Consumer Protection

CONSUMER PROTCTION LAW

Dr. SHAKUNTALA MISRA NATIONAL REHABILITATION UNIVERSITY Lucknow Faculty of Law PROJECT TOPIC ON “AWARENESS

AND PROTECTION OF CONSUMER INTREST “ For

COURSE ON ‘CONSUMER PROTECTION LAW’ Submitted by VAISHALI PATEL 154140057 Academic Session: 2019-20 Under the Guidance of Mr. BHANU PRATAP SINGH Faculty for CONSUMER PROTCTION Law Faculty of Law Dr. Shakuntala Misra National Rehabilitation University

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CONSUMER PROTCTION LAW

ACKNOWLEDGMENT I,VAISHALI PATEL student of B.Com LL.B(Hons*) 9th Semester has made this assignment under the guidance ship of Bhanu pratap singh Sir, who is my subject teacher for the CONSUMER PROTCTION Law. I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to her who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic AWARENESS AND PROTECTION OF CONSUMER INTREST, and also help me out with problems, which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and I came to know about so many new things I am really thankful to them. I would also like to thank my friends for their constant support and help every time.

Thanking You. VAISHALI PATEL

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CONSUMER PROTCTION LAW

CONTENTS IN BRIEF CONTENTS

PAGENO.

1.

Introduction

3

2.

Meaning of Consumer

3

3.

Concept

4

4.

Need for Consumer Protection

5-6

5.

Rights of Consumer

6

6.

Responsibilities of Consumer

7-9

7.

Laws to protect interest of Consumers

10-11

8.

Consumer Protection Act, 2019

12-17

9.

Other means of Consumer Protection

18

10.

Awareness programmes

18

11.

Jaago Grahak Jaago Programme

12.

Consumer

Online

Resource

and 19-21

Empowerment Centre (CORE) 13.

Conclusion

24

14.

Biblography

25

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CONSUMER PROTCTION LAW

INTRODUCTION We buy a variety of goods and services in our day-to-day life. Whatever we buy we pay for it and derive satisfaction from its consumption and use. But sometimes we do not feel satisfied with the product we buy. This may be on account of poor quality of the product, overcharging by the shopkeeper, lower quantity of contents, misleading advertisement, and so on. Should we allow these practices to continue? Obviously not; then is there any remedy for such malpractices? The answer lies in the concept and practice of consumer protection, the rights and responsibilities of consumers, legal provisions and mechanism for settlement of consumer grievances.

MEANING OF CONSUMER A consumer is a person who consumes or uses any goods or services. Goods may be consumables like wheat flour, salt, sugar, fruit etc. or durable items like television, refrigerator, toaster, mixer, bicycle etc. Services refer to items like electricity, cooking gas, telephone, transportation, film show etc. Normally, it is the consumption or use of goods and services that makes the person to be called as ‘consumer’. But in the eyes of law, both the person who buys any goods or hires any service for consideration (price) and the one who uses such goods and services with the approval of the buyer are termed as consumers. For example, when a father buys apple for his son and the son consume them, then the father as well as his son are treated as consumers. In other words, even the buyer of goods and services whether he uses them himself or purchases them for consumption or use by some other person(s) is treated as consumer in the eyes of law. However, a person who buys goods for resale (like wholesaler, retailer, etc.) or for any commercial purpose is not treated as consumer.

CONCEPT OF CONSUMER PROTECTION 4

CONSUMER PROTCTION LAW

Consumer protection means safeguarding the interest and rights of consumers. In other words, it refers to the measures adopted for the protection of consumers from unscrupulous and unethical malpractices by the business and to provide them speedy redressal of their grievances. The most common business malpractices leading to consumer exploitation are given below. (a) Sale of adulterated goods i.e., adding something inferior to the product being sold. (b) Sale of spurious goods i.e.,selling something of little value instead of the real product. (c) Sale of sub-standard goods i.e., sale of goods which do not confirm to prescribed quality standards. (d) Sale of duplicate goods. (e) Use of false weights and measures leading to underweight. (f) Hoarding and black-marketing leading to scarcity and rise in price. (g) Charging more than the Maximum Retail Price (MRP) fixed for the product. (h) Supply of defective goods. (i) Misleading advertisements i.e., advertisements falsely claiming a product or service to be of superior quality, grade or standard. (j) Supply of inferior services i.e., quality of service lower than the quality agreed upon. The above instances show the exploitation of consumers in the context of goods and services. In a democratic nation like India, should we allow this to happen? So the measures adopted by the government or non-government organizations (NGOs) for safeguarding the interests of the consumers constitute consumer protection.

Examples of Consumer Exploitation in India ●

The after sales service provider of the television set charged Rs. 200 as service charge

though he repaired the set within the warranty period.

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CONSUMER PROTCTION LAW ● The tickets issued to different passengers on the same day for the same journey showed the same seat number ● Penalty of Rs. 50 was charged by SBI after issuing the chequebook to the customer showing that the balance available in the account was less than the minimum required balance for issue of chequebook. ● The supply of cooking gas cylinder to the consumers is found to be underweight.

NEED FOR CONSUMER PROTECTION The necessity of adopting measures to protect the interest of consumers arises mainly due to the helpless position of the consumers. There is no denying fact that the consumers have the basic right to be protected from the loss or injury caused on account of defective goods and deficiency of services. But they hardly use their rights due to lack of awareness, ignorance or lethargic attitude. However in view of the prevailing malpractices and their vulnerability there to, it is necessary to provide them physical safety, protection of economic interests, access to information, satisfactory product standard, and statutory measures for redressal of their grievances. The other main arguments in favour of consumer protection are as follows: (a) Social Responsibility The business must be guided by certain social and ethical norms. It is the moral responsibility of the business to serve the interest of consumers. Keeping in line with this principle, it is the duty of producers and traders to provide right quality and quantity of goods at fair prices to the consumers. (b) Increasing Awareness The consumers are becoming more mature and conscious of their rights against the malpractices by the business.There are many consumer organizations and associations who are making efforts to build consumer awareness, taking up their cases at various levels and helping them to enforce their rights. (c) Consumer Satisfaction Father of the Nation Mahatma Gandhi had once given a call to manufactures and traders to “treat your consumers as god”. Consumers’ satisfaction is the key to success of business. Hence, the businessmen should take every step to serve the interests of consumers by providing them quality goods and services at reasonable price. 6

CONSUMER PROTCTION LAW (d) Principle of Social Justice Exploitation of consumers is against the directive principles of state policy as laid down in the Constitution of India. Keeping in line with this principle, it is expected from the manufacturers, traders and service providers to refrain from malpractices and take care of consumers’ interest. (e) Principle of Trusteeship According to Gandhian philosophy, manufactures and producers are not the real owners of the business. Resources are supplied by the society. They are merely the trustees of the resources and, therefore, they should use such resources effectively for the benefit of the society, which includes the consumers. (f) Survival and Growth of Business The business has to serve consumer interests for their own survival and growth. On account of globalization and increased competition, any business organization, which indulges in malpractices or fails to provide improved services to their ultimate consumer, shall find it difficult to continue. Hence, they must in their own long run interest, become consumer oriented.

RIGHTS OF CONSUMERS John F, Kennedy, the former USA President, in his message to consumer had given six rights to consumers. These rights are (i) right to safety, (ii) right to be informed, (iii) right to choose, (iv) right to be heard, (v) right to redress and (vi) right to represent. These rights had paved the way for organized consumer movement in the USA and later it spread all over the world. In India, the Protection Act, 1986 has also provided for the same rights to consumers. Let us have a brief idea about these rights of consumers. (a) Right to Safety It is the right of the consumers to be protected against goods and services, which are hazardous to health or life. For example, defective vehicles could lead to serious accidents. The same is true of electrical appliances with sub-standard material. Only recently, there were mass protests and boycott of soft drinks due to presence of hazardous pesticides beyond permissible limits. Thus, right to safety is an important right available to the consumer, which ensures that the manufacturers shall not produce and sell sub-standard and dangerous products. (b) Right to be Informed The right to be informed is an important component of consumer protection. The consumer must be provided with adequate and accurate information about quality, quantity, purity, standard and 7

CONSUMER PROTCTION LAW the price of the goods & services. Now-a-days the manufacturers provide detailed information about the contents of the product, its quantity, date of manufacturing, date of expiry, maximum retail price, precautions to be taken, etc. on the label and package of the product. Such information helps the consumers in their buying decision and use of the product. (c) Right to Choose The right to choose provides that the consumer must be assured, whenever possible, access to a variety of goods and services at competitive prices. If the market has enough varieties of products at highly competitive prices, the buyers have an opportunity of wide selection. However, incase of monopolies like railways, postal service and electricity supply etc. it implies a right to be assured of satisfactory quality of service at a fair price. (d) Right to be Heard The rights to safety, information and choice will be frivolous without the right to be heard. This right has three interpretations. Broadly speaking, this right means that consumers have a right to be consulted by Government and public bodies when decisions and policies are made affecting consumer interests. Also, consumers have a right to be heard by manufactures, dealers and advertisers about their opinion on production, marketing decisions and any grievances of the consumers. Now-a-days, most of the top manufacturers and firms have set up consumer service cells to attend to consumers’ complaints and take appropriate steps for their redressal. Thirdly, consumers have the right to be heard in legal proceedings in law courts dealing with consumer complaints. (e) Right to Seek Redressal The consumers have been given the right of redressal of their grievances relating to the performance, grade, quality etc. of the goods and services. If required, the product must be repaired / replaced by the seller/ manufacturer. The Consumer Protection Act has duly provides for a fair settlement of genuine grievances of the consumers. It has also set up a proper mechanism for their redressal at district, state and national levels. (f) Right to Consumer Education It means the right to receive knowledge and skill to become informed consumer. In this direction the consumer associations, educational institutions and the policy makers can play an important part. They are expected to impart information and knowledge about

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CONSUMER PROTCTION LAW (i) the relevant laws, which are aimed at preventing unfair trade practices, (ii) the ways and means which dishonest traders and producers may adopt to deceive the consumers, (iii) insistence on a bill or receipt at the time of purchase, and (iv) the procedure to be followed by consumers while making complaints. Effective consumer education leads to an increased level of consumer awareness and help them to enforce their rights more effectively, and protect themselves against fraudulent, deceitful and grossly misleading advertisement, labeling, etc.

OTHER CONSUMER RIGHTS. 1) Right to Basic Needs Every consumer must be assured of the availability of items of basic necessity. That means the basic needs of consumers such as drinking water, food items, pure air; transport, electricity, health and education services must be fulfilled. 2)

Right to healthy environment

In recent years, greater attention is being paid to this right because of deterioration of ecological balance, deforestation, and environmental pollution. Therefore this is the right to be protected against environmental pollution so as to enhance the quality of life.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF CONSUMERS Consumer responsibilities include the following: (a) Be quality conscious To put a stop to adulteration and corrupt practices of the manufacturers and traders, it is the duty of every consumer to be conscious of the quality of product they buy. They should look for the standard quality certification marks like ISI, Agmark, FPO, Woolmark, Eco-mark, Hallmark etc. while making the purchases.

(b) Beware of misleading advertisements The advertisement often exaggerates the quality of products. Hence, the consumers should not rely on the advertisement and carefully check the product or ask the users before making a purchase. Incase there are discrepancies, the same should be brought to the notice of the sponsors and the appropriate authority, if need be. (c) Responsibility to inspect a variety of goods before making selection 9

CONSUMER PROTCTION LAW The consumer should inspect a variety of goods before buying the goods and service. For this purpose he/she should compare their quality, price, durability, after sales service etc. This would enable the consumers to make the best choice within the limit of their own resources. (d) Collect proof of transaction The consumer should insist on a valid documentary evidence (cash memo/invoice) relating to purchase of goods or availing of any services and preserve it carefully. Such proof of purchase is required for filing a complaint. In case of durable goods the manufactures generally provide the warrantee/guarantee card along with the product. It is the duty of consumers to obtain these documents and ensure that these are duly signed, stamped and dated. The consumer must preserve them till the warrantee/ guarantee period is over. (e) Consumers must be aware of their rights The consumers must be aware of their rights as stated above and exercise them while buying goods and services. For example, it is the responsibility of a consumer to insist on getting all information about the quality of the product and ensure himself/ herself that it is free from any kind of defects. (f) Complaint for genuine grievances As a consumer if you are dissatisfied with the product/services, you can ask for redressal of your grievances. In this regard, you must file a proper claim with the company first. If the manufacturer/company does not respond, then you can approach the forums. But your claim must state actual loss and the compensation claim must be reasonable. At no cost fictitious complaints should be filed otherwise the forum may penalize you.

(g) Proper use of product/services It is expected from the consumers that they use and handle the product/services properly. It has been noticed that during guarantee period, people tend to reckless use of the product, thinking that it will be replaced during the guarantee period. This practice should be avoided. Apart from the responsibility enumerated above, the consumers should be conscious of their duty towards other consumers, society and ecology and make responsible choice. In other words, their

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CONSUMER PROTCTION LAW purchases and consumption should not lead to waste of natural resources and energy and environmental pollution.

LAWS TO PROTECT INTERESTS OF CONSUMERS Government of India has enacted more than 30 laws to improve the lot of consumers. Some of these laws are summarized below. 1) The Contract Act, 1982. This law prescribes the conditions in which promises made by parties to a contract (buyers and sellers) shall be legally binding on each other. It also lays down the remedies available to one party if the other party fails to honor his promise. 2) The Sales of Goods Act, 1930. It provides some safeguards to buyers of goods in case goods do not fulfill the express or implied conditions and warranties. The seller’s title to goods is not defective, the goods correspond with description or sample of the goods of the right quality or fitness are the express warranties. 3) The Essential Commodities Act, 1955. This law seeks to ensure equitable distribution of essential commodities at reasonable price to consumers. The Central Government is empowered to regulate production, supply, distribution, storage, transport and prices of commodities, which are declared essential under this law. 4) The Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954. It was enacted to eradicate rampant evil of food adulteration and to ensure purity in food articles so as to maintain public health. 5) The MRTP Act, 1969. It was enacted to protect consumers from monopolistic, restrictive and unfair trade practices. 6) The Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958. It seeks to provide for the registration and better protection of trademarks and to prevent the use of fraudulent marks on merchandise. It helps to protect consumers against products. In addition to the above, the following laws also help to protect consumers: 1. Drug Control Act, 1950 2. Agricultural Products (Grading and Marketing) Act, 1937 3. Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951 4. The Standards of Weights and Measures Act, 1956 11

CONSUMER PROTCTION LAW 5. Prevention of Black-marketing & Maintenance of Essential Supplies Act, 1980 6. Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 7.The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. 8.The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 9. The Indian Penal Code, 1861 10. The Hire- Purchase Act, 197

CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT 2019 Introduction The Consumer Protection Act 2019 is a social welfare legislation, which was enacted as a result of widespread consumer protection movement. The main object of the legislature in the enactment of this act is to provide for the better protection of the interests of the consumer and to make provisions for establishment of consumer councils and other authorities for settlement of consumer disputes and matter therewith connected.

How act was enacted The act was passed in Lok Sabha on 9th December, 1986 and Rajya Sabha on 10th December, 1986 and assented by the President of India on 24th December, 1986 and was published in the Gazette of India on 26th December, 1986 and it came into force from 1 July, 1987.This act was enacted in the 37th year of the Republic of India and was amended from time to time in the following years i.e. 1991, 1993 and 2002.and it was totally amended in 2019.

Salient Features of Consumer Protection Act 2019 • Broadening the definition of “consumer” The definition of “consumer” has been expanded to include persons who engage in offline or online transactions through electronic means or by tele-shopping or direct selling or multi-level marketing.1 In our transactions concluded in all media in any case covered by CPA 1986. The definition now provides consumers with a remedy in case of multi-level marketing. Thus, the seller at each level of multi-level marketing can be exposed to liability under CPA 2019 and not restricted to only the manufacturer of the product but all entities involved at various stages of production and marketing.

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CONSUMER PROTCTION LAW When services are provided for free, the person availing the service will not be considered as a consumer. Whether or not the service being provided is free is a question of fact and will have to be evaluated on case to case basis.

• E-commerce E-commerce has been defined as buying or selling of goods or services including digital products over digital or electronic network.2 The central government has been authorized to take measures and make rules to prevent unfair trade practices in e-commerce.3 In case of products being sold through online platforms, without charging any fees separately amounts to providing services needs to be ascertained. It is not clear whether off-shore e-commerce would also get covered and eventual enforcement of CPA 2019 qua such entities. • New

grounds to file complaints

While the provisions of CPA 1986 prescribed six (6) major grounds to file complaints4, CPA 2019 has increased the count to seven (7)5, and also substantially modified one of the existing grounds to file complaints as provided under Section 2(c)(i) of CPA 1986. The two key changes are:

1. Introduction of Unfair Contracts & expansion of Unfair Trade Practices In the previous legislation, a complaint could be filed only if an unfair trade practice or a restrictive trade practice was adopted by any trader or service provider. Now “unfair contract” has also been added which further broadens the ground to file complaints and allows consumers to challenge contracts which are unfair, unilateral and unreasonable. Unfair contract has been defined to include contracts between a manufacturer or trader or service provider on one hand, and a consumer on the other, having such terms which cause significant change in the rights of such consumer, including the following, namely:— 1. requiring manifestly excessive security deposits to be given by a consumer for the performance of contractual obligations; or 2. imposing any penalty on the consumer, for the breach of contract thereof which is wholly disproportionate to the loss occurred due to such breach to the other party to the contract; or

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CONSUMER PROTCTION LAW 3. refusing to accept early repayment of debts on payment of applicable penalty; or entitling a party to the contract to terminate such contract unilaterally, without reasonable cause; or 4. permitting or has the effect of permitting one party to assign the contract to the detriment of the other party who is a consumer, without his consent; or 5. imposing on the consumer any unreasonable charge, obligation or condition which puts such consumer to disadvantage. The above provisions would directly impact the financial institutions such as banks, as the apex court has already stated that the Banks also get covered under the Act.8 This would specifically take into account contracts entered with banks, e-commerce platforms where parties are not left with any option but to agree to the standard terms to avail the services. With such a broad subjective definition, it remains to be seen how courts would interpret in case of online contracts. 2. Expanding definition of “unfair trade practice” While CPA 1986 had listed six (6) types of unfair trade practices, three (3) types of additional unfair trade practices have now been added to the list which are as follows: 1. failure or non-issuance of a bill or a cash memo; 2. refusal to take back or withdraw defective goods or withdrawal or discontinuance of deficient services or refusal to refund the consideration amount paid within the period as stipulated in the bill or cash memo or receipt or in the absence of such stipulation, refusal to withdraw or refund goods or services within thirty (30) days; and 3. disclosure of consumer’s personal information to any other person unless such disclosure is made in accordance with the provisions of any law for the time being in force or in public interest. The provision fails to give any clarity whether information can be shared if consent is taken from the consumers. The reliance will have to be placed on prevalent data protection law. The current data protection law in India does not require any specific compliance for data sharing in case the information is not in the nature of sensitive information i.e. relating to (i) passwords; (ii) financial information; (iii) physical, physiological and mental health conditions; (iv) sexual orientation; (v) medical records and history; (vi) biometric information; (vii) any detail relating to the above, as provided to a body corporate for providing services; and (viii) any of the 14

CONSUMER PROTCTION LAW information received under the above by a body corporate, for processing or storing data under lawful contract, or otherwise.

• Product Liability There was no separate legislation governing ‘product liability’ in India, though it was addressed under CPA 1986, if parties were included within the ambit of ‘consumer’. Insertion of “Product Liability” as a separate chapter in CPA 2019 and a new ground for filing a complaint has been one of the most significant additions to the act Section 2(35) of CPA 2019 allows a person to make a claim of product liability against such manufacturer, seller or service provider for such defective products. Product liability means the responsibility of a product manufacturer or product seller, of any product or service, related to the product to compensate for any harm caused to a consumer by such defective product manufactured or sold or by deficiency in services relating to the product.

Who can be made liable: CPA 2019 has gone a step forward and defined a product manufacturer13, product seller14 and product service provider15 to provide clarity on who can be made liable for an action under Chapter VI of CPA 2019.

Ingredients to initiate product liability action: 1. Product manufacturer will be liable if product contains a manufacturing defect, or defective in design; or there is a deviation from manufacturing specifications; or does not conform to the express warranty; or fails to contain adequate instructions of correct usage to prevent any harm or any warning regarding improper or incorrect usage. Absence of negligence or fraud in making express warranty of a product cannot be pleaded as a defence. 2. Product seller who is not a product manufacturer may be held liable if (a) he has exercised substantial control over the designing, testing, manufacturing, packaging or labelling of a product that caused harm; or (b) he has altered or modified the product and such alteration or modification was the substantial factor in causing the harm;

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CONSUMER PROTCTION LAW (c) he has made an express warranty of a product independent of any express warranty made by a manufacturer and such product failed to conform to the express warranty made by the product seller which caused the harm; (d) the product has been sold by him and the identity of product manufacturer of such product is not known, or if known, the service of notice or process or warrant cannot be effected on him or he is not subject to the law which is in force in India or the order, if any, passed or to be passed cannot be enforced against him; or (e) he failed to exercise reasonable care in assembling, inspecting or maintaining such product or he did not pass on the warnings or instructions of the product manufacturer regarding the dangers involved or proper usage of the product. 3. Product service provider may be liable if (a) the service provided was faulty or imperfect or deficient or inadequate in quality, nature or manner of performance which is required to be provided by or under any law for the time being in force, or pursuant to any contract or otherwise; or (b) there was an act of omission or commission or negligence or conscious withholding any information which caused harm; or (c) the service provider did not issue adequate instructions or warnings to prevent any harm; or (d) the service did not conform to express warranty or the terms and conditions of the contract. CPA 2019 while defining a ‘product’ has specifically excluded human tissues, blood, blood products and organs. CPA 2019 also lists down certain exceptions to “product liability” action, in circumstances where the products have been misused, or if the product being purchased by the employer for use at the workplace did not adhere to installation warnings or instructions, or if the nature of the product is such that the user should have known the associated dangers, etc. • Introduction of Central Consumer Protection Authority as the new regulator Section 10 of CPA 2019 seeks to establish a central authority, the Central Consumer Protection Authority (“CCPA”) to promote, protect, and enforce the rights of consumers qua misleading advertisements and unfair trade practices as a class. One of the primary reasons for establishing CCPA is to fill an institutional void in the existing regulatory regime. An investigative wing is envisaged to be formed under the aegis of CCPA, which shall carry out inquiries and investigations in matters relating to consumer rights, unfair trade practices and misleading advertisements. Under the provisions of CPA 2019, CCPA is mandated to carry out the following functions:

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CONSUMER PROTCTION LAW 1. inquiring into violations of consumer rights, investigating and launching prosecution at the appropriate forum; 2. passing orders to recall goods or withdraw services that are hazardous, reimbursement of the price paid, and discontinuation of the unfair trade practices, as defined under the relevant provisions of CPA 2019; 3. issuance of directions to the concerned trader/ manufacturer/ endorser/ advertiser/ publisher to either discontinue a false or misleading advertisement, or modify it; 4. imposition of penalties, and; 5. issuance of safety notices to consumers against unsafe goods and services and guidelines to prevent unfair trade practices 6. spread and promote awareness and research on consumer rights and 7. recommend adoption of international covenants and best international practices on consumer rights to ensure effective enforcement of consumer rights The district collectors have also been empowered to conduct such investigations that affect interests of consumer as a class under CPA 2019. They can investigate or inquire at the instance of a complaint or on a reference made by CCPA. The district collectors have also been provided powers akin to CCPA’s but unlike CCPA they cannot initiate action suo moto. The establishment of a central authority and initiating action as a class comes as an additional mode of relief which can be exercised along with individual consumers filing complaints to address their grievances thereby having two parallel proceedings.

• False or misleading advertisements CCPA has also been empowered to take actions against false or misleading advertisements. CCPA can impose a penalty of up to INR1 million, and up to INR 5 million for every subsequent violations. It is important to note that such penalty can be imposed on endorsers too, thereby bringing actors/actresses in the scope of penalty. However, the endorser would be exempted from any liability if s/he establishes that they undertook due diligence to verify the veracity of the claims before endorsing the same. Therefore, endorsers/actors/celebrities will also have to conduct a thorough due diligence/ research before signing up for any advertisements. • Deletion of Healthcare from definition of services 17

CONSUMER PROTCTION LAW The CPA 2019 in its current form does not explicitly specify healthcare in the list of services listed in the definition of ‘service’, even though the earlier version of the consumer protection bill as passed by the Lok Sabha had included it. An amendment was recently introduced in the Parliament to remove healthcare from the list of services (“Healthcare Amendment”) following stiff opposition from the medical fraternity which expressed apprehension that the CPA 2019 would be misused against them. • Increase in the pecuniary jurisdiction of the commissions The pecuniary jurisdiction of all three commissions have been raised under CPA 2019. The changes are reflected in the table below: Sr. No.

Commissions

CPA 1986

CPA 2019

1.

District

Upto USD 28,000

Upto USD 1,40,000

2.

State

USD 28000-1,40,000

USD 1,40,000- USD 14,00,000

3.

Central

USD 1,40,000 or more

Above USD 14,00,000 – 14,00,00,00

The increase in the pecuniary jurisdiction of all three commissions is an encouraging step as it should attract lesser number of claims in appellate commissions to an extent, thereby ensuring swifter disposal of cases,

• Mediation The CPA 2019 now provides for settlement of disputes by way of mediation in case there is a possibility of settlement at the stage of admission of complaint or at any later stage, if acceptable to both parties. A mediation cell will be attached to each district, state and National Commission and its regional Benches for quick resolution.

• Penalties

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CONSUMER PROTCTION LAW The quantum of monetary penalty, in case of defiance of any order of commissions, have also been raised under the provisions of CPA 2019. The commissions can now impose fines ranging from USD 350 to USD 1400, whereas earlier they could have only imposed fines in the range of USD 28- USD 140. • Miscellaneous Provisions Apart from the afore-mentioned changes, CPA 2019 has introduced ADR mechanisms to resolve the disputes. Mediation cells have been attached to all the three commissions. Matters shall be referred to mediation cells if the parties’ consent to it. In event of failure to settle the dispute, the respective commissions shall continue to adjudicate the dispute. CPA 2019 now allows consumers to file complaints in the district commission where they reside or work for gain.

OTHER MEANS OF CONSUMER PROTECTION The following are the various ways and means of consumer protection followed in India. (a) Lok Adalat Lok Adalats are the effective and economical system for quick redressal of the public grievances. The aggrieved party can directly approach the adalats with his grievance, and his issues are discussed on the spot and decisions are taken immediately. The consumers may take the advantage of this system to solve their problems. Cases of electricity billing, telephone billings, road accidents etc. can be taken up in Lok Adalat for spot settlement. Infact, Indian Railways, Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited and Delhi Vidyut Board hold Lok Adalat regularly to settle user’s grievances on the spot. (b) Public Interest Litigation Public Interest Litigation (PIL) is a scheme under which any person can move to the court of law in the interest of the society. It involves efforts to provide legal remedy to un-represented groups and interests. Such groups may consist of consumers, minorities, poor persons, environmentalists and others. Any person or organization, though not a party to the grievances, can approach the court for remedial action in case of any social atrocities. (c) Consumer Protection Councils (CPC) The Consumer Protection Act 2002, was amended in 2019 which provides for setting up of Consumer Protection Council at district, state and national level for promotion and protection of 19

CONSUMER PROTCTION LAW the rights of the consumers as laid down in Section 6 of the Act. The councils are required to give wide publicity to the rights of consumers, the procedures for filling complaints by them and provide inputs to consumer movement in the country. (d) Consumer Organizations Consumer organizations have been active all over the world to promote and protect consumer interests. A number of such organizations have also been set up in recent years in different parts of India. It is felt that neither it is possible to discipline all members of the business community through moral sanctions and a code of fair business practices nor can administrate orders and legislative provisions to ensure consumer protection without the active involvement of consumer associations. Now with an increasing number of consumer organizations involved in consumer protection, the consumer movement is getting a foothold in India and helping individuals to seek quick and adequate redressal of their grievances. Look at the box for some of such consumer organizations. Consumer Organizations Some of the important Consumer Organizations that have been playing an active role in taking up consumer cause are: ● CERC (Consumer Education and Research Centre), Ahmedabad ● VOICE (Voluntary Organization in the Interest of Consumer Education), New Delhi ● CGSI (Consumer Guidance Society of India), Mumbai ● CAG (Consumer Action Group), Chennai ● CUTS (Consumer Unity and Trust Society), Jaipur ● Common Cause, New Delhi ● Consumer Education Centre, Hyderabad ● Karnataka Consumer Service Society, Bangalore ● Kerela State Consumers Coordination Committee, Cochin These organizations are collecting data on different products and testing them, investigating into the problems of consumers, publishing and distributing brochures and journals, organizing consumer awareness programmes, filing complaints, suits and writ petitions on behalf of the consumers, etc. (e) Consumer Welfare Fund

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CONSUMER PROTCTION LAW The government has created a consumer welfare fund for providing financial assistance to strengthen the voluntary consumer movement in the country particularly in rural areas. This fund is mainly used for setting up facilities for training and research in consumer education, complaint handling, counseling and guidance mechanisms, product testing labs, and so on.

AWARENESS PROGAMMES To increase the level of awareness among the consumers the Government of India has initiated various publicity measures. 1.PUBLICATIONSThe Ministry of Civil Supplies has brought out a number of booklets/brouchers to educate consumers. A quarterly journal ‘UPBHOKTA JAGRAN’ has been started 2.NATIONAL AWARDSThe Ministry of Civil Service has instituted two national awards- ‘NATIONAL YOUTH AWARDS’ AND ‘NATIONAL AWARD ON CONSUMER PROTECTION’. The first award is for the persons in the age group of 15-35 doing outstanding work in the field. The second award is for Voluntary consumer organizations doing outstanding work in the field. 3.AUDIO-VEDIO MEASURESDoordarshan is telecasting fortnightly programmed ‘SANRAKSHAN UPBHOKTA KA’ and several other programmes to educate consumers. 4.CONSUMER DAYConsumer Day is observed every year on 15th March. Exhibitions, seminars etc. are held on this date to educate the consumers of their rights.

JAAGO GRAHAK JAAGO PROGRAMME(WAKE UP CONSUMER) DCD initiated a multi - media campaign for the Department of Consumer Affairs to generate awareness on consumer rights. The campaign features the popular programme “Jaago Grahak Jaago” which has done great public service. The programme has apprised consumers of the tricks used by mischievous persons, traders, businessmen and service providers to cheat them. The campaign also informs consumers about product safety, product defects, food adulteration, and environmental hazards. This programme has been on air since May 2005. In addition, several public service advertisements on consumer rights are telecast from eight Kendras in eight States in an equal number of languages and dialects. Realising the need for empowering 21

CONSUMER PROTCTION LAW consumers, the government has approved a scheme of Rs 409 crore during the 11th five-year Plan on the awareness campaign aimed at helping the emergence of consumers who irrespective of age, socio-economic class or gender are empowered enough to make free, fair, and informed choices of products or services. Under its "Jago Grahak Jago" initiative, the department has tried to reach consumers through print advertisements in national as well as regional newspapers, TV spots in Doordarshan and private channels, audio spots in All India Radio and private FM channels.

CONSUMER ONLINE RESOURCE AND EMPOWERMENT CENTRE (CORE) In 2005, the government set up the Consumer Online Resource and Empowerment Centre (CORE) - External website that opens in a new window to provide fast and convenient grievance redressal services as well as consumer resources to the citizens of India. The Consumer Coordination Council - External website that opens in a new window, a premier organization in the field of consumer movement of India, recommended the setting-up of the CORE Centre. With a view to promote Consumer Sovereignty, CORE works in the interest of consumers to resolve their complaints and avoid unnecessary litigation for brands. It is both an effective one point source for complaint redressal as well as a nodal agency to protect the interests of Indian Consumers.

NATIONAL CONSUMER HELPLINE Moreover, a National Toll Free Number has been provided to offer guidance to citizens on all consumer related issues. One may dial now, for more information about consumer courts, consumer organizations and procedure for redressal.

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CONCLUSION The success of the consumer movement in India depends on the vigilance of the consumer with regard to their rights and responsibilities. As consumers become more conscious of their rights, they are able to voice their concerns better. As is evident, CPA 2019 has made several changes to the erstwhile CPA 1986. CPA 2019 has widened the reach of consumer protection regime in India. The changes made vide CPA 2019 seem to further empower consumers by leveraging responsibilities not only on their counterparts, i.e., the sellers, manufacturers, service providers, but also the endorsers of such products. It also attempts to address the issues that were not comprehensively touched upon by CPA 1986, such interests of consumers as a class, etc. CPA 2019 has also attempted to ease and fasten the process of consumer disputes resolution by increasing the pecuniary jurisdiction of the commissions, attaching mediation cells, increasing the members of the commissions, imposing higher penalties etc. The ramifications of CPA 2019 cannot be precisely gauged beforehand, as many new concepts have been introduced. However, what can definitely be said is that everyone involved in a transaction, other than the consumer, will have to be more careful, and cautious than ever before It is very difficult to stop exploitations by any consumer single handedly. The consumers have to collectively act against such malpractices and take the help of consumer organizations and the government agencies. Infact, consumer protection essentially needs consumer awareness, education and guidance.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Gupta, C.B & N.R. Nair. Marketing Management. New Delhi Sultan & Chand & Sons. 2. Chabra, T.N.& S.K. Grover. Marketing Management. New Delhi: Dhanpat Rai & Co. 3. www.nos.org/srsec319new/319EL24.pdf 4. www.ddindia.gov.in/About+DD/DD+DCD/dddcd 5. http://ncdrc.nic.in/1_1.html

6. http://www.nishithdesai.com

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