MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AN INTRODUCTION R. Ilangovan M.E., Executive Engineer, PWD,WRO Quality Control Division, Coimbatore e-mail:
[email protected]
Basic Resources Needed
Water Dams,wells
Energy-
Hydel,Coal,Thermal
Solar,Wind, Bio methenization
Need for our survival….. Water Food Shelter Income …
Protected water Safe food Safe Shelter Income …
Reasonable..?
More in Short time..?
So we compromise in Quality of life
Recent Global & Local Environmental Threats
Cloud bursting in Utterkhand -2012 Thane cyclone in 2012 Tsunami in Japan during 2011 Forest fire in Russia, Indonesia Cloud bursting and flood in Kashmir Flood in PAK & CHINA Volcano in EUROPE Earth quake in CHINA Heavy flood in various states Collision of Ships at Mumbai Verdict on BHOPAL Gas tragedy case 127 waste containers in Chennai port 180 goats died at Annur Flood disaster in Nilgris Restoration of Orathupalayam dam Dumping of MSW in water bodies
Some Actions against food poison
DEVELPOMENT VS ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
Sardar Sarover dam across Narmada River
NILGRIS -DISASTER
Impacts of Bhopal gas Tragedy
What happens during development? • Taking more sand from river
• Chang of land use pattern. • Exploiting surface and ground water • Destroying forest for various purposes • Wasting our resources • Pollution and environmental degradation and lead to unsustainable life….
REACTIVE APPROACH
SAND MINING & LOWER OF RIVER BED LEVEL
General contents a. b. c. d. e. f.
Introduction What is solid wastes? Present Management Impacts of Mismanagement Need of scientific method Steps involved in MSWM
TYPES OF DEVELPOMENT Engineers, Scientists, Technocrats, govts, private sectors and all people do the development activities for the…..
Economical Technical Social
DEVELOPMENTS
Development
Man had crossed the years with the Development activities for his uplift . Water played a vital role in the path. Multi Purpose Reservoir
Thirst and need made thousands of Inventions which made life easy Space Technology
Air
Flora, Fauna & Human Resources
Water
Natural Resources
Land
Resources Land-Flora & Fauna Bio mass Water Climate Minerals Human being
Flora & Fauna
Forest & Water
Habitat
Habitat
Habitat
CO2 AND CLIMATE CHANGE
RESOURCES DEPLETION Reduction in forest area. Decrease in Ground water level More sand mining in rivers Extinction of species
Increase of Water pollution Reduction of Agricultural lands
Increase of Environmental Issues & lead to Unsustainable life
Waste Management
Waste Management
“Human Rights”
“Human Rights”
a.Urbanization is inevitable b.At present 30% in Urban area c. In Tamil Nadu crossed 48.58% in urban area d.Urbanization produce more SW e.Industrialization also..… f. Population increase….
What happens during development?
• Taking more sand from river- Reduces GW percolation • Changing land use pattern.-Reduces food productivity • Exploiting surface and ground water- Increases water scarcity
• Destroying forest for various purposes- Reduces our wealth • Wasting our resources- Make discomfort • Development generates Solid, Liquid and Gaseous wastes • Pollution and environmental degradation and lead to unsustainable life….
What is solid wastes?
Definition of Solid wastes • The unused condition of used products in solid stage or semisolid stage are called as solid wastes. • A collective term of rubbish, garbage, debris and trash • Merriam Webster defines waste as “refuse from places of animal or human habitation” • The world bank dictionary defines that waste as ”USELESS OR WORTHLESS MATERIAL:STUFF TO BE THROWN AWAY”
Debris’s dumped near the banks of Tanks
Sludge Drying Beds
Sludge Dewatering in open land
Sludge Drying Beds & Open Land Stack Method
Sludge Drying Beds & Open Land Stack Method
Common Scenario… • The sight of a dustbin overflowing and the stench rising from it, the all too familiar sights and smells of a crowded city.
Avoiding Common bins
Common Scenario… • You look away from it and hold your nose as you cross it. Have you ever thought that you also have a role to play in the creation of this stench?
Our Intervention.. • That we can also play a role in the lessening of this smell and making this waste bin look a little more attractive if we follow proper methods of disposal of the waste generated in the house?
Types of Solid Wastes
Wastes generation locations Housing sector Hospitals Markets and shops Government office premises Road sides Public places Industrial area Bus stands
Types of Wastes Decomposable Non Decomposable Toxic Chemical mixed Heavy metals Plastics Agriculture wastes
Types of Wastes…. Daily wastes Festival wastes Weekly wastes Once in a month Unknown wastes
Wastes Generation by new culture
Present Management
Present Waste Management Firing at road side Dumping in low lying area Dumping near adjacent village Bio composting Recycle and reuse Land filling Bio gas production
Firing
Firing
Firing
Impacts of Mismanagement
Impacts Pollutes water bodies Pollutes land surface Pollutes Ground Water Creates more diseases Affect our Environment Damages to our resources Blocks the drain & flooding occur Affects human life
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Global problems Global warming. Ozone layer destruction. Climate change. Local problems Water pollution Land degradation (deforestation) Exposure to Chemicals
Habitat
Habitat
Habitat
Dumping of solid wastes
“Animal Rights”
“Human Rights”
VALANKULAM WITH WATER HYACINTH
VALANKULAM, COIMBATORE –WITH SOLID WASTES
VALANKULAM, COIMBATORE –WITH SOLID WASTES
Dumping of Debris in Ponds
Water Scarcity
New diseases
neha;fs; gut[fpd;wd
neha;fs; gut[fpd;wd
New diseases
IMPACTS OF ENDOSULPHON
IMPACTS OF ENDOSULPHON
HEALTH ISSUES • Heart attack • Kidney failures • Cancer • Infertility • Physically challenged children's • Eye sight problems
Need of scientific method
Need of Scientific method To preserve the water bodies To protect the land surface To conserve the Ground Water To reduce the diseases To improve our Environment To restore our resources To sustain the food production To make healthy generations..
What is Environment? ‘Environment’ includes water, air, land and
inter connection (or) inter relationship which exists among and between water, air, land and human beings other living creatures plants, micro-organisms
and
property.
So
environment has also been considered the total sum of all the factors that affect on organism.
TOOLS FOR MSW MANAGEMENT Change of Mind Set Eco System Approach Integrated Approach River Basin Approach Life Cycle Approach Sustainable Approach Cleaner Production Approaches Resources Conservation Approaches
Fundamentals of Ecosystem
Green Plants
Photosynthesis
Primary Producers ( Plants )
Consumers ( Man, Elephant, Cat, Birds )
Decomposers – ( Fungi / Bacteria )
Flood
REACTIVE APPROACH
Steps involved in MSWM
Overview of the Sound Practices Section
Waste reduction, Collection and transfer, Composting, Reuse and Recycle, Incineration, Landfills, and Special wastes.
Waste reduction Waste reduction at source Home Composting
Collection & Transfer • Door to door collection • Market collection • Street sweeping
Composting • Bio Composting • Vermi composting
Reuse and Recycle • Reuse-Direct use • Recycle-Conversion
Incineration • Hazardous wastes • Toxic wastes
Landfill • Un scientific method • Scientific method
Composting • Bio Composting • Vermi composting
The place in front of the house of M B Nirmal
Compostable Waste
Recyclable Waste
• Organic / Wet / Natural
• Inorganic / Dry / Manmade
• Transfer to Green Basket
• Transfer to Red Basket
Every drop of rain water can be saved
Waste is not waste until wasted Sewage can be treated bacterially and converted as Garden Water
Don’t water drinking water for gardening
Sewage Bacterial Treatment
Have two sets of pots & keep rotating them once in three days between your terrace and inside the home
40 Vegetable plants grown in a place where normally only 1 plant can be grown Pipes / bamboo filled with soil and manure Holes drilled and seedlings inserted from outside
20 Vegetable plants grown in a place where normally only 1 plant can be grown
5 pots stacked one on top of another Set of 4 holes drilled on the shoulder of each pot and seedlings inserted in the holes.
Top of Home Papaya, Drum Stick, Curry Leaves
Plants grown in Gunny Bags
Gate Garden Incredible. The gate itself becoming a shelf cum door & holding plants
• •
• •
Background conditions that affect sound practices Level of development of a Society Economic development, including relative cost of capital, labour, and other resources; Technological development; and Human resource development, in the MSW field and in the society as a whole.
Natural conditions • physical conditions, such as topography, soil characteristics, and type and proximity of bodies of water; • climate temperature, rainfall, propensity for thermal inversions, and winds; and • specific environmental sensitivities of a region. Conditions primarily affected by human activities • waste characteristics density, moisture content, combustibility, recyclability, and inclusion of hazardous waste in MSW; and • city characteristics size, population density, and infrastructure development
Social and political considerations • Degree to which decisions are constrained by political considerations, and the nature of those constraints
• Degree of importance assigned to community involvement (including that of women and the poor) in carrying out MSWM activities; and • Social and cultural practices.
The need for planning • Untreated waste builds up and the problems get worse • Spending money on an ineffective technology shifts the burden of cleanup efforts to future generations • Pollutes the resources
Key concepts in municipal waste reduction • • • •
Waste reduction Source reduction Source separation Waste recovery, materials recovery, or waste diversion • Reuse: Recycling • Redemption center • Producer responsibility
CATEGORIES OF WASTES • Biodegradable and non-biodegradable (Wet and Dry) • Wet wastes are basically organic waste: kitchen waste, vegetables, flowers, leaves, fruits etc. • Dry wastes are taken as paper, glass, plastics, metal, discarded medicines
• Recyclable are paper, glass, metals, plastics • Toxic waste are old medicines, paints, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans, fertilizer and pesticide containers, batteries, shoe polish.
SORTING- NAMAKAL EXPERIENCE • Green for easily biodegradable organics ( say fit for vermi composting) • Blue for non-biodegradables (glass, ceramics) • Orange for recyclable materials (paper, cartons, plastics) • Red for hazardous material ( household hazardous such as mosquito mats, batteries etc.) • Brown for metallic material
OBJECTIVES OF SORTING • To separately store recyclable materials for reuse • To process waste for recovery of material / energy through composting, incineration etc. • To separate hazardous wastes • To minimise waste so that landfill space is reduced
SOME HAZARDOUS PRODUCTS IN MSW Household cleaners • Abrasive scouring powders • Aerosols • Shoe polish • Toilet bowl cleaner Personnel Care Products • Shampoos • Rubbing alcohol Paint Products • Paints, solvents and thinners Misc products • Car batteries
Household cleaners • Corrosive • Flammable • Flammable • Corrosive • Poison • Poison
• Flammable • Corrosive
STAGES OF SORTING • • • • •
Household level Municipal bin Transfer station Waste processing station Landfill site
Principles for selection of collection vehicles • Select vehicles which use the minimum amount of energy and technical complexity necessary to collect the targeted materials efficiently • Choose locally made equipment, traditional vehicle design, and local expertise whenever possible • Select equipment that can be locally serviced and repaired, and for which parts are available locally. • Choose muscle- and animal-powered or light mechanical vehicles in crowded or hilly areas or informal settlements in developing countries. • Choose non-compactor trucks, wagons, dump trucks, or vans where population is dispersed, or waste is already dense
Street sweeping systems • • • • • • • •
Litter baskets. Manual systems. Mechanical systems. Sweeper health and safety. Routes. Frequency Sweeping service areas. Public markets. Financing
Collection accounts for 50-70% of a MSW budget!
SWEEPING EQUIPMENT
Long Handle Broom
Waste Collection Plate and Metal Plate
BINS FOR STORAGE
Bins
BIN FOR HAND CART AND TRICYCLE
30 Liter capacity Handling wt -25 kg Polyethylene
GREEN COLOUR
ROAD SIDE AND PUBLIC PLACE LITTER BIN
MODIFIED BICYCLES
Suitable for difficult terrain with Katcha road
HAND CART WITH 6 BUCKETS
8 bins of 30 litre capacity each
8 BUCKET TRICYCLE
WASTE COLLECTION AND SORTING AT NAMAKKAL, TAMIL NADU
AUTORICKSHAWS
Driver + 1 person Payload 600 kg Suitable for narrow lanes 9 BHP Reverse gear AUTO TIPPER
AUTO TIPPER WEIGHED BEFORE DUMPING
AUTO TIPPER READY TO DUMP WASTES IN PIT OF TRANSFER STATION
DUMPING OF WASTE
DUMPER PLACER For storage of municipal wastes Flap type cover Available in capacities of 3000, 4500 and 7500 litres
TWO BIN DUMPER PLACER IN ACTION
Handles payload of 1800 kg, 2700 kg and 4700 kg respectively
AUTOMATED COLLECTION
Transfer stations and transfer points • Transfer stations are centralized facilities where waste is unloaded from smaller collection vehicles and reloaded into larger vehicles (including in some instances barges or railroads) for transport to a disposal or processing site. • Transfer stations represent sound practice when there is a need for vehicles servicing a collection route to travel a shorter distance, unload, and return quickly to their primary task of collecting the waste. • Health and environmental considerations of transfer
VACUUM COLLECTION
COMPOSTING • • • • • • • •
What causes compost systems to fail Economic failure Failure to secure waste. Marketing failure. Technical failure Failure of mechanical pre-processing. High organic content is essential Failure of biological processes.
BRIEF INTRODUCTION ABOUT MICROBES: DEFINITION: • Microorganisms are too small to be seen with the unaided human eye. • Electron Microscopic View
Harmful and Beneficial Microbes: • Harmful microbes are caused human diseases like cholera, diarrhea, typhoid etc,. • Beneficial microbes are useful to plant and animal kingdom, as well as human being. These microbes are used for environmental cleaning purpose.
Critical lessons in sound composting practice a. The material to be composted must be compostable in order to produce a marketable product: b. Mechanical pre-processing of mixed solid waste does not work well enough in most cases; therefore: c. Manual pre-processing of mixed waste does work on a small to medium scale for the highly compostable waste streams in developing countries, but also in very small projects in industrialized countries; therefore: d. The economic viability of composting depends on three factors; failure of any of the three can cause the system to fail: e. Technical viability depends on three factors: f. BacteriaÕs central role in composting
Pre-processing Pre-processing consists of three separate types of operations: • separation or removal of oversize, noncompostable, or dangerous materials; • size reduction, through chipping, grinding, or shredding, to create many small particles suitable to sustaining bacterial action; and • blending and compounding, to adjust the carbon-nitrogen ratio, moisture content, or structure of the materials to be composted.
Windrow and active pile systems • the size of the windrows, which must be of sufficient mass to allow for heat build-up. The composition of the wastes and the climate are the two primary determinants of windrow size. • the shape of the windrows, which is related to the type of aeration that is used and the type of equipment used to aerate; • whether the windrows are open or covered, which depends on the climate and the moisture content of the waste; and • the spacing of the windrows, which is dependent on the size of the site and type of equipment used.
Suitable for excavating material up to a depth of 3 m below ground level
LOADER WITH BACK-HOE
vermicomposting
VERMI COMPOSTING
Solid Waste Management
Bio Compost Distributed to Farmers
Drama at Kodaikanal on 11th March 2004
ustainable Agriculture inkage to wastes
Panchakavya invention by Dr. Kodumudi Natarajan M.B.B.S
Organic Farming Training
SUSTAINABLE Approach
Urban solid wastes to Organic farming
VERMI COMPOSTING
VERMI COMPOSTING
VERMI COMPOSTING
Sound marketing approaches • • • •
Marketing of compost Market development Elements of market development Government stimulation of the compost market • Compost and land application standards • Compost use in the public sector • Compost as daily or final landfill cover
Government stimulation of the compost market. •
• • • • • • • •
Government action to stimulate the market has been significant and has included: Use of compost in public works projects, including some high-profile demonstration projects in parks and gardens; Giving compost away to garden centers and businesses; Specifying that government contractors use compost in government-funded construction projects; Requiring that nurseries supplying plantings to the government use compost; Supporting the price of compost, either for a short period or in cases where such support is justified based on an analysis of overall MSWM plans or requirements; Removing or modifying subsidies on chemical fertilizers that compete with compost; Providing technical assistance to composting facilities on quality control; and Providing free or low-cost testing of compost for its nutrient value or for suspected contaminants.
INTEGRATED APPROACH The approach that has work plan of short term and long term with all interrelated disciplines to achieve a common goal is called as Integrated approach
Eg.
MSWM
Healthy products to people
Bio compost
Organic farming
Training
Bio-Compost usage in Crops
INCINERATION Factors affecting technology choice MSW incineration can constitute a sound practice only in situations where most or all of the following conditions hold: • Suitable landfill space is scarce, making incineration a cost-effective alternative; • The necessary environmental controls are properly installed and maintained; • The facility is properly sized and sited to fit well with other components of the MSWM system; • The material to be burned is combustible and has sufficient energy content; and • There are nearby energy markets.
• • • •
Energy production Electricity production and use Steam production and use Cogeneration
Integration of incineration with other components of the MSWM system • Siting should consider distance from points of MSW generation, transfer, and disposal, as well as energy use. • Sizing of facility should accommodate other MSW management options. • Materials recovery and special waste separation should occur both before and after incineration. • The effect of materials recovery and composting on energy content must be considered. • Residual ash should be disposed of in properly designed landfills.
LANDFILLS • • • • • •
Key considerations in landfill planning Required capacity NIMBY Hydro-geology Cost Post-closure land use
Classification • This discussion groups landfills into three general categories • Open dumps • Controlled dumps • Sanitary landfills
Sound practices for MSW landfills • Leachate management and environmental impact minimization • Gas management and risk reduction • Secure access and maintenance of gate records • Compaction and daily cover • Documented operating procedures, and worker training and safety programs • Establishment and maintenance of good community relations • Closure and post-closure planning
Planning • Siting • Design • Construction, operation, and environmental monitoring • Closure and post-closure.
Siting • Siting can be one of the most difficult processes in the landfill process. The main considerations are: • capacity • public involvement in the siting process • hydro-geology/cover material • access • proximity to airports
Siting guidelines related to hydrogeology • • • • • • • • • •
•
Do not site landfills: in wetlands or in an area with a high water table; in floodplains; in areas that are close to drinking water supplies; or along geological faults or areas which experience frequent seismic activity. Do site landfills: above clay soils; above igneous rock; and Unmanaged leachate is a serious problem at dumps throughout the world. The leachate from this dump in Accra flows directly into a canal. (credit: Raymond Asmani-Boateng) This uncontrolled dump is situated immediately next to Laguna Lake, in the Philippines, which planner are hoping to use as part of Manila's drinking water supply. (credit: Antonio Fernandez) where cover material is available nearby.
Items for consideration at the design stage • • • • • • • • •
capacity public/private ownership/operation monitoring and control of leachate monitoring and control of landfill gas access and tipping area pre-processing and waste picker policy operations and safety manuals closure and post-closure plans community relations program
Closure/post-closure plans Closure and post-closure plans are required in the permitting process of most sanitary landfills. Their essential elements are: • plans for the sealing and application of final cover (including vegetation) to the site; • plans for long-term leachate and gas management system monitoring; • plans for long-term ground and surface water monitoring; • financial assurance guarantees to the local or state government; and • land use restrictions for the site
SPECIAL WASTES • Medical waste from hospitals, clinics, and laboratories • Hazardous waste in the household waste stream (e.g., oilbased paints, paint thinners, wood preservatives, pesticides, household cleaners, used motor oil, antifreeze, batteries) • Tires • Used oils • Wet batteries • Construction and demolition debris • Sewage sludge, septage, and slaughterhouse wastes • Industrial waste
MUNICIPLE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
FINAL DISPOSAL
A Closed Landfill
Providing Gas Drainage Liner using 200 mm thick Gravel
Providing Impermeable Clay Liner using 600 mm thick clay
Providing Non woven Geo-textiles Liner of 270 gsm
Providing Top Soil Liner using 300 mm thick natural soil for vegetation
Providing Storm Water Drain & Grass Doobing
Laying of Geo-synthetic Clay Liner (GCL) Completed
Laying & Joining of HDPE Liner Completed
Providing Brick Pitching to the side slopes Completed
Integrated Approach For Cleaner & Greener World
Simple Recycle and Eco friendly technologies
Rice Husk Ash (RHA) Bricks
Rice Husk Ash (RHA) Bricks
Kuthambakkam panchayat: Initiatives •
Grass root level planning
•
Vibrant gram sabha
•
Community mobilization
•
Livelihoods based on local resources
•
Employment creation through panchayat activities
•
Housing for all
•
SHG formation
Network growth economy model: Nucleus village
Network village #1
Surplus production
Surplus production for outside consumption and buying services and products
Network village #5
Network village #2 Production for local consumption Network village #4
Network village #3
Network Village Economy - selfsustaining economy zone
Innovations:
Energy efficient water pumping system
Conventional system 5 h.p submersible pump
OHT distribution
Consumes 300 % power in case of low water table!
Innovative system h.p, single phase
h.p, single phase
Saves 60% on electricity!
OHT distribution
Innovations:
Production of Cement stabilized compressed mud blocks
Innovations:
Utilization of granite waste in random rubble masonry construction
Innovations:
Ferrocement panels and joists
Innovations:
Use of mud blocks in house construction
Innovations:
Installation of latrine cum bathing units
Innovations:
Reinforced brick panels and pan tiles
Innovations:
RCC filler slab roofing
Innovations:
CFL based Energy efficient lamps
Livelihood initiatives:
Thoor Dhal unit
Livelihood initiatives:
Bathing soap
Livelihood initiatives:
Groundnut processing
Livelihood initiatives:
Cooking oil
Livelihood initiatives:
Metal pressing unit
Livelihood initiatives:
Jute bags and tailoring unit
Innovations:
Solar power for street lights and panchayat office
Livelihood initiatives:
Energy efficient lamps
Eco friendly Approach
Anna Azzare in Raleagan Siddhi
SUSTAINABLE Approach
Anna Azzare Rain water Harvesting plan in Raleagan Siddhi
Why Green Actions ? Green Habits
Green Consumerism Green Building Green Thinking Green Clubs Green wishes Green Manufacturing
Green Customs Green Education
Awareness with Mass attraction persons
Owner of two philosophies
1.Peace 2.Rural Base system
The “Triple Circles ”… Economic Sustainable Incomes Subsidies Efficiency Sustainable Growth Investment Prioritization Political Cooperation
Environmental Pollution prevention Water Productivity Groundwater mgmt Energy efficiency Catchment management Reduction in Siltation Sustainable agriculture Floods/Droughts control
Social
Poverty Alleviation Livelihoods/Equity Access to clean water Environmental Health Gender/Tribals Resettlement/Migration
To continue Today’s Happiness
and Tomorrow’s Happiness
Let us protect oue resources for the Sake of All Living beings …
Thanking you