Ispat Autonomous Collage: Recent Treand Of Jobless In India

ISPAT AUTONOMOUS COLLAGE

PROJECT REPORTED ON –

RECENT TREAND OF JOBLESS IN INDIA

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OFRASMITA ORAM

SUBMITTED BYSATYA RANJA SAHOO ROLLNO – 17COH146

GROUP- “D”

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It is really a matter of pleasure for me to get an opportunity to thank to all the person who contributed directly or indirectly for the successful completion of the project report,

RECENT TREND OF JOBLESS IN INDIA. First

of all, I’m extremely thankful to my collage

ISPAT AUTONOMOUS

COLLAGE, Rourkela for providing me with this opportunity and for all it’s cooperation and contribution. I also express my gratitude to my project mentor and guide Mrs. Rasmita oram. I am thankful to our respected project guide for giving me encouragement and freedom to conduct my project. I’m also grateful to all my faculty members for their valuable guidance and support for my entire study.

SATYA RANJAN SAHOO ROLL NO- 17COH146 GROUP- “D”

DECLARATION

I hereby declare the project work of “RECENT TREND OF JOBLESS IN INDIA” a case study is a record of original work done by me under the guidance of faculty member (Dept. Of commerce) of ISPAT AUTONOMOUS COLLEGE, Rourkela, and this project work has not performed the basic for the award of any degree or diploma

PLACE- ROURKELA DATE- / /2020

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that SATYA RANJAN SAHOO a student of B.com of ISPAT AUTONOMOUS COLLAGE has undertaken the project under my guidance of the project titled “RECENT TREND OF JOBLESS IN INDIA”. This project repot is prepared in partial fulfilment of the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF COMMERCE MRS. RASMITA ORAM.

ABSTRACT

This paper examines unemployment in India and its current scenario. It also discusses the various government policy initiatives taken to curb unemployment and its impact. The paper also suggests policy recommendations to improve the current situation of unemployment prevailing in India. Unemployment is a serious problem of India. It is becoming more and more serious day by day. Unemployment is a phenomenon that occurs when a person who is actively searching for employment is unable to find work. There are six types of unemployment. Cyclical unemployment occurs due to cyclical fluctuations in the economy. Frictional unemployment exists when there is lack of adjustment between demand for and supply of labour. Structural unemployment occurs due to lack of the co-operant factors of production, or changes in the economic structure of the society. Technological unemployment is that "which is not due to improvements in the technique of production but in the technique of organization." Disguised unemployment is prepared to work but they are unable to find work throughout the year due to the lack of complementary factors. The causes of unemployment are due to increase in population, migration, lack of practical knowledge, industrialization is not equally distributed. This led to increase in poverty, stress, increase in crime rate and imbalance in social and economic status. Proper training can be conducted by the government to reduce unemployment rate in India.

Content sl. no

Particular

Page no

1

Chapter-1

1.1

Introduction

1-2

1.2

Literature

3 - 10

1.3

Objective of study

1.4

Research methodology

1.5

Research gap

16

1.6

Important of study

17

11 12 - 15

1.7

Limitation of study

18

2

Chapter – 2

2.1

Conceptual idea

3

Chapter – 3

3.1

Merits of unemployment

3.2

Demerits of unemployment

4

Chapter- 4

4.1

Analysis of study

5

Chapter – 5

5.1

Finding

27 - 29

5.2

Suggestion

30 - 33

5.3

Conclusion

34 - 35

5.4

Questioner

36 - 55

5.5

Bibliography

19 - 20 21 22 - 23 24 - 26

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Chapter-1 INTRODUCTION Jobless is also known as unemployment, occurs when people are without work and are actively seeking employment. During period of recession, an economy usually experiences high unemployment rates. There are many purposed, causes and consequences for unemployment. Unemployment in India remains a subject of concern since it was first recognized in 1950s. During that period; the Government of India had only few initiatives of employment generation until the first Five Year Plan was drafted in the year 1950-1951. This plan laid the foundation for overall and sectorial development in a medium term prospective for achieving the goal of employment growth and increasing the labour force. For the first time, in the Seventh Five Year Plan (19851990), employment was placed at the core of development strategy. In the Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-2002), employment was identified as one of the three important dimensions of state policy with others being quality of life and regional balance. The Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-2012) mainly focused on ‘inclusive’ growth and conceived employment as the key element of the same. Thus, unemployment has received great importance in the development agenda OF India since Independence. Despite these initiatives, the present unemployment rate in our country is at 4.9%. In India, the unemployment rate measures the number of people actively looking for a job as a percentage of the labour force. The unemployment rate for the year 2013-14 in rural India is 4.7% whereas in the share of urban India is 5.5% which is comparatively higher. The proportion of male and female workforce in rural India is 4.2% and 6.2% respectively while it is 3.9% and 12.4% respectively in Urban India. It is interesting to note that rural females are more employed than their urban counterpart whereas urban males lead their rural counterpart. The overall unemployment rate among male is 4.1% and 7.7% in female across the country. (Ministry of Labour and Employment Bureau 2013-14). Various strategies and proposals have been implemented to generate employment. Many employment programmes and policies have been introduced and undertaken to boost self-employment and help unemployed engage in public works. It is believed that India’s economic growth can be accelerated if human resources are purposefully and efficiently allocated.

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LITERATURE Unemployment may be defined as “a situation in which the person is capable of working both physically and mentally at the existing wage rate, but does not get a job to work”. In other words, unemployment means only involuntary unemployment wherein a person who is willing to work at the existing wage rate does not get a job.

Types of Unemployment in India: 1. Open Unemployment: Open unemployment is a situation where in a large section of the labour force does not get a job that may yield them regular income. This type of unemployment can be seen and counted in terms of the number of unemployed persons. The labour force expands at a faster rate than the growth rate of economy. Therefore, all people do not get jobs. 2. Disguised Unemployment: It is a situation in which more people are doing work than actually required. Even if some are withdrawn, production does not suffer. In other words, it refers to a situation of employment with surplus manpower in which some workers have zero marginal productivity. So, their removal will not affect the volume of total production. Overcrowding in agriculture due to rapid growth of population and lack of alternative job opportunities may be cited as the main reasons for disguised unemployment in India. 3. Seasonal Unemployment: It is unemployment that occurs during certain seasons of the year. In some industries and occupations like agriculture, holiday resorts, ice factories etc., production activities take place only in some seasons. So, they offer employment for only a certain period of time in a year. People engaged in such type of activities may remain unemployed during the off-season. 4. Cyclical Unemployment:

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It is caused by trade cycles at regular intervals. Generally capitalist economies are subject to trade cycles. The down swing in business activities results in unemployment. Cyclical unemployment is normally a shot-run phenomenon. 5. Educated Unemployment: Among the educated people, apart from open unemployment, many are underemployed because their qualification does not match the job. Faulty education system, mass output, preference for white collar jobs, lack of employable skills and dwindling formal salaried jobs are mainly responsible for unemployment among educated youths in India. Educated unemployment may be either open or underemployment. 6. Technological Unemployment: It is the result of certain changes in the techniques of production which may not warrant much labour. Modern technology being capital intensive requires less labourers and contributes to this kind of unemployment.

7. Structural Unemployment: This type of unemployment arises due to drastic changes in the economic structure of a country. These changes may affect either the supply of a factor or demand for a factor of production. Structural employment is a natural outcome of economic development and technological advancement and innovation that are taking place rapidly all over the world in every sphere. 8. Underemployment: It is a situation in which people employed contribute less than their capacity to production. In this type of unemployment people are not gainfully employed. They may be employed either on part-time basis, or undertake a job for which lesser qualification is required. For example, a Post Graduate may work as a clerk for which only S.S.L.C. is enough.

9. Casual Unemployment: When a person is employed on a day-to-day basis, casual unemployment may occur due to short-term contracts, shortage of raw materials, fall in demand, change of ownership etc. 10. Chronic Unemployment: If unemployment continues to be a long-term feature of a country, it is called

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chronic unemployment. Rapid growth of population and inadequate level of economic development on account of vicious circle of poverty are the main causes for chronic unemployment.

11. Frictional Unemployment: Frictional unemployment is caused due to improper adjustment between supply of labour and demand of labour. This type of unemployment is due to immobility of labour, lack of correct and timely information, seasonal nature of work etc. In many times some people change their old job from new job for to income more money.

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Cause of Unemployment in India The following are the main causes of unemployment Caste system: - In India caste system is prevalent. The work is prohibited for specific castes in some areas. In many cases, the work is not given to the deserving candidates but given to the person belonging to the particular community, so this rise the unemployment. Slow economic growth: - Indian economy is underdeveloped and role of economic growth is very slow. This slow growth fails to provide enough unemployment opportunities to the increasing population. Rapid growth of population and increase in labour force: -Constant increase in population has been a big problem in India. It is one of the main causes of unemployment. The rate of unemployment is 10th plan. Agricultural is seasonal occupation: - Agriculture is underdeveloped in India. It provides seasonal employment. Large part of population is dependent on agriculture. But agriculture being seasonal provides work for a few months. So, this gives rise to unemployment. Joint Family System: - In big families having big business, many such persons will be available who do not do any work and depend on the joint income of the family. Many of them seem to be working but they do not add anything to production. So, they encourage disguised unemployment. Fall of cottage and small industry: - The industrial development had adverse effect on cottage and small industries. The production of cottage industries began to fall and many artisans became unemployed. Slow growth of industrialisation: - The rate of industrial growth is slow. Though emphasis is laid on industrialisation yet the avenues of employment created by industrialisation are very few. Less saving and investment: - There is inadequate capital in India. Above all, this capital has been judiciously invested. Investment depends on savings. Savings are inadequate. Due to shortage of savings and investment, opportunities of employment have not been created.

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OBJECTIVES OF STUDY 1. To examine the current scenario of unemployment in India. 2. To analyse the government initiatives for reducing unemployment. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

To suggest way to reduce unemployment. To know more about unemployment. To understand the history behind unemployment. To figure out the impact and cause of unemployment. To evaluate current situation of unemployment

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RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY The definition and age grouping of the youth may vary in different socio-cultural contexts across countries. The sociological viewpoint might wish to define „youth‟ as the transition stage from childhood to adulthood. But the age at which this transition begins will vary greatly between societies and indeed within the same society. From the perspective of a critical stage in the lifecycle, the relevant age could be as low as 10 years to as high as mid to late 30s. However, differences continue to exist in the way national statistics programmes in different countries define and measure youth. The Government of India officially defines youth as persons between the ages of 13 and 35 years and it also varies depending on the programme. For instance, the National Youth Policy of India considers age group 10-34 as youth. The United Nations (UN) and the International Labour Organisation (ILO), however, defined the youth as persons between 15 and 24 years of age for cross-country comparison and analysis. In the present paper, the youth definition of UN, ILO, Labour bureau reports, CMIE reports and NSSO report are as followed ILO reports The United Nations International Labour Organization has published its statistics for unemployment in India, along with other nations, based on the international standards it has adopted.[11] In 2017, ILO updated its methodologies to make the labour force, employment and unemployment trends measurement more accurate and more consistent across countries. According to the ILO's 2018 World Employment of Social Outlook report,[11] it adopted revisions and measures for all countries so as to "encompass the inclusion of additional data points (e.g. new or updated data for countries), removal of inconsistent data entries and revisions stemming from the application of the internationally agreed criteria in the computation of unemployment rates in countries where nation-specific, relaxed definitions of unemployment were previously reported. These changes account for 85 per cent of the downward revision to global unemployment figures”. In 2017, the ILO adopted changes to its overall population data estimate as well, for each country including India. The ILO uses a complex and diverse set of population demographics, sample surveys and economic activity indicator to derive its estimates. Labour bureau reports: The Indian Labour Bureau, in addition to the NSSO surveys, has published indirect annual compilations of unemployment data by each state government's labour department reports, those derived from the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI), 8

Occupational Wage Surveys, and Working Class Family Income and Expenditure Surveys and other regular and ad-hoc field surveys and studies on India published by third parties. CMIE reports: According to the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy Private Limited,[10] India has never tracked and published monthly, quarterly or yearly employment and unemployment data for its people. This may have been a political convenience, states Mahesh Vyas, as "no measurements means there are no [political] arguments" about unemployment in India. The Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy, a nongovernment private entity, started to survey and publish monthly unemployment data for the first time in Indian history in 2016. Its data collection methodology and reports differ from those published by the NSSO. NSSO report: The National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) has been the key governmental agency in India at the national and state levels to study employment, unemployment and unemployment rates through sample surveys. It does not report employment or unemployment results every quarter nor every year, but generally only once every 5 years. The last three officially released NSSO survey and report on employment and unemployment were completed in 2004–2005, in 2009–2010, and 2011–2012. The 2011-2012 survey was initiated by the Congress-led Manmohan Singh's government because it was felt that the higher unemployment numbers in the 2009-2010 report may have been affected by poor monsoons, and an early survey might yield more accurate and better data. There was no NSSO survey between 2012 and 2017, and a new survey was initiated in 2017–2018. This report has not been officially released by the BJP-led Narendra Modi's government, but the report has been leaked to the media. According to ILO, the NSSO surveys are India's most comprehensive as they cover small villages in remote corners and islands of India. However, this survey uses unconventional and India-specific terminology. It estimates the activity status of a person by different approaches i.e. "usual status" unemployment and "current status" unemployment. These estimates yield various forms of unemployment numbers, according to an ILO report, and the totals vary based on, factors such as whether a person has, for pay or no pay, "worked at least for 30 days during the reference period of 365", "worked for at least 1 hour on any day during the 7 days preceding the date of survey", and an estimate for "person-hours worked in the reference week" according to its statistical methods". From its sample survey, it estimates a wide range of employment and unemployment statistics, along with the total population of the nation, gender distribution, and a host of other data. The NSSO methodology has been controversial, praised for its scope and effort, also criticized for its "absurd" results and inconsistencies.

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Research gap The gap between previous year research and my research is one-year.

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Important of study It is very significant to study unemployment. we will know more about our country that what population of our country is employed. we will know the types of unemployed in our countries like educated unemployed which is very common in urban areas. many students with matriculation &post matriculation cannot find jobs. this leads to the waste of resource of our country. other employed likes seasonal, disguised etc which turn the people in a liability rather than an asset for the country. while studying this u would come to a conclusion to how stop this unemployment for example; to stop unemployment we must give appropriate jobs to an eligible person. The unemployment rate is the number in the civilian labour force divided by the number of unemployed. Everyone without a job isn't necessarily unemployed, at least according to the Bureau of Labour Statistics. To be counted in the unemployment rate, you not only have to be without a job, you have to have actively looked for work in the past four weeks. If you were temporarily laid off and are waiting to be called back to that job, you're still counted. If you've given up looking for work, you're not counted in the unemployment rate.

Limitation of study The unemployment rate is not a perfect indicator of employment in the economy. The following are some reasons: Discouraged workers - those who want a job but have given up looking and therefore do not fall within the definition of the labour force.

1. The age range of the sample of the present research was 21 to 35 yrs. only. 2. Parental education of the sample was not considered in this research. 3. Tenure of un-employment of youth was not taken in this research. 11

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Chapter-2 Conceptual idea Before defining employment, full employment, unemployment and describing their kinds, it is worthwhile to explain various terms used for denoting employment, underemployment, unemployment and magnitude of unemployment. Broadly speaking, the concepts of “unemployment,” “employment” and “underemployment” have been built on a number of building blocks. Terms like, 'labour force’, 'manpower’, 'work force’, participation rate’, 'activity rate’ and a variety of other almost synonymous terms are used in various estimates. The labour force of a country consists of all those in its working-age population (those fifteen to sixty-four years of age) who are employed and unemployed but seeking employment. The labour force participation rate is the percentage of the working age population. The work force consists of all persons who are actually working, whether in the formal or the informal sector i.e. the labour force less the unemployed. The term ‘manpower’ is sometimes used to refer to the potential labour force which includes both physically and mentally efficient persons. This term is often used as synonymous with labour force though the distinction exists, viz. that between actual and potential. The terms ‘participation rate’ and ‘activity rate’ are synonymous. These refer to the ratio of persons in the labour force to the population. Most of these concepts have been measured in various ways, in various estimates of unemployment and underemployment, resulting in problems of comparability among alternate estimates.

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Chapter-3 MARITS OF UNEMPLOYMENT 1. Avoiding morning commute: Many people despise rush hour traffic on their commute to work. Being unemployed means no more getting up early to deal with heavy traffic. 2. More time with family and friends: This is a strong positive effect of unemployment for an individual. They can spend time with their children, family and friends. Without a job, there is more time to participate in family or school event. 3. Low wage rate: Low wage rate reduced power of worker to bargain for higher wage/salaries. 4. Reduce inflationary pressure 5. Reduce environmental damage

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DEMARITS OF UNEMPLOYMENT The negative effects far outweigh the positive effects when it comes to the impact unemployment has no society and the individual as well. 1. Not Enough Money: This is one of the adverse effects on the individual. Everything in the world costs money. If there is no source of income, you’re going to have to settle and go without. If an unemployment benefits, but they aren’t going to pay for extra things to do with your family and travel to new place. 2. Health Issues: This is another individual negative effect, but an important one. Being unemployed can lead to depression, low self-esteem, anxiety and other mental health issues, especially if an individual truly want a job but can’t find employment. Tension can occur, causing stress and strain on the body. 3. Social Issues: Many crimes are committed by individuals who are unemployed and living in poverty. When un employment rates increase, crime rates tend to rise. According to the study in the journal of Quantitative Criminology in 2016, individual who are unemployed for socially unacceptable reasons and don’t wish to seek out job opportunities are more likely to engage in burglary or robbery. 4. Waste of resources / opportunity cost of lost potential output (PPF) 5. Less economic growth 6. Redundancies waste resources invested in training & education. 7. Hysteresis effect: Hysteresis effect longer the person is out of work, greater the loss of skill/motivation less incentive to find a work,

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become reliant on state welfare rise in structural employment and natural rate of un employment.

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Chapter-4 Analysis of study 1. It puts a brake on the attainment of economic and social objectives. Measures to increase productivity, for instance, are of little significance when large numbers of workers are unemployed and, therefore, produce nothing. Similarly, efforts to ensure adequate wages and to protect the rights of organised workers are less likely to succeed in periods when, as a result of large pools of unemployed workers, there is intensive competition in the employment market. Unemployment thus represents a senseless waste of productive power. 2. The evil of unemployment extends far beyond any loss of material wealth. A long spell of unemployment ruins a man’s dignity and self-respect; it creates a sense of frustration and, eventually, of uselessness; it saps his power of concentration and his capacity for normal enjoyment; it makes for tension within the family and within the community; and it leaves men apathetic to ordinary social activities and duties, or ready to lend a willing ear to violent expedients for regaining status and a sense of purpose. 3. The worker’s attitude to his job is also perverted. He goes in fear of losing it and yet in fear of excelling in it; he cannot afford to be either conspicuously inefficient or conspicuously efficient. "So long as there is a scramble for jobs, it is idle to deplore the inevitable growth of jealous restrictions, of demarcations, of organised or voluntary limitations of output, of resistance to technical advance.” 4. Finally, the meagre savings the workers are able to accumulate are soon exhausted when their source of income is cut off. Loss of opportunity to earn a living is accompanied by many specific evils:

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a) Deprived of the income of chief wage-earner, the family must have its income supplemented by the earnings of the mother and children or by payments from boarders and lodgers, whose presence may be inimical to family life. b) The existence of a supply of casual labourers and irregularly employed women and children encourage parasites which are unable to survive unless they pay wages below the standard of decent subsistence. c) General depression of wage level is an inevitable result of unemployment. Workers released from industries that have shut down because of depression swarm into those industries that manage to keep operating. As a consequence the severity of competition for jobs is greatly increased and wage standards are lowered. The maintenance of decent wage scales is practically impossible under such conditions of surplus labour. d) Intermittent periods of employment results in wasteful expenditure among wage-earners. Irregularity of income has a demoralising influence upon the habits of the workers. When periods of depression end and prosperity again assures regular earnings, the workers who have been deprived of many necessities and all luxuries tend to spend their income recklessly in their eagerness to enjoy the things which they have been unable to buy. e) Unemployment brings in its train loss of economic status and vast numbers of workers drift into the tide of casual labourers with income cut off and skill going to waste, the morale of workers is weakened and the economic degeneration is the result. Irregularity of habits is the natural by-product of irregular employment. Unemployment creates a dislike for work and stimulates the desire to drift.

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Chapter-5 Finding The unemployment rate was highest among urban females at 10.8% followed by males at 7.1%.India’s unemployment rate stood at 6.1% in FY18, official data showed, highlighting the challenge that confronts the Narendra Modi-led government. The data isn’t comparable with that of past years, the government contended, in effect seeking to refute previous leaked reports that said they showed the unemployment rate was at a 45-year high. The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) of the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) released on Friday showed the unemployment rate in the country in FY18 was at 5.3% in rural India and 7.8% in urban India, resulting in overall unemployment rate of 6.1%.“It is a new design, new metric. It would be unfair to compare it with the Past,” said chief statistician Pravin Srivastava. Highest Unemployment Among Urban Females “We can’t do a retrospective analysis based on the previous methodology — there was no (political) pressure,” said chief statistician Pravin Srivastava. He said this meant the data weren’t comparable. “When we change the matrix, it is very difficult to measure (compare) because there is no means to do a retrospective analysis in that year based on earlier matrix.” “Forty-five-year high or low is your interpretation,” Srivastava said. “The earlier data was captured using monthly per capita income to measure unemployment —now education is the criteria.” He also said the release of the report had not been postponed. “We have not delayed the report, we have only brought in new information.” The data for PLFS for January to March will be released next month, Srivastava said. “We have brought two quarterly data on labour survey. We are coming out with consumption expenditure survey for 2017-18. We are expecting it in June. You can then compare unemployment captured by that survey with PLFS,” Srivastava said. A leaked media report on the PLFS finding in January had said the unemployment rate in India was highest in FY18 at 6.1%, leading to a furore as the country headed for elections with the Opposition accusing the government of suppressing the data . The Niti Aayog subsequently said it was a draft report that had been leaked without verification of the data. The controversy raised questions over the autonomy and credibility of the National Statistical Commission (NSC). Two members of the NSC 20

resigned following the leaked report. “The NSC makes its recommendation, but the ministry has to consider it. The NSC has the role to see the statistical system in entirety in addition to statistics ministry and states,” he said, adding that there is no change in the functioning of the ministry. “The restructuring of the ministry was approved by the Cabinet. NSC is at an arm’s length to the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI). The internal restructuring has no impact on NSC,” he said. CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE SURVEY According to Srivastava, another way to look at unemployment is through the consumption expenditure survey for the FY18, the results of which will be out by June end. The highest unemployment rate was witnessed among urban females at 10.8% followed by males in urban India at 7.1%, rural males at 5.8% and 3.8% in rural females. The survey was conducted in 12,773 first-stage units (7,014 villages and 5,759 urban blocks) covering 102,113 households (56,108 in rural areas and 46,005 in urban areas) and enumerating 433,339 persons (246,809 in rural areas and 186,530 in urban areas). Explaining the rationale behind the high unemployment rate, MoSPI said that with the rise in education and household income, aspiration levels of educated youth have also risen. “Thus, they may no longer be willing to join the labour force or workforce requiring low skills and low remuneration,” it said in a statement. According to MoSPI, there are various facets to the labour scenario and no single data source is complete by itself. “These data sets need to be supplemented by data from other sources so as to collectively give a holistic picture of the overall employment market,” it said, adding that the ministry has been bringing out a compilation of new subscribers to the Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO), Employees’ State Insurance Corp (ESIC) and National Pension System (NPS) to give an assessment of changes in the formal employment market.

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SUGGESTIONs Despite the measures taken by the government, India remains a country experiencing severe unemployment problems. This section seeks to propose strategies for reducing unemployment in India. It is desirable to reduce tax rates and increase government spending which will eventually increase the aggregate demand and the rate of economic growth. Lower tax rates increase the disposable income of people and thus increase consumption and purchasing power leading to higher aggregate demand (AD). The interest rates should be decreased which would lower the cost of credit and encourage people to spend and invest. Also, the exchange rates would get reduced and which would lead to increase export. Reduction of income tax would work as an incentive for the unemployed as well as employed. It is an attractive proposition which motivates the unemployed to join the labour market and the existing workforce to strive harder. Lower Corporation Tax encourages the young entrepreneurs to start their own ventures. Government should invest more in human capital development to increase the employability in our country. It should also emphasis more on imparting quality education to the people. Education should be imparted in such a way that it should empower the youth with the necessary skills which can make them employable. It has been observed that unemployment is especially concentrated in certain regions. In order to overcome this geographical disparity, the government could incentivize firms to set up operations in these areas by giving tax breaks. Alternatively, financial assistance can be provided to unemployed workers who moved to established areas which have high employment. Vocation courses are recognized as an important part of under-graduation and post-graduation collages. Government should emphasis in inculcating these courses in the primary level and makes it compulsory part of the curriculum so that people so that people become proficient in their early stage of life. Career Counselling should be provided within the school and should reach all the students.

Step Taken by The Government to Decrease Unemployment in India 22

Government of India has taken several policy measures to fight the problem of Unemployment. Some of the measures are as follows: Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) was enacted by the Central Government in 2005, aimed at improving living standards of the rural poor and providing social security to them by giving the adult members of every household at least one hundred days of guaranteed wage employment of unskilled manual work in a financial year. The Act succeeded in generating employment in more than 300 districts since it was launched. In the financial year 2013-14, 3,81,26,455 households provided employment.3 Besides all these achievements there are many issues faced by the government which are related to this scheme. In April 2011, the Central and the State Level revised the policy and concluded that the budget of Rs.40,000 crore could have been utilized more efficiently with effective planning for curbing unemployment. Schedule one of this Act focuses on conservation of natural resources but evidences showed the destruction of natural resources in some areas where contracting was allowed and machinery were involved. To add on to it, the lack of adequate administration and technical knowhow at Block and Gram Panchayat has adversely affected the preparation of plan, security, appropriate monitoring and measurement of work. With proper implementation of this policy, the rate of employment generation could have been higher as compared to the four-fold increase in the budget for this scheme since 2005. Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) were established in 1975 with a view to develop the rural economy and to create a supplementary channel to the 'Cooperative Credit Structure' in order to enlarge institutional credit for the rural and agriculture sector.4 The RRBs mobilize deposits primarily from rural/semi-urban areas and provide loans and advances mostly to the rural inhabitants. RRBs encourage entrepreneurship by giving credits in concessional rates. This increases the sense of security to the new entrepreneurs. RRBs also spruce the rural economy. However, some issues were observed in the implementation of this scheme. There are many restrictions in the credit policies which seemingly discourage the rural population to deal with these banks. These banks also follow strict and complicated procedure in deposits and advancing loans which is difficult for these people to understand and undertake. Thus, the very purpose of employment generation has been compromised. Ministry of Micro, small and medium enterprises (MSME) is regarded as the engine of economic growth and development. In India it has played a key role in generating job opportunities and promoting self-employment. MSME Act 2006 facilitates the development of both manufacturing and service sector and also enhances their competitiveness. They are spread across the country and boost the manufacturing of many products thus promoting entrepreneurship and also provide services to meet the local market needs. It is found that since they have limited financial resources, they are unable to hire skilled and specialized workforce. This 23

hinders technological advancement and expansion of the enterprise. Moreover, these industries do not develop the skill set of the employed unskilled workforce thereby keeping their employability low.

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National Skill Development Mission was initiated after the Twelfth Five Year Plan emphasized on bridging the skill deficit needed for jobs. This programme aims to skill 500 million people by the year 2022. The Prime Minister’s National Council of Skill Development was set up as an apex organization to frame policies, give directions and provide vocational training in schools. To promote skill development in rural areas, Apprenticeship Training Scheme (ATP), Vocational Training Providers (VTP) and many other programmes were undertaken. Government has also decided to transform Public Employment Exchanges into Career Centres to provide guidance and career counselling to young people. National Multi-Skill programme called Skill India has been launched which focuses mainly on entrepreneurial skill development. The skill challenge becomes acute for India considering that the country has a large portion of its population below 25 years of age. Currently a major proportion of this population is not productively engaged in economic activities due to a ‘skills versus jobs requirement’ mismatch which leads to economically inactive working age group people affecting the economy and increasing unemployment.

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CONCLUSION India is a fast-growing economy. There has been enormous improvement in the unemployment scenario since the time it was recognized as a challenge. The government is implementing various measures for increasing the employment rate and has succeeded to a great extent. Participation of women and the marginalized groups speaks about the success of the policy measures. The wide spread skill development programmes have gained popularity across the nation. With better enforcement of the strategies mentioned above, the employment level can be significantly improved. 1. Significant difference is existed between male and female educated unemployed youth on stress. Educated unemployed-male youth have found to be more stress than educated unemployed-female youth. 2. Significant difference is not existed between Urban and Rural educated unemployed Youth on stress. 3. Significant difference is not existed among OPEN, OBC, SC and ST category educated unemployed Youth on stress. 4. Significant interaction effect is existed between Gender and Area of residence on stress. Educated unemployed Rural male youth have found to be more stress than reaming groups of educated unemployed youth. 5. Significant interaction effect is existed between Gender and Category on stress. Educated unemployed- male ST category youth have found to be more stress than reaming groups of educated unemployed youth. 6. Significant interaction effect is existed between Gender and Category on stress. Educated unemployed- male ST category youth have found to be more stress than reaming groups of educated unemployed youth. 7. Significant interaction effect is existed between Area of residence and Category on stress. Educated unemployed- Rural OPEN category youth have found to be more stress than reaming groups of educated unemployed youth. 8. Significant interaction effect is not existed among Gender, Area of residence and Category on stress. 9. Significant different is existed between male and female educated un-employed youth on Depression. Male educated un-employed youth have more Depression than female educated un-employed youth.

QUESTIONER This questionnaire is part of an educational research on the unemployment. We would appreciate your honest opinions. Please specify your appropriate answer in the right box.

NAME: -

Date: 26

LOCALITY: -

Contact: -

1. Age of respondent? a: 15 – 19

b: 20 – 24

c: 25 – 29

d: 30 – 34

2. Gender? a: Male

b: Female

3. Marital status? a: Single

b: married

4. Family type? a: Nuclear

b: Joint

5. Education? a: Illiterate

b: Primary

c: Middle

d: Metric

e: Intermediate

f: Graduate

6. Current status? a: employed

b: unemployed

7. What cause of unemployment? a: Illiterate

b: lack of skill

d: Increasing technology

e: couldn’t find the job

rate 8. Is govt. providing employment opportunities? a: Yes b: No 9. If you are unemployed what you want to do? a: Own business b: job 10. Income per month (Rs.)? a: 5000 to 10000 b: 10000 to 15000 c: 15000 to 20000 d: 20000 to above 11. You feel confident if you have any job? a: Yes b: No

27

c: Increased birth

This questionnaire is part of an educational research on the unemployment. We would appreciate your honest opinions. Please specify your appropriate answer in the right box.

NAME: LOCALITY: -

Date: Contact: -

1. Age of respondent? a: 15 – 19

b: 20 – 24

c: 25 – 29

d: 30 – 34

2. Gender? a: Male

b: Female

3. Marital status? a: Single

b: married

4. Family type? a: Nuclear

b: Joint

5. Education? a: Illiterate

b: Primary

c: Middle

d: Metric

e: Intermediate

f: Graduate

6. Current status? a: employed

b: unemployed

7. What cause of unemployment? a: Illiterate

b: lack of skill

d: Increasing technology

e: couldn’t find the job

rate 8. Is govt. providing employment opportunities? a: Yes b: No

9. If you are unemployed what you want to do? a: Own business b: job 10. Income per month (Rs.)? a: 5000 to 10000 b: 10000 to 15000 c: 15000 to 20000 d: 20000 to above 11. You feel confident if you have any job? a: Yes b: No

28

c: Increased birth

This questionnaire is part of an educational research on the unemployment. We would appreciate your honest opinions. Please specify your appropriate answer in the right box.

NAME: LOCALITY: -

Date: Contact: -

1. Age of respondent? a: 15 – 19

b: 20 – 24

c: 25 – 29

d: 30 – 34

2. Gender? a: Male

b: Female

3. Marital status? a: Single

b: married

4. Family type? a: Nuclear

b: Joint

5. Education? a: Illiterate

b: Primary

c: Middle

d: Metric

e: Intermediate

f: Graduate

6. Current status? a: employed

b: unemployed

7. What cause of unemployment? a: Illiterate

b: lack of skill

d: Increasing technology

e: couldn’t find the job

rate 8. Is govt. providing employment opportunities? a: Yes b: No 9. If you are unemployed what you want to do? a: Own business b: job 10. Income per month (Rs.)? a: 5000 to 10000 b: 10000 to 15000 c: 15000 to 20000 d: 20000 to above 11. You feel confident if you have any job? a: Yes b: No

29

c: Increased birth

This questionnaire is part of an educational research on the unemployment. We would appreciate your honest opinions. Please specify your appropriate answer in the right box.

NAME: LOCALITY: -

Date: Contact: -

1. Age of respondent? a: 15 – 19

b: 20 – 24

c: 25 – 29

d: 30 – 34

2. Gender? a: Male

b: Female

3. Marital status? a: Single

b: married

4. Family type? a: Nuclear

b: Joint

5. Education? a: Illiterate

b: Primary

d: Metric

e: Intermediate

6. Current status? a: employed

b: unemployed

7. What cause of unemployment? a: Illiterate b: lack of skill c: Increased birth rate d: Increasing technology e: couldn’t find the job 8. Is govt. providing employment opportunities? a: Yes b: No 9. If you are unemployed what you want to do? a: Own business b: job 10. Income per month (Rs.)? a: 5000 to 10000 b: 10000 to 15000 c: 15000 to 20000 d: 20000 to above 11. You feel confident if you have any job? a: Yes b: No

30

c: Middle f: Graduate

This questionnaire is part of an educational research on the unemployment. We would appreciate your honest opinions. Please specify your appropriate answer in the right box.

NAME: LOCALITY: -

Date: Contact: -

1. Age of respondent? a: 15 – 19

b: 20 – 24

c: 25 – 29

d: 30 – 34

2. Gender? a: Male

b: Female

3. Marital status? a: Single

b: married

4. Family type? a: Nuclear

b: Joint

5. Education? a: Illiterate

b: Primary

c: Middle

d: Metric

e: Intermediate

f: Graduate

6. Current status? a: employed

b: unemployed

7. What cause of unemployment? a: Illiterate rate

b: lack of skill

d: Increasing technology

e: couldn’t find the job

8. Is govt. providing employment opportunities? a: Yes b: No

9. If you are unemployed what you want to do? a: Own business b: job 10. Income per month (Rs.)? a: 5000 to 10000 b: 10000 to 15000 c: 15000 to 20000 d: 20000 to above 11. You feel confident if you have any job? a: Yes b: No

31

c: Increased birth

This questionnaire is part of an educational research on the unemployment. We would appreciate your honest opinions. Please specify your appropriate answer in the right box.

NAME: LOCALITY: -

Date: Contact: -

1. Age of respondent? a: 15 – 19

b: 20 – 24

c: 25 – 29

d: 30 – 34

2. Gender? a: Male

b: Female

3. Marital status? a: Single

b: married

4. Family type? a: Nuclear

b: Joint

5. Education? a: Illiterate

b: Primary

c: Middle

d: Metric

e: Intermediate

f: Graduate

6. Current status? a: employed

b: unemployed

7. What cause of unemployment? a: Illiterate

b: lack of skill

d: Increasing technology

e: couldn’t find the job

rate 8. Is govt. providing employment opportunities? a: Yes b: No

9. If you are unemployed what you want to do? a: Own business b: job 10. Income per month (Rs.)? a: 5000 to 10000 b: 10000 to 15000 c: 15000 to 20000 d: 20000 to above 11. You feel confident if you have any job? a: Yes b: No

32

c: Increased birth

This questionnaire is part of an educational research on the unemployment. We would appreciate your honest opinions. Please specify your appropriate answer in the right box.

NAME: LOCALITY: -

Date: Contact: -

1. Age of respondent? a: 15 – 19

b: 20 – 24

c: 25 – 29

d: 30 – 34

2. Gender? a: Male

b: Female

3. Marital status? a: Single

b: married

4. Family type? a: Nuclear

b: Joint

5. Education? a: Illiterate

b: Primary

c: Middle

d: Metric

e: Intermediate

f: Graduate

6. Current status? a: employed

b: unemployed

7. What cause of unemployment? a: Illiterate

b: lack of skill

d: Increasing technology

e: couldn’t find the job

rate 8. Is govt. providing employment opportunities? a: Yes b: No

9. If you are unemployed what you want to do? a: Own business b: job 10. Income per month (Rs.)? a: 5000 to 10000 b: 10000 to 15000 c: 15000 to 20000 d: 20000 to above 11. You feel confident if you have any job? a: Yes b: No

33

c: Increased birth

This questionnaire is part of an educational research on the unemployment. We would appreciate your honest opinions. Please specify your appropriate answer in the right box.

NAME: LOCALITY: -

Date: Contact: -

1. Age of respondent? a: 15 – 19

b: 20 – 24

c: 25 – 29

d: 30 – 34

2. Gender? a: Male

b: Female

3. Marital status? a: Single

b: married

4. Family type? a: Nuclear

b: Joint

5. Education? a: Illiterate

b: Primary

c: Middle

d: Metric

e: Intermediate

f: Graduate

6. Current status? a: employed

b: unemployed

7. What cause of unemployment? a: Illiterate

b: lack of skill

d: Increasing technology

e: couldn’t find the job

rate 8. Is govt. providing employment opportunities? a: Yes b: No

9. If you are unemployed what you want to do? a: Own business b: job 10. Income per month (Rs.)? a: 5000 to 10000 b: 10000 to 15000 c: 15000 to 20000 d: 20000 to above 11. You feel confident if you have any job? a: Yes b: No

34

c: Increased birth

This questionnaire is part of an educational research on the unemployment. We would appreciate your honest opinions. Please specify your appropriate answer in the right box.

NAME: LOCALITY: -

Date: Contact: -

1. Age of respondent? a: 15 – 19

b: 20 – 24

c: 25 – 29

d: 30 – 34

2. Gender? a: Male

b: Female

3. Marital status? a: Single

b: married

4. Family type? a: Nuclear

b: Joint

5. Education? a: Illiterate

b: Primary

c: Middle

d: Metric

e: Intermediate

f: Graduate

6. Current status? a: employed

b: unemployed

7. What cause of unemployment? a: Illiterate

b: lack of skill

d: Increasing technology

e: couldn’t find the job

rate 8. Is govt. providing employment opportunities? a: Yes b: No

9. If you are unemployed what you want to do? a: Own business b: job 10. Income per month (Rs.)? a: 5000 to 10000 b: 10000 to 15000 c: 15000 to 20000 d: 20000 to above 11. You feel confident if you have any job? a: Yes b: No

35

c: Increased birth

This questionnaire is part of an educational research on the unemployment. We would appreciate your honest opinions. Please specify your appropriate answer in the right box.

NAME: LOCALITY: -

Date: Contact: -

1. Age of respondent? a: 15 – 19

b: 20 – 24

c: 25 – 29

d: 30 – 34

2. Gender? a: Male

b: Female

3. Marital status? a: Single

b: married

4. Family type? a: Nuclear

b: Joint

5. Education? a: Illiterate

b: Primary

c: Middle

d: Metric

e: Intermediate

f: Graduate

6. Current status? a: employed

b: unemployed

7. What cause of unemployment? a: Illiterate

b: lack of skill

d: Increasing technology

e: couldn’t find the job

rate 8. Is govt. providing employment opportunities? a: Yes b: No

9. If you are unemployed what you want to do? a: Own business b: job 10. Income per month (Rs.)? a: 5000 to 10000 b: 10000 to 15000 c: 15000 to 20000 d: 20000 to above 11. You feel confident if you have any job? a: Yes b: No



36

c: Increased birth

BIBLOGRAPHY [1] (2008) International Labour Organisation [Online] Available: www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---.../wcms_100238.pdf [2] (2015) Ministry of labour and employment [Online] Available: http://labourbureau.nic.in/Press_note_4th_EUS.pdf [3] (2014) Employment Plan 2014India [Online] Available: https://g20.org/wpcontent/ uploads/2014/12/g20_employment_plan_india.pdf [4] Nabagopal Das, Unemployment and Employment Planning, Oriental Longmans, 1968. [5] (2014) Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act [Online] Available: http://nrega.nic.in/netnrega/writereaddata/circulars/report_pe ople_eng_jan_2014.pdf

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