Gramatica Inglesa

• MODAL VERBS OF OBBLIGATION: • MUST: • MUST + INFINITIVE. • STRONG OBLIGATIONS WHICH EXPRESS OF THE PERSON. • FOR FORMAL RULES OR LAWS (Passengers must fasten their seat belts now,) • SUGGESTIONS, ADVICE, RECOMMENDATIONS THAT THE PERSON FEELS STRONGLY. (You must come to my party, everyone's is going to be there) • MUSTN´T: • MUSNT´T + INFINITIVE • EXPRESS PROHIBITION • NEGATIVE RULES OR LAWS. (Drivers mustn't exceed the speed limit.) • STRONG ADVICE. ( You mustn't blame yourself. ) • HAVE TO: • HAVE TO + INFINTIVE • STRONG OBLIGATIONS WHICH EXPRESS THE AUTORITY OF A THIRD PERSON. • TO THE SPEAKER TO SHOW THEY ARE NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR IMPOSING THE OBLIGATION, OR DO NOT AGREE WITH IT. (I have to work late. My boss said so) • WHEN YOU REMIND SB A RULE OR LAW (You have to wear a set belt in the back of the cars) • HAVE GOT TO: • HAVE GOT TO • MORE INFORMAL THAN HAVE TO + INF. • DIRECT COMANDS (You have got to stop wasting your money) • FOR EMPHASIS (I have got to pass the exam today) • DO NOT HAVE TO / HAVE NOT GOT TO • DON'T HAVE TO / HAVEN'T HAVE TO • LACK OR OBLIGATION OR NECESSITY ( You don't have to wear uniform, but you can if you like) • NEED TO: • NEED TO • NEEDS OR NECESSITIES, NO OBLIGATIONS. ( I need to now all about that person) • DON'T NEED TO / NEEDN'T: 1

• DON'T NEED TO / NEEDN'T + INFINITIVE. • LACK OF OBLIGATION OR NECESITY, VERY SIMILAR TO DON'T HAVE TO. ( There are no lessons tomorrow, so I don't need to get up early / You needn't tell me your phone number if you don't want you.) • DIDN'T NEED TO: • DIDN'T NEED TO + INFINITIVE • IT WAS NOT NECESSARY SO WE DIDN'T DO IT. ( It was to early so we didn't need to hurry to go to the beach) • • NEEDN'T HAVE: • NEEDN'T HAVE+ 3º RD. • IT WAS NOT NECESARRY BUT WE ALSO DID IT. ( He needn't have driven so fast; now he has to pay a fine) • PAST TIME: • PAST SIMPLE: • REGULAR OR IRREGULAR VERB ONLY. • ACTION OR EVENT THAT IS FINISHED. • SPECIFIC PLACE AND TIME IN THE PAST ( Judy went to EE UU last week) • ESPECIFIC PERIOD IN THE PAST (She lived in Argentina between 1990 and 1999) • WAS HABITUAL DURING AN ESPECIFIC PERIOD (When she lived in Argentina, she ate up at 10 o'clock) • PAST CONTINUOS: • VERB IN SIMPLE PAST + −ING. • CONTINUOS EVENT IN THE PAST, PUEDE O NO ESTAR TERMINADO ( She was working hard) • TEMPORARY EVENT IN THE PAST WHICH WAS BEFORE ANOTHER ACTION. ( I was cooking when I heard the telephone rang) • AN EVENT THAT START BEFORE ANOTHER EVENT IN THE PAST AND CONTINUED. (When I come in, all the other people were eating the desert) • SIMULTANEOS ACTIONS IN THE PAST. ( While I was trying to sleep my sister was looking tv) • REPEATED ACTIONS OCCURING OVER A PERIOD IN THE PAST. (Before I got on my own flat, I was always arguing with my parents) • PAST PERFECT: • HAD + 3º COLUMN: • A PAST EVENT WHICH OCCUR BEFORE ANOTHER PAST EVENT ( Mike had already left.)

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• PAST PERFECT CONTINUOS: • HAD BEEN+ −ING. • WHEN WE WANT TO EMPHASISE THE CONTINUITY AND DURATION OF AN EVENT. ( I have been doing it for ages) • PRESENT PERFECT: • HAVE/HAS+ 3º COLUMN • EVENT THAT START IN THE PAST, CONTINUE IN THE PRESENT, AND MAY BE CONTINUE IN THE FUTURE. • RECENT EVENT IN THE PAST WHICH IS IMPORTANT IN THE PRESENT. (A man has appeared in court charged with the murder of the missing person) • AN EVENT THAT HAPPENED IN THE PAST BUT WE DON'T NOW THE ESPECIFIC TIME −NOT IMPORTANT THE TIME− ( Have you seen Jill ?) • HAPPENED IN THE PAST BUT IN UNFISHED TIME − THIS MONTH, THIS DAYS, ( I didn't see Tim last week but I have been out with him twice already this week) • PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOS: • HAVE/ HAS BEEN + −ING. • TO EMPHASISES THE CONTINUITY AND DURATION OF THE EVENT. ( They have been living in the same house ever since they got married) • A CONTINUOS ACTIVITY IN THE PAST IS RESPONSIBLE OF SITUATIONS IN THE PRESENT. ( I am not crying, I have been peeling onions) • PARTICIPLE CLAUSES: siempre las 2 partes de la oracion tienen que tener el mismo sujeto. • PRESENT PARTICIPLE CLAUSES: • VERB + ING. • TIME: After he come home, he drank some coffee − − > After coming home, • REASON: Because he lost the bus, he arrived late − − > Losing the bus, ( if it is negative you put NOT at the beginning of the sentence) • RELATIVE CLAUSE: The boy who was talking fell off the horse − − > The boy talking, fell off the horse. • PAST PARTICIPLE CLAUSES: • 3º COLUMN. • RELATIVE CLAUSES: The plane which was delayed crash − − > The plane delayed crash. • REASON: Because it was made of light steel, the plane arrived earlier − − > Made of light steel the plane • PERFECT PARTICIPLE CLAUSES: • HAVING+ 3º COLUMN. 3

• ONE ACTION BEFORE ANOTHER ACTION: He opened the door. He found his wife on the floor − − > Having opening the door, he found . . . • GERUNDS: VERB + ING. • SUBJECT OF A SENTENCE: • EATING OUT CAN BE EXPENSIVE • OBJECT OF A SENTENCE: • ONE OF MY INTERESTS IS COLLECTING ANTIQUES • AFTER VERBS EXPRESING LIKE AND DISLIKES: • LIKE • PREFER • HATE • LOVE • AFTER OTHER VERBS SUCH AS: • CAN´T HELP: NO PODER EVITAR • CONSIDER • DELAY: LLEGAR TARDE, TO BE LATE • DENY: NEGAR • FINISH • FORGIVE • GIVE UP: ¿? • IMAGINE • INVOLVE • KEEP • MIND: PONER EN PELIGRO • MISS • POSTPONE • PUT OFF: ¿? • PREVENT • REPORT • RESIST • RISK: ¿? • SUGGEST • AFTER PREPOSITIONS: • AFTER ALL PREPOSITIONS • IT IS FOR OPENING BOTTLES • AFTER ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS: 4

• NERVOUS/WORRIED + ABOUT • BAD/ GOOD/ CLEVER/ SKILLED + AT • SORRY / RESPONSIBLE + FOR • INTERESTED + IN • CAPABLE / AFRAID/ FRIGHTENED / TERRIFIED + OF • BORED + WITH • PREVENTED (SB) + FROM • HAD NO INTENTION + OF • AFTER VERB + PREPOSITION COMBINATION: • APOLOGIZE SB FOR • ARREST SOMEONE FOR • BE/ GET USED TO • CONGRATULE SOMEONE ON • INSIST ON • LOOK FORWARD TO • OBJECT TO • SUCCEED IN • WARN SOMEONE ABOUT • THE INFINITE : • AFTER SOME VERBS: • AFFORD: BE ABLE TO PAY • AGREE • ARRANGE • ASK • APPEAR • ATTEMPT: INTENTAR • CHOOSE • DECIDE • EXPECT • HELP • HOPE • INTEND • LEARN • MANAGE: BE ABLE TO • OFFER • PRETEND • PROMISE • REFUSE • SEEM • • AFTER SOME ADJECTIVES: • AMAZED • CERTAIN • DIFFICULT • DISAPPOINTED • EASY 5

• FREE • GLAD: HAPPY • HAPPY • LIKELY: POSIBLE • PLEASED • POSSIBLE • SIMPLE • SURE • SURPRISED • THE GERUND OR THE INFINITIVE : • NO CHANGE OF MEANING: • START, BEGIN, CONTINUE • CUANDO EL VERB ESTA EN CONTINUOS, SE USA INFINITIVE • GENERALMENTE ESOS 3 VERBOS NO SE PONEN CON SU −ING. INCLUIDO • EX: Jeff CONTINUE to smoke / smoking despite the doctor´s advice. • LITTLE CHANGE OF MEANING: • LIKE, PREFER, HATE, LOVE • + GERUND: • EL ENFASIS ESTA EN LO Q TE GUSTA O NO TE GUSTA LA ACCION, O EL HECHO • YOU DO IT USUALLY • EX: Mery prefers eating out to eating at home. • ¡! ¡! : LIKE + INFINITIVE: MEANING OF A PREFERED ALTERNATIVE • + INFINITIVE: • ACCIONES O HECHOS ESPECIFICOS, EN LOS CUALES SE QUIERE DAR INFORMCION EXTRA. • UNUSUAL ACTIVITIES • EX: Jane prefers to eat out because there´s no washing−up to do. • CHANGE OF MEANING: • Verbs try, see, regret, go on, forget/remember and mean; pueden ser seguidos por gerund o infinitve y cambia el significado. • TRY: • + GERUND: • EXPERIMENTAR POR PRIMERA VEZ PARA CUMPLIR UN OBJETIVO • EX: Try going to bed earlier and see if that helps. • + INFINITIVE: • INTENTAR UAN ACCION DIFICIL, HACER UN ESFUERZO 6

• EX: Jill´s been trying to get a job since she left school, but with no success. • STOP : • + GERUND: • FINISH AN ACTIVITY, STOP AN ACTIVITY • EX: Stop talking and get on with your work! • + INFINITIVE: • INTERRUMPIR UNA ACCION PARA EMPEZAR OTRA • EX: Roger stopped to have a cup of tea. • REGRET: ARREPENTIRSE • + GERUND: • HACES LA ACCION Y DESPUES TE ARREPENTIS • EX: Many people regret marrying young. • + INFINITIVE: • TE ARRPENTIS, O TE DA PENA PERO LO HACES IGUAL, COMMUNICATION • EX: Dr. Taylor regret to say that she is unable to see patients without an appointment. • FORGOT / REMEMBER: • + GERUND: • HACES LA ACCION Y DESPUES TE ACORDAS • EX: I distincly remember asking them to come alter lunch. • + INFINITIVE: • TE ACORDAS, Y DESPUES HACES LA ACCION • EX: Ann remember to lock all the doors when she went on holiday, but she forgot to close the bathroom window. • ¡! ¡! : I FORGOT TO : YOU DIDN´T DO IT. • GO ON: • + GERUND: • CONTINUE AN ACTION • EX: I will go on applying for jobs until I´m successful • + INFINITIVE: • TERMINAR UNA ACCION Y EMPEZAR OTRA. • EX: After 7 years of study, Andy went on to become a doctor.

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• MEAN: • + GERUND: • ABARCA • EX: Diets usually means giving up sweet things. • + INFINITIVE: • INTENTAR • EX: I meant to send you a postcard but I couldn´t remember your address. • ¡! ¡! : MEAN SOLO PUEDE IR EN INFINITIVE SI ESTA EN PERFECT Y EN PAST TENSES. • The verbs or perception See (watch, notice, etc), feel, hear, smell; diferente significado si estan seguidos por the infinitive (sin el to adelante) or a participle. • + PARTICIPLE: • PART OF AN EVENT • EX: I noticed a man acting in a strange way. ¿? ¿? • + INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO: • WHOLE EVENT, TODO EL EVENTO • EX: I heard my sister come in at 1 a.m. • SI EN UNA ORACION TENGO . . . IN THE LAS 2 YEARS: SIEMPRE SE PASA CON PRESENT PERFECT • GRAMMAR: • PASSIVE VOICE: • THE VERB BE IN THE SAME TENSE AS IN THE FIRST SENTENCE + THE PAST PARTICIPLE OF THE MAIN VERB. • PRESENT SIMPLE − − − > ARE/IS • PRESENT CONTINUOS − − − > IS/ARE BEING • PAST SIMPLE − − − > WAS/WERE • PAST CONTINUOS − − − > WAS/WERE BEING • PRESENT PERFECT − − − > HAS BEEN • PAST PERFECT − − − > HAD BEEN • FUTURE − − − > WILL BE • MODAL VERBS − − − > MUST BE/CAN BE • ACTIVE SENTENCE: • SUBJECT − − − > PERSON OR THING THAT DO THE ACTION • PASSIVE SENTENCE: • SUBJECT − − − > PERSON OR THING AFFECTED BY THE ACTION (este lo usas cuando queres q se enfoque todo mas a la persona o a la cosa q le esta afectando la accion) 8

• NOT TO PUT THE AGENT: • WHEN IS NOT IMPORTANT, OSEA NO LO DECIMOS • CUANDO NO SABEMOS QUIEN ES, ENTONCES NO PODEMOS SB Ó A PERSON • CUANDO ES ALGUIEN OVIO. Ex: The thief was sentenced BY THE JUDGE. • CUANDO YA FUE MENCIONADO ANTERIORMENTE • CUANDO UNA ORACION TIENE 2 OBJECT (uno directo y otro indirecto), LOS 2 PUEDEN SER USADOS COMO SUJETO. SI HY 2 Y UNO ES UNA PERSONA, ES MAS COMUN Q SE USE A LA PERSONA Q AL OBJETO. • CUANDO QUEREMOS TRANSMITIR UNA INFO, PERO NO SABEMOS SI ES TRUE OR FALSE, O NO SABEMOS LA FUENTE DE INFO: • INFO ABOUT A PRESENT SITUATION: • THE PASSIVE + INFINITIVE (Ex: Mr Smith is belived to be staying with friends) • INFO ABOUT STH IN THE PAST: • TO HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE (Ex: The ship is reported to have sunk. Many people are thought to have drowned.) • IMPERSONAL PASSIVE VOICE: • People (Subject) think (main verb) Einstein(Subject of the D.O.) IS (Verb of the D.O.) a great scientific.: (Direct Object) • IT + MAIN VERB IN PASSIVE + THAT + D.O. • IT + IS THOUGHT + THAT + ENINSTEIN IS A GREAT SCIENTIST • SUBJECT OF D.O. + MAIN VERB IN PASSIVE + TO + VERB OF THE D.O. • EINSTEIN + IS THOUGHT + TO + BE A GREAT SCIENTIST • VERB OF THE DIRECT OBJECT: • PRESENT − − − > TO + INFINITIVE • FUTURE − − − > TO + INFINITIVE • PAST SIMPLE − − − > TO HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE • PRESENT PERFECT − − − > TO HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE • PAST PERFECT − − − > TO HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE • PRESENT CONTINUOS − − − > TO BE + ING. • PAST CONTINUOS − − − > TO HAVE BEEN + ING. • HAVE / GET STH DONE: (HAVE IS MORE FORMAL THAN GET, GET IS MORE USED IN THE IMPERATIVE FORM) • ACTIONS THAT ARE FOR THE SUBJECT, NOT DONE IT BY THE SUBJECT. • HAVE STH DONE:

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• I DON´T NOW HOW TO REPAIR CARS, SO I´M HAVING MINE REPAIRED AT THE GARAGE ROUND THE CORNER • GET STH DONE: • I REALLY MUST GET MY EYES TESTED. I´M SURE I NEED GLASSES. • ACTIONS THAT HAPPENED TO SB, BUT WERE OUTSIDE THEIR CONTROL. • I STOOD SO CLOSE TO THE FIRE THAT I GOT MY LEGS BURNT. • REPORTED SPEECH: • WE CAN REPORTD IN 2 WAYS: • THEIR ACTUAL WORDS: I´ll be late home tomorrow, Bob said. • THE IDEA THEY EXPRESSED: • CHANGES IN VERB TENSES: • PRESENT SIMPLE − − − > PAST SIMPLE • PRESENT CONTINUOS − − − > PAST CONTINUOS • PAST SIMPLE − − − > PAST PERFECT • PRESENT PERFECT − − − > PAST PERFECT • PAST CONTINUOS − − − > PAST PERFECT CONTINUOS • WILL − − − > WOULD • CAN − − − > COULD • MAY − − − > MIGHT • MUST − − − > HAD TO • CONDITIONAL 1 − − − > CONDITIONAL 2 • CONDITIONAL 2 − − − > CONDITIONAL 3 • CONDITIONAL 3 − − − > CONDITIONAL 3 • NO CHANGES IN VERB TENSES: • WHEN THE REPORTING VERB IS IN THE PRESENT: HE SAYS.., WE DO NOT CHANGE THE ORIGINAL VERB: • WHEN SOMEONE HAS SAID IN A NEWSPAPER OR A LETTER: • Ex: Darren says he has been too busy to write before. • WHEN YOU ARE PASSING A MESSAGE: • Ex: Lucy says she will be late. • CHANGES IN THE TIME AND PLACE REFERENCE: • TODAY − − − > TOMORROW • TOMORROW − − − > THE DAY AFTER, THE FOLLOWING DAY, THE NEXT DAY • YESTERDAY − − − > THE PREVIOUS DAY, THE DAY BEFORE • 2 DAYS AGO − − − > 2 DAYS BEFORE, 2 DAYS EARLIER • NOW − − − > THEN 10

• HERE − − − > THERE • COME − − − > GO • BRING − − − > TAKE • TAKE − − − > BRING • OTHER CHANGES: • PRONOUNS WILL CHANGE: • Ex: I will give you a kiss/ Jack said he would give me a kiss • THE DETERMINERS: THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE − − − > THE • THE PRONOUNS: THIS, THAT − − − > IT • TOLD: • TOLD SB + THAT ) SENTENCE • TOLD SB + TO DO STH ) ORDERS + NOT TO DO STH ) • Ex: Leave me alone! (+ INF) − − − > She told me to leave her alone. • ASKED: • ASKED SB + WH + WORD + SUBJECT + VERB ) QUESTION • ASKES SB + TO DO STH ) REQUEST(pregunta q no es pregunta) + NOT TO DO STH ) • Ex: Leave my keey, PLEASE − − − > She asked my to leave his keys. • MARKERS OF REQUEST: • PLEASE • CAN YOU? • COULD YOU? • WOULD YOU? • WILL YOU? • WOULD YOU MIND + ING. • WARNED: • WARN SB + TO DO STH + NOT TO DO STH + AGAINST DOING STH + ABOUT STH • ADVISED:

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• ADVICE SB + TO DO STH + NOT TO DO STH • SE PASA CUANDO: • YOU MUSNT´T • YOU SHOULD • YOU OUGHT TO • IF I WERE YOU, I HAD • YOU HAD BETTER + INFINITIVE (sin to) + NOT + INFINITIVE (sin to) • IF EN NEGATIVE − − − > ADVISE SB AGAINST + ING • − − > ADVISE SB NO TO + INFINITIVE • SUGGESTED: • SUGGEST + ING (cuando el q habla se esta incluyendo) • SE PASA CUANDO: • LET´S + INFINITIVE • HOW ABOUT + ING • WHAT ABOUT + ING • WHY DON´T WE + ING • SUGGEST + TO SB + THAT + SHOULD + INF. (sin to) (el q habla no esta incluido) + INFINITIVE (sin to) + PAST SIMPLE • SUGGEST(ED)(TO SB)(THAT) + SHOULD + BARE INFINITIVE + BARE INFINITIVE + PAST SIMPLE + SHOULD ENRROL + ENRROL + ENRROLED • SE PASA CUANDO: • WHY DON´T YOU? • I THINK YOU COULD • I THINK YOU SHOULD

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• OFFER: • OFFERED SB + TO DO STH + NOT TO DO STH SO : SO + ADJETIVE ADVERBS Example: He works SO HARD (works se relaciona con el adverb hard) Exceptions: SO /MANY / FEW + NOUN > QUANTITY / MUCH / LITTLE + NOUN > • Example: I´ve never seen SO FEW people in town. SUCH : SUCH (A/AN/ADJETIVE) + NOUN He is SUCH A HARD worker Exceptions: Si el noun es: UNCOUNTABLE > PLURAL > Exceptions: They were SUCH naughty BOYS. • CONDITIONAL SENTENCES: • CONDITIONAL 0 : • (IF + PRESENT) + (PRESENT OR IMPERATIVE) • SCIENTIFIC FACTS • Ex.: If you put paper on fire, it burns quickly. 2. GIVE INSTRUCTIONS • Ex.: If the phone rings, answer it. 3. ADVICE • Ex.: If Mary eats well, she is a beautiful girl. 4. ALWAYS TRUE (RUTINA, HABITOS, ETC.)

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• Ex.: If Mike reads on the bus, he feels sick. • WHEN OR WHENEVER CEN BE USED INSTEAD OF IF. • CONDITIONAL 1: • (IF + SIMPLE PRESENT) + (WILL FUTURE) • (IF + PRESENT PERFECT) + (WILL FUTURE) To emphasis that de 1º action is completed to do the 2º action. • PREDICT LIKELY OR PROBABLY RESULTS IN THE FUTURE. • Ex.: If we don't leave now, we will miss the bus. • PERSUASION, PROMISES, WARNINGS AND THREATS. ♦ Ex.: Once you have landed, you will see your family. ♦ MODAL VERBS CAN BE USED INSTEAD OF WILL: ♦ MAY − − − > MORE IMPROBABLE ♦ Ex.: If we leave now, we may catch the train. ♦ MUST − − − > INVITATION ♦ Ex.: If you come to London again, you must call and see us. ♦ CONDITIONAL 2 : ♦ (IF + PAST SIMPLE) + ( WOULD/COULD/MIGHT) ♦ (IF + PAST CONTINUOS) + (WOULD BE + ING.) • IMAGINARY OR IMPROBABLE SITUATIONS ♦ Ex.: You had feel healthier, if you did more exercise. ♦ UNREAL SITUATIONS ◊ Ex.: If I were taller, I would play basketball. ♦ EXPRESS ADVICE ◊ Ex.: If I were you, I wouldn't drive so fast. ◊ WHEN YOU USE MIGHT AND COULD: TO SHOW UNCERTANTY. ◊ Ex.: If you did more exercise, you might feel healthier. ◊ CONDITIONAL 3 : ◊ (IF + PAST PERFECT) + (WOULD/MIGHT/COULD + PAST PARTICIPLE) ◊ (IF + PAST PERFECT CONTINUOS) + (WOULD/MIGHT/COULD + PAST PARTICIPLE) ♦ IS IN THE PAST, AND SPECULATES ABOUT POSIBILITIES WHICH DIDN´T HAPPEN. ◊ Ex.: If I had had your address, I would have sent you a postcard. ◊ Ex.: You might not have crashed into the bus If you had been driving more slowly. ⋅ WHEN THE IF VA AL PRINCIPIO DE LA ORACION SE PONE COMA. SI VA! ⋅ WHEN THE IF VA AL FINAL DE LA ORACION NO VA COMA. NO VA! ⋅ MIXED CONDITIONAL: ⋅ (IF + SIMPLE PAST) + (WOULD/ MIGHT/ COULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE) ⋅ (IF + PAST PERFECT) + (WOULD/COULD/MIGHT) ◊ PAST ACTION WITH A PRESENT RESULT • Ex.: If I hadn't broken my leg, I would go on holiday with you. • PRESENT SITUATION WITH A RESULT IN THE PAST ◊ Ex.: If my sister weren't so distracted, she wouldn't have forgotten her shoes at home. 14

♦ OTHER WAYS OF INTRODUCING CONDITIONS: ♦ UNLESS: • EN LUGARDE IF NOT: ♦ Ex.: Unless we leave now, we will miss the train. ♦ NO PUEDE SEGUIRSE DE WILL O WILL NOT ♦ NO PUEDE SEGUIRSE DE NADA NEGATIVO. ♦ AS LONG AS: • TO EMPHASIS A CONDITION (remplaza a if) ♦ Ex.: I will lend you the Money you need as long as you promise not to waste it. ♦ PROVIDED THAT /PROVIDING THAT: • SIGNIFICA: ON CONDITION THAT ♦ Ex.: You can come home on holiday with us provided that you do sth of the cooking. MAS FORMAL QUE IF. ♦ PROBABILITY: WE ARE CERTAIN THAT STH IS THE CASE ♦ MUST/ CAN´T • PRESENT SITUATION: ♦ MUST/CAN´T + INFINITIVE SIN TO ♦ Ex.: My doctor must be married. He wears a wedding ring. ♦ MUST /CAN´T + ING ♦ Ex.: Virginia must be wondering where I am. I said I'd de there at 3 p.m. and it's now 5 p.m. 2. PAST SITUATION: ♦ MUST/ CAN´T + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE ♦ Ex.: Sandra must have passed her driving test because I saw her driving a car on her own. ♦ MUST/CAN´T + HAVE BEEN + ING ♦ Ex.: I'm sorry I'm late. You must have been waiting for ages. ♦ POSSIBILITY: WE ARE NOT CERTAIN THAT STH IN THE CASE BUT WE THINK IT IS POSSIBLE • PRESENT SITUATION: ♦ COULD/MAY/MIGHT + INFINITIVE SIN TO ♦ Ex.: Paula could be on holiday ♦ COULD/MAY/MIGHT + ING ♦ Ex.: Julie might be visiting her mother. • PAST SITUATION: ♦ COULD/MAY/MIGHT + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE ♦ Ex.: Freda might have overslept ♦ COULD/MAY/MIGHT + HAVE BEEN + ING ♦ Ex.: The missing girl may be have been wearing a blue shirt. ♦ NO DIFERENCE BETWEEN MAY, COULD AND MIGHT. ♦ MAY AND MIGHT EN NEGATIVE: MAY NOT Y MIGHT NOT ♦ COULD EN NEGATIVE: COULDN´T ♦ ARTICLES: ♦ THE: • STH THAT HAS BEEN MENTIONED BEFORE 15

♦ Ex.: I have a dog What's the dog name? • STH THERE IS ONLY ONE OF IT IN A PARTICULAR CONTEXT ♦ Ex.: The queen spent 3 days in Argentina • STH THE SPEAKER AND LISTENER BOTH KNOE ABOUT. ♦ Ex.: The film was really good. • SUPERLATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS ♦ Ex.: She is the fastest runner in Europe • WITH ADJ USED AS NOUNS REFERRING TO GROUPS OF PEOPLE ♦ Ex.: There is one law for the rich and another for the poor. • WITH THE NAMES OF THE OCEANS, SEAS, RIVERS, MOUNTAIN, RANGES. ♦ Ex.: The Atlantic. • WITH THE NAMES OF SOME COUNTRIES AND GROUP OF ISLANDS ♦ Ex.: The United States. ♦ ZERO ARTICLES: ♦ NO ARTICLE IS USED: • WITH PLURAL COUNTABLE NOUNS ♦ Ex.: X International footballers are paid too much money. • WITH UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS ♦ Ex.: He used to drink X beer, but now he drinks only X water. • WITH THE NAMES OF TOWNS, CITIES, STATES AND MOST COUNTRIES ♦ Ex.: X New York • WITH NOUNS FOR CERTAIN PLACES OR SITUATIONS ♦ Ex.: Suzy went into X hospital yesterday. ♦ INVERSION: ♦ NEG ADV + AUX + SUBJECT + VERB + BUT + AS WELL /ALSO ♦ NEGATIVE ADVERBS: ♦ NOT ONLY ♦ NEVER ♦ LITTLE ♦ SELDOM VS. OFTEN ♦ RARELY VS. OFTEN ♦ UNDER NO CIRCUNSTANCIES ♦ SO + ADJ. + ADV ♦ Ex.: He never comes back early − − − > Never does he come early. ♦ Ex.: He feel down the stairs. He sprained his ankle. − − − > Not only did he fall down the stairs but he also sprained his ankle as well. PRESENT + SO THAT + WILL /CAN PAST + SO THAT + WOULD /COULD 16

♦ HARDLY + HAD + SUBJECT + 3º C + WHEN + SENTENCE ♦ NO SOONER + HAD + SUBJECT + 3º C + THAN + SENTENCE ♦ Ex.: He came back home. It started raining. − − − > Hardly had he come back home when it started. ♦ (ONLY + BY/WHEN/ETC.), (AUX + SUBJECT + VERB) ♦ (NOT UNTIL + SENTENCE), (AUX + SUBJECT + VERB) ♦ MORE FORMAL ♦ WITH EMPHASIS Ex.: They were allowed to enter only by paying in cash. − − − > Only by paying in cash, were they allowed to enter

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