Gst

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific research

Department of INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY College of AKRE TECHNICAL COLLEGE University of DUHOK

Subject: Geospatial science and Technology (GST) Course Book – Year 4 Lecturer's name: Dr: Sameer S. Akreyi Academic Year: 2018/2019

Directorate of Quality Assurance and Accreditation

‫بهخشین‬ ‌ ‫تی‌دڵنیایی‌جۆری‌و‌متمانه‬ ‌ ‌ ‫به‬ ‫رایه‬ ‌ ‫ڕێوه‬ ‌ ‫به‬ ‌

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific research

Course Book 1. Course name 2. Lecturer in charge 3. Department/ College 4. Contact 5. Time (in hours) per week 6. Office hours 7. Course code 8. Teacher's academic profile

9. Keywords

Geospatial science and Technology (GST) Sameer S. rajab Information Technology (IT) e-mail: [email protected] Tel: + 964- 750 – 452- 67139 Theory: 2 Practical: 4 6 GST(F4-2017) 2005-2009 Lecturer Akre Technical Institute 2010-2013 Lecturer Duhok university ( Akre Collage) 2011-2015 Lecturer Duhok University( Humanity science Collage ) 2013-2013 Lecturer Duhok technical Institute ( Surveying Department) 2012-2016 Lecturer Akre Technical Institute ( Surveying Department) 2015-2016 Lecturer Duhok University/ Akre Technical Collage Geo-spatial, Spatiality ,spatial technology, spatial Elements , GIS, RS, GPS, Pc Basic for Geo-spatial, project system, Coordinate system .Geoid, Geo-spatial Applications

10. Course overview: This course aims to equip students with a sound understanding of Geospatial Science concepts and most Important technologies use to analysis and storage and processing and outputting spatial Data and Information , including objects, classes, methods, parameter passing, information hiding, inheritance and polymorphism are introduced and their implementations using C# language. The course also covers combine both data and the functions that operate on that data into a single unit called an object. And how visualize our programing problems in the form of objects and their interactions as happens in real life.

11. Course objective: On completion of the course, a student should be able:      

To understand Geospatial Science concepts. To understand Geospatial Technologies . To understand the concept of Most Important Geospatial technique To demonstrate the differences between traditional spatial technique and modern Spatial technique To become familiar with GIS and GPS with RS . To be able build Geospatial Database and running its analysis and management .

Directorate of Quality Assurance and Accreditation

‫بهخشین‬ ‌ ‫تی‌دڵنیایی‌جۆری‌و‌متمانه‬ ‌ ‌ ‫به‬ ‫رایه‬ ‌ ‫ڕێوه‬ ‌ ‫به‬ ‌

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific research  Have a better to manage the spatial Data and info  Have the ability to great Geospatial Applications.

12. Student's obligation Geospatial Science and technology has the Theory and Practical side, for this the student have to be attendant in order to cover all the duty about this subject and also have to doing all the practical exercises and exams in order to get and satisfy the information need for this subject.

13. Forms of teaching Tools and techniques needs for this lecture are:  Whiteboard.  Data show.  Computers Lab.  And Arc- Gis V10.3 with GPS simulator. and ENVI v5.1

14. Assessment scheme First Exam 40% Theory Practical 15% 15% 15. Student learning outcome:

Activity 10%

Final Exam 60% Theory Practical 30% 30%

After completion this course, the student will be able to understand better Geospatial Science approach in spatial applications and will be able to Build Spatial Geo-database that make appropriate use of Geospatial Technology facilities common to many pythons languages such as classes, message passing, overloading and inheritance. Also understand user-add in and models conceptually and be able to apply them in programs. Finally students should be able to analyse and design a spatial database to solve real world problems based on spatial Data.

16. Course Reading List and References‌: 

John D. Bossler(2016), Manual of Geospatial Science and Technology ‫ مقدمة في العلوم و التقنيات المكانية‬,)2015(‫ جمعة داود‬.‫د‬ )‫ الجيوماتكس( علم المعلوماتية االرضية‬,)2014(‫ جمعة داود‬.‫د‬  ESRI(2015), ARC-GIS 10.3(What is Arc_Gis),.  Dr.YUJI MURAYAMA and RONALD C. ESTOQUE(2010), Fundamentals of Geographic information System .‫ دراسات تطبيقية في الجيوماتكس‬,)2014(‫ جمعة داود‬.‫د‬

17. The Theory and Practical Topics:

 



Week

Theory Part Introduction To Geospatial Science &Technology  Geospatial Technologies, Definition  Geospatial Data  Spatial data infrastructure Directorate of Quality Assurance and Accreditation

1 (2 hours)

‫بهخشین‬ ‌ ‫تی‌دڵنیایی‌جۆری‌و‌متمانه‬ ‌ ‌ ‫به‬ ‫رایه‬ ‌ ‫ڕێوه‬ ‌ ‫به‬ ‌

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific research Geospatial technology:  Three important geospatial technologies  GIS , RS,  GPS, Other Technology  Spatial elements COORDINATES & COORDINATE SYSTEMS:  Coordinates and coordinate systems  Type Of Coordinate systems  Datums and geodetic systems, Geodetic reference systems:  Geodetic datums  Horizontal datum's  Vertical datums

2 (2 hours)

3 (2 hours)

4 (2 hours)

Computer basics for GST:  guidelines for dealing with computer technology  Assembling the right computer system  Computers and their operating systems

5 (2 hours)

Geographical Information Systems:  Introduction about GIS  What is a GIS  3-Basic core knowledge in GIS

6 (2 hours)

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and science  A brief history of GIS.  Geographic Information Systems components  GIS architecture FUNDAMENTALS OF GIS:

7 (2 hours)

8 (2 hours)

 Components of a GIS  GIS workflow  Theoretical models of GIS FUNDAMENTAL of GIS,

9 (2 hours)

 Functional elements OF GIS  Fundamental operations  GIS categories SPATIAL DATA MODELLING:  Introduction  Stages of GIS data modelling  Graphic representation of Spatial Data  Raster data representation, Vector data representation SPATIAL DATA MODELLING  Spatial data models  Raster GIS models Directorate of Quality Assurance and Accreditation

10 (2 hours)

11 (2 hours)

‫بهخشین‬ ‌ ‫تی‌دڵنیایی‌جۆری‌و‌متمانه‬ ‌ ‌ ‫به‬ ‫رایه‬ ‌ ‫ڕێوه‬ ‌ ‫به‬ ‌

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific research  Types of raster GIS model  Vector GIS models,  Comparison of Raster and Vector Models. Remote Sensing :  Definition,  History of Remote Sensing.  Basic components of Remote sensing Remote Sensing :  Electromagnetic Remote sensing process  Passive and active remote sensing. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS):  Introduction  Background  The space segment, The control segment GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS):  The performance of GPS  GPS positioning  Fundamentals of GPS application .

12 (2 hours)

13 (4 hours)

14 (2 hours)

15 (2 hours)

Practical part

GIS Lab

Scanning , Digitization, Creation of Personal Geo-database, Feature Dataset and Feature classes Using Arc catalog

1 (4 H)

Geo-Referencing of raster image using Arc-map

2 (4 H)

On Screen Digitization Using Arc map

3 (4 H)

Editing od spatial Feature using Arc map

4 (4H)

Addition Of Tabular Data to Feature Class & Their Editing

5 (4H)

Defining Domains in a Feature class for Adding field value

6 (4)

GPS Linkage and Attribute data entry

7 (4H)

Creation Validation and Modification of Topology

8 (4H)

Viewing of GIs Data using Arc catalog / Arc Map

9 (4H)

Selection of Features

10 (4H)

Labelling using ArcGIS

11 (4H)

Symbolization using Arc Map

12 (4H)

Creation of Graph Using Arc map

13 (2H)

Generation Report

14 (2H)

Directorate of Quality Assurance and Accreditation

‫بهخشین‬ ‌ ‫تی‌دڵنیایی‌جۆری‌و‌متمانه‬ ‌ ‌ ‫به‬ ‫رایه‬ ‌ ‫ڕێوه‬ ‌ ‫به‬ ‌

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific research Creation of layout Using Arc Map

15 (4)

19. Examinations: 20. Extra notes: 21. Peer review ‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌

Directorate of Quality Assurance and Accreditation

‫بهخشین‬ ‌ ‫تی‌دڵنیایی‌جۆری‌و‌متمانه‬ ‌ ‌ ‫به‬ ‫رایه‬ ‌ ‫ڕێوه‬ ‌ ‫به‬ ‌

GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017

Geospatial Science &Technologies, Definition (‫)تعريف علم و تكنولوجيا الجيومكانية‬ Geospatial Science & technology(GST) (also known as geomatics) is a multidisciplinary field that includes disciplines such as surveying, photogrammetry, remote sensing, mapping, geographic information systems (GIS), geodesy and global navigation satellite system (GNSS). Or it’s a Technology relating to the collection or processing of data that is associated with location……….

Geospatial technologies is a term used to describe the range of modern tools contributing to the geographic mapping and analysis of the Earth and human societies. These technologies have been evolving in some form since the first maps were drawn in prehistoric times. In the 19th century, According to the U.S. Department of Labour, geospatial industry can be regarded as “an information technology field of practice that acquires, manages, representing , displays, analyzes, or otherwise uses data focusing on the geographic, temporal, and spatial context. It is a new integrated academic field that has a diverse range of applications. The applications of geomatics are in the fields of precision farming, urban planning, facilities management, business Geographic’s, security and intelligence, automated mapping, real estate management, environmental management, land administration, telecommunication, automated machine control, civil engineering and so on, Even applications of some devices such as cellular phones, RFID (radio frequency identification) tags and video surveillance cameras can be regarded as part of geospatial technologies

GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017

Geospatial Data (‫)البيانات المكانية‬ Spatial data, also known as geospatial data, is information about a physical object that can be represented by numerical values in a geographic coordinate system. spatial data represents the location, size and shape of an object on planet Earth such as a building, lake, mountain or township. Spatial data may also include attributes that provide more information about the entity that is being represented. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) or other specialized software applications can be used to access, visualize, manipulate and analyze geospatial data. Features shown on maps or those organized in a digital database that are tied to the surface of the earth by co-ordinates, addresses, or other means are collectively called geospatial data. These data are also called spatial or geographic data. Almost 80 per cent of all data are geospatial data. Microsoft introduced two spatial data types with SQL Server : geometry and geography. Geometry types are represented as points on a planar, or flat-earth, surface. An example would be (5,2) where the first number represents that point's position on the horizontal (x) axis and the second number represents the point's position on the vertical (y) axis. Geography spatial data types, on the other hand, are represented as latitudinal and longitudinal degrees, as on Earth or other earth-like surfaces. Also A house whose address is provided or a geodetic control monument with its latitude and longitude are examples of geospatial data. An example of data that are not geospatial is a budget for an organization. Geospatial data can be acquired by digitizing maps, by traditional surveying, or by modern positioning methods using GPS. Geospatial data can also be acquired using remote sensing techniques, i.e. by airborne or space borne platforms. After such data are acquired, they must be organized and utilized. A GIS serves that purpose admirably by providing organizing capability through a database and utilizing query capability through sophisticated graphics software

GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017

GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017

Spatial data infrastructure (‫)البنية التحتية للبيانات المكانية‬ A large number of futurists believe that we are probably in the middle of the information age. The ramifications of this assertion require us to collect, process, manage, and distribute geospatial and other data. In the US, there are a process (not an organization!) called the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI), which is comprised of the people, policies, information, technology, and institutional support needed to utilize geospatial data for the enhancement of society A spatial data infrastructure (SDI) is a data infrastructure implementing a framework of geographic data, metadata, users and tools that are interactively connected in order to use spatial data in an efficient and flexible way. Another definition is "the technology, policies, standards, human resources, and related activities necessary to acquire, process, distribute, use, maintain, and preserve spatial data That mean the ( SDI ) Content the :

Peoples

SDI

policies Information Technology

Support enhancement of society

GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017

Relationship of geospatial science to other disciplines ( ‫عالقة علم المكانية مع فروع المعرفة‬ ‫)االخرى‬: The foundation of the geospatial sciences Based on mathematics, computer science, physics, and engineering. And the practitioner may find biology, cartography, geodetic science, geography, geology, and surveying very helpful. Table 1.1 shows the basic educational needs when working with Geospatial Technologies

GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017

Geospatial technology(‫)تكنولوجيا الجيومكانية‬ The important geospatial technologies: Today, geospatial technology encompasses a broad range of tools including remote sensing imagery, GIS software for data analysis and map making, GPS satellites for precise location and positioning, and Internet mapping applications such as Google Earth. Leaders in the industry influence the direction of technological developments and help keep this technology in the forefront of several industries’ efforts. The Most Important Geo- Technologies that have a wide range of Usages is : First \\ GPS ( Global Position System) : The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS, is a space-based radio navigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Air Force. It is a global navigation satellite system that provides geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system made up of at least 24 satellites. GPS works in any weather conditions, anywhere in the world, 24 hours a day, with no subscription fees or setup charges. The U.S. Department of Defense (USDOD) originally put the satellites into orbit for military use, but they were made available for civilian use in the 1980s. The single most powerful feature related to GPS, which is not true of traditional surveying techniques, is that its use does not require a line of sight between adjacent surveyed points. This factor is very important in understanding the impact that GPS has had on the surveying, mapping, and GIS communities. GPS has been used by the surveying and mapping community since the late 1970s, when only a few hours of satellite coverage were available. It was clear even then that centimeter-level accuracy was obtainable over very long baselines (hundreds of kilometers). In the early 1980s, users of GPS faced several problems: the cost of GPS receivers; poor satellite coverage, which resulted in long lengths of time at each survey location; and poor user-equipment interfaces. Today, instantaneous measurements with centimeter accuracy over tens of kilometers and with one part in 108 accuracy over nearly any distance greater than 10 km can be made. The cost of ‘surveying and mapping-level’ receivers in 1999 ranged from $10,000 to $25,000, and these costs are falling. Practitioners are developing numerous new applications in surveying, such as

GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017

the use of GPS in a kinematic (real-time) mode to determine the elevation of terrain prior to grading .

Second\\ GIS ( Geography Information System) : A geographic information system (GIS) is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present spatial or geographic data. The acronym GIS is sometimes used for geographic information science (GI Science) to refer to the academic discipline that studies geographic information systems and is a large domain within the broader academic discipline of geoinformatics. What goes beyond a GIS is a spatial data infrastructure, a concept that has no such restrictive boundaries. In general, the term describes any information system that integrates, stores, edits, analyzes, shares, and displays geographic information. GIS applications are tools that allow users to create interactive queries (user-created searches), analyze spatial information, edit data in maps, and present the results of all these operations. Geographic information science is the science underlying geographic concepts, applications, and systems. GIS can refer to a number of different technologies, processes, and methods. It is attached to many operations and has many applications related to engineering, planning, management, transport/logistics, insurance, telecommunications, and business. For that reason, GIS and location intelligence applications can be the foundation for many location-enabled services that rely on analysis and visualization Today’s GIS, which are fundamentally a marriage of database management systems with graphics capability, are designed to allow for changes in the processes of individuals and organizations and changes in the data. Therefore, they are able to serve the complete spectrum

GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017

of individuals, from political appointee to supervisor to computer programmer. It is now an indispensable tool for policy makers as well as technicians.

Third \\ RS ( Remote Sensing ) : Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object and thus in contrast to on-site observation. Remote sensing is used in numerous fields, including geography, land surveying and most Earth Science disciplines (for example, hydrology, ecology , oceanography, glaciology, geology); it also has military, intelligence, commercial, economic, planning, and humanitarian applications. In current usage, the term "remote sensing" generally refers to the use of satellite- or aircraftbased sensor technologies to detect and classify objects on Earth, including on the surface and in the atmosphere and oceans, based on propagated signals (e.g. electromagnetic radiation). It may be split into "active" remote sensing (i.e., when a signal is emitted by a satellite or aircraft and its reflection by the object is detected by the sensor) and "passive" remote sensing (i.e., when the reflection of sunlight is detected by the sensor).

GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017

GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017

Spatial elements (‫ )العناصر المكانية‬: An element is the basic building block of a geometric feature for the Spatial Data Option. The supported spatial element types are points, line strings, and polygons. For example, elements might be modeled to historic markers (point clusters), roads (line strings), and county boundaries (polygons). Each coordinate in an element is stored as an X,Y pair Point data1 consists of one coordinate and the sequence number is 0. Line data consists of two coordinates representing a line segment of the element, starting with sequence number 0. Polygon data consists of coordinate pair values, one vertex pair for each line segment of the polygon. The first coordinate pair (with sequence number 0), represents the first line segment, with coordinates defined in either a clockwise or counter-clockwise order around the polygon with successive sequence numbers. Each layer's geometric objects and their associated spatial index are stored in the database in tables. The Geographic entities can be spatially (graphically) represented as spatial elements Including:

–points

0 dimensional

–lines

1 dimensional

–areas

2 dimensional

–surfaces

2.5 dimensional

–volumes

3 dimensional

1- Point : Uses a single coordinate to define location

pair

 Considered to have no dimension  (They may have actual real-world dimensions, but for the purposes of a GIS, no dimension is assumed) Attribute information is attached to the point Ex: Light poles, manhole covers, crime location

2- Line : Use an ordered set of coordinates to define location      

Each line (and curve) is made up of multiple line segments Occasionally, curved lines are represented mathematically Starting point of a line is a node. Intermediate point of a line is a vertex. Attributes may be attached to whole line, or node, or vertex Ex: Road, pipeline, object outlines, power line

3- Polygon : Formed by a set of connected lines  Polygons must close. The start and end point must have the same coordinate, or the polygon must close to an adjacent feature  Polygons have an interior region

GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017

 Attribute information is attached to the polygon  Ex: Lake, city, tree stand, political boundary

GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017

Coordinates and coordinate systems(‫)االحداثيات و انظمة االحداثيات‬ In geometry, a coordinate system is a system which uses one or more numbers, or coordinates, to uniquely determine the position of a point or other geometric element on a manifold such as Euclidean space. the most important and commonly used coordinate system associated with Global positioning System (GPS), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and Remote Sensing (RS) usage is provided. The are Many types of the Coordinates systems depend on the Geometry Shape that the Coordinates Representing, this type Dived to : 1- Rectangular coordinates 2- Polar coordinates 3- Spherical coordinates 4- Ellipsoidal coordinates 5- State Plane Coordinate system ( Just for USA) 6- Universal Transverse Mercator ( UTM ) Rectangular coordinates : The Cartesian coordinate system in two dimensions (also called a rectangular coordinate system or an orthogonal coordinate system) is defined by an ordered pair of perpendicular lines (axes), a single unit of length for both axes, and an orientation for each axis.

Polar coordinates : In mathematics, the polar coordinate system is a two-dimensional coordinate system in which each point on a plane is determined by a distance from a reference point and an angle from a reference direction.

GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017

The reference point (analogous to the origin of a Cartesian coordinate system) is called the pole, and the ray from the pole in the reference direction is the polar axis. The distance from the pole is called the radial coordinate or radius, and the angle is called the angular coordinate, polar angle, or azimuth.

Spherical coordinates: In mathematics, a spherical coordinate system is a coordinate system for three-dimensional space where the position of a point is specified by three numbers: the radial distance of that point from a fixed origin, its polar angle measured from a fixed zenith direction, and the azimuth angle of its orthogonal projection on a reference plane that passes through the origin and is orthogonal to the zenith, measured from a fixed reference direction on that plane. It can be seen as the three-dimensional version of the polar coordinate system. The radial distance is also called the radius or radial coordinate. The polar angle may be called colatitude, zenith angle, normal angle, or inclination angle.

Ellipsoidal coordinates:

GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017

Ellipsoidal coordinates are a three-dimensional orthogonal coordinate system. the ellipsoidal coordinate system is based on surface of the earth that found by rotating an ellipse around its shortest (minor) axis. Its called an ellipsoid of revolution or simply an ellipsoid. It is defined by its semi-major axis a and semi-minor axis b (see Figures ).

State Plane Coordinate system ( Just for US): The State Plane Coordinate System (SPS or SPCS) is a set of 124 geographic zones or coordinate systems designed for specific regions of the United States. Each state contains one or more state plane zones, the boundaries of which usually follow county lines. There are 110 zones in the contiguous US, with 10 more in Alaska, 5 in Hawaii, and one for Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands. The system is widely used for geographic data by state and local governments. Its popularity is due to at least two factors. First, it uses a simple Cartesian coordinate system to specify locations rather than a more complex spherical coordinate system (the geographic coordinate system of latitude and longitude). By using the Cartesian coordinate system's simple XY coordinates, "plane surveying" methods can be used, speeding up and simplifying calculations. Second, the system is highly accurate within each zone (error less than 1:10,000). Outside a specific state plane zone accuracy rapidly declines, thus the system is not useful for regional or national mapping. Most state plane zones are based on either a transverse

GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017

Mercator projection or a Lambert conformal conic projection. The choice between the two map projections is based on the shape of the state and its zones.

Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) : The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) conformal projection uses a 2-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system to give locations on the surface of the Earth. Like the traditional method of latitude and longitude, it is a horizontal position representation, i.e. it is used to identify locations on the Earth independently of vertical position. However, it differs from that method in several respects. . The UTM is simply a transverse Mercator projection to which specific parameters, such as central meridians, have been applied. The UTM covers the earth between latitudes 84(Degrees) north and 80(Deg) south. The UTM system is not a single map projection. The system instead divides the Earth into sixty(60) zones, each being a six-degree band of longitude, and uses a secant transverse Mercator projection in each zone.

GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017

Geodetic datum’s (‫)المراجع الجیودیسیه‬: According to the (Geodetic Glossary, 1986), a geodetic datum is ‘a set of constants specifying the coordinate system used for geodetic control, i.e. for calculating coordinates of points on the earth. In Generally there are two types of Geodetic Datum’s : A- Horizontal Datum’s B- Vertical Datum’s  Horizontal datum’s If surveying, mapping and geodesy activities are carried out over large areas, the use of plane coordinates becomes impractical. Therefore, for geodetic purposes especially, the earth is considered as a whole body. Prior to about 1650, the earth was assumed to be spherical in shape. However, the results of using more accurate measuring instruments, combined with increased knowledge of earth physics, yielded the fact that an ellipsoid of revolution best approximated the figure of the earth . During the period from about 1700 to 1850 numerous measurements were made along arcs of meridians to verify the ellipsoidal assumption and then to determine the flattening of the ellipsoid. An accounting of these activities can be found in (Torge 1980). Once the ellipsoidal figure of the earth was accepted, it was logical to adopt an ellipsoidal coordinate system. Then, the problem was to establish these coordinates, i.e. to assign coordinates to a monument on the surface of the earth. In the days before the ‘deflection of the vertical’ (Geodetic Glossary 1986) was known or understood, astronomic positions were used to establish these coordinates. Later, in the pre-satellite era, using classical geodetic techniques, the horizontal coordinates, geodetic latitude and longitude, defined a horizontal datum. This was usually accomplished on a country by country basis. A few examples of such datums are the North American Datum (NAD) 1927, European Datum (ED) 1950, Tokyo Datum (TD), Australian Geodetic Datum (AGD) 1966 and South American Datum (SAD) 1969.  Vertical datum’s Heights1 of surveyed stations or Bench Marks (BMs), which may or may not be part of the horizontal geodetic network, are used to adjust and define a vertical datum. In keeping with the general definition of a datum, there must be a quantity that serves as a referent. In the case of a vertical datum this quantity is the geoid or, more practically, a surface which approximates the geoid. The geoid is defined as ‘The equipotential surface of the earth’s

GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017

gravity field which best fits, in the least squares sense, mean sea level,’ (Geodetic Glossary 1986). In the past, geodesists could not determine the geoid accurately enough over land areas for it to serve as a reliable reference surface. Hence, historically, Mean Sea Level (MSL) was used as the vertical datum. Sea level was (and still is) monitored and measured at Tidal Bench Marks (TBM) for a minimum period of 18.67 years to compute MSL.

GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017

guidelines for dealing with computer technology : First \\ Finding a system to satisfy your needs will not be too difficult or too expensive because there are many suitable computer hardware and software products on the market at very reasonable prices. It is important to remember that in the volatile, rapidly changing field of computer technology, ‘a while’ may mean ‘a year or less,’ so the fact that a company has a large customer base may also be relied upon to provide the inexperienced user with a sense of security and confidence in a still unfamiliar product. Companies like Microsoft, IBM, or ESRI have had their products tested over time by millions of users, and the products are constantly being fixed, improved, and fine-tuned by the industries’ top software developers. second \\ acquiring a suitable computer system is aimed at improving chances that the components that need to work together actually do work together. To avoid having to resolve conflicts due to incompatible parts and settings, buy assembled systems and subsystems whenever possible. This applies both to hardware and to software systems.

GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017

Assembling the right computer system there is a logical order to putting the pieces together. We borrow our next ‘common sense’ advice on buying a computer from Dan Gookin (1998): Five steps to buying a computer 1 Find out what you want your PC to do 2 Look for software to get that job done 3 Find the proper hardware to run the software 4 Shop for service and support 5 Buy it! The key sequence of events here is : (1) assess goals, (2) search for software that will achieve those goals, (3) identify the hardware needed to run the appropriate software. The order is important. Buying the wrong hardware may leave the user with no appropriate software that runs on it. A logical corollary that needs be seriously considered by owners of established or ‘legacy’ information systems is that already owning the wrong hardware may actually become an impediment to successfully setting up a GIS/GPS/image processing/surveying/mapping system.

GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017

Computers and their operating systems: The way by which software applications and hardware communicate is through a software program called the operating system. Different computers require different operating systems. Personal Computers (PCs), sometimes called ‘IBM clones’ or ‘x86 clones’, are the most common computers, making up over 95 per cent of all computers in the world. According to the Computer Industry Almanac (1998), in 1998 there were 129 million PCs in use throughout the US and 364.4 million PCs in use throughout the world. Over 120 million of the PCs in the US run one of the following operating systems: DOS, Windows 3.x, Windows 95, Windows 98, or Windows NT. software applications must be tailored to the computer’s operating system. Some applications run under DOS, but not under Windows NT, or vice versa. Applications written to run under Windows 98 will not run on a computer using a UNIX operating system. Table 5.1 shows some of the most popular operating systems and the machines that they run on:

Not every software product is available for every operating system of every computer. Table 5.2 clearly reveals that the vast majority of commercial GIS/GPS/surveying software products need PC hardware to run1. On the other hand, if your computer is not a PC, then your choice of software products will be much more limited. These figures do not mean that you must choose a PC, but before you choose some other computer, you should make very sure that the rather limited selection of software products for that other computer’s operating system will actually meet your data processing requirements

GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017

GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and science Introduction : Geographic information science or GSci is a relatively new discipline, having emerged from the quantitative revolution and evolution of a digital cartography, and rapid improvements in computer technology over the past 20 years. However, the term most commonly used until the mid 1990s was GIS, which focused on the software itself. More recently, the term GSci, has been applied to describe the theoretical underpinnings of the technology, including database theory, methods of analysis, and visualization techniques whereas GIS is the term that still refers to the hardware and software component. Unfortunately, most individuals use the term GIS to refer to the systems themselves, and are unaware of the rapidly evolving science. From its incipient roots in digital mapping technology, GIS has now become a billion dollar industry in the US, being utilized by the private sector (including environmental consulting and engineering companies), the public sector (including local, state, and the federal government), and in academia (nearly all universities offer a series of courses, and often a minor/major, in GIS. GIS is becoming a routine analysis and display tool for spatial data, and used extensively in applications such as: 1-† Land use mapping (for urban planning purposes) 2-† Transportation mapping and analysis (for determining efficient transportation routes for deliveries and emergency response) 3-† Geodemographic analysis (for store location) 4-† Utilities infrastructure mapping (for precise gas, water, and electric line mapping and maintenance) 5-† And multiple applications in natural resource assessment (including water quality assessment and wildlife habitat studies) GIS allows efficient and flexible storage, display, and exchange of spatial data, as well as use in models of all kinds. More recently, the term GSci has emerged as representing ‘the science of spatial data processing’ – including conceptual problems in spatial data acquisition, storage, analysis, and display – while GIS is reserved for the actual hardware/software component of the technology.

GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017

What is a GIS 1-

Background :

The term GIS is often applied to any package that involves mapping capability or spatial data. However, as Kraak and Ormeling (1997) point out, there are actually several different types of systems – spatial information systems – that may be categorized based on their functionality. Figure 24.1 arrays these systems based on both their cartographic and spatial analytic capabilities (Kraak and Ormeling 1997). The simplest of the systems involves Computer-Aided Design (CAD). CAD systems are used by engineers, architects, and designers to assist with automated drawing, and normally provide powerful design tools. A typical application would be in the architectural design of a house. There is no real cartographic or spatial-analytic capability with CAD systems. Similarly, facilities management software allows for the organization of complex ‘spatial’ databases such as those used by utilities companies for the maintenance of customer accounts, yet allow for no analysis or mapping. More sophisticated software involves computer mapping, where spatial databases may be displayed and complex symbolization types portrayed. Many computer mapping :

1

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systems allow for limited analyses, such as non-topological overlay and address matching, but are still not considered full GISs. Land Information Systems (LISs) are designed for the storage and cartographic display of large-scale property – cadastral – databases. Normally urban LISs are utilized for maintaining the parcel-level data needed for city management – taxation, infrastructure repair, and the mapping of crime. Finally a true GIS allows for the powerful spatial analysis and cartographic display of spatial databases. A working definition of a GIS is a computer-based set of methods for the acquisition, storage, analysis, and display of spatially-addressable data. 2- What is GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS): A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-based tool for mapping and analyzing spatial data. GIS technology integrates common database operations such as query and statistical analysis with the unique visualization and geographic analysis benefits offered by maps. These abilities distinguish GIS from other information systems and make it valuable to a wide range of public and private enterprises for explaining events, predicting outcomes, and planning strategies. GIS is considered to be one of the most important new technologies, with the potential to revolutionize many aspects of society through increased ability to make decisions and solve problems. The major challenges that we face in the world today -- overpopulation, pollution, deforestation, natural disasters – all have a critical geographic dimension. Local problems also have a geographic component that can be visualized using GIS technology, whether finding the best soil for growing crops, determining the home range for an endangered species, or discovering the best way to dispose of hazardous waste. Careful analysis of spatial data using GIS can give insight into these problems and suggest ways in which they can be addressed. Map making and geographic analysis are not new, but a GIS performs these tasks better and faster than do the old manual methods. And, before GIS technology, only a few people had the skills necessary to use geographic information to help with decision making and problem solving. Today, GIS is a multi-billion-dollar industry employing hundreds of thousands of people worldwide. GIS is taught in high schools, colleges, and universities throughout the world. Professionals in every field are increasingly aware of the advantages of thinking and working geographically.

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Basic core knowledge in GSci There are a core set of basic topics that are considered fundamental to GIS. Some of these include: 1-† Geometric aspects of coordinate systems and map projections, including construction methods and geometric distortions produced; 2-† Basic cartometric techniques including measurement of distance and area from maps and digital databases; 3-† The notion of map scale as the mathematical relationship between map and earth distance, as well as mathematical transformations of scale in computer-based map display operations; 4-† The derivation of multiple scale databases and automated generalization; 5-† Statistical classification and analysis of attribute data for effective thematic map display; 6-† Geographical data structures including vector and raster-based methods; 7-† Spatial analysis and geographical problem solving using a map algebra; 8-† Data quality, error propagation through databases, and error assessment; 9-† Principles of cartographic representation, including four-dimensional cartographies and multimedia cartography.

GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017

A brief history of GIS? A comprehensive history of GIS/GSci is not possible in this short chapter, but the reader may refer to Foresman’s recent edited volume on, A History of GIS (Foresman 1998). Several key events will be reviewed in the chapter, including the State of Minnesota’s MLMIS, the Harvard Laboratory for Spatial Analysis and Computer Graphics, the National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, and the recently created University Consortium for GSci.

The Following Flowchart Give Basic Sequences about GIS History :

MLM IS 1960

• The Minnes ota land man agement inform ation system SYMAP 1970

• Harvard University’s Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis NCGIA

• National Center for Geographic Information an d Analysis

1980

UCG IS 1990

• University Consortium for GIS

SIGIS Over 2000



Societal implications of GIS

For More details about above back to Reference Text book

GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017

GIS Basic Components : A working Geographic Information System seamlessly integrates five key components: hardware, software, data, people, and methods. A) H A R D W A R E: Hardware includes the computer on which a GIS operates, the monitor on which results are displayed, and a printer for making hard copies of the results. Today, GIS software runs on a wide range of hardware types, from centralized computer servers to desktop computers used in stand-alone or networked configurations. The data files used in GIS are relatively large, so the computer must have a fast processing speed and a large hard drive capable of saving many files. Because a GIS outputs visual results, a large, high-resolution monitor and a high-quality printer are recommended

B) S OFTWARE GIS software provides the functions and tools needed to store, analyze, and display geographic information. Key software components include tools for the input and manipulation of geographic information, a database management system (DBMS), tools that support geographic query, analysis, and visualization, and a graphical user interface (GUI) for easy access to tools. The industry leader is ARC/INFO, produced by Environmental Systems Research, Inc. The same company produces a more accessible product, ArcView, that is similar to ARCINFO in many ways . C) DATA Possibly the most important component of a GIS is the data. A GIS will integrate spatial data with other data resources and can even use a database management system, 1

GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017

used by most organizations to organize and maintain their data, to manage spatial data. There are three ways to obtain the data to be used in a GIS. Geographic data and related tabular data can be collected in-house or produced by digitizing images from aerial photographs or published maps. Data can also be purchased from commercial data provider. Finally, data can be obtained from the federal government at no cost . D) PEOPLE GIS users range from technical specialists who design and maintain the system to those who use it to help them perform their everyday work. The basic techniques of GIS are simple enough to master that even students in elementary schools are learning to use GIS. Because the technology is used in so many ways, experienced GIS users have a tremendous advantage in today’s job market. E) METHODS A successful GIS operates according to a well-designed plan and business rules, which are the models and operating practices unique to each organization.

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The literature of GIS/GSci The literature in the discipline of GIS has grown rapidly over the past 15 years, with a growing number of conferences, books, and journals. Some of the literature tends to be very basic, while increasingly we see more applied publications. Some of the resources available for both researcher and practitioners include: 1-Scholarly journals : + Cartography and GIS + International journal of GIS + Geographical analysis + Geographical systems + Transactions in GIS + Geoinformatica + The URISA journal 2- Popular magazines: +GeoWorld (GIS World) +GeoSpatial Solutions (GeoInfo Systems) +ARC news +ARC user +Business GEOgraphics +Proceedings +Auto-Carto-xx, 1972–97 +Spatial data handling, started in 1984 +GIS/LIS, 1988–98 +GI Science 2000 3-Major textbooks +Aronoff, S., GIS: A Management Perspective, 1989. +Bernhardsen, T., Geographic Information Systems, 1992, 1999. +Burrough, P.A. and McDonald, R.A., Principles of Geographic Information Science, 1988. +Chrisman, N., Exploring Geographic Information Systems, 1997. +Clarke, K., Getting Started with Geographic Information Systems, 1999. +DeMers, M., Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems, 2000.

GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017

+Heywood, I., Cornelius, S. and Carver, S., An Introduction to Geographical Information Systems, 1998. +Huxhold, W.E., An Introduction to Urban Geographic Information Systems, 1991. +Korte, G.B. The GIS Book, 1997. +Laurini, R. and Thompson, D., Fundamentals of Spatial Information Systems,1992. +Longler, P.A., et al., Geographic Information Systems, 1999. +Obermeyer, N.J. and Pinto, J.K., Managing Geographic Information Systems,1994.408 R. B. McMaster and W. J. Craig +Peuquet, D. and Duane M.F., Introductory Readings in GIS, 1990. +Pickles, J. Ground Truth: The Societal Implications of Geographic Information Systems, 1995. +Tomlin, C.D. Geographic Information Systems and Cartographic Modeling, 1990. 4-Conferences and workshops +GIS/LIS conferences +ACSM/ASPRS conferences

GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017

Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Background : The purpose of GIS software is to transform geographically referenced data using a set of software tools that facilitate the capture, storage, manipulation, analysis, and display of geographical data. Each of these processes can be expressed as a transformation of format, attributes, or geometry. Consequently, we can view GIS software as a kind of ‘transformational engine’ that uses data inputs and produces information that has some value-added component (e.g. decision support). This transformational view has a lineage traced back to early work by Tobler (1979) that has persisted through cartography, analytical cartography (Clarke 1995) and GIS (Chrisman 1999). Clarke (1995) identifies four types of cartographic transformations that can be placed directly into the context of GIS projects: 1 Geometric (e.g. changes in coordinate systems) 2 Dimension (e.g. from a two-dimensional polygon to a one-dimensional point) 3 Scale (e.g. from 1:24,000–1:250,000 scale map), and 4 Map symbolization (e.g. the selection, classification and presentation of elements on a map) While it is true that the functional gap between digital cartographic software and GIS software has essentially disappeared, users of GIS software are, in general, more interested in the analysis and management of geographical data and the phenomena that these data represent (e.g. streets networks, land use, watersheds). GIS software, therefore, typically includes transformational functions that: 1 Change the form of geographical data (e.g. capture spatial data by transforming paper maps into digital form, or change digital data (bits) into scientific visualizations (pixels)); 2 Change the digital representation of geographical data (e.g. a raster-to-vector data transformation (Flanagan et al. 1994), transforming data stored in Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS) format (USGS 2000) into a proprietary format); and 3 Change the content of geographical data (e.g. eliminate unneeded data, add information content to raw data through analysis). These three basic categories can be further decomposed into more specific functional classes. For example, changes in content can be classified into transformations

GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017

that assist in the: 1 Modification of data (e.g. update cadastral maps to reflect new subdivisions or new owners). The transformations traditionally associated with automated cartography belong in this category. 2 Extraction of data (e.g. create a new dataset as a subset of a larger dataset, proximity operators, the extraction of topographic features from Digital Elevation Models (DEM), the extraction of the shortest path between two points in a street network). 3 Analysis of data (e.g. synthesize or abstract data to make it compatible with other datasets, provide analytical value to raw data, integrate multiple datasets into a single dataset).

GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017

GIS workflow GIS applications can be described as a sequenced series of transformations functions begins with the :

that

During the GIS design process the application developer must carefully define the problem. This definition can begin by seeking to delimit the scope of inquiry: 1- What are the key questions that must be answered to solve the problem under consideration? 2- What are the essential geographical features that must be captured in the digital domain to answer these questions? 3- How do these features vary across space or through time?

GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017 4-

What tools are required to quantify and analyze these spatio-temporal patterns?

GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017

Theoretical models of GIS 1- Background : One of the first challenges that a user of digital geographic data must confront is how to best represent the geographical systems of interest within the digital domain (Peuquet 1988). Real world geographical systems are complex, dynamic and interrelated. While seemingly complex to the new user, geographical datasets are normally simplified, static models of reality (Peuquet and Duan 1995). The choice of a particular model, or representation, will affect almost every aspect of a GIS project, from the cost of data acquisition to the types of conclusions that can be drawn from associated analyses. In 1982 the US National Committee for Digital Cartographic Data Standards set out to standardize the terminology associated with the digital representation of geographical data. This work evolved into the SDTS, which was first ratified as US Federal Information Processing Standard number 173 in 1994 (FIPS 1994). The current version of this standard is known as ANSI NCITS 320-1998, which was ratified by the American National Standards Institute in 1998 (ANSI 2000). These standards provide a conceptual foundation on which application developers can build digital representations of geographical phenomena and a language that allows them to communicate this representation, either verbally or in digital form, to others in an unambiguous manner There are Different Methods use to represent the geographical systems within the digital domain like : A))The conceptual model : GIS datasets store a digital representation of real world geographical phenomena (Figure 25.2a). Such phenomena can be tangible features (e.g. the segment of Main Street between 1st and 2nd Avenue) or they can be more abstract, like a measurement of elevation at a particular point on the earth’s surface. GIS datasets typically represent a specific class of geographical phenomena (e.g. the phenomenon Main Street between 1st and 2nd Avenue is a kind of street, Figure 25.2b). These classes are referred to as entity types. While the representation of entity types as independent datasets (often referred to as a layer or theme) is useful from a data management perspective, the choice of a particular data classification scheme can have a significant effect on the outcome of any subsequent analyses (Anderson 1980: 104; Bowker and Star 1999). Each entity type is associated with a set of attributes that are used to uniquely identify specific phenomena (key attributes) and provide information of value to users (e.g. street name, length, and ownership). A

GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017

geographical phenomenon (e.g. the segment of Main Street between 1st and 2nd Avenue) is known as an entity instance and the digital representation of this instance is an entity object (Figure 25.2c). Entity objects often contain data on location, attribute, and topology (relative location)

B)) Dimensionality and entity objects: The Following Figure give concept about this Modeling (for More back to reference book)

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C)) US Geological Survey (USGS) datasets The USGS provides four commonly used datasets: Digital Line Graphs (DLG), Digital Raster Graphics (DRG), DEM, and Digital Orthophoto Quarter-quadrangles (DOQ), The USGS distributes these data in SDTS format. However, it is often possible to find these data in proprietary data formats (e.g. Environmental Systems Research Institute’s (ESRI’s) vector or raster formats), all USGS datasets are available for all areas in the US. The status of these datasets is documented at http://mapping.usgs.gov/www/product s/status.html and much of the data can be downloaded from the EROS Data Center (http://edc.usgs.- gov/).

GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017

D)) US Census Bureau The US Census Bureau maintains geographically referenced datasets derived from a variety of data collection activities. Among the most commonly used datasets are the Decennial Census of Population and the associated Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing (TIGER) files. E)) Natural Resource Conservation Service Increasingly, soils data are being made available in digital form. These vector datasets represent soil series polygons and can be linked to a wealth of descriptive data that are stored in the Soil Survey Geographic Database (SSURGO). These datasets include information on the physical and chemical properties of the soil

GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017

Basic Functional elements of GIS:

• Data input: )‫(أدخال البيانات‬bringing data in the GIS environment. • Data manipulation: )‫(معالجة البيانات‬allowing alteration of primary data. • Data output: )‫(اخراج البيانات‬moving data (or analysis results) out of the GIS. • Data management: )‫(ادارة البيانات‬controlling access to data and ensuring data integrity and storage efficiency. • Data retrieval: )‫(تبديل البيانات‬calling data from a stored format into use. • Data display: ) ‫(عرض البيانات‬visualizing primary or derived data. • Data analysis and modeling:)‫ (نمذجة و تحليل البيانات‬gathering insights into relationships in the data, and modeling spatial phenomena.

What are the functional elements of GIS? There are five functional elements of GIS acting as a continuous process and guiding principle for the analyst to develop an end to end model, which are as follows: 1- Data Acquisition(‫)اشتقاق البيانات‬: It is the process of identifying and gathering the data required for application which involves a number of procedures to gather new data by preparing scaled maps. 2- Preprocessing)‫(تجهيز البيانات‬: It is the manipulation of data in several ways so that it may be entered into GIS. Two of the principal tasks of preprocessing include: A- data format conversion and identifying the locations of objects in the original data in a systematic way. B- to establish a consistent system for recording and specifying the locations of objects in the datasets. 3- Data Management)‫(ادارة البيانات‬: It governs the creation of, and access to, the database itself. It provides consistent methods for data entry, update, deletion, retrieval, and security. 4- Manipulation & )‫(المعالجة‬

GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017

5- Analysis)‫ (تحليل البيانات‬: It focuses on system analytical operators that work

GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017

Fundamental operations Of GIs )‫)اساسيات عمليات نظم المعلومات الجغرافية‬ Background : Theoretical Models of Gis Used for obtaining information from real World objects and Data are Classified into 2 Types : 1- Functional elements of Gis 2- Fundamental operations of Gis Conceptual models however represent only operation or composition of Gis system, and do not talk anything about the nature of data . The components in the above mentioned models are almost similar to the different software components in “ general purpose Gis “ system . To overcome these limitations bracken and Webster (1989) suggested an alternative classification of theoretical Models and it comprises of 3 components : A- Problem – processor Model B- Database model C- Interface Model However this is still considered as software approach and is not deal on our present discussion

First \\ Functional Elements of Gis : Bracken and Webster 1987 outlined four functional elements for Gis technology : 1234-

Database approach Process approach Application approach Toolbox approach

Database approach : talk about data structures to contain complex geographical data. Process Approach : Focuses on the sequence of system elements used by analyst running an application An Application Approach : defines Gis based on the kinds of information manipulated by the system and the utility of the derived information produced by the system .

GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017

Toolbox approach : Focus on the software components and algorithms that should be contained in the Gis . Second \\ Fundamental Operations of Gis : This approach considers the functions which Gis is able to perform , and all operations are completely Internal to Gis , The Fundamental classes of Operations Performed by Gis have been characterized as ( Map Algebra operations ) in which processing operations are considered to the mathematical operations, The Classes of analytical operation are divided into : A- Reclassification B- Overlay C- Distance / Connectivity Measurement D- Neighborhood of Data Reclassification Operations: transform the attribute information associated with a single map Coverage . Overlay Operations : involve the combination of two are more maps according to boolean conditions and may result in the delineation new Boundaries , Distance and Connectivity measurement: include both simple measure of inter- point distance and more complex operations such as the construction of zones of increasing transport cost away from specified location . Neighborhood : involves the value to a Location both summary and mean measures of a variable and include smoothing and enhancement filters

GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017

GIS Software’s categories ?? First \\ GIS software companies:

1 2 3 4 5 6

•Autodesk •Blue Marble Geographics •Caliper Corporation •MapInfo Corporation •Smallworld •ESRI

Second \\GIS software : A Address Point ARC Macro Language ArcEditor ArcExplorer ArcGIS ArcGIS Engine ArcGIS Server ArcGIS Viewer for Flex ArcIMS ArcInfo ArcMap ArcObjects ArcSDE ArcView ArcView 3.x

D DeLorme Dialogue-Assisted Visual Environment for Geoinformation Digital Cadastral DataBase

G

B Bing Maps Platform

C Caliper Corporation CartoDB Cartopedia CIETmap CityEngine Commercial Joint Mapping Toolkit CommunityViz Comparison of geographic information systems software Crime concentration CrimeStat

E Easy Trace Ecosystem Management Decision Support Erdas Imagine User:ESpatial/sandbox

I

F FalconView Feature Analyst

L

GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017

Garmin BaseCamp GeoMedia GeoMod GeoSTAC GeoTime GIS Live DVD Global Mapper Google Earth Green Kenue

INDEX PlanBuilder Planning Support Software Intergraph Internet Map Server

M MagicTracer Manifold System Map Overlay and Statistical System MapBasic MapInfo Professional Maptitude Microsoft MapPoint

O

P

Oracle Spatial and Graph

Q QGIS

Land allocation decision support system LandSerf LIDAR Analy

Panorama (GIS) PurVIEW

R

S

RegioGraph Remote sensing application RemoteView RoboGEO

T Tactician (company) Teledyne CARIS. TeraVue TerrSet Tile Map Service TimeMap TNTmips

Sedris Site Recorder Smallworld Spatial ETL SpatiaLite SPRING

M

W

Visual Nature Studio VMDS

Web Map Service Web Map Tile Service Web Processing Service Whitebox Geospatial Analysis Tools Wikiloc WorldMap

Third \\ Esri software :

Fourth \\ Free GIS software : C

D

D

I

GST ( Theory ) --- Prepare by : Dr. Sameer Akreyi 2017

Capaware Chameleon (GIS)

Deegree

J JOSM JUMP GIS

GDAL Generic Mapping Tools GeoDa GeoNetwork opensource GeoServer GeoTools GPSBabel GRASS GIS GvSIG

K Kosmo

O Open Source Geospatial Foundation OpenEV OpenLayers

P

T TerraAmazon TerraLib TerraView

L Leaflet (software) LibLAS

PostGIS Potlatch (software) Pycsw

U UDig

ID (software) ILWIS

M Mapbender MapGuide Open Source Mapnik MapServer MapWindow GIS

Q QGIS

S SAGA GIS

W Whitebox Geospatial Analysis Tools

Fifth \\ Google Earth : 1- Google Earth 2- BlooSee 3- Google Earth Engine 4- Google Earth Outreach 5- Google Street View 6- Hancock Cemetery 7- Lion (2016 film) 8- Wikimapia