Medida De Descargas Parciais Omicron
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Diagnostic Measurements on Power Transformers
Introduction • Partial Discharges (PD) • "…localized electrical discharges that only partially bridge the insulation between conductors…" [IEC 60270:2000] • …can harm insulation systems • …generate electromagnetic signals • PD Measurement • General specifications: IEC 60270:2000 o
measurable
Transformers: IEC 60076 (…and others)
• detection of critical defects • recognition of defects • assessment of risk
INTRODUCTION INTO PARTIAL DISCHARGE (PD) PHENOMENA AND PD MEASUREMENT
Dr. Michael Krüger
PAGE 2
May 10
PD Classification
PD Inception and Extinction Voltage
• Internal PD has hystersis
•
• External corona has normally no hysteresis
b) surface discharges
c) discharge in laminated material
d) cavity discharge
e) treeing
IEC 60034-27
May 10
a) corona discharge
PAGE 3
May 10
PAGE 4
Electrical Treeing in PE
Electrical Treeing in PE
•
May 10
Michael Krüger e Marcelo Paulino - São Paulo maio/2010
PAGE 5
May 10
PAGE 6
1
Diagnostic Measurements on Power Transformers
Equivalent Circuit Diagram
Detection of PD
A Ut(t)
2CS
Chemical (DGA)
ε0
CF
CP/2
U1(t)
εr CP/2
Optical (e.g. UV camera for corona)
Uz UL -UL
2CS
t
U'1(t)
-Uz
B
Electrical (narrow band or wide band) according to IEC 60270
A
Acoustical
Is(t)
I1(t)
I2(t)
I3(t)
CS R1
UHF
Ut
CP U1 CF
B
May 10
PAGE 7
Apparent Charge
t
I1(t) S
q = ∆U 1 .C F
q = ∫ i1 (t ).dt
May 10
PAGE 8
When to measure?
Apparent charge q , of a pulse is that charge which, if injected between the terminals of the test object, would give the same reading on the measuring instrument as the PD current pulse itself.
• Factory test: • Standard measurement during the AC withstand test for every new (or repaired) transformer. Usually low ground noise level.
Expressed usually in pC.
• On-site test:
The apparent charge is not equal to the amount of charge locally involved at the site of the discharge, which can not measured directly. May 10
• After indication of DGA results. • Usually high ground noise level and other disturbances.
PAGE 9
Michael Krüger e Marcelo Paulino - São Paulo maio/2010
PAGE 10
PRPD – Phase Resolved Histogram
The classical visualization
May 10
May 10
PAGE 11
May 10
PAGE 12
2
Diagnostic Measurements on Power Transformers
Conventional Coupling of the Measuring Device
Calibration of the PD Instrument Z
Q =s C =* kU.q max Calibrator C0
I(t) A
U~
CK
Smax
Transformer under test
Ct
Coupling capacitor IPD
U0
Amp.
B
Um Zm Measuring Impedanc e
Filter
M
Cc Testing transformer
PD Fault (discharge)
PAGE 13
May 10
Typical PD Measurement in a Test Lab
May 10
PAGE 14
Noise Filtering
Coupling capacitor
- High bandwidth desirable for sensitive measurement and high pulse repetition rates
Testing transformer
- Low bandwidth improves interference rejection
Test object
- Always use the highest possible bandwidth
Faraday cage
- Only a variable filter is suitable for on-site measurements
PD instrument
PAGE 15
May 10
May 10
PAGE 16
Analogue and Digital PD measuring instruments
Traditional PD Measurement Analogue PD measuring instrument
PD systems
Page: 17
May 10
May 10
PAGE 18
14/
Michael Krüger e Marcelo Paulino - São Paulo maio/2010
3
Diagnostic Measurements on Power Transformers
"Digital" PD Measurement with MultiChannels and MUX
"Digital" PD Measurement with Analogue Filter
May 10
PAGE 19
MPD 600 True Digital Measurement with Digital Filtering
May 10
PAGE 22
PAGE 20
May 10
Synchronous Multi-Channel PD Measurement System MPD600
Page: 24
May 10
14/
Synchronous multi-channel measurement
Separation of PD and Corona Sources at Different Locations with 3PARD
3PARD = Three Phase Amplitude Relation Diagram
May 10
Michael Krüger e Marcelo Paulino - São Paulo maio/2010
PAGE 26
May 10
PAGE 27
4
Diagnostic Measurements on Power Transformers
Inner PD source in L1 in 3PARD 3PARD
Outer noise in 3PARD 3PARD
Inner PD Source L1>L2>L3
L2
Outer Noise L1 ≈ L2 ≈ L3
L2
L1
L1 Outer Noise
Inner PD Source in L1
L3
L2
L2
L3
L3
L3
L1 timeframe 1 µs
3PARD = Three Phase Amplitude Relation Diagram
3PARD = Three Phase Amplitude Relation Diagram
PAGE 28
May 10
5
L1
3PARD
timeframe 1 µs
PAGE 29
May 10
6
Back Transformation
PAGE 30
May 10
3CFRD – 3 Center Frequency Relation Diagram PD source 1
PD source 2
PAGE 31
May 10
Measurement at Three Different Frequencies with 3CFRD
PD source 3
Needle
Frequency 2 MPD600
Surface discharge
FFT of all three impulses Frequency 1
Frequency 2 Frequency 3
PD source 1
FFT pulse 2
Faulty joint
PD source 2
FFT pulse 1
FFT pulse 3 Frequency 3
PD source 3
May 10
Michael Krüger e Marcelo Paulino - São Paulo maio/2010
Frequency 1
PAGE 32
22kV_Corona_Surface_Joint May 10
PAGE 33
5
Diagnostic Measurements on Power Transformers
Coupling of the PD Measurement Instrument to the HV Bushing Measuring Tap
Case Studies
PD Measurements on Power Transformers Coupling of the Measuring System MPD600
May 10
PAGE 34
Power Transformer 132kV/32kV in the Factory
May 10
PAGE 37
May 10
PD Decoupling at the Measuring Tap of the HV Bushing
PAGE 38
PD Decoupling at the Measuring Tap of the HV Bushing
PAGE 39
May 10
PD Decoupling by Coupling Capacitors
Advantage • Little constructive effort • No coupling capacitors necessary Drawback • Measuring tap not always accessible / existing
May 10
Michael Krüger e Marcelo Paulino - São Paulo maio/2010
MPD600
PAGE 40
May 10
PAGE 41
6
Diagnostic Measurements on Power Transformers
PD Decoupling by Coupling Capacitors
PD Decoupling by Coupling Capacitors
May 10
PAGE 42
HV Connections PD free!
May 10
May 10
PAGE 43
Inductive PD Decoupling at Cable Screen
PAGE 44
Capacitive Sensors
May 10
PAGE 45
Practical Examples
MPD 600 MPD 600
PD Measurements on Power Transformers
MPD 600
Measuring Results
Sensor for capacitive coupling (Patented by the University of Hannover) May 10
Michael Krüger e Marcelo Paulino - São Paulo maio/2010
PAGE 46
May 10
PAGE 47
7
Diagnostic Measurements on Power Transformers
Measuring Results
Synchronous Multi-Channel PD Measurement on a 30MVA 115 / 11.3 kV Transformer
30 MVA Transformer, 115 kV / 11.3 kV
PAGE 48
May 10
Page 49
May 10
©
Measuring Results
Decoupling of PD at the Neutral
30 MVA Transformer, 115 kV / 11.3 kV Statistical Noise
External Disturbance
PD Fault
PAGE 50
May 10
Simultaneous PD Measurement on 3 Phases
Transformer with Coupling Capacitors, Step-up Transformer and Diesel Generator
W
V
PAGE 51
May 10
U Coupling capacitor with MPD 600 on U
Diesel Generator
without 3PARD filtering
Transformer
with 3PARD filtering
V
Step-up transformer 400V / 21kV May 10
Michael Krüger e Marcelo Paulino - São Paulo maio/2010
Page 52
©
W
May 10
U
Page 53
©
8
Diagnostic Measurements on Power Transformers
Simultaneous PD Measurement at 3 Different Center Frequencies, Phase U
3CFRD – 3 Center Frequency Relation Diagram PD source 1
PD source 2
PD source 3
3MHz
300kHz
Frequency 2 MPD600
10MHz FFT of all three impulses Frequency 1
without filtering
Frequency 2 Frequency 3
PD source 1
FFT pulse 2
PD source 2
FFT pulse 1
3MHz
with filtering
10MHz
FFT pulse 3 Frequency 3
PD source 3
300kHz
Frequency 1
Page 54
May 10
Page 55
May 10
©
©
Combined UHF and IEC Measurements
Decrease of the PD Amplidude with Increasing Frequencies
3MHz
10MHz
PD is not close to the measurement point (bushing) Page 56
May 10
Connection to the Measuring Tap of the Bushing
OMICRON Energy
OMICRON Energy
©
May 10
14.05.2010
Page 61
14.05.2010
Page 63
PAGE 61
UHF Sensor at the Main Valve
May 10
14.05.2010
Michael Krüger e Marcelo Paulino - São Paulo maio/2010
Page 62
PAGE 62
OMICRON Energy
May 10
PAGE 63
9
Diagnostic Measurements on Power Transformers
The OMICRON mtronix Solution
The OMICRON mtronix Solution
PAGE 64
May 10
Combined UHF and IEC measurement
May 10
PAGE 65
Summary • Partial Discharges (PD) can lead to outages • PD measurement is reasonable tool for diagnosis and quality control
+
IEC PD Measurement
• Sensitive PD measurements: High demands on PD measuring system
UHF PD Measurement
• MPD600: a variable tool for all kind of application… • electrical equipment (cable, transformer, rot. machines, …) • measuring condition (laboratory, factory, on-site) Corrected IEC PD Measurement
PAGE 66
May 10
PAGE 68
May 10
PAGE 67
Thank You for Your kind attention!
May 10
Michael Krüger e Marcelo Paulino - São Paulo maio/2010
10
Introduction • Partial Discharges (PD) • "…localized electrical discharges that only partially bridge the insulation between conductors…" [IEC 60270:2000] • …can harm insulation systems • …generate electromagnetic signals • PD Measurement • General specifications: IEC 60270:2000 o
measurable
Transformers: IEC 60076 (…and others)
• detection of critical defects • recognition of defects • assessment of risk
INTRODUCTION INTO PARTIAL DISCHARGE (PD) PHENOMENA AND PD MEASUREMENT
Dr. Michael Krüger
PAGE 2
May 10
PD Classification
PD Inception and Extinction Voltage
• Internal PD has hystersis
•
• External corona has normally no hysteresis
b) surface discharges
c) discharge in laminated material
d) cavity discharge
e) treeing
IEC 60034-27
May 10
a) corona discharge
PAGE 3
May 10
PAGE 4
Electrical Treeing in PE
Electrical Treeing in PE
•
May 10
Michael Krüger e Marcelo Paulino - São Paulo maio/2010
PAGE 5
May 10
PAGE 6
1
Diagnostic Measurements on Power Transformers
Equivalent Circuit Diagram
Detection of PD
A Ut(t)
2CS
Chemical (DGA)
ε0
CF
CP/2
U1(t)
εr CP/2
Optical (e.g. UV camera for corona)
Uz UL -UL
2CS
t
U'1(t)
-Uz
B
Electrical (narrow band or wide band) according to IEC 60270
A
Acoustical
Is(t)
I1(t)
I2(t)
I3(t)
CS R1
UHF
Ut
CP U1 CF
B
May 10
PAGE 7
Apparent Charge
t
I1(t) S
q = ∆U 1 .C F
q = ∫ i1 (t ).dt
May 10
PAGE 8
When to measure?
Apparent charge q , of a pulse is that charge which, if injected between the terminals of the test object, would give the same reading on the measuring instrument as the PD current pulse itself.
• Factory test: • Standard measurement during the AC withstand test for every new (or repaired) transformer. Usually low ground noise level.
Expressed usually in pC.
• On-site test:
The apparent charge is not equal to the amount of charge locally involved at the site of the discharge, which can not measured directly. May 10
• After indication of DGA results. • Usually high ground noise level and other disturbances.
PAGE 9
Michael Krüger e Marcelo Paulino - São Paulo maio/2010
PAGE 10
PRPD – Phase Resolved Histogram
The classical visualization
May 10
May 10
PAGE 11
May 10
PAGE 12
2
Diagnostic Measurements on Power Transformers
Conventional Coupling of the Measuring Device
Calibration of the PD Instrument Z
Q =s C =* kU.q max Calibrator C0
I(t) A
U~
CK
Smax
Transformer under test
Ct
Coupling capacitor IPD
U0
Amp.
B
Um Zm Measuring Impedanc e
Filter
M
Cc Testing transformer
PD Fault (discharge)
PAGE 13
May 10
Typical PD Measurement in a Test Lab
May 10
PAGE 14
Noise Filtering
Coupling capacitor
- High bandwidth desirable for sensitive measurement and high pulse repetition rates
Testing transformer
- Low bandwidth improves interference rejection
Test object
- Always use the highest possible bandwidth
Faraday cage
- Only a variable filter is suitable for on-site measurements
PD instrument
PAGE 15
May 10
May 10
PAGE 16
Analogue and Digital PD measuring instruments
Traditional PD Measurement Analogue PD measuring instrument
PD systems
Page: 17
May 10
May 10
PAGE 18
14/
Michael Krüger e Marcelo Paulino - São Paulo maio/2010
3
Diagnostic Measurements on Power Transformers
"Digital" PD Measurement with MultiChannels and MUX
"Digital" PD Measurement with Analogue Filter
May 10
PAGE 19
MPD 600 True Digital Measurement with Digital Filtering
May 10
PAGE 22
PAGE 20
May 10
Synchronous Multi-Channel PD Measurement System MPD600
Page: 24
May 10
14/
Synchronous multi-channel measurement
Separation of PD and Corona Sources at Different Locations with 3PARD
3PARD = Three Phase Amplitude Relation Diagram
May 10
Michael Krüger e Marcelo Paulino - São Paulo maio/2010
PAGE 26
May 10
PAGE 27
4
Diagnostic Measurements on Power Transformers
Inner PD source in L1 in 3PARD 3PARD
Outer noise in 3PARD 3PARD
Inner PD Source L1>L2>L3
L2
Outer Noise L1 ≈ L2 ≈ L3
L2
L1
L1 Outer Noise
Inner PD Source in L1
L3
L2
L2
L3
L3
L3
L1 timeframe 1 µs
3PARD = Three Phase Amplitude Relation Diagram
3PARD = Three Phase Amplitude Relation Diagram
PAGE 28
May 10
5
L1
3PARD
timeframe 1 µs
PAGE 29
May 10
6
Back Transformation
PAGE 30
May 10
3CFRD – 3 Center Frequency Relation Diagram PD source 1
PD source 2
PAGE 31
May 10
Measurement at Three Different Frequencies with 3CFRD
PD source 3
Needle
Frequency 2 MPD600
Surface discharge
FFT of all three impulses Frequency 1
Frequency 2 Frequency 3
PD source 1
FFT pulse 2
Faulty joint
PD source 2
FFT pulse 1
FFT pulse 3 Frequency 3
PD source 3
May 10
Michael Krüger e Marcelo Paulino - São Paulo maio/2010
Frequency 1
PAGE 32
22kV_Corona_Surface_Joint May 10
PAGE 33
5
Diagnostic Measurements on Power Transformers
Coupling of the PD Measurement Instrument to the HV Bushing Measuring Tap
Case Studies
PD Measurements on Power Transformers Coupling of the Measuring System MPD600
May 10
PAGE 34
Power Transformer 132kV/32kV in the Factory
May 10
PAGE 37
May 10
PD Decoupling at the Measuring Tap of the HV Bushing
PAGE 38
PD Decoupling at the Measuring Tap of the HV Bushing
PAGE 39
May 10
PD Decoupling by Coupling Capacitors
Advantage • Little constructive effort • No coupling capacitors necessary Drawback • Measuring tap not always accessible / existing
May 10
Michael Krüger e Marcelo Paulino - São Paulo maio/2010
MPD600
PAGE 40
May 10
PAGE 41
6
Diagnostic Measurements on Power Transformers
PD Decoupling by Coupling Capacitors
PD Decoupling by Coupling Capacitors
May 10
PAGE 42
HV Connections PD free!
May 10
May 10
PAGE 43
Inductive PD Decoupling at Cable Screen
PAGE 44
Capacitive Sensors
May 10
PAGE 45
Practical Examples
MPD 600 MPD 600
PD Measurements on Power Transformers
MPD 600
Measuring Results
Sensor for capacitive coupling (Patented by the University of Hannover) May 10
Michael Krüger e Marcelo Paulino - São Paulo maio/2010
PAGE 46
May 10
PAGE 47
7
Diagnostic Measurements on Power Transformers
Measuring Results
Synchronous Multi-Channel PD Measurement on a 30MVA 115 / 11.3 kV Transformer
30 MVA Transformer, 115 kV / 11.3 kV
PAGE 48
May 10
Page 49
May 10
©
Measuring Results
Decoupling of PD at the Neutral
30 MVA Transformer, 115 kV / 11.3 kV Statistical Noise
External Disturbance
PD Fault
PAGE 50
May 10
Simultaneous PD Measurement on 3 Phases
Transformer with Coupling Capacitors, Step-up Transformer and Diesel Generator
W
V
PAGE 51
May 10
U Coupling capacitor with MPD 600 on U
Diesel Generator
without 3PARD filtering
Transformer
with 3PARD filtering
V
Step-up transformer 400V / 21kV May 10
Michael Krüger e Marcelo Paulino - São Paulo maio/2010
Page 52
©
W
May 10
U
Page 53
©
8
Diagnostic Measurements on Power Transformers
Simultaneous PD Measurement at 3 Different Center Frequencies, Phase U
3CFRD – 3 Center Frequency Relation Diagram PD source 1
PD source 2
PD source 3
3MHz
300kHz
Frequency 2 MPD600
10MHz FFT of all three impulses Frequency 1
without filtering
Frequency 2 Frequency 3
PD source 1
FFT pulse 2
PD source 2
FFT pulse 1
3MHz
with filtering
10MHz
FFT pulse 3 Frequency 3
PD source 3
300kHz
Frequency 1
Page 54
May 10
Page 55
May 10
©
©
Combined UHF and IEC Measurements
Decrease of the PD Amplidude with Increasing Frequencies
3MHz
10MHz
PD is not close to the measurement point (bushing) Page 56
May 10
Connection to the Measuring Tap of the Bushing
OMICRON Energy
OMICRON Energy
©
May 10
14.05.2010
Page 61
14.05.2010
Page 63
PAGE 61
UHF Sensor at the Main Valve
May 10
14.05.2010
Michael Krüger e Marcelo Paulino - São Paulo maio/2010
Page 62
PAGE 62
OMICRON Energy
May 10
PAGE 63
9
Diagnostic Measurements on Power Transformers
The OMICRON mtronix Solution
The OMICRON mtronix Solution
PAGE 64
May 10
Combined UHF and IEC measurement
May 10
PAGE 65
Summary • Partial Discharges (PD) can lead to outages • PD measurement is reasonable tool for diagnosis and quality control
+
IEC PD Measurement
• Sensitive PD measurements: High demands on PD measuring system
UHF PD Measurement
• MPD600: a variable tool for all kind of application… • electrical equipment (cable, transformer, rot. machines, …) • measuring condition (laboratory, factory, on-site) Corrected IEC PD Measurement
PAGE 66
May 10
PAGE 68
May 10
PAGE 67
Thank You for Your kind attention!
May 10
Michael Krüger e Marcelo Paulino - São Paulo maio/2010
10
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