Chapter 9 (1).ppt

MGT 321 ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR GROUPS PN. INTAN LIANA SUHAIME

Chapter 9: GROUPS

Types Sources

Groups

Group norms & cohesiveness

How group make decision?

Consequences Asset & Liabilities Techniques

What is GROUP? Two or more individuals, interacting and interdependent, who come together to achieve some common goals or objectives.

Types of Group Formal group

Informal group

Command group

Interest group

Task group

Friendship

1. FORMAL Command group

Task group

Determined by organization chart Group member formally assigned & working together permanently E.g. department finance etc.

 Determined by organization to complete certain job  Made up from different dept & disciplines  After task complete task disbanded

CEO Fin Exec 1 Exec 2 Ass

Prod

Mktg

CEO Fin

Prod

Mktg

Exec 1

Exec 1

Exec 1

Exec 2

Exec 2

Exec 2

Ass

Ass

Ass

2. INFORMAL Interest group

Friendship group

Work together to attain a specific & common objective Temporary- disband once objectives is accomplish E.g. fishing trip, vacation trip

Members share one @ more common characteristics Social relation extend outside the formal organization. Permanent, even if project finish.

WHY DO PEOPLE JOINT GROUPS?

Security

Goal achievement

Status

Power

Self-esteem

Affiliation

Group Norms  Shared group expectations about acceptable standards of behavior among group members  not only provide guidelines that indicate how members should behave, but they also help to keep the group unified by providing common beliefs, opinions and behavior

Group Cohesiveness  The degree to which member attracted to and motivated to remain as part of a group.  considered vital in group decision-making, goal attainment, identity, and member satisfaction.  Highly cohesive groups are able to enforce group norms more effectively than less cohesive groups

All group members will • All group members will be remain in the meeting punctual. Meetings will start until (a) all tasks for that five minutes after the agreed meeting are completed, start time and everyone should or (b) there is unanimous be there and ready by then. adjournment.

Aggressive and dominating behaviour is not acceptable.

• The group will actively seek a consensus of opinion based on the opinions of every member.

Example of group norms

Group formation factors Stability of membership

Difficulty of entry

Reward systems

Group size

Previous successes

Threat

SOURCES OF COHESIVENESS

CONSEQUENCES OF COHESIVENESS

Increased Interaction

Co Operative Behavior

Success

Satisfaction

High productivity

Contributors to cohesiveness COHESIVENESS

Attractiveness Opportunity to interact Common goals Group maturity Difficulty of entry Status congruence Rewards equity Success Stable membership External threat Small size

Effects of cohesiveness Increased interaction Co-operation behavior Increased influence Evaluation distortion Satisfaction Success High or low productivity

HOW TO ENCOURAGE GROUP COHESIVENESS • • • •

Make the group smaller Encourage agreement with group goals Increase the time members spend together Increase the status of the group and the perceived difficulty of attaining membership in the group • Stimulate competition with other group • Give reward to the group rather that to individual members • Physically isolate the group

1.

• Decision by lack of response

2

• Decision by authority rule

3.

• Decision by minority

4.

• Decision by majority rule

5.

• Decision by consensus

6.

• Decision by unanimity

How groups make decisions (by Edgar Schein)

Decision By Lack Of Response • Ideas being bypassed without any discussion take place because lack of response

Decision By Authority Rule • The person have authority in the group makes the decision on behalf of the whole group.

How groups make decisions (cont..)

Decision By Minority • One or two person in the group dominate the scene and influence/ force other to agree

Decision By Majority Rule • Decision made by the group by voting. Majority vote will win. • Problem- tendency of coalition between winners and loser.

How groups make decisions (cont..)

Decision By Consensus • Most members accept an idea even those who oppose the idea get along with the idea because they have given a chance to put forward their reasons for not accepting the idea in the first place

Decision By Unanimity • Everyone of the group members agree on the course of action to be taken- theory is possible but practice difficult to attain

INDIVIDUAL vs. GROUP DECISION MAKING

Effective : Group Accurate : Group Speed: Individual Creativity: Group Acceptance: Group

Group Decision Making Advantage • More complete information& knowledge • Increased diversity of views • Higher quality of views • Increase the acceptance of solution

Disadvantage • Time consuming • Conformity pressure in groups • Dominated by one or a few members • Ambiguous responsibility

ASSETS & LIABILITY OF GROUP DECISION

Potential Advantage

• Greater knowledge & Information • Greater Alternatives approach to a problem • Better Understanding and acceptance of final decision

Potential Disadvantage

• Social pressure to conform • Minority domination • Time spend

Group Decision Technique

Brainstorming

Nominal Delphi Technique

Brainstorming Group members meet for the sole purpose of generating ideas. • All criticism is ruled out. Discussion or judgment withheld until process complete. • Quantity is the main target • “Freewheeling” is welcomed. Radical & wild ideas are welcomed • Combination and improvement are sought. Each participants are expected to give suggestion to combine & convert to better ideas.

Nominal Group Technique

Differences ideas among group members can be utilized. Individual members meet face to face to put their ideas but its operate independently. Use one or more small groups to generate ideas and evaluate alternative solutions.

Nominal Group Technique

Form a group 4 or 5 peoples

Problem is defined from group view

Each member silently write down the solution : creativity

Ideas rank order within group, compare result. Chose the best solution

Group discuss, expand, clarify & evaluate the ideas

Leader conducts a “round-robin” collection & record ideas

Delphi Technique

Decision making process carried out without the members having to meet face to face.  Use fax, mail, email  Sometimes use expert service

Delphi Technique step…

Problem & questions developed by Delphi Leader

Responses are compile and form additional questionnaire

Sample of interested and knowledgeable people & requested to participate

Ask participants to react the responses. Ask further evaluation & choices reaction

Questionnaire are developed are sent out

Replies are complied, summarized & reproduced

Cycle stop when reach to consensus

Solution is defined and developed if possible

Delphi Technique

1. Explain the meaning of group why group is important to organization? 2. Describe the type of group. 3. What are assets and liabilities of group decision making? 4. Explain various ways on how groups make decision according to Edgar Schein.