General Clauses Act

c c
 
cc   c

c 
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c 
  c  c c c

c c Ê c c c c  c c c c  c Ê c  c c  c c c c c !c c  c !c "
c  c #c $cc%cc&'&(!cc c#c$cc%)cc&* (ccc c+cc  c c c c c " 
c +c  c  c  c 
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c "c !c  c "c c c c c c c  c  c c c " c c c  c "c !c c c c "c c c  c 
c c c 
c c  c c +c 
c  c !c c c c c c  c  cc cc!c&&*c% cc,c!c',(!ccc"ccc Ê c!cc cccc&& !ccc"
c c$c"!ccccccc  cc+cc cc-c+!c ccc.  c/cc c0 c c c &&*c c 
c c +c c  c c  c "
c  c c c c &'&c c ccc c!c"cccc"!ccc cccc cc Ê cc cc  c c c c cccccc
c ccccccc0 c!ccccc" c  ccc  c cc"1cc 

!"cÊ c#c$ccc
ccc c  c c"cc"
c

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ccc ccc"
cc 
c cccc$ccc !c"c"
cc 
cc
cccc cc c2c#c$ccccccc ccc c 
c c c c  c c c  c c c c  c c c  c c cc c  c c c c ccc  c c 3"c ccc c  c 
cc c cÊ cc cc 
c c cc ccc.4c cc
 ccc c"1cc+/c5cc  c  c  cc 
c c c cc 
ccccc c +cc"1cc cc6c ccc c ccc"c cc  ccc c5 cccc c"
cccc c c# c c 
c !ccccc"
c c7!cc cc"cc c c cc c#c$c'c #$!cÊ c c c c cc c
c  c c ccc "1!cc c c  ccc!ccc c ccc
cccc cc 
cc+ccc c cc
cc"1cc c""c5 c ccccccccccccc  c!c cc cc c cccc6"cccc

6"c,c c$82c+c c
cc8cccccc c c  c c .Ê c c 9!c c  !c c c c c c c c c c c  cc :c c c c !c cc  c c  c c  c cc cccc c !ccc ccccc ccc c cccc ccc:ccc cc c c"1cc  ccccc
cc cccc cccccc  
cccccc c c"1c 5 cccc cc9!c ccc c
ccc cc;c cc c c cc c c c  !c c !c c cc cc c ccc  c cccccc ccc ccc ccc c ccc"c cc c/c
% 
c  
c
%c   c
%c  c & c
c cc c!c ccc cccccc ccccccc cc"ccccc'ccccc&'&cÊ c cc c"c"
cc 'c c  c #c $c cc &* c   c c c  c c c c c ,&% (c  c ccc0cÊ cccc"cc
ccc c%"(cc c  c  c c c 
c c c c c 
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c c c c >cc c%(cc c 
c  !c  !c "c c "
c 6!c c c c c
ccc>cc c%(ccc
c
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c  !c c c c 
c c c c 
c  c  !c !c"!c"
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c 
c  c  !c c c c 
c 
c "c !c c c !cc
c c
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% 
c
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)  c & c Ê c c c c ccc ccc0cc ccc c c c c c  cccc  c"c ccc cc cc0cc c #c $c c c  c 
cc c  c c c 
c c  c c  c c +c  c c"ccc cccc ccc:!cc cc   c c c  c "
c  c c c  c #c $c !c  c c 
c c c cc c c c "c "c c cc c c c   c c"c
cccc c"
cc  c  cccc"cc c !c "
cc c  c "ccc cc  c +!c c  c "c 6!c ccc"c" ccccc"cc cc"ccc
cc  cccc0ccc cc  c c"cc"
cc8c" c c0cc ccc c "c c c c c ?@  c c 9  c 9 Ê c c;c "
c*c cc &A.c 
 c * cc cc+ cc  c Ê cc ccccccccc"!ccc"cccc
cc cc cc7cccc c c"c>ccc c"cccccc c c +c +c c  c cc cc  c c   c cc !cc cc cc c cccc+c?"ABcc


c
c
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c 
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c cc cÊ c c c  c c"
c cccccc&&*!cc,&cÊ ccccc c c  c 
c c !c c c cc c c 
c  !c c !cc cc c cc c c !c c
c c c c 
cc  c !c  !c "!c "
!cc
!c!cc cc ccc
c c  !ccccc
c
c"c!cccccc
c  c
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ccccc cc'cc c#c$cc ccc c ccCcc7 c?"A/c 
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c-c .cc   
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c c c c c 
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c 3c !c  c %,(c

*2&c9c2 Ac $c : c $c c  c c c c c c c ; c c 0!c!cc c c !c BÊ ccccc c,&cc cc !c&&*cccc  c +c 
c c  c c c !c  !c c c 
c c  c c7cccccccc c cc7cccc!c"cccc"
c  c  c "
c c cc c c "
c  c 7c c  c "c c c  c c 
cccc- !c cc c,&!cc!ccc
ccc c  c c 7!c  c c 
c c ,&c  c "c c c c c22cc cc7Bc 
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c c $c c  c c cDc c Ê c $c !c $ "c c 8c $ cc cc3c" !c BÊ c $c c c c c c c c ,&!c c !c c c  c c c c c &!c #c $c !c c c c c c cccc  cc"ccc ccc"ccc c c cc c c  c c "ccc c c  c c c c: c$cÊ c cccc
cccc"1cc  c  c c c  c cc c  !c "c c !c  c 
cc c cc cccc c#c$cccc c
cc 
!c c c c 1c c c c c cc c cc c c  ccccc c Bc 
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c 7 c : c$c c  c c c c; !c" !c

c @c 8c c Ec c F  c

BDc "c c ,c c  c c c "c c $c c c c 
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!c c*2&c9c2 !c" !c

BÊ cccc c c"cccc c cccc c c#c$cBc c0 c c ccc+c !c ccc c'cc c#c$cc  c "c c c c c "c c  c c 'c c c c c  c c ccc c c c :c c c c c c cc ,c c c #c$c c c c cc 
c #c c c c   c  c "cc"c 
cccccc  c cc cccc"
c  c #c $ccÊ cc c cc$cc #c $cc c c $c c c c "c  c c c c  c $c c c  c c  c c c c c c $c c "c c c  c "cccc 5 cc ccccc c c"c ccc cc$ccccc c"c
c" ccc ccc cc71"c c9 c  c7c  c  c*c $c ccc'cc8cc ccc0cccccc ccc c &&*c c c c  c 6c c  c c !c &&*c c 8c " cccc c $c c 
c $c c **3'))c Êc " c  c c c c c c +c c0cccc ccc ccc cc cc c cc "c
ccccc ccc

c!ccc c c
cc  cccc ccc c!c c ,&% (c c c c  c c c c &&*c   c  c  c c !c c c 
c c!c c cc c  c c c cc cc
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cccBcccc
c !ccc c 
c 
c "c !c c c c c c c 
c  !c "
c c 
cc ccccc c cc cc"cc c c ,&% (cc c#c$c!cccc!ccc cccc c,&% (cc  cccc0c 4c c,)cc c#c$c!c  ccc c cc c71"c !c  c  c c  c c c "c c ;c c c ;c !c  c 6cccc c'cc ccc
c
c ccccc  c cccccc
ccc ccc cc!c  cc cc
c!c
c+c"
c+cccÊ c;cc cc c c "
c c 
c c "cc c c  c  c c c   c c c c c c c +c  c  c c c c c Ê c c  c cc cc  cc
cc ccc c'cc c#c $ccÊ c 
c cccc c cccc  c ccc  c c c  c ;c "c c "
c 3c c c  c  c c c'cc c#c$cc"cc ccBc ccc&!cc8c" !c B5  c cccccc!c c6cccc c'cc c #c $c c c c !c c  c c c 
!c c c c cc cccccc cc
c
ccc+ccc
c c c c cccc"
c cBcc cc"1ccc "
c  c c c c  c  c c  c c !c "c 
c c  c c c c  c 
ccccc Ê cc c 6
cc"!cc  c ccc+
cc cc cc "c "c   c c c c c c 
c  c 5c c  c ""cc c"cc c c'cc c#c$ccccc c  ccccccc"
cc cc c'cc"c"c c  c c c c  c c c c c c "c  c c 
cc c cc cc  c"
cc  cc"cc ccccc c c cc cccc cc"ccc  ccc"
cccccc


% 
c  c & c -ccccc !c ccc  cc c'cc  c c c c  c c c c  c c  c  c "c c "
c  c 0 cccc Dc**c ; c  !c c c "c c c  c c ccc c cc  c  ccccc ccc !cccc
c"!c"ccc  c"c cc cc !cccc c cG+ccc cccGc c  ccccc c 
cc!c!c!ccc c ccccc c ccc ccc
'c c  c8c  cc c$c"
c1
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!%*(c $ c &!c c c$ccc c c
cc c c c ccc  c c  cc7c%0
c7(c !c *,c Ê c c c "c c "c  c $c c c c c c c  c c c c c 8
c '!c *)c Ê c c   c c ccc cc"c ccc*%(%(cc cc,cc"c c ccc c-c cc"
c7ccc c$cc  c!c cc cc"c"c c$cc  c cc c "c c c  c c "c c c  c !c  c $c "
c c 1
c 1c c c c$cc ccccc cc,%(cc c c  c 
c c  c c c c 3$c c   c c ccc ccc c$ccc!ccc c c c 
cc  ccccccc"cc c$cc c Ê !c c c c  c  c c c c "1c c  c c c  c c
'1c Ê c  
c c c c c  c   
c  c c c "
c c $c  c c  c $c c c c 71"c c 9 c  cc%*(c c $ c &*,c

c 9 c  c c c c c c  c c  c 0c 71"c c % ccc$(c!c*2&cÊ ccc ccccccc "c >c c c c c "c c c c  c c c  c !c c c !c  c cc ccccc;ccc !c cFc 9cc ccc"c6ccc ccc c: c$cÊ c : c $c c  c c  c c c !c c c c "c  c c

c cc ccÊ c$!cc!c c ccc c c c 
c c 'c c  c #c $c c Ê c c   c c "c c c c  c cc c   c c c cc cc !c c 6c c c c c'cc c#c$cccc!cc ccc
!ccc ccc cccccc cc
c
ccc+ccc 
cc c c cccc"
c ccc cc"1cc c"
c  cccc c cc cc!c"c
cc ccc c   c  
c c c c c Ê c c c 6
c c "!c c   c ccc+
cc cc cc"c"c  cc c c c c 
c  c 5c c  !c ""c c  c "c c  c c 'c c  c #c $c c c c c  c  c c c c c c c "
cc  c c c 'c c "c"cc  c cc c c cc ccc"c cc
cc c cc c c
'2c c c c c  c 9  c c
c c 8cc c *')c $c *2!c c c " cc
 c ccc c c c3c% (ccc"c cc c+cGGcc c '%"(c"ccc"ccc+c!cc cc
c c'c ccccc"cc"ccccccccc 9cÊ Gcc%(!c c$c
c" c cc  cc6c ccc   c c ccc c'cc"cccc c 
ccc  c ccccccccccccc cccccc  c c c  c c c "c c c  c c c c cccc3c+ccc3cc cccc c
c"c cccc cc Ê c+c6cc  c ccc cccc cc"ccc c  c c c c c c c c c c  c  c c c c "c c Ê c c  
c 
c c c c  c  c c c c c  c c cccc+cc cccc c"cc"
cc
c cc c c cc c c "c cc c  c cc c  c ccc c"
c ccc ccc c c!c c  c c c ccc  c c "c c c cGGc c c c c D!cc c cccc cccc c"cc  c cc c c c c !c c  c "c 
c 
c c "c c  c c c  c c c   c c 'c c  c  c c GGc c +
c c
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%c  c ccc
ccc!ccccc cccc cc c  c c c c c c "c c +c  c c c  c   c c 
c !c c c c 
c  c c  c c c  c c c c  c c c ccccc"c c c 
c "c " c "c "
c c !c  c  c 
cc c  c c cc "c!cc c  c cc ccc c !c c cc  c ccc+
cc
cc"
c cccc c c cc c"cc  cccccc" c"ccccc c "c " c c c c c c c  c  c c c   c  c c c c

c c c c "c c  c c   c c c c "
c 
c c  c c c c  c   c c c  cc c c +c c 5 cccccccc"ccc c cc !cc c !c c  c c c  c  c c c c 'c c  c c c c "c c  c #c $c c !c c c !c  c "c c c   c c c c Ê c $c +c  c "c c c c c 'c c  c #c $c!c&* ccÊ Gcc cc ccc cc1!c cc
c c'cc c#c $c !c&* c c  c  
c c c   c c c c c c c c cccccc cccccc ccc ccc "c c c  c c c c  c c c c +cccc ccccc
c"c ccc c ccc cc cc ccc"
cc cccc ccc cc!c
cccc"ccccc cc
cccc ccccc cccccc ccc c c  c !c   c  c c c c c c c  c 6c c cc c'cc c#c$cccc!cc ccc
!cc cccc ccc cc cccc"
c ccc cc"1c cc cccc  c cc cccc cccc  c 
cccc c Ê c 6c c c   c  c c c +
c c  c c  c c "c "c   c c c c c c 
c  c Ê c c c  c cccccc cccccccccc c c c c c "c c c  c $c c !c c c " c c c c c c c c c!c c   c cccc cc!cc"cc  c c   c c c c "
c 
c c  c c c c  c   c c c  c c c c +c c 5 c c c c c c c c "cccc c cccc ccc ccc c 'c
'/c c c c c9 c c 8c #c 5c c c 7c  c !c %* (c c $8c 8
3c F"cc,) !c c$c c cc c'cc
cccccc cc  c c c c c c c 
c c c c  c c c


'c c Hc 4 c c 9c !c 
!c%* 2(c c $$c ) !c  c $c c  c  c c c c  c c c   c c c c c "c !c +c c c c c c !c c c c c  c +c : !c  c c c  c c c"1cc 
c  c   c 
c "c!c +
c c "
c !c "
c c cccc
cccc cc !c c c
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c c "
c 
c c c c "6cccc"cccc ccc 
ccc!c cc c"cccccccccc ccc
cc
c cc c "
c c c +c c c c +!c c "
c 3c !c c "
c !c c c c c !c  c c c c c c c c 
c !c  c c "1c c c c c ccccG+cc!ccccc1c
cc Gc &c c c
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.
c 5 c ccccc c!c c'cc c#c$cc c 
c c  c c c c 
c c c "c  c c  c c c c 'c c "c "c c  c c c  c c c c c c  c c 
c c  c c c  c c 5 c  c c c c "
c c  c c c  c c "1!c  c $c c "
c  c c cc c  c c c c c 
c c c c c c   c c c c c c c Ê c "1c c c c c c c "c  c

cccccccc"cc
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c c c+
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c
ccÊ cc c cc c'cc c#c$c!c&* c
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c9Ic # c  c  c  c c E c  cc ;cc%** (c c $$c 2 &!c c $c " c  c  c "1 c c c '%(c c  c #c $c !c &* c c c c c c 
c  c c  c 6c c  c c c Ê c 
c +cccc ccc c
cÊ c!c ccc
c+
c  ccc
c
c cccc c !c"cc"
c
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cÊ c9c c!c*&&cccc  cc c *&*cÊ c6cc  c ccc ccc ccc c  c c c c c c c  c c c c c c  c "
c c  % (%(c c  c "3c %2(c  c Ê !c  c c c c c c &c c c c c Ê c c c c c  c c c "c c  c c c ccc cccccc ccc  ccc c c Ê ccc c cc c  % (c%(ccccc cccc  c ccccccc cc c  % (c%(cc"3c %2(!c  !c " c  c c c "c  c c c c c !c  !c c c "c 
ccc c!c cccccc
cc cc cc c c !c c  c c c c c c c c  c c c c "c 6c c "c  c c c  c c c 'c c  c #c $c !c &* c c  c c  % (c %(c c %2(c  c c c c  c c   c c c  c c c cc c $6
!cc c c c &c c c &
c %
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%c %c cc 

*cc c #11c  Gc c %(!c c $c " c  c  c c c  c c cc"ccccc cccc ccccc Ê c$c" c cc cccccc

"7"c "!c cc+ccc cc cccc c c c >c 8c cccccc+cc"cccc c
cc  c cc ccc>c 9cccc"cc c c cc cc!c

¢:9!c c  c c  c  c "c c "c  *&*c 7 c c  c  c "c c "c  c c c  c c c  c c 
c  c c  c c c  c"cccccccc c'cc c#c$c c c c