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Distance Protection Schemes
GRID Technical Institute
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Basic Distance Scheme
Z3 Z2
Z1
Z1 Z2 Z3
Z1
1
Z2
T2
Z3
T3
.
Trip
Trip
1 .
Z1 T2
Z2
T3
Z3
Basic Distance Scheme - Disadvantages
Zone 1 set to 80% leaves 2 end zones Faults in end zone results in instantaneous tripping at one end and time delayed at the other Time delay may lead to system stability problems Sequential clearance leaves no dead time for high speed A/R cycle (transient fault becomes permanent) Longer clearance times - More damage
Zone 1 Extension Scheme Z3 Z2 Z1
Z1X
Z1X Z1 Z2 Z3
A/R Z1X
&
1
1
Z2
T2
.
Z3
T3
Z1
A/R Z1X
&
Trip
Trip
1
1
.
T2
Z2
T3
Z3
Z1
Zone 1 Extension - Advantages
No signalling channel required (may be used as temporary replacement for carrier aided scheme when comms. channel out of service)
Provides fast fault clearance at both ends for a transient fault anywhere along the line length
Allows the use of high speed A/R cycle
Zone 1 Extension Scheme - Disadvantages
Tripping can occur for external faults (but will be followed by an autoreclose)
Basic distance scheme logic applies following reclose (i.e. potential for time delayed clearance for permanent faults)
Only suitable to systems where autoreclose is used (for example can not be used on cable circuits)
Loss of Load Accelerated Trip
Z3 Z2 Z1
Z1 Z2 Z3
T1 = 40ms (allows for slowest pickup of Zone 2) T2 = 18ms (prevents LOL trip for external fault with CB pole scatter) LDA LDB LDC
& .
0 T1
1 .
.. & .. .
T2 0
Z2
&
Trip
Loss of Load Scheme
Fast fault clearance without the need for a signalling channel
Only applicable where 3 phase tripping is used
Only operates for unbalanced faults
Load current (above the current detector settings) must exist prior to the fault to ‘arm’ the scheme Can be used as back up to signal aided scheme
Channel Dependant Schemes
Unit Protection Schemes
Provide high speed clearance for all faults on line (for example current differential)
Does not provide inherent back-up protection SOLUTION IS TO PROVIDE DISTANCE PROTECTION FOR BACKUP PROTECTION OF ADJACENT LINES WITH AN AIDED TRIPPING SCHEME FOR HIGH SPEED PROTECTION OF WHOLE LINE
Requires the use of an ON/OFF signalling channel between line ends (i.e. HF/VF/Fibre Optic/Radio)
Types of Aided Tripping Schemes
Acceleration
Transfer tripping – Direct – Permissive Underreach – Permissive Overreach
Blocking
Direct Transfer Trip
Z3 Z2
Z1
Send Logic : Z1 Trip Logic : Rx
Z1 Z2
Tx Rx
Z3
Z1
1
Z2
T2
Z3
T3
.
Trip
Tx Rx
Trip
1 .
Z1 T2
Z2
T3
Z3
Direct Transfer Trip - Advantages
All faults anywhere along the protected line can be cleared instantaneously at both line ends
Scheme can be advantageous for protecting 3 terminal lines due to ease of application
Direct Transfer Trip - Disadvantages
A very secure signalling channel is required :incorrect operation leads to false tripping
Circuit breakers at both line ends must be closed and contribute fault current to obtain high speed fault clearance
If the channel fails only the Basic scheme logic will be provided
Acceleration Scheme (for Reach Stepped Relay)
Z3 Z2
Z1
Send Logic : Z1 Trip Logic : Rx + Z2
Z1 Z2 Tx Rx
Z3
Z1/Z2 Z3
1 T3
Trip
Trip
.
1 .
. 1
T2
Tx Rx
Change Z1 reach
Z1/Z2 T3
1 .
T2
Z3
Permissive Schemes
Permissive Underreach Scheme
Z3 Z2 Z1
Send Logic : Z1 Trip Logic : Rx + Z2
Z1 Z2 Z3
Tx Rx
0
Tx Rx
0 100
100
& Z1
& 1
Z2
T2
Z3
T3
.
Trip
Trip
Z1
1 .
T2
Z2
T3
Z3
Permissive Underreach Scheme
A
B
C
D
Race between relay at D picking up and signal send from relay at C resetting, following opening of breaker at C
Fault
21
21
Send
Rx + Z2
A
B
C
D Fault
21
21 Rx + Z2
If signal send from C resets before relay D operates then aided tripping will not occur To prevent this a 100ms delay on drop off of the signal send is used in the scheme logic
Permissive Underreach Transfer Trip - Advantages
Only a simplex signalling channel required
Scheme is very secure as signalling channel only keyed for internal fault (Zone 1 initiation)
Permissive Underreach Transfer Trip Disadvantages
If one terminal of the line is open then only Basic scheme logic will apply
If there is a weak infeed at one terminal then only Basic scheme logic will apply
If signalling channel fails then only Basic scheme logic will apply
Resistive coverage is governed by Zone 1 setting (may be limited on short lines for MHO)
Permissive Overreach Scheme Internal Fault Z3
Z2 Z1
Send Logic : Z2 Trip Logic : Rx + Z2
Z1 Z2 Z3
Rx Tx
Rx Tx
&
& 1
Z1 Z2
T2
Z3
T3
.
Trip
Trip
1
.
Z1 T2
Z2
T3
Z3
Permissive Overreach Scheme External Fault Z3
Z2 Z1
Send Logic : Z2 Trip Logic : Rx + Z2
Z1 Z2 Z3
Rx Tx
Rx Tx
&
& 1
Z1 Z2
T2
Z3
T3
.
Trip
Trip
1
.
Z1 T2
Z2
T3
Z3
Permissive Overreach Scheme (CB Echo Logic) Z3
Z2 Z1
Send Logic : Z2 Trip Logic : Rx + Z2 Open terminal echo : CB Open + Rx
Z1 Z2 Z3
CB open
&
& Rx Tx
1
Rx Tx
1
&
& 1
Z1 Z2
T2
Z3
T3
CB open
.
Trip
Trip
1
.
Z1 T2
Z2
T3
Z3
Permissive Overreach Scheme (WI Echo Logic) Z4 Z2 Z1
Send Logic : Z2 Trip Logic : Rx + Z2 Open terminal echo : CB Open + Rx Weak Infeed echo : Z4 + Rx
Z1
Z2 Z4
CB open
&
Z4
&
Rx Tx
1
Rx Tx
1
&
Z2
T2
Z3
T3
CB open
&
Z4
& 1
Z1
&
.
Trip
Trip
1
.
Z1 T2
Z2
T3
Z3
Permissive Overreach Weak Infeed Trip Scheme Z4 Z2 Z1
Send Logic : Z2 Trip Logic : Rx + Z2 Open terminal echo : CB Open + Rx Weak Infeed echo : Z4 + Rx Weak Infeed trip : Z4 + LDOV reset + Rx
Z1
Z2 Z4
CB open
&
&
CB open
Z4
&
&
Z4
LDOV
&
&
LDOV
&
&
Rx Tx
1
1
Z1 Z2
T2
Z3
T3
.
Trip
Rx Tx
Trip
1
1
.
Z1 T2
Z2
T3
Z3
Permissive Overreach Transfer Trip - Advantages
Provides better resistive coverage, especially on short lines, where MHO measuring elements are used
For cases where one line terminal is open, open breaker echo logic can be used
For cases of weak or zero infeed at one line terminal weak infeed logic can be used (reverse looking zone required)
Permissive Overreach Transfer Trip - Disadvantages
Duplex signalling channel required
Scheme is theoretically less secure then PUR as signalling channel is keyed for external faults
If signalling channel fails then only Basic scheme logic will apply
Blocking Schemes
Blocking Scheme - Internal Fault Z3 Z2 Z1
Send Logic : Z3 + Z2 Trip Logic : Rx + Z2
Z1
Z2 Z3
&
& Rx Tx
Rx Tx
&
& 1
Z1 Z2
T2
Z3
T3
.
Trip
Trip
1 .
Z1 T2
Z2
T3
Z3
Blocking Scheme - External Fault Z3 Z2 Z1
Send Logic : Z3 + Z2 Trip Logic : Rx + Z2
Z1
Z2 Z3
&
& Rx Tx
Rx Tx
&
& 1
Z1 Z2
T2
Z3
T3
.
Trip
Trip
1 .
Z1 T2
Z2
T3
Z3
Blocking Scheme - Advantages Only simplex signalling channel required
Provides better resistive coverage than PUR on short lines where MHO elements are used Fast tripping will still be possible at closed end of line for all fault positions with remote breaker open Fast tripping will still be possible at strong infeed terminal for all fault positions where remote terminal has no or weak infeed
Blocking Scheme - Disadvantages
Historically only 2 forward zones of protection available (unless relay has >3 Zones) If signalling channel fails supervision must revert the relay back to Basic scheme logic
Historically current sensitivity is lower as tripping elements (Z2) are controlled by high set current level detectors (to ensure blocking elements (Z3/Z4) are more sensitive than tripping elements)
Permissive Schemes vs Blocking Schemes Permissive less reliable - require a signal from remote relay plus local operation to trip Blocking less secure - require a signal from remote relay to prevent an accelerated trip Permissive schemes are marginally faster and more sensitive (timer plus high set current elements on Blocking scheme)
Teed Feeders
Teed Feeders - No Zone 1 Coverage A
A'
B'
C'
C
B' A'
B
A-A’ - Zone 1 reach of relay at A B-B’ - Zone 1 reach of relay at B C-C’ - Zone 1 reach of relay at C A’B’C’ Zone not covered by Zone 1 from any terminal. Hence schemes reliant on Zone 1 operation would not work (Z1 ext, PUR)
Teed Feeders - Underreaching A
C Za
Ia
Zc
Zb
Ic
B
Actual impedance to fault from terminal A Measured voltage at terminal A Measured current at terminal A Impedance measured by relay A
V I V/I
= Za + Zb = Ia.Za + (Ia + Ic).Zb = Ia = Za + Zb + (Ic/Ia).Zb
Relay therefore measures a greater impedance than the actual impedance and underreaches. Must allow for this underreach when setting Zone 2 elements to ensure correct scheme operation
Teed Feeders - No/Weak Infeed at One Terminal A
C
B
No infeed from terminal B. Fault therefore not covered by Zone 1 from any terminal. Hence schemes reliant on Zone 1 operation would not work (Z1 ext, PUR)
Teed Feeders - Problems (1) A
C
B
Relay at terminal B sees a reverse fault. No scheme will operate at this terminal. Fault clearance will be sequential following opening of breaker A from relay A Zone 1 element.
Directional Earth Fault (DEF)
Directional Earth Fault Schemes
DEF schemes are identical to Distance schemes DEF Forward replaces Zone 2, DEF Reverse replaces Zone 3/4 Reverse No equivalent to Zone 1 as the DEF elements can not have a defined reach, hence no schemes using Zone 1 can be replicated (Z1 ext, PUR)
Directional Earth Fault Schemes
Ea
Eb
RF 21 67N
Independent signalling channel
21 67N
Independent signalling channels allows the use of different schemes for the distance and DEF elements, for example PUR distance with POR DEF
Directional Earth Fault Schemes
Ea
Eb
RF 21 67N
Shared Channel
21 67N
Shared signalling channels limits the use of schemes for the distance and DEF elements. Both use the same scheme logic.