Hashbrowns

HASHBROWNS

chroming). They should never contain Glacial Acetic Acid because it destroys the mitochondria and Golgi

1. Double embedding: Infiltrated with CELLOIDIN then

bodies.

embedded with PARAFFIN.

24. Manual paraffin wax infiltration and embedding:

2. Flotation waterbath: 45 to 50 C

At least four (4) changes of wax are required at 15

3. To remove formalin pigments: Picric acid

minutes interval to ensure complete removal of the

4. To remove mercurial deposits: Iodine

clearing agent from tissue. The specimen is then

5. Explosive when dry: Picric acid

immersed in another fresh solution of melted

6. Function of alum in hematoxylin: Mordant

paraffin for approximately 3 hours to ensure

7. Primary importance of Frozen Sections: RAPID

complete embedding or casting of tissue.

DIAGNOSIS

25. Cambridge/Rocking microtome: invented by

8. Enzyme histochemistry: Frozen section

Paldwell Treffall.

9. Second best choice for routine cytologic

26. Bond between Best carmine and glycogen:

examination after Papanicolau: Phase contrast

Coulombic attraction/electrostatic bonds, hydrogen

microscopy

bonds

10. NOT SUITABLE for kidney structures: Bouin's

27. Routine H and E: Regressive staining, it

11. Cell death due to ischemia (loss of blood

involves a differentiation step

supply) is known as infarction, and is manifested by

28. Stains for the glomerular basement membrane:

caharacteristic histologic appearance: COAGULATION

PAS, Azocarmine stain

NECROSIS

29. Postmortem clotting: immediately after death,

12. Pseudomembranous colitis and diarrhea:

rubbery consistency

Clostridium difficile

30. Antemortem thrombi: friable, characterized by

13. Corynebacterium amycolatum: Most frequently

fibrin precipitation

recovered Corynebacterium species from human

31. Leadership: DIRECTING

clinical material. It is part of the normal skin

32. COMPONENTS OF FIBRIN GLUE: cryoprecipitate

microbiota.

(fibrinogen) and topical thrombin

14. Primary fungal pathogen in HIV patients: Candida

33. Donor deferral, measles (rubeola) vaccination: 2

albicans.

weeks

15. Doublewalled, wrinkled cyst form: Acanthamoeba

34. Donor deferral, German measles (Rubella)

castellanii

vaccination: 4 weeks

16. Intracellular form of blood and tissue

35. When stained with Sternheimer-Malbin stain,

flagellates: leishmanial form

GLITTER CELLS stain LIGHT BLUE as opposed to the

17. Normal stool pH: pH 7 to 8

VIOLET COLOR usually seen with NEUTROPHILS.

18. Stool pH associated with CHO disorders: pH 5.5

35. After episodes of hemoglobinuria, yellow-brown

or less

granules may be seen in renal tubular epithelial

19. Microhematocrit: 10,000 g for 5 minutes

cells and casts or free-floating in the urine

20. Standing plasma test: creamy layer

sediment. To confirm that these granules are

(chylomicrons); turbid (VLDL)

hemosiderin, the Prussian blue stain for iron is

21. Microanatomical fixatives should never contain

used and stains the hemosiderin granules a blue

osmic acid/osmium tetroxide because it inhibits

color. (RTE cells with HEMOSIDERIN).

hematoxylin.

36. Second most prevalent protein in CSF: Prealbumin

22. Nuclear fixatives should contain glacial acetic

(transthyretin)

acid due to its affinity for nuclear chromatin.

37. MECONIUM, which is usually defined as a

23. Cytoplasmic fixatives (Flemming's without HAc,

newborn’s first bowel movement, is formed in the

Regaud's, Orth's, Helly's and formalin with post-

intestine from fetal intestinal secretions and

swallowed amniotic fluid. It is a dark green, mucus-

Decreased LH and FSH

like material. It may be present in the amniotic

61. BASAL STATE: early morning before the patient

fluid as a result of fetal distress.

has eaten or become physically active. This is a

38. Blood should NEVER be drawn from a vein in an

good time to draw blood specimens because the body

arm with a cannula (temporary dialysis access

is at rest and food has not been ingested during the

device) or fistula (a permanent surgical fusion of a

night.

vein and an artery).

62. ACID: substance than can yield a hydrogen ion or

39. Adverse reaction of Aminoglycosides:

hydronium ion when dissolved in water

Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity

63. BASE: substance than can yield hydroxyl ions

40. TETANY: neuromotor irritability accompanied by

(OH-)

muscular twitching and eventual convulsions;

64. COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES: properties of osmotic

generally due to low calcium levels (hypocalcemia)

pressure, freezing point, boiling point and vapor

41. Reagent for the APT test: 1% NaOH

pressure

42. APT test: fetal blood, pink solution

65. t-test: compare accuracy, mean (TAM)

43. APT test: maternal blood, yellow-brown

66. f-test: compare precision, SD (SPF)

supernatant

67. Random error: 1:2SD, 1:3SD, R:4S (ODD NUMBERS)

44. Florence test: test for choline

68. Systematic error: 2:2SD, 4:1SD, 10:x (EVEN

Iodine, KI/ dark brown rhombic crystals

NUMBERS)

45. Barbiero's test: test for spermine

69. ZERO-ORDER KINETICS: reaction rate is dependent

Picric acid, TCA/ yellow leafshaped crystals,

on enzyme concentration only

needles

70. FIRST-ORDER KINETICS: reaction rate is directly

46. Blondheim's test: test to differentiate

proportional to substrate concentration

hemoglobin from myoglobin, ammonium sulfate will

71. Arteriosclerosis: thickening or hardening of the

precipitate hemoglobin

walls of arteries

47. Nanometer is also millimicron

72. Atherosclerosis: accumulation of lipid in the

48. Embedding medium for EM is Plastic

veins and arteries

49. Best vital stain is neutral red

73. Azotemia: elevated urea in blood

50. Vital stain for mitochondria is Janus Green

74. Addison’s disease: deficiency of adrenocortical

51. Ferning: Early pregnancy

hormones

52. Pap's consists of 3 stains: Harris hematoxylin,

75. Conn’s syndrome: aldosterone-secreting adrenal

OG 6 and EA

adenoma

53. Total renal BLOOD flow is 1200 mL/min

76. Cushing’s syndrome: excessive production of

54. Total renal PLASMA flow is 600 to 700 mL/min

glucocorticoids (cortisol) by adrenal cortex

55. Most potent estrogen is Estradiol

77. Phaeochromocytoma: tumors of the adrenal medulla

56. Most important androgen in terms of potency and

or symphatetic ganglia that produce and release

amount secreted is testosterone (Marshall)

large quantities of catecholamines

57. Conn syndrome: primary aldosteronism

78. Amenorrhea: cessation of menstruation

58. Hirsutism: male-pattern hair growth in women;

79. Cirrhosis: Greek work YELLOW; irreversible

most common cause is PCOS (polycystic ovary

scarring process by which normal liver architecture

syndrome, Marshall)

is transformed into abnormal nodular architecture

59. Primary male hypogonadism

80. Gilbert’s syndrome: hereditary disorder in which

Decreased testosterone

there is DECREASED BILIRUBIN TRANSPORT into the

Increased LH and FSH

hepatocytes.

60. Secondary male hypogonadism

81. Crigler-Najjar syndrome: hereditary DEFICIENCY

Decreased testosterone

of the UDPG-TRANSFERASE ENZYME

82. Dubin-Johnson syndrome is associated with

100. ANTI-H LECTIN: ULEX EUROPAEUS

increased plasma conjugated bilirubin, inborn error

101. ANTI-M LECTIN: IBERIS AMARA

of metabolism

102. ANTI-N LECTIN: VICIA GRAMINEA

83. Rotor syndrome, possibly of viral origin, where

103. DOSAGE: phenomenon whereby an antibody reacts

there is also a block in the excretion of conjugated

more strongly with a red blood cell carrying a

bilirubin but without liver pigmentation

double dose (homozygous inheritance of the

84. Wilson’s disease is a defect of copper transport

appropriate gene) than with a red blood cell

from the liver resulting in overload of copper in

carrying a single dose (heterozygous inheritance) of

liver and brain

an antigen

85. Menkes disease is an X-linked recessive disorder

104. EPITOPE: portion of the antigen molecule that

in which defective transport of copper from mucosal

is directly involved in the interaction with the

cells results in copper deficiency.

antibody; the ANTIGENIC DETERMINANT

86. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: chronic autoimmune

105. PRIVATE ANTIGEN: antigenic characteristic of

thyroiditis; it is the most common cause of primary

the red blood cell membrane that is unique to an

hypothyroidism

individual or a related family of individuals and

87. Graves’ disease: diffuse toxic goiter

therefore is not commonly found on all cells

88. Kwashiorkor: acute protein calories malnutrition

(usually less than 1% of the population)

89. Marasmus: caused by caloric insufficiency

106. PUBLIC ANTIGEN: antigen characteristic of the

without protein insufficiency so that the serum

red blood cell membrane found commonly among

albumin level remains normal; there is considerable

individuals, usually more than 98% of the population

loss of body weight

107. Apoptosis: programmed cell death

90. Leydig cells: cells of the testicles that

108. Ecchymosis: small hemorrhagic spot, LARGER THAN

produce testosterone

PETECHIA, in the skin or mucous membrane, forming a

91. CD34: cell membrane marker of stem cells

rounded or irregular blue or purplish patch; also

92. GRANULAR, DIRTY, BROWN CASTS representing

known as bruise

hemoglobin degradation products such as

109. Koilonychia: fingernails are thin, flattened

methemoglobin: ACUTE TUBULAR NECROSIS

and concave; associated with iron deficiency anemia

93. ADSORPTION: Providing an antibody with its

110. Leptocyte: thin, flat red cell with hemoglobin

corresponding antigen under optimal conditions so

at periphery and increased central pallor;

that the antibody will attach to the antigen,

hypochromic cell

thereby removing the antibody from the serum

111. Reed-Sternberg cell: presence is definitive

94. ELUTION: process whereby cells that are coated

histologic diagnosis of HODGKIN’S DISEASE

with antibody are treated in such a manner as to

112. Alder-Reilly anomaly: leukocytes of the

disrupt the bonds between the antigen and antibody

myelocytic series, and sometimes all leukocytes

95. ACID PHOSPHATASE (ACP) and ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE

contain coarse azurophilic mucopolysccharide

(ALP): red blood cell enzyme used as an

granules

identification marker in paternity testing and

113. Auer rod: needle-shaped or round inclusion in

criminal investigation (Harmening)

the cytoplasm of myeloblasts and promyelocytes;

96. AMORPH: gene that does not appear to produce a

composed of condensed primary granules

detectable antigen; a silent gene

114. Chediak-Higashi anomaly: congenital, autosomal

97. ANASTOMOSIS: connection between two blood

recessive disorder, characterized by partial

vessels, either direct or through connecting

albinism, photophobia and the presence of abnormally

channels

large blue granules in leukocytes

98. ANTI-A1 LECTIN: DOLICHOS BIFLORUS

115. May-Hegglin anomaly: autosomal dominant

99. ANTI-B LECTIN: BANDEIRAEA SIMPLICIFOLIA

inherited blood cell disorder characterized by

thrombocytopenia and granules containing cytoplasmic

172. TRIPLE PHOSPHATE: coffin-lid or FEATHERY

inclusions similar to Dohle bodies

APPEARANCE (as they disintegrate)

116. Sezary syndrome: cutaneous T CELL LYMPHOMA

173. MAKLER COUNTING CHAMBER provides a method for

characterized by exfoliative erythroderma,

counting UNDILUTED seminal fluid. Sperms are

peripheral lymphadenopathy and Sezary cells present

immobilized by heating part of the specimen prior to

in the skin, lymph nodes and peripheral blood

charging the chamber.

117. Gaucher’s disease: rare disorder of fat

174. COMPUTER-ASSISTED SEMEN ANALYSIS (CASA)

metabolism caused by deficiency of

provides OBJECTIVE determination of both SPERM

glucocerebrosidase

VELOCITY and TRAJECTORY (DIRECTION OF MOTION).

118. Bernard-Soulier syndrome: mutations to platelet

175. A maximum of 30 mL AMNIOTIC FLUID is collected

GP IB or GP IX, defect of platelet adhesion

in sterile syringes. The first 2 to 3 mL collected

119. Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia: mutations to

can be contaminated by maternal blood, tissue fluid

platelet GP IIb or IIIa; defect of fibrinogen-

and cells and are discarded.

dependent platelet aggregation

176. OSMOTIC DIARRHEA: increased RETENTION of water

120. Lactoferrin: protein produced by the neutrophis

and solutes in the large intestine associated with

and stored in the secondary granules that is able

MALABSORPTION AND MALDIGESTION.

bind iron

177. SECRETORY DIARRHEA: increased SECRETION of

161. DOH SECRETARY: DR. PAULYN JEAN B. ROSELL-UBIAL

water and electrolytes into the large intestine

162. DRIVING FORCE of the bicarbonate buffer system

caused by BACTERIAL ENTEROTOXINS.

is CARBON DIOXIDE.

178. Plasmapheresis donor, total protein at least 6

163. TURNAROUND TIME (TAT): time from ordering a

g/dL.

test through analysis in the laboratory to the

179. Packed red blood cells LEAK POTASSIUM into the

charting of the report.

plasma or additive solution of the blood component

164. Hazardous chemicals should be labeled with a

during storage. Rapid infusion of a large volume of

description of their particular hazard, such as

packed red blood cells may put patient populations

POISONOUS, CORROSIVE OR CARCINOGENIC.

such as neonates and patients with cardiac, hepatic,

165. Information contained in the Material Safety

or renal dysfunction at risk of developing

Data Sheets (MSDS) includes the following: physical

hyperkalemia. The transient hyperkalemia related to

and chemical characteristics, fire and explosion

massive transfusion appear to be related to the

potential, reactivity potential, health hazards and

patient’s acid base balance, ionized calcium levels,

methods for safe handling.

and rate of infusion of the packed red blood cells.

166. Urinometer is placed with a SPINNING MOTION.

180. Significant Antibody titer in HDN:

The scale reading is then taken at the BOTTOM OF THE

HARMENING

URINE MENISCUS.

4th edition: significant is 32

167. Studies have shown that although everyone who

5th edition: significant is 16 to 32

eats ASPARAGUS produces a urine odor, ONLY certain

6th edition: critical titer is 16 — with Christian

genetically predisposed people can smell the odor.

Cammayo and Shy Valbuena.

168. CABBAGE urine odor: METHIONINE MALABSORPTION.

181. BENCHMARKING: individual facility COMPARE ITS

169. The heme portion of MYOGLOBIN IS TOXIC TO RENAL

RESULTS WITH THOSE OF ITS PEERS

TUBULES and high concentrations can cause acute

182. MEAN: average value

renal failure.

183. MODE: most frequently occurring value

170. CASTS have tendency to locate NEAR THE EDGES OF

184. MEDIAN: middle value within range

THE COVERSLIP.

185. CONSTANT systematic error - y-intercept

171. ETHYLENE GLYCOL (anti-freeze) poisoning:

186. PROPORTIONAL systematic error - SLOPE

MONOHYDRATE CAOX

187. Fungi (dermatophyte) produces macroconidia that

201. Ethanol and methanol, including Carnoy’s

are large, multicellular, and club-shaped with

solution are commonly used fixatives for nucleic

smooth walls: EPIDERMOPHYTON FLOCCOSUM

acids.

188. In pancreatic adenocarcinoma, 96% of tumors

202. MICROWAVE: physical agent similar in mechanism

with CA 19-9 levels >1,000 U/mL are considered

to vacuum oven (heat) and agitation to increase

UNRESECTABLE (cannot be removed completely through

movement of molecules and accelerate fixation. It is

surgery).

also used to accelerate staining, decalcification,

189. Reporting Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction: either

immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy.

Stimulation Index (SI) or percent relative response

* The processing time depends on the thickness and

(%RR)

density of the specimen. Reagents used for microwave

190. ASCHOFF BODIES are nodules found in the hearts

processing include ethanol, isopropanol and

of individuals with RHEUMATIC FEVER.

proprietary mixtures of alcohol, and paraffin.

191. MERCURY: must NOT GO through drain disposal

Graded concentration of solutions is not required.

192. FORMALDEHYDE WASTES: can be recycled by

Clearing agents are not necessary because the

distillation or by drain disposal, can be detoxified

temperature of the final paraffin step facilitates

by commercial product, or can be disposed of by

evaporation of the alcohols from the tissue. Xylene

licensed waste hauler.

and formalin are not used in this process, which

193. BARR (sex chromatin) BODY or DRUMSTICK:

eliminates toxic fumes and carcinogens.

represent the second X chromosome in females and may

* Disadvantages of the system include the fact that

be seen in 2 to 3% of neutrophils in FEMALES. The

the process is labor intensive because the solutions

number of Barr bodies in a cell is one less than the

are manually manipulated, temperatures must be

number of X chromosomes present in a cell.

maintained between 70 and 85°C, and the size of

194. DOHLE BODIES: rough endoplasmic reticulum

tissue sample is critical (2 mm). Also the cost of

containing RNA and may represent localized failure

laboratory-grade microwaves may be prohibitive, and

of the cytoplasm to mature. They are found in

proper use of the microwave oven requires careful

infections, poisoning, burns and following

calibration and monitoring.

chemotherapy.

203. LAST ALCOHOL BATH FOR DEHYDRATION SHOULD BE

195. CHEDIAK-HIGASHI: granulocytes usually contain

PURE ETHANOL. A blue discoloration of COPPER SULFATE

several very large, reddish-purple or greenish-gray

crystals will indicate FULL SATURATION WITH WATER.

staining granules in the cytoplasm; in the monocytes

Alcohol is then discarded and changed with fresh

and lymphocytes they stain bluish purple and may be

solution.

present singly, or there may be several in one cell.

204. Skeletal muscle contains bundles of very long,

These granules represent ABNORMAL LYSOSOMES.

multinucleated cells with cross-striations. Their

196. Sickling of the RBCs is maximal at 37C and

contraction is quick, forceful, and usually under

decreases as the temperature lowers.

voluntary control. STRIATED, VOLUNTARY

197. Platelets on top of the red cell should not be

205. Cardiac muscle also has cross-striations and is

confused with RBC inclusion body. There is generally

composed of elongated, often branched cells bound to

a nonstaining halo surrounding the platelet when it

one another at structures called intercalated discs

is positioned on top of the RBC.

that are unique to cardiac muscle. Contraction is

198. ESR: bubbles and fibrin clots, invalid results

involuntary, vigorous, and rhythmic. STRIATED,

199. HYGROMETERS: measure HUMIDITY

INVOLUNTARY

200. ALCOHOL FIXATIVE CONCENTRATIONS; 70% to 100%

206. Smooth muscle consists of collections of

because less concentrated solutions will produce

fusiform cells that lack striations and have slow,

lysis of cells.

involuntary contractions. NONSTRIATED, INVOLUNTARY

207. CASEOUS NECROSIS: cell death produced by the

225. Ig that helps initiate the classical complement

Tubercle Bacillus. In gross state, the necrotic

pathway: IgM and IgG

tissue has the appearance of soft, friable CHEESE.

226. Primary immune response: IgM

208. Three (3) major changes that are observed in

227. Highest titer in secondary response: IgG

the NUCLEUS: PYKNOSIS, KARYORRHEXIS (segmentation

228. Immunoglobulin crosslinks mast cells to release

and fragmentation) and KARYOLYSIS (dissolution of

histamine: IgE

the nucleus).

229. Substance detected by RPR and VDRL test: REAGIN

209. Four (4) phases or stages of CELL DEGENERATION:

230. Test for HIV infection in infants who are born

CLOUDY SWELLING, FATTY DEGENERATION, CELL DEATH OR

to HIV-positive mothers: PCR

NECROSIS and CALCIFICATION.

231. Best indicator of early acute HBV infection:

210. BM aspiration is performed by a physician and

HBsAg

may be obtained by:

232. First antibody detected in serum after

* Needle biopsy: most frequently performed method

infection with HBV: anti-HBc

* Surgical biopsy

233. Blood products are tested for which virus

* Percutaneous (entering through the skin) TREPINE

before being transfused to newborns: CMV

(small object used to remove circular section of

234. Anti-smooth muscle (ASMA) antibodies: chronic

tissue) biopsy (core of bone with accompanying

active hepatitis

marrow is obtained)

235. Nuclear matrix protein (NMP-22): urinary bladder cancer

ISBB

HEMATOLOGY

211. Antibody enhanced by ACIDIFYING THE PATIENT

236. Last stage in the erythrocytic series capable

SERUM: anti-M

of mitosis: POLYCHROMATOPHILIC NORMOBLAST

212. Most common cause of transfusion reactions:

237. Last nucleated stage in the erythrocytic

CLERICAL ERRORS

series: ORTHOCHROMATOPHILIC NORMOBLAST

213. Donor unit SEAL HAS BEEN BROKEN: DISCARD THE

238. Appearance of primary/nonspecific granules:

UNIT

PROMYELOCYTE

214. Noticeable clots in RBC unit: DO NOT ISSUE THE

239. Appearance of secondary/specific granules:

UNIT, indication of contamination or bacterial

MYELOCYTE

growth

240. Last stage in the granulocytic series capable

215. FIRST STEP in laboratory investigation of

of mitosis: MYELOCYTE

transfusion reaction: CHECK FOR CLERICAL ERRORS

241. Youngest cell in the granulocytic series to

216. SAGM, ADSOL shelf life: 42 days

NORMALLY appear in peripheral blood: BAND

217. REJUVENATION or red blood cells may be

242. Preferable site for BM aspiration and biopsy in

performed up to 3 days after the red cell expire

adult: ILIAC CREST

218. Preparation of leukopoor RBCs: filtering,

243. Miller disc is an ocular device to facilitate

centrifugation and washing

counting of: RETICULOCYTES

219. Longest expiration date: FROZEN RBCs

244. Organ that removes erythrocyte inclusions

220. Component of choice for vWD: CRYOPRECIPITATE

without destroying the cell: SPLEEN

221. Transfusion of BUFFY COAT IS BEST INDICATED

245. Megaloblastic anemia: MACROCYTIC, NORMOCHROMIC

for: NEWBORNS with severe infections

246. Anemia in sickle cell disease: NORMOCYTIC,

222. Test performed on blood that will be transfused

NORMOCHROMIC

to an acidotic or hypoxic infant: HEMOGLOBIN S

247. Iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia:

223. CD marker responsible for E-rosette formation

MICROCYTIC, HYPOCHROMIC

between T cells and sheep RBCs: CD2

248. AUTOSPLENECTOMY occurs in SICKLE CELL ANEMIA

224. Joining (J) chain: IgM and secretory IgA

249. PCH: Anti-P, DONATH-LANDSTEINER ANTIBODY

250. Major leukocyte in aplastic anemia: LYMPHOCYTES

276. Orth’s fluid: study of early degenerative

251. BITE CELLS in G6PD deficiency

process and tissue necrosis, demonstrates rickettsia

252. Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia: schistocytes

and other bacteria

and nucleated RBCs

277. LEAD FIXATIVES: ACID MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES

253. ANTIBIOTIC implicated in aplastic anemia:

278. BOUIN’S: fixation of embryos and pituitary

CHLORAMPHENICOL

biopsies

254. Type of anemia in acute leukemia: NORMOCYTIC,

279. Bouin’s is NOT SUITABLE FOR FIXING KIDNEY

NORMOCHROMIC

structures, lipid and mucus

255. Hodgkin’s disease: REED-STERNBERG CELLS

280. Glacial acetic acid solidifies at 17C.

256. Myelofibrosis: TEARDROP RBCs

SEVENTEEN

257. DIC is most often associated with M3: acute

281. Carnoy’s fluid: CHROMOSOMES, LYMPH GLAND AND

promyelocytic leukemia

URGENT BIOPSIES

258. Peripheral smear of patient with MULTIPLE

282. Newcomer’s fluid: fixing of mucopolysaccharides

MYELOMA: ROULEAUX

and nuclear proteins

259. Franklin’s disease: GAMMA HEAVY CHAIN DISEASE

283. NITRIC ACID: most common and fastest

260. TRAP: Hairy cell leukemia

decalcifying agent

261. CD 10: Common ALL (CALLA)

284. PERENYI’S FLUID: decalcifies and softens

262. PT and APTT result in patient with

tissues at the same time

polycythemia: BOTH PROLONGED

285. X-ray or radiological method: most ideal, most

263. PRIMARY INHIBITOR OF FIBRINOLYTIC SYSTEM:

sensitive method for determining the extent of

ALPHA2-ANTIPLASMIN

decalcification

264. Lupus anticoagulant is directed against:

286. Embedding medium for electron microscopy: EPON

PHOSPHOLIPID

(PLASTIC MEDIUM)

265. ASPIRIN inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE

287. Manual H and E staining: REGRESSIVE STAINING 288. Flotation water bath: 45 to 50C, approximately

HISTOPATH

6-10C lower than the mp of wax

266. Primary importance of FROZEN SECTIONS: RAPID

289. ORCEIN: vegetable dye extracted from LICHENS

DIAGNOSIS

290. IODINE: probably the oldest of all stains

267. 3Fs: FATS/FORMALIN/FROZEN SECTIONS

291. JANUS GREEN: demonstrating MITOCHONDRIA

268. Carbohydrate fixation: ALCOHOLIC FIXATIVES

292. Stain for the basement membrane: PAS,

269. Protein fixation: NEUTRAL BUFFERED FORMALDEHYDE

AZOCARMINE

OR FORMALDEHYDE VAPOR

293. Stain for Helicobacter pylori: TOLUIDINE BLUE,

270. Glycogen fixation: ALCOHOL-BASED such as

CRESYL VIOLET ACETATE

Rossman’s fluid or cold absolute alcohol

294. Mountant refractive index should be as close as

271. MERCURIC CHLORIDE: fixative of choice for

possible to that of the glass slide which is 1.518

TISSUE PHOTOGRAPHY

295. POLYCLONAL ANTIBODIES: most frequently used

272. Zenker’s fluid: LIVER, SPLEEN, CONNECTIVE

animal is the RABBIT followed by goat, pig, sheep,

TISSUE FIBERS and NUCLEI

horse, guinea pig and others

273. Zenker’s-formol (Helly’s): PITUITARY GLAND, BM,

296. MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES: MICE

BLOOD-CONTAINING ORGANS SUCH AS SPLEEN AND LIVER

CLINICAL MICROSCOPY

274. Heidenhain’s susa solution: TUMOR BIOPSIES

297. In renal tubular acidosis, the pH of urine is:

ESPECIALLY SKIN

CONSISTENTLY ALKALINE

275. Regaud’s (Moller’s/Muller’s) fluid: CHROMATIN,

298. Daily loss of protein in urine, normally does

MITOTIC FIGURES, GOLGI BODIES, RBC and colloid-

not exceed: 150 mg

containing tissues

299. Renal threshold for glucose is: 160 to 180

269. Protein fixation: NEUTRAL BUFFERED FORMALDEHYDE

mg/dL

OR FORMALDEHYDE VAPOR

300. Hemoglobin differentiated from myoglobin:

270. Glycogen fixation: ALCOHOL-BASED such as

ammonium sulfate (BLONDHEIM’S TEST)

Rossman’s fluid or cold absolute alcohol

301. Sternheimer-Malbin stain: CRYSTAL VIOLET AND

271. MERCURIC CHLORIDE: fixative of choice for

SAFRANIN

TISSUE PHOTOGRAPHY

302. Pseudocasts: formed by amorphous urates

272. Zenker’s fluid: LIVER, SPLEEN, CONNECTIVE

303. Moderate hematuria and RBC casts: ACUTE

TISSUE FIBERS and NUCLEI

GLOMERULOPNEPHRITIS

273. Zenker’s-formol (Helly’s): PITUITARY GLAND, BM,

304. Pyuria with bacterial and WBC casts:

BLOOD-CONTAINING ORGANS SUCH AS SPLEEN AND LIVER

PYELONEPHRITIS

274. Heidenhain’s susa solution: TUMOR BIOPSIES

305. Crystals appears in urine as long, thin

ESPECIALLY SKIN

hexagonal plate, and is linked to ingestion of large

275. Regaud’s (Moller’s/Muller’s) fluid: CHROMATIN,

amounts of benzoic acid: HIPPURIC ACID

MITOTIC FIGURES, GOLGI BODIES, RBC and colloid-

306. Oval fat bodies: lipid-containing RTE cells

containing tissues

307. GREATEST PROTEINURIA: NEPHROTIC SYNDROME (Heavy

276. Orth’s fluid: study of early degenerative

Proteinuria >4 g/day)

process and tissue necrosis, demonstrates rickettsia

308. Whewellite and weddellite kidney stones:

and other bacteria

CALCIUM OXALATE

277. LEAD FIXATIVES: ACID MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES

309. Struvite: TRIPLE PHOSPHATE/magnesium ammonium

278. BOUIN’S: fixation of embryos and pituitary

phosphate

biopsies

310. Apatite: CALCIUM PHOSPHATE

279. Bouin’s is NOT SUITABLE FOR FIXING KIDNEY

311. Limulus lysate test: Gram negative bacterial

structures, lipid and mucus

endotoxin

280. Glacial acetic acid solidifies at 17C.

312. Amoeba in CSF: characteristic pseudopod

SEVENTEEN

mobility in WET PREP ON PRE-WARMED SLIDE

281. Carnoy’s fluid: CHROMOSOMES, LYMPH GLAND AND

313. GOUT: uric acid or monosodium urate

URGENT BIOPSIES

314. PSEUDOGOUT: calcium pyrophosphate

282. Newcomer’s fluid: fixing of mucopolysaccharides

315. BEST TEST for determining the status of the

and nuclear proteins

fetoplacental unit: SERUM FREE ESTRIOL

283. NITRIC ACID: most common and fastest

316. SPERM with SMALL OR ABSENT HEADPIECE: acrosomal

decalcifying agent

deficiency

284. PERENYI’S FLUID: decalcifies and softens

317. Most common cause of male infertility:

tissues at the same time

VARICOCELE

285. X-ray or radiological method: most ideal, most

318. Stain of choice for SPERM MORPHOLOGY: Pap’s

sensitive method for determining the extent of

stain

decalcification

319. Stain to determine SEPRM VIABILITY: EOSIN

286. Embedding medium for electron microscopy: EPON

320. Serum GASTRIN levels would be greatest in:

(PLASTIC MEDIUM)

ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME

287. Manual H and E staining: REGRESSIVE STAINING 288. Flotation water bath: 45 to 50C, approximately

HISTOPATH

6-10C lower than the mp of wax

266. Primary importance of FROZEN SECTIONS: RAPID

289. ORCEIN: vegetable dye extracted from LICHENS

DIAGNOSIS

290. IODINE: probably the oldest of all stains

267. 3Fs: FATS/FORMALIN/FROZEN SECTIONS

291. JANUS GREEN: demonstrating MITOCHONDRIA

268. Carbohydrate fixation: ALCOHOLIC FIXATIVES

292. Stain for the basement membrane: PAS,

316. SPERM with SMALL OR ABSENT HEADPIECE: acrosomal

AZOCARMINE

deficiency

293. Stain for Helicobacter pylori: TOLUIDINE BLUE,

317. Most common cause of male infertility:

CRESYL VIOLET ACETATE

VARICOCELE

294. Mountant refractive index should be as close as

318. Stain of choice for SPERM MORPHOLOGY: Pap’s

possible to that of the glass slide which is 1.518

stain

295. POLYCLONAL ANTIBODIES: most frequently used

319. Stain to determine SEPRM VIABILITY: EOSIN

animal is the RABBIT followed by goat, pig, sheep,

320. Serum GASTRIN levels would be greatest in:

horse, guinea pig and others

ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME

296. MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES: MICE CLINICAL MICROSCOPY

CM: 4th Edition Strasinger

297. In renal tubular acidosis, the pH of urine is:

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)

CONSISTENTLY ALKALINE

386. Approximately 20 mL of CSF is produced every

298. Daily loss of protein in urine, normally does

hour in the choroid plexuses and reabsorbed by the

not exceed: 150 mg

arachnoid villi

299. Renal threshold for glucose is: 160 to 180

387.

mg/dL

6th edition: 90 to 150 mL

300. Hemoglobin differentiated from myoglobin:

4th edition: 140 to 170 mL

ammonium sulfate (BLONDHEIM’S TEST)

388. Total volume in neonate: 10 to 60 mL

301. Sternheimer-Malbin stain: CRYSTAL VIOLET AND

389. Normal adult CSF 0 to 5 WBCs/uL

SAFRANIN

390. Neonates 0 to 30 WBCs/uL

302. Pseudocasts: formed by amorphous urates

391. Reactive lymphocytes in CSF, viral infections

303. Moderate hematuria and RBC casts: ACUTE

392. Moderately elevated WBC count (less than 50

GLOMERULOPNEPHRITIS

WBCs/uL) with increased normal and reactive

304. Pyuria with bacterial and WBC casts:

lymphocytes and plasma cells may be indicative of MS

PYELONEPHRITIS

or other degenerating neurologic disorders

305. Crystals appears in urine as long, thin

393. Increased eosinophils in CSF: parasitic

hexagonal plate, and is linked to ingestion of large

infections, fungal infections primarily COCCIDIOIDES

amounts of benzoic acid: HIPPURIC ACID

IMMITIS

306. Oval fat bodies: lipid-containing RTE cells

394. CSF glucose is approximately 60 to 70 percent

307. GREATEST PROTEINURIA: NEPHROTIC SYNDROME (Heavy

that of plasma glucose

Proteinuria >4 g/day)

395. Normal CSF protein: 15 to 45 mg/dL

308. Whewellite and weddellite kidney stones:

396. Normal concentration of glutamine in CSF: 8 to

CALCIUM OXALATE

18 mg/dL

CSF Total volume in adult:

309. Struvite: TRIPLE PHOSPHATE/magnesium ammonium phosphate

SEMINAL FLUID

310. Apatite: CALCIUM PHOSPHATE

397. Liquefaction within 30 to 60 minutes

311. Limulus lysate test: Gram negative bacterial

398. Volume 2 to 5 mL

endotoxin

399. pH 7.2 to 8

312. Amoeba in CSF: characteristic pseudopod

400. Sperm morphology: at least 200 sperms should be

mobility in WET PREP ON PRE-WARMED SLIDE

evaluated

313. GOUT: uric acid or monosodium urate

401. Sperm viability, eosin-nigrosin stain, counting

314. PSEUDOGOUT: calcium pyrophosphate

number of dead cells in 100 sperms

315. BEST TEST for determining the status of the

402. Motility is evaluate in approximately 20 high-

fetoplacental unit: SERUM FREE ESTRIOL

power fields

403. Sperm concentration 20 M to 160 M per mL

antibiotics in cases of pneumonia. The finding of pH

404. Sperm count ≥ 40 M per ejaculate*

as low as 6 indicates esophageal rupture that is

405. Most common dilution is 1:20 prepared using a

allowing the influx of gastric fluid

MECHANICAL (positive-displacement) rather than a Thoma pipette

PERITONEAL FLUID

406. Minimum motility of 50% with a rating of 2.0

422. RBC counts GREATER THAN 100,000/uL are

after 1 hour is considered normal

indicative of BLUNT TRAUMA INJURIES

407. Fructose ≥ 13 umol per ejaculate

423. Normal WBC counts are less than 500 cells/uL

408. Specimens for fructose should be tested within

and the count increases with bacterial peritonitis

2 hours or FROZEN to prevent fructolysis

and cirrhosis

409. RAPE, presence of sperm: (1) enhancing specimen

424. CA 125 antigen, source is from OVARIES,

with XYLENE and examining under PHASE MICROSCOPY (2)

FALLOPIAN TUBES or ENDOMETRIUM

ACP (3)

seminal glycoprotein p30 (prostatic

specific antigen [PSA]), which is present even in

FECALYSIS

the absence of sperm (4) ABO, DNA

425. Large intestine is capable of absorbing

410. Motile sperm can be detected for up to 24 hours

approximately 3,000 mL of water

after intercourse, whereas nonmotile sperm can

426. Most representative, for fecal fats; 3-day

persist for 3 days. As the sperm die off, only the

stool collection

heads remain and may be present for 7 days after

427. Muscle fibers: slide is examined for 5 minutes.

intercourse.

Only undigested fibers are counted, and the presence of more than 10 is reported as increased

SYNOVIAL FLUID

428. Bleeding in excess of 2.5 mL/150 gram of stool

411. Volume less than 3.5 mL

is considered pathologically significant

412. Normal: clear and pale yellow

429. Normal stool pH is between 7 and 8

413. Able to form 4 to 6 cm string

430. pH below 5.5 in cases of CARBOHYDRATE DISORDERS

414. Less than 2,000 RBCs/uL 415. Less than 200 WBCs/uL

BARBARA BROWN

416. Glucose less than 10 mg/dL lower than the blood

COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT

glucose

431. SCREENING PROCEDURE that is helpful in the diagnosis of many diseases, it is one indicator of

SEROUS FLUID: TRANSUDATES AND EXUDATES

the body’s ability to fight disease, it is used to

417. Most reliable differentiation: Fluid-to-blood

MONITOR the effects of drug and radiation therapy,

ratios for protein and LD

and it may be employed as an INDICATOR OF PATIENT’S

418. WBC counts greater than 1,000/uL and RBC counts

PROGRESS in certain diseased states such as

greater than 100,000/uL are indicative of an exudate

infection or anemia.

PLEURAL FLUID

HEMATOCRIT

419. Pleural fluid cholesterol greater than 60 mg/dL

432. TRAPPED PLASMA: amount of plasma that still

or a pleural fluid to serum cholesterol ratio

remains in RBC portion after the microhematocrit has

greater than 0.3 provides a reliable information

been spun. Increased in macrocytic anemias,

that the fluid is an exudate

spherocytosis, thalassemia, hypochromic anemia and

420. Fluid to serum total bilirubin ratio of 0.6 or

sickle cell anemia

more also indicates the presence of an exudate

433. When comparing spun hematocrit results obtained

421. Pleural fluid pH lower than 7.3 may indicate

on an electronic cell counter, the spun hematocrit

the need for chest-tube drainage, in addition to

results vary from 1 to 3% HIGHER because of this

trapped plasma (unless cell counter has been

449. Anisocytosis and poikilocytosis: falsely lower

calibrated).

ESR

434. Anticoagulated blood should be centrifuged

450. Agglutination: more rapid sedimentation rate

within 6 hours of collection when the blood is

451. In severe anemia: ESR IS MARKEDLY INCREASED

stored at room temperature. 435. Overanticoagulation: FALSELY LOW due to

SUGAR WATER TEST

shrinkage of cells

452. Citrated whole blood

436. Air bubbles denote poor technique but do not

453. In anemia, the hemolysis may be slightly

affect the results

increased in PNH negative specimens

437. Incomplete sealing of the microhematocrit

454. Use of defibrinated blood may cause positive

tubes: FALSELY LOW

results due to the hemolysis of traumatized RBCs

438. Inadequate centrifugation of the

455. Test should be performed WITHIN 2 HOURS of

microhematocrit tubes or allowing the tubes to stand

obtaining the specimen

longer than several minutes after centrifugation: FALSELY ELEVATED

SUCROSE HEMOLYSIS TEST

439. Hematocrit may be expressed in either of two

456. Citrated whole blood

ways (1) as percentage, e.g., 42% or (2) as a

457. Increased hemolysis (<10%) may be found in

decimal point, e.g., 0.42.

leukemia or myelosclerosis 458. PNH: 10% to 80% hemolysis

WHITE BLOOD CELLS COUNT 440. Count above 11 x 10 9th/L is termed

ACID SERUM TEST

LEUKOCYTOSIS

459. Whole blood defibrinated

441. Mix the Thoma pipet for approximately 3 minutes

460. When patient has received blood transfusions,

to ensure hemolysis and adequate mixing

less lysis occurs because of the presence of normal

442. Manual counts, no more than 10-cell variation

transfused red blood cells

between the four squares 461. Thyroxine (µg/dL to nmol/L) 12.9 PLATELET COUNT

462. X-axis: HORIZONTAL, ABSCISSA, INDEPENDENT

443. Prolonged BT and poor clot retraction are found

VARIABLES

when there is marked thrombocytopenia

463. Y-axis: VERTICAL, ORDINATE, DEPENDENT VARIABLES

444. EDTA: decreased platelet clumping but increased

464. UREA: Colorimetric: diacetyl [ inexpensive,

MPV

lacks specificity]

445. If concentration of EDTA exceeds 2mg/mL of

465. UREA: Enzymatic: NH3 formation [greater

whole blood, platelets may SWELL AND THEN FRAGMENT,

specificity, more expensive]

causing invalidly higher count

466. CREATININE: Colorimetric: end point [simple,

446. Using Rees-Ecker diluting fluid, the platelet

nonspecific]

count must be completed within 30 minutes of

467. CREATININE: Colorimetric: kinetic [rapid,

diluting in order to ensure against platelet

increased specificity]

DISINTEGRATION

468. CREATININE: Enzymatic [measure ammonia

447. 1% ammonium oxalate, the dilution is stable for

colorimetrically or with ion-selective electrode]

8 hours

469. URIC ACID: Colorimetric [problems with turbidity, several common drugs interfere]

ERTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE

470. URIC ACID: Enzymatic: UV [need special

448. Macrocytes tend to settle more rapidly than

instrumentation and optical cells]

microcytes

471. URIC ACID: Enzymatic: H2O2 [interference by

the specimen is not completely absorbed within 30

reducing substances]

seconds, a new tablet should be used.

472. Constituents of a number of common foods,

490. Bence Jones protein coagulates at temperatures

including BANANAS, VANILLA, TEA AND COFFEE, may

between 40°C and 60°C and dissolves when the

react in the test for HMMA. HMMA is also VMA. 4-

temperature reaches 100°C.

Hydroxy-3-Methoxymandelic acid (HMMA)

491. Automated reagent strip readers: REFLECTANCE

473. Laboratory personnel should be aware of the

PHOTOMETRY

MECHANICAL HAZARDS of equipment such as CENTRIFUGES,

492. Casts have a tendency to locate NEAR THE EDGES

AUTOCLAVES, and HOMOGENIZERS.

OF THE COVER SLIP

474. Third Taenia: Taenia asiatica or the Taiwan

493. Squamous epithelial cells: Rare, few, moderate,

Taenia

or many per LPF

475. Fungal elements fluoresce green with acridine

494. Transitional epithelial cells: Rare, few,

orange

moderate, or many per HPF

476. Reporting of normal urine crystals: reported as

495. RTE CELLS: AVERAGE NUMBER PER 10 HPFS

rare, few, moderate, or many per hpf

496. MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES: Acid-albumin and the CTAB

477. Abnormal crystals may be averaged and reported

tests (+) thick, white turbidity

per lpf

497. MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES: Metachromatic staining

478. Reagent for APT test: 1% NaOH

spot test: BLUE SPOT

479. Infective stage of Leishmania to man:

498. Very slight amount of OXYHEMOGLOBIN: PINK CSF

PROMASTIGOTE

499. Conversion of oxyhemoglobin to unconjugated

480. Infective stage of Trypanosoma to man:

bilirubin: YELLOW CSF

TRYPOMASTIGOTE

500. Heavy hemolysis: ORANGE CSF

481. Infective stage of Plasmodia to man:

501. Red or brown seminal fluid: BLOOD

SPOROZOITES

502. Normal appearance of gastric fluid: PALE GRAY

482. Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis:

with mucus

ANGIOSTRONGYLUS CANTONENSIS

503. Amniotic fluid OD 450: When BILIRUBIN is

483. When an accident involving electrical shock

present, a rise in OD is seen at 450 nm because this

occurs, the ELECTRICAL SOURCE MUST BE REMOVED

is the wavelength of maximum bilirubin absorption.

IMMEDIATELY.

504. Rare: 0–10 bacteria/hpf

484. URINARY MEATUS: external urinary opening

505. Few: 10–50 bacteria/hpf

485. POLYURIA: greater than 2.5 L/day in adults

506. Moderate: 50–200 bacteria/hpf

486. OLIGURIA: less than 400 mL/day in adults

507. Many: >200 bacteria/hpf

487. Yellow-orange specimen caused by the

508. First layer of spun hematocrit: FATTY LAYER

administration of phenazopyridine (brand name

509. Second layer of spun hematocrit: PLASMA

Pyridium) or azo-gantrisin compounds to people who

510. Third layer of spun hematocrit: BUFFY COAT

have urinary tract infections [drug for UTI: orange

511. Bottom layer of spun hematocrit: PACKED CELLS

and viscous urine]

512. Patients with CML negative for the Philadelphia

488. CLINITEST tablets contain copper sulfate,

chromosome: POOR PROGNOSIS

sodium carbonate, sodium citrate, and sodium

513. LEUKOCYTOSIS >11 x 10 9th/L

hydroxide

514. Forward light scatter: CELL SIZE

489. ACETEST provides sodium nitroprusside, glycine,

515. Side light scatter: CELL GRANULARITY

disodium phosphate, and lactose in tablet form. The

516. KERATOCYTES: helmet cells/with horn-like

addition of lactose gives better color

projections

differentiation. Acetest tablets are hygroscopic; if

517. ANTI-dsDNA: most specific antibody for SLE

518. Anti-smooth muscle antibody (ASMA): CHRONIC

immunoassays, and rapid confirmatory tests, have

ACTIVE HEPATITIS

also been developed.

519. Polymerase chain reaction: MOLECULAR

533. HBs ag: active infection

520. Restriction fragment length polymorphism:

534. HBe ag: active hepatitis B with HIGH DEGREE OF

MOLECULAR

INFECTIVITY

521. Enhanced by acidifying patient serum: anti-M

535. IgM anti-HBc: current or recent acute hepatitis

522. Wiener and coworkers gave a name to one such

B

agglutinin, calling its antigen I for

536. Total anti-HBc: current or past hepatitis B

“individuality.” The ANTIBODY REACTED WITH MOST

537. Anti-HBe: recovery from hepatitis B

BLOOD SPECIMENS tested.

538. Anti-HBs: immunity to hepatitis B

523. For patients with history of FEBRILE

539. HBV DNA: acute, atypical, or occult hepatitis

NONHEMOLYTIC TRANSF REACTION: LEUKOPOOR RBCs

B; viral load may be used to monitor effectiveness

524. Irradiation of blood components: CESIUM

of therapy

525. CORDOCENTESIS, or PERCUTANEOUS UMBILICAL BLOOD

540. ITIS: inflammation

SAMPLING (PUBS), results in a fetal blood specimen that can be used for rapid karyotyping or molecular

SEVEN BASE SI UNITS

studies.

541. Length: METER

526. Nuclear matrix protein (NMP-22): URINARY

542. Mass: KILOGRAM

BLADDER CANCER

543. Time: SECONDS

527. CARD PREGNANCY/POSITIVE: Two separate black or

544. Quantity of mass: MOLE

gray bands, one at T and the other at C, are visible

545. Electric current: AMPERE

in the results window, indicating that the specimen

546. Thermodynamic temperature: KELVIN

contains detectable levels of hCG. Although the

547. Luminous intensity: CANDELA

intensity of the test band may vary with different

548. Main cause of TREND is DETERIORATION OF

specimens, the appearance of two distinct bands

REAGENTS

should be interpreted as a positive result.

549. Main cause of SHIFT is IMPROPER CALIBRATION OF

528. CARD PREGNANCY/NEGATIVE: If no band appears at

THE INSTRUMENT

T and a black or gray band is visible at the C

550. POCT: near-patient testing, decentralized

position, the test can be considered negative,

testing, bedside testing and alternate-site testing

indicating that a detectable level of hCG is not

551. POCT: usually by nonlaboratorian personnel

present.

(nurses, respiratory therapists, etc)

529. CARD PREGNANCY/INVALID: If no band appears at C

552. Absorbance (A) = abc = 2-log%T

or incomplete or beaded bands appear at the T or C

553. The bacteriological examination of water

position, the test is invalid. The test should be

consists of (1) total plate counts (2) detecting the

repeated using another Card Pregnancy Test device.

presence or absence of coliforms and the estimation

530. CARD PREGNANCY: If the test band appears VERY

of MPN (MOST PROBABLE NUMBER)

FAINT, it is recommended that a new sample be

554. Water analysis, presumptive test: FORMATION OF

collected 48 hours later and tested again using

GAS IN THE LACTOSE BROTH

another Card Pregnancy Test device.

555. Water analysis, confirmed test: FORMATION OF

531. The standard screening method for HIV antibody

GAS IN BGBL BROTH or TYPICAL COLIFORM COLONIES ON

has been the ELISA, and the standard confirmatory

EMB/ENDO AGAR

test is the Western blot.

556. Water analysis, completed test: FORMATION OF

532. Aside from Western blot, other confirmatory

ACID AND GAS IN THE LACTOSE BROTH and the

tests, including indirect immunofluorescence assay

DEMONSTRATION OF GRAM NEGATIVE NONSPOREFORMING

(IFA), radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA), line

BACILLI

557. Herpesviruses: cardinal feature of the group is

sedimentation of small particles, and operated over

LATENCY

higher speed

558. Reoviruses: derivation of the word:

626. Used to determine whether there is

R(respiratory), E(enteric), O(orphan)

statistically significant difference between the SD

559. ASCHOFF BODIES: rheumatic fever

of 2 groups of data: f-test

560. CREOLA BODIES: cluster of columnar cells,

627. Used to determine whether there is

bronchial asthma

statistically significant difference between the

561. ELEMENTARY BODIES: infectious particles of

means of 2 groups of data: t-test

Chlamydia

628. Sample of known quantity with several

562. SCLEROTIC BODIES: dark brown-black organisms,

analytes.: Control

chromoblastomycosis

629. Anticoagulant for cardiopulmonary bypass:

563. ASTEROID BODIES: concentric radiating

Heparin

eosinophilic material (ag-ab reaction),

630. Basal state collection: Early morning blood

sporotrichosis

collection

564. NEGRI BODIES: rabies

631. Uses 2 monochromators, affected by quenching:

565. GUARNIERI BODIES: poxvirus

Fluorometry

566. OWL’S EYE INCLUSION BODIES: cytomegalovirus

632. Uses 2 photodetectors, for the sample beam and

567. PSAMMOMA BODIES: elements with concentric

reference beam: Double – beam in space

striations of collagen-like materials, benign

633. Obsolete blood glucose methodologies: Folin-

conditions, ovarian or thyroid carcinoma

Wu, Nelson Somogyi

568. KOPLIK’S SPOTS: MEASLES

634. Chemical method for glucose, still widely used:

569. Hand, foot and mouth disease: COXSACKIEVIRUS

Ortho-toluidine, condensation method

570. In CYSTIC FIBROSIS of the pancreas, the

635. Test for chylomicrons, creamy layer on top:

increase IN NEUTRAL FATS confer the greasy “BUTTER-

Standing plasma test

STOOL” appearance.

636. Apolipoprotein component of VLDL: Apo-B100 637. Transports exogenous triglycerides:

616. Iron conversion factor from conventional to SI

Chylomicrons

(µmol/L): 0.179

638. Transports endogenous triglycerides: VLDL

617. Bilirubin conversion factor from conventional

639. Highest cholesterol content: LDL

to SI (µmol/L): 17.1

640. One step method for cholesterol determination:

618. Thyroxine conversion factor to SI (µg/dl to

Liebermann - Burchardt

mmol/L): 12.9

641. Cholesterol esterase: Used in enzymatic method

619. Specimen collection & processing: Pre-

of cholesterol determination

analytical QA

642. CV of HDLc (NCEP Guidelines for Acceptable

620. Long term accuracy of analytical methods:

Measurement Error):≤ 4%

External QC

643. Assay for Uric acid that uses mercury arc vapor

621. Abrupt change: Shift

lamp: Enzymatic: UV

622. Gradual change: Trend

644. Greater specificity and more expensive BUN

623. One control value exceeds +2s and another

assay: Enzymatic: ammonia formation

exceeds -2s: R4s

645. Simple, Nonspecific test for Creatinine

624. 2 consecutive ctrl values exceed the same mean

determination : Colorimetric: end point

+2s or -2s: 2:2s

646. Categories of Azotemia: Pre-renal, Renal, Post-

625. Fixed-angle centrifuge advantages over the

renal

horizontal centrifuge: Lesser air friction, smaller increase in sample temperature, quicker

647. Test used to assess the ability to conjugate

open heart surgery), respiratory therapists and

bilirubin and secrete bile: Total and Direct

physician themselves.

Bilirubin assay 648. Gamma spike/ Monoclonal gammopathy: Multiple

671. Expressed in Ehrlich units (mg/dl):Urobilinogen

myeloma

672. Used to differentiate myoglobin and hemoglobin:

649. Beta-gamma bridging: Hepatic cirrhosis

Blondheim’s test

650. Reaction rate is directly proportional to

673. Degree of Hazard 1:Slight hazard

substrate concentration: First-order kinetics

674. Degree of Hazard 2:Moderate hazard

651. Enzyme specific for both pancreas and salivary

675. Degree of Hazard 3:Serious hazard

glands: Amylase

676. Degree of Hazard 4:Extreme hazard

652. Clinically significant if decreased:

677. Handwashing: Clean between fingers 15 sec (or

Cholinesterase

20 sec , 6th ed), downward

653. Substrate used in Bowers-McComb method for ALP

678. When skin or eye contact occurs, the best first

activity measurement: p-nitrophenylphosphate

aid is to immediately: Flush the area with water for

654. Chief counterion of sodium: Chloride

at least 15 minutes and then seek medical attention

655. Driving force of bicarbonate buffer system:

679. Preservative of choice for urine cytology

CARBON DIOXIDE

studies: Saccomano’s fixative

656. Chloride and Bicarbonate relationship:

680. Urine specimen for Urobilinogen: Afternoon

Reciprocal

sample (2-4pm)

657. Confirmatory test for Acromegaly: Glucose

681. Storage conditions for reagent strip: Cool, dry

suppression test

place

658. Increased in Hypothyroidism (primary): TSH

682. Reagent incorporated in Ketone pad: Sodium

659. T3 uptake levels in Hypothyroidism : Decreased

nitroprusside

660. Begins with patient identification and

683. Hoesch Test: Ehrlich’s reagent in 6M HCl

continues until testing is completed and the results

684. Speckled pattern on blood parameter: Hematuria

are reported : Chain of custody

685. Principle of Automated Reagent Strip Reader:

661. Requires whole blood EDTA sample: Cyclosporine

Reflectance photometry

and Tacrolimus tests

686. Soluble in dilute acetic acid: Red blood cells,

662. Method of choice for measuring antidepressants:

amorphous phosphates, carbonates

HPLC

687. Soluble in ether: Lipids, chyle, lymphatic

663. Gold standard for drug testing: GC-MS

fluid

664. Inhibits acetylcholinesterase: Organophosphates

688. Appear microscopically as yellow brown-granules

& Carbamates

and produce a characteristic pink sediment (brick

665. Dissociable substance that yields hydrogen

dust), uroerythrin: AMORPHOUS URATES

ions: Acid

689. Cause a white precipitate following specimen

666. Dissociable substance that yields hydroxyl

refrigeration :Amorphous phosphates

ions: Base

690. Tubular injury: 2 or more RTE cells per HPF

667. Dissociable substance that accepts hydrogen

691. Telescoped sediment: Elements of

ions: Base

glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome

668. Dissociable substance that accepts hydroxyl

692. Glitter cells: Neutrophils seen in hypotonic

ions: Acid

urine

669. Comparing patient’s results with previous

693. Formation of casts:

results: Delta check

Hyaline→cellular→granular→waxy

670. POCT is most often performed by nurses,

694. Hyaline cast consists entirely of: Uromodulin

perfusionists (who operate heart-lung machine during

695. Crystals seen in liver disease: Bilirubin,

717. Normal Gastric fluid appearance: PALE GRAY WITH

tyrosine, leucine

MUCUS

696. Forms of Struvite: Coffin-lid, Feather-like,

718. Noninvasive test to determine gastric acidity:

Fern-leaf, Prism, Colorless sheets, Flakes

DIAGNEX TUBELESS TEST

697. Ethylene glycol poisoning: Monohydrate Calcium

719. Collagen-like material with concentric

Oxalate (oval, dumbbell)

striations seen in ovarian and thyroid carcinomas:

698. Most frequent parasite encountered in urine:

PSAMMOMA BODIES

Trichomonas vaginalis

721. Laminar flow: Biosafety Cabinet class II

699. Fecal contaminant in urine: Pinworm ova

722. HEPA filter: Removes org > 0.3 um (bacteria,

700. Diluent for CSF WBC Count: 3% Glacial HAc with

fungi)

methylene blue

723. Blood culture collection: 2-3 samples (Max 3-4)

701. Precipitation test for CSF total protein: TCA

at least 1 hour apart in 24 hours

and SSA

724. Grade A milk: <75,000 bacteria per mL when raw,

702. Positive for pellicle clot formation:

and <15,000 bacteria once pasteurized

Tubercular meningitis

725. Enteric agar: XLD, EMB, HEA

703. Oligoclonal bonding in CSF bonding but not in

726. Rickettsial stains: Gimenez, Macchiavello

serum →

727. Concentration of Hydrogen Peroxide as

Multiple sclerosis, encephalitis, Guillain-

Barre syndrome and neurosyphilis

disinfectant: 3% H2O2

704. Semen fructose test is not tested within 2

728. MIO medium: Motility Indole Ornithine

hours: Specimen must be FROZEN

729. Quaternary ammonium compounds are inactivated

705. Reagent used in Florence test which detects

by: Organic substances

choline: Potassium iodide, Iodine

730. Fite-Faraco stain: Hematoxylin as counterstain

706. Used to assess sperm cell velocity and

instead of methylene, AFB

trajectory: Computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA)

731. Sodium polyanethol sulfonate: Anti-phagocytic,

707. Normal volume of synovial fluid: less than 3.5

anti-complement

ml

732. Bromthymol blue as indicator: HEA, TCBS,

708. Normal synovial fluid glucose:<10mg/dl lower

Simmon’s citrate agar

than blood glucose

733. Nasopharyngeal swabs: H. influenzae, N.

709. Cells seen in synovial fluid which resembles

meningitidis, B. pertussis

polished rice macroscopically: Rice bodies

734. Inhibits gram-positive bacteria: Crystal violet

710. Type of effusion caused by congestive heart

and sodium desoxycholate (bile salt)

failure: Transudate

735. Inhibits gram-negative bacteria: Sodium azide,

711. Sputum: Not a normal body fluid,

phenylethyl alcohol

tracheobronchial secretions

736. Detects gram-negative endotoxin: Limulus lysate

712. Important diagnostic test for Pneumocystic

test

carinii in immunocompromised patients:

737. Protein A: Staphylococcus aureus,

Bronchoalveolar lavage

coagglutination

713. Tests for Neural Tube defects: AFP,

738. Slime layer production: Staphylococcus

acetylcholinesterase

epidermidis

714. Microviscosity test for fetal lung maturity:

739. Protein M: Streptococcus pyogenes

measured by FLUORESCENCE POLARIZATION

740. Colonies with ground glass appearance:

715. Green amniotic fluid: MECONIUM

Legionella (Mahon)

716. Dark red-brown color of amniotic fluid: FETAL

741. Increased resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

DEATH

to aminoglycosides: Increased calcium and magnesium 742. Smallest free-living organism: Mycoplasma

743. Benchmarking: Comparison with peers

772. Resembles Diphyllobothrium latum adult:

744. Histoplasma crossreacts with: Blastomyces,

Spirometra

Aspergillus and Coccidioides

773. Passing of proglottids of Taenia: Irritated by

745. Aman medium stain: Lactophenol cotton blue

ALCOHOL

746. Czapek’s medium: Isolation of Aspergillus

774. Taenia spp. eggs: Hexacanth embryo with thick

747. African histoplasmosis: Histoplasma duboisii

radial striations

748. Test for Candida albicans that uses serum: Germ

775. Cercarial dermatitis: Schistosomes

tube test

776. Length of needle in routine phlebotomy: 1.0 –

749. Chlamydospore production of Candida albicans:

1.5 inches

Cornmeal agar

777. Angle of draw in venipuncture: 15 to 30 ° angle

750. Candidiasis infection affecting the oral

(15 degree angle)

cavity: Thrush

778. The distance of drop of blood from the edge of

751. General isolation media for fungi: Saboraud’s

the slide: 1 cm

dextrose agar

779. Blood production outside the bone marrow:

752. Major biologic hazard to laboratory personnel:

EXTRAmedullary hematopoiesis

Coccidioides immitis

780. Hematopoietic stem cell marker: CD 34

753. Sensitive fungal (fluorescent) dye that binds

781. Common acute lymphocytic leukemia antigen: CD

to cell wall: Calcofluor white

10

754. Chromoblastomycosis: Sclerotic bodies

782. Test for Hemoglobin S which uses black line:

755. Rose gardener’s disease: Sporotrichosis

Dithionate solubility test

756. Eosinophilic material due to antigen-antibody

783. Starry sky pattern under low power imparted by

reaction in cases of sporotrichosis: Asteroid body

numerous macrophages with apoptotic debris:

757. Largest DNA virus: Poxvirus

Burkitt’s lymphoma

758. Smallest DNA virus: Parvovirus

784. Granules (tertiary granules) present in

759. Largest RNA virus: Paramyxovirus

Neutrophil: Alkaline phosphatase

760. Smallest RNA virus: Enterovirus

785. Euglobulin clot lysis time: Screening test for

(Picornaviridae)

fibrinolysis

761. Cross reactive antigen in all human

786. Screening test for PNH: Sugar water screening

adenoviruses: Hexon

test

762. Gastroenteritis in children during winter

787. Derived from RBC Histogram: MCV, RDW

months: Rotavirus

788. Derived from Platelet Histogram: MPV, PDW

763. Nonbacterial gastroenteritis in adults:

789. In cyanmethemoglobin method, all hemoglobin are

Norovirus

measured, except: Sulfhemoglobin

764. Toxic to HSV: Calcium alginate

790. Color of blood in sulfhemoglobinemia: Mauve

765. Isolation medium for Cytomegalovirus: Human

lavender

fibroblast cells

791. Patient with PNH received blood transfusion:

766. True amoeba: GENUS Entamoeba

Less lysis due to the presence of normal RBCs

767. Trophozoite with ingested red blood cell:

transfused

Entamoeba histolytica

792. Positive instrumental errors: Bubbles in the

768. Trophozoite with ingested WBC: Entamoeba

sample, extraneous electrical pulsesand aperture

gingivalis

plugs (most common)

769. Gay bowel syndrome: Giardiasis

793. Negative instrumental error: Excessive lysing

770. Cercaria minus a tail: Schistosomule

of RBCs

771. Infective stage of Diphyllobothrium latum: Plerocercoid larva

794. Instrumental error that is either a positive or

817. Amount of fixative used has been 10 to 25 times

negative error: Improper setting of aperture current

the volume of tissue to be fixed. Recently, the

or threshold

maximum effectiveness of fixation is noted to be 20

795. Purplish red pinpoint hemorrhagic spots:

times the tissue volume.

Petechiae

818. Recommended ratio of fluid to tissue volume for

796. Blood escapes into SMALL areas of skin and

DECALCIFICATION is 20 to 1

mucous membrane: Purpura

819. Amount of dehydrating agent should not be less

797. Blood escapes into LARGE areas of skin, mucous

than 10 times the volume of tissue

membrane, and other tissues: Ecchymosis

820. Dehydration: Low grade to high grade alcohol

798. Primary hemostasis: Vasoconstriction

821. Absence of water: WHITE anhydrous copper

799. Outer surface of platelet: Glycocalyx

sulfate

800. Contains microtubules that maintains platelet

822. Presence of water: BLUE anhydrous copper

shape: Sol-gel zone

sulfate

801. Platelet estimate of 100,000 to 149,000/µL:

823. Clearing: Dealcoholization

Slight decrease

824. Most rapid embedding technique: Vacuum

802. Platelet estimate of 150,000 to 199,000/µL: Low

embedding

normal

825. Automated tissue processor: Fix, dehydrate,

803. Labile factors: Factors V and VIII

clear, and infiltrate

804. Prematurely activates at cold temperature:

826. Histochemical demonstration of ENZYMES: FROZEN

Factors VII FXI

SECTION

805. Vitamin K-dependent factors: Factors II, VII,

827. ACRIDINE ORANGE is the most commonly used

IX, X

fluorochrome to demonstrate DNA and RNA in fresh or

806. Normal value for TEMPLATE bleeding time:6 – 10

fixed tissues.

minutes

828. Von Kossa’s silver nitrate method: Calcium

807. Christmas factor: Factor IX

salts = black

808. Rosenthal syndrome: Factor XI deficiency

829. Red chromogen for peroxidases:

809. Platelet estimate of 401,000 to

Aminoethylcarbazole (AEC)

599,000/µl:

830. Brown chromogen for peroxidases:

Slight increase

810. Platelet estimate of 600,000 to 800,000/µL:

Diaminobenzidine (DAB)

Moderate increase

831. Administrative investigation:2 members of board

811. A surgical connection between to structures, it

+ 1 legal officer

usually means a connection that is created between

832. Policies and guidelines for Med Tech Education:

tubular structures, such as blood vessels or loops

CMO no. 14 s. 2006

of intestines: ANASTOMOSIS

833. Accreditation of clinical lab for training MT

812. Polyclonal antibodies used in

interns: CMO no. 6 s. 2008

immunohistochemical techniques are frequently

834. STAT, STATIM: Immediately

derived from: RABBIT

835. Biodegradable wastes: Green bag

813. Most rapid of the common freezing agents:

836. Urine for routine urinalysis: 10 to 15 ml urine

LIQUID NITROGEN

(50 ml-container capacity)

814. General purpose fixative: 10% neutral buffered

837. Urine for drug testing: 30 to 45 ml (60 ml-

formalin

container capacity)

815. Protein fixation: Neutral buffered formol

838. Urine for cytology: at least 50 ml urine

saline or formaldehyde vapor

(Gregorios)

816. Fixatives for nucleic acids: Ethanol, methanol

839. Venipucture: 15 to 30 degree angle

and Carnoy’s solution

840. Arterial puncture: 45 to 60 degree angle (90

859. Friedewald VLDLc (mmol/L): Triglycerides/2.175

degrees for femoral artery)

860. De Long VLDLc (mmol/L): Triglycerides/2.825

841. Before blood is collected from the radial

861. Friedewald VLDLc (mg/dL): Triglycerides/5

artery in the wrist, one should do a MODIFIED ALLEN

862. De Long VLDLc (mg/dL): Triglycerides/6.5

TEST to determine whether the ulnar artery can

863. ONE-STEP direct method for cholesterol:

provide collateral circulation to the hand after the

LIEBERMANN-BURCHARDT (L-B)

radial artery puncture.

864. One-step method for cholesterol: Colorimetry

842. Central Venous Assess (CVA) collection:

(Pearson, Stern and MacGavack)

eliminates multiple phlebotomies and surgical

865. Two-step method for cholesterol: C + Extraction

situations. Five (5) ml of blood must be drawn and

(Bloors)

discarded to eliminate contaminants. CVA is not

866. Three-step method for cholesterol: C+ E +

recommended for bacteriology (organisms can

Saponification (Abell-Kendall)

contaminate specimen)

867. Four-step method for cholesterol: C + E + S +

843. Order of draw from CATHETER LINES: First 3 to 5

Precipitation (Schoenheimer, Sperry, Parekh and

ml blood is discarded THEN, blood culture,

Jung)

anticoagulated tubes and clot tubes.

868. CDC reference method for cholesterol: Abell,

844. Donor bleeding: 45 degree angle to the skin,

Levy and Brodie method

make a quick clean puncture; once in the skin,

869. Modification of the ABELL-KENDALL method

reduce the angle of the needle to about 10 to 20

continues as the REFERENCE METHOD for cholesterol

degrees

used by the CDC (Henry)

845. Anaerobic and require ICE slurry (immediate

870. TANGIER’S DISEASE: HDL is abnormal and

cooling): Lactic acid, ammonia, blood gas (if not

significantly reduced

analyzed within 30 min = ↓ pH, and po2), iCa+2

871. Activated at cold temperature: Factors VII and

(heparinized whole blood if not analyzed within 30

XI (seven, eleven)

min)

872. Labile factors, decrease on storage: Factors V

846. C-Peptide test: evaluates hypoglycemia and

and VIII (five, eight)

continuous assessment of beta cell function

873. Wintrobe tube: 11.5 cm long, 3 mm bore

847. Increased C-peptide: Insulinoma, type 2 DM,

874. Westergren tube: 30 cm long, 2.5 mm bore

ingestion of hypoglycemic drugs

875. Capillary tube: 7 to 7.5 cm (70-75 mm) long, 1

848. Decreased C-peptide: Type 1 DM

mm bore (1.2 mm)

849. Colorimetric method for Triglycerides: van

876. Macrohematocrit: Centrifuge at 2,000 to 2,300 g

Handel and

for 30 minutes

Zilversmith

850. CDC reference method: Modified van Handel and

877. Microhematocrit: Centrifuge at 10,000 to 15,000

Zilversmith

g for 5 minutes (five minutes)

851. Fluorometric method for Triglycerides: Hantzch

878. Normocytic, normochromic: Acute blood loss,

condensation

hemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia

852. Largest and least dense: CHYLOMICRONS

879. Microcytic, hypochromic: Anemia of chronic

853. Smallest but the most dense: HDL

disease, thalassemia, IDA and sideroblastic anemia

854. Found in obstructive jaundice and LCAT

880. Macrocytic, normochromic: MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA

deficiency: Lipoprotein X

881. Poikilocytosis: DECREASED ESR

855. Floating beta lipoprotein: β-VLDL

882. Correction for WBC count, Adult: 5 or more

856. Sinking pre-beta lipoprotein: Lp (a)

nucleated RBCs/100 WBC differential

857. Triglycerides, LDLc:

883. Correction for WBC count, Neonate: 10 or more

FASTING 12 to 14 hours

858. Formula for LDLc: Total cholesterol – HDL – VLDL

nucleated RBCs/100 WBC differential

884. Increased EDTA: Decreased hematocrit, decreased

907. Carmencita P. Acedera "Image Building" (1982-

ESR

1991)

885. Hemoglobinopathies: QUALITATIVE defect in

908. Marilyn R. Atienza "Proactivism" (1992-1996)

hemoglobin

909. Norma N. Chang "International Leadership"

886. Thalassemia: QUANTITATIVE defect in hemoglobin

(1997-2000)

887. Responsible for clot retraction: THROMBOSTHENIN

910. Agnes B. Medenilla "Organizational Dynamism"

888. Electromechanical detection of fibrin clot:

(2001-2002, 2005-2006)

FIBROMETER

911. Shirley F. Cruzada "Interdisciplinary

889. Photo-optical detection: Electra, COAG-A-MATE,

Networking" (2003-2004)

Ortho-Koagulab

912. Leila M. Florento "Beyond Expectations" (2007-

890. Complement-dependent cytotoxicity: INVERTED

2012)

PHASE CONTRAST microscope

913. Romeo Joseph J. Ignacio "Soar Higher through

891. Stains for the BASEMENT MEMBRANE: PAS and

V.O.I.C.E." Visibility, Oneness, Integrity,

azocarmine

Commitment and Excellence (2013 - 2015)

892. Fixatives for H & E: All fixatives can be used

914. Ronaldo E. Puno (2015-present)

except those that contain osmic acid. Osmic acid

----------------------------------------------------

(like Flemming’s) inhibits hematoxylin

--------

893. Manual H & E staining: REGRESSIVE STAINING, it

915. FATHER OF PAMET: CRISANTO ALMARIO

includes a differentiation step

916. PAMET was originally organized on SEPTEMBER 15,

894. Harris hematoxylin: Primary/Basic/Nuclear stain

1963

895. Eosin: Secondary/Counterstain/Acid/Cytoplasmic

917. PAMET HYMN Music: Francis Jerota Pefanco

stain

918. PAMET HYMN Lyrics: Hector Gentapanan Gayares,

896. Stain of choice for cytology: ORIGINAL Pap’s

Jr.

stain

919. Current PAMET President: Ronaldo E. Puno

897. Pap’s stain consists of 3 stains: Harris

920. Current PASMETH President: Bernard U. Ebuen

hematoxylin, Orange green (OG6) and Eosin Azure (EA)

921. Board of MT Head: Dr. Marietta Baccay

898. Harris hematoxylin: stains the nucleus

922. Board of MT Member: Marilyn Atienza

899. OG 6: stains the cytoplasm of mature cells

923. Board of MT Member: Marian Tantingco

(superficial cells)

924. PRC CHAIRPERSON: TEOFILO S. PILANDO, JR.

900. EA 36/50/65: stains the cytoplasm of immature

925. DOH SECRETARY: DR. PAULYN JEAN B. ROSELL-UBIAL

cells (parabasal, intermediate cells) 926. BIPHASIC MEDIUM/CASTANEDA BOTTLES: BRUCELLA --------------------------------------------

927. CIN medium: Y. enterocolitica

LEGACY OF PAMET PRESIDENTS

928. CCFA: C. difficile

901. FIRST PRESIDENT: Charlemagne T. Tamondong

929. BCYE medium: Legionella

"Emergence of the Profession" (1963-1967)

930. HBT medium: Gardnerella

902. Nardito D. Moraleta "Professional Recognition"

931. ssDNA: Parvovirus

(1967-1970)

932. dsRNA: Reovirus

903. Felix E. Asprer "Legislative Agenda" (1970-

933. Smallest RNA virus: Enterovirus

1971, 1973-1976)

(Picornaviridae)

904. Bernardo T. Tabaosares "Celebration of the

934. Acid-resistant: Enterovirus

Practice" (1971-1973)

935. Acid-sensitive: Rhinovirus

905. Angelina R. Jose "Career Advocacy" (1973)

936. KOPLIK’S SPOTS: MEASLES

906. Venerable C.V. Chua (Venerable OCA)

937. Measles: RUBEOLA

"Educational Enhancement" (1977-1981)

938. German measles: RUBELLA

939. Chickenpox: VARICELLA

961. Anion gap

940. Odor of bitter almonds: CYANIDE

a. AG = Na - (Cl + HCO3)

941. Garlic on breath, metallic taste on mouth:

b. AG = (Na + K) – (Cl + HCO3)

ARSERNIC

----------------------------------

942. Legally intoxicated: Blood alcohol greater than

NORMAL URINARY CRYSTALS

100 mg/dL (0.10%)

962. Uric acid is alkali soluble

943. Potentiometry: measurement of pH and pCO2

963. Amorphous urates - soluble in alkali and heat

944. Amperometry: measurement of pO2

964. CaOx - soluble in dilute HCl

945. High affinity to keratin: ARSENIC

965. Amorphous phosphates - soluble in dilute acetic

946. Visible region: 400 to 700 nm

acid

947. UV region <400 nm

966. Calcium phosphate - soluble in dilute acetic

948. Infrared region > 700 nm

acid

949. Cholesterol, acceptable CV ≤ 3%

967. Triple phosphate - soluble in dilute acetic

950. Triglyceride, acceptable CV ≤ 5%

acid

951. HDLc, LDLc acceptable CV ≤ 4%

968. Ammonium biurate - soluble in acetic acid with

952. OBESE BMI ≥ 30 kg/sq.m.

heat

953. Overweight BMI 25 to 29.9 kg/sq.m.

969. Calcium carbonate - forms gas from acetic acid

954. Underweight BMI < 18.5 kg/sq.m. 955. BASAL STATE: early morning before the patient

ABNORMAL URINARY CRYSTALS

has eaten or become physically active.

970. Cystine is soluble in ammonia, dilute HCl

956. STAT for the Latin word statim meaning

971. Cholesterol is soluble in chloroform

immediately. Tests that fall into this category

972. Leucine is soluble in hot alkali or alcohol

include:

973. Tyrosine is soluble in alkali or heat

a. Glucose in diabetic ketoacidosis

974. Bilirubin is soluble in acetic acid, HCl, NaOH,

b. Some drug levels such as theophylline

ether and chloroform

c. Amylase in suspected pancreatitis

975. Sulfonamides soluble in acetone

d. CK in suspected MI

976. Radiographic dye soluble in 10% NaOH

e. Hematocrit

977. Ampicillin crystals form bundles when

f. Blood gases

refrigerated

g. Potassium

------------------------------------978. F. tularensis is a very small, strictly

957. CRITICAL VALUES or PANIC VALUES: list of

aerobic, coccoid to pleomorphic rod-shaped, gram-

analytes that truly do have the potential to be

negative bacillus that requires CYSTINE or CYSTEINE

lethal if unchecked for a short period.

for growth

958. SCHILLING TEST: Laboratory determination of

979. Legionella spp. may be isolated on BCYE agar

vitamin B12 absorption

supplemented with growth factors, including LCYSTINE, FERRIC SALT, AND Α-KETOGLUTARATE.

959. Hemostatic mechanisms comprise four (4) main

980. Bordetella spp. are strictly aerobic,

systems: the vascular system, platelets, coagulation

nonfermentative, catalase-positive, minute

system and fibrinolytic system.

coccobacilli requiring NICOTINIC ACID, CYSTEINE, and usually METHIONINE, for growth.

960. OSMOLALITY

981. MEDICAL MALPRACTICE is misconduct or lack of

a. Osmolality = 2Na + (Glucose/20) + (BUN/3)

skill by a health-care professional that results in

b. Osmolality = 1.86Na + (Glucose/18) + (BUN/2.8) +

injury to the patient.

9

982. NEGLIGENCE, which is defined as failure to give

993. Conc, HCl – for epinephrine, norepinephrine,

reasonable care by the health-care provider, must be

catecholamines, vanillylmandelic acid

proven in a malpractice suit.

994. Glacial acetic acid pH 4.5 – for aldosterone

983. SERUM or PLASMA is the specimen of choice for

995. Sodium carbonate – for porphyrins and

the determination of circulating concentrations of

urobilinogen (to ensure alkalinity)

most drugs. THERAPEUTIC DRUGS, BISHOP

996. Glacial acetic acid pH 2.0 – for serotonin

984. Analysis for the presence of ABUSED SUBSTANCES

997. Conc. HCl – for steroids, ammonia, urea, total

has focused primarily on the use of URINE as the

nitrogen

test sample of choice. The urine specimen represents

998. Chloroform – for aldosterone

the net load of the drug over a long period, whereas

999. Sulfuric acid – preserves calcium and other

the blood sample provides only a quick picture of

inorganic constituents

the drug level at a specific time. DRUGS OF ABUSE,

1000. Sodium fluoride or benzoic acid – ideal for

CALBREATH

glucose analysis, prevents glycolysis

985. CHAIN OF CUSTODY

1001. REAGENT LOG should be kept to indicate DATE IN

Processing steps for such specimens—initial

USE and EXPIRATION DATE of the reagent. This log

collection, transportation, storage, and analytical

should also note the lot numbers of controls. After

testing— must be documented by careful record

the reagent has been checked, this is indicated on

keeping. Documentation ensures that there has been

the label, and the solution can be used for

no tampering with the specimen by any interested

laboratory testing.

parties, that the specimen has been collected from

1002. ACID

the appropriate person, and that the results

a. Dissociable substance that yields hydrogen (H)

reported are accurate.

ions

Each step of the COLLECTION, HANDLING, PROCESSING,

b. Dissociable substance that accepts hydroxyl (OH)

TESTING, AND REPORTING PROCESSES must be documented;

ions

this is called the chain of custody.

1003. BASE

986. RICE BODIES are fragments of degenerating

a. Dissociable substance that yields hydroxyl (OH)

proliferative synovial cells or microinfarcted

ions

synovium.

b. Dissociable substance that accepts hydrogen (H)

987. OCHRONOTIC SHARDS, ground pepper appearance

ions

from pigmented cartilage fragments may be the result

1004. A MOHR PIPET does not have graduations to the

of a metabolic disorder (i.e., ochronosis).

tip. It is a self-draining pipet, but the tip should

988. PROBLEMS: RBCs appear gray, WBCs are too dark,

not be allowed to touch the vessel while the pipet

eosinophil granules are gray, not orange. CAUSES:

is draining.

Stain or buffer too alkaline (most common),

1005. A SEROLOGIC PIPET has graduation marks to the

inadequate rinsing, prolonged staining, heparinized

tip and is generally a blowout pipet.

blood sample.

1006. A MICROPIPET is a pipet with a total holding

989. PROBLEMS: RBCs are too pale or are RED, WBCs

volume of less than 1 mL; it may be designed as

are barely visible. CAUSES: Stain or buffer too

either a Mohr or a serologic pipet.

acidic (most common), underbuffering (too short),

1007. GLUCOSE MEASUREMENTS

over-rinsing.

a. Reference method, enzymatic: HEXOKINASE

990. HBeAg indicates HIGH INFECTIVITY.

b. Chemical method for glucose, still widely used:

991. CORDOCENTESIS, or percutaneous umbilical blood

Ortho-toluidine, condensation

sampling (PUBS).

c.

SPECIAL URINE PRESERVATIVES

Wu, Nelson Somogyi

992. Formaldehyde – for Addis count

1008. SCREENING FOR BIRTH DEFECTS

Obsolete chemical blood glucose methods: Folin-

a. Triple test: AFP, HCG and ESTRIOL

infection in SHEEP and other ruminants like GOATS,

b. QUAD screen: AFP, HCG, ESTRIOL and INHIBIN-A

CATTLE, BUFFALOES and HORSES.

1009. Regulation of aldosterone secretion via the

1017. Diphyllobothrium latum egg: OVA are usually

renin/angiotensin system is achieved as follows.

yellowish brown, with a moderately thick shell and

Decreased blood volume or blood pressure induces the

an inconspicuous operculum. Opposite the operculum

release of kidney renin, which induces the

is a small knob-like thickening (aboperculum).

production of angiotensin I and II. Angiotensin II

1018. LIFE CYCLE OF ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSUS: The

affects release of aldosterone from the adrenal

adult E. granulosus resides in the small bowel of

gland, which ultimately causes the kidney distal

the definitive hosts, dogs or other canids. Gravid

tubule to RETAIN SODIUM, thereby raising blood

proglottids release eggs that are passed in the

volume and blood pressure.

feces. After ingestion by a suitable intermediate

1010. THREE (3%) PERCENT HYDROGEN PEROXIDE: In a 3%

host (under natural conditions: sheep, goat, swine,

solution, hydrogen peroxide is a harmless but very

cattle, horses, camel), the egg hatches in the small

weak antiseptic whose primary clinical use is in the

bowel and releases an oncosphere that penetrates the

cleansing of wounds.

intestinal wall and migrates through the circulatory

1011. ANAEROBES usually cannot grow in the presence

system into various organs, especially the liver and

of O2, and the atmosphere in anaerobe jars, bags, or

lungs. In these organs, the oncosphere develops into

chambers is composed of 5% to 10% hydrogen (H2), 5%

a cyst that enlarges gradually, producing

to 10% CO2, 80% to 90% nitrogen (N2), and 0% O2

protoscolices and daughter cysts that fill the cyst

1012. Aerosol-induced sputum are collected by

interior. The definitive host becomes infected by

allowing the patient to breathe aerosolized

ingesting the cyst-containing organs of the infected

droplets, using an ultrasonic nebulizer containing

intermediate host. After ingestion, the

NaCl or until a strong cough reflex is initiated.

protoscolices evaginate, attach to the intestinal

1013. ASCARIS EGGS: In the soil, it takes about two

mucosa, and develop into adult stages. (CDC)

to three weeks for eggs to develop into the

a. Definitive host: DOGS (infective stage to DH,

infective stage (embryonation) under favorable

hydatid cyst)

conditions with suitable temperature, moisture and

b. Intermediate host: SHEEP (Infective stage to IH,

humidity. The embryonated eggs can survive in moist

eggs)

shaded soil for a few months to about two years in

c. Accidental intermediate host: MAN

tropical and subtropical areas, but for much longer

d. APOLLON: Found in the IH: HYDATID CYST

in temperate regions. (Belizario)

1019. Increased casts in ATHLETIC PSEUDONEPHRITIS

1014. The mode of transmission of Fasciola hepatica

and in some diuretic therapies.

and F. gigantica is by ingestion of metacercaria

1020. All types of casts may occur in the broad

encysted on edible aquatic plants or by drinking

form. However, considering the accompanying urinary

water with floating metacercariae.

stasis, the most commonly seen broad casts are (1)

1015. FASCIOLA GIGANTICA is the dominant species in

granular and (2) waxy.

the PHILIPPINES, affecting CATTLES and water

1021. Bile-stained broad, waxy casts are seen as the

buffaloes. There are only few human cases reported

result of the tubular necrosis caused by VIRAL

locally.

HEPATITIS.

1016. Human infection with F. hepatica also called

1022. CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE OR ENDSTAGE RENAL

the sheep liver fluke is now considered a global

DISEASE:

zoonosis. In countries like Bolivia, Ecuador,

a. Marked decrease in the glomerular filtration rate

Islamic Republic of Iran and Yemen, human

(less than 25 mL/min)

fascioliasis usually parallel the prevalence of

b. Steadily rising serum BUN and creatinine values (azotemia)

c. Electrolyte imbalance

d. 45 units for 3 years for Registered Medical

d. Lack of renal concentrating ability producing an

Technologists (RMTs)

isosthenuric (SG 1.010) urine

e. 30 units for 3 years for Registered Laboratory

e. Proteinuria and renal glycosuria

TECHNICIANS (RLTs)

f. Abundance of (1) GRANULAR, (2) WAXY, and (3)

f. Under this law, OFWs are NOT exempted. They can

BROAD casts, often referred to as a TELESCOPED URINE

earn CPD units abroad provided that you have

SEDIMENT

supporting documents to prove it. The CPD council

1023. SMOOTH AND RAPID WEDGE SMEAR: Keep the

for your profession will dictate the equivalency of

spreader slide at a 30 to 40 degree angle and the

such seminars. (PRC Resolution No. 2016-990 series

edge of the slide firmly against the horizontal

of 2016)

slide, push the spreader slide rapidly over the

g. PRC amended few provisions in the Resolution

entire length of the slide. (push spreader slide

No. 2013-774 Series of 2013 or the Revised

RAPIDLY). The tail of the film should be

Guidelines on the Continuing Professional

SMOOTH.

Development (CPD) program for all Registered and

Barbara Brown

1024. RBC indices are used to define the size and

Licensed professionals through Resolution No. 2016-

hemoglobin content of RBCs. They consists of MCV,

990 series of 2016.

MCH and MCHC. The indices are commonly used as an

PS.

aid in diagnosing and differentiating anemias.

1. ALL TYPES of casts can be a broad cast.

(Brown)

2. Most common type of broad casts are GRANULAR and

1025. The MCH is much less valuable to the clinician

WAXY casts.

than the MCV and MCHC.

3. But if asked about TELESCOPED SEDIMENTS:

1026. Although CYTOKINES are produced by many cell

abundance of (1) GRANULAR, (2) WAXY and (3) BROAD

populations (endothelial cells, fibroblasts,

casts.

epithelial cells, and others), they are MAINLY THE

4. Wedge smear should be SMOOTH and RAPID.

PRODUCTS OF HELPER T CELLS (TH) AND MACROPHAGES.

5. Cytotoxicity testing is under HLA testing;

(Henry)

therefore anticoagulant is ACD or heparin. — with

1027. CROHN’S DISEASE: inflammatory bowel disease.

Kelly Kinyoun and 49 others.

Immune reaction against intestinal bacteria.

1031. ALLELE - one of two or more different genes

1028. POLARIZING MICROSCOPY: Polarized light is

that may occupy a specific locus on a chromosome.

obtained by using TWO POLARIZING FILTERS. The light

1032. ANTITHETICAL - referring to antigens that are

emerging from one filter vibrates in one plane, and

the product of allelic genes (e.g., Kell [K] and

a second filter placed at a 90-degree angle blocks

Cellano [k]).

all incoming light, except that rotated by the

1033. Amorph - gene that does not appear to produce

birefringent substance.

a detectable antigen; a silent gene, such as Jk, Lu,

1029. TISSUE BLOCK, FIXATION

O.

Electron microscopy: 1 to 2 sq. mm.

1034. Recessive - type of gene that, in the presence

Light microscopy: 2 sq.cm (2 cm x 1 cm) x 0.4 cm

of its dominant allele, does not express itself;

(thickness or thinness)

expression occurs when it is inherited in the

1030. RA 10912: Continuing Professional Development

homozygous state.

Act of 2016

1035. Dominant - trait or characteristic that will

a. It lapsed into law without P’Noy’s signature on

be expressed in the offspring even though it is

July 21, 2016

carried on only one of the homologous chromosomes.

b. Under President Aquino, Senator Trillanes

1036. Codominant - pair of genes in which neither is

c. MANDATORY for the renewal of the PRC cards of all

dominant over the other—that is, they are both

registered and licensed professionals under PRC

expressed.

1037. Phenotype - OUTWARD EXPRESSION OF GENES (e.g.,

life; prognosis poor if untreated. This condition is

a blood type). On blood cells, serologically

due to an increase in unconjugated bilirubin.

demonstrable antigens constitute the phenotype,

1049. PHYSIOLOGIC JAUNDICE - can result from a

except those sugar sites that are determined by

deficiency of an enzyme that transfers glucuronate

transferases.

groups onto bilirubin or from liver immaturity; can

1038. Genotype - individual’s actual genetic makeup.

result in jaundice that occurs in some infants

1039. Adsorption - providing an antibody with its

during the first few days of life; also called

corresponding antigen under optimal conditions so

NEONATAL JAUNDICE.

that the antibody will attach to the antigen,

1050. PHYSIOLOGIC JAUNDICE of the newborn is a

thereby removing the antibody from the serum; often

result of a deficiency in the enzyme glucuronyl

used interchangeably with absorption.

transferase, one of the last liver functions to be

1040. Elution - process whereby cells that are

activated in prenatal life since bilirubin

coated with antibody are treated in such a manner as

processing is handled by the mother of the fetus.

to DISRUPT THE BONDS BETWEEN THE ANTIGEN AND

a. Kernicterus often results in cell damage and

ANTIBODY.

death in the newborn, and this condition will

1041. Bombay Phenotype - occurring in individuals

continue until glucuronyl transferase is produced.

who possess normal A or B genes but are unable to

b. Infants with this type of jaundice are usually

express them because they lack the gene necessary

treated with ultraviolet radiation to destroy the

for production of H antigen, the required precursor

bilirubin as it passes through the capillaries of

for A and B. These persons often have a potent anti-

the skin. In extreme cases, some infants require an

H in their serum, which reacts with all cells except

exchange transfusion.

other Bombays. Also known as Oh.

c. Because this condition is so serious, bilirubin

1042. The PARABOMBAY phenotypes are those rare

levels are carefully and frequently monitored so the

phenotypes in which the RBCs are completely devoid

dangerously high levels of unconjugated bilirubin

of H antigens or have small amounts of H antigen

(approximately 20 mg/dL) can be detected and

present.54 RBCs of these individuals express weak

treated.

forms of A and B antigens, which are primarily

1051. The chief extracellular anions are chloride

detected by adsorption and elution studies.

and bicarbonate, and there is a RECIPROCAL

1043. Ficoll-Hypaque - density-gradient medium used

relationship between them: A DECREASE IN THE AMOUNT

to separate and harvest specific white blood cells,

OF ONE PRODUCES AN INCREASE IN THE AMOUNT OF THE

most commonly lymphocytes.

OTHER.

1044. LISS contains glycine or glucose in addition

1052. Serum calcium and phosphorus generally

to saline.

maintain a reciprocal relationship.

1045. Methyldopa (Aldomet) is a common drug used to

a. Primary hyperparathyroidism or some cases of

treat hypertensi on; frequently the cause of a

malignancy: INCREASED CALCIUM, DECREASED PHOSPHATE

positive direct Coombs’ test result.

b. BUT if calcium increase is due to renal failure,

1046. RETICULOCYTE or the NEOCYTE (young RBCs).

phosphate values also rise; both calcium and

1047. ICTERUS - condition characterized by yellowish

phosphate values are elevated in cases of multiple

skin, whites of the eyes, mucous membranes, and body

myeloma and vitamin D overdose, as well as in cases

fluids caused by increased circulating bilirubin

of cancers that metastasize to bone.

resulting from excessive hemolysis or from liver

1053. Parathyroid effect on serum calcium: (1) Bone,

damage due to hepatitis. Synonym is jaundice.

(2) Kidney and (3) Intestines

1048. KERNICTERUS - form of icterus neonatorum

a. Bone: Resorption of calcium and phosphate

occurring in infants, developing at 2 to 8 days of

b. Kidney: Direct enhancement of calcium and magnesium tubular reabsorption; direct blockage of

phosphate tubular reabsorption; increased vitamin D

a. Only the decimal portion of the observed SG is

metabolite formation

multiplied by the dilution factor.

c. Intestine: Stimulation of vitamin D metabolite

b. For example, a specimen diluted 1:2 with a

synthesis – leads to enhanced gastrointestinal

reading of 1.025 would have an actual specific

uptake of calcium

gravity of 1.050.

1054. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

c. For example, a specimen diluted 1:5 with a

a. This common disorder can present in many ways:

reading of 1.008 would have an actual specific

infertility, hirsutism, chronic anovulation, glucose

gravity of 1.040

intolerance, hyperlipidemia or dyslipidemia, and

1058. Renal threshold for glucose is 160 to 180

hypertension.

mg/dL.

b. Investigations for this disorder involve

1059. Positive result for ketone (sodium

estimation of free testosterone, SHBG, FSH, LH,

nitroprusside) pad is PURPLE.

fasting glucose, insulin, and lipid levels.

1060. Major ketone body in urine is BHA.

c. Ovarian ultrasound reveals multiple cysts in many

1061. Ketone not detected with sodium nitroprusside

patients (about 30% of patients do not have ovarian

reagent pad is BHA.

cysts).

1062. Largest cell in the urine sediment is SQUAMOUS

d. Most patients with this disorder are overweight;

EPITHELIAL CELL.

however, patients with polycystic ovary syndrome

1063. Lead poisoning – elevated ALA, protoporphyrin

(PCOS) of eastern Asian or South American descent

1064. Normal value for CSF protein is 15 to 45

are of normal weight.

mg/dL.

1055. HIRSUTISM is abnormal, abundant, androgen-

1065. Gastric Acidity:

sensitive terminal hair growth in areas in which

a. Parietal cells – produces HCl and intrinsic

terminal hair follicles are sparsely distributed or

factor

not normally found in women. Most commonly,

b. Chief cells – produces pepsinogen that is

hirsutism is idiopathic in etiology (60% of cases),

activated by HCl to pepsin

with PCOS the next most common cause (35%).

c. Specialized G cells – produces gastrin that

1056. ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS PATTERN

stimulates parietal cells to produce HCl.

a. MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: Low pO2 and metabolic

1066. Bile solubility test (+S. pneumoniae)

acidosis.

a. Positive: Colony disintegrates; an imprint of the

The drop in PO2 is caused by diminished circulation

lysed colony may remain in the zone

times – that is, the rate of oxygenation of venous

b. Negative: Intact colonies

blood is reduced. The acidosis is caused by low

1067. Bile esculin test (+Group D)

perfusion of oxygenated blood due to compromised

a. Positive: Growth and blackening of the agar slant

cardiac output.

b. Negative: no blackening. no growth

b. In PULMONARY EMPBOLISM: Low pO2 and metabolic

1068. Group A / S. pyogenes - Large zone of beta

acidosis.

hemolysis on BAP

The low pO2 is caused by direct blockage of blood

1069. Group B / S. agalactiae – Narrow zone of beta

flow into the pulmonary circuit. The acidosis is

hemolysis on BAP

caused by low oxygen saturation in the lungs with

1070. DCIS and LCIS Breast Cancer STAGE 0

subsequent diminished oxygen delivery to tissues.

a. DCIS – ductal carcinoma in situ

c. Both conditions, MI and PE, result in tissue

b. LCIS – lobular carcinoma in situ

hypoxia. 1057. Urine specimens with high specific gravity greater than the refractometer or urinometer scale can be diluted and retested.