Health Education
This document was uploaded by user and they confirmed that they have the permission to share it. If you are author or own the copyright of this book, please report to us by using this DMCA report form. Report DMCA
Overview
Download & View Health Education as PDF for free.
More details
- Words: 2,047
- Pages: 42
Loading documents preview...
Chapter 1 Overview of Education in Health Care
Historical Foundations of the Nurse Educator Role • Health education has long been considered a standard care-giving role of the nurse. • Patient teaching is recognized as an independent nursing function. • Nursing practice has expanded to include education in the broad concepts of health and illness.
Historical Foundations (cont’d) Organizations and Agencies Promulgating Standards and Mandates: 1. NLNE/NLN (National League of Nursing) – first observed health teaching as an important function within the scope of nursing practice – responsible for identifying course content for curriculum on principles of teaching and learning
Historical Foundations (cont’d) 2. ANA (American Nurses Association) - responsible for establishing standards and qualifications for practice, including patient teaching 3. ICN (International Council for Nurses) - endorses health education as an essential component of nursing care delivery
Historical Foundations (cont’d) 4. State Nurse Practice Acts - universally includes teaching within the scope of nursing practice 5. JCAHO (Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations) - accreditation mandates require evidence of patient education to improve outcomes 6. AHA - Patient’s Bill of Rights ensures that clients receive complete and current information
Historical Foundations (cont’d) 7. Pew Health Professions Commission - puts forth a set of health profession competencies for the 21st century - over one-half of recommendations pertain to importance of patient and staff education
Current Mandates for Nurse as Educator
Institute of Medicine 2001 CROSSING THE QUALITY CHASM: A NEW HEALTH SYSTEM FOR THE 21ST CENTURY focuses more broadly on how the health system can be reinvented to foster innovation and improve the delivery of care.
Six Aims for Improvement • "First, do no harm," which makes it the individual caregiver’s responsibility to somehow try extra hard to be more careful (a requirement modern human factors theory has shown to be unproductive).
• Second, health care must be effective. It should match science, with neither underuse nor overuse of the best available techniques — every elderly heart patient who would benefit from beta-blockers should get them, and no child with a simple ear infection should get advanced antibiotics.
• Third, health care should be patientcentered. The individual patient’s culture, social context, and specific needs deserve respect, and the patient should play an active role in making decisions about her own care. That concept is especially vital today, as more people require chronic rather than acute care.
• Fourth, care should be timely. Unintended waiting that doesn’t provide information or time to heal is a system defect. Prompt attention benefits both the patient and the caregiver.
• Fifth, the health care system should be efficient, constantly seeking to reduce the waste — and hence the cost — of supplies, equipment, space, capital, ideas, time, and opportunities.
• Sixth, health care should be equitable. Race, ethnicity, gender, and income should not prevent anyone in the world from receiving high-quality care.
Ten Rules for Redesigning and Improving Care • Private and public purchasers, health care organizations, clinicians, and patients should work together to redesign health care processes in accordance with the following rules.
1. Care should be based on continuous healing relationships. Patients should receive care whenever they need it and in many forms, not just through face-to-face visits. The health care system should be responsive at all times (24 hours a day, every day), and access to care should be provided over the Internet, by telephone, and by other means in addition to face-to-face visits. 2. Care should be customized based on the patient's needs and values. The system of care should be designed to meet the most common needs but should have the flexibility to respond to an individual patient's choices and preferences. 3. The patient should be in control. Patients should be given necessary information and the opportunity to exercise as much control as they choose over health care decisions that affect them. The health system should be able to accommodate differences in patient preferences and should encourage shared decision making.
4. The system should encourage shared knowledge and the free flow of information. Patients should have unfettered access to their own medical information and to clinical information. Clinicians and patients should communicate effectively and share information. 5. Decision making should be evidence-based. Patients should receive care based on the best available scientific knowledge. Care should not vary illogically from clinician to clinician or from place to place. 6. Safety should be a property of the system. Patients should be safe from injury caused by the care system. Reducing risk and ensuring safety will require systems that help prevent and mitigate errors. 7. The system should be transparent. The health care system should make information available to patients and their families that allows them to make informed decisions when selecting a health plan, a hospital, or a clinical practice or when choosing among alternative treatments. Patients should be informed of the system's performance on safety, evidence-based practice, and patient satisfaction.
8. The system should anticipate patients' needs. The health system should be proactive in anticipating a patient's needs, rather than simply reacting to events. 9. The system should constantly strive to decrease waste. The health system should not waste resources or patients' time. 10. The system should encourage cooperation among clinicians. Clinicians and institutions should actively collaborate and communicate with each other to ensure that patients receive appropriate care.
Joint Commission: Patient and Family Education The organization provides education that supports patient and family participation in care decisions and care processes. Education and training help meet patients’ ongoing health needs. Education methods consider the patient’s and family’s values and preferences and allow sufficient interaction among the patient, family, and staff for learning to occur.
Current Mandates for Nurse as Educator
Healthy People 2010 (United States Department of Health and Human Services) Federal initiatives outlined: To increase the quality & years of healthy life To eliminate health disparities among different segments of the population *Requires the nurse as educator to use theory and evidenced based strategies to promote desirable health behavior.
Trends Affecting Health Care Social, economic, and political forces that affect a nurse’s role in teaching: • growth of managed care • increased attention to health and well-being of everyone in society • cost containment measures to control healthcare expenses • concern for continuing education as vehicle to prevent malpractice and incompetence
Trends (cont’d) • expanding scope and depth of nurses’ practice responsibilities • consumers demanding more knowledge and skills for self-care • demographic trends influencing type and amount of health care needed • recognition of lifestyle related diseases which are largely preventable • health literacy increasingly required • advocacy for self-help groups
Purpose, Benefits, and Goals of Patient, Staff and Student Education Purpose: to increase the competence and confidence of patients to manage their own self-care and of staff and students to deliver high-quality care Benefits of education to patients: - increases consumer satisfaction - improves quality of life - ensures continuity of care
Purpose, Benefits and Goals (cont’d) - reduces incidence of illness complications - increases compliance with treatment - decreases anxiety - maximizes independence
Benefits of education to staff: - enhances job satisfaction - improves therapeutic relationships - increases autonomy in practice - improves knowledge and skills
Purpose, Benefits and Goals (cont’d) Benefits of preceptor education for nursing students • prepared clinical preceptors • continuity of teaching/learning from classroom curriculum • evaluation and improvement of student clinical skills
Purpose, Benefits, and Goals (cont’d) Goal: to increase self-care responsibility of clients and to improve the quality of care delivered by nurses
The Education Process Definition of Terms Education Process: a systematic, sequential, planned course of action on the part of both the teacher and learner to achieve the outcomes of teaching and learning Teaching/Instruction: a deliberate intervention that involves sharing information and experiences to meet the intended learner outcomes
The Education Process (cont’d) Learning: a change in behavior (knowledge, skills, and attitudes) that can be observed and measured, and can occur at any time or in any place as a result of exposure to environmental stimuli
The Education Process (cont’d) Patient Education: the process of helping clients learn health-related behaviors to achieve the goal of optimal health and independence in self-care Staff Education: the process of helping nurses acquire knowledge, attitudes, and skills to improve the delivery of quality care to the consumer
ASSURE Model A useful paradigm to assist nurses to organize and carry out the education process. Analyze the learner State objectives Select instructional methods and materials Use teaching materials Require learner performance Evaluate/revise the teaching/learning process
Role of the Nurse As Educator • Nurses act in the role of educator for a diverse audience of learners—patients and their family members, nursing students, nursing staff, and other agency personnel. • Despite the varied levels of basic nursing school preparation, legal and accreditation mandates have made the educator role integral to all nurses.
Role of Nurse As Educator (cont’d) • Nurses function in the role of educator as: - the giver of information - the assessor of needs - the evaluator of learning - the reviser of appropriate methodology
• The partnership philosophy stresses the participatory nature of the teaching and learning process.
Barriers to Teaching Barriers to teaching are those factors impeding the nurse’s ability to optimally deliver educational services. Major barriers include: • lack of time to teach • inadequate preparation of nurses to assume the role of educator with confidence and competence • personal characteristics • low-priority status given to teaching
Barriers to Education (cont’d) • environments not conducive to the reachinglearning process • absence of 3rd party reimbursement • doubt that patient education effectively changes outcomes • inadequate documentation system to allow for efficiency and ease of recording the quality and quantity of teaching efforts
Obstacles to Learning Obstacles to learning are those factors that negatively impact on the learner’s ability to attend to and process information. Major obstacles include: • limited time due to rapid discharge from care • stress of acute and chronic illness, anxiety, sensory deficits, and low literacy • functional health illiteracy
Obstacles (cont’d) • lack of privacy or social isolation of health-care environment • situational and personal variations in readiness to learn, motivation and compliance, and learning styles • extent of behavioral changes (in number and complexity) required
Obstacles (cont’d) • lack of support and positive reinforcement from providers and/or significant others • denial of learning needs, resentment of authority and locus of control issues • complexity, inaccessibility, and fragmentation, of the healthcare system
Questions To Be Asked The following questions can be posed about the elements of the education process, the role of the nurse as educator, and the principles of teaching and learning: • How can the healthcare teams work together more effectively to coordinate educational efforts? • What are the ethical, legal, and economic issues involved?
Questions (cont’d) • Which theories and principles support the education process? • What assessment methods and tools can be used to determine learning needs, readiness and styles? • Which learner attributes positively and negatively influence education efforts? • What can be done about the inequities in the delivery of education services ?
Questions (cont’d) • Which elements need to be taken into account when developing and implementing teaching plans? • Which instructional methods and materials are available to support teaching efforts? • Under which conditions should certain teaching methods and tools be used? • How can teaching be tailored to meet the needs of specific clientele?
Questions (cont’d) • What are the common mistakes made in the teaching of others? • How can teaching and learning best be evaluated?
What other questions might you ask?
Perspectives on Research in Patient and Staff Education • most non–research-based literature focuses on “how to do” patient teaching • more attention is given to the needs of learners who have acute, short-term problems than to those who have chronic, long-term conditions • more research is needed on new teaching technologies, especially computer-assisted modalities, distance education, and Internetbased health information sites
Perspectives on Research (cont’d) • further investigation is needed on the costeffectiveness of education efforts • future research must address: – gender issues – measurement of behavioral outcomes – effects of educational interventions – theoretical basis for education in practice – cost-effectiveness of educational efforts
Historical Foundations of the Nurse Educator Role • Health education has long been considered a standard care-giving role of the nurse. • Patient teaching is recognized as an independent nursing function. • Nursing practice has expanded to include education in the broad concepts of health and illness.
Historical Foundations (cont’d) Organizations and Agencies Promulgating Standards and Mandates: 1. NLNE/NLN (National League of Nursing) – first observed health teaching as an important function within the scope of nursing practice – responsible for identifying course content for curriculum on principles of teaching and learning
Historical Foundations (cont’d) 2. ANA (American Nurses Association) - responsible for establishing standards and qualifications for practice, including patient teaching 3. ICN (International Council for Nurses) - endorses health education as an essential component of nursing care delivery
Historical Foundations (cont’d) 4. State Nurse Practice Acts - universally includes teaching within the scope of nursing practice 5. JCAHO (Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations) - accreditation mandates require evidence of patient education to improve outcomes 6. AHA - Patient’s Bill of Rights ensures that clients receive complete and current information
Historical Foundations (cont’d) 7. Pew Health Professions Commission - puts forth a set of health profession competencies for the 21st century - over one-half of recommendations pertain to importance of patient and staff education
Current Mandates for Nurse as Educator
Institute of Medicine 2001 CROSSING THE QUALITY CHASM: A NEW HEALTH SYSTEM FOR THE 21ST CENTURY focuses more broadly on how the health system can be reinvented to foster innovation and improve the delivery of care.
Six Aims for Improvement • "First, do no harm," which makes it the individual caregiver’s responsibility to somehow try extra hard to be more careful (a requirement modern human factors theory has shown to be unproductive).
• Second, health care must be effective. It should match science, with neither underuse nor overuse of the best available techniques — every elderly heart patient who would benefit from beta-blockers should get them, and no child with a simple ear infection should get advanced antibiotics.
• Third, health care should be patientcentered. The individual patient’s culture, social context, and specific needs deserve respect, and the patient should play an active role in making decisions about her own care. That concept is especially vital today, as more people require chronic rather than acute care.
• Fourth, care should be timely. Unintended waiting that doesn’t provide information or time to heal is a system defect. Prompt attention benefits both the patient and the caregiver.
• Fifth, the health care system should be efficient, constantly seeking to reduce the waste — and hence the cost — of supplies, equipment, space, capital, ideas, time, and opportunities.
• Sixth, health care should be equitable. Race, ethnicity, gender, and income should not prevent anyone in the world from receiving high-quality care.
Ten Rules for Redesigning and Improving Care • Private and public purchasers, health care organizations, clinicians, and patients should work together to redesign health care processes in accordance with the following rules.
1. Care should be based on continuous healing relationships. Patients should receive care whenever they need it and in many forms, not just through face-to-face visits. The health care system should be responsive at all times (24 hours a day, every day), and access to care should be provided over the Internet, by telephone, and by other means in addition to face-to-face visits. 2. Care should be customized based on the patient's needs and values. The system of care should be designed to meet the most common needs but should have the flexibility to respond to an individual patient's choices and preferences. 3. The patient should be in control. Patients should be given necessary information and the opportunity to exercise as much control as they choose over health care decisions that affect them. The health system should be able to accommodate differences in patient preferences and should encourage shared decision making.
4. The system should encourage shared knowledge and the free flow of information. Patients should have unfettered access to their own medical information and to clinical information. Clinicians and patients should communicate effectively and share information. 5. Decision making should be evidence-based. Patients should receive care based on the best available scientific knowledge. Care should not vary illogically from clinician to clinician or from place to place. 6. Safety should be a property of the system. Patients should be safe from injury caused by the care system. Reducing risk and ensuring safety will require systems that help prevent and mitigate errors. 7. The system should be transparent. The health care system should make information available to patients and their families that allows them to make informed decisions when selecting a health plan, a hospital, or a clinical practice or when choosing among alternative treatments. Patients should be informed of the system's performance on safety, evidence-based practice, and patient satisfaction.
8. The system should anticipate patients' needs. The health system should be proactive in anticipating a patient's needs, rather than simply reacting to events. 9. The system should constantly strive to decrease waste. The health system should not waste resources or patients' time. 10. The system should encourage cooperation among clinicians. Clinicians and institutions should actively collaborate and communicate with each other to ensure that patients receive appropriate care.
Joint Commission: Patient and Family Education The organization provides education that supports patient and family participation in care decisions and care processes. Education and training help meet patients’ ongoing health needs. Education methods consider the patient’s and family’s values and preferences and allow sufficient interaction among the patient, family, and staff for learning to occur.
Current Mandates for Nurse as Educator
Healthy People 2010 (United States Department of Health and Human Services) Federal initiatives outlined: To increase the quality & years of healthy life To eliminate health disparities among different segments of the population *Requires the nurse as educator to use theory and evidenced based strategies to promote desirable health behavior.
Trends Affecting Health Care Social, economic, and political forces that affect a nurse’s role in teaching: • growth of managed care • increased attention to health and well-being of everyone in society • cost containment measures to control healthcare expenses • concern for continuing education as vehicle to prevent malpractice and incompetence
Trends (cont’d) • expanding scope and depth of nurses’ practice responsibilities • consumers demanding more knowledge and skills for self-care • demographic trends influencing type and amount of health care needed • recognition of lifestyle related diseases which are largely preventable • health literacy increasingly required • advocacy for self-help groups
Purpose, Benefits, and Goals of Patient, Staff and Student Education Purpose: to increase the competence and confidence of patients to manage their own self-care and of staff and students to deliver high-quality care Benefits of education to patients: - increases consumer satisfaction - improves quality of life - ensures continuity of care
Purpose, Benefits and Goals (cont’d) - reduces incidence of illness complications - increases compliance with treatment - decreases anxiety - maximizes independence
Benefits of education to staff: - enhances job satisfaction - improves therapeutic relationships - increases autonomy in practice - improves knowledge and skills
Purpose, Benefits and Goals (cont’d) Benefits of preceptor education for nursing students • prepared clinical preceptors • continuity of teaching/learning from classroom curriculum • evaluation and improvement of student clinical skills
Purpose, Benefits, and Goals (cont’d) Goal: to increase self-care responsibility of clients and to improve the quality of care delivered by nurses
The Education Process Definition of Terms Education Process: a systematic, sequential, planned course of action on the part of both the teacher and learner to achieve the outcomes of teaching and learning Teaching/Instruction: a deliberate intervention that involves sharing information and experiences to meet the intended learner outcomes
The Education Process (cont’d) Learning: a change in behavior (knowledge, skills, and attitudes) that can be observed and measured, and can occur at any time or in any place as a result of exposure to environmental stimuli
The Education Process (cont’d) Patient Education: the process of helping clients learn health-related behaviors to achieve the goal of optimal health and independence in self-care Staff Education: the process of helping nurses acquire knowledge, attitudes, and skills to improve the delivery of quality care to the consumer
ASSURE Model A useful paradigm to assist nurses to organize and carry out the education process. Analyze the learner State objectives Select instructional methods and materials Use teaching materials Require learner performance Evaluate/revise the teaching/learning process
Role of the Nurse As Educator • Nurses act in the role of educator for a diverse audience of learners—patients and their family members, nursing students, nursing staff, and other agency personnel. • Despite the varied levels of basic nursing school preparation, legal and accreditation mandates have made the educator role integral to all nurses.
Role of Nurse As Educator (cont’d) • Nurses function in the role of educator as: - the giver of information - the assessor of needs - the evaluator of learning - the reviser of appropriate methodology
• The partnership philosophy stresses the participatory nature of the teaching and learning process.
Barriers to Teaching Barriers to teaching are those factors impeding the nurse’s ability to optimally deliver educational services. Major barriers include: • lack of time to teach • inadequate preparation of nurses to assume the role of educator with confidence and competence • personal characteristics • low-priority status given to teaching
Barriers to Education (cont’d) • environments not conducive to the reachinglearning process • absence of 3rd party reimbursement • doubt that patient education effectively changes outcomes • inadequate documentation system to allow for efficiency and ease of recording the quality and quantity of teaching efforts
Obstacles to Learning Obstacles to learning are those factors that negatively impact on the learner’s ability to attend to and process information. Major obstacles include: • limited time due to rapid discharge from care • stress of acute and chronic illness, anxiety, sensory deficits, and low literacy • functional health illiteracy
Obstacles (cont’d) • lack of privacy or social isolation of health-care environment • situational and personal variations in readiness to learn, motivation and compliance, and learning styles • extent of behavioral changes (in number and complexity) required
Obstacles (cont’d) • lack of support and positive reinforcement from providers and/or significant others • denial of learning needs, resentment of authority and locus of control issues • complexity, inaccessibility, and fragmentation, of the healthcare system
Questions To Be Asked The following questions can be posed about the elements of the education process, the role of the nurse as educator, and the principles of teaching and learning: • How can the healthcare teams work together more effectively to coordinate educational efforts? • What are the ethical, legal, and economic issues involved?
Questions (cont’d) • Which theories and principles support the education process? • What assessment methods and tools can be used to determine learning needs, readiness and styles? • Which learner attributes positively and negatively influence education efforts? • What can be done about the inequities in the delivery of education services ?
Questions (cont’d) • Which elements need to be taken into account when developing and implementing teaching plans? • Which instructional methods and materials are available to support teaching efforts? • Under which conditions should certain teaching methods and tools be used? • How can teaching be tailored to meet the needs of specific clientele?
Questions (cont’d) • What are the common mistakes made in the teaching of others? • How can teaching and learning best be evaluated?
What other questions might you ask?
Perspectives on Research in Patient and Staff Education • most non–research-based literature focuses on “how to do” patient teaching • more attention is given to the needs of learners who have acute, short-term problems than to those who have chronic, long-term conditions • more research is needed on new teaching technologies, especially computer-assisted modalities, distance education, and Internetbased health information sites
Perspectives on Research (cont’d) • further investigation is needed on the costeffectiveness of education efforts • future research must address: – gender issues – measurement of behavioral outcomes – effects of educational interventions – theoretical basis for education in practice – cost-effectiveness of educational efforts
Related Documents
Health Education
February 2021 1
Health Education
February 2021 1
Education
February 2021 1
Health Risk
February 2021 1
Bisexual Health
February 2021 2
