Operant Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning is a behavioral learning theory introduced by psychologist B.F. Skinner. Also known as Instrumental conditioning, it relies on the basis of using positive and negative reinforcement to illicit desired behaviors and decrease undesired behaviors. Skinners theory relies heavily on future behaviors. Because of its effects on behavior and probability to significantly influence behavior, Operant conditioning is still highly apparent in education and even in organizational behavior (Operant Conditioning, 2009). Since both workplace and educational environments focus on learning, operant conditioning is used as a tool to influence change in learning and behavior. Positive reinforcers are often used to increase the likelihood of certain behaviors in classrooms. “Activity reinforcers are among the most educationally relevant, since activities can be done with educational value” (Tuckman, 2009). It’s also important to only maintain the positive reinforcement (rewards or punishment) at rare occasions once the desired behavior is more prevalent. This is more of a mechanical behavior vs consequence aspect of operant conditioning. As educators it’s important to keep in mind how positive and negative reinforcement in the environment can affect behavior. A recent study on early adolescents showed how positive and negative environmental reinforcers effect behavior over a span of a year. Research was completed on 230 participants to “to examine the combined influence of positive reinforcement process using a behavioral task measuring risk taking propensity and negative reinforcement processes using a behavioral task measuring deficits in distress tolerance on a range of risk taking behaviors” (Daughters et al, 2010). Data indicated that from these adolescents between the age of 9-13 with a risk taking propensity displayed a higher number of risk taking behaviors but only if they had a low distress tolerance. The study showed that both positive and negative reinforcement in combination can help to assess early risk behavior in youth. Operant conditioning, when used correctly or with a well thought our intent, is a beneficial learning theory in the classroom. However; educators must also take into consideration their students’ environment and cognition. Skinner advocated Behaviorism as more of a cause and effect model when certain behaviors are cause for certain consequences. However one must also look at cognition in behavioral change. Thinking and internal processes can also influence behavioral change.

Operant Conditioning

References MacPherson, L., Reynolds, E., Daughters, S., Wang, F., Cassidy, J., Mayes, L., & Lejuez, C. (2010). Positive and negative reinforcement underlying risk behavior in early adolescents. Prevention Science: The Official Journal Of The Society For Prevention Research, 11(3), 331-342. doi:10.1007/s11121-010-0172-7 "Operant Conditioning." Encyclopedia of Management. 2009. Encyclopedia.com. 27 May. 2014 . Tuckman, Bruce. (December 23, 2009). Operant Conditioning. Retrieved 27 May 2014 from http://www.education.com/reference/article/operant-conditioning/