D2p2 - Raw Material Investigations
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GEOLOGY, RAW MATERIALS AND CHEMISTRY Process Engineering Certification Program April 7 - 11, 2003 Raw Materials Investigations
Raw Materials Investigations
Development of costs, time and reliability versus risk
2
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Raw Materials Management
Search for Strategic Cement Raw Materials
3
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Raw Materials Management - RMM Learning Objectives
What is Raw Materials Management or RMM
How the Holcim RMM pyramid is applied
Gain an insight to the exploration process
Application of results for strategic decisions
4
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
The Holcim Approach
Identification of raw material resources Geological exploration and geological modelling Details of a deposit inventory Calculation of reserves Long and medium-term quarry planning Daily production scheduling 5
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
The Holcim Approach Raw materials exploration process: Desk Study Preliminary Investigation Overall Investigation Detailed Exploration
6
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Geological Exploration a Exploration Securing the raw materials supply a
Raw Materials Investigations Define quantity and quality of reserves Determine quarry method
a
Methods Available Regional / detailed exploration Chemical & technical analyses
a
Conclusions and Use of Data Go / No - Go Proposals and recommendations 7
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Exploration Procedure Criteria governing scope and extent: Geographical and infrastructure parameters Geological knowledge of area of interest Raw materials availability and inherent characteristics Time and financial resources available
8
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Geological Exploration
Development of costs, time and reliability versus risk
9
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
The Holcim Approach Raw materials exploration process: Desk Study
10
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Desk Study This involves the study of published information such as: ? Topographical maps ? Geological maps ? Documents and reports ? Remote sensing ? Photogeology
11
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Geological Maps Î
Geological maps show the distribution of the stratigraphic units exposed on surface.
Î
Scale is dependant on the level of detail in mapping already conducted. Usually 1 : 1’000’000 to 1 : 250’000 or larger if available.
Î
Thematic maps such as hydrologeological, geotechnical or geophysical can also give valuable information. 12
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Geological Maps
13
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Remote Sensing Tools Passive sensors: Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) SPOT Multispectral Scanner (SPOT-XS)
Active sensors: ERS-1 (Radar Satellite) Airborne Radar
14
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Photogeology
Black and White
15
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Photogeology
Color
16
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Geological Exploration
Development of costs, time and reliability versus risk
17
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Geology
End of “Desk study”
18
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
The Holcim Approach Raw materials exploration process: Desk Study Preliminary Investigation
19
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Preliminary Investigations
| Geographical situation - land situation | Geological situation - complexity | Surface sampling - ability | Quality and quantity of raw materials | Applied geophysics - evaluation
20
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Geographical Situation Assessment of the geographical situation regarding:
Infrastructure and access to potential plant site Geomorphology of the site Possible quarry locations
Climatic conditions Environmental implications
21
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Geological Situation In this step the geological knowledge, experience and skills of the Geologist are predominant to ensure a sound basis for further work. Scope of work : geological outcrops are recorded on a map exposures are describe, lithology, color, mineralogy… structure of the formations are measured, dip and strike
The aim is to show the distribution of lithologies and make a first calculation of reserves. 22
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Surface Sampling The quality of deposits is determined from surface samples. These samples provide an initial tentative quality assessment of the deposit.
Sampling should be representative of the outcrop For example : a deposit with limestone beds with shale interbeds
limestone titration shale titration titration of whole outcrop
90 % CaCO3 34 % CaCO3 72 % CaCO3 23
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Surface Sampling Limestone with interbeds shale
24
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Surface Sampling Weighted Average of the various layers
12’ thickness into a 30 lb sample - 1.2 / 12 * 30lb = 3 lbs. 25
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Surface Sampling
26
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Surface Sampling
27
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Surface Sampling Sample quantity for various tests Test Chemical analysis Mineralogical analysis Physical properties Water analysis Fuel Compressive strength Crushing properties Grindability properties Lime burning Slurry properties Filtration test
Required Quantity 1 – 2 kg per component or fist-sized specimens, eventually 1 liter 1 kg, or 1 liter 30 x 30 x 40 cm block blocks of >20 cm length or edges 10 – 20 kg 10 x 10 x 10 cm block 1 liter 50 – 150 kg 28
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Quality of Cement Raw Materials The quality of raw materials for cement manufacturing is appraised by : geological description of the outcrops chemical analyses physical features -
homogeneity
-
presence of other minerals
-
proportion of abrasive minerals (quartz grains)
29
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Quality of Cement Raw Materials Maximum levels of deleterious compounds in the raw material Constituents MgO SO3 K2O Na2O Na-K-equiv Low alkali Cl-
Max % in Raw Meal Remarks (LOI free basis) < 5 % (abs. max. 6 %) MgO comes mainly from the calcareous component <1% In general, SO3 comes from the argillaceous-sileceous component < 1.4 % < 0.8 % Argillaceous-siliceous components < 1.2 % contain alkalis < 0.6 % < 0.02 % All components can have high Clcontent 30
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Quality of Pozzolana Pozzalans (natural or chemical) are added to ordinary portland cement as activators. The quality of pozzolans can only be appraised by testing of samples through : petrographical and mineralogical description carrying out chemical analyses determining the pozzolanic activity
31
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Quality of Raw Materials To determine the quality of the resources, the outcrops need to be carefully described geologically. Several tests must be carried out on representative samples : physical tests
mechanical tests
uniaxial compressive strength
chemical analyses alkali-silica reaction organic content (Cl, VOC) 32
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
The Holcim Approach Raw materials exploration process: Desk Study Preliminary Investigations Overall Investigations
33
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Overall Investigations Geological mapping Geological cross sections Drilling
Diamond drilling Alternative drilling methods
Core sampling Reserves calculations Overburden 34
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Geological Mapping and Cross-Sections A geological map is a representation of the outcropping rock types on a topographic map. Essential for the study of the distribution of rock formations determining stratigraphic sequence and thickness investigation of the geological structure designing a drilling campaign
A geological cross-section shows in vertical plan a postulated distribution of rocks at depth. 35
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Geological Mapping and Cross-Sections
36
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Geological Description of the Outcrops Type of rocks, mineral content Grain size Color Fossil content Structure
37
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Geological Mapping and Cross-Sections Geological cross section
38
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Geological Mapping and Cross-Sections
Stratigraphic column
39
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Drilling Diamond or core drilling (preferred) Alternative drilling methods
- auger drill - rotary drill - percussion drill Volume required
- 1’000 m to 2’000 m core for a limestone deposit - 500 m to 1’000 m core for silica components Purpose
-
description of lithology, mineralogy and structure fresh core samples for chemical analysis fresh core samples for physical tests undisturbed core samples for technical testing 40
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Core Drilling Samples
Sample preparation procedure
41
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Chemical Analyses Purpose To determine the quality parameters of the deposits Îmain elements - SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, K2O,
Na2O, Cl-, P2O5 and TiO2 using XRF on fused beads ÎSO3, using Leco ÎLOI at 1050 °C or 1940 ° F Îsecondary elements, heavy metals, TOC, VOC, NH3 Îinherent moisture and density Îmineralogical investigations 42
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Max. % of a Few Constituents in the Raw Meal
Constituent
Max % (LOl free basis)
Remarks
MgO
<5% (6%)
MgO comes mainly from the carbonaceous component
SO3
<1%
In general, SO3 comes from the argillaceous-siliceous component
K2O
<1.4%
Na2O
<0.8% (1%)
Cl
<0.02%
Argillaceous-siliceous component contains the alkalis All components can have a high Cl content 43
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Raw Materials Exploration
The Problem of Data Correlation
44
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Raw Materials Exploration
The Problem of Data Correlation
45
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Drilling Data
46
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Key Questions Where is the limestone below the surface?
How can a correlation be established?
How can we be sure that our interpretation
corresponds to reality?
47
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Possible Interpretation = Isolated Blocks
48
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Possible Interpretation = Faulting
49
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Possible Interpretation = Folding
50
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Additional Information Regional geological setting
51
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Additional Information Direct measurements Field observations
52
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Additional Information Detailed geological map
53
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Final Interpretation
54
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Raw Materials Investigations
Development of costs, time and reliability versus risk
55
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
The Holcim Approach Raw materials exploration process: Desk Study Preliminary Investigation Overall Investigation Detailed Exploration
56
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Reserves Calculations In order to calculate the reserves, the following parameters have been investigated and evaluated: geological dimensions of the deposit : limits of formation geological structure: dip & strike of strata, folds & faults overburden magnitude groundwater level, natural drainage qualitative parameters: chemical and mineralogical physical properties economical aspect 57
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Reserves Calculations From a mining and legal point, the base level and the final pit slopes must be agreed on
The volume of exploitable materials are calculated using computer programs such as Surfer or Surpac.
Reserves can also be calculated ‘by hand’ using one of the following geometric constructions
58
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Reserves Calculations Geometric pattern for reserves calculations
59
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Reserves Calculations The most suitable method of ‘hand’ calculations relies on a series of parallel geological cross sections. By applying the formulae: V = An + An+1 * dx 2 T = V*r
where V A d T r
= = = = =
volume in cubic meters cross section surface area in square meters distance between cross sections in meters metric tonnes density 60
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Reserves Calculations
Significance of the dip of strata for reserve calculations
61
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Reserves Calculations Reduction of limestone reserves by fault tectonics
62
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Reserves Calculations Significance of folding on reserves
63
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Classification of Reserves Obviously a potential deposit of raw materials has areas which are not considered as exploitable for reasons of: degree of investigation and level of confidence quality parameters accessibility for exploitation
overburden, infrastructure economic, legal, environmental and social factors
Holcim apply the Classification of Reserves, summarised as follows 64
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Classification of Reserves Figure 1 Relationship between Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves
EXPLORATION RESULTS
MINERAL RESOURCES
MINERAL RESERVES
INFERRED Increasing level of geological knowledge and confidence
INDICATED
PROBABLE
MEASURED
PROVED
Consideration of mining, metallurgical, economic, marketing, legal, environmental, social and governmental factors (the ‘modifying factors’) 65
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Overburden Overburden is material of any nature which overlies the deposit of useful materials. The amount and quality of overburden material is defined during overall / detailed investigations as : stripping ratio
= total waste material (m3) total suitable material (m3)
overburden ratio
= total thickness waste (m) total thickness suitable (m)
or
66
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Overburden This material should where possible be used as a raw materials component, or failing that be dumped in appropriate areas:
67
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Slope Failures Plane failures occur when a geological discontinuity intersects the pit face
68
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Raw Materials Exploration
69
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Raw Materials Exploration
70
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Raw Materials Exploration
71
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Raw Materials Exploration
Reclamation
72
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Raw Materials Exploration
73
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Raw Materials Exploration
74
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Raw Materials Investigations
Development of costs, time and reliability versus risk
2
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Raw Materials Management
Search for Strategic Cement Raw Materials
3
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Raw Materials Management - RMM Learning Objectives
What is Raw Materials Management or RMM
How the Holcim RMM pyramid is applied
Gain an insight to the exploration process
Application of results for strategic decisions
4
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
The Holcim Approach
Identification of raw material resources Geological exploration and geological modelling Details of a deposit inventory Calculation of reserves Long and medium-term quarry planning Daily production scheduling 5
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
The Holcim Approach Raw materials exploration process: Desk Study Preliminary Investigation Overall Investigation Detailed Exploration
6
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Geological Exploration a Exploration Securing the raw materials supply a
Raw Materials Investigations Define quantity and quality of reserves Determine quarry method
a
Methods Available Regional / detailed exploration Chemical & technical analyses
a
Conclusions and Use of Data Go / No - Go Proposals and recommendations 7
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Exploration Procedure Criteria governing scope and extent: Geographical and infrastructure parameters Geological knowledge of area of interest Raw materials availability and inherent characteristics Time and financial resources available
8
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Geological Exploration
Development of costs, time and reliability versus risk
9
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
The Holcim Approach Raw materials exploration process: Desk Study
10
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Desk Study This involves the study of published information such as: ? Topographical maps ? Geological maps ? Documents and reports ? Remote sensing ? Photogeology
11
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Geological Maps Î
Geological maps show the distribution of the stratigraphic units exposed on surface.
Î
Scale is dependant on the level of detail in mapping already conducted. Usually 1 : 1’000’000 to 1 : 250’000 or larger if available.
Î
Thematic maps such as hydrologeological, geotechnical or geophysical can also give valuable information. 12
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Geological Maps
13
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Remote Sensing Tools Passive sensors: Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) SPOT Multispectral Scanner (SPOT-XS)
Active sensors: ERS-1 (Radar Satellite) Airborne Radar
14
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Photogeology
Black and White
15
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Photogeology
Color
16
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Geological Exploration
Development of costs, time and reliability versus risk
17
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Geology
End of “Desk study”
18
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
The Holcim Approach Raw materials exploration process: Desk Study Preliminary Investigation
19
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Preliminary Investigations
| Geographical situation - land situation | Geological situation - complexity | Surface sampling - ability | Quality and quantity of raw materials | Applied geophysics - evaluation
20
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Geographical Situation Assessment of the geographical situation regarding:
Infrastructure and access to potential plant site Geomorphology of the site Possible quarry locations
Climatic conditions Environmental implications
21
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Geological Situation In this step the geological knowledge, experience and skills of the Geologist are predominant to ensure a sound basis for further work. Scope of work : geological outcrops are recorded on a map exposures are describe, lithology, color, mineralogy… structure of the formations are measured, dip and strike
The aim is to show the distribution of lithologies and make a first calculation of reserves. 22
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Surface Sampling The quality of deposits is determined from surface samples. These samples provide an initial tentative quality assessment of the deposit.
Sampling should be representative of the outcrop For example : a deposit with limestone beds with shale interbeds
limestone titration shale titration titration of whole outcrop
90 % CaCO3 34 % CaCO3 72 % CaCO3 23
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Surface Sampling Limestone with interbeds shale
24
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Surface Sampling Weighted Average of the various layers
12’ thickness into a 30 lb sample - 1.2 / 12 * 30lb = 3 lbs. 25
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Surface Sampling
26
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Surface Sampling
27
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Surface Sampling Sample quantity for various tests Test Chemical analysis Mineralogical analysis Physical properties Water analysis Fuel Compressive strength Crushing properties Grindability properties Lime burning Slurry properties Filtration test
Required Quantity 1 – 2 kg per component or fist-sized specimens, eventually 1 liter 1 kg, or 1 liter 30 x 30 x 40 cm block blocks of >20 cm length or edges 10 – 20 kg 10 x 10 x 10 cm block 1 liter 50 – 150 kg 28
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Quality of Cement Raw Materials The quality of raw materials for cement manufacturing is appraised by : geological description of the outcrops chemical analyses physical features -
homogeneity
-
presence of other minerals
-
proportion of abrasive minerals (quartz grains)
29
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Quality of Cement Raw Materials Maximum levels of deleterious compounds in the raw material Constituents MgO SO3 K2O Na2O Na-K-equiv Low alkali Cl-
Max % in Raw Meal Remarks (LOI free basis) < 5 % (abs. max. 6 %) MgO comes mainly from the calcareous component <1% In general, SO3 comes from the argillaceous-sileceous component < 1.4 % < 0.8 % Argillaceous-siliceous components < 1.2 % contain alkalis < 0.6 % < 0.02 % All components can have high Clcontent 30
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Quality of Pozzolana Pozzalans (natural or chemical) are added to ordinary portland cement as activators. The quality of pozzolans can only be appraised by testing of samples through : petrographical and mineralogical description carrying out chemical analyses determining the pozzolanic activity
31
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Quality of Raw Materials To determine the quality of the resources, the outcrops need to be carefully described geologically. Several tests must be carried out on representative samples : physical tests
mechanical tests
uniaxial compressive strength
chemical analyses alkali-silica reaction organic content (Cl, VOC) 32
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
The Holcim Approach Raw materials exploration process: Desk Study Preliminary Investigations Overall Investigations
33
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Overall Investigations Geological mapping Geological cross sections Drilling
Diamond drilling Alternative drilling methods
Core sampling Reserves calculations Overburden 34
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Geological Mapping and Cross-Sections A geological map is a representation of the outcropping rock types on a topographic map. Essential for the study of the distribution of rock formations determining stratigraphic sequence and thickness investigation of the geological structure designing a drilling campaign
A geological cross-section shows in vertical plan a postulated distribution of rocks at depth. 35
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Geological Mapping and Cross-Sections
36
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Geological Description of the Outcrops Type of rocks, mineral content Grain size Color Fossil content Structure
37
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Geological Mapping and Cross-Sections Geological cross section
38
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Geological Mapping and Cross-Sections
Stratigraphic column
39
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Drilling Diamond or core drilling (preferred) Alternative drilling methods
- auger drill - rotary drill - percussion drill Volume required
- 1’000 m to 2’000 m core for a limestone deposit - 500 m to 1’000 m core for silica components Purpose
-
description of lithology, mineralogy and structure fresh core samples for chemical analysis fresh core samples for physical tests undisturbed core samples for technical testing 40
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Core Drilling Samples
Sample preparation procedure
41
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Chemical Analyses Purpose To determine the quality parameters of the deposits Îmain elements - SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, K2O,
Na2O, Cl-, P2O5 and TiO2 using XRF on fused beads ÎSO3, using Leco ÎLOI at 1050 °C or 1940 ° F Îsecondary elements, heavy metals, TOC, VOC, NH3 Îinherent moisture and density Îmineralogical investigations 42
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Max. % of a Few Constituents in the Raw Meal
Constituent
Max % (LOl free basis)
Remarks
MgO
<5% (6%)
MgO comes mainly from the carbonaceous component
SO3
<1%
In general, SO3 comes from the argillaceous-siliceous component
K2O
<1.4%
Na2O
<0.8% (1%)
Cl
<0.02%
Argillaceous-siliceous component contains the alkalis All components can have a high Cl content 43
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Raw Materials Exploration
The Problem of Data Correlation
44
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Raw Materials Exploration
The Problem of Data Correlation
45
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Drilling Data
46
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Key Questions Where is the limestone below the surface?
How can a correlation be established?
How can we be sure that our interpretation
corresponds to reality?
47
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Possible Interpretation = Isolated Blocks
48
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Possible Interpretation = Faulting
49
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Possible Interpretation = Folding
50
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Additional Information Regional geological setting
51
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Additional Information Direct measurements Field observations
52
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Additional Information Detailed geological map
53
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Final Interpretation
54
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Raw Materials Investigations
Development of costs, time and reliability versus risk
55
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
The Holcim Approach Raw materials exploration process: Desk Study Preliminary Investigation Overall Investigation Detailed Exploration
56
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Reserves Calculations In order to calculate the reserves, the following parameters have been investigated and evaluated: geological dimensions of the deposit : limits of formation geological structure: dip & strike of strata, folds & faults overburden magnitude groundwater level, natural drainage qualitative parameters: chemical and mineralogical physical properties economical aspect 57
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Reserves Calculations From a mining and legal point, the base level and the final pit slopes must be agreed on
The volume of exploitable materials are calculated using computer programs such as Surfer or Surpac.
Reserves can also be calculated ‘by hand’ using one of the following geometric constructions
58
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Reserves Calculations Geometric pattern for reserves calculations
59
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Reserves Calculations The most suitable method of ‘hand’ calculations relies on a series of parallel geological cross sections. By applying the formulae: V = An + An+1 * dx 2 T = V*r
where V A d T r
= = = = =
volume in cubic meters cross section surface area in square meters distance between cross sections in meters metric tonnes density 60
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Reserves Calculations
Significance of the dip of strata for reserve calculations
61
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Reserves Calculations Reduction of limestone reserves by fault tectonics
62
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Reserves Calculations Significance of folding on reserves
63
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Classification of Reserves Obviously a potential deposit of raw materials has areas which are not considered as exploitable for reasons of: degree of investigation and level of confidence quality parameters accessibility for exploitation
overburden, infrastructure economic, legal, environmental and social factors
Holcim apply the Classification of Reserves, summarised as follows 64
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Classification of Reserves Figure 1 Relationship between Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves
EXPLORATION RESULTS
MINERAL RESOURCES
MINERAL RESERVES
INFERRED Increasing level of geological knowledge and confidence
INDICATED
PROBABLE
MEASURED
PROVED
Consideration of mining, metallurgical, economic, marketing, legal, environmental, social and governmental factors (the ‘modifying factors’) 65
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Overburden Overburden is material of any nature which overlies the deposit of useful materials. The amount and quality of overburden material is defined during overall / detailed investigations as : stripping ratio
= total waste material (m3) total suitable material (m3)
overburden ratio
= total thickness waste (m) total thickness suitable (m)
or
66
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Overburden This material should where possible be used as a raw materials component, or failing that be dumped in appropriate areas:
67
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Slope Failures Plane failures occur when a geological discontinuity intersects the pit face
68
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Raw Materials Exploration
69
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Raw Materials Exploration
70
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Raw Materials Exploration
71
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Raw Materials Exploration
Reclamation
72
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Raw Materials Exploration
73
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
Raw Materials Exploration
74
Holcim (US) Inc - CTS
Geology, Raw Materials and Chemistry
12.12.2005 PECP02 -2002
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