Petrophysical Pocket Pal Lecture 6
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CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL
POCKET PAL LECTURE 6 – QUANTITATIVE 1 Practical, Integrated, Quantitative Petrophysical Log Analysis Presented By:
E. R. (Ross) Crain, P.Eng. www.Spec2000.net c. 1978 – 2009
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL OVERALL COURSE OUTLINE 01 Overview 02 Resistivity Logs 03 Porosity Logs 04 Log Response 05 Visual Log Analysis
06 Quantitative Models 1 07 Quantitative Models 2 08 Lithology Models 09 More Porosity Models 10 Gas Reservoirs 11 Radioactive Sands 12 Fractured Reservoirs 13 Carbonate Reservoirs
14 Rock Properties 15 Closure Stress 16 Ancient Logs 17 Laminated Reservoirs 18 Dipmeter Tools 19 Structure 20 Stratigraphy 21 Seismic Petrophysics 22 Log Editing 23 Syn Seismograms 24 Inversion, VSP, AVO 25 Seismic Exercise 26 Cement Integrity
c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
2
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL 4.00 Quantitative Analysis THIS IS A SAMPLE LECTURE AND IS PURPOSELY INCOMPLETE – THE FULL LECTURE CONTAINS 47 SLIDES. Shale, Porosity, Water Saturation Permeability Cutoffs, Net Pay, Mappable Properties Productivity and Reserves Build Spreadsheet for Exercise #1 c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
3
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL 4.00 Quantitative Analysis WHAT ANSWERS CAN LOG ANALYSIS PROVIDE? Shale volume Effective porosity Lithology Water resistivity Water saturation Permeability Productivity Net pay Reservoir Volume
(Vsh) (PHIe) (V1, V2, ...) (Rw) (Sw) (Perm) (Qo, Qg) (Hnet) (OIP, GIP)
c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
4
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL 4.00 Shale Volume SHALE VOLUME - Calibrate to core description, thin section point counts, or X-ray diffraction data.
c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
5
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL 4.00 Shale Volume SHALE VOLUME MATH 1: Vshg = (GR - GR0) / (GR100 - GR0) 2: Vshs = (SP - SP0) / (SP100 - SP0) 3: Vshx = (PHIN - PHID) / (PHINSH - PHIDSH) 4: Vsh = Min (Vshg, Vshs, Vshr, Vshx, Vshc)
c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
6
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL 5.04 Effective Porosity EFFECTIVE POROSITY - Calibrate to core analysis.
c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
7
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL 5.04 Porosity from Complex Lithology COMPLEX LITHOLOGY MATH 1: PHIdc = PHID - (Vsh * PHIDSH) 2: PHInc = PHIN - (Vsh * PHINSH) 3: PHIxdn = (PHInc + PHIdc) / 2 PHIDSH and PHINSH are constants for each zone, and are picked only once.
c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
8
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL 8.00 Water Saturation WATER SATURATION - Calibrate with capillary pressure data. Typical Oil/Gas Zone: Actual Saturation = Irreducible Transition or Depleted Zone: Actual Saturation > Irreducible
c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
9
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL 8.01 Saturation Parameters A, M, & N ARCHIE’S LAWS F = R0 / Rw F = A / (PHIt ^ M)
F vs PHIcore Slope = M Intercept = A
c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
10
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL 8.01 Saturation Parameters A, M, & N ARCHIE’S LAWS I = Rt / R0 Sw = ( 1 / I ) ^ (1 / N) = (F * Rw / Rt) ^ (-N)
I vs SWcore Slope = N Intercept = 1.0 c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
11
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL 8.02 Saturation from Archie ARCHIE SATURATION MATH 1: PHIt = (PHID + PHIN) / 2 2: Rwa = (PHIt ^ M) * RESD / A 3: SWa = (RW@FT / Rwa) ^ (1 / N) PARAMETERS: for sandstone A = 0.62 M = 2.15 N = 2.00 for carbonates A = 1.00 M = 2.00 N = 2.00 for fractured zones M = 1.2 to 1.7 NOTE: A, M, and N should be determined from special core analysis if possible. c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
12
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL 8.03 Saturation from Simandoux SIMANDOUX SATURATION MATH 1: C = (1 - Vsh) * A * RW@FT / (PHIe ^ M) 2: D = C * Vsh / (2 * RSH) 3: E = C / RESD 4: SWs = ((D ^ 2 + E) ^ 0.5 - D) ^ (2 / N) PARAMETERS: for sandstone A = 0.62 M = 2.15 N = 2.00 for carbonates A = 1.00 M = 2.00 N = 2.00 for fractured zones M = 1.2 to 1.7 c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
13
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL 8.04 Saturation from Dual Water DUAL WATER SATURATION MATH 0: BVWSH = (PHINSH + PHIDSH) / 2 1: RWSH = (BVWSH ^ M) * RSH / A 2: C = 1+(BVWSH * Vsh / PHIt*(RW@FT - RWSH)/RWSH) 3: Ro = A * RW@FT / (PHIt ^ M) * C 4: SWt = (Ro / RESD) ^ (1 / N) 5: SWd = (PHIt * SWt - Vsh * BVWSH) / PHIe
PARAMETERS: for sandstone A = 0.62 M = 2.15 N = 2.00 for carbonates A = 1.00 M = 2.00 N = 2.00 for fractured zones M = 1.2 to 1.7 c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
14
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL Exercise #1 – Quantitative Log Analysis
c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
15
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL 8.06 Irreducible Water Saturation IRREDUCIBLE WATER SATURATION (SWir) the fraction of the effective porosity that contains water that will not flow out of the rock.
c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
16
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL 8.06 Buckle’s Number BUCKLES’ NUMBER – the product of porosity and water saturation is a constant, if pore geometry does not change. From core data: KBUCKL = PHIcore * SWmin From log data: KBUCKL = PHIe * SWa in good oil zone
c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
17
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL 8.06 Irreducible Water Saturation IRREDUCIBLE WATER SATURATION MATH 1: KBUCKL = PHIe * SWe (in a CLEAN zone that produced initially with no water, or from core data)
2: SWbuckle = KBUCKL / PHIe / (1 – Vsh) 3: SWir = Min (SWactual, SWbuckle) 4: IF SWactual >> SWir 5: THEN Zone will make some water
c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
18
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL 9.01 Permeability from Wyllie-Rose PERMEABILITY MATH – from Wyllie-Rose 1: PERMw = CPERM * (PHIe^DPERM) / (SWir^EPERM)
PARAMETERS: RESEARCHER CPERM * OIL or WATER GAS Morris-Biggs 65000 6500 Timur 6500 650
c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
DPERM 6.0 4.5
EPERM 2.0 2.0
19
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL 9.01 Permeability from Wyllie-Rose PERMEABILITY MATH – from Wyllie-Rose PHIe – SWir Crossplot
c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
20
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL 9.02 Permeability from Porosity PERMEABILITY MATH – from Porosity 1: PERMp = 10 ^ (HPERM * PHIe + JPERM) PARAMETERS: Sandstones Carbonates Very fine grain Chalky Fine grain CryptocrystallineMedium grain Intercrystalline Coarse grain SucrosicConglomerate Fine vuggy Unconsolidated Coarse vuggy Fractured Fractured
JPERM -3.00 -2.50 -2.20 -2.00 -1.80 -1.50 -1.00
c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
HPERM 16 18 20 22 24 26 30
21
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL 9.02 Permeability from Porosity PERMEABILITY MATH – from Porosity META/LOG ANALYSIS
PHIe – Kmax Crossplot
Hangingstone - 2 Wells Core Porosity - fractional
0. 40 0. 30 0. 20 0. 10 0. 00 0. 1
10 1
10 00 10 0
10 000
Core P erme ability - mD R -square = 0. 966
# pts = 156
P e rm = -1 2009 0 ^ (1 8 . 3 * P H I e -3 . 0 0 ) c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978
22
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL Exercise #1 – Quantitative Analysis Spreadsheet
c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
23
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL QUIZ #6: Quantitative Methods 1 1. Use the shale corrected complex lithology model to calculate porosity for the following cases, assume all zones are clean (no shale) and oil bearing: a. Limestone rock, Sandstone units log PHIN = 0.19 PHID = 0.12 ___________ b. Sandstone rock, Sandstone units log PHIN = 0.16 PHID = 0.15 ___________ c. Dolomite rock, Limestone units log PHIN = 0.20 PHID = 0.11 ___________ d. Limestone rock, Limestonestone units log PHIN = 0.16 PHID = 0.15 ___________ e. Sandstone rock, Limestone units log PHIN = 0.12 PHID = 0.19 ___________ 2. Assume water bearing sandstone with total porosity of 0.25 and deep resistivity of 2.5 ohm-m. Show all steps and calculate water resistivity, RW@FT. 3. Assume a water catalog value. RW@25C, of 0.20 ohm-m. What is the RW@FT if surface temperature is 20’C, formation temperature is 70’C. Show all mathematical steps. 4.
Assume a clean sandstone has a total porosity of 0.20 and deep resistivity of 25 ohm-m. Use the RW@FT from Question #2. Show all steps and calculate water saturation SWa from the Archie equation.
5. Assume the zone in Question #4 is at irreducible water saturation. What is Buckles Number for this zone. Using this value, what is the irreducible water saturation for the sandstone in 24 c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009 Question #2.
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL QUIZ #6: Quantitative Methods 1 6. Formation Factor (F) is: a. resistivity of a water filled rock divided by resistivity of the water in the rock (R0/Rw) b. porosity divided by resistivity of the water filled rock (PHIe/R0) c. porosity raised to the power of M (PHIe^M) d. resistivity of partially saturated rock divided by resistivity of same rock full of water (Rt/R0) 7. Resistivity Index ( I ) is: a. resistivity of a water filled rock divided by resistivity of the water in the rock (R0/Rw) b. porosity divided by resistivity of the water filled rock (PHIe/R0) c. porosity raised to the power of M (PHIe^M) d. resistivity of partially saturated rock divided by resistivity of the rock full of water (Rt/R0) 8. Define Irreducible Water Saturation. 9. Define Absolute Permeability. 10. Define Productivity. c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
25
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL
POCKET PAL LECTURE 6 – QUANTITATIVE 1 Practical, Integrated, Quantitative Petrophysical Log Analysis Presented By:
E. R. (Ross) Crain, P.Eng. www.Spec2000.net c. 1978 – 2009
POCKET PAL LECTURE 6 – QUANTITATIVE 1 Practical, Integrated, Quantitative Petrophysical Log Analysis Presented By:
E. R. (Ross) Crain, P.Eng. www.Spec2000.net c. 1978 – 2009
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL OVERALL COURSE OUTLINE 01 Overview 02 Resistivity Logs 03 Porosity Logs 04 Log Response 05 Visual Log Analysis
06 Quantitative Models 1 07 Quantitative Models 2 08 Lithology Models 09 More Porosity Models 10 Gas Reservoirs 11 Radioactive Sands 12 Fractured Reservoirs 13 Carbonate Reservoirs
14 Rock Properties 15 Closure Stress 16 Ancient Logs 17 Laminated Reservoirs 18 Dipmeter Tools 19 Structure 20 Stratigraphy 21 Seismic Petrophysics 22 Log Editing 23 Syn Seismograms 24 Inversion, VSP, AVO 25 Seismic Exercise 26 Cement Integrity
c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
2
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL 4.00 Quantitative Analysis THIS IS A SAMPLE LECTURE AND IS PURPOSELY INCOMPLETE – THE FULL LECTURE CONTAINS 47 SLIDES. Shale, Porosity, Water Saturation Permeability Cutoffs, Net Pay, Mappable Properties Productivity and Reserves Build Spreadsheet for Exercise #1 c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
3
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL 4.00 Quantitative Analysis WHAT ANSWERS CAN LOG ANALYSIS PROVIDE? Shale volume Effective porosity Lithology Water resistivity Water saturation Permeability Productivity Net pay Reservoir Volume
(Vsh) (PHIe) (V1, V2, ...) (Rw) (Sw) (Perm) (Qo, Qg) (Hnet) (OIP, GIP)
c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
4
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL 4.00 Shale Volume SHALE VOLUME - Calibrate to core description, thin section point counts, or X-ray diffraction data.
c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
5
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL 4.00 Shale Volume SHALE VOLUME MATH 1: Vshg = (GR - GR0) / (GR100 - GR0) 2: Vshs = (SP - SP0) / (SP100 - SP0) 3: Vshx = (PHIN - PHID) / (PHINSH - PHIDSH) 4: Vsh = Min (Vshg, Vshs, Vshr, Vshx, Vshc)
c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
6
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL 5.04 Effective Porosity EFFECTIVE POROSITY - Calibrate to core analysis.
c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
7
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL 5.04 Porosity from Complex Lithology COMPLEX LITHOLOGY MATH 1: PHIdc = PHID - (Vsh * PHIDSH) 2: PHInc = PHIN - (Vsh * PHINSH) 3: PHIxdn = (PHInc + PHIdc) / 2 PHIDSH and PHINSH are constants for each zone, and are picked only once.
c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
8
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL 8.00 Water Saturation WATER SATURATION - Calibrate with capillary pressure data. Typical Oil/Gas Zone: Actual Saturation = Irreducible Transition or Depleted Zone: Actual Saturation > Irreducible
c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
9
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL 8.01 Saturation Parameters A, M, & N ARCHIE’S LAWS F = R0 / Rw F = A / (PHIt ^ M)
F vs PHIcore Slope = M Intercept = A
c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
10
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL 8.01 Saturation Parameters A, M, & N ARCHIE’S LAWS I = Rt / R0 Sw = ( 1 / I ) ^ (1 / N) = (F * Rw / Rt) ^ (-N)
I vs SWcore Slope = N Intercept = 1.0 c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
11
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL 8.02 Saturation from Archie ARCHIE SATURATION MATH 1: PHIt = (PHID + PHIN) / 2 2: Rwa = (PHIt ^ M) * RESD / A 3: SWa = (RW@FT / Rwa) ^ (1 / N) PARAMETERS: for sandstone A = 0.62 M = 2.15 N = 2.00 for carbonates A = 1.00 M = 2.00 N = 2.00 for fractured zones M = 1.2 to 1.7 NOTE: A, M, and N should be determined from special core analysis if possible. c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
12
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL 8.03 Saturation from Simandoux SIMANDOUX SATURATION MATH 1: C = (1 - Vsh) * A * RW@FT / (PHIe ^ M) 2: D = C * Vsh / (2 * RSH) 3: E = C / RESD 4: SWs = ((D ^ 2 + E) ^ 0.5 - D) ^ (2 / N) PARAMETERS: for sandstone A = 0.62 M = 2.15 N = 2.00 for carbonates A = 1.00 M = 2.00 N = 2.00 for fractured zones M = 1.2 to 1.7 c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
13
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL 8.04 Saturation from Dual Water DUAL WATER SATURATION MATH 0: BVWSH = (PHINSH + PHIDSH) / 2 1: RWSH = (BVWSH ^ M) * RSH / A 2: C = 1+(BVWSH * Vsh / PHIt*(RW@FT - RWSH)/RWSH) 3: Ro = A * RW@FT / (PHIt ^ M) * C 4: SWt = (Ro / RESD) ^ (1 / N) 5: SWd = (PHIt * SWt - Vsh * BVWSH) / PHIe
PARAMETERS: for sandstone A = 0.62 M = 2.15 N = 2.00 for carbonates A = 1.00 M = 2.00 N = 2.00 for fractured zones M = 1.2 to 1.7 c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
14
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL Exercise #1 – Quantitative Log Analysis
c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
15
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL 8.06 Irreducible Water Saturation IRREDUCIBLE WATER SATURATION (SWir) the fraction of the effective porosity that contains water that will not flow out of the rock.
c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
16
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL 8.06 Buckle’s Number BUCKLES’ NUMBER – the product of porosity and water saturation is a constant, if pore geometry does not change. From core data: KBUCKL = PHIcore * SWmin From log data: KBUCKL = PHIe * SWa in good oil zone
c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
17
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL 8.06 Irreducible Water Saturation IRREDUCIBLE WATER SATURATION MATH 1: KBUCKL = PHIe * SWe (in a CLEAN zone that produced initially with no water, or from core data)
2: SWbuckle = KBUCKL / PHIe / (1 – Vsh) 3: SWir = Min (SWactual, SWbuckle) 4: IF SWactual >> SWir 5: THEN Zone will make some water
c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
18
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL 9.01 Permeability from Wyllie-Rose PERMEABILITY MATH – from Wyllie-Rose 1: PERMw = CPERM * (PHIe^DPERM) / (SWir^EPERM)
PARAMETERS: RESEARCHER CPERM * OIL or WATER GAS Morris-Biggs 65000 6500 Timur 6500 650
c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
DPERM 6.0 4.5
EPERM 2.0 2.0
19
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL 9.01 Permeability from Wyllie-Rose PERMEABILITY MATH – from Wyllie-Rose PHIe – SWir Crossplot
c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
20
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL 9.02 Permeability from Porosity PERMEABILITY MATH – from Porosity 1: PERMp = 10 ^ (HPERM * PHIe + JPERM) PARAMETERS: Sandstones Carbonates Very fine grain Chalky Fine grain CryptocrystallineMedium grain Intercrystalline Coarse grain SucrosicConglomerate Fine vuggy Unconsolidated Coarse vuggy Fractured Fractured
JPERM -3.00 -2.50 -2.20 -2.00 -1.80 -1.50 -1.00
c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
HPERM 16 18 20 22 24 26 30
21
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL 9.02 Permeability from Porosity PERMEABILITY MATH – from Porosity META/LOG ANALYSIS
PHIe – Kmax Crossplot
Hangingstone - 2 Wells Core Porosity - fractional
0. 40 0. 30 0. 20 0. 10 0. 00 0. 1
10 1
10 00 10 0
10 000
Core P erme ability - mD R -square = 0. 966
# pts = 156
P e rm = -1 2009 0 ^ (1 8 . 3 * P H I e -3 . 0 0 ) c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978
22
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL Exercise #1 – Quantitative Analysis Spreadsheet
c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
23
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL QUIZ #6: Quantitative Methods 1 1. Use the shale corrected complex lithology model to calculate porosity for the following cases, assume all zones are clean (no shale) and oil bearing: a. Limestone rock, Sandstone units log PHIN = 0.19 PHID = 0.12 ___________ b. Sandstone rock, Sandstone units log PHIN = 0.16 PHID = 0.15 ___________ c. Dolomite rock, Limestone units log PHIN = 0.20 PHID = 0.11 ___________ d. Limestone rock, Limestonestone units log PHIN = 0.16 PHID = 0.15 ___________ e. Sandstone rock, Limestone units log PHIN = 0.12 PHID = 0.19 ___________ 2. Assume water bearing sandstone with total porosity of 0.25 and deep resistivity of 2.5 ohm-m. Show all steps and calculate water resistivity, RW@FT. 3. Assume a water catalog value. RW@25C, of 0.20 ohm-m. What is the RW@FT if surface temperature is 20’C, formation temperature is 70’C. Show all mathematical steps. 4.
Assume a clean sandstone has a total porosity of 0.20 and deep resistivity of 25 ohm-m. Use the RW@FT from Question #2. Show all steps and calculate water saturation SWa from the Archie equation.
5. Assume the zone in Question #4 is at irreducible water saturation. What is Buckles Number for this zone. Using this value, what is the irreducible water saturation for the sandstone in 24 c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009 Question #2.
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL POCKET PAL QUIZ #6: Quantitative Methods 1 6. Formation Factor (F) is: a. resistivity of a water filled rock divided by resistivity of the water in the rock (R0/Rw) b. porosity divided by resistivity of the water filled rock (PHIe/R0) c. porosity raised to the power of M (PHIe^M) d. resistivity of partially saturated rock divided by resistivity of same rock full of water (Rt/R0) 7. Resistivity Index ( I ) is: a. resistivity of a water filled rock divided by resistivity of the water in the rock (R0/Rw) b. porosity divided by resistivity of the water filled rock (PHIe/R0) c. porosity raised to the power of M (PHIe^M) d. resistivity of partially saturated rock divided by resistivity of the rock full of water (Rt/R0) 8. Define Irreducible Water Saturation. 9. Define Absolute Permeability. 10. Define Productivity. c. E. R. Crain, P.Eng. 1978 - 2009
25
CRAIN’S PETROPHYSICAL
POCKET PAL LECTURE 6 – QUANTITATIVE 1 Practical, Integrated, Quantitative Petrophysical Log Analysis Presented By:
E. R. (Ross) Crain, P.Eng. www.Spec2000.net c. 1978 – 2009
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