Human Behavior & Crisis Management

HUMAN BEHAVIOR & CRISIS MANAGEMENT By: PROF. OSCAR GATCHALIAN SORIANO, LC BSCrim, MSBA, MSCrim, PhDCrim ============================================ Introduction The physiological adaptations that made humans more flexible than other primates allowed for the development of a wide range of abilities and an unparalleled versatility in behavior. The brain’s great size, complexity, and slow maturation, with neural connections being added through at least the first twelve years of life, meant that learned behavior could largely modify stereotyped, instinctive responses. Definition of Human Behavior It is a voluntary or involuntary attitude of a person in order to fit the society’s idea of right or wrong, partly determined by heredity and environment, and modified through learning. It is the way also how human beings act. Many people use the word behavior to mean conduct. But in psychology

2

and other behavioral science, behavior regarded as any activity of a person. Several Viewpoints Behavior 1.

in

the

Study

of

is

Human

Neurological

Emphasize human actions in relation to events taking place inside the body, especially the brains and the nervous system. 2.

Behavioral

Focus on those external activities of the organism that can be observed and measured. 3.

Cognitive

Concerned with the way the brain processes and transforms information in various ways. 4.

Psychoanalytical

Emphasize unconscious motives stemming from repressed sexual and aggressive impulse on childhood.

3

5.

Humanistic

Focus on the freedom of choice self-actualization.

subject’s experience, and motivation toward

Factors that Affects Human Behavior 1.

Heredity

It is determine by genes. Genes are the segments of the cell structures called chromosomes by which parents pass on to their offspring. 2.

Environment

Consist of the conditions and factors that surround and influence an organism. The environment can cause certain behavior. 3.

Learning

Is the process by which behavior change as a result of experience or practice? Causes of Conflicts on Human Behavior 1.

Physical Causes

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It is refers to natural causes, like a typhoons, an earthquake, a fire, a flood, a storm. 2.

Social Conflicts

Involve restrictions or rules in the home, in the school, in the community. Many laws are intended for public welfare, but they interfere with the adolescent’s desires or interest. 3.

Economic Conflicts

Result from one’s ability to have materials things because of poverty or other financial obligations. Classifications of Human Behavior Human behavior is often classified as voluntary or involuntary. Speaking at a meeting appears to be voluntary and breathing heavily after running seems to involuntary. But both types of behavior may change with experience. Deciding to speak at a meeting may in fact be determined by a person’s previous experience in speaking and keeping quiet at meetings. In addition, people may breaths heavily after running if they have learned how to increase their endurance. Thus, behavior might hard to

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distinguish as voluntary or involuntary when examined closely. Two Basic Types of Human Behavior 1.

Inherited Behavior

Inherited or innate behavior refers to any behavioral response or reflex exhibited by the people due to their genetic endowment or the process of natural selection. 2.

Learned Behavior

Learned or operant behavior involves cognitive adaptation that enhances the human being’s ability to cope with the changes in the environment and to manipulate the environment in ways in which improve the chances for survival. Personality Behavior 1.

Dimensions

That

Affects

Human

Extraversion

It is the dimension that dictates conditionability and therefore is the principal factor in anti-social behavior. Extraverts dimension plays the greatest role in crime and delinquency. Extraversion

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factor is particularly crucial in dealing with young children when socialized conduct either is or is not acquired through the proper development of the conditioned conscience. 2.

Neuroticism

It reflects an innate biological predisposition to react physiologically to stressful or upsetting events. Neuroticism or emotional instability acts like an amplifier of an already existing habit, good or bad. Neuroticism is most important in understanding some adult criminals, less important in understanding adolescents and even less young children. 3.

Psychoticism

It is characterized by cold cruelty, social insensitivity, disregard for danger, troublesome behavior, dislike of others, and an attraction toward the unusual. Psychoticism dimension is hypothesized to be link with crimes of violence, and appears to be equally important across all stages of development, from childhood through adolescence to adulthood.

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Psychological Explanations of Human Behavior 1.

The Mind and Its Relationship to Crime

Frequent comments are heard about the criminal mind, and the literature devoted to explaining it is extensive. Before the development of more scientific theories on human behavior and mental illness, one of the most popular explanations was demonology. Individuals were thought to be possessed by good or evil spirit, which caused good or evil behavior. 2.

Psychiatric Approach

The field of medicine that specializes in the understanding, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental problems is psychiatry. Psychoanalysis is a branch of psychiatry, which employs a particular personality theory and a specific treatment method, usually individual case study. Psychiatry views each person as a unique personality who can be understood only by a thorough case study. 3.

Personality Theory

Emotional conflict and personality deviation characterize many criminals, especially habitual offenders, leading some theorists to conclude that these deviations

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cause human behavior to become criminals. But the critical questions are whether these factors distinguish criminals from lawabiding persons and, if so, whether the traits cause the illegal behavior. 4.

Intelligence and Crime

Closely associated with the mental disorder approach is the linking of crime and intelligence. It is argued that low intelligence causes crime. This approach has long historical roots. As noted, early studies of family histories that found many people of lower intelligence in a family line of criminals concluded that the human behavior that became criminal was caused by low intelligence. The relationship between crime and intelligence is a “clear consistent link between criminality and low intelligence.” Low intelligence and crime appear together, and low intelligence is the cause of crime. 5.

Cognitive Development Theory

Another type of psychological theory that has been used to explain human behavior is cognitive development. This approach is based on the belief that the ways in which people organize their thoughts about rules and laws results in either criminal or noncriminal behavior. Psychologists refer to

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this organization reasoning. 6.

of

thoughts

as

moral

Behavior Theory

Behavior theory is the basis for behavior modification, one approach used in institutionalized and non-institutionalized settings for changing behavior. The primary thesis is that all behavior is learned and can be unlearned. The approach is concerned with observable behavior, in contrast to the traditional psychoanalytic emphasis on deep, underlying personality problems that must be uncovered and treated. 7.

Learning Theory

Learning theory, acknowledges that individuals have physiological mechanism that permit them to behave aggressively, but whether or not they will do so, and the nature of their aggressive behavior, are learned. This theory differs from behavior theory in that the latter emphasizes performance and reinforcement, whereas learning theory emphasizes that learning may be accomplished by using other people as models; it is not necessary to engage in all the behavior that people learn.

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Diagnostic Categories of Mentally Disturbed Persons 1.

Anti-Social Personality

This is a mentally disturbed person who opposed to the principles upon which society is based. Characteristics Personality:

of

Anti-Social

1) A person with anti-social personality is also known as a sociopath or psychopath. Definition of Sociopath It is a person who lacks any sense of social or moral responsibility because of mental illness. Definition of Psychopath It is a person having disorder of personality, characterized by anti-social behavior, indifference to immorality and abnormal changes in mood and activity. 2) He is classic “manipulator” or “con artist.”

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3) One of the most significant characteristics of this personality is the absence of any conscience or guilt feelings. 4) This person has not incorporated into his life the moral values of our society. 5) He is often a glib and convincing speaker and presents himself extremely well. 6) The anti-social personality is selfish and strives for physical pleasure. 7) Most of his pursuits revolve around manipulating people to acquire personal gains for himself. 8) He is very impulsive immediate satisfaction. 9) He is experiences. 10) He liar. 2.

can

unable be

to

profit

described

as

and

demand

from a

past

chronic

Paranoid-Schizophrenic

It is mental disease resembling paranoia, but it is also characterized by an autistic behavior, hallucinations and gradual deterioration of the personality.

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Characteristics of Paranoid Schizophrenic 1) The paranoid schizophrenic is disturbed to the degree that he is out of touch of reality, suffering from a psychosis, mentally de-arranged or insane. 2) There are usually two (2) primary symptoms, i.e., hallucinations and delusions. Definition of Hallucinations Hallucinations are hearing or seeing things that are not really there Definition of Delusions Delusions are a false system of beliefs that persists despite evidence to the contrary. 3.

Inadequate Personality

A person who is not much needed for a particular purpose. Characteristics of Inadequate Personality 1) Throughout his life, the person with inadequate personality has shown ineffective and inept responses to the social, emotional and physical stress.

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2) He is quite often a high school dropout and may have a succession of jobs having been fired from each because of poor performance. 3) He sees himself as looser, as someone who always failed. 4) Taking hostages may be his last attempt to prove to someone that he can succeed in doing something. 5) The hostage taking may involve attention from authority figures and the media, and it may be the high point of his life. 6) This kind of a person will try to show that they can really do something. 7) He is usually having a clear thinking although immaturely, and can understand the consequence of his actions and can be negotiated with successfully. 4.

Manic-Depressive

It is person having or characterized by alternating account of mania and depression. Mania is a kind of insanity characterized by great excitement, while depression is a mental disorder characterized by prolonged

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feelings of despair and rejection, often accompanied by fatigue, headaches and other physical symptoms. Characteristics of Manic-Depressive 1) The person who is a manic-depressive is usually so depressed, and he is out of touch of reality, suffering from psychosis, mentally de-arranged or insane. 2) He may consider himself unworthy to live, feel guilty for “past sins” he has committed, and often has a belief that is delusional. 3) He may believe that he is responsible for all the suffering in the world and his current depression is his punishment for living a sinful life. 4) The potential for suicide is extremely high as the potential for killing any hostages. 5) They take hostages who are members of the family or person known to him. 6) The person’s speech and movements may be extremely slow. He may take 15 to 30 seconds or longer to answer a question.

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7) He speaks about his unworthiness, his sinfulness or his delusional feelings of guilt. Definition of Crisis Management It is the expert handling of crisis or emergency so as to reduce or eliminate danger or damage, or the likes, especially on the part of the government. Objectives of Crisis Management 1.

Resolve without further incident.

2.

Safety of all the participants.

3.

Apprehension of all the perpetrators.

4. Accomplished the task within the framework of current community standards. Definition of Hostage Situation A hostage situation is a set of circumstances wherein a suspected law violator is holding a person captive with the use of force, or threat of violence and the police are in close confrontation with the suspect and his captive.

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Difference Kidnapping

Between

Hostage

Taking

and

The differences between hostage taking and kidnapping are the facts that in kidnapping: 1. The police captive location.

are

not

aware

2. The police are not in confrontation with the perpetrators.

of

the close

3. The police cannot exert any pressure on the suspects. Motives of Hostage Taking 1. In political terrors, the reasons include showing the public that the government is not able to protect its own citizenry. 2. Hostage taking guarantees immediate media coverage, and after repeated hostage incidents, it is the hope of the terrorist that the government might overreact and become excessively restrictive with its own citizens, thus causing civil discontent and a grassroots movement to overthrow the government.

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3. Warring nations seeking peace after exchange of hostages as a guarantee of a reciprocal good faith. 4. In urban guerilla warfare hostages are taken with little regard to law and order, but not all hostage takers will be urban guerilla. Hold-ups sometimes involve hostages and certain guidelines of behavior must be laid down if the police officer is to effectively deal with a hostage confrontation situation. 5. Law enforcement officers will most likely to encounter hostage incidents that involve either criminal acts or the mentally disturbed. 1) If the hostages are taken in a criminal situation, it is usually because the criminal was unable to complete the crime and escape before the police responded thus making the hostage taking a spontaneous event. 2) The criminal primary reasons for taking hostages is to ensure own safety. 3) The demands are invariably for safe passage and a means of escape in return for the hostage lives.

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4) It is also very common for them to demand additional money. 6. A husband or wife may take a child hostage in custody out of a domestic dispute. 7. A mentally disturbed person may take hostages in order to right what he believes to be wrong. 8. Whatever the initial reason for hostage taking, it is clear that the motive for holding the hostage may change. 1) The act of robbing a bank may initially demand a great deal of money, but latter reduce this demand for guarantee of physical safety or clemency in court. 2) Other times, it may initially demand an immediate change in a government policy or in a prison situation. These demands eventually change to an agreement for talks with appropriate officials about the condition. 3) No matter what the original reason for taking hostages, it is not uncommon for the hostage taker, after some period of time to be willing to accept a lesser goal.

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Five (5) Takers 1.

Distinct

Categories

of

Hostage

Persons in Crisis

These are people who take hostages during a period of prolonged frustrations, despair and problems that affect their emotion and behavior to act in accordance with norms and conducts in a society. 2.

Psychotics

These are mentally ill people who take hostages during a period of psychiatric disturbance. 3.

Common-Criminals

These are people who take hostages for personal reasons rather than ideological gain. 4.

Prisoners

These are people who take hostages because of dissatisfaction and discontentment as regard their living conditions while in prisons.

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5.

Political Terrorists

These are ideologically inspired individuals or groups of people-the political terrorists that take hostage because of political and ideological beliefs. Three (3) Takers 1.

Generic

Categories

of

Hostage

Common Criminal Characteristics of Common Criminal

1) The common criminal will generally concede to police negotiations if there is no way out, hostages will generally be unharmed. 2) This type is classed as a rational creative thinker, able to reason consequences and discriminate how much force is against them, and acts accordingly. 2.

The Psycho Characteristics of Psycho

1) This person is much more unpredictable and may resort to violence depending upon his mood.

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2) The enforcement officer should try to regain as much information as possible concerning motives, past life history, medical and arrest records, etc. 3) Skilled psychological police negotiators should be trained to talk and record all the things at his level of understanding if this is all possible. 4) This type of person is generally described as full of inner conflict and frustrations by which are transferred to his immediate reality, distorted to suit own illusions. 5) Some of this type will derive vicarious pleasure at being the focus of attention. He will want to “dictate terms” and will also want to be in a “very important persons” category. 6) In other cases he will be motivated by a strong death wish and offers to allow his escape will diminish the importance of the situation in which he finds himself. 7) Bringing a priest, wife, sweethearts may plunge the psycho right back into the environment from which he is desperately seeking refuge and the reaction may be

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negative to the point of killing the hostage and himself. 3.

The Fanatics Characteristics of the Fanatics

1) This category includes the one who falls on the extreme side of the violence. 2) He is the most dangerous as the law in his mind has no basis of legality. 3) He can be a true revolutionary and a total anarchist reflecting the attitude: “The government to be torn down and overthrown. I do not recognize the laws of an illegally elected body, therefore none of the actions I perform will be illegal action.” 4) This mental orientation has the foundations in seeing after a misdirected social justice for all against the prevailing order of things. 5) This type will rationalize deviance in terms of revolutionary zeal often parlayed by feeling of inadequacy. 6) The group he belongs is to judge by its peers through acts of manliness and

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honor, thinly those acts.

veiled

violence

constituting

7) The law enforcement officer may have to resort to ego flattering if he can approach close enough, and if the fanatics condescends to talk to him from his “Ivory Tower“ of illusory superiority. Mind Barrier in Dealing with Hostage Takers 1.

Law enforcers will have to discover the hostage takers intentions and objectives. 2. The demands and needs of the hostage takers must be determined. 3. Negotiations mean to talk, stalling and talking is actually of good help. 4. In most cases involving hostages, time has been found to be an asset and ally because of the following reasons: 1) The more time that elapses, the more time the hostage taker will have to think about his predicament. 2)

With hostage taker uncomfortable.

little may

persuasion the feels downright

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3) Time reduces anxiety as long as overt aggressive acts are committed. 4) The hostage taker can be starved out and sleep for him to eventually catch up. 5) The hostages might even take advantageous of such lapses to escape of their own. Reasons Why Common Criminals Take Hostages Criminals have three (3) common demands: 1.

Escape

2.

Money

3.

Transportation

Reasons Why Prisoners Take Hostages 1. Taking hostages give the prisoners more bargaining power and a significant amount of media coverage. 2. Prison riots generally centers around complaints concerning prisoner conditions and demand for improvement.

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Reasons Hostages

Why

Political

Terrorists

Takes

1. Politically motivated terrorists take hostages with intent of getting as much publicity as possible for their cause. 2. The demands will normally go beyond the authority of the local police and may require involvement of the National Government. 3. The likelihood of hostages being killed is very high since the terrorists may be prepared to die as martyrs. Four (4) Major Hostage Situation 1.

Activities

of

Managing

Planning

Planning consist of work performed in order to pre-determine a course of action. Planning work in managing hostage situation involves: 1)

Forecasting

Anticipating conditions, and opportunities that will be during and after the incident.

problems, confronted

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2) Establishing Objectives Determining the desired results. 3)

Establishing Priorities

Creating a sequence of action steps to be followed in reaching the objective. 4)

Scheduling

Establishing action steps. 5)

action

commitments

for

Allocating Resources

Identifying manpower and equipment required in reaching objectives and to effectively utilize those resources that are available. 6)

Establishing Procedures

Standardizing specified work. 7)

ways

of

performing

Establishing Policy

Providing standing answers to important questions and problems which are anticipated and which provide for action

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that is in the interest of the police as a whole. 2.

Organizing

Organizing consist of work performed in order to arrange and relate work so that it can be accomplished effectively by the workers. Organizing work in managing a hostage situation involves: 1)

Structuring Work

Identify and grouped the work that needs to be performed, and see to it that the proper people do the work. 2)

Delegating

Entrusting responsibility and authority to others and establishing accountability for end results. 3)

Developing Relationship

Creating conditions necessary for mutually cooperative efforts of people and teamwork effort by all people.

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3.

Leading

Leading consists of work performed in order to stimulate people to take effective action. Leading work in managing hostage situation involves: 1)

Making Decisions

Arriving about results.

and

judgments

Inspire, encouraged and people to take required actions.

impelled

2)

conclusions

Communicating Creating understanding.

3)

4)

Motivating

Selecting People

Choosing people with appropriate skills, attitudes and experience to perform specified work. 5)

Developing People

Improving the knowledge, and skills of the people.

attitudes

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4.

Controlling

Controlling consists of work performed in order to access and regulate work which is in progress and which has been finished. Controlling work in managing a hostage situation involves: 1)

Developing Performance Standards

Establishing criteria in order to differentiate between acceptable and unacceptable performance. 2)

Measuring Performance

Recording and progress and completed. 3)

reporting

work

Evaluating Performance

Appraising works in progress results that have been completed. 4)

in

and

Correcting Performance

Regulate results.

and

improve

methods

and

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Basic Plan Situation 1.

Acceptable

in

Most

Hostage

Identify the Physical Objective

The physical objective is the exact location of the event; it may be a structure, a vehicle or a position with no structure or vehicle involved. 2.

Establish an Inner Perimeter

The purpose of an inner perimeter is to control ingress and egress into or from the physical objective. 3.

Establishing an Outer Perimeter

The purpose of the outer perimeter is to restrict vehicular and pedestrian traffic that could conflict with police activity at or near the physical objective. 4.

Organization of Fire and Observation Team

The purpose of fire and observation team is to provide cover to the Arrest and Assault Team, and to obtain information useful in devising plan of action and estimates of the situation by direct observation on the physical objective.

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5.

Activation of the Negotiating Team

The purpose of the negotiating team is to effectively deal with the suspect for the release of the hostages by getting the demands of the hostage takers. To represent the concerned authorities in negotiations and convey the policy and/or stand of the government in coping-up with the current crisis. 6.

Deploy Arrest and Assault Teams

Arrest and assault teams are Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) Teams assigned the task of taking the perpetrator into custody. 7.

Maintain Reserves.

In barricade and/or hostage situation which are or may be extended in time, reserves should be standing by to relieve duty teams or individual officers. A good principle to follow is that for every three (3) officers deployed you should have one held in reserve. Briefings One of the most overlooked phases of operation during terrorist incidents has

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been that of providing clear, concise, and timely Informational Briefing. Definition of Informational Briefing Informational Briefings are the roadmaps used to maintain the operations sense of direction. Guidelines During Informational Briefing 1. Briefing should be given orally with a written copy given to all attendees. 2. Briefing is to numbers or code words.

be

identified

by

a

3. Briefings should be conducted in area that provides the following: 1)

No interruptions.

2)

Visual aids capabilities.

3)

Protection from elements.

4)

Protection from media.

4. Briefings should be given by the same person whenever possible.

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5. Briefing should be scheduled at the time of the operation. 6. Briefing times and location should be distributed to all potential participants. 7. Briefings should be given in their entirety with questions allowed following presentation. 8. Procedure should be in place to provide committed officers with appropriate updated information. Briefing Format A generic briefing format should designed compiling information to distributed during briefings. 1.

Date/Time.

2. What Events. 3.

be be

Has

Occurred

–

Synopsis

of

When Did It Occur – Time of Events.

4. Where Did It Occur – Exact Location & Areas of Dangers. 5. How Did It Occur – Weapons & Modus Operandi.

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6. Who Are Involved – Name, Race, Sex, DOB, Height, Weight, Eyes, Facial, Hairs, & Clothing. 7. Hostages - Name, Race, Sex, DOB, Height, Weight, Hair, Eyes, Facial, Hairs, Clothing, Relatives, & Location. 8.

Witnesses – Names & Locations.

9.

Why Did It Occur – Reasons.

Analysis of the Situation After the basic plan has been implemented, the leader must then make a detailed analysis of the situation that should include the following: 1.

Mission

The mission that is the task to be performed must be carefully examined and clearly understood. 1) It is the basis for all the actions that are to be followed. 2) It must be formulated concise, and simple terms.

in

clear,

35

2.

Suspects and Hostages

Information concerning the perpetrator and hostages comes from any sources. The most reliable information is obtained by the traditional methods of direct observation and the interviewing of witnesses, victims and others with knowledge of the situation. The types of information needed is:

3.

1.

Where is it happening?

2.

What is taking place?

3.

Who is the perpetrator?

4.

Why is it happening?

5.

When did it begin?

6.

What are the motivations, etc?

Terrain

Terrain includes both the natural lay of the land and any man-made structures such as buildings, fences, roads, etc. 1)

Significance of the Terrain

It must be studied from both police and perpetrators point of view.

the

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2)

Critical Terrain

Any location or area, the control of which gives a marked advantage to the holder is a critical terrain. This advantage is generally in terms of good observation and fields of fire. 3)

Observation and Fields of Fire

These are conditions that assist in gaining information and accurate firing. a.

Observation

Is the condition that allows the police to see the perpetrators position or vice versa. b.

Fields of Fire

Fields of fire are obstruction free zones essential to the effective use of weaponry. 4)

Cover and Concealment

These are conditions that provide obstructions to gunfire and observations.

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a.

Cover It is the protection from weapons

fire. b.

Concealment

It is the hiding or disguising of a person or position from observation. 5)

Obstacles

These are the natural or man-made terrain features that stop, delay or restrict movement toward or away from the target location. Obstacles in the path of direction or movement can be considered unfavorable. Those parallel to the direction of movement are considered to be favorable. 6)

Avenues of Entry and Exit

These are areas of terrain that permit a route of movement toward or away from the target location. Avenues should provide ease of movement, cover and concealment that can be favorable to observation and fields of fire and can provide adequate maneuvering room.

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4.

Resources

The police executive must consider his strengths as compared with the strengths of his opponents. He must know what resources are available and which are needed to deal with the situation effectively. No action should be taken until adequate support is available. 5.

Complete Plan of Action

After an analysis of the situation has been completed, the police executive reviews the basic plan and then completes a plan of action. The leader should prepare notes to be sued when issuing order. 6.

Preparation of Checklist

The preparation of checklist can be helpful in guiding the intelligence officers in preparing proper analysis. Tactical Situation

Considerations

During

Hostage

1.

Establish command post and staging areas.

2.

Brief all personnel before deploying.

3.

Maintain fire discipline.

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4. Return non-essential personnel to service. 5. Replace off-duty personnel with on-duty personnel. 6. Determine areas susceptible to hostile fire. 7.

Determine perpetrator(s) motives.

8.

Records check the perpetrators(s).

9.

Isolate perpetrator.

10. Segregate all witnesses. 11. Obtain floor plans, drawings, etc. 12. Description of hostage(s)/perpetrator(s). 13. Evacuation procedures. 14. Request necessary support. Operational Order The operational order is a device used to implement a plan of action. It has six parts that includes the following, i.e., title, and a statement of the situation, the

40

mission, instructions about how the plan is to be executed, instructions relative to the administrative and logistical support, and instructions relative to command, control and communications. Parts of Operational Order 1. 2.

Title Situation

1) State the situation and identify the perpetrator in terms of: Location, description and identification, weapons, hostages and identification, intelligence data, physical objective, and caution statements. 2) Identify all law officers’ involve in terms of:

enforcement

Location, identity, and activity. 3)

Identify victims in terms of:

Status-hostage, wounded, dead, etc., description, and location.

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3.

Mission

The mission is consists of a clear, concise statement of the task that is to be performed. 4.

Execution

It states the general plan of action in terms of specific objectives and the specific duties assigned to law enforcement units and individuals. It also states the coordinating instructions in terms of the following, i.e., time schedule, order of movement, route of movement, areas to be isolated, rendezvous locations, danger areas, and inspection of personnel. 5.

Administrative and Logistics

It states instructions as related to, i.e., weapons and ammunitions, clothing and personnel equipment, specialized equipment, transportation, handling injured, handling suspects, and handling evidence. 6.

Command and Signal

It states instructions relative to, i.e., identity and location of the ground

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commander, fire control requirements, radio frequencies, pre-arranged codes and signals. Negotiation Approaches Defined It is a systematic process of starting work on a task of negotiating and/or dealing with the hostage takers, wherein the primary considerations are the arrangement of the terms and conditions between the police authorities and the suspects necessary for the release of the hostages. It can be done by talking with the suspects and conveying to them the policies of the government. Principles of Negotiation 1. The hostage has no value to the hostage taker. His only value is as a toll to get what the hostage taker wants, not from the hostage, but from the police authorities. 2. Hostage situation, not to go violent, is to the interest of the hostage taker, as to the authorities. In any case, if it goes violent, the police authorities must always come out the victor. 3. Priorities in hostage situation is preservation of life and the apprehension of

43

the hostage property.

takers,

recover

and

protect

4. To successfully negotiate, there must be a need to live on the part of the hostage taker because hostage taker who is bent in killing himself is a case of non-negotiable. If not bent in killing himself, his intent, therefore, is to free the hostage and not to harm them. So that the police authorities must know what is in the mind of the hostage taker. What is and who is the hostage taker? Guidelines During Hostage Negotiation 1.

the

Initial

Stage

of

Assess the Situation

Immediately upon your arrival, attempt to identify the cause of the crisis, and what you may do to defuse the hostilities or high emotionalism? Is there a crime being committed that will require immediate enforcement action? Is there a severe medical problem, such as wounds or injuries that must be treated? Are adversaries still in confrontation that must be separated? Is there someone present who appears to be making the problem worse by continuing to harass or agitate the disturbed individual?

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2.

Take Immediate Corrective Action

Separate the combatants and isolate them sufficiently that they cannot see or hear each other. If arrest is warranted, do so and immediately have the offender removed from the vicinity. If medical help is needed, see that appropriate help is provided. If the crisis is in an impending suicide, attempt to defuse any contributory factors, such as distraught friends or relatives whose presence and actions are making matters worse. Get those people out of the area. Taking a minimum risk for your own safety, attempt to disarm or neutralize any individual who is intending immediate violence to self or another. 3.

Listen and Observe

In a crisis situation, one of your most effective techniques is to make a deliberate effort to see exactly what is happening. At this point, attempt to be totally nonjudgmental, and devote your full attention to what the principal actors in this crisis are saying and doing. You may be confronting a self-blaming victim of a sex crime who believes that the only way to preserve her honor is to kill oneself. A person may have been disgraced by the discovery of fraud by the auditors at the person’s bank. If the crisis stems from a

45

situation that has been exaggerated in the person’s mind, you may be able to discuss the matter and bring back into a more rational perspective. 4.

Employ Crisis Diffusion Techniques

When you are attempting to diffuse a crisis situation, there are few suggestions for you to consider: 1) Keep your voice at a low volume and speak slowly. With an agitated adversary, your own attempts to out-shout or dominate the conversation are not likely to work. Calmly repeating words of comfort or assurance or understanding may have a soothing effect on the agitated individual. If the individual wants to argue with you, it will be necessary for that person to quiet down to listen to what you have to say. 2) Non-verbal communications should indicate openness and willingness to listen. A posture of folded arms in a dominant position will not get the same positive results that you are likely to get by keeping your arms open and your gestures indicating that you are willing to negotiate. Consider your skills on the science of “body language.”

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3) Make eye contact with the person you are addressing. This tends to underline your sincerity and willingness to listen. It also indicates to the subject that he or she has your full attention. 4) Touching the person you are talking with may help to keep the lines of communication open. This one you are going to have to play by ear. Some people will interpret your touching them as overly dominant or sexually aggressive. With others, there seems to flow the energy of a positive contact, and the person you are touching on the arm will probably give you more attention because there is physical contact as well as visual contact. 5) Attempt a compromise. If the person you are addressing feels that there is some dignity even to the situation of being taken into custody, you will probably have more success in keeping the person under physical control as well as emotional control. 5.

Follow-up.

Even if you have diffused the crisis situation, you have probably not solved any problems. At best, you have more than likely only postponed a problem. At your earliest convenience, make follow-up reports and arrange for professionals in psychology

47

or family counseling, or spiritual guidance, or whatever other need there appears to be, to pursue the matter so as to avoid any repeat performance of the crisis you have just addressed. Paranoid Approaches

Schizophrenic

Negotiation

1. Paranoid schizophrenic are usually above-average in intelligence, because of this be careful about attempting to trick or lie to them. 2. The best approach is to accept that their beliefs as being true for them. 3. Do not try to argue or convince them that there beliefs are wrong. Manic-Depressive Negotiation Approaches 1. When negotiating with manicdepressive, understanding and support should be provided. 2. The negotiator should continually reassure him that he has self worth.

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3. Do not try to minimize the situation by saying that the things they are doing are bad. 4.

Gently interrupt his long statements.

5. Be alert for spontaneous event, this may be an indicator that he has decided to kill the hostages. 6. Gradual improvement over hours negotiation is much better indicator.

of

7. It is alright to ask him if he has considered killing himself. 8. Once rapport has been established direct actions can be made possible. Inadequate Approaches

Personality

Negotiation

1. When negotiating with the inadequate personality, understanding and uncritical acceptance should be provided. 2. Help him find a way to end the incident without having failed again. Allow him to save face. to

3. Do not bring parents, friends, etc. the scene. This may invoke stronger

49

feelings of failure cause him to prove important. Anti-Social Approaches

or he

embarrassment and can do something

Personality

Negotiation

1. It is important to remember that he is self-centered and will attempt to make things easier on himself. 2. Be careful about making tricks, he is usually a “street wise” and “police wise” and expects to be tricked. 3. Remember that he is familiar with judicial system so do not make promises that you can’t produce. 4.

He needs frequent ego stimulation.

5. The negotiator should avoid discussion of jail sentences and assistance. 6. Avoid any appearance of indecision or ambivalence as this personality type will always test the limits of his environment and redouble his efforts in the presence of any perceived weaknesses. 7. It is imperative that the authorities provide as much external structure to the

50

situation as possible but do not introduce any element of structure that are willing to back out under pressure. 8. Some believe it is wise to match the negotiator and hostage taker as to ethnic origin, religion and or education when possible. 9. Do not attempt to play the role of a therapist. Common Criminal Negotiation Approaches 1. He is a type of person who doesn’t plan very well. 2. The criminal is often self indulgent and impulsive. 3. Often times concern for others.

lack

of

conscience

or

4. At first, relation with the hostages will be uncomfortable because he is worried about what they might do and how to manage them and after a period of time he may begin to relate to them as human beings. 5. An important step is to determine whether this is a mentally disturbed person.

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6. After ruling out mental disturbance you can be fairly sure that you are dealing with person who have frequent contacts with law, knows what to expect from the police and knows what he may need to do to get out of the situation alive. 7. The negotiation approaches should be a reality-oriented discussion to assist him in recognizing the facts of the situation and convincing him to accept his physical safety in return for the release of hostages. Reasons Why it is Common Criminals 1. Fears punishment. 2.

of

Easy

to

police

Negotiate assault

With and

They are usually a rational thinker.

3. They tactics.

are

familiar

with

police

4. Their ultimate desire is to surrender uninjured and saving face.

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Prisoner Approaches

Hostage

Taker

Negotiation

1. The preferred response to this type of incident is a rapid police action before “true leaders” of the unruly group can emerge. 2. If rapid action is not possible, negotiations should continue as if dealing with a “mentally normal” criminal. 3. If the hostages are guards or police officers, the risk of injury to them increases.

Operational Procedures This is the standard policy designed to give guidance and direction to police personnel regardless of the types of functions to be performed or police operation to be conducted, aimed of determining future course of action or conditions to operate effectively in any given situation based on the norms and conduct set-forth by the rules of law.

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Operational Situation

Procedures

During

Hostage

In negotiation for the release of a hostage, the safety of all the participants, i.e., victim, suspects, police officers and by-standers is paramount. Therefore, the following guidelines shall be undertaken: 1. There shall be an organized Crisis Management Team (CMT) in every locality trained and ready for deployment anytime. 2. There shall be commander in the area. 3.

only

one

ground

The incident area shall be cordoned.

4. Negotiators shall be designated and no one shall be allowed to talk to the suspects without clearance from the negotiating panel or ground commander. 5. Assault shall be well planned and assaulting teams alerted for deployment in case the negotiation fails. 6. Ambulance with medical crew and fire truck shall be detailed at the incident area.

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7. Proper coordination with all participating elements shall be done to unify efforts in solving the crisis. The First Responder’s Role As a patrol officer, you are not expected to diagnose the individual, nor you’re expected to distinguish between the many variation of psychoses an neuroses. Your principal concern is for your own safety and then that of the individual, and making an effort to see that the person receives appropriate professional attention. You are likely to encounter the mentally or emotionally disturbed individual under almost any type of circumstances. Many people are emotionally upset for the moment because of the nature of the situation, such as an intense family fight or repossession confrontation, but they return to a state of relative normality fairly and quickly. First Responder’s Guidelines 1. Approach the subject with extreme caution. Maintain a calm and casual manner.

55

2. Speak to the subject by name, if you know it. Your tone of voice should be soothing, but firm and businesslike. 3. Say or do nothing that might threaten or intimidate. 4. Avoid arguing or scolding the subject, and don’t allow anyone else to do so. 5. Make use of friends or relatives who know how to talk to, and deal with the subject, unless there is friction between them. The subject might have more trust and confidence in you if you appear to be getting along with friends or relatives. 6. Whenever possible, try to stall until you have a follow-up officer on the scene. This type of situation might be more volatile than a routine arrest. 7. If the situation warrants it, and you take the subject into custody, do so carefully. Avoid pain-producing holds, if possible, and keep your gun and other weapons out of the subject reach. 8. When you transfer custody to psychiatric personnel, give these people as much information about the symptoms you observed and all the details about their

56

behavior. This will help in the diagnosis. Do the same when you prepare your reports. The Barricade Matrix Although each and every hostage situation is a separate and totally unique entity upon itself, there is a certain generic series of events that takes place. The reason for formulating such a “matrix” is to enable police officers responsible for the planning and response to such incidents to have a “starting point” from which to begin their resolution of the problem. Elapsed Time, Events Barricade Matrix

and

Activities

in

This matrix has been designed around the first thirty minutes of a terrorists attack. However, the reader should understand that the overall time frame or individual segments that certainly expand or contract during actual events. It should also be understood that this first thirty minutes segment of time is probably the most dangerous of the entire operation. The actions taken during these

57

preliminary stages will ultimately affect the subsequent events that will lead to the successful or unsuccessful resolution of the problem. THE BARRICADE MATRIX EVENTS

ELAPSED TIME -0ZERO HOUR ACTIVITIES This is the moment incident is occurring. It might be a bank airplane hijacking, or else.

0 + 1 ACTVITIES

that

the

robbery, anything

Normally, it will be during this time that the event will come to the attention of non-involved persons who in turn notify the police authorities. NOTIFICATION The law enforcement authorities first become aware of the incident. Notification might come through telephone calls from witnesses, on view observation by police officers, notification by the terrorist or a number of other means.

58

0 + 2 POLICE RESPONSE ACTIVITIES Patrol officers are dispatched to the incident site to investigate. Proper procedures must be used by the responding units so as not to endanger themselves or the innocent public. 0 + 5 LOCATE ACTIVITIES One of the most dangerous times during a terrorist incident is the arrival of the first responding officers on the scene. The terrorist are generally still trying to gain control of their newly acquired environment, the hostages are panic stricken with the responding officers are in an extremely agitated emotional state. Prior training of the patrol force in proper response tactics will improve the chances for a successful operation. 0 + 6 CONFRONTATION ACTIVITIES Using proper movement techniques, the patrol officers or first responders can make close with the target location and confirm that a problem exist.

59

During this stage it is very important that the individual officers practice utmost “firearms discipline.” This is done, by not opening fire unless their lives or innocent lives are exposed. This is the time that the complaint of a barricade situation is either confirmed or not confirmed. 0 + 7 NOTIFICATIONS ACTIVITIES After arriving at the target location and determining that a terrorist incident does exist, the first responder’s notify the dispatcher giving all pertinent information. The communication section becomes the heartbeat of the operation during these early movements. The primary dispatcher begins sending additional patrol units to assist the first responders. During these first minutes other communication personnel are busy making pre-planned notifications.

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Members of the Crisis Management Team (CMT) are the first priority, followed by administrative notifications. It is important that a mean, procedure, and priority have all been established to permit proper and expedient notifications. 0 + 8 CONTAINMENT ACTIVITIES The first responder’s immediately begin to contain the incident by positioning themselves in the most advantageous positions using proper cover and concealment. All pertinent information is relayed to the dispatcher during this stage of operation. As soon as the nearest supervisor hears this type of call or its confirmation, he should immediately respond to assume command and control functions. All initial responders must maintain strict firearms discipline, firing only when absolutely necessary to protect themselves or others from imminent danger.

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Consideration should be given as to ways to restrict or prevent the escape of the terrorists by foot or through any means of transportation they have available. 0 + 9 PREPARATION ACTIVITIES The supervisor immediately begins to prepare the incident site for the arrival of the Crisis Management Team (CMT). He makes certain that the fire rescue equipment and paramedics has been requested and is on the route. A site for the Advance Post (ACP) is chosen.

Command

Near to the Advance Command Post (ACP) location is the staging area where all responding personnel will be sent. The next arriving supervisor should position himself at the staging area for controlled activities. 0 + 10 ISOLATION ACTIVITIES The supervisor must control his deployed officers.

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To accomplish this, he should have a radioman and/or a chronographer with him and available at all radio calls. Both the inner and outer perimeters should begin to form during this time. One officer should be responsible for supervising the assigned officers in each of the perimeters. The supervisor should use his First Responder’s Report Form to insure that the perpetrators have been properly isolated. 0 + 15 EVALUATION ACTIVITIES By now things should have started to settle down The supervisor uses this time to slow the action and begin controlling the environment and personnel. He should evaluate the deployed officers positions and through redeployment or replacement shall insure that all positions are staffed and are staffed by his

63

qualified personnel. A good supervisor and patrol officer will use this time to review what he has done and what are his next plans are to be. Various stress reducing techniques should be used during this time by the responding forces. 0 + 16 EVACUATION ACTIVITIES Any all hostages, innocent bystanders, and non-essential officers who can be safely evacuated should be removed during this phase. It is important for all officers to refrain from reacting with emotions when deciding on this action. Remember that the Crisis Management Team (CMT) has specialized equipment and tactics to accomplish the task. Often times the terrorist will fire on bystanders during the initial takeover and then forget about them.

64

An evacuation attempt under this scenario could draw the terrorist attention back to the person thus increasing the dangers to both victim and the rescuers. 0 + 17 SEGREGATION ACTIVITIES The patrol officers should have been assembling witnesses and any other persons with pertinent information. These “witnesses” should be segregated so as not to “taint” their recollection of events. The First Responder’s Report Form should be prepared to be ready for the initial briefing upon the arrival of the Conflict Management Team. 0 + 19 PRE-CONFLICT MANAGEMENT TEAM ACTIONS ACTIVITIES In a terrorist take over there will be a lull in activity following the initial take over. Personnel on the scene should use time to collect as much data as possible relevant to the incident. All witnesses interviewed with

should respect

be to

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filling out the First Responder’s Report Forms. Communications, records section, intelligence section, etc., should begin collecting data from their sources. Arrival of the Crisis Management Team (CMT) personnel should be followed by the initial briefing on its members. 0 + 25 ACTIONS OF THE CRISIS MANAGEMENT TEAM (CMT) ACTIVITIES The Crisis Management Team (CMT) receives initial briefing and each component Team Leader issues a Warning Order to his personnel. Arrest and Sniper immediately deployed.

Teams

The Ground Commander officially assumes command and control of the situation from the patrol force supervisor. All radio communications are redirected from central communications to the field forward Command Post. The

Tactical

Operation

Center

66

(TOC) continues to monitor radio traffic and coordinate request from Crisis Management Team (CMT) Commander. Tactical personnel begin replacing the original patrol officers deployed inside the Inner Perimeter. The Special Weapons, Attack and Tactics (SWAT) Teams and inner perimeter personnel should be operating on a separate and distinct radio frequency if available. The Special Weapons, Attack and Tactics (SWAT) Teams continue providing specialized support in anticipation to an immediate assault operation. Initial briefing shall be given to the Public Information Officer (PIO) by the Ground Commander. 0 + 26 PRE-NEGOTIATION ACTIONS ACTIVITIES The coordinator of the Negotiation Team assigns personnel to specific tasks. During this communications

time specialist

the has

67

already finished in setting–up the electronic equipment. Intelligence Officers are busy preparing the First Responder’s Report, status boards and checklist to be used. The Ground Commander can use this time to give a final briefing to Conflict Management Team (CMT) elements before beginning negotiations. 0 + 30 NEGOTIATIONS BEGINS ACTIVITIES Communications is established and/or continued with the terrorist from the Advance Command Post (ACP) location. A series of moves versus countermoves will take place over the next few minutes, few days that will ultimately results in the successful resolution of the terrorist incident. Definition of Terrorist Negotiations It is complicated crisis intervention process comprised of a system of interrelated conditions, activities, and

68

behaviors needed to resolved volatile terrorist incident.

a

highly

Things to Consider in Negotiating With the Terrorist 1. 2. he is

Their mission has been well planned. There is one leader of the group and probably the spokesman.

3. Only “mid-level” personnel negotiate with the terrorists.

should

4. The terrorists have a great deal of information about their stronghold; they normally placed a defensive perimeter of personnel or explosives. 5. Attempt to convince the terrorists that their point has been taken, demands heard, and any further injuries will only discredit them in the eyes of the public. Difficulties in Dealing with the Terrorist Hostage Takers 1. Terrorists are usually highly trained combatants, who have been politically and/or ideologically indoctrinated toward the cause for they have committed.

69

2. They act as a part of a groups, their individual behavior will be pressured by the group dynamics. 3. Most of them received training in the techniques that will be used against them in the country chosen for the attack. 4. Because of the advances made by the security forces around the world, it is not unusual for one member of the terrorist group to be accountable for keeping the terrorist communicating with the authorities “on track.” 5. Unless proper interception procedures are used, the terrorist themselves may be “controlled” by an outside entity through radios, telephone or media transmission. General Principles in Negotiating with the Terrorist 1. It is a cynical to pretend that negotiations with terrorist engaged in this particularly offensive type of criminal behavior is welcomed for their own sake. 2. On the contrary, bargaining under these odious circumstances goes against all

70

natural inclinations and private sensibilities.

both

Philosophical the Terrorist

Negotiating

Problems

in

public

and

with

1. The growing vulnerability of society, coupled with the extra-ordinary advances in technology have combined to offer an individual a real prospect of making an effective challenge to the government monopoly on the use of force. 2. The terrorist hostage-taking drama is capable of producing acute conflicts of principles that are not easy to resolve. 3. The terrorist are able to place the state in the inconvenient position of declaring the value they place on human life but are also obliged to declare its relative importance, for them, to the values deemed worthy of protection. 4. By placing human life in jeopardy the hostage-takers sets-up a bargaining position.

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Considerations Terrorist

in

Negotiating

with

the

1. Only a society that holds human life to be of no account can maintain at all costs, a truly flexible hard line policy of no negotiations. 2. Accepting the importance of negotiation, it is a must to devise tactics and techniques that will ensure the lives of the hostages, and preserve the integrity of the state. Tactics in Dealing with Terrorist 1. Terrorists are not worrying about their personality description, and by being flexible, modify his behavior through manipulation, if he doesn’t respond satisfactorily to one proposal, try another. 2. The negotiator is not, and above all should not be bent on understanding the terrorist psychologically.

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Negotiating Requirements with Terrorist 1.

Control

The control component represents a condition whereby there is management of law enforcement resources and control of all activities, responses and behaviors of persons at or near the target location. It includes the following activities: 1) Absolute perpetrator.

containment

of

the

2) Evacuation and isolation of the target area surrounding the target location. 3) Deployment of Special Weapons, Attack & Tactics (SWAT) Team responsible of providing specialized and highly skilled tactical techniques when required. 4) Prepare intelligence gathering, crime scene management and case preparation. 5) Timely, effective and continuing communications with the terrorists. 6) Effective command and control activities for the purposes of active coordination and proper decisions making.

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2.

Anxiety

The anxiety component represents a condition wherein there is anxiety on the part of the terrorists and whereby provisions are made by the authorities for the management of that anxiety. Anxiety includes the following behaviors and conditions: 1) The differences between fear and anxiety is that, fear results when the object of the threat is known, anxiety results when the object of the threat is unknown. 2) The presence of fear on the part of the terrorists through awareness that there is likelihood of the use of force by the authorities. 3) The presence of frustration caused by conflicting or blocked goal attainments by the terrorists. 4) The encouragement through ventilation of feelings by the authorities as a nonviolent means of venting both fear and anxiety.

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3.

Time

The time component represents a condition where there is a passage of time and involves the following activities and behaviors. Time involves and conditions:

the

following

activities

1) Control of responses and activities of persons at or near the target location. 2) Problem solving on both the part of the terrorists and the government through the efforts of the negotiators. 4.

Communications

The communications component represents a condition whereby there is a dialogue between the terrorists that enhance the negotiating effort and enables the attainment of the negotiating goal. Communications involves activities and conditions: 1)

the

following

Attending

Demonstration attention, interest

of and

the negotiators concerns to the

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terrorist by listening in conjunction with verbal and/or non-verbal similar wording. 2)

Paraphrasing

This is a statement that mirrors the terrorist statements in exact or similar wording. 3)

Reflection of Feelings

These are statements by the negotiators that express the essence of the terrorists feeling either expressed or implied. 4)

Probing

The negotiators responses that directs the terrorist attention inward in order to examine the situation or a specific issue in greater depth. 5)

Summarizing

A brief review by the negotiator of the main points discussed about an issue, demand, threat or ultimatum. 6)

Association

The feelings,

expression opinions,

of

the negotiators attitudes and

76

experiences terrorist. 7)

for

the

benefits

of

the

Interpreting

A presentation to the terrorists of a different or alternative way of looking at the situation or at a specific issue. 8)

Confrontation

A negotiators statement which point out contradictions of the terrorists or that terrorist to face an issue he is 5.

or question on the part induces the avoiding.

Dependency

The dependence component represents a condition wherein the terrorists develop a reliance on the negotiator. Dependency consists of activities and conditions:

the

following

1) An isolation of the terrorist any and all external stimuli. 2) The presence of fear and frustration.

anxiety

from

caused

by

3) Problem solving successes on the part of the terrorists.

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6.

Trust

The trust component represents a condition wherein a redirection of feelings between the terrorists and the negotiator occurs so that a relationship of confidence can be developed. Trust involves the following activities and conditions: 1)

The passage of time.

2) The communication negotiator.

presence of realistic between the terrorist and

3) An ability by the influence others opinion.

negotiator

to

4) A belief or commitment to trust on the terrorist part. 5) Transference of identification between the negotiator. 7.

feelings terrorist

or and

Problem Solving

Problem solving component represents a condition whereby the attainment of acceptable goals is encouraged.

78

Problem solving involves conditions and activities:

the

following

1) A focus on the apparent experienced by the terrorists. 2) The information problem.

collection relative

and to

problem

evaluation of the apparent

3) The selection and implementation of a choice. Negotiation Stages with the Terrorist 1.

Introductory Stage

This stage represents behavior on the part of the negotiating participants wherein the purpose is to get attention, develop trust and deal with anxiety. 2.

Information Gathering Stage

This stage represents behaviors on the part of the negotiating participants wherein the purpose is to inquire about, to listen, and offer feedback, information relative to the situation.

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3.

Problem Solving Stage

This stage represents the behaviors on the part of the negotiating participants wherein the purpose is to identify and evaluate available choices to resolve the incident. 4.

Decisions and Commitment Stage

This stage represents the behaviors on the part of the negotiating participants wherein the purpose is to select between identified courses of action and to implement selected options. Parameters in Selecting a Negotiator 1. He should be a mid level member of a law enforcement agency who is a volunteer and in excellent mental and physical condition. 2. He should possess emotional maturities that will allow him to accept abuse, ridicule and insulting statements without responding emotionally. 3. He must be an officer who understands his role as a police negotiator.

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4. He should be a good listener and have excellent interviewing skills. 5. He should be a person who can easily establish credibility with others. 6. He should have the ability to use logical arguments to convince others that his viewpoint is rational and reasonable. 7. He should be well read and well versed in many areas critical to communicating with terrorist from varied interests. 8. He should be able to communicate with persons from highest to lowest socioeconomic class. 9. He should be able to appear sympathetic and understanding to win trust and be able to avoid judging or condemning the other person. 10. He should have the ability to cope with uncertainty and be willing to accept responsibility with no authority. 11. He should have a total commitment towards the negotiation concept. 12. He should intelligence,” “common “street-wise.”

have “practical sense,” and be

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13. He must be able to understand and accept that if negotiations are not progressing and lives are in imminent danger, he may well have to assist in supporting an assault or counter sniper action to rescue the hostages. 14. He should be mature in appearance and voice qualities. 15. He should have a clear intelligence speaking voice that is neither horse nor high-pitched. 16. He should be a person who has a quick mind, vivid imagination and sharp memory. Considerations in Selecting Negotiators 1.

Speaks a foreign language.

2.

Fluent in sign language.

3. knowledgeable religions. 4. Member groups.

of

about

certain

the

ethnic

-GOOD LUCK-

various or

racial

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