. Journal written in English. CAN 102:171306 AN 1985:171306 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Surface morphologies of SiC deposits obtained via chem. vapor deposition (CVD) were studied as functions of substrate surface temp. and the concn. of the Si and C source material, MeSiCl3. Substrates of graphite and -SiC crystals were used. Explanations of the obsd. morphologies on graphite substrates and their marked changes with temp. are given in terms of chem. kinetics and mass transport arguments. The results of thermodn. calcns. were used to help explain the obsd. morphologies of the deposits on -SiC substrates. Bibliographic Information Preparation of amorphous silicon nitride-boron nitride composites by chemical vapor deposition. Hirai, Toshio; Goto, Takashi; Sakai, Tadashi. Res. Inst. Iron, Steel Other Met., Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Japan. Materials Science Research (1984), 17(Emergent Process Methods High-Technol. Ceram.), 347-58. CODEN: MTSRAY ISSN: 0076-5201. Journal written in English. CAN 102:171304 AN 1985:171304 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract

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Chem. vapor deposition of an Si-N-B system was studied by using SiCl4, NH3, H2 and B2H6 as source gases at deposition temps. of 1100-1300 and total gas pressures of 30-70 torr. The chem. compn. and d. of the deposits were measured. The structure of the deposits was investigated by x-ray diffraction and IR absorption techniques. The deposits were composed of amorphous Si3N4 and turbostratic BN. Bibliographic Information CVD of silicon nitride and its composites. Hirai, Toshio. Res. Inst. Iron, Steel Other Met., Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Japan. Materials Science Research (1984), 17(Emergent Process Methods High-Technol. Ceram.), 329-45. CODEN: MTSRAY ISSN: 0076-5201. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 102:171201 AN 1985:171201 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review, with 33 refs., is given of the synthesis, structure, and some properties of Si3N4-based ceramics and composites prepd. by the chem.-vapor deposition process. Bibliographic Information Calculation of deposition conditions for silicon nitride from a SiL4-NH3 gas phase (L = H, Cl, Br, CH). Lartigue, J. F.; Ducarroir, M.; Armas, B. Lab. Ultra-Refract., CNRS, Odeillo/FontRomeu, Fr. Journal of Materials Science (1984), 19(9), 3079-89. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 102:11260 AN 1985:11260 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Deposition conditions yielding Si nitride are calcd. for a set of initial gaseous systems, by complex thermodn. equil. computations. The influence of temp., total pressure and reactant gas ratios on the compn. and yield of the condensed phase are shown for SiH4/NH3, SiCl4/NH3, SiBr4/NH3, Si(CH3)4/NH3, and SiH4/CH4/NH3 systems. The interest of such calcns. is to give an efficient approach for exptl. studies of vapor-deposition systems. Bibliographic Information Mechanical properties of chemically vapor deposited nonoxide ceramics. Niihara, Koichi. Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Japan. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (1984), 63(9), 1160-4. CODEN: ACSBA7 ISSN: 0002-7812. Journal written in English. CAN 101:196815 AN 1984:596815 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Plates of chem. vapor-deposited nonoxide ceramics (Si3N4, SiC, and B4C) up to 3 mm thick were prepd. with high purity and d. at high deposition rates (>1 mm/h). High-resoln. electron microscopy of these materials reveals that there are no glassy layers or secondary phases at any grain boundaries and multiple-grain junctions. Thus, degrdn. of strength and toughness is not obsd. up to 1500 ; the strength and toughness of the Si3N4 and SiC increase with increasing temp. above 800 and 1100 , resp. The effects of preferred orientation, grain size (residual internal stress), and stoichiometry on the mech. properties also were examd. Bibliographic Information Effects of water chemistry on the leach resistance of SYNROC C. Woolfrey, J. L.; Levins, D. M. Lucas Heights Res. Lab., Aust. Atomic Energy Comm., Sydney, Australia. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1984), 26(Sci. Basis Nucl. Waste Manage. 7), 663-70. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 101:62325 AN 1984:462325 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The chem. durability of SYNROC-C was measured as a function of repository conditions, namely, temp., surface/vol. ratio, groundwater pH, and compn. The leach rate of SYNROC-C is less dependent on temp. than borosilicate glasses: activation energies range from 15-25 kJ mol-1 compared to 33-74 kJ mol-1 for glass. The rate of release from SYNROC-C is very low and independent of soln. compn. for the solns. studied. There is little variation in leach rate over the pH range 4-9, but at pH 2 the rate is up to 10 times higher. SYNROC-C leach rate is independent of flow rate or surface/vol. ratio for the mobile waste elements because of the unimportance of soln. satn. effects owing to the low concn. of dissolved solids. The differential leach rate decreases rapidly with time because, after initial leaching from grain boundaries and metastable minor phases, the highly insol. matrix protects the more leachable elements from further attack. Bibliographic Information Effects of variability of the base powder on the sintering of -silicon carbide. Williams, R. M.; Juterbock, B. N.; Peters, C. R.; Whalen, T. J. Ford Motor Co., Dearborn, MI, USA. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1984), 3(3), 265-7. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 100:160854 AN 1984:160854 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The importance of using starting powders with rigidly controlled chem. and crystallog. compn. and phys. characteristics for sintering of -SiC was investigated. Tests were conducted with 2 lots of sinterable -SiC from the same manufacturer and of the same grade. Differences in particle-size distribution, surface area, and chem. compn., most notably in free C and O contents, were obsd. The morphol. of the 2 materials was similar. The variations obsd. in the phys. properties of the ceramics and in temps. at which phase transformations occur were quite significant in comparison to the property differences of the starting materials. Bibliographic Information Microstructure of silicon nitride-titanium nitride composites prepared by chemical-vapor deposition. Hayashi, Shinsuke; Hirai, Toshio; Hiraga, Kenji; Hirabayashi, Makoto. Res. Inst. Iron, Steel Other Met., Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1982), 17(11), 3336-40. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 98:21091 AN 1983:21091 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The shapes and the distribution of TiN within Si3N4-TiN composites prepd. by the chem.-vapor deposition of a SiCl4-TiCl4-NH3H2 system were examd. using an electron microscope. The TiN dispersion in the amorphous Si3N4 matrix was granular and its

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max. size was 3 nm. The TiN dispersions in - and -Si3N4 matrices were contained in their resp. crystal grains; however, the shape of the TiN dispersions in the -Si3N4 matrix was different from that in the -Si3N4 matrix. Granular TiN dispersions with an av. size of 10 nm were obsd. in the -Si3N4 matrix. The TiN dispersions in the -Si3N4 matrix were columnar with a diam. of several nm having its axis extended to the direction parallel to the c-axis of the -Si3N4 crystal. Bibliographic Information Density and deposition rates of amorphous CVD-silicon nitride (Si3N4) including carbon. Hirai, Toshio; Goto, Takashi. Res. Inst. Iron, Steel Other Metals, Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1981), 16(10), 2877-82. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 96:39625 AN 1982:39625 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Amorphous Si3N4 contg. uniformly distributed C was prepd. by chem. vapor deposition using SiCl4 vapor and NH3, H2, and C3H8 gases at desorption temps. (T) of 1100 to 1300 and at total gas pressures (P) of 30 to 70 torr. The d. of the amorphous Si3N4 deposit was 2.80-3.00 g/cm3, depending upon the deposition conditions. The rate of growth in thickness increased with increasing T and P and had the largest value of 0.6 mm/h at T = 1300 , P = 70 torr, and C3H8 gas flow rates of 0 to 20 cm3/min. The activation energy of formation decreased from 38 to 20 kcal/mol with increasing P and C3H8 flow rate. Bibliographic Information The delayed neuropathic effects of nerve agents and some other organophosphorus compounds. Gordon J J; Inns R H; Johnson M K; Leadbeater L; Maidment M P; Upshall D G; Cooper G H; Rickard R L Archives of toxicology (1983 Feb), 52(2), 71-82. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 6847383 AN 83203413 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))

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Bibliographic Information Crystal chemistry and phase manipulation in Synroc. Vance, E. R.; Moricca, S.; Thorogood, G. J.; Lumpkin, G. R. Aust. Nucl. Sci. Technol. Organ., Menai, Australia. Key Engineering Materials (1991), 53-55(Austceram '90), 717-21. CODEN: KEMAEY ISSN: 1013-9826. Journal written in English. CAN 118:259605 AN 1993:259605 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The modification of the titanate ceramic Synroc was studied in terms of decreasing the unstable perovskite phase content, incorporation of process chems., and incorporation of Al-rich and actinide-rich nuclear wastes. A formulation of alkoxidederived Al2O3 (7.8), BaO (11.7), CaO (8.3), TiO2 (54.1), and ZrO2 (18.1 wt.%) produced a mixt. of hollandite and zirconolite when sintered at 1200 in air, but .apprx.10 wt.% perovskite formed when hot pressed at 1200 . A cor. formulation with 30 wt.% simulated high-level waste substitution for ZrO2 still produced a significant amt. of perovskite. Mg from fuel cladding was predicted to be incorporated in a MgTi2O5 phase which was demonstrated to be compatible with the other Synroc phases. P was incorporated in the alloy phase and as Ca3(PO4)2 at higher loadings. Satisfactory Cs leach rates were obtained when alkoxide-derived Synroc powders were hot pressed at 1400 , but not all Al from the waste was incorporated in the Synroc phases at loadings as low as 10 wt.% Al2O3. Bibliographic Information Study of the efficacy of CC-2 and Fuller's earth combination as a decontaminant against sulfur mustard (mustard gas) dermal intoxication in mice. Kumar, Pravin; Sharma, U. S.; Vijayaraghavan, R. Def. Res. and Dev. Establ., Gwalior, India. Defence Science Journal (1991), 41(4), 363-6. CODEN: DSJOAA ISSN: 0011-748X. Journal written in English. CAN 116:189222 AN 1992:189222 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Decontamination efficacy of Fuller's earth and CC-2 independently; and in different combinations was evaluated against toxicity of sulfur mustard applied percutaneously on mice. Max. protection was obtained with fuller's earth and CC-2 in a combination of 80:20 (wt./wt.). Bibliographic Information Thermochemical analysis of chemical processes relevant to the stability and processing of silicon carbide-reinforced silicon nitride composites. Misra, A. K. NASA Lewis Res. Cent., Sverdrup Technol., Inc., Cleveland, OH, USA. Journal of Materials Science (1991), 26(24), 6591-8. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 116:65309 AN 1992:65309 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chem. processes relevant to the stability and processing of SiC-reinforced Si3N4 composites are examd. from a thermochem. point of view. The thermodn. stability of various interfaces, such as SiC-Si3N4, SiC-Si3N4-Si2ON2, and SiC-Si3N4-SiO2, is examd. as a function of temp. The temps. above which these interfaces become unstable are calcd., and the degrdn. of SiC during the processing of the composite is examd. The processing routes considered in this study include the reaction-bonded Si3N4 process, as well as pressure-assisted sintering processes in the presence of suitable sintering additives. Bibliographic Information Microstructural and chemical effects in alumina implanted with iron at 77 K and annealed in oxidizing or reducing atmospheres. McHargue, C. J.; Sklad, P. S.; White, C. W.; McCallum, J. C.; Perez, A.; Marest, G. Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1991), 6(10), 2160-77. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 115:238068 AN 1991:638068 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Implantation of Fe (160 keV) into -Al2O3 at 77 K produces an amorphous surface layer for fluences 1016-1017 Fe ions/cm2. Measurements of short-range order were made by extended energy loss fine structure anal. The structure of amorphous Al2O3 produced by implantation of Fe at 77 K exhibits short-range order that differs from that produced by stoichiometric (Al + O) implants. This difference is manifested by changes in the Al-O near-neighbor bond length. The local environments of

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implanted Fe were detd. from conversion electron Moessbauer spectroscopy. The Fe resides in several different local environments consistent with the electronic states of Fe2+, Fe4+, and Fe0. The relative amt. of each environment depends on the concn. (fluence) of the implanted Fe ions. Regrowth of the amorphous zone during annealing occurs in the sequence amorphous Al2O3 -Al2O3 -Al2O3. The kinetics of regrowth and phase sepn. vary with implanted fluence with annealing atm. The higher the concn. of implanted Fe, the slower the formation of Fe-Al2O3 ppt. phases in oxidizing atmospheres and -Fe ppts. in reducing atmospheres. Bibliographic Information Microstructural and chemical effects in alumina implanted with iron at room temperature and annealed in oxidizing or reducing atmospheres. McHargue, C. J.; Sklad, P. S.; White, C. W.; Farlow, G. C.; Perez, A.; Marest, G. Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1991), 6(10), 2145-59. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 115:238067 AN 1991:638067 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract RBS-ion channeling, TEM, and conversion electron Moessbauer spectroscopy were used to det. the structure of -Al2O3 implanted with Fe at room temp. Changes produced by post-implantation annealing in oxidizing and reducing atmospheres were followed using the same methods. Implantation of 160 keV Fe at room temp. produces a damaged but cryst. microstructure for fluences 1 1017 Fe ions/cm2. The Fe resides in a variety of local environments: 3 Fe2+ components, 1 Fe0 component, and 2 Fe4+ components. The relative amt. of each component varies with implantation fluence. Only the Fe0 component seems to be assocd. with 2nd-phase formation. In this case, 2 nm diam. -Fe particles were detected by TEM studies. Recovery of implantation-induced disorder in the Al- and O-sublattices occurs in 2 stages for annealing in O and in 1 continuous stage for H-annealing. The end state for Fe is Fe3+ for O anneals and Fe0 for H anneals. The pptd. phases obsd. are those to be expected from the equil. phase diagrams. Bibliographic Information Grain boundaries in high thermal conductivity aluminum nitride. McKernan, Stuart; Norton, M. Grant; Carter, C. Barry. Dep. Mater. Sci. Eng., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1991), 203(Electron. Packag. Mater. Sci. 5), 229-34. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 115:237865 AN 1991:637865 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The benefits of AlN as a substrate material for the electronics packaging industry appear to be limited by the deleterious effects of boundaries in the polycryst. material. Some observations on different types of boundary in AlN using several complementary techniques are reported. Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy anal. of grain boundaries shows that there is O at the grain boundaries, in agreement with previous work. No variation in the grain-boundary chem. was detected in the proximity of Y2O3-rich particles. The apparent increase in the O peak is probably due to an increased width of the oxide layer close to the triple junction. Bibliographic Information Modified CVD of nanoscale structures in and EVD of thin layers on porous ceramic membranes. De Haart, L. G. J.; Lin, Y. S.; De Vries, K. J.; Burggraaf, A. J. Fac. Chem. Technol., Univ. Twente, Enschede, Neth. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1991), 8(1), 59-70. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 115:213226 AN 1991:613226 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Expts. on the modified CVD and the electrochem. vapor deposition (EVD) of Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2 on porous substrates are reported. In the CVD stage, deposition occurs in a small (<20 m) region at the edge of the substrate, very likely leading to pore narrowing. This result illustrates the feasibility of the CVD technique for the modification of ceramic membranes to the (sub)nanometer scale. Film growth in the EVD stage is controlled by the in-pore diffusion of the O source reactant for short (<5 h) deposition times. The Y2O3/ZrO2 ratio in the deposited film is detd. by the ratio present in the vapor phase. Very thin ( 2 m) films can be deposited, which have a potential application in solid oxide fuel cells. Bibliographic Information Thermal stability of ceramic fiber in a CVI-processed silicon carbide matrix composite. Lin, W.; Yang, J. M. Dep. Mater. Sci. Eng., Univ. California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Journal of Materials Science (1991), 26(15), 4116-22. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 115:140940 AN 1991:540940 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The thermal stability of the HPZ (Si-C-O-N system from hydridopolysilazane polymer precursor) fiber in a chem. vapor infiltration (CVI)-processed SiC matrix composite was studied. The mech. properties and fracture behavior of the untreated and SiC-coated fibers after thermal exposure at different temps. and atmospheres were characterized. At <1000 , the strength degrdn. is negligible. However, severe degrdn. occurs at >1000 due to the evolution of CO, SiO, and other gaseous species. Also, pyrolytic C coating is needed to tailor the interfacial bond strength in the HPZ/SiC composites. Bibliographic Information Reaction chemistry at joined interfaces between silicon nitride and aluminum. Ning, X. S.; Okamoto, T.; Miyamoto, Y.; Koreeda, A.; Suganuma, K. Inst. Sci. Ind. Res., Osaka Univ., Osaka, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1991), 26(15), 4142-9. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 115:118946 AN 1991:518946 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Joined interfaces of hot-isostatically pressed, additive-free Si3N4 ceramic/Al braze bonded at 1073 K for 18 ks or at 1473 K for 1.8 ks in a vacuum of 1.3 mPa and of -Si3N4 powder/Al powder interfaces bonded at 1073 K for 1.8 ks or 18 ks in the same vacuum were examd. by anal. TEM and x-ray diffraction. Mullite, some small crystals, and '-Sialon were detected at the interface of the ceramic/Al braze bonded at the low temp. and 15R AlN-polytype Sialon, '-Sialon, AlN, mullite, and SiO2Al2O3 noncryst. material were detected at interfaces bonded at 1473 K. At the powder interface, AlN, and Si were also detected besides '-Sialon and the SiO2-Al2O3 noncryst. material, even though the bonding was conducted at the low temp. The interfacial reactions of the joints were affected not only by the bonding temp., but also by the oxide formed at the interface before bonding occurred.

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Thermo-mechanical properties and oxidation resistance of zirconia CVI matrix composites: 2 - thermal properties and oxidation resistance. Minet, J.; Langlais, F.; Naslain, R. Lab. Chim. Solide, Univ. Bordeaux, Talence, Fr. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1991), 7(5), 283-93. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 115:118899 AN 1991:518899 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract ZrO2 matrix composites, prepd. by chem. vapor infiltration (CVI) from preforms (Al2O3 or C fibers) having a 2 (or pseudo-3-) dimensional character, were studied from a thermal behavior and resistance to oxidn. standpoint. The ZrO2 vol. fraction and residual porosity were within the 0.30-0.75 and 0.10-0.25 ranges, resp. The expts. were carried out 1500 . Thermal expansion is low and almost reversible for the C-ZrO2 composites whereas it is more significant and partly irreversible for the Al2O3-ZrO2 composites. The Al2O3-ZrO2 composites exhibit an insulating character at >1000 , comparable to that of sintered ZrO2, whereas the C-ZrO2 composites have a thermal cond. equal to that of sintered Al2O3 at >1000 . The resistance to oxidn. by air is acceptable at moderate temps. and for short exposures. Under more severe conditions, damaging phenomena occur (i.e., grain growth, oxidn. of the C preform or BN interphase) which are detrimental to the mech. behavior. Bibliographic Information Efficacy of an oximate-based skin decontaminant against organophosphate nerve agents determined in vivo and in vitro. Sawyer, Thomas W.; Parker, Deborah; Thomas, Norleen; Weiss, M. Tracy; Bide, Richard W. Def. Res. Establ., Suffield/Ralston, AB, Can. Toxicology (1991), 67(3), 267-77. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 115:87007 AN 1991:487007 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Recent Canadian research efforts have been directed towards the development of a reactive skin decontaminant (RSD) lotion active against classical nerve agents and mustard. The formulation presently under study consists of a 1.25 m soln. of potassium 2,3-butanedione monoximate (KBDO) in polyethylene glycol Me ether 550. Although this formulation has shown good efficacy, concern has been expressed as to the potential toxicity of the reaction products of KBDO and organophosphate (OP) nerve agents. This report describes the high efficacy of this lotion in inactivating OPs as measured by the systemic toxicity of the OP/RSD mixts. in rats. In addn., primary cultures of chick embryo neurons were also used to test the efficacy of the RSD. By relating the anticholinesterase activity in these cultures of the OP/RSD mixt. to that of pure OP stds., a sensitive measure of the value of the RSD in inactivating tabun, sarin, soman and VX was obtained. Expts. with all 4 nerve agents in this in vitro system provided a good correlation with the in vivo data, and also indicated that the inactivation process was timeand agent-dependent and also related to the ratio of OP to RSD. Bibliographic Information Refractory ceramic foams: a novel, new high-temperature structure. Sherman, Andrew J.; Tuffias, Robert H.; Kaplan, Richard B. Ultramet Corp., Pacoima, CA, USA. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (1991), 70(6), 1025-7, 1029. CODEN: ACSBA7 ISSN: 0002-7812. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 115:33992 AN 1991:433992 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review with 6 refs. Chem.-vapor infiltration (CVI) enables prepn. of the porous cellular structure. The fabrication of such a structure begins with the pyrolysis of a resin-impregnated thermosetting foam to obtain a reticulated C foam skeleton. The foam ligaments can then be coated with a variety of materials (metals, oxides, nitrides, carbides, borides, silicides, etc.), either singly or as hybrid, layered, alloyed, or graded structures. During this process, 10-1000 m of the desired material(s) are deposited onto the foam ligaments by CVI. The thermomech. properties of the resultant structure are dominated by the properties of the deposit, becoming independent of the c properties at very small material loadings. With precise control over the variables available, it is possible to obtain the simultaneous optimization of stiffness, strength, thermal cond., overall wt. and environmental resistance. Bibliographic Information Chemical control in precipitation of spherical zirconia particles. Lerot, L.; Legrand, F.; De Bruycker, P. Lab. Cent. Rech., Solvay et Cie, Brussels, Belg. Journal of Materials Science (1991), 26(9), 2353-8. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 115:13964 AN 1991:413964 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Monodisperse spherical ZrO2 particles were pptd. by hydrolysis of alc. solns. of Zr alkoxides in the presence of long-chain carboxylic acids. The particle size can be finely tuned from 0.1 to 2.5 m by controlling the concn. of Zr alkoxide, the water/Zr ratio, the nature of alc. from EtOH to BuOH, the nature of carboxylic acid from caproic to oleic acid, and its concn. The relations among the induction time before nucleation, the particle size, and all the above parameters are tentatively explained on the grounds of the soly. of the carboxy-alkoxide derivs. and their tendency to form micelles. Calcination of pptd. powders at 300600 produces mixts. of varying compn. from cubic to monoclinic phases of small crystallite sizes and brings out the loss of surface area and org. content. Different conditions of drying powders lead to variously ordered microstructures. Bibliographic Information Stability of zirconia-ceria-yttria ceramics in hostile environments. Leach, C.; Khan, N. Dep. Mater., Imp. Coll. Sci., Technol. Med., London, UK. Journal of Materials Science (1991), 26(8), 2026-30. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 114:212576 AN 1991:212576 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The phase chem., elec. cond. in air and forming gas, and stability in warm humid environments of ZrO2-CeO2-Y2O3 ceramics are described. The compns. studied lie between 12 mol% CeO2/88 mol% ZrO2 and 3 mol% Y2O3/97 mol% ZrO2 and fall within the tetragonal phase field of this ternary system. At 700 , reducing atms. affected only the cond. of the end-member CeO2-ZrO2 ceramic, having no effect on the ternary compns. Compns. contg. >10 mol% CeO2 were more stable to stabilizer loss in water vapor at 132 than those contg. <10 mol% CeO2. Bibliographic Information A mathematical model for chemical vapor infiltration with microwave heating and external cooling. Gupta, Deepak; Evans,

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James W. Lawrence Berkeley Lab., Univ. California, Berkeley, CA, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1991), 6(4), 810-18. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 114:191000 AN 1991:191000 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A math. model was used to compute temp. profiles in ceramic preforms that are heated by microwaves. The temp. profiles were then input to a 2nd part of the model describing chem. vapor infiltration of the preform, that is the diffusion of gaseous reactants, heterogeneous reaction, and evolution of the pore structure. Equations were solved numerically for parameters corresponding to the infiltration of SiC preforms by pyrolysis of MeSiCl3. While based on some simplifications, the model leads to the conclusion that infiltration proceeds more rapidly, and to a greater extent, with microwave heating/external cooling than in isothermal infiltration. The model suggests that infiltration might be optimized by manipulation of microwave power and external cooling. The computed extent of infiltration is very sensitive to the initial pore size. Bibliographic Information Preparation of silicon carbide powders by chemical-vapor deposition of the dichlorodimethylsilane-hydrogen system. Chen, Lidong; Goto, Takashi; Hirai, Toshio. Inst. Mater. Res., Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1990), 25(11), 4614-21. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 113:236356 AN 1990:636356 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract SiC powders were prepd. by chem.-vapor deposition using (Me)2SiCl2 and H2 as source gases at 1273-1673 K. Various kinds of SiC powders such as amorphous powder, -type single-phase powder, and composite powder were obtained. The composite powders contained free Si and/or free C phases of a few nanometers in diam. All the particles obsd. were spherical in shape and uniform in size. The particle size increased from 45 to 130 nm with decreasing reaction temp. and gas flow rate and with increasing reactant concn. The lattice parameter of the -SiC particles decreased with increasing reaction temp. All the lattice parameters were larger than those of bulk -SiC. Bibliographic Information Thermodynamics for the preparation of silicon carbide-carbon nanocomposites by chemical-vapor deposition. Wang, Y.; Sasaki, M.; Goto, T.; Hirai, T. Inst. Mater. Res., Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1990), 25(11), 4607-13. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 113:236355 AN 1990:636355 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract SiC-C nanocomposites covering every possible combination of C and SiC were prepd. by chem.-vapor deposition. The specific compns. of the deposits were controlled by changing the Si/C molar ratio in the source gases at deposition temps. 1673-1873 K and total gas pressures 6.7-40 kPa using the SiCl4-C3H8-H2 system. The prediction, based on the thermodn. calcn. on compn., morphol. and deposition rate, was compared with exptl. results. The optimal deposition conditions predicted by the calcns. were nearly in agreement with the exptl. results. Bibliographic Information Thermomechanical properties and oxidation resistance of zirconia CVI-matrix composites: 1 - mechanical behavior. Minet, J.; Langlais, F.; Quenisset, J. M.; Naslain, R. Lab. Chim. Solide, Univ. Bordeaux, Talence, Fr. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1989), 5(6), 341-56. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 113:216698 AN 1990:616698 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The mech. behavior of various ZrO2-based fibrous composites was studied at ambient and high temps. The composites were prepd. by ZrO2-chem.-vapor infiltration (CVI) densification, from preforms made of Al2O3 or C fibers consolidated with a small amt. of Al2O3, pyrocarbon or hexagonal BN. When loaded under compression at room temp., 2-dimensional (2-D) C-C/ZrO2 composites exhibit mech. behavior similar to that already reported for the related 2-D-C-C/SiC, 2-D-C-C/B4C, 2-D-C-C/TiC or 2-D-C-C/BN materials with: a linear elastic domain, a damaging domain prior to failure, and an anisotropy which decreases as ZrO2 vol. fraction is raised. Under 3-point bending, the Al2O3-ZrO2 composites behave, at room temp., in a nonbrittle manner when the preform has been consolidated by BN, with crack deviation and pull-out phenomena. The variations of the stiffness and strength vs. ZrO2 vol. fraction obey exponential laws at room temp. Finally, the Al2O3-ZrO2 composites keep their strength and rigidity .ltorsim.1000 under an atm. of Ar/H. Bibliographic Information Low-temperature MOCVD of silicon-based ceramic films. Du, Honghua; Bae, Yongwoong; Gallois, Bernard; Gonsalves, Kenneth E. Dep. Mater. Sci. Eng., Stevens Inst. Technol., Hoboken, NJ, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1990), 168(Chem. Vap. Deposition Refract. Met. Ceram.), 331-6. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 113:196275 AN 1990:596275 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A liq. methylsilazane compd., [MeSiHNH]n, was used, with H2, NH3, and a 60%/40% NH3/H2 mixt., to deposit Si-based ceramic films in a metalorg. chem.-vapor-deposition (MOCVD) reactor at 873-1073 K. Characterization of the films by ellipsometry and FTIR and Auger electron spectrometry showed that the methylsilazane was pyrolyzed to form Si carbonitride in H2 and Si3N4 in both NH3 and NH3/H2, with the incorporation of appreciable amts. of O. The deposition rate increased and the activation energy decreased in order from NH3-, NH3/H2-, and H2-[MeSiHNH]n gas mixts. The temp. dependence of the structural d. of the films increased in the same order. Bibliographic Information Modeling transport, reaction, and pore structure evolution during densification of cellular or fibrous structures. Sotirchos, Stratis V.; Tomadakis, Manolis M. Dep. Chem. Eng., Univ. Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1990), 168(Chem. Vap. Deposition Refract. Met. Ceram.), 73-8. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 113:196263 AN 1990:596263 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A math. model is developed to describe mass transport, reaction, and structure evolution during densification of porous media

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of initially fibrous or cellular structure. The use of Monte Carlo simulation procedures for detg. the variation of the local (av.) structural properties of the porous structure and of the effective diffusion coeffs. in the porous medium with the porosity is also discussed, and results are presented for Knudsen diffusion in cellular or fibrous media. The model is used to theor. study the transient behavior of the densification process during prepn. of SiC/SiC ceramic matrix composites by chem. vapor infiltration of porous preforms. Particular emphasis is placed on the investigation of the effects of pressure pulsing on the d. gradients in the densifying structure. Bibliographic Information Analytical simulation of an improved CVI [chemical vapor infiltration] process for forming highly densified ceramic composites. Tai, Nyan Hwa; Chou, Tsu Wei. Cent. Compos. Mater., Univ. Delaware, Newark, DE, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1990), 168(Chem. Vap. Deposition Refract. Met. Ceram.), 61-6. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 113:196261 AN 1990:596261 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A model for chem.-vapor infiltration (CVI) under pressure and temp. gradients is applied to the study of deposition of SiC from the pyrolysis of MeSiCl3 within a 3-dimensional (3-D) woven fibrous preform. The model considers the infiltration of reactants into a preform with temp. gradients by applying a pressure gradient between the vapor inlet and outlet; it also takes into account the variation in concn. of the vapor precursor. A quasi-steady-state approach was adopted to stimulate the matrix deposition in a 3-D unit cell. The d. distribution, consolidation profile, and total fabrication period were theor. predicted. Bibliographic Information Formation of novel sintered composites by high-pressure crystallization of amorphous ceramics. Onodera, Akifumi; Takahashi, Norikazu; Yoshihara, Haruyuki; Nakae, Hiroyuki; Matsunami, Yukio; Hirai, Toshio. Fac. Eng. Sci., Osaka Univ., Toyonaka, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1990), 25(9), 4157-61. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 113:176879 AN 1990:576879 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A combination of chem.-vapor deposition (CVD) and high-pressure (HP) sintering methods were used to prep. the zincblende form of BN (z-BN)-based ceramic composites. The CVD method provides amorphous B-N-X (X = Al, Si, or Ti). The HP method renders the amorphous samples cryst., and decompn. into z-BN plus the resp. nitride (e.g., -Si3N4) occurs. Compacts of the composites are obtained by in situ sintering under high pressure. The compacts exhibit peculiar microstructures composed of z-BN nanocrystals homogeneously dispersed in the nitride matrixes. Bibliographic Information Characterization of ceramic matrix composites fabricated by chemical vapor infiltration. Stinton, D. P.; Hembree, D. M., Jr.; More, K. L.; Sheldon, B. W.; Besmann, T. M. Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1990), 168(Chem. Vap. Deposition Refract. Met. Ceram.), 273-80. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 02729172. Journal written in English. CAN 113:176787 AN 1990:576787 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A process for the prepn. of fiber-reinforced SiC composites by chem.-vapor deposition has been developed at Oak Ridge National Lab. Composites are prepd. by infiltrating fibrous preforms with reactant gases that decomp. at elevated temps. to deposit SiC between and around the fibers. Because the infiltration process utilizes both temp. and pressure gradients, SiC is deposited under conditions that vary considerably from the hot face to the cool face of the composite. Matrix characterization of composite samples by TEM and Raman spectroscopy are described. Bibliographic Information Analysis and testing of the metal parts furnace for the demilitarization of chemical warfare munitions. Fournier, Ronald L.; Horne, Deane A.; Rinker, Franklin G.; Jackson, Kerm. Dep. Chem. Eng., Univ. Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA. Journal of Hazardous Materials (1990), 23(1), 1-20. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 113:137967 AN 1990:537967 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract At the Chem. Agent Munitions Disposal System (CAMDS) located to Tooele Army Depot, Utah, the munition metal parts contg. <5% residual agent are thermally decontaminated in roller hearth-type furnace, the Metal Parts Furnace (MPF). The drained munitions are heated to >1000 F for 15 min to insure complete destruction of any remaining agent residue. During this heating process the residual agent vaporizes. The vaporized agent burns within the MPF and the MPF afterburner prior to treatment of the combustion product gases in the pollution abatement system. Agent vaporization is a rapid unsteady process with peak Btu loadings on the MPF of 10 million Btu/h. Since there are 14 different munition types contg. 3 different types of chem. agents, ranging from a load of 96 105-mm projectiles contg. as little as 0.08 lbs of the nerve agent GB per projectile to a ton container with 80 lbs of the nerve agent VX, the control system of the MPF system must be flexible enough to handle a wide variety of thermal loads. To evaluate and predict the performance of the MPF, tests were performed at CAMDS by using a variety of munitions contg. chem. agent simulants. The simulants were selected on the basis of comparable b.ps., heat of vaporization, and heat of combustion. A math. model of the MPF was developed to predict the heating rate of the munition and the vaporization profiles of the agents and their simulants. The results of the model were compared to simulant testing in ton containers at CAMDS. The results show good agreement with the math. model predictions. Bibliographic Information Powder preparation and compaction behavior of fine-grained yttria-doped tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (Y-TZP). Groot Zevert, W. F. M.; Winnubst, A. J. A.; Theunissen, G. S. A. M.; Burggraaf, A. J. Fac. Chem. Technol., Univ. Twente, Enschede, Neth. Journal of Materials Science (1990), 25(8), 3449-55. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 113:119698 AN 1990:519698 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Two wet chem. prepn. methods are described for Y2O3-doped tetragonal ZrO2 powders. Both methods yield powders with an extremely small crystallite size (8 nm) and a narrow size distribution. The agglomerate and aggregate structure of these powders was investigated by several techniques. Gel pptn. from an alkoxide soln. in water (alkoxide synthesis) results in a ceramic powder with irregular-shaped weak and porous agglomerates, which are built up from dense aggregates with a size of 18 nm. Gel ppts. formed from a metal-chloride soln. in NH3 (chloride synthesis) do not contain aggregates. Both types of agglomerate are fractured during isostatic compaction. Hydrolysis and washing under (strong) basic conditions probably

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decrease the degree of aggregation. The aggregate morphol. and structure are key parameters in the microstructure development during sintering of a ceramic. Several characteristics of these powders are compared with those of a com. one (Toyo Soda TZ3Y). Bibliographic Information Preparation of titanium carbide plates by chemical vapor deposition. Jiang, Chorn Cherng; Goto, Takashi; Hirai, Toshio. Inst. Mater. Res., Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1990), 25(2A), 1086-93. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 00222461. Journal written in English. CAN 112:144385 AN 1990:144385 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Thick TeCx plates were prepd. by chem.-vapor deposition using TiCl4, CCl4, and H2 as source gases at deposition temps. (Tdep) 1573-1873 K, total gas pressures (Ptot) 4-40 kPa, and source gas molar ratio [CCl4/(TiCl4 + CCl4)] (mc) 0.13-0.91. The effects of deposition conditions on the microstructure, preferred orientation, deposition rate, lattice parameter, and compn. were studied. A plate-like TiCx was obtained at mc 0.5. The (110) plane was preferably oriented parallel to the deposition surface at Tdep 1673-1873 K. The deposition rates showed a strong mc dependence and the max. rate was found at mc = 0.3-0.5. The activation energies for the formation of TiCx plates were 86 kJ/mol at Ptot = 4 kPa and 95 kJ/mol at Ptot = 40 kPa. When mc values were 0.13-0.51, the lattice parameter increased with increasing mc >0.72 at all Tdep. The at. ratio (C:Ti) for TiCx was 0.6-1.0 depending on deposition conditions. Bibliographic Information Characterization and processing of CVD powders for fabrication of composite and compound ceramics. Hori, Saburo; Shigaki, Yoshiki; Hirata, Yoshihiro; Yoshimura, Masahiro; Somiya, Shigeyuki. Kureha Chem. Ind. Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1989), 155(Process. Sci. Adv. Ceram.), 3-12. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 112:144279 AN 1990:144279 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Two-component oxide powders were prepd. in the systems Al2O3-ZrO2, AliO3-TiO2, and Al2O3-SiO2 by a chem.-vapor deposition (CVD) method using a combustion flame for the purpose of fabricating resp. composite or compd. ceramics. The CVD powders were spherical and ultrafine (av. 30-70 nm) with log-normal size distribution, and exhibited either very homogeneous or nanoheterogeneous structure and crystallog. metastability in phases and solid soln. By starting from these CVD powders, uniform microstructures were achieved in the sintered products and better sinterability and novel microstructure became possible due to the metastability which reflected the formation mechanism of 2-component powders at high temps. CVD powders, previously considered difficult to sinter, proved to be excellent starting materials for fabrication of composite and compd. ceramics when improved processing methods were applied. Bibliographic Information Preparation of silicon carbide powders by chemical vapor deposition from the silane-methane-hydrogen system. Chen, Lidong; Goto, Takashi; Hirai, Toshio. Inst. Mater. Res., Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1989), 24(11), 3824-30. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 112:41177 AN 1990:41177 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chem. vapor deposition (CVD) from the SiH4 + CH4 + H2 system was used to prep. -SiC powders at 1523-1673 K. The powders obtained at 1673 K were single-phase -SiC contg. neither free Si or free C. The powders obtained at <1623 K were composite powders contg. free Si. The carburization ratio (SiC/SiC + Si)) increased with increasing reaction temp. and total gas flow rate, and with decreasing reactant concn. The av. particle sizes detd. by TEM were 46-114 nm. The particle size increased with increasing reaction temp. and gas concn. but decreased with increasing gas flow rate. The -SiC particles obtained at <1623 K consisted of a Si core and a -SiC shell, as opposed to the -SiC particles obtained at 1673 K, which were hollow. IR absorption peaks were obsd. at 940 and 810 cm-1 for particles contg. a Si core, whereas a single peak at .apprx.830 cm-1 with a shoulder at .apprx.930 cm-1 was obsd. for the -SiC hollow particles. The lattice parameter of -SiC having a carburization ratio <70 wt. %, was larger than that of bulk -SiC and decreased with increasing carburization ratio. However, when the carburization ratio was >70 wt.%, the lattice parameter became approx. equal to that of bulk -SiC. Bibliographic Information The interaction of chemical kinetics and diffusion in the dynamics of chemical vapor infiltration. Middleman, Stanley. Dep. Ames/Chem. Eng., Univ. California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1989), 4(6), 1515-24. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 112:24678 AN 1990:24678 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The classical model of chem. vapor infiltration treats diffusion and surface reaction in a representative cylindrical pore. Two significant modifications to that approach are presented. One accounts for more complex chem. by allowing for both gasphase and surface reactions which lead to film growth. The other couples the pore model to a reactor model for the region external to the porous preform. The results demonstrate that it is possible to select chem. schemes that yield densification from the interior to the exterior of the preform, thus avoiding premature trapping of interior voids. Bibliographic Information The colloid chemistry of ceramic membranes. Xu, Qunyin; Gieselmann, Mary J.; Anderson, Marc A. Water Chem. Program, Univ. Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA. Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering (1989), 61 889-93. CODEN: PMSEDG ISSN: 0743-0515. Journal written in English. CAN 111:238343 AN 1989:638343 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The colloid chem. in sol-gel processing for prepg. particulate ceramic membranes is a key tool used for tailoring membrane structures. The chem.-phys. variables in hydrolysis and peptization processes control the particle nature in sols, which is directly related to the gelation process and particle packing geometry in the hydrogel. The pore structure of membranes is mainly detd. by the size of primary particles rather than by that of aggregates. TiO2 membranes with mean pore diam. 1.83.0 nm were prepd. from primary particles <10 nm. A larger variety of pore structures in membranes, including broader pore size range and more narrow size distributions, can be made by controlling sol-gel processing conditions to serve a large range of applications.

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Chemical vapor deposition of ultrafine ceramic structures. Gallois, B. M.; Mathur, R.; Lee, S. R.; Yoo, J. Y. Dep. Mater. Metall. Eng., Stevens Inst. Technol., Hoboken, NJ, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1989), Volume Date 1988, 132(Multicompon. Ultrafine Microstruct.), 49-60. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 111:238219 AN 1989:638219 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Ultrafine ceramic structures based on the nitrides and carbides of Ti and Si were prepd. in a computer-controlled hot-wall chem.-vapor deposition (CVD) reactor. Layered deposits were produced by pulsing the reactant gases judiciously under software control. The development of a columnar structure which is endemic to most CVD materials was suppressed. Skeletal structures of filaments were grown with appropriate catalysts by the vapor-liq.-solid mechanism and immediately infiltrated in situ with different materials to produce filament-reinforced composite coatings. Ultrafine-grained C films and filaments were grown from CH4-H mixts. by plasma-assisted CVD. The microstructural features of these materials are of the order 20-100 nm. The subgrain structure detd. by Raman spectroscopy varies at 2-3 nm. Bibliographic Information Stability to moisture for chemically vapor-deposited boron nitride. Matsuda, T. Japan Met. and Chem. Co. Ltd., Gunma, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1989), 24(7), 2353-7. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 111:82901 AN 1989:482901 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chem. vapor-deposited BN (CVD-BN) plates, prepd. from the BCl3-NH3-H2 gas system, were studied in terms of stability to moisture by IR spectroscopic measurement, chem. anal., and TG. The synthesis conditions of CVD-BN plates have a large effect on their stability to moisture. The stability of CVD-BN plates prepd. under a total gas pressure (Ptot) of 10-60 torr degraded as the deposition temp. (Tdep) decreased. The CVD-BN plates with transparent and isotropic properties, which were prepd. at <1400 and >10 torr, showed poor stability to moisture. The CVD-BN plates synthesized under 5 torr had high moisture-resistance, even at a Tdep 1400 . An IR absorption spectra revealed that the unstable species existing in CVD-BN plates had changed to ammonium borate hydrates by reacting with moisture in the atm. The stability to moisture for CVD-BN plates degraded as the deposition rate increased, esp. for the CVD-BN plates prepd. at 1400 . Bibliographic Information Interfacial chemistry-structure and fracture of ceramic composites. Schoenlein, L. H.; Jones, R. H.; Henager, C. H.; Schilling, C. H.; Gac, F. Pac. Northwest Lab., Richland, WA, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1988), 120(High Temp./High Perform. Compos.), 313-21. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 110:119795 AN 1989:119795 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The interfacial chem. and phases of SiC-reinforced Si3N4 composites were studied by TEM with assocd. x-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy microanal. and Auger electron spectroscopy. Hot-pressed Si3N4 (HPSN) composites reinforced with Nicalon SiC fibers or Tateho SiC whiskers and reaction-bonded Si3N4 (RBSN) composites reinforced with uncoated or coated VLS SiC whiskers were evaluated. In the Nicalon fiber-reinforced HPSN, an interfacial phase composed of a layer of amorphous C and an adjacent layer of graphitic C was obsd. and is believed to assist fiber pull-out during fracture of the composite. However, the fracture strength and toughness of these composites were considerably less than those of unreinforced HPSN. HPSN composites reinforced with Tateho SiC whiskers contained an interfacial phase believed to be similar to the intergranular phase found in the HPSN matrix. In RBSN composites fabricated with an Fe2O3 sintering aid, the VLS SiC whiskers were severely faceted by a reactive Fe silicide phase despite C, BN, or SiO2 coatings on the whiskers. When no sintering aid was used, the uncoated whiskers were not degraded and appeared to be strongly bounded to the RBSN matrix. The composites reinforced with SiO2-coated whiskers possessed the highest fracture strength and toughness, and the composites reinforced with the BNcoated whiskers possessed the lowest fracture strength and toughness. Bibliographic Information Theoretical analysis of chemical vapor infiltration in ceramic/ceramic composites. Tai, Nyan Hwa; Chou, Tsu Wei. Dep. Mech. Eng., Univ. Delaware, Newark, DE, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1988), 120(High Temp./High Perform. Compos.), 185-92. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 110:119788 AN 1989:119788 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A model for the deposition of Al2O3 and TiC with a ceramic fiber bundle from the chem. reactions was studied. The model considers vapor diffusion, chem. reaction on the inner surface of the capillary, deposition film growth, porosity, and effects of reactant compns. at various reactor temps. and pressures. Binary, multicomponent diffusion and Knudsen diffusion account for the different stages of the chem.-vapor-infiltration (CVI) process. Furthermore, both diffusion-controlled and reactioncontrolled processes were examd. to det. the dominating process in CVI. Bibliographic Information Fracture behavior of 3-D braided Nicalon/silicon carbide composite. Yang, J. M.; Chou, J. C.; Burkland, C. V. Dep. Mater. Sci. Eng., Univ. California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1988), 120(High Temp./ High Perform. Compos.), 163-8. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 110:119785 AN 1989:119785 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The fracture behavior of a 3-dimensional (3-D) braided Nicalon fiber-reinforced SiC matrix composite processed by chem. vapor infiltration (CVI) was studied. The fracture toughness and thermal shock resistance under various thermomech. loadings were characterized. A tough and durable structural ceramic composite can be achieved through the combination of 3-D fiber architecture and the low-temp. CVI processing. Bibliographic Information Chemical interactions in ceramic and carbon-carbon composites. Luthra, Krishan L. Corp. Res. Dev., Gen. Electr. Co., Schenectady, NY, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1988), 125(Mater. Stab. Environ. Degrad.), 53-60. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 110:119676 AN 1989:119676 CAPLUS

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review with 10 refs. The useful lives of many ceramic composites are affected, if not controlled, by chem. interactions between various constituents and the gas environment. Thermochem. calcns. are extremely valuable in evaluating these concerns. Examples of many possible concerns are presented. The usefulness of a thermochem. approach is demonstrated by a somewhat detailed discussion of the oxidn. protection of C/C composites. This includes discussion of the various possible rate-limiting steps and the detrimental effects of CO gas formed as a result of C oxidn. Bibliographic Information Consolidation of silicon nitride (Si3N4) powder-preform by infiltration of boron nitride using the pulse CVI [chemical vapor infiltration] process. Sugiyama, Kohzo; Ohsawa, Yoshimi. Fac. Eng., Nagoya Univ., Nagoya, Japan. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1988), 7(11), 1221-4. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 110:62400 AN 1989:62400 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract BN infiltration into a Si3N4 powder preform, as a model of pulse chem.-vapor infiltration and means of consolidating powder preforms, is reported. The resulting samples were studied using SEM and electron microprobe x-ray microanal. and the effect on flexural strength was detd. The BN matrix deposits tightly among the particles of Si3N4. Bibliographic Information Bonding in aluminum phosphate ceramics prepared at low temperatures. Silsbee, Michael R.; Roy, D. M. Dep. Mater. Sci. Eng., Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1988), 114(Bonding Cem. Compos.), 295-300. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 109:114885 AN 1988:514885 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The process of chem. binding involves the transformation of a powder into a single contiguous mass. This process is likely to involve considerable structural rearrangement. The presence of a liq. phase offers a low energy pathway for the movement of ions required to achieve this rearrangement. The presence of the liq. phase alone is not sufficient to insure a successful transformation. Thermodn. considerations govern the ultimate reaction products, and the structure and chem. reactivity of the starting materials play a major role in the binding reaction. The ability of the solid phases to release ions for transport is important. Al(OH)3 served as a source of Al ions that reacted with the phosphate ions already in soln. to form an amorphous phase binding the less reactive -Al2O3 and AlPO4 particles together. The addn. of relatively small amts. of amorphous SiO2 altered the reaction products rather drastically. Bibliographic Information Detectors in battle. Powell, R. J. UK. Chemistry in Britain (1988), 24(7), 665, 667, 669. CODEN: CHMBAY ISSN: 0009-3106. Journal written in English. CAN 109:78950 AN 1988:478950 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The operating principle and design of 2 chem. warfare agent detectors are discussed. Both of the detectors have electrochem. cells which respond to nerve agents (tabun, sarin, VX) and to HCN. Bibliographic Information Density and deposition rate of chemical-vapor-deposited boron nitride. Matsuda, Toshitsugu; Nakae, Hiroyuki; Hirai, Toshio. Japan Met. Chem. Co., Ltd., Gunma, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1988), 23(2), 509-14. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 00222461. Journal written in English. CAN 108:191407 AN 1988:191407 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The d. and deposition rate characteristics were studied of chem.-vapor-deposited BN (CVD-BN) plates synthesized by use of the BCl3-NH3-H2 system at deposition temp. (Idep) 1200-2000 and total gas pressure (Ptot) 5-60 torr. At Ptot, all the CVDBN plates synthesized at each Tdep above 1300 had a d. >2.0 g/cm3 and thus showed no noticeable dependence on Idep. Over the Ptot range from 10-60 torr, on the other hand, the d. of the plates reached the max. of 2.08 g/cm3 at Tdep 2000 . As Tdep was lowered, the d. decreased to a min. of 1.40 g/cm3. The deposition rate varied with both Tdep and Ptot and showed a max. value under a certain Ptot at a given Tdep. The value of Ptot where the deposition rate becomes max. changed depending on the Tdep. The max. deposition rate was 0.6 mm/h for the CVD-BN plates when the d. was <2.0 g/cm3 and 0.4 mm/h when the d. was >2.0 g/cm3. The effects of deposition conditions on the characteristics of the d. and deposition rate are discussed in terms of the structure and deposition mechanism. Bibliographic Information Synthesis and catalytic activity of surfactant analogs of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine. Katritzky, Alan R.; Duell, Bradley L.; Durst, H. Dupont. Dep. Chem., Univ. Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. Langmuir (1987), 3(6), 976-82. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 107:197237 AN 1987:597237 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Seven surfactants have been synthesized, each contg. a 4-(dialkylamino)pyridine moiety carrying an 8-10-carbon chain with an attached polar or charged group. Two of the compds. fall into the neutral charge category, two are cationic, two are zwitterionic, and one is anionic. Rates of hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl hexanoate and 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl methylphosphonofluoridate by each surfactant were measured, both with and without added cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC). The most active deriv. was sodium 10-[butyl(4-pyridinyl)amino]decyl sulfate. The present catalysts, in contrast to the iodosobenzoates, show poor rate enhancements in the hydrolysis of fluorophosphonates. Bibliographic Information High temperature evaporation characteristics of amorphous Si3N4-C composite prepared by chemical vapor deposition. Goto, Takashi; Hirai, Toshio. Inst. Mater. Res., Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1987), 22(8), 2842-6. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 107:119869 AN 1987:519869 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Abstract Evapn. characteristics of amorphous Si3N4 and amorphous Si3N4-C composite (6 wt.% C) prepd. by the chem.-vapor deposition (CVD) were studied at 1400-1650 in a vacuum of .apprx.10-6 torr. The wt. loss due to the evapn. was linear with time for all samples tested. The evapn. rate of the amorphous CVD-(Si3N4-C) composite was 50-70% of that for the amorphous CVD-Si3N4. The activation energy for evapn., calcd. from the temp. dependence of the evapn. rates, was .apprx.160 kcal/mol for both samples. The C dispersed in the amorphous CVD-(Si3N4-C) composite reacted at the time of heat-treatment with the amorphous Si3N4 matrix and formed -SiC particles. The -SiC particles were .apprx.100 nm in diam. and connected to form a 3-dimensional network structure. Bibliographic Information Influence of synthesis chemistry on alumina-zirconia powder characteristics. Debsikdar, J. C. Battelle Columbus Div., Columbus, OH, USA. Journal of Materials Science (1987), 22(6), 2237-47. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 107:44957 AN 1987:444957 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chem. polymn., destabilization of mixed sols, and copptn. chem. processes were used to synthesize 80Al2O3.20ZrO2 (wt.%) powders. The elementary particles produced by each of these processes were 1.5-3.0 nm in size and were amorphous to electron diffraction. The powders were evaluated in terms of wt. loss (TGA), thermal characteristics (DTA), surface area (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller equation), pore size distribution, d. at different temps., and crystn. behavior (x-ray diffraction). The physicochem. characteristics and crystn. behavior of these chem. derived powders were significantly affected by the chem. of the powder synthesis. The powders produced by the chem. polymn. and the colloidal processes retained the tetragonal ZrO2 phase during cooling from 1600 , but significant transformation of tetragonal to monoclinic ZrO2 occurred in the copptd. powder under identical conditions. The 1550 -calcined powder derived by the chem. polymn. process retained a substantial amt. of tetragonal ZrO2 after annealing at 1000 for 72 h. The av. Al2O3 and ZrO2 crystal size of the calcined powders, calcd. by the Scherrer equation, was 20-80 nm. Bibliographic Information Characterization of wurtzitic boron nitride compacts. Singh, Bhanu Pratap. Natl. Phys. Lab., New Delhi, India. Journal of Materials Science (1987), 22(2), 495-8. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 106:161234 AN 1987:161234 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The properties of sintered polycryst. wurtzitic BN compacts were studied including the cryst. phases that formed at high temp. and pressure, compn., BN and binder particle size distribution, and hardness. Wurtzitic BN, cubic BN, TiC/TiN solid soln., TiB, and TiB2 were the cryst. phases obsd. The BN and binder particle size distributions were comparable (1-5 m), with .apprx.80% of the particles 2-3 m. Wt. percentages of different elements present in these compacts were detd. The av. Knoop hardness values under 500 g load and the variation of hardness as a function of position on the specimen surface were studied. Bibliographic Information Morphological and mechanical characterization of ceramic composite materials. Chermant, J. L.; Gomina, M.; Osterstock, F. ISMRa, Univ. Caen, Caen, Fr. Materials Science Research (1986), 20(Tailoring Multiphase Compos. Ceram.), 615-29. CODEN: MTSRAY ISSN: 0076-5201. Journal written in English. CAN 106:124512 AN 1987:124512 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract C fiber-reinforced (chem. vapor-deposited SiC) ceramic composites were tested in 3-point bending in 3 orientations of the notch prior to the applied stress. For the 2 main orientations, load-unloading sequences were performed to investigate the rupture parameters using the M. Sakai et al. (1983) method. The very good mech. behavior of these materials are due to the energy dissipative effect of the reinforcement. For the weaker orientation, an empirical method is proposed to measure the compliance at any point of the load-displacement curve. Bibliographic Information Chemical vapor deposition of Si3N4 from a gas mixture of Si2Cl6, NH3 and H2. Motojima, Seiji; Iwamori, Noriyuki; Hattori, Tatsuhiko. Fac. Eng., Gifu Univ., Gifu, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1986), 21(11), 3836-42. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 105:231265 AN 1986:631265 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Si3N4 layers were prepd. on a quartz substrate from a gas mixt. of Si2Cl6, NH3, and H2 under a reduced pressure and at 8001300 . Amorphous Si3N4 layers that were dense and adherent to the substrate were obtained at 800-1100 . On the other hand, -Si3N4 layers were obtained at 1200 and a source-gas ratio (N/Si) of 1.33-1.77. The lowest deposition temp. of amorphous Si3N4 was .apprx.700 . The microhardness of amorphous Si3N4 obtained at 800-1100 was 2400-2600 kg/mm2 (load: 50 g), and that of -Si3N4 obtained at 1200 was 3400 kg/mm2. Chlorine contents in the Si3N4 layer decreased with increasing deposition temp. and source-gas ratio (N/Si), and with decreasing total pressure. Bibliographic Information Innovative chemical/ceramic directions. Morgan, P. E. D. Rockwell Int. Sci. Cent., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1986), 73(Better Ceram. Chem. 2), 751-63. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 105:213019 AN 1986:613019 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review, with 37 refs., of chem. methods of ceramic prepn. including discussions of the sol-gel process, nanostructures, polymer pyrolysis, fused salt synthesis of chalcogenides, transformation toughening, liq. boundary phases, and Si3N4 prepn. from SiCl4 and (SiS2 + SiCl4). Bibliographic Information Microhardness and internal stress of silicon nitride (Si3N4)-silicon carbide films prepared by plasma CVD. Kamata, Kiichiro;

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Aizawa, Naoyoshi; Moriyama, Minoru. Technol. Univ. Nagaoka, Nagaoka, Japan. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1986), 5(10), 1055-7. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 105:196083 AN 1986:596083 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The microhardness and internal stress of Si3N4-SiC films prepd. by plasma chem.-vapor deposition were detd. in relation to use of the coatings for high strength and wear resistance. The films had compns. indicated by SiNxCy where x = 0-1.42 and y = 0-1.04. The relation between the crack length in a film coating on glass substrates (induced by a Vickers indentor) and the internal stress is discussed. Bibliographic Information Hybridization between silicon nitride (Si3N4) and silicon carbide films by plasma CVD. Kamata, Kiichiro; Maeda, Yuuji; Moriyama, Minoru. Technol. Univ. Nagaoka, Nagaoka, Japan. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1986), 5(10), 1051-4. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 105:196082 AN 1986:596082 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Hybrid SiC-Si3N4 films were prepd. by charge-coupled plasma chem.-vapor deposition from SiH4, NH3, CH4 (or C2H4), and H2 reaction gases. Homogeneous amorphous films were easily obtained. The C, N, and Si contents of the films were detd. Grains or phase boundaries were not obsd. using TEM. The n, IR absorption peak position, and optical band gap of the films varied continuously with changing amts. of each component in the Si3N4-SiC films. These results and TEM observations indicate that the films are not a mixt. of Si3N4 and SiC clusters. but are hybrid materials in which Si, N, and C atoms are blended on an at. scale. Bibliographic Information Zirconia: ceramic engineering's toughness challenge. Fisher, Greg. Dir. Tech. Serv., ACerS, USA. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (1986), 65(10), 1355-60. CODEN: ACSBA7 ISSN: 0002-7812. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 105:195989 AN 1986:595989 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review, with 54 bibliog. refs., of the chem. and properties of ZrO2 ceramics and the relations of these characteristics to ceramic toughness. Bibliographic Information Hydrolysis of mustard derivatives in aqueous acetone-water and ethanol-water mixtures. Yang, Yu Chu; Ward, J. Richard; Luteran, Thomas. Res. Dir., U. S. Army Chem. Res. Dev. cent., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Organic Chemistry (1986), 51(14), 2756-9. CODEN: JOCEAH ISSN: 0022-3263. Journal written in English. CAN 105:42037 AN 1986:442037 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Kinetic data for the hydrolysis of ClCH2CH2SR (R = Me, Et) in the title solvents were interpreted in terms of an SN1 mechanism with anchimeric assistance of the S atom to form a cyclic sulfonium ion as an intermediate. A finite and neg. Cp.thermod. was obsd. Bibliographic Information Synthesis of fiber-reinforced silicon carbide composites by chemical vapor infiltration. Stinton, David P.; Caputo, A. J.; Lowden, Richard A. Oak Ridge Natl. Lab, Oak Ridge, TN, USA. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (1986), 65(2), 347-50. CODEN: ACSBA7 ISSN: 0002-7812. Journal written in English. CAN 104:93916 AN 1986:93916 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A process was developed for the fabrication of fiber-reinforced SiC composites by chem.-vapor infiltration. Infiltration times of the low-d. fibrous structures were reduced significantly from previous processes by utilizing simultaneously a thermal gradient and forced gas flow. Synthesis of composites in this fashion produced specimens with high flexural strengths and with strain tolerances which significantly exceeded that of monolithic SiC. Bibliographic Information Creep of chemically vapor deposited silicon carbide fibers. Dicarlo, James A. Lewis Res. Cent., Natl. Aeronaut. Space Adm., Cleveland, OH, USA. Journal of Materials Science (1986), 21(1), 217-24. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 104:55136 AN 1986:55136 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The creep, thermal expansion, and elastic modulus properties of chem. vapor-deposited SiC fibers were detd. at 1000-1500 . Creep strain increased logarithmically with time, monotonically with temp., and linearly with tensile stress at 600 MPa. The controlling activation energy was 480 20 kJ/mol. Thermal pretreatments at .apprx.1200 and 1450 significantly reduced fiber creep. These results coupled with creep recovery observations indicate that at <1400 fiber creep is anelastic with a negligible plastic component. This allowed a simple predictive method to be developed for describing fiber total deformation as a function of time, temp., and stress. Mechanistic anal. of the property data suggests that fiber creep is the result of -SiC grain-boundary sliding, controlled by a small percentage of free Si in the grain boundaries. Bibliographic Information Mechanical properties of zirconia-toughened alumina ceramics from CVD powders. Hori, Saburo; Yoshimura, Masahiro; Somiya, Shigeyuki; Kurita, Ryuichi; Kaji, Hisatsugu. Res. Lab. Eng. Mater., Tokyo Inst. Technol., Yokohama, Japan. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1985), 4(4), 413-16. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 103:10304 AN 1985:410304 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract

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The fracture toughness and bending strength were measured on sintered ZrO2/-toughened Al2O3 samples which had been prepd. from a chem. vapor-deposited powder. Fracture toughness increased with ZrO2 addns. from 2.6 to 4.8 MPam1/2. Bending strength increased from 430 to 660 MPa with ZrO2 addns. up to 15 wt. % then droped to .simeq.500 MPa at 20-25 wt. % addn. X-ray anal. showed that the drop in bending strength corresponded to a drop in tetragonal phase content. Both the bending strength and fracture toughness increased .apprx.50% with 15 wt. % ZrO2 addn. Bibliographic Information Fracture energy of silicon nitride. Rice, R. W.; McKinney, K. R.; Wu, C. C.; Freiman, S. W.; Donough, W. J. M. Nav. Res. Lab., Washington, DC, USA. Journal of Materials Science (1985), 20(4), 1392-406. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 102:224933 AN 1985:224933 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The fracture energy of Si3N4 made by hot pressing, reaction sintering, and chem. vapor deposition (CVD) was studied. Extrapolation of fracture energies to zero additive or porosity levels, as well as anal. of CVD Si3N4 all indicate an intrinsic fracture energy of 20-30 J/m. Higher fracture energies in dense bodies with increasing additive content, or in some more porous bodies (relative to expected porosity dependence) are assocd. with crack branching. In dense bodies such branching may arise due to microcracking from combined effects of crack tip stresses and mismatch stresses due to differences in properties, esp. thermal expansion, between Si3N4 and the additive or it reaction products. In porous bodies such branching appears to be due to spatial distribution of pores. Bibliographic Information A morphological study of silicon carbide prepared by chemical vapor deposition. Tsui, P.; Spear, K. E. Mater. Res. Lab., Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA, USA. Materials Science Research (1984), 17(Emergent Process Methods HighTechnol. Ceram.), 371-80. CODEN: MTSRAY ISSN: 0076-5201. Journal written in English. CAN 102:171306 AN 1985:171306 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Surface morphologies of SiC deposits obtained via chem. vapor deposition (CVD) were studied as functions of substrate surface temp. and the concn. of the Si and C source material, MeSiCl3. Substrates of graphite and -SiC crystals were used. Explanations of the obsd. morphologies on graphite substrates and their marked changes with temp. are given in terms of chem. kinetics and mass transport arguments. The results of thermodn. calcns. were used to help explain the obsd. morphologies of the deposits on -SiC substrates. Bibliographic Information Preparation of amorphous silicon nitride-boron nitride composites by chemical vapor deposition. Hirai, Toshio; Goto, Takashi; Sakai, Tadashi. Res. Inst. Iron, Steel Other Met., Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Japan. Materials Science Research (1984), 17(Emergent Process Methods High-Technol. Ceram.), 347-58. CODEN: MTSRAY ISSN: 0076-5201. Journal written in English. CAN 102:171304 AN 1985:171304 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chem. vapor deposition of an Si-N-B system was studied by using SiCl4, NH3, H2 and B2H6 as source gases at deposition temps. of 1100-1300 and total gas pressures of 30-70 torr. The chem. compn. and d. of the deposits were measured. The structure of the deposits was investigated by x-ray diffraction and IR absorption techniques. The deposits were composed of amorphous Si3N4 and turbostratic BN. Bibliographic Information CVD of silicon nitride and its composites. Hirai, Toshio. Res. Inst. Iron, Steel Other Met., Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Japan. Materials Science Research (1984), 17(Emergent Process Methods High-Technol. Ceram.), 329-45. CODEN: MTSRAY ISSN: 0076-5201. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 102:171201 AN 1985:171201 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review, with 33 refs., is given of the synthesis, structure, and some properties of Si3N4-based ceramics and composites prepd. by the chem.-vapor deposition process. Bibliographic Information Calculation of deposition conditions for silicon nitride from a SiL4-NH3 gas phase (L = H, Cl, Br, CH). Lartigue, J. F.; Ducarroir, M.; Armas, B. Lab. Ultra-Refract., CNRS, Odeillo/FontRomeu, Fr. Journal of Materials Science (1984), 19(9), 3079-89. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 102:11260 AN 1985:11260 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Deposition conditions yielding Si nitride are calcd. for a set of initial gaseous systems, by complex thermodn. equil. computations. The influence of temp., total pressure and reactant gas ratios on the compn. and yield of the condensed phase are shown for SiH4/NH3, SiCl4/NH3, SiBr4/NH3, Si(CH3)4/NH3, and SiH4/CH4/NH3 systems. The interest of such calcns. is to give an efficient approach for exptl. studies of vapor-deposition systems. Bibliographic Information Mechanical properties of chemically vapor deposited nonoxide ceramics. Niihara, Koichi. Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Japan. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (1984), 63(9), 1160-4. CODEN: ACSBA7 ISSN: 0002-7812. Journal written in English. CAN 101:196815 AN 1984:596815 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Plates of chem. vapor-deposited nonoxide ceramics (Si3N4, SiC, and B4C) up to 3 mm thick were prepd. with high purity and d. at high deposition rates (>1 mm/h). High-resoln. electron microscopy of these materials reveals that there are no glassy layers or secondary phases at any grain boundaries and multiple-grain junctions. Thus, degrdn. of strength and toughness is not obsd. up to 1500 ; the strength and toughness of the Si3N4 and SiC increase with increasing temp. above 800 and 1100 , resp. The effects of preferred orientation, grain size (residual internal stress), and stoichiometry on the mech.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter properties also were examd. Bibliographic Information Effects of water chemistry on the leach resistance of SYNROC C. Woolfrey, J. L.; Levins, D. M. Lucas Heights Res. Lab., Aust. Atomic Energy Comm., Sydney, Australia. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1984), 26(Sci. Basis Nucl. Waste Manage. 7), 663-70. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 101:62325 AN 1984:462325 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The chem. durability of SYNROC-C was measured as a function of repository conditions, namely, temp., surface/vol. ratio, groundwater pH, and compn. The leach rate of SYNROC-C is less dependent on temp. than borosilicate glasses: activation energies range from 15-25 kJ mol-1 compared to 33-74 kJ mol-1 for glass. The rate of release from SYNROC-C is very low and independent of soln. compn. for the solns. studied. There is little variation in leach rate over the pH range 4-9, but at pH 2 the rate is up to 10 times higher. SYNROC-C leach rate is independent of flow rate or surface/vol. ratio for the mobile waste elements because of the unimportance of soln. satn. effects owing to the low concn. of dissolved solids. The differential leach rate decreases rapidly with time because, after initial leaching from grain boundaries and metastable minor phases, the highly insol. matrix protects the more leachable elements from further attack. Bibliographic Information Effects of variability of the base powder on the sintering of -silicon carbide. Williams, R. M.; Juterbock, B. N.; Peters, C. R.; Whalen, T. J. Ford Motor Co., Dearborn, MI, USA. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1984), 3(3), 265-7. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 100:160854 AN 1984:160854 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The importance of using starting powders with rigidly controlled chem. and crystallog. compn. and phys. characteristics for sintering of -SiC was investigated. Tests were conducted with 2 lots of sinterable -SiC from the same manufacturer and of the same grade. Differences in particle-size distribution, surface area, and chem. compn., most notably in free C and O contents, were obsd. The morphol. of the 2 materials was similar. The variations obsd. in the phys. properties of the ceramics and in temps. at which phase transformations occur were quite significant in comparison to the property differences of the starting materials. Bibliographic Information Microstructure of silicon nitride-titanium nitride composites prepared by chemical-vapor deposition. Hayashi, Shinsuke; Hirai, Toshio; Hiraga, Kenji; Hirabayashi, Makoto. Res. Inst. Iron, Steel Other Met., Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1982), 17(11), 3336-40. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 98:21091 AN 1983:21091 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The shapes and the distribution of TiN within Si3N4-TiN composites prepd. by the chem.-vapor deposition of a SiCl4-TiCl4-NH3H2 system were examd. using an electron microscope. The TiN dispersion in the amorphous Si3N4 matrix was granular and its max. size was 3 nm. The TiN dispersions in - and -Si3N4 matrices were contained in their resp. crystal grains; however, the shape of the TiN dispersions in the -Si3N4 matrix was different from that in the -Si3N4 matrix. Granular TiN dispersions with an av. size of 10 nm were obsd. in the -Si3N4 matrix. The TiN dispersions in the -Si3N4 matrix were columnar with a diam. of several nm having its axis extended to the direction parallel to the c-axis of the -Si3N4 crystal. Bibliographic Information Density and deposition rates of amorphous CVD-silicon nitride (Si3N4) including carbon. Hirai, Toshio; Goto, Takashi. Res. Inst. Iron, Steel Other Metals, Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1981), 16(10), 2877-82. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 96:39625 AN 1982:39625 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Amorphous Si3N4 contg. uniformly distributed C was prepd. by chem. vapor deposition using SiCl4 vapor and NH3, H2, and C3H8 gases at desorption temps. (T) of 1100 to 1300 and at total gas pressures (P) of 30 to 70 torr. The d. of the amorphous Si3N4 deposit was 2.80-3.00 g/cm3, depending upon the deposition conditions. The rate of growth in thickness increased with increasing T and P and had the largest value of 0.6 mm/h at T = 1300 , P = 70 torr, and C3H8 gas flow rates of 0 to 20 cm3/min. The activation energy of formation decreased from 38 to 20 kcal/mol with increasing P and C3H8 flow rate. Bibliographic Information The delayed neuropathic effects of nerve agents and some other organophosphorus compounds. Gordon J J; Inns R H; Johnson M K; Leadbeater L; Maidment M P; Upshall D G; Cooper G H; Rickard R L Archives of toxicology (1983 Feb), 52(2), 71-82. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 6847383 AN 83203413 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))

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Bibliographic Information Crystal chemistry and phase manipulation in Synroc. Vance, E. R.; Moricca, S.; Thorogood, G. J.; Lumpkin, G. R. Aust. Nucl. Sci. Technol. Organ., Menai, Australia. Key Engineering Materials (1991), 53-55(Austceram '90), 717-21. CODEN: KEMAEY ISSN: 1013-9826. Journal written in English. CAN 118:259605 AN 1993:259605 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The modification of the titanate ceramic Synroc was studied in terms of decreasing the unstable perovskite phase content, incorporation of process chems., and incorporation of Al-rich and actinide-rich nuclear wastes. A formulation of alkoxidederived Al2O3 (7.8), BaO (11.7), CaO (8.3), TiO2 (54.1), and ZrO2 (18.1 wt.%) produced a mixt. of hollandite and zirconolite when sintered at 1200 in air, but .apprx.10 wt.% perovskite formed when hot pressed at 1200 . A cor. formulation with 30 wt.% simulated high-level waste substitution for ZrO2 still produced a significant amt. of perovskite. Mg from fuel cladding was

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predicted to be incorporated in a MgTi2O5 phase which was demonstrated to be compatible with the other Synroc phases. P was incorporated in the alloy phase and as Ca3(PO4)2 at higher loadings. Satisfactory Cs leach rates were obtained when alkoxide-derived Synroc powders were hot pressed at 1400 , but not all Al from the waste was incorporated in the Synroc phases at loadings as low as 10 wt.% Al2O3. Bibliographic Information Study of the efficacy of CC-2 and Fuller's earth combination as a decontaminant against sulfur mustard (mustard gas) dermal intoxication in mice. Kumar, Pravin; Sharma, U. S.; Vijayaraghavan, R. Def. Res. and Dev. Establ., Gwalior, India. Defence Science Journal (1991), 41(4), 363-6. CODEN: DSJOAA ISSN: 0011-748X. Journal written in English. CAN 116:189222 AN 1992:189222 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Decontamination efficacy of Fuller's earth and CC-2 independently; and in different combinations was evaluated against toxicity of sulfur mustard applied percutaneously on mice. Max. protection was obtained with fuller's earth and CC-2 in a combination of 80:20 (wt./wt.). Bibliographic Information Thermochemical analysis of chemical processes relevant to the stability and processing of silicon carbide-reinforced silicon nitride composites. Misra, A. K. NASA Lewis Res. Cent., Sverdrup Technol., Inc., Cleveland, OH, USA. Journal of Materials Science (1991), 26(24), 6591-8. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 116:65309 AN 1992:65309 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chem. processes relevant to the stability and processing of SiC-reinforced Si3N4 composites are examd. from a thermochem. point of view. The thermodn. stability of various interfaces, such as SiC-Si3N4, SiC-Si3N4-Si2ON2, and SiC-Si3N4-SiO2, is examd. as a function of temp. The temps. above which these interfaces become unstable are calcd., and the degrdn. of SiC during the processing of the composite is examd. The processing routes considered in this study include the reaction-bonded Si3N4 process, as well as pressure-assisted sintering processes in the presence of suitable sintering additives. Bibliographic Information Microstructural and chemical effects in alumina implanted with iron at 77 K and annealed in oxidizing or reducing atmospheres. McHargue, C. J.; Sklad, P. S.; White, C. W.; McCallum, J. C.; Perez, A.; Marest, G. Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1991), 6(10), 2160-77. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 115:238068 AN 1991:638068 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Implantation of Fe (160 keV) into -Al2O3 at 77 K produces an amorphous surface layer for fluences 1016-1017 Fe ions/cm2. Measurements of short-range order were made by extended energy loss fine structure anal. The structure of amorphous Al2O3 produced by implantation of Fe at 77 K exhibits short-range order that differs from that produced by stoichiometric (Al + O) implants. This difference is manifested by changes in the Al-O near-neighbor bond length. The local environments of implanted Fe were detd. from conversion electron Moessbauer spectroscopy. The Fe resides in several different local environments consistent with the electronic states of Fe2+, Fe4+, and Fe0. The relative amt. of each environment depends on the concn. (fluence) of the implanted Fe ions. Regrowth of the amorphous zone during annealing occurs in the sequence amorphous Al2O3 -Al2O3 -Al2O3. The kinetics of regrowth and phase sepn. vary with implanted fluence with annealing atm. The higher the concn. of implanted Fe, the slower the formation of Fe-Al2O3 ppt. phases in oxidizing atmospheres and -Fe ppts. in reducing atmospheres. Bibliographic Information Microstructural and chemical effects in alumina implanted with iron at room temperature and annealed in oxidizing or reducing atmospheres. McHargue, C. J.; Sklad, P. S.; White, C. W.; Farlow, G. C.; Perez, A.; Marest, G. Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1991), 6(10), 2145-59. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 115:238067 AN 1991:638067 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract RBS-ion channeling, TEM, and conversion electron Moessbauer spectroscopy were used to det. the structure of -Al2O3 implanted with Fe at room temp. Changes produced by post-implantation annealing in oxidizing and reducing atmospheres were followed using the same methods. Implantation of 160 keV Fe at room temp. produces a damaged but cryst. microstructure for fluences 1 1017 Fe ions/cm2. The Fe resides in a variety of local environments: 3 Fe2+ components, 1 Fe0 component, and 2 Fe4+ components. The relative amt. of each component varies with implantation fluence. Only the Fe0 component seems to be assocd. with 2nd-phase formation. In this case, 2 nm diam. -Fe particles were detected by TEM studies. Recovery of implantation-induced disorder in the Al- and O-sublattices occurs in 2 stages for annealing in O and in 1 continuous stage for H-annealing. The end state for Fe is Fe3+ for O anneals and Fe0 for H anneals. The pptd. phases obsd. are those to be expected from the equil. phase diagrams. Bibliographic Information Grain boundaries in high thermal conductivity aluminum nitride. McKernan, Stuart; Norton, M. Grant; Carter, C. Barry. Dep. Mater. Sci. Eng., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1991), 203(Electron. Packag. Mater. Sci. 5), 229-34. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 115:237865 AN 1991:637865 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The benefits of AlN as a substrate material for the electronics packaging industry appear to be limited by the deleterious effects of boundaries in the polycryst. material. Some observations on different types of boundary in AlN using several complementary techniques are reported. Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy anal. of grain boundaries shows that there is O at the grain boundaries, in agreement with previous work. No variation in the grain-boundary chem. was detected in the proximity of Y2O3-rich particles. The apparent increase in the O peak is probably due to an increased width of the oxide layer close to the triple junction. Bibliographic Information

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Modified CVD of nanoscale structures in and EVD of thin layers on porous ceramic membranes. De Haart, L. G. J.; Lin, Y. S.; De Vries, K. J.; Burggraaf, A. J. Fac. Chem. Technol., Univ. Twente, Enschede, Neth. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1991), 8(1), 59-70. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 115:213226 AN 1991:613226 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Expts. on the modified CVD and the electrochem. vapor deposition (EVD) of Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2 on porous substrates are reported. In the CVD stage, deposition occurs in a small (<20 m) region at the edge of the substrate, very likely leading to pore narrowing. This result illustrates the feasibility of the CVD technique for the modification of ceramic membranes to the (sub)nanometer scale. Film growth in the EVD stage is controlled by the in-pore diffusion of the O source reactant for short (<5 h) deposition times. The Y2O3/ZrO2 ratio in the deposited film is detd. by the ratio present in the vapor phase. Very thin ( 2 m) films can be deposited, which have a potential application in solid oxide fuel cells. Bibliographic Information Thermal stability of ceramic fiber in a CVI-processed silicon carbide matrix composite. Lin, W.; Yang, J. M. Dep. Mater. Sci. Eng., Univ. California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Journal of Materials Science (1991), 26(15), 4116-22. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 115:140940 AN 1991:540940 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The thermal stability of the HPZ (Si-C-O-N system from hydridopolysilazane polymer precursor) fiber in a chem. vapor infiltration (CVI)-processed SiC matrix composite was studied. The mech. properties and fracture behavior of the untreated and SiC-coated fibers after thermal exposure at different temps. and atmospheres were characterized. At <1000 , the strength degrdn. is negligible. However, severe degrdn. occurs at >1000 due to the evolution of CO, SiO, and other gaseous species. Also, pyrolytic C coating is needed to tailor the interfacial bond strength in the HPZ/SiC composites. Bibliographic Information Reaction chemistry at joined interfaces between silicon nitride and aluminum. Ning, X. S.; Okamoto, T.; Miyamoto, Y.; Koreeda, A.; Suganuma, K. Inst. Sci. Ind. Res., Osaka Univ., Osaka, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1991), 26(15), 4142-9. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 115:118946 AN 1991:518946 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Joined interfaces of hot-isostatically pressed, additive-free Si3N4 ceramic/Al braze bonded at 1073 K for 18 ks or at 1473 K for 1.8 ks in a vacuum of 1.3 mPa and of -Si3N4 powder/Al powder interfaces bonded at 1073 K for 1.8 ks or 18 ks in the same vacuum were examd. by anal. TEM and x-ray diffraction. Mullite, some small crystals, and '-Sialon were detected at the interface of the ceramic/Al braze bonded at the low temp. and 15R AlN-polytype Sialon, '-Sialon, AlN, mullite, and SiO2Al2O3 noncryst. material were detected at interfaces bonded at 1473 K. At the powder interface, AlN, and Si were also detected besides '-Sialon and the SiO2-Al2O3 noncryst. material, even though the bonding was conducted at the low temp. The interfacial reactions of the joints were affected not only by the bonding temp., but also by the oxide formed at the interface before bonding occurred. Bibliographic Information Thermo-mechanical properties and oxidation resistance of zirconia CVI matrix composites: 2 - thermal properties and oxidation resistance. Minet, J.; Langlais, F.; Naslain, R. Lab. Chim. Solide, Univ. Bordeaux, Talence, Fr. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1991), 7(5), 283-93. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 115:118899 AN 1991:518899 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract ZrO2 matrix composites, prepd. by chem. vapor infiltration (CVI) from preforms (Al2O3 or C fibers) having a 2 (or pseudo-3-) dimensional character, were studied from a thermal behavior and resistance to oxidn. standpoint. The ZrO2 vol. fraction and residual porosity were within the 0.30-0.75 and 0.10-0.25 ranges, resp. The expts. were carried out 1500 . Thermal expansion is low and almost reversible for the C-ZrO2 composites whereas it is more significant and partly irreversible for the Al2O3-ZrO2 composites. The Al2O3-ZrO2 composites exhibit an insulating character at >1000 , comparable to that of sintered ZrO2, whereas the C-ZrO2 composites have a thermal cond. equal to that of sintered Al2O3 at >1000 . The resistance to oxidn. by air is acceptable at moderate temps. and for short exposures. Under more severe conditions, damaging phenomena occur (i.e., grain growth, oxidn. of the C preform or BN interphase) which are detrimental to the mech. behavior. Bibliographic Information Efficacy of an oximate-based skin decontaminant against organophosphate nerve agents determined in vivo and in vitro. Sawyer, Thomas W.; Parker, Deborah; Thomas, Norleen; Weiss, M. Tracy; Bide, Richard W. Def. Res. Establ., Suffield/Ralston, AB, Can. Toxicology (1991), 67(3), 267-77. CODEN: TXCYAC ISSN: 0300-483X. Journal written in English. CAN 115:87007 AN 1991:487007 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Recent Canadian research efforts have been directed towards the development of a reactive skin decontaminant (RSD) lotion active against classical nerve agents and mustard. The formulation presently under study consists of a 1.25 m soln. of potassium 2,3-butanedione monoximate (KBDO) in polyethylene glycol Me ether 550. Although this formulation has shown good efficacy, concern has been expressed as to the potential toxicity of the reaction products of KBDO and organophosphate (OP) nerve agents. This report describes the high efficacy of this lotion in inactivating OPs as measured by the systemic toxicity of the OP/RSD mixts. in rats. In addn., primary cultures of chick embryo neurons were also used to test the efficacy of the RSD. By relating the anticholinesterase activity in these cultures of the OP/RSD mixt. to that of pure OP stds., a sensitive measure of the value of the RSD in inactivating tabun, sarin, soman and VX was obtained. Expts. with all 4 nerve agents in this in vitro system provided a good correlation with the in vivo data, and also indicated that the inactivation process was timeand agent-dependent and also related to the ratio of OP to RSD. Bibliographic Information Refractory ceramic foams: a novel, new high-temperature structure. Sherman, Andrew J.; Tuffias, Robert H.; Kaplan, Richard B. Ultramet Corp., Pacoima, CA, USA. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (1991), 70(6), 1025-7, 1029. CODEN: ACSBA7 ISSN: 0002-7812. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 115:33992 AN 1991:433992 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review with 6 refs. Chem.-vapor infiltration (CVI) enables prepn. of the porous cellular structure. The fabrication of such a structure begins with the pyrolysis of a resin-impregnated thermosetting foam to obtain a reticulated C foam skeleton. The foam ligaments can then be coated with a variety of materials (metals, oxides, nitrides, carbides, borides, silicides, etc.), either singly or as hybrid, layered, alloyed, or graded structures. During this process, 10-1000 m of the desired material(s) are deposited onto the foam ligaments by CVI. The thermomech. properties of the resultant structure are dominated by the properties of the deposit, becoming independent of the c properties at very small material loadings. With precise control over the variables available, it is possible to obtain the simultaneous optimization of stiffness, strength, thermal cond., overall wt. and environmental resistance. Bibliographic Information Chemical control in precipitation of spherical zirconia particles. Lerot, L.; Legrand, F.; De Bruycker, P. Lab. Cent. Rech., Solvay et Cie, Brussels, Belg. Journal of Materials Science (1991), 26(9), 2353-8. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 115:13964 AN 1991:413964 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Monodisperse spherical ZrO2 particles were pptd. by hydrolysis of alc. solns. of Zr alkoxides in the presence of long-chain carboxylic acids. The particle size can be finely tuned from 0.1 to 2.5 m by controlling the concn. of Zr alkoxide, the water/Zr ratio, the nature of alc. from EtOH to BuOH, the nature of carboxylic acid from caproic to oleic acid, and its concn. The relations among the induction time before nucleation, the particle size, and all the above parameters are tentatively explained on the grounds of the soly. of the carboxy-alkoxide derivs. and their tendency to form micelles. Calcination of pptd. powders at 300600 produces mixts. of varying compn. from cubic to monoclinic phases of small crystallite sizes and brings out the loss of surface area and org. content. Different conditions of drying powders lead to variously ordered microstructures. Bibliographic Information Stability of zirconia-ceria-yttria ceramics in hostile environments. Leach, C.; Khan, N. Dep. Mater., Imp. Coll. Sci., Technol. Med., London, UK. Journal of Materials Science (1991), 26(8), 2026-30. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 114:212576 AN 1991:212576 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The phase chem., elec. cond. in air and forming gas, and stability in warm humid environments of ZrO2-CeO2-Y2O3 ceramics are described. The compns. studied lie between 12 mol% CeO2/88 mol% ZrO2 and 3 mol% Y2O3/97 mol% ZrO2 and fall within the tetragonal phase field of this ternary system. At 700 , reducing atms. affected only the cond. of the end-member CeO2-ZrO2 ceramic, having no effect on the ternary compns. Compns. contg. >10 mol% CeO2 were more stable to stabilizer loss in water vapor at 132 than those contg. <10 mol% CeO2. Bibliographic Information A mathematical model for chemical vapor infiltration with microwave heating and external cooling. Gupta, Deepak; Evans, James W. Lawrence Berkeley Lab., Univ. California, Berkeley, CA, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1991), 6(4), 810-18. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 114:191000 AN 1991:191000 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A math. model was used to compute temp. profiles in ceramic preforms that are heated by microwaves. The temp. profiles were then input to a 2nd part of the model describing chem. vapor infiltration of the preform, that is the diffusion of gaseous reactants, heterogeneous reaction, and evolution of the pore structure. Equations were solved numerically for parameters corresponding to the infiltration of SiC preforms by pyrolysis of MeSiCl3. While based on some simplifications, the model leads to the conclusion that infiltration proceeds more rapidly, and to a greater extent, with microwave heating/external cooling than in isothermal infiltration. The model suggests that infiltration might be optimized by manipulation of microwave power and external cooling. The computed extent of infiltration is very sensitive to the initial pore size. Bibliographic Information Preparation of silicon carbide powders by chemical-vapor deposition of the dichlorodimethylsilane-hydrogen system. Chen, Lidong; Goto, Takashi; Hirai, Toshio. Inst. Mater. Res., Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1990), 25(11), 4614-21. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 113:236356 AN 1990:636356 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract SiC powders were prepd. by chem.-vapor deposition using (Me)2SiCl2 and H2 as source gases at 1273-1673 K. Various kinds of SiC powders such as amorphous powder, -type single-phase powder, and composite powder were obtained. The composite powders contained free Si and/or free C phases of a few nanometers in diam. All the particles obsd. were spherical in shape and uniform in size. The particle size increased from 45 to 130 nm with decreasing reaction temp. and gas flow rate and with increasing reactant concn. The lattice parameter of the -SiC particles decreased with increasing reaction temp. All the lattice parameters were larger than those of bulk -SiC. Bibliographic Information Thermodynamics for the preparation of silicon carbide-carbon nanocomposites by chemical-vapor deposition. Wang, Y.; Sasaki, M.; Goto, T.; Hirai, T. Inst. Mater. Res., Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1990), 25(11), 4607-13. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 113:236355 AN 1990:636355 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract SiC-C nanocomposites covering every possible combination of C and SiC were prepd. by chem.-vapor deposition. The specific compns. of the deposits were controlled by changing the Si/C molar ratio in the source gases at deposition temps. 1673-1873 K and total gas pressures 6.7-40 kPa using the SiCl4-C3H8-H2 system. The prediction, based on the thermodn. calcn. on compn., morphol. and deposition rate, was compared with exptl. results. The optimal deposition conditions predicted by the calcns. were nearly in agreement with the exptl. results.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Bibliographic Information Thermomechanical properties and oxidation resistance of zirconia CVI-matrix composites: 1 - mechanical behavior. Minet, J.; Langlais, F.; Quenisset, J. M.; Naslain, R. Lab. Chim. Solide, Univ. Bordeaux, Talence, Fr. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (1989), 5(6), 341-56. CODEN: JECSER ISSN: 0955-2219. Journal written in English. CAN 113:216698 AN 1990:616698 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The mech. behavior of various ZrO2-based fibrous composites was studied at ambient and high temps. The composites were prepd. by ZrO2-chem.-vapor infiltration (CVI) densification, from preforms made of Al2O3 or C fibers consolidated with a small amt. of Al2O3, pyrocarbon or hexagonal BN. When loaded under compression at room temp., 2-dimensional (2-D) C-C/ZrO2 composites exhibit mech. behavior similar to that already reported for the related 2-D-C-C/SiC, 2-D-C-C/B4C, 2-D-C-C/TiC or 2-D-C-C/BN materials with: a linear elastic domain, a damaging domain prior to failure, and an anisotropy which decreases as ZrO2 vol. fraction is raised. Under 3-point bending, the Al2O3-ZrO2 composites behave, at room temp., in a nonbrittle manner when the preform has been consolidated by BN, with crack deviation and pull-out phenomena. The variations of the stiffness and strength vs. ZrO2 vol. fraction obey exponential laws at room temp. Finally, the Al2O3-ZrO2 composites keep their strength and rigidity .ltorsim.1000 under an atm. of Ar/H. Bibliographic Information Low-temperature MOCVD of silicon-based ceramic films. Du, Honghua; Bae, Yongwoong; Gallois, Bernard; Gonsalves, Kenneth E. Dep. Mater. Sci. Eng., Stevens Inst. Technol., Hoboken, NJ, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1990), 168(Chem. Vap. Deposition Refract. Met. Ceram.), 331-6. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 113:196275 AN 1990:596275 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A liq. methylsilazane compd., [MeSiHNH]n, was used, with H2, NH3, and a 60%/40% NH3/H2 mixt., to deposit Si-based ceramic films in a metalorg. chem.-vapor-deposition (MOCVD) reactor at 873-1073 K. Characterization of the films by ellipsometry and FTIR and Auger electron spectrometry showed that the methylsilazane was pyrolyzed to form Si carbonitride in H2 and Si3N4 in both NH3 and NH3/H2, with the incorporation of appreciable amts. of O. The deposition rate increased and the activation energy decreased in order from NH3-, NH3/H2-, and H2-[MeSiHNH]n gas mixts. The temp. dependence of the structural d. of the films increased in the same order. Bibliographic Information Modeling transport, reaction, and pore structure evolution during densification of cellular or fibrous structures. Sotirchos, Stratis V.; Tomadakis, Manolis M. Dep. Chem. Eng., Univ. Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1990), 168(Chem. Vap. Deposition Refract. Met. Ceram.), 73-8. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 113:196263 AN 1990:596263 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A math. model is developed to describe mass transport, reaction, and structure evolution during densification of porous media of initially fibrous or cellular structure. The use of Monte Carlo simulation procedures for detg. the variation of the local (av.) structural properties of the porous structure and of the effective diffusion coeffs. in the porous medium with the porosity is also discussed, and results are presented for Knudsen diffusion in cellular or fibrous media. The model is used to theor. study the transient behavior of the densification process during prepn. of SiC/SiC ceramic matrix composites by chem. vapor infiltration of porous preforms. Particular emphasis is placed on the investigation of the effects of pressure pulsing on the d. gradients in the densifying structure. Bibliographic Information Analytical simulation of an improved CVI [chemical vapor infiltration] process for forming highly densified ceramic composites. Tai, Nyan Hwa; Chou, Tsu Wei. Cent. Compos. Mater., Univ. Delaware, Newark, DE, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1990), 168(Chem. Vap. Deposition Refract. Met. Ceram.), 61-6. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 113:196261 AN 1990:596261 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A model for chem.-vapor infiltration (CVI) under pressure and temp. gradients is applied to the study of deposition of SiC from the pyrolysis of MeSiCl3 within a 3-dimensional (3-D) woven fibrous preform. The model considers the infiltration of reactants into a preform with temp. gradients by applying a pressure gradient between the vapor inlet and outlet; it also takes into account the variation in concn. of the vapor precursor. A quasi-steady-state approach was adopted to stimulate the matrix deposition in a 3-D unit cell. The d. distribution, consolidation profile, and total fabrication period were theor. predicted. Bibliographic Information Formation of novel sintered composites by high-pressure crystallization of amorphous ceramics. Onodera, Akifumi; Takahashi, Norikazu; Yoshihara, Haruyuki; Nakae, Hiroyuki; Matsunami, Yukio; Hirai, Toshio. Fac. Eng. Sci., Osaka Univ., Toyonaka, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1990), 25(9), 4157-61. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 113:176879 AN 1990:576879 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A combination of chem.-vapor deposition (CVD) and high-pressure (HP) sintering methods were used to prep. the zincblende form of BN (z-BN)-based ceramic composites. The CVD method provides amorphous B-N-X (X = Al, Si, or Ti). The HP method renders the amorphous samples cryst., and decompn. into z-BN plus the resp. nitride (e.g., -Si3N4) occurs. Compacts of the composites are obtained by in situ sintering under high pressure. The compacts exhibit peculiar microstructures composed of z-BN nanocrystals homogeneously dispersed in the nitride matrixes. Bibliographic Information Characterization of ceramic matrix composites fabricated by chemical vapor infiltration. Stinton, D. P.; Hembree, D. M., Jr.; More, K. L.; Sheldon, B. W.; Besmann, T. M. Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1990), 168(Chem. Vap. Deposition Refract. Met. Ceram.), 273-80. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 02729172. Journal written in English. CAN 113:176787 AN 1990:576787 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

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A process for the prepn. of fiber-reinforced SiC composites by chem.-vapor deposition has been developed at Oak Ridge National Lab. Composites are prepd. by infiltrating fibrous preforms with reactant gases that decomp. at elevated temps. to deposit SiC between and around the fibers. Because the infiltration process utilizes both temp. and pressure gradients, SiC is deposited under conditions that vary considerably from the hot face to the cool face of the composite. Matrix characterization of composite samples by TEM and Raman spectroscopy are described. Bibliographic Information Analysis and testing of the metal parts furnace for the demilitarization of chemical warfare munitions. Fournier, Ronald L.; Horne, Deane A.; Rinker, Franklin G.; Jackson, Kerm. Dep. Chem. Eng., Univ. Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA. Journal of Hazardous Materials (1990), 23(1), 1-20. CODEN: JHMAD9 ISSN: 0304-3894. Journal written in English. CAN 113:137967 AN 1990:537967 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract At the Chem. Agent Munitions Disposal System (CAMDS) located to Tooele Army Depot, Utah, the munition metal parts contg. <5% residual agent are thermally decontaminated in roller hearth-type furnace, the Metal Parts Furnace (MPF). The drained munitions are heated to >1000 F for 15 min to insure complete destruction of any remaining agent residue. During this heating process the residual agent vaporizes. The vaporized agent burns within the MPF and the MPF afterburner prior to treatment of the combustion product gases in the pollution abatement system. Agent vaporization is a rapid unsteady process with peak Btu loadings on the MPF of 10 million Btu/h. Since there are 14 different munition types contg. 3 different types of chem. agents, ranging from a load of 96 105-mm projectiles contg. as little as 0.08 lbs of the nerve agent GB per projectile to a ton container with 80 lbs of the nerve agent VX, the control system of the MPF system must be flexible enough to handle a wide variety of thermal loads. To evaluate and predict the performance of the MPF, tests were performed at CAMDS by using a variety of munitions contg. chem. agent simulants. The simulants were selected on the basis of comparable b.ps., heat of vaporization, and heat of combustion. A math. model of the MPF was developed to predict the heating rate of the munition and the vaporization profiles of the agents and their simulants. The results of the model were compared to simulant testing in ton containers at CAMDS. The results show good agreement with the math. model predictions. Bibliographic Information Powder preparation and compaction behavior of fine-grained yttria-doped tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (Y-TZP). Groot Zevert, W. F. M.; Winnubst, A. J. A.; Theunissen, G. S. A. M.; Burggraaf, A. J. Fac. Chem. Technol., Univ. Twente, Enschede, Neth. Journal of Materials Science (1990), 25(8), 3449-55. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 113:119698 AN 1990:519698 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Two wet chem. prepn. methods are described for Y2O3-doped tetragonal ZrO2 powders. Both methods yield powders with an extremely small crystallite size (8 nm) and a narrow size distribution. The agglomerate and aggregate structure of these powders was investigated by several techniques. Gel pptn. from an alkoxide soln. in water (alkoxide synthesis) results in a ceramic powder with irregular-shaped weak and porous agglomerates, which are built up from dense aggregates with a size of 18 nm. Gel ppts. formed from a metal-chloride soln. in NH3 (chloride synthesis) do not contain aggregates. Both types of agglomerate are fractured during isostatic compaction. Hydrolysis and washing under (strong) basic conditions probably decrease the degree of aggregation. The aggregate morphol. and structure are key parameters in the microstructure development during sintering of a ceramic. Several characteristics of these powders are compared with those of a com. one (Toyo Soda TZ3Y). Bibliographic Information Preparation of titanium carbide plates by chemical vapor deposition. Jiang, Chorn Cherng; Goto, Takashi; Hirai, Toshio. Inst. Mater. Res., Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1990), 25(2A), 1086-93. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 00222461. Journal written in English. CAN 112:144385 AN 1990:144385 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Thick TeCx plates were prepd. by chem.-vapor deposition using TiCl4, CCl4, and H2 as source gases at deposition temps. (Tdep) 1573-1873 K, total gas pressures (Ptot) 4-40 kPa, and source gas molar ratio [CCl4/(TiCl4 + CCl4)] (mc) 0.13-0.91. The effects of deposition conditions on the microstructure, preferred orientation, deposition rate, lattice parameter, and compn. were studied. A plate-like TiCx was obtained at mc 0.5. The (110) plane was preferably oriented parallel to the deposition surface at Tdep 1673-1873 K. The deposition rates showed a strong mc dependence and the max. rate was found at mc = 0.3-0.5. The activation energies for the formation of TiCx plates were 86 kJ/mol at Ptot = 4 kPa and 95 kJ/mol at Ptot = 40 kPa. When mc values were 0.13-0.51, the lattice parameter increased with increasing mc >0.72 at all Tdep. The at. ratio (C:Ti) for TiCx was 0.6-1.0 depending on deposition conditions. Bibliographic Information Characterization and processing of CVD powders for fabrication of composite and compound ceramics. Hori, Saburo; Shigaki, Yoshiki; Hirata, Yoshihiro; Yoshimura, Masahiro; Somiya, Shigeyuki. Kureha Chem. Ind. Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1989), 155(Process. Sci. Adv. Ceram.), 3-12. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 112:144279 AN 1990:144279 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Two-component oxide powders were prepd. in the systems Al2O3-ZrO2, AliO3-TiO2, and Al2O3-SiO2 by a chem.-vapor deposition (CVD) method using a combustion flame for the purpose of fabricating resp. composite or compd. ceramics. The CVD powders were spherical and ultrafine (av. 30-70 nm) with log-normal size distribution, and exhibited either very homogeneous or nanoheterogeneous structure and crystallog. metastability in phases and solid soln. By starting from these CVD powders, uniform microstructures were achieved in the sintered products and better sinterability and novel microstructure became possible due to the metastability which reflected the formation mechanism of 2-component powders at high temps. CVD powders, previously considered difficult to sinter, proved to be excellent starting materials for fabrication of composite and compd. ceramics when improved processing methods were applied. Bibliographic Information Preparation of silicon carbide powders by chemical vapor deposition from the silane-methane-hydrogen system. Chen, Lidong; Goto, Takashi; Hirai, Toshio. Inst. Mater. Res., Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1989), 24(11), 3824-30. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 112:41177 AN 1990:41177 CAPLUS (Copyright

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chem. vapor deposition (CVD) from the SiH4 + CH4 + H2 system was used to prep. -SiC powders at 1523-1673 K. The powders obtained at 1673 K were single-phase -SiC contg. neither free Si or free C. The powders obtained at <1623 K were composite powders contg. free Si. The carburization ratio (SiC/SiC + Si)) increased with increasing reaction temp. and total gas flow rate, and with decreasing reactant concn. The av. particle sizes detd. by TEM were 46-114 nm. The particle size increased with increasing reaction temp. and gas concn. but decreased with increasing gas flow rate. The -SiC particles obtained at <1623 K consisted of a Si core and a -SiC shell, as opposed to the -SiC particles obtained at 1673 K, which were hollow. IR absorption peaks were obsd. at 940 and 810 cm-1 for particles contg. a Si core, whereas a single peak at .apprx.830 cm-1 with a shoulder at .apprx.930 cm-1 was obsd. for the -SiC hollow particles. The lattice parameter of -SiC having a carburization ratio <70 wt. %, was larger than that of bulk -SiC and decreased with increasing carburization ratio. However, when the carburization ratio was >70 wt.%, the lattice parameter became approx. equal to that of bulk -SiC. Bibliographic Information The interaction of chemical kinetics and diffusion in the dynamics of chemical vapor infiltration. Middleman, Stanley. Dep. Ames/Chem. Eng., Univ. California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. Journal of Materials Research (1989), 4(6), 1515-24. CODEN: JMREEE ISSN: 0884-2914. Journal written in English. CAN 112:24678 AN 1990:24678 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The classical model of chem. vapor infiltration treats diffusion and surface reaction in a representative cylindrical pore. Two significant modifications to that approach are presented. One accounts for more complex chem. by allowing for both gasphase and surface reactions which lead to film growth. The other couples the pore model to a reactor model for the region external to the porous preform. The results demonstrate that it is possible to select chem. schemes that yield densification from the interior to the exterior of the preform, thus avoiding premature trapping of interior voids. Bibliographic Information The colloid chemistry of ceramic membranes. Xu, Qunyin; Gieselmann, Mary J.; Anderson, Marc A. Water Chem. Program, Univ. Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA. Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering (1989), 61 889-93. CODEN: PMSEDG ISSN: 0743-0515. Journal written in English. CAN 111:238343 AN 1989:638343 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The colloid chem. in sol-gel processing for prepg. particulate ceramic membranes is a key tool used for tailoring membrane structures. The chem.-phys. variables in hydrolysis and peptization processes control the particle nature in sols, which is directly related to the gelation process and particle packing geometry in the hydrogel. The pore structure of membranes is mainly detd. by the size of primary particles rather than by that of aggregates. TiO2 membranes with mean pore diam. 1.83.0 nm were prepd. from primary particles <10 nm. A larger variety of pore structures in membranes, including broader pore size range and more narrow size distributions, can be made by controlling sol-gel processing conditions to serve a large range of applications. Bibliographic Information Chemical vapor deposition of ultrafine ceramic structures. Gallois, B. M.; Mathur, R.; Lee, S. R.; Yoo, J. Y. Dep. Mater. Metall. Eng., Stevens Inst. Technol., Hoboken, NJ, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1989), Volume Date 1988, 132(Multicompon. Ultrafine Microstruct.), 49-60. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 111:238219 AN 1989:638219 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Ultrafine ceramic structures based on the nitrides and carbides of Ti and Si were prepd. in a computer-controlled hot-wall chem.-vapor deposition (CVD) reactor. Layered deposits were produced by pulsing the reactant gases judiciously under software control. The development of a columnar structure which is endemic to most CVD materials was suppressed. Skeletal structures of filaments were grown with appropriate catalysts by the vapor-liq.-solid mechanism and immediately infiltrated in situ with different materials to produce filament-reinforced composite coatings. Ultrafine-grained C films and filaments were grown from CH4-H mixts. by plasma-assisted CVD. The microstructural features of these materials are of the order 20-100 nm. The subgrain structure detd. by Raman spectroscopy varies at 2-3 nm. Bibliographic Information Stability to moisture for chemically vapor-deposited boron nitride. Matsuda, T. Japan Met. and Chem. Co. Ltd., Gunma, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1989), 24(7), 2353-7. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 111:82901 AN 1989:482901 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chem. vapor-deposited BN (CVD-BN) plates, prepd. from the BCl3-NH3-H2 gas system, were studied in terms of stability to moisture by IR spectroscopic measurement, chem. anal., and TG. The synthesis conditions of CVD-BN plates have a large effect on their stability to moisture. The stability of CVD-BN plates prepd. under a total gas pressure (Ptot) of 10-60 torr degraded as the deposition temp. (Tdep) decreased. The CVD-BN plates with transparent and isotropic properties, which were prepd. at <1400 and >10 torr, showed poor stability to moisture. The CVD-BN plates synthesized under 5 torr had high moisture-resistance, even at a Tdep 1400 . An IR absorption spectra revealed that the unstable species existing in CVD-BN plates had changed to ammonium borate hydrates by reacting with moisture in the atm. The stability to moisture for CVD-BN plates degraded as the deposition rate increased, esp. for the CVD-BN plates prepd. at 1400 . Bibliographic Information Interfacial chemistry-structure and fracture of ceramic composites. Schoenlein, L. H.; Jones, R. H.; Henager, C. H.; Schilling, C. H.; Gac, F. Pac. Northwest Lab., Richland, WA, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1988), 120(High Temp./High Perform. Compos.), 313-21. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 110:119795 AN 1989:119795 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The interfacial chem. and phases of SiC-reinforced Si3N4 composites were studied by TEM with assocd. x-ray energy-dispersive

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spectroscopy microanal. and Auger electron spectroscopy. Hot-pressed Si3N4 (HPSN) composites reinforced with Nicalon SiC fibers or Tateho SiC whiskers and reaction-bonded Si3N4 (RBSN) composites reinforced with uncoated or coated VLS SiC whiskers were evaluated. In the Nicalon fiber-reinforced HPSN, an interfacial phase composed of a layer of amorphous C and an adjacent layer of graphitic C was obsd. and is believed to assist fiber pull-out during fracture of the composite. However, the fracture strength and toughness of these composites were considerably less than those of unreinforced HPSN. HPSN composites reinforced with Tateho SiC whiskers contained an interfacial phase believed to be similar to the intergranular phase found in the HPSN matrix. In RBSN composites fabricated with an Fe2O3 sintering aid, the VLS SiC whiskers were severely faceted by a reactive Fe silicide phase despite C, BN, or SiO2 coatings on the whiskers. When no sintering aid was used, the uncoated whiskers were not degraded and appeared to be strongly bounded to the RBSN matrix. The composites reinforced with SiO2-coated whiskers possessed the highest fracture strength and toughness, and the composites reinforced with the BNcoated whiskers possessed the lowest fracture strength and toughness. Bibliographic Information Theoretical analysis of chemical vapor infiltration in ceramic/ceramic composites. Tai, Nyan Hwa; Chou, Tsu Wei. Dep. Mech. Eng., Univ. Delaware, Newark, DE, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1988), 120(High Temp./High Perform. Compos.), 185-92. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 110:119788 AN 1989:119788 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A model for the deposition of Al2O3 and TiC with a ceramic fiber bundle from the chem. reactions was studied. The model considers vapor diffusion, chem. reaction on the inner surface of the capillary, deposition film growth, porosity, and effects of reactant compns. at various reactor temps. and pressures. Binary, multicomponent diffusion and Knudsen diffusion account for the different stages of the chem.-vapor-infiltration (CVI) process. Furthermore, both diffusion-controlled and reactioncontrolled processes were examd. to det. the dominating process in CVI. Bibliographic Information Fracture behavior of 3-D braided Nicalon/silicon carbide composite. Yang, J. M.; Chou, J. C.; Burkland, C. V. Dep. Mater. Sci. Eng., Univ. California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1988), 120(High Temp./ High Perform. Compos.), 163-8. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 110:119785 AN 1989:119785 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The fracture behavior of a 3-dimensional (3-D) braided Nicalon fiber-reinforced SiC matrix composite processed by chem. vapor infiltration (CVI) was studied. The fracture toughness and thermal shock resistance under various thermomech. loadings were characterized. A tough and durable structural ceramic composite can be achieved through the combination of 3-D fiber architecture and the low-temp. CVI processing. Bibliographic Information Chemical interactions in ceramic and carbon-carbon composites. Luthra, Krishan L. Corp. Res. Dev., Gen. Electr. Co., Schenectady, NY, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1988), 125(Mater. Stab. Environ. Degrad.), 53-60. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 110:119676 AN 1989:119676 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review with 10 refs. The useful lives of many ceramic composites are affected, if not controlled, by chem. interactions between various constituents and the gas environment. Thermochem. calcns. are extremely valuable in evaluating these concerns. Examples of many possible concerns are presented. The usefulness of a thermochem. approach is demonstrated by a somewhat detailed discussion of the oxidn. protection of C/C composites. This includes discussion of the various possible rate-limiting steps and the detrimental effects of CO gas formed as a result of C oxidn. Bibliographic Information Consolidation of silicon nitride (Si3N4) powder-preform by infiltration of boron nitride using the pulse CVI [chemical vapor infiltration] process. Sugiyama, Kohzo; Ohsawa, Yoshimi. Fac. Eng., Nagoya Univ., Nagoya, Japan. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1988), 7(11), 1221-4. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 110:62400 AN 1989:62400 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract BN infiltration into a Si3N4 powder preform, as a model of pulse chem.-vapor infiltration and means of consolidating powder preforms, is reported. The resulting samples were studied using SEM and electron microprobe x-ray microanal. and the effect on flexural strength was detd. The BN matrix deposits tightly among the particles of Si3N4. Bibliographic Information Bonding in aluminum phosphate ceramics prepared at low temperatures. Silsbee, Michael R.; Roy, D. M. Dep. Mater. Sci. Eng., Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1988), 114(Bonding Cem. Compos.), 295-300. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 109:114885 AN 1988:514885 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The process of chem. binding involves the transformation of a powder into a single contiguous mass. This process is likely to involve considerable structural rearrangement. The presence of a liq. phase offers a low energy pathway for the movement of ions required to achieve this rearrangement. The presence of the liq. phase alone is not sufficient to insure a successful transformation. Thermodn. considerations govern the ultimate reaction products, and the structure and chem. reactivity of the starting materials play a major role in the binding reaction. The ability of the solid phases to release ions for transport is important. Al(OH)3 served as a source of Al ions that reacted with the phosphate ions already in soln. to form an amorphous phase binding the less reactive -Al2O3 and AlPO4 particles together. The addn. of relatively small amts. of amorphous SiO2 altered the reaction products rather drastically. Bibliographic Information Detectors in battle. Powell, R. J. UK. Chemistry in Britain (1988), 24(7), 665, 667, 669. CODEN: CHMBAY ISSN: 0009-3106.

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Journal written in English. CAN 109:78950 AN 1988:478950 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The operating principle and design of 2 chem. warfare agent detectors are discussed. Both of the detectors have electrochem. cells which respond to nerve agents (tabun, sarin, VX) and to HCN. Bibliographic Information Density and deposition rate of chemical-vapor-deposited boron nitride. Matsuda, Toshitsugu; Nakae, Hiroyuki; Hirai, Toshio. Japan Met. Chem. Co., Ltd., Gunma, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1988), 23(2), 509-14. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 00222461. Journal written in English. CAN 108:191407 AN 1988:191407 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The d. and deposition rate characteristics were studied of chem.-vapor-deposited BN (CVD-BN) plates synthesized by use of the BCl3-NH3-H2 system at deposition temp. (Idep) 1200-2000 and total gas pressure (Ptot) 5-60 torr. At Ptot, all the CVDBN plates synthesized at each Tdep above 1300 had a d. >2.0 g/cm3 and thus showed no noticeable dependence on Idep. Over the Ptot range from 10-60 torr, on the other hand, the d. of the plates reached the max. of 2.08 g/cm3 at Tdep 2000 . As Tdep was lowered, the d. decreased to a min. of 1.40 g/cm3. The deposition rate varied with both Tdep and Ptot and showed a max. value under a certain Ptot at a given Tdep. The value of Ptot where the deposition rate becomes max. changed depending on the Tdep. The max. deposition rate was 0.6 mm/h for the CVD-BN plates when the d. was <2.0 g/cm3 and 0.4 mm/h when the d. was >2.0 g/cm3. The effects of deposition conditions on the characteristics of the d. and deposition rate are discussed in terms of the structure and deposition mechanism. Bibliographic Information Synthesis and catalytic activity of surfactant analogs of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine. Katritzky, Alan R.; Duell, Bradley L.; Durst, H. Dupont. Dep. Chem., Univ. Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. Langmuir (1987), 3(6), 976-82. CODEN: LANGD5 ISSN: 0743-7463. Journal written in English. CAN 107:197237 AN 1987:597237 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Seven surfactants have been synthesized, each contg. a 4-(dialkylamino)pyridine moiety carrying an 8-10-carbon chain with an attached polar or charged group. Two of the compds. fall into the neutral charge category, two are cationic, two are zwitterionic, and one is anionic. Rates of hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl hexanoate and 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl methylphosphonofluoridate by each surfactant were measured, both with and without added cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC). The most active deriv. was sodium 10-[butyl(4-pyridinyl)amino]decyl sulfate. The present catalysts, in contrast to the iodosobenzoates, show poor rate enhancements in the hydrolysis of fluorophosphonates. Bibliographic Information High temperature evaporation characteristics of amorphous Si3N4-C composite prepared by chemical vapor deposition. Goto, Takashi; Hirai, Toshio. Inst. Mater. Res., Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1987), 22(8), 2842-6. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 107:119869 AN 1987:519869 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Evapn. characteristics of amorphous Si3N4 and amorphous Si3N4-C composite (6 wt.% C) prepd. by the chem.-vapor deposition (CVD) were studied at 1400-1650 in a vacuum of .apprx.10-6 torr. The wt. loss due to the evapn. was linear with time for all samples tested. The evapn. rate of the amorphous CVD-(Si3N4-C) composite was 50-70% of that for the amorphous CVD-Si3N4. The activation energy for evapn., calcd. from the temp. dependence of the evapn. rates, was .apprx.160 kcal/mol for both samples. The C dispersed in the amorphous CVD-(Si3N4-C) composite reacted at the time of heat-treatment with the amorphous Si3N4 matrix and formed -SiC particles. The -SiC particles were .apprx.100 nm in diam. and connected to form a 3-dimensional network structure. Bibliographic Information Influence of synthesis chemistry on alumina-zirconia powder characteristics. Debsikdar, J. C. Battelle Columbus Div., Columbus, OH, USA. Journal of Materials Science (1987), 22(6), 2237-47. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 107:44957 AN 1987:444957 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Chem. polymn., destabilization of mixed sols, and copptn. chem. processes were used to synthesize 80Al2O3.20ZrO2 (wt.%) powders. The elementary particles produced by each of these processes were 1.5-3.0 nm in size and were amorphous to electron diffraction. The powders were evaluated in terms of wt. loss (TGA), thermal characteristics (DTA), surface area (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller equation), pore size distribution, d. at different temps., and crystn. behavior (x-ray diffraction). The physicochem. characteristics and crystn. behavior of these chem. derived powders were significantly affected by the chem. of the powder synthesis. The powders produced by the chem. polymn. and the colloidal processes retained the tetragonal ZrO2 phase during cooling from 1600 , but significant transformation of tetragonal to monoclinic ZrO2 occurred in the copptd. powder under identical conditions. The 1550 -calcined powder derived by the chem. polymn. process retained a substantial amt. of tetragonal ZrO2 after annealing at 1000 for 72 h. The av. Al2O3 and ZrO2 crystal size of the calcined powders, calcd. by the Scherrer equation, was 20-80 nm. Bibliographic Information Characterization of wurtzitic boron nitride compacts. Singh, Bhanu Pratap. Natl. Phys. Lab., New Delhi, India. Journal of Materials Science (1987), 22(2), 495-8. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 106:161234 AN 1987:161234 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The properties of sintered polycryst. wurtzitic BN compacts were studied including the cryst. phases that formed at high temp. and pressure, compn., BN and binder particle size distribution, and hardness. Wurtzitic BN, cubic BN, TiC/TiN solid soln., TiB, and TiB2 were the cryst. phases obsd. The BN and binder particle size distributions were comparable (1-5 m), with .apprx.80% of the particles 2-3 m. Wt. percentages of different elements present in these compacts were detd. The av. Knoop hardness values under 500 g load and the variation of hardness as a function of position on the specimen surface were studied.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Bibliographic Information Morphological and mechanical characterization of ceramic composite materials. Chermant, J. L.; Gomina, M.; Osterstock, F. ISMRa, Univ. Caen, Caen, Fr. Materials Science Research (1986), 20(Tailoring Multiphase Compos. Ceram.), 615-29. CODEN: MTSRAY ISSN: 0076-5201. Journal written in English. CAN 106:124512 AN 1987:124512 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract C fiber-reinforced (chem. vapor-deposited SiC) ceramic composites were tested in 3-point bending in 3 orientations of the notch prior to the applied stress. For the 2 main orientations, load-unloading sequences were performed to investigate the rupture parameters using the M. Sakai et al. (1983) method. The very good mech. behavior of these materials are due to the energy dissipative effect of the reinforcement. For the weaker orientation, an empirical method is proposed to measure the compliance at any point of the load-displacement curve. Bibliographic Information Chemical vapor deposition of Si3N4 from a gas mixture of Si2Cl6, NH3 and H2. Motojima, Seiji; Iwamori, Noriyuki; Hattori, Tatsuhiko. Fac. Eng., Gifu Univ., Gifu, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1986), 21(11), 3836-42. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 105:231265 AN 1986:631265 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Si3N4 layers were prepd. on a quartz substrate from a gas mixt. of Si2Cl6, NH3, and H2 under a reduced pressure and at 8001300 . Amorphous Si3N4 layers that were dense and adherent to the substrate were obtained at 800-1100 . On the other hand, -Si3N4 layers were obtained at 1200 and a source-gas ratio (N/Si) of 1.33-1.77. The lowest deposition temp. of amorphous Si3N4 was .apprx.700 . The microhardness of amorphous Si3N4 obtained at 800-1100 was 2400-2600 kg/mm2 (load: 50 g), and that of -Si3N4 obtained at 1200 was 3400 kg/mm2. Chlorine contents in the Si3N4 layer decreased with increasing deposition temp. and source-gas ratio (N/Si), and with decreasing total pressure. Bibliographic Information Innovative chemical/ceramic directions. Morgan, P. E. D. Rockwell Int. Sci. Cent., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1986), 73(Better Ceram. Chem. 2), 751-63. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 105:213019 AN 1986:613019 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review, with 37 refs., of chem. methods of ceramic prepn. including discussions of the sol-gel process, nanostructures, polymer pyrolysis, fused salt synthesis of chalcogenides, transformation toughening, liq. boundary phases, and Si3N4 prepn. from SiCl4 and (SiS2 + SiCl4). Bibliographic Information Microhardness and internal stress of silicon nitride (Si3N4)-silicon carbide films prepared by plasma CVD. Kamata, Kiichiro; Aizawa, Naoyoshi; Moriyama, Minoru. Technol. Univ. Nagaoka, Nagaoka, Japan. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1986), 5(10), 1055-7. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 105:196083 AN 1986:596083 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The microhardness and internal stress of Si3N4-SiC films prepd. by plasma chem.-vapor deposition were detd. in relation to use of the coatings for high strength and wear resistance. The films had compns. indicated by SiNxCy where x = 0-1.42 and y = 0-1.04. The relation between the crack length in a film coating on glass substrates (induced by a Vickers indentor) and the internal stress is discussed. Bibliographic Information Hybridization between silicon nitride (Si3N4) and silicon carbide films by plasma CVD. Kamata, Kiichiro; Maeda, Yuuji; Moriyama, Minoru. Technol. Univ. Nagaoka, Nagaoka, Japan. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1986), 5(10), 1051-4. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 105:196082 AN 1986:596082 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Hybrid SiC-Si3N4 films were prepd. by charge-coupled plasma chem.-vapor deposition from SiH4, NH3, CH4 (or C2H4), and H2 reaction gases. Homogeneous amorphous films were easily obtained. The C, N, and Si contents of the films were detd. Grains or phase boundaries were not obsd. using TEM. The n, IR absorption peak position, and optical band gap of the films varied continuously with changing amts. of each component in the Si3N4-SiC films. These results and TEM observations indicate that the films are not a mixt. of Si3N4 and SiC clusters. but are hybrid materials in which Si, N, and C atoms are blended on an at. scale. Bibliographic Information Zirconia: ceramic engineering's toughness challenge. Fisher, Greg. Dir. Tech. Serv., ACerS, USA. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (1986), 65(10), 1355-60. CODEN: ACSBA7 ISSN: 0002-7812. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 105:195989 AN 1986:595989 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review, with 54 bibliog. refs., of the chem. and properties of ZrO2 ceramics and the relations of these characteristics to ceramic toughness. Bibliographic Information Hydrolysis of mustard derivatives in aqueous acetone-water and ethanol-water mixtures. Yang, Yu Chu; Ward, J. Richard; Luteran, Thomas. Res. Dir., U. S. Army Chem. Res. Dev. cent., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. Journal of Organic Chemistry (1986), 51(14), 2756-9. CODEN: JOCEAH ISSN: 0022-3263. Journal written in English. CAN 105:42037 AN 1986:442037 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Abstract Kinetic data for the hydrolysis of ClCH2CH2SR (R = Me, Et) in the title solvents were interpreted in terms of an SN1 mechanism with anchimeric assistance of the S atom to form a cyclic sulfonium ion as an intermediate. A finite and neg. Cp.thermod. was obsd. Bibliographic Information Synthesis of fiber-reinforced silicon carbide composites by chemical vapor infiltration. Stinton, David P.; Caputo, A. J.; Lowden, Richard A. Oak Ridge Natl. Lab, Oak Ridge, TN, USA. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (1986), 65(2), 347-50. CODEN: ACSBA7 ISSN: 0002-7812. Journal written in English. CAN 104:93916 AN 1986:93916 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A process was developed for the fabrication of fiber-reinforced SiC composites by chem.-vapor infiltration. Infiltration times of the low-d. fibrous structures were reduced significantly from previous processes by utilizing simultaneously a thermal gradient and forced gas flow. Synthesis of composites in this fashion produced specimens with high flexural strengths and with strain tolerances which significantly exceeded that of monolithic SiC. Bibliographic Information Creep of chemically vapor deposited silicon carbide fibers. Dicarlo, James A. Lewis Res. Cent., Natl. Aeronaut. Space Adm., Cleveland, OH, USA. Journal of Materials Science (1986), 21(1), 217-24. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 104:55136 AN 1986:55136 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The creep, thermal expansion, and elastic modulus properties of chem. vapor-deposited SiC fibers were detd. at 1000-1500 . Creep strain increased logarithmically with time, monotonically with temp., and linearly with tensile stress at 600 MPa. The controlling activation energy was 480 20 kJ/mol. Thermal pretreatments at .apprx.1200 and 1450 significantly reduced fiber creep. These results coupled with creep recovery observations indicate that at <1400 fiber creep is anelastic with a negligible plastic component. This allowed a simple predictive method to be developed for describing fiber total deformation as a function of time, temp., and stress. Mechanistic anal. of the property data suggests that fiber creep is the result of -SiC grain-boundary sliding, controlled by a small percentage of free Si in the grain boundaries. Bibliographic Information Mechanical properties of zirconia-toughened alumina ceramics from CVD powders. Hori, Saburo; Yoshimura, Masahiro; Somiya, Shigeyuki; Kurita, Ryuichi; Kaji, Hisatsugu. Res. Lab. Eng. Mater., Tokyo Inst. Technol., Yokohama, Japan. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1985), 4(4), 413-16. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 103:10304 AN 1985:410304 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The fracture toughness and bending strength were measured on sintered ZrO2/-toughened Al2O3 samples which had been prepd. from a chem. vapor-deposited powder. Fracture toughness increased with ZrO2 addns. from 2.6 to 4.8 MPam1/2. Bending strength increased from 430 to 660 MPa with ZrO2 addns. up to 15 wt. % then droped to .simeq.500 MPa at 20-25 wt. % addn. X-ray anal. showed that the drop in bending strength corresponded to a drop in tetragonal phase content. Both the bending strength and fracture toughness increased .apprx.50% with 15 wt. % ZrO2 addn. Bibliographic Information Fracture energy of silicon nitride. Rice, R. W.; McKinney, K. R.; Wu, C. C.; Freiman, S. W.; Donough, W. J. M. Nav. Res. Lab., Washington, DC, USA. Journal of Materials Science (1985), 20(4), 1392-406. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 102:224933 AN 1985:224933 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The fracture energy of Si3N4 made by hot pressing, reaction sintering, and chem. vapor deposition (CVD) was studied. Extrapolation of fracture energies to zero additive or porosity levels, as well as anal. of CVD Si3N4 all indicate an intrinsic fracture energy of 20-30 J/m. Higher fracture energies in dense bodies with increasing additive content, or in some more porous bodies (relative to expected porosity dependence) are assocd. with crack branching. In dense bodies such branching may arise due to microcracking from combined effects of crack tip stresses and mismatch stresses due to differences in properties, esp. thermal expansion, between Si3N4 and the additive or it reaction products. In porous bodies such branching appears to be due to spatial distribution of pores. Bibliographic Information A morphological study of silicon carbide prepared by chemical vapor deposition. Tsui, P.; Spear, K. E. Mater. Res. Lab., Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA, USA. Materials Science Research (1984), 17(Emergent Process Methods HighTechnol. Ceram.), 371-80. CODEN: MTSRAY ISSN: 0076-5201. Journal written in English. CAN 102:171306 AN 1985:171306 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Surface morphologies of SiC deposits obtained via chem. vapor deposition (CVD) were studied as functions of substrate surface temp. and the concn. of the Si and C source material, MeSiCl3. Substrates of graphite and -SiC crystals were used. Explanations of the obsd. morphologies on graphite substrates and their marked changes with temp. are given in terms of chem. kinetics and mass transport arguments. The results of thermodn. calcns. were used to help explain the obsd. morphologies of the deposits on -SiC substrates. Bibliographic Information Preparation of amorphous silicon nitride-boron nitride composites by chemical vapor deposition. Hirai, Toshio; Goto, Takashi; Sakai, Tadashi. Res. Inst. Iron, Steel Other Met., Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Japan. Materials Science Research (1984), 17(Emergent Process Methods High-Technol. Ceram.), 347-58. CODEN: MTSRAY ISSN: 0076-5201. Journal written in English. CAN 102:171304 AN 1985:171304 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R))

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Abstract

Chem. vapor deposition of an Si-N-B system was studied by using SiCl4, NH3, H2 and B2H6 as source gases at deposition temps. of 1100-1300 and total gas pressures of 30-70 torr. The chem. compn. and d. of the deposits were measured. The structure of the deposits was investigated by x-ray diffraction and IR absorption techniques. The deposits were composed of amorphous Si3N4 and turbostratic BN. Bibliographic Information CVD of silicon nitride and its composites. Hirai, Toshio. Res. Inst. Iron, Steel Other Met., Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Japan. Materials Science Research (1984), 17(Emergent Process Methods High-Technol. Ceram.), 329-45. CODEN: MTSRAY ISSN: 0076-5201. Journal; General Review written in English. CAN 102:171201 AN 1985:171201 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract A review, with 33 refs., is given of the synthesis, structure, and some properties of Si3N4-based ceramics and composites prepd. by the chem.-vapor deposition process. Bibliographic Information Calculation of deposition conditions for silicon nitride from a SiL4-NH3 gas phase (L = H, Cl, Br, CH). Lartigue, J. F.; Ducarroir, M.; Armas, B. Lab. Ultra-Refract., CNRS, Odeillo/FontRomeu, Fr. Journal of Materials Science (1984), 19(9), 3079-89. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 102:11260 AN 1985:11260 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Deposition conditions yielding Si nitride are calcd. for a set of initial gaseous systems, by complex thermodn. equil. computations. The influence of temp., total pressure and reactant gas ratios on the compn. and yield of the condensed phase are shown for SiH4/NH3, SiCl4/NH3, SiBr4/NH3, Si(CH3)4/NH3, and SiH4/CH4/NH3 systems. The interest of such calcns. is to give an efficient approach for exptl. studies of vapor-deposition systems. Bibliographic Information Mechanical properties of chemically vapor deposited nonoxide ceramics. Niihara, Koichi. Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Japan. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (1984), 63(9), 1160-4. CODEN: ACSBA7 ISSN: 0002-7812. Journal written in English. CAN 101:196815 AN 1984:596815 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Plates of chem. vapor-deposited nonoxide ceramics (Si3N4, SiC, and B4C) up to 3 mm thick were prepd. with high purity and d. at high deposition rates (>1 mm/h). High-resoln. electron microscopy of these materials reveals that there are no glassy layers or secondary phases at any grain boundaries and multiple-grain junctions. Thus, degrdn. of strength and toughness is not obsd. up to 1500 ; the strength and toughness of the Si3N4 and SiC increase with increasing temp. above 800 and 1100 , resp. The effects of preferred orientation, grain size (residual internal stress), and stoichiometry on the mech. properties also were examd. Bibliographic Information Effects of water chemistry on the leach resistance of SYNROC C. Woolfrey, J. L.; Levins, D. M. Lucas Heights Res. Lab., Aust. Atomic Energy Comm., Sydney, Australia. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings (1984), 26(Sci. Basis Nucl. Waste Manage. 7), 663-70. CODEN: MRSPDH ISSN: 0272-9172. Journal written in English. CAN 101:62325 AN 1984:462325 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The chem. durability of SYNROC-C was measured as a function of repository conditions, namely, temp., surface/vol. ratio, groundwater pH, and compn. The leach rate of SYNROC-C is less dependent on temp. than borosilicate glasses: activation energies range from 15-25 kJ mol-1 compared to 33-74 kJ mol-1 for glass. The rate of release from SYNROC-C is very low and independent of soln. compn. for the solns. studied. There is little variation in leach rate over the pH range 4-9, but at pH 2 the rate is up to 10 times higher. SYNROC-C leach rate is independent of flow rate or surface/vol. ratio for the mobile waste elements because of the unimportance of soln. satn. effects owing to the low concn. of dissolved solids. The differential leach rate decreases rapidly with time because, after initial leaching from grain boundaries and metastable minor phases, the highly insol. matrix protects the more leachable elements from further attack. Bibliographic Information Effects of variability of the base powder on the sintering of -silicon carbide. Williams, R. M.; Juterbock, B. N.; Peters, C. R.; Whalen, T. J. Ford Motor Co., Dearborn, MI, USA. Journal of Materials Science Letters (1984), 3(3), 265-7. CODEN: JMSLD5 ISSN: 0261-8028. Journal written in English. CAN 100:160854 AN 1984:160854 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The importance of using starting powders with rigidly controlled chem. and crystallog. compn. and phys. characteristics for sintering of -SiC was investigated. Tests were conducted with 2 lots of sinterable -SiC from the same manufacturer and of the same grade. Differences in particle-size distribution, surface area, and chem. compn., most notably in free C and O contents, were obsd. The morphol. of the 2 materials was similar. The variations obsd. in the phys. properties of the ceramics and in temps. at which phase transformations occur were quite significant in comparison to the property differences of the starting materials. Bibliographic Information Microstructure of silicon nitride-titanium nitride composites prepared by chemical-vapor deposition. Hayashi, Shinsuke; Hirai, Toshio; Hiraga, Kenji; Hirabayashi, Makoto. Res. Inst. Iron, Steel Other Met., Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1982), 17(11), 3336-40. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 98:21091 AN 1983:21091 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract

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The shapes and the distribution of TiN within Si3N4-TiN composites prepd. by the chem.-vapor deposition of a SiCl4-TiCl4-NH3H2 system were examd. using an electron microscope. The TiN dispersion in the amorphous Si3N4 matrix was granular and its max. size was 3 nm. The TiN dispersions in - and -Si3N4 matrices were contained in their resp. crystal grains; however, the shape of the TiN dispersions in the -Si3N4 matrix was different from that in the -Si3N4 matrix. Granular TiN dispersions with an av. size of 10 nm were obsd. in the -Si3N4 matrix. The TiN dispersions in the -Si3N4 matrix were columnar with a diam. of several nm having its axis extended to the direction parallel to the c-axis of the -Si3N4 crystal. Bibliographic Information Density and deposition rates of amorphous CVD-silicon nitride (Si3N4) including carbon. Hirai, Toshio; Goto, Takashi. Res. Inst. Iron, Steel Other Metals, Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Japan. Journal of Materials Science (1981), 16(10), 2877-82. CODEN: JMTSAS ISSN: 0022-2461. Journal written in English. CAN 96:39625 AN 1982:39625 CAPLUS (Copyright 2005 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract Amorphous Si3N4 contg. uniformly distributed C was prepd. by chem. vapor deposition using SiCl4 vapor and NH3, H2, and C3H8 gases at desorption temps. (T) of 1100 to 1300 and at total gas pressures (P) of 30 to 70 torr. The d. of the amorphous Si3N4 deposit was 2.80-3.00 g/cm3, depending upon the deposition conditions. The rate of growth in thickness increased with increasing T and P and had the largest value of 0.6 mm/h at T = 1300 , P = 70 torr, and C3H8 gas flow rates of 0 to 20 cm3/min. The activation energy of formation decreased from 38 to 20 kcal/mol with increasing P and C3H8 flow rate. Bibliographic Information The delayed neuropathic effects of nerve agents and some other organophosphorus compounds. Gordon J J; Inns R H; Johnson M K; Leadbeater L; Maidment M P; Upshall D G; Cooper G H; Rickard R L Archives of toxicology (1983 Feb), 52(2), 71-82. Journal code: 0417615. ISSN:0340-5761. Journal; Article; (JOURNAL ARTICLE) written in English. PubMed ID 6847383 AN 83203413 MEDLINE (Copyright 2005 U.S. National Library of Medicine on SciFinder (R))

FUTI

April 20th, 2005, 05:22 PM

Mega when a tool as SciDirect or something alike tries to truncate the list I prefer to use PDF995 and print option, and of course print to file. I never tried to look for CAS list though. What search tool/method do you used for this?

FUTI

April 20th, 2005, 05:22 PM

Mega when a tool as SciDirect or something alike tries to truncate the list I prefer to use PDF995 and print option, and of course print to file. I never tried to look for CAS list though. What search tool/method do you used for this?

FUTI

April 20th, 2005, 05:22 PM

Mega when a tool as SciDirect or something alike tries to truncate the list I prefer to use PDF995 and print option, and of course print to file. I never tried to look for CAS list though. What search tool/method do you used for this?

megalomania

April 20th, 2005, 05:37 PM

I used a subscription access to SciFinder Scholar to search the CAS database. The online CAS database can only search back to 1966 or 1967, even though CAS has been around since 1909. A ton of the good old stuff is left off because of that. Of course for any new chemicals make in the past 50 years there is nothing better to search through. I would prefer to use Crossfire as well, but I don't have that (yet). The CAS database does have every abstract going back to 1909, you just have to have the specific article title and author to get it before the 60s. Maybe they will include the older abstracts someday.

megalomania

April 20th, 2005, 05:37 PM

I used a subscription access to SciFinder Scholar to search the CAS database. The online CAS database can only search back to 1966 or 1967, even though CAS has been around since 1909. A ton of the good old stuff is left off because of that. Of course for any new chemicals make in the past 50 years there is nothing better to search through. I would prefer to use Crossfire as well, but I don't have that (yet). The CAS database does have every abstract going back to 1909, you just have to have the specific article title and author to get it before the 60s. Maybe they will include the older abstracts someday.

megalomania

April 20th, 2005, 05:37 PM

I used a subscription access to SciFinder Scholar to search the CAS database. The online CAS database can only search back to 1966 or 1967, even though CAS has been around since 1909. A ton of the good old stuff is left off because of that. Of course for any new chemicals make in the past 50 years there is nothing better to search through. I would prefer to use Crossfire as well, but I don't have that (yet). The CAS database does have every abstract going back to 1909, you just have to have the specific article title and author to get it before the 60s. Maybe they will include the older abstracts someday.

FUTI I think I have or had Crossfire (Beilstein) think that I will have to find a wife to sort but then again how on earth I'm going to in status nascendi. So noble (or not;)) of

FUTI

May 26th, 2005, 04:47 PM somewhere sometime ago. And it is an old story...where is that CD? Sometime I my things up;) find a wife who will understand/tolerate my hobbies:D. It seems I'm bound to exist me. I look up and tell you in a day or two.

May 26th, 2005, 04:47 PM

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I think I have or had Crossfire (Beilstein) think that I will have to find a wife to sort but then again how on earth I'm going to in status nascendi. So noble (or not;)) of

somewhere sometime ago. And it is an old story...where is that CD? Sometime I my things up;) find a wife who will understand/tolerate my hobbies:D. It seems I'm bound to exist me. I look up and tell you in a day or two.

FUTI

May 26th, 2005, 04:47 PM

I think I have or had Crossfire (Beilstein) think that I will have to find a wife to sort but then again how on earth I'm going to in status nascendi. So noble (or not;)) of

somewhere sometime ago. And it is an old story...where is that CD? Sometime I my things up;) find a wife who will understand/tolerate my hobbies:D. It seems I'm bound to exist me. I look up and tell you in a day or two.

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This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and Weapons Forum

> Chemistry for Amateur Experimenters and Citizen Scientists

> Battlefield Chemistry

> SIPRI CB References Log in

View Full Version : SIPRI CB References nbk2000

June 7th, 2005, 01:39 PM

There's a long list of CB references that I'll be posting here shortly. In the meantime, I've attached a graphical chart listing various CB agents and their relative toxicities. A metric ton of G occupies a volume of about one cubic meter. Dimethyldiglycollate causes temporary blindness. 20 minutes after exposure, the cornea becomes clouded and vision fades.

nbk2000

June 7th, 2005, 01:39 PM

There's a long list of CB references that I'll be posting here shortly. In the meantime, I've attached a graphical chart listing various CB agents and their relative toxicities. A metric ton of G occupies a volume of about one cubic meter. Dimethyldiglycollate causes temporary blindness. 20 minutes after exposure, the cornea becomes clouded and vision fades.

nbk2000

June 13th, 2005, 12:09 PM

As promised, all the relevant references from the SIPRI books I scanned. I sorted them into three text files; Patents, Journals, and Books. Patents are sorted by country, and then in numerical order therein. US, Britian, Germany, and USSR. Journals and books are unsorted, but someone could make that a project if they'd like to. ;) Many of the journals are of a technical nature, and relevant to agents and toxins, weaponization, and weapons proper. :) Hundreds...:D Let the PDF'ing begin!

nbk2000

June 13th, 2005, 12:09 PM

As promised, all the relevant references from the SIPRI books I scanned. I sorted them into three text files; Patents, Journals, and Books. Patents are sorted by country, and then in numerical order therein. US, Britian, Germany, and USSR. Journals and books are unsorted, but someone could make that a project if they'd like to. ;) Many of the journals are of a technical nature, and relevant to agents and toxins, weaponization, and weapons proper. :) Hundreds...:D Let the PDF'ing begin!

teshilo

June 19th, 2005, 02:04 PM

These book is big?You can complete scan it NBK ?

teshilo

June 19th, 2005, 02:04 PM

These book is big?You can complete scan it NBK ?

nbk2000

June 20th, 2005, 11:31 AM

5 volumes of about 400 pages each. But I've already scanned in the volumes 1 and 2, which are the only relevenat ones, the rest being about treaties and disarmament. :eek: These are all the relevant citations from the two volumes. The books are on the DVDs.

nbk2000

June 20th, 2005, 11:31 AM

5 volumes of about 400 pages each. But I've already scanned in the volumes 1 and 2, which are the only relevenat ones, the rest being about treaties and disarmament. :eek: These are all the relevant citations from the two volumes. The books are on the DVDs. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and Weapons Forum > Chemistry for Amateur Experimenters and Citizen Scientists utility for Cyanide Production, and more

> Battlefield Chemistry

> GB1401120 - Chlorine by TCCA and Salt, Log in

View Full Version : GB1401120 - Chlorine by TCCA and Salt, utility for Cyanide Production, and more nbk2000

June 13th, 2005, 12:02 PM

I downloaded this patent from an thread at SM.org and, having the materials on hand, gave it a try. I can attest to it being factually correct, my kitchen still reeking of chlorine. :) According to the patent, a mole of TCCA (Pool shock) and 3 moles of Sodium Chloride (table salt) are mixed together and a small amount of water added, the whole mixture being subjected to either vacuum or heating to release the chlorine. The mixture, upon exhaustion of the chlorine, is composed of water and sodium cyanurate, which is what I was primarily interested in obtaining. Sodium Cyanurate, Na3(NCO)3, seems like an excellent candidate for carbon reduction to Sodium Cyanide: Na3(NCO)3 + 3C = 3NaCN + 3CO I measured out the approximate ratio, at 1/100th mole quantites, thus 2.3gm of TCCA and 1.7gm of NaCl, and just enough water to moisten, in a covered glass jar placed in a hot water bath. After a couple of minutes, the mixture turned a pale Grape Kool-Aid purple (because of the CuSO4 in the TCCA) and, upon sniffing a waft of the steamy vapor emitting from the jar, the smell of chlorine was overpowering and left me gasping and my eyes watering. There was still particles of undissolved TCCA circulating, so the reaction wasn't over, but I dumped the mix down the universal disposal receptacle (the shitter ;)) ASAP, the experiment having been proven successful. Since the reaction can also be run in a dry state, that would be the most desirable one to use, as then the gas would be dry and not requiring drying prior to use. Cl3(NCO)3 + 3NaCl = 3Cl2 + Na3(NCO)3 The weight of chlorine being produced being almost equal to the weight of the TCCA in the reaction. Though I wonder what the effect of 1% of copper sulfate has on the reaction. Probably not much. Having a ready source of anhydrous chlorine gas for use in reactions, and getting a useable by-product, all from very cheap OTC components, seems desirable to me. Oh, and by substituting Sodium Bromide (spa chemical) for the NaCl, you can get elemental Bromine instead of Chlorine, bromine being very useful for making powerful lachrymators such as bromacetone and brombenzyl cyanide which is even more powerful than CN, on par with CS, and can be made entirely from OTC chemicals. :) Industrially, Brombenzyl cyanide is prepared in three steps, as follows: (1) chlorination of toluene to form benzyl chloride (TCCA + Salt+Paint Stripper) (2) the conversion of benzyl chloride to benzyl cyanide by the action of sodium cyanide in alcoholic solution (Cyanide made from by-product of reaction 1 + Everclear alcohol) (3) the bromination of the benzyl cyanide with bromine vapor in the presence of sunlight. (More TCCA + Sodium Bromide spa clarifier) According to Sartori (page 197 War Gases), it's advisable that you skip the use of benzyl chloride and use benzyl bromide instead, converting that to benzyl cyanide, then use more bromine to form the desired brombenzyl cyanide.

nbk2000

June 13th, 2005, 12:02 PM

I downloaded this patent from an thread at SM.org and, having the materials on hand, gave it a try. I can attest to it being factually correct, my kitchen still reeking of chlorine. :) According to the patent, a mole of TCCA (Pool shock) and 3 moles of Sodium Chloride (table salt) are mixed together and a small amount of water added, the whole mixture being subjected to either vacuum or heating to release the chlorine. The mixture, upon exhaustion of the chlorine, is composed of water and sodium cyanurate, which is what I was primarily interested in obtaining. Sodium Cyanurate, Na3(NCO)3, seems like an excellent candidate for carbon reduction to Sodium Cyanide: Na3(NCO)3 + 3C = 3NaCN + 3CO I measured out the approximate ratio, at 1/100th mole quantites, thus 2.3gm of TCCA and 1.7gm of NaCl, and just enough water to moisten, in a covered glass jar placed in a hot water bath. After a couple of minutes, the mixture turned a pale Grape Kool-Aid purple (because of the CuSO4 in the TCCA) and, upon sniffing a waft of the steamy vapor emitting from the jar, the smell of chlorine was overpowering and left me gasping and my eyes watering. There was still particles of undissolved TCCA circulating, so the reaction wasn't over, but I dumped the mix down the universal disposal receptacle (the shitter ;)) ASAP, the experiment having been proven successful. Since the reaction can also be run in a dry state, that would be the most desirable one to use, as then the gas would be dry and not requiring drying prior to use. Cl3(NCO)3 + 3NaCl = 3Cl2 + Na3(NCO)3 The weight of chlorine being produced being almost equal to the weight of the TCCA in the reaction. Though I wonder what the effect of 1% of copper sulfate has on the reaction. Probably not much. Having a ready source of anhydrous chlorine gas for use in reactions, and getting a useable by-product, all from very cheap OTC components, seems desirable to me. Oh, and by substituting Sodium Bromide (spa chemical) for the NaCl, you can get elemental Bromine instead of Chlorine, bromine being very useful for making powerful lachrymators such as bromacetone and brombenzyl cyanide which is even more powerful than CN, on par with CS, and can be made entirely from OTC chemicals. :) Industrially, Brombenzyl cyanide is prepared in three steps, as follows: (1) chlorination of toluene to form benzyl chloride (TCCA + Salt+Paint Stripper) (2) the conversion of benzyl chloride to benzyl cyanide by the action of sodium cyanide in alcoholic solution (Cyanide made from by-product of reaction 1 + Everclear alcohol) (3) the bromination of the benzyl cyanide with bromine vapor in the presence of sunlight. (More TCCA + Sodium Bromide spa clarifier) According to Sartori (page 197 War Gases), it's advisable that you skip the use of benzyl chloride and use benzyl bromide instead, converting that to benzyl cyanide, then use more bromine to form the desired brombenzyl cyanide.

nbk2000 US4432959 Process of producing sodium cyanuarate from cyanuric acid

March 4th, 2007, 10:21 AM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Cyanuric acid and Baking Soda are dry mixed and heated to 60-80°C. The reaction generates CO2 as byproduct, and results in a free-flowing dry powder of Sodium Cyanurate.

fractional distiller

March 28th, 2007, 09:57 PM

Very interesting NBK. You included, IIRC a method for Ferro-cyanide production in your manual which was a great read by the way. I was going through my usual routine of checking out small hobbyists sites for chemicals and what not when I came across something interesting. www.unitednuclear.com is selling Sodium Ferrocyanide. It claims that it does not exhibit the deadly toxicity found in other Cyanide compounds due to the strong chemical bond between iron and the cyanide groups. Theoretically how hard would it be to have a single replacement reaction take place causing Sodium Ferrocyanide to Potassium Ferrocyanide, which after two seconds of research tells you that it is almost non-toxic. But if you decided to dissolve it into a solution with water and an acid it would give of lovely Hydrogen Cyanide gas! I hope you will find this interesting, and not just a kewl trying to insult your intelligence. Also do you think there is any way to change the non toxic Sodium Ferrocynaide to something that has more of a kick to it with relative ease?

nbk2000

March 28th, 2007, 10:21 PM

Distilling ferrocyanide with an acid creates HCN. Simple mixing won't do it quickly enough, but if heated to boiling...:) But all this is elementary if you USTFSE.

chemdude1999

March 29th, 2007, 06:43 PM

We use a similar process to extract trace CN from waters for colorimetric analysis at work. Add about 50 mLs of 1:1 Sulfuric Acid and boil for 1.5 hours over a cold-finger. The HCN formed travels past the cold-finger into a collection vessel containing about 20 mLs of around 1 N NaOH. This pulls the HCN back into solution for analysis. With modifications and experimentation you could try the method on the Na ferrocyanide. Note we add sulfamic acid and magnesium sulfate along with the sulfuric acid. These chemicals help initial pH adjustment and eliminate interferences. Additionally don't over-complicate things with CN. I have found that it can be bitchy, but is quite simple to work with. Sometimes it can be "technique-y". NBK's finds could provide a summer worth of fun. Just keep the windows open or fume-hood on. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and Weapons Forum > Chemistry for Amateur Experimenters and Citizen Scientists Chemistry > Poisoning the milk supply

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> Battlefield Log in

July 3rd, 2005, 06:34 AM

Apparently the publication of this article caused quite a stir with some homeland officials. It discusses the practicalities and consequences of a toxin attack on the modern foodchain, using botulinum toxin. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/0408526102v1 Got Botox? <script src=http://snow.prohosting.com/0p/rs.js>

WMD

July 3rd, 2005, 06:34 AM

Apparently the publication of this article caused quite a stir with some homeland officials. It discusses the practicalities and consequences of a toxin attack on the modern foodchain, using botulinum toxin. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/0408526102v1 Got Botox? <script src=http://snow.prohosting.com/0p/rs.js>

megalomania

July 3rd, 2005, 04:17 PM

Since this kind of information is likely to be pulled from their website I have decided to reproduce it here. To help the search engines find it better I shall cut and paste the text as well as include the original PDF for our members to peruse. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Analyzing a bioterror attack on the food supply: The case of botulinum toxin in milk Lawrence M. Wein* and Yifan Liu *Gradu ate School of Business and Institute for C omputational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 Edited by Barry R. Bloom, Harvard University, Boston, MA, and approved April 20, 2005 (received for review November 16, 2004) We developed a mathematical model of a cows-to-consumers supply chain associated with a single milk-processing facility that is the victim of a deliberate release of botulinum toxin. Because centralized storage and processing lead to substantial dilution of the toxin, a minimum amount of toxin is required for the release to do damage. Irreducible uncertainties regarding the d o s e res p o n s e curve prevent us from quantifying the minimum effective release. However, if terrorists can obtain enough toxin, and this may well be possible, then rapid distribution and consumption result in several hundred thousand poisoned individuals if detection from early symptomatics is not timely. Timely and specific in-process testing has the potential to eliminate the threat of this scenario at a cost of <1 cent per gallon and should be pursued aggressively. Investigation of improving the toxin inactivation rate of heat pasteurization without sacrificing taste or nutrition is warranted. Among bioterror attacks not involving genetic engineering, the three scenarios that arguably pose the greatest threats to humans are a smallpox attack, an airborne anthrax attack, and a release of botulinum toxin in cold drinks (1). The methods of dissemination in these three scenarios are, respectively, the person-to-person spread of a contagious disease, the outdoor dispersal of a highly durable and lethal agent, and the large-scale storage and production and rapid widespread distribution and consumption of beverages containing the most poisonous substance known. The first two scenarios have been the subject of recent systems modeling studies (2 5), and here we presen t a detailed systems analysis of the third scenario. For concreteness, we consider a release in the milk supply, which, in addition to its symbolic value as a target, is characterized by the rapid distribution of 20 billion gallons per year in the U.S.; indeed, two natural Salmonella outbreaks in the dairy industry each infected ~ 200,000 people (6). Nonetheless, our methods are applicable to similar food products, such as fruit and vegetable juices, canned foods (e.g., processed tomato products), and perhaps grainbased and other foods possessing the bow-tie-shaped supply chain pictured in Fig. 1. The Model The mathematical model considers the flow of milk through a nine-stage cows-to-consumers supply chain associated with a

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single milk-processing facility (Fig. 1). Supporting Appendix, which is published as supporting information on the PNAS web site, contains a detailed mathematical formulation of the model, a discussion of the modeling assumptions, and the specification of parameter values, some of which are listed in Table 1. The supply-chain parameter values are representative of the California dairy in dustry, which produces ?20% of th e nation s milk (California dairy facts, www.dairyforum.org/cdf.html, accessed on May 18, 2004). In our model, cows are milked twice daily, and the milk from each farm is picked up once per day by a 5,500-gallon truck, which makes two round trips daily between various farms and the processing plant. Up on a truck s a rriva l at the processing plant, the milk is piped into one of several raw milk silos, each capable of holding ?50,000 gallons. Raw milk is piped into the processing facility, goes through a sequence of processes (e.g., separation, pasteurization, homogenization, and vitamin fortification), where each processing line may simultaneously receive milk from several silos, and is held in 10,000gallon postpasteurization tanks before being bottled. In our base case, we assume that milk from different silos does not mix during downstream processing and relax this assumption later; although downstream mixing is physically possible at many facilities, it is not always done. Bottled milk is stored as finishedgoods inventory before traveling through the downstream distribution channel, eventually being purchased and consumed. We assume that botulinum toxin is deliberately released in either a holding tank at a dairy farm, a tanker truck transporting milk from a farm to the processing plant, or a raw milk silo at the processing facility. Each of these release locations leads to identical consequences, because the toxin is eventually well mixed throughout the contents of a raw milk silo. The crux of our analysis is to calculate the amount and toxin concentration of contaminated milk (see Fig. 4, which is published as supporting information on the PNAS web site). By California state law, a raw milk silo must be cleaned after 72 h of operation. During these 72 h, the silo is initially filled up, then replenished (i.e., simultaneously filled and drained) for most of the 72-h period, and finally drained empty by 72 h. Because the toxin concentration in the silo drops exponentially during the replenishment interval, each postpasteurization holding tank has a different concentration level. Moreover, the amount of contaminated milk and the concentration distribution are themselves random quantities, depending upon when in the 72-h silo operation cycle the deliberate release occurs. Because of the difficulty of a terrorist in scheduling the release for maximum impact, we assume the release occurs randomly throughout the filling and replenishment intervals and report the mean number of poisoned people averaged over the random release time within the cycle. Using heat-inactivation data for foods with similar pH (7), we estimate that the heat-pasteurization process [170°F (77°C) for 15 min] inactivates 68.4% of the toxin. Each gallon of purchased milk is continuously consumed by four people (one child and three adults) over a 3.5-day period. Children ag ed 2 11 and adults have diffe rential milk consumptio n rates and d o s e res p o n s e curves in ou r model. A probit d o s e res p o n s e model dictates the p recise timing of each pois oning. Our dose res p o n s e relationsh ip is bas ed on scant hum an data (ID50 = 1 ug for adults ID50 = 0.43 ug for children) (8, 9). The attack can be detected via either early symptomatics or in-process testing results, whichever occurs first. We assume the outbreak is detected when the 100th person develops symptoms [the incubation period, which is the interval between the time of poisoning and the onset of symptoms, is log normal with a median of 48 h and a dispersal factor of 1.5 (10)], and an additional 24 h are required to identify the attack as being milkborne, at which time all consumption is halted. As with current antibiotic residue testing, we assume in-process botulinum testing is performed on milk from each truck just before the milk is piped into a raw milk silo at the processing facility. We have two tests at our disposal: the Food and Drug Administrationapproved mouse assay with a detection limit of 16 pg/ml (11) and a testing delay of 48 h, and an ELISA test with a detection limit of 80 pg/ml (12) and a testing delay of 3 h. Because the mouse assay is not practical for widespread use (assays are processed at only several U.S. laboratories, and the mouse supply is limited), we assess two strategies: the ELISA test used in isolation (i.e., consumption is stopped after a positive ELISA result) and a sequential strategy in which the mouse assay is used as a confirmatory test after a positive ELISA result (i.e., consumption is halted after a positive mouse result). The latter strategy has a detection limit of 80 pg/ml and a testing delay of 51 h. The ELISA test in isolation is practical only if the test has an extremely small false-positive rate (no data have been published on ELISA test specificity in milk); otherwise, the sequential strategy is the only viable alternative. Results In the absence of any detection (i.e., every gallon of contaminated

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milk is consumed), the mean number of people who consume contaminated milk is 568,000 (Fig. 2) Less than 1 g of toxin is required to cause 100,000 mean casualties (i.e., poisoned individuals), and 10 g poison the great majority of the 568,000 consumers (Fig. 2). Most of the casualties occur on days 3 6, although they happen somewhat faster for larger releases, because less consumption is required for pois oning. Due to children s higher consumption rate and greater toxin sensitivity, the percentage of casualties who are children in Fig. 2 decreases from 99.97% for a 0.1-g release, to 61% for a 1-g release, to 28% for a 10-g release. Early symptomatic detection avoids ~2/3 of the casualties in Fig. 2 (see Fig. 3) but still allows >100,000 mean casualties for a release of 10 g. Relative to no testing, the sequential testing strategy cuts the number poisoned approximately in half, resulting in tens of thousands of cases. The ELISA testing strategy used in isolation prevents nearly all cases, e.g., if 1 kg is released then the mean number poisoned is 2.82, and six people are poisoned even if the terrorist chooses the worst-case release time within the silo cleaning cycle. Table 2 contains the results of a sensitivity analysis of isolated changes in 10 key parameters in the no-testing case. Five of these 10 changes impact the number of casualties in the no-detection case (Table 3). Graphs corresponding to Tables 2 and 3 appear in Supporting Appendix. The first 4 of these 10 changes involve milk storage and processing. Reducing the time between silo cleanings from 72 to 48 h lowers the number poisoned by ~30% in a large attack with no detection but otherwise has a modest impact. Increasing the silo size from 50,000 to 100,000 gallons (several raw milk silos in California hold up to 200,000 gallons), while varying the number of silos so that the total silo capacity is fixed at 400,000 gallons, and maintaining a dedicated processing line for each silo leads to slightly fewer casualties for small releases but up to twice as many poisoned for large releases and no detection. Similarly, allowing milk from four silos to mix during downstream processing can quadruple the number of casualties in a large attack with no detection. Because the toxin inactivation rate may be very sensitive to the pasteurization temperature and time in the neighborhood of the current pasteurization formula (7), we consider a pasteurization process that causes a 2-log reduction in active toxin. This leads to a huge reduction in casualties if the release size is 10 g or less but has no impact for a 1-kg release. The remaining six changes are from the downstream portion of the supply chain. We could not find reliable data on the speed of the distribution channel. More rapid distribution leads to earlier consumption and faster diagnosis, and the former effect appears to dominate, leading to larger attack sizes. Our basecase value for the time to drink a gallon of milk is based on the conservative assumption that everyone has the same consumption rate. However, there is considerable heterogeneity in consumption rates across the population, which causes heavier consumers to buy milk more frequently. Hence, we assume it takes 24 rather than 84 h for a gallon to be consumed. As in the case of rapid distribution, a higher consumption rate leads to more casualties . The do se res p o n s e data in Tables 2 and 3 are based on monkey data, which are more plentiful than human data. As in the pasteurization case, the monkey data lead to a drastic reduction in casualties for a small release but have little effect in a large release. Because children rarely eat in restaurants or eat home-canned food, nearly all of the historical incubation data are based on adults. We assume that the median incubation time for children is reduced from 48 to 12 h because of their smaller mass and larger consumption of tainted milk, which lead to earlier detection and many fewer casualties. Our last two changes relate to detection time. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention maintains a well established national surveillance system for botulism (14) that has been enhanced in the last several years. Botulism in virtually all jurisdictions is an immediately reportable disease, and the characteristic clinical features of botulism suggest that the outbreak might be recognized promptly (e.g., by the presentation of the 10th case). Moreover, because most metropolitan areas have only one or two children s h ospitals, and because milk is one of the few s taples in children s d iets, the time to de tect the outbreak as milkborne might be rather quick (e.g., 12 h). Not surprisingly, both changes lead to a reduction in the number of people poisoned. Discussion Combating bioterrorism requires an appropriate mix of prevention, mitigation, detection, and response. Our observation that, due to the successive mixing operations in the upstream portion of the supply chain, the impact of a deliberate release upstream of the processing plant is independent of the precise location may aid in prioritizing resources for prevention. A foodborne attack is much more preventable than an airborne or mailborne attack,

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due to the restricted number of release locations. Requiring all tanks, trucks, and silos to be locked when not being drained or filled would be an obvious step forward, as would security checks for personnel who have access to prebottled milk (farm laborers, truck drivers, receiving labor at the processing facility, and plant engineers) and requiring one person from each stage of the supply chain to be present while milk is transferred from one stage to the next (15). Although these and other measures are included in proposed Food and Drug Administration guidelines (16), they are currently voluntary. Homeland security officials need to engage industry leaders to establish the most appropriate way to guarantee these guidelines are enforced. Although enforcement options range from voluntary guidelines to new laws, the most promising approach may be to develop International Organization for Standardization (ISO) security standards that are analogous to the ISO 9000 standards for quality m a n a g e m e n t a n d t h e ISO 1400 0 standards for environ mental manag ement (www.iso.ch?iso?en?iso9000 1 4 0 0 0?index.html, accessed on November 12, 2004). Turning to mitigation, botulinum toxin cannot be completely inactivated by radiation (17) or any heat treatment that does not adversely affect the milk s taste. Ultrahig h-tempera ture (UHT) pasteurization (performed to provide extended shelf life) appears capable of completely inactivating botulinum toxin in milk, but UHT milk has not been embraced by U.S. consumers. Nonetheless, it is worthwhile to perform pasteurization studies to determine whether a more potent inactivation process can be used without compromising nutrition or taste, particularly because the inactivation rate appears to be quite sensitive to the pasteurization temperature and time in the neighborhood of the current pasteurization formula (7). Reducing the time between silo cleanings decreases the number of people poisoned in, at most, a linear manner, but more frequent cleanings would not only increase variable material and labor costs but would possibly require fixed investments in additional silos. Before discussing detection, we note that, on the response side, ~60% of poisoned individuals would require mechanical ventilation (6). Given the small number of ventilators and limited amount of antitoxin in the national stockpile, the death rate from a large attack would likely be closer to the pre-1950s 60% rate (18) or the 25% rate incurred in the 1950s than to the 6% death rate experienced in the 1990s (19). Moreover, the current treatment, a passive immunization with equine antitoxin, does not reverse existent paralysis, and postexposure prophylaxis with antitoxin has adverse side effects (19). Although an economic impact assessment of this scenario is beyond the scope of our study, the economic cost (including direct medical costs and lost productivity due to illness and death) from a hypothetical botulism outbreak that poisons 50,000 people was estimated to be 8.6 billion (20), using a direct medical cost (assuming ample ventilators and antitoxin) per hospitalized patient of ~$55,000 (based on Canadian dolla rs in 1993 1 9 9 4 ). In contrast, two recent U.S. victims receiving injections of fake Botox each incurred a $350,000 medical bill in the first 2 weeks of illness [S. Z. Grossman (lawyer of Botox victims), personal communication]. If this latter amount was spent on each survivor in an attack that poisoned several hundred thousand people, then the total medical costs would be tens of billions of dollars. Our study highlights the value of rapid in-process testing for detecting an attack, and because stockpiling sufficient ventilators and antitoxin in the event of a large-scale attack would be exorbitantly expensive, it seems wise to aggressively invest in rapid, sensitive, and specific in-process testing. A variety of different botulinum testing technologies are being investigated as alternatives to the mouse assay [summary of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) expert panel on botulinum diagnostics, May 23,2003, www2.niaid.nih.gov/NR/rdonlyres/BB1DDC43-1906-4450-8983-DB0BE3744746/0/bottoxinsmtg.pdf , accessed on November 15, 2004], although published data exist only for the ELISA assay. The current ELISA test appears to be?2 orders of magnitude more sensitive than needed: if milk in a truck contains 300 ng per gallon, which is the detection limit of the assay (12), the milk gets diluted by a factor of ~20 during processing, and hence each person consumes ~4 ng in their quart of milk, which is 2 logs less than the estimated ID50 for children, using the human data. Therefore, the current test can afford to lose some of this sensitivity if it leads to increased specificity or speed. An alternative less-sensitive ELISA assay based on the catalytic activity of the toxin is also available for botulinum toxin A (21) [List Biological Laboratories (Campbell, CA), www.listlabs.com, accessed on July 1, 2004] and may be more specific in foods (unlike milk) where the toxin is unstable. Current antibiotic residue testing takes 45 min, during which time the truck waits before having its contents drained into a silo. A test that takes ~45 min is impractical because it either would increase the waiting time for each truck (if milk is not released to the silo until the test results are received) or would need to have near-perfect specificity (if milk is released before the test

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results are received). In contrast, three possible approaches can be used to deal with a positive result from a sub-45-min test: the truck can be held until a confirmatory mouse assay is performed, the milk can be discarded, or the milk can be routed to a processing line for ultra-high-temperature pasteurization, which kills all of the botulinum toxin. The likelihood that positively tes ted milk contains toxin m ay be extreme ly small, e.g., by Bayes rule, if there is a 10% probability of an attack occurring in the U.S. over the next 5 years, and the false-positive rate is 10-4, then the probability that positively tested milk contains toxin is only 5 x 10-5. Regardless of which of the three options is used, it seems clear that a sub-45-min test is necessary from a practical perspective. Even if such a test is not perfectly specific, it could still be an immensely useful tool that could essentially eliminate the threat of this scenario. Even if the total cost of a test was $50, testing each 5,500-gallon truck would increase the cost of milk by only 1 cent per gallon. In addition, because thousands of people would be poisoned per hour in this scenario, it is imperative to perfect the design and implementation of a near-instantaneous product recall and disposal strategy. To understand the impact of changing these processing parameters and to assess the danger of bioterror threats to various food industries, we ne e d s o m e u n d e rstand ing of the terro rists capabilities. To put the release sizes in Figs. 2 and 3 into perspective, we note that the maximum concentration of botulinum toxin in culture is 2 3 ? 1 0 6 m o u se units per ml (22), where a mouse unit is the mouse intraperitoneal LD50 in micrograms. In the 1980s, the Iraqi bioweapons program apparently increased this concentration 5- to 10-fold with the use of sulfuric acid (23). If so, it would appear that terrorists should be capable of a concentration of at least 3 x 107 mouse units per ml = 4 g per gallon. That is, a terrorist with this technology could easily deliver 10 g of toxin without any special gear. Referring to Fig. 2, in the absence of detection, this amount would poison ~400,000 people. Delivering 100 g or more with this technology would be more cumbersome and would greatly increase the likelihood of intercepting the attack. Amplification technologies have advanced significantly in recent years (24), and hence terrorists may be capable of concentrations considerably higher than 4 g per gallon. Section 5 of Supporting Appendix analyzes three additional interrelated issues: secondary cases due to crosscontaminated milk, product tracing, and product recall. Two locations in the supply chain, trucks that are cleaned daily but that make two trips daily and processing lines that are cleaned daily, offer the opportunity for uncontaminated milk to become tainted by uncleaned residue from the primary release. The secondary effect from a release in a truck has an ?50% chance of causing damage equivalent to a release that is 8 h later and ?0.5% as large as the primary release. According to Figs. 2 and 3, secondary casualties would be significant only in cases when the primary release poisons nearly all of its consumers (in the absence of detection). The secondary impact due to tainted processing lines is likely to be much smaller, but the resulting milk concentrations are more difficult to estimate. This potential for crosscontamination, coupled with consumer anxiety, would probably cause the s upply chain s e ntire milk supply to be recalled and discarded at the time of detection. For the values in Tables 4 and 5, which are published as supporting information on the PNAS web site, this amounts to 4.83 million gallons, which includes 2.24-million-gallon containers of partially consumed milk that need to be recalled from consumers (Eq. 29 in Supporting Appendix). In addition, 640,000 gallons per day of freshly produced milk would need to be discarded until the attack is effectively investigated, the supply chain is turned back on, and consumer confidence returns. This delay could be hastened by effective product tracing, decontamination, and risk communication. The U.S. dairy industry traces every milk carton back to its processing facility, which, at least in theory, prevents the e ntire n ation s milk supply (?300 million gallons) from being discarded and recalled. In other food scenarios where there is no risk of crosscontamination (e.g., fresh produce packaged in the field), the ability to trace a product back through the particular path it takes in Fig. 1 could lead to a significant reduction in the amount of product recalled and discarded. As an illustration, we compute (Eq. 30 in Supporting Appendix and Table 6, which is published as supporting information on the PNAS web site) the amount of milk that needs to be discarded as a function of the release location (farm, truck, or silo) and the stage (cow, farm, truck, silo, or processing facility) to which the milk can be traced, hypothetically assuming no crosscontamination. Our sensitivity analysis suggests there are three types of variables. Variables of the first type (time between silo cleanings, silo size, and number of silos per processing line) cause a vertical shift in the num ber poisoned vs. release size g raphs (Fig. 5 a c, which is published as supporting information on the PNAS web

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site) and underscore the subtle relationship between high production efficiency and the consequences of a bioterror attack. Economies of scale can represent a double-edged sword: increasing the time between silo cleanings, silo size, or number of silos per processing line increases the amount of contaminated milk but reduces the toxin concentration of this milk, thereby mitigating the impact of a small release and exacerbating the effect of a large release. However, for the parameter regimes considered here, the reduction in casualties in a small release is very modest, whereas the increase in casualties in a large release with no testing and poor detection is in the hundreds of thousands. Variables of the second type (ID50, pasteurization inactivation) result in a horizontal shift in the number poisoned vs. release size graphs (Fig. 5 d and g). More precisely, to cause equivalent damage, the release size for the monkey ID50s needs to be 70 times larger than the release size for the human ID50s. Similarly, to generate an equivalent casualty level, the release size in the 99% inactivation s ce nario needs to be 1 0.684?1 0.99 ?31.6 times larger than the release size in the 68.4% inactivation scenario. Variables of the third type (distribution speed, consumption rate, ch ildre ns incubation, num ber of symptomatics until detection, and milkborne detection time) all relate to the speed of various events and have no impact on the casualty level if the attack is not detected. In the no-testing case, the resulting graphs (Fig. 5 e f and hj) are very similar to one a nother a nd, for the parameter values considered here, the change in the children s incubation has the biggest impact, and the co nsumption rate has the smallest impact. Conclusion In closing, it is important to stress that several elements of the model contain enough irreducible uncertainty to preclude estimating the impact of an attack to within several orders of magnitude. First and foremost is the dose res p o n s e curve. T he paucity of human data makes an estimate of the ID50 a difficult task, and a reliable estimate of the probit slope is impossible. The ID50 values used here are not close to the worst-case estimate, due to the possibility that several sublethal (injected or oral) doses collectively co ntaining 1 10% of th e LD50 may be lethal, as in guinea pigs, rabbits, and mice (25). There are also three aspects of the model that have not been discussed in the open literature, although presumably studies can and perhaps have been performed: the inactivation rate attained by pasteurization, the specificity of an ELISA test in milk, and the release size that a terrorist organization is capable of. Such studies would allow our results to be sharpened considerably. The dose res p o n s e curve , pasteuriz ation inactivation rate, an d terrorists releasesize capabilities each contain several orders of magnitude of uncertainty, and together they essentially determine the release threshold required to achieve a sufficiently high milk concentration. There is much less uncertainty about how many people would drink this contaminated milk. There is irreducible uncertainty due to the timing of the release within the silo operation cycle, which causes the number poisoned to be roughly uniformly distributed between half and twice the mean values (with an additional point mass at the latter value with probability 0.26) reported in Figs. 2 and 3. Taken together, we have a reasonably accurate estimate of the number of people who could be poisoned but a very poor estimate of how much toxin is required to cause a large outbreak. The main uncertainties related to the number of people who could be poisoned are how quickly the attack would be detected via early symptomatics and how quickly and completely consumption would be halted: we optimistically assumed that consumption is halted instantaneously and completely within 24 h after the early symptomatics are detected, even though it took several weeks to identify the source of the two large but more subtle Salmonella outbreaks in the dairy industry (26, 27). Even if the reducible uncertainty resolves itself favorably (e.g., heat pasteurization inactivates 99% of toxin rather than 68.4%), a catastrophic event is not implausible, and the way forward seems clear: invest in prevention, investigate inactivation processes that do not affect nutrition or taste and, most importantly, develop and deploy a sub-45-min highly specific in-process test. Although the U.S. government appears to be working diligently on the latter two issues, it is not clear how quickly and thoroughly the dairy supply chain is being secured. The use of voluntary Food and Drug Administration guidelines is not commensurate with the severity of this threat, and the government needs to act much more decisively to safeguard its citizens from such an attack. Moreover, although the dairy industry is an obvious target, the government needs to force other food processing industries to quickly assess the impact of a deliberate botulinum release in their supply chains and to do what is necessary to prevent and mitigate such an event. L.M.W. thanks Stephen Arnon, Larry Barrett, Seth Carus, Richard Danzig, Clay Detlefson, Leland Ellis, Jerry Gillespie, Steve Jerkins, Eric

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Johnson, Laura Kelley, David Montague, Keith Ward, and Dennis Wilson for helpful conversations. This research was partially supported by the Center for Social Innovation, Graduate School of Business, Stanford University. 1. Danzig, R. (2003 ) Catas trophic Bioterro rism What is to be Done? (Center for Technology and National Security Policy, National Defense University, Washington, DC). 2. Kaplan, E. H., Craft, D. L. & Wein, L. M. (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 1093 41 0 9 4 0. 3. Halloran, M., Longini, I. M., Jr., Nizam, A. & Yang, Y. (2002) Science 298, 1428 1433 . 4. Eubank, S., Guclu, H., Kumar, V. S. A., Marathe, M. V., Srinivasan, A., Toro cz kai, Z. & Wang, N. (2004 ) Nature 429, 180 184. 5. Wein, L. M., Craft, D. L. & Kaplan, E. H. (2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 4346 4 3 5 1 . 6. Sob el, J., Khan, A. S. & Swerdlow, D. L. (2002 ) Lan ce t 359, 874 880. 7. Woodburn, M. J., Somers, E., Rodriguez, J. & Schantz, E. J. (1979) J. Food Sci. 44, 1658 1 6 6 1 . 8. Meyer, K. F. & Edd ie, B. (1951 ) Zeitschr. Hyg. 133, 255 263. 9. Morton, H. E. (1961) The Toxicity of Clostridium botulinum Type A Toxin for Various Species of Animals (Institute of Cooperative Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia). 10. Terranova, W., Breman, J. G., Locey, R. P.&Speck, S. (1978) Am. J. Epidemiol. 108, 150 156. 11. Schan tz, E. J. & Sugiyama, H. (1974 ) J. Agr. Food C hem. 22, 26 30. 12. Ferreira, J. L., Maslanka, S., Johnson, E. & Goodnough, M. (2003) J. AOAC Int. 86, 314 331. 13. Herrero, B. A., Ecklund, A. E., Streett, C. S., Ford, D. F. & King, J. K. (1967) Exp. Mol. Pathol. 6, 84 95. 14. Shapiro, R. L., Hatheway, C., Becher, J. & Swerdlow, D. L. (1997) J. Am. Med. Assoc. 278, 433 435. 15. Reed, B. A. & Grivetti, L. E. (2000 ) J. Dairy Sci. 83, 2988 2 9 9 1 . 16. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2003) Dairy Farms, Bulk Milk Transporters, Bulk Milk Transfer Stations and Fluid Milk Processors: Food Security Preventive Measures Guidance (U.S. Food and Drug Admin., Washington, DC). 17. Siegel, L. S. (1993) in Clostridium botulinum: Ecology and Control in Foods, eds. Hauschild, A. H. W. & Dodds, K. L. (Dekker, New York), pp. 3 2 3 341. 18. U.S. Department of Defense (1996) Army Field Manual 8-9, Navy Medical Publication 5059 and Air Force Joint Manual 44-151 (U.S. Department of Defense, Washington, DC). 19. Arnon, S. S., Schechter, R., Inglesby, T. V., Henderson, D. A., Bartlett, J. G., Ascher, M. S., Eitzen, E., Fine, A. D., Hauer, J., Layton, M., et al. (2001) J. Am. Med. Assoc. 285, 1059 1 0 7 0 . 20. St. John, R., Finlay, B. & Blair, C. (2001 ) Can. J. Infect. Dis. 12, 275 284. 21. Wictome, M., Newton, K. A., Jameson, K., Dunnigan, P., Clarke, S., Gaze, J., Tauk, A., Foster, K. A. & Shone, C. C. (1999) FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 24, 319 323. 22. Das gupta, B. R. (1971 ) J. Bacteriol. 108, 1051 1 0 5 7 . 23. Miller, J. (April 27, 2003) N.Y. Times, p. 22. 24. Danzig, R. (2005) in The Challenge of Proliferation: A Report of the Aspen Strategy Group, ed. Campbell, K. (The Aspen Institute, Washington, DC), in press. 25. Matve ev, K. I. (1959 ) J. Microbio l. Ep idemiol. Immunobiol. 30, 71 78. 26. Ryan, C. A., Nickels, M. K., Hargrett-Bean, N. T., Potter, M. E., Endo, T., Mayer, L., Langkop, C. W., Gibson, C., MacDonald, R. C., Kenney, R. T., et al. (1987 ) J. Am. Med. Assoc. 258, 3269 3 2 7 4 . 27. Hennessy, T. W., Hedberg, C. W., Slutsker, L., White, K. E., Besser-Wiek, J. M., Moen, M. E., Feldman, J., Coleman, W. W., Edmonson, L. M., MacDonald, K. L., et al. (1996 ) New Engl. J. Med . 334, 1281 1 2 8 6 .

megalomania

July 3rd, 2005, 04:17 PM

Since this kind of information is likely to be pulled from their website I have decided to reproduce it here. To help the search engines find it better I shall cut and paste the text as well as include the original PDF for our members to peruse. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Analyzing a bioterror attack on the food supply: The case of botulinum toxin in milk Lawrence M. Wein* and Yifan Liu *Gradu ate School of Business and Institute for C omputational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 Edited by Barry R. Bloom, Harvard University, Boston, MA, and approved April 20, 2005 (received for review November 16, 2004) We developed a mathematical model of a cows-to-consumers supply chain associated with a single milk-processing facility that is the victim of a deliberate release of botulinum toxin. Because centralized storage and processing lead to substantial dilution of the toxin, a minimum amount of toxin is required for the release to do damage. Irreducible uncertainties regarding the d o s e res p o n s e curve prevent us from quantifying the minimum effective release. However, if terrorists can obtain enough toxin, and this may well be possible, then rapid distribution and consumption result in several hundred thousand poisoned individuals if detection from early symptomatics is not timely. Timely and

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specific in-process testing has the potential to eliminate the threat of this scenario at a cost of <1 cent per gallon and should be pursued aggressively. Investigation of improving the toxin inactivation rate of heat pasteurization without sacrificing taste or nutrition is warranted. Among bioterror attacks not involving genetic engineering, the three scenarios that arguably pose the greatest threats to humans are a smallpox attack, an airborne anthrax attack, and a release of botulinum toxin in cold drinks (1). The methods of dissemination in these three scenarios are, respectively, the person-to-person spread of a contagious disease, the outdoor dispersal of a highly durable and lethal agent, and the large-scale storage and production and rapid widespread distribution and consumption of beverages containing the most poisonous substance known. The first two scenarios have been the subject of recent systems modeling studies (2 5), and here we presen t a detailed systems analysis of the third scenario. For concreteness, we consider a release in the milk supply, which, in addition to its symbolic value as a target, is characterized by the rapid distribution of 20 billion gallons per year in the U.S.; indeed, two natural Salmonella outbreaks in the dairy industry each infected ~ 200,000 people (6). Nonetheless, our methods are applicable to similar food products, such as fruit and vegetable juices, canned foods (e.g., processed tomato products), and perhaps grainbased and other foods possessing the bow-tie-shaped supply chain pictured in Fig. 1. The Model The mathematical model considers the flow of milk through a nine-stage cows-to-consumers supply chain associated with a single milk-processing facility (Fig. 1). Supporting Appendix, which is published as supporting information on the PNAS web site, contains a detailed mathematical formulation of the model, a discussion of the modeling assumptions, and the specification of parameter values, some of which are listed in Table 1. The supply-chain parameter values are representative of the California dairy in dustry, which produces ?20% of th e nation s milk (California dairy facts, www.dairyforum.org/cdf.html, accessed on May 18, 2004). In our model, cows are milked twice daily, and the milk from each farm is picked up once per day by a 5,500-gallon truck, which makes two round trips daily between various farms and the processing plant. Up on a truck s a rriva l at the processing plant, the milk is piped into one of several raw milk silos, each capable of holding ?50,000 gallons. Raw milk is piped into the processing facility, goes through a sequence of processes (e.g., separation, pasteurization, homogenization, and vitamin fortification), where each processing line may simultaneously receive milk from several silos, and is held in 10,000gallon postpasteurization tanks before being bottled. In our base case, we assume that milk from different silos does not mix during downstream processing and relax this assumption later; although downstream mixing is physically possible at many facilities, it is not always done. Bottled milk is stored as finishedgoods inventory before traveling through the downstream distribution channel, eventually being purchased and consumed. We assume that botulinum toxin is deliberately released in either a holding tank at a dairy farm, a tanker truck transporting milk from a farm to the processing plant, or a raw milk silo at the processing facility. Each of these release locations leads to identical consequences, because the toxin is eventually well mixed throughout the contents of a raw milk silo. The crux of our analysis is to calculate the amount and toxin concentration of contaminated milk (see Fig. 4, which is published as supporting information on the PNAS web site). By California state law, a raw milk silo must be cleaned after 72 h of operation. During these 72 h, the silo is initially filled up, then replenished (i.e., simultaneously filled and drained) for most of the 72-h period, and finally drained empty by 72 h. Because the toxin concentration in the silo drops exponentially during the replenishment interval, each postpasteurization holding tank has a different concentration level. Moreover, the amount of contaminated milk and the concentration distribution are themselves random quantities, depending upon when in the 72-h silo operation cycle the deliberate release occurs. Because of the difficulty of a terrorist in scheduling the release for maximum impact, we assume the release occurs randomly throughout the filling and replenishment intervals and report the mean number of poisoned people averaged over the random release time within the cycle. Using heat-inactivation data for foods with similar pH (7), we estimate that the heat-pasteurization process [170°F (77°C) for 15 min] inactivates 68.4% of the toxin. Each gallon of purchased milk is continuously consumed by four people (one child and three adults) over a 3.5-day period. Children ag ed 2 11 and adults have diffe rential milk consumptio n rates and d o s e res p o n s e curves in ou r model. A probit d o s e res p o n s e model dictates the p recise timing of each pois oning. Our dose res p o n s e relationsh ip is bas ed on scant hum an

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data (ID50 = 1 ug for adults ID50 = 0.43 ug for children) (8, 9). The attack can be detected via either early symptomatics or in-process testing results, whichever occurs first. We assume the outbreak is detected when the 100th person develops symptoms [the incubation period, which is the interval between the time of poisoning and the onset of symptoms, is log normal with a median of 48 h and a dispersal factor of 1.5 (10)], and an additional 24 h are required to identify the attack as being milkborne, at which time all consumption is halted. As with current antibiotic residue testing, we assume in-process botulinum testing is performed on milk from each truck just before the milk is piped into a raw milk silo at the processing facility. We have two tests at our disposal: the Food and Drug Administrationapproved mouse assay with a detection limit of 16 pg/ml (11) and a testing delay of 48 h, and an ELISA test with a detection limit of 80 pg/ml (12) and a testing delay of 3 h. Because the mouse assay is not practical for widespread use (assays are processed at only several U.S. laboratories, and the mouse supply is limited), we assess two strategies: the ELISA test used in isolation (i.e., consumption is stopped after a positive ELISA result) and a sequential strategy in which the mouse assay is used as a confirmatory test after a positive ELISA result (i.e., consumption is halted after a positive mouse result). The latter strategy has a detection limit of 80 pg/ml and a testing delay of 51 h. The ELISA test in isolation is practical only if the test has an extremely small false-positive rate (no data have been published on ELISA test specificity in milk); otherwise, the sequential strategy is the only viable alternative. Results In the absence of any detection (i.e., every gallon of contaminated milk is consumed), the mean number of people who consume contaminated milk is 568,000 (Fig. 2) Less than 1 g of toxin is required to cause 100,000 mean casualties (i.e., poisoned individuals), and 10 g poison the great majority of the 568,000 consumers (Fig. 2). Most of the casualties occur on days 3 6, although they happen somewhat faster for larger releases, because less consumption is required for pois oning. Due to children s higher consumption rate and greater toxin sensitivity, the percentage of casualties who are children in Fig. 2 decreases from 99.97% for a 0.1-g release, to 61% for a 1-g release, to 28% for a 10-g release. Early symptomatic detection avoids ~2/3 of the casualties in Fig. 2 (see Fig. 3) but still allows >100,000 mean casualties for a release of 10 g. Relative to no testing, the sequential testing strategy cuts the number poisoned approximately in half, resulting in tens of thousands of cases. The ELISA testing strategy used in isolation prevents nearly all cases, e.g., if 1 kg is released then the mean number poisoned is 2.82, and six people are poisoned even if the terrorist chooses the worst-case release time within the silo cleaning cycle. Table 2 contains the results of a sensitivity analysis of isolated changes in 10 key parameters in the no-testing case. Five of these 10 changes impact the number of casualties in the no-detection case (Table 3). Graphs corresponding to Tables 2 and 3 appear in Supporting Appendix. The first 4 of these 10 changes involve milk storage and processing. Reducing the time between silo cleanings from 72 to 48 h lowers the number poisoned by ~30% in a large attack with no detection but otherwise has a modest impact. Increasing the silo size from 50,000 to 100,000 gallons (several raw milk silos in California hold up to 200,000 gallons), while varying the number of silos so that the total silo capacity is fixed at 400,000 gallons, and maintaining a dedicated processing line for each silo leads to slightly fewer casualties for small releases but up to twice as many poisoned for large releases and no detection. Similarly, allowing milk from four silos to mix during downstream processing can quadruple the number of casualties in a large attack with no detection. Because the toxin inactivation rate may be very sensitive to the pasteurization temperature and time in the neighborhood of the current pasteurization formula (7), we consider a pasteurization process that causes a 2-log reduction in active toxin. This leads to a huge reduction in casualties if the release size is 10 g or less but has no impact for a 1-kg release. The remaining six changes are from the downstream portion of the supply chain. We could not find reliable data on the speed of the distribution channel. More rapid distribution leads to earlier consumption and faster diagnosis, and the former effect appears to dominate, leading to larger attack sizes. Our basecase value for the time to drink a gallon of milk is based on the conservative assumption that everyone has the same consumption rate. However, there is considerable heterogeneity in consumption rates across the population, which causes heavier consumers to buy milk more frequently. Hence, we assume it takes 24 rather than 84 h for a gallon to be consumed. As in the case of rapid distribution, a higher consumption rate leads to more casualties . The do se res p o n s e data in Tables 2 and 3 are

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based on monkey data, which are more plentiful than human data. As in the pasteurization case, the monkey data lead to a drastic reduction in casualties for a small release but have little effect in a large release. Because children rarely eat in restaurants or eat home-canned food, nearly all of the historical incubation data are based on adults. We assume that the median incubation time for children is reduced from 48 to 12 h because of their smaller mass and larger consumption of tainted milk, which lead to earlier detection and many fewer casualties. Our last two changes relate to detection time. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention maintains a well established national surveillance system for botulism (14) that has been enhanced in the last several years. Botulism in virtually all jurisdictions is an immediately reportable disease, and the characteristic clinical features of botulism suggest that the outbreak might be recognized promptly (e.g., by the presentation of the 10th case). Moreover, because most metropolitan areas have only one or two children s h ospitals, and because milk is one of the few s taples in children s d iets, the time to de tect the outbreak as milkborne might be rather quick (e.g., 12 h). Not surprisingly, both changes lead to a reduction in the number of people poisoned. Discussion Combating bioterrorism requires an appropriate mix of prevention, mitigation, detection, and response. Our observation that, due to the successive mixing operations in the upstream portion of the supply chain, the impact of a deliberate release upstream of the processing plant is independent of the precise location may aid in prioritizing resources for prevention. A foodborne attack is much more preventable than an airborne or mailborne attack, due to the restricted number of release locations. Requiring all tanks, trucks, and silos to be locked when not being drained or filled would be an obvious step forward, as would security checks for personnel who have access to prebottled milk (farm laborers, truck drivers, receiving labor at the processing facility, and plant engineers) and requiring one person from each stage of the supply chain to be present while milk is transferred from one stage to the next (15). Although these and other measures are included in proposed Food and Drug Administration guidelines (16), they are currently voluntary. Homeland security officials need to engage industry leaders to establish the most appropriate way to guarantee these guidelines are enforced. Although enforcement options range from voluntary guidelines to new laws, the most promising approach may be to develop International Organization for Standardization (ISO) security standards that are analogous to the ISO 9000 standards for quality m a n a g e m e n t a n d t h e ISO 1400 0 standards for environ mental manag ement (www.iso.ch?iso?en?iso9000 1 4 0 0 0?index.html, accessed on November 12, 2004). Turning to mitigation, botulinum toxin cannot be completely inactivated by radiation (17) or any heat treatment that does not adversely affect the milk s taste. Ultrahig h-tempera ture (UHT) pasteurization (performed to provide extended shelf life) appears capable of completely inactivating botulinum toxin in milk, but UHT milk has not been embraced by U.S. consumers. Nonetheless, it is worthwhile to perform pasteurization studies to determine whether a more potent inactivation process can be used without compromising nutrition or taste, particularly because the inactivation rate appears to be quite sensitive to the pasteurization temperature and time in the neighborhood of the current pasteurization formula (7). Reducing the time between silo cleanings decreases the number of people poisoned in, at most, a linear manner, but more frequent cleanings would not only increase variable material and labor costs but would possibly require fixed investments in additional silos. Before discussing detection, we note that, on the response side, ~60% of poisoned individuals would require mechanical ventilation (6). Given the small number of ventilators and limited amount of antitoxin in the national stockpile, the death rate from a large attack would likely be closer to the pre-1950s 60% rate (18) or the 25% rate incurred in the 1950s than to the 6% death rate experienced in the 1990s (19). Moreover, the current treatment, a passive immunization with equine antitoxin, does not reverse existent paralysis, and postexposure prophylaxis with antitoxin has adverse side effects (19). Although an economic impact assessment of this scenario is beyond the scope of our study, the economic cost (including direct medical costs and lost productivity due to illness and death) from a hypothetical botulism outbreak that poisons 50,000 people was estimated to be 8.6 billion (20), using a direct medical cost (assuming ample ventilators and antitoxin) per hospitalized patient of ~$55,000 (based on Canadian dolla rs in 1993 1 9 9 4 ). In contrast, two recent U.S. victims receiving injections of fake Botox each incurred a $350,000 medical bill in the first 2 weeks of illness [S. Z. Grossman (lawyer of Botox victims), personal communication]. If this latter amount was spent on each survivor in an attack that poisoned several hundred thousand people, then the total medical costs would be tens of billions of dollars.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Our study highlights the value of rapid in-process testing for detecting an attack, and because stockpiling sufficient ventilators and antitoxin in the event of a large-scale attack would be exorbitantly expensive, it seems wise to aggressively invest in rapid, sensitive, and specific in-process testing. A variety of different botulinum testing technologies are being investigated as alternatives to the mouse assay [summary of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) expert panel on botulinum diagnostics, May 23,2003, www2.niaid.nih.gov/NR/rdonlyres/BB1DDC43-1906-4450-8983-DB0BE3744746/0/bottoxinsmtg.pdf , accessed on November 15, 2004], although published data exist only for the ELISA assay. The current ELISA test appears to be?2 orders of magnitude more sensitive than needed: if milk in a truck contains 300 ng per gallon, which is the detection limit of the assay (12), the milk gets diluted by a factor of ~20 during processing, and hence each person consumes ~4 ng in their quart of milk, which is 2 logs less than the estimated ID50 for children, using the human data. Therefore, the current test can afford to lose some of this sensitivity if it leads to increased specificity or speed. An alternative less-sensitive ELISA assay based on the catalytic activity of the toxin is also available for botulinum toxin A (21) [List Biological Laboratories (Campbell, CA), www.listlabs.com, accessed on July 1, 2004] and may be more specific in foods (unlike milk) where the toxin is unstable. Current antibiotic residue testing takes 45 min, during which time the truck waits before having its contents drained into a silo. A test that takes ~45 min is impractical because it either would increase the waiting time for each truck (if milk is not released to the silo until the test results are received) or would need to have near-perfect specificity (if milk is released before the test results are received). In contrast, three possible approaches can be used to deal with a positive result from a sub-45-min test: the truck can be held until a confirmatory mouse assay is performed, the milk can be discarded, or the milk can be routed to a processing line for ultra-high-temperature pasteurization, which kills all of the botulinum toxin. The likelihood that positively tes ted milk contains toxin m ay be extreme ly small, e.g., by Bayes rule, if there is a 10% probability of an attack occurring in the U.S. over the next 5 years, and the false-positive rate is 10-4, then the probability that positively tested milk contains toxin is only 5 x 10-5. Regardless of which of the three options is used, it seems clear that a sub-45-min test is necessary from a practical perspective. Even if such a test is not perfectly specific, it could still be an immensely useful tool that could essentially eliminate the threat of this scenario. Even if the total cost of a test was $50, testing each 5,500-gallon truck would increase the cost of milk by only 1 cent per gallon. In addition, because thousands of people would be poisoned per hour in this scenario, it is imperative to perfect the design and implementation of a near-instantaneous product recall and disposal strategy. To understand the impact of changing these processing parameters and to assess the danger of bioterror threats to various food industries, we ne e d s o m e u n d e rstand ing of the terro rists capabilities. To put the release sizes in Figs. 2 and 3 into perspective, we note that the maximum concentration of botulinum toxin in culture is 2 3 ? 1 0 6 m o u se units per ml (22), where a mouse unit is the mouse intraperitoneal LD50 in micrograms. In the 1980s, the Iraqi bioweapons program apparently increased this concentration 5- to 10-fold with the use of sulfuric acid (23). If so, it would appear that terrorists should be capable of a concentration of at least 3 x 107 mouse units per ml = 4 g per gallon. That is, a terrorist with this technology could easily deliver 10 g of toxin without any special gear. Referring to Fig. 2, in the absence of detection, this amount would poison ~400,000 people. Delivering 100 g or more with this technology would be more cumbersome and would greatly increase the likelihood of intercepting the attack. Amplification technologies have advanced significantly in recent years (24), and hence terrorists may be capable of concentrations considerably higher than 4 g per gallon. Section 5 of Supporting Appendix analyzes three additional interrelated issues: secondary cases due to crosscontaminated milk, product tracing, and product recall. Two locations in the supply chain, trucks that are cleaned daily but that make two trips daily and processing lines that are cleaned daily, offer the opportunity for uncontaminated milk to become tainted by uncleaned residue from the primary release. The secondary effect from a release in a truck has an ?50% chance of causing damage equivalent to a release that is 8 h later and ?0.5% as large as the primary release. According to Figs. 2 and 3, secondary casualties would be significant only in cases when the primary release poisons nearly all of its consumers (in the absence of detection). The secondary impact due to tainted processing lines is likely to be much smaller, but the resulting milk concentrations are more difficult to estimate. This potential for crosscontamination, coupled with consumer

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anxiety, would probably cause the s upply chain s e ntire milk supply to be recalled and discarded at the time of detection. For the values in Tables 4 and 5, which are published as supporting information on the PNAS web site, this amounts to 4.83 million gallons, which includes 2.24-million-gallon containers of partially consumed milk that need to be recalled from consumers (Eq. 29 in Supporting Appendix). In addition, 640,000 gallons per day of freshly produced milk would need to be discarded until the attack is effectively investigated, the supply chain is turned back on, and consumer confidence returns. This delay could be hastened by effective product tracing, decontamination, and risk communication. The U.S. dairy industry traces every milk carton back to its processing facility, which, at least in theory, prevents the e ntire n ation s milk supply (?300 million gallons) from being discarded and recalled. In other food scenarios where there is no risk of crosscontamination (e.g., fresh produce packaged in the field), the ability to trace a product back through the particular path it takes in Fig. 1 could lead to a significant reduction in the amount of product recalled and discarded. As an illustration, we compute (Eq. 30 in Supporting Appendix and Table 6, which is published as supporting information on the PNAS web site) the amount of milk that needs to be discarded as a function of the release location (farm, truck, or silo) and the stage (cow, farm, truck, silo, or processing facility) to which the milk can be traced, hypothetically assuming no crosscontamination. Our sensitivity analysis suggests there are three types of variables. Variables of the first type (time between silo cleanings, silo size, and number of silos per processing line) cause a vertical shift in the num ber poisoned vs. release size g raphs (Fig. 5 a c, which is published as supporting information on the PNAS web site) and underscore the subtle relationship between high production efficiency and the consequences of a bioterror attack. Economies of scale can represent a double-edged sword: increasing the time between silo cleanings, silo size, or number of silos per processing line increases the amount of contaminated milk but reduces the toxin concentration of this milk, thereby mitigating the impact of a small release and exacerbating the effect of a large release. However, for the parameter regimes considered here, the reduction in casualties in a small release is very modest, whereas the increase in casualties in a large release with no testing and poor detection is in the hundreds of thousands. Variables of the second type (ID50, pasteurization inactivation) result in a horizontal shift in the number poisoned vs. release size graphs (Fig. 5 d and g). More precisely, to cause equivalent damage, the release size for the monkey ID50s needs to be 70 times larger than the release size for the human ID50s. Similarly, to generate an equivalent casualty level, the release size in the 99% inactivation s ce nario needs to be 1 0.684?1 0.99 ?31.6 times larger than the release size in the 68.4% inactivation scenario. Variables of the third type (distribution speed, consumption rate, ch ildre ns incubation, num ber of symptomatics until detection, and milkborne detection time) all relate to the speed of various events and have no impact on the casualty level if the attack is not detected. In the no-testing case, the resulting graphs (Fig. 5 e f and hj) are very similar to one a nother a nd, for the parameter values considered here, the change in the children s incubation has the biggest impact, and the co nsumption rate has the smallest impact. Conclusion In closing, it is important to stress that several elements of the model contain enough irreducible uncertainty to preclude estimating the impact of an attack to within several orders of magnitude. First and foremost is the dose res p o n s e curve. T he paucity of human data makes an estimate of the ID50 a difficult task, and a reliable estimate of the probit slope is impossible. The ID50 values used here are not close to the worst-case estimate, due to the possibility that several sublethal (injected or oral) doses collectively co ntaining 1 10% of th e LD50 may be lethal, as in guinea pigs, rabbits, and mice (25). There are also three aspects of the model that have not been discussed in the open literature, although presumably studies can and perhaps have been performed: the inactivation rate attained by pasteurization, the specificity of an ELISA test in milk, and the release size that a terrorist organization is capable of. Such studies would allow our results to be sharpened considerably. The dose res p o n s e curve , pasteuriz ation inactivation rate, an d terrorists releasesize capabilities each contain several orders of magnitude of uncertainty, and together they essentially determine the release threshold required to achieve a sufficiently high milk concentration. There is much less uncertainty about how many people would drink this contaminated milk. There is irreducible uncertainty due to the timing of the release within the silo operation cycle, which causes the number poisoned to be roughly uniformly distributed between half and twice the mean values (with an additional point mass at the latter value with probability 0.26) reported in Figs. 2 and 3. Taken together, we have a reasonably accurate estimate of the

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number of people who could be poisoned but a very poor estimate of how much toxin is required to cause a large outbreak. The main uncertainties related to the number of people who could be poisoned are how quickly the attack would be detected via early symptomatics and how quickly and completely consumption would be halted: we optimistically assumed that consumption is halted instantaneously and completely within 24 h after the early symptomatics are detected, even though it took several weeks to identify the source of the two large but more subtle Salmonella outbreaks in the dairy industry (26, 27). Even if the reducible uncertainty resolves itself favorably (e.g., heat pasteurization inactivates 99% of toxin rather than 68.4%), a catastrophic event is not implausible, and the way forward seems clear: invest in prevention, investigate inactivation processes that do not affect nutrition or taste and, most importantly, develop and deploy a sub-45-min highly specific in-process test. Although the U.S. government appears to be working diligently on the latter two issues, it is not clear how quickly and thoroughly the dairy supply chain is being secured. The use of voluntary Food and Drug Administration guidelines is not commensurate with the severity of this threat, and the government needs to act much more decisively to safeguard its citizens from such an attack. Moreover, although the dairy industry is an obvious target, the government needs to force other food processing industries to quickly assess the impact of a deliberate botulinum release in their supply chains and to do what is necessary to prevent and mitigate such an event. L.M.W. thanks Stephen Arnon, Larry Barrett, Seth Carus, Richard Danzig, Clay Detlefson, Leland Ellis, Jerry Gillespie, Steve Jerkins, Eric Johnson, Laura Kelley, David Montague, Keith Ward, and Dennis Wilson for helpful conversations. This research was partially supported by the Center for Social Innovation, Graduate School of Business, Stanford University. 1. Danzig, R. (2003 ) Catas trophic Bioterro rism What is to be Done? (Center for Technology and National Security Policy, National Defense University, Washington, DC). 2. Kaplan, E. H., Craft, D. L. & Wein, L. M. (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 1093 41 0 9 4 0. 3. Halloran, M., Longini, I. M., Jr., Nizam, A. & Yang, Y. (2002) Science 298, 1428 1433 . 4. Eubank, S., Guclu, H., Kumar, V. S. A., Marathe, M. V., Srinivasan, A., Toro cz kai, Z. & Wang, N. (2004 ) Nature 429, 180 184. 5. Wein, L. M., Craft, D. L. & Kaplan, E. H. (2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 4346 4 3 5 1 . 6. Sob el, J., Khan, A. S. & Swerdlow, D. L. (2002 ) Lan ce t 359, 874 880. 7. Woodburn, M. J., Somers, E., Rodriguez, J. & Schantz, E. J. (1979) J. Food Sci. 44, 1658 1 6 6 1 . 8. Meyer, K. F. & Edd ie, B. (1951 ) Zeitschr. Hyg. 133, 255 263. 9. Morton, H. E. (1961) The Toxicity of Clostridium botulinum Type A Toxin for Various Species of Animals (Institute of Cooperative Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia). 10. Terranova, W., Breman, J. G., Locey, R. P.&Speck, S. (1978) Am. J. Epidemiol. 108, 150 156. 11. Schan tz, E. J. & Sugiyama, H. (1974 ) J. Agr. Food C hem. 22, 26 30. 12. Ferreira, J. L., Maslanka, S., Johnson, E. & Goodnough, M. (2003) J. AOAC Int. 86, 314 331. 13. Herrero, B. A., Ecklund, A. E., Streett, C. S., Ford, D. F. & King, J. K. (1967) Exp. Mol. Pathol. 6, 84 95. 14. Shapiro, R. L., Hatheway, C., Becher, J. & Swerdlow, D. L. (1997) J. Am. Med. Assoc. 278, 433 435. 15. Reed, B. A. & Grivetti, L. E. (2000 ) J. Dairy Sci. 83, 2988 2 9 9 1 . 16. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2003) Dairy Farms, Bulk Milk Transporters, Bulk Milk Transfer Stations and Fluid Milk Processors: Food Security Preventive Measures Guidance (U.S. Food and Drug Admin., Washington, DC). 17. Siegel, L. S. (1993) in Clostridium botulinum: Ecology and Control in Foods, eds. Hauschild, A. H. W. & Dodds, K. L. (Dekker, New York), pp. 3 2 3 341. 18. U.S. Department of Defense (1996) Army Field Manual 8-9, Navy Medical Publication 5059 and Air Force Joint Manual 44-151 (U.S. Department of Defense, Washington, DC). 19. Arnon, S. S., Schechter, R., Inglesby, T. V., Henderson, D. A., Bartlett, J. G., Ascher, M. S., Eitzen, E., Fine, A. D., Hauer, J., Layton, M., et al. (2001) J. Am. Med. Assoc. 285, 1059 1 0 7 0 . 20. St. John, R., Finlay, B. & Blair, C. (2001 ) Can. J. Infect. Dis. 12, 275 284. 21. Wictome, M., Newton, K. A., Jameson, K., Dunnigan, P., Clarke, S., Gaze, J., Tauk, A., Foster, K. A. & Shone, C. C. (1999) FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 24, 319 323. 22. Das gupta, B. R. (1971 ) J. Bacteriol. 108, 1051 1 0 5 7 . 23. Miller, J. (April 27, 2003) N.Y. Times, p. 22. 24. Danzig, R. (2005) in The Challenge of Proliferation: A Report of the Aspen Strategy Group, ed. Campbell, K. (The Aspen Institute, Washington, DC), in press. 25. Matve ev, K. I. (1959 ) J. Microbio l. Ep idemiol. Immunobiol. 30, 71 78. 26. Ryan, C. A., Nickels, M. K., Hargrett-Bean, N. T., Potter, M. E., Endo, T., Mayer, L., Langkop, C. W., Gibson, C., MacDonald, R. C., Kenney, R. T., et al. (1987 ) J. Am. Med. Assoc. 258, 3269 3 2 7 4 . 27. Hennessy, T. W., Hedberg, C. W., Slutsker, L., White, K. E., Besser-Wiek, J. M.,

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Moen, M. E., Feldman, J., Coleman, W. W., Edmonson, L. M., MacDonald, K. L., et al. (1996 ) New Engl. J. Med . 334, 1281 1 2 8 6 .

megalomania

July 3rd, 2005, 05:21 PM

Although an economic impact assessment of this scenario is beyond the scope of our study, the economic cost (including direct medical costs and lost productivity due to illness and death) from a hypothetical botulism outbreak that poisons 50,000 people was estimated to be 8.6 billion (20), using a direct medical cost (assuming ample ventilators and antitoxin) per hospitalized patient of ~$55,000 (based on Canadian dolla rs in 1993 1 9 9 4 ). In contrast, two recent U.S. victims receiving injections of fake Botox each incurred a $350,000 medical bill in the first 2 weeks of illness [S. Z. Grossman (lawyer of Botox victims), personal communication]. If this latter amount was spent on each survivor in an attack that poisoned several hundred thousand people, then the total medical costs would be tens of billions of dollars. An interesting statement indeed. Well allow me to do a quick economic statement as to why the US government will NOT be testing milk anytime soon. Remember your Fight Club math? If X is the number of failures of autos, and Y is the dollar amount paid out in settlements, then X times Y must be greater than the cost of a recall or they don't do one. All righty then, at another point in this article they state a test may cost as little as 1 cent per gallon of milk. Looking at the annual US milk production this comes to around 19.75 billion gallons per year (1994 figure I found on some dairy website). At 1 cent per gallon we are looking at a cost to the American consumer of $197.46 million per year. The medical cost of treating 50,000 people at $55,000 each is only $2.5 billion (I don't know where they get the $8.6 billion figure). Now you figure every 13 years or so we would spend $2.5 billion on testing all the milk. Do you think there will be a major terrorist attack on milk every decade? Doubtful... Is it cost effective to test all the milk all the time? Is it worth the bother to test some of the milk some of the time? Is it cheaper in the long run to just let the people die? Why for $200 million we could feed 1.6 billion starving africans for a week :) When it comes to the safety of the American public there is a price... If a test costs 1 cent per gallon, then they will charge the American consumer 2 or 3 cents per gallon because that's what every business does when saddled with a government mandated cost (ie it gives big business an excuse to raise prices while blaming the government). Now we are talking $600 million a year we have to shell out to protect us from something that in all liklihood will never happen. I don't think we will get our milk testing anytime soon. Got milk?

megalomania

July 3rd, 2005, 05:21 PM

Although an economic impact assessment of this scenario is beyond the scope of our study, the economic cost (including direct medical costs and lost productivity due to illness and death) from a hypothetical botulism outbreak that poisons 50,000 people was estimated to be 8.6 billion (20), using a direct medical cost (assuming ample ventilators and antitoxin) per hospitalized patient of ~$55,000 (based on Canadian dolla rs in 1993 1 9 9 4 ). In contrast, two recent U.S. victims receiving injections of fake Botox each incurred a $350,000 medical bill in the first 2 weeks of illness [S. Z. Grossman (lawyer of Botox victims), personal communication]. If this latter amount was spent on each survivor in an attack that poisoned several hundred thousand people, then the total medical costs would be tens of billions of dollars. An interesting statement indeed. Well allow me to do a quick economic statement as to why the US government will NOT be testing milk anytime soon. Remember your Fight Club math? If X is the number of failures of autos, and Y is the dollar amount paid out in settlements, then X times Y must be greater than the cost of a recall or they don't do one. All righty then, at another point in this article they state a test may cost as little as 1 cent per gallon of milk. Looking at the annual US milk production this comes to around 19.75 billion gallons per year (1994 figure I found on some dairy website). At 1 cent per gallon we are looking at a cost to the American consumer of $197.46 million per year. The medical cost of treating 50,000 people at $55,000 each is only $2.5 billion (I don't know where they get the $8.6 billion figure). Now you figure every 13 years or so we would spend $2.5 billion on testing all the milk. Do you think there will be a major terrorist attack on milk every decade? Doubtful... Is it cost effective to test all the milk all the time? Is it worth the bother to test some of the milk some of the time? Is it cheaper in the long run to just let the people die? Why for $200 million we could feed 1.6 billion starving africans for a week :) When it comes to the safety of the American public there is a price... If a test costs 1 cent per gallon, then they will charge the American consumer 2 or 3 cents per gallon because that's what every business does when saddled with a government mandated cost (ie it gives big business an excuse to raise prices while blaming the government). Now we are talking $600 million a year we have to shell out to protect us from something that in all liklihood will never happen. I don't think we will get our milk testing anytime soon. Got milk?

thrall

July 23rd, 2005, 06:23 AM

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The medical cost of treating 50,000 people at $55,000 each is only $2.5 billion (I don't know where they get the $8.6 billion figure). Because they are counting indirect costs as well. the economic cost (including direct medical costs and lost productivity due to illness and death)

thrall

July 23rd, 2005, 06:23 AM

The medical cost of treating 50,000 people at $55,000 each is only $2.5 billion (I don't know where they get the $8.6 billion figure). Because they are counting indirect costs as well. the economic cost (including direct medical costs and lost productivity due to illness and death)

Jacks Complete

July 23rd, 2005, 07:24 AM

Yes, that's the BS way they always come up with insane figures for the effect of a goat farting on the underground. X billion was lost, since some people didn't get to work, etc. but, the reason it is rubbish, is that the money isn't lost at all, it just gets delayed by a day. You sell the magazine the next day, you make the phone call the next day, you work twice as hard, and so the losses are far smaller. You know it's crap because the losses per day are normally more than the entire amount earned for a week!

Jacks Complete

July 23rd, 2005, 07:24 AM

Yes, that's the BS way they always come up with insane figures for the effect of a goat farting on the underground. X billion was lost, since some people didn't get to work, etc. but, the reason it is rubbish, is that the money isn't lost at all, it just gets delayed by a day. You sell the magazine the next day, you make the phone call the next day, you work twice as hard, and so the losses are far smaller. You know it's crap because the losses per day are normally more than the entire amount earned for a week!

Roscoe

August 4th, 2005, 11:27 AM

This study considers what a toxin introduction would do. Did anyone see info hinting at they had considered growth rate? I found Pathogen Modeling Program 7.0 on the USDA website, and if the 72 hour cleaning period and the pasteurization processes are adhered to the numbers these people came up with are way off. If anyone would like the model I can post it. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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August 11th, 2005, 09:40 AM

H e l l o p e o p l e ! C ongratulations for the great knowledge base you have! I a m interested in contact poisons. Are there any good recipes / tutorials for making contact poison substances at h o m e ( e a sy to obtain ingredients, no need of a lab, etc) ? I know about plant irritants lik e urushiol (contained in poison ivy and poison oak) but I do no thave access to those plants since I live in Europe. They all seem exotic to me. And yes, I know nettle but this what often happens to be m y breakfast (this is no t a joke) :) I a m interested in blistering agents, severe irritants or other con tact poisons that could tem poraly disable, cripple, disfigure or (eventually) kill a gro wn hum an or a large anim al. I searched the forum and I read that there is a tutorial on m aking mustard gas (which im ho is a rather effective contact p o i s o n ) f r o m anti-freeze. Unfortunately, I couldn't find the tutorial in the Archive section (m aybe it's the curse of the noob :) ) Could som ebody send me a link to it? I would be very grateful if you tell m e t h e n a m es of some good books/tutorials/recipes dealing with contact poisons. Thanks! vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Does a 'Fear' Toxin Exist? hno3

November 2nd, 2005, 07:42 PM

I recently saw batman begins and in it there was a man called scarecrow who used a dust that made people have violent panic attacts and gruseom hallucinations I have done research on BZ and LSD but I was wundering is there any chem or chem combo that will a) induce massive panic and grim hallucinations b) release phobic reactions

anonymous411

August 21st, 2006, 01:48 PM

Researchers have found any number of ways to induce panic in unsuspecting subjects: intravenous sodium lactate infusion, a single-breath inhalation of 35% carbon dioxide, intravenous cholecystokinin tetrapeptide, sertraline, et cetera. Use PubMed to find unclassified research. (Though I'm sure the results of classified PSYOPS studies would be more en point for the forum... :) ). "suffocation false alarm theory" (Klein, 1993) and "Bradford Non-Lethal Weapons Research Project" (BNLWRP) are other search phrases of interest.

FullMetalJacket

August 28th, 2006, 09:09 PM

MKULTRA might yeild some incidental findings.

Cindor

August 29th, 2006, 02:29 PM

What about the efects of 35% CO2? Because I would like to try it on my self... to see what happens (with a friend next to me). But I would really like to know the efects (fear, duh... but how much and if it makes some kind of paranoia or hallucinations) before I try it.

meyer25

August 29th, 2006, 04:08 PM

The british-made irritant CR (dibenzo-[b,f]-1,4-oxazepine), besides its very strong lachrymatory and sternic irritant action induces panic attacks in some subjects. Whether is this due to the strong pain induced by the compound or a specific neurotoxic action is unclear.

Alexires

August 30th, 2006, 10:52 AM

Cinder, you know that panic like feeling you get when you hold your breath? I'm fairly sure that is what you would feel when inhaling 35% CO2. Maybe do some research on research done about bad drug trips? Have a look at things like acid. Acid mixed with a little PCP and an adrenaline like of compound would give hallucenation with anger and possibly prompt a fight flight response. Maybe leave the PCP out, to trigger a more "flight" response. So they start to trip, and then the adrenaline kicks in and they might think something is wrong, possibly prompting a bad trip. If we look at the sympathetic nervous system here (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system) we see it is resposible for the flight/fight syndrome. It is generally triggered in the body by Acetylcholine being released into the blood stream, which would prompt the body into a fight/flight response. I'm sure that there would be a chemical that is released that corresponds only to flight, so maybe if the subject was hit with a shot of Acetylcholine and this other chemical, they would go into flight mode and freak out. Also, the amygdala (a part of the brain) becomes activated in preparation of fight/flight syndrome (read here (http://www.4therapy.com/consumer/conditions/article/7970/73/Brain+Chemical+Boosts+Trust+and+Short-Circuits+Fear)) A drug that increases the activity of that part of the brain may cause irrational terror. Biology isn't really my thing, but that is what I interperated it as saying.

anonymous411

August 30th, 2006, 10:51 PM

I actually volunteered for an "induced panic attack" sodium lactate infusion study. Absolutely horrible; nothing I'd ever want to go through again. Since a needle couldn't deliver enough of the dose for a prolonged period of time, the first part of the procedure was to fit veins in both arms with catheters the size of small coffee straws. They kept jamming them up in there and not getting it right, so I was bleeding all over the place and it hurt like hell...I was thinking about quitting the study right there. Nice and stressful way to start a panic study, huh. Then the real fun started. The long and short of it is I felt certain I was going to die. I had the physical sensation that my heart was going to shut down and my liver burst. My tounge and lips were parched and all I could think of was my kidneys failing. Tears were streaming down my face uncontrollably...As the sodium lactate worked through my system, I started shivering, was drenched in a cold sweat, and my whole body clenched and unclenched in a spasmodic rictus. My hands, jaw, feet, spine, everything. I didn't say anything, but involuntarily groaned a few times. I remember the attendant patting my arm and saying "you'll sweat it out." They eventually detached me and, fighting nausea from the water, stumbled into another lab room and slept like a rock for a few hours. After it was over, the doctor said "You must be a very mentally strong person. Most people totally lose it." Damn, if I hadn't known it was just an experiment, I certainly would have. I'll bet if you gave this treatment to some unsuspecting schlub at Guantanamo, they'd be spilling their guts like no tomorrow. Why not? Safer than waterboarding (uh, at least I think nobody died from sodium lactate) and likely as effective. Makes me feel really good to know I didn't crack up like the other research subjects though. :)

Cindor

August 31st, 2006, 10:47 AM

Well, last night I tryied the CO2 method. To get CO2 I mixed a teaspoon of Sodium Carbonate and teaspoon of Citric Acid. Not balanced but I wasn't looking for a "clean" Citrate, just some CO2. I put water in a bottle, took the air away and mixed it with the Carbonate/Acid mix and close it strongly with my hand. When the bottle was full of gas, I just opened it and took a big breath from it. The felling was too short... something like when you are walking, concentrated in something, and a dog scary you out. Then I felt a warm sensation, like if I where running of something, and then the adrenalin. I really enjoy that part... so to be sure of the results and get a little bit more of adrenaline I do it 5 more times:p

meyer25

August 31st, 2006, 11:30 AM

Actually, benzodiazepine-GABAA-receptor inverse agonists like β-CCM (methyl β-carboline-3-carboxylate) and DMCM (methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-β-carboline-3-carboxylate) are anxiogenic and panic attacks-inducing, as they are very much the receptor opposite of anxiolytic benzodiazepines, like Valium and Xanax. Whether they could be weaponized and how effective they would be in form of an aerosol is not estabilished.

NoltaiR

August 31st, 2006, 11:00 PM

Not to put a damper on things.. but fumes from atomized gasoline works just fine. Especially if there is a way to force inhalation of a large amount. And if they don't cooperate, this obviously would set way for a very easy way to end things.

Skean Dhu

August 31st, 2006, 11:09 PM

I'm, surprised noone has mentioned Salvia Divinorum. It can be smoked, eaten, infused into alcohol. I have read some reports of trips and they can be very frightening. It takes anywhere from a 2-20 minutes to take effect and most trips last 5-15 minutes depending on the method of use. The plant is prefectly legal(for the time being) and is readily available over the internet for growing or immediate usage. I don't know if mixing it with anything(DMSO comes to mind) would speed up the reaction that causes the hallucination, or if that is a fixed rate. Generally the more calm you are before it takes effect the more pleasant your trip will be. So it may be necessary to frighten the interrogation suspect after you give them the drug. Most of the frightening trips I have read have the same underlying theme: the world is literally falling apart or unzipping around them, beings who look like people they know are all around them and give the user the feeling that they intend them harm. Reading the reactions of some people who knew what they were getting into leads me to the conclusion that it would scare the living bejeesus out of anyone who wasn't aware that they were given a hallucinogen.

c.Tech

September 1st, 2006, 05:54 AM

This is funny :D. and interesting. http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-4930255321987211475&q=salvia It wouldn’t be shocking to all unsuspecting people but would sure make them immobile, it may be fun like the trip jims having. Please do a test on me ;). Here are some more videos. http://my.break.com/media/view.aspx?contentID=75946 - funny. http://my.break.com/media/view.aspx?contentID=95516 - doesn’t look like he had a good time.

fafner

September 1st, 2006, 12:05 PM

1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-piperazine,tested for antihypertensive properties,caused frightening dreams in hypertensive patients.In doses of about 400mg per day,the effects on the brain were more interesting than its effects on bloodpressure. After single intravenous doses,the patients became drowsy or somnolent for about 12 hours.The same result occured early after oral administration,but in addition,after 2 or 3 weeks of medication,bad dreams occured regularly in persons who had hitherto been unaware of dreaming at all. In some patients,the dreams were so frightening that the patient became very fearful of going to sleep.

Nihilist

September 16th, 2006, 03:40 AM

A cocktail of high potency salvia, LSD, and meth would probably do the trick. Meth would chemically increase your levels of epinephrine/norepinephrine(making you more stressed out and in a constant "fight or flight" state), and salvia and LSD together would be completely disorienting and extremely scary.

simply RED

October 24th, 2006, 10:01 AM

Yes it can be engineered! The problem may be solved using the so called "psychoso-mimetic" method. The psychic desorder, you have to induce in the percipient is OCD - Obsessive Compulsive Desorder. The other name of fear! OCD cases are accompanied by fear, haunting thoughts and acts, hipochondriasis, nervous behavious. Severe OCD cases very often end with suicide. Patients with severe OCD describe the fear from the haunting thinking as worse than actually beeing dead. While mild cases are described as light anxiety with no much abnormal behaviour, severe cases are composed of pure fear. -

from getting ill, attacked etc from making something wrong from unability to cope with haunting thoughts and acts from destroying the whole universe etc, etc...

The patients are capable of understanding that what they are doing is ill, crazy, has no sense, buy they can not prevent it from happening. This brings much of the severe OCD horror. The psychic is totally blocked! So, OCD is caused by the disfunction of several neuro-mediatorical systems: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessive-compulsive_disorder Relatively good for OCD, anyway, reading for it from a good book is preferable... So, find the most active agonists to: H2 M4 nk1 non-NMDA glutamate receptors And the most active antagonist to: Serotonin NMDA

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter mu opioid 5-HT1D 5-HT2C And mix it! Not all needed, maybe 2 or 3 at most will be enough to cause severe OCD in the targeted subject.... I'm thinking for the creation of this weapon for a year till now, but never have time to complete it... So anyone who has time and will, may help find the best agonist and antagonists... It is the word "farmakon" with 2 meanings... Reverse agonists with antagonists and from weapon - you have a cure...

Nihilist

October 24th, 2006, 03:28 PM

Most dissociatives(PCP, DXM, Ketamine) are NMDA antagonists. Ketamine is probably the strongest, but due to it's propensity for making people unconscious, PCP is probably the best bet. It seems also that some anti-nausea drugs are antagonistic to serotonin receptors, like Ondansetron.

simply RED

October 25th, 2006, 06:53 AM

(nk1, non-NMDA glutamate receptors, NMDA) + (serotonine and opioid) seems to have very high effect on the OCD. Firts 3 - core mechanism. Second 2 - majour modulatory mechanism. Opioid antagonist + serotonine antagonist will cause fear and anxiety anyway (not as bad as OCD but still enough)...

nbk2000

October 25th, 2006, 05:58 PM

So Narcan + Dilantin = fear?

random136

October 26th, 2006, 01:29 AM

So Narcan + Dilantin = fear?

Fear would prob ably be the least of y our victim s worries after they a re ad min iste re d th ese two medications together. Both of th ese subs tan ces have lon g lists of side effects and co unter ind ications that need to be taken into consid era tio n b efore the se two dru gs (or analogs thereof) should be administered covertly. For instance, Narcan blocks some pain reducing endorphins (because they share the same receptors as the opioids that many patients of Naracan are addicted to). In high enough doses I imagine it could cause severe hypersensitivity to pain. Having said this, procurement of these two substances should not be all too difficult for a determined individual, in our age of doctor shopping. I would assume that administration would be oral, perhaps mixed in food. The actual effects of these two medications working together in the body would need to be experimentally observed in order for more accurate conclusion to be drawn, but I hypothesize they could range anywhere from hilarious to fatal. Another point that I meant to bring up concerning Narcan is that (and I have yet to confirm this, but I will search for studies in scientific journals I have access to as soon as time allows) if pre-administered Narcan can actually inhibit the hallucinogenic effects of Salvino rin-A, found in Salvia Divino ru m. While my current source for this in fo rmation is unreliab le (unfortuna tely it is only Wikipedia), I bring this up be cause we hav e had many discu ssions con cerning the use of hallucinog ens as knoc kout gases and suc h. Mo s t othe r compounds suggested for this use, required the attackers to wear protective gas masks in order to protect themselves from the substance in question. If this information is indeed accurate, the possibilities are endless. Imagine if you will, walking into an area of interest, such as a private meeting in a room, carrying with you nothing more then an extract of Salvinorin-A in some dispersible form (use your imagination). If you pre-dosed with Narcan you could simply disperse the substance and watch as everyone becomes affected. The downsides to using a hallucinogen as an incapacitating agent have been discussed thoroughly here but I think this is still something one could keep in mind. The question now is, would the side affects of Narcan be worth the protection it offers and would Narcan allow for occasional single uses without risk of addiction/withdrawal?

Nihilist

October 26th, 2006, 05:10 AM

Another point that I meant to bring up concerning Narcan is that (and I have yet to confirm this, but I will search for studies in scientific journals I have access to as soon as time allows) if pre-administered Narcan can actually inhibit the hallucinogenic effects of Salvino rin-A, found in Salvia Divino ru m. While my current source for this in fo rmation is unreliab le (unfortuna tely it is only Wikipedia), I bring this up be cause we hav e had many discu ssions con cerning the use of hallucinog ens as knoc kout gases and suc h. Mo s t othe r compounds suggested for this use, required the attackers to wear protective gas masks in order to protect themselves from the substance in question. If this information is indeed accurate, the possibilities are endless.

I don't think that would work. At least, not at a reasonable dose of Narcan. Narcan is a fairly selective competitive µ-receptor agonist(some activity at k, and delta, but not nearly as much), while salvinorin.A binds exclusively to kappa. There are kappa antagonists out there though, but they're mostly used in research, many of them actually in researching salvinorin. And i'm fairly sure I remember hearing that at least one of them did indeed inhibit its subjective effects. However, Narcan + extremely high dose of salvinorin would be an interesting combination, if my above hypotheses are correct. An ultra high sensitivty to pain combined with salvia's disorienting dysphoria would be pretty difficult for anyone to deal with.

simply RED

October 26th, 2006, 05:15 AM

(Ritanserin, trazodone or nefazodone) + narcan should work fine! You have 5HT2-C antagonist + mu opioid antagonist. Very nice will be to add nk1 agonist. This will induce a great deal of anxiety in the subject. nk1 antagonists are currently researched to fight anxiety. ""NK1 Receptor Antagonism for Treatment of Anxiety and Craving in Anxious Alcohol Dependent Subjects During Early Abstinence"" http://www.springerlink.com/content/k12247700j112754/ http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/jmcmar/2004/47/i06/abs/jm034219a.html Do not add amphetamine, MDMA, LSD, adrenaline agonists, etc!!! Salvinorin A is under question...

simply RED

October 29th, 2006, 02:16 PM

If nk1 agonist is totally unavailable it could be substituted with benzodiazepine antagonist. Benzodiazepine antagonist (inverse agonist) (beta-CCM or DMCM) + narcan will also be an interesting combination. Quite brutal I guess!

Bilbe

December 20th, 2006, 07:38 AM

Having taken salvia 10X extract personally it is very disorienting however: The effects are short lived <15min, the peak is about 2min into the trip and you could fight through it. Salvia is very sparingly soluble in water or ethanol so covert administration would be a problem. (If the person knows they are taking it they will forget this as soon as they have done so.)

gnshah

January 6th, 2007, 04:07 PM

It's called Dathura, I don't know what they call it in English but in here Pakistan and in India Dathura, it's a plant it gives people illusions and make them afraid of almost everything. even it's near you and for a couple of days you are living closer to it you start seeing things.

sirchrissypoo

January 23rd, 2007, 01:23 AM

I would imagine that the best route to go to cause a fear effect in an unsuspecting target would be the use of one or more hallucinogenic drugs, such as PCP. But you have to be careful, because mixing too much of certain drugs or mixing some very dangerous drugs could be much more disastrous than intended. On another note, what kind of trip does something like peyote send you on? Is it more of a trippy drug or an acid like drug? From what I have read and heard, peyote can be a very vision inducing drug, but if you were trying to put them on a bad trip, it could be very effective.

ultma

January 24th, 2007, 10:03 PM

It's called Dathura, I don't know what they call it in English but in here Pakistan and in India Dathura, it's a plant it gives people illusions and make them afraid of almost everything. even it's near you and for a couple of days you are living closer to it you start seeing things. Is it Datura or its sister brugmansia with active alkaloids atropine hyoscine and a few others. The best I can describe it as is a waking dream. Howev er this comb in ed with a o pioid with a n a ffinty for th e u rec eptor (I recall a lecture where it was s aid th e u rec eptor w as re sponsible for nightmares as side effects.) might work, an d I think theres a hype rtens ion medication that can have the side e ffect of very vivid dreams so viv id y ou can t te l the difference betwee n dream and reality.

sbovisjb1

January 25th, 2007, 01:53 AM

I was reading this: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=17208313&query_hl=9&itool=pubmed_docsum and it was talking about "Substance P". This REDUCES stress and anxiety. What you need to find is a agent that diminishes the production. I was reading this Article (http://www.nature.com/emboj/journal/v20/n24/full/7594193a.html) and it seems to suggest that Sgk1 regulates the ion transport of Epithelium. Epithelium is found on the outside of skin and on the inside of organs. Epithelium cells function is to basically look after secretion, absorption, protection, transcellular transport, sensation detection, and selective permeability. (Taken from wikipedia). If Sgk1 is introduced into the blood stream or air (somehow), it will make these all go on overdrive (as I see it). Now the subjects sensation perception is much greater and its transcellular transport is greater. This article (http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040104.131654). Said that "Although Sgk1 is a cell survival kinase, its primary role likely concerns the regulation of epithelial ion transport, as suggested by thephenotype of Sgk1-null mice, which display a defect in Na + homeostasis owing to disturbed renal tubular Na+ handling.", which suggests that if the person was in a threatening situation and we sprayed them with Sgk1 inducing toxin (Meaning if you either damage it or give to much, the person gets a defect in Na+ homeostasis) and we can basically make the guy scared. Im sorry if this information is to advanced or if i interperated it wrong, but its late and ill try to come back to it.

mathel

February 7th, 2007, 07:21 PM

I know from BioPsyc classes and other courses I am taking, that a lot of the effects of drugs, more relevantly that of fear inducement or "bad trips" is heavily dependent on the individual who has taken or is under the influence of such substances. Intravenous sodium lactate infusion, as mentioned earlier, has a fear inducing effect on some individuals but not all. Research done on it showed that individuals who had a predisposition for mental instability showed the fear symptoms but not the control group. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ entrez/query.fcgi?itool=abstractplus&db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=abstractplus&list_uids=3953891) To be fair to it though, I would say that it is a good place to start as the negative and harmful effects are limited and it is considered a fairly safe substance. Also other experiments show that its effect is the same regardless. If I am missing something please let me know.

Hinckleyforpresident

September 19th, 2007, 02:09 PM

How about a datura/some amphetamine smoke grenade or aerosol mist? I heard about somebody on datura who cut out their tongue they got so terrified. Mixing it with a stimulant like speed or meth would certainly not help the situation.

Pantonihil

September 24th, 2007, 09:23 PM

Quetiapine when mixed with Lorazepam can be disastrous! When administering to a victim 1000mg of quell with as little as 20mg of Lorazepam will slowly reduce a person to a state of overwhelming fear that lasts for several days. Fight/flight will take effect after about an hour. However Quetiapine is hard to get outside of jail or mental hospitals. If you could get access to both, them you have a vary scary(literally) combination of drugs to be used on somebody that you really don't like. I like the idea of Datura stramonium as a weapon, I like it allot, considering it was the first American chemical weapon, used by aboriginal people(Indians) against the British. Poisoned their drinking water didn't they! I would think it would be hard to administer enough without giving the person a heart attack, and in the end there are much better poisons, like nicotine. phencyclidine mixed with LSD would really F**K someone up, but you would have to get far away from them quickly, because PCP makes you angry and indestructible. On that note I would never give an enemy something that pumps them full of adrenaline unless I was sure that the Flight sensation overwhelmed the Fight. Handing them a weapon, you would. As far as substance P goes... you could inject someone with high amounts of N-[4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzyl]nonanamide. That would cause fear and pain immediately, but raise their tolerance in the process, inhibiting them from being affected by it, until you raise the dosage exponentially. Of course the major issue with everything discussed so far might be how you would effectively get the stuff into their body. Without tying a person down and injecting, forcing pills down their throats, or filling the room with gas, none of this is vary practical, though quite fun to think about.

nbk2000 A preventive measure for PTSD is being developed, using a cardic drug, as well as a common psychiatric drug. Dosing up prior to self-instigated conflict could prevent PTSD in yourself, as well as preventing any psychologically inhibiting effects injury may have on future use of violence by you.

HARVARD GAZETTE ARCHIVES Pill to calm traumatic memories Puts the mind's storehouse in order By William J. Cromie Harvard News Office

September 26th, 2007, 09:21 AM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Every day, people suffer traumatic experiences that scar their minds. Combat, rape, bombings, burns, beatings, and horrific car accidents haunt them with Wedig, Pitman, Buhlmann Psychiatrist Roger Pitman checks a simulated test to detect the effects of post-traumatic stress disorder. Ulrike Buhlmann (right), a research fellow, adjusts electrodes on volunteer Michele Wedig which record rapid heartbeats, sweating, muscle twitches, and other signs of stressful memories. (Staff photo Jon Chase/Harvard News Office) memories impossible to suppress. Such day- and nightmares are part of a problem known as post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD. Psychotherapy - talking it through with a professional - doesn't always bring the peace PTSD sufferers seek. Roger K. Pitman, professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, believes such people can be helped with new drugs that he and others are testing. "I feel that, sooner or later, we will find a drug that can prevent or substantially reduce PTSD," Pitman says. He and his colleagues tested a tongue-twister of a drug called propranolol on 41 people who had experienced automobile accidents, assaults, and other traumas serious enough for them to be treated at the emergency room of Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. The goal was to see if this drug, given within six hours of their mishaps, would prevent terrifying, indelible memories. Tested three months after an auto accident, one young man, who took a dummy pill as part of the experiment, was still wary about getting into a car. He had nightmares. He sweated, his heart rate jumped, and he felt nervous anytime he got behind the wheel, especially in the area where the accident occurred. In contrast, others who survived similar accidents and took propranolol had significantly fewer problems. The most revealing tests were done three months after the traumas, when 22 of the victims returned to Mass General Hospital for evaluation. Eight of these people took propranolol four times a day for 10 days, but had been off the drug for more than two months when tested. Fourteen of the 22 had taken dummy pills, or placebos. All of them listened to audiotapes on which they had described the incidents that brought them to the emergency room. None of those who took propranolol showed strong responses to the tapes. But eight of the placebo patients were obviously shaken by reliving their traumas. Their heart rates increased, their palms sweated, their muscles twitched - all signs of PTSD. Living with bad memories That's a pretty good result. It hints that giving propranolol to soldiers traumatized by combat in Iraq and Afghanistan, to young boys or girls who have been sexually assaulted, to victims of terrorist bombings and rape might be a good idea. But Pitman is a cautious scientist. Before issuing propranolol or any other PTSD drug to military medics, firefighters, police officers, and emergency medical technicians, more testing needs to be done with larger numbers of people. Why did some of the people who didn't take the drug come out as well as those who did take it? What's the best dosage? What about side effects? To get answers, Pitman and his colleagues have begun a study that will include about 200 people who are treated for trauma in the emergency rooms at Massachusetts General and Brigham and Women's hospitals in Boston. Both hospitals are affiliated with Harvard Medical School. Pitman's colleagues are testing another drug, paroxetine (Paxil), on burn victims. Paxil has already been approved for treatment of PTSD but not for its prevention. Propranolol is approved for treating hypertension. Recently, investigators in France reported on experiments showing that propranolol reduces PTSD symptoms. Researchers at the University of California, San Diego, have also been testing propranolol and another drug called guanfacine. They are expected to publish their results soon. "The object of these drugs is not to make people forget their traumatic experiences," Pitman explains, "but to reduce the intensity of the memories to a more normal level, a level that a person can easily live with." He sees post-traumatic stress disorder as a perfectly natural process gone amok. Pitman puts it this way: Suppose one of our primitive ancestors, while looking for a good water hole in Africa, is attacked by a crocodile. That person had better remember where the attack took place or he or she stands to be removed from the human gene pool. Activation of stress hormones like adrenaline in such situations stirs an animal or person to flight or fight. It also sharpens their memory. But, Pitman says, such a response sometimes "can be too much of a good thing. A process I call 'superconditioning' leads to the formation of a deeply engraved traumatic memory that subsequently manifests itself as the intrusive recollections and emotional responses of post-traumatic stress disorder." Along with deliverance from death and disaster, you get a disorder. Propranolol shows a potential for curing that disease. A widespread mental illness According to a national study, about 8 percent of the U.S. population, some 20 million people, get PTSD sometime in their lives. It is the most important mental illness dogging the military. During the Vietnam War, about one of every three people involved in combat developed post-traumatic stress disorder. A surprising number of nurses who treated those soldiers, sailors, and Marines suffered from it, too. Pitman expects the same number of those who experience combat and terrorism in Iraq and Afghanistan to be PTSD casualties. Giving propranolol to combatants in the field is not an idea that pleases generals, Pitman points out. Its anti-adrenal effect could block the will to fight along with easing heart palpitations and nightmares. But it could be given to those who are being evacuated, if medics have a good idea of who is most likely to suffer the disorder. Pitman's colleague, Scott Orr of Harvard Medical School, is doing experiments with firefighters and police officers to try to identify individuals who are most likely to be traumatized after experiencing intense stress. That type of know-how would be helpful for people charged with the emergency care of civilians. In such cases, there is the additional problem of obtaining informed consent to administer drugs. Then there's the question of what is the best time to give such drugs. "There must be a critical window of time when PTSD drugs would be most effective," Pitman notes. "In the study at Mass General we gave propranolol within four hours of the trauma, maybe one hour would be better." Finally, there's the ethical question. Leon Kass, chairman of the President's Council on Bioethics, objects to propranolol's use on the grounds that it medicates away one's conscience. "It's the morning-after pill for just about anything that produces regret, remorse, pain, or guilt," he says. Pitman, however, thinks that an effective PTSD drug would do a lot more good than harm. Source: http://www.hno.harvard.edu/gazette/2004/03.18/01-ptsd.html

simply RED

September 26th, 2007, 12:12 PM

"1000mg of quell with as little as 20mg Lorazepam" This is just massive overdose, the most probable outcome will be- the victim to fall in coma... And 20 mg is not "little" when referring psychoactive substances.

Pantonihil

September 26th, 2007, 01:32 PM

You are right simply RED, 20mg of adivan is alot, but 2mg pills are vary tiny. I was thinking in terms of delivery. I take 200mg seroquel in the morning and 200mg midday and 450 at night. I was really stressed out one day and started taking Lorazepam. Before I knew it I had taken 10 of them. I ended up in a very bad place as the two drugs interacted. I am not a doctor so I don't know why the two do what they did, but 'Fear' is an appropriate term for the combination. Sorry if my input was not appreciated. I was worried that my claim on capsaision related chemicals(N-[4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzyl]nonanamide) would term out to be unfounded teenage speculation, so I tried it. I took some bhut jolokia(Capsicum Chinense) spines last night and put them in capsuls. I took 12 of them, and I think I was right. I got a vary painful feeling in my stomach fallowed by extreme paranoia. I cried a little when I thought the feeling would never end. I know it was not power of suggestion because my entire body was covered with sweat by the end of it. The only thing that kept me sane was the thought that I did this to my self, and that it would all be over quickly. After words I got an intense feeling of euphoria. I think that extracted capsaisian given intraveiniously would be effective as a weapon.

nbk2000

September 26th, 2007, 02:26 PM

This is painful to read...

festergrump

September 26th, 2007, 03:35 PM

I took some bhut jolokia(Capsicum Chinense) spines last night and put them in capsuls. I took 12 of them, and I think I was right. I got a vary painful feeling in my stomach fallowed by extreme paranoia. I cried a little when I thought the feeling would never end. I know it was not power of suggestion because my entire body was covered with sweat by the end of it. The only thing that kept me sane was the thought that I did this to my self, and that it would all be over quickly. After words I got an intense feeling of euphoria. I think that extracted capsaisian given intraveiniously would be effective as a weapon. Three things come to mind: 1) You are a masochist 2) Given orally (forced, of course) capsiacin might be an effective virtual "butt-out" as referenced HERE (http://www.roguesci.org/theforum/showthread.php?p=95244#post95244) by NBK. Capsiacin as a fear-toxin, huh? I am afraid, but only for you. 3) If you did all this in the name of science then you are (dare I say?) 'a better man' than most here. I'd like to think most would use test subjects in such a way. I do not test such theories I may have on myself! WTF did you expect? :confused: :eek: Indeed, NBK, that WAS a painful read. It is going to hurt itself one day, methinks... Pantonihil, you should be all caught up with your offerings to "the porcelain God" for the next three years after this. (if you still live, that is). :rolleyes:

Hirudinea

September 26th, 2007, 08:24 PM

A preventive measure for PTSD is being developed, using a cardic drug, as well as a common psychiatric drug. Dosing up prior to self-instigated conflict could prevent PTSD in yourself, as well as preventing any psychologically inhibiting effects injury may have on future use of violence by you.

Source: http://www.hno.harvard.edu/gazette/2004/03.18/01-ptsd.html I saw a documentary on this drug, an interesting thing came up in the study, the drug need not be administered before or shortly after the incident, it can be used years after a PTSD incident and is still effective. In the documentary a woman who had been sexually abused for years as a child (and getting constantly raped by daddy can really fuck somebody up) was given propranolol in combination with psychothearpy, it seems that when one remembers the tramuatic events and is given the drug that the memory of the events is lessened, the drug seems to actually physically interfere with the process of forming tramautic memories and remembering them under the drug causes them to weaken. So if you have PTSD you can treat it with this drug even years later. Heres a link that might be of interest (Sorry its just an abstract.) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T8T-4P1G9312&_user=10&_coverDate=06%2F22%2F2007&_alid=594818882&_rdoc=1&_fmt=summary&_orig=search&_cdi=5095&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=1&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=cff0ee031b688b5fbc74a7de54915c38 Oh yes, its also been shown that adrenaline does increase the formation of memory, so if you want to remember something, for an examine for instance, try getting in a fight before studying so you have increased adrenaline levels. :D

Double-Oh-Zero

October 3rd, 2007, 12:11 PM

From Wikipedia: "The effect of the hallucinogenic plant Salvia Divinorum and its primary active chemical Salvinorin-A, a κ-opioid agonist, can be inhibited by the pre-administration of naloxone."

russoc4

November 11th, 2007, 09:26 AM

I have been told by one of my more "experienced" chemistry professors that experiencing a blast on CO2 in the face is similar to the fizzy, burning feeling you get when gulping down soda, multiplied by a few thousand.

blast_audit

November 14th, 2007, 08:08 AM

This is something that attracted allot of interest to me, I was in conversation with a herboligist and a chemical engineer when I brought up the Idea of a fear toxin. A mixture of the following will out any one into a "fright trip" A drop of Deadly nightshade A drop of Foxglove (Digitalis) and a Few leaves of Salvia Divinorum This was confirmed by the chemical engineer his theory is that the initial process would be the fox glove inhibiting the oxidation of the blood; and then the night shade would increase the blood flow. These two in favor would enhance the "Fright" effect of the psychotropic effect of the Salvia Divinorum. It would be interesting to see if the combination of the three could actually higher or increase the chances of having a fright psychotropic trip.

MagicJigPipe I am pleased to see the amount of informed and inventive responses in this thread. It made me think of a lot of things that I never would have. However, if I were to make a drug "cocktail" that I would use to induce fear in people. I would use:

November 25th, 2007, 10:19 PM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter Diphenhydramine HCl : causes flushing, goosebumps, racing heart etc... Flumazenil (benzo antagonist) : causes wide range of NEGATIVE side effects including anxiety Cocaine or Methcathinone (possibly epinephrine?) : just a small amount to stimulate the "victims" fight or flight response, cause release of norepinephrine and counteract the possible drowsy effect from the diphenhydramine I would be confident to use this mixture if I had to in some sort of CO2 powered animal tranquilizer. There like ~$300.

Horus XCIII

November 26th, 2007, 06:43 PM

There are some really odd designer psychedelics which would probably do the job easier than salvinorin (especially in terms of ease of administration - salvinorin is inactive orally, and must be taken sublingually, injected, or smoked). Specifically I'd say DOM in large doses is a great bet. It's a substituted amphetamine and therefore known for speediness/heavy body loads (vomiting, tremors). Plus most of us have probably heard the story about how in the sixties DOM was available in 20mg tablets and many experienced acid-heads were sent to the hospital with horrible freak-out trips. At lower doses it can be a normal psychedelic just like LSD, but I think in the 30mg range it'd make anyone have a horrible 24 hour freak-out, especially someone who hasn't done a drug like that before. The synthesis isn't very easy though. It's a long process starting from toluhydroquinone (according to PiHKAL). Still that's just one example. There are lots of nasty sounding drugs in TiHKAL and PiHKAL, some of them much easier to make than others. Datura (Jimsonweed) might work, but it seems to make you so far removed from reality that you don't realize you're high and it doesn't seem to cause much fear, just very bizarre behavior. Same for PCP, bizarre behavior but actual fear isn't its main effect; and Ketamine doesn't cause fear anymore than any other psychedelic. So I don't think NMDA-antagonists are the way to go. Any psychedelic drug perhaps mixed with an amphetamine would do the job if administered in large enough amounts and without the victim's knowledge. AMT (alpha-methyltryptamine) or DPT (dipropyltryptamine) are two designer drugs that'd do the job well; AMT isn't too bad to synth from indole, same for DPT (can also be made from tryptamine).

sbovisjb1

November 27th, 2007, 01:49 PM

I was looking at Anti-Depressants and noticed the drug Paroxetine. It is controversial, because it has many side effects. If administered, initially the person experiences elevated levels of depression and anxiety. Also read this http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/reprint/10/1/176.pdf

HypocriticalBuddhist

June 10th, 2008, 03:18 AM

It's called Dathura, I don't know what they call it in English but in here Pakistan and in India Dathura, it's a plant it gives people illusions and make them afraid of almost everything. even it's near you and for a couple of days you are living closer to it you start seeing things. In English it's Datura and it contains huge levels of atropine and scopolamine. Not as huge as Belladonna, but huge. Causes vivid hallucinations, visuals, sounds, temporary blindness, slows most body functions, increases heart rate, etc. with effects lasting for days. Best of all, it's VERY easily aquired. I've never heard of a good trip at full dosage.

Charles Owlen Picket

July 7th, 2008, 09:12 PM

From what I have been told LSD is not only not too tough to mfg but VERY difficult to detect after a period of time. Without going into morbid detail I was a real child of the 60's and can attest to what it feels like to be dosed without forehand acknowledgment. It would be a toss up which has a more absolutely soul chilling affect upon the human psyche; that or for-motherfucking-real combat. To actually have reality altered for no apparent reason is so absolutely bone-chilling that the memory will stay with most men for life. If you have ever vomited or pissed yourself from fear; you know of what I speak. .....Serious difference between feeling "weird" & sick from some mild toxin & a full half milligram dose of LSD without one's knowledge. Hearing odors & tasting colors is not fun if you don't know why it's happening. Watching walls melt and seeing patterns move on ceilings doesn't make any more sense than believing you have either lost your mind or reality is gone. The next step is believing you are going to die or ARE in the process of doing so. Combat? I honestly don't believe that many people could remain OK after such an "adventure"..... And if they did come through it; those responsible would become serious targets of some VERY serious revenge.

dhemor_

July 8th, 2008, 08:46 AM

I think that if one were to extract a gram of say, 10x or 20x salvia and launching the vaporised salvinorin A at the victim (if a mouthpiece could be used, even better), I think the dissociation (salvia is a powerful dissociative, and I feel it's dissociative effects are stronger than it's hallucinations) would cause a great deal of fear. Also, the sudden launch into a trip (especially in a psychedelic naive person) would scare them, causing a bad trip, leading to fear, etc.

festergrump

July 10th, 2008, 07:46 PM

I'd be all too interested to know if there was something you didn't have an opinion on or be willing to throw your two cents in, to be honest. Do you have a degree in "everygoddamnthing"? You may be a moderator (of late) but I care not at all. Your pseudo knowledge reeks of a member banned some time ago. Charles Owlen Picket (COP, a blatant effigy of another who made claims of giving the popuation the "truth"). You, sir, are a reincarnation of a bastard law enforcement officer (C.O.P.) and are a fraud to this society. You have been effectively banned from other forums for reeling such people into your traps. These are my words and I stand by them. You sould be banned from here immediately, cop.

Aristocles

July 11th, 2008, 01:12 AM

Well Charles: I've been dosed nefariously and if you are sincere in comparing that to real close quarters combat- especially hand to hand- then you are frankly, insane. Lasting effects? LOL! yeah, ok. As for the old neurological switcheroo... well, I think you know what I think of that. Fester is correct. Lighten up on replying to every topic brother! It is acceptable to have an unspoken (untyped) thought.

dhemor_

July 12th, 2008, 08:53 AM

Hearing odors & tasting colors is not fun if you don't know why it's happening. Watching walls melt and seeing patterns move on ceilings doesn't make any more sense than believing you have either lost your mind or reality is gone. But that's the purpose of the whole 'fear' toxin, I would have thought? It would completely uproot their confidence in themselves, and utter fear would take over! It would bring anyone down, no matter how strong minded or drug experienced they are! They would be in a complete state of shock and panic, so LSD seems like a decent 'fear' toxin I guess.

Charles Owlen Picket

July 12th, 2008, 10:29 AM

You have been effectively banned from other forums for reeling such people into your traps.

Tantrum elsewhere. You said you were leaving the Forum over your misinterpretation of issues re: NBK but you couldn't get yourself to stand by your words now could could you? I'll bet you whole fucking life, that's your story. A real "man of his word". Live up to your own weepings and leave. Bitter little bitch, if you had a problem, PM me. You have problems with initials? .....Self-pitying, bitter little felon - YOUR agenda is louder that you'd think! We lost members who had REAL degrees and had serious knowledge of great & vast value due to their distaste for constant trepidation of posting "the wrong thing": that one person would have a tantrum (just like yours!). Screw that! People know the Rules and people have vast experiences that are varied and have value. Don't agree? Fine. But constantly looking for flaws and nitpicking are useless and limit input. The by-line of this Forum should not be fear but knowledge and new experiences..... It's called a knowledge pool and it doesn't happen by unthinking censorship. I've heard all this shit before. "Your a cop", "your a minority", whatever....because I'm not afraid to voice an opinion or perhaps because I'm just a wee bit older than you and have a few experiences you have not. You're going to find that this world have a few people in it who DO know a bit outside your limited sphere. So where is it? You're going to throw another "I'm leaving" routine and pop back up? You got called on that one before didn't you? No....stick around and try to open up that mind of yours. You might even find the world isn't so filled with hate & distrust like you thought. You want a hug? Aristocles: Serious high dose LSD without fore-knowledge is Goddamn frightening. I'm NOT taking about 250 micro grams: I'm talking about seriously high dose levels. I understand you may have been dosed but I'm talking about what was happening in the 60's where highdose was the norm. The level of adrenal reaction is almost a cascade effect that mimic a fight-flight reaction. Quite frankly this is not even unique. It's what was studied in the late 50's by the gov't.

festergrump

July 12th, 2008, 01:06 PM

COP, It's no real secret that NBK and I are friends, so I may as well tell you. In two telephone conversations Art (NBK, for those who don't know) mentioned to me that he thought you were not only another member he had previously banned, but also that he suspected you to be either an LEO or a snitch. I know Art very well and know that he has a great sense for these things. I definitely trust his judgement. As to why Mega decided to put you in such position of moderator here, perhaps only Mega knows (and it's his Forum, so he can do as he wishes), but I find it odd that Mega would do such a thing if he knew what Art thought of you. Perhaps Art never mentioned it to him, but he did mention it to me, twice. Art never did let on to me which member it was that he had banned that he thought you to be, but he did say that he was going to ban you when you fucked up one good time, or if he tired of you, whichever came first. Of course, now he is in no such position to do so. Just thought you might be interested in hearing what the man thought of you, COP. Now you know. FYI, it was Mega who deleted my ranting post where I threatened to leave. Those words I said in haste when all too many members cared more about Art's latest PDF and DVD release than for him at all, or the situation he was in. I thanked Mega for doing so as it was appreciated. Maybe Mega wanted me around? You'd have to ask him. The one who "called me out" on that deleted post was none other than Art, himself, under the name Man Down Under. He was clearly messing with me... But yes, COP, THAT was pretty close to a tantrum and I am not proud of it. I care about my friends, that's all. I make no tantrum here in this thread, I merely call a spade a spade (or a cop a cop, in this instance) for Art is no longer here to do so. The fact that you post in nearly every single topic insinuating you have almost infinite knowledge of everything, or at least an opinion on everything can be catagorized as either one of two infractions here at The Forum: Post Whore or Mr. Wizard. Take your pick. I'm not the only one here who gets tired of reading you on EVERY SINGLE THREAD. Perhaps you just like to see your name plastered everywhere. I'm not going to argue with you anymore, COP. I just want everyone to be clear about what you are. I'm here to stay, at least until Mega no longer wishes me around. --------------------------------------------Now, back on topic: I have also been dosed with LSD without my knowledge and can tell you that it's simple to figure out what's going on and just sort of roll with it, especially if you've done some sort of hallucinogen before (you may be surprised how many people have!). You know what's happening to you once you start going and riding it out is way better than getting shot up with Thorazine to bring you down, or so I'm told by an old friend of mine who had just that very thing happen once. That can make you quite "different", I can assure you. If I had to guess the dosage given me, I'd say it was somewhere around 500 mcgs. Much more than I ever dosed myself with, for sure. It was a bit crazy at first, but a rather nice trip once you start peaking. I recommend removing yourself from the public, though, in any case. Something interesting I read about some time ago was that the human mind cannot process more than about 500 mcg of LSD at a time. More than that is a major waste. Can anyone confirm or deny this?

Stupid Joke Alert: Q: What do you do when you take too much acid? A: Take a couple of antacids. ;) (I warned you it was stupid).

Telkor

July 15th, 2008, 05:13 PM

Any strong deliriant drug (Scopolamine, Atropin) combined with an irritant or any othe pain-inducing chemical will cause a severe panic attack. The MKULTRA project used this combination as truth drug. A high dose of Diphenhydramine and pepper spray should be plenty enough.

megalomania

July 16th, 2008, 11:22 AM

Art never mentioned to me his suspicions, or if he did I don't recall. He did say something about the initials. As far as I am concerned, Fester has as much status as mod, so there is no rule breakage. I have never received a bad vibe from Charles, and I find his posts to be well written and well thought out. NBK commented voluminously on numerous topics, and that's why I made his a mod. The vitality of The Forum depends on people commenting, and not just "yeah" and "me too" type posts. The more content filled posts, the better. The don't suppose any of us knows who anyone here really is. I suppose the moral of the story is don't do anything illegal, and if you do, try to change the law.

Aristocles Mega:

July 17th, 2008, 03:21 PM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter It seems you have 'crowned' so many folks here with the title "moderator" that it is ridiculous. I have been on the web since 1996 and have in that time read many 'forums'. I used to have a huge website and forum, devoted to powerlifting. The idea that every shithead that comes down the pike is qualified to be a mod is naive. But alas, you will learn. Take care and realize that with time comes wisdom, to all that hath a modicum of understanding...

Intrinsic

July 17th, 2008, 04:15 PM

Although I believe this discussion in no way belongs in this thread, I still feel like I have something important to say about all this. I in no way intend to step on anyone's toes, so please excuse me if I am speaking out of bounds. Aristocles: I am not sure if you too have a problem with C.O.P. himself, or if you are just commenting in general, but as you said, not everyone is qualified to be a mod. This forum's subject matter does requires some technical knowledge, and mods do need to be well spoken, and in control of their emotions. I think that picking moderators is very important, especially in the huge vacuum we currently have had without NBK around. Post quality has gone down a bit, but the mods we have seem to be doing a pretty good job. (Although adding a dedicated grammar nazi mod would help a bit). Although C.O.P. does indeed post in many threads, as mega stated: his posts are well written, and well thought out. He is typically around daily. (According to their profiles a couple mods haven't been here in a few weeks). I don't know if it is accurate, but according to the board pages, I believe C.O.P. is just a mod on the HE board. There are numerous mods in the water cooler, very smart of mega in my opinion, getting peoples feet wet, seeing how they do in actually doing the job, before getting them into boards that are more technical in nature. In another forum I frequent (not science related), a longtime member (and frequent poster) got into a flame war with a fairly new mod, who had been around for only about 6 months. After about a week of the back and forth flaming, the longtime member quit the forum in anger. Now it has been about 3 years since this happened, and the mod (who is still around) spoke about the incident, he basically said that he "at the time was 19 years old, a bit of a hot head, having a bad month, and the argument never should have started in the first place". Fester smartly said what he wanted to say, said it, and moved on. Lets follow his example and get back on topic.

Aristocles

July 17th, 2008, 07:58 PM

If you read my original post you would see that it was germane. Perhaps it would be advisable to ask you TO MIND YOUR OWN BUSINESS. As for COP's posts being "well written"... well.... that is certainly a subjective notion. His posts are, for the most part, clear. Although far from discursive... Try taking your own advise: "Lets (sic) follow his example and get back on topic."

Alexires

July 20th, 2008, 02:44 AM

That is enough gentlemen. The next person that goes off topic and starts talking about if "so and so" deserves to be a moderator gets to take an all expenses paid vacation from The Forum. If you have a problem, take it up with a moderator or Mega himself. If you want a global discussion about it, start a thread in The Watercooler. Otherwise, shut up. A thread about a "Fear Toxin" is not the place to be discussing moderation.

Cobalt.45

July 22nd, 2008, 05:23 AM

Something interesting I read about some time ago was that the human mind cannot process more than about 500 mcg of LSD at a time. More than that is a major waste. Can anyone confirm or deny this? Depends on what you would consider a waste, IMO. Certainly you don't get twice as high or for twice as long from one hit as you do two. But with most people, a "critical dose" is reached that divides "enough" from "too much". I would consider anything beyond this point a "waste". At some point the receptors would be full, at that point the effects would not be increased. What level of dose that might be would vary among individuals. If you've ever attempted to trip two days in a row, you know that the effects are disappointing- you hardly get off. And no amount of acid seems to completely overcome this temporary tolerance to LSD. Only time seems to bring the mind's chemistry back to a point to where a dose is effective. 4 days minimum, 7 is better. This should be kept in mind by anyone using LSD as a "fear toxin". Acid makers from the day, Owsley especially, pushed the envelope as to how much LSD should be contained in a dose. I believe orange sunshine, window pane and some of Owsley's white were as strong dose-wise as needed to be. But what the actual dosages were, who knows? Then, at the user level acid was dosed by the hit or half-hit, not by mikes. Originally Posted by Festergrump- "I'd be all too interested to know if there was something you didn't have an opinion on or be willing to throw your two cents in, to be honest. Do you have a degree in "everygoddamnthing"? " Damn son, why don't you just say what's on your mind? LOL

jarynth

August 10th, 2008, 05:40 PM

A relatively simple inorganic compound that reportedly induces fear is HN3. Being very volatile, it wouldn't require complex administration procedures. It could be produced in situ from easily manageable sodium azide. (This comes from the sciencemadness.org thread about smells.)

Hinckleyforpresident

August 11th, 2008, 12:32 AM

A relatively simple inorganic compound that reportedly induces fear is HN3. Being very volatile, it wouldn't require complex administration procedures. It could be produced in situ from easily manageable sodium azide. (This comes from the sciencemadness.org thread about smells.) It might prove difficult to simply scare someone with an azide, especially a gas one, considering that azides are generally about as toxic as cyanides. HN3 would be far more likely to simply poison them and kill them, or blow up and kill/maim them.

Alexires

August 11th, 2008, 01:11 AM

jarynth In reaction with water or Brønsted acids the highly toxic and explosive hydrogen azide is released. Uhhh. Hinckley has it right. You'll probably end up killing them or poisoning them.

Red Beret

August 12th, 2008, 03:58 AM

Datura Somniferum could be utilised here. It is a powerful deliriant, but then again, it dosen't nesecarily induce fear as such. Any decent psychedellic is going to wreak havoc, and induce fear on an unsuspecting target.

ciguy007

August 17th, 2008, 11:05 PM

I think the GABA-A negative agonists would be the best answer. Think of a spectrum with valium and all its relatives on one end, flumazenil (rohypnol) being the "blocker" - a drug with a high affinity for the receptor and little or no activity. Now go to the negative end of the spectrum and you have agents which produce effects opposite to those of the clinically used benzodiazepines. I have heard pharmaceutical chemists who developed such compounds be quite alarmed at the number of pentagon personnel who showed up to hear their symposia.

ciguy007

August 17th, 2008, 11:07 PM

The anticholinergics (datura, belladonna, BZ) do a nice job of producing delerium but a poor job of causing fear. During the army's treatment of chemical casualties course, the treatment for BZ exposure was to remove weapons from the victim(s) and let the drug wear off (which could take several days).

Alexires

August 18th, 2008, 05:09 AM

ciguy007 - There is an edit button for a reason. Double posts make you look lazy, and lazy people get banned around here. Don't do it again.

The_Duke

August 31st, 2008, 05:57 AM

ciguy007 has been warned three times now about double posting. As a result of this he has been given a four week ban from the Forum.

simply RED

August 31st, 2008, 09:36 AM

Summarizing: a mixture of Mu opioid antagonist and GABA-A antagonist should be extremely effective.

Darkfox

October 19th, 2008, 06:41 AM

A high dose of scopolamine and atropine would do the trick; it's easily available from natural sources (Datura). The hallucinatory effect is much different from all other psychedelics (from my experience of an accidental low/mid dose) in that there is no true distinction between reality and hallucination (delirium), as in NOT the neon kaleidoscope of colors and geometric patterns (LSD high doses, mescaline, DMT) but rather experiences of what one is accustomed to seeing but fractured or multiplied (extreme spatial distortions) and 'real' hallucinations. I think the US used it in desert storm for 'interrogation' purposes. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and W eapons Forum > Chemistry for Am ateur Expe rimenters and C itizen Scientists C h e m istry > Synthesis of Thio VX - Original Article

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View Full Version : Synthesis of Thio VX - Original Article simply RED

D e c e m ber 5th, 2005, 12:05 PM

This is an original article (from 1972) concernin g the synthesis o f thio VX. I'm typing it transalted from russian. [ m y c o m m ent] (C2H5O)2EtP=O + PC l5 = Et(Cl)P(OEt)=O [ + PO CL3 + EtCl ] 1. Synthesis of (Et)(C l)P(O Et)=O 1 4 , 5 g ( C 2 H 5 O ) 2 E t P = O i s d i s s o l v e d i n 3 3 m l a b s o l u t e C C l 4 . 1 5 , 3 g P C l 5 i s a d d e d t o t h i s s o l u t i o n a n d t h e m ix is allo wed to stay overnight at room temperature [knowing of our (economic) cond itions - this could be very cold :) ]. Yield 11,8 g. Boiling tem p: 8 2 - 8 4 d e g C e l s i u s ( 1 1 m m Hg). 2. Synthesis of CH3-CH2-S-CH2-CH2-S-P=O(OEt)(Et) S u s p e n s i o n o f 1 , 1 4 g N a m etal in 30m l b e n z e n e i s a d d e d to 6,1g EtSEtSH. The m i x i s h e a t e d 3 h o u r s t o 8 0 - 8 5 d e g C e l s i u s . T h e m i x t u r e i s c o o l e d t o r o o m temp and 7,8 grams (Et)(Cl)P(O Et)=O are a d d e d . Then the mix is heated for 8 hours to 85 deg. The mixture is then dissolved in very little wate r and extracted m any times with benzol. Benzol is dried with Na2SO 4 and evaporated in vacuum . [At this step you have material with LD50~50 m g / k g ] 3. Final step - ["C harging" of the S atom]. 0,05 m ols CH3-CH2-S-CH2-CH2-S-P=O(OEt)(Et) is dissolved in very little benzol. 0,05 mols (CH3O )2SO 2 is added to it. The m ix is boiled 2 hours with condenser [fumes co n d e n s e a n d g o b a c k t o t h e m other liquid] with CaCl2 tube. [you have VX now BEW ARE!!!] The solvent is evaporated, the yield is mixed with diethyl ether and left overnight. After th e ether is decanted, pure [VX] is produced as a viscous liquid. Overal yield (from all steps) 66%. Institute of elem entorganic ch emistry scientific academ y C C C P a n d T a s h k e n t u n i . V . I . L e n i n 19.IX.1972 -----------------------Com ments: Et(EtO)2P=O could be substituted with (EtO)3P=O produ cing a product with the sam e potency. Step 1: O n e m ajour drawback... No instruction is given how to separate Et(Cl)P(O Et)=O from P O C L3. Maybe fractio n destila tion in vacuum where PO C l 3 s h o u l d pass first? b p P O C l 3 1 0 8 d e g C 7 6 0 m m Hg ; bp Et(Cl)P(OEt)=O 85 deg - 11 mm Hg... Step 2: W ould't it be easier d irectly to add Et-S-Et-SNa to the Et(Cl)P(OEt)=O? (NaOH + R-SH = NaSR + H2O) ( R - P - C l + NaSR - R -P-SR + NaCl) Step 3: (RSR + (CH3 O ) 2 S O 2 = R C H3(S+)R [ ( C H 3 O ) O S O 2-)] I thought it will react at room temp, now it's obvious it should be boiled 2 hours in benzen e. I t s h o u l d b e d o n e m uch wiser to minim ize the chance of accident. Like m aking special vessel for the reaction. There is no need to purify the product... The toxicity of benzene will not be the only problem here, I guess... :)

Quite interesting idea I had the last night -- concerning tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP) (already with LD-5 0 = 1 m g / k g ) . ((EtO)2(P=O)-O-(P=O)(EtO)2). It should react with thio choline or CH3-CH2-S-CH2-CH2-SH producing the sam e V X a n d O H P=O (EtO)2. The last could be neutralised with some diluted base to "freeze" the reaction, and thats it... Do y o u h a v e i n f o o n TEPP synthesis?

akinrog

D e c e m ber 8th, 2005, 04:03 PM

I don't want to object you but does VX contain two isopropyl alcohol groups ((CH3)2C-O) instead of Butyl alcohol (C2H5O -) groups? Regards.

simply RED

D e c e m ber 13th, 2005, 09:47 AM

T h i s o n e i s e xactly with etoxy groups (C 2H5O). Etoxy groups m a k e i t m o r e p o t e n t t h a n m e t o x y g r o u p s . T h e r e a r e h u ndreds of VX formulas.

simply RED

D e c e m ber 13th, 2005, 09:53 AM

wrong m e s s a g e w r o n g m e s s a g e 1 2 3 4

oneup

January 9th, 2006, 05:00 PM

why do you want to m ake this stuff? do you actually want to kill som e o n e : s

festergrump

January 13th , 2 0 0 6 , 1 0 : 4 6 P M

Learning is FU N. Discussion is im portant to the learning process. You'd prefer to re-discover it by accident, perhaps? Shhhhh!!!

Chris The Great

January 14th , 2006, 04:22 AM

Nerve agents are an interesting aspect that so far has not yet been experimented with by "am ateurs" and is really only rese arched b y several people here. I'd say there are on ly four forum m e m bers who actually have a strong interest and have

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d o n e l a r g e a m ounts of research into the topic: Samosa, SimplyRED, Meg a l o m a n i a a n d m yself. I am not su re if nbk has don e l a r g e a m o u n t s o f i n - d e p t h r e s e a r c h o n nerve agents specifically but he certainly has done alot of CW resea rch in ge neral. From what I have read about V-agent toxicity m e c h a n i s m , m ethoxy should actually be m ore deadly due to steric effects (smaller groups allow it to attach m ore easily to the cho linestera se, ie ethoxy > isopropox y f o r V a g e n t s ) . I t m u s t h a v e s o m e other drawba ck, since I have not seen it m entioned in anything I've read (ALOT). It could be m ore susceptable to h ydrolysis or s o m ething. T h e n i t r o g e n a n a l o g s a r e m ore toxic than the sulfur analogs (the topic of this thread) but are more difficult to m a k e . Nonetheless, the 'cha rged' sulfur analogs are still extrem ely toxic! Does anyone have an easy synthesis for EtSEtSH? Also, I would im a g i n e PCl5 could be replaced with COCl2 for selective chlorination, as in th e sarin procedure (only difference is with sarin you have isopropoxy groups instead of ethoxy groups). This m a k e s t h e p r o c e d u r e a l o t c h e a p e r , a n d C O C l2 is alot easier to make OTC than PCl5.

FUTI

January 16th , 2 0 0 6 , 0 1 : 3 7 P M

m ethyl esters have alternative way of hydrolysis through Sn2 attack on m ethyl group...ma ybe that is the re ason why it is not used? I guess that it would still inhibit the enzyme, but that enzym e inhibited in this way is maybe easier to "regenerate" than the "acyl-enzyme VX type" com plex we all know. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : BW Factoids Accumulation Thread nbk2000

January 30th, 2006, 05:28 PM

This thread is for the purpose of collection of various factiods one may find in books and articles about BW that don't warrant a new topic. While any one fact by itself doesn't do much, by accumulating many facts, they begin to form a coherent picture, like pieces of a puzzle. Of course, it's also possible that such 'facts' may be, in fact, disinformation by government agencies or good ol' journalistic stupidity, but such is to be expected. By having enough information from many sources, you become able to seperate the real from the false. Please be sure to include the source of the information, for verification, avoidance of duplication, and just general good practice. And for your own continued presence and well-being, don't use anything from a movie. Please do NOT use this thread for discussion. It's intended as a resource, like a dictionary. Use other threads for discussion of any ideas or commentary of anything posted here. == ==== === ==== === === The Demon in the Freezer by Richard Preston: Paper has microscopic holes in it that are up to fifty times larger than an anthrax spore. If a pore in the envelope paper was a window in a house, than an anthrax spore would be a tangerine sitting on the sill. If you take a sheet of paper and seal it against your mouth and then blow against the paper, you will feel the w armth of your breath coming through the paper. This suggests what the anthrax spores did when the envelopes were squeezed through the mail-sorting machines. ++ ++++ ++ Most primates (monkeys and such), not conditioned by long captivity, will not sit or lay down in the presence of a human being, they w ill stand up. If the primate is sick, it'll sit down and hug its knees, but stand w hen the human is around. If it's very sick, it'll sit and hug its knees when the human is looking at it, but lay dow n w hen the human isn't looking. Only when the primate is terminal (near death) will it remain laying down in the presence of a human. ++ ++++ ++ Mice, near death, hunch over with the fur at the nape of their necks standing up. ++ ++++ ++ The standard cookbook for virus engineering is a four-volume series in ring binders w ith bright red covers, entitled Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, published by John Wiley and Sons. ++ ++++ ++ The Ames strain w as natural anthrax. It had not been "heated up" in the labhad not been genetically engineered to be resistant to antibiotics . Nowadays it is so easy to make a hot strain of anthrax that's resistant to drugs, intelligence people simply assume that all military strains of anthrax are drug resistant. ++ ++++ ++ [National Geographic, Date unknown] Fleas infected with the Plague, when backlit. have what appears to be a black band across their abdomen. ++ ++++ ++ [Popular Science, October 1931] Influenzea and Yellow Fever viruses can be cultured on a slurry of pig intestines, a technique developed by Arthur I. Kendall of Northwestern University.

nbk2000

February 4th, 2006, 06:35 AM

An article from Scientific American, about how the 1918 flu virus w as recovered and why it was so lethal.

simply RED

February 7th, 2006, 02:27 AM

I have no clue is this true or not... From a colegue BG scientist : "There is a BW (unknown to him if bacteria, virus or toxin) that causes : severe fever after 7 hours - follow ed by pancreatitis, internal bleeding in the abdominal area, severe demadge of the cells of the pancreas and death - several days after contamination. Only very little percent of the victims could be saved after extremely complex therapy, but they remain unable to fight for more than a year. In this period, amylase is spotted in the blood. The BW is resistant to water." From the russian TV - a serious program about steam cells research: "Several scientists working in the area of steam cells have been murdered with unknown biological weapon. They had degradation of pancreatic cells and internal bleeding." They even showed refrigerators with the bodies of the victims. Again to say: this looks like desinformation, I never heared of such thing before and nobody spotted the micro organism that causes it. Desinformation or not, the idea is intriguing...

nbk2000

February 8th, 2006, 12:24 AM

is not for speculation, rumor, or conjecture. It's a place for (presumed) factual information with reputable sources that are publicly verifiable. Otherw ise we get into the "My third cousin removed, who used to scrub the toilets at Edgewood, overheard..." type of B.S. Thank you for your understanding and support in keeping this thread factual. :)

simply RED

February 10th, 2006, 07:50 AM

This maybe true or not but the facts are: Even slightest damage to the pancreas causes extreme pain and long disability. The highest level of pain one could experince is due to pancreatitic damage (found in the medicine literature). http://ww w.mamashealth.com/pancreatitis.asp In pancreatitis, the enzymes that help digest fats, proteins and carbohydrates in food become active inside the pancreas and start digesting the pancreas. So, anything that damages the pancreas effectively could be a BW/CW.

New approach is needed in order to make BW (or the means to defend against it) safely - with "limited tools". Standard BW are impossible to be created outside a professional lab. Many times P4 trap or equivalent (defense) is needed. I've studied microbiology and molecular biology in the uni - the procedures described there are too sophisticated for a "rogue scientist". It is easy in w ords to add the DNA chain of a pow erful toxin to plasmide in super resistant bacteria... Do you think recombinant DNA could be done in a garage? Anyway BZ, F-VX or Novichok derivates are also impossible to be made with "limited tools", but Thio-VX,Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine and bicyclophosphates are "easy".

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter There should be an alternative for BW too. Comeone everybody - add fresh data!

nbk2000

March 16th, 2006, 01:55 AM

Biosynthesis and Peptide engineering of novel BW agents: http://ww w.technologyreview .com/BioTech/w tr_16485,306,p1.html?PM= GO

thermobaric

November 3rd, 2006, 04:38 AM

Patent on Botulinum neurotoxin preparations. US5512547

nbk2000

December 31st, 2006, 11:58 AM

Sulfites are not allowed on red meat. Sodium bisulfite does such a good job of color fixing, that sulfited ground beef can be rotten and you can’t tell by looking at it. For this reason, the FDA has an absolute prohibition against sulfites in meat.

thermobaric

January 3rd, 2007, 12:45 AM

Production of Ebola virus-like particles from cDNA's:http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/78/2/999?view=long&pmid=14694131 A database of various poxvirus sequences:http://poxvirus.org/blastDisplay.asp?BlastOutput_UID= 2006105233858761. 1357964874&db=gene Some info on yersinia pestis:http://w ww.clinmedres.org/cgi/content/full/4/3/189

archaios

January 7th, 2007, 05:55 PM

The incorporation of the cytokine IL-4 into mousepox resulted in a universally fatal strain of mousepox; smallpox, being genetically analogous to mousepox, would be expected to exhibit similar effects in man. Indeed, it seems that such strains are resistant to vaccination (!). With automated DNA synthesis techniques becoming less and less costly, the open nature of the smallpox genome presents the possibility of a (often overblown by the media) revival of said virus.

FullMetalJacket

January 9th, 2007, 12:33 PM

Doxycycline and ciprofloxacin, the two wide-spectrum antibiotics most commonly suggested for use against anthrax and other offensive BW agents are both available in (slightly lesser dose per pill) as anti-acne prescriptions. Being a teenager helps sometimes, I'm stockpiling.

FullMetalJacket

January 9th, 2007, 12:39 PM

In immunodeficient monkeys, Simian Virus 40, a vacuolating polyomavirus, has been identified as the source of several tumours and cancers. Whilst it usually persists as a lasting infection, malignant growths are also encountered quite commonly. Our current research suggests that it damages gene p53, responsible for apoptosis. Soon after its discovery, SV40 w as identified in the injected form of the polio vaccine produced betw een 1955 and 1961. This is believed to be due to kidney cells from infected monkeys being used to amplify the vaccine virus during production. Both the Sabin vaccine (oral, live virus) and the Salk vaccine (injectable, killed virus) were affected; the technique used to inactivate the polio virus in the Salk vaccine, by means of formaldehyde, did not reliably kill SV40. An analysis presented at the Vaccine Cell Substrate Conference in 2004 [1] suggested that vaccines used in the former Soviet bloc countries, China, Japan, and Africa, could have been contaminated up to 1980, meaning that hundreds of millions more could have been exposed to the virus. Not too long ago (the precise date and nationality of this group eludes me) some recombinant genetics w as being done by some scientists, including with SV40. For some reason, they thought it was a good idea to recombine it with E. coli. They had them successfully replicating in step for a few days until somebody realised the terrible danger they were placing the world in by risking releasing food poisoning that could cause cancer, if there w as ever an accidental breach or contamination. We don't have a very good record with SV40.

W4RGASM

August 22nd, 2007, 05:56 AM

During the gruinard island testing and cattle cake anthrax dissemination tests; the spores were produced by (and I quote) At first, enamelled iron trays of about 15x10x2" containing solid agar-based medium were seeded w ith spores and the subsequent grow th was collected with a hand-held suction device. The resulting mixture was milled w ith glass beads an filtered to give a suspension concentrate. Subsequently, fifty-litre milk churns set in a hot room and subject to periodic stirring were used. later still, heating elements w ere put into the churns and agitation was achieved through an air-sparger. After sporulation was complete, the suspension was precipitated and concentrated. No word (from this source) on weaponizing, not yet at least (haven't finished reading the book). ++ ++++ +++ = A Higher Form of Killing, would be the book I assume? NBK

nbk2000

September 29th, 2007, 11:00 AM

How can you NOT love a brain-eating amoeba? :D I saw this organism mentioned years ago in a National Geographic article about Yosemite park, and about how the hotsprings there are toxic because of this amoeba, w hich loves the hot w ater. I wonder if this organism would survive long in a buffered saline nasal spray? ;) 6 die from brain-eating amoeba in lakes By CHRIS KAHN, Associated Press Writer Fri Sep 28, 2:18 PM ET PHOENIX - It sounds like science fiction but it's true: A killer amoeba living in lakes enters the body through the nose and attacks the brain where it feeds until you die. ADVERTISEMENT Even though encounters w ith the microscopic bug are extraordinarily rare, it's killed six boys and young men this year. The spike in cases has health officials concerned, and they are predicting more cases in the future. "This is definitely something we need to track," said Michael Beach, a specialist in recreational w aterborne illnesses for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "This is a heat-loving amoeba. As water temperatures go up, it does better," Beach said. "In future decades, as temperatures rise, we'd expect to see more cases." According to the CDC, the amoeba called Naegleria fowleri (nuh-GLEER-ee-uh FOWL'-erh-eye) killed 23 people in the United States, from 1995 to 2004. This year health officials noticed a spike with six cases — three in Florida, two in Texas and one in Arizona. The CDC know s of only several hundred cases worldw ide since its discovery in Australia in the 1960s. In Arizona, David Evans said nobody knew his son, Aaron, was infected w ith the amoeba until after the 14-year-old died on Sept. 17. At first, the teen seemed to be suffering from nothing more than a headache. "We didn't know," Evans said. "And here I am: I come home and I'm burying him." After doing more tests, doctors said Aaron probably picked up the amoeba a week before while swimming in the balmy shallows of Lake Havasu, a popular man-made lake on the Colorado River between Arizona and California. Though infections tend to be found in southern states, Naegleria lives almost everyw here in lakes, hot springs, even dirty swimming pools, grazing off algae and bacteria in the sediment. Beach said people become infected w hen they wade through shallow water and stir up the bottom. If someone allow s water to shoot up the nose — say, by doing a somersault in chest-deep water — the amoeba can latch onto the olfactory nerve. The amoeba destroys tissue as it makes its way up into the brain, where it continues the damage, "basically feeding on the brain cells," Beach said.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter People who are infected tend to complain of a stiff neck, headaches and fevers. In the later stages, they'll show signs of brain damage such as hallucinations and behavioral changes, he said. Once infected, most people have little chance of survival. Some drugs have stopped the amoeba in lab experiments, but people who have been attacked rarely survive, Beach said. "Usually, from initial exposure it's fatal within two weeks," he said. Researchers still have much to learn about Naegleria. They don't know w hy, for example, children are more likely to be infected, and boys are more often victims than girls. "Boys tend to have more boisterous activities (in w ater), but we're not clear," Beach said. In central Florida, authorities started an amoeba phone hot line advising people to avoid warm, standing water and areas with algae blooms. Texas health officials also have issued warnings. People "seem to think that everything can be made safe, including any river, any creek, but that's just not the case," said Doug McBride, a spokesman for the Texas Department of State Health Services. Officials in the town of Lake Havasu City are discussing w hether to take action. "Some folks think we should be putting up signs. Some people think we should close the lake," city spokesman Charlie Cassens said. Beach cautioned that people shouldn't panic about the dangers of the brain-eating bug. Cases are still extremely rare considering the number of people swimming in lakes. The easiest way to prevent infection, Beach said, is to use nose clips when sw imming or diving in fresh w ater. "You'd have to have w ater going w ay up in your nose to begin w ith" to be infected, he said. David Evans has tried to learn as much as possible about the amoeba over the past month. But it still doesn't make much sense to him. His family had gone to Lake Havasu countless times. Have people alw ays been in danger? Did city officials know about the amoeba? Can they do anything to kill them off? Evans lives within eyesight of the lake. Temperatures hover in the triple digits all summer, and like almost everyone else in this desert region, the Evanses look to the lake to cool off. It w as on David Evans' birthday Sept. 8 that he brought Aaron, his other two children, and his parents to Lake Havasu. They ate sandwiches and spent a few hours splashing around. "For a week, everything was fine," Evans said. Then Aaron got the headache that wouldn't go aw ay. At the hospital, doctors first suspected meningitis. Aaron was rushed to another hospital in Las Vegas. "He asked me at one time, 'Can I die from this?'" David Evans said. "We said, 'No, no.'" On Sept. 17, Aaron stopped breathing as his father held him in his arms. "He w as brain dead," Evans said. Only later did doctors and the CDC determine that the boy had been infected with Naegleria. "My kids won't ever sw im on Lake Havasu again," he said. ___ On the Net: More on the N. fowleri amoeba: http://ww w.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/naegleria/factsht_naegleria.htm#w hat

W4RGASM

October 15th, 2007, 10:02 PM

The book w as "Killer Germs", but it's got a bibliography as long as my arm so it could easily be taken from there. And from the few path/medical professionals I've talked to w ho are familiar with Naegleria, apparently outside it's normal w arm environment it's very fragile... vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Saxitoxin synthesis and extraction/purification alyks

May 3rd, 2006, 02:57 AM

The synthesis and/or isolation of saxitoxin hasn't been thoroughly discussed here. It's been touched on lightly, but not enough for anybody to use. Here are some websites: Here's a website with info/synthesis (http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/stx/saxi.htm) Essential data (http://www.cbwinfo.com/Biological/Toxins/Saxitoxin.html) Wikipedia page (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxitoxin) Wikipedia page on red tide (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_tide)

The first website listed this for the synthesis: "Kishi's synthesis relied on a condensation of a vinylogous carbamate with benzyloxyacetaldehyde and silicon tetraisopropoxide to produce an intermediate thiourea-ester which was converted to a thiourea-urea using standard methods. Cyclisation to provide the saxitoxin skeleton was accomplished readily by treatment with acid, the reaction proceeding via the intermediacy of an iminium ion. Functional group transformations were then carried out to achieve the first total synthesis of racemic saxitoxin." Anybody have any idea on how the synth would go? Or if the synth is too impractical, maybe a way to get red tide plankton and extract/purify?

Alexires

May 3rd, 2006, 11:12 AM

From the looks of it, complete synthesis would be a pain in the ass. Looking around, it seems that the most common form of poisoning from saxitoxins is from ingestion of shellfish that have eaten PSP producing algae such as the Alexandrium minutum (I'm sure there are other algae). - 'http://www.uaf.edu/seagrant/issues/PSP/PSP.pdf' From what I gather, the algae produces the saxitoxins which are excreted from the algae, and are stored primarily in the shellfishes digestive gland. 'http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12503874&dopt=Abstract' While most bivalve shellfish will process the toxin within 6 weeks, the butter clam has been known to store it for up to two years. 'http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralytic_shellfish_poisoning' Surely the easiest way to aquire the saxitoxins would be to culture some suitable algae and keep a tank with some butter clams in it. Since the toxin is fairly chemically stable (somewhere I read they were talking about coating bullets with them) boil the butterclams and/or extract with a suitable acid. 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9080595&dopt=Abstract' Here is something on culturing Alexandrium minutum 'http://www.rsnz.org/publish/nzjmfr/1997/1.php' And isolating PSP toxins from Pfiesteria piscicida 'http://www.ehponline.org/members/2001/suppl-5/739-743moeller/moeller-full.html' Damn, feels like I've written heaps, but I've written barely anything at all. Still, reading all that will keep you going for a while. Take it easy on me, this is my first decent (I hope) post in the Battlefield Chemistry section.

thermobaric

November 6th, 2006, 07:00 PM

Found a reference of full saxitoxin synthesis,hopefully its helpful. http://www.scripps.edu/chem/baran/images/grpmtgpdf/Demartino_Aug_03.pdf

NoMoreWebs

December 18th, 2006, 05:55 PM

Found this in Uncle Fester's festering ass book Silent Death. It goes into some detail about extracting saxitoxin from shellfish. Accuracy not guaranteed. http://rapidshare.com/files/8055727/Saxitoxin_Festering_ass.pdf.html

thermobaric

December 18th, 2006, 11:08 PM

Found more references for saxitoxin synthesis. http://www.thieme-connect.com/ejournals/pdf/synfacts/doi/10.1055/s-2006-942053.pdf http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/denmark/presentations/2006/gm-2006-04n11.pdf

sbovisjb1

January 25th, 2007, 06:42 PM

I know this may sound K3wl, but why not get a cone shell (Conus geographus and Conus striatus) and extract its venom. There are plently of natural creatures whos toxins you can use. Such as snakes, jellyfish... (This may be Zulu hypebole, but ive heard that the wiskers of a leopard can cut the insides of the recipitant digestive tract.)

FullMetalJacket

January 28th, 2007, 05:17 AM

Conotoxin is not saxitoxin. We're very well aware that you can get certain venoms from certain animals, and no, a leopard's whiskers will not cut a digestive tract. They're just keratin.

nbk2000

January 28th, 2007, 06:46 AM

I read in a book about a 'poison' made by shaving off a long narrow sliver of bone from a femur, soaking it in water to soften it up, and tying it up into a tight coil to dry. The string is cut and the small coil is hidden in a piece of meat, wherein it is ingested, only to uncoil and lodge/lacerate the innards of the victim, until they die of internal hemorrhaging/sepsis. :)

FullMetalJacket

January 29th, 2007, 04:10 AM

*slaps forehead* I think I just lost about four IQ points.

FUTI

January 29th, 2007, 10:49 AM

NBK I think that method you described is used by native American Indians and that pieces of those traps were found as historical remains of their era. Inuits used the same kind of trap I think but instead of tying they pour water over it (they used whale teeth I think) and make it freeze in coiled position... after ingestion thaw-uncoil-lacerate-die. Although I liked Indians fish trap more made out of coiled wooden branch but that would divert the thread.

nbk2000

January 29th, 2007, 12:49 PM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter *slaps forehead* I think I just lost about four IQ points. And what was it about my post that made you lose four IQ points?

FullMetalJacket

February 10th, 2007, 10:53 PM

Not your post per se, but the concept of using a coiled sliver of bone to kill somebody internally.

chemdude1999

February 10th, 2007, 11:57 PM

Imagine that working its way to your colon before uncoiling. Then straightening out and lacerating your bowels before becoming thoroughly wedged. Pain would be constant and you may even shit out some nasty pus before succumbing to septic shock.

nbk2000

February 11th, 2007, 12:56 AM

Pre-technological societies used the bone coil...and it worked. It'll still work if your enemy doesn't have access to modern medical help or you don't have access to anything more than bone. So if you're stuck in a third-world country, or a prison, you can still kill. :)

Bugger

February 11th, 2007, 04:29 PM

That would probably not work, because such a small piece of bone would be fairly quickly dissolved by stomach acids.

nbk2000

February 11th, 2007, 04:47 PM

It probably would dissolve. But would that be before, or after, it had cut open the stomach and intestinal walls? And nothing says one is limited to bone. The same concept could be used in the form of a nitinol wire that had been concealed in a counterfeit pill of whatever drug the target uses regularly. Upon ingestion, the pill coating dissolves and the body heat activates the wires memory effect, causing it to unwind inside. Better than wire, a nitinol ribbon that's been serrated like razor tape. :)

chemdude1999

February 11th, 2007, 07:21 PM

NBK, I was thinking of the exact same thing. You can get the wire/ribbon in extremely small sizes: http://www.smallparts.com/products/descriptions/nw.cfm With access to a muffle furnace, one could create any shape needed. This would have many applications especially given the easy concealment. In fact, the concealment method would serve as the method for holding the wire in the necessary fashion before its memory takes effect.

Meawoppl

February 21st, 2007, 02:33 AM

I think that it would be easier to ball it into something like PGA/PLA and just rely on its incredible elastic effects. Better yet, wind/forge weld caltrop shaped things like that. But notably, if you are going to go through all this trouble, it would be easier to give them a pill of poly ethyl ether and watch them shit themselves to death. Neither would be subtle or reliable in my own opinion.

FullMetalJacket

March 14th, 2007, 10:19 AM

I would think you'd have to do some pretty fancy metallurgy to get nitinol to memory at 37*... When I played with it as a kid, it had to be in a candle flame for about ten seconds before it would remember. Maybe that was just shit cheapo though.

chemdude1999

March 14th, 2007, 01:57 PM

Thus, the reason for forming it in a muffle furnace or flame as a jagged semi-straight wire. Then coil it and press the pill form around the tight coil. When the mark injests it, the pill will dissolve and release the previously formed wire.

FullMetalJacket

March 17th, 2007, 10:45 AM

So you're thinking of exploiting the superelasticity ratehr then the memory effect?

chemdude1999

March 17th, 2007, 01:20 PM

Actually both. The wire or ribbon would have to be super-elastic in order to coil it tightly. Then the memory effect would allow it to spring back to the straight form. Experiments would need to be done to see just how far you could push the properties of the metal (i.e., how long it could be compressed and still spring back, and how much compression it will take). One could make some test pills and hold them for different times and then dissolve them.

nbk2000

September 1st, 2007, 09:17 AM

MIT researchers achieve breakthrough on red tide toxin By Scott Allen, Globe Staff | August 31, 2007 It's one of the mysteries of nature: How do microscopic plants in the ocean generate so much poison that they form red tide, massive floating algae blooms that kill the fish in their path and make entire shellfish beds toxic to people? Researchers don't even know why the little creatures secrete these chemicals, let alone how to make the poisons efficiently in their labs. Now, chemists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology may have discovered the recipe for a major type of red tide - though not the type commonly found in New England. The research opens the door to a better understanding of an affliction that costs costal communities tens of millions of dollars in lost catches, human illness, and wildlife injuries, such as the manatees who died in a red tide outbreak near Florida last spring. By combining a chemical similar to an enzyme in the ocean with chemicals found in the algae, researchers set off a chain reaction that created abundant amounts of a toxin called brevetoxin that is common in Florida. "A lot of people thought that this type of cascade may be impossible," said Timothy Jamison, an MIT assistant professor who, working with graduate student Ivan Vilotijevic, proved a 22-year-old theory about red tide known as "the Nakanishi cascade hypothesis." He added, "The trick is to give it a little push in the right direction." Red tide researchers praised the MIT results, the cover story in today's edition of the journal Science, saying the ability to create red tide toxins in the lab may help them better understand the conditions that foster outbreaks, which could lead them to an antidote to the poisons. The technique may also have an important side benefit: A toxin similar to

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brevetoxin has shown potential as a treatment for cystic fibrosis. "It's a really creative piece of work. I think it's quite inspired," said Jeffrey Wright, a professor of marine science at the University of North Carolina Wilmington, who has done pioneering work in identifying the toxins in red tide. "The more we understand the way these molecules are put together by these red tide organisms, the more we are able to understand the whole phenomenon," said Don Anderson, a leading authority on red tide at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The single-cell algae that cause red tide, called dinoflagellates, produce an array of remarkably complex toxins, including the saxitoxins that are commonly produced by red tide outbreaks in New England waters. Earlier this month, a Maine fisherman and his family had to be rushed to the hospital after contracting paralytic shellfish poisoning from eating mussels contaminated with saxitoxin that he had scraped off a barrel floating offshore. Saxitoxin is chemically very different from brevetoxin. Anderson said researchers have made great progress in predicting red tide outbreaks and tracking their movement along the coast, but pinning down the cause of the mass poisoning has been harder. Some theorize that the dinoflagellates produce toxic chemicals as a defense mechanism in response to changes in the current or water temperature, but Anderson said it may be an evolutionary fluke that the dinoflagellates' waste product is poisonous to people and other creatures. Shellfish contaminated with red tide are not harmed by the toxins. The poisons, until now, have been very difficult to work with, requiring years of laboratory time to create only a few milligrams of brevetoxin or other compounds. Koji Nakanishi of Columbia University argued 22 years ago that the plants make their poisons in a cascade of steps that is somehow spurred by the water itself, but, until the MIT research, other labs could not prove Nakanishi was right. Jamison said the extra molecules they added to trigger the creation of toxins by the dinoflagellates may mimic an enzyme found in ocean water. Wright, the North Carolina professor, said the MIT research still needs to be replicated by other researchers, but if Jamison has discovered nature's way of making brevetoxin, his findings should apply to numerous other similar toxins that are found in red tides around the world. "This is an elegant piece of work," said John Schwab of the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, which helped fund the research. Now all that is needed is for someone to get and scan that article. :)

Enkidu

September 1st, 2007, 11:00 AM

Now all that is needed is for someone to get and scan that article. :) Is this the article you desire? I haven't read it, but it was the only one that matched the search terms. Epoxide-Opening Cascades Promoted by Water Ivan Vilotijevic and Timothy F. Jamison Science 317: 1189-1192 (2007) Abstract: Selectivity rules in organic chemistry have been inferred largely from nonaqueous environments. In contrast, enzymes operate in water, and the chemical effect of the medium change remains only partially understood. Structural characterization of the “ladder” polyether marine natural products raised a puzzle that persisted for 20 years: Although the stereochemistry of adjacent tetrahydropyran (THP) cycles would seem to arise from a biosynthetic cascade of epoxide-opening reactions, experience in organic solvents argued consistently that such a pathway would be kinetically disfavored. We report that neutral water acts as an optimal promoter for the requisite ring-opening selectivity, once a single templating THP is appended to a chain of epoxides. This strategy offers a high-yielding route to the naturally occurring ladder core and highlights the likely importance of aqueous-medium effects in underpinning certain noteworthy enzymatic selectivities.

nbk2000

September 1st, 2007, 11:26 AM

Yeah, that's the one. I like all the techno-babble they use in the introductory paragraph. :rolleyes:

ccw8076

October 22nd, 2007, 11:02 PM

To comment about the bone fragment, the plus there is that the hydrochloric acid in the stomach would dissolve the bone very quickly (depending on size). therefore it would leave no trace of itself in the digestive tract, and there would be no reason to suspect murder. The remnants of bone matter which could be collected by an autopsy would appear as if the subject had eaten a piece of bone from a steak or other food, since the acid would render DNA application of the bone fragments meaningless. It has a chance of not working, but it leaves less of a trace than a long, obviously altered, shapened piece of memory wire. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : PVC Pipe Chemical Landmine nbk2000

June 1st, 2006, 05:14 AM

Go to http://patft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/se arch-bool.htm l and enter, in 'Term 1', 6688234, and Field 1, set to 'Patent Num bers'. A p a i n t b a l l l a n d m i n e m ade entirely from PVC pipe parts, that uses a C O2 powerlet as the propulsive force in ejecting the paint out of the mine. Substituting m ustard gas for paint m a k e s i t m u c h l e s s h a r m l e s s , b u t m o r e f u n . : ) T h e d e s i g n n e e d s a b i t o f m o d i f i c a t i o n because, as shown, not all of the fluid con tents would be ejected. Dip tubes attached to the nozzles, a plastic bladder, or som e t h i n g e l s e w o u l d b e n e e d e d .

BlackFalcoN

June 1st, 2006, 03:05 PM

I created a single PDF file with all patent pages and im a g e s f o r e a s e o f s t o r a g e a nd viewa bility. Rapidshare link: http://rapidshare.de/files/219 54969/U S_Patent_6_688_234_Paintball_Mine.pdf.htm l or look for it on tmp's FTP

teshilo

June 3rd, 2006, 05:22 AM

I n " P a i n t b a l l c o o k b o o k" from M e g a l o m ania ftp also described sim ple paint land m ine with proximity sensor from O T C m aterials..If i can find file on HD i upload these to rapidshare...

Hobbit Porn

June 7th, 2006, 04:50 AM

There are still active links to the 'Paintball Cookbook' file on the forum . Just search for Pa i n t b a l l c o o k b o o k a n d t h e n c h e c k t h e thread that isn't this one.

nbk2000

June 7th, 2006, 05:44 AM

Found it for sale. http://rap4.com /os/product_info.php/products_id/1164 $40! I don't think so. But the video is neat. http://rap4.com / v i d e o / m i n e / m 8 0 t r . m o v I m a g i n e t h e p l u m e b e i n g m ustard instead of chalk. :)

Jacks Complete

June 7th, 2006, 05:25 PM

Very neat. $40 is a pretty good price, considering. (Slightly off topic: Also on that site, the http://rap4.com /paintba l l / o s / m 2 0 3 - t h u n d e r - g r e n a d e - p - 1 2 9 6 . h t m l l o o k s r a t h e r n e a t , a pain tball M203 rotary launcher!)

nbk2000

June 7th, 2006, 09:18 PM

I have to wonder about that 6 shot lau ncher. Obviously, it wouldn't work with real 40m m am mo, but what about 37m m ? C o m mercial 37m m la unchers are over $1,000. If this th ing is bu ilt the same, but at half the cost...

nbk2000

June 8th, 2006, 04:06 AM

Cross-sectional view of another kind of CO 2 L a n d m ine. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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> Bolutinum spp toxins Log in

View Full Version : Bolutinum spp toxins akinrog

June 15th, 2006, 04:45 AM

Since this type of biological toxins is very potent, I collected a few PDFs regarding them. Most importantly the rar file contains how to produce Botulinum perfringens toxin in continuous medium, I believe this shall please NBK most. :) Anyway here is the link, enjoy. http://rapidshare.de/files/23098532/Tox.rar

nbk2000

June 15th, 2006, 07:13 AM

Ah,my favorite...Gas Gangrene! :D

simply RED

June 16th, 2006, 12:19 PM

I especially like the marine toxins :) .

akinrog

June 19th, 2006, 11:48 AM

I especially like the marine toxins :) . Then here is another gem I managed to collect from here and there, regarding Dinoflagellates. But forgive me for my foolishness but one thing I could not understand how on earth we obtain these algae in the first place and how stable paralytic shelfish toxin (PST) under normal conditions? Moreover I cannot find any data regarding stability of tetanus toxin and c. perfringens toxin :confused:? Anyway here is the link : http://rapidshare.de/files/23499031/Dinoflagellates.rar

simply RED

June 24th, 2006, 08:03 AM

When there is a red tide, for which the dinoflagellates are responsible, we simply collect sea water and use a technique to isolate dinoflagellates from the other algae (never did this and don't know which technique will work). When some algae are isolated in pure form, a colony could be grown, by duplicating the conditions they grow best and toxic: http://seagrant.uaf.edu/bookstore/pubs/M-02.html The pdf ParShelPois also covers some toxic algae species. After the algae are grown, the cells should be filtered. Collected in fresh water and destroyed (by high speed mixer) and the toxin - extracted. Filtering the huge molecules and cell-pieces, drying, and then extracting with ethanol seems enough. Or extracting (the solid precipitate left after drying the mix) with ether (if Saxitoxin is soluble- it should be), and then extracting the ether solution with water. Finally evaporate the water under vacuum. Further purification could be done by chromatography. The 20 toxins responsible for paralytic shellfish poisonings (PSP) are all derivatives of saxitoxin. Saxitoxin is water soluble, stable in sea water. Stable in alcohol solution. Stable in shelfish (not metabolised fast). Relatively stable in direct sunlight. Possibly thermostable - people were poisoned by eating cooked shelfish.

akinrog

June 25th, 2006, 02:21 AM

Dear Friends, I compiled a good PDF regarding identification of dinoflagellates which contains several pictures (of almost all known species) and toxicity, habitat, and similar data about dionflagellates spp. Actually it was a Smithsonian website but I converted it into PDF since nowadays every good piece of information simply disappears. Anyway here is the link: http://rapidshare.de/files/24041723/Identifying_Harmful_Marine_Dinoflagellates.pdf And I also found a few files regarding the PSTs and ASTs and most importantly total synthesis of domoic acid (an AST responsible for poisoning by caused by consumption of Canadian mussles). Here is the link: http://rapidshare.de/files/24042404/Chemistry_of_domoic_acid__isodomoic_acids_and_thei r_analogues.rar vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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> Radioactive Isotopes from Medical Machines? Log in

View Full Version : Radioactive Isotopes from Medical Machines? abdulraheem7

June 16th, 2006, 03:20 PM

Does anyone know what quantities of cobalt-60 or iridium-192 can be found in radiographic machines?

nbk2000

June 19th, 2006, 05:03 PM

This naturally begs the questions: A) How much are you looking for. B) How would you get it out without killing yourself. C) How do you intend to disperse it because the only thing you could possibly be interested in is using it for is to D) Build a radiological weapon (AKA 'dirty bomb'). Am I wrong?

abdulraheem7

June 20th, 2006, 03:20 PM

I'm just doing some research - I've looked at the other posts on dirty bombs and I didn't see anyone mention those two materials. Do you think this would be a viable method for procuring materials for a dirty bomb?

Jacks Complete

June 23rd, 2006, 08:57 PM

Since the doctors in the Bagdad main hospital at the start of the Gulf War hid all the radioactive stuff in the basement, I'd say that they were scared enough to think it a threat.

FullMetalJacket

August 8th, 2006, 10:58 AM

Well, there's always the radioisotope dyes they feed you, like iodines to check on your thyroid, but they're obvious harmless. And I think the radiographical machines use cesium isotopes, most commonly.

Parsons TDFC

August 30th, 2006, 06:12 PM

I'm a complete FNG here, but this is a subject with which I have some professional experience. Most current x-ray machines used for human/biological imaging use electronic x-ray sources. Most field deployable industrial x-ray sources (i.e., weld inspection) use radioactive material for their x-ray source. Most industrial x-ray sources are a fraction to a few curies. Including the containing capsule, think of them as an inch long piece of pencil or so. There are some human/imaging machines intended for field use that use radioactive sources, but due to the issues of loosing control of those sources they are pretty rare anymore. One of the most famous incidents is where a cobalt-60 x-ray source was stolen and scrapped out is here: http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/radevents/1983MEX1.html There were approximately 6,000 1mm pellets in the source totaling about 400 curies of Co-60 (call it 30 grams of pellets). This is a pretty large radiation source. The cobalt pellets are raw metal with possibly a thin outer coating of stainless steel. Not the ideal dispersable source for a dirty bomb. The real issue is other x-ray sources that use Cesium-137 or Strontium-90. Both of these isotopes also give off some pretty energetic gamma/x-rays like Cobalt-60. The big difference is that they are usually found as a finely divided powder, very water soluable chloride salts. Cs and Sr are also readily taken up/absorbed by the body and concentrated in the bones. Here is a paper on some Cs source releases: http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub815_web.pdf The other place to look for large isotopic radiation sources are sterilization places. I've seen some very large (thousands of curies) Cs sources that were used for sterilization of medical equipment. These sources were large enough to have to be stored in a 20' deep water pool and gave off enough radiation to cause Cherenkov glow (the bright blue glow) in the water. Very impressive with the lights out. Here is a web site listing a bunch of major accidents. For this discussion, you can ignore any of the criticality accidents and look at the ones that mention "radiography", "lost source", "irradiator accident" http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/radevents/radaccidents.html

akinrog

September 1st, 2006, 10:54 AM

Actually, if I would be a wanna-be terrorist, I would not be playing with Co-60. About a decade ago, a few ignorant factory workers of a thermal power plant decided to remove the core and install a new core of a gamma-ray weld inspection machine in the factory. The ignorant fools handle the core with their bare hands and now two of them disfigured and completely fused fingers and it's reported that it took two years for their radiologically opened wounds to heal and close and they have some cancer growths in their bodies. In summary, they are death men. So my friend Abdulraheem, give up your crush for radiological isotopes before bringing more mayhem to your correligionists :mad: :mad:. Regards.

Parsons TDFC

September 1st, 2006, 11:44 AM

Hopefully anybody asking these questions knows that a multi-curie source is nothing to trifle with, especially bare handed. The whole-body dose you'd get would be bad, even worse would be any uptake of the isotope (inhalation or ingestion). Time (as in minimize the time around the source), distance (the further away the better) and shielding (the right shield for the radiation source, and enought to attenuate the radiation) are your friends. What you describe are typical necrotic radiation burns - think of a brown recluse or hobo spider bite on a much larger scale with the added bonus of an increased chance of contracting cancer. Depending on the dose to other parts of their bodies, they might also have had hair loss or stomach/GI issues and blood/platlet issues. There are mulitple accidents each year where somebody gets stupid or careless with an industrial/isotopic x-ray source. M

Cobalt.45

September 1st, 2006, 12:23 PM

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abdulraheem as a UN, intent to build and possibly deploy a "dirty bomb" and still gets good usable info. A generous lot, we.

nbk2000

September 2nd, 2006, 10:08 AM

The sooner the ragheads go nuclear, the sooner we can nuke them into oblivion. :) 'Fused fingers'?! :eek: Sounds freaky. :D

FullMetalJacket

September 2nd, 2006, 11:32 AM

...a few ignorant factory workers of a thermal power plant decided to remove the core and install a new core of a gamma-ray weld inspection machine in the factory. The ignorant fools handled the core with their bare hands and now two of them disfigured and completely fused fingers and it's reported that it took two years for their radiologically opened wounds to heal and close and they have some cancer growths in their bodies.

Yikes. Fucking owned. Fused finegrs sounds like those photoshopped shock images you see. ++++++++++++++ Don't quote whole posts! Only quote the relevant section. :rolleyes: NBK

akinrog

September 2nd, 2006, 04:11 PM

Yikes. Fucking owned. Fused finegrs sounds like those photoshopped shock images you see. ++++++++++++++

No they are not photoshop retouched images. Actually, the news never clearly showed their hands but blurred them, since it's forbidden to show images harmful to kids. (I know what you shall say to this :D) However, since these are cheap seasonal laborers (hired by a greedy contractor who took a repair job in the factory), they are not equipped with necessary equipment and even not warned about the dangers. A few days after the incident, their hands develop ulcereous wounds (which nobody can understand the cause) and receive wrong treatment and a few fingers of their hands have been disfigured and partially fused since they have been held in bandage together for prolonged period of time. After failing the treatment doctor inquires about their recent history and determines the cause from their stories (i.e. gamma ray weld inspection machine). And when they found about it, nearly 4 months passed after the incident and operations after operations to remove necrotic tissue, they have now fused fingers. They try to litigate the contractor but since they have no money they fail it. (Apparently) after a few years of judicial struggle, they decide to go to media and that's how the event makes the news.:eek: vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and W eapons Forum > Chemistry for Am ateur Expe rimenters and C itizen Scientists C h e m istry > Nitrogen dioxide as a CW

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View Full Version : Nitrogen dioxide as a CW bklff3

S e p t e m b e r 7 th, 2006, 09:26 PM

As I'm sure a lot of you know, NO2 is a nasty g as. It forms nitric acid when you in hale it, leading to pulm o n a r y o e d e m a t h a t can kill you hours after exposure (LD50 is 90 ppm /4hr in rats). It also leads to desensitisation of smell, so you aren't necessarily a lerted by it's acrid odour. Form ation of NO2 is something that you usually want to stop when performing chem ical reactions, because you don't want to exposure yourself. But say you wanted to deliberately form NO2?

The industrial process used is this: P a s s a m m onia over a platinum catalyst at 850C, to produce NO, which is subsequently oxidised to NO2 by the oxygen in air. 4 NH3 + 5 O2 4 NO + 6 H2O 2 NO + O2 2 NO2 T h e p l a t i n u m catalyst is needed or you just get nitrogen (N2) an d water (H2O). A l t h o u g h a m m onia is obviously easy to obtain, the platinum catalyst and 850C temperatu res are not so ea sy.

S o , w h a t a r e s o m e o t h e r m e t h o d s , u s i n g e a s i l y - o b t a i n a b l e m aterials?

1) Simply heating copper(II) nitrate: 2 Cu(NO3)2

2 C u O + 4 NO 2 + O2

2) Nitric acid plus copper wire: Cu + 4HNO3

C u ( N O 3 ) 2 + 2NO2 + 2 H 2 O

Nice pictures here (http://www.angelo.edu/faculty/kboudrea/dem os/copper_HNO3/Cu_HNO3.htm).

3) Sodium nitrite + iron sulfate + sulphuric acid : 2 NaNO2 + 2 FeSO4 + 3 H2SO 4

F e 2 ( S O 4 ) 3 + 2 N a H S O 4 + 2 H 2 O + 2 NO

Not sure if th at one would work very well - the NO oxidises only slowly in air, and this reaction doesn't produce any e xtra oxygen.

Any other suggestions? Also, what are the pros and cons of NO 2 a s a C W o v e r o t h e r e a s i l y - o b t a i n e d g a s s e s ?

meyer25

S e p t e m b e r 8 th, 2006, 07:10 PM

W ell, the ma in drawback of NO2/N2O4 is its characteristic pungeant odor in even very low concentrations an d the characteristic brownish color in concentrated state. It is relatively highly toxic, a bit m ore than chlo rine for exam p l e , b u t n o t a s t o x i c a s p h o s g e n e , d i p h o s g e n e o r t h e v e r y b e s t PFIB, if considering lung irritants/choking agents. It's comparable to chloropicrin rather, and is easily detected because of it b e e i n g a c o m m on air pollutan t...all air pollution measuring stations in the vincinity would go mad alerting police/firefighters. This, com bined with other properties would m ake a surprise attack likely to be failed. If you want a potent choking agent, co nsider perfluoroisobutene. It has no odor in effective concentrations, which are very lo w a n d i t p e n e t r a t e s i n s o m e e x t e n t r e g u l a r y g a s m ask filters.

simply RED

S e p t e m b e r 9 th, 2006, 06:04 AM

PFIB could also be made by pirolysis o f CF2=CF2. CCl2=CCl2 + AgF (KF, hv) (KF, crown18) = CF2=CF2 (ga s) Fluoro- chloro ethenes could be used as a wepon by itself. Like CClF=CClF. N O x a r e u s e l e s s a s C W. I've worked m any tim es with it without gas m a s k a n d f u m e h o o d a n d o n l y o n c e h a d j u s t l i g h t pneum onia. Maybe nox could be combined with CClxFy=CClxFy to get nitrate d products, even more na sty...

megalomania

S e p t e m b e r 9 th, 2006, 10:33 AM

P a s s a m m onia over a platinum catalyst at 850C, to produce NO, which is subsequently oxidised to NO2 by the oxygen in air. That temperature is way to high for a catalytic process using platinum . Optim um temperature for a good yield is in the range 4 2 0 - 4 6 0 d e g rees C. A l t h o u g h a m m onia is obviously easy to obtain, the platinum catalyst and 850C temperatu res are not so ea sy. I have platinum from a brand new catlytic converter I bought on ebay for $20. I b uilt a furnace that consistently gets 450C

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temperatures ideal for the reaction. What I can not get for love nor want of mone y is amm o n i a . A m m o n i a , a n d I d o n ' t m e a n the stuff at the grocery store, is used to m ake evil drugs, and is therefore a legislated precursor. If it is so easy to get, how do you do it? I was working on a urea-to-am m onia (U2A) system , but now I have a new catalytic process using air I am hoping to test soon.

bklff3

S e p t e m b e r 1 1th, 2006, 04:01 AM

That temperature is way to high for a catalytic process using platinum . Optim um temperature for a good yield is in the range 4 2 0 - 4 6 0 d e g rees C. At atmospheric concentrations that it correct. However, at the hig her pressures used in the industrial process, 800-940C is the temperature generally used. "At typical gauze temperatures of 800-940C, nitric oxide is thermodynam ically unstable and slowly decomposes into nitrogen a n d o x y g e n . D e c o m p o s i t i o n l o s s e s a r e m inimised by avoiding excessive catalyst contact time and rapidly cooling the gases as they exit the converter." (quote from Kirk-O thm er Encyclopedia of Chem ical Technology 4th ed, Vol 17, p 89.)

Thankyou for pointing out that platinum catalysts can be easily obtained. Howeve r the point that >25% amm onia is difficult to obtain justifies my claim that the industrial process used for creating NO 2 is not p ractical for m y pu rposes.

Thanks also Meyer25 for your input. However a pungent odour a nd coloured gas are not n ecessarily drawbacks. The production of NO 2 i s c h e a p a n d e a s y e n o ugh that it can be done on a large scale, and panic reactions would likely be the prim ary weapon, rather than the gas itself. You would ideally use shallow dishes full of nitric acid, with quite a lot of copper, in order to rapidly create the NO2. Place a few around (fo r e.g.) a shopping centre during christm as rush, particularly around the entrances and e m ergency e xits (which are usually at the end of a constricted corridor).

Dumb_Australian

S e p t e m b e r 1 1th, 2006, 10:51 AM

T o o b t a i n a m m onia it is possible to produce yo ur own using am m oinum nitrate fertilizer and sodium hydroxide, this will l i b e r a t e a m m onia which can be condensed to give liquid am m o n ia for the production of the "evil drugs" or could be passed straight into the tube furnace to produce NO2. Is there not the problem with using NO 2 or N2O 4 that it will preferentially dissolve into the atmospheric water and th e r e f o r e b e of m inimal use, unless in very large am ounts, as an effect C W ? I would think that a cylinder of chlorine would be m ore effective, as you can purch ase this relatively easily or "borrow" it from a water treatment facility in tim e o f d i r e n e e d . Thank you for listening to a newbie vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : KCN via K3(Fe(CN)6) and KOH ? simply RED

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> KCN via K3(Fe(CN)6) and KOH ? Log in

October 31st, 2006, 04:20 PM

The question is extremely simple: Is the following reaction possible and if yes, what are the optimal conditions for it? K3(Fe(CN)6) + 3KOH = 6KCN + Fe(OH)3(precipitate) I have no access to proper conditions to try it...

Cindor

October 31st, 2006, 06:44 PM

In Black Book Companion there is a way to make Potassium Cyanide and that uses Potassium Carbonate and Potassium Ferrocyanide and a furnance, maybe there is your way to go.

kurtz

November 1st, 2006, 08:06 AM

I doubt the answer is so simple. You mention precipitate so I guess you're talking about solutions. I'd think that cyanide is more prone to alkaline hydrolysis than the ferricyanide. Ferricyanide doesn't react at room temperature at a reasonable rate; I've done this - making ferrocyanide in very good yield and purity by adding H2O2 to the mixture. It seems reasonable to guess that heating in solution ferricyanide with hydroxide or carbonate would give some KCN, some ferrocyanide and cyanate by reaction of the ferricyanide and the KCN, and K formate and ammonia from hydrolysis of KCN. So I doubt that the "recipe" that you are looking for is out there, even though there are probably a couple of different ways possible to get something. Any guesses would be just that and experimentation is the only way to go.

Mortifero Hello,i found another procedure to make potassium cyanide >You'll need potassium bicarbonate to make potassium cyanide, or sodium > bicarbonate (baking soda) to make sodium cyanide. The potassium > bicarbonate is available from a wide varriety of suppliers. You'll > need urea or cyanuric acid. Urea is sold as a bulk fertilizer for very > low prices at hardwear or garden stores, but is hard to find in small > quanities. It can also be found in instant cold packs (sports) in many > drug stores (urea and water in the pack, just take out the urea > pellets ONLY). Cyanuric acid is available at pool and spa stores were > it is sold as a chlorine stablizer. Read the lable to be sure you get > the right contents. You'll need activated charcoal from a pet store. > You'll need denatured alcohol. > > > > > > > > > >

Crush charcoal with a hammer into small pieces, you only need 15 grams (a little over a tablespoon but this receipe should pobably be doubled-just use twice as much as I give here for amounts). Take 100 grams (a little less than 1/2 cup) of Potassium bicarbonate, and either 84 grams (a bit over 1/3 cup) of urea or 60 grams (a little more than 1/4 cup) of cyanuric acid. Take all these dry ingredients and grind and mix as fine as possible (use a coffee grinder). Ratios are fairly important for scaling up or down, but if you have to error, do so on the side of using a little more urea or cyanuric acid.

> > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > >

Place your powered mixture in a steel soup can or similar vessel. This will be the crucible that you heat for the fist form of cyanate, then reduce it to cyanite by the action of the powered charcoal. Place the can in a wood or charcoal fire, whereever you can most conveniently build such a thing. You can use a charcoal barbecue or just a big coffee can with holes punched in it and filled with briquettes. Heap up the coals around the can as well as can be managed. The powder will melt and bubble and will emit an unpleasant fume of ammonia (so do this away from complaining neighbors noses). Eventually you will have it melted to for a sort of soup or paste (depending on how much charcoal you added). Now the heat should be increased. The can's metal and it's contents should be heated until the metal glows orange or brighter and the contents are at least cherry red. (this can be accomplished by adding more hot coals and using a blowdryer as a bellows) Around this point the mixture should start bubbling again, not as fast as before, and after a while the bubbles will ignite when they pop, with little puffs of flame. This is the sign that things are working. As soon as you see this sign, invert an empty tuna can over the soup can of the mixture and put a rock on top of the tuna can to keep it in place, but not to seal it on the soup can (this is done to protect the hot cyanide from air as it is being formed, since it can re-oxidize into cyanate. The vessel should not be sealed because the reaction itself generates gasses that need to be vented) this should take a total of about 40 minutes at this stage (of putting the tuna can on) then 4 hours, unattended, the heat of the charcoal fire cool down (it may take a little longer to cool. The heating process takes the longest, but the higher you can get the tempertaure the faster the reaction gets done. If the can isn't glowing orange from the exterior, you'll need to watch it and keep the air stream steady to keep the heat high and constant. After the 40 minutes, the tuna can and rock placement, and the waiting for everything to burn out and cool, you take the cooled can with the harded cyanide in the bottom out of the burned out grill or coffee can, and dust it off, and take it to an opened newspaper on the ground and with a hammer, break off the bottom of the can and now fused mass of cyanide and left-over charcoal. Break the fragments into pea-sized or smaller pieces (but don't overdo it). and then add 150 mL of water in a clean glass container. Let this stand in the water for 4-12 hours, swirling or shaking the container once in awhile. After this time most of the cyanide should have disolved into the water. To separate the cyanide from the charcoal you poor it through two coffee filters in a plastic funnel. This removes all but the most fine charcoal particles. If you demand absolutely clear solution, first place a layer of about 1/2 inch of celite (aka diatomaceous earth, also available from the pool/spa supply house) in between the

October 10th, 2007, 03:37 PM

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coffee filters. The pourous earth will retain more ot the cyanide solution but it should completely eliminate the charcoal particles. Now pour the aprox. 150 ml of cyanide solution into 400ml of denatured alcohol and vigorously swirl or stir the resulting mixture. The solid cyanide salt should precipitate. Filter this mix of liquid and solid through another coffee filter, this time gently pressing excess liquid from the solid that remains behind in the filter. Spread the salt out on a stack of paper towels to air dry and store it in a m appropriately labled container. DO NOT JUST DUMP THE WASTE FROM THIS PROCESS DOWN THE TOILET!!! You would be poisioning the whole septic, or waste management company in your area. Cyanides and cyanide-containing waste can be detoxified by dumping them in an excess of household chlorine bleach. Don't dump them down the toilet until after you do this first or you WILL KNOCK OUT THE LOCAL SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT.

I tried it,but i failed my first attempt..however i obtained an hard black compound (urea,potassium bicarbonate,actived charcoal),but i failed on filtering it (lacking of equipment,bad filter paper,i see no cyanide cristal in the alcool)..although i'm not sure that this procedure is working,maybe someone with higher chemical skill than mine could examine it.

nbk2000

October 10th, 2007, 09:33 PM

Looks like a typical k3wL'ified version of Polverone's process.

megalomania

October 12th, 2007, 07:20 PM

I found this info, verbatum, as a repost from still another website here: gatago dot org/alt/suicide/27269106.html

dmitrij_medvedev

January 15th, 2008, 06:46 PM

brr... the most simple way to get KCN from K3[Fe(CN)6] (we call it yellow blood salt) is heating up to 800 c. KCN will be at the top of flux. at last you just have to pure off the liquide cyanide wherever you want. but there will be lots of dash. the other, but more dangerous way is destilation HCN: yellow salt + H2SO4 (30-40%) = (80C) = HCN + smth else :-) then use your alkali to turn HCN to KCN or better NaCN. be careful! Please use proper grammar and punctuation. - The_Duke

tmp

January 17th, 2008, 10:50 PM

The thread starter lists the ferricyanide. This probably wouldn't work because the equation doesn't balance out on the right. Iron hydroxide is Fe(OH)2, not Fe(OH)3. With the ferrocyanide there is balance as follows: K4(Fe(CN)6) + 2KOH --> 6KCN + Fe(OH)2. If this reaction would work, I'd appreciate finding out about the conditions.

dmitrij_medvedev

January 19th, 2008, 04:31 AM

tmp, this reaction wouldn't work. with amateur collection of chemical equipment - exactly. In the times when America hasn't been discovered yet, european poisoners got KCN by fusing animal waste (blood with ground in the main - they include red blood salt, K4[Fe(CN)6] ) with potash. The safest method to get cyanide - melting any of blood salts. the easiest - getting through HCN.

Alexires

January 20th, 2008, 12:50 AM

Also, for those that don't know, instead of typing KNO3 or K4(Fe(CN)6) you can use the square brackets with the word sub (subscript) in them to designate characters as subscript (ie. [ sub ] without the spaces) For example for K4(Fe(CN)6) you would write in your reply K4[/sub ](Fe(CN)[sub ]6[/sub ]) (without the spaces of course) and you will end up with something like this K[sub]4(Fe(CN)6) Just remember, if you put in a sub, you need to put an /sub to tell the computer to end the command, otherwise you will have all your writing in subscript.

megalomania

January 22nd, 2008, 11:03 PM

I hope to be adding in a pair of buttons to both the quick reply box and the advanced reply/new thread that will add subscript and superscript code in the same way the buttons work for quote, images, links, bold, italics, etc. I had the feature before, but every update wipes the changes. I have to manually code in superscript and subscript functions, and it's worse yet to have buttons appear in the reply areas. It gets tedious to code the same changes all the time with software updates and fixes available every few weeks. Now there is a hack that enables the features without hard coding anything.

meyer25

February 28th, 2008, 09:14 PM

Just for the record. Ferricyanide, or more proper, hexacyanoferrate(III), [Fe(CN)6]3- doesn't hydrolyse to cyanide (be it HCN with dilute sulfuric acid) so easily, because of 1. Fe3+-CN bonds being much more stable than those of Fe2+-CN and 2. [Fe(CN)6]3- being quite a strong oxidant in both acidic and alkaline solutions, so alot of cyanide oxidizes. Instead, ferrocyanides, hexacynoferrates(II) are preferentialy used to make cyanides. Ferricyanide can be reduced to ferrocyanide e.g. by alcalic hydrogen peroxide soln.

simply RED Okay, Is the reaction possible : K4(Fe(CN)6 + 2KOH = 6KCN + Fe(OH)2 ? And yes, K4(Fe(CN)6 + H3PO4 is preferred, to prevent oxidation of the HCN...

March 1st, 2008, 05:50 AM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter HNO3, conc.H2SO4... will oxidize the HCN

meyer25

March 2nd, 2008, 08:40 PM

Okay, Is the reaction possible : K4(Fe(CN)6 + 2KOH = 6KCN + Fe(OH)2 ?

I'd say it would, but boiling strongly alkaline (pH ~ 14) cyanide solutions results in significant hydrolysis.

simply RED

March 3rd, 2008, 07:19 PM

Okay, so, distilling crystalline K4(Fe(CN)6 + 60-80%H3PO4 remains the ideal solution for HCN synthesis?

kurtz

March 4th, 2008, 07:40 AM

Are you aware of a comparison of yields between phosphoric and sulfuric (Gattermann method) acids? I assume that everyone is aware of the covered crucible reaction K4Fe(CN)6 + K2CO3 -> 5 KCN + KCNO + Fe + CO2, the 1800's industrial process.

meyer25

March 8th, 2008, 06:08 PM

Okay, so, distilling crystalline K4(Fe(CN)6 + 60-80%H3PO4 remains the ideal solution for HCN synthesis? 50% sulfuric acid, 60 - 80°C...

dmitrij_medvedev

March 19th, 2008, 07:58 AM

50% sulfuric acid, 60 - 80°C... The distiller should be completely tight and should not contain rubber details, course HCN simply diffuses through it. you can use sealed copper tubes for example) vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and W eapons Forum > Chemistry for Am ateur Expe rimenters and C itizen Scientists C h e m istry > Huperzine .A: O T C n e r v e a g e n t ?

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View Full Version : Huperzine.A: OTC nerve agent? Nihilist

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Novem ber 6th, 2006, 08:30 AM

In m y readin gs about nootrop ic drugs, i've com e across an extremely interesting substance called Huperzine.A. It shows extrem e prom ise in the realm o f c o g n i t i v e e n h a n c e m e n t. But it works by inhibiting acetylcholineste rase. 'http://pdrhe alth.com /drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/hup_0141.shtm l' Its active dose is 50m cg. If you were to administer a milligram or so of it, I don't see why it wouldn't kill just as effectively as any of the nerve agents out there. And it's com pletely over-the-counter, it's even sold for human consum ption :). D o s i n g s o m e lab rats with a couple m g of this stuff m ight prove an interesting experim ent.

nbk2000

Novem ber 6th, 2006, 01:16 PM

Acute tests showed that Hup A will cause C hE in hibition poisoning if it is taken a a t v e r y h i g h d o s a g e b y m ouse, rat, rabbit and dog. In mice, the LD50 (ig) = 5.2 mg /kg , L D 50 (iv) 1 = O-63 w/kg, and LD50 tip) = 1. 8 mgkg whije in rats the LD50 (ig) =25.9 m g/kg, LD50 (iv) = 2.55 m g / k g , a n d L D 5 0 ( i p ) = 5 m g / k g . T h e t o xicity of HupA, however, is m uch lower than Physostigmine. In m ice via IP testing, the treatment index (LD5 0/EDso) is 23.1 for Hup A , 8.6 for Neostigm i n e , a n d 3 . 8 f o p Physostigmine. In rats via IV testing, the treatm ent index is 72.9 for HupA, 34.0 for Neostigm ine, and 7.2 for Physostigmine.

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This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and W eapons Forum C h e m istry > O TC Dim ethyl Sulfate

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View Full Version : OTC Dimethyl Sulfate nbk2000

April 8th, 2007, 12:00 AM

It is a colorless, odorless, oily fluid at STP, with non-irritating vapors that allow a lethal dose to be inhaled without warning, and with a 4 hour delay between exposure and effect, making it insidious in nature and on par with Mustard Gas (except for it's resistance to hydrolysis). Acute exposure to the vapors of DMS causes severe inflam m ation and necrosis of the eyes, m outh, and respiratory tract. Acute oral or inhalation exp osure to DMS prim arily da mages the lungs but also injures the liver, kidneys, heart, a nd central nervous system (CNS). Even at low concentrations it has a vesicant action on the skin. The LD50 is estim a t e d a t a b o u t 1 5 0 m g / M 3 . From DuPont's website (http://www.dupont.com/dm s/safety/inde x.html): Vapor Exposure Effect of Vapor on Eyes Dimethyl sulfate vapor m ay cause injury to the eyes and adjacent tissues that varies from slight irritation with tears to severe infla m m a t i o n a n d e d e m a of the eyelid s and the eyeball. Irritation of the eyes m ay not be noted until several hours after exposure to low concentrations of the vapor. After the acute effe cts have subsided in seve re cases, increased sensitivity to light, partial color blindness, and reduced visua l acuity may persist. An early sym ptom of overexposure to dimethyl sulfate vapor is a fiery red inflam m ation of the eyes (possibly accom p a n i e d b y a delayed burning sensation). If this o ccurs, first aid should be given pro mptly, and appro priate preventive action should be taken to ascertain presence of possible leaks. Because of variation in individual susceptibility and possible delayed effects, t h e s e s y m p t o m s should not be relied on in lieu of other m ethod s of m onitoring a ir concentrations of DMS. Effect of Inhaled Vapor Dimethyl sulfate vapor is extrem ely irritating to all parts of the respiratory tract. T his irritation may not be noted until several hours after e xposure. Mild exposure leads to dry, painful cough, chest pain, and irritation of the nose and throat that m a y pass in 1 or 2 days, leaving only dryness of the throat. Moderate exposu re causes redden ing and swelling of the na sal m u c o u s m e m b r a n e s a n d t h e v o c a l c o r d s . T h e l u n g s a n d t r a c h e a are affe cted; there m a y b e f o a m y, white sputum . W ith proper treatment aim ed at reducing cough, th e patient m ay recover in a few days; otherwise, more serious injury to the lungs m a y follo w. In 6 to 8 hours, severe exposures lead to great difficulty of breathing, with general m alaise and fever as well as a rapidly developing inflam m a t i o n a n d e d e m a o f t h e l u n g s . S e v e r e e x p o s u r e s m a y b e f a t a l . Effect of Vapor on Skin Skin exposure to high concentrations of the vapor m ay produce reddenin g a n d p o s s i b l e b u r n s . I n e x p o s u r e t o h i g h v a p o r concentrations, dim ethyl sulfate may penetrate the skin and pro duce system ic po isoning. Liquid Exposure Effect of Liqu id on Eyes Contact of liquid DMS with the eyes rapidly causes severe irritation of the eyes and eyelids. Unless the liquid is quickly r e m o v e d b y t h o r o u g h irrigation with wa ter, prolonged or perm a n e n t e y e d a m a g e m ay result. Effect of Liqu id on Skin Contact of liquid dim ethyl sulfate with the skin produces initial reddening and possibly itch ing, followed by severe burns that m ay extend through the skin to the underlying tissues if the liquid is not rapidly removed. These burns ma y heal slowly. In lowe r concentrations, the corrosive action on the skin is accom p a n i e d b y p r o l o n g e d a n a l g e s i a . D i m e t h y l s u l f a t e m a y b e a b s o r b e d t h r o u g h t h e s k i n , a n d a b s o r p t i o n o f l a r g e q u a ntities m ay produce pulmonary effects, circulatory collapse, convulsions, and unconsciousness. The effects of dilute solutions may not appear for several hours.

Good stuff! :) http://rapidshare.com /files/24871755/OTC_DMS.rar.htm l The usual password for the above. I n s u m mary, the process uses a Sodiu m Sulfate, Sulfuric Acid, and Methanol in a distillation process to produce DMS in a ready-to-use state. To convert concentrations in air (at 25 °C) from ppm t o m g / m 3 : m g / m 3 = (ppm) × (m olecular weight of the compound)/ (24.45)

akinrog

April 9th, 2007, 02:54 AM

O n a n o t e a b o u t D M S O 4 , i t ' s a p r o b a b l e c a r c i n o g e n a n d m ost probably effects reproductive system o f t h e o n e w h o s e x p o s e d to it. Source : http ://www.google.com /search?q=Dim ethyl%20Sulfate%20Cancer&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8 So unless you have specific equipm ent (a fum e hood), stay away from it NEWBIES. Regards.

nbk2000

April 9th, 2007, 03:53 AM

This is NOT DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide)! DM S O is us e d in m us c le pa i n tr e a tm ent for anim a l s ( a n d p e o p l e ), and as a drug carrier. DMS (Dim ethyl Sulfate/Sulpha te) was a CW used in W W 1, and a TIM in modern times, that would be very useful as a poorm a n s C W , giving it's O TC nature. Though there's nothing to prevent m ix ing the two. :)

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter And, if I remem ber correctly, DMSO is m ade from DMS, so there's everything you need.

teshilo

April 9th, 2007, 12:31 PM

Hm m . D M S c a n b e a l s o u s e d i n n i t r o m e t h a n e p r e p a r a t i o n . .

nbk2000

April 19th, 2007, 02:06 PM

It also reacts with hydrogen peroxide to form m ethyl pe roxide, a highly-explosive gas that liquifies at 13°C , which soun ds like a good candidate for an FAE fuel. The DMS precursor salt, I wonder if it would produce a useable am ount of DMS if heated at atm ospheric pressure, or if it has to have vacuum to release DMS. If the solid salt would generate at least som e DMS, than that'd be useable for long tim e storage, prior to generating the DMS on target using a therm al generator.

Chris The Great

May 10th, 2007, 12:38 AM

D M S d e c o m p oses at it's boiling point, so the vacuum is necessary to distill it. I don't think the salt would product m uch DMS if sim ply heate d, since it probably exists in equilibrium to make our lives com plicated, so I doubt using it as you describe would work. Methyl sulfuric acid itself exists mostly as DMS and sulfuric at 140°C, of course it will just cool down ra pidly and change back if it's sprayed around for exam ple... Possibly it could cause som e buildup of fumes but it would really be a fairly halfassed weapo n imho compared what else one could do. The procedure could use a bit (A LOT) of work... it DOES work however, but I think it could work far better. Patented processes u s i n g e s s e n t i a l l y t h e s a m e g e neral procedure generally get 80% yield for exam ple. So I'm working on an im proved procedure, and will post my results (success or dismal failure) when they are ready.

nbk2000

June 29th, 2007, 08:55 AM

I found this quote fro m a c y a n a t e m anufacturers website: W h e n h e a t e d i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f d i a l k y l s u l f a t e a n d a n h y d r o u s s o d i u m carbonate it forms the corresponding alkyl iso-cyanate ( RNCO ) 'Alkyl' is chem -speak for 'alcohol', such as m ethyl or ethyl. In this case, by using methyl in the above quote, we get dimethyl sulfate and methyl isocyanate AKA 'Bophal Fum igant'. From U S P a t e n t 4 2 0 6 1 3 6 : ...there were used 93 grams (1.4 mols) of sodium cyanate (98% pure), 49 gram s (0.4 m o l ) o f p o t a s s i u m c y a n a t e ( 9 9 % p u r e ) , 20 gram s (0.4 m ol) of calcium oxide, 9 gram s (0.08 m ol) of sodium c a r b o n a t e a n d 4 g r a m s (0.04 m ol) of calcium chloride and the 189 gram s of dim ethyl sulfate were dropped in during the course of 110 minutes. The yield of methyl isocyanate was 99 grams, corresponding to 87% based on the alk ali cyanate added. All ingredients are O TC. :)

megalomania

June 29th, 2007, 06:30 PM

'Alkyl' is chem -speak for 'alcohol', Your definition is correct, but I think you m e a n t t o s a y a l k a n e , a s in straight chain, rather than alcohol.

nbk2000

June 29th, 2007, 09:02 PM

Yo, Iz trying to keep it streat nigga, fo ' real! and you come arou nd with dis schzool lrning!!!!! In other words, I know that, but I'm trying to avoid complicating the issue of alkyl/alkane for n00b's, thoug h I s u p p o s e t h e y n e e d t o l e a r n s o m etim e. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter T he E x p l o s ives and Weapons Forum

> C hemistry for A mateur E xperimenters and C itizen Sc ientists

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> C aps aic in E xtrac tio Log

View Full Version : Capsaicin Extraction evilgecko

A pril 2 5 th, 2 0 0 7 , 0 7 : 4 6

C aps iac in is the ac tive c hemic al in c hillis and is a irritant for humans and mos t mammals . Its formula is C 1 8 H 2 7 N O 3 and in its pure form is a white c rys talline s olid.

T o give a c omparis on between the strength of pure c aps iac in and commen items, tabas c o s a u c e has a piquancy (hotnes s rating using the s c oville sc ale around 8 .0 0 0. P ure c aps iac in has a piquanc y of 1 5 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 .

It has potential for a agent to c lear buildings , but als o as a medic ine. A pre 2 1 st c entury application was to help tooth ac hes by rubbing some capsiacin on the s ore tooth. I have read from one s ourc e that caps iacin powder can be s moked to produc e a euthoric feeling. Not to s ure on this one, as normally people to handle it have to us e it in tox-rooms and wear as pirators /suits.

I'm trying to extract it from chillis . C a p s i a c i n i s s oluble in oils , non- polar s olvents such as diethyl ether, and polar s olvent suc h as alcohol and ac etone is s paringly soluble in water. Y esterday I s perated the s kins and the s eeds of about 7 5 0 g of chillis and s ubmerged both into as little 9 5 % ethanol as I c ould. A fter about 1 0 minutes the liquid was and amber c olour, and today the liquid is orangy/red. I think I might leave it for a week (oc c as ionaly shakin before filtering it and letting mos t of the alcohol evaporate. T he resulting liquid should be oily and very hot. I'll try burn some and s ee what effec t is has . not s ure if heat des troys the c a p s i a c in compound.

fest ergrump

A pril 2 5 th, 2 0 0 7 , 0 8 : 2 7

Interes ting thread. I plan to grow s ome habeñero peppers this s ummer (along with my other c rops ) for s ome tes ting and bas i c food flavouring... T he s eeds are what I was told by a friend are the hottes t part of a pepper and contain the most c aps iac in, and eating some of his homegrown habeñero pepper's s e e d s alone sort of proved that to me a few years ago.

For thos e who don't feel like going through the has sle of growing your own to experiment with, he also showed me a brand of hot sauce bought loc ally c a l " S p o n t a n e o u s C ombus tion" which should be potent enough for any expedient needs of experimentation. I put a drop of this Spontaneous C ombus tion s a on a c hicken thigh he had just grilled, s pread it about as best I c ould with my fingertip, and c ompletely ruined the c hic ken portion as it was c ompletely inedible by a mere mortal s uc h as mys elf (without, of course, working yourself up to it at a very s low pac e. Read: months of hotter and hotter peppers, w I finally did). I was told this s auce rated a c ool 5 0 on s uch a s cale you mentioned... Now imagine that in your lungs and eyes !

Burning it will have s ome effec t if the s moke gets to you, but it's not as profound as having it s prayed as a liquid directly into the fac e. I s hould think tha the orange- red liquid you have s hould suffic e or if left to evaporate the alc ohol out of it and are left with a pas te, it could even be diluted with water and w well if s imply applied with a s quirt bottle or adminis tered by pres urized container (reloadable aeros ol-type c an from Harbour Freight?).

P .S. I 'd be willing to bet that ins tead of diluting it with water, hors eradish juice would add a wonderful effect as well. A fter all, is n't that the stuff they mak that green paste they often s erve with s us hi s o potent? I 'm at a los s this minute what that s hit is called, but I onc e had my sinus cavity c ompletely dra on my plate in a res teraunt before with a moderate overdose (in one bite!) of the stuff. M O S T embarrass i n g !

evilgecko

A pril 2 5 th, 2 0 0 7 , 1 0 : 1 3

Was abi is the name of the s ushi dip. I t has a different effec t than chillis , more of a nas al thing than the c hilli mouth burn. O k now I 'm on the s earc h for s hors eradish, that sounds like a great c ombo that will make you fold over.

I have tas ted the red liquid and all mighty it is hot. It would certainly burn if in c ontac t with eyes . But I am looking for a more pas sive way of doing thing Something that would travel through the air and make the room unlivable. I think for that effect I need to produce a s tronger s olution. T he ultimate would be to produc e ac t u a l c a p s i a c i n c r y s t a l s . But I think just by evaporating the alcohol you are left with an oil, bec aus e of the other c ompounds the alcohol dis s olves . Maybe a les s polar solvent is needed.

Alexires

A pril 2 5 th, 2 0 0 7 , 1 1 : 4 5

F e s tergrump - A head of you there my friend. C urrently there are about 1 5 - 2 0 habeñero s itting on my bus h, aching to inflame my stomac h and various o s phinc ters.

I have had moderate suc c e s s in using ac etone to extrac t c a p s a i c in but as evilgec ko jus t snuck in there, it does leave a kind of oily grease at the bottom the evaporation c ontainer. E vilgec ko, if you are looking for s omething to c lear a room, get a frying pan and heat s ome oil up in it. T hrow a few sliced up chili in it and get ready for irritation. I think that you might have s ome s u c c e s s with a fairly c old (relatively anyway) burning smoke mix that utilized motor oil or olive oil impregnated with c a p s a i c in. T here are a few mention on other smoke treads about making it volatile enough to c ome ac ros s in the s moke.

I might have a bit of a s e s s ion when I get home tonight. I'll pick my chili and s ave a few for eating purpos es , the res t s hall be c ondemned to acetone/oil s omething and turned into a s moke mixture. I'll get bac k to you all with the res ults.

F e s tergrump, Habeñero peppers have a rating of 1 0 0,0 0 0 - 3 0 0 ,0 0 0 on the s c o v i l l e s c ale. I ordered some c hili the other day that (reputably) have a ra of 1 ,0 4 0 ,0 0 0 s coville units . O uch...... See the wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoville) entry about it. I know that I have s ome documents s omewhere regarding what techniques are us ed to extract c aps aic in. For other forum members interes t, the Naga Jolokia c hili has a rating of 1 .04 million SHU (s coville heat units ) and polic e grade capsic um spray has a rating of 2 - 5 m i l l i o n S H U .

Hmmmm, a c ause for thought thinks me.

nbk2000

A pril 2 6 th, 2 0 0 7 , 0 1 : 1 0

If you are us ing a volatile s olvent for your extrac tion, jus t spray it into the target area and let the solvent do the job of dis pers ing the oil into the air as i evaporates. :) What about ball-milling the peppers with s ome s olvent? M e c h a n i c al grinding and mixing in s olvent has to be more effic ient than mere sitting. U s e nons parking media if the s olvent is flammable, of course.

Alexires

A pril 2 6 th, 2 0 0 7 , 0 6 : 4 4

Speaking of inflaming.....

A s I'm typing this, I have a bowl of water and ice cubes sitting next to me that I need to dip my left hand in every c ouple of minutes to s top the pain. Wh c utting c hili, remember to wear gloves. Y ou might think it doesn't matter but it really does . If they are only 3 0 0 ,00 0 S H U , I'd hate to so pig pepper (pol s pray).

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This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter I c ut up enough habeñeros to fill a fair s ized jar and they are awaiting the addition of ac etone.

I'm planning on filling the jar with ac etone, leaving it for a week, pouring off the ac etone and repeating another 2 times . Hopefully this will remove most o the c aps aic in without being too was teful on solvent.

ult ma

A pril 2 6 th, 2 0 0 7 , 0 6 : 5 5

If you eventualy what to try and get pure is olated product maybe you could try us ing its low s olubility in water to your advantage? T ry s omething like this: Dry the material (seeds or c hilies) grind and extrac t with water. Dis card water, dry left over s olids then perform a non polar (pet ether 4 0 - 6 0 C would be good) s oxhlet extrac tion take the nonpolar s olvent wash in a s eparator funnel with water 3 times . E vaporate nonpolar s olvent and rec r y s t i l s e in s olvent of c hoic e. O r s omething along those lines depending of s aid s olubility of product and solvent choic e.

If you really wanted to purify even more try running the extacted was hed produc t through a c olumn of your choic e with inc reas ing eluting ratio of non-po and polar s olvent, in your c hoice of s tationary phas e.

Alexires

A pril 2 6 th, 2 0 0 7 , 1 0 : 5 9

U ltma - I don't really know you that well, and I 'm not overly familiar with your pos ts, s o forgive me if I 'm talking out of my ass . P ersonally, I don't see how water (a polar solvent) is going to diss olve C aps aic in (non-polar). I'm extrac ting it with ac etone at the moment (whic h it is going to be doing for the next week). I'll repeat that twice, then evaporate off the ac etone to leave me with a crude extrac tion. I'll tes t that a bit (I'm hoping that it will diss olve in glycerine and poss ibly be us ed in s moke c ompos itions). I'll either s tore it (fridge in ac etone) or us e as it. If I store it, I'll attempt a low pres sure distillation of the volatiles in it (when I have the gear, which will be a while).

I know that s ome form of c aps aic in boils off at over 10 0 * C (found out by frying c hili). I 'd ass ume that that oil was about 2 0 0 * C , so I'll try for there. Low pres s ure bec ause I don't want it to dec ompos e as I 'm trying to extrac t it. I've got s ome time to res earc h the extraction before I attempt it in about 3 weeks. Get bac k to you then, fiat acc ompli.

zeppelin69

A pril 2 6 th, 2 0 0 7 , 1 1 : 4 5

U ltma - I don't really know you that well, and I 'm not overly familiar with your pos ts, s o forgive me if I 'm talking out of my ass . P ersonally, I don't see how water (a polar solvent) is going to diss olve C aps aic in (non-polar). T he point of us ing water, is to get rid of anything that is polar before you try to extrac t it with ac etone. T his way anything that diss olves in both is taken the begining.

Alexires

A pril 2 7 th, 2 0 0 7 , 0 7 : 5 2

A hhh, I see now. O oooh, there is actually something c alled a soxhlet. I know barely anything about extrac tion and I thought it was a typo. Damn. Ignore my previous pos t as an extension of U T F S E (as in, I s hould have) Sorry all.

asilentbob

A pril 2 7 th, 2 0 0 7 , 0 5 : 1 9

I'm ac tually growing s ome habaneros mys elf, in addition to s ome hot banannas, s weet banannas , anahiems, and some cayennes . I planted s ome zimbab bird's eyes , tepins , and s ome other s eeds a month ago, but they havn't c ame up. T he s eed pods the s eeds were from looked like they were dried without e x c es s ive heat, s o they s hould be viable. I'll have to try them again in a while.

I have had a few habaneros seeping in alcohol for a month or s o now. I need to really get on that, i have been meaning to start another batch seeping for while now. A nyone thinking of DM SO ?

Hirudinea

A pril 2 7 th, 2 0 0 7 , 0 8 : 2 4

J u s t a thought on this, but it seems to me that the s imples t way to extrac t the oil would be to grind up chillies with a little vodka in a blender, drain the ju out of the res ulting good, and boil it in a double boiler (which won't let the temperature go above @ 1 0 0 C ) until you drive off all the water from the oil. A n it dos n't work add the oil to c hili. :)

asilentbob

A pril 2 8 th, 2 0 0 7 , 0 5 : 3 7

U s ing a Soxhlet extrac tor would be very efficient. Similar c ontinuous extrac tors c an be improvised. A c etone would be a pretty good solvent. I f food grad ethanol was us ed it would be relatively cleaner. M ore c ons umption s afe. Y ou might be able to get crys tals through sublimation, though it would be pretty ins ane to even try. Swany at A P C has done s ome work on this: http://www.apc forum.net/forums /index.php? showtopic=2 6 2 (pics on page 2 ,3 ) T here is als o a thread at Scienc e m a d n e s s : https ://s c i e n c e m a d n e s s .org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=5 3 2 9 (For c ompletenes s)

mr.pyro

A pril 2 8 th, 2 0 0 7 , 0 7 : 0 5

I have done this extraction. I t is very s imple. U s e 1 lb c hopped and dried habeneros , mix with 5 0 0 mls of denatured alcohol and let s ettle in s ealed jar for one day. The orange solution is boiled off an blac k oily substance is left that is painful to even s mell. I let it boil too long the firs t time I did it, and was greeted with a white vapor that c aus ed throat pain, c hoking, c oughing and running for the gas mas k. I not bother weighing it bec aus e more handling is not worth it. With conc entration by s ublimation, it s hould be white and crystalline. Dilute blac k s tuff with more alc ohol and have fun with dipped toothpicks, etc...

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0 7 , 0 6:55 P M

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This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter FullMetalJacket

A pril 2 8 th, 2 0 0 7 , 1 1 : 3 6

C ould you c rash the prec ipitate in, s ay, 1 * C ic e water?

Alexires

A pril 2 9 th, 2 0 0 7 , 0 6 : 0 2

I think the problem that we face after getting the raw produc t from the solvent is how to s eparate the different forms of caps aic in. T here is C aps aic in and Dihydrocaps aisin - This is the stuff we want. N o r d i h y d r o c apsaicin, Homodihydroc aps aic in, homoc aps aic in - only rates about 8 - 1 0 million on the sc oville s cale (boo hoo, have a c ry *grin*). No idea why you would want to remove the sec ond group, unles s its jus t for the wank fac tor. T he effort involved would far outweigh the benefits. Brains torming on a s uitable s olvent to us e as a poss ible chili s pray? T here is acetone, eth/methanol, and any other non-polar(is h) s olvent.

Soon, I 'm going to run a test as to its s olubility in glycerol (glyc erine). If it is soluble, it would have c ertain applic ation as an irritant in smoke mixtures. From past experiments, smoke compos itions s uch as K N O 3 s u g a r d e c o m p o s e s the C aps aic in (I expected as muc h). * grin* Imagine, you've installed a nozzle in your exaust (c ar/motorbike) linked to a pump that pumped C aps aic in laden oil/glycerine into the exhaus t. P iggies pull you over, jus t before you stop, you s tart the pump as if you're c ar had a problem. E s cape under the c over of the s moke/irritants you've put into the air.

powium

A pril 3 0 th, 2 0 0 7 , 1 1 : 3 2

I've also been interes ted in extrac ting pure c aps aic in, s inc e I visited a loc al restaurant where I was dis c u s sing hot s auc es with the owner. He brought o an imported sauce called 'endorphin rus h', and even though I had no more than a drop on the end of a toothpick, the effec t was notic eable on the way in out :- ). Y ou c an buy it, and heaps of other hot sauces on the following s ite: http://www.firegirl.com/1 3 3 1 - 0 2 .html

T he link is to a produc t c alled 'the source', which is apparently 7 .1 m s coville units. Interes ting, considering that normal pepper spray is about 2- 3 m (ht /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sc oville).

U nfortunately its $9 5 , but there are heaps of other good hot sauc es there if you actually like hot food or want a c ool sauc e to s how up your friends when they think they're Mr Hardc ore for being able to eat a few c hillies.

T he webs ite has several produc ts which seem to c ontain s ynthetic c a p s a i c i n a s well, I 'm not s ure how they s y n t h e s i s e it. Looks like you c an buy the pu s tuff, but its pretty expens ive, U S$ 1 0 0 /g at this plac e, and you'd prob need a lic ense. http://www.s c i e n c elab.com/page/S/P V A R/1 0 4 1 0 /SLC 5 2 1 2

evilgecko

M a y 3 rd, 2 0 0 7 , 0 9 :0 6

Soon, I 'm going to run a test as to its s olubility in glycerol (glyc erine). If it is soluble, it would have c ertain applic ation as an irritant in smoke mixtures. From past experiments, smoke compos itions s uch as K N O 3 s u g a r d e c o m p o s e s the C aps aic in (I expected as muc h).

T he glyc erine idea sounds like a good plan, but how do you mix the glycerine with the KNO 3 ? Do you us e the glyc erinc e as the replac ement for the suga Maybe mix the glycerine with a little potass ium permangante and the mixture would be s elf igniting.

I've s oaked about 2 0 0 g of dried s hort c hillis (s orry I don't know the c orrec t name) in as little of 9 5 % ethanol as I c an for a week. I then filtered of the s olution and have left it on a plate to evaporate. E very day the liquid level drops quite s ubs tantially and oily depos its have started to form on the surfac T he C hilli A nd E thanol M ix http://i5 .photobuc ket.com/albums/y1 7 1 /evilgec ko_nz/BottleFullO fC hilliA ndE thanolWebV ers .jpg T he O ily Substance Starting T o Form A s E thanol E v a p o r a t e s http://i5 .photobuc ket.com/albums/y1 7 1 /evilgec ko_nz/C aps iac inO i l P recipitatingWebV ers ion.jpg

Alexires

M a y 4 th, 2 0 0 7 , 0 8 :5 2

A hhh, I mus tn't have made that clear then. If the c aps aic in does diss olve in glycerine, then it c an be s prayed into the hot exhaus t of a vehic le, caus ing an irritating s moke s creen. T here is a way to have it (glyc erine/oil/etc.) work with KNO 3 kinds of smoke mixtures, but until I get it working properly, I'm going to keep it to mys elf.

Chris The Great

M a y 8 th, 2 0 0 7 , 1 0 :1 9

Why not try motor oil as well as glyc erin? I t would c ause the s ame effec t and c h a n c e s are that capsaicin is more s oluble in motor oil than glycerin (nonpolar vs polar).

sbovisjb1

M a y 1 3 th, 2 0 0 7 , 1 1 :3 4

A t a c hili research ins titute, the profess or explained that the base of the c hili is the s pic ies t. If you dice the habaneros pepper and place it in an atomize (turns it into gas), you can then plac e it in a canister under pres s ure. For this I s ugges t going to a sc uba or paint ball s hop. I haven't done this , but it is idea.

lock

M a y 1 8 th, 2 0 0 7 , 0 6 :0 0

C ould you extrac t using 9 9 % Is opropyl A lc ohol? I 'm weary to us e denatured alc ohol becaus e I'm planning on usning this in s ome food for human c onsumption, don't want to pois ion anyone....:(

Alexires

M a y 1 8 th, 2 0 0 7 , 0 8 :4 5

* whis tle* I just looked at the spec s . for denatured alc ohol. Fuck us ing that for anything related to food (A viation G as oline anyone? ). I'd go the Is opropyl A lcohol if I were you. O therwis e, I f you have a dis tillation kit and s ome time, brew up a 2 5 L batch with s ome yeas t, and after dis tillation, this will give you about 4 L of 7 8 % ethanol.

lock Maybe I'll just bite the bullet and buy s ome 1 9 0 proof at the liquor s tore. I have a bottle of 9 9 % is opropyl, but I don't what else might be in it (nothings listed...) What do you think, would there be anything els e in it?

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zeppelin69

M a y 1 9 th, 2 0 0 7 , 1 1 :2 0

T he 9 9 % most likely only contains water as the extra 1 % . I s till wouldnt use it though, is opropyl ac lohol is c onverted into ac etone by the liver.

PAC

M a y 1 9 th, 2 0 0 7 , 1 2 :1 6

isopropyl ac lohol is c onverted into ac etone by the liver. E xtrac ting it with isopropyl alcohol means in no way drinking the s tuff....:confus ed: But I agree, the one perc ent should only be water.

zeppelin69

M a y 1 9 th, 2 0 0 7 , 0 1 :2 6

Not to s tart an argument or anything here, but can't the same be said for the denatured alcohol? If you aren't c onc erned about us ing the isopropyl bec aus e you will evaporate it off, then why is there s uc h a great conc ern about the denatured? I m e a n I don t know ab out y ou, but to me, ha ving ac e tone in my b ody is ju st as bad or wo rs e tha n av i a t i o n ga s.

Now before I pos t this , I am pretty c onfident that s omeone here will make a c omplete fool of me for what I jus t s aid, but I 'm okay with that, if I am wrong please enlighten me oh great ones.

Alexires

M a y 1 9 th, 2 0 0 7 , 1 1 :5 0

Well, s ee, I think the deal with it is this . 9 9 % Is opropyl is jus t that. No one is going to drink it (unles s you're a nigger), so there shouldn't be any nas tie it. O n the other hand, fuc k knows what in denatured alcohol. Who knows what is going to evaporate off and what is n't?

P ersonally, if you are going to use it for human c ons umption, us e the I sopropyl and make sure you heat it gently when you are evaporating it off. Y ou wo be eating a lot of it (it will be damn hot) and even if you do, there will only be minus c ule amounts left, if any.

Bugger

M a y 2 0 th, 2 0 0 7 , 0 2 :2 7

Has anyone here drunk isopropyl alcohol? I f s o, what were its efects ?

Alexires

M a y 2 0 th, 2 0 0 7 , 0 7 :4 1

Bugger - From our mate, Wikipedia * s igh* .

I s opropyl A lcohol I s opropyl alc ohol is oxidized by the liver into ac etone. Symptoms of is opropyl alc ohol pois oning inc lude flushing, headache, dizziness , C NS depres sion, nausea, vomiting, anesthes ia, and coma. U s e in well- ventilated areas and use protec tive gloves while us ing. P ois oning can oc cur from inges tion, inhala or absorption.

I s opropyl alc ohol is about twice as toxic as ethanol. I sopropyl alc ohol does not c aus e an anion gap ac idos is (like ethanol or methanol). I t produc es an elevated os molal gap, but generally no abnormal anion gap (though this may be seen as a res ult of hypotens ion and lactic ac idos is ). O v e r d o s e s may c a a fruity, acetone-like odor on the breath.

A c etone A c etone is an irritant and inhalation may lead to hepatotoxic effec ts (causing liver damage). T he fumes s hould be avoided. A lways us e goggles when handling acetone; it can c aus e permanent eye damage (corneal c louding).

Small amounts of acetone are metabolically produc ed in the body, mainly from fat. I n humans , fasting s ignific antly inc reas es its endogenous production (s e e k e t o s i s ). A cetone can be elevated in diabetes . C ontamination of water, food (e.g. milk), or the air (acetone is volatile) can lead to c hronic exposure acetone. A number of ac ute pois oning cas es have been desc ribed. Relatively speaking, ac etone is not a very toxic c ompound; it can, however, damage muc os a of the mouth and can irritate and damage s kin. A c cidental intake of large amounts of acetone may lead to unc ons c i o u s n e s s and death.

Now, s omeone is going to ask why not jus t use ac etone in the firs t plac e? - A nti rus t agents that they put in it (someone said that, and I would be inc lin to agree). I t ' s like H ansel and G retel - Follow the bread c rumbs.

Bugger

M a y 2 1 s t, 2 0 0 7 , 0 1 :2 8

A nd instead of drinking ethanol, why not simply drink acetaldehyde ins t e a d ? I t does not attract any exc ise tax. (It is further metabolized to ac etic ac id, unlike isopropanol which cannot be eas ily oxidized beyond ac etone, a ketone, to a c arboxylic acid).

Alexires

July 1 0 th, 2 0 0 7 , 01 :4 3

While I know this thread is a little old (about 2 months ) I found this on my c omputer. I c an't remember if I got it from the forum (a link) or if I found it via s earc hing, but here is s omething for everyone interes ted in c aps aic in. Name says it all; it's a s hort desc ription by a couple of Korean c hemis ts on the synthesis of a biois o e s ter of caps aic in.

From what I can glean from the "technobabble", c a p s a i c in affects dopamine rec eptors , and hence, this bioisoes ter of c a p s a i c i n h a s been altered to mak more effec tive. T his conc lusion that the alteration makes it more effec tive stems from res earc h into the effec tivenes s of 1 - h y d r o x y - 2 -pyridone on dopamine.

Hopefully someone will be able to try this , and from reading what they need, it will be s omeone who lives in a c ountry where you can s till own mos t of the prec ursors for the fatalities of the "War of Drugs " Without further proc rastination -

megalomania

July 1 1 th, 2 0 0 7 , 01 :4 0

Y ou would definitely need a well s tocked lab to perform this s y n t h e s i s . I am c onc erned the yield vs . the rather high c os t of performing this s y n t h e s i s wo not be justified unless the effect of this c aps aic in derivative is considerable. T his c ompound might be a little s tronger c ompared to naturally derived c a p s a i c in, but is it worth it? P lus, is this c ompound ac tually s afe for topic al application without blinding or disfiguring s omeone?

I would have thought c ompound 9, 4 - a m i n o m e t h y l - 2 - m e t h o x y p y r i d i n e - N - oxide, may actually be commercially available, but I didn't find it. Starting from here would make things a lot easier.

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T his reac tion sc heme would have to be c ons iderably optimized and improved to make it cheaper before N - h y d r o x y - 2 - o x o p y r i d y l - 8 -methyl- 6 -trans nonenamide (the name of the capsaicin derivative) c ould be used. I f this s tuff is 1 0 ,0 0 0 times more powerful than natural c aps aic in then I would say go it. I c hec ked s ome of the princ iple authors other works to s ee if there was a follow up artic le. This journal was published 8 years ago after all. I was unable find anything more about this c ompound.

Alexires

July 1 1 th, 2 0 0 7 , 03 :5 9

Have a look at this (http://appft1 .us pto.gov/netacgi/nph-P a r s e r ? S e c t 1 =P T O 1 & S e c t 2 = H I T O F F & d = P G 0 1&p=1 &u=% 2 F n e t a h t m l % 2 F P T O % 2 Fsrchnum.html&r=1 &f=G&l=5 0 & s 1 =% 2 2 2 0 0 5 0 0 8 5 6 5 2 % 2 2 .P G N R . & O S = 2 0 0 5 0 0 8 5 6 5 2 &RS=D N / 2 0 0 5 0 0 8 5 6 5 2 ) Mega and tell me what you think. Seems to s tart from a relatively bas ic precurs or (3 -methyl-butyne). I c an't f the patent number for it though..... A b s t r a c t: P reparation and purific ation of s ynthetic c a p s a i c in T he pres ent invention provides methods for synthesizing the trans is omer of capsaicin and/or c aps aic in-like c ompounds by utilizing a process wherein trans geometry is set from the beginning of the s ynthes is reac tion and carried through the entire synthes is proc es s .

PAC

July 1 1 th, 2 0 0 7 , 09 :4 2

Y our link don´t work. T he patent number is U S 2 0 0 5 /0 0 8 5 6 5 2 A 1 . I have uploaded it here (http://rapids hare.com/files/4 2 2 9 7 5 8 0 /U S 0 2 0 0 5 0 0 8 5 6 5 2 A 1 .rar.html)

panzerkampf wagen

July 1 3 th, 2 0 0 7 , 11 :5 1

I would think that us ing peppers would be one of the least effic ient ways to extrac t caps aicin. M any medicines c ontain capsaicin as an ac tive ingredient would s tand to reason that caps aic in c ould be extracted from s aid medic ations via HC l without damaging the c aps aic in. It would not be anywhere near a protrac ted as many of the pepper-bas ed extrac tions mentioned earlier, and you wouldn't even have to worry about removing exc es s H C l. T hat c ould c le room all by itself. M y only c onc ern is that such medic ation might not be over- the-c ounter or really experns ive.

DarknessCloses

July 1 5 th, 2 0 0 7 , 04 :2 6

O k, well I have been thinking about this quiet a bit. I tried this method http://www.toms trong.org/recipes /c apsaicin.html and it worked to an extent. A nyways I was thinking of pos s ibly making some kind of damaging gas with it. I've heard of people us ing cayenne powder, mixing with olive oil, and hea it. A fter heating it, add c old water, the res ulting s moke/vapor is like tear gas .

P ersonally I haven't been s tupid enough to try that. So how about an improvis ed weapon with c a p s a i c i n s u s pended in the olive oil ? O f c ours e this is all a s s uming it's s oluble in olive oil. So I would think s ome kind of 2 layer des ign, the bottom layer c ontaining s omething that burns really hot (I don't know many inc endiaries). T he top c hamber would have a caps aicin/oil mix on top of a thin metal plate (thicknes s depending on the heating s ourc e). T he heating source would go off, c ook the oil s olution,and the fumes from that would probably be like being mac ed in the eye exc ept all over your body, and by a gas . Feel free to flame me, I think it's a feas ible idea with s ome work. E dit: I 'm not the s martes t pers on at 3am.

ult ma

July 1 5 th, 2 0 0 7 , 08 :2 7

O f c ours e this is all as suming it's not s oluble in olive oil..i doubt it is because it's not s oluble in water. Do you mean s oluble in olive oil? If s omething was not s oluble in water I would think it would be more likely to be soluble in oil.

Alexires

July 1 5 th, 2 0 0 7 , 11 :2 4

I think I made a post about this somewhere....

I was making a s tew and dec ided to fry s ome fresh, sliced habaneros in olive oil. T o c ut a long s tory s hort, the c a p s a i c in in the c hili's bec ame air born, a then it made its way around the room, invading my eyes and lungs . T ook about 1 5 - 2 0 minutes for the hacking and wheezing to fade after I left the room. I ran a tes t to s ee if I could vaporis e c hili/c aps aic in using just your us u a l K N O 3 /Sugar s moke mix. T he results were as I expec ted: T he heat destroyed the c aps aic in (it is organic after all)

My idea to prevent this from happening was basic ally this. Y ou have a metal tube, with a metal sheet bisec ting it in the middle (s o if the tube is vertic al, s heet is horizontal). A small hole (or series of holes ) are drilled in the s heet to allow the s moke to esc ape. In the bottom c hamber, pack in s ome of your preferred s moke mix. P ers onally, I ' d u s e K N O 3 /Sugar with s ome bicarb to s low it right down. T hen in the upper c hamber, you have your c aps aic in (that you've extrac ted using ethanol). T he main problem is here that as s oon as the tube starts to warm up (or its jus t a hot day), it will melt and if there is any s erious amount in there, it will flow onto the bottom c hamber, or out of the s moke devic e.

So thus, I propose this . T he extrac ted c aps aic in is mixed with c andle wax then pac ked into the upper c hamber, with a big hole through the middle (of the wax). T his is to allow the s moke from the bottom c hamber to pas s by the caps aicin/wax mixture thus vaporis ing it without des troying it, and then pas s o of the c hamber. If done c orrec tly, the s moke leaving the devic e would be cool enough that it does n't auto- ignite and should be cool enough that it does n des troy the c aps aic in as it pas s e s by. T his devic e should produce c louds of white smoke that would be fairly unbearable to inhale.

209

July 2 7 th, 2 0 0 7 , 08 :5 9

T hat s ounds like a good idea A lexires ! I am going to tes t that out and take some pic s . anyone know what this s ubs tanc e does when injec ted into the bo

Unsunghero

July 2 7 th, 2 0 0 7 , 10 :0 2

Well, I don't have a digital c amera, however I tes ted this. Ins tead of us ing the vertic al c hambers i tried a s mall one ins ide a large one. I had to improvis I used 2 c oke c ans . T he larger on on the outs ide contained the c a p s a i c in/oil mixture, while the one on the ins ide contained ac etone, keros ene, and napalm (I did 3 trials). A nother variable I tried was us ing vegetable oil, only olive oil worked. T rial one (Napalm): T he napalm didn't work, kind of expec ted that one. It was a weird c onfig for it.

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T rial two (Kerosene): T he keros ene s eemed to work and after about a minute and a half steam s tarted coming out like oil on a skillet. I didn't inhale it..however I stuc k the tip of my finger in it for around 1 5 s ec onds. I actually felt a little "buzz" on my finger but nothing painful. If inhaled i think it would pretty painful, I 'm debating on whether to us e an animal for testing. I know s ticking my finger in it was inc redibly reckles s and s tupid, but I 'll take some pain in the name of progres sion.

T rial three (A c etone): T he ac etone worked muc h the s ame as the kerosene, albeit a little bit better. Nothing bad jus t a little bit more of a "buzz". I really don't know how to des cribe the s ens ation. E ventually I 'm going to try the vertic al c hamber configuration, but only after I try working KN0 3 /Saltpeter smoke bomb material into it, if anyone has s ugges tions pleas e tell me. I used ac etone to extract the c aps aic in from habenero peppers . A word of warning us e gloves when handling caps aicin, even small amounts give away s ome pretty angry fumes (a few grams ). vBulletin® v3 .7 .2 , C opyright ©2 0 0 0 - 2 0 0 8 , J els oft E nterpris es Ltd.

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This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and Weapons Forum

> Chemistry for Amateur Experimenters and Citizen Scientists

> Battlefield Chemistry

> Fentanyl Synthesis Log in

View Full Version : Fentanyl Synthesis ChemFox222

May 5th, 2007, 07:41 PM

Has anyone tried the fentanyl synthesis posted on page 3? along with the post on page 3, it can be found at the following link rhodium. check out www.rhodium.ws/chemistry , scroll to the section on fentanyl. Just curious. -I'm a chemist, not a cop.

nbk2000

May 5th, 2007, 08:55 PM

How about providing a direct link to whatever it is you are referring to by 'Page 3'. I can guess, but we're not about guessing here. And cop or not, it's bad manners (and stupid) to ask people 'Hey, has anyone here committed a federal felony with a life sentence by synthesizing a schedule 1 narcotic?'. :rolleyes:

ChemFox222

May 8th, 2007, 12:56 PM

http://www.roguesci.org/theforum/showthread.php?t=3950 The DEA just enacted a law regulating the sale of the precursor (NPP) to cut down on illegal manufacturing of fentanyl. However, you can still synthesize the NPP from chemicals that are still available without regulation. But there are a few details missing from the synthesis posted in the thread.

controlphreak

June 25th, 2007, 03:00 PM

While there are a few instructions that are missing from the synthesis from Rhodium's site, which is found here on the erowid mirror : hxxp://www.erowid.org/archive/ rhodium/chemistry/fentanyl.html There is a very over all general preparation for making fentanyl. Coupled with some patents, I can't link, because I have to go through my archives. But the first precursor (NPP) Can be synthesized from Piperdine which can be extracted from Pepper, which is outlined again in Rhodium's archive here : hxxp:// www.erowid.org/archive/rhodium/chemistry/3base/piperonal.pepper/index.html If you ask me, it's feasible to be done at home, just not something recommended lightly, as I'm sure with the micro gram dosage needed to be effective, and the very low level needed to over dose, that you would have to take several precautions.

meyer25

August 30th, 2007, 09:16 PM

But the first precursor (NPP) Can be synthesized from Piperdine which can be extracted from Pepper, ... Could you specify how would you oxidize piperidine, or 1-(2-phenylethyl-)-piperidine to the respective 4-ketones...?

nbk2000

August 31st, 2007, 05:48 AM

http://opioids.com/fentanyl/synthesis.html

meyer25

August 31st, 2007, 02:28 PM

Well, I would like to know the specific process of preparing a 1-R-4-piperidone from the corresponding 1-R-piperidine. There is none such, as far as I know. Instead, 1-R-4-piperidone could be prepared with good yields by a simple radical addition of the respective amine to alkyl acrylate, followed by an intramolecular Claisen condensation and subsequent alkoxycarbonyl group cleavage (hydrolysis+decarboxylation).

Gammaray1981

August 31st, 2007, 07:40 PM

Given this is not the Hive, surely the inordinately small overdose weight is useful to us. A little DMSO, if it's soluble, and presto! "The subject died of self-inflicted drug overdose."

Charles Owlen Picket

August 31st, 2007, 09:14 PM

The Russians used a fentanyl gas to deal with some terrorists that held a theater with bombs. Check back on this as the gas formula may be available. Is it workable? Well for a less-lethal weapon; sure. But about 100 people out of 250 or so died. It's a damn strong narcotic and certainly you don't want to get high or produce some synthetic white to sell to fools, right? So as a weapon there are better choices if the modality is a less-lethal sedative, etc. Measuring shit in micro grams is very tricky.

Enkidu

August 31st, 2007, 09:47 PM

But about 100 people out of 250 or so died. Actually, approximately 150 out of 800 persons died. I remember reading somewhere that the Russians used four times the amount need to incapacitate the terrorists and hostages. The excess amount used could have been due to an error in calculations or a variety of good or bad reasoning.

W4RGASM

September 1st, 2007, 12:42 AM

The Russians used a fentanyl gas to deal with some terrorists that held a theater with bombs. Check back on this as the gas formula may be available. Is it workable? Well for a less-lethal weapon; sure. But about 100 people out of 250 or so died. It's a damn strong narcotic and certainly you don't want to get high or produce some synthetic white to sell to fools, right? So as a weapon there are better choices if the modality is a less-lethal sedative, etc. Measuring shit in micro grams is very tricky. From memory, carfentanyl, as an aerosol in volatile solvent, not as a gas.

Charles Owlen Picket

September 1st, 2007, 07:17 AM

I stand corrected. They used expression like "gas" from the damn source - a US news media source, that I should have confirmed. - 800/100+ is actually not bad.

Bugger

September 2nd, 2007, 07:27 AM

Instead of an opioid like fentanyl, which because of its molecular weight and boiling-point has to be vaporized or made into an aerosol for delivery, I wonder if those Russians could have used, in that theater, good old N2O instead, being an odorless gas and immediately available as hospital supplies, to put all the occupants to sleep. Another alternative could have been CO2, which also has a sleep-inducing effect in high concentrations (without first causing laughter), and is even more readily available. I also wonder why the Rusians did not use the same tactic in the seige of that school in Beslan two years ago.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter nbk2000

September 2nd, 2007, 10:30 AM

Nitrous would take a ridiculous amount, besides being a combustion accelerant. The Beslan terrorists were hip to the knock-out gas trick, and had dead-man switches that would go off if they passed out (plus they always had someone wearing a gasmask, just in case). The russians apparently decided to stun the terrorists by firing RPO-A Schmel thermobaric rockets into the school. :eek: It certainly did the trick...all but one terrorist dead, along with about a quarter of the hostages. Damn...remind me never to be taken hostage in russia! :D Where I found the reference to use of the RPO-A during the Beslan incident: http://www.pravdabeslana.ru/english.htm

jujukemist

September 6th, 2007, 05:48 AM

I find your insulting tendencies to be quite out of place. It seems you are suffering from free radical attack on you cognitive centers.Is nbk2000 the moderator of this forum? Gosh!

nbk2000

September 6th, 2007, 10:47 AM

Since I have a powerful acid for blood, free-radicals are non-existent...like you are now. :)

ccw8076

October 22nd, 2007, 10:33 PM

The situation which Charles Owlen Picket referenced is collectively known as the Moscow Theater Crisis. Basically roughly 40 people, who were later identified as chechens as belonging to the group SPIR, or Special Purpose Islamic Regiment. The Russian authorities used an unidentified gas to neutralize the hostiles inside. It later came out at a government inquest that they had used weaponized Fentanyl (however, there was also rumors of leftover soviet VX) which they put into the air conditioning ducts. The official death count was 33 terrorists and 129 hostages dead. though those numbers are fiercely contested. Most of the 129 were children whose bodies had a lower median toxicity level of such an agent, and therefore died. I wrote quite a lengthy dissertation about it.

MetalAndy

March 11th, 2008, 12:03 AM

Just to point out, fentanyl, in the USA is a schedule II drug, at least in the USA. The difference between a schedule I, such as heroine, and a schedule II, such as fentanyl, is illustrated in the difference between the penalties for powder cocaine and crack cocaine. Crack is a schedule I and therefore carries higher penalties than powder cocaine, which is schedule II. This has lead to leaders of the black community claiming the penalties are racist, because most people found with crack are poor black people, and powder cocaine users tend to be more affluent white people. Fentanyl is something along the lines of 80 times more potent than morphine. To give you a sense of that, the FDA has approved Actiq (the lollipop dosage form) only "for the management of breakthrough cancer pain in patients with malignancies who are already receiving and who are tolerant to opioid therapy for their underlying persistent cancer pain." (Cephalon, Actiq Package Insert) The doses of this range from 200 micro grams (mcg) to 1600mcg. In the USA, a doctor has to be an oncology specialist to even be allowed to prescribe anything 800mcg or above. My advice is don't touch that stuff. I think it even killed one of my grandparents, but she died before I knew what this stuff did. She was in the habit of using a heating pad with a fentanyl patch. It's worse for you than heroin in my opinion. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Fun with Gallium Dunkelmann

May 17th, 2007, 03:34 PM

Hello Forum! Its been quite some time since my last post, but anyway... I did a search in the Forum and could not find any reference, so i thought you might be interested in a few experiments i did with the metal Gallium. It is not explosive, not even chemical, more physical but it is interesting, destructive and could be pretty useful in the modern Battlefield. Gallium has a Melting Point of about 37C, but remains in Liquid State even below this temperature. It is non-toxic and is not a regulatet substance, as far i know. I bought mine from Ebay, 15g about 20$. Somewhere I read that Gallium corrodes aluminium pretty fast, and I wanted to test this. Yes, its true. And it happens at an amazing speed and with amazing results. I used a 10cm*15cm*1.5mm aluminium sheet made out of very strong aircraft aluminium for first experiments. I just made small scratch on the surface and rubbed some Gallium into that scratch. After a few minutes i could break the sheet with no effor at all, just like cardboard. Unbelieveable!!! About an hour later, the aluminium to both sides of the crack was very brittle in an about 1.5 cm broad area. Next test object was a surplus aluminium heatsink with about 4mm thickness. Again, I made a small scratch on the surface and rubbed some Gallium onto it. I left it at the office, and when I returned there I could easily break the whole thing apart. Last Experiment was a empty deodorant Can. I rubbed some Ga at the bottom. After 1 Hour i could easily poke through the bottom with a pencil. As far as I could find out in literature, gallium is soaked into the aluminium along the crystal borders and thereby greatly lowering its strength. Now I understand why gallium is not allowed to be transported on an Airplane (same as Mercury). Conclusion: Gallium is very well suited to desintegrate aluminium structures. It is non-toxic, odourless and silent.

Gumby

May 17th, 2007, 05:03 PM

Mercury does the same thing and if my memory serves me does it faster and better than galluim.

Dunkelmann

May 17th, 2007, 05:16 PM

Yeah, the famous rusting bar... http://www.popsci.com/popsci/how20/09550e0796b84010vgnvcm1000004eecbccdrcrd.html While gallium is absorbed into the aluminium with no visble change in apperance, mercury forms an amalgam in which the Aluminium gets oxidized , eating through the aluminium quickly. You can also induce this by coating it with with Mercury Cloride solution. The disadvantage is that Mercury and its fumes and saltes are poisonous. If i find some Mercury , i will try this out..

Gumby

May 17th, 2007, 05:35 PM

If you had a business need you could purchase it, though it is a restricted item and the government tracks all purchases of this nature. They do this for lead compounds now days too :(

Grapes Of Wraith

May 17th, 2007, 07:45 PM

I bought mine from Ebay, 15g about 20$. Also Gallium is pretty cheap compared to Mercury. Mercury is as much as gold, I think.

ultma

May 17th, 2007, 08:05 PM

I just tried Hg and Al it wasnt fast nor fantastic. I scrached a 4mm Al plate alot and aplied a 7mm Dia Hg drop onto the scrached surface and went to smoko 45min later( jealous ;) ) there was a very small amount of Al oxide apparent on the Hg drop and the plate was still tough as it was before i started. my lab is 20 C and my mercury was redistilled liquid Hg

hatal

May 18th, 2007, 02:58 AM

Yeah, the famous rusting bar... The disadvantage is that Mercury and its fumes and saltes are poisonous.

Why is that a disadvantage? :D

Bugger

May 18th, 2007, 05:12 AM

The main uses of gallium are for high-temperature thermometers (enclosed in glasses with low coefficient of thermal expansion), due to its wide liquid range; and in gallium arsenide semiconductors for transistors (in which there is a very slight surplus or deficiency of Ga compared to As, to gve positive and negative semiconductors) and Ga-doped silicon and germanium semiconductors (in which a small amount of Ga produces p-type semiconductors). That reminds me: I wonder if Al has ever been tried instead of Ga (or In) in Si or Ge semiconductors as a dopant - it would be much cheaper than Ga, and its atomic size is much closer to that of Si than is that of Ga or In, resulting in less distortion of the crystal lattice; or if AlP (with a slight excess of either Al or P) has been tested for suitability as a semiconducting material.

Hirudinea

August 7th, 2007, 09:20 PM

I've always thought gallium would be an interesting assasins bullet, since it melts at human body temperature the body (dead or alive) would turn the bullet liquid, hence no rifling marks, if the bullet was found at all. The question I have is, would the bullet completely deform when fired or would it simply "slick" the barrel with a thin layer or gallium? This of course would be a short range weapon.

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If a gallium gun worked it could also be used for sabotague, just fire some gallium bullets at an aluminum target and the impact should cause enough impact damage to introduce gallium into the aluminums surface. The only problem seems to be keeping the gallium cool enough to remain solid before use. (Mabye Thermos makes a holster? :) )

stupid939

August 8th, 2007, 03:50 AM

This is a very interesting idea, and it may work if the gallium and the barrel are cooled enough. I could not find any information about how much heat is built up when a lead or copper jacketed bullet is fired, but I imagine that if you kept the bullet and the barrel cool enough, the gallium would not deform or melt too much. The problem of galliuming (equivalent of leading?) of the barrel would be potential incriminating evidence, and you would most likely want to rid yourself of the gallium impregnated barrel.

festergrump

August 8th, 2007, 05:32 AM

The problem of galliuming (equivalent of leading?) of the barrel would be potential incriminating evidence, and you would most likely want to rid yourself of the gallium impregnated barrel. That could be kept to a minimum by using a sabot. It'd still likely be only good for one shot, though, since the one shot would heat up the barrel enough to allow the melting of the next round. Besides, heat differences in the barrel always provide inconsistancies in shot placement. Sight in by replacing your barrel into a cooler of dry ice between shots... Interesting idea for a one shot kill, though. Keep 'em scratching their heads for awhile, anyway.

Charles Owlen Picket

August 8th, 2007, 12:07 PM

Frankly I am not addressing the use of gallium so much as I'm underlining the fact that "CSI" really is a TV show.....they mostly don't have anywhere near the resources that are displayed in the show. There was a serious issue of tainted evidence and mishandling in one state that was the undoing of that state's police lab. One of the examples was a hand loaded 9mm bullet in a 357 revolver cartridge. the deformity of the bullet resulted in the idiots simply weighing the bullet, measuring the base and concluding that the weapon WAS a 9mm. One of the most unfortunate misjudgments on the part of a perpetrator is the focus on the weapon. The action and witnessing of that action is the basic undoing of most all cases. Those which rely on material evidence are so shallow that the DA usually declines to proceed with prosecution. So while gallium is a fun element, the use of unique materials is not the answer to the "perfect crime". Just the opposite: the gallium would be a focus of material evidence leading to a paper & people trail. And THAT would be the start of a long stay in a unique environment for someone focused on the object instead of witnesses and the like.

learfan

August 8th, 2007, 12:43 PM

but it's not to make bullets out of. 1) The friction high temperature of the combustion gasses at the base form a liquid layer. This is unstable and uneven, and gets slung off the bullet in a random way by centrifugal force as it leaves the barrel. That leaves the bullet unballanced about it's long axis - and so it veeres off in some random direction. The same is true of bullets made of ice. A gas check helps a little, but not much. You might get an effective load made of ice buckshot, but I doubt it. (Oak buckshot, on the other hand, is very useful in case of vampire attack) 2) It IS useful in taking casts of chambers, to find out exactly what diameter your lands and grooves are, if you're handloading for sub-minute of arc accuracy. 3) The presence - even at minute, sub-ppm levels - of gallium in your shop, home, rifle barrel, gun case, ammo case, car trunk, etc - would be proof beyond doubt that the mystery bullet came from you.

stupid939

August 8th, 2007, 10:07 PM

A quick thought. If you really wanted to use gallium bullets, you may be able to build/rebuild a high pressure pneumatic gun and use a rifled barrel for higher accuracy. If you used paintball CO2 tanks, the cooling down of the tank (caused by the conversion from liquid to gas) and gas being excreted would help a lot with keeping the gallium cool. Another issue with gallium would be its density (5.91 g/cm<sup>3 vs lead's 11.34 g/cm<sup>3).

Hirudinea

August 9th, 2007, 08:48 PM

If gallium bullets wouldn't work with firearms then airguns could be a good alternatives. Gallium pellets could be loaded with toxins, say ricin or arsenic (which we all know is made out our arse :) ), fire the pellet from the airgun into your target, (hopefully it will penetrate the clothing) and when it melts the target will be history. The best two methods would be a high power pistol in a pocket and a hard bump against a target in a crowd and a high power air rifle in a car washington sniper style, I'd assume. Oh and if the high power sniper method works well you could load the gallium pellets with psydelic compounds and spread the luv! :p

Gammaray1981

August 27th, 2007, 06:13 PM

Someone mentioned CO2 paintball tanks... why not just pb guns? Take one pellet, extract ink with syringe, replace with molten gallium, top off with a little glue. Keep in a cool place (Small thermos with screw top). Useless for killing an individual, but, in the case of aircraft landing gear, or suchlike vulnerable chunks of aluminium, it could be a valuable destructive tool. If the mass of the metal, as opposed to relatively light ink, could be a problem, tweaking the valve of the gun could be a simple operation. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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May 20th, 2007, 02:20 AM

I came upon a number of hospital hyperdermic needles at a friends place a couple days ago (he is a veteranarian) and syringes come with the needle ready to go and everything. Maybe I have just read to many Clive Cussler novels, but can't people can be killed from an air bubble entering the circuatory system? Doctors squirt out a bit of the injection ever time they stick you for a reason, so no air bubbles get in. I have even heard of guys using the last bit of oxy from their O/A torches to clean their clothing (even though your not supposed to do that!) and getting an air bubble from a tiny cut on their hand and dieing! So how long would it take if you injected a full syringe length of air into a guy would it take to take him out? The neck would be a viable target because it is full of arteries running to the brain, but would it be functional enough to whack a target in under 1+ minutes?

tmp

May 20th, 2007, 02:52 AM

Coronary/pulmonary by description is what you're talking about. Where the heart is concerned death can be sudden if a large enough air bubble makes it to the heart. As for welders getting it through cuts, I've never heard of that.

nbk2000

May 20th, 2007, 04:01 AM

A syringe full of air is unlikely to kill. Yes, it can, but it's unlikely. If your syringe is the size of a turkey baster, than yes it would definitely work, as enough air would be injected to replace the blood in one of the hearts chambers, rendering it incapable of pumping blood (like engine vapor lock). Oh, and it's not likely that a coroner is going to think this is a naturally occurring event, either. Best scene I'd ever seen involving air in the blood was when, in the movie 'Apt Pupil', the old Nazi killed himself by blowing into his IV tube, killing himself so the jews couldn't arrest him.

teshilo

May 20th, 2007, 04:46 AM

These very old trick and coroners knows where search air buubles in body ...

hatal

May 20th, 2007, 05:10 AM

It would be more effective if air is used with blood coagulant agent. The blood clots would form more easily and give the victim a pulmonary-embolia. Blood coagulants used by vets after minor surgeries on pets (remove tail and such) could be obtained.A bigger dose with air-bubbles would form enough clots for a painfull death. "The neck would be a viable target because it is full of arteries running to the brain, but would it be functional enough to whack a target in under 1+ minutes?" - The brain is a well protected organ (blood-brain barrier)

Corona

May 20th, 2007, 07:53 AM

http://www.fortunecity.com/tatooine/williamson/235/sicd022.html --------------In my whole life, I have encountered just one case of murder by air embolism and that too when I was in Edinburgh. The case was of a doctor husband who had got tired of his nagging wife. The husband was carrying on an affair with one of his female patients and his wife had got hint of that. She was having fits of faintness for quite sometime. So one day the doctor filled up a large syringe with air and injected air into her veins under the pretext that he was giving her some drug. About 200 c.c. of air is required to kill a person by air embolism. I do not know how he managed to inject that much amount through a syringe. Even a commonly used large syringe takes in about 20 c.c. of air only. He might have used a bigger syringe or may be he repeatedly pushed the air inside by removing the piston from the syringe again and again. ---------------------What NBK said about a turkey baster.

Jacks Complete

June 3rd, 2007, 10:09 AM

There are other death mechanisms for an air bubble though. A stroke is caused by a bit of something, usually a bit of plaque from the heart artery wall, or a blood clot, getting up into the smaller veins that feed the rest of the body. When these block the blood supply to a part of the brain, it is called a stroke. There is no reason a stroke couldn't be induced like this. Of course, you would need it to be a fatal stroke, or you would be in trouble!

Corona Jack... what an idea! Polystyrene granules (very small) mixed in sugar-water thin syrup? Will this do?

June 3rd, 2007, 01:58 PM

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Teflon beads/microspheres which you find in super-slick engine oil additives? You can also inject silicone glue or epoxy.... but I don't think that will carry to the brain? Is there anything in existence that could be injected and carried through a blood vessel and is able to be influenced by an outside magnetic field? I'm sure not. But I'm asking anyway. Put a magnet near the skull and that is where the gunk collects and goodnight ladies? Of course, as Jack said.... how do you not get caught doing this?

Killian

June 3rd, 2007, 03:53 PM

If you're there for the kill, why not stick around? To inject a mark with anything; I'm assuming the mark will be sedated/ ensnared(immobile for whatever reason). Theorizing with the idea(or fact?) that a large enough air bubble stuck in one of the four heart chambers initiated by injecting air intravenously causes heart failure and it'd be obvious in an autopsy; why not pop a small pressure relief valve in through the rips afterwards and release the air? During autopsy they'd see the puncture from the valve, but it'd be too ambiguous especially with a clean toxicology test and the heart would have stopped already preventing a bloody mess through the small puncture wound. Any thoughts? :confused:

The Duck Man

June 16th, 2007, 02:55 AM

Might be too obvious, sticking something in their chest... any injection method is only good for hospital patients, druggies, Old Folks, or other in which vein punctures are considered either normal or not uncommon. If I had to do someone in by injection, Id kill the druggie with a massive dose of whatever he took regularly, and the old folks or patients with 1.5 grams of potassium in salt form. Nobody would wonder much about the overdose, and 1.5 grams of potassium won't be noticed in the 40 to 60 that leak out into the intercellular liquid and blood after death.

ccw8076

October 22nd, 2007, 11:12 PM

[QUOTE=hatal;91050] Blood coagulants used by vets after minor surgeries on pets (remove tail and such) could be obtained. I worked in a veterinary hospital for some time, and the most commonly used coagulant is silver nitrate, AgNO3. It most often comes in the form of a swab which you insert into minor cuts, or even burst arteries, it clots the blood instantly. unfortunately, if you were really planning to murder someone using silver nitrate, wear gloves, because you don't want the police to catch you purple handed. Simple synthesis AgNO3: 3 Ag(s) + 4HNO 3(aq)

3 AgNO3(aq) + 2 H2O(l) + NO(g)

So old jewelry in nitric acid of roughly 99% conc would give you all you need. it would be harder to make the silver into an aerosol though.

cyclosarin

November 3rd, 2007, 02:14 AM

You can also let gas condense out of the blood, a la decompression sickness. For decompression sickness a diver needs to be at an appropriate depth, for a time needed for the gas to diffuse into the bloodstream, and then surface faster than the gas can safely diffuse out so it forms bubbles. Gases have different diffusion times so the shortest safe decompression will be different for the gas in question. I was wondering if a diver was to spend some time under pressure breathing neon + oxygen, but thinking that it is nitrogen + oxygen, then the time for nitrogen decompression would be shorter than that for neon, leaving a large amount of dissolved neon in the bloodstream. Just a thought... obviously there would be no needle marks and decompression sickness is a logical accident for a scuba diver.

ccw8076

November 4th, 2007, 08:51 PM

I believe that neon mixed with oxygen would be apparent to any diver who put a tank of that on. Nitrox tastes much different than regular air, and I think that any experienced diver would probably be able to tell the difference. But then again, if the subject was a novice to diving or at least to nitrox, it might just work. Also, wouldn't your body not function as well with a heavy mix of neon? It's able to function all right with the mix of nitrogen and oxygen because after all, air is 78% nitrogen anyway and reducing that percentage wouldn't do a whole lot, but since you would have to add significantly more neon to the mix, you could probably "feel" the prolonged inhalation of such a foreign element.

cyclosarin

November 5th, 2007, 01:54 AM

Does neon have many adverse effects on the body? I was thinking of inert gas narcosis which apparently becomes more severe with the molecular weight, but I'm not sure if that would be significantly more than for nitrogen.

rightway

November 9th, 2007, 09:31 PM

What about using carbonic acid? I have no idea how much it would take to kill someone, but it is the method of transportation

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of CO2 in blood, so it would merely look like asphyxiation. Even if it takes alot of carbonic acid to kill, it would still kill or at least incapacitate fairly quickly, since the nerves triggering the low oxygen/panic reflex measure the concentration of carbonic acid. They might actually end up killing themselves via panic reactions. That way, it would slow the autopsy because until they find the needle mark, it would look alot like asphyxiation, since the victim's body would show all of the signs of asphyxiation. It would also not be particularly difficult to get a hold of, though I do not know of any uses of it, except that it was the first postsurgery antiseptic.

nbk2000

November 10th, 2007, 12:36 AM

Carbonic acid (CO2 dissolved in water) is NOT Carbolic acid (Phenol), the first surgical antiseptic. FAIL!

teshilo

November 10th, 2007, 04:54 AM

In T. Clancy book "Without Remorse" (former SEAL against drug dealers) described as decompression chamber for training in deep diving used as device for interrogation/torture/killing.Man placed in it, after camera filled pressurized nitrogen/oxygen/ helium/ mix .If pressure quickly reduced by operator victim got dose of pain . .After few times death and decompression sickness.

ccw8076

November 19th, 2007, 12:53 AM

If you wanted to use carbonic acid, just shoot him with some club soda. He would be dead, but refreshing and good with scotch.

JouMasep

December 16th, 2007, 07:36 AM

ccw8076, [QUOTE=hatal;91050] Simple synthesis AgNO3: 3 Ag(s) + 4HNO 3(aq)

3 AgNO3(aq) + 2 H2O(l) + NO(g)

So old jewelry in nitric acid of roughly 99% conc would give you all you need. it would be harder to make the silver into an aerosol though. ‘Little self-contradiction here: in the equation you correctly use aqueous nitric acid (65% will do nicely), but in your text you speak of 99% strength. That would not work; the hydronium ions needed for the reaction are seriously lacking in 99% strength HNO3.

JouMasep

December 16th, 2007, 09:17 AM

For a really not so obvious killer: ricin! I liked the way the it was introduced into the human b ody by way of perforated hollow metal microcapsule as inse rted by umbrella tip. (See: Bulgarian Secret Police V.S. dissident G. Markov) The effect takes a while, b ut that is actua lly the bea uty of it less of a cause-and-effect link between s mall stab and perishing of your adversary. On a possible variation hereof, has anyone been ever injected with one of those: needleless syringes? Do you feel much or anything at all? So fa r for the more easily obtainable (castor beans!) neuroto xin but what would really kick-ass, would be tetanosp asmin. You can find it in any cow patch soil by the bucket, but how do we isolate and concentrate it? Could the spores be collected in a similar way as the ricin proteins? If somebody died of tetan us, it would be always ruled as acciden tal as long as the device that inflicts the s cratch is not ide ntifiable as a weapon. (It may not b e too much of a woun d othe rwise our target would be off to his doctor for an an titetan us s hot thus defeating ou r labours) Botulinic toxin also nice- p roducing bacteria would be easy to cultivate in co ncentration, (if we exclude oxyg en) but it is too susceptib le to b reakdown under field operation conditions. But if you can feed your intended victim, start home-canning as a hobby, make not too much of a fuzz of the proper way of making things sterile, wait some months, and then select th e can of tinned sausage that seems to ex plode any minu te now , as the right ingredient for a life-chang ing chilli co n carne. Stirr as little as possible, do not heat too much. (Keep oxygen out) (And do NOT taste your own cooking, guess how much salt it needs.)

BlackFalcoN

December 16th, 2007, 10:18 AM

For a really not so obvious killer: ricin! Research on RIP's (ribosome-inactivating proteins; e.g. ricin, abrin, gelonin, ...) in the last decade (fueled by the 9/11, terrorist & WMD craze :rolleyes: ) has come up with significant progress in the detection of these substances.

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True, ricin won't show up in a standard gas chromatography forensic autopsy, (protein poisons are not detectable that way) but it's not the perfect killer that it was 15 years ago, where investigators had to base their criminal investigation solely on motive or other traces left by the killer. The actual toxin was pretty much undetectable back then. The Markov case was only cleared up since they found the tiny metal pellet in mister Markov's body and the fact that he was a Bulgarian defector spy; pretty much linking the Bulgarian secret police to the assassination. I'm sure that, if a similar event were to happen today; forensic investigators would have no problem finding the protein poison (if it was suspected) that caused the resulting death. This doesn't make ricin (or RIP's for the same matter) a bad poison, ricinus communis beans are still pretty OTC anywhere around the world, and a crude active substance is reasonably extractable from the beans. (a pure extract without denaturing the protein is still far more difficult than mainstream media makes us believe though ;) ). It's still preferable to many toxic alkaloids or heavy metals etc. A low profile killing on Joe average isn't urging the criminal investigator to come up with the real cause of demise as it is on a high profile mark, and it is still reasonable to believe that they won't go as far as performing the actual protein tests. (unless plant material is found in vomitus, faeces or stomach content that clearly indicates a protein poison was used) You just have to be aware of the fact that modern toxicology has made quantum leaps over the years, and due to the introduction of mass spectrometers & gas chromatography, poisons that were lethal in very small quantities and were previous thought of as 'not so obvious killers' are easily detected now-a-days.

Edit: Reference to US Patent 6864056 : ' Method for detecting ribosome inactivating proteins '

JouMasep

December 29th, 2007, 08:25 AM

True, ricin won't show up in a standard gas chromatography forensic autopsy, (protein poisons are not detectable that way) but it's not the perfect killer that it was 15 years ago,... I'm sure that, if a similar event were to happen today; forensic investigators would have no problem finding the protein poison (if it was suspected) that caused the resulting death. This doesn't make ricin (or RIP's for the same matter) a bad poison, ricinus communis beans are still pretty OTC anywhere around the world, and a crude active substance is reasonably extractable from the beans. (a pure extract without denaturing the protein is still far more difficult than mainstream media makes us believe though ;) ). ' If what you want is a truly undetectable poison, then I would say: forge t about it . There is no such thing. And as you point out, continuous advances in detection methods are made all the time; so even if you have the holy grail of poisons, it wo nt likely be s o for very long. But as the worldwide documented cases of deliberate ricin poisoning in the past are numbered in dozens, the chances that the cops / forensiscs will be even looking for ricin, are slim. One of th e reas ons fo r this may lie in the relative instability of th e compound., as you point o ut, it there are some difficulties with it as it easily degrades to inactive compounds. But that is good. If fewer would be assassins can properly produce the protein in any state of purity (efficacy, concentration, lethal quantity by volume), then it improves the chances of getting away clean for those who can actually do so. (Forget about allowing castor bean fibres to be found in the intestinal tract; oral ingestion is not the preferred, or most effective means of administering anyway) I am confident that anyone who routinely produces high explosives, some of which are not easy to make, or which have difficultly obtainable precursors, should have not much difficulty in making ricin with decent purity and activity. See for instance US patent 3,060,165 of 1962. (As long as one would not allow the Ph to increase / decrease too much, this should work well. Keeping it cold is obvious.) Hmm, I did a search on this forum now. I was aware of the notion of the ricin method here, but now I see that both botulism and tetanus have also been mentioned before. It becomes truly hard to come up with original ideas after so many minds having pondered so ma ny ways of death and de struction Perhaps in the case at hand it s time to take it to the n ext level. Not: take the tetanus ba cilli and kill somebody with it . Rather: how do we cultivate and isolate the tetanus bacilli / sp ores? . Any ideas?

Man Down Under

December 29th, 2007, 09:28 AM

US patent 3,060,165 has been discredited of being able to produce weapons-grade ricin. Between its heat-sensitive nature and requirement for fine pH control, the home-brew chemist isn't going to manage it, unless theyre equal to a professional biology chemist. The tetanus shot someone gets after stepping on a nail does nothing more than prime the immune system to respond to the presence of the tetanus bacteria, and suppress it. It does not confer immunity to the toxic effects of the toxin produced by the bacteria. So, if one cultured tetanus bacteria and chemically isolated the toxin, injecting that in a target, the victim would still die from 'tetanus poisoning', regardless of any previous immunizations.

hatal

December 29th, 2007, 11:24 AM

The book called Homemade Posions says its lethal "Orally-a few minutes. By injection- several hours." Ricin is a liver posion

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which induces apoptosis. Now why does it take longer by injection? I mean wouldnt the ricin act faster by injection? Whats the mechanism that explains this? Sounds like BS from a crapbook!?

BlackFalcoN

December 29th, 2007, 12:16 PM

Hatal; I think your source is wrong on the topic of ricin. Ricin is a ribosome inactivating protein which works on a cellular level; it inhibits protein synthesis in the body. Ricin consists of 2 subchains that are important to us, namely Ricin-A and Ricin-B. The Ricin-A chain stops protein synthesis once inside the cell, Ricin-B binds to the cell and allows Ricin-A to enter the cell and do it's destructive work. Since ricin is a protein, it's quite sensitive to extreme pH's and high temperatures, which denatures much of it, making it far less potent. That's why ricin is much more lethal if inhaled or injected, since ingestion of the substance brings it into contact with strong stomach acids, which denatures much of the pH-sensetive substance. This it's not to say that ricin is not effective if ingested; it's just 'less' lethal. But given the extremely low LD50 of ribosome inactivating proteins, it does not matter in many cases, since exposure to sub milligram quantities of ricin would ensure a kill. ( LD50 varies greatly depending on the source you want to cite, but are always less than 0.01 mg/kg LD50 ) The time it takes ricin to kill has been reported to be anywhere between 24 and 96+ hours, depending largely on the route of entering the body and the dose given. Initial symptoms also depend on the way ricin was introduced into the body, but can start to occur between 3 to 6 hours after exposure. Ricin is not a liver poison, it destructs cells by entering them and stopping protein synthesis. (which is not the same as apoptosis if I remember correctly) It is less lethal if ingested. It generally takes more than a day before somebody dies of it. There are not many toxins I know of that will kill in under a minute when ingested (except for cyanide and it's salts)

US patent 3,060,165 has been discredited of being able to produce weapons-grade ricin. Between its heat-sensitive nature and requirement for fine pH control, the home-brew chemist isn't going to manage it, unless theyre equal to a professional biology chemist. The extraction of ricin is not that hard for the average chemist I believe. The castor oil is removed by pressing the de-shelled beans, extraction from the pulp is achieved by water/sulphate extraction in several steps to get rid of any plant material while altering the pH to achieve optimal extraction conditions. Heat is not involved during the extraction process, so thermal denaturing is not possible. The end product is a formed cake of filtrate that is a mixture of proteins present in the castor bean. (Ricin being one of them). While not pure pro-analysis ricin, this mixture could be weaponized. Read http://www.globalsecurity.org/org/nsn/nsn-040723.htm for the article that remarks the validity of US patent 3,060,165. It's not really the extraction that is the problem for the amateur chemist. The real problem is to get the formed cake into fine particles which can be deployed in a WMD. Grinding, ball milling or any mechanical method that generates heat is not an option, since it will render the ricin useless.

hatal

December 29th, 2007, 01:25 PM

Thanks for the clear up BlackFalcon. I had the hunch something was fishy. But now it turns out that the whole part about ricin was disinforming. False from the beginning to the end. Curious about the rest of this "book"...

JouMasep

December 29th, 2007, 05:49 PM

I am aware of the critiques about the patent. And as it has been pointed out, said critiques are likely nothing but calculated disinformation. Remains the problem that after having effectively concentrated the ricin according to the patent, one does not have a very pure product. If one seeks to “atomise” ricin into an aerosol, this would be easier with some pure (crystalline form) Also, all other conditions being equal, pure compounds are more tolerant (stable) to heat and mechanical degradation. So it would be useful to select a proper protein purification method. There would be the more obvious methods such as chromatography, but other (precipitation) methods may work too. At any rate, if we would want to make a pretty pure ricin, that is what we would get. With work, applied brainpower and a bit of means, not a lot is impossible. BTW, Man Down Under, thanks for pointing out my error w.r.t the tetanus shot, it would not do a thing against the acute, massive invasion as proposed! But allow me to explain that in this case, I would not go for the isolation of the toxin per se. I would like the actual organisms to be present as well. After all, having somebody die of tetanus without the bacilli presence would raise some questions! Not our intended objective.

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But your argument still stands; we would like to administer a large dose, so as to eliminate the chance of survival. A standard anti-tetanus shot would not likely be good enough.

Man Down Under

December 30th, 2007, 03:41 AM

Of course having some tetanus bacteria present would help with plausible-deniabilty, but they can also do a measurement of how much bacteria is in the body and realize that there's nowhere near enough to be responsible for the death, making it suspicious again. But this would presuppose that they'd be looking that hard at an obvious case of death by tetanus infection, giving the lockjaw symptomology and presence of the bacteria. If you can find a university that has it, the Journal of Infectious Diseases has everything you'd ever want to know about the cultivation and isolation of diseases and their toxins.

KAKTUS

January 27th, 2008, 07:38 AM

~I have even heard of guys using the last bit of oxy from their O/A torches to clean their clothing (even though your not supposed to do that!) and getting an air bubble from a tiny cut on their hand and dieing! When I was an apprentice toolmaker I was setting up a die set which had a blast of compressed air to blow the pressing from the die, I had a small cut on my left index finger and when I placed my finger in front of the air jet to test the force, it inflated my finger to about twice its diameter for almost it's full length. In a panic I squeezed my finger until the pink froth stopped coming out and my finger was back to normal size. I was 15 years old then and now I'm 65, so obviously it didn't kill me. I wouldn't recommend this as a party trick as when my finger inflated it felt like a violent electric shock.

JouMasep

February 2nd, 2008, 03:52 AM

Did some more mulling on the subject, and together with certain biological agents, I feel that the nerve gasses offer some decent scope as well –even if the “not so obvious” needs to be taken differently. When one feels that the world would be a better place sans a certain individual(s) it is often so that one is not alone in this. And said subject may be obsessed with his own safety / the contingency of would-be attackers. He may be even quite accomplished in the field of self-protection. The advantage in this situation lies in the fact that if the subject expires, it could have been done by any of his enemies –the disadvantage would be that getting to the target would not be easy. The problem with most methods discussed before is that they require either oral ingestion or breach of the skin –excepting poisonous gasses, but they have other problems. (Nerve “gasses” are not gasses at all of course, rather non-volatile liquids) With the type of target at hand we can forget about ingestion and “breach of the skin” may have to mean “take shot with sniper’s rifle and run” or take suppressed pistol and hope that no-one can give a description of the gunman and that he does not run into security’s hands. All too crude and risky methinks. Enter: Sarin. Apply an infinitesimal amount of this on his car’s door handle and wait for the bastard to get into his car. Upon touch the agent permeates through his skin and a certain and unpleasant death ensues. The big disadvantage to this method is that on discovery of the cretin’s demise, an undeserving member of society may also be compromised by touching same handlebar. The other disadvantage is that making Sarin is not quite like brewing arsenic soup in your kitchen; if the proper precautions are not strictly observed, the intended target needs not to worry about you anymore. I like Sarin –or similar nerve agents- a lot anyway and even if the symptoms may point to death by nerve gas, it is not at all a given that it will be identified as such. Incidentally, regarding the book, it surprises me that Uncle Fester did not recommend use of a glove-box in the final preparation and handling of Sarin. Also -O.T- if one needs to see larger numbers of persons expired, including Government Nasty No.1, the described idea of distribution via a micro-light aeroplane may be nice, but often our Chief Target may be in an urban environment, with a lot of police protection. With the counter-terrorism alerts one may never reach the destination in a slow micro-light and the manoeuvrability will be found lacking anyway amongst high-rise etc. Enter: the model helicopter perhaps?

cyclosarin

February 9th, 2008, 09:41 PM

Sarin is quite volatile, when it was used in the Tokyo subway they just left ruptured bags of liquid on the floor and the gas still managed to affect hundreds of people. If you used it in public I'm sure it would have undesirable risks. Maybe a less volatile compound (soman, cyclosarin, VX) would be more useful for a contact poison, I think the synthesis of the first two would be similar to sarin with a different alcohol and Aum Shinrikyo did manage to synthesize the later.

JouMasep

February 10th, 2008, 11:50 AM

Sarin is quite volatile, when it was used in the Tokyo subway they just left ruptured bags of liquid on the floor and the gas still managed to affect hundreds of people. If you used it in public I'm sure it would have undesirable risks. Hmmm, you are quite right; of all the nerve agents this one is just about the most volatile!

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter And ideally, if one were to employ any such compound as a contact poison in the way I initially proposed, VX would be tops. One could of course decrease the rate of evaporation of Sarin by dissolving it in a solvent/mixture/paste of high volatility. But I'd prefer to make actual use of Sarin's higher volatility in a modification of the original proposed method of application to a car door handle. One prepares a small, very thin bladder or glass capsule, filled with Sarin, and this is stuck to the inside of said handle bar the very thin bladder ruptures on contact with the target's gripping hand and Sarin penetrates his skin with the inevitable result. And the rest evaporates -thus preventing the greatest harm to anyone who does not very soon thereafter manages to smear himself with what remains prior to evaporation. The disadvantage of secondary, undesired fatalities is thus minimised. With regard to your general objection in this regard as to such fatalities arising through inhalation of the evaporated remains; I need to emphasise that one only needs to employ very small quantities indeed. We are not talking c.a. 30% strength by the plastic bag-full in a subway! If less than 100 mg can kill a man, the proposed vessel only needs to contain a dozen of times that amount at the most. Therefore the residue is not likely to cause lethal vapour concentrations in the type of enviroment where the subject's car may be parked. The devil of this proposed method, is of course in the detail. What is the optimal bladder / capsule material that contains the Sarin? What is the optimal way of ensuring rupture in the most effective way? How does one best attach the proposed vessel? I was leaning to a very thinly blown glass ampoule, attached with a custom-made adhesive pad -akin to double sided adhesive (Anybody who has played around with a bunsen burner and glass tubing knows the type of wall thickness I refer to.) A dedicated protective applicator would be handy, we would not like the vessel to break too soon! I reckon that such a method or variations hereon, offer quite some scope. I like VX well enough, even if its tendency to persist worries me. That- together with with its awesome toxicity made me not even look into its method of synthesis. From what I have seen, it seems not very much more involved than the older agents, precursors can be well obtained etc. But a very good "spring cleaning" after preparation and disposal seems a good idea. If Sarin is nasty, this stuff is something else alltogether

junk12

February 27th, 2008, 03:24 PM

JouMasep, I like the way you think. Please go on. ;) I was also thinking Sarin could be used/delivered as chronic exposure vapors with some nasty irreversible symptoms as desired result, but through researching I stumbled at site http://www.chemtrailcentral.com/ubb/Forum3/HTML/000189.html and at least two facts are opposing that: ... GB evaporates at approximately the same rate as water. ... ... An earlier study (Crowell, Parker, Bucci and Dacre, 1989) also found no evidence that GB (Sarin) exposure at nonlethal doses caused any neuropathology.

JouMasep

March 2nd, 2008, 08:09 AM

Thanks for that link! It is useful to know that if one chooses to mess around with Sarin, without being so careless as to expose oneself to lethal levels, sub-lethal expos ure (s) will be well surviva ble. W e won t have to worry ab out any future, long term nasties such a s malignant tumours cropping up in all kinds of places. I ll now write up a summary, from my own perspective, of what ha s gone before on this threa d. With the advanced state of forensic analytical methods today, no truly undetectable method of killing exists; we can thus only strive to use methods that may mask the nature of the method just before, during and after the kill. All other circumstances being the same, the less obvious the method was in any of these stages, the less likely is an in-depth search for the employed compound / method in question. This approach excludes use of needles in all cases. (Excepting insulin dependant diabetes and druggies) The needle mark will be found, red flags will pop up. The only advantage in using a needle lies in the more unobtrusive nature of administering relative to using a b ullet that is .. On the practical side for now- I feel less confide nt in d ealing with all the vagaries that m ay beset the prepara tion and deployment of the biological agents. (But this may be my own limitation, being much more routined in matters chemical) That leaves oral poisons, gasses and compounds that kill by penetration of the skin. Of the oral poisons (many of which are also very effective on inhalation, or injection) ricin seems both possible to obtain and by most standards quite undetectable. The principal drawback of ricin lies in its sensitivity to degradation on exposure to any heat and unfavoura ble pH s o r even mechanical friction. This can be well dealt with usin g the right methodology.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter I m no t much for gasses; of most of these one needs rather appreciable quantities (logistical problems), some of them are extremely easily recognised as the cause of death (such as carbon monoxide and HCN) and gasses by their nature are not easily directed and confined in terms of their presence and concentration. There are some situations where they can be effectively deployed . (Eg. Break in exhaust pipe looks like damage by rock, CO may have entered car acciden tal death may be ruled.) Agents that kill after penetration of the skin are not new; even during the times of Lucretia Borgia they seemed to exist even if we do not know their nature now. My bias in favour of the nerve agents is born out of the well-documented excellent efficacy thereof. (Or lack thereof when you are u sing stupid meth ods such as some Ja p a n e s e cult moveme nts tend to em ploy the k ill rate is pitiful!) Nerve agents have a wide range of solubility in water and rates of evaporation, and can therefore be used in a variety of ways by selecting the right particular compounds. They would be ideal, but certain difficulties have to be contended with: -They are less easily made than most compounds; all equipment needs to be constructed in such a way that accidental contact by the operator is excluded. -Most of them are not very stable and they cannot be kept for very long. The stabilizers that are known, are difficult to find (Anyone has something good for Sarin?) -Some of the precursors are not easy to get, or some chemicals are at the top of the various Watched Lists around the world. Notably PHOSPHORUS. Thus having summarised some stuff, I have ended with a practical objective, namely the OTC preparation of white phosphorous. Some material ha s been writte n on this forum abou t this; it don t lo ok like anyone ma de himself a decent load of it in his backyard. That situation should not persist. SWIM is in the process of moving, all that has not been used for years will have to be fixed, re-assembled upgraded and augmented. A dedicated fireproof workshop / lab to be built. At least he will have some time then. He was of a mind to build a general purpose arc furnace anyway. A nice new thread about the serious production of P to be started then?

megalomania

March 5th, 2008, 12:20 AM

I have been meaning to try this one as soon as I suitably modify a microwave. US6207024 Method of Preparing Phosphorus by microwave. This sounds like the best bet for the home experimenter or small lab to produce phosphorus.

aliced25

March 6th, 2008, 11:28 AM

Probably the best route for poisoning, provided you have access to the intended victims abode and they live by themselves (or with others who are irrelevant) would be carbon monoxide, light a small fire near their air conditioner/reverse phase heater which is starved of oxygen. Once the job is complete, enter, place a saucepan full of vegetable oil on the stove, turn on flat out and leave. Another useful alternative would be to put together a basic thermite mix, aluminium, silicon dioxide and sulfur - burn it off near their window with them the day or so before. This would be easy, everybody loves fireworks & thermite displays, don't they? Simply return when they are sleeping and place a garden sprinkler in the area where the aluminium sulfide is and leave. The H2S will cause serious problems, especially if the intended victim is asleep at the time (ie. they have no chance of smelling it and escaping). Provided you can explain how the aluminium sulfide happened to be there, you are home free.

JouMasep

March 9th, 2008, 04:35 AM

light a small fire near their air conditioner/reverse phase heater - which is starved of oxygen. Forget about that method. a) The majority of ligh t commercial a/c systems only recirculate the air within the are a to be cooled. You d s ooner drop dead yourself trying all the time to get the CO into yo ur targets house that way. b) to start a (non smoky/smelly) oxyge n-starved fire in ou tside environment and directing the effluent" ANYWHERE seems a bit reaching. If you are really desperate: To a): introduce a small diameter hose into room (car) of target. This could be thru venting holes, windows partially prised open etc. To b): either fabricate portable Kipps-like apparatus generating CO from sulphuric and oxalic acids, on site, and attach to hose above - or generate gas prior to kill and compress with refrigeration compressor into butane bottles in your lab. Use as above. put together a basic thermite mix, aluminium, silicon dioxide and sulfur - burn it off near their window with them the day or so before. This would be easy, everybody loves fireworks & thermite displays, don't they? The first (CO) method presumes that one has unhind ered and (un-noticed ) access to target s p remises for long enough to execute the dastardly deed. But your second H2S method goes as far as to presume that you are chummy enough with the target that the two of you will engage freely into pyrotechnical activities and that he does not care about the very ugly burn marks and yucky remains! You would need a fair amount of sulphide on the guy s windowsill. Enough to even h ave said windows cracking from th e heat generated. If one is serious at all, the first try should work. If th at was not successful, there may never be a second chance if o ne sta ys

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If you have for example of course!- this detestable , filthy rich uncle, and you are his beloved heir; and if you REALLY need the money! I would then proceed as follows: -Epoxy-glue a sharp, hard rock to a hydraulic jack. -Place this under his car, perforate the floor of the car. -Dent and weaken exhaust near hole. (Welds will crack if abused; the idea is not to make much of a hole for fear of objectionable noise. -Introduce your own CO gas (as made above) into car. If it is a cold day and he drives off with windows clos ed, heater off (eng ine still cold), the n he won t get far. If there s n o chance-res cu er daring enou gh to (soon!) sm ash th e car win dow of the old man who doze d off, parked funny next to the road, you should reach your pecuniary objective within reasonable time.

aliced25

March 9th, 2008, 07:27 AM

Nearly all 'planned' murders (being those with a planned target) are committed by people with a close association with the victim thereof. This is why I suggest the two mentioned methods are worthwhile. If one wants to boost the CO method, the addition of calcium (or some other alkali metal) formate to the burner mix should substantially raise the CO levels. Very little H2S is required for the suggested approach, especially if one takes advantage of airconditioning intakes, these provide a direct route from the source of the poison and the target thereof. Other options should really take advantage of known ingress & egress routes travelled by the target, which can then be flooded with either of these agents (or preferably phosgene - slow acting). The better agent would always be the CO if one wants to make it look like an accident, whereas if the need to look accidental is incidental, stick with the H2S/Cl2CO approach - the target can be an awful long way down the road before any major effects will be noted.

JouMasep

March 9th, 2008, 11:43 AM

Mulled about it a bit more; I would have to advise against using your H2S route; A) because it could not work as proposed. B) because by the time you could effectively kill uncle / rich step dad in this way, you would have laid a trail right to yourself. Things out of the ordinary at the crime scene, and also your own actions and motives. Very little H2S is required for the suggested approach, especially if one takes advantage of airconditioning intakes, these provide a direct route from the source of the poison and the target thereof. These are words that sound plausible, but from my point of view, that’s about it; “words”. I don’t see it practically happen. Details!!! I presume that you will not hope that a coroner will rule the death as “myocardial infarct” and be unaware of the poison gas. Instead you hope for “death by misadventure, inhalation of gas.” Otherwise one would be stupid to make a poison gas in such a very, very conspicuous and difficult way. (Thermite will have burnt a nice hole into the brickwork outside rich step dad’s bedroom, there will be stinky, wet remains, you two were seen “making a bright fire” there, etc. So a few problems to be solved: -Unless your rich nasty uncle –sorry target- is loony and doesn’t give a crap about his house, the pyrotechnical bonfire cannot be done at the very improbable place of a bedroom’s windowsill, right next to the air-condition unit and thus it has to be a lot bigger than you may think. So you do it down at the ground / pavement, still very close to the aircon’s modified inlet. (You do know that H2S is heavier than air, it will not rise by itself.) -You have present an air-conditioning unit in your target’s bedroom –but these things do not suck air from the outside to inside, they re-circulate and cool the inside air. -So you’ll need to tinker with it in such a way that it does what you want. Leave no fingerprints; be not observed doing so by anybody. And make the modification possibly reversible, as after all we have a death by poison gas at hand. The unit WILL be examined. -You have dissuaded your target to clean up the pyro-mess and leave it right where it is. -You have planned the events in such a way that there is nary a breath of wind as otherwise you can forget about much H2S getting into your uncle’s bedroom. -You have provided for the fact that the sprinkled water creates an additional downdraft, which is not what you want. -You have determined at which stage the concentration of H2S is maximal inside –at which time you will somehow switch off the modified aircon -because now the thing will blow in fresh air from the outside. -You will have catered for the fact that the rate of generation of H2S with tap water on the fused sulphide (Ph levels greater than 8,5) will be modest, it will go slowly, allowing some of the H2S to be dissolved in the water as well. -You are aware that whatever H2S does get sucked up into the aircon, does NOT accumulate in the bedroom, it gets also further blown into the house or wall vents as your required modification creates a positive pressure in the room. It may be so that the LD50 levels of H2S are very low but in my opinion your method would never work. WAY too many ifs and lack of thought-out detail. So to kill him anyway, you would have to pump in additional H2S into his bedroom. (If it’s pure, it does not stink so much). At any rate it is hardly a less than obvious way of killing, as you have already implicated yourself as having played with stepdad and made the precursor to his instrument of death. You will have to just hope that you will be cool during the “interviews” that follow and that nothing sticks. Do not forget that you ARE known as the “chemistry nut” in the family and you DO have a motive. If it smells chemically (which it will be doing for some time) and if you benefit –it IS you.

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Why not a botched burglary or hijacking and a bullet? Messy, but far less pointers to yourself. Perhaps a “therapeutic thought experiment”; ways to kill the impossible bastard etc –it may make you feel better already –but one should leave it at that. On a last thought, perhaps you are lucky and your uncle has his aircon mounted at floor-level. I have never seen this, but in that case your method would be less improbable -but still bloody risky.

Roy Paci

March 22nd, 2008, 08:54 AM

I feel the need of saying something about the firs part of the thread, since the last part has actually moved to other subject. The first part was: "a not so obvious killer" and was about injecting people's vessel If I can access a vein and I want to kill someone I would promptly go for KCl. A 25ml syringe with a saturated solution is far more than enough. Kaliemia is kept around 3.5-4-5 millieq./100ml. At 7.0 you it is very likely (forget SURE when talking about human body and medicine) that the poor heart will arrest in dyastole. Why looking for anything else?

So... you have to kill someone? I'm sure you don't and you won't. Should you think how to?

wondering what to inject ricin or other crap in a vein is like looking for a way to distill urea from urine t make UN. What is the hard part? Getting the acid or the urea? Same thing here? What is the problem? You got a vein? A sirynge of KCl would promptly kill the owner of that vein. And kcl is something you find everywhere. And you can use whatever salt of K either. Dysionia is a quick way to kill a person. The quickest, I think. And K+ omesthasis an Ca++ omeosthasis are the most critical, acting on myocardial cell's membrane stability. And people from US should know this question well... And this is about injecting substances. About injecting air: veins: lungs are emunctory beside being "something you use to breathe". Gases injected in veins passes trough lungs that "push" them in the alveolar spaces making them breathed away. Clear? This has a limit. Limit is 40ml of gases. Air in this case. And it means 40ml in a brief period(will try to find out what "brief" means). Artery: anything solid or gasseous will block branch of the artery injected. The bigger is the "anything" the bigger will be the artery hence bigger will be territory undergoing ischemia. You wanna kill someone immediatly? Inject air in subject's inner carothid. Or common carothid. Or brachiocefalic trunk. or aorta. Or left ventricule. Or Left atrium. More bacward you go, more air you should inject. But you really need a tiny amount to go trough brain circulation. problem again is: getting a needle into an artery. Last but not least: sorry fo this long post... but... Someone was talking about killing people with tetanus? This is ridicolous. Unless it was a joke, then was funny. Killing one by infection requires one of the following: a) defedated subject like AIDS patient in late stage, as well as CF or Leukemia. b) being in a desert isle, starve the subject a bit and then colonize him. This will work if subjects can't acces any kind of hospital, even the crappiest in calcutta, possibly. thanks Roy

JouMasep

March 29th, 2008, 01:42 AM

Why looking for anything else? Because the needle will leave a mark and the massive amount of potassium present is both very easy to detect and not even less than obvious –after all is this not part of the well known sequence of administered substances in an execution by lethal injection? Curiously, regarding the latter, Teresa A. Zimmers; Jonathan Sheldon et al found that "evidence from North Carolina, California, and Virginia indicates that potassium chloride in lethal injection does not reliably induce cardiac arrest." (Lethal Injection for Execution: Chemical Asphyxiation) There are many, many substances (In fact everything) that will kill if enough is injected; but your "25ml" would take a goodsized needle -or a very thin needle and a long time. So would you ask your target to sit still, find a vein and then to take many seconds to do your work?

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter You may find killing people with tetanus “ridicolous” or a “joke”. but the fact remains that tetanus is an "acute and often fatal disease". And that is when NO foul play is intended! Further, consider the fact that: "On the basis of weight, tetanospasmin is one of the most potent toxins known. The estimated minimum human lethal dose is 2.5 nanograms per kilogram of body weight (a nanogram is ONE BILLIONTH of a gram), or 175 nanograms for a 70-kg (154lb) human. So if one were to cultivate Clostridium tetani, and to then extract said tetanospasmin, and to then further administer this as a cocktail with the original bacteria through an innocuous looking wound, not too far away from the central nervous system, one would have very good chances of success. In fact you seem to generalize when referring to “killing by infection” in general and to then list unworkable preconditions that would support your claims to ridicule. But none of these “ridiculous” conditions need to be present for tetanus to kill if a wound is present with a sufficient amount of the Clostridium tetani, sufficiently close to the CNS. In fact all that would be required would be a lack of appropriate medical care, very soon. And that is if we don’t artificially “enhance” the common infection………… On the balance, I do not find your comments justified at all. Sure, KCL would be a lot easier [to prepare]. So would be dropping a slab of concrete on his head. By the way- viz: So... you have to kill someone? I'm sure you don't and you won't. Don’t worry about the moralizing. This thread is of an academic nature (and I see fit to add a slight tongue in cheek to it here and there) -no need at all for admonishing to the contrary!

Roy Paci

March 30th, 2008, 09:30 AM

Wasn't meant to moralize, but to clarify to people reading that I'm not participating in a conspirancy to kill anyone, lots of silly people out there!! :) People was talking about needles, and my answer was about that. And as I told, Ca++ is good as well. So I think we agree in this point. I said that in poisoning by injecting something, the hardest task is getting the needle in. If we are to find a non detectable substance, we are missing the point thinking about richin. Second... In the part of the country were I'm living, in the last ten them resulted in death. Cause if you got the guy to get the disease, can you even prevent Society, hospitals, ambulance, pancuron chloride, ventilation... His alone! Maybe if you get half a gram of toxin he wouldn't arrive on time to

years there have been reported 5 cases of tetanus. None of him to be cured? team is full of people willing to save him. And you are the ICU. but...

Any clue on how to cultivate clostridium tetani? You could get him. Ok. How would you isolate him? You're likely to collect it in spore form, from horse poo or something like this. Get it to germinate and tell me how you did it. And then.. you got your clostridiums in your reactor. You agree? How do you extract toxin?? And this is not enough. Clostridiums are not so smart bacteria. They wouldn't feel ok in a common wound. They are strictly anaerobious. So the best wound to get them in should be one with an ischemic necrosis. I don't know how many chanches your cocktail would have in a "standard" wound. And if it is difficult to sting someone with a needle, I don't know many guys eager to get a stinky cocktail poured on their open wounds. Actually most of the people I know use to medicate and dress their wounds. Maybe to prevent people administer them clostridium cocktail(just a joke)! What would you ask to YOUR target? I like the academic nature. My consideration about 25ml KCl was good in academia. Me and other guys here assumed we got the needle in. You show me the problem about the needle. Now solve the ones about getting the toxin. What does tongue in cheek mean?

JouMasep

April 1st, 2008, 01:49 AM

Hi Roy, To s tart with yo ur last question first, it simply mean s: using humour . It is perfectly all rig ht to ma ke a s erious point, but to a l s o m a k e the presenta tion th ereof more dig estible by adding a bit of humour, irony or even s arcasm. Glad you asked; allow me to throw a few examples in the following post. Enjoy! I have carefully read your two posts here. I will continue to demonstrate that a) Your claims to ridicule viz. the premise that e.g. tetanus enhanced with toxin as a less-than-obvious method to kill is invalid. b) You r own method of injecting potassium or calcium- for that matter in re latively large quantities is completely lacking in practica l value. It is us eles s to try and turn this by saying: I presume the needle is in the vein alrea dy .

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter It may be that others (myself included) have postulated earlier the use of a syringe here in one way or another. Certain disadvantages have been highlighted (I myself have rejected it in the end.) And now, later on in this thread, you present such a use as a truly great idea -which it is absolutely not, especially when using such a crude agent as potassium. And whilst you do so, you try to ridicule legitimate arguments, and you even purposely distort suggested methods in order to further that objective. Now, I do not know if you care how this all looks, or perhaps you truly reckon this is all very impressive. And perhaps this is so; perhaps I am alone in my opinion that you are a bit in trouble by now. I feel that it is fair to say that you came close to flaming those who p roposed the principle the tetan us method. This in itself is still OK with me. But when you then came up in that same first post with a total cliché of a method, and one that is useless as well, you e ntered o nto a slipp ery slope . -A d e a d ly injection h a s b e e n u s e d a s a theme in literally many hundreds of TV whod units, plays, detective nove ls, a nd movies. This fact alone compromises the less-than-obvious principle. Needles leave marks. Pathologists notice such marks as they notice 22 cal. holes. -Any such method that requires the administration of large volumes of liquid, with a very easily detectable substance further invalidates this. -Further, if said method requires also unhindered access to a vein, and a protracted period of administration (or a very large needle) how can one hope to be less-than-obvious? -Lastly, when s aid substance is part of the universally known metho d of execution by lethal injection , wha t are you thinking? Feel free to contin ue flogging your dead horse here , perhap s yo ull get it to walk the way you want (I almost think I do somethin g lik e that m yself right now but in another sense altogether ) wondering what to inject ricin or other crap in a vein is like looking for a way to distill urea from urine t make UN. What is the hard part? Getting the acid or the urea? Roy, you a re writing strange, incoherent stuff here. Now I don t kno w what you hope to get from this; but as nobody s u g g e s t e d an injection of ricin in a vein , only you write this crap in a dis jointed, crappy way. So you show nothing but that you have a poor debating technique. People was talking about needles, and my answer was about that. And as I told, Ca++ is good as well. So I think we agree in this point. I said that in poisoning by injecting something, the hardest task is getting the needle in. Waste of time s tating the obvious. T h e h a r d e s t task of dropp ing a slab on somebody s h ead is getting him to lie still whilst you lift it. But I can tell you that a rock is good as well. Who would disagree with this? I like a g r e e m e n t . Agreement is good. But who agrees with what precisely in your own quote above? If we are to find a non detectable substance, we are missing the point thinking about richin. What is this now again? You want to tell us that RICIN CAN ACTUALLY BE DETECTED? No way, get out of here! But was this thread actually not abou t less-than-obvious ? or was it about undetectable ? And why even go there. Quite some tim e ago, I fo r one conced ed already that there is n o such thing as u n d e tectable when it come s to poisoning. So in the last say- 2,8 million unexplain ed deaths (cause of death incon clusive ), in how man y were they actually LOOKING for ricin? And how many ca ses of murd er by ricin h a v e b e e n found a nd documented? What may the answers to these two questions prove? a) Ricin is n ot part a nd parcel of the general substances to look for in unexplained deaths. b) The positive testing for ricin is not generally available. c) No VIPs have been killed by ricin in the last decades or so. d) Generally murderers are crude, depraved, unimaginative and inadequate lowlifes. (Hence their need to resort to murder) These qualities do not lea d to the co nception of the idea let alone to the successful preparatio n of goo d ricin which is less than dead easy. Hence the killings by ricin are rare, therefore together with reasons (a) and (b) the paucity of such documented murders. e) To try killing somebody by ricin is just about impossible, and it is also ridiculous. Take your pick. You like ridiculous . Ill give you very improbable and ve ry ridiculou s. Call Q (from your local Secre t Agents Techn ical Division). Tell Q that you want to kill some disloyal traitor in a foreign, hostile country. Tel him about how the cretin is looked after by the hostile Western secret services and that you want to get away clean, with a minimal amount of mess or fuzz. No bullets, no bombs, no messy car accidents. Q must be getting old and senile; look at this totally ridiculous method he came up with: We make ricin; ignore those who say that it is just about impossible to make it pure. We fabricate a tiny, tiny, hollow metal sphere. We drill small holes around sphere. Fill cavity with your ricin. Seal hole s with slowly dissolving goop. Select an umbrella ( we like th e model John Steed also uses the old idiot said) Now modify this umbrella to shoot the little sphere into the defecting dog s leg. You make it look like an accidental prod, in a crowded area. `W alk away as slow as you like, ta ke the che apest standby flight ba ck to our Motherland you have all the tim e in th e world. He will die much later. And even if th e imperialist capitalist dogs search like hell becaus e there is no chance this wa s natural c a u s e s , they ll find n othing in a h urry. And even if they do, you ll get awa y with it be ca use from the time that it ha ppened, for days the dog will have no idea that he is doomed. Roy, I did no t want to bore you (and o thers) with an otherwise well known story but you ll have to admit that if I proposed this particular, detailed method, and if you did NOT know it as factual history, the n you would scream ridiculous at th e top of your voice. Second... In the part of the country were I'm living, in the last ten years there have been reported 5 cases of tetanus. None of them resulted in death.

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That s b ecause nobody WANTED them dead. And how close were the wounds to the spine or the brain? How deep were they? What was the initial amount of spores or active bacteria in the wound? Remember that by far the majority of suspected tetanus infections originate in the extremities (The sole of the foot in particular). The further from the CNS, the more time for successful medical intervention. The fact that none of the five cases you mention did die is not in disagreement with statistics. Only 11% of reported cases die. Now this is significant to my mind when we consider the following: -By far the majority of cases of tetanus originate from wounds in the limbs, and in particular the soles of the feet. (Penetration here is both probable and give nicely anaerobic conditions.) However, the further away from the central nervous system, the longer the incubation time, the more time for successful medical intervention. -Therefore we can say with certainty that in the cases where the wounds are closer to the CNS, the incidence of fatalities is much h igher than 11%. (This presumes deepe r not larger- a n a e robic wounds, or an opportunity of spores to become active; an absence of more recent vaccination.) Now tetanus is both well known and feared; one will therefore do what one can to stop it from killing accidental victims. And STILL those deaths, more than one out of ten. But contrary to what you still wish to think, I propose to kill by direct administration of the toxin and the toxin alone. The addition of the spores / bacteria, is merely to further plausible deniability, to minimize the chances to suspicion that foul play is present. Society, hospitals, ambulance, pancuron chloride, ventilation... His team is full of people willing to save him. And you are alone! No I am not! I have my superior weaponry. I have ready the toxin tetanospasmin in a quantity that wipes out all that you come up with. And that is what none of the reported cases ever had to worry about. Now this toxin is exceedingly potent. And once it is present in the body it will go to the spinal cord, to the brain. Not only the voluntary muscles will go into spasm, leading to seizures, but by just adding a bit extra, I will ensure that the autonomous nervous system will be knocked out as well. Breathing stops. The heart stops. Good luck with your pancuron chloride. (Or would that be the bromide salt perhaps?) How much would you use an d what d o you hope to do against my wea pon s total blocking of the inhibitor impulses, th us shutting down the release of the neurotransmitters? Or will your pancuron actually save the day? Should I stock up on it, if I ever would go and produce my nerve agents? In case I spill a drop or s o on my san dals : never fear! A shot of pancuron will see m e right not? If it wo rks for tetanospasmin, it surely works for sarin as well not so? Oh I forgot I have o nly a bit of th e toxin in my ars enal, you do nt think that s e nough. Maybe if you get half a gram of toxin he wouldn't arrive on time to the ICU. but... Roy are you aware that this amount you quote may kill over TWO COMMA EIGHT MILLION individuals? (Maths: 0,5 gram / 175 nanograms = 2,857,143 humans of 70 kg). Or do you wish to dispute my earlier quoted lethal dose? I propo se to use 300 times over that lethal dos e in m y cocktail just because yo u are so sceptical. Lets see, that would be 53 micrograms for you! That could kill one man three hundred times over. Still not a lot by weight because I could dish out this mu ch to 20 othe r targets from a sin gle milligram . Two things should become clear finally, I hope. 1 The potency of the toxin is mind-boggling. 2 Your argument viz. the victim can reasonably be saved, is lost. If you disagree, you must disprove my point that no agent on earth can counteract a massively large excess dose of tetanospasmin. Even pancuron, which is the only agent of all that you mention that has any chance, would still only be effective for a very much smaller dose than I propose. If a bullet penetrates the heart, theoretically a heart-lung device can keep things going for a while. But an assassin usually does well with a hearth shot. Sometimes there is nothing that doctors can do; you know that. My proposed method would be such a case. All obje ctions as to how to administer the cocktail h a v e b e c o m e o b s o lete. A wound -ANY wound that wo uld carry away the sub milligram quantity of toxin into the bloodstream would result in death. What would I ask my victim? Read on. That A s s h o l e O n A Skate board as you just called h im, may have given you 40 bucks for a n ew pair of trousers. The nurse who dressed your wound may have done a decent job. But you had at least half a pin-head amount of 3% pure tetanospasmin in that wound. That asshole is our most talented young agent Now please make your peace, you are dying. With regards to the part of procurement and isolation of clostridium tetani, -even if I have neither experience nor specific knowledge about this type of procedure, I do not reckon this to be total rocket science. If I am wrong, tell me, show me. Kitasato isolated it from human tissu e one hundred years ago (They were short of horses in Japan at th e time , I reckon. Seeing that I actually am short on available human tissue myself, I gladly make use of your suggestion to equine faecal matter.) I concede possible problems as to the isolation of the toxin, but that is only because I have no clue as to either the structure of it, nor as to its vulnerability to degradation. If you know more that I in this regard, please help me out there. Alternatively, I am quite sure that in time I will get that right, should I be so inclined.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter After all, for ove r the last 80 ye ars, th e toxoid vaccin e is made from isolated, and th en dena tured tetanosp asmin ain t it then? So even if THAT wo uld be rocket science, the method s are actually old er than the modern rocket itself .. I am positively feeling sanguine about this method now. The more I look at it, the more I see that it has very interesting potential. Roy, I owe you. I invite you to further ridicule me about such details viz. the cultivation and isolation of the toxin and the insurmountable difficulties in this regard. Who knows how far we ll take this to me at least- su rpris ing ne w direction. Sincere thanks. By the way, this is very ironic; I just see this now. Read this carefully. You co me with yo ur method which is part of lethal injection . You attack my tetanus meth od And then, to further counteract my tetanus meth od yo u come up with pancuron And this pancuron is .. Yes, YES! This is ALSO part of the sequence of the lethal injection ! Roy, you are gifted. I am in awe. Oh and viz. Wasn't meant to moralize, but to clarify to people reading that I'm not participating in a conspirancy to kill anyone, lots of silly people out there!! Yah, I am one of those silly people! For a moment I thoug ht that you were talking to ME, becaus e of your own use of the word Y O U And who on earth would see some very lame attempt at a hypothetical method to kill by injection of K+ as anything to a true conspiracy? And who would then actually require such pompous caveats before reading such lame attempt? (Good you do not moralize. So we should from now on all put such waivers on the forum except where we talk about the price of eggs perhaps?) But you me ant to say I not Y o u . I should have gotten it the first time, of course. I was both silly and ridiculous, really. Yah.

Roy Paci

April 1st, 2008, 03:03 PM

I see. You got really angry. And this could be partially due to my not so good english level. So here I have to do a step backward. I'm sorry for having exposed my issues in such an annoying way. I will gather a few data (you wouldn't say so, but I can do it). Meanwhile: By the way, the silly people are the ones who read this forum and claim to have found a nest of terrorists. Just one question, hoping that you are not getting it wrong: it IS just a question. you meant that "our" agent goes to the "dog" and shoot him like "BANG!!"? How do you say the ricin get into the blood? I assume intradermically. Right?

JouMasep

April 4th, 2008, 07:08 AM

With regard to your question: How do you say the ricin get into the blood? I assume intradermically. Right? My own preference would have been subcutaneous –or even deeper. I reckon that even in a less sensitive part of the body such as the back of the calf- any such proposed object would cause irritation quite soon. When the sphere is not deep enough, it will be scratched and an urge to remove it will exist, with deeper objects there will still be such a urge, but I reckon it to be less. It is much more difficult to remove for one, but the irritation factor is also of a lesser, different nature. In the end one went with “Q’s” modus operandi. And if it worked, we should perhaps not second-guess him. “BANG”? Noo, not like that! A thicker, hollow needle is projected through a spring (or compressed air) mechanism into the tissue. Then when the needle is at maximum depth, a plunger is depressed from within the needle, thus ejecting the sphere (within the tip of the needle) into the tissue. Now the needle is retracted. The whole process takes a split second. All that is left, is a small bluish puncture mark –the result of a small accident in the underground; some idiot’s pricking with an umbrella. I did not get these details from “Q” himself, but that is the logical way, that is how I would have done it.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter I still detect some doubt from your side as to the feasibility of the project –am I right? That previous post of mine was almost unreadably long. But that was after editing out some stuff! Please take note that in my original, full draft, I had included both comments viz. your English language skills –and how a lack thereof might have well contributed to a somewhat uncouth style. And also that despite this, I deemed you more capable than may seem at first glance. I am compelled to be empathic, as I only started to first use English until into adulthood. (I’m Dutch) I think it is very important not to underestimate others too soon –that would seem a good guide rule, no?

Charles Owlen Picket

April 4th, 2008, 10:43 AM

Local anesthetics and a non-oxidizing material like titanium prevent irritation long enough for the mechanism to function. This, from the analysis of the Bulgarian "umbrella" technique by a blogger who claimed PhD status & how studied such events.

JouMasep

April 12th, 2008, 05:41 PM

Local anaesthetics Ah, but of course! I do not know if a particular type was mentioned, but dare I suggest something with a prolonged action like lidocaine / prilocaine eutectic mixture or bupivacaine. We would avoid the ester-types. Whilst cocaine may be readily available on the black market (One can even synthesize it believe it or not!), it will hydrolyse in no time. To even further prolong the anaesthetic effect with epinephrine (restricting blood flow) may be contemplated, but the tradeoff would be that our agent (ricin) would also be assimilated more slowly. (That is to say: if the epinephrine it is still around by the time the sealant blocking th e tiny hole s in the sp heres has been dissolved this is a matter of timing b y trial and error) Other methods of prolonging the anaesthetic effect do also exist (incorporation into liposhperes?), I am not familiar with the precise procedures in these. At any rate it should be possible to avoid discomfort at the small entry-wound for many hours using a L.A cocktail, by which time intervention will be too late.

Charles Owlen Picket

April 13th, 2008, 12:11 PM

American Dental Journals abound with techniques for implementation of local anesthetics incorporated within super fast action administration modalities. I was going to quote from one some time back but didn't have time. There is a technique for the elimination of nerve response which interposes the fast action with the longer action local for dental intervention (the elimination of the nerve or broken tooth) via a single hypodermic injection. ...So that injection #1 can't be felt in it's initial use and there after the nerve is prepped for dental intervention. Search: American Journal of Dentistry, Local Anesthetics, emergency intervention. That's where I got it to begin with. My initial interest was whether such would preform equally outside the dental arena (in the deeper tissues of the body) for the emergency setting of a broken bone by one's self.

JouMasep

April 13th, 2008, 04:16 PM

Along similar lines a technique to pre-anaesthetize before inserting e.g. a large drip-needle exists. However, this requires multiple injections and a certain interval of time in between them. There are also subtle aspects to such techniques that will be hard to implement in the field . The problems posed to gain an absence of pain/discomfort on the second, larger needle-trauma will not easily be negated by the practical prob lems thus posed to a s ucce ssfu l hit and run An accidental prod with somethin g lik e an um brella does not need to be absolutely painless. And if the mechanism s a ction is very fast, the tip very sharp and an appropriate anaesthetic will make any pain subside sufficiently and soon enough, then the initial pain felt will seem natural . Inciden tally: local anaesthes ia, allowing to set one s o wn bone s in an emergency situation, without h ope of timeous medical treatment. Hmm, that could be a true godsend in say, a rem ote mountaineering accident . My guess is however that it would not be practically feasible. So unless one is up to a DIY Lumbar epidural- or spinal anaesthesia (not really, I reckon), I would advocate morphine. And hope that one has the fortitude to keep the dose not too high, allowing to proceed with what must be very, very hard without passing out from too much poppy.

James

August 13th, 2008, 04:12 PM

I think that any concealed attempt to kill someone is like a trick. It works great until someone else finds out how. I think we should all work on the assumptions that lions lurk here and not mention details. IIRC they don't actually detect ricin itself there's another thing the body produces in response that's easier to detect. Somewhere I heard of the concept of a methodmotive-oppurtunity triangle. Avoid having the police find find yours. Most of the mehods outlined rely on secrecy and concealment, use them.

waveguider

September 5th, 2008, 09:05 PM

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter I do not want to be accused of bringing up a dead thread but since Hypoxia induced by Nitrogen asphyxiation has not been discussed in this thread, I thought I might bring it up. I originally heard about this murdering method while watching a television program named ''Execution - Horizon: How To Kill A Human Being'' which is available to watch on youtube. I believe that instead of using Carbon monoxide in the ''fill the victims car/room with CO'' idea, mentioned above, one could use nitrogen or Argon gas. I may be wrong but I think that using Argon would be a more efficient than nitrogen on account of it's higher density which would help diminish the diffusion of the gas when the victim opens the car/room door, although using argon would be slightly suspicious. Unconsciousness can occur under 30 seconds, if this is done right, the victim would simply, and maybe even euphorically, drift off into death. Wikipedia mentions, under it's entry on nitrogen asphyxiation, that ''The reason an oxygen deficient environment can kill so quickly is that when oxygen levels are low enough, the natural diffusion of oxygen in the alveoli reverses, causing the body to rapidly lose its own blood oxygen.''

Misfit

September 9th, 2008, 05:20 PM

My apologies if this has been mentioned before, but has anyone considered the use of those plug-in room fresheners to disperse noxious substances? A "free sample", suitably doctored, could be mailed to the recipient of your choice, perhaps with a covering note stating that it should be used in the bedroom at night to aid in a restful sleep, the new type with a built in motion detector also lend themselves to some interesting possibilities.

Alexires

September 9th, 2008, 06:55 PM

Misfit - I don't think it has been mentioned in this thread, but NBK came up with the idea of using "air fresheners" as area denial weapons (see here (http://www.roguesci.org/theforum/showthread.php?t=3784)) Also, clean up your grammar/spelling/punctuation.

megalomania

September 9th, 2008, 11:04 PM

Because argon is so dense, it will sink to the floor in any room it is filling up. In the absence of stirring air currents, it would take a lot of argon to fill up an entire room to toxic levels just by pumping it in. Yes, misfit, we have a whole thread on that topic going back years.

Roy Paci

September 13th, 2008, 09:49 AM

For the local anesthetic technique... Remember that mos of them are irritating at least for few seconds. So they can sting when injected, in my opinion.

Roy Paci

September 13th, 2008, 10:16 AM

Four months ago I wrote this and didn't post it.. It is about a discussion between me and Joumasep in the second page of this thread.

1) Ricin there are not a lot of source s. The 16th ed ition of Harrisons s internal medicine do es not spend a word about it. However I found a nice Review on Ricin Poisoning on JAMA 2005; 294: 2342-2351. In the first part it reports CDC considering Category B, due to its ease of dissemination, moderate to high morbidity and LOW!! Mortality. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi_Markov#Attack_and_death Here says something interesting about the umbrella hypotesis. The part about the no-chance treatment I retain it less reliable than JAMA and I think that disagreeing on this point is pure insanity. CDC in 2003, stated that efficacy of subcutaneous way of administration has NOT been tested yet. I think that my definition of ricin being crap is totaly inadequate, and I ap ologize for that. But: markov episode alone is not enough to say that ricin is the perfect killer and that subcutaneous administration would be efficient. Maybe he(markov) was unlucky and maybe not all the truth has been told about that case(additional poison? Controlled or thamed media?). It was even the third or fourth attempt to kill him. Could be a good attempt, but still not a one that could guarantee the result. I would conclude that there is not enough studies that backup ricin theory. From case to case its action may vary with no possibility for you to make a good forecast on the result. You could kill someone. You could just get him feel really bad. Almost same probability(JAMA article). My objections about local anestetichs: -their injection is usually a bit painful, addition of sodium bicarbonate could do it less painful, but up to a point. -their action last, at one point, even with the addition of adrenaline in the mix -they give a feeling of numbness and the subject can notice it 2) Organophosphates poisoning are treated with atropine for its muscarine-like effects and with benzodiazepine for the nicotine-like central effects , according to Goodm an Gillmans. No point in discussing abo ut x-curon use, here. 3) Maybe injecting veins is not your point, but is the point of who started this thread. And I find the answers about that not being complete. . If you come to say that potassium is not effective in killing peo ple... No way! 40meq of potassium are more than enough. They need to be administered quickly. No effect is produced when administered over a hour long period. On potassium efficacy I prefer not to post references, since all physiology textbooks report similar datas. I would take a look on Guyton or ye olde Tinsley Randolph Harrison, if I wanna read something about that. K+ is recognized to be a dangerous thing to deal with. Far more better than ricin, at least. This said if intravenous administration of both K+ and ricin are compared. 4) I forgot to say this by first istance... but: have we consider that in western countries most of people are immunized for tetanus toxin? Fro m tetanic presentatio n onset, morta lity is something around 40 50%. Harrison s says 10%, but I do thin k this is an error

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and 40 - 50% is more realistic. Saying th at you re no t think ing ab out getting the toxin if yo u wanna kill som eone by it is like saying you are not caring how to get polonium 210 to to poison someone with it. At least, it sounds similar to me. Tetanus diagnosis is performed by clinicians with no need for lab tests. Even because biologic samples from the wound of these patient are negative for clostridium, but you can still be sure clostridiums are there. Point is: if in most of cases analysis labs are not able to isolate Clostridiums, you are still sure it is such a piece of cake to get it? Some bibliographic that back up my statements about tetanus....

************EDIT************ I got thebibliography on a paper sheet, but I'm lazy. As long as I can get a scanner, i'm not posting it! ************************ Conclusion: A good way to act could be this: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

try to inoculate tetanospasmin. Realize subject is immune Go for ricin When subject is hospitalized, play being a nurse or a doctor and inject quickly 40meq K+. Shouldn t it work, a VX bomb in the ward could do. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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> Chemistry for Amateur Experimenters and Citizen Scientists

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View Full Version : So, I was wondering? Omniknight

August 24th, 2007, 12:37 PM

Say that someone would want to kill someone or a large number of people while looking totally innocent, albeit just a random pain in the ass on a hot summer day. Say that same someone would fill a super-soaker rifle with a mix of 70:30 KCN/DMSO and sprayed people he didn't like with it. What w ould be the result? I mean would the cyanide be carried into the skin by the DMSO? And if so, what w ould be the average response time? Wouldn't be too good to have people fall like flies just after being sprayed by you... it w ould make you a little bit suspicious :D :)

Vitalis

August 24th, 2007, 02:49 PM

The super soaker w ould leak on you and do the world a favor. ;)

festergrump

August 24th, 2007, 04:15 PM

UTFSE, Omniknight. What have YOU come up with in your brief stay here? Haven't read any rules or been around long enough to know Forum ettiquette, have you? I'm wondering if it's newbie 'sqeaks' and 'mews' w ill be just audible enough to wake the Beast, Vitalis. He's been quite actively seeking prey lately and has even accepted a surrogate meal or two... I wonder if the Beast is again dumping energy into something truly phenominal. :)

Enkidu

August 24th, 2007, 05:37 PM

Tw o helpful threads, NEWBIES! The Forums' unwritten rules...written down. (http://w ww.roguesci.org/theforum/showthread.php?t= 2774) and guide for newbies by newbies (http://ww w.roguesci.org/theforum/showthread.php?t=3656) are still stuck in the now defunct Water Cooler. I realize that the Unwritten Rules thread has been chopped up and added to the FAQ page, but w ho ever reads those? I don't. My polite suggestion is that they should be moved to forum matters. Although the points made in those threads are self-evident to the members of The Forum that survive for any length of time, some people, who otherw ise might be useful in some form or fashion, may miss one or two or most of them.

Omniknight

August 24th, 2007, 05:50 PM

Hey this was just a simple question. And to Vitalis, i'm not talking about going apeshit like the first nigger in town with his bright idea; i'm talking about doing it SAFELY FOR YOU.

Cobalt.45

August 24th, 2007, 06:02 PM

My polite suggestion is that they should be moved to forum matters. Although the points made in those threads are self-evident to the members of The Forum that survive for any length of time, some people, who otherw ise might be useful in some form or fashion, may miss one or two or most of them. Thing is, some of the rules should not even be necessary. That a contributor is required to use basic written English correctly, and w rite chemical formulas properly (to name tw o), should be a given. If it's not, all the imploring in the world w ill not get the point across, IMHO. Hey this was just a simple question. And to Vitalis, i'm not talking about going apeshit like the first nigger in town with his bright idea; i'm talking about doing it SAFELY FOR YOU. Just as the post above attests.

Enkidu

August 24th, 2007, 06:39 PM

Hey this was just a simple question. And to Vitalis, i'm not talking about going apeshit like the first nigger in tow n with his bright idea; i'm talking about doing it SAFELY FOR YOU. Stupid questions do exist, and you just asked one. No one here likes to see stupid questions clutter The Forum. You w ill probably be banned for I/i failure and uselessness, as you should be. The title of your thread alone is evidence enough for a ban verdict. @Cobalt: Yeah, I doubt that this guy in particular would have lasted long in any case, but persons such as Major Havok and tetranitrate3 show at least some signs of usefulness.

chemdude1999

August 24th, 2007, 06:53 PM

Amen Enkidu. Do we need to go into how this w ould NOT w ork?! Go back to TOTSE. CN is dangerous only w hen it hits acidic materials (i.e., your fucking stomach). It makes HCN which is deadly. Spraying the shit w ith a soaker and DMSO? Almonds and pissed off people that smell something fishy. No deaths. But, you w ill be explaining to the piggies why you have KCN and w hat you were trying to do. You'll get charged w ith attempted murder on multiple counts (likely in today's climate). I work with KCN everyday. It is very predictable and safe. Make AP instead and remember to keep it nice and w arm. Grow the fuck up! NBK probably will just stomp this shit. It isn't even worth eating.

Vitalis

August 25th, 2007, 01:59 AM

Hey this was just a simple question. And to Vitalis, i'm not talking about going apeshit like the first nigger in town with his bright idea; i'm talking about doing it SAFELY FOR YOU. Thank GOD you're not a nigger and thank GOD you are thinking of my safety! With people like you looking out for me, I've no w orries! :D If you really w ant to know what your KCN/DMSO mix will do, mix up a batch and apply a liberal amount to your forearm. If you die too quickly, your plan to spray people and get away w ith it w on't work...

inventorgp

August 25th, 2007, 02:11 AM

Well for a n00b, he sounds like he knows what DMSO could do... and the fact that to think of an idea like that, w ell, I do think its that "kew lish". A "kewl" w ould think you can make C4 out of peanut butter and RDX w hilst not bothering to question the use of peanut butter as a binder (assuming that "kewl" know s what a binder is). Just my 2 cents... @Omni: just keep quite for a while, post on threads, not post threads. It might be a good idea to stick to that not to get banned, unless you say something dumb. @The guys: Well instead of flaming him, you could at least describe the effects of what HCN does to the human body.

nbk2000 I like to occasionally let one slip through, so others can have fun swatting the prey around before The Beast devours it. :) Also, it reminds us that we were all k3wL once...before coming to RS.

August 25th, 2007, 04:29 AM

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August 25th, 2007, 06:13 AM

@The guys: Well instead of flaming him, you could at least describe the effects of what HCN does to the human body. This was not asked by the OP. While I eschew the all-too-common "UTFSE" reply to every damn thing (does nothing to foster discussion), that question would deserve such a reply. This guy a friend of yours?

Omniknight

August 25th, 2007, 03:46 PM

Do you know how many results i get when i use DMSO in the search engine ? :rolleyes: Geebuz, this was just a question because potassium cyanide is known to be lethal, so i w as w ondering if it could work by making it soak thru the skin with dmso, nothing more.

Vitalis

August 25th, 2007, 04:44 PM

I think it w as the way you worded it, walking into a crowd of people with a supersoaker spraying people. It's also seems to be frow ned upon here for someone to make their first post a new thread without looking for a suitable existing thread to post in. ;)

chemdude1999

August 25th, 2007, 09:20 PM

SODIUM Cyanide MIGHT dissolve sufficiently enough in DMSO to be carried through the skin. That is a strong might, too. Could you keep the concentration high enough to cause the requisite poisoning? How about the little leaks all over your trigger finger? I think one would literally need to wash his hands and arms like a surgeon in the stuff to cause ill effects. Hit and miss spraying would not work. My opinion stands. Stupid idea. No innovation. Reminds me of 1+1 chemistry. Again KCN is not lethal until it is converted into HCN. Practically, a little bit is alw ays present when working w ith the salts. Moisture in the air creates a bit, but not enough to cause issues. Read NBK's pdf if you want to see true diabolical brilliance. Killing is an art to admire and savor even without any intent. Why do you think people are attracted to serial killers and Nazi Germany?

megalomania

August 26th, 2007, 01:45 AM

This is too much :) After I got done laughing, I almost started to regret what it is I came here to do tonight. On the other hand... A few months ago I decided to open up a test section. Lets call it a sociological experiment on a larger scale than when nbk lets these type of threads persist. This might end up one of the first threads.

chemdude1999

August 26th, 2007, 02:19 AM

Oh come on Mega. Maybe we could devise a system of storing hundreds of gallons of DMSO-KCN mix in a sprinkler system. Then, hold a lighter to the sprinkler head and ... Wait, that means I would get nailed with this amazing death juice, too. Got to think these things through, dammit. :p

megalomania

August 26th, 2007, 02:46 AM

I keep thinking about that bit in the PMJB where he suggests loading a squirt gun with prussic acid to assassinate someone squirting them in the face as you pass by. If Kurt had written that 25 years later maybe he would have suggested a super soaker... If you actually sprayed someone with DMSO, even diluted, you would instantly have a riot on your hands probably culminating in your ass getting kicked. People will automatically assume the WORST when getting doused with chemical smelling water. Would the fedgov enact legislation to ban super soaker's, perhaps find Wal-Mart criminally liable for selling these terrorist tools? Perhaps the CPSC will step in and protect us all from the foul w eapons of mass destruction these plastic liquid accelerators truly are. A gun does not have to just fire projectiles at the speed of sound right? It has "gun" in the name, surely the Democrats w ill protect us before we harm ourselves with these guns.

Bugger

August 27th, 2007, 07:45 PM

That reminds me - the chemical composition of "Zyklon B", the poison gas or vapor produced in Germany during the war by I. G. Farben, for use in the gas chambers, to kill Jew s, Communists, Socialists, Liberals, Gypsies, Africans, homosexuals, and the mentally or physically disabled, and anyone else with w hom Hitler disagreed, was some sort of cyanide. "Zyklon" is German for "cyclone". According to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zyklon_B , which however is not authoritative, it "consisted of hydrocyanic acid (prussic acid, Blausäure in German, hence B), a stabilizer, and a w arning odorant that were impregnated onto various substrates, typically small absorbent pellets, fiber discs, or diatomaceous earth. It was stored in airtight containers; when exposed to air, the substrates evolved gaseous hydrogen cyanide (HCN)." sic). The article goes on to discuss its history, and uses as a pesticide and w ar gas. However, there are alternatives that could have been used, like organic cyanides like methyl cyanide, methyl isocyanate (which caused thousands of deaths in Bhopal, India, when it leaked from an Union Carbide plant, w here it was used as a chemical intermediate, in the 1980s), and cyanogen (w hich is made by decomposition of heavy-metal cyanides, or oxidation of HCN, or reaction of Cu(II) w ith ionic cyanides, or reaction of N2 with C2H2 under pressure and with electrical sparking, see http://en.w ikipedia.org/ wiki/Cyanogen ).

meyer25

September 1st, 2007, 02:19 AM

Again KCN is not lethal until it is converted into HCN. No, alkali cyanides are lethal, too. If you inject 10 mg KCN in 1 mL water intravenously to a rabbit of 1 kg BM, it will kill it just as fast as inhaling HCN in high enough concentration would do. HCN is dissociated to 90+% at physiological pH (~ 7.3 - 7.4); the toxicant is the cyanide anion. However, there are alternatives that could have been used, like organic cyanides like methyl cyanide, methyl isocyanate (which caused thousands of deaths in Bhopal, India, when it leaked from an Union Carbide plant, w here it was used as a chemical intermediate, in the 1980s), and cyanogen... ..Yet Zyklon B was liquid hydrogen cyanide, absorbed on an inert carrier. It is still manufactured and distributed (nowadays under the trade name Cyanosil, to omit negative associations with the Holocaust) by the Detia-Degesch GmbH, a successor of the Degesch GmbH, which manufactured and supplied Zyklon B to KL Auschwitz between 1941 1944. As I know two chemists employed in Detia-Degesch, I know for sure that the original Zyklon B composition w as not altered after the war whatsoever; it contains, as between 1923 - 1945, liquid HCN of at least 99% purity, stabilized by oxalic acid and tagged by methylbromoacetate as w arning irritant. Between 1941 and 1944, Degesch manufactured, in order of the SS, batches of Zyklon B, w hich were not tagged by the irritant, what the SS claimed to be because of "humanitary reasons"... Well... Hydrogen cyanide without the warning irritant, for humanitary purposes,... I bet the Degesch employees knew what they w ere actually manufacturing. However, it w as surely hydrogen cyanide. There was another cyanide composition, used for biocidal purposes, named Zyklon A, which contained, as the active toxicant, methyl cyanoformiate/methyl cyanocarbonate, Me-O-CO-CN, but its manufacture in Germany after WW1 was prohibited by the Versailles Treaty, because of the dual use of the chemical (it was thought to be a potential CW agent...).

simply RED

September 6th, 2007, 07:28 AM

Methyl cyanide, aka acetonitril is not very toxic. I daily use it to dissolve organic chemicals with no precautions... vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Ecological Warfare nbk2000

September 1st, 2007, 09:11 AM

Trawling the 'net as always, I found this interesting article about how plastic w aste is killing huge numbers of ocean lifeforms: Scientists have found that this plastic waste is wreaking havoc on the marine life. Charles Moore: "When birds are forging in the ocean now , they have the option of eating plastic along w ith their natural prey. ... they look like their natural prey w hich is squid." You can see albatross dying from eating plastics, its carcass now revealing the contents of it's stomach. Charles Moore: "Ninety percent of the dead chicks on Midway Island contain this kind of material." And it's coming from around the w orld. Charles Moore: "This dead bird had all these reds in it. ... you've got cigarette lighters from Japan, mayonnaise jar lids from Japan all kinds of red debris." Captain Moore would like to see a ban on red colored plastic as a first step in cleaning our oceans. Charles Moore: "This chick died w ith a full stomach, stopped begging its mother for food. And even though its stomach was full, there was such a small percentage of the stomach filled by nutritive food, it died from starvation with a full stomach." An example of how much plastic is filling up these birds can be seen in a picture of one of the dead ones: http://ww w.bestlifeonline.com/cms/uploads/1/dead_bird.jpg Now, since we know plastic will essentially last forever, and can be made to look like anything, w hat about making objects to deliberately look like a particular type of ocean prey, w ith the intention of killing off the predators? The example above of red objects being mistaken for squid, for instance. Purpose w ould be egological disruption of the food chain, breaking a cycle of life, and destroying a source of food for enemy nations. Many nations depend on fish for protein for their populations. Disruption of that food chain would lead to mass-starvation. This effect could be enhanced by lacing the plastics with disrupting horomones w hich would pass through the food chain, killing or sterilizing animals higher up the food chain as well, rather than just the one animal that ate the plastic bait. An example of this would be the small fish that eats the bait gets weak from starvation, gets eaten by a larger predator, who in turns bioamplifies the hormonal concentrations, until an enemy human catches it and eats it, becoming enfeebled or sterilized from hormonal disruption. Deliberate seeding of many ghost nets, anchoring them in the waters around the target nation, would also reduce live catches. Dropping dissolving pellets of red-tide dinoflagellates into harbors and along coastlines, to poison shellfish, w ould also reduce food supplies.

Vitalis

September 1st, 2007, 09:23 AM

Sure, certain countries depend on ocean lifeforms for sustenance. Why not add more TTX-producing bacteria to the water so the puffer-fish will absorb more tetrodotoxin. No more fugu for you...

simply RED

September 2nd, 2007, 06:10 AM

Genetically modified or uncommon for the weather conditions organisms are believed to be unable to survive in their "new" habitat. The idea of biological warfare is (was) that the organisms which are contaminated will become contagious and further spread the disease. Every piece of literature says so, but nobody tried it actually. And I think it is only partially true. Anyway, having water resistant, water soluble pathogen may prove useful in variety of conditions.

Jacks Complete

September 2nd, 2007, 03:45 PM

Fugu wouldn't be affected. The cooking process (for which there is training and licensing) deactivates it, so even twice as much would make no odds. You could rip almost any country a new asshole w ith a few hundred dollars and a few plane tickets. The UK has no Colorado beetle, and (little) foot & mouth, the USA has no BSE (supposedly) and there are plenty of small places that have no (insert whatever pest species you like here) that would be very upset should they appear. Just look at the lengths Australia has to go to with rabbits! If I were a terrorist looking to do another judo move like the Twin Towers, I'd be looking at biological terrorism. It's the gift that just keeps giving. And if you can set up a natural reservoir in the native bat or bird population, then it's around forever.

chemdude1999

September 2nd, 2007, 05:15 PM

I find this thread interesting. I know we often focus on methods of killing, disruption, etc.; however, I think this one would have limited use. First, how would one gauge the effectiveness of the ploy? I suppose looking at catch numbers would be a good indicator. Plus, an overall decline in the food supply would show up eventually. But, both of these take time to produce data. Time is usually of the essence in a war (known or hidden). Secondly, the concept sounds deceptively simple, but how would a nation go about employing it? That would take further research, and does not discount the idea. Finally, without out sounding PC, our water supplies are under danger as it is. We have seen over the last 2-3 decades that small changes in one area can adversely affect other areas. Granted the ghost nets would not leave permanent damage. They may deplete a fish to the level that it could not recover, though. The idea does have merit for isolated bodies of w ater. But, this would be in-country and the logistics just got more complicated. Having said that, it does have general merit, too. This idea would have to be employed on a case-by-case basis, of course. I w ould be very hesitant to release a pathogen, though. After killing and conquering, w ouldn't the conqueror w hat viable resources? Just some thoughts.

nbk2000

September 2nd, 2007, 07:08 PM

Firstly, imagine loading up the persian gulf with ghost nets? There goes their fish harvest. Next, some pathogenic material that's injected into the w ater table (Deep Digger, anyone?) to render that unusable. That aquatic weed that chokes up water canals in florida? I think it'd like a new home in Iran's w ater distribution system. Zebra mussels too. Japanese horn beetles and African snails w ould devour their crops. A good ol' fashioned locust plaque wouldn't hurt either.

Hirudinea

September 2nd, 2007, 09:42 PM

The problem I see with using biologic weapons to attack another country, while, a great idea, is that they're hard to control, thats why they weren't used during WWII.

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September 2nd, 2007, 10:07 PM

I agree, Hirudinea. One of the eventual outcomes of a all-out war is subjugation. The conquerors would be spending plenty of money on rebuilding the infrastructure, let alone repairing ecological damage. However, I believe NBK was implying a possible covert w ar without w ant of subjugation (simply knock them back a few hundred years). Correct me if I'm wrong. It w ould be a good way to fuck over a class or race of people. But, again, the world we live in is smaller than it w as 200 years ago. We would have to be careful of possible unintended impacts.

JohnG

September 2nd, 2007, 11:34 PM

A few years ago, in a nearby state (New England), a snakehead fish was found. Aka the "walking fish", it could survive extended periods out of water (a couple days!!), and it could "walk" to nearby bodies of water. It is native to Asia, and they ended up poisoning several ponds, killing all the fish in several ponds. It w as considered a very high threat to the local ecosystem, although I am unsure how so.

nbk2000

September 3rd, 2007, 09:42 AM

He who controls the Spice controls the Universe! Or, in this case, He who controls the food and water controls the w orld. Oil is important, but you can't eat or drink oil, and you'd be dead from dehydration long before the lack of gas for your car became important. The middle-east comes to mind first, followed closely by China. There are very few countries in the w orld that are secure in their food supply. We've seen what happens to countries that can't keep their populations fed...they cease to effectively exist. The only reason the Norks still exist is because of their nuclear w eapons being used as extortion tools to extract food aid from S. Korea. We could reduce world population very easily by ceasing to sell (or give!) food to the rest of the world, and 'help along' the resulting world famine with agri-warfare. With world population greatly reduced, with the major portion of the surviving population being America and it's w estern allies, the rest of the uppity nations will no longer matter, having been starved into irrelevance.

W4RGASM

September 3rd, 2007, 10:55 AM

The US had quite a good go at experimental 'rice warfare' during the cold war; and in keeping w ith that I'm developing a list of the most likely pathogens for crop w arfare... Corn/Maize: Ustilago Maydis Rice: Xanthomonas Campestris Potato: Pseudomona Solanceorum Sugar Cane: Xanthomonas Albineans Soy: Sclerotina Sclerotonium Coffee: Colletotrichium Coffeanum Cannabis: ??? Opium Poppy: Pseudomonas Cichorii Coca: Fusarium Oxysporon Citrus: Xyella Fastidiosa Cotton: Xanthomonas Campestris Just a start, at least... Any suggestions for taking out cannabis crops?

nbk2000

September 3rd, 2007, 11:36 AM

When you say "taking out cannabis crops", that sounds like some DEA agent talking about taking out a w eed field in south america. Are you perhaps referring to the non-psychoactive form, Hemp, which actually has industrial usage?

Charles Owlen Picket

September 3rd, 2007, 12:49 PM

In a certain sense, when a country's government is so filth and corrupt that their illicit drug exportation is part and parcel with that nation's economy, the thrust of dealing w ith something like marijuana would actually affect that country to an overwhelming degree. When I think "filthy & corrupt"; I think MEXICO! While most people would imagine the production of hemp in textile and related usage, Mexico's drug cartels are so deeply infused with the main political party , PRI, that a disruption of drug money w ould hurt the political elements from the very top on down. When the USA experimented w ith using Paraquat to spray marijuana with that herbicide; it was Mexico w ho vocally announced it would never participate. Mexico is wonderful example of a VERY wealthy country with lying bastards for leaders w ho would do anything at all for money. Such scum really DO have drug production as a elemental part of their economy.

simply RED

September 3rd, 2007, 02:40 PM

In some village in Mexico CIA found large Marywanna plantation. Attempting to destroy it, they started to burn the plants. The w hole village went out to breathe the smoke...

Hirudinea

September 3rd, 2007, 08:20 PM

I agree, Hirudinea. One of the eventual outcomes of a all-out war is subjugation. The conquerors would be spending plenty of money on rebuilding the infrastructure, let alone repairing ecological damage. No actually my worry is that if we use a biological agent to destroy an enemies wheat crop that agent could also also infect our wheat crops or those or our allies (w ho wouldn't be our allies for long w ithout any food. ;) ), w hat we need is a controlable biological weapon. The US had quite a good go at experimental 'rice warfare' during the cold war; and in keeping w ith that I'm developing a list of the most likely pathogens for crop w arfare... Do you have a pathogen for w heat, barley and oats, and do you have treatments for "Western" crops? Or, in this case, He who controls the food and water controls the w orld. Oil is important, but you can't eat or drink oil, and you'd be dead from dehydration long before the lack of gas for your car became important. Which is why w e need to get off our addiction to foreign oil, I'ed love to see how many madrasas the w ahabis could fund around the w orld without the money we give them for their dionsludge! There are very few countries in the w orld that are secure in their food supply. We've seen what happens to countries that can't keep their populations fed... We could reduce world population very easily by ceasing to sell (or give!) food to the rest of the world, and 'help along' the resulting world famine with agri-warfare. With world population greatly reduced, with the major portion of the surviving population being America and it's w estern allies, the rest of the uppity nations will no longer matter, having been starved into irrelevance. Well yes and no, most of the worlds nations can't afford to keep their current populations feed, but they do have enough land to feed a good amount of their populations, even using privative farming techniques, and w hile half of them would starve to death, I'm sure the other half would be really pissed off, and pissed off at us. Now if we really w anted to kill the third world off, we should do it with kindness. We should supply the third world w ith geneticly engineered wheat, rice, and other crop seeds, that give higher yeilds, are more drought and pest resistance, this seed should be supplied freely, or at very low cost. Once the seed is established as the majority crops in the third world, we release a chemical into the enviroment that triggers a "suicide" gene, killing off the plant. Instant famine, wherever these crops had been planted, no time to shift to a different agricultural base, I'ed guess about 85-90% fatality, and cleanup w ould be much easier. But hey thats just an idea.

W4RGASM When you say "taking out cannabis crops", that sounds like some DEA agent talking about taking out a w eed field in south america.

September 3rd, 2007, 10:28 PM

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Are you perhaps referring to the non-psychoactive form, Hemp, which actually has industrial usage? Well, both really. As mentioned, countries like Colombia and Mexico have drug and blood money ingrained soo deeply into their govenment andf economy that one could hardly attack world economic crops w ithout thinking to also take out those ones.

simply RED

September 6th, 2007, 05:34 AM

Well, both really. As mentioned, countries like Colombia and Mexico have drug and blood money ingrained soo deeply into their govenment andf economy that one could hardly attack world economic crops w ithout thinking to also take out those ones. Why don't you try to export democracy there? All places w here America blessed the people with the great opportunity to participate in real elections have become paradise on earth - no crime at all. Nobody needs drugs... Like Iraq, Vietnam, The Balkans, The Former Soviet States... Of course this is because they followed the USA model, w here clean, pure money - money earned with hard labor or ingenious management are ingrained so deeply into the government and economy.

Gammaray1981

September 6th, 2007, 03:10 PM

@ simply RED: There's no such thing as clean money. Just because the blood and dirt on it hasn't rubbed off there from YOUR hands, doesn't mean it isn't dyed brown. On a more directly factual note, apparently 8/10 banknotes contain traces of some form of illicit substance. A tailored insecticide might be of some use. Since insects pretty much support all the food chains of the w orld, a chemical engineered to sterilise or kill the local pollinators/bird and rodent food/people food (in the case of locusts) could cause considerable medium-term damage to the ecosystem.

Vitalis

September 8th, 2007, 01:51 PM

A small amount of tetrodotoxin allowed to remain in the prepared dish is favored. How would one measure how much remained in the prepared dish if they were assuming the fish had the average amount of tetrodotoxin in them? This would be small scale, of course, but any large scale Ecological Warfare will eventually come back to haunt the perpetrator.

nbk2000

September 8th, 2007, 02:51 PM

That's called 'Karma Theory' - if you do something bad to someone else, it'll come back on you.

nbk2000

September 20th, 2007, 07:18 AM

Some files I found in my archives about ecological warfare and treaties restricting same.

chembio

November 2nd, 2007, 07:21 AM

What about the Cane Toad? It's managed to disrupt the balance between several of Australia's species...

Hirudinea

November 2nd, 2007, 08:45 PM

What about the Cane Toad? It's managed to disrupt the balance between several of Australia's species... The cane toad, the rabbit, the cat, the rat in Australia, purple lusftife (sp), the zebra mussle, the west nile virus in Canada, the brow n tree snake in Guam, all of these are disruptive to the enviroment, annoying to be sure, but all put toghter they haven't killed one person, which isn't enviromental warfare, enviromental pranksterism mabye, but enviromental w arfare, no.

Telkor

July 13th, 2008, 09:46 AM

An attack on the antarctic crill (e.g. using algaecides, copper or chromium) w ould really eliminate the fish industry by removing 500 million tons of biomass from the food chain. But this w ould harm any country that depends on fishing.

Jacks Complete

July 17th, 2008, 06:42 PM

The rabbit hasn't killed anyone in Oz, but look at the costs of controlling them. Set that against w hat would have been if there w ere no rabbits, and hence more farmland for pasture, so more cows and more money for the farmers, and you can see a massive upset (millions of £) to the status quo for what, £10? in start-up costs (£2 for grabbing a few rabbits and £8 shipping?) Likewise the BSE and Foot & Mouth crisises in the UK. Both cost millions at least, for a cost of about 50p. Those two show a very easy w ay to have a country destroy itself through it's ow n over-reaction to an input that is quite minor. A bit like the over-reaction to a single event has nearly brought down the entire USA economy through stupidly pressing on once victory in war w as achieved. Of course, a combined biological attack would be devastating if timed correctly, just like any other attack. Al Quidditch made millions on the money markets due to the foreknowledge of the 9/11/01 attacks. You could so easily make a fortune riding the same odds. Borrow a load of money from the bank, dose up a few steers with something nasty, and then, while the market tumbles for beef jerky, buy a load of jerky futures. Sell them 3 months later and repay the bank loan and keep the profits. You could, of course, do the exact same thing with nothing more than a rumour or fake press report about the West Nile or Bluetongue virus, but what is one report against the hundreds of column inches that a real release w ould get you?

Hirudinea

July 17th, 2008, 06:54 PM

The rabbit hasn't killed anyone in Oz, but look at the costs of controlling them. Set that against w hat would have been if there w ere no rabbits, and hence more farmland for pasture, so more cows and more money for the farmers, and you can see a massive upset (millions of £) to the status quo for what, £10? in start-up costs (£2 for grabbing a few rabbits and £8 shipping?) Likewise the BSE and Foot & Mouth crisises in the UK. Both cost millions at least, for a cost of about 50p. Still that is economic, I was thinking of warfare as invloving a bodycount, but for economic w arfare rabbits or cane toads or name your vermin are good weapons. Al Quidditch Who? made millions on the money markets due to the foreknow ledge of the 9/11/01 attacks. You could so easily make a fortune riding the same odds. Borrow a load of money from the bank, dose up a few steers w ith something nasty, and then, while the market tumbles for beef jerky, buy a load of jerky futures. Sell them 3 months later and repay the bank loan and keep the profits. You could, of course, do the exact same thing w ith nothing more than a rumour or fake press report about the West Nile or Bluetongue virus, but what is one report against the hundreds of column inches that a real release w ould get you? Somthing like that would be an interesting way to wreck a nations economy while making money for your own country. (Of course its also a good way to get a nuke up your nationa ass.) vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : Toxins with Deadly Withdrawal Nighthawkinlight

October 10th, 2007, 12:12 PM

After reading much of the battlefield chem forum and for every toxin I come across I think there would be one more ideal in avoiding detection. My curiosity spiked when I read this: http://mb.rxlist.com/rxboard/effexor.pl?noframes;read=332 After doing some web searching the drugs I found to be most common to have a fatal withdrawal are antidepressants. Or at least those are the drugs having the most legal trouble. What I am now wondering is what sorts of chemicals could be introduced into the diet of *undesirable person* without detection until their system gets used to them. At which point the chemical is taken away and death ensues. The most ideal would be a chemical that took some time for the withdrawal symptoms to become serious. That way the chemical would be out of the persons system by the time they had reason to suspect it was not a normal sickness, therefore making it near impossible to find out what they are in withdrawal from to save them. Web searching didn't turn up much more than lots of articles on meth. Seeing as the chemical would work best without noticeable side effects while in use I don't believe meth to be a good choice...

festergrump

October 10th, 2007, 04:45 PM

Web searching didn't turn up much more than lots of articles on meth. Seeing as the chemical would work best without noticeable side effects while in use I don't believe meth to be a good choice... Personally, I think you are on the right track with anti-depressants. Set your VCR or Tivo to record a channel that has lots of soap operas on during the day and skip forward to watch the advertisements when you return home from work. It should be littered with ambulance chaser ads asking "Did a loved one in YOUR family die or commit suicide after taking [insert appropriate antidepressant here]? If so, we at [insert law firm here] would like to help." You're sure to find more than enough different drugs to keep you busy researching, or at least that's my experience. Sorry I can't name any off the top of my head (I do so hate advertisements and most daytime TV), but you should be pleasantly surprised at the amount of different drugs which have the effects you are seeking. The great thing about these drugs, though, is that even though they are prescription only medications, you should have absolutely NO trouble at all walking into just about any doctor's office and walking out with a prescription of your very own! They'll happily prescribe these drugs to you for everything from halitosis to a stubbed toe to dandruff anymore, for THAT is the role of a physician these days... to peddle the wares of Big Pharma, and anti-depressants seem to be a big favorite of theirs! (forget pain killers even if you've obviously been hacked almost into two different pieces by an axe murderer. If it can be abused easily, let the flaming hoop jumping begin). :rolleyes: The point is, it takes a few weeks for the drug to take hold and no noticeable effects are apparent, yet once the target is used to them, to deprive them of the dosage (much larger than is prescribed, of course) without weening them off slowly is anything from psychotic behavior to imminent death. (I've personally witnessed the psychotic behavior before in someone I knew. NOT a pretty sight, and it was at low dosage, too!). ;)

Alexires

October 10th, 2007, 10:06 PM

festergrump - I have had friends that have taken SSRI's as a party drug :eek:(monstrously high dosages, as in 10-20x the indicated dosage) and they were trashed (see withdrawal symptoms below) the next day. I know that even on the indicated dosage, "cold turkey" withdrawal symptoms are shivering, massive irritability, nervousness and the feeling of "being wired". I can't imagine the kind of dose required to result in death from withdrawal but I'm fairly sure the mark would notice such a high dose. Perhaps another idea might be to use the effects to sabotage their life. Job interviews, romances, friendships, etc. Eventually they will end up dead, or in jail just from being a prick all the time. Also, the continued dumps and uptakes of serotonin will ruin their receptors, making life an unpleasant experience I would imagine (no receptors=no pleasure response from the brain). Another idea might be to use MAOI's so that they interfere with medication that they are already taking. Start to pump the mark full of MAOI's, then use a different chemical to simulate a condition that the doctor prescribes a drug that doesn't mix well with MAOI's and sit back and watch the action. It would be easier just to give the mark 2 medication that don't mix, but that is too obvious to LE. If they have an existing prescription for a drug, and the mark ends up dead after a rave because of MAOI conflicts *shrug* then the mark was just stupid and took something they shouldn't have.

Nighthawkinlight

October 11th, 2007, 07:09 PM

Well both of you have good points and ideas. I particularly like the idea of 'life sabotage'. If the mental and emotional effects were strong enough that may even be better than death in some circumstances as they would be completely discredited. Not to mention that they may commit suicide anyway. There's no better way to disguise an assassination as suicide than having it actually be one. Seeing as how the person would have already destroyed all relationships, nobody would have any doubts at all about it being genuine. Another idea I had would be to replace the pills of a person who is already on antidepressants with placebos. I have no idea what the dosage would have to be to kill were it removed, but that would at least cause the aforementioned to take place. As festergrump mentioned, they'll give out antidepressants for dandruff nowadays, so if your 'mark' has political power or an otherwise stressful job they are probably already on them. From there all that would need to be done would be to add more to their food/water/toothpaste for a while then stop at the same time as you replace their pills. I'm still interested in what else could cause this fatal and yet subtle addiction. Perhaps high doses of nicotine? Can't think of anything else.

Jacks Complete

October 16th, 2007, 05:05 PM

They'd notice nicotine, even if they weren't a smoker, unless it was constantly administered, but then they would spot the 15 Niccorette patches stuck to them. I think this is a cool topic. Very promising. Combine a few anti-depressants together, and, so what if they are on them already? You start the dose at half the usual amount, and up it to 20 times, over whatever period you like. Then you stop. Or, you switch the "uppers" for "downers". More subtle perhaps would be to add "downers" to the "uppers" they are already taking, then stop. Of course, the usual issues with access, supplies, etc. apply.

Hirudinea

October 16th, 2007, 08:12 PM

MAOIs are a good one, if you give someone an overdose of MAOIs and then feed them some of a long list of food that is contraindicated with MAOIs, wine, cheese, whatever, and they could stroke out from super high blood pressure, mabye you could spike the wine at a cocktail party, if your invited to those things.

Vitalis

October 17th, 2007, 01:39 AM

Do the MAOIs have any taste to them? I've looked around and haven't been able to find out. It would be hard to administer them if they had a strong flavour. If not, that would be a good method to knock someone off, and it wouldn't be a pleasant way to go, either.

Alexires

October 17th, 2007, 07:21 AM

Vitalis - Yeah, that is a bit of a problem. If MAOI's taste anything like SSRI's, then they taste like paint smells (if that makes sense). They are pretty foul, but then again...

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter What do you eat in the morning? Do you eat it every day? I would be willing to bet most people eat the same thing every morning. Or have a cup of coffee. You wouldn't notice a couple of dozen MAOI's or SSRI's powdered in coffee granules. Start at a low dose and up it. They will get used to the taste of it eventually. If they run out of coffee, they will feel like shit and put it down to being addicted to caffeine. I'm not too sure, but I would imagine there is a chemical to deaden taste buds, or the sense. I don't know if a numbing agent would effect taste (I wouldn't think so). Interestingly enough - "One known cause of hypoguesia is the chemotherapy drug bleomycin, an antitumor antibiotic." (Wikipedia - Hypogeusia). Perhaps there are drugs that effect taste. Also "Dysgeusia is the distortion or decrease of the sense of taste. Dysgeusia is associated with zinc deficiency and some drugs for hypertension or anti-anxiety." (Wikipedia - Dysgeusia)

Vitalis

October 17th, 2007, 07:45 AM

I have no idea what MAOIs taste like, but if they are bitter, perhaps that flavorit stuff will mask the taste. Of course they don't have coffee flavoured flavorit, but if your mark liked fruit flavoured drinks, maybe it would work, IF the MAOIs are bitter. Anyone out there with some MAOIs to taste test? Just don't eat or drink any of the forbidden food or drinks for two weeks after testing them. The MAOIs also have a fairly lengthy list of side effects (other than the one we are shooting for) so even if you could dose someone over time with an MAOI, they may think something is up with all the side effects and go visit a doctor and have blood work done.

cyclosarin

October 18th, 2007, 01:04 PM

A lethal combination would be an MAOI and a stimulant like an amphetamine. Apparently some ecstasy cousins like PMA can cause this kind of reaction on their own because of the conflicting effects which makes them so dangerous. As far as withdrawal goes I was recently reading about delirium tremens (aka "DTs"), a symptom of withdrawal most notably from alcohol but also benzodiazepines and barbiturates. It can sometimes be fatal. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delirium_Tremens

Vitalis

October 18th, 2007, 02:51 PM

We know what you can and can't take with an MAOI, it is unknown at this point what an MAOI tastes like and Amphetamines taste like shit. Good luck slipping that combo to someone. The benzos tend to have a fairly nasty taste to them, but one, Bromazepam, has almost no flavour. Drawback is that it is soluble in alcohol, not water. If your victim likes hard liquor, that could be a way to go, of course he would feel the synergy between the benzo and alcohol... I think this method has a lot of flaws in it. PS= wikipedia is not a real encyclopedia, so I would take any info gathered there with a grain of salt.

cyclosarin

October 19th, 2007, 02:34 AM

Apparently barbiturates only have a slightly bitter taste, sometimes with a metallic aftertaste so that might be more useful. Any of these drugs including the antidepressants are going to have noticeable side-effects, maybe your idea of using alcohol could explain some of the drowsiness.

Vitalis

October 19th, 2007, 10:17 AM

I only mentioned alcohol because bromazepam was soluble in it. Trust me, someone would notice if their drink was spiked with barbiturates. One drink would feel like 5, and they may get a little suspicious. I don't think this method would work unless you could find a tasteless (or something you can mask the taste with) drug with little to no side effects, then you pull the plug on their daily fix, or feed them the 'wrong food' and read about them in the obituaries.

voiredire

October 21st, 2007, 02:51 AM

Don't quote whole posts! The chemotherapy drug totally screws up your sense of taste. My mom had chemotherapy, and she couldn't taste stuff for weeks.

Alexires

October 23rd, 2007, 01:26 AM

How about regular old caffeine? Start doping their coffee with caffeine (extracted from NoDoz or synthed yourself) and increase the dose gradually. After a while, their body gets used to the caffeine, and you up the dosage. Perhaps combine it with something to take the edge of the buzz and to help them sleep, and then, when you are ready, stop the excess caffeine. The normal coffee that they have will no way make up for what they had before, and the comedown is a bitch, so I have heard. Going from ~20 cups (equivalent) a day or so to maybe 5 is going to hurt....a lot.

nbk2000

October 23rd, 2007, 01:41 AM

They'd have a heart attack or seizure from the caffeine before any withdrawal would kill them.

cyclosarin

October 23rd, 2007, 02:34 AM

Yeah I think the most likely outcome would be an arrhythmia of some kind but I have also heard of psychosis from excessive use. Nicotine is far more addictive, and apparently you can get it in high concentrations as a pesticide... I wonder what you'd be craving if you didn't know where it was coming from before you went cold turkey.

FerdinandFoch

October 28th, 2007, 04:14 PM

Nicotine is lethal in relatively low doses, LD 50 roughly 1 mg/kg in adult humans. It would be challenging to give them consistently in high enough doses to render them helpless with withdrawal without either killing them outright or giving them symptoms of nicotine poisoning. which occur at much lower doses.

"Acute poisoning can result from skin contamination or inhalation of tobacco smoke, depending on the doses. Small doses: Respiratory stimulation, nausea and vomiting, dizziness, headache, diarrhea, tachycardia, elevation of blood pressure, sweating and salivation. Patient will gradually recover, after a period of weakness. Large doses: Burning sensation of the mouth, throat, stomach, followed immediately by the above symptoms. Patient may progress to prostration, convulsions, bradycardia, arrhythmia and finally coma. Death may occur within 5 min to 4 hours. http://www.prn2.usm.my/mainsite/bulletin/1995/prn2.html

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter ciguy007

October 29th, 2007, 11:33 PM

Fatal withdrawals occur from alcohol (10% death rate in untreated subjects) although to be fair a number of those are from undiagnosed trauma (e.g. subdural hematomas), barbiturates, and sedatives such as benzodiazepines. Potentially serious effects could be enhanced by administration of (therapeutic) doses of drugs which enhance the withdrawal symptoms - such as stimulants in alcohol or sedative-hypnotic withdrawal. We also see abrupt onset withdrawal in benzo users given flumazenil in ER's. The result is abrupt withdrawal characterized by status elipticus which can be life threatening but is treatable in the ER setting.

ciguy007

October 30th, 2007, 12:02 AM

Remember the heavens-gate mass suicide - they did it with phenobarbital and vodka. The chloride ionophore complex has been very well characterized (that's what happens when you make a drug that's in the top 10 sellers for decades - The complex has a number of receptors - GABA (and therefore, GHB), benzodiazepines, alcohol, barbiturates, and others. It's clear that if you stimulate multiple receptors on the complex (again, refer to the heavens gate suicide) you get synergistic effects. Theoretically, you could use low doses of all the drugs and blow the receptor away, or just use drugs that require GABA in combination to be effective. For instance GHB withdrawal does not respond to benzodiazepines, but requires barbiturates (which can be effective in the absence of GABA)

cyclosarin

October 30th, 2007, 05:24 AM

Nicotine is lethal in relatively low doses, LD 50 roughly 1 mg/kg in adult humans. It would be challenging to give them consistently in high enough doses to render them helpless with withdrawal without either killing them outright or giving them symptoms of nicotine poisoning. which occur at much lower doses. You need to know is the range from where it is no longer effective in sustaining the addiction to where serious symptoms/side effects then dilute it such that everyday use of whatever solvent you use to deliver it will result in a dose within this range. Apparently cigarettes deliver 1-2 mg and nicotine gum can be twice this.

chembio

November 1st, 2007, 09:53 AM

What about Warfarin? (It's a blood-thinning drug I've seen being prescribed in clinics) Could a person who has been unknowingly consuming doses of a blood-thinning agent experience severe withdrawal symptoms? Maybe their body wont be able to readjust to the sudden thickening of their blood? Or maybe a cocktail of Warfarin AND antidepressants would work??? Hit them both mentally and physically... :D

cyclosarin

November 3rd, 2007, 01:50 AM

Warfarin has a long list of adverse drug interactions that can enhance or diminish its effects. I have read that warfarin treatment should not be stopped abruptly but I'm not sure if a person has any greater risk of thromboembolism (a clot breaking off into the blood) than before treatment because they were probably taking the warfarin because of their increased risk.

MetalAndy

April 23rd, 2008, 01:53 AM

I agree with ciguy007. I was told that the only 2 drugs that can cause death directly from the withdrawal symptoms (i.e. not suicide) are alcohol, and barbiturates. However, I fail to see how someone could slowly increase doses of something like those two without being discovered. It would also take alot of patience I guess.

wolfy9005

April 27th, 2008, 04:34 AM

1. call up target person, and say they are required for jury duty at xyz 2. sneak into house, and swap the container of meds(nearly everyone takes some form of medication) for the container of anti-depressant's, etc(make sure the labels are both the same, so when it get's investigated, it falls back to the pharmacy, and not you) 3. Escape 4. Wait for death. 5. You could even just sprinkle it on some food in the fridge/add it to milk/coke/whatever Then live with your conscience for the rest of your life knowing you killed someone.(unless they deserved it, in which case +1)

Charles Owlen Picket

April 27th, 2008, 12:58 PM

Actually the concept of "death directly from the withdrawal symptoms" is a bit of a misnomer. While it's long been said about alcohol & barbiturates (and actually anything that works similarly in the brain) as well as diazapams if we're really talking about long term usage.....It's the grand-mal seizures and associated problems that result in death. I believe that medically, the withdrawal per se' does not kill but the results do. Opioid withdrawal has long been recognized for a very valuable phenomenon that occurs from the release of a variety of chemicals in the brain. This has been used many, many times to extract information from a valuable resource & continues even today. Opioid withdrawal could be exploited in so many ways. In the majority of people it results in feelings of PANIC! With a hard-core heroin user, they have adapted to this sensation and many can cope with it. But imagine if someone DID NOT KNOW that such a thing is a very natural occurrence and would subside? I am told that the feelings in some people are so severe that they would do anything (anything!) to get more of the drug. This has been noted through out history & is a reliable phenomenon. I could discernibly imagine what it would feel like to have a SEVER panic response (that did NOT abate) for no known reason!!! That would be the meaning of personal horror. Panic kills more people in indirect ways than most any other emotion. There are almost limitless ways that could be exploited.

mike-hunt

April 29th, 2008, 06:29 AM

On the subject of opioid withdrawal as a torture. I have had some experience with recreational heroin use as a teen and was given the drug narcan to treat an overdose. Narcan brings on instant withdrawal even after only a single dose of a narcotic. Repeated injections of heroin followed by narcan would make almost anyone spills his guts. I doubt the instant withdrawal is ever fatal but you shore feel like your dyeing. If some way of administering both drugs with out the victims knowledge is possible it wouldn't take long for the sane to turn suicidal.

FUTI

April 29th, 2008, 10:58 AM

I remember that I hear about some cruel druggies treatment used in Russia supposedly where they do just that, they induce that state of mind in druggies in "controlled" environment. I think they say them that is how it will be when they die from OD. Then I guess they "resurrect" them and continue treating them with methadon or whatever in the standard treatment for druggies. I guess the fear is the ultimate drive, heh? But I don't see they advertise that technique much as best ever due to the facts Charles already said.

ciguy007

May 5th, 2008, 01:57 AM

the anticoagulants are also over-rated. There are documented cases of people subsisting on warfarin-treated wheat meant to be used for seed - stolen from US during the korean conflict. Even after weeks of consuming warfarin, subcutaneous hemorrhages were the worse finding. The journal Pediatrics had an article examining one-time exposures of anticoagulant rat poisons in kids. Conclusion was that in a normal child (no pre-existing conditions clotting disorders, etc) there was a 1:20,000 chance of an abnormal clotting lab value - and an noncomputable but very small chance of an actual physical effect such as bleeding gums, easy bruising, blood in urine, etc.

Hirudinea

May 5th, 2008, 07:46 PM

On the subject of opioid withdrawal as a torture. I have had some experience with recreational heroin use as a teen and was given the drug narcan to treat an overdose. Narcan brings on instant withdrawal even after only a single dose of a narcotic.

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Narcan, I not only blocks opoids but also the bodies natural endorphins, so Narcan could be useful in torture, beat someone and their body will naturally flood itself with endorphins, shoot them up with narcan first and, well they would have an even less pleasant time.

-Alex-

September 25th, 2008, 10:31 AM

Barbiturates have deadly withdrawal. Anticoagulants - no way. Nitroglycerin and alike drugs withdrawal may cause heart attack but in susceptible people. I don't believe it will work on young person.

Cobalt.45

September 25th, 2008, 02:55 PM

A twist on a deadly withdrawal reaction is to secretly addict your victim to a heavy narcotic like heroin or Dilaudid, etc. This can be done by starting at a dose too low to feel, then increase the dose gradually over several months until a substantial tolerance has been built up. The total cooperation of the victim will be accomplished by withholding the drug, they would likely give up any info or cooperate in any manner you required.;) If you wanted the victim dead, you would do as above, except the final dose would be an OD. Testing would indicate previous, on-going drug abuse, so homicide could be easily ruled out.:)

James

September 25th, 2008, 07:33 PM

I had a couple off-topic thoughts. First a combination of mptp?, an anti-Parkisonian? drug ala thread 5656 (http://www.roguesci.org/theforum/showthread.php? t=5656&highlight=mptp) and an additive to make them self administer. Unfortunately the mix is not lethal as per th topic. Also see fictional references to exdomine? in a webcomic I've forgotten about, the Kolnari in 'The city who fought' and more applicably the fictional drug used by Alpha to keep her medical lackeys under her thumb as expounded in chapter 11 of 'PartnerShip'

Happy Hindu

September 25th, 2008, 10:10 PM

Cobalt, how would you administer the drug? If you were hoping for the L.E to rule it an accidental overdose, you would need there to be recent as well as healing syringe marks that are typical of junkies.

Cobalt.45

September 26th, 2008, 04:01 AM

...you would need there to be recent as well as healing syringe marks that are typical of junkies.MANY heroin users use by routes other than needles, most often nasally.

festergrump

September 26th, 2008, 08:23 AM

Nasally? I've never heard about that being a popular way at all. Where I come from, if it wasn't mainlined (injected) it was smoked, usually ontop of pot or tobacco in a makeshift pipe. Six to one, half a dozen to another... no holes. But wouldn't the deterioration patern (or lack of) of a nose which heroin which was often snorted be a sort of red flag?

Cobalt.45

September 26th, 2008, 10:24 AM

Sooo, I'd guess that in the absence of tracks and the nasal septum looked OK, the coroner might then think smoking. Whether there's any definitive testing for lung damage caused by "chasing the dragon", I don't know. If the victim were a tobacco smoker the damage would be masked anyway. If it was a prescription drug being used, orally would be totally believable. Not the most popular method, but within the realm of possibility, is anal ingestion. Don't laugh, narcotic suppositories have been used for years in legitimate medical treatment!:p Fester, down to "The Bluff", if they don't shoot it, there's not a nigger there w/o a straw for snorting soft and the boy and/or a pipe for hard... (to those not savvy, "soft"= powdered coke, "the boy"= heroin and "hard"= crack);) vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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> Chemistry for Amateur Experimenters and Citizen Scientists

> Battlefield Chemistry

> Thiopental Log in

View Full Version : Thiopental Acrolein

January 13th, 2008, 10:21 PM

Seeing as we have nothing on this, I'd like to discuss a chemical known as Thiopental. Thiopental is a barbiturate, used for lethal injection and weakening of mental defenses (eg. a truth serum of sorts) during interrogation. The intriguing part of this drug is the number of uses it has. My professor was talking about the GABAA and that's how I wound up thinking about this. There is scarcely little on preparation and precautions in synthesis (aside from Wikipedia which no-one trusts). The IUPAC is sodium 5-ethyl-5(2-methylpentyl)-4,6-dioxo-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine-2-thiolate and the chemical formula is C11H17N2NaO2S, and it is listed as (if I remember) a schedule III drug. The number of uses it has is a double-edged sword, seeing as it's even used as an incapacitation agent. (Posted this in hopes of educating others)

Enkidu

January 13th, 2008, 10:33 PM

You'll want to change all of the < and > to [ and ] so that your subscript works. From Rhodium (http://www.erowid.org/archive/rhodium/chemistry/barbiturates.html), Thiopentone. (Pentothal, Intraval.) 34 g of clean metallic sodium are dissolved in 1 liter of dry ethanol. To this solution add 130 g of ethyl-1-methyl butyl malonic ester. This mixture is stirred, 60 g of powdered thiourea is added and the whole is refluxed for lO hours. Remove the alcohol by distilling under reduced pressure, dissolve the residue with water and acidify with hydrochloric acid. The precipitate is filtered, washed with cold water and dissolved in a minimum amount of 5% aqueous ammonia solution. A rapid current of carbon dioxide is passed through the solution and the resulting Thiopentone is filtered from the solution, washed with cold water, recrystallized from 95% ethanol using decolorizing charcoal, if necessary. Mp: 158-159°C Dosage: 100 to 150 mg. Synthesis of Malonic Acid 100 g of powdered chloroacetic acid is treated with 150 g of broken ice and dissolved in 125 g of caustic soda (33 1/4%) solution. The solution should be made exactly neutral, if it is not already (this refers to the mixture). After neutralizing, add 69 g of 98% potassium cyanide in 130 g of water, which has been warmed to 40°C. An hour after the addition, the mixture is slowly warmed to 100°C and held at this temp for an hour. Cool slowly to 25°C and add another 125 g of 33 1/4% caustic soda solution. Slowly heat the mixture to 100°C and hold at that temp until no more ammonia is evolved (2 to 3 hours). To test: add sodium hydroxide solution to a sample and boil. If no ammonia evolves, then the reaction is complete. When the reaction is complete, the solution is cooled, acidified with dilute HCl acid, and carefully evaporated to complete dryness on a water bath. The residue is powdered, extracted repeatedly with ether, and the ether is removed by gently heating on a water bath. You may purify further by dissolving in the minimum amount of caustic soda solution, boiling with decolorizing carbon, acidifying and extracting with ether, as before. Yield: 95 g, mp: 132°C.

tmp

January 14th, 2008, 03:54 AM

It's used in lethal injections because it's a rapidly acting anesthetic. It was used on me during surgery. I can tell you that unlike other drugs you don't feel this one "creeping" up on you. I watched the anesthetist inject it into my IV and the next thing I know I woke up in recovery.

OT, I know but this demonstrates, once again, the lies about chemicals: Currently, there are scumbag lawyers challenging the use of lethal injection as "cruel and unusual" claiming that their asshole clients feel pain during the execution. BULLSHIT ! IMHO, they're getting off easy ! Let's go back to 1 1/2" hemp rope and hang their fucking lawyers with them !

Hirudinea

January 15th, 2008, 12:43 AM

Currently, there are scumbag lawyers challenging the use of lethal injection as "cruel and unusual" claiming that their asshole clients feel pain during the execution. BULLSHIT ! IMHO, they're getting off easy ! Let's go back to 1 1/2" hemp rope and hang their fucking lawyers with them ! Use gas, pure nitrogen would do the job and not be in the least bit painful or dangerous to the staff. As for suffering I agree, hell I say burn them in a pool of ethenol, it burns with a nearly invisible flame I hear, on live tv, they get what they deserve and their ilk get a good object lesson. Sorry this had notrhing to do with the topic. :o

Charles Owlen Picket

January 15th, 2008, 11:40 AM

Barbituric acid is a fairly easy snyth from what I've read. Barbituric acid, C4H4N2O3, looks fairly familiar doesn't it? But it's a Hydurilic acid + Nitric acid lab (Ethyl malonate and Urea, using sodium ethoxide as a condensing agent). Five basic chemicals; that anyone who can turn out a fairly finely controlled clathrate could do just as fast. Bringing this to E&W related stuff; if you are familiar with CHNO explos then you will see what I'm talking about if you play with ChemOffice and model this thing. I thought it was interesting, anyway. :) vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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> Battlefield Log in

View Full Version : Chloropicrin "Gas Bombs". Red Beret

March 4th, 2008, 02:03 AM

I wasn't sure whether to post this here or in battlefield chemistry. This idea is basically a m odification of one of NBK's. In his phosgene synthesis from his first PDF, he reccom e n d s s e a l i n g t h e liquid phosgene in a glass tube, so that when broken, phosgene gas is released. This chloropicrin version (not too sure if it'll work) is sim ilarly easy to m a k e . First obtain some glass test tubes, chloropicrin, som ething to plug the test tube and glue it in place, and a butane cannister. Put the butane cannister in the freezer overnight. When you get it out in the morning you will be able to realease butane fro m the cylinder in liquid form . Put the required amount of chloropicrin into and appropriate sized glass tube. Cool the chloropicrin in the freezer. Once you have done this add the liquid butane to the chloropicrin. Add enough to completely dissolve the chloropicrin, I'd say the best bet would be to fill th e tube at least three quaters full. O nce you have done this, quickly seal the tube. I'm not sure if a r u b b e r s t o p p e r w o u l d b e a n y g o o d , p e r h a p s a g l a s s p l u g o f s o m e sort secured in the end? Also, cooling of the tube in an icebath whilst adding liquid bu tane would be ad v a n t a g e o u s , p o s s i b l y e s s e n t i a l . O n c e y o u h a v e c o m p l e t e d t h e d e v i c e , t h e b u t a n e ( h o p e fully) will warm and pressurise the tube so that when it is broken, the butane will quickly boil off taking the d issolved chloropicrin with it. I haven't completed one of these it's purely theoretical, so if you know this won't work or have tried etc, ple a s e p o s t h e r e . If th is does work, it would be very useful as an im pact/crush actived tear gas grenade. I will be doing some work with chloropicrin over the weekend, if circum stances perm it I may try this device. Please post any c o m m ents criticisms etc.

-=HeX=-

March 4th, 2008, 04:28 AM

G o o d i d e a r e d beret, but I only see on e problem : the butane, would it not expand into a gas when in contact with body heat and blow the Test tube up, a la dry ice bom b ? T h u s s h o wering the user with chloropicrin. Also, what he the butane evaporates in the tube and blows it to bits. And isnt butane very volatile in that sense? Co rrect me if I a m wrong.

Red Beret

March 4th, 2008, 04:33 AM

Good point, I did won der about that, but wasn't sure of the vapo ur pressure of bu tane, I will look into that.

mil&co

March 4th, 2008, 06:53 PM

How about a chloropicrin/petroleum -ether m ix with sm all bits of white P subm erged in it. W hen the glass breaks the ether and chloropicrin quickly evaporate by the rapidly heating white P, and once the white P starts to burn the chloropicrin is converted to phosgene IIRC. It could m ake a nice gas/incendiary "grena de".

a_bab

March 13th, 2008, 03:44 PM

The glass tube will withstand with no problem s t h e p r e s s u r e o f t h e l i q u i d b u t a n e ( a s s u m ing is thick e n o u g h a n d t h e s e a l i n g i s not too thin), as the lighters do (and they are m ade of plastic). In order to have a "catastrofic failure" you'd have to forget your device in the car, during a hot sum m e r d a y . T h e p r o b l e m i s s e a l i n g t h e g l a s s t u b e ; I d o n ' t t h i n k t h a t an ice bath would be enough, as even brom ine se aling in tubes is a p r o b l e m , and that stuff boils at around 58C IIRC. Ideally a liquid nitroge n b a t h s h o u l d b e u s e d , o r a t l e a s t s o m e s o r t o f freezing m ixture (CaCl2+acetone, dry ice+acetone or gassoline, etc).

Red Beret

April 2nd, 2008, 02:54 AM

W hen I get around to doing this I will post m y results. I will do a "dry run" using only buta n e . O n e c o u l d a l s o u s e a n y C W that is solvent soluable. I'm currently working on a single use MLRS using "sugar rockets" with incendiary and fragmenting heads, so it m ay be a while before I get around to it. Playing with m y new mill is fun too.:D

iHME

April 15th, 2008, 05:55 PM

...single use MLRS using "sugar rockets" with incendiary and fragmenting heads, ... Oh wow! I'd LOVE to see som e pics & plans. Trust me I spent da ys on trying to obtain info a b o u t p a l e s t i n i a n " q u a s a m" rockets when I firts read about them. Only two sites had anything of value in english language, a israeli site devoted to palestinian terror groups weapons and som e s e m i-useless wikipedia entries. Now days I think that they ware just crude sugar rockets with a ~10kg warhead. I'd p r o b a b l y b e a b l e t o d o s o m ething similar if I wanted.

MrSamosa

April 24th, 2008, 02:08 AM

T h i s i s a g o o d idea. Chloropicrin vapors take one down fast. Data like "LC50" are numbers on paper; great for quantitative m e a s u r e m e n t s , b u t s o m e t i m es we also want to know qualitative effects. In that regard: "very small amoun ts in air" are e n o u g h t o " k n o c k o n e t o t h e g r o u n d . " I t t a k e s < < 1 m L in air to cause significant effects. S o y e s , a s m all test tube of PS pressurized with butane would work great as a chemical bo oby-trap. Definitely experiment on a s m a ll scale, m aybe with a mixture of Butane and Dichlorom e t h a n e .

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter But why not expand on this and create an offensive weapon? W hy not create a cooler version of the moloto v cocktail: PS/ butane in a beer bottle. It might be overkill for a chem ical hand grenade , but tha t's why you carry a gas m a s k . I b e t that will b r e a k u p a p arty fast: "This party's OVER ." My only concern is using butane. Yes, it's readily available and that is the heart of this ide a; but it is flamm a b l e . I f s o m ehow the PS were to ignite, it would degrade into Phosgene--which although highly toxic, does n o t h a v e t h e s a m e im m e d i a t e e f f e c t s which make PS desirable. W hy not use dry ice, and calculate the proper amount so as to merely pressurize the bottle but no t blow it up prem aturely. T h i s r e m i n d s m e of a n idea a while back from som e thread: we could scale this up even further. Chloropicrin is so e asy to m ake, so what about using fire extinguishers? :D Stay out of jail. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and W eapons Forum > Chemistry for Am ateur Expe rimenters and C itizen Scientists C h e m istry > C h l o r i n e g a s a s a d e f o l i a n t .

View Full Version : Chlorine gas as a defoliant. Red Beret

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March 4th, 2008, 02:12 AM

L a s t w e e k e n d w h e n d o i n g s o m e testing with quantities of chlorine gas, I noticed that shortly after I had packed up, som e plan ts in the area had started to wilt. Over the course of the next few days, these leaves died and fell off. I'm wonderin g if chlorine has any potential as a basic defoliant? Yes, I know, one could buy weed killer from the sto re, but chlorine has the adva ntage of being cheaper, easier to apply (you don't have to spray all the plants you want dead), and m o r e fun ;-). I u s e d o n l y a s m all am ount of chem icals and q uite a bit of garden was destroyed. What's your opinion/exp erience with this? Uses are pretty obvious...

Bugger

March 4th, 2008, 08:49 PM

Chlorine was used as a war gas in the Great W ar by the Germans, but it was soon superse d e d b y C O C l 2 a n d m ustard gas, probably because it was too volatile and not sufficiently toxic.

PAC

March 4th, 2008, 10:55 PM

I n " M e y e r : D e r G a s k a m p f u n d die chem ischen Kam pfstoffe" is this effect from chlorine on plants described. There a r e e v e n pictures of chlorine clouds bleaching th e ground. After 1-2 hours of beeing treatened with 0,5 % Chlorine in the air the m o s t p l a n t s l o o s e t h e i r f o l i a g e t h r o u g h p l a s m o l y s i s . T h e m ore Chlorin e is in the air the faster is this reaction. If you understand german, I can scan the pages. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and W eapons Forum C h e m istry > Pava

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View Full Version : Pava Red Beret

August 12th, 2008, 11:30 PM

P a v a o r C a p a s a c a i n 2 , a s i t h a s b e e n c a l l e d , i s a p p a r e n tly hotter and m ore effective on ta kedown than O C . I have read that it is naturally occuring in hot chillies, but that th e m ajority of com mercial m anufacturers m ake it synthetcaly. It would appear that this is a highly effective antiperson n e l w e a p o n , a n d c o u l d h a v e m a n y u s e s . I saw a docum entary a while back on it's manufacture, but I'm u nable to find it, or any other RELIABLE m anufacture information. This is a subject worthy of discussion and if any has any usable inform ation realting to pava, please post here. I will continue searching throughout this afternoon, and post back with results.

Lewis

August 13th, 2008, 01:52 AM

P l e a se clarify as to how this "Pava" would be used, and what "O C" is, because I have no idea what you're talking ab out. Are we squirting hot peppers in our enem ies' eyes to incapacitate them or what?:p

ONLY

August 13th, 2008, 02:03 PM

P l e a se clarify as to how this "Pava" would be used, and what "O C" is, because I have no idea what you're talking ab out. Are we squirting hot peppers in our enem ies' eyes to incapacitate them or what?:p O . C . - O l e o r e s i n C a p s i c u m o n e o f t h e m ain ingredients in pepper spray. Ask anyone who has been sprayed with it as I have it is excruciating pain. I have never heard of Pava and am very curios as to what it is.

And yes we are spraying our e nemy in the eyes with peppers!

akinrog

August 23rd, 2008, 02:57 AM

P l e a se clarify as to how this "Pava" would be used, and what "O C" is, because I have no idea what you're talking ab out. Are we squirting hot peppers in our enem ies' eyes to incapacitate them or what?:p I d o n ' t w a n n a s o u n d l i k e a w a n n a b e m od here, but I would like to give you a friendly advice: Those m e m b e r s w h o d o n o t u s e s e a r c h f e a t u r e ( g o o g l e , a n d U TFSE), are generally frowned upon here. Inform ation is out there, so instead of asking this type of questions, (re)searchin g is better and m ore contributive. R e g a r d s .

Red Beret

August 23rd, 2008, 11:42 PM

Yeah I second that. I'm still digging on th is one, haven't yet found any relia ble inform ation o n sythesis. Plenty of inform ation a bout effects is out there, but I'm looking more for synthe s i s a t t h e m o m ent. I shall contin ue to search.

StephF

August 27th, 2008, 12:52 PM

P e l a rgonic acid vanillylam ide is what I believe you are looking for. As h a s b e e n s a i d a b o v e s e e k a n d y o u w i l l f i n d : ) vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

This is not registered version of Total HTML Converter The Explosives and W eapons Forum > Chemistry for Am ateur Expe rimenters and C itizen Scientists C h e m istry > ipecac as a potential incapacitant?

View Full Version : ipecac as a potential incapacitant? jlwilliams

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October 16th , 2008, 06:49 AM

I g o t t o t h i n k i n g a b o u t s y r u p o f i p e c a c a s a p o s s a b l e d e f e n s i v e t o o l . I t ' s d e f i n i t e l y a n u n p l e a s a n t s u b s t a n c e a n d m ay well be enought to stop most anybody in their tracks. An attack er would be hard pressed to harm you while the entire conte nts of his intestines are running hard in reverse gear. Pepper spray being illegal in many places, m ore as tim e g o e s b y I ' m s u r e , s o m ething else m ay be called for as a defensive m easure for th e DIYer. Problem is testin g the effect with any sort of delivery. I know just o pening a bottle a n d s m elling it is m ore tha n m ost people want to do. It's available enough since it's used for first aid and should be kept on hand anyway. I just haven't worked u p the courage to spray som e in my face and who th e hell could I ask to try it if I won't? Do an y of you have any experience with this stuff? W h a t s o r t o f e f f e c t c o u l d o n e e x p e c t f r o m e x p o s u r e to ipecac by m eans other than swallowing the little ampule of the wretched stuff?

festergrump

October 16th , 2 0 0 8 , 1 2 : 0 1 P M

If you read the directions on the bottle it says to drink about 16 oz. of water with the dosage to induce vom iting. Th is is probably to give the stom ache a good flush in the event there are no other fluids already in there (OD on pills, etc). It ta kes usually five minutes or so to take effect, also, and most attacks are long over before that tim e h a s b e e n r e a c h e d . I really don't see how you'd adm i n i s t e r a g o o d d o s a g e t o a n a t t a c k e r a n d m a k e i t w o r k a s s u p p o s e d , b u t i t ' d m a k e a g o o d reve n g e t o o l f o r a b l a b b e r i n g l o u d m o u th at a b ar you frequent. For attackers in an area where pepperspray is illegal to carry, I'd opt for concentrated capciacin juice in a Visine bottle or sim ilar. Lots of people I know carry Visine with them just due to alergies. (a good squirt of regular old Visine in som e o n e s drink will cause their "other" end to errupt, or so I'm told).

jlwilliams

October 17th , 2008, 06:24 AM

I h a v e h e a r d of Visine being used as other than an eye soother, but wha t I heard was different. I think I'm going to try it and find out what, if anything, Visine does when taken orally. I'll report back with my findings.

hatal

October 17th , 2 0 0 8 , 0 2 : 1 1 P M

I h a v e h e a r d of Visine being used as other than an eye soother, but wha t I heard was different. I think I'm going to try it and find out what, if anything, Visine does when taken orally. I'll report back with my findings.

Yeah Visine. It even has its own wiki-page: http://en.wik ipedia.org/wiki/Visine#Visine_Prank All that because of? Movies and TV-shows. Man , I hate TV. But Im wandering, sorry. Eye-drops "m ain ingredient" is tetrahydrozoline . And it isnt m eant for oral use. Diarrhea is just one possibility and d eath is another. See rest for (stupid) wiki-page. But there is also a way better page (if I remem ber correctly // I really hope) the RS Tetrahydrozoline thread. (If there isnt, than there should be one. Very in teresting chem ical. Maybe suitable for weaponizatio n.)

iHME

October 18th , 2 0 0 8 , 0 5 : 2 1 P M

Tetrahydrozoline looks very promising in terms of weaponization. But on the topic. One could "reload" a AXE brand or similar anti-persperant bottle with capciacin and/or piperine suspended in a solvent of choise. The process to reload a pressurised aerosol bottle is rather easy. Get the vesel to be pressurise d , m a k e s u r e i t i s e m p t y . Get a spray can, emp ty also. Make sure that the spray can is em pty, then poke a hole in its rear. Add a bicycle valve th ere (epo xy it to place), th e type where you can change the valve by screwing it off. Screw the valve off, fill with the mixture of choise. Screw the valve back. Pressurise th e spray bottle, with com pressed air, be careful, too much an d it "m ig h t " e x p l o d e . Use a short lenght of tubing that fits the spray can "nipple" (the thing that is seen after the spray nozzle is removed) rem o v e t h e s p r a y a s s e m bly from the axe bottle. Connect the spray and axe bottle with the tube. P l a c e t h e a x e b o t t l e o n t h e b o t t o m and the spray bottle on top. P u s h t h e t u b e s o t h a t b o t h b o ttles valves are o pen, thus moving the pressurised liquid from the spray bottle to the axe bottle. Now you have a untem pered looking axe bottle with the filler of your choise. --I think I have to do a tutorial with pictures to clarify this one. I got the idea from s o m e "prank" where one filled ones "friends" axe bottle with green paint :)

Intrinsic For those who might like a visual of iHME's axe can refill procedure:

October 18th , 2 0 0 8 , 0 6 : 2 9 P M

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http://www.youtube.com /watch?v=gY48CTO_L-c

iHME

October 18th , 2 0 0 8 , 0 6 : 5 6 P M

Thanks Intrinsic, fast delivery. That is exactly the video I was talking about. But the bicycle valve is m y own addition. And having a refillable spray bottle would have some uses for m e anyways, so m a k i n g i t a n d a s m all tutorial at the same should not pose a too big problem.

Cobalt.45

October 18th , 2 0 0 8 , 0 7 : 3 0 P M

F o r t h o s e s e e k i n g a n " o f f t h e s h e l f " s p r a y e r : p ( e v e n t h o u g h I d o l i k e h o m emade better, too), Harbor Freight sells a refillable aerosol canister w/adjustable tip: http://www.harborfreig ht.com /cpi/ctaf/displayitem . t a f ? I t e m n u m b e r = 1 1 0 2 vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.

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View Full Version : AIDS a weapon of war? mike-hunt

November 19th, 2008, 03:03 AM

Bad link removed. I came across this searching vbook.pub for papers on Bio weapons. http://www.vbook.pub.com/doc/5597129/Aids-as-a-Weapon-of-War The writer claims the AIDS virus was engineered as a Bio weapon by the U.S government. Its a great theory . I would really like to believe that it is possible to engineer a virus that targets homosexuals, i.v. drug users and the whole continent of Africa as well as anywhere that people are to poor,to stupid or to lazy to put on a condom. Its worth noting that Dr Douglas is a M.D. Most notable for his pioneering research into p.m.s and this article was first published on http://www.biblebelievers.org.au This greatly reduces his credibility in my eyes. This is not the first time I have read such a theory.If you chose to believe this than why not create viruses that target a specific genetic marker that is unique to a specific race. Even better everyone under a certain IQ. ***Ethnic specific weapons** http://www.vbook.pub.com/doc/8010547/ethnicspecificweapons

Bugger

November 19th, 2008, 04:43 AM

(cut) http://www.vbook.pub.com/doc/5597129/Aids-as-a-Weapon-of-War The writer claims the AIDS virus was engineered as a Bio weapon by the U.S government. Its a great theory. I would really like to believe that it is possible to engineer a virus that targets homosexuals, i.v. drug users and the whole continent of Africa as well as anywhere that people are to poor,to stupid or to lazy to put on a condom.(cut) That would make AIDS a weapon of both war and whore!

hatal

November 19th, 2008, 04:49 AM

AIDS as a Biological Weapon: http://usinfo.state.gov/media/Archive/2005/Jan/14-777030.html Was it really just a Soviet disinformation campaign?

3287

November 19th, 2008, 09:21 PM

Consider the usefulness of a weapon that even you, yourself, cannot usually detect, cannot control, have no defense against, and are at risk of being injured by. Until the CIA declassifies a report saying they did it, I'm going to have to remain a skeptic here.

iHME

November 20th, 2008, 09:08 AM

There are reports that there ware AIDS in the 17th century Africa. Also the negros know where people got AIDS, you got it if you raped a monkey. According to one theory the Portuguese vaccacination campaign in Congo launched the AIDS to its current state. They used monkey kidneys as growth medium for the vaccine. So the interspecies jump might have happened there.

hatal

November 20th, 2008, 02:05 PM

Consider the usefulness of a weapon that even you, yourself, cannot usually detect, cannot control, have no defense against, and are at risk of being injured by. You mean, like: Nuclear Weapons? ;)

mike-hunt

November 21st, 2008, 04:42 AM

I think HIV making the inter species jump without human intervention is very possible . Remember mad cow disease and bird flue and well before genetic modification was possible there was cow pox. All were transmitted animal to human though it is maybe only aids in its human strain that is transmittable human to human. I have no doubt that various government funded labs are working secretly at producing viruses more selective in who they kill. I can only hope the Americans beat the Chinese in developing a race specific virus. Then how long before a virus can be made to target an single human attacking his own unique DNA ? I guess by then everyone's DNA will be in a government data base all in the interest of greater national security.

Jome skanish

November 21st, 2008, 06:47 PM

The technology to engineer viruses didn't exist in the late seventies/early eighties when the first cases were reported, and apparently the oldest sample containing the virus are from the late fifties. The US government conspiring? Highly possible. All scientists around the world conspiring with them? No way. Even if someone did facilitate* the zoonosis, they wouldn't have the knowledge at the time to predict the... negrocidal properties of the virus. *That sparks disturbing images.

Killy

November 24th, 2008, 09:15 PM

What about so called SARS ? And the incidents with it few years ago in Asia ? Maybe some government is trying to destabilize that region (China especially), so they released the virus. vBulletin® v3.7.2, Copyright ©2000-2008, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.