Napoleon Revision Notes
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Jack Webb
Napoleon Revision Notes
Lauren Bendelow
Napoleon Revision Notes Overview • • • • • • • •
In may 1821 Napoleon was buried in an unmarked grave on St. Helena His body was taken back to Les Invalides in 1840 Napoleon was a complex figure His military victories have become epic deeds Clamed to be the son of the “French Revolution” and France’s “Saviour” Opponents saw him as the evil glory seeking “little corporal” His personality differed. Some called him charismatic others feared his wrath He perfectly fitted the stereotype of a Machiavellian general
How important to his rise to power were Napoleon’s military campaigns in Italy and Egypt? • • • • • •
• • • •
Napoleon had an over developed sense of his own destiny and believed that fate had chosen him for greatness In march 1796 Napoleon set out with 35,000 troops who were in good sprits despite lack of supplies and pay Napoleon pushed aside the Piedmonts and was soon in Milan Napoleon however could see that he was not ready for an alpine crossing so he turned his attentions south into Tuscany Napoleon kept on getting threats from the Austrians and four separate armies were sent against him and each were defeated Now dominating Italy and sending supplies back to Paris along with his version of events Napoleon bushed north into the underbelly of the Austrian Empire and reached within 60 miles of Vienna before his army ran out of steam He offered them the treaty of Campo Formio in 1797 which meant that France gained Belgium and large parts of Venetia In may 1798 Napoleon was sent off to strike a blow against the British He took Malta on the way to Egypt, landed at Aboukir Bay where he marched to Alexandria and then Egypt Nelson turned up however and sunk Napoleon’s ships. Trapped Napoleon invaded Syria where he was eventually defeated at Acre by the British.
Jack Webb •
Napoleon Revision Notes
Lauren Bendelow
But by now other factors were pulling Napoleon back home. He abandoned his Army at the Directories request
The Revolt of Brumaire – How did Napoleon seize power? • • • • •
• •
In November 1799 Napoleon seized power, year 8 of the revolution in the month of Brumaire With the separation of power in the directory there was little stability and few things go done Director Sieyes wanted to use the Army to change the constitution so firm decisions could be taken Napoleon was to take control of the Paris garrison while the councils were taken to the suburbs after a threat if a plot against the republic Napoleon was a poor speaker and spoke to the Ancients before going to the 500 where he was shot at for being a traitor to the revolution. The shot missed and the councils had to be forced out of the building When the 500 met that night there were in fact only 100 there Lucien Bonaparte gained agreement in the chambers that the Directory be disbanded and a consulate be put in place instead
How far did Napoleon establish a dictatorship in France? • • • • • • • •
Napoleon would concentrate power in his own hands in a centralised dictatorial system Napoleon was to become first Consul and Second and Third were purely advisory There would be no chaos and arguments and Napoleon himself would decide ministers, legislation and foreign policy There were 6 million voters but these votes only got people onto the lists which Napoleon would chose off. Napoleon filled the new chambers with his supporters People who most benefitted from Napoleon – the Bourgeoisie were being drawn into administration of the government Napoleon was offered the position of consul for life in 1802 and a plebiscite showed overwhelming support In may 1804 the consulate come to an end and Napoleon became emperor
Jack Webb
Napoleon Revision Notes
Lauren Bendelow
Napoleon’s personal rule – honours, prefects and control • • • • • •
Napoleon started adopting what appeared to be all of the trappings of a court life Napoleon crowned himself emperor and crowned his wife Josephine as empress. The title was made hereditary in Napoleon’s Family Napoleon divorced Josephine in 1809 because she failed to give him a son and in 1810 he married Marie-Louise of Austria and in 1811 got a son Napoleon took what ever measures to secure power A new honours system was set up
Main elements of Napoleon’s system of patronage • • • •
1802 - Legion of Honour, awarded for distinguished military service 1804 – Senatoreries, granted to senators who got large salaries and land 1804 – 1808 – Imperial nobility and court positions. 18 generals became marshals etc After 1808 – New imperial nobility consisting of about 3,600 people included, princes, counts and barons
Education • • • •
For children of ordinary people Napoleon demanded obedience, a simple moral education would do Most state services were in the military and there were few chances to become civil servants The imperial university oversaw all education There was centralised control and Napoleon hand firm control of teachers which meant that he could direct the Moral and Political decisions of the country
How effective were Napoleon’s financial and economic policies? •
The answer is unclear economic conditions differed throughout France
Jack Webb
Napoleon Revision Notes
Lauren Bendelow
Was Napoleon successful in financing his armies? •
• • • • • • • • •
To 1806 Napoleon financed his armies without crippling tax, and without suffering from debt and inflation. There was confidence in Napoleon’s system Central Treasury Expenditure and income monitored Bank of France taken into state control Paper money abandoned n favour of metal currency Indirect taxes boosted revenues The middle classes supported the government Plunder After 1806 when plunder dried out the army became a strain on the financial system Taxes rose and by 1810 debt was at an intolerable level
Did the French economy enter a period of sustained growth under Napoleon? • • • • • •
Generally speaking no War meant that young men died and so there was no population growth There was no agricultural or industrial revolution in France Capital was in short supply and backward technology Poor communications meant that the huge market for France under the Continental System could not be tapped Wages fell while taxes and prices rose
What effect did the continental system have on France? • • • • •
The continental system caused economic disruption to France as well as Britain It was impossible to enforce and smuggling was commonplace The ban on British goods was being continually increased Britain managed to weather the storm Through making the continental system too big it became too weak and ultimately a disaster.
Jack Webb
Napoleon Revision Notes
Lauren Bendelow
How important were Napoleon’s religious policies to his rule in France? • • • • • • •
In 1801 Napoleon signed the concordat It said that the state would pay the clergy, the pope would be head of the church, but in France Napoleon was in charge The church and the state had been rejoined after their separation in the revolution France would be more effective if it could control the church too In 180 however changed were made which took it past political control and to the anger of the pope napoleon was made a saint Napoleon was lenient towards protestants and Jews as well At first the church supported napoleon however they never accepted being civil servants and they never completely abandoned the Bourbon cause
How successful was Napoleon in enforcing centralised control of France? • • • • • • •
Prefects were key to administration Prefects were loyal administrators who were expected to carry out government wishes to the letter Napoleon did not just rely on prefects. Joseph Fouché the police were formidable People caught doing something wrong received harsh punishment Napoleon put men back at the head of the family Censorship became very important Opposition was limited
Prefects’ duties • • • • • • •
Enforce System of conscription Supervise tax collection Oversee food supplies Ensure smooth funning of local administration Spy on dangerous people Spread propaganda Increase commerce and trade
Jack Webb
Napoleon Revision Notes
Lauren Bendelow
Why was Napoleon so successful in military affairs before 1808? • •
Napoleon was seen as an enviable invincible commander His success was based upon ○ Armies he inherited ○ His own abilities ○ Financial and domestic reform ○ Weaknesses of his enemies
How effective were the French Armed Forces when Napoleon took power? • • •
The revolution had grown the army and its huge numbers meant that it was already a strong force There were few improvement to the army before napoleon but there were some in terms of fire power The French army rarely travelled in one big group. They travelled in corps of about 15,000-30,000 men who moved quickly about 15 miles a day and were close enough to each other they could reinforce if needs be
How effective was Napoleon as a military leader • •
• • •
Napoleon started the whole living off the land thing Napoleon used the swift movement around the battle field by using infantry, sharpshooters and light cavalry to make the pretence of an attack Luring the enemy out into the open Napoleon tried to keep the opposition guessing and confused A lot of napoleons victories were close run things and he used often tired and hungry men
How did the domestic situation help Napoleon? • •
Napoleon’s absolute powers gave him not only control of the army but all resources of state which could be thrown into the war effort Military expenditure was enormous, and huge indemnities were placed on conquered territories for the price of peace
Jack Webb
Napoleon Revision Notes
Lauren Bendelow
To what extent did the weakness of Napoleon’s enemies contribute to his success? • • •
Britain, Austria, Russia and Prussia were all enemies of Napoleon at some time and they attempted to form coalitions They were hopelessly divided they quarrelled about strategy and when things went wrong they blamed each other Napoleon played on this and offered peace in return for them leaving the coalition
What conquest took place under the consulate? • • • • • • • • • •
At the end of 1789, Austria, Britain and the Ottoman Empire were all at war with France after Russia left Napoleon was short of cash Forced loans were raised from Holland, Genoa and Switzerland. Two armies were prepared and one would attack Austria and the other would go and help in Italy Lombardy was captured and once the Austrians were defeated they lost all of their lands in Italy except for Venetia Britain was left isolated Napoleon was doing his best to entice Tsar Paul into a Franco-Russian Alliance The aim was to unite against England in the Baltic Nelson led the Royal Navy and destroyed the Danish Fleet at Copenhagen In 1802 the peace of Amiens was signed
The Piece of Amiens 1802 • • • •
England handed Egypt back to the Ottoman Empire England handed back the cape of good hope to Holland England handed Malta back to the Knights of St John France Agreed Independence of Naples and Portugal
Jack Webb
Napoleon Revision Notes
Lauren Bendelow
Why did Britain go to war with France after the Peace of Amiens? • • •
•
Amiens had solved nothing and a Cold War existed The continental system still existed Napoleon tried to invade Britain and he was doomed, the Royal Navy was supreme and Napoleon did not understand the tides or logistics of fighting at sea Napoleon could not lure the RN across to the west indies and his chance at invading Britain was gone in 1805 at the battle of Trafalgar
The coalitions against Napoleon •
•
•
2nd 1798 – 1802 ○ Britain ○ Austria ○ Russia ○ Ottoman Empire rd 3 1805 ○ Russia ○ Austria ○ Britain th 4 Coalition 1813 – 1815 ○ Russia ○ Prussia ○ Britain ○ Austria
Why did the Third Coalition fail? • • •
Only resentments brought the three together Napoleon quickly planned an excellent strategy Napoleon won almost every battle until the Tsar begged for peace at Tilsit
Why did French power decline from 1808?
Jack Webb
Napoleon Revision Notes
Lauren Bendelow
The Spanish ulcer • • • •
• • • •
In may 1808 the ordinary people of Madrid started an insurrection against Joachim Murat who had been sent there with the French army The Spanish started to arm themselves to kick the French out Wellington turned up in 1808 with 10,000 men and kicked the French out of Portugal. Portugal had been reclaimed Despite being smaller in number the British knew they would be constantly supplied with resources from the ports and their forces were well trained Wellington started a scorched earth policy so French troops could not live off the land Wellington stood strong in Lisbon despite the French’s attacks. Well. Finally broke out of the lines of Torres Vedras and pushed up through Spain and defeated the French on home soil at Toulouse The war had crippled France
What French weaknesses did the Wagram campaign of 1809 expose? • • • •
Napoleons Troops were of poorer quality that what had been thought Austria had managed to copy France’s tactics Napoleons arrogance led to inadequate planning Troops were now diverted throughout the empire putting down uprisings
Why was the Russian campaign of 1812 such a disaster? • • • • • • • • • •
Russia was too big 600,000 troops would be impossible to supply Soldiers had only 4 days rations French had inadequate maps Hunger and disease slowed the Army Supplies were set on fire by the Russians Raids by Cossacks meant huge French losses The Russians burns Moscow to hurt Napoleon When retreating they were harassed all of the way The Russians cut off the river to trap the Grand Armee
Jack Webb
Napoleon Revision Notes
Lauren Bendelow
Why was Napoleon eventually defeated in the years 1812 – 1815? • • • • •
Morale had been sapped by the Spanish and Russian Disasters Armies were too large for Napoleon to control Opponents had copied Napoleon’s tactics Napoleon’s generals could not take the initiative Napoleon’s Arrogance
How important was the creation of the Fourth Coalition to the defeat of Napoleon? • • • •
In may 1813 Napoleon beat off the Allies but agreed to an armistice Napoleon was out numbered and the Allies were now more united Napoleon now saw it as a desperate struggle to project France’s Natural frontiers The allies remained united and entered Paris in 1914 Napoleon abdicated and was exiled to Elba
How important were the ‘100 days’ of 1815 in Napoleon’s career? • • • • • •
Napoleon retuned to the south of France with only 1000 men in march 1815 People flocked to support Napoleon Napoleon talked of a new constitution with Free election and free press to please the liberals But people really were apathetic to Napoleon and his cause now The allies quickly reformed and it culminated at the battle of Waterloo where the allies just about won Napoleon was Exiled this time as a prisoner to the desolate rock of an island St Helena
What impact did Napoleon have on Europe?
Jack Webb
Napoleon Revision Notes
Lauren Bendelow
Why did Napoleon create his Empire? • • • • •
Napoleon insisted he wanted to bring the peoples of Europe together The other argument is that napoleon did it for self glorification Napoleon aimed to establish a dynasty for his family and relatives Napoleon won battles and saw himself as the new Charlemagne More practically satellite states helped support France’s military and the continental blockade
How effectively did Napoleon control and exploit his Empire? • • • • •
He gave countries to family and friends Louis in Holland Joseph in Spain Reforms Abolishment of Feudal system
Was Napoleon a reactionary, a reformer or a revolutionary? • • • •
There are many arguments including; He did not go back to ancient regime He did not make martyrs of political opponents Napoleons Civil Code or the Code Napoleon
Why are there different views on Napoleon and his achievements? •
He is ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
seen as many things Liberal reformer of dictator Radical heir to the revolution or reactionary despot Guardian of civil livery or a self seeking tyrant A nationalist or a greedy conqueror A man of principles or an arrogant, selfish Corsican ogre
Napoleon Revision Notes
Lauren Bendelow
Napoleon Revision Notes Overview • • • • • • • •
In may 1821 Napoleon was buried in an unmarked grave on St. Helena His body was taken back to Les Invalides in 1840 Napoleon was a complex figure His military victories have become epic deeds Clamed to be the son of the “French Revolution” and France’s “Saviour” Opponents saw him as the evil glory seeking “little corporal” His personality differed. Some called him charismatic others feared his wrath He perfectly fitted the stereotype of a Machiavellian general
How important to his rise to power were Napoleon’s military campaigns in Italy and Egypt? • • • • • •
• • • •
Napoleon had an over developed sense of his own destiny and believed that fate had chosen him for greatness In march 1796 Napoleon set out with 35,000 troops who were in good sprits despite lack of supplies and pay Napoleon pushed aside the Piedmonts and was soon in Milan Napoleon however could see that he was not ready for an alpine crossing so he turned his attentions south into Tuscany Napoleon kept on getting threats from the Austrians and four separate armies were sent against him and each were defeated Now dominating Italy and sending supplies back to Paris along with his version of events Napoleon bushed north into the underbelly of the Austrian Empire and reached within 60 miles of Vienna before his army ran out of steam He offered them the treaty of Campo Formio in 1797 which meant that France gained Belgium and large parts of Venetia In may 1798 Napoleon was sent off to strike a blow against the British He took Malta on the way to Egypt, landed at Aboukir Bay where he marched to Alexandria and then Egypt Nelson turned up however and sunk Napoleon’s ships. Trapped Napoleon invaded Syria where he was eventually defeated at Acre by the British.
Jack Webb •
Napoleon Revision Notes
Lauren Bendelow
But by now other factors were pulling Napoleon back home. He abandoned his Army at the Directories request
The Revolt of Brumaire – How did Napoleon seize power? • • • • •
• •
In November 1799 Napoleon seized power, year 8 of the revolution in the month of Brumaire With the separation of power in the directory there was little stability and few things go done Director Sieyes wanted to use the Army to change the constitution so firm decisions could be taken Napoleon was to take control of the Paris garrison while the councils were taken to the suburbs after a threat if a plot against the republic Napoleon was a poor speaker and spoke to the Ancients before going to the 500 where he was shot at for being a traitor to the revolution. The shot missed and the councils had to be forced out of the building When the 500 met that night there were in fact only 100 there Lucien Bonaparte gained agreement in the chambers that the Directory be disbanded and a consulate be put in place instead
How far did Napoleon establish a dictatorship in France? • • • • • • • •
Napoleon would concentrate power in his own hands in a centralised dictatorial system Napoleon was to become first Consul and Second and Third were purely advisory There would be no chaos and arguments and Napoleon himself would decide ministers, legislation and foreign policy There were 6 million voters but these votes only got people onto the lists which Napoleon would chose off. Napoleon filled the new chambers with his supporters People who most benefitted from Napoleon – the Bourgeoisie were being drawn into administration of the government Napoleon was offered the position of consul for life in 1802 and a plebiscite showed overwhelming support In may 1804 the consulate come to an end and Napoleon became emperor
Jack Webb
Napoleon Revision Notes
Lauren Bendelow
Napoleon’s personal rule – honours, prefects and control • • • • • •
Napoleon started adopting what appeared to be all of the trappings of a court life Napoleon crowned himself emperor and crowned his wife Josephine as empress. The title was made hereditary in Napoleon’s Family Napoleon divorced Josephine in 1809 because she failed to give him a son and in 1810 he married Marie-Louise of Austria and in 1811 got a son Napoleon took what ever measures to secure power A new honours system was set up
Main elements of Napoleon’s system of patronage • • • •
1802 - Legion of Honour, awarded for distinguished military service 1804 – Senatoreries, granted to senators who got large salaries and land 1804 – 1808 – Imperial nobility and court positions. 18 generals became marshals etc After 1808 – New imperial nobility consisting of about 3,600 people included, princes, counts and barons
Education • • • •
For children of ordinary people Napoleon demanded obedience, a simple moral education would do Most state services were in the military and there were few chances to become civil servants The imperial university oversaw all education There was centralised control and Napoleon hand firm control of teachers which meant that he could direct the Moral and Political decisions of the country
How effective were Napoleon’s financial and economic policies? •
The answer is unclear economic conditions differed throughout France
Jack Webb
Napoleon Revision Notes
Lauren Bendelow
Was Napoleon successful in financing his armies? •
• • • • • • • • •
To 1806 Napoleon financed his armies without crippling tax, and without suffering from debt and inflation. There was confidence in Napoleon’s system Central Treasury Expenditure and income monitored Bank of France taken into state control Paper money abandoned n favour of metal currency Indirect taxes boosted revenues The middle classes supported the government Plunder After 1806 when plunder dried out the army became a strain on the financial system Taxes rose and by 1810 debt was at an intolerable level
Did the French economy enter a period of sustained growth under Napoleon? • • • • • •
Generally speaking no War meant that young men died and so there was no population growth There was no agricultural or industrial revolution in France Capital was in short supply and backward technology Poor communications meant that the huge market for France under the Continental System could not be tapped Wages fell while taxes and prices rose
What effect did the continental system have on France? • • • • •
The continental system caused economic disruption to France as well as Britain It was impossible to enforce and smuggling was commonplace The ban on British goods was being continually increased Britain managed to weather the storm Through making the continental system too big it became too weak and ultimately a disaster.
Jack Webb
Napoleon Revision Notes
Lauren Bendelow
How important were Napoleon’s religious policies to his rule in France? • • • • • • •
In 1801 Napoleon signed the concordat It said that the state would pay the clergy, the pope would be head of the church, but in France Napoleon was in charge The church and the state had been rejoined after their separation in the revolution France would be more effective if it could control the church too In 180 however changed were made which took it past political control and to the anger of the pope napoleon was made a saint Napoleon was lenient towards protestants and Jews as well At first the church supported napoleon however they never accepted being civil servants and they never completely abandoned the Bourbon cause
How successful was Napoleon in enforcing centralised control of France? • • • • • • •
Prefects were key to administration Prefects were loyal administrators who were expected to carry out government wishes to the letter Napoleon did not just rely on prefects. Joseph Fouché the police were formidable People caught doing something wrong received harsh punishment Napoleon put men back at the head of the family Censorship became very important Opposition was limited
Prefects’ duties • • • • • • •
Enforce System of conscription Supervise tax collection Oversee food supplies Ensure smooth funning of local administration Spy on dangerous people Spread propaganda Increase commerce and trade
Jack Webb
Napoleon Revision Notes
Lauren Bendelow
Why was Napoleon so successful in military affairs before 1808? • •
Napoleon was seen as an enviable invincible commander His success was based upon ○ Armies he inherited ○ His own abilities ○ Financial and domestic reform ○ Weaknesses of his enemies
How effective were the French Armed Forces when Napoleon took power? • • •
The revolution had grown the army and its huge numbers meant that it was already a strong force There were few improvement to the army before napoleon but there were some in terms of fire power The French army rarely travelled in one big group. They travelled in corps of about 15,000-30,000 men who moved quickly about 15 miles a day and were close enough to each other they could reinforce if needs be
How effective was Napoleon as a military leader • •
• • •
Napoleon started the whole living off the land thing Napoleon used the swift movement around the battle field by using infantry, sharpshooters and light cavalry to make the pretence of an attack Luring the enemy out into the open Napoleon tried to keep the opposition guessing and confused A lot of napoleons victories were close run things and he used often tired and hungry men
How did the domestic situation help Napoleon? • •
Napoleon’s absolute powers gave him not only control of the army but all resources of state which could be thrown into the war effort Military expenditure was enormous, and huge indemnities were placed on conquered territories for the price of peace
Jack Webb
Napoleon Revision Notes
Lauren Bendelow
To what extent did the weakness of Napoleon’s enemies contribute to his success? • • •
Britain, Austria, Russia and Prussia were all enemies of Napoleon at some time and they attempted to form coalitions They were hopelessly divided they quarrelled about strategy and when things went wrong they blamed each other Napoleon played on this and offered peace in return for them leaving the coalition
What conquest took place under the consulate? • • • • • • • • • •
At the end of 1789, Austria, Britain and the Ottoman Empire were all at war with France after Russia left Napoleon was short of cash Forced loans were raised from Holland, Genoa and Switzerland. Two armies were prepared and one would attack Austria and the other would go and help in Italy Lombardy was captured and once the Austrians were defeated they lost all of their lands in Italy except for Venetia Britain was left isolated Napoleon was doing his best to entice Tsar Paul into a Franco-Russian Alliance The aim was to unite against England in the Baltic Nelson led the Royal Navy and destroyed the Danish Fleet at Copenhagen In 1802 the peace of Amiens was signed
The Piece of Amiens 1802 • • • •
England handed Egypt back to the Ottoman Empire England handed back the cape of good hope to Holland England handed Malta back to the Knights of St John France Agreed Independence of Naples and Portugal
Jack Webb
Napoleon Revision Notes
Lauren Bendelow
Why did Britain go to war with France after the Peace of Amiens? • • •
•
Amiens had solved nothing and a Cold War existed The continental system still existed Napoleon tried to invade Britain and he was doomed, the Royal Navy was supreme and Napoleon did not understand the tides or logistics of fighting at sea Napoleon could not lure the RN across to the west indies and his chance at invading Britain was gone in 1805 at the battle of Trafalgar
The coalitions against Napoleon •
•
•
2nd 1798 – 1802 ○ Britain ○ Austria ○ Russia ○ Ottoman Empire rd 3 1805 ○ Russia ○ Austria ○ Britain th 4 Coalition 1813 – 1815 ○ Russia ○ Prussia ○ Britain ○ Austria
Why did the Third Coalition fail? • • •
Only resentments brought the three together Napoleon quickly planned an excellent strategy Napoleon won almost every battle until the Tsar begged for peace at Tilsit
Why did French power decline from 1808?
Jack Webb
Napoleon Revision Notes
Lauren Bendelow
The Spanish ulcer • • • •
• • • •
In may 1808 the ordinary people of Madrid started an insurrection against Joachim Murat who had been sent there with the French army The Spanish started to arm themselves to kick the French out Wellington turned up in 1808 with 10,000 men and kicked the French out of Portugal. Portugal had been reclaimed Despite being smaller in number the British knew they would be constantly supplied with resources from the ports and their forces were well trained Wellington started a scorched earth policy so French troops could not live off the land Wellington stood strong in Lisbon despite the French’s attacks. Well. Finally broke out of the lines of Torres Vedras and pushed up through Spain and defeated the French on home soil at Toulouse The war had crippled France
What French weaknesses did the Wagram campaign of 1809 expose? • • • •
Napoleons Troops were of poorer quality that what had been thought Austria had managed to copy France’s tactics Napoleons arrogance led to inadequate planning Troops were now diverted throughout the empire putting down uprisings
Why was the Russian campaign of 1812 such a disaster? • • • • • • • • • •
Russia was too big 600,000 troops would be impossible to supply Soldiers had only 4 days rations French had inadequate maps Hunger and disease slowed the Army Supplies were set on fire by the Russians Raids by Cossacks meant huge French losses The Russians burns Moscow to hurt Napoleon When retreating they were harassed all of the way The Russians cut off the river to trap the Grand Armee
Jack Webb
Napoleon Revision Notes
Lauren Bendelow
Why was Napoleon eventually defeated in the years 1812 – 1815? • • • • •
Morale had been sapped by the Spanish and Russian Disasters Armies were too large for Napoleon to control Opponents had copied Napoleon’s tactics Napoleon’s generals could not take the initiative Napoleon’s Arrogance
How important was the creation of the Fourth Coalition to the defeat of Napoleon? • • • •
In may 1813 Napoleon beat off the Allies but agreed to an armistice Napoleon was out numbered and the Allies were now more united Napoleon now saw it as a desperate struggle to project France’s Natural frontiers The allies remained united and entered Paris in 1914 Napoleon abdicated and was exiled to Elba
How important were the ‘100 days’ of 1815 in Napoleon’s career? • • • • • •
Napoleon retuned to the south of France with only 1000 men in march 1815 People flocked to support Napoleon Napoleon talked of a new constitution with Free election and free press to please the liberals But people really were apathetic to Napoleon and his cause now The allies quickly reformed and it culminated at the battle of Waterloo where the allies just about won Napoleon was Exiled this time as a prisoner to the desolate rock of an island St Helena
What impact did Napoleon have on Europe?
Jack Webb
Napoleon Revision Notes
Lauren Bendelow
Why did Napoleon create his Empire? • • • • •
Napoleon insisted he wanted to bring the peoples of Europe together The other argument is that napoleon did it for self glorification Napoleon aimed to establish a dynasty for his family and relatives Napoleon won battles and saw himself as the new Charlemagne More practically satellite states helped support France’s military and the continental blockade
How effectively did Napoleon control and exploit his Empire? • • • • •
He gave countries to family and friends Louis in Holland Joseph in Spain Reforms Abolishment of Feudal system
Was Napoleon a reactionary, a reformer or a revolutionary? • • • •
There are many arguments including; He did not go back to ancient regime He did not make martyrs of political opponents Napoleons Civil Code or the Code Napoleon
Why are there different views on Napoleon and his achievements? •
He is ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
seen as many things Liberal reformer of dictator Radical heir to the revolution or reactionary despot Guardian of civil livery or a self seeking tyrant A nationalist or a greedy conqueror A man of principles or an arrogant, selfish Corsican ogre
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