Grammar Korean

Foreword The purpose of this volume is to summarize the grammar presented in Korean in Context in an indexed reference format. The grammar presentations from the textbook are reproduced here, with accompanying examples, and indexed in English and Korean. The appendixes are key grammar elements displayed in chart form. Items in the Korean index are arranged by category, and within each category, alphabetically. The first category is verb endings, the second is noun endings, postpositions and markers, and the third is function words. "-" indicates a verb stem preceding the ending, and "~" indicates a noun. Finding the right item among the verb endings sometimes requires the application of spelling rules. When the verb stem ends in a vowel, drop the initial 어 and 으 in the ending. When the verb stem contains either¤¿ or ㅗ , change the initial 어 in the ending to 아.

Table of Contents Foreword ........................................................................................................................ .............. Unit 1: Chapter 1.......................... 1 Chapter 2.......................... 3 Chapter 3........................... 5 Chapter 4........................... 10 Unit 2: Chapter 5 .......................... 17 Chapter 6 .......................... 19 Chapter 7 .......................... 22 Chapter 8 .......................... 25 Unit 3: Chapter 9.........................28 Chapter 10 ...................... 31 Chapter 11 ..................... 33 Chapter 12 ..................... 35 Unit 4: Chapter 13 ...................... 38 Chapter 14...................... 40 Chapter 15 ..................... 46 Chapter 16 ..................... 50 Unit 5: Chapter 17 ..................... 53 Chapter 18..................... 55 Chapter 19 ................... 60 Chapter 20 ................... 63 Unit 6: Chapter 21 ................... 65 Chapter 22................... 68 Chapter 23 ................... 72 Chapter 24 ................... 75 Unit 7: Chapter 25 ................... 79 Chapter 26 ................... 81 Chapter 27 ................... 84 Chapter 28................... 85 Chapter 29 ................... 88

Unit 8: Chapter 30 ........................ 91 Chapter 31 .......................... 93 Chapter 32 .......................... 95 Chapter 33 .......................... 98 Unit 9: Chapter 34..........................101 Chapter 35 ........................ 104 Chapter 36 ........................ 106 Chapter 37 ....................... 108 Unit 10: Chapter 38 ....................... 111 Chapter 39 ....................... 114 Chapter 40 ....................... 117 Chapter 41 ....................... 120 Unit 11: Chapter 42 .....................124 Chapter 43................... 125 Chapter 44 ................... 126 Unit 12: Chapter 45 .................... 130 Chapter 46.................... 132 Chapter 47 .................... 133 Chapter 48 .................... 136 Unit 13: Chapter 49....................140 Chapter 50 .................. 143 Chapter 51 .................. 146 Chapter 52 .................. 147 Unit 14: Chapter 53 .................... 149 Chapter 54 .................... 152 Chapter 55......................154 Chapter 56 ...................... 156

Appendixes: Korean Vowel Contraction Rule..................................... 160 Formastion of Korean Verbs ......................................... Korean Verb Conjugation Chart ..................................... Korean Irregular Verbs .................................................... Indexes:

Index by Korean Alphabet.................................................. Index by English Alphabet .................................................

Chapter 1

Forming Questions and Answers One of the basic features of Korean grammar is that the verb comes at the end of the sentence. Mr. Kim is making introductions. --김선생님, 안녕하십니까? verb

--How are you, Mr. Kim?

--정선» Ô, 이분 아십니까? verb

--Do you know this gentleman, Mr. Chung?

--아니오, 모릅니다. verb

--No, I don't know him.

--처음 뵙겠습니다. verb

--Glad to meet you. (Literally: I meet you for the first time.)

As is clear, the verb endings are different: statement ending

ㅂ니다.

question ending

ㅂ니까?

Chapter 1

About Korean Verbs The verb is arguably the single most important word in any given Korean sentence. Here are some verbs presented in this chapter.

• • • •

감사합니다. 고맙습니다. 좋습니다. 괜찮습니다.

Thank you. Thank you. (I'm grateful.) (It's, I'm, etc.) good, fine, okay, all right. (It's, I'm, etc.) good, fine, okay, all right.

If you want to look up these words in the dictionary, you will not find them as they appear above. This is because all Korean language dictionaries list verbs in their most rudimentary or basic form, and it would be difficult to locate an unknown verb without knowing this form. This "dictionary form", parenthetically, is somewhat similar to, but not the same as, the infinitive form in English. Below are the basic forms of the verbs above.

dictionary

감사하다 고맙다 좋다 괜찮다

thank, thankful thankful, grateful good fine, satisfactory

감사합니다. 고맙습니다. 좋습니다. 괜찮습니다.

Thank you. Thank you. It's good. It's fine, satisfactory.

When you look at this rudimentary form of verbs, you find some uniformity, i.e., the last syllable is always -다. The remainder, except for -다, is often referred to as the verb stem. In other words, Korean verbs consist of at least two parts, a stem and a verb ending.

감사하다 stem

thanks, thankful

좋다 stem

good

고맙다 stem

thankful

괜찮다 stem

fine, satisfactory

In order to convert these basic forms into complete and usable verbs in sentences, you replace the -다 ending with another ending.

• The stem of the verb 좋다 i.e., 좋, ends in a consonant, in this case, ㅎ. • The stem of the verb 감사하다 i.e., 감사하, ends in a vowel, in this case,ㅏ. Therefore:

• Simply add 습니다 to the stem of any verb ending in a consonant to get the statement form of the verb, e.g., 좋습니다. (It's good.)

• Similarly, add ㅂ니다 to the stem of any verb ending in a vowel for the same result, e.g., 감사합니다. (Thank you.)

stem ending in a consonant

좋 + 습니다

 좋습니다

stem ending in a vowel

감사하 + ㅂ니다

 감사합니다

Chapter 2

Telling "What" is "Where"

Different languages employ different conventions to indicate how a word is used in a sentence. If you have studied other languages you are already aware of this fact. In English, for example, suffixes are used to show plural (horse-->horses, ox-->oxen) and to distinguish number in verb conjugations (athletes run, she runs). Word order is another way of showing function in a sentence. For example, the subject may be placed at the beginning of a sentence, followed by the verb, then the object, as in "The girl threw the ball." Nouns will also follow prepositions to indicate notions such as location, direction, time, etc., as in "The girl threw the ball to her brother." Korean has a system of suffixes that are added to different parts of speech to indicate their function in a sentence. They are variously referred to as (a) "markers," which are used to show the subject and object, (b) "postpositions," which are similar to prepositions in English, and (c) "endings," which indicate specific uses of the verb. Notice the underlined elements in the nouns.

강이 없습니다. 나무가 많습니다. 우리 고향에 사람이 적습니다.

Chapter 2

A. The markers 이 and 가 The markers 이 and 가 indicate the subject of a sentence. • • • •

아파트 가 큽니다 나무가 작습니다 김일병이 있습니다 산이 없습니다

The apartment is large/spacious. The tree is small. A1C Kim is here. There are no mountains.

Note that in the first pair of sentences, the nouns 아파트 and 나무 end in a vowel and, consequently, take the marker 가. In the second pair, 일병 and 산 end in consonants and take the marker 이. N + 이 /가 nouns ending in vowels

+가

나무가 ...

nouns ending in consonants

+이

강이 ...

Chapter 2

B. The postposition 에 The postposition 에 roughly conveys the meaning of the English prepositions at, in, on, or to, and is attached to the noun it marks. This chapter will treat the marker 에 only as it pertains to the meaning at, in, or on. The fourth equivalent definition, to, will be covered in a later chapter. One of these speakers is looking for a person on campus. --미스박이 교실에 있습니까? --아니오, 식당에 있습니다.

--Is Miss Park in the classroom? --No, she's at the dining hall.

--식당이 이 빌딩에 있습니까? --아니오, 산 위에 있습니다.

--Is the dining hall located in this building? --No, it's on the hill.

N+에 nouns (location) ending in vowel or consonant

+에

나무/강+에

Chapter 2

C. A note on word order In the following two sentences, note that the subject comes first in one sentence, while that is not the case in the other sentence.

• •

산에 학교가 있습니다 학교가 산에 있습니다

There's a school on the hill.

The school's on the hill.

Because nouns are marked for their function in a Korean sentence, a degree of flexibility is allowed in placing the subject within that sentence. Shifting the word order, however, changes the emphasis. The first sentence answers the question, "What's on the mountain?" The second answers the question, "Where is the school?"

Chapter 3

Expressing Possession The verbs 있다 /없다 used with the postposition 에 mean existence or location of the subject (something or someone). • •

서울이 한국에 있습니다. 권소희씨가 학교에 있습니다.

Seoul is in Korea. Ms. Kwon Sohee is at school

As you see in these examples, in order to express the existence or location of a subject (something, 서울이, and someone, 권소희¾쒼¡ ), you need to state where the subject is, using the postposition -에, i.e., 한국에 and 학교에. In addition to this function, 있다 can be used to express the possession of something by the subject. If you want to express in Korean that someone has something, the thing possessed is the subject. The possessor, however, looks like another subject in the same sentence. Examine the following diagram examples.

박 하사가 possessor

--김선생님, 컴퓨터가 있습니까? --네, (제가 컴퓨터가 ) 있습니다.

딸이

있습니다.

possessed

--Mr. Kim, do you have a computer? --Yes, I have (a computer).

--박하사가 아이들이 있습니까? --네, 박하사가 딸이 하나 있습니다. 아들이 없습니다.

--Does SGT Park have children? --Yes, SGT Park has a daughter. He

doesn't have a son. Chapter 3

Expressing Respect Korean is a typical honorific language where people are socially obliged to show their respect to the person they are talking to or about. Koreans can hardly utter a sentence without considering their social relationships with the hearer or the person talked about, in terms of relative age, social status, kinship, and rank in the military or the work place. Honorifics are expressed in different ways, e.g., using a set of specific words depending on the relationships, adding certain grammatical elements to some words, using different sentence endings, etc. Although it is the speaker's choice whether to use honorifics, i.e., there is the subjective choice of how much respect to show to whom, there are social norms that most people tend to follow. There are two ways of expressing honorifics. The first is by using a set of vocabulary items and the second is by adding an ending to the verb stem. Chapter 3

A. Forming honorifics using specific words For Koreans, it is not appropriate to express existence or location of a person older than or superior to you with 있다 . Because the expression of both possession and location is literally interpreted as "someone higher exists in you/somewhere," Koreans are socially obliged to show respect to their superior's existence by using an honorific verb for exist. Thus, instead of using 있습니다/없습니다, 계십니다 /안 계십니다 are often used to elevate the status of the person to whom you are referring or someone who is located somewhere. --김일병, 부모님이 모두 계십니까? --아니오, 아버지가 안 계십니다.

--PFC Kim, are both of your parents living? --No, my father died.

--그럼 어머니가 어디에 계십니까? --한±뮈¡ 계십니다.

--Well, then, where is your mother?

--She's in Korea.

In the previous conversation, Mr. Hong and PFC Kim are talking about PFC Kim's parents. Because of Mr. Hong's social status, he does not need to express respect to PFC Kim. However, he is obliged to express respect for his parents. Thus, 계십니다 is used instead of 있습니다.

Chapter 3

B. Forming honorifics with an honorific infix Another way of expressing respect is to insert an honorific infix, -(으)시, between the verb stem and the verb ending to convey respect for the hearer and/or the person talked about. 안녕하십니까? 안녕히 가십시오.





안녕하 + 시 + ㅂ니까.

(안녕하다)

가 + 시 + ㅂ시오

(가다)

In the phrases above, the underlined parts of the left column include the honorific infix, -시. The forms to the right show how the infix is inserted between the verb stem and the ending. The dictionary form for each verb is given in parentheses. There are two variations of the honorific infix in the following examples, i.e., -시, and 으시. When the verb stem ends in a consonant, an extra vowel, 으, is inserted in front of 시. Otherwise, only 시 is added. 우리 아버지가 키가 크십니다. My father is tall.



크 + 시 + ㅂ니다 (크다)

장선생님이 돈이 많으십니다. Mr. Chang has a lot of money.



많 + 으시 + ㅂ니다 (많다)

김일병 부모님이 아주 좋으십니다. PFC Kim's parents are very nice.



좋 + 으시 + ㅂ니다 (좋다)

verb stem + (으)시 + verb ending

When the verb stem ends in a consonant, When the verb stem ends in a vowel,

많 + 으시 + ㅂ니다 insert 으시.

 많습니다

크 + 시 + ㅂ니다  크십니다

insert 시.

In addition to the above, there are some irregular verbs that undergo a change. The ㄹ in the verbs 알다 and 살다 is dropped when the honorific infix -(으)시 is added, as in the following instances. Note that in the first example, respect is shown to the listener. In the second example, respect is shown to the subject. --이분 아십니까? Do you know this person?



알 + 시 + ㅂ니까 (알다)

--네, 압니다. 우리 동생 입니다. Yes, I know him. He's my brother.



알 + ㅂ니다

--그분이 어디 사십니까? Where does he live?



살 + 시 + ㅂ니까 (살다)

--캐나다에 삽니다. He lives in Canada.



살 + ㅂ니다

Chapter 3

Expressing Identity 있다 is the equivalent of the English is in cases where the existence or presence of a person or thing is expressed. Another verb--이다--is used to link nouns. It has a basic form and adds endings as do other verbs. It differs, however, in that it attaches itself in spelling to the noun it links. See the following examples. • •

제가 장홍수입니다.

I am Chang Hongsu.

이분이 한기수씨입니다.

This gentleman is Mr. Han Kisu.

The ending in both sentences is -입니다. -입니다 never stands alone and always affixes itself to another word, mostly nouns, at the end of a sentence. This verb is used to link together two nouns which refer to the same person or entity. For example, Susan my sister.

 is 

Susan is my sister.

수잔 제여동생

 입니다 

수잔이 제여동생입니다. Additional, similar examples are: • 이분이 우리 아버지입니다. • 장홍수씨, 의사입니까? • 이름이 정승호입니다.



My sister



Susan.

is

My sister is Susan.  입니다 

제여동생 수잔

제여동생이 수잔입니다. This gentleman is my father. Mr. Chang, are you a doctor?

My name is Chung Seungho.

You can also add -(으)시 to 이다 when you want to show respect for the subject. However, you never add this infix when the subject is yourself. • •

이분이 한기수씨이십니다. 이분이 우리 아버지이십니다.

This person is Mr. Han Kisu. This person is my father.

•

장홍수씨, 공무원이십니까?.

Mr. Chang, are you a government

employee? With -입니다, you can ask and answer questions about age. To tell your age, the literal expression in Korean is "My age is twenty." --김일병, 몇 살입니까? --스무 살입니다.

--PFC Kim, how old are you?

--I'm twenty years old.

Chapter 3

Informal Questions and Answers Formal questions and statements end in ㅂ니 까 ? and ㅂ니다, respectively. Another ending for both questions and statements is used as an informal, polite expression. Informal expressions are used when you talk informally to people to whom you feel close and whose social status is higher than yours, e.g., parents, elder brothers and sisters, and superiors. The ending used to express this level of informality is -요. This form is interchangeable with the formal form without changing the latter's meaning. More often than not, women prefer using the informal ending while men prefer using the more formal one. In the following examples, the sentences on the right are interchangeable with, but less formal than, those on the left.

• 이분 아십니까? Do you know this lady? 이분 아세요? • 아니오, 모릅니다. No, I don't know him. 아니오, 몰라요. • 이분이 한기숙 씨입니다 . This is Ms. Han kisook. 이분이 한기숙씨 에요.

Following is a comparison of these two forms.

statement formal informal

question

있습니다.

있습니까?

있어요.

있어요?

Due to the fact that the -요 remains constant whether used as a question or statement, voice inflection (intonation) will be critical in distinguishing between questions and statements. As with many English sentences, statements have a falling intonation whereas questions have a rising intonation. Chapter 4

Pointing Out Objects and Persons The English words this, that, these, and those are used in two ways: first, as pronouns replacing nouns; alternatively, they are used as adjectives modifying nouns: pronouns:

This is my house. (Instead of, "This house is my house.") Those are my friends.

adjectives:

This book is mine. Those books are yours.

As parts of speech, they are known respectively as demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative adjectives. A third type of demonstrative is an adverb indicating place (here, there), as in: There are my books. Your books are here on my desk. Korean demonstratives are built on three elements--이, 그, and 저, which are combined with nouns to indicate three locations: near the speaker, near the listener, and remote from both.

이 / 그 / 저 + noun

• 이 + noun  an object or person close to the speaker • 그 + noun  an object or person close to the hearer • 저 + noun  an object or person away from both speaker and hearer Note: 그+ noun is also used to indicate objects or persons previously mentioned.

Summary

location person

object

near the speaker

near the hearer

away from both the speaker and the hearer

여기

거기

저기

이분

그분

저분

이 사람

그 사람

저 사람

이것 ( 이거 )

그것 (그거 )

저것 (저거 )

이집

그집

저집

이방

그방

저방

Linguistic Note: Note the distinctions made between persons, places, and objects in terms of words in these sentences used to represent this.

• • •

이분이 우리 누나입니다. 여기가 몬트레이입니다. 이것이 우리 집입니다.

This is my (older) sister. This is Monterey. This is my house.

Chapter 4

Expressing To... and From... The postpositions 에 and 에서 carry meanings similar to the English words to and from, respectively. Each is added to a location or place name preceding verbs of locomotion such as 가다 and 오다. --어디에 가세요? --한국에 갑니다.

--(To) where are you going? --I'm going to Korea.

--´ ʼn ¡ 파티에 옵니까 ? --조선생님이 오십니다. --그런데, 박하사, 학교에서 오세요? --아니오, 식당에서 옵니다.

--Who's coming to the party? --Mr. Cho is coming. --By the way, Sergeant Park, are you coming from school? -- No, I'm coming back from the

restaurant. Chapter 4

Expressing Action(s) at a Location The postposition 에 has a meaning similar to the English words in, at, on, and (most recently) to, and that the marker 에서 has a meaning similar to the English word from.

에서 is used to identify the location at which an action takes place. When the phrase expresses existence, 에 is attached to the location. However, when the phrase expresses the location of an event or action (as opposed to existence), the location takes 에서, as shown in the examples below. --그 식당이 어디에 있습니까? --명동에 있습니다.

--Where is the restaurant? --It's in Myungdong.

--박선생님, 고향에 산이 많아요?

--Mr. Park, are there many mountains in your hometown? --No, there aren't any.

--아니오, 없어요. --김선생님 누나가 어디에서 일하세요? --호텔에서 일합니다. --왜 여기서 공부해요? --동생이 제 방에서 텔레비전 봅니다.

--Where does your sister work, Mr. Kim? --She works at a hotel. --Why are you studying here? --My brother's watching TV in my

room.

location + 에 + verb of existence (있다, 없다)

at, in

location + 에 + 가다, 오다

to

location + 에서 + 가다, 오다

from

location + 에서 + all action verbs

at, in Chapter 4

Describing Things and People: I

English uses adjectives to describe qualities or attributes, and adjectives are used in sentences in two different ways: as predicate adjectives and as attributive adjectives. A predicate adjective is used with a linking verb, e.g., is. Mr. Hwang's house is blue. Mr. Hwang's house is small. Attributive adjectives are used in all other situations and precede the noun they modify. Mr. Hwang has a blue house. Mr. Hwang has a small house. In contrast to English, Korean uses verbs, or more precisely stative verbs, to express the state of being or qualities of a person or thing. In meaning, a stative verb can be loosely rendered as (to) be _______. For example: 크다 be big and 좋다 be good/nice. While English adjectives do not change form, whether they are used as predicate adjectives or attributive adjectives, in Korean different endings are added to stative verbs according to how they are used in a sentence. When they come at the end of the sentence, which is roughly equivalent to the predicate use in English, they conjugate as verbs.

• 박선생님 차가 큽니다.

Mr. Park's car is big.

• 박선생님 차가 좋습니´ Ù.

Mr. Park's car is nice.

• 박선생님 차가 빨갛습니다.

Mr. Park's car is red.

When a stative verb precedes a noun, an attributive form is derived from the verb stem. This is done by adding (으)ㄴ to the verb stem.

• 박선생님은 큰 차가 있습니다. Mr. Park has a big car. • 그분은 좋은 차가 있습니다.

He has a nice car.

• 그분은 빨간 차가 있습니다.

He has a red car.

stative verb stem + (으) ㄴ+ noun

When the verb stem ends in a vowel, When the verb stem ends in a consonant,

add ㄴ. add 은.

크다 (big) 크+ㄴ 큰 좋다 (good/nice) 좋 + 은  좋은

Notes: 1. Stative verbs for colors drop ㅎand add L to the stem in the attributive form. Example:

빨갛다 (red) 빨갛 drop "ㅎ"

빨가 + ㄴ 빨간 add "ㄴ" as if the stem ends with a vowel

2. In the same fashion, dictionary form

노랗다 (yellow) 파랗다 (blue)  하얗다 (white) 까맣다 (black)

attributive form

노란



파란  

하얀 까만

Chapter 4

More About Informal Questions and Answers Read about PFC Thomas's daily routine:

제 이름이 제인 토마스에요. 8 시 (o'clock) 에 학교에 가요. 학교에서 공부해요. 우리 학교가 아주 커요. 학교에 학생이 적어요. 우리 선생님이 좋아요. 3 시에 집에 와요.

A quick glance at these verbs reveals that they all contain the informal ending, 요. However, if you think about the dictionary forms of these verbs, their changes are slightly different from each other. The most distinguishing rule of all these changes is that 아요 is added to a verb stem whose last vowel is ㅗ or ㅏ. verb stem + 아/어요

When the last syllable of the verb stem contains the vowel ㅗor ㅏ, When the last syllable of the verb stem contains a vowel other than ㅗor ㅏ,

add 아요.

좋다 (good/nice) 좋 + 아요 좋아요

add 어요.

적다 (few) 적 + 어요  적어요

Notes: In addition to this rule, however, more phonetic changes occur when the verb stem ends in a vowel. Look at these examples one-by-one. 1.

2.

3.

4.

가다 (go) 가 + 아요 가요 오다 (come) 오 + 아요 와요 크다 (big) 크 + 어요  커요 하다 (do) 하 + 아요  해요

When the stem ends with the same vowel as the following vowel, one is dropped. When the vowels can be contracted, they become one syllable. When the stem ends with the vowel ㅡ , ㅡ is dropped.

하다 is the only verb among the verbs whose stems end with the vowelㅏ that behaves in this fashion. All -하다 verbs take the same changes, e.g., 공부하다 (study) 공부하 + 아요  공부해요.

5.

이다 (be) 이 + 어요  (이)에요

이다 is the only verb that behaves this way. When the preceding noun ends with a vowel, 이 is dropped.

E.g., 바다 + 이에요  바다에요 6. When you add the honorific infix -(으)시-, the endings are all the same.

좋 + 으시 + 어요  적 + 으시 + 어요  + 시 + 어요 가 + 시 + 어요 오 + 시 + 어요 크 + 시 + 어요 하 공부하 + 시 + 어요 + 시 + 어요  이

좋으¼탓ä/좋으세요 적으셔요/적으세요  가셔요/가세요  오셔요/오세요  크셔요/크세요  하셔요/하세요  공부하셔요/공부하세요 (이)셔요/(이)세요

Chapter 5

Expressing Negation Mr. Lim is not quite sure of the names of several people around him. He asks Jane about some of them. --제인씨, 저분이 홍선생님입니까? --아뇨, 홍선생님이 아닙니다. 우선생님입니다.

--Jane, is that Mr. Hong? --No, that's not Mr. Hong. That's Mr. Woo.

--저 미국사람은 톰슨씨입니까? --아뇨, 톰슨씨가 아닙니다. 클라크씨입니다.

--Is that American Mr. Thompson? --No, that's not Mr. Thompson.

That's Mr. Clark.

People or objects are identified by using -이다. In the conversation above, -이/가 아니다 is used for negating sentences with -이다. Note that a noun ending in a consonant takes the marker 이, whereas a noun that ends in a vowel takes 가. noun + 이/가 아니다

When a noun ends in a consonant, When a noun ends in a vowel,

add 이 아니다. add 가 아니다.

홍선생 님 + 이 아니다  홍선생님이 아닙니다 (formal)  홍선생님이 아니에요 (informal) 톰슨씨 + 가 아니다  톰슨씨가 아닙니다 (formal)  톰슨씨가 아니에요 (informal)

Chapter 5

Expressing the Object of a Verb Various activities are going on in the student lounge:

수잔은 책을 읽습니다. 제인은 편지를 씁니다. 빌은 신문을 봅니다. 팀은 텔레비전À» 봅니다.

Susan is reading a book. Jane is writing a letter. Bill is reading the newspaper.

Tim's watching TV.

을/를 is added to a noun that functions as the object of a verb. Note that nouns ending in consonants take the object marker 을, whereas those ending in vowels take 를. noun + 을/를

When a noun ends in a consonant, When a noun ends in a vowel,

add 을.

책+을 신문 (newspaper) + 을

책을 봅니다. 신문을 봅니다.

add 를.

편지 (letter) + 를

편지를 씁니다.

Note: 을/를 is often omitted in speaking when the context is clear. Chapter 5

Making Requests At various times, Mr. Kang requests that PFC James do some of the following tasks in the classroom: •

제임스 일병, 의자에 앉으십시오.

•

읽으십시오.

Please read (your book).

•

저를 보십시오.

Please look at me.

•

칠판에 이 단어를 쓰십시오.

Please write this vocabulary (item) on the board.

Private James, please sit in your chair.

You can make a polite request by adding -(으)십시오 to a verb stem. Requests which employ -(으)십시오 are more formal than those with the verb ending -(으)세요.

The following constructions are used to express a speaker's request:

verb stem + (으)십시오 (으)세요

When a verb stem ends in a consonant, When a verb stem ends in a vowel,

formal: add 으십시오. informal: add 으세요. formal: add 십시오. informal: add 세요.

앉 + 으십시오  읽 + 으십시오  앉 + 으세요  읽 + 으세요  보 + 십시오  쓰 + 십시오   보 + 세요  쓰 + 세요

앉으십시오 읽으십시오 앉으세요 읽으세요 보십시오 쓰십시오 보세요 쓰세요

Chapter 6

Expressing Time The postposition 에 is used to mark location, as in English at, in, or on as well as to, in the sense of destination.

에 (location: in, at, on)

and

에 (destination: to)

Chapter 6

A. Identifying a specific point in time (postposition 에) Another function of 에 indicates the time at which something takes place. When added to a noun or a noun phrase, 에 may also denote a point or period of time at which an action takes place, and may be translated as in, at, or on. You can draw a comparison to the English use of at when talking about hours of the day (at three o'clock), on with days of the week (on Monday), and in when referring to parts of a day, a month, or a year (in the morning; in March; in 1947). Miss Lee's new aerobics instructor helps her establish a daily training regimen. --미스리, 보통 몇시에 저녁을 잡수십니까? --6시에 먹습니다.

--At what time do you usually eat dinner, Miss Lee? --I eat at 6:00.

--그럼 숙제는 언제합니까? --저녁에 합니다.

--So, when do you study? --In the evening.

--운동은 언제 합니까? --주로 주말에 합니다.

--When do you work out? --Normally on weekends.

The chart below summarizes the functions of 에.

에 (location: in, at, on): 에서 (location: in, at, on): 에

(destination: to):

에서 (origin or source: from):

에

(time: in, at, on):

교실에 책이 많습니다. 교실에서 공부해요. 인천에 갑니다. 지금 학교에 갑니다. 서울에서 왔습니다. 시카고에서 왔어요. 저는 매일 오전 6시에 일어납니다. 저는 보통 저녁에 숙제합니다.

Chapter 6

B. Expressing a range of time or space (from . . . to) In Korean, the postpositions 부터 and 에서 are used to denote the starting point (from) in time or location, whereas 까지 conveys the meaning of to, until, by, or all the way to. 부터 and 에서 may also used interchangeably in many situations. For example, 8시부터 /에서 10시까지 매일 숙제합니다.

I do my homework from 8:00 to 10:00 p.m. every night.

산호제부터/에서 여기까지 한 시간 걸립니다.

It takes one hour (to get) from

San Jose to here.

(time reference) 부터/에서 (time reference) 까지 (location) 까지 (location) 에서/부터

The following passage summarizes Mr. Lee's normal weekend schedule:

Mr. Lee usually sleeps until 8:00 on 잡니다. 미스트 리는 주말에 보통 8시까지 10시부터(에서) 11시까지 weekends. He watches TV from 10:00 to 11:00 and then eats lunch. 텔레비전을 봅니다. 그다음에는 Then, he goes to the gymnasium. 점심À» 먹습니다. 그리고 체육관(gym) It is a considerable distance from his 에 갑니다. 집에서 거기까지 꽤 home to (the gym). 멀어요.

Chapter 6

Expressing Negation In Korean, there are several ways to express negation. affirmative

negative

identification

미스박은 간호사입니다.

미스양은 간호사가 아닙니다.

existence

지금 미스박이 여기에 있습니다.

지금 미스박이 여기에 없습니다.

Another way to negate verbs is by preceding them with 안. Using this negative form is similar to adding the word not in front of an English verb. 안 is most often used with action verbs and the verb of existence in its honorific form, 계시다. Note:The usage of 예 and 아니오 in response to negative questions is an interesting phenomenon. When asking a negative question such as 안 갑니까? ("Aren't you going?"), the answer will be 예 ("Yes.") to express, "No, I'm not." and 아니오 ("No.") to express, "On the contrary, I am going."

SGT Han and a friend discuss their individual study habits. --저는 집에서 공부 안 해요. 한병장은 어때요? --저도 집에서 공부 안 해요. --그럼, 도서관에는 자주 갑니까? --아니오, 잘 안 갑니다.

--I don't study at home. How about you, Sergeant Han? --I don't study at home, either. --Well, do you go to the library often?

--No, I don't.

안 is placed before most verbs, as shown in the previous examples. This is not so, however, with "하다" verbs. In this case, 안 is placed in front of 하다, as in the examples; however, the stem portion preceding 하다 is written separately, and may function as an object. --식당에서 자주 식사하십니까? --아니오, 자주 안 합니다.

--Do you often eat at the restaurant?

--No, not often.

Note: "하다" verbs are made by combining nouns and the verb stem, 하다. This is a useful process to keep in mind because many nouns, especially those of Chinese origin, may be verbalized simply by adding 하다. Likewise, a noun can often be derived by removing 하다. For example, 공부하다 - (to) study, 공부 - study Chapter 6

Korean Verbs: An Update Below are some examples of the different forms of conjugation.

verb

meaning

formal register

informal register

자다/주무시다

sleep

주무십니다

잡니다

주무세요

자요

읽다

read

읽À맒苛求Ù

읽습니다

읽으세요

읽어요

있다/계시다

be; exist

계십니다

있습니다

계세요

있어요

Chapter 7

Expressing And and Together (With) A. Linking nouns to express and In English, the word and is used to connect two or more nouns in a series, e.g., "I like chicken and turkey." In Korean, the markers 하고, 과/와, and (이)랑 function similarly to and. 하고, 과/와, and (이)랑 are attached to all but the final noun in the series. All are used interchangeably without any difference in meaning. Note: 하고 and (이)랑 are widely used in speech; 과/와 and (이)랑 are the most colloquial forms, while 과 or 와 are more commonly used in composition. If the preceding syllable ends in a consonant, use 과. If the syllable ends in a vowel, use 와. In this description of PFC Adams's dorm room, notice that the markers are somewhat interchangeable, all accommodating the same basic function, and. 아담스 방에는 텔레비전하고 컴퓨터가 있습니다. 그 옆에는 시계와 사전이 있습니다. 책상위에는 연필이랑, 지도랑,책이 있습니다.

There's a TV and a computer in Adams's room. Next to them are a clock and a dictionary. On the desk, there are pencils and a map, and also

a book.

/ 하고 \ noun A + 과/와 + noun B + marker (object/subject) \ (이)랑/

When a noun ends in a consonant, When a noun ends in a vowel,

과/와

랑/ (이)랑

When a noun ends in a consonant, When a noun ends in a vowel,

add 과.

남동생과 여동생이 백화점에 가요.

add 와.

언니와 오빠가 백화점에 가요.

add 이¶û.

남동생이랑 여동생이 백화점에 가요.

add 랑.

언니랑 오빠가 백화점에 가요.

Note: 하고, 과/와, and (이)랑 are used only to connect two or more nouns. They are not used to connect phrases, clauses or complete sentences. To connect two sentences, start the second with the conjunction 그리고, which implies and, then, or also. Chapter 7

B. Doing things together (with) Expressing the English terms along with or together is straightforward in Korean. Either 같이 or 함께 is placed after either 하고, 과/와, or (이)랑. The two nouns linked by 하고, 과/와, and (이)랑 are understood to perform the same action together. 같이 is used more often in speech, while 함께 is used more often in writing.

하고 noun + 과/와 + 같이 (이)랑

=

하고 noun + 과/와 + 함께 (이)랑

Because 같이 and 함께 are interchangeable, the two formulas above have the same meaning. 같이 or 함께 may sometimes be dropped, just as together is dropped in English without a change in meaning. The following examples illustrate this point.

Mr. Hwang asks Ms. Oh about her weekend. --미스오, 주말에 뭐 합니까? --우리 가족이랑 같이 등산갑니다. 황선생님도 우리와 함께 가시겠습니까? --¹ 潔훌爛求Ù. 안 되겠어요.

--Ms. Oh, what are you going to do over the weekend? --I'm going hiking (together) with my family. Would you like to go with us, Mr. Hwang? --Sorry, I can't.

Linguistic Note: As a general rule, a final consonant in a Korean syllable transfers to the next syllable of a word when the second syllable begins with a vowel. For example:

같은 is pronounced 가튼 같을 is pronounced 가틀 There are some exceptions to this rule, however. When ㅌis followed by 이, the resulting sound is 치.

같이 is pronounced 가치 Chapter 7

Choosing Between Two Options In English, the word or is often used to give an option between two things or activities, e.g., "Do you want to go to the beach or to the movies?" In Korean, two such questions are asked in succession without any connecting word. Two colleagues discuss family matters. --이번 주말에 캠핑갑시다. --좋아요. 그런데, 산이 좋아요, 바다가 좋아요? --¹

¡ 갑시다.

--Let's go camping this weekend. --All right. By the way, would you like to go to the mountains or the beach? --Let's go to the beach.

question 1, question 2?

Usage Note: Intonation is an important factor when posing two questions in this manner. The tone of voice rises sharply at the end of the first question and is followed immediately by a falling intonation in the second question.

산이 좋아요,  바다가 좋아요?  갑니까, 

안 갑니까? 

Chapter 7

Korean Verbs: Update on Verb Stems Ending in ㄹ Some verbs whose stems end in ㄹ drop the ㄹ when the following consonant is ㄴ, ㅂ, or ㅅ. When one of the remaining consonants or a vowel (아/어) follows, the ㄹ remains. The following table summarizes this conjugation pattern.

ㄹis dropped when followed by ㄴ, ㅂ, ㅅ.

알 + ㅂ니다  압니다

ㄹis retained when followed by 아/어 or consonants other than ㄴ,ㅂ,ㅅ.

알 + 아요

 알아요

Chapter 8

Expressing Your Intentions Mrs. Park and SGT Choi are discussing which restaurant to go to. --뭐 잡수시겠어요? --한식을 먹겠어요. --어느 식당에 가시겠습니까? --코리아 부페에 가겠습니다.

--What are you going to eat? --I'd like to have Korean food. --Which restaurant are you going to?

--I'm going to the Korea Buffet.

The infix -겠- is inserted between the verb stem (or the stem plus the honorific infix) and the verb ending when the speaker states his/her intention or asks the intention of the listener. The English equivalents are: "I'd like to...," "I'm going to...," "I'll...," etc. verb stem + ((으)시) + 겠 + 습니다/습니까/어요

Sometimes -겠- is used to denote future tense. For example, when a weather forecaster says, 내일 날씨가 좋° 윱求Ù, it has nothing to do with one's intention but merely means "Tomorrow's weather will be good."

Note: When Koreans say 좋겠습니다 as in 내일 날씨가 좋겠습니다, the ㅎ in 좋 influences the following consonant, ㄱ, in 겠 and, consequently, ㄱ sounds like ㅋ. The ㄴin 니 influences the preceding consonant, ㅂ, as in 습, and, therefore, ㅂ sounds like ㅁ. Thus, the final pronunciation of 좋겠습니다 sounds like 조케씀니다.

Chapter 8

How to Express Contrast Devices that change the subject, express a contrast, or add special emphasis vary from language to language. English uses certain words and phrases such as "so," or "and now," as well as shifts in intonation, or word stress.

• So, Mr. Park, what are you doing this weekend? (As distinct from the previous person who spoke.)

• Tomorrow the weather will be good. (In contrast to today, when it rained.)

• In Los Angeles, the morning traffic is very heavy. In contrast to Monterey, which is a small city.)

• And now for something completely different. (Monty Python) Korean uses the suffix 은/는 for these same purposes. In the examples in this chapter, it is added to nouns and time expressions. It may, however, be added to many parts of speech.

Mrs. Park and SGT Choi are asking each other about their weekend plans: --박선생님은 이번 주말에 뭐 하십니까? --부산에 가요. 최중사는 뭐 하세요?

--Mrs. Park, what are you going to do this weekend? --I'm going to Pusan. What are you going to do, SGT Choi?

--토요일에는 하이킹가요. 일요일에는 집에서 쉬겠어요.

--I'm going hiking on Saturday.

On Sunday, I'll stay home.

word/phrase + 은/는

When a word/phrase ends in a consonant,

add 은. 박선생님 + 은  박선생님은

When a word/phrase ends in a vowel,

add 는. 최중사 + 는

 최중사는

Chapter 9

Talking About Past Events Co-workers Mr. Yun and Mr. Choi study foreign languages at night. --윤선생님 어제 저녁에 뭐 하셨습니까? --집에서 일본어 책 읽었습니다.

--Mr. Yun, what did you do last night?

--쉬웠습니까, 어려웠습니까? --쉬웠습니다. 최선생님은요?

--Was it easy or difficult? --It was easy. How about you, Mr. Choi?

--저는 놀았습니다. 텔레비전을 봤습니다.

--I read a Japanese book at home.

--I relaxed and watched TV.

The past tense in Korean is expressed by inserting the infix - 았 /었 - between the verb stem and the verb ending. If the preceding syllable contains the vowelㅏ or ㅗ, -았- is inserted; otherwise, -었- is inserted. verb stem + (시) + 았/었+ 습니다/어요/습니까?

When the last syllable of a verb stem contains ㅗ insert 았. or ㅏ, Otherwise,

insert 었.

놀다 (play/relax) 놀 + 았 + 습니다  놀았습니다 읽다 (read) 읽 + 었 + 습니다  읽었습니다

In addition to this rule, however, more phonetic changes occur when the verb stem ends in a vowel. Look at the following examples, one by one. 1.

가다 (go) When the stem ends in the same vowel as 가 + 았 + 습니다  갔습니다 the following vowel, one is dropped.

2.

보다 (see/watch) 보 + 았 + 습니다  봤습니다

When the vowels can be contracted, they become one syllable.

크다 (big) 크 + 었 + 습니다  컸습니다

When the stem ends in ㅡ, ㅡ is dropped.

3.

4.

하다 (do) is an irregular verb: 하 + 았 + 습니다  했습니다

하다 is the only verb among the verbs whose stems end in ㅏ that behaves in this fashion. All -하다 verbs take the same changes, e.g., 운동하다 (exercise) 운동하 + 았 + 습니다  운동했습니다

When you add the honorific marker -(으)시-, the endings are all the same.

좋 + 으시 + 었 + 습니다 읽 + 으시 + 었 + 습니다 가 + 시 + 었 + 습니다 보 + 시 + 었 + 습니다 운동하 + 시 + 었 + 습니다 

   

좋으셨습니다 읽으셨습니다 가셨습니다 보셨습니다 운동하셨습니다

Chapter 9

Korean Verbs: An Update on Verb Stems Ending in -ㅂ

Minsoo, who has never studied a foreign language, is asking Insook about language learning. --영어가 어렵습니까? --네, 어려워요.

--Is English difficult? --Yes, it's difficult.

--일본말도 어려워요? --아뇨, 일본말은 쉬워요.

--Is Japanese difficult, too?

--No, Japanese is easy.

Most verbs whose stems end in -ㅂbehave in the same way. The following is a list of such verbs.

쉽다 춥다 가깝다

어렵다 덥다 반갑다

easy cold near, close

ㅂchanges to 우 쉽 + 어요  어렵 + 어요   춥 + 어요  덥 + 어요 가깝 + 어요  반갑 + 어요 

우+어 워

쉬우어요 어려우어요 추우어요 더우어요 가까우어요 반가우어요

The stem keeps ㅂwhen a consonant follows. ㅂchanges to 우 when a vowel follows.

difficult hot glad

     

쉬워요 어려워요 추워요 더워요 가까워요 반가워요

쉽 + 습니다  쉽습니다 쉽 + 어요  쉬우어요  쉬워요

Chapter 9

"Also" and "Too" In English, "also" is an adverb. In Korean, one of "also's" equivalents is the marker, 도, which is attached to a noun or a noun phrase. When attached, any subject or object marker must be dropped. Two friends discuss travel.

--최선생´ Ô스위스에 갔다왔지요? --네.

--Mr. Choi, you've been to Switzerland, haven't you? --Yes.

--스위스에서는 독어를 써요? --네, 독어도 쓰고, 영어도 써요.

--Do they speak German in Switzerland? --Yes, they speak German, and also English.

--또 어느 나라 다녀 오셨어요? --독일에도 갔다왔어요. 거기

--Which countries have you been to besides Switzerland?

제 여동생이 있어요.

--I've also been to Germany. My sister lives there.

Generally, the rule for adding 도 is as follows: drop the 영어를 + 도 + 써요 subject/object ------- drop 를  marker. 영어도 써요 독일에 + 도 + 갔어요 retain the ------- retain 에  marker. 독일에도 갔어요

When a noun (phrase) has a subject/object marker, When a noun (phrase) has a marker other than a subject/object marker,

Chapter 10

Possessive Marker 의 The marker 의 expresses a relationship between two nouns, where the first noun possesses the second noun. The English equivalent for this form is 's or ...of.... noun 의 noun Mr. Lee asks Miss Oh about two cars parked in front of the office. --미스오, 저 빨간 차가 박선생님의 차에요? --아니오, 장선생님(의) 차에요.

--Miss Oh, is the red car Mr. Park's? --No, that's Mr. Chang's car.

--그럼 저 하얀 차는 누구 차입니까? --바로 제 차입니다.

--And whose car is the white one?

--That's my car.

Note: 의 is attached not only to a personal noun or pronoun, but also to many other nouns, as in the following passage about Korea's geography and climate. 한국은 반도국가입니다. 한국의 서쪽에는 중국이 있습니다. 동쪽에는 일본이 있습니다. 한국은 4계절이 있습니다. 한국의 기후는 뉴욕의 날씨와 같습니다.

Korea is a peninsula. To Korea's west is China. And Japan is to 그리고 한국의 Korea's east. Korea has four seasons. Korea's climate is like that of New York.

Chapter 10

Describing Things and People: II Korean stative verbs behave differently from English adjectives in that the Korean has two forms: predicate and attributive. The attributive form of a stative verb is used to describe people and things by modifying the noun it precedes. Recall that attributive forms are derived from stative verbs by adding (으)ㄴ to the verb stem.

박선생님 차가 큽니다.

(predicate adjective)

저 큰 차는 박선생님 차입니다. (attributive adjective or noun modifier)

There are several classifications of stative verbs that require additional steps to make attributive forms. 1. To make the attributive form from a verb ending in ㄹ, simply drop ㄹand add ㄴ. 2. To make the attributive form from a verb ending in ㅂ, change ㅂ into 우 and add ㄴ.

When the stem ends in ㄹ,

drop ㄹ and add ㄴ.

When the stem ends in ㅂ,

change ㅂ into ㅜ and add ㄴ.

길다  멀다  춥다  쉽다  덥다  가깝다 

 긴 길+ㄴ  먼 멀+ㄴ 추 + 우 + ㄴ  추운 쉬 + 우 + ㄴ  쉬운 더 + 우 + ㄴ  더운 가까 + 우 + ㄴ  가까운

James plans to stay in Korea for a year and asks his Korean friend about the weather. --한국의 날씨가 보통 어때요? --겨울에는 아주 추워요. 추운 지방은 영하 20도까지 내려가요. 그런데 여름은 아주 덥습니다.

--Overall, how is Korea's weather? --It's very cold in winter. In some cold regions, the temperature goes down to -20°C. But it's very hot in summer.

--저는 추운 날씨도 더운 날씨도 다 좋아요. 그런데 겨울에 눈이 많이 옵니까? --그럼요. 긴 코트를꼭 가지고 가세요.

--I like both cold and hot weather. By the way, does it snow a lot in winter? --Of course. Make sure you take a long coat.

The underlined parts in the examples above are all attributive forms of verbs ending in ㄹor ㅂ.

Chapter 11

Expressing Direction and Destination

The marker (으)로 is used to express direction or destination. When (으)로 is attached to a noun indicating direction, it is equivalent to the English word towards or the phrase in the direction of. In such case, it goes together with verbs denoting movement, such as 가다, 오다, and their compound verbs. noun + ( 으)로

A tourist asks for directions to the Korean Embassy. --한국 대사관 어떻게 갑니까? . --바로 이쪽으로 곧장 가세요 --그럼, 한인 회관은 어디 있어요? --한국 대사관 근처에 있어요 한국 대사관에서 오른쪽으로 가세요.

--How can I get to the Korean Embassy? --Just go straight in this direction. --Then, where is the Korean Community Center? --It's near the Korean Embassy. Turn to the right at the Embassy.

한국말은 (Linguistic Note): 쪽, which is a noun meaning side or direction, is normally combined with (으)로 indicating in the direction of. 쪽 is also used with the demonstrative words 이, 그, 저. When used in conjunction with 가다 and 오다, 쪽 is generally combined with (으)로.

When a noun ends in a consonant other than ㄹ,

add 으로.

When a noun ends in a vowel or the consonant ㄹ,

add 로.

동쪽 + 으로  동쪽으로 경찰서 + 로  경찰서로 서울 + 로

 서울로

Chapter 11

Stating One's Role or Status

The expression of a person's role or status is indicated by the marker (으)로(서). When (으)로(서) is attached directly to a noun, it is equivalent to the English as, in the capacity of. noun + (으)로(서) Two people are getting acquainted at a Korean Community Center. --미스민, 미국에 어떻게 오셨어요? --저는 유학생으로 왔어요. 박선생님은 어떻게 오셨어요?

--Miss Min, what brings you to the United States? --I'm here as a student. How about yourself, Mr. Park?

--나는 대우지사 주재원으로 왔어요.

--I'm here as an employee at the Dae

Woo plant.

When a noun ends in a consonant other than ㄹ,

add 으로 (서).

유학생 + 으로(서)  유학생으로(서 )

When a noun ends in a vowel and the consonant ㄹ,

add 로 (서).

아버지 + 로(서)

 아버지로서

딸 + 로(서)

 딸로(서)

Chapter 11

Expressing "Wanting" or "Wishing" To express wishes or desires, -고 싶다 is used with action verbs. This form is the equivalent of the English I want to..., I'd like to.... Two acquaintances discuss the upcoming weekend. --미스터박, 이번 주말에 뭐 하고 싶으세요? --저 영화 보고 싶습니다. 미스신은 뭐 하고 싶어요?

--Mr. Park, what would you like to do this weekend? --I'd like to go to the movies. What do you want to do, Ms. Shin?

--저는 볼링하고 싶습니다.

--I want to go bowling.

-고 싶다 is regularly used in the first and second persons, as in the examples above. It is not used in the third person, however; another form, -고 싶어하다, is used when talking about someone else's wishes or desires. The following passage is Mr. Yoo's weekend plan. --미스터 유, 이번 주말에는 등산

--Mr. Yoo, aren't you going

안 갑니까? --못 갑니다. 이번에는 바닷가에 가요. 우리 아이들이 바다에서 수영을 하고 싶어 해요.

hiking this weekend? --I can't. I'm going to go to the beach. My kids want to swim

in the ocean.

1st, 2nd person (subject) 3rd person (subject)

action verb stem + 고 싶다 action verb stem + 고 싶어하다

Chapter 12

Identifying Givers and Receivers of Actions Mrs. Han is talking to Mr. Park: --어제 뉴욕에서 전화가 왔어요. --누구에게서요? --제 남동생 영수한테서요. 다음 주 토요일이 우리 영수 생일이에요. 그래서 (so) 오늘 아침에 카드하고 생일 선물을 영수한테 보냈어요. --선물로 뭐를 동생에게 보냈어요? --스웨터요.

--Yesterday, I got a call from New York. --From whom? --From my younger brother, Youngsoo. Next Saturday is his birthday, so I sent him a gift and a card this morning. --What did you send (to) him? --A sweater.

To and from a location is expressed by 에 and 에서. The markers expressing to and from (a person) are as follows:

to (a person) from (a person)

colloquial 한테 한테서

formal 에게 에게서

Sometimes a Korean verb and its English counterpart do not have the same grammatical requirements, as in the case of this feature. For example, in English, an indirect object is the person who is indirectly affected by the action indicated by the verb, and usually answers the question to whom? or for whom? A

B

• Michelle asked the teacher (her) a question.

• Michelle asked a question to the teacher (to her).

• Alex gave Stacey and Natalie (them) a

• Alex gave a tennis lesson to Stacey and Natalie (to them).

tennis lesson.

In both columns A and B, the underlined nouns and pronouns function as indirect objects of the verbs. The difference between the two sets is only on the surface, and is a question of English word order, i.e., the placement of the direct object within the sentence. This concept in English is helpful in acquiring an accurate application of this grammar feature in Korean, because the Korean equivalents--한테 and 에게-always appear in a sentence.

Chapter 12

Expressing a Series of Actions or Qualities Mr. Han asks Mr. Park about his store. --박선생님, 가게를 언제 열고 닫습니까? --보통 아침 9시에 열고 밤 10시에 닫아요. 그런데 오늘은 11시에 열고 8시에 닫아요.

--Mr. Park, when do you open and close the store? --I usually open at 9:00 in the morning and close at 10:00 at night. However, today, I opened at 11:00 and will close at 8:00.

--그런데, 가게가 크고 밝고 좋습니다. --뭘요.

--By the way, the store is big, bright, and nice. --Thank you.

In English, when you want to connect two clauses or words in a series, connecting words such as "and" are used. Since Korean sentences and clauses end with a verb, the verb of the first clause takes a connective ending, -고, before the second clause begins. This ending is generally translatable into English as ...and, as in enumerating a series of actions, conditions, qualities, etc.

한국말은 (Linguistic Note): There are two important points to remember when using -고.

1. When two clauses are connected, tense is nomally expressed in the final verb of a sentence. For example, 어제는 10시에 열고, 6시에 닫았습니다, Yesterday, they opened at 10:00 and closed at 6:00. 2. -고 normally is not used when the verb of the first clause expresses a movement or posture, e.g., 가다, 오다, 앉다, etc. Instead, -서 is used for sequential actions. For example, 집에 가서 저녁 먹었습니다, I went home and ate dinner.

Chapter 12

How to Offer and Request Assistance and Services Miss Choi asks an unwilling Mr. Hwang to help her with the windows. --황선생님, 저 좀 도와 주시겠어요? --네, 뭐에요?

--Mr. Hwang, would you help me?

--이 창문 좀 닫아 주세요. --네, 닫아 드리겠습니다.

--Please close this window. --Okay, I'll do it.

--Yes. What is it?

--저 창문 두개는 열어 주세요. --네, ¿? î 드리겠습니다.

--And please open those two. --Yes, I will.

--감사합니´ Ù.

--Thank you.

When you ask someone to do something or when you offer your help, 주다/드리다, give, is added after the main verb with the -어/아 ending, denoting the action itself. verb stem + 아/어 주다/드리다 When the last syllable of a verb stem contains the vowels ㅗ or ㅏ , When the last syllable of a verb stem contains a vowel other than ㅗ or ㅏ .

add 아 주다/드리다.

닫 + 아 주다  닫아 주다 + 아 드리다  닫아 드리다

add 어 주다/드리다.

열 + 어 주다  열어 주다 + 어 드리다  열어 드리다

The difference between 주다 and 드리다, give, is that the latter is an honorific verb. Chapter 13

Making Suggestions Insook and Junho are making plans for the weekend:

--인숙씨 이번 주말에 산호세에 같이 갑시다. 한국 식당에도 가고, 한국서점에도 갑시다. 어때요? --아주 좋아요.

--Insook, let's go to San Jose this weekend. Let's go to a Korean restaurant, and a Korean bookstore. What do you think? --Great.

--그럼 10시에 학교에서 만나십시다. --네.

--Then let's meet at school at ten o'clock.

--OK.

Making suggestions, as in the English "Let's...," is accomplished in Korean by adding (으)ㅂ시다 to the verb stem. The honorific infix can be inserted to make it polite, as in 만나십시다, "Let's meet." verb stem + ((으) 시) + ㅂ시다

When a verb stem ends in a vowel, When a verb stem ends in a consonant,

add ㅂ시다. add 읍시다.

가다 가 + ㅂ시다  갑시다 읽다 읽 + 읍시다  읽읍시다

For negation -지 맙시다 is used.

•

일본 식당에 가지 맙시다.

Let's not go to the Japanese restaurant.

There is another meaning of this grammar structure, as in the English "Let me...." The difference between these two usages is clear from the situation. A customer points to a book in a bookstore:

• 그책 좀 봅시다.

Let me look at that book.

한국말은: Although this grammar feature is acceptable when addressing friends, siblings, and subordinates, its use is considered improper when speaking to an elder or a superior. In the latter cases, acceptable protocol may include stating your intent (e.g., 저, 식당에 가요. 같이 가시겠습니까?), which could be interpreted more as an invitation.

Chapter 13

Expressing the Means of Doing Things Mr. Yoon talks to Jane about his brother's visit. --오늘 공항에 가요. --누가 와요?

--I'm going to the airport today. --Is someone coming?

--형님이 워싱톤에서 비행기로 와요. --공항까지 뭐로 가요? 지하철로 가요?

--My brother's coming from Washington by plane. --How are you going to get to the airport? By subway?

--아뇨, 제 트럭으로 가겠어요.

--No, I'll go in my truck.

The postposition -(으)로 means to or toward. The same element attached to a noun expresses a means by which something is done. It can roughly be rendered in English as by, with, or in. For example:

• 비행기로 가요. • 연필로 써요. • 한국어를 한국말로 가르쳐요.

I'm going by plane. I'm writing with a pencil.

I'm teaching Korean in Korean.

noun + (으)로

When a noun ends in a vowel or in ㄹ, When a noun ends in other consonants,

add 로.

비행기 (plane) + 로  비행기로 지하철 (subway) + 로  지하철로

add 으로.

트럭 (truck) + 으로

 트럭으로 Chapter 13

Expressing Your Future Intentions Jane invites both Mr. Yoon and his brother to dinner. --오늘 저녁에 형님하고 저희 집에 오세요. 제가 저녁을 준비하지요. 6시까지 오세요.

--Please come to my house this evening. I'II make dinner. Come by six o'clock.

--아! 고맙습니다. 6시까지 가지요. --그 시간에는 교통이 복잡해요. 조금 일찍 출발하세요. --네, 그러지요.

--Oh, thank you! We'll be there by six o'clock. --The traffic at that hour is terrible. Please start a little bit early.

--OK, we will.

Stating one's intentions is accomplished using -겠-. Another verb form frequently used to express the speaker's intention is -지요, which is added to the verb stem. verb stem + 지요 Chapter 14

Eliciting Recommendations: “Shall We...?” One of the basic characteristics of the Korean language is the use of varied verb endings to convey meaning. These indicate, among other things, the intent of the speaker or writer, whether it be to make a statement, a question, a request, or a suggestion. statement

한국식당에 갑니다/가요.

question

한국식당에 갑니까?/가요?

request

한국식당에 가(십)시오/가(세)요.

suggestion

한국식당에 갑시다/가요.

Another way of making recommendations is to add -(으)ㄹ까요? to a verb stem. (으)ㄹ까요? is equivalent to Shall we...? or Shall I...? in English. It is somewhat less direct or assertive than "verb stem + (으)ㅂ시다." -(으)ㄹ까요? basically functions as a question, as the question mark indicates. This form, however, indicates various meanings, as in the following examples:

Miss Oh invites Mr. Nam to lunch. --남선생님, 우리 점심 식사 같이 할까요? --좋습니다. --그럼, 우리 중국식당 갈까요? --중국식당이요? 거기는 너무 멀어요. ° ” î 한국식당에 갑시다.

--Mr. Nam, shall we have lunch together? --Good idea. --Well, shall we go to a Chinese restaurant? --Chinese restaurant? It's too far from here. Let's go to the Korean restaurant near here.

When a sentence subject is "we," -(으)ㄹ까요? is used to imply the speaker's suggestion of doing something together, as seen above. Mr. Yang asks Ms. Park about her dining preferences. --미스 박, 우리 뭐 먹을까요? --생선찌개 어때요?

--Ms. Park, what shall we have? --How about fish stew?

--좋습니다. 그럼, 음료수는 뭘로 마실까요? --맥주가 좋겠어요.

--Well, what shall we drink? --Beer would be fine.

The example above illustrates a different function of -(으)ㄹ까요?: simple inquiry. When question words such as 무엇, 언제, 어디, or ´ ㈀¸ are involved, -(으)ㄹ까요? functions as a simple question. Mr. Kang asks Mr. Choi for permission. --제가 음식을 시킬까요? --네, 그러세요.

--Shall I order the food? --Please, do so.

--맥주도 좀 시킬까요? --아닙니다. 저는 술은 안 합니다.

--Shall I also order beer? --No, I don't drink.

When a sentence subject is "I," -(으)ㄹ까요? has another function: asking permission or making a confirmation of a listener's wish. Note: If the subject is "we," as in the examples below, 시 may be added to show respect for the listener.

• 하 + 시 + ㄹ 까요? ------->하실까요? (Shall we have...?) • 가 + 시 + ㄹ까요? ------->가실까요? (Shall we go?)

verb stem + (으)ㄹ까요?

When a verb stem ends in a consonant,

add

When a verb stem ends in a vowel,

add

먹 + 을까요

 먹을까요?

을까요? ㄹ까요?

마시 + ㄹ 까요 마실까요?

Chapter 14

Expressing “Only” 도 is equivalent to the adverb also in English. 만 is equivalent to only or just. Like 도, it is normally placed after nouns or noun phrases. Two friends discuss ordering in a restaurant. --박하사, 우리 맥주 시킬까요? --아닙니다. 저는 집에서만 술을 마십니다. --그럼, 음식만 시키세요. --네, 그러죠.

--Shall we order some beer, Mr. Park? --No, I only drink at home. --Well, just order some food for yourself. --OK, I think I will.

noun (phrase) + 만

When a noun (phrase) drop the subject/ has a subject/object marker, object marker and add 만. When a noun (phrase) has either drop or retain a marker other than a the marker and add subject/object marker, 만.

음식을 + 만 + 시키다 .........drop 을.......... 음식만 시키세요 집에서+ 만 + 마시다 .........retain 에서 집에서만 마십니다.

Chapter 14

Making "Nouns" from Verbs (Gerunds) The following passage is Mr. Adams's account of his experience learning Korean:

저는 요즈음 한국말을 배웁니다. 한국말은 아주 재미À 윱求Ù. 그런데, 말하기는 쉽고, 듣기는 좀 어렵습니다.

These days, I'm learning Korean. Korean is very interesting. By the way, speaking is easy and listening is a little difficult.

In the examples above, notice the underlined "-ing" words. In English, words ending in -ing can function both as verbs and nouns.

As a verb, an "-ing" word is called a present participle and is mostly used with the verb be: "I am learning Korean." When used as a noun (e.g., a subject, an object), the "-ing" word is called a gerund: "Speaking is easy and listening is a little difficult." In this example, the two gerunds are functioning as the subjects of the sentence. In Korean, gerunds are formed by attaching 기 to a verb stem. Since the Korean language recognizes both action and stative verbs, gerunds may both indicate activity (action verbs) or a state of being (stative verbs). This chapter will focus mainly on gerunds formed from action verbs. verb stem + 기 Chapter 14

Pronunciation vs. Written Hangul Hangul spelling does not always correspond to the way words and phrases are pronounced. This is nothing unique to Korean, however. Korean actually has a higher ratio of "what you see is what you get" pronunciation than does English. In this section, you will learn some important features of Korean pronunciation. You need only learn the spelling while remembering the keys to proper pronunciation. The following examples in context focus on this phenomenon. Read them aloud as you go along. Chapter 14

A. Consonant shifting Normally, when pronouncing the combination of two syllables--a syllable ending in a consonant followed by a syllable beginning in a vowel--the result sounds as if the consonant at the end of the first syllable were shifted to the beginning of the second. For example: --어디 가십니까? --음식점에 갑니다.

--Where are you going? --I'm off to the restaurant.

You will notice that the underlined phrase above is pronounced as if it were written 음식저메.

Here is another example of the same phenomenon. --이쪽으로 앉으세요. --감사합니다.

--Please sit over here. --Thank you.

This underlined phrase is pronounced as if it were written 안즈세요.

Chapter 14

B. The consonant ㅎ Normally, ㅎis not pronounced when placed between two vowels. --오늘 어때요? --아주 좋아요.

--How are you today? --I'm feeling great.

Notice that the underlined portion is pronounced as if spelled 조아요. When ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, and ㅈ are preceded or followed by ㅎ, they become strongly aspirated, as are the consonants ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ, and ㅊ. --백화점에 어떻게 갑니까? --이리 곧장 가세요.

--How do I get to the department store? --Go straight down this way.

Notice that 백화점 is pronounced as if spelled 배콰점, 어떻게 as if spelled 어떠케. A similar phenomenon occurs when ㅎis preceded by ㅅ. The resulting combination is pronounced as ㅌ. --이번주말에 시내구경할까요? --아니오. 나는 못 합니다.

--Shall we see the sights downtown this weekend? --No, I can't (can't go).

The underlined portion of the response sounds as if written 모 탑니다.

Chapter 14

C. The pronunciation of 같이 ㅌbefore 이 is pronounced like ㅊ. The resulting pronunciation is 치. --같이 갈까요? --네, 그러지요.

--Shall we go together? --Yes, let's do that.

The first speaker's question sounds like 가치 갈까요?

Chapter 14

D. The peculiar case of ㄹ

At the end of a syllable, ㄹ is pronounced like the English "l," as in "nail." --내일 뭐 합니까? --매일 공부합니다.

--What are you doing tomorrow? --I study every day.

ㄹ is pronounced like "r" when followed by a vowel (and is shifted to the next syllable). --서울은 어때요? --아주 좋아요.

--How about Seoul? --It's great.

The underlined portion is pronounced as if it were written 서우른.

ㄹ is pronounced like ㄴ when preceded by another consonant (other than another ㄹor ㄴ). --뭐 마시겠습니까? --음료수를 마시겠습니다.

--What will you have to drink, sir? --I'd like a soda.

In the response, 음료수 is pronounced as if it were spelled 음뇨수.

ㄹ and ㄴ in combination (ㄹ+ ㄴ or ㄴ+ ㄹ) are pronounced much the same as the English "ll" combination in words such as "willing." --내일 저한테 연락하세요. --그러지요.

--Please contact me tomorrow. --But of course.

Thus, 연락 is pronounced 열락.

Chapter 15

Expanded Use of Attributive Verb Forms Stative verbs are not limited to the predicate of a given sentence and that their attributive forms perform a function similar to that of English adjectives. The following sentences illustrate this concept.

저 가게는 물건이 아주 쌉니다. The items are very inexpensive in that store. predicate predicate 거기는 싼 물건이 많습니다. attributive

There are many inexpensive items in that store. attributive

When a stative or an action verb takes one of its attributive forms, it is very often part of a clause--a group of words containing a subject and a verb. A clause may be of two general types: 1) an independent or main clause, which can stand alone as a

sentence, and 2) a dependent clause, which cannot stand alone. Korean verbs in their attributive forms are often part of dependent clauses that serve much the same function as the English relative clause.

Chapter 15

Anticipated Actions The attributive ending, -(으)ㄹimplies an expected or anticipated action. Look at the following examples of its use. --오상병, 내일 동양 박물관에 갑시다. --내일은 안돼요. 할 일이 많아요. 그리고 우리 집에 누가 오십니다. --내일 오실 분이 누구십니까? 우리 모두 같이 갑시다. --아, 좋습니다. 거기는 볼 것이 많아요.

--Corporal Oh, let's go to the Asian museum tomorrow. --I can't go tomorrow. I have a lot of things to do. Also, I have someone coming over. --Who's the person coming tomorrow? Let's all go together. --Good idea. There's a lot to see.

Note: In the sentences above, the underlined portions could easily be reworded to create a "visible" clause in English. For example, "Who is the person coming tomorrow?" could be made to read "Who is the person who is coming tomorrow?" English equivalents of "verb stem + (으)ㄹ" is often given as to do, to go, to eat, etc.; however, while Korean sentences have the same consistent pattern, as in the following example, English translations may vary.

• 할 것 and 할 일 = Something... ...to do ...to be done ...that one must do ...expected to be done

한국말은:

An attributive form in Korean must always precede the noun

modified.

• 학교에서 배울 것이 많아요. There are many things to learn in school. attributive + noun

• 갈 사람이 많이 있어요? attributive + noun

noun + attributive Are there many people who are going? noun + attributive

action verb stem + (으)ㄹ

When a verb stem ends in a consonant, When a verb stem ends in a vowel,

add 을.

사진 찍 + 을  사진 찍을

add ㄹ.

보+ㄹ볼

Chapter 15

Expressing a Sequence of Actions 고 is used to join clauses, as in the following. --형님은 지금 뭐 하세요? --대학을 졸업하고 지금 회사에서 일합니다.

--What does your brother do now? --My brother graduated from college and now works for a firm

(아/어)서 (and; and then) is used to link two clauses that share the same subject and are sequential, e.g., a movement or motion expressed in the first clause occurs before the action expressed in the second.

The following is a description of E-4 Parker's morning routine.

파커상병은 매일 아침 5시에 일어나서 커피를 마시고 5시 30분에 체육관에 갑니다. 6시 반 쯤에는 기숙사에 돌아와서 샤워를 합니다. 그 다음에 식당에 가서 아침 식사를 합니다.

Every morning at 5:00 a.m. E-4 Parker gets up and has some coffee. At 5:30 he goes to the gymnasium. At about 6:30, he comes back to the barracks and showers. After that, he goes to the dining facility and has breakfast.

Movement, motion, and posture are expressed in a clause with verbs such as 가다, go, 오다, come, 일어나다, rise, or 돌다, turn, which occur prior to the action expressed in the subsequent clause. Note: 고 (and not 어서) is used to connect clauses that contain different subjects when a sequence of actions is not implied. 나는 박물관에 가고, 그분은 화랑에 갔습니다.

I went to the museum and he went to the gallery.

action verb stem + (아/어)서

When the last syllable of a verb stem contains the vowels 오 or 아, When a verb stem ends in any other vowel,

add 아서.

앉 + 아서  앉아서

add 어서.

서 + 어서  서서

Chapter 15

Counting Objects Using "Counters" Note the following counters:

한 명/분 한잔 한병 한살

one person a cup of a bottle of one year old

For counting some objects, Korean speakers often use counters after the number. In this chapter you will see three commonly used counter words: 개, 대, and 장. Changes occur in the pronunciation of some numbers when counters are used. The first four numbers, 하나, 둘, 셋, and 넷, lose their final sounds when placed before a counter. 하나, 둘,셋, and 넷 are pronounced 한, 두, 세, and 네.

number in isolation number + counter

하나 둘 셋 넷

   

차한+대 차두+대 차세+대 차네+대

(1 car) (2 cars) (3 cars) (4 cars)

A customer and a proprietor talk in a fruit market. --이 사과 얼마입니까? --한 개 1000원입니다.

--How much are these apples? --They are 1000 won each.

--그럼 이거 열 개만 주세요. --네, 여기 있습니다.

--Give me 10. --Here you are.

When you use a number-counter phrase with a noun, the proper sequence is:

noun + number + counter

Another counter, 대, is used when counting modes of transportation (cars, trucks, planes) and many different electronic items (TVs, cameras, telephones, computers, etc.). 장 is used in counting tickets and (sheets of) papers. Kisoo talks about preparations for her class outing.

어제 우리반 학생 열 명이 샌프란시스코에 갔습니다. 자동차 두 대로 갔습니다. 저는 거기서 그림엽서 두 장을 샀습니다. 한 장은 제 남자 친구한테 보내고 또 한 장은 우리 어머니한테 보냈습니다.

Yesterday ten of our classmates went to San Francisco. We went there in two cars. I bought two post cards there. I sent one to my boyfriend and the other one to my mother.

Chapter 16

Expressing Negation: An Expansion

Junho and Mina are talking about last weekend. --미나씨, 지난 주말에 집에 갔습니까? --아뇨, 집에 가지 않았어요. 기숙사에서 공부했어요. 준호씨는 집에 가셨어요?

--Mina, did you go home last weekend? --No, I didn't. I studied in the dorm. Did you go home?

--아뇨, 저도 가지 않았습니다. --No, I didn't either. I went downtown and had some fun. 시내에 나가서 놀았습니다. --뭐 하셨어요? 영화 구경하셨어요? --What did you do? Did you see a movie? --아뇨, 영화 구경하지 ¾刻努윱 刻努윱求Ù. 백화점에서 쇼핑했습니다.

--No, I didn't. I went shopping at a department store.

Action and stative verbs may be negated using 안, e.g., 안갑니다, "I'm not going," 안바빠요, "I'm not busy." Another form of negation is: "verb stem + 지 않다." verb stem + 지 않다 The infix -았/었-, which usually denotes the past, and the infix -겠-, which typically expresses the speaker's intention, come after -지 않-. -(으)시-, however, may be attached either after the main verb stem or after the negative verb stem 않-, or at the same time.

• 가지 않았습니다. • 가지 않겠습니다. • 가지 않으십니다. • 가시지 않습니다. • 가시지

I didn't go. I won't go.

He's not going. 않으십니다.

Chapter 16

Expressing Experimentation and Experience Junho and Mina are talking about going to San Francisco.

--준호씨, 샌프란시스코에 가 보셨어요? --아뇨, 아직 안 가 봤습니다.

--Junho, have you been to San Francisco? --No, I haven't.

--그럼, 한 번 가 보세요. 저는 지난 달에 가 봤어요. 구경할 데가 아주 많아요. 언제 다시 한 번 가고 싶어요. --그래요? 그럼 한 번 같이 갈까요?

--Then, you should go there. I was there last month. There are lots of places to see. Someday, I want to go back again. --Really? Then, shall we go together?

--네, 그러죠.

--OK, let's do that.

In Korean, adding 아/어 보다 to an action verb stem serves to express two different concepts, depending on the context. One is that of trying something (to see how it turns out or to see if it can be done). The other is that of having experienced a particular activity in the past. 아/어 보다 is frequently used as a function of etiquette in imperative sentences because it implies that the listener has the option to refuse the speaker's suggestion. All verb infixes you have learned to this point may be used with this structure (e.g., 겠, 시, 았/었), both in statements and in questions.

action verb stem + 아/어 보다

The same rules that apply to linking the informal verb ending 아요/어요 to verb stems also determine the selection of -아 or -어 in this construction, e.g., 아 when the final verb vowel is 아 or 오, and 어 for all other vowels as well as irregular changes, e.g., 하다  해 보다. Chapter 16

Expressing Movements with Destinations Junho is asking Insook about a recent trip. --인숙씨, 어서 들어 오세요. 어디 갔다 오셨습니까? --저요? 저는 뉴욕에 갔다 왔어요. 어제 돌아 왔어요.

--Insook, please come in. Where have you been? --Me? I've been to New York. I came back yesterday.

--그래요? 재미있었습니까? --네, 여기 저기 많이 돌아 다녔어요.

--Oh, really? Was it fun? --Yes, I visited so many places.

In English, verb phrases such as "come in," "go out," and "walk around" express movement with a destination or direction, and in, out, and around indicate the direction of the movement. In Korean, verbs such as 오다, 가다, or 다니다 are added

to other verbs to indicate the direction of movement. As you saw in Chapter 11 with 이민오다, immigrate and 이민가다, emigrate, 오다 and 가다 indicate direction in relation to the speaker's location: When the action or movement is toward the speaker, 오다 is used; when the action or movement is away from the speaker, 가다 is used. Note these examples.

first verb 가다 오다 다니다 돌다 돌¾튼〈Ù 돌아오다 돌아 다니다 turn return; go back return; come back go (wander) around 들다 들어 가다 들어 오다 enter go in come in 찾다 찾아 가다 찾아 오다 찾아 다니다 find/seek (go to) visit (come to) visit look around (for)

action verb stem + 아/어 가다/오다/다니다

Verbs which can be used as the first verb in this construction are limited. Choosing -아 or -어 in this construction is governed by the same rules used in the previous construction, "verb stem + 아/어 보다."

Chapter 17

Extended Use of Attributive Verb Forms: II The attributive ending (으)ㄹindicates an expected or pending action.

• 오늘 할 일은 이겁니다. These are the things to do for today.

Another attributive ending, (으)ㄴ, implies a completed action. Minsoo and Jinhwa are talking about a Korean restaurant. --지난 토요일에 간 한국 음식점 어때요? --괜찮았어요.

--How was the Korean restaurant you went to last Saturday? --It was OK.

--거기 뭐가 맛있어요?

--What do they have that's good?

--제가 먹은 것은 불고기였어요. 저하고 같이 간 친구는 돼지 갈비 시켰는데요. 그것도 맛있었어요.

--What I ate was barbequed beef. A friend who went with me ordered pork ribs. That was good, too.

action verb stem + (으) ㄴ¤

When a verb stem ends in a consonant, When a verb stem ends in a vowel,

add 은. add ㄴ.

먹다 먹 + 은  먹은 가다 가+ㄴ  간

The Korean attributive behaves much like a relative clause in English.

지난 토요일에 간 음식점

the restaurant that you went to last Saturday

제가 먹은 것

the thing that I ate

저하고 같이 간 친구

the friend who went there with me

Chapter 17

Expressing Possibility Minsoo and Jinhwa discuss a trip to Los Angeles. --진화 씨, 로스앤젤레스에 같이 갈 수 있어요? --네, 갈 수 있어요.

--Jinhwa, can you go to LA with me?

--비행기로 갈까요? --저 비행기 타기 싫어요. 차로 갑시다.

--Shall we go by plane? --I hate to fly. Let's go by car.

--거기까지 운전할 수 있어요? --그럼요.

--Yes, I can.

--Can you drive all the way there? --Sure.

In Korean, adding (으)ㄹ수 있다 to a verb stem expresses possibility or capability. verb stem + (으)ㄹ+ 수 있다

When a verb stem ends in a consonant, When a verb stem ends in a vowel,

add 을 수 있다. add ㄹ 수 있다.

먹다 먹 + 을 + 수 있다 가다 가 + ㄹ+ 수 있다

 먹을 수 있다  갈 수 있다

This feature is negated by replacing 있다 with 없다. Literally, the two verb phrases mean There's a possiblility of.../There's no possibility of.... The most common English equivalents, however, are can (do) or cannot do.... Chapter 17

Asking and Stating the Names of Objects James asks Minsoo about Korean kinship terms: --"Uncle"을 한국말로 뭐라고 해요? --한국말로 큰아버지 또는 작은 아버지라고 해요. 또 삼촌, 외삼촌이라고도 해요.

--How do you say "uncle" in Korean? --We call "uncle" 큰아버지 or 작은 아버지. We also say 삼촌 or 외삼촌.

--누굴 큰아버지라고 해요?

--Whom do you call 큰아버지?

--아버지의 형님을 큰아버지라고 해요.

--We call our father's older brother 큰아버지.

Asking or stating the name of an object or person is accomplished by using the following construction: object + 을/를 + name + (이)라고 하다

When a noun (name) ends in a consonant, When a noun (name) ends in a vowel,

add 이라고 하다. add 라고 하다.

외삼촌 외삼촌 + 이라고 하다 큰아버지 큰아버지 + 라고하다

Chapter 18

Expressing Comparison

In English, there are several ways to make comparative adjectives: by adding -er to an adjective, as in tall-taller; by placing more before an adjective as in more beautiful; or by using a different word, as in good-better, bad-worse. In Korean, these comparative expressions are uniformly made by placing 더, more, before an adjective or adverb. --불고기 좀 더 갖다드릴까요?

--Shall I bring some more bulgoki?

--네, 더 갖다주세요.

--Yes, please bring some more.

When comparing two or more things or people, the item used as the basis of the contrast takes -보다, which functions similarly to the English word than. Two people discuss their color preferences. --이 곤색 양복 색깔이 어때요? --괜찮아요. 그런데, 박 선생님 한테는 회색이 곤색보다 더 잘 맞아요. --그래요? 저는 어두운 색깔을 밝은 색깔보다 더 좋아해요.

--How does this navy blue suit strike you? --It's fine, but gray is more becoming on you than navy blue. --Really? I like the dark colors more than the bright ones.

Note that -보다 is attached to the person or object compared; thus, the order of the two nouns compared has no effect on meaning. The word order of the two compared nouns is reversed in the following sentences and conveys the same meaning as the example above.

•

박선생한테는 곤색보다 회색이 더 잘 맞아요.

•

밝은 색깔보다 어두운 색깔을 더 좋아해요.

Gray is more becoming on you than navy blue. I like dark colors more than bright

ones.

Note: 1. When compared objects are understood in the context, the compared nouns and -보다 are frequently omitted. --어느 치마가 더 예쁩니까? --저는 이 회색 치마가 더 예뻐요.

--Which skirt is prettier? --I believe this gray skirt is prettier.

2. 더 is often omitted in colloquial speeches.

•

우리 언니가 저보다 (더) 날씬해요.

My sister is thinner than I.

•

미시시피강이 한강보다 (더) 깁니다.

The Mississippi River is longer than the Han River.

한국말은: 보다 may also serve as an equivalent to terms such as rather than or instead of in English, especially when one action is chosen or preferred over another.

• 내일은 잠바보다 양복을 입읍시다. Let's wear suits rather than windbreakers tomorrow. Let's wear sneakers instead of street shoes.

• 구두보다 운동화를 신읍시다.

Chapter 18

Expressing Superlatives 제일 means first, number one, or most.

--이 소령님, 무슨 색깔을 제일 좋아하십니까? --저는 주황색을 제일 좋아해요.

--Major Lee, what color do you like most? --I like orange best.

As the example above shows, 제일 is used to express superlatives. When three or more items are compared, the superlative expresses the "the greatest degree." Note the following examples of the superlative in English: tall beautiful good

taller more beautiful better

(the) tallest (the) most beautiful (the) best

The following passage about different types of cars illustrates the superlative as well as comparative expressions in Korean. 벤츠가 토요다보다 더 비싸요. 그리고 토요다보다 렉서스가 더 비싸요. 그중에서 벤츠가 제일 비싸요.

Benzes are more expensive than Toyotas. And Toyotas are more expensive than Lexuses. Among these, Benzes are (the) most expensive.

Note:

중에서, among, is often used in conjunction with 제일/가장. When the compared items are understood from context, 중에서, along with the items, can be omitted, as in the following example. Naturally, a superlative accompanies -에서 to illustrate where an item is the greatest. The following passage describes a shoe store. 아담스씨는 양화점 주인입니다. 아담스씨의 양화점은 이 동네에서 큽니다. 그리고 구두도 제일 잘 만듭니다.

Mr. Adams owns a shoe store. His shoe store is the largest in this town. 제일 And theirs are the best-made shoes.

Chapter 18

Expressing an Action in Progress Expressing an ongoing action, or one which otherwise is in progress, is accomplished in English through the use of the present progressive, the construction of which may be expressed as "is + verb + ing" (e.g., Chester is eating his lunch. I am washing my car. Myrtle and Reba are playing with their sister, Lulu.). The equivalent meaning in Korean is achieved by adding 고 있다 to an action verb stem.

action verb stem + 고 있다

Two people are talking on the phone. --미스장, 지금 뭐하고 있어요? --저 빵 만들고 있어요. 우리집에 놀러오세요.

--Miss Chang, what are you doing? --I'm baking bread. Come on over.

--좋아요. 그런데 Á Ý 제가 전화 기다리고 있어요. 전화받고 곧

--Good idea. By the way, I'm waiting for a call. I'll go over as soon as I'm

가겠어요.

done on the phone.

To express a past action in progress, 았/었 is added to 있다. This is illustrated in the following example, where Miss Ko is entertaining several house guests. --미스고, 왜 빨리 안 오세요? 모두 기다리고 있어요. --미안합니다. 부엌에서 디저트 좀 준비하고 있었어요.

--Miss Ko, what's keeping you? We're all waiting for you in here. --Sorry, I was preparing dessert in the kitchen.

한국말은: When speaking to or referring to one's superior, 계시다 may be used in place of 있다.

• 오늘은 이 소장이 집에서 쉬고 있어요. • 오늘은 이 소장님이 댁에서 쉬고 계십니다.

\ /

MG Lee is resting at home today.

Chapter 18

Seeking Agreement the ending -지요 is used to show intention. --이 일을 누가 하시겠습니까? --제가 하지요.

--Who's going to do this? --I'll do it.

Another function of -지요 is to solicit the listener's agreement, similar to the way English speakers use "tag questions," such as "Don't you?" "Isn't he?" etc. ("You're going to class, aren't you?"). In Korean simply add -지요 to the stem of the main (final) verb. A rising tone of voice (-지요  ) at the end of the sentence provides a clue to the listener that the speaker expects a response. Ms. Shin and Mr. Han have a conversation in their office. --한선생님은 어두운 색깔을 좋아하시지요? --아니오, 저는 밝은 색을 좋아해요. 미스신도 밝은 색을 자주 입지요?

--Mr. Han, you like dark colors don't you? --No, I like bright colors. You often wear bright-colored clothes, don't you?

--네, 밝은 색 중에서도 주황색을 제일 좋아합니다.

--Yes, and among bright colors, I like orange the most.

한국말은: -지요 has another function: it is also used to express suggestions. --회의 시간이 됐어요. 빨리 가시지요 --It's time for the meeting. We'd better get going. --벌써 그렇게 됐어요? --Is it that time already? --참, 노트하고 연필도 가지고 가시지요.

--Say, let's take some pads and pencils, too.

Chapter 19

Extended Use of Attributive Verb Forms: III The attributive ending -(으)ㄹimplies an expected or pending action and/or condition.

• 이 부근에는 별로 갈 데가 없어요.

There's no place to go around here.

The attributive ending -(으)ㄴ indicates a completed action or condition.

• 지난 주말에 간 식당은 너무 멀어요. The restaurant that I went to last weekend is too far away. The attributive ending -는 implies an ongoing or habitual action.

action verb stem + 는

Yoon-hi and Kisu are talking at the post office.

--윤희 씨, 이리 오세요. 우리도 줄을 섭시다. --네. 그런데, 오늘 기다리는 사람이 많군요!

--Yoon-hi, come here. Let's stand in line. --OK. You know, there certainly is a crowd of people waiting today.

--다음 일요일이 어버이날입니다. 그래서 한국에 소포를 부치는 사람들도 많고, 편지를 보내는 사람들도 많아요. --아! 그렇군요. 그런데 기수씨, 어머니한테 카드 보냈어요?

--Next Sunday's Parents' Day. So, there are a lot of people mailing parcels and sending letters to Korea.

--네, 어제 보냈어요.

--Yes, I sent one yesterday.

--Oh, that's right. By the way, did you send a card to your mother?

As illustrated in the English version of the conversation, the phrases "people waiting" and "people mailing parcels and sending letters" are used in place of the relative clauses "People who are waiting." "People who are mailing parcels." and "People who are sending letters." And as you have learned in previous chapters, the Korean attributive serves much the same function as the English relative clause.

Note:

있다/없다 may also take this attributive form to identify the location/absence of a noun. A customer and a clerk discuss items in a store. --저기 하얀 블라우스 옆에 있는 것 뭐에요? 색깔이 아주 예쁜데요! --저거요? 스카프에요.

--What's that next to the white blouse? The color is really pretty! --What, that? It's a scarf.

--그럼, 양말도 있어요? 그리고 여자 핸드백도 있습니까? --네, 이쪽으로 오세요. 여기 다 있어요. 우리 가게에는 없는 것이 없어요.

--Fine. Do you carry socks? And do you carry handbags? --Yes, come this way. We have everything. There's nothing our store doesn't have.

한국말은:

The following is a summary of the past, present, and future attributive forms.

요즈음 파마하는 사람이 별로 없어요.

Nowdays, there aren't many people getting perms.

저기가 지난 번에 제가 파마한 미장원이에요.

요즈음은 파마할 돈도 없어요.

That's the beauty parlor where I got my perm the other day. These days, I don't even have the money to get a perm.

Chapter 19

Expressing Obligation There are several ways to express obligation or necessity in Korean. One of the most common ways is the use of 아/어야 하다 or 아/어야 되다. These may be combined with any verb to indicate that one "must" or "has to" do something.

Mr. Kang and Ms. Oh discuss going to the bank. --강선생님, 지금 돈 있으면 좀 빌려 주세요. --아뇨, 없어요. 지금 저 은행에 가야 돼요.

--Mr. Kang, could you lend me some money, if you have any? --No, I don't. I have to go to the bank now.

--지금 8시 30분이에요. 아직 은행문 안 열었어요. 조금 더 기다려야 해요. --그래요? 그럼 30분만 여기서 기다리겠어요.

--It's 8:30 now. Banks are not open yet. You'll have to wait a bit longer. --Really? Well, I'll just wait here another 30 minutes.

Note: In conversation, another variant form for obligation is frequently used: 아/어야겠다. This form indicates "will (probably) have to..." --지금 우체국에 가야겠어요. --지금 가지 마세요. 우리 일을 빨리 끝내야겠어요.

--Guess I'll have to go to the post office now. --Don't go right now. We really should resolve this matter quickly.

--좋습니다.

--Very well.

verb stem + 아/어야 되다/하다

When the final syllable of a verb stem contains the vowels 아 or 오 , When the final syllable of a verb stem contains a vowel other than 오 or 아,

add 아. add 어.

앉다 앉+ 아야 됩니다 앉 +아야 합니다 À畇Ù 읽+ 어야 됩니다 읽 +어야 합니다

 앉아야 됩니다  앉아야 합니다  읽어야 됩니다  읽어야 합니다

Chapter 20

Stating Conditional Actions Two friends are talking about over-the-counter medicines. --재우씨, 머리 아프면 보통 무슨 약 먹어요? --저요? 저는요, 아스피린을 먹어요.

--Jaewoo, when you have a headache, what kind of medicine do you take? --Me? I take an aspirin.

--그 약을 먹으면 금방 나아요?

--If you take it, do you feel better immediately? --Sure. When I take it, I'm as good as new within ten minutes. (Lit. When I take it and wait for ten minutes,)

--그럼요. 먹고 10분만 있으면 다 낫습니다.

A conditional statement is one where a specific action is dependent upon another. To express this, one generally begins a dependent clause with "if" or "when," followed by a main clause which implies the result of the condition, as in the examples above. In Korean, "verb stem + (으)면" in a dependent clause, followed by a main clause, is used for this expression. verb stem + (으)면

When a verb stem ends in a vowel or ㄹ,

When a verb stem ends in a consonant other than ㄹ,

add 면. add 으면.

아프다 아프 + 면 알다 알+면 먹다 먹 + 으면

 아프면  알면  먹으면

Chapter 20

Expressing the Purpose of "Coming" and "Going" An office receptionist is talking to a visitor. --어떻게 오셨습니까? --황선생님을 만나러 왔습니다.

--What can I do for you? --I came to see Mr. Hwang.

--황선생님 지금 자리에 안 계십니다. 회의하러 회의실에 가셨습니다. --언제쯤 돌아 오시겠습니까?

--He's not here now. He went to the conference room to hold a meeting. --When will he be back?

--11시에 회의가 끝나요. 지금 9시인데, 두 시간을 기다리시겠어요? --아뇨, 11시에 다시 오죠.

--It'll end at 11:00. It's 9:00 now. Can you wait for two hours? --No, I'll come back at 11:00.

Although the most common English counterpart for expressing the purpose of an action is the form "to (do...)," the Korean equivalent that expresses the purpose for coming and going is restricted to cases where the sentence-final verb is 가다, 오다, 다니다, or any other verb expressing a similar movement. verb stem + (으)러 + 가다/오다/다니다

When a verb stem ends in a vowel or ㄹ,

add 러.

When a verb stem ends in a consonant other than ㄹ,

add 으러.

만나다 만나 + 러  만나러 살다  살러 살+러 찾다 찾 + 으러  찾으러

한국말은:

In the above exchange, the receptionist asks, 두시간을 기다리시겠어요? This is another usage of -을/를, which is normally used to mark the object of a verb. 을/를 can also be used to express emphasis, usually regarding duration of time. You do not have to use 을/를 in this manner when speaking, but it is important to be able to recognize it when others use it. Chapter 21

Expressing "None" or "Nothing" A Korean customs official asks about luggage contents:

--비싼 약이나 화장품 같은 거 있습니까? --아뇨, 아무 것도 없습니다.

--Do you have any expensive medicine or make-up? --No, I don't have anything. (The customs official looks through the suitcase.)

--이건 뭡니까? --그거요? 아무 것도 아니에요. 제 감기약입니다.

--What is this? --You mean that? It's nothing. It's my cold medicine.

--외화는 없습니까? --네, 하나도 없습니다.

--Don't you have any foreign currency? --No, I don't have any.

--됐습니다. 안녕히 가십시오.

--OK. Good-bye.

To express I don't have any/There isn't any, "아무 + noun + 도 + 없다" or "noun + 하나/한 (counter) + 도 + 없다" can be used, as illustrated above. There is a slight difference in meaning, however, between these two patterns.

• • •

마실 것 있습니까? 아뇨, 아무 것도 없습니다. 아뇨, 하나도 없습니다.

1--Do you have something to drink? 2--No, I don't have anything. 2--No, I don't have any.

• • •

콜라가 있습니까? X 아뇨, 콜라 아무 것도 없습니다. 아뇨, 콜라 한 병도 없습니다.

1--Do you have a cola? 2--X 2--No, I don't have a single one. (Lit., I don't have even one bottle of cola.)

"아무 + (noun) + 도 + negative verb" is generally equivalent to not...any....

아무 + (noun) + 도 + negative verb --뭐 하십니까? --아무 일도 안합니다.

--What are you doing? --I'm not doing anything.

Also note that no noun is used when indicating this kind of negation about people. In other words, 아무도 followed by a negative means no one or not anybody. --누가 그 분 알아요? --아무도 몰라요.

--Who knows him? --No one knows him.

--그때 누가 있었습니까? --아뇨, 아무도 없었습니다.

--Was somebody there at that time? --No, no one was there.

Chapter 21

Choosing Among Options Minsoo and Inkyung are talking about a plan for the weekend. --우리 어머니께서 오셨어요. --그래요? 좋으시겠어요.

--My mother came. --Is that so? You must be happy.

--네, 그런데 이번 주말에 어디를 가면 좋겠어요? --산이나 바다에 가시면 어때요? --좋은 생각이에요. 바다가 좋을까요? 산이 좋을까요? --여기 바다나 산이나 다 좋아요. 민수씨 어머니께서 좋아하시는 곳으로 가시지요.

--Yes. By the way, where can I go this weekend? --How about going to the mountains or to the beach? --Good idea. Which one is better, the beach or the mountains? --Here, both places are good. (Lit., Either the ocean or the mountains is good.) Go to the place that your mother likes.

The suffix -(이)나 is added to nouns and noun phrases which denote selection or option. It means or or either...or.... 이 is added when nouns or noun phrases end in a consonant. noun (phrase) + (이)나 + noun (phrase)

한국 사람은: The subject marker -께서 shows respect. -께서 can be followed by the topic marker, 는, but not the subject maker, 이/가. The counterpart of 에게, to, in this form is 께. --이 선생님께서는 차나 커피 드시겠습니까? --차 주세¿ä. 황선생님께는 커피 드리세요.

--Do you want tea or coffee? --Tea, please. Give coffee to Mr. Hwang.

Chapter 21

Summary of 되다 An immigration officer checks passports and visas. --알란 토마스 씨입니까? --네.

--Are you Mr. Alan Thomas? --Yes.

--주소가 어떻게 되십니까? --미국 오레곤 주 포트랜드 시 호프만 가 154번지입니다. --군인이시군요. 대위이십니까? --아뇨, 소령입니다. 지난 달에 소령이 되었습니다.

--What's your address, sir? --154, Hoffman St., Portland, Oregon.

--You're a soldier. Are you a Captain? --No, a Major. I became a Major last month.

--관광으로 오셨습니까? --네. --그 카메라 좋군요. 값이 얼마나 됩니까? --이거요? 한 40만원 됩니다.

--Did you come here for a tour? --Yes. --That camera looks nice. How much is it worth? --This? It's about 400,000 won.

--됐습니다. 여행 잘 하십시오. --감사합니다. 안녕히 계십시오.

--OK. Have a nice trip. --Thank you. Good-bye.

되다 is used to express several different notions. 1. Asking for personal data (Chapter 1). One can identify personal data such as name, address, status, relationship, etc., with this verb.

• •

성함이 어떻게 되십니까? 주소가 어떻게 되십니까?

What is your name, sir? What is your address, sir?

2. Expressing a change in status (Chapter 10). The English rendering would be become.

• •

그분은 의사가 되었습니다. 지난 달에 소령이 되었습니다.

He became a doctor. Last month, I became a Major.

3. Expressing a quantity or price (Chapter 10).

• •

인구가 팔백만이 됩니다. 값이 얼마나 됩니까?

The population is 8,000,000. What is the price?

4. Expressing adequacy (Chapter 21).

• •

됐습니다. 그건 안됩니다.

It's OK. It's not OK.

Chapter 22

Expressing Reasons for... I A. -아/어서

"Verb stem + -아/어서" is used to connect two clauses having a sequential relationship. The verb in the first clause will express an action or motion, and the final verb (in the second clause) indicates the subsequent action.

• 영희는 아침에 일찍 일어나서, Young-hee gets up early and walks 학교까지 걸어갑니다.

to school.

-아/어서 has another function: to express cause or reason for what is expressed in a following clause. English equivalents include so, since, and because. Just as the term "cause" or "reason" implies, the second action takes place because of the first. It is important to remember that when expressing a cause-efffect relationship in Korean, the cause precedes the effect.

자동차가 너무 비싸서, 못 샀습니다. cause

effect

I couldn't buy that car because it was too expensive. effect cause

An employee explains his tardiness to his employer. --아니 왜 이렇게 늦었어요? --길이 막혀서, 좀 늦었어요.

--Why are you so late? --I'm late because the road was blocked.

--왜 길이 막혔지요? --큰 교통사고가 나서 길이 완전히 막혔어요.

--Why was the road blocked? --The road was completely blocked because there was a big traffic accident.

verb stem + 아/어서

Note: -아/어서 does not take -았/었-, even though the past is implied.

•

작년까지는 시내에서 김포공항 까지 가는 지하철이 없어서 아주 불편했습니다.

It was very inconvenient until last year, because there was no subway between downtown and Kimpo Airport.

Chapter 22

B. -기 때문에 Another form, -기 때문에, has a similar function as -아/어서. English equivalents of this form also include so, since, and because. The following passage is about Seoul streets. 서울 시내에는 사람과 자동차가 많기 때문에 아주 복잡합니다. 그리고 골목길이 많기 때문에 집 찾기가 아주 어렵습니다.

Seoul is very crowded because there are so many people and cars. And it is very hard to find someone's house because there are so many alleys.

The underlined parts in the example above can be replaced by a clause with -아/어서. verb stem + 기 때문에 Note: 1. -기 is added to a verb stem to make a gerund. 때문에, by itself meaning because, can be added to nouns or pronouns to express reason. The English equivalent includes because of, on account of, or due to.

• 어젯밤에는 옆집 테레비 소리 때문에 잠을 잘 못 잤어요.

I couldn't sleep well last night, because of the sound of the TV from the next door neighbors.

2. A clause with -아/어서 or -기 때문에 implying cause or reason is never followed by the imperative or a form expressing persuasion. Therefore, expressions such as "Since it's raining, let's stay home." or "Since he's late, wait here for him." will use -니까, rather than these two forms (Chapter 26).

Chapter 22

Expressing Speculation -겠- expresses a speaker's intention.

--여기서 내리시겠어요?

--Do you want to get off here?

--조금 더 가세요. 저 백화점 앞에서 --A bit further, please. I'd like to get off in front of the depart내리겠어요. ment store. Another function of -겠- is to express speculation or conjecture of other people's actions or states. Here the subject is the 2nd person or 3rd person (including inanimate objects). --지금쯤 시내가 굉장히 복잡하겠어요. 택시 잡기가 어렵겠어요. --어떻게 하지요? 약속시간에 늦었어요. --글쎄, 모두들 기다리겠어요. --그럼 지하철을 타고 가서, 버스를 타고 가지요. 그게 빠르겠습니다.

--Downtown must be pretty jammed now, and it'll be hard to catch a taxi. --What shall we do? We're late for the appointment. --Well, everybody is probably waiting for us. --Then, let's take a subway and then a bus. That will be fast.

verb + ((으)시) + 겠 + 습니다/습니까/어요

Note: 1. The past tense can be combined with -겠- to express conjecture or speculation, relative to a past event or condition. --정수씨, 미안해요. 많이 기다렸겠어요. --괜찮습니다.

--Chungsu, I'm sorry. You must' ve waited a long time. --It's all right.

2. There are instances where the third person subject, combined with -겠-, means a simple factual announcement rather than an speculation or conjecture. Such forms are often used in weather forecasts, announcements, etc.

•

서울지방은 내일 하루 종일 비가 오겠습니다. • 다음에는 영희가 노래를 부르겠습니다.

It will rain all day long tomorrow in the Seoul area. Younghee will sing next.

Chapter 22

Expressing Uncertainty -(으)ㄹ까요? is used to express a suggestion or simple inquiry. English equivalents include Shall we...? and Shall I...? Its use in this context is restricted to the first and second person (the speaker and the listener).

--우리 택시 탈까요? --네, 좋아요.

--Shall we take a taxi? --Sure.

Another function of -(으)ㄹ까요? indicates I wonder..., or Do you think...? Two people are talking about an airplane taking off at an airport. --안개가 많이 끼었는데, 비행기가 이륙할 수 있을까요? --글쎄요, 어렵겠어요.

--It's quite foggy; I wonder if the airplane can take off. --Well, that will be hard.

--그럼 비행기표를 환불해 줄까요?

--Then, do you think they'll refund the airplane ticket? --I really don't know.

--잘 모르겠어요.

verb stem + (으)ㄹ까요? Note: The past tense can be combined with -(으)ㄹ까요? to express wondering about past actions or states. --김선생님이 어제 미국에서 돌아오셨을까요?

--I wonder if Mr. Kim returned from the US yesterday.

--오셨겠지요.

--I think he did.

Chapter 23

Giving and Asking for Permission

In English, phrases such as May I...? or Is it all right, if...? are used when asking for permission. Permission is granted using the same structures: You may... or It's all right, if.... When asking a question using this form, the English equivalent is Is it all right if...?, Do you mind if...?, May I...? -아/어도 되다/괜찮다/ 좋다 may be used for the same function in Korean. verb stem + 아/어도 되다/괜찮다/좋다 Two passengers converse in the airport. --저 실례합니다만 이 잡지 좀 봐도 괜찮습니까? --네, 괜찮아요.

--Excuse me. Do you mind if I take a look at this magazine? --Sure, go ahead.

--그런데, 여기 앉아도 됩니까? --아니오, 안 됩니다. 제 친구 자립니다.

--Is it all right to sit here? --No, you can't. It is my friend's seat.

Note: 1. -아/어도 되다 and -아/어도 괜찮다 seem to be more widely used than -아/어도 좋다 in casual speech. The latter is often used for granting permission rather than asking for it. 2. The questions with this form will be answered by "yes" or "no," followed by various responses, as seen above. More possible answers are: --네, 괜찮아요/보세요/그러세요. 

--이 잡지 좀 봐도 돼요/괜찮아요?

--아니오, 안 됩니다.

Chapter 23

Expressing Intention Informally Stating a speaker's intention or asking the intention of the listener uses -겠-. --지금 집에 가시겠습니까? --아니오, 1시간 후에 가겠어요

.

--Would you like to go home now? --No, I'll go home in an hour.

Aother way of expressing one's intention uses -(으)ㄹ게요. Two colleagues meet at a subway station. --순희씨 표를 샀어요?

--Sun-hi, did you buy a ticket?

--아뇨, 사람이 너무 많아서 표를 아직 못 샀어요.

--No, I couldn't buy a ticket because there were too many people.

--그· × ä? 그럼 저는 시간이 나갈게요. --그러세요, 제가 나중에 전화할게요.

없어서 먼저

--Oh, really? Well, I'm going to go (out) ahead because I'm short on time. --You go ahead. I'll call you later.

action verb stem + (으)ㄹ게요 Note: 1. -(으)ㄹ게요 is more informal than -겠어요. 2. It is used only for the speaker's intention in statements and cannot be used to ask for a listener's intention. Chapter 23

Expressing Wishes The pattern -기 바라다 is used to express desire, expectation, or wanting, and is attached directly to the verb stem. The English equivalent is I/We hope that.... This form is most often used to request some kind of compliance in a formal setting, for example, on signs, information broadcasts, etc. 전동차가 들어올 때는 안전선에서 기다리시기 바랍니다.

Please wait at the safety line when the train arrives.

자동 판매기를 이용하시기 바랍니다.

We hope you make use of the vending machine.

내리고 타실 때는 조심하시기 바랍니다.

When you board and debark, please be careful

verb stem + 기 바라다

Note:

바라다, meaning want, expect, can often be added directly to a noun. As you might have noticed, -기 is a gerund that makes the desired action a noun form. --장선생님은 자식들한테 무엇을 바라십니까?

--Mrs. Chang, what do you expect from your children?

--아무것도 바라지 않아요. 그냥 건강 하게 잘 살기만 바래요.

--Nothing. I just want them to live well and in good health.

Chapter 23

Frequencies and Amounts A. -마다 An expression of rate or frequency in Korean is indicated by adding the suffix -마다 to a noun. English equivalents of this suffix include each and every.

• •

날마다 저는 지하철로 통근합니다 지하철 역마다 승차권발매기가 있습니다.

I commute by subway every day. There are ticket machines in every subway station.

한국말은: Some nouns denoting time use 매-, as well as -마다, to express each or every: 매일/날마다, every day, 매주/주마다, every week, 매달/매월/달마다, every month, and 매해/매년/해마다, every year. These suffixes can be used together: 매주마다, 매달마다, and 매해마다.

B. -씩 -씩 is attached to a number with or without a counter, and indicates distribution.

•

이 우표를 봉투마다 다섯 장씩 붙이세요.

•

서울에서 L.A.로 가는 비행기가 하루에 두 대씩 있습니다.

There are two airplanes that go to L.A. from Seoul everyday.

•

사과를 둘씩 이 봉지에 넣으세요.

Put two apples in each paper bag.

Affix five stamps to each envelope.

-마다 and -씩 are often used together in a sentence. Two friends talk about their work schedules. --하루에 몇시간 일하세요? --저는 날마다 8시간씩 일합니다. --그럼, 토요일에도 일합니까?

--How many hours do you work a day? --I work 8 hours (each) every day. --Do you also work on Saturdays?

--네, 일요일까지 8시간씩 일합니다.

--I even work 8 hours on Sundays.

Chapter 24

Expressing a Purpose: II Insoo is calling Mikyung for help: --여보세요, 미경씨 있습니까? --전데요. --미경씨, 제가 오늘 진주 지도를 샀어요. --뭐하려고 샀어요?

--Hello, Is Mikyung there? --This is she. --Mikyung, I bought a map of Jinjoo today. --What for?

--진주 박물관에 가 보려고요. 그런데 봐도 잘 모르겠어요. 저좀 도와 주시겠어요? --그러죠.

--To go to the Jinjoo Museum. Looking at it, I can't figure it out. Would you help me? --OK.

--고맙습니다. 그냥 그 얘기하려고 전화했습니다. 그럼 이따 봐요. --그래요. 전화 끊을게요.

--Thanks. I just called to ask you this. See you later. --See you. Bye.

The purpose for coming or going can be stated with "verb stem + (으)러," but the phrase was limited to movement from one place to another, as described by verbs such as 가다, 오다, 다니다.

• 이 선생님 약사러 약국에 갔습니다.

Mr. Lee went to the drugstore to buy medicine.

"Verb stem + (으)려고"--can be followed by any verb and is not restricted to verbs indicating movement.

verb stem + (으)려고 Note: When you want to state a request, suggestion, or obligation, you have to use a pattern that is slightly different from the one above:

•

전화하려면 저기로 가야 됩니다.

You have to go there (in order) to call.

•

전화하려고 하면 저기로 가십시오.

•

장거리 전화를 하려면 먼저 1번을 을 눌러야 합니다.

Please go there if you intend to make a call. You have to press "1" if you want to make a long distance call.

Chapter 24

Connecting Two Contradictory Clauses Kyle and Mikyung are talking about their foreign language learning experiences. --저는요, 고등학교때 독어를 이 년 동안 공부했어요. 그렇지만 다 잊어 버렸어요. 지금은 한국말을 배우고 있습니다. 한국말은 조금 어렵지만 재미있습니다.

--I studied German in high school for two years but I forgot it all. Now I'm studying Korean. Korean is a little bit difficult, but it's fun.

--저는 중학교때부터 영어를 배웠지만 아직도 잘 못해요. 카일씨는 한국말을 아주 잘 하시는데요.

--I've been studying English since middle school but I still can't speak it well. You speak Korean very well, Kyle.

When connecting two contradictory ideas, conjunctions such as but, or however are used in English. In Korean, you can use 그렇지만 or 그러나 between the two sentences. You may also add -지만 to the verb stem of the first of two contraditory clauses.

verb stem + 지만 Chapter 24

"Seeing and Being Seen" & "Hearing and Being Heard" In sentences with the active voice, the verb takes an object. Active voice:

•

정찰부대가 적의 활동을 봅니다. object verb

The reconnaissance unit observes the enemy's activities.

•

어젯밤¿¡ 총소리를 들었습니다. object verb

Last night, I heard the gunfire.

In the passive voice, the object of an active construction becomes the subject of the sentence, as in the examples above and below. This is accomplished in Korean through modifying certain verbs, such as 보이다, 들리다, etc.

Passive voice:

•

여기서 적의 활동이 보입니다. subject verb

•

여기서 총소리가 들립니다. subject verb

The enemy's activities are seen from here. The gunfire can be heard here.

Although the passive verbs, 보이다 and 들리다 literally mean, be seen and be heard, respectively, Korean sentences in which they are used are often rendered in English in the active voice. This is to avoid situations where the passive voice in English would be awkward.

Minsoo and Mikyung are walking in the woods. --민수 씨, 여기 참 아름답죠? --네, À â 나무 위의 빨간 새가 보입니까?

--Minsoo, this is beautiful, isn't it? --Yes. Do you see a red bird on the tree there?

--어디요? 아, 저기요? 보여요. --가만히 들어 보세요. 새소리가 들리지요?

--Where? There? I see it. --Listen carefully. Do you hear the bird singing?

--네, 들려요. 아주 아름다운데요.

--Yes, I hear it. It's very beautiful.

Chapter 25

Expressing Strong Feelings Mina and her officemates are chatting in the office after a big lunch. --점심을 너무 많이 먹었나 봐요. 배가 불러 죽겠어요. --저도요. 배가 너무 불러서 힘들어 죽겠어요!

--It seems I ate too much for lunch. I'm so full. --Me, too. I'm so full, it's painful!

--나는 졸려서 죽겠는데요. --저는요. 음식이 좀 짰나 봐요. 목이 말라 죽겠습니다.

--I'm so sleepy. --The food seemed to be a bit too salty for me. I'm dying of thirst.

As English speakers do, Koreans often use the phrase 죽겠다, I'm dying..., to express weariness or fatigue. The phrase is also used with a stative verb to intensify the meaning of that verb. It used to be used to express a strong feeling of distress, but it can now be combined with any stative verb to express the speaker's subjective feeling, including happiness.

stative verb stem + 아/어(서) 죽겠다

Note also the use of this phrase with verbs ending in ㅂ, such as 어렵다, 밉다, 즐겁다, etc. When the verb stem is followed by a vowel, ㅂ changes to 우 and is contracted with the following vowel. Chapter 25

Expressing Emotion or Wish of a Third Person Mina is thanking Inkyoo for visiting her at home.

--인규씨 어제 저희 집에 와 주셔서 고맙습니다. 또 예쁜 꽃을 가지고 오셔서 우리 어머니가 굉장히 좋아하셨어요. 할머니께 초콜릿을 선물로 주셔서 할머니께서도 고마워 하셨습니다. 어머니가 인규씨를 다시 한번 초대하고 싶어 해요. --그래요? 감사합니다. 날짜만 알려 주시면 언제라도 가지요.

--Inkyoo, thanks for coming to my house. My mother was very happy because you brought flowers. My grandmother also thanked you for the present of chocolates. My mother wants to invite you once more. --Really? Thank you. Just name the the date and I'll come any time.

When stative verbs expressing an emotional state (e.g., 기쁘다, 무섭다, 반갑다, 미안하다) or a wish (e.g., -고 싶다) are used to state a third person's feelings, the following pattern is used:

stative verb stem + 아/어 하다

Note the following contrasts in usage:

• •

미안합니다. 오선생이 미안해 합니다.

• •

아주 반가워요. 제동생이 아주 반가워 했어요.

I'm very glad to see you. My brother was very glad to see you.

• •

한국에 가고 싶어요. 할머니가 한국에 가고 싶어 하세요.

I want to go to Korea. My grandmother wants to go to Korea.

I'm sorry. Mr. Oh feels sorry.

Chapter 25

Describing a Continuous State or Situation With certain verbs, you use the past tense to denote actions or states that began in the past and continue into the present.

describing weather:

날씨가 맑았습니다. It's clear. It's foggy. 안개가 꼈습니다. marital status:

결혼했습니다.

I'm married. (i.e., I got married and am still married.)

Note that these verbs are usually used in the past tense form, even though they describe the present state. -았/었- between the verb stem and the ending primarily indicates past tense, or the completion of an action. However, with certain kinds of verbs, e.g., many that describe physical appearance, -았/었- also implies a state that continues into the present. Insoo and Mina are talking about Mina's blind date. --그분 늙었어요? --아뇨, 젊어요.

--Is he old? --No, he's young.

--못 생겼어요? --아뇨, 잘 생겼습니다.

--Is he ugly? --No, he's handsome.

--뚱뚱해요? --아뇨, 말랐어요. 보기 좋아요!

--Is he fat? --No, he's skinny. He looks good!

Note that if you want to refer to a status which is no longer true, simply add another -었 after the infix -았/었.

• • •

결혼했었습니다. 잘생겼었습니다. 말랐었어요.

I was married (but not anymore). He was handsome (but is no longer). He was thin (but not anymore).

Chapter 26

Expressing the Reason for...: II -아/어서, and -기 때문에 denote the reason for something. Another similar form is -(으)니까. The English equivalents include because, since, or so . Mina and her friend are talking in a restaurant: --미나씨, 지금 소나기가 오니까

--Mina, it's drizzling now,

조±Ý 이따가 갑시다. --그렇군요. 그럼, 커피 한 잔 더 마실까요?

so let's go a little later. --So it is. So, shall we have another coffee?

--저는 벌써 커피를 두 잔 마셨으니까,-- I already had two cups, so I'll have orange juice. 오렌지주스를 마시겠어요. --그럼, 저는 야채주스가 몸에 좋으니까, --Well, I'll drink vegetable juice, because it's healthful. 야채주스를 마시겠어요.

Note that, except for the first example, -(으)니까 can be replaced by 어서 or -기 ¶㏏? ¡ . The primary difference in function between -(으)니까 and 어서 or -기 때문에 can be seen in the first example. That is, -(으)니까 expresses the reason for a request, command, or suggestion in the following clause, whereas the other two cannot. verb stem + (으)니까

Note: There are other instances where only -(으)니까 is used: in instances when the speaker has drawn a logical conclusion or must express the past tense.

•

제가 토요일에 편지를 부쳤으니까/ 화요일에는 받아야 해요.

•

이게 출구니까, 저게 입구겠지요.

You should receive the letter on Tuesday because I mailed it on Saturday. This is the exit, so that must be the entrance.

Chapter 26

Expressing "Plan to" and "About to" -겠- and -(으)ㄹ게요 are used to express the speaker's intention. -(으)려고 하다 means intend to, plan to, going to, about to, and try to. This form not only expresses a speaker's intention, but can also be used to express a listener's and a third person's intentions. A man is about to leave for work in the morning. --여보, 늦었는데 아직 안 갔어요? --지금 가려고 해요.

--Dear, it's late and you haven't gone yet? --I'm about to leave now.

--비가 오려고 하니까 우산을 가지고 가세요. --비가 오면 우산을 하나 사려고 해요. 내 우산이 고장이 났거든요.

--Bring your umbrella, because it's about to rain. --I'm going to buy one if it rains. My umbrella is broken.

When -려고 하다 is used to express weather or a natural phenomenon, it is often rendered about to rather than plan to or intend to, as in the second occurence of it in the previous example. Similar examples follow.

•

지금 해가 뜨려고 합니다.

The sun is about to rise.

• •

밖에 비가 오려고 해요. 꽃이 다 시들어서 죽으려고 해요.

It's about to rain outside. The flowers are wilted and are about to die.

verb stem + (으)려고 하다

Chapter 26

Expressing Inability Sentences are negated with "안 + verb" and with "verb stem + 지 않다." 못 expresses one's inability to do something. The English equivalent is can't. There are also two forms for this negation, just as there are with 안: add 못 before a verb or add -지 못하다 after a verb. A student is making excuses in the classroom. --어제 단어 공부 많이 했어요?

--Did you get in a lot of vocabulary study yesterday? --No, I couldn't because I had a lot of other homework.

--아니오, 다른 숙제가 많아서 단어 공부는 못 했어요. --그럼, 듣기 연습은 많이 했어요? --테이프를 잊어 버려서, 듣기 연습도 하지 못 했어요.

--Then, did you get in a lot of practice listening? --I couldn't do that either because I forgot the tape.

못 + verb or verb stem + 지 못하다

Note: This form can be interchangeable with -(으)ㄹ수 없다 (Chapter 17), as in the following examples.

•

아니오, 다른 숙제가 많아서 단어 공부는 할 수 없었어요.

No, I couldn't study vocabulary because I had a lot of other homework.

•

테이프를 잊어 버려서, 듣기 연습도 할 수 없었어요.

I couldn't practice listening either, because I forgot the tape.

Chapter 27

Denying Permission; Recommending Against

To express You must not..., You may not..., or You should not, add -(으)면 안 되다 to the verb stem. A commanding officer speaks with one of his enlisted subordinates: --소대장님, 이번 주말에 휴가 가도 됩니까? --안 돼. 가면 안 된다. 검열이 있다.

--May I take leave this weekend, sir? --No, you may not. We have an inspection.

--그럼, 검열이 끝난 후에는 가도 됩니까?

--Well, is it OK to go after the inspection is over? --Sure, that would be fine. By the way, you shouldn't wear civilian clothes when you take leave.

--그래, 좋아. 그런데, 휴가갈 때는 사복을 입으면 안 된다.

verb stem + (으)면 안 되다 Chapter 27

Expressing Surprise When expressing surprise, pleasure, wonder, or puzzlement in English, much depends on the intonation. Such exclamations are expressed in Korean with different verb endings rather than by intonation. Two of them are -(으)ㄴ/ 는데요! or -(는)군요!. They are often interchangeable. Corporal Lee is showing the base to his girlfriend, Nami, during open house. --이 상병님, 내무반이 아주 깨끗하군요! --감사합니다. 이리로 오세요. 여기가 바로 우리 육군식당입니다. --아! 아주 크고 좋은데요! 몇 명쯤 들어갈 수 있어요? --150명까지 식사할 수 있어요. --아! 대단한데요!

--The squad bays are very clean, Corporal Lee! --Thanks. Come this way. This is the Army mess hall. --Wow! It's so large and nice! How many people can it hold? --Up to 150 can eat here. --Oh! That's impressive!

verb stem + (으)ㄴ/는데요! verb stem + (는)군요!

Note: 1. These two exclamations occasionally have different functions: -(으)ㄴ/는데요! may be used when the speaker draws the listener's attention; -(는)군요! is used when the speaker realizes or discovers something that he/she assumes the listener already knew. The following example illustrates the difference. Two colleagues are discussing Miss Lee's wedding: --미스리는 왜 결혼을 안 하지요? --아니 모르셨어요? 내일 미스리 결혼하는데요! --그래요? 드디어 결혼을 하는군요!

--Why doesn't Miss Lee get married? --Didn't you know? She's getting married tomorrow! --Really? So, she's finally getting married!

2. Add -(으)ㄴ데요 to stative verbs and -는데요 to action verbs. 3. Add -는군요 to action verbs with the present tense. Otherwise, add -군요.

Chapter 28

Requesting Not to Do Something 1LT Shin is feeling ill. --신 중위님, 아프신데 훈련장에 가지 마십시오. 집합도 시키지 말고 그냥 천막에 계십시오. 염려하지 마십시오. 제가 대신 훈련시키겠습니다. --박하사, 오늘 사격훈련도 하지 말까?

--1LT Shin, you're sick; don't go to the training area. Don't even hold formation. Just stay in your tent. Don't worry, I'll conduct the training myself. --Shall we drop the marksmanship training, too, SSG Park?

--네, 비가 오니까 사격훈련도 하지 맙시다. 그 대신 행군만 시키겠습니다.

--Yes, it's raining, so let's drop the marksmanship training. I'll just take them on a road march instead.

An action is requested by using -(으)십시오 or -(으)세요. Requests that an action cease or that it not be initiated are made by using the action verb stem + 지 + the verb 말다 + -(으)십시오 or -(으)세요. 말다 is the equivalent of don't... or stop... in English. verb stem + 지 말다 Note:

1. -지 말다 may also take the conjunctive, -고. In such cases, the following clause normally takes the form of an alternate request. The overall meaning is roughly don't do that; do (something else) instead. This can be seen in the exchange above. 2. -지 말다 may also be combined with -(으)ㅂ시다. This translates roughly into English as Let's not (do).... Additionally, the suggestion form, -(으)ㄹ까요?, may also be combined with -지 말다, and translates roughly into English as Shall we not (do)...?, thereby making negative suggestions. Note this also in the exchange above. Chapter 28

Expressing Only One or a Limited Number of Items PFC Sung is reporting to SGT Lee about his status:

이 중사님, 저는 양말이 두 켤레 밖에 없습니다. 군화는 한 켤레 밖에 없고, 깨끗한 군복도 한 벌 밖에 없습니다. 어제부터 한 끼 밖에 못 먹었습니다.

SFC Lee, I only have two pairs of socks. I have only one pair of boots, and only one clean uniform. And I've 밥은 only had one meal since yesterday.

When you are speaking of just one or of a limited number of items, the following construction is commonly used: noun (number, counter) + 밖에 + negative form of a verb

한국 말은: Koreans use the expression "하나도 + negative form of a verb" for not even one. For example,

• 먹을 것이 하나도 없습니다. • 그 식당에는 한 번도 안 갔습니다.

I don't have anything to eat. (Lit., I don't have even one thing to eat.) I didn't go to that restaurant even once.

Chapter 28

Talking in a Familiar Form of Address The English language does not have familiar and polite forms for addressing people. The most common way of adapting these speaking styles--based on different

relationships with different people--is by using a first name (familiar) or a last name (polite) with a title (e.g., Mrs., Dr., Professor). In the latter case, one also tends to speak less casually or colloquially than in the former. In Korean, the difference between polite talk (존댓말) and familiar talk (반말) is more pronounced and consistent. When Koreans talk to children, certain family members, and close friends, they use the familiar form with appropriate verb endings. In the Korean military, the distinction between polite and familiar usage is based on one's role in relation to the role of others, i.e., a superior vs. a subordinate. PFC Min is talking about his military training with his mother: --훈련이 힘들어요. --그래, 얼마나 힘들어?

--The training is hard. --Really? How hard is it?

--아주 힘들어요. --잠은 잘 자?

--Very hard. --Do you sleep well?

--잠도 많이 못 자요. --식사는 잘 해?

--I don't get enough sleep, either. --Do you eat well?

--식사하는 시간도 아주 짧아요. --그래, 알아. 그래도 참아야지.

--Meal time is really short. --I know, but you've got to hang in there.

--알아요, 어머니.

--I know, Mother.

As you can see, removing the -요 from all verb forms ending with -요 will generate the majority of verb forms used in the familiar address. There is, however, one important exception: -이에요, the familiar form of 이다, becomes -이야.

이에요 vs. 이야 --지금 몇 시에요? --지금 몇 시야? --여덟 시 반이에요 --여덟 시 반(이야).



--What time is it now?

--It's 8:30.

Note: 1. In addition to the verb forms, there are other differences between the polite and familiar forms of address, including personal pronouns. The familiar forms of personal pronouns are displayed in the chart below. 2. Different sets of expressions are also used for "yes" and "no."

pronouns

familiar

polite

I we you you (plural) "yes" "no"

나 [내가, 내 것] 우리(들) 너 [네가, 네 것] 너희(들) 그래/응 아니(야)

저 [제가, 제 것] 저희(들) Use the name with a title. 네/예* 아니오/아뇨

* 예 is a variation of 네.

PFC Park is talking to his friend, PFC Kwon: --이거 네 배낭이야? --아니, 내 거 아니야.

--Is this your backpack? --No, that's not mine.

--그럼, 이게 네 거야? --응, 그게 내 거야.

--Then, is this one yours? --Yeah, that's mine.

Chapter 29

Expressing Simultaneous Actions Mr. Lee likes to do two things at the same time.

이 선생은 아침을 먹으면서 신문을 봅니다. 또 지하철을 타고 가면서 영어 회화 테이프를 듣습니다. 그리고 저녁을 먹으면서 텔레비전을 봅니다.또 음악을 들으면서 책을 읽습니다.

Mr. Lee reads the newspaper while having breakfast and listens to an English conversation tape while riding the subway. Then he watches TV while having dinner and reads a book while listening to music.

The conjunctive (으)면서 basically expresses the notion of simultaneity or near simultaneity, It can be rendered as while..., at the same time as..., or as.... The subjects of the two sentences are usually the same. The conjunctive clause with (으)면서 does not take tense markers for this meaning.

•

비행기가 추락하면서 폭발했습니다.

•

집에서 나오면서 숙제 생각이 났습니다.

The plane exploded as it plummeted to earth. I remembered my homework as I walked out of the house.

verb stem + (으)면서

(으)면서 can also be used in describing persons or things.

•

그 분은 의사이면서 교수입니다.

He is a doctor and a professor.

•

이 녹음기는 값이 싸면서 성능도 좋아요.

This recorder is cheap and of good quality.

Note: When simultaneous actions are performed by two or more different subjects, 는 동안(에) is used.

•

위생병이 부상자를 치료하는 동안에 김 일병이 구급차를 불렀습니다.

While the medic was giving the injured first aid, PFC Kim called an ambulance.

Chapter 29

Responding to Negative Questions Mr. Park asks his colleague, Ms. Choi, about Mr. Ahn's motorcycle accident: --최 선생님, 안 선생 어때요? 다치지 않았지요? --아뇨, 다리를 다쳤어요.

--Ms. Choi, how is Mr. Ahn? He got hurt, didn't he? --Yes, he hurt his leg.

--발목을 삐지 않았어요? --네, 다행히 삐지 않았어요.

--Didn't he sprain his ankle? --No, fortunately, he didn't.

--다른 데는 안 다쳤어요? --네, 안 다쳤어요. --그럼, 중상은 아니잖아요? --그렇죠, 다행이에요. 그렇지만 제가 안 선생님한테 늘 말했잖아요? "오토바이는 위험합니다"라고요.

--Wasn't he hurt anywhere else? --No, he wasn't. --Then it's not serious, is it? --No, fortunately it isn't. But I always told Mr. Ahn, "Motorcycles are dangerous," didn't I?

When you ask a "yes/no question" with a negative verb phrase, the usage of 네/아니오 in responding is different from that of English. In Korean, if the question is in a negative form, then you either agree or disagree with the question itself, as in the examples above. Although it might seem illogical at first glance, what you are answering in Korean is, "What you said/assumed is wrong, he did hurt his leg." or "What you said/assumed is right, he didn't sprain his ankle." -지 않아요/잖아요? is also commonly used in conversation to emphasize a point or to remind the listener of a known fact, as in the last exchange above. Though it appears to be a question in its written form, in this case it is voiced with a slight drop in volume, much like a statement. It is like a rhetorical question, which conveys the speaker's call for verification.

Chapter 30

Using Actions and Conditions as Time References 미나와 인경이가 쇼핑에 대해서 얘기합니다. --너는 옷 살 때 뭘 먼저 보니? --먼저 색깔을 봐. 너는 옷 살 때 뭐부터 보니?

--What do you look for first when you buy clothes? --I look at color first. What do you look for first when you buy clothes?

--난 가격부터 봐. --지금 입고 있는 옷 예쁘다. 언제 샀어?

--I look at the price first. --The clothes you're wearing now are pretty. When did you buy them?

--지난 달 세일할 때 싸게 샀어

--I bought them cheap last month when they were on sale.

.

A clause is used with -(으)ㄹ 때 to express "when..." or "at the time of...."

verb stem + (으)ㄹ 때 Note: 1. -았/었- is used with this form only in a few instances. 2. Because 때 is a noun, it can take any noun marker, such as 이/가, 은/는, 을/를, or any noun suffix, such as 에, 까지, 부터, when appropriate.

• • •

가격이 비쌀 때에는 사지 마세요. 가격이 내릴 때까지 기다리세요. 쌀 때에 사세요.

Don't buy it when it's expensive. Wait until the price goes down. Buy it when it's cheap.

Chapter 30

Korean Verbs: An Update on Verb Stems Ending in 르 점원이 현정이한테 물어 봅니다. --손님, 뭘 찾으세요? --넥타이요.

--Hello, what are you looking for? --A tie.

--넥타이요? 여기 많이 있습니다. 골라 보세요. --너무 많아서 잘 못 고르겠는데요.

--A tie? There are many here. Choose one. --I can't (choose) because there are so many.

(잠시 후)

(Moments later)

--이게 좋군요. 얼마에요? --저도 새로 와서 가격을 잘 몰라요. 그 물건에 가격 표가 없어요? --아! 여기 있어요.

--This one's fine. How much is it? --I'm new here, so I don't know the prices that well. Isn't there a price tag? --Ah! Here it is.

Most of the verbs whose stems end in 르, such as 모르다, not know, and 고르다, choose, are irregular in conjugation. When -르 is followed by 아 or 어, ㄹ moves to the bottom of the preceding syllable. ㅡ is omitted, and 아 or 어 is changed to 라 or 러, respectively.

모르다

모르 + 아요 모르 + 았어요 모르 + 았습니다

몰라요 몰랐어요 몰랐습니다

don't know didn't know didn't know

골라요 골랐어요 골랐습니다

is choosing chose chose

고르다

고르 + 아요 고르 + 았어요 고르 + 았습니다 Otherwise, the stem does not change.

• 모릅니다 • 고릅니다

I don't know. I'm choosing.

The following is a list of familiar verbs which behave in the manner described. "르" 면칙 동사

-아/어요

다르다

different

달라요

빠르다

fast

빨라요

고르다

choose

골라요

자르다

cut

잘라요

마르다

thin, dry

말라요

모르다

not know

몰라요

부르다

call, sing

불러요

Chapter 30

Making Decisions The following construction is used to express a decision or agreement in Korean. verb stem + 기로 하다

올 여름 쇼핑은 그랜드 백화점에서 하기로 했어요. Sometimes "noun + (으)로 하다 " can be used when making a decision among choices. Chapter 31

Expressing Intent or Speculation The sentence ending -(으)ㄹ것이다 may be used with verbs to express intention and speculation. English equivalents include such verb phrases as will probably, think, guess, going to, is/are scheduled to, is/are expected to, might be, or must be. A contracted form, -(으)ㄹ거다 (겁니다, 거에요, etc.), often appears in casual speech or writing. verb stem + - (으)ㄹ것이다

미스터 최가 미스터 백을 집에 초대합니다. --이번 주말에 뭐 하실 겁니까? --이번 주말에요? 집에 있을 거에요.

--What are you going to do this weekend? --This weekend? I'll stay home.

--그럼 ¿ ® 집에 와서 저녁 같이 합시다 부인도 같이 오세요. --감사합니다. 그런데 그 사람은 약속이 있을 겁니다.

--Then come to my house to have dinner. Bring your wife, too. --Thank you, but she may have a prior engagement.

The first and the second uses of the grammar feature in the exchange above show intention. The third shows speculation.

Note: Although the intention or speculation is determined mainly by the context, use of the past tense with -(으)ㄹ 것이다 is always interpreted as speculation. --미스 김 어디 갔어요?

--Where is Ms. Kim?

--아마 화장실에 갔을 겁니다.

--She probably went to the restroom.

Chapter 31

Expanded Use of the Attributive Form One of the most frequent attributive clauses uses 것 preceded by an attributive form. This clause carries meanings such as a/the thing that..., such things as..., the act of..., the fact that..., and the idea of.... Inho is shopping for summer T-shirts. --여름 티셔츠 좀 보여 주세요. --여기 많습니다. 마음에 드는 것을 골라 보세요.

--Show me some summer T-shirts. --Here we are. Pick out something you like.

--글쎄요. 저분이 고른 것 이 제일 마음에 드는데요! --걱정마세요. 아직도 보여드릴 것이 많이 있어요!

--Well, I like the one that he chose best. --Don't worry. I still have many to show you!

verb stem + (으)ㄴ/는 /(으)ㄹ것 Chapter 31

Expressing Similarity, Difference, and Sameness In English, the prepositions to, from, and as, are used when expressing similarities, differences, and sameness of any given subjects of comparison. In this context, 하고, 와/과, and (이)랑, equivalents of with, and, together with, or along with, serve the equal function of these English prepositions. The following are comparisons of some American and Korean fruits. 미국수박은 한국수박보다 크고 모양이 좀 길다. 그렇지만 맛은 한국수박하고 비슷하다. 미국배는 한국배와 모양도 다르고 맛도 다르다. 미국 딸기는 한국 딸기랑 모양도 같고 맛도 같다.

American watermelons are larger than Korean ones. But their taste is similar to Korean ones. The shape of American pears is different from those from Korea, and they taste different, too. American strawberries are the same as Korean strawberries in terms of shape and taste.

Chapter 32

Expressing Wishes or Desires

The construction below is used to express the speaker's wish. It can be rendered into English as It would be nice if..., I wish..., or I hope I can....

verb stem + (으)면 좋겠다

--29일 연극 입장권ÀÌ 있으면 좋겠습니다. --자리가 앞이면 더 좋겠어요.

--I hope there's a ticket for the play on the 29th.

--값도 비싸지 않으면 좋겠습니다.

--And I hope it's not expensive.

--It would be better if the seat were in the front.

한국말은: In English, when someone says "I wish I could go to Korea!" it typically means he/she cannot go, at least not right now (a contrary-to-fact statement). In Korean, 한국에 가면 좋겠다 does not always mean that one cannot go right now. It is a way of stating a wish or hope which may or may not be contrary-to-fact. Chapter 32

Expressing Knowledge of How to Do Something One's ability to do something is expressed in the following manner: verb stem + (으)ㄹ 줄 알다/모르다 --스케이트 탈 줄 아세요? --아뇨, 탈 줄 몰라요. --피아노 칠 줄 압니까? --네, 피아노 칠 줄 알아요.

--Do you know how to skate? --No, I don't (know how to skate). --Do you know how to play the piano? --Yes, I do (know how to play the piano).

There are other forms which are often used to express the same notion: • 피아노 치세요? Do you play the piano? • 피아노 칠 수 있어요? Can you play the piano? (Is it possible that...?) ☯ 한국에서는: Koreans often ask whether you know how to drink or how to smoke, which Americans probably would never ask. When Koreans ask 술 마실 줄 아세요?, it is the equivalent of "Do you drink?" in English. On the other hand, Koreans feel awkward if someone asks if you know how to climb (a mountain).

They would simply ask, 등산하세요? Here you have an interesting difference in logic!

Chapter 32

Korean Verbs: An Update on Verb Stems Ending in ㄷ Insoo asks a policeman how to get to the Arts Arena. --경찰관 아저씨, 말씀 좀 물어 보겠습니다. --네, 뭔데요?

--Hello, may I ask you something? --Yes. What is it?

--여기서 예술의 전당까지 걸어 갈 수 있어요? --아뇨, 걷기에는 좀 멀어요. 저기 버스 정류장에서 37번 버스 타고 가세요.

--Can I walk to the Arts Arena?

--고맙습니다.

--Thank you.

--Well, it's a little too far for walking. Take bus 37 at that bus stop.

When a verb stem ends in ㄷ, such as 묻다, ask, 걷다 , walk, and 듣다, listen, the ㄷchanges to ㄹ if followed by a vowel.

묻다 : 묻 + 었습니다 묻 + 어 봐요

물었습니다 물어 봐요

걷다: 걷 + 었습니다 걷 + 어 갑니다

걸었습니다 걸어 갑니다

The following familiar verbs behave in the manner described above.

걷다 묻다 듣다 싣다

walk ask listen load; carry

걸어요 물어요 들어요 실어요

Chapter 32

Extended Use of Attributive Verb Forms: IV

Examples of the future ("verb stem + (으)ㄹ"), present ( "verb stem + 는"), and past ("verb stem + (으)ㄴ") attributives used as noun modifiers are illustrated below.

• • •

읽을 책이 많습니다. 읽는 책이 많습니다. 읽은 책이 많습니다.

There are a lot of books to read. There are a lot of books that I read. There are a lot of books that I read (past).

Notes: 1. When an on-going action is used as a noun modifier, "verb stem + 고 있는 " can be used. verb stem + 고 있는

• •

읽는 책이 재미있어요? 읽고 있는 책이 재미있어요?

Are the books you read interesting? Are the books you're reading interesting?

2. When a past habitual action--which is no longer continued--is used as a noun modifier, "verb stem + (았/었)던" is used. verb stem + (았/었)던

• •

제가 젊었을 때 매일 낚시하던 곳이 여깁니다. 제가 젊었을 때 매일 낚시했던 곳이 여깁니다.

This is the place where I used to fish every day when I was young.

}

3. 이다 and 아니다 behave like stative verbs.

•

취미가 독서인 사람은 대개 조용해요.

•

LA에는 한국사람이 아닌 동양인도 많이 삽니다.

The people whose hobby is reading are generally quiet. In L.A., there also live many orientals who are not Koreans.

In summary:

tense:

action verb

present

-는 -고 있는

past

-(으)ㄴ -(았/었)던 -고 있던

있다/없다

stative verb

이다/아니다

-는

-(으)ㄴ

-ㄴ

-(았/었)던

-(았/었)던

-(았/었)던

-(으)ㄹ

future

Chapter 33

Before (Doing Something).... The Korean conjuctive 기 전에 is similar to the English expression before something happens or before one does.... 복잡한 식당에서 종업원이 손님한테 물어 봅니다. --지금 주문하시겠어요? --그런데, 아가씨, 메뉴가 없어요. 음식을 시키기 전에 메뉴를 봐야지요. --아! 죄송합니다. 곧 갖다드리지요. 참, 저의 식당에¼? Â 음식을 잡수시기 전에 선불해야 합니다. --네, 알았습니다.

--Would you like to order now? --By the way, Miss, there's no menu. I'll need one before I can order. --I'm sorry. I'll get one. By the way, our restaurant's policy requires the customer to pay in advance, before eating. --Yes, very well.

Tense is normally expressed in the main clause. --이 만두 어떻게 만들었어요?

--How did you make this mandu?

--시작하기 전에, 먼저 요리책을 봤어요.

--I referred to a cookbook before I started.

verb stem + 기 전에

Chapter 33

Making Comparisons of Equality 만큼 is attached to nouns or noun phrases to which a comparison is made regarding degree, size, and quality, as well as the extent of equality, inferiority, or superiority. English equivalents of this form include phrases using the adverbs as or so, in examples such as as (much) as... or as (few) as....

noun verb stem + 는/(으)ㄴ/(으)ㄹ

} + 만큼

미스 고와 유 선생이 음식점에서 점심을 시킵니다. --유 선생님, 전 배가 고파서 빨리 먹어야겠어요. --네, 어서 드세요. 저도 미스 고 만큼 배가 고파요. 참, 우리 잡채 한 접시 더 시킵시다.

--I'm so hungry I can't wait to eat, Mr. Yu. --Go ahead. I'm as hungry as (you) Miss Ko. Hey, let's order another plate of chapche.

--아니! 너무 많지 않아요? 전 배가 고프지만 그 만큼 못 먹어요. --그럼 먹을 수 있을 만큼만 시킵시다.

--No, that's too much. I'm hungry, but I can't eat that much. --Then, let's order as much as we can eat.

Expressing a Change of State or Condition 친구 둘이 한국 음식을 준비합니다. --잡채 맛이 어때요? --조금 더 달면 좋겠어요. ¼냑좇» 좀 더 넣을까요?

--How's the chapche? --I wish it were a little sweeter. Shall I add a little more sugar?

--그러세요. 그럼, 어디 맛 좀 볼까요? 아! 이제 맛이 아주 좋아졌어요. --이 만두국 좀 보세요. 국물이 거의 다 없어졌어요.

--Please do. Let's see how it tastes. Ah! Now it's tasting better. --Look at this mandu soup. The broth is almost gone.

--그래요? 물을 좀 부어 주실래요?

--Really? Would you pour in some more water?

어/아 지다 is used with stative verbs and 없다 to indicate a change from one state to another. English equivalents of this pattern include become (more/less)..., turn out..., and get (more/less).... stative verb stem + 어/아 지다

Chapter 34

Expressing "After Doing (Something)" Connecting two events in a sentence with -(으)ㄴ 후에/다음에 results in an expression similar to the English after (verb) + ing. 아담스 씨는 지난 달에 이 주일 동안 한국에 다녀 왔다. 제일 먼저 서울 에 있는 덕수궁과 경복궁 등 역사적인 곳을 구경한 후에 경주로 내려가서 신라의 유적지를 찾아 보았다. 경주를 관광한 다음에 부산으로 갔다. 해운대 해수욕장에서 며칠을 쉰 후에 제주도에 갔다가 미국으로 돌아왔다 .

Mr. Adams visited Korea for two weeks last month. After sightseeing first at historical places such Toksukung and Kyungpok-kung, he went to Kuyngjoo and visited Silla's relics. After touring Kyungjoo, he went to Pusan. After resting at Haeuntae beach for a few days, he went to Cheju-do and returned to the US.

action verb stem + (으 으)ㄴ ㄴ 후에 Note: 후에/다음에 may be used after certain nouns, rather than an attributive form of a verb. --우리 퇴근 후에 한잔 합시다. --글쎄요. 제가 30분 후에 다시 연락드리겠어요.

--Let's have a drink after we get off work. --I dunno.... Let me contact you again in 30 minutes.

Chapter 34

Forming Korean Adverbs

Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Korean has a number of words that serve purely as adverbs (e.g., 훨씬 by far, 역시, indeed); however, many "adverbs" are derived from stative verbs, with the addition of 게 to the verb stems. 박 선생님은 한국 여행에서 돌아와서 막 공항에 도착했습니다. --박 선생님, 정말 반갑습니다. 비행기 여행은 편하게 하셨어요?

--It's really good to see you, Mr. Park. Did you have a comfortable plane trip? --Yes, It was very comfortable because 서비스를 the stewardesses so kindly attended to my needs.

--네, 스튜어디스가 아주 친절하게. 해 주어서 아주 편했어요

--그런데 예정보다 빨리 도착했군요. --네, 날씨가 맑게 개어서 별 문제가 없었거든요.

--By the way, (the plane) arrived earlier than expected. --Yes, the weather cleared up nicely, so the flight went without incident.

stative verb stem + 게

Note: Adding 이, 히, or 리 to the stems of many stative verbs serves the same function (as adding 게). The use of 빨리 (derived from 빠르다) in the example above illustrates this fact. The following table contains some of the verbs with which these endings may be used.

+게

stative verb

+이/히/리

편하다

편하게

편히

빠르다

빠르게

빨리

늦다

늦게

편리하다

편리하게

크다

크게

작다

작게

예쁘다

예쁘게

아름답다

아름답게

같다

같게

같이

반갑다

반갑게

반가이

높다

높게

높이

멀다

멀게

멀리

조용하다

조용하게

조용히

급하다

급하게

급히

빨갛게

빨갛게

Chapter 34

Korean Verbs: An Update on Verb Stems Ending inㅎ Two tourists are impressed by an unusual lake. --저 파란 호수 좀 보세요. --정말 신기하지요? 이런 사막에 어떻게 저런 호수가 있을까요?

--Look at that blue lake! --Isn't it incredible? I wonder how such a lake could exist in this desert.

When a verb stem ends in ㅎ, such as 빨갛다, 하얗다, 이렇다, and 어떻다, ㅎis dropped if followed by a vowel. The basic color terms belong to this category. For example: 파랗다:

파랗 파랗 파랗 파랗 파랗

+ + + + +

습니다 아/어요 (으)면 (으)ㄴ 게

--------> --------> --------> --------> -------->

파랗습니다 파래요 파라면 파란 파랗게

이렇다:

이렇 이렇 이렇 이렇 이렇

+ + + + +

습니다 아/어요 (으)면 (으)ㄴ 게

--------> --------> --------> --------> -------->

이렇습니다 이래요 이러면 이런 이렇게

Notes: 1. When these verbs are followed by -아/어요, ㅎis dropped and the remaining vowels contract to 애.

저렇 + 아/어요 하얗 + 아/어요

--------> -------->

저래요 하얘요

2. A few exceptions are verbs such as 좋다 and 많다, where ㅎ is always retained. 좋 좋 좋 좋 좋

+ + + + +

습니다 아/어요 (으)면 (으)ㄴ 게

--------> --------> --------> --------> -------->

좋습니다 좋아요 좋으면 좋은 좋게

Chapter 35

Extended Use of Conditional Actions Conditional statements similar to if or when clauses in English are expressed by "verb stem + -(으)면." --머리 아프면 보통 무슨 약을 먹어요? --When you have a headache, what kind of medicine do you take? --아스피린요. 먹고 10분만 있으면, 금방 낫습니다.

--Aspirin. (If I wait) 10 minutes after taking it, I feel better.

Adding the notion of one's intention changes the ending. 성호가 비행기표를 예약하려고 합니다. --이번 연휴에 부산에 가려면 지금 비행기표를 예약해야 하지요? --벌써 기차표와 비행기표가 모두 다 팔렸어요. 연휴에 어디 가시려면 적어도 2주전에는 표를 예매하셔야 해요.

--I've got to reserve an airline ticket now if I'm going to Pusan over the holiday, don't I? --All train and airline tickets are sold out. If you want to go somewhere for the holidays, you have to reserve the tickets at least two weeks in advance.

--큰일났군요. 친구 결혼식이 있어서, 꼭 가야하는데. --꼭 가시려면, 자동차로 가세요.

--This just can't be. My friend is getting married and I have to be there. --If you must go there, go by car.

As the example illustrates, a clause is used with -(으)려면 to express if (someone) wants to do... (something) or if (someone) is to do....

verb stem + (으)려면 려면

한국말은: You may frequently hear a

variation of -(으)려면: -(으)려거든. These two forms are often interchangeable and can be rendered in English as "If you want to (do)...." However, -(으)려거든 is mostly found in colloquial speech and requires that the following clause be a request or command form. 등산을 가려면, 등산장비를 준비하십시오.

}

If you're going mountain climbing, get your climbing gear ready.

등산을 가려거든, 등산장비를 준비하십시오 . 박물관으로 가려면, 어떻게 가요?

If I'm going to the museum, how do I get there?

박물관으로 가려거든, 어떻게 가요?

Chapter 35

Expressing "Even Though" Read the following railroad advertisement in which several reasons are given for the railroad's popularity. 이번 추석에 고향에 갈 때는 기차로 가기로 했습니다.

고속도로가 막혀도, 빠르게 갈 수 있습니다. 바빠서 식사를 못했어도, 기차 안의 식당을 이용할 수 있습니다. 역에 가지 않아도, 전화로 기차표를 살 수 있습니다. The following construction is used to convey the meaning of the English even if, or no matter what/how.

verb stem + 아/어도 어도

Chapter 36

Expressing a Procedure or Purpose Action verbs with the attributive ending 는 are used to modify nouns and to imply an ongoing or habitual action. In addition, -는 것 with 것 conveys the meaning of the thing that..., the act of..., the fact that....

verb stem + 는 데에

Another noun, 데, meaning place and situation, and following the same attributive ending, is often used to mean for doing (something) or in doing (something).

Jennifer is talking with an agent in a car rental office. --자동차를 빌리는 데에 국제운전 면허증이 필요합니까? --물론이지요. 그리고 보험도 들어야 합니다. --보험은 필요 없어요. --렌트카를 운전하시는 데에 보험은 꼭 필요합니다.

Notes:

--Do I need an international driver's license for renting a car? --Of course. And you need insurance.

--I don't need insurance. --You must have insurance to drive a rental car.

1. The postposition -에 can be dropped. --배터리 가는 데(에) 25,000원만 내세요. --그런데, 타이어에 바람을 넣는 데(에)도 돈을 받으십니까? --그건 무료에요.

--25,000 won please, for changing the battery. --By the way, do you charge for filling the tires with air? --That's free.

2. This form is mostly used with action verbs, although it occurs with some stative verbs.

•

이 약은 배가 아픈 데에 먹는 것입니다.

This medicine is for a stomach ache.

Chapter 36

"Switching Gears" The following directions are part of an advertisement for a Korean musical performance. Look at the underlined verbs. 1. 101북쪽에서 남쪽으로 가시다가 85번 남쪽을 타십시오. 남쪽으로 내려가시다가 280번을 지나서 Stevens Creek을 만나면 좌회전 하십시오. 오른쪽에 공연장 (Flint Center)이 있습니다. 2. 280북쪽에서 남쪽으로 가시다가 85번 남쪽이나 'De Anza College'사인을 보시고 내리시면 곧 Stevens Creek을 만납니다. 좌회전 하시다가 바로 오른쪽으로 공연장으로 들어 가시면 됩니다. As seen in the text, clauses with -다(가) are used to express while doing..., as, then, or and then. verb stem + 다(가) Note: If the past tense marker 았/었 accompanies the form, it expresses completion of the action and continuation of another. If the form is used without the past tense marker, it expresses incompletion or interruption of the first action. • 도서관에 가다가 김선생을 만났어요.

On the way to the library, I met Mr. Kim.

• 도서관에 갔다가 김선생을 만났어요.

I went to the library and met Mr. Kim.

Chapter 36

Korean Verbs: An Update on Verb Stems Ending in ㅅ Youngmi and James are traveling to the mountains in spite of James' cold. --자, 이제 떠납시다. 제가 운전하겠어요. --감기가 다 나았어요? 제가 운전해도 돼요. --이 정도 감기는 아무 것도 아닙니다. 운전은 제가 할 수 있으니까, 영미씨는 산에 가서 밥을 지어 주세요. --전 밥은 잘 못 짓는데요.

--Let's get going. I'll drive. --Are you over your cold? I'm all right to drive. --It's not a serious cold. I can do the driving, so will you do the cooking when we reach the mountains? --I can't cook very well.

Some verbs such as 낫다, recover; get better (than) and 짓다, build; make, whose stems end in ㅅ, drop the ㅅ, when followed by a vowel. The following verbs behave in the same manner. 낫다 짓다 붓다 긋다 잇다

recover; better (than) build; make swell; pour draw (a line) connect

낫다 : 낫 + (으)면 --> 낫 + 았습니다 낫 +는데

나으면 --> 나았습니다 --> 낫는 데

짓다:

--> --> -->

짓 + 아/어 주다 짓 + (으)려면 짓 + 다가

나아요 지어요 부어요 그어요 이어요 if/when you recover I recovered/got better recovering/recovery

지어 주세요 build/make it, please 지으려면 if you intend to build... 짓다가 in the course of/while making

Note: Many verbs whose stems end with ㅅ do not belong to this category: 빗다 (comb), 벗다 (take off), and 씻다 (wash). Chapter 37

"Anything Or Anyone"

Expressing non-existence or the absence of persons and objects uses "아무 + (noun) + 도 + negative verb."

손님이 여관 주인한테 물어 봅니다. --왜 이 방에 아무것도 없어요? 이불하고 요는 어디 있어요?

--Why is there nothing in here? Where are the blankets and quilts?

--염려 마세요. 지금 곧 갖다 드리겠어요.

--Not to worry. I'll bring them now.

A similar phrase, "아무 + (noun) + (이)나/(이)든지, is used to express the same notion." 손님이 호텔에 묵으려고 합니다: --빈 방 있습니까? --네, 그런데 어떤 방을 원하십니까? 온돌방도 있고 침대방도 있어요.

--Have you any vacancies? --Yes, but what kind of room would you like? We have both ondol rooms and rooms with beds.

--아무 방이나 주세요. 전 깨끗하면 됩니다. --그렇지만 아무 방이나 드릴 수 없어요. 값이 다르기 때문이죠. --아! 그렇군요. 어느 방이 더 쌉니까?

--Any room is fine with me. I'm satisfied as long as it's clean. --I cannot give you just any room. They're all priced differently. --Oh, I see. Which room is cheaper?

When used in an affirmative context, this phrase carries meaning similar to the English terms anything, anyone, any (noun), or anything/anyone at all. When the phrase precedes a negative or negated verb, a sense of restriction or bias is suggested, as implied by the English phrases not just anything, not just anyone, or no ordinary (person or thing). 아무+ 든지 아무 (noun) + (이)나/(이)든지 (이)든지 can replace (이)나 in the pattern above without changing the meaning.

•

저한테 일자리를 주시면 아무 일이나 하겠어요.

•

저한테 일자리를 주시면 아무 일이든지 하겠어요..

•

돈이 다 떨어졌지만

}

I will do anything if you give me a job.

}

I'm broke, but I can't take just any job.

아무 일이나 할 수 없어요 .

•

돈이 다 떨어졌지만 아무 일이든지 할 수 없어요.

Use of 아무 + (noun) + (이)나/(이)든지 may also involve persons, places, or objects other than the subject or direct object, in which cases postpositions such as 한테 or 에서 should be used.

•

이것 아주 중요한 일이니까 아무한테나 말하지 마세요.

•

지금 시간이 없으니까 아무 음식점에서든지 먹읍시다.

This is very important, so don't tell just anyone. (Be careful whom you mention it to.) Since we don't have much time, let's just eat at any place that serves food.

Phrases comprised of (이)나/(이)든지, preceded by an interrogative (e.g., 무엇, 누구, 어디, 언제), are equivalent in meaning to English phrases such as no matter (how much, what, when, where, which, who...). interrogative + (이)나/(이)든지 • 그 일은 누구나/누구든지 할 수 있어요.

Anyone can do that work. (No matter who he/she is, he/she can handle that [task].)

Here 누구나/누구든지 can be replaced with 아무나/아무든지 without changing the meaning, except with a negative verb. Other interrogatives + (이)나/(이)든지 can also be replaced with 아무 + noun + (이)나/(이)든지, as follows: • 무엇이나/무엇이든지 • 어디나/어디든지 • 언제나/언제든지

아무 것이나/아무 것이든지 아무 데나/아무 데든지 아무 때나/아무 때든지 Chapter 37

Summary of Irregular Verbs types of irregular verbs 1. 하다 verb (청소하다, 세탁하다)

with consonant ending / -고 하 -지 \ -게

하

with (으) ending / -ㅂ니다 ㅂ니다 -면 면 -니까 니까 \ -세요 세요

with (아/어) ending 해 했다 해서 해도

2. ㅂ verb 춥 (춥다, 더럽다) 3. ㅎ verb 빨갛 (빨갛다, 하얗다) 4. ㄷ verb 듣 (듣다, 걷다) 5. 르 verb 모르 (모르다, 빠르다) 6. ㅅverb 낫 (낫다, 짓다) 7. ㄹ verb 살 (살다, 알다) 사

/ -고 -지 -게 \ -습니다 / -고 -지 -게 \ -습니다 / -고 -지 -게 \ -습니다 / -고 -지 \ -게 / -고 -지 -게 \ -습니다 / -고 -지 \ -게 -는데

추우

빨가

들

모르

나

살

사

/ -면 -니까 -ㄴ데 \ -세요 / -면 -니까 \ -세요 / -으면 -으니까 \ -으세요 / -ㅂ니다 ㅂ니다 -면 면 -니까 니까 \ -세요 세요 / -으면 -으니까 \ -으세요 / -면 \ -려고 / -ㅂ니다 -니까 \ -세요

추워 추웠다 추워서

추워도

빨개 빨갰다 빨개서 빨개도 들어 들었다 들어서 들어도 몰라 몰랐다 몰라서 몰라도 나아 나았다 나아서 나아도 살아 살았다 살아서 살아도

The shaded parts show the changes in the stems. Chapter 38

More on Talking in Familiar Forms of Address Removing -요 from the informal form will generate the familiar form. In addition to these endings, there are various forms used in familiar talk, depending on sentence types: statement, question, request or command, and suggestion. 제임스와 석호가 같이 살 아파트에 대해서 이야기합니다. --이 아파트는 어떠니? --너무 좁지 않냐? 그리고 조금 비싸다.

--나는 괜찮은데. 그럼 조금 더 생각해 보자. --그래. 난 지금 회사에 간다. 나중에 회사로 전화해라.

--How do you like this apartment? --Isn't it too small? It's a little expensive. --I like it. Why don't we give it some more thought? --OK. I have to go to the office now. Call me there later.

All of the sentence endings above indicate that the conversation is between very close friends. These various forms are summarized as follows.

statement question request or command suggestion

-(ㄴ ㄴ)다 다 -니/(느)냐. -아/어라 -자

Notes: 1. When you make a statement with the familiar form in present tense, ㄴis always added to the stem of action verbs.

•

서울에는 집값이 너무 비싸다. 그렇지만 작년까지는 지금보다 더 비쌌었다. 그래서 올해에는 사람들이 집을 많이 산다.

2. You will hear variations in the familiar form for questions and requests in colloquial speech. For example,

•

지금 무슨 책을 읽니/읽냐/읽느냐?

•

빨리 준비하고 학교에 가거라/가라.

Chapter 38

Linking Two Independent Clauses The conjuction 그런데 is used in the sense of but, however, or by the way. The ending 는데 is used similarly. "집도 많고 아파트도 많은데 우리집은 없어요." "돈은 있는데 신용이 없어요." "돈이 별로 없는데 집을 살 수 있을까요?" "전세를 들었는데 전세금이 또 올랐습니다." "요즘 바쁜데 집을 보지 않고 살 수 없을까요?" 이런 분은 한빛 부동산으로結음駕첼À. 오랜 경험을 바탕으로 만족스런 결과를 약속드립니다. verb stem + (으)ㄴ/는데 는데

To all action verbs,

add 는데. To all stative verbs that are not add in the present tense, 는데. When 이다 and a stative verb are in the present tense and the stem ends in a vowel, When a stative verb is in the present tense and its stem ends in a consonant,

먹 + 는데 ------> 먹는데 가 + 았 + 는데 ------> 갔는데 작 + 았 + 는데 ------> 작았는데 예쁘 + 겠 + 는데 -------> 예쁘겠는데

add ㄴ데.

예쁘 + ㄴ데 ------> 예쁜데

add 은데.

작 + 은데 -------> 작은데

The two different functions of -(으)ㄴ/는데 are explained below. 1. When connecting two contradictory clauses, -(으)ㄴ/는데 is used. --지난 주에 이 아파트 계약하기로 했는데 마음을 바꾸었어요. -왜요?

--I was going to lease this apartment, but I changed my mind. --Why is that?

--다 괜찮은데, 너무 오래됐어요.± --그런데, 그 값에 이런 아파트 없습니다.

--Everything's alright, but it's too old. --But, there's no apartment like this at that price.

2. The same ending is used to connect two clauses which are somehow logically connected. The clause with this ending often functions as a lead-in to the clause that follows. Hence, -(으)ㄴ/는데 itself is not translated; instead, it is often represented by a semicolon. --내일 이사해야 하는데, 좀 도와 주겠니? --도와주고 싶은데, 오후에 약속이 있어.

--I have to move tomorrow; could you help me? --I'd like to help, but I have an appointment in the afternoon.

--오전에 다 할 수 있는데, 오전에만 와라. --그래. 12시까지만 도와 줄게.

--We can finish by noon; just come by for the morning. --Well, then I'll help you until 12 o'clock.

Chapter 38

Expressing Intention -(으)려고 하다 expresses a speaker's intention.

• 저는 이번 휴가때 책을 많이 • 선생님, 지금 떠나시려고

I'm going to read a lot of books Are you going to leave now?

하십니까? You may also use -(으)ㄹ까 하다 for expressing future plans or intentions. --박선생님, 새 집으로 언제 이사하세요? --이번 주말에 할까 합니다.

--Mr. Park, when are you going to move into your new house? --I'm considering moving this weekend.

--새 집을 사서 좋으시지요? --산 것이 아니고, 전세 들었습니다. 집은 2년 후에나 살까 합니다

--I'll bet you're happy about your new home, aren't you? --I didn't buy it, I rented it. I'm thinking about buying one in another two years.

action verb stem + (으)ㄹ까 ㄹ까 하다 Note: Although -(으)ㄹ까 하다 is not used in questions, it is mostly interchangeable with -(으)려고 하다. However, when -(으)ㄹ까 하다 is used, the speaker seems more tentative about the intention than with -(으)려고 하다.

Chapter 39

More About Attributive Verb Forms The attributive endings (으)ㄴ, 는, and (으)ㄹdenote the past, present, and future.

• • •

어제 온 환자입니다. 매일 오는 환자입니다. 다음 달에 올 환자입니다.

He's the patient who came yesterday. He's the patient who comes every day. He's the patient who will come next month.

These attributive endings + 지 알다/모르다 express know/not know whether, ...who, ...what, ...when, ...where, ...why, ...how, etc.

For action verbs and 있다/없다:

• • •

그 분이 어제 왔는지 아세요? 그 분이 매일 오는지 아세요? 그 분이 다음 달에 올지 아세요?

action verb 있다/없다 있다 없다

Do you know whether he came yesterday? Do you know whether he comes everyday? Do you know whether he will come next month?

 stem + 었는/는/(으)ㄹ + 지 알다/모르다

For stative verbs and 이다/아니다:

•

제가 어제 얼마나 바빴는지 yesterday, do you?

•

제가 매일 얼마나 바쁜지 every day, do you?

•

제가 다음 달에 얼마나 바쁠지 모르시지요?

stative verb 이다/아니다 이다 아니다

You don't know how busy I was

You don't know how busy I am

모르시지요?

모르시지요?

You don't know how busy I will be next month, do you?

 stem + 었는/(으)ㄴ/(으)ㄹ + 지 알다/모르다

송희가 감기가 걸렸습니다. --송희씨, 감기 걸렸군요. --네, 죽겠어요. 감기에 어떤 약이 좋은지 아세요?

--Songhee, you have a cold. --Yeah, I'm dying. Do you know what medicine's good for a cold?

--글쎄요. 감기약은 증상만 치료할 뿐이지요. 감기는 약을 먹는 것보다푹 쉬어야 낫지요. --알아요. 그렇지만 제가 얼마나 바쁜지 아시잖아요?

--Well, cold medicines treat only the symptoms. As for a cold, getting a good rest is better than taking medicine. --I know. But, you know how busy I am, don't you?

--그렇군요. 그럼 옆 방 홍 선생님 한테 감기 걸렸을 때 어떻게 해야 되는지 물어 봅시다. --그래요. 그 분 여러 가지 많이 아니까 좋은 감기 치료법을

--That's true. Then let's ask Mr. Hong next door what you should do when you have a cold. --Yes, he knows a lot, so he might know a good cold remedy.

알지도 모르지요.

As you saw above, 물어 보다, 알아 보다, 말해 보다, and 생각해 보다, think, can be substituted for 알다/모르다.

• • •

누가 아픈지 알아 보세요. 어느 것이 맞는지 말해 보세요 열쇠를 어디에 두었는지 잘 생각해 보세요.

Find out who is sick. . Tell me which one is right. Try to think of where you left your keys.

Note: 지도 모르다 By adding another syllable 도 to 지 모르다, you can express possibility or probability. It is often rendered as maybe....

• •

날씨가 더 나빠질지도 몰라요. 이번에는 제가 가야 될지도 모르겠습니다.

Maybe the weather will get worse. Probably I should go this time.

Chapter 39

Indicating Substitution English makes use of phrases like instead of..., on behalf of..., or in place of..., to express the notion of substitution. This is expressed in Korean by "noun (phrase) + 대신에."

오영희 씨가 아픕니다. 어제부터 기침이 나고 열이 있습니다. 감기에 걸린 것 같습니다. 그렇지만 감기니까 병원에 가는 대신에 약방에 가서 감기약을 살까 합니다.

I have a fever and have been coughing since yesterday. But it's only a cold. I'm thinking of going to the pharmacy and buying some cold medicine instead of going to the hospital.

오영희 씨의 동료 (colleague) 최준헌 씨가 과장님한테 보고합니다 (report).

미스 오가 오늘 감기 때문에 일하러 올 수 없었습니다. 그래서 미스 오 대신에 미스 박이 이 보고서를 타이핑했습니다.

Miss Oh couldn't come to work due to her cold. So Miss Park typed this report in place of Miss Oh.

noun (phrase) + 대신에 Chapter 39

Indicating "On the Way to..." The Korean equivalent of on the way to (a place)/on one's way to (a place) is expressed by "verb stem + 는 길에." It is typically used with verbs such as 오다/가다/출근하다/퇴근하다. action verb stem + 는 길에

민수가 아내한테 부탁을 합니다. --여보, 오후에 시간 있어? --왜요? 치과에 가야 하는데요. --그래? 그럼 치과에 가는 길에 이 소포 좀 부치겠어? --그러지요. 치과 갔다가 집에 오는 길에 부쳐 드리지요. --고마워. 내가 퇴근하는 길에 당신 이 좋아하는 복숭아 사가지고 올게. --좋아요.

--Honey, do you have any time this afternoon? --Why? I have to go to the dentist. --Really? Will you mail this package on your way to the dentist? --Sure, I'll mail it for you on the way home from the dentist. --Thanks. On my way home, I'll buy some of those peaches you like. --Great.

Chapter 40

Indicating Past Experience When expressing one's experience, or lack thereof, as in having (done something) before, use "verb stem + (으) ㄴ/는 일/적이 있다/없다." 다음은 민 선생님에 대한 글입니다. 민 선생님은 한국에서 영어를 가르친

Mr. Min has experience teaching

적이 있다. 그리고 미국에서는 한국 어를 가르친 일이 있다. 지금은 한국어와 영어를 동시 통역하는 일을 하고 있다.

English in Korea and he has taught Korean in the US. Now he performs simultaneous interpretation between Korean and English.

verb stem + (으) ㄴ/는 일/적이 이 있다/없다 있다 없다 This feature combines a verb form with one of two nouns, 일 or 적, and means matters, occurrence, occasion, experience, or time. The resulting meaning is similar to that of the present perfect in English (i.e., have been, has departed, have seen, etc.).

Chapter 40

Expressing "Merely..." It often becomes necessary to describe people or objects in terms of limited numbers and/or attributes. In such cases, the purpose may be to contrast one subject or attribute with another, or to indicate a limited number of items or people. Whereas the terms merely and only are used to express such limitation in English, -뿐이다 and -(으)ㄹ 뿐이다, respectively, are combined with nouns and verbs in Korean to form similar meanings. 제리와 순지가 국사 교수님에 대하여 이야기하고 있다. --제리 씨는 지난 학기에 무슨 무슨 과목을 들었어요? --제가 들은 과목은 한국어하고 국사 뿐이었어요.

--Jerry, which courses did you take last semester? --The only courses I took were Korean and Korean history.

--국사 교수님 까다롭지요? --그렇지 않아요. 그 교수님은 까다롭게 보일 뿐 아주 좋은 분이에요. --그래요? 시험 문제를 너무 어렵게 내신다고 들었는데.

--Isn't the history professor hard to please? --Not really. He merely looks that way. He's actually a very nice person. --Is he? I heard that his exams were horribly difficult.

--공부를 안 하는 사람들한테만 어려울 뿐이에요.

verb stem -(으) ㄹ noun

--They're only difficult for those who don't study.

} + 뿐이다

Note: -뿐만 아니라 is the Korean equivalent of not only.

•

너뿐만 아니라, 나도 할 수 있어.

•

제 친구 혜수는 얼굴이 예쁠 뿐만 아니라 마음씨도 착합니다.

Not only you but I, also, can do it. My friend Haesue is not only pretty, she is also nice.

Chapter 40

Reported Speech: I There are two ways of reporting the speech of other people: direct quotes and indirect quotes. Direct quotation involves quoting exactly the speaker's original words, whereas indirect quotation serves to paraphrase the speaker's utterance without altering its meaning. In Korean, indirect quotations are used extensively in reported speech. In English, Mr. Ahn said he's taking leave this week, is an indirect quote, while Mr. Ahn said, "I'm taking leave next week," is a direct quote. Notice how the same sentences are expressed in Korean: 안정훈 씨가 정민수 씨와 사무실에서 이야기합니다. --정민수 씨, 저 다음 주에 휴가 갑니다. --그러세요? 좋으시겠군요.

--Mr. Chung, I'm taking leave next week. --You are? Good for you.

정민수 씨가 그 다음 주 월요일에 과장님께 보고합니다 (report). --안정훈 씨 아직 안 나왔습니까? --안정훈씨 이번 주에 휴가간다고 했습니다.

--Isn't Mr. Ahn here yet? --Mr. Ahn said he's taking leave this week.

--뭐라고 했다구요? --안정훈 씨가 "저 다음 주에 휴가갑니다"라고 했습니다.

--What exactly did Mr. Ahn say to you? --Mr. Ahn said, "I'm taking leave next week."

--누구 마음대로요?

--He calls all the shots now?

The example shows both a direct and an indirect quote. In a direct quote, the quoted sentence is the exact words of the original speaker in quotation marks, followed by 라고 합니다/했습니다. In an indirect quote, the subject of the quoted sentence, the time, and the place references are changed according to the speaker's perspective.

verb stem + (는/ㄴ)다 + 고 하다

When the verb add -는다 stem ends in a + 고 하다. consonant,

"집을 얻습니다." 집을 얻는다고 합니다.

When the verb add -ㄴ다 stem ends in a + 고 하다. vowel,

"내일 시험을 봅니다." 내일 시험본다고 합니다.

Action verbs in present tense:

이다/아니다:

Change 다 to 라 + 고 하다.

"참 좋은 분이에요." 참 좋은 분이라고 합니다

Stative verbs, verbs with tense, and 있다/없다:

Add -다 + 고 하다.

얻었다고 합니다 시험보겠다고 합니다 돈이 있다고 합니다 예쁘다고 합니다

Chapter 41

Reported Speech: II

When a statement is quoted, it ends with a familiar form, such as 다, 는다, ㄴ다 followed by 고 하다, meaning (someone) says that.... When a statement ends with 이다, 다 is replaced by 라. The following are quotations of questions, requests, and suggestions. 석호가 어머니한테 전화로 제임스가 농구 경기에 가느냐고 물어봅니다. --엄마, 제임스가 전화했어요? --응, 전화했는데, 오늘 농구경기에 못 간다고 했어. --어제 농구 같이 하자고 했는데 . 또 전화하면, 내일 경기에는 오냐고 좀 물어 보세요. 그리고 밤 9시 후에 전화하라고 하세요. --그래.

--Mom, did James call? --Yes, he called, but he said he can't go to the baseball game today. --Yesterday, he suggested we play baseball together. If he calls again, ask him if he's coming to tomorrow's game. And tell him to call me tonight after 9:00. --OK.

As illustrated in the conversation above, different forms of quotations are involved for statements, questions, requests, and suggestions. Explanations for each form follow.

Chapter 41

A. Quoting questions When a question is quoted, it ends with the familiar form, (으/느)냐, plus 고 하다, meaning (someone) asks that.... verb stem + (으/느)냐 + 고 하다

•

제임스가 어머니한테 농구경기가 끝났(느)냐고 물었습니다.

•

어머니가 석호한테 그 사람이 제임스냐고 했습니다.

When the stem of a stative verb ends in a consonant and the verb is in the present tense, When the stem of a stative verb (including 이다) ends in a vowel and the verb is in the present tense, Otherwise,

add (으)냐고 하다.

좋 + (으)냐 +고 하다 ------> 좋(으)냐고 하다

add 냐고 하다.

예쁘 + 냐 + 고 하다 ------>예쁘냐고 하다

add (느)냐고 하다.

예쁘+었 + (느)냐 + 고 하다 ------>예뻤(느)냐고 하다 있 + (느)냐 + 고 하다 ------> 있(느)냐고 하다

Notes: 1. The forms (으/느) in parentheses are optional, in that you will either hear 좋으냐고 하다 or 좋냐고 하다, and 예뻤느냐고 하다 or 예뻤냐고 하다. 2. A question ending with 이다 takes 냐고 하다 for a quotation, as shown in the middle row of the previous formula. However, when the word preceding 이다 ends with a vowel, 이 in 이다 can be deleted. 3. The final verb, 하다 in -(으/느)냐고 하다, can be replaced by 묻다/물어 보다, meaning ask. Chapter 41

B. Quoting requests When a request is quoted, the verb stem is followed by (으)라, and 고 하다 is added, which means (someone) says/requests/orders, etc. that..., or to.... verb stem + (으)라 + 고 하다

•

선생님이 학생들한테 잘 들으라고 하셨습니다.

•

영애가 선생님께 점심을 잡수시라고 했습니다.

Chapter 41

C. Quoting suggestions When a suggestion is quoted, it ends with the familiar form, 자 ,followed by 고 하다, and means (someone) proposes/suggests, etc. that....

verb stem + 자 + 고 하다

•

제임스가 석호한테 내일 농구를 같이 하자고 했습니다.

•

어머니가 영애한테 지금 저녁 먹자고 했습니다.

Chapter 41

Expressing an Action That Immediately Follows Another 축구 경기를 하다가 선수 하나가 다쳤습니다. --김종오 선수가 다리를 다친 것 같군요. --네, 아까 공을 치자마자 넘어졌는데, 그 때 다친 것 같아요.

--Kim Chong-o appears to be injured. --Yes, he fell a while ago, as soon as he kicked the ball; that's when he got hurt.

--넘어지자마자 바로 일어나서 괜찮은 것 같았는데요. --글쎄요. 경기를 계속할 수 있을지 모르겠습니다.

--He got up right after he fell, so he seemed alright. --Gee, I wonder whether he can continue the game.

As this example shows, -자마자 is used to express as soon as... or no sooner than.... It states that one action in a clause (with -자마자) is immediately followed by another action in the next clause. action verb stem + 자마자 Note: In this pattern, the last part, 마자, is occasionally dropped in speaking as well as in writing.

•

학교에 도착하자(마자) 친구를 만났어요.

•

넘어지자(마자) 바로 일어났어요.

Chapter 41

Finishing Up an Action Two verbs can be added together to represent new meanings: a verb ending in -아/어 can be followed by either 가다, 오다, or 다니다.

the first verb 가다 오다 다니다 돌다 돌아가다 돌아오다 돌아다니다 turn return come back go around 찾다 찾아가다 찾아오다 찾아다니다 find/seek (go to) visit (come to) visit (go around to) find

버리다, meaning throw away or cast away, can also be added to other verbs. The following is from an ad, found in a Korean-American newspaper, about a health center. 생활에서 오는 스트레스와 피로를 해결해 드립니다. 한국식 대중 사우나가 문을 열었습니다. 서울 사우나에서 스트레스를 깨끗이 풀어 버리십시오. 짜증스러운 피로를 훌훌 털어 버리십시오. 운동후의 땀을 말끔히 씻어 버리십시오.

As you might have surmised, action verbs followed by 아/어 버리다 are used to mean finish doing... or do...completely, depending on the context. action verb stem + 아/어 버리다

•

어제 약속을 잊어 버렸어요.

•

여기 있던 과자를 누가 먹어 버렸어요?

I completely forgot about yesterday's appointment. Who ate up the cookies here?

Chapter 42

Planned or Scheduled Actions

영애가 민수의 결혼 계획에 대해서 물어 봅니다. --민수씨, 언제 결혼하실 거에요? --이번 가을에 할 예정입니다. --신혼여행지는 정하셨어요? --아직 완전히 결정하지는 않았어요. 제주도나 하와이를 갈 생각입니다.

--Minsoo, when are you going to get married? --I'm planning to get married this fall. --Have you decided where to go on your honeymoon? --Not yet. I'm thinking of either Cheju Island or Hawaii.

Planned or scheduled actions are expressed with "verb stem + (으)ㄹ생각/예정이다," which can be rendered as I'm planning to..., it is scheduled that..., or I'm thinking of....

verb stem + (으)ㄹ 생각/예정이다

Chapter 42

An Event or Condition That Was the Case in the Past But No Longer So 현진과 영미가 박 선생님에 관해서 (about) 서로 이야기합니다. --박 선생님 결혼했어요? --그분 3년 전에 결혼했었어요. 그런데 작년에 이혼했어요. --그래요? 그리고 재혼 안 했어요? --아직 안 했어요.

--Is Mr. Park married? --He got married three years ago. Then, he got divorced last year. --Is that so? He hasn't remarried? --Not yet.

"Verb stem + 았/었었" refers to a past event or condition that no longer exists. Here, 결혼했었어요 means that he was married but no longer is.

verb stem + 았/었었다

Chapter 43

Indicating Speculation The attributive endings 은, 는, 을, and (었)던 can be used to express conjecture, speculation, or deduction, as in such English phrases as it looks like, it seems (that/like), it appears (that/as though), I assume (that), or I guess (that).... 윤 선생과 미스 한이 다가오는 (upcoming) 연휴에 대하여 서로 이야기합니다. --미스 한, 이번 설에 고향에 가요? --아니오, 못 갈 것 같아요.

--Are you going to your hometown for the New Year, Miss Han? --No, it looks like I can't.

--아니, 왜요? --아직 고속 버스 표를 못샀어요.

--Why is that? --I haven't been able to buy a bus ticket yet.

--기차로 가면 안돼요? --기차표도 벌써 다 매진된 것 같아요.

--Can't you go by train? --It seems all train tickets have already been sold out.

verb stem + 은/는/을/(었)던 것같다

Chapter 43

Extended Use of Attributive Verb Forms A previous condition or habitual action can be expressed using "verb stem + (았/었)던 + noun/pronoun."

•

제가 낚시하던 곳이 여깁니다.

This is the place (where) I used to fish.

•

아니, 이차가 어제 고장 났던 차 아닙니까?

Hey, isn't this the car that was broken down yesterday?

A continuous action in the past uses "verb stem + (고 있) 던."

verb stem + (고 있)던

경찰이 전 씨한테 몇 가지 질문을 합니다.

--그 때 이 흰색 대우 차를 운전하 (고 있) 던 사람이 누굽니까? --글쎄요, 전 그 때 현대를 운전하고 있었습니다.

--Who was the person driving this white Daewoo at that time? --I dunno, I was driving a Hyundai then.

--그럼 이 뒷 좌석에서 자 (고 있) 던 사람은 누군지 아십니까? --전 모릅니다.

--Well, do you know the person who was sleeping in the back seat? --I don't know.

Chapter 44

Summary of "Anyone" and "No One" Anyone/anything and no one/nothing are expressed with 아무 . James and his Korean friend are working in an orchard and getting hungry. --배 고픈데 아무 거나 좀 먹읍시다. --먹을 것이 아무 것도 없어요.

--I'm hungry; anything at all will do. --There's nothing to eat.

--나무에서 과일 좀 따 먹으면 안 돼요? --아무 거나 먹으면 안 돼요. 안 익은 것도 많거든요.

--Can't we just pick some fruit from the trees and eat it? --You can't eat just any of them. Many of them aren't ripened yet.

The basic meaning of 아무 is any, and the English equivalents vary according to the marker and the predicate that follow 아무. In other words, 아무 and 도 are followed only by a negative predicate, and mean complete negation. Conversely, 아무 and 나 are followed by either a positive or a negative predicate, and mean complete assertion or restricted negation.

•

아무 + (noun) + 도

add negative predicate only

complete negation

아무 + (noun) + 나

add positive predicate

complete assertion

add negative predicate

restricted negation

어제는 수업이 끝난 후에 아무도 집에 갈 수 없었습니다. 체력단련 훈련이 있었습니다.

No one was able to go home after school yesterday. We had physical training.

•

이 영화는 연소자입장가이니까 아무나 들어 갈 수 있습니다.

•

여기는 민간이 출입금지 지역입니다. 아무나 들어 갈 수 없습니다.

Because this movie is rated PG, anyone can enter. This is a restricted area to civilians. Not just anyone can enter.

Note: Any noun can be added between 아무 and 나/도. Postpositions such as 에서, 한테, and 에 may be added to those nouns.

•

아무 음식점에서도 먹지 않았습니다.

•

아무 음식점에서나 먹었습니다.

•

아무 음식점에서나 먹지 않았습니다.

•

이 이야기는 아무한테도 말하지 마세요.

•

이 이야기는 아무한테나 말해도 돼요.

•

이 이야기는 아무한테나 말하지 마세요. 우리 반 학생들한테만 말하세요.

We didn't eat at any restaurant (at all). We ate in any restaurant (we could find). We didn't eat at just any restaurant. Don't tell this to anyone. You may tell this to anyone (you wish). Don't tell this to just anyone. Tell it only to the students in our class.

Chapter 44

Overview of Korean Sentence Structures Basic sentence structures are combinations of a subject and a predicate. The predicate is the part of a sentence that states something about the subject, composed of a verb and often including objects, modifiers, or complements of the verb.

This table presents a summary of the basic sentence structures.

문형 (sentence structure)

example

I

subject + noun + 이다 predicate

김영호씨는 의사입니다.

II

subject + stative verb/있다 predicate

날씨가 좋습니다.

III

subject + intransitive action verb predicate

새가 날아갑니다.

IV

subject + object + transitive verb predicate

정일병이 책을 읽어요.

V

VI

subject + direct object + indirect object 정일병이 책을 김영호씨한테 predicate + transitive verb 주었습니다. (subject) topic + (subject) topic +

미스 양은 얼굴이 예쁩니다.

predicate

Notes: 1. Any word in each of these basic sentence structures may be preceded and modified by other words, phrases, or clauses: attributive forms of all verbs modify nouns, whereas adverbs, time references, and locational phrases modify verbs. The underlined words are the basic elements of these statements. Nearly all of the remaining words modify them.

• • • • •

저기 가는 아이가 김선생님의 딸입니다. 저쪽 본관 뒤의 주차장에 제 차가 있습니다. 대개 운동을 많이 하는 사람들은 아주 날씬합니다. 예쁜 새 한 마리가 눈이 하얗게 온 나무위에 앉아 있습니다. 정일병이 김선생님이 빌려준 책을 미스양한테 주었습니다.

2. Two or more clauses or sentences may be connected to form a complex sentence. In such cases, various connectives serve to link them.

• •

봄에 비가 많이 오고, 날씨가 따뜻하면, 농사가 아주 잘 된다고 합니다. 어제는 과수원에서 일하면서, 노래도 하고, 이야기도 하고, 점심도

먹었습니다.

3. The last sentence structure (VI) is peculiar to Korean. English and other western languages do not have it. Similar to this is the expression of possesion with 있다.

• •

박하사가 딸이 있습니다. 장성호씨가 큰 농장이 있습니다.

Sgt. Park has a daughter. Mr. Chang has a big farm.

As the subject markers (이/가) indicate, the sentences have two subjects. However, the English equivalents have a subject and an object. The first subject is usually considered as the topic of the sentence and the subject marker can be replaced by 은/는 to show emphasis or contrast. Verbs other than 있다 can be used in the predicate, as seen below.

• • • •

박 하사는 딸이 있습니다. 장성호 씨는 큰 농장이 있습니다. ±× 과수원이/은 사과가 아주 많이 납니다. 코끼리가/는 코가 깁니다.

As for Sgt. Park, he has a daughter. As for Mr. Chang, he has a big farm. As for the orchard, it produces a lot of apples. As for elephants, their noses are long.

Chapter 45

Expressing the Passage of Time In English, a typical expression of an event that happens at a specific time after another event involves use of the present perfect tense, along with words such as in, for, or since, e.g., "It's been a year since he was last seen." or "I haven't been there in ten years." In Korean, the expression is denoted by the attributive ending (으)ㄴ+ 지(가) with a time word + 되다. In both languages, the focus is on the interval of time that extends from a specified past action, condition or event, to the present moment.

action verb stem + (으)ㄴ 지(가) + specified length of time + 되다

최 선생님이 새로 온 박 선생님하고 이야기하고 있습니다. -- 미스터 정 어머님은 누구하고 --Who does your mother live with, Mr. Chung? 사십니까? --우리형이 어머님을 모시고 계세요. --My elder brother lives with my mother -- 모시고 계신 지 얼마나 됐어요? --How long has he been living with her? --가만 있어봐요. 아버님이 돌아가신 --Well, let's see.... It's been five years since my father passed away, 지가 5년이 되었고, 아버님이 and my mother began living with him 돌아가시고 1년후에 형님이 어머님을 one year after, so it's been about four 모시기 시작했으니까, 한 4년

되었군요.

years now.

Note: To emphasize the specific time with the idea of "just" after an event, -만에 can be added to -(으)ㄴ지 + time word. Similarly, to emphasize an especially short period of time, -밖에 안 되다 can be added to -(으)ㄴ지 + time word. Equivalent English expressions include After having done...for only/just (time period),....

• 정우는 대학교에 들어간 지 3년만에 졸업을 했습니다.

After having attended the University for three years, Chungwoo graduated.

• 정우는 대학교에 들어간 지 3년밖에 안 되었는데 졸업을 했습니다.

Although it's been only three years since Chungwoo entered the University, he graduated.

Chapter 45

"According to..." English makes use of phrases such as according to... or in accordance with..., when attributing information to or quoting a source. A summary of the information the source has provided then follows. Korean employs -에 의하면/따르면 after the source, i.e., the source precedes the Korean equivalents for the phrases according to... or in accordance with.... noun + 에 의하면/따르면 The following passage focuses on current trends in the Korean family structure. 통계청의 인구조사에 의하면, 1990년 평균 가족수는 3.7명 이라고 한다. 이것은 부부와 자녀 1-2명으로 구성된 핵가족이 점점 늘어나고 있는 것을 말한다. 통계청에 따르면 1975년 평균 가구당 가족 수는 5.0명이고 1990년에는 3.7명으로 줄었다고 한다.

According to the population census of the Office of Statistics, 1990's family size is 3.7 persons. It means that nuclear families, consisting of couples and their one or two children, are gradually increasing in number. According to the Office of Statistics, the average family size was 5.0 persons in 1975, decreasing to 3.7 in 1990.

한국말은: ~에 따라(서) corresponds to English phrases such as depending on/upon... and according to..., but is not used like ~에 따르면 or ~에의하면 for attributing quotations to a source.

• •

Her mood changes according to the weather. 날씨에 따라서 기분이 다릅니다. 직업에 따라서 수입이 달라요. Income varies depending on the occupation.

~에 달려있다 is used to express the relationship between two or more concepts, actions, or conditions. Literally translated, it means hangs on, thus indicating the dependence one has on the other. English equivalents include such phrases as (subject) depends on... and depending on (someone or something).... This phrase may be attached directly to a noun, a gerund, or an indirect question.

• •

그분의 대답에 달려있다. 이 작업의 성공은 김부장의 노력에 달려있다.

Attached to a noun: (It all) depends on his answer. The success of this project rides on the efforts of director Kim.

• •

그건 생각하기에 달려있다. 돈은 쓰기에 달려있다.

Attached to a gerund: It all depends on one's perspective. Money can be good or evil (depending on how it's used).

• •

Attached to an indirect question: It all depends on who does it. 그것을 누가 하느냐에 달려 있다. It depends on when you do it. 그것은 언제 하느냐에 달려있다.

Chapter 46

Expressing Tendency or Inclination 편, which literally means side or direction, is combined with an attributive phrase or clause to describe a tendency or inclination. It can be rendered as ...tend(s) to (be), ...(is/am/are) inclined to, or ...(is/am/are) rather/quite/somewhat.... ¹ 決º 김이 부모한테 자기 (self) 남자 친구에 대해서 이야기합니다.

그 사람은 키가 큰 편이에요. 얼굴은 동그랗고, 음식은 아무거나 잘 먹는 편이에요. 말은 적은 편이고, 친구도 별로 없어요.

He's rather tall. His face is round and he's a pretty good eater. He tends not to say much, and he doesn't have many friends.

verb stem + (으)ㄴ/는/었던 편이다

Chapter 46

Expressing an Underlying Purpose or Justification Koreans use the verb stem + 기 + (을/를) 위해서/위하여 to express the purpose of an action. Equivalent English phrases include in order to..., for the sake of..., or in deference to....

영호와 경서가 저축하는 이유를 서로 이야기합니다. --영호야, 너는 왜 저축하니? --대학에 가기 위해서 저축하지. 대학에 가려면 돈이 많이 들거든. 경서, 너는?

--Youngho, why are you saving money? --To go to college. You need a lot of money to go to college. How about you, Kyungseo?

--난 차를 사기 위해 저축해. 고등학교만 졸업하고 공부 그만하고 취직하기로 결정했어. --경서야, 장래를 위해서 대학에 가는 게 좋을텐데....

--I'm saving money to buy a car. I decided to stop studying and get a job after high school. --Kyungseo, I think it would be better for your future if you went to college....

noun verb stem + 기

} + (을/를) 위해(서)/위하여 Chapter 46

Expressing One's Decisions or Strategies Making a decision to do something is expressed by "action verb stem + 기로 하다." This structure may be modified slightly, and other verbs may be substituted for 하다. Two common choices include 결정하다, decide, choose between alternatives, and 작정하다, plan, decide, scheme. 결심하다/마음 먹다, make up one's own mind, can also be used instead of 하다. 두 친구가 서로의 미래 (future) 에 대해서 이야기합니다. --나는 내년에 취직하기로 작정했어. --그래? 어디 취직할 거야?

--I decided to get a job next year. --Is that so? Where are you going to work?

--삼성에 취직하기로 결정했어. --그래? 나는 내년에 가게를 열기로 마음 먹었어.

--I decided to work at Samsung. --Is that so? I made up my mind to open a store next year.

--어떤 가게를 열려고 하니? --음-, 아직 정하지 않았어.

--What kind of store are you going to open? --Well, I haven't decided yet.

--그리고 너 가게 열 돈도 없잖아? 이· ±, 가게 열기가 그렇게 쉬운 줄 알아?

--And you don't even have money to open a store, do you? You think opening a store is that easy?

action verb stem + 기로 +(결정)하다/작정하다/결심하다/마음 먹다

Chapter 47

Acknowledgment of Facts 현수와 영미가 운전에 대해서 이야기합니다. --영미씨 아직도 운전할 줄 모르세요? 저는 영미씨 운전 잘 하는 줄로 알았는데요. --아뇨, 운전할 줄 몰라요. 현수씨는 운전할 줄 아세요?

--Youngmee, don't you know how to drive? I thought that you were a good driver. --No, I don't know how. How about you, Hyunsoo?

--저요? 저 운전 잘 해요. --그래요? 저는 현수 씨 운전 잘 하는 줄 몰랐었어요.

--Me? I drive well. --Oh, really? I didn't know that you drove well.

Verb stem + (으)ㄹ 줄 알다/모르다 " expresses to know how to.../not to know how to.... A slight variation of this form is: "verb stem + (으)ㄴ/는/(으)ㄹ + 줄 알다 /모르다." It can be rendered as to know that.../not to know that..., to think that.../not to think that..., to believe that.../not to believe that.... With this feature, there is often the implication that what a person thought or believed was really mistaken. verb stem + (으)ㄴ/는/(으)ㄹ + 줄 알다/모르다 All attributive forms may enter into this construction depending on the time frame: past, present, or future. 을 can be inserted after 줄, if a true fact is stated. 로 can be inserted between 줄 and 알다, if there is the implication that what a person thought or believed was really mistaken.

•

이선생님이 간 줄 알았어요. or

I knew (the fact) that Mr. Lee was gone. I thought Mr. Lee was gone (however, he's here).

•

이선생님이 간 줄을 알았어요.

I knew (the fact) that Mr. Lee was gone.

•

이선생님이 간 줄로 알았어요.

I thought Mr. Lee was gone (however, he wasn't).

Chapter 47

Rephrasing or Clarifying 민수가 컴퓨터 때문에 새로 생긴 말들을 설명합니다. <넌 8비트야>라고 하면 오래된 컴퓨터를 얘기하므로, 머리가 나쁘다라는 말입니다. <안 맞아서

Telling someone, "You're 8 bits," refers to a primitive computer, meaning that the person is half-witted. If you don't know

딜리트 올 했다>고 하면 컴퓨터를 잘모르는 사람은 알아 들을 수 없습니다. 이말은 서로 안 맞아서 여자 친구나 남자친구와 깨끗이 헤어졌다는 말입니다. 복잡한 일로 머리가 어지러울 때는 <램이 탄다> 고 표현합니다.

computers well, you won't understand but, "We're not compatible, so I DELETED ALL," means one didn't get along with the girlfriend or boyfriend, so they broke up. When someone is feeling distracted due to a complicated problem, he might say, "My ram chips are overloaded."

noun/indirect quoted sentence + ((이)라) 는 말(씀)이다

This form is frequently used in conversations for rephrasing, clarifying, or restating one's intended meaning. It is an abbreviation of -(이)라고 하는 말이다, which can be rendered as it means (that).... You may substitute 말, word, with 뜻, meaning, by saying -(이)라는 뜻이다.

Chapter 47

Illustrating Two or More Options 미나와 수진이 자신들의 종교에 대해서 이야기합니다. --너는 종교가 뭐니? --글쎄, 아직까지는 없어. 그렇지만 우리집은 기독교야. 그래서 신교 교회든지, 가톨릭 교회든지 한번 나가 보려고 해. 너도 같이 가볼래?

--What's your faith? --Well, I have none so far. But my family background is Christianity. Therefore, I'm thinking of going either to a Protestant or a Catholic church. Do you want to go with me?

--그래, 둘다 괜찮아. 어느 교회든지 나가 보자. --그럼 다음 주에는 천주 교회에 나가 보자.

--OK. Both are fine. Let's go to any church. --Then let's try a Catholic church next week.

"Question word + (이)든지" means no matter..., any...at all, regardless of.... "Noun (phrase) + (이)든지 noun (phrase) + (이)든지" is used state options. It can be rendered as either...or, whether...or.

noun (phrase) + (이)든지 noun (phrase) + (이)든지

This form can also be used with verbs: • 옷이 크든지 작든지 상관 없어요. It doesn't matter whether the clothes are small or big. • 밥을 먹든지 국수를 먹든지 Let's eat anything quickly, either (eating) rice or (eating) noodles. 아무거나 빨리 먹읍시다.

verb stem + 든지 verb stem + 든지

Chapter 48

Expressing "As" and "According to" When 대로 is used after the attributive ending of a verb, the subsequent clause expresses the idea that something exists or occurs in accordance with the clause containing 대로. The English equivalent is "as..." 미스터 김이 조금 일찍 집에 가겠다고 과장님께 말하고 있½윱求Ù. --과장님, 제가 내일 약속한 대로 1시간 일찍 오겠습니다. --내 생각에는 내일은 한 시간 반쯤 일찍 와서 이 서류를 끝내는 것이 좋을 것 ° 걋볕¥. 하여튼 미스터 장이 하고 싶은 대로 하세요. --그렇게 하지요. 과장님이 말씀하시는 대로 한 시간 반쯤 일찍 나오겠습니다.

-

--I'll come an hour early tomorrow, as I promised. --I think it would be better if you could come an hour and a half early and finish these documents. Anyway, do as you like, Mr. Chang. --I'll do that. I'll come an hour and a half early as you said.

attributive verb form + 대로 Additional examples:

•

내가 하는 대로 따라 하지 말고, 내가 말하는 대로 따라 하세요.

Do as I say, not as I do.

•

제가 생각한 대로 몬트레이에는 바람이 많이 붑니다.

It's very windy in Monterey, as I thought.

•

요즘 아이들은 뭐든지 자기가 하고 싶은 대로 하고 말하고 싶은 대로 말합니다. 어른들이 하라는 대로 절대로 하지 않습니다.

Kids nowadays do everything their own way and say whatever they please. They never do what grown-ups tell them to do.

Notes: 1. 대로 can be added to some nouns and used as handy "frozen" expressions.

• • •

정희 씨 마음대로 하세요. 모두 사실대로 이야기하겠습니다. 약속대로 제가 한턱 내겠어요.

Do as you like, Chunghee. I'll tell everything like it is. I'll treat you as I promised.

2. When -(으)ㄴ/는 대로 is added to a stative verb, the phrase means "as is."

•

새 구두가 좀 작은데, 작은 대로 그냥 신겠어요. • 그 사람은 못 생긴 대로 매력이 있어요.

This new shoes are a bit small, but I will wear them as is. He is as attractive as he is homely.

3. Sometimes, -(으)ㄴ/는 대로 is used to express that one action in a clause is immediately followed by another action in the next clause, which is similar to -자마자.

It can have the meaning of "as soon as the action of the first clause takes place, the second also takes place."

•

장 선생님은 출근하는 대로 커피를 끓였습니다. • 송 선생님한테 들어 오시는 대로 전화 좀 해 달라고 전해 주세요.

Mr. Chang made coffee as soon as he arrived at work. As soon as Mr. Song comes in, tell him to call me back.

Chapter 48

"It Turns Out...." 되다 has various functions. 1. Asking for personal data. You can identify personal information such as name, address, status, occupation, rank, relationship, etc., with 되다. --성함이 어떻게 되십니까? --장기수입니다.

--What's your name? --Chang Kisu.

--직업이 어떻게 되십니까? --군인입니다.

--What's your occupation? --I'm a soldier.

2. Expressing a change in status. The English equivalent is become. --언제 군인이 되었습니까? --2년전에요. 곧 상병이 됩니다.

--When did you become a soldier? --Two years ago. I'll soon become (be promoted to) a corporal.

3. Expressing a quantity or price. --서울에서 부산까지 거리가 어떻게 됩니까? --한 400킬로쯤 됩니다.

--What's the distance between Seoul and Pusan? --It's about 400 km.

--그럼 기차 요금은 얼마나 됩니까? --한 10,000원쯤 됩니다.

--So, how much is a train ticket? --It's about 10,000 won.

4. As an auxiliary verb. --오늘 이 일을 끝내야 됩니까? --네, 오늘까지 꼭 끝내야 됩니다.

--Do we have to finish this job? --Yes, we have to finish it today.

5. Expressing adequacy. --자, 됐습니다. 그만 합시다. --아니요, 그건 안 됩니다. 다시 합시다.

--It's OK. Let's call it quits. --No, we can't. Let's try it again.

In addition to these functions, 되다 is used after an adverbial form of a verb. That is, when 되다 follows a verb ending in 게, it corresponds to the English it is scheduled to, it is supposed to, it turns out, it comes to.... 미스터 최가 회사 동료와 이야기하고 있습니다. --저는 다음 달에 미국 지사로 가게 µ퓸 윱求Ù. --그럼 미스터 최가 하던 일은 누가 하죠?

--I'm to go to the US branch office next month. --Who will take over your position, Mr. Choi?

--이번에 새로 들어 온 미스터 남이 제가 하던 일을 하게 되었습니다. --새 사람이 오면 내가 바쁘게 되는데.

--Mr. Nam, who was just recently hired, will be taking over for me. --I get busy when a new employee comes in.

verb stem + 게 되다

Chapter 48

Connecting Two Contradictory Clauses (II) 지만 connects two contradictory ideas in two clauses.

•

한국말은 조금 어렵지만 재미 있습니다.

Korean is a little bit difficult, but it's fun.

•

요즘 젊은 사람들은 버릇이 없지만 솔직합니다.

Young people nowadays may be rude, but they are forthright.

-(으)나 is interchangeable with -지만, but -(으)나 is used more often in writing than speaking.

•

한국말은 조금 어려우나 재미 있습니다.

Korean is a little bit difficult, but it's fun.

• 요즘 젊은 사람들은 버릇이 없으나 솔직합니다.

Young people nowadays may be rude, but they are forthright.

verb stem + (으)나

Chapter 49

More on Expressing Reason or Cause -아/어서, -기 때문에, and -(으)니까 are used to express reason or cause.

• • •

자동차가 너무 비싸서, 자전거를 샀습니다. 숙제를 다 했기 때문에, 오후에는 영화관에 갔습니다. 오늘은 비가 오니까, 집에서 음악이나 듣고 쉬어야 겠어요.

-느라고 has the same function as these three features, but possesses the following unique characteristics:

• • • •

-느라고 is attached only to action verbs. -느라고 is more colloquial than the others. As the example below shows, -느라고 is used only when the subject of two clauses is the same, whereas -아/어서, -기 때문에, and -(으)니까 are less restricted. A negative consequence or a hardship often follows -느라고.

부모님이 우진의 대학입시 합격을 축하해 주십니다. --우진아, 합격을 축하한다. 선생님께 고맙다고 전화드리자. 너를 잘 가르치느라고 수고하셨는데. --아버지, 어머니, 고맙습니다. 제 뒷바라지 하시느라고 잠도 잘 못 주무셨잖아요.

--Woojin, congratulations. Let's call your teacher and thank him. He worked so hard to teach you. --Thank you, mom and dad. You lost a lot of sleep supporting me.

--네가 그 동안 공부하느라고 그렇게

--Yours was the most difficult part in

좋아하는 컴퓨터 게임도 못하고 제일 힘들었지.

that you had to forsake all of your

favorite computer games to study.

action verb stem + 느라고

Chapter 49

Expressing Emphasis with Double Negation Negative clauses may be negated a second time to emphasize the meaning, but in the affirmative. The following examples illustrate this point. 두 대학생이 유명한 교수에 대해서 이야기하고 있습니다. --송인섭 교수를 알아요? --그럼요. 우리 학교에서 그분 모르는 사람이 없지요. --그렇게 유명한 분입니까? --네, 자기 전공뿐만 아니고, 모르는 게 없으세요.

--Do you know professor Song Insup? --Sure. There's no one who doesn't know him in my school. --Is he that famous? --Yes, there's nothing he doesn't know, including areas outside his field.

-지 않을 수 없다 or 안 -(으)ㄹ 수 없다 are often used for double negation and mean cannot help but..., cannot help...-ing, or have no choice but to.... 두 사람이 한국의 교육에 대해 이야기하고 있습니다. --한국의 고등학교 학생들은 정말 열심히 공부해요. --공부를 하지 않을 수가 없지요. 대학에 들어 가려면 공부를 해야지요.

--Korean high school students study really hard. --They have no choice but to study. They have to get into a university.

--그렇긴 해요. 좋은 직장에 들어 가려면 대학에 안 들어갈 수가 없겠어요.

--You're right. I think one can't help but attend a university in Korea to get a good job.

Chapter 49

Expressing "So That..." or "Until..."

When a verb is followed by -도록, it may have two different equivalents in English, depending on the context. Chapter 49

A. In order to..., so that... The clause with -도록 expresses in order to... or so that.... --선생님, 잘 모르겠어요. 이해할 수 있도록 다시 설명해 주세요. --자, 그럼 이번에는 다 알아 듣도록 더 쉽게 설명하겠어요.

--Sir, I don't get it. Please explain it again so that we may understand. --Ok, then I'll explain it more easily this time, so you'll get everything.

Note: When -도록 is followed by 하다, -도록 하다 expresses the idea of causing or influencing an action that has taken place, just as a causative verb does. When, however, the clause with -도록 하다 has only the first and second person as subjects, the clause can be rendered as try to do....

• • •

아이들을 조용히 하도록 하세요. 모두 조용히 하도록 하세요. 제가 김선생님이 이 일들 끝내도록 하겠습니다. • 이 일을 빨리 끝내도록 하세요. • 아이들이 아침에 일찍 일어나도록 하세요. • 아침에 일찍 일어나도록 하세요.

Please, make the children be quiet. Please be quiet. I'll have Mr. Kim finish this job. Please finish this job quickly. Have the children get up early in the morning. Please try to get up early in the morning.

Chapter 49

B. Until... A clause with -도록 expresses until... (an action is completed).

• •

제가 아침밥을 다 먹도록 제 동생은 일어나지 않았습니다. 6월이 되도록 꽃이 피지 않았습니다.

• • •

어제밤에 늦도록 텔레비전을 보았어요. 밤이 새도록 공부했습니다. 저는 죽도록 그여자를 사랑했어요.

My younger sister didn't get up until I finished eating breakfast. The flower had not bloomed until June. I watched TV until late last night. I studied until dawn. I loved the woman to death.

verb stem + 도록

Chapter 50

Expansion of Indirect Quotations Paraphrasing what others have stated uses the following forms:

•

죤은 다음 주에 휴가간다고 합니다.

•

윤건일 씨가 언제 서울 중학교를 졸업했느냐고 사장님이 물어 봅니다.

John says that he's taking leave next week. The company president asks when Mr. Yoon graduated from Seoul Middle School.

The same information can be expressed by using the following contractions: ~다고 합니다 can be contracted to ~답니다; ~라고 합니다 to 랍니다; ~자고 합니다 to ~잡니다; and ~냐고 합니다 to ~ 니다, each of which expresses intention, identification, command, suggestion, and question. ~다고 합니다 ~라고 합니다 ~자고 합니다 ~냐고 합니다

~답니다 ~랍니다 ~잡니다 ~ 니다

유 과장 친구 황 부장이 유과장과 이야기합니다. --유 과장, 회사를 그만둔다지요? --네, 다음 주에 그만둡니다.

--Mr. Yoo, I hear you are resigning. --Yes, I'm leaving next week.

--앞으로의 계획은 있어요? --친구가 사업을 같이 하잡니다.

--Do you have future plans? --A friend of mine is asking me to work as his partner. --That's great!

--잘 됐군요.

Chapter 50

Taking Advantage of a Situation It is normal in English to begin a sentence with a phrase such as Since (I/you, etc.) are (going/doing)...already... or As long as...anyway..., to imply that the conditions are right for you or the listener to do something that might otherwise have been put off. In Korean, "action verb stem + (으)ㄴ/ 는 김에" is the equivalent of the English examples above.

action verb stem + (으)ㄴ / 는 김에 유과장이 부인한테 자기가 사표를 낸 이야기를 합니다. --나 오늘 회사 사표 냈어. --아니 왜 갑자기요?

--I tendered my resignation today. --Why so suddenly?

--나 회사 관두고 싶어 한 것 당신도 --You knew I wanted to quit my job. 알잖아? 그런데 어제 술먹은 김에 Yesterday, after a few drinks, I gave Mr. Min a piece of my mind. 민 부장한테 할 말 다했지. --그래서 민 부장하고 싸웠어요? --So you had a fight with Mr. Min? --그래, 민 부장하고 싸운 김에 회사 --Yeah, since I had the fight with Mr. Min (anyway), I felt like quitting. 그만두려고 해. --잘 했어요. 이 김에 정은이 아빠하고 --You made the right choice. This is a good opportunity for you to go into 같이 사업하면 더 좋을 것 같아요. business with Jungeun's dad.

.

Chapter 50

Saying How Things Turned Out "Verb stem + ~더니" is used to connect to a consequence or result how one recalls one's own observation of an event, condition, or state. The result can be positive or negative, expected or unexpected. Frequently, a contrast is implied. For example, "He studied hard, and passed the examination." "It used to be this way, and now it's that way." "Your car was red, but now it's black." 최정수 씨가 이경진 씨에게 친구 민윤도 씨에 관해 물어 봅니다. --민윤도 요새 뭐 해? --두 달 전에 사업을 시작하더니 다 그만두고 조그만 회사에 취직했어.

--What's Min Yoon-do doing these days? --He started a business two months ago. Then he quit everything and got a job in a small company.

--그래? 그럼 그 친구 신입사원 생활이 어떻대? --처음엔 재미있다고 하더니 요새는 직장에 대해서 불만이 많아.

--Is that so? How is his life as a new employee? --He said he enjoyed it at first, but now he has a lot of complaints about the workplace.

-더니 is sometimes preceded by 었, when the speaker is the subject of the first clause, and the verb is an action verb. µÎ 친구가 각자의 문제를 서로 이야기합니다. --내가 퇴직을 했더니 우리 집사람이 불만이 많아요. --아, 그래요? 나도 좀 문제가 있어요. 지난 주에 내가 미스터 명을 해고했더니 미스 탁이 갑자기 사표를 냈군요.

--I retired, and since then, my wife has been really unhappy. --Oh, is that right? I've got a little problem myself. I fired Mr. Myong last week, and then suddenly Miss Tahk submitted a letter of resignation.

verb stem + (었)더니

이경진 씨가 부장에게 회사 정책 (policy) 에 대하여 물어 봅니다. --부장님, 작년엔 남자사원만 뽑더니 금년엔 왜 여자사원만 뽑습니까? --남자사원만 뽑았더니 사장님이 남녀를 차별한다고 화내셨어.

--Sir, you hired only men last year; how come you are hiring only women this year? --I hired only men, but the president got mad, saying I was discriminating against women.

--작년엔 경력과 학력만 보고 뽑으라고 하시더니 이젠 안 그런가요? --나도 그렇게 말했더니 ¾藍막灌Â 특기가 있거나 유능한 젊은이면 누구나 좋다고 하셨어.

--Last year, he said to hire based only on experience and education; now is that no longer true? --I said the same thing, but he said that from now on I can hire any young people who have a special skill or who are competent.

최정수 씨가 이경진 씨한테 사표 낸 이야기를 합니다. --내가 사표를 냈더니 사장님이 화를 내시면서 그냥 있으라는군. --아니, 네가 능력이 없다고 화를 내시더니 이젠 나가지도 못하게 해?

--I turned in my resignation, but then the president got mad and told me to stay. --What? He got mad because of your lack of ability, and now he won't let you leave?

--나도 그렇게 말했더니 노력하면 불가능한 것이 없다고 하시더군. --나한테는 실력이 없으면 아무리 노력해도 성공 못한다고 하시더니 너한테는 다르구나.

--I said that too, but he said nothing is impossible if one tries hard. --He told me that no matter how hard one tries, one can't succeed if one is incompetent; now he tells you something different.

Chapter 51

Expressing "Have Someone Do Something" 회사에서 파티를 합니다. --미스터 한, 누가 음료수를 준비해요? --미스 정한테 준비하게 하세요.

--Mr. Han, who'll prepare the drinks? --Let Miss Chung prepare them.

--그럼 음악은요? --음악은 안 선생한테 부탁합시다.

--Then, how about music? --Let's ask Mr. Ahn.

--초대 카드는요? --카드는 미스 리한테 만들게 해요. 그럼 다 됐어요. 그렇죠? 피자는 제가 사가지고 오면 되니까요.

--What about the invitations? --We'll have Miss Lee make them. Then everything's settled, isn't it? I'll bring pizza.

The sentence pattern ...게 하다 is the equivalent of the English causing someone to do something, having someone do something, or letting someone do something. The subject can be a thing as well as a person. verb stem + 게 하다

Chapter 51

Stating "As Long As..." 한 경제 전문가 (expert) 가 텔레비전에 나와서 한국 경제에 대해서 이야기합니다. 우리 무역이 적자를 기록하는 한 경제가 좋아질 수 없습니다. 우리나라 공업 제품의 품질이 좋아지지 않는 한 무역이 흑자가 될 수 없습니다.

As long as we have a trade deficit, our economy cannot improve. As long as the qualiity of our manufactured goods doesn't improve, we cannot have a trade surplus.

"Verb stem + 는 한," mostly used with action verbs, indicates or limits the time during which an action continues or a condition exists. It can be rendered in English as as long as..., or as far as.... verb stem + 는 한

Chapter 51

Stating "In Spite Of..."

다음은 신문에 나온 기사입니다. 경기가 계속해서 나빠짐에도 불구하고 우리 나라의 수입 증가율이 미국 등 선진국은 물론 대만 싱가포르 태국 등우리의 수출 경쟁국보다 훨씬 높은 것으로 나타났다.

In spite of the economy's continued decline, our rate of increase in imports is by far greater than (that of) advanced nations such as the US; greater also than our export competitors, including Taiwan, Singapore, and Thailand.

-에도/(으)ㄴ데도/는데도 불구하고 implies overcoming a limitation or difficulty, and can be rendered as in spite of..., or despite.... This structure is often found in a written text or a prepared speech. noun 에도 verb stem (으)ㄴ/는데도

}불구 하고

• 날씨가 이렇게 나쁜데도 불구하고 Thank you all for coming in spite of 모두 왕림해 주셔서 감사합니다. such a bad weather

Chapter 52

Expressing "Worth" or "Capability" -(으)ㄹ만하다 is used with any verb to indicate value or worth, as well as the capability of doing something. The English equivalent is to be well worth (doing) or to be capable of (doing). The subject or topic of the sentence in this pattern usually takes the contrast marker, 는/은. verb stem + (으)ㄹ 만하다

두 사람이 이번에 새로 임영된 외무부 장관에 대해서 이야기합니다. --이번에 ¿ ズÎ 장관이 된 고수영 씨는 어떤 분입니까? --그 분 아주 능력이 있는 분이에요. 영어도 잘하시지요. 그 분은 정말 장관이 될 만한 분이에요.

--What kind of person is Ko Su-yong, the newly appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs? --He's a man of ability. He also speaks English very well. He's really someone capable of being a Minister.

--그런데, 요즈음은 국제적으로 --But, nowadays that's a difficult position, because there are so many international 어려운 문제가 많아서 힘들 problems. 겁니다. --힘들지만 능력이 있는 사람으로서 --But it's a job worth doing for someone who

한 번 해 볼 만한 일이지요.

is capable.

Chapter 52

Expressing Condition Using 거든 The conditional pattern -거든 is similar in meaning to -(으)면. -거든, however, is mainly used when the subsequent clause is an imperative or propositional clause, whereas -(으)면 is not limited as such. 대통령 후보자와 지지자가 (supporter) 이야기하고 있습니다. --대통령선거가 며칠 안 남았군요! 이번에는 꼭 되실 거에요. --그저 여러분들만 믿겠습니다.

--The presidential election is just around the corner! This time I'm sure you'll win. --I'm just counting on all of you.

--대통령이 되시거든 깨끗한 정치를 해주세요. 그리고 청와대에 들어 가시거든 국민들과의 약속을 지키세요.

--If you become President, please practice clean politics. And if you move into the Blue House, please keep your promises to the people.

verb stem + 거든

Note: -거든(요) is also used in casual conversation to provide information that the hearer lacks, on the basis of which additional remarks are to be made. A sentence with this ending typically explains something within the context. It is similar to short English phrases attached to the end of a sentence, such as you know or you see.

•

제가 그 후보자를 좋아하거든요. 그래서 그 후보를 찍을 거에요. • 내일 아침에 조금 늦게 출근 하겠어요.투표를 해야 되거든요.

I like the candidate, so I'm going to vote for him. I'll be late getting into the office tomorrow morning. I've got to vote, you know.

Chapter 53

Contracted Quotations There is a contracted form of quoting another person used with great frequency by native speakers in casual speech. The boxes below provide a side-by-side comparison of the standard quotational form and the contracted form.

standard quotations

contracted quotations

다다 verb stem + 라다 자다 냐다

해해



대 verb stem + 래 재

(해)

• 지지지지 피해피 많다다 해해 많대해. They say the earthquake caused a lot of damage.

• 김 중중피 저저저 홍홍피 난 곳곳 피가라다 해해 피가래해. Sgt. Kim told me to go to the flooded area.

• 재해대재재재재재 우우저저 같같 재재 피해피 조중조자다 해해

조중조재해. The Emergency Management Agency suggested that we examine property damage with them.

• 제 미미미 친친친같 저미재한 지지같 나나냐다 해해. 나나 해. My American friends are asking whether Korea has earthquakes. 두 같이 (neighbor) 중사같 홍홍 주주가재 대해재 같이이이이다. --소소친소소해? 중재지중재 큰 홍홍피 났대해. --저한 텔텔텔텔재재 봤소해. 오오 재서재한 홍홍 주주가피 내내소해. 그래재 저한 재부재 중사 중사친사 홍홍재 대텔조래해.

--Heard the latest? They say a flood has occurred in the central region --I saw it on TV, too. A flood warning's been issued today in Seoul, too. So they're advising people living near the Han river to be prepared.

--소어어 대텔피 조하? --우우 아아아재재사 아래아재 중사 중사친주 짐곳 위아재 중사 중사친 아아아지 옮옮 놓재해.

--How should we do that? --The people in our apartments suggested moving our things from the lower apts to those on the higher floors.

Chapter 53

"Even" "Verb stem + (아/소)한" means even though. A similar form used with a noun is "noun + ( 같)라한." The English equivalent in this case would be even, even though, or at least and may be used to denote compromise, regarding a choice between options the speaker ordinarily would not make. For example, "I'm so hungry that I could even eat your cooking."

noun + (같)라한 한

두 재재피 홍홍지 피해피 입사 집재 지지 막 돌아돌돌이다. --소어나! 집집같 엉엉같 됐됐해. 같이 소어어 조하 좋지해? --우우 배피 다고이 라하같라한 빨우 끓끓 먹먹먹다.

--O, my goodness! The house is a total mess. What are we going to do with this? --First of all, I'm so hungry; let's eat a quick meal, even some ramen. --Well, then I'll go into the kitchen and try to find even a broken pot. --I'll try to find some dry clothes, even some old ones.

--그그 내피 재부재 피재 깨지 남텔라한 조나 찾아 가하. --난 헌 옷같라한 젖지 않사 옷같 있나 좀 찾아 가지.

The following are more examples of this form.

• 지지 배피 너너 다아재 네피 만만 음소같라한 먹먹다.

• 자자자피 다고났지하 자텔자라한 타다 와해.

• 네피 오지 못조하 자동같라한 가내.

I'm so hungry that I'll even eat your cooking. If your car is down, ride a bike over here (if you have to) At least send your brother if you cannot come.

Note: 1. Postpositions such as -재, -재재, -(지)지, -재부, -까지, and others may be inserted between the noun and -(같)라한.

•

낮재 먹시같 없지먹하 저저재라한 먹시 좀 내 주주해.

•

저미 음소곳 젓피젓지지 먹이피 소어우하 손피젓지지라한 먹먹소해.

•

같이 주주까지 이번같 끝나지 않지하 다음 주주까지라한 끝내 주주해.

Please set aside some time (meet me)-even in the evening--if you don't have time during the day. If eating Korean food with chopsticks is difficult, I will eat it even with my fingers. If you cannot finish the translation this weekend, please finish it at least by next weekend.

2. When -(같)라한 is added to a question word or an indefinite noun such as 누친, 언제, 소어, 너무, and 아너, it emphasizes their meaning.

•

심심해 죽먹사죽 재같 있지하 아너자라한 좀 주주해.

I am bored to death, so please give me any book.

•

집재 있지이까 답답해해. 소어라한 좀 갑먹다.

It feels so stuffy at home. Let's go somewhere--anywhere.

•

영영 씨피 재부조사 것같라하 너무같라한 친소 드우먹소해.

I will do anything for you, Youngae, if you ask me a favor.

Chapter 53

Expanding Conjectural Statements -먹돌이다, -(지)ㄹ 것같다 , and -(지)ㄹ 것 같다 each indicate some degree of conjecture, speculation, or uncertainty. In addition to these forms, Korean speakers will commonly use "verb stem + (지)ㄹㄹ죽(해)" in more colloquial speech. The English equivalents would be most likely or probably.

verb stem + (지)ㄹ ㄹㄹ죽(해)

홍해피 당저 두 중사같 자고동재 (village supervisor) 대해재 같이이조다 있돌이다. --같이재 우우 자고동같 홍해 복친 조나라다 정주 홍다조수소해. --네, 저주 집재한 와재 집곳 청소조다 피친친곳 닦사 이 한와 주수소해.

--The village supervisor really worked hard this time in the flood recovery efforts. --Yeah, he helped us clean our house and furniture.

--자고동한 같이 홍홍지 피해피 입소곳 ㄹ죽 다다 중사친곳 돕나라다 며며자집 집재한 못 피수대해. --저저, 재미같 혼자 집곳 청소조다 있소곳 ㄹ죽해.

--He probably had losses himself, but caught up in helping others, he couldn't go to his own house for several days. --My, his wife must have been cleaning the house by herself!

Chapter 54

Near Misses and Close Calls In English, adverbs--including nearly, almost, and narrowly--are used in descriptions of accidents or blunders that one is fortunate enough to avoid at the last moment. In Korean, a structural pattern, "verb stem + (지)ㄹ 뻔 조다," is used.

과고같 아아재 일소난 일재 대조끓 같이이이이다. --오오 아아재 중다피 날 뻔 했소. --과고동같해?

--I nearly had an accident this morning. --Who? You, sir?

--그래, 주자고재재 자 주서 자우피 찾지어다, 천천천 피다 있소사죽 갑자이 소어 바가 같사 끓자피 자 앞지지 뛰소 나와재, 그 끓자피 며 뻔 했소. 천천천 피지 않않지하, 중다피 냈곳 자이. 조끓하 주자주 자우피 조나 밖재 없소재 조지만 늦소소한, 주자피 못주 뻔 했지. --큰일 날 뻔 했됐해.

--Yeah, I was driving slowly in the parking lot, trying to find a parking space when suddenly this idiot of a woman ran out in front of my car and I almost hit her. Had I not been driving slowly, I could have had an accident. If I had been even a little bit late, I would have been unable to park, since there were no more open parking spaces. --You nearly got into big trouble.

(action) verb stem + (지)ㄹ 뻔 조다

Chapter 54

Expanding Cause and Effect Expressions -이 때때재, -아/소재, and -(지)이까 express cause and effect. "Verb stem + 사 바사재" or "noun + 바사재" also can be used to express a cause and effect. It is rendered as because (of), under the influence of, as a result of, on account of, or due to. One can use this pattern in assigning blame. 중다 낸 운텔자피 경경저저 중사 경위피(situation) 설설이이다. --중다피 소어어 났돌이까? --앞 자피 갑자이 재사 바사재 났돌이다.

--How did the accident happen? --It occurred because the car in front of me stopped suddenly.

--왜 자피 갑자이 섰돌이까? --옆 자피 자우곳 넘소 친소 오사 바사재 그 자피 우 것 같영해.

--Why did he stop? --I think he stopped because the car next to him crossed over the lane.

--아, 옆 자 바사재 앞 자피 급정자했됐해. --네, 제피 옆 자피 가다피 앞 자피 급정자조사 것곳 못 가사 바사재 그 자와 충돌했돌이다.

--Ah, he stopped suddenly due to the car next to him. --I crashed into him because I was watching the car to his side and didn't see him suddenly stop.

verb stem + 사 noun

}

바사재

저미주사: You may have noticed 바사 within this pattern.

It is the Korean equivalent of wind. As a variation, you may read or hear 그 바사재, the English equivalents of which include because of (that) and due to (that). 바사 suggests that something has occurred due to the influence or strength of another fact, event, or action.

Chapter 54

Emphasizing Extremes In English conversations, when stressing the extraordinary qualities or attributes of a person, an object, a task, or a concept, adverbs such as so, very, extremely, incredibly, and unbelievably are commonly used. In Korean, this is achieved through "끓시 + verb stem + 지 않다," which also indicates an extraordinary state or condition. Even though the form appears to be negative, the meaning is not. Negating the verb that follows it does indeed emphasize it, since the term 끓시 means average, normal, or regular.

자자자 중다지 다친 환자저저 그 환자피 찾사 중때방같 묻돌이다. --좀 소어어이까? 다다다 죽사? --많같 나않소해. 그그지만 병병재 같그어 누누 있지이까 끓시 답답조지 않아해.

--How is your recovery coming along? --I'm a lot better. But lying here in this hospital bed is so stifling.

--그그먹먹소해. 그저죽, 중다사 소어어 났소해? --퇴부 길같소소해. 그날 눈같 끓시 많같 오지 않않소해. 그래재 천천천 운텔곳 했소해. 그래한 길같 끓시 미미미지 않않소해. 교자지재재 좌좌텔조다피 미미그미재 중다피 났소해.

--I can understand. By the way, what caused the accident? --I was on the way home from work. There was an incredibly heavy snowfall, so, I drove slowly. The road was very slippery, nonetheless. I was making a left turn into the turn lane when the accident occurred.

끓시 + verb stem + 지 않다

Chapter 55

"Catch" Versus "Be Caught" 다음사 다때재 난 이중입이다. 재서 자재경경재사 같사 집재 주만 주재피 상대지 지금곳 빼빼다 흉이지 찔그 숨지어 저 지홍부 씨 (21. 너무. 광지친 중중4자)피 6일 부근 슈슈 마마재재 잡잡다다 밝잡다.

The Eastern District Police in Seoul reported that Mr. Ji Sookeun (21, occupation: none, Junggok 4-dong, Kwangjin-gu) was caught on the 6th. He killed a housewife who was renting in the same house while he robbed valuables from her.

In English, you are most familiar with sentences in the active voice, in which the subject performs the action indicated by the verb and the object is the recipient of the action. In the passive voice, the object of the verb in an active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence, while the subject of the active sentence becomes the agent or the doer of the passive sentence.

active voice

passive voice

The citizens elected the mayor. subject

(direct) object

The mayor was elected by the citizens. subject

agent

There are also passive constructions used in a very general sense in which a definite agent is not mentioned or necessarily known: "Computers are used everyday." "Coffee is grown in Brazil." In Korean, the passive voice is not as commonly used as in English, although some Korean verbs have similar functions as does the passive voice in English. Korean passive verbs have the infix, -같/천/우/이-, between the verb stem and the ending. Two frequently used passive verbs are related to the senses, i.e., 가같다, be seen, or be visible, whose counterpart verb is 가다 , and 친우다, be heard, be audible, the counterpart of which is 듣다. However, not all active verbs have passive counterparts.

verb stem + 같/천 천/우 우/이 이 + verb ending

•

경경자피 길곳 막않돌이다. (경경자 때때재) 길같 막잡돌이다.

A police car has blocked the road. The road is blocked (by a police car).

•

경경같 범미곳 잡않돌이다. 범미같 (경경저저) 잡잡돌이다.

The policeman caught the suspect. The suspect was caught (by the policeman).

Some common passive verbs derived from active verbs you have learned are listed below. active verbs 같 천

우

이

가다 쓰다 잡다 막다 닫다 팔다 열다 듣다 흔친다 끊다

see use catch block close sell open hear/listen shake cut off

passive verbs 가같다 쓰같다 잡천다 막천다 닫천다 팔우다 열우다 친우다 흔친우다 끊이다

seen/visible used caught blocked closed sold open heard/audible shaken cut off

Chapter 55

Expressing Unexpected Outcomes "Verb stem + (지)이까" expresses the reason for actions and conditions. Another function of this pattern can be rendered in English as when..., (I found that...).

경희피 저홍저저 소어어재 있소있 일재 대해재 같이이이이다. --제피 소제 집재 피 가이까 집재 있있 물사친같 다 없소없소해. --뭐라친해? 물사같 다 없소없다친해? --네, 텔텔텔텔, 소아 등 자거재 있있 물사같 다 가같지 않않소해. --그래재 소어어 했소해?

--When I went home last night, I found that everything in the house was gone. --What was that? All your things were gone? --Yes, the TV, sofa, and the things in the living room had disappeared. --So, what did you do?

--엄마저저 물소 가이까 엄마피 대청소조나라다 자다지 다 옮옮 놨다다 그그그아해? 잠먹자집 아주 놀놀소해. 한도같 친사 줄 알다해. --경희 씨, 저한 잠먹 자집 아주 놀놀소해.

--When I asked my mom, she told me that she moved them into the garage for a major cleaning. I was stunned for a while. thought we'd been robbed. --I was stunned for a while myself.

verb stem + (지)이까

Chapter 56

Citing a Speaker's Request -아/소 주다/드우다, give, is added after the main verb, when you ask someone to do something or when you offer your help. 노조주 대대피 좌중주 대대조다 교교곳 이이다. --해친중요같 너무입이까? --What are your demands? --먼저 임지곳 15% 미상해 주어먹오. --Please raise wages by 15%. --좌중 입고한 좀 동생조생이지해. 7% --You have to consider the company's 미상해 주먹돌이다. position. We can raise them by 7%. --그사 곤곤이이다. --That will be hard to accept.

The following radio news brief about the negotiations above includes various quotations. 저다한상주 노조노과 좌중노주 교교같 중중중소돌이다. 노조노사 15% 임지곳 미상해 달라다 해친 했지만 좌중노사 7%만 미상해

Negotiations between Hansin Corporation and their union have come to a halt. The union had requested a 15% wage hike, but Hansin offered only a 7% wage increase.

주먹다다 했돌이다. 저다한상 The spokesman for Hansin said that the 좌중노 대대미같 주조이피 좌중피 company has been operating at a deficit 3년년 적자피 내다있다다 했돌이다. for the past three years.

The first underlined part is the union's original request, whereas the second underlined part is what the company said they would do. Note that 주다 changes to 달라다 in the first part, where the speaker (union) is making a request for itself. On the other hand, in the second part, where the speaker is offering a service to someone else, 주다 does not change. Consequently, the polite form, 드우다, which is used when the speaker politely offers a service to someone else, will not undergo the change. (verb stem + 아/소 소) 주다 + 다 조다 (verb stem + 아/소) 달라다 조다 The following comparison of direct quotations vs. indirect quotations summarizes the differences. direct quotations

indirect quotations

"그 재 좀 주주해" 라다 했다.

그 재 좀 달라다 했다.

제피 "조지만 이다어 주어먹오"라다 했돌이다.

제피 조지만 이다어 달라다 했돌이다.

김우동동같 "조지만 이다어 주어먹오"라다 했돌이다.

김우동동같 조지만 이다어 달라다 했돌이다.

김우동동같 "미미 고, 그 재 좀 저저저 갖다 주주해"라다 했돌이다. 영미피 철같저저 "제 자동저저 같 재곳 좀 갖다 주주해" 라다 했돌이다.

김우동동같 미미고저저 그 재 좀 (자이저저 )갖다 달라다 했돌이다. 영미피 철같저저 자이 자동저저 같 재곳 좀 갖다 주라다 했돌이다. 제 친친피 집재 죽어다 주먹다다 했돌이다.

제 친친피 "집재 죽어다 줄어"라다 했돌이다. 김우동동같 "미미 고, 집재 죽어다 드드어해"라다 했돌이다.

김우동동같 미미 고저저 집재 죽어다 드우먹다다 했돌이다.

Chapter 56

An Additional Function of “Noun + (같)나 나" "Noun + (같)나 " is used for choosing among options. --같이 주주재 재같나 바다재 갑먹다. --좋사 동생같재해.

--Let's go to the mountains or to the beach this weekend. --Good idea.

저사 재같나 바다나 다 좋아해.

I like both places.

When 아너 (+ noun) and 나 are followed by either a positive or negative predicate, the clause will mean complete assertion or restricted negation, respectively.

아너 + (noun) + 나

add positive predicate add negative predicate

•

같 영영사 연소자입고피같이까 아너나 친소 갈 홍 있돌이다.

•

끓이사 민시미 출입지지 지번입이다. 아너나 친소 갈 홍 없돌이다.

complete assertion restricted negation

Because this movie is rated PG, anyone can enter. This is a restricted area to civilians. Not just anyone can enter.

noun + (같)나 There are two additional functions of this form.

Chapter 56

A. “...or so” When a quantity or amount is combined with -(같)나, the form often expresses a quantity exceeding the speaker's expectations and implies some surprise or emphasis. English equivalents of this form are ...or so and ...or more. --오오 먹위재 만 설같나 참피했대해. --그저죽, 경경같 천 설같나 있소대해.

--They said that 10,000 or so people participated in the demonstration. --But, would you believe there were 1,000 or more policemen?

More examples are:

•

저사 소제 열 먹시같나 잤소해.

•

돈곳 백만 병같나 빌어 달라친해?

Man, I slept over ten hours or so yesterday. You are asking me to loan you 1,000,000 won?!

When used as part of a question, noun + (같)나 still expresses an emphasis. --지조철 아파저 지 며며같나 중소소해? --벌벌 중사같나 중소소해. 언제나 아파같 끝날까해?

--About how long has it been since the subway strike started? --It's already been three days or so. (About) When is it going to end?

--글글해, 누피 알먹소해?

--I dunno, who can say?

More examples are:

• • •

손동같 몇 설같나 오사지 모모먹소해. 김우동동 딸사 몇 살같나 중소소해? 돈같 얼마나 있소해?

I don't know about how many guests are coming. About how old is Mr. Kim's daughter? (About) How much money do you have?

Chapter 56

B. "Do you want to go camping or something?" Sometimes "noun + (같)나" means a selection from among other things, when the noun does not mean quantity or amount. The English equivalent for this use is ...or something (like that). --배피 다고죽 밥같나 먹먹먹다. --밥같 없소해. 오오사 빵같나 먹먹먹다.

--I'm hungry. Let's just eat some rice or something. --We don't have rice. Today let's eat bread or something (like that).

More examples are:

•

주주재 등재같나 갈까해?

•

놀지 주다 재같나 좀 읽소해.

Shall we go mountain climbing or something this weekend? Don't play around--read a book or something like that.

Formation of Verbs The Korean verb consists of two to four elements. Basically, the stem indicates the meaning, the honorific infix the register, the tense infix time, and the ending the function of the verb in a sentence.

KoreanVerb = Stem + (Honorific Infix) + (Tense Infix) + Ending

______________________________________________| ↓ Ending = Sentence-Final, Connective, Attributive, or Nominal Ending Examples with 웃다: 1. Verb Stem + Sentence-Final Ending:

웃 + 습니다 → 웃습니다 웃 + 습니까 → 웃습니까

2. Verb Stem + Connective Ending:

웃 + 으면 → 웃으면 웃 + 어서 → 웃어서 웃 + 는 → 웃는 웃 + 을 → 웃을

3. Verb Stem + Attributive Ending:

4. Verb Stem + Nominal Ending:

웃 + 기 → 웃기 웃 + 음 → 웃음

5. Verb Stem + Honorific Infix + Sentence-Final Ending:

웃 + 으시 + 는군요 → 웃으시는군요 웃 + 으시 + 는데요 → 웃으시는데요

6. Verb Stem + Honorific Infix + Connective Ending:

웃 + 으시 + 는데 웃 + 으시 + 지만

7. Verb Stem + Honorific Infix + Attributive Ending:

웃 + 으시 + 는 → 웃으시는 웃 + 으시 + 은 → 웃으신

8. Verb Stem + Honorific Infix + Nominal Ending:

웃 + 으시 + 기 → 웃으시기 웃 + 으시 + 음 → 웃으심

9. Verb Stem + Tense Infix + Sentence-Final Ending:

웃 + 었 + 어요 → 웃었어요 웃 + 겠 + 어요 → 웃겠어요

10. Verb Stem + Tense Infix + Connective Ending:

웃 + 었 + 으나 → 웃었으나 웃 + 겠 + 지만 → 웃겠지만

11. Verb Stem + Tense Infix + Attributive Ending:

웃 + 었 + 던 → 웃었던

12. VS + Honorific + Tense + Sentence-Final Ending:

웃 + 으시 + 었 + 지요 → 웃으셨지요 웃 + 으시 + 겠 + 지요 → 웃으시겠지요

13. VS + Honorific + Tense + Connective Ending:

웃 + 으시 + 었 + 으니 → 웃으셨 으니 웃 + 으시 + 겠 + 지만 → 웃으시겠 지만

→ 웃으시는데 → 웃으시지만

14. VS + Honorific + Tense + Attributive Ending: 웃 + 으시 + 었 + 던 → 웃으셨 던

Vowel Contraction Rule Rule 1. When the 이다 verb s preceded by a noun/pronoun which ends in a vowel, drop 이. 모자이다 저입니다 어디인가

-→ 모자다 → 저 ㅂ니다 → 접니다 → 어디 ㄴ가 → 어딘가

Rule 2. When an 으-ending is preceded by a verb stem which ends in a vowel, drop 으. 보으면 → 보면 오으니까 → 오니까 주으세요 → 주세요 가은 → 간 하을 → 할 Rule 3. When an 어-ending is preceded by a verb stem which ends in a vowel other than ㅏ or ㅗ, follow the following rules: ㅓ+어 ㅜ+어 ㅡ+어 ㅣ+어 ㅐ+어 ㅔ+어

→ → → → → →

ㅓ ㅝ ㅡ ㅕ ㅐ ㅔ

(서어요 (주어요 (크어요 (키어요 (내어요 (세어요

→ → → → → →

서요; 줘요; 커요; 켜요; 내요; 세요;

어 is dropped.) ㅜ and 어 are contracted to ㅝ.)* ㅡ is dropped.) ㅣ and 어 are contracted to ㅕ.)* 어 is dropped.) 어 is dropped.)*

Rule 4. When an 어-ending is preceded by a verb stem which contains eitherㅏ or ㅗ: a. Change 어 to 아 when the stem ends in a consonant. 살어요 좋어서 찾어도

→ 살아요 → 좋아서 → 찾아도

b. When the stem ends in a vowel, follow the following rules: ㅏ + 어 → ㅏ ㅗ + 어 → ㅘ

Note: some rules.

(What actually happens is: 가어요 → 가아요 → 가요) (What actually happens is: 보어요 → 보아요 → 봐요*)

1. This is a simplified outline of basic rules governing the contraction/combination of vowels. Therefore, there are exceptions to the rules given above. Specifically, most irregular verbs and a few regular ones do not follow the above Thus: 이어요 doesn't contract to 여요 but changes 어 to 에, resulting in 이에요, 살으면 loses 으 and results in 살면 although the stem ends in a consonant, and 되어요/시어요 frequently contracts to 돼요/세요. 2. An 어-ending is any ending beginning with 어, but an infix 었 also behaves like an 어-ending when it comes after a vowel. An 으-ending is any ending beginning with 으, including 은, 을, and 음. 3. * indicates that the contraction is optional for some verbs such as 주다 and 보다.

16 Korean STOP Sounds Place of Articulation → Manner of Articulation ↓

Aspirated

Front to Back

Bilabial

Alveolar

Palatal

Velar

ㅍ

ㅌ

ㅊ

ㅋ

English: P except P in Sp words

Voiceles s Unaspirate d

Sto p

Voiced

English: Ch as in China

English: K except K in Sk words

ㅂ

ㄷ

ㅈ

ㄱ

When it comes at the beginning of a word

When it comes at the beginning of a word

When it comes at the beginning of a word

When it comes at the beginning of a word

English: Between P and B

English: Between T and D

English: Between Ch and J

English: Between K and G

(No exact English counterpart)

(No exact English counterpart)

(No exact English countepart)

(No exact English counterpart)

ㅂ

ㄷ

ㅈ

ㄱ

When it comes after a voiced sound (nasal/vowel)

When it comes after a voiced sound (nasal/vowel)

When it comes after a voiced sound (nasal/vowel)

When it comes after a voiced sound (nasal/vowel)

English: B as in Boy

English: D as in Day

English: J as in Joy

English: G as in Good

ㅃ Tense Voiceless Unaspirated

English: T except T in St words

English: P as in Speak

ㄸ English: T as in Stink

ㅉ English: Voiceless J

ㄲ English: K as in Skunk

(No exact English counterpart)

Note: This is a simplified presentation of the basic features of the Korean Stop sounds which most students often experience difficulty with.

Conjugation of Verbs “-” indicates a verb stem. Function ↓ Statement

Formal Plain

-습니다 -읍니다

Honor -iific -으십 니다

Polite Form Informal Plain

-어요 -지요

Question

-습니까 -읍니까

-으십 니까

Honorific

-으세요 -으셔요 -으시지요

Neutral Plain

-으오 -소

Honorific

Plain

Honorific

-으시 오

-는다 -은다

-으신다

-다

-으시다

-데요 -던데요

-으시데요 -으시던 데요

-읍디 다

-으십 디다

-어요

-으세요 -으셔요 -으시나요

-으오 -소

-으시 오

-나요 -는가요 -은가요

-으시는 가요 -으신가요

-지요

-으시지요

Familiar Form Formal Informal Neutral

-읍디 까

-으십 디까

-으오 -소

-으시 오 -으시 소

Plain

Honorific

-어

-으셔

-지

-으시지

-데 -던데

-으시데 -으시 던데

-더라

-으시 더라

-는가

-어

-으셔

-나

-은가

-으시 는가 -으신가

-니

-으시니

-으나

-느냐 -냐

-으시 느냐

-으니

-으냐

-으시냐

-지

-으시지

-더냐

-으시 더냐

-던가

-으시 던가

-어라 -으라

-어 -지

-으셔 -으시지

-게

-자

-지

-으시지

-세

-으시던 가요

-어요 -지요

-으세요 -으셔요 -으시지요

-지요

-으시지요

Suggestion or Wonder

-을까요

-으실까요

-을까

-으실까

Exclamation

-는군요

-으시는 군요 -으시군요

-는군

-으시 는군 -으시군

-는데

-은데요

-으시는 데요 -으신데요

-은데

-으시 는데 -으신데

-네요

-으시네요

-네

-으시네

Proposal

-으십 시오

-읍시다

-으십 시다

-군요

Surprise

Attention

-는데요

-으네요

Emphatic

Note:

-거든요

-네

-으시 네

-을세

-던가요

Request

Plain Honorific

-군

-으시 나

-으시 게

-으네

-으시거 든요

-거든

-으시 거든

1. This table only shows sentence-final verb endings for regular verbs in present tense, assuming the verb stem ends in a consonant (except -읍니다, -읍니까, and -은다) and does not containㅏ or ㅗ. When the verb stem ends in a vowel and/or containsㅏor ㅗ, the initial 어 and 으 in the endings may undergo a change following the vowel contraction rule. 2. Choosing the right verb ending from among the many options listed in a given category above depends largely upon the type of verb such as action, stative, equation, and existence; degree of intimacy between speakers; personal preference of styles; and intended meaning.

3. This table is for reference purposes only and covers only basic high-frequency sentence-final verb endings.

Paradigm of 웃다 Proper usage of the table Conjugation of Verbs on the facing page is shown below, employing the 웃다 verb as an example. Function ↓

Statement

Formal Plain

웃습니 다

Honorific

웃으십 니다

Polite Form Informal Plain

웃어요

Honorific

웃으세요

Neutral Plain

웃소

Honor ific 웃으 시오

Familiar Form Formal Informal Neutral Plain

웃는 다

Honorific

웃으신 다

Plain

Honorific

Plain

Honorific

웃어

웃으셔

웃네

웃으 시네

웃지

웃으시 지

웃데

웃으시 데

웃던 데

웃으시 던데

웃어

웃으셔

웃나

웃으 시나

웃니

웃으시 니

웃게

웃으 시게

웃으셔요

Question

웃습니 까

웃으십 니까

웃지요

웃으시지 요

웃데요

웃으시데 요

웃던데 요

웃으시던 데요

웃어요

웃으세요

웃읍 디다

웃소

웃으 십디 다

웃으 시오

웃더 라

웃으시 더라

웃는 가

웃으시 는가

웃느 냐

웃으시 느냐

웃냐

웃으시 냐

웃으셔요

Request

웃으십 시오

웃나요

웃으시나 요

웃는가 요

웃으시는 가요

웃지요

웃으시지 요

웃던가 요

웃으시던 가요

웃어요

웃으세요

웃으 니

웃지

웃으시 지

웃던 가

웃으시 던가

웃어

웃으셔

웃읍 디까

웃으 십디 까

웃더 냐

웃소

웃으 시오

웃어 라

웃으 시소

웃으 라

웃지

웃으시 지

웃자

웃지

웃으시 지

웃으시 더냐

웃으셔요 웃지요

웃으시지 요

웃지요

웃으시지 요

Suggestion or Wonder

웃을까 요

웃으실까 요

웃을 까

웃으실 까

Exclamation

웃는군 요

웃으시는 군요

웃는 군

웃으시 는군

Surprise

웃는데 요

웃으시는 데요

웃는 데

웃으시 는데

Proposal

Atten-

웃읍시 다

웃으십 시다

웃세

tion

웃네요

웃으시네 요

웃네

웃으시 네

Emphatic

웃거든 요

웃으시거 든요

웃거 든

웃으시 거든

Irregular Verbs Type

1. 하다 Verb e.g., 공부하다

2. H Verb (ㅎ verb) e.g., 빨갛다

With 어-Ending

하+어요 → 해요 •해서 •해도 •했다

빨갛+어요 → 빨개요 •빨개서 •빨개야 •빨갰습니다

With 으-Ending

With Consonant-Ending

Same as regular verbs

Same as regular verbs

All the 하다 Verbs

Same as regular verbs

까맣다, 빨갛다 파랗다, 하얗다 이렇다, 그렇다 저렇다, 어떻다

빨갛+으면 → 빨가면 •빨가나 •빨가니까 •빨간

살+으 면 → 살면 •살면서 3. L Verb (ㄹverb)

Same as regular verbs

e.g., 살다

4. LL Verb (르verb) e.g., 모르다

5. P/W Verb (ㅂverb) e.g., 춥다

6. S Verb (ㅅverb) e.g., 낫다

살+으려고 → 살려고 •살려면 All other 으 -Endings: 살+으니 → 사니 •사세요 •사니까 •산

모르+어요 → 몰라요 •몰라서 •몰라도 •몰랐어

Same as regular verbs

춥+어요 → 추워요 •추워서 •추워도 •추웠다

춥+으면 → 추우면 •추우니까 •추우세요 •추운데

낫+어요 → 나아요 •나아서 •나아도 •나았다

낫+으면 → 나으면 •나으니까 •나으세요 •나으나

Same as regular verbs except for 느- and 스-Endings: 살+느냐 → 사느냐 •사느라고 •사는데 •사는가

Example

Exception

None

낳다, 넣다 놓다, 닿다 쌓다, 좋다

갈다 걸다 놀다 말다 살다 알다 울다 팔다

None

살+습니다 → 삽니다 •삽니까

Same as regular verbs

Same as regular verbs

Same as regular verbs

게으르다 기르다 나르다 마르다 모르다 빠르다 부르다 오르다 자르다 이르다 (to be early)

1. 푸르다 and 이르다 (to reach) : •이르러 •으르렀다 •푸르러 •푸르렀다 2. 따르다: •따라(서) •따랐다

굽다 (to bake) 가깝다, 가볍다 더럽다, 무겁다 무덥다, 무섭다 반갑다, 어렵다 아름답다, 춥다 까다롭다, 덥다 쉽다

굽다 (to bend) 입다 잡다 좁다

낫다 짓다

벗다 씻다 웃다

7. T/L Verb (ㄷverb) e.g., 듣다

듣+어요 → 들어요 •들어서 •들어도 •들었는데

듣+으면 → 들으면 •들으니 •들으세요 •들은

Same as regular verbs

묻다 (to ask) 걷다 듣다 싣다 알아듣다

묻다 (to bury) 닫다 믿다 받다

Note: This chart provides an overview of the Irregular verb conjugation system, showing representative verbs.

Verb Endings “-” indicates a verb stem. Functional → Polite Morphological ↓

으-Endings

Sentence-Final Familiar

-으네요 -으십시오 -으오 -은가요 -은데요 -을까요 -을게요 -을테다 -을텐데요 -읍니까 -읍니다 -읍디까 -읍디다 -읍시다

-으나 -으냐 -으네 -으니 -으라 -은가 -은다 -은데 -을까 -을세 -을텐데

-어요 -어져요

-어 -어라 -어지다

-거든요 -군요 -나요 -네요 -는데요 -는가요 -는군요 -던가요 -던데요

-거든 -게 -군 -나 -냐 -네 -느냐 -는가 -는군

어-Endings

ConsonantEndings

Connective Compound

-으려고 하다 -으련다 -으면 되다 -으면 안되다 -으면 좋겠다 -은 일이 있다 -은 적이 있다 -을 것 같다 -을 것이다 -을 듯 하다 -을 만 하다 -을 모양이다 -을 뻔 하다 -을 뿐이다 -을 생각이다 -을 수 있다 -을 예정이다 -을 줄 모르다 -을 줄 알다 -을 지 모르다 -을 지 알다 -을지도 모르다 -을 터이다 -어 가다 -어 달라 -어 두다 -어 드리다 -어 버리다 -어 보다 -어 보이다 -어 있다 -어 주다 -어 하다 -어도 괜찮다 -어도 되다 -어도 좋다 -어야 되다 -어야 하다 -게 되다 -게 하다 -고 말다 -고 싶다 -고 있다 -기 바라다 -기가 쉽다 -기가 좋다 -기로 하다

Basic -으나 -으니 -으니까 -으러 -으려고 -으려면 -으면 -으면서 -은데 -을수록 -을텐데

Nominal

-은 -을

-음 -은것

Compound -은 김에 -은 다음에 -은 대로 -은 동안 -은 만큼 -은 지(가) -은 후에 -을 때(에) -을 때 까지 -을 동안 -을 만큼 -을 뿐만 아니라

-어 -어도 -어서 -어야 -었더라면

-거나 -거든 -게 -고 -느라고 -는데 -다 -다가 -더니

Attributiv e

-었던 -었었던

-기 때문에 -기 위하여 -기 위해(서) -기 전에 -는 길에 -는 김에 -는 데(에) -는 대로 -는 동안

-는 -던

-기 -는 것

-데요 -소 -습니까 -습니다 -습디까 -습디다 -지요

Note:

1. 2. 3. 4.

-는다 -는데 -니 -다 -더냐 -더라 -던가 -던데 -데 -세 -자 -지

-는 편이다 -도록 하다 -지 마라 -지 마십시다 -지 못하다 -지 않다

-더라도 -던지 -도록 -든지 -자 -자마자 -지만

-는 만큼 -는 바람에 -는 한

This table covers only the high-frequency verb endings. All the endings given here are for the stems that end in a consonant without eitherㅏ or ㅗ. Most of the endings can be preceded by one or more infixes: 으시, 었, and 겠. Some verb stems take 게 or 이 endings to form an adverb with or without a slight modification of the stem.

English Index

page About to ......................................................................................82 According to .....................................................................131, 136 Acknowledgment of Facts .........................................................133 Action at a Location ....................................................................12 Action in Progress .......................................................................58 Action That Immediately Follows Another, Expressing an ........122 Actions as Time References, Using ............................................91 Adverbs, Forming .................................................................... 101 After (Doing Something) ...........................................................101 Also..............................................................................................30 Amounts ......................................................................................74 And .............................................................................................22 Anticipated Actions .....................................................................46 Anyone .............................................................................108, 126 Anything ....................................................................................108 As .............................................................................................136 As Long As ...............................................................................146 Asking the Names of Objects .....................................................54 Attributive Verb Forms ........................46, 53, 60, 94, 97, 114, 125 Before (Doing Something) ..........................................................98 Capability, Expressing ..............................................................147 Catch Versus Be Caught ..........................................................154 Cause and Effect Expressions ..................................................153 Cause, Expressing ............................................................140, 153 Change of Condition, Expressing a ............................................99

chapter 26 45, 48 47 4 18 41 30 34 9 9 23 7 15 37, 44 37 48 51 17 15, 17, 19, 31, 32, 39, 43 33 52 55 54 49, 54 33

page Change of State, Expressing a ...................................................99 Choosing Among Options ...........................................................66 Choosing Between Two Options .................................................24 Citing a Speaker's Request ......................................................156 Clarifying ...................................................................................134 Comparisons ........................................................................55, 99 Condition That Was the Case in the Past But No Longer So.....124 Condition Using 거든, Expressing .............................................148 Conditional Actions .............................................................63, 104 Conditions as Time References, Using........................................91 Conjectural Statements ............................................................151 Connecting Two Contradictory Clauses...............................76, 138 Consonant ㅎ...............................................................................44 Consonant Shifting .....................................................................43 Continuous Situation, Describing a..............................................80 Continuous State, Describing a ...................................................80 Contracted Quotations ..............................................................149 Contrast ......................................................................................26 Counting Objects Using "Counters" ......................................48, 49 Decisions, Expressing One's Decisions.....................................133 Denying Permission ....................................................................84 Describing People .................................................................13, 31 Describing Things ................................................................ 13, 31 Desires, Expressing ....................................................................95 Destination ..................................................................................33 Difference, Expressing ............................................................... 94 Direction ..................................................................................... 33 Do you want to go camping or something?................................159 Doing Things Together (with) .................................................... 23

chapter 33 21 7 56 47 18, 33 7 52 20, 35 30 53 24, 48 14 14 25 5 53 8 25 46 27 4, 10 4, 10 32 11 31 11 56 7

Eliciting Recommendations: "Shall We...?".................................40 Emotion of a Third Person, Expressing ...................................... 79 Emphasis with Double Negation ...............................................141 Emphasizing Extremes ..............................................................153 Even ......................................................................................... 150 Even Though ............................................................................105 Event That Was the Case in the Past But No Longer So...........124 Experience, Expressing ..............................................................51 Experimentation, Expressing ......................................................51

14 25 49 54 53 35 42 16 16

Familiar Forms of Address ..................................................87, 111 Finishing Up an Action...............................................................123 Frequencies ................................................................................74 From ...........................................................................................11

28, 38 41 23 4

Gerunds, Forming ...................................................................... 43 Givers of Actions, Identifying .......................................................35

14 12

page

chapter

Have Someone Do Something .................................................146 Hearing and Being Heard ...........................................................77 Forming Honorifics Using Specific Words .....................................6 Forming Honorifics with an Honorific Infix .....................................7

51 24 3 3

Identity ..........................................................................................8 Imperative Forms ..........................................................................3 In Order to .................................................................................141 In Spite Of .................................................................................147 Inability, Expressing.....................................................................83 Inclination, Expressing ..............................................................132 Indirect Quotations............................................................ 135, 143 Intentions ......................................................... 25, 40, 72, 93, 113 It Turns Out............................................................................... 137

3 2 49 51 26 46 47, 50 8, 13, 23, 31, 38 48

Knowledge of How to Do Something, Expressing ..................... 95 Limited Number of Items, Expressing a ..................................... 86 Linking Nouns to Express and ................................................... 22 Linking Two Independent Clauses ............................................112 Making Decisions ....................................................................... 93 Markers 이 and 가 .........................................................................4 Means of Doing Things ...............................................................39 Merely ...................................................................................... 117 Movements with Destinations .................................................... 51

32 28 6 38 30 2 13 40 16

Near Misses and Close Calls.................................................... 152 Negation ........................................................................ 17, 21, 50 No One .................................................................................... 126 None, Expressing ...................................................................... 65 Nothing, Expressing .................................................................. 65

54 5, 6, 16 44 21 21

Object of a Verb ......................................................................... 17 Obligation, Expressing ............................................................... 61 Offering Assistance..................................................................... 37 Offering Services ....................................................................... 37 On the Way to .......................................................................... 116 Only .......................................................................................... 42 Only One, Expressing ................................................................ 86 or so ..........................................................................................158 Passage of Time, Expressing the ............................................ 130 Past Experience, Indicating ..................................................... 117 Peculiar Case of ㄹ ..................................................................... 45 Plan to ....................................................................................... 82 Planned Actions ....................................................................... 124 Pointing Out Objects and Persons ............................................. 10

5 19 12 12 39 14 28 56 45 40 14 26 42 4

page Possession .................................................................................. 5 Possessive Marker 의 ................................................................ 31 Possibility, Expressing .............................................................. 54 Postposition 에 ............................................................................ 4 Procedure, Expressing a ........................................................ 106 Pronunciation of 같이 ................................................................. 45 Pronunciation vs. Written Hangul .............................................. 43 Purpose of Coming and Going, Expressing the ......................... 64 Purpose, Expressing ......................................................... 75, 106

chapter 3 10 17 2 36 14 14 20 23, 36

Question 1, Question 2? ............................................................ 24 Questions and Answers, Forming ...................................... 1, 9, 14 Quoting Questions ................................................................... 120 Quoting Requests ................................................................... 121 Quoting Suggestions ............................................................... 122

7 1, 3, 4 41 41 41

Range of Space, Expressing a ................................................. 20 Range of time, Expressing a ..................................................... 20 Reasons for, Expressing ............................................. 68, 81, 140

6 6 22, 26, 49 12 27 47 40, 41 12 28 12 5 3 29 11

Receivers of Actions, Identifying ................................................ 35 Recommending Against ............................................................ 84 Rephrasing .............................................................................. 134 Reported Speech ............................................................ 118, 120 Requesting Assistance ............................................................. 37 Requesting Not to Do Something ............................................. 85 Requesting Services ................................................................. 37 Requests, Making ...................................................................... 18 Respect, Expressing .................................................................... 6 Responding to Negative Questions ........................................... 89 Role, Stating One's .................................................................... 34 Sameness, Expressing ............................................................. 94 Saying How Things Turned Out ............................................... 144 Scheduled Actions ................................................................... 124 Seeing and Being Seen ............................................................ 77 Seeking Agreement .................................................................. 59 Sentence Structures, Overview of ........................................... 127 Sequence of Actions, Expressing a .......................................... 47 Series of Actions or Qualities, Expressing a ............................. 36 Similarity, Expressing ............................................................... 94 Simultaneous Actions, Expressing ............................................ 88 So That .................................................................................... 141 Specific Point in Time, Identifying a ........................................... 19 Speculation .................................................................. 70, 93, 125 Stating the Names of Objects .................................................... 94

31 50 42 24 18 44 25 12 31 29 49 6 22, 31, 43 31

page Status, Stating One's ................................................................. 34 Strategies, Expressing One's .................................................. 133 Strong Feelings, Expressing ...................................................... 79 Substitution, Indicating ............................................................ 115 Suggestions, Making ................................................................. 38 Superlatives ............................................................................... 57 Surprise, Expressing .................................................................. 84 Switching Gears ...................................................................... 107

chapter 11 46 25 39 13 18 27 36

Taking Advantage of a Situation .............................................. 143 Talking About Past Events ......................................................... 28 Telling "What" is "Where" ............................................................ 3 Tendency, Expressing ............................................................ 132 Time, Expressing ................................................................ 19, 20 To .............................................................................................. 11 Together (with) ......................................................................... 22 Too ........................................................................................... 30 Two or More Options, Illustrating ............................................ 135

50 9 2 46 6 4 7 9 47

Uncertainty, Expressing ............................................................. 71 Underlying Justification, Expressing an ................................... 132 Underlying Purpose, Expressing an ....................................... 132 Unexpected Outcomes, Expressing ......................................... 156 Until ................................................................................. 141, 142

22 46 46 55 49

Verb Stems Ending in ㄷ ..................................................................... 96 Verb Stems Ending in ㄹ ........................................................... 25 Verb Stems Ending in ㅂ ...................................................................... 29 Verb Stems Ending in ㅅ ................................................................................. 107 Verb Stems Ending in ㅎ ......................................................... 103 Verb Stems Ending in 르 .................................................................... 91 Verbs ......................................................................................1, 22 IVerbs, Irregular, Summary of................................................... 110

32 7 9 36 34 30 1, 6 37

Wanting, Expressing ..................................................................34 Wish of a Third Person, Expressing ........................................... 79 Wishing, Expressing .....................................................34, 73, 95

11 25 11, 23, 32 2 52

Word Order, A Note on ............................................................... 5 Worth, Expressing ................................................................... 147

Korean Index

1. “-” indicates a verb stem. 2. “~” indicates a noun. 3. When a verb stem ends in a vowel, drop the initial 어 and 으 in the ending. 4. When a verb stem contains ㅏ or ㅗ, change the initial 어 in the ending to 아.

page - 거든 .....................................................................................148 - 고 ...................................................................................... 37 - 고 있는 .............................................................................. 97 - 고 있다 .............................................................................. 58 - 고 있던 ..............................................................................125 - 게 .......................................................................................102 - 게 되다 ...............................................................................138 - 게 하다 ...............................................................................146 - 겠습니까 ........................................................................ 26, 70 - 겠습니다 ........................................................................ 26, 70 - 겠어요 .......................................................................... 26, 70 - 군요 ..................................................................................... 85 - 기 ........................................................................................ 43 - 기 때문에 ............................................................................. 69 - 기 바라다 ............................................................................ 73 - 기 위하여 ........................................................................... 132 - 기 위해 .............................................................................. 132 - 기 위해서 ........................................................................... 132 - 기 전에 ............................................................................... 99 - 기다 ................................................................................... 155 - 기로 결심하다 .................................................................... 133 - 기로 결정하다 .................................................................... 133 - 기로 마음 먹다 ................................................................... 133 - 기로 작정하다 .................................................................... 133 - 기로 하다 ..................................................................... 93, 133

chapter 52 12 32 18 43 34 48 51 8, 22 8, 22 8, 22 28 14 22 23 46 46 46 33 55 46 46 46 46 30, 46

- 냐고 하다 ........................................................................... 120 - 냐는 말(씀)이다 ................................................................. 135 - 느냐고 하다 ....................................................................... 120 - 느냐는 말(씀)이다 ............................................................... 135 - 느라고 ............................................................................... 140 - 는 ........................................................................................ 60

41 47 41 47 49 19

page - 는 것 .................................................................................... 94 - 는 것 같다 .......................................................................... 125 - 는 길에 .............................................................................. 116 - 는 김에 .............................................................................. 144 - 는 대로 .............................................................................. 136 - 는 데에 .............................................................................. 106 - 는 만큼 ................................................................................ 99 - 는 바람에 ........................................................................... 153 - 는 일이 없다 ...................................................................... 117 - 는 일이 있다 ...................................................................... 117 - 는 줄 모르다 ....................................................................... 134 - 는 줄 알다 .......................................................................... 134 - 는 지 모르다 ...................................................................... 114 - 는 지 알다 .......................................................................... 114 - 는 편이다 ........................................................................... 132 - 는 한 ...................................................................................146 - 는군요 ................................................................................. 85 - 는다고 하다 ....................................................................... 119 - 는다는 말(씀)이다 .............................................................. 135 - 는데 ................................................................................... 112 - 는데도 불구하고 ................................................................ 147 - 는데요 .................................................................................. 85

chapter 31 43 39 50 48 36 33 54 40 40 47 47 39 39 46 51 28 40 47 38 51 28

- 다 ...................................................................................... 107 - 다가 .................................................................................. 107 - 다고 하다 ........................................................................... 119 - 다는 말(씀)이다 ................................................................. 135 - 더니 ................................................................................... 145 - 던 ................................................................................ 97, 125 - 던 것 같다 .......................................................................... 125 - 도록 ................................................................................. 142 - 든지 ................................................................................... 135

36 36 40 47 50 32, 43 43 49 4

- 라는 말(씀)이다 ................................................................. 135 - 리다 .................................................................................... 155

47 55

- 어 가다 ................................................................................ 52 - 어 다니다 ............................................................................. 52 - 어 달라고 하다 ................................................................... 157 - 어 드리다 ............................................................................. 37 - 어 버리다 ........................................................................... 123 - 어 보다 .............................................................................. 51 - 어 오다 .............................................................................. 52 - 어 주다 ........................................................................ 37, 157 - 어 주라고 하다.................................................................... 157 - 어 죽겠다 ............................................................................. 79 - 어도 ................................................................................... 105

148 148 56 12 41 16 16 12, 56 56 25 35

page - 어도 괜찮다 ......................................................................... 72 - 어도 되다 ............................................................................. 72 - 어도 좋다 ............................................................................. 72 - 어서 ................................................................... 37, 48, 68, 69 - 어서 죽겠다 ......................................................................... 79 - 어야 되다 ............................................................................. 62 - 어야 하다 ............................................................................. 62 - 어요 ..................................................................................... 15 - 어지다 ............................................................................... 100 - 어하다 ................................................................................. 80 - 었는지 모르다 .............................................................114, 115 - 었는지 알다 ................................................................ 114, 115 - 었더니 ................................................................................ 145 - 었던 ..................................................................................... 97 - 었던 것 같다 ...................................................................... 125 - 었던 편이다 ....................................................................... 132 - 었습니까 .............................................................................. 28 - 었습니다 .............................................................................. 28 - 었어요 ................................................................................. 28 - 었었다 ............................................................................... 124 - 으나 ................................................................................... 139 - 으냐고 하다 ....................................................................... 120 - 으냐는 말(씀)이다 .............................................................. 135 - 으니까 ......................................................................... 82, 156 - 으라고 하다 ....................................................................... 121 - 으라는 말(씀)이다 .............................................................. 135 - 으러 가다 ............................................................................. 64 - 으러 다니다 ......................................................................... 64 - 으러 오다 .............................................................................. 64 - 으려고 ................................................................................. 76 - 으려고 하다 ......................................................................... 83 - 으려면 ............................................................................... 104 - 으면 ..................................................................................... 63 - 으면 안 되다 ........................................................................ 84 - 으면 좋겠다 ......................................................................... 95 - 으면서 ................................................................................. 89 - 으세요 ................................................................................. 18 - 으시 ....................................................................................... 7 - 으십시다 .............................................................................. 38 - 으십시오 ............................................................................. 18 - 은 .................................................................................. 13, 53 - 은 것 .................................................................................... 94 - 은 것 같다 .......................................................................... 125 - 은 김에 .............................................................................. 144 - 은 대로 .............................................................................. 136 - 은 만큼 ................................................................................ 99 - 은 일이 없다 ...................................................................... 117

chapter 23 23 23 12, 25, 22 25 19 19 4 33 25 39 39 50 32 43 46 9 9 9 7 48 41 47 26, 55 41 47 20 20 20 24 26 35 20 27 32 29 5 3 13 5 4, 17 31 43 50 48 33 40

page - 은 일이 있다 ...................................................................... 117 - 은 적이 없다 ...................................................................... 117 - 은 적이 있다 ...................................................................... 117 - 은 줄 모르다 ...................................................................... 134 - 은 줄 알다 ........................................................................... 134 - 은 지 .................................................................................. 130 - 은 지가 .............................................................................. 130 - 은 편이다 ........................................................................... 132 - 은 후에 .............................................................................. 101 - 은다고 하다 ....................................................................... 119 - 은다는 말(씀)이다 .............................................................. 135 - 은데 ................................................................................... 112 - 은데도 불구하고 ................................................................ 147 - 은데요 ................................................................................. 85 - 은지 모르다 ....................................................................... 115 - 은지 알다 ........................................................................... 115 - 을 ........................................................................................ 47 - 을 것 .................................................................................... 94 - 을 것 같다 .......................................................................... 125 - 을 것이다 ............................................................................. 93 - 을 대로 .............................................................................. 136 - 을 때 .................................................................................... 91 - 을 만큼 ................................................................................ 99 - 을 만하다 ........................................................................... 147 - 을 뻔 하다 .......................................................................... 152 - 을 ~ 뿐이다 ........................................................................ 118 - 을 뿐이다 ........................................................................... 118 - 을 생각이다 ....................................................................... 124 - 을 수 있다 ............................................................................ 54 - 을 예정이다 ....................................................................... 124 - 을 줄 모르다 ................................................................ 95, 134 - 을 줄 알다 .................................................................... 95, 134 - 을 지 모르다 .............................................................. 114, 115 - 을 지 알다 .................................................................. 114, 115 - 을까요 ........................................................................... 42, 71 - 을까하다 ............................................................................ 113 - 을게요 ................................................................................. 73 - 을텐데 ............................................................................... 151 - 읍시다 ................................................................................. 38 - 이다 .................................................................................... 155 - 자고 하다 ........................................................................... 122 - 자는 말(씀)이다 ................................................................. 135 - 자마자 ............................................................................... 122 - 지 말다 ................................................................................ 86 - 지 못하다 ............................................................................. 83 - 지 않다 ................................................................................ 50 - 지만 ..................................................................................... 77

chapter 40 40 40 47 47 45 45 46 34 40 47 38 51 28 39 39 25 31 43 31 48 30 33 52 54 40 40 42 17 42 32, 47 32, 47 39 39 14, 22 38 23 53 13 55 41 47 41 28 26 16 24

page - 지요 ..................................................................................... 40

chapter 13

- 히다 ................................................................................... 155

55

***** ~가 ........................................................................................... 4 ~가 아니다 ............................................................................. 17 ~까지 ..................................................................................... 20 ~과 ......................................................................................... 23

2 5 6 7

~나 ................................................................................. 66, 158 ~는 ......................................................................................... 27

21, 56 8

~대신에 ............................................................................... 116 ~든지 ................................................................................... 135

39 47

~라는 말(씀)이다 ................................................................. 135 ~랑 ........................................................................................ 23 ~로 ............................................................................. 33, 34, 39 ~로서 ..................................................................................... 34 ~를 ......................................................................................... 18 ~를 ~라고 하다 ...................................................................... 55 ~를 ~이라고 하다 ................................................................... 55 ~를 위하여 ........................................................................... 132 ~를 위해 .............................................................................. 132 ~를 위해서 ........................................................................... 132

47 7 11, 13 11 5 18 18 46 46 46

~마다 ..................................................................................... 74 ~만 ......................................................................................... 42 ~만큼 ..................................................................................... 99

23 14 33

~바람에 ............................................................................... 153 ~밖에 ..................................................................................... 86 ~부터 ..................................................................................... 20

54 28 6

~씩 ......................................................................................... 74

23

~에 ............................................................................... 4, 12, 19 ~에 가다 ................................................................................ 12 ~에 따르면 ........................................................................... 131 ~에 없다 ................................................................................ 12 ~에 오다 ............................................................................... 12 ~에 의하면 ........................................................................... 151 ~에 있다 ................................................................................ 12 ~에도 불구하고 .................................................................... 147 ~에서 .............................................................................. 12, 20

2, 4, 6 4 45 4 4 53 4 147 4, 6

page ~에서 가다 ............................................................................. 12 ~에서 오다 ............................................................................. 12 ~와 ......................................................................................... 23 ~으로 ......................................................................... 33, 34, 39 ~으로서 ................................................................................ 34 ~은 ......................................................................................... 27 ~을 ......................................................................................... 18 ~을 ~라고 하다 ...................................................................... 55 ~을 ~이라고 하다 ................................................................... 55 ~을 위하여 ........................................................................... 132 ~을 위해 .............................................................................. 132 ~을 위해서 ........................................................................... 132 ~의 ......................................................................................... 31 ~이 ........................................................................................... 4 ~이 아니다 ............................................................................. 17 ~이나 ............................................................................. 66, 158 ~이든지 ............................................................................... 135 ~이라는 말(씀)이다 .............................................................. 135 ~이라도 ............................................................................... 150 ~이랑 ..................................................................................... 23

chapter 4 4 7 11, 13 11 8 5 18 18 46 46 46 10 2 5 21, 56 47 47 53 7

~하고 ..................................................................................... 23

7

*****

같이 ....................................................................................... 23 그 ~ ....................................................................................... 10 누구나 ................................................................................. 110 누구든지 .............................................................................. 110 되다 ....................................................................................... 67 못 - ....................................................................................... 83 무엇이나 .............................................................................. 110 무엇이든지 .......................................................................... 110 아무 ~나 .............................................................................. 109 아무 ~도 ................................................................................ 65 아무 ~든지 ........................................................................... 109 아무 ~이나 ........................................................................... 109 아무 ~이든지 ....................................................................... 109 아무나 ................................................................................. 109 아무도 .................................................................................... 65 아무든지 .............................................................................. 109 어디나 ................................................................................. 110 어디든지 .............................................................................. 110 언제나 ................................................................................. 110 언제든지 .............................................................................. 110 여간 -지 않다 ....................................................................... 154 이 ~ ....................................................................................... 10

7 4 37 3 21 26 37 37 37 21 37 37 37 37 21 37 37 37 37 37 55 4

page 저 ~ ....................................................................................... 10 하나도 ................................................................................... 86 함께 ....................................................................................... 23

chapter 4 28 7