Practical-research-2-module-1.pdf

Senior High

Practical Research 2 Quarter 3 – Module 1: Nature of Inquiry and Research

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Practical Research 2 – Grade 12 Quarter 3 – Module 1: Nature of Inquiry and Research First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary toprotect it against exploitation for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio Development Team of the Module Writer :

Dr. Reynaldo V. Moral, MT1-Don Sergio OsmeňaSr.MNHS

Editors/ Reviewers

: John Paul Lisondato- SEPs, SGOD Alice S. Ganar, OIC-PSDS SD8/SHS Assisting Roy Guarin, Principal,Ramon Duterte NHS MarilouDela Cuesta, Principal, Don Vicente Rama MNHS Dr. Leonora EspinaTravero, Principal Dr. Gilda Salvo, MT2- Apas NHS Daisy Von Dy, MT1- CC Don Carlos Gothong MNHS CirilaMalalay, MT1-CCDon Carlos Gothong MNHS Florinda Geyrozaga, T3- CC Don Carlos Gothong MNHS

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12 Practical Research 2 Quarter 3 – Module 1: Nature of Inquiry and Research

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Introductory Message For the facilitator: Welcome toPractical Research 2 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module 1 on Nature of Inquiry and Research. This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling. This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances. In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module. For the learner: Welcome to Practical Research 2 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module 1 on Nature of Inquiry and Research. The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner are capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands! This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner. 2

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons: What I Need to Know

This will give you an idea of the skills or competencies you are expected to learn in the module.

What I Know

This part includes an activity that aims to check what you already know about the lesson to take. If you get all the answers correct (100%), you may decide to skip this part.

What’s In

This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New

In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to you in various ways such as a story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity or a situation.

What is It

This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This aims to help you discover and understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More

This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify your understanding and skills of the topic. You may check the answers to the exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned

This includes questions or blank sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do

This section provides an activity which will help you transfer your new knowledge or skill into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment

This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery in achieving the learning competency.

Additional Activities

In this portion, another activity will be given to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson learned. This also tends retention of learned concepts.

Answer Key

This contains answers to all activities in the module.

At the end of this module you will also find: 3

References

This is a list of all sources used in developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module: 1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises. 2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities included in the module. 3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task. 4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers. 5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next. 6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it. If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone. We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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THIRD QUARTER Module 1- Week 1 Nature of Inquiry and Research Content Standard

:

The learners demonstrate understanding of the concepts learned about inquiry and research.

Performance Standard

:

The learners should be able to decide on suitable quantitative research in different areas of interest.

Competency/Code

:

1. Explain the meaning of research in relation to inquiry; and 2. Point out the similarities and differences of research and inquiry. CS_RS12-la-c-1

Learning Outcomes

:

1. Relate an unfamiliar term with other terms to discover the meaning of such difficult term; and 2. Speculate about quantitative research; _______________________________________________________________________________

What I Know Instructions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your chosen answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1. A systematic, controlled, empirical and critical investigation to answer existing future problems of man. a. biology c. natural science b. research d. sociology 2. Characteristic of a researcher wherein he is always doubtful as to the veracity of the results is a. prudence c. intellectual curiosity b. intellectual honesty d. healthy criticism 3. Refers to explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analyzed using mathematically based methods (in particular statistics). a. basic research c. mixed research b. qualitative research d. quantitative research 4. The following are the characteristics of quantitative research EXCEPT a. It is reliable and objective. b. It uses statistics to generalize finding. c. It tests theories or hypothesis. d. It prefers collecting data in a natural setting. 5

5. A person inclined to do quantitative research and wants to discover truth in _____. a. an exact manner c. an indirect way b. a careful way d. a personal way 6. Quantitative research usually happens in the following hard sciences EXCEPT a. psychology c. biology b. physics d. chemistry 7. Problems of any sort can be best solved through a. computation c. research b. experimentation d. tabulation 8. Some think of quantitative research as complex because of its use of a. factual data c. numerical data b. hypotheses d. theories 9. Characteristic of research that starts with a problem and ends with a problem is a. analytical c. logical b. cyclical d. methodical 10. One of the qualities of a good researcher is that he is always precise in conducting his research. Hence, he is a. economical c. efficient b. resourceful d. scientific 11. Quantitative data are the type of information which are a. the researcher accumulates because of their quantity b. numerical in nature and have the property of measurability c. possessing the element of quantity d. all of the above 12. When the researcher establishes different treatments and studies their effects, the type of research used should be a. descriptive research c. experimental research b. educational research d. survey research 13. An experimental design in which the control and experimental groups are given tests at the beginning and at the end of the school year is a. counter balanced c. two-pair group b. pretest-posttest d. parallel-group 14. A research design in which the study focuses at the present condition is a. experimental c. case study b. historical d. descriptive

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15. Type of experimental design which involves one treatment with two or more levels is a. single-group c. two-group b. two-pair group d. parallel group

Inquiry vs. Research: A Review

Lesson 1

What I Need to Know At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to: 1. Relate an unfamiliar term with other terms to discover the meaning of such difficult term; 2. Define quantitative research accurately; 3. Explain the meaning of research in relation to inquiry. 4. Judge the applicability of inquiry or research to a given situation; and 5. Point out the similarities and differences of research and inquiry; and appraise the value of concepts learned about inquiry and research.

What’s In Vocabulary Improvement Instructions: Based on your stock knowledge and on the words surrounding the middle word, define the middle word in each cluster. Construct sentences using the newly learned words. Write your answer on a piece of paper.

study inspect

investigate

probe haphazard

peruse mixed

What’s New Free Writing 7

Instructions: What do you recall about these two words: Inquiry and Research? Write them freely on your answer sheet without worrying about your grammar. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ What else do you know about Inquiry and Research? Expand what you know about them by reading the following text.

What Is It Nature of Inquiry and Research Inquiry, a term that is synonymous with the word investigation. When you inquire, you tend to ask questions to probe or examine something. You do this kind of examination through your HOST or higher order thinking strategies of inferential, analytical, critical, creative, and appreciative thinking to discover more understandable or meaningful things beyond such object of your inquiry. Thinking in this manner makes you ask open-ended questions to elicit views, opinions, and beliefs or other concepts in relation to your research (Small in Baraceros, 2016).

What is Research? Research is a scientific, experimental, or inductive manner of thinking. Starting from particular to more complex ideas, you execute varied thinking acts that range from lower-order to higher-order thinking strategies reflected by these research activities: identifying the topic or problem, gathering data, making theories, formulating hypothesis, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. Cognitively driven terms like empirical, logical, cyclical, analytical, critical, methodical, and replicable are the right descriptive words to characterize research. These powerful modifiers that your previous research subject, Practical Research 1, explained to a certain extent are the very same terms to characterize any quantitative research you intend to carry out this time. Best & Khan (1989) defined research as the systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles, or theories, resulting in prediction and possibly ultimate control of events. For example, Moral’s (2019) Theory on Creative Pedagogy in Research states that “Teachers’ attributes and their creative teaching practices lead to students’ positive attitudes and research productivity.” Based on systematic review,

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the construction of the generated theory underwent an intensive process of carrying on a scientific method of analysis.

Methods of Research To be a researcher is to be scientist, who must think logically or systematically; that is, your research activities must follow a certain order, like doing inductive thinking that makes you ponder on specific ideas first, then move to more complex concepts like conclusions or generalizations. Or, do the opposite of inductive thinking which is deductive thinking that lets you start from forming generalizations to examining details about the subject matter. These are not only the approaches, though, that you can adhere to in planning your research work. Depending on your topic and purpose, you are free to choose from several approaches, methods, and types of research you learned in your previous research subject, Practical Research 1.

Inquiry vis-à-vis Research Inquiry is a learning process that motivates you to obtain knowledge or information about people, things, places, or events. You do this by investigating or asking questions about something you are inquisitive about. Research is analogous to inquiry, in that, both involve investigation of something through questioning. However, the meaning of research is more complicated than inquiry because it does not center mainly on raising questions about the topic, but also on carrying out a particular order of research stages. Each stage of research process is not an individual task because the knowledge you obtain through each stage comes not only from yourself but other people as well. Thus, similar to inquiry, research involves cooperative learning. Both inquiry and research encourage you to formulate questions to direct you to the exact information you want to discover about the object of your curiosity. Your questions operate like a scrutiny of a person’s attire to find out what are hidden between or among the compartments or folded parts of his/her clothes. Although the core word for both inquiry and research is investigation or questioning, they are not exactly the same in all aspects. Research includes more complex acts of investigation than inquiry because the former follows a scientific procedure of discovering truths or meanings about things in this world (Mujis&Ransome in Baraceros, 2016). Based on types of data needed, the kind of data you want to work on reflects whether you wish to do a quantitative or a qualitative research in general. Qualitative research requires non-numerical data, which means that the research uses words rather than numbers to express the results, the inquiry, or investigation about people’s beliefs, feelings, views, and lifestyles regarding the object of the study. These opinionated answers from people are not measurable; so, verbal language is the right way to express your findings in qualitative research. 9

Meanwhile, quantitative research involves measurement of data. Thus, it presents research findings referring to the number or frequency of something in numerical forms (i.e., using percentages, fractions, and numbers).

What’s More Enrichment Activity #1 Instructions: Explain your understanding of inquiry and research by answering the following questions. Write your answer on a sheet of paper. 1. Compare and contrast Inquiry and Research. 2. Which is easier to carry out: Inquiry or Research? Give reasons for your answer? 3. How can a researcher be a scientist? 4. What if you do things randomly in research, what will be the consequences? 5. Should you immediately concern yourself with data analysis prior to research approach?Why? Why not? Enrichment Activity #2 Instructions: Prove how inquisitive you are by raising investigative questions about these topics: 1. COVID 19 2. Email vs. Postal Mail 3. Anti-Terrorism Law 4. Carcinogenic Foods 5. Era of Globalization 6. Social Networking 7. Social Amelioration Program (SAP)

What I have Learned Instructions: Use percentage grade (50% to 100%) to indicate the extent of your learning about each of the following topics: 10

1. Differences and similarities between Inquiry and Research 2. Definition of research 3. Nature of Inquiry 4. Nature of research 5. Moral’s Theory

What I Can Do Instructions: Examine the setup of your family, your school, or any organization you are a member in. Which aspect of each group do you want to know more through inquiry or research? Present your answers to this question in a tabular form. The first example is done for you. Write your answer on a sheet of paper. Example: Inquiry question: Who broke your pot? Research question: Why are some graduating senior high school students not willing to wear togas? Social Institutions

Inquiry

Research

Family School Organization

Assessment Instructions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

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1. A term that is synonymous with the word investigation. a. manner c. identical b. inquiry d. preserve 2. A systematic, controlled, empirical and critical investigation to answer existing future problems of man. a. biology c. natural science b. research d. sociology 3. Which of the following does not belong to the group? a. methodical c. cyclical b. empirical d. conceptual 4. The first step in research process is the identification of the a. data c. method b. hypothesis d. problem 5. The researchers’ attitudes, traits, and abilities affect both the product and the ____of research. a. process c. goal b. plan d. result 6. The last step of the research revolves around a. explaining occurrences c. analyzing information b. collection of information d. none of the above 7. Problems of any sort can be solved through a. computation c. research b. experimentation d. tabulation 8. Characteristic of research that starts with a problem and ends with a problem. a. logical c. methodical b. analytical d. cyclical 9. Which of the following does not belong to the group? a. critical c. theoretical b. logical d. replicability

10. What are the two types of research? a. basic and applied c. maximum and minimum b. theory and hypothesis d. quantitative and qualitative 11. The type of research describing events, persons, and so on without the use of numerical data is called a. quantitative research c. qualitative research 12

b. theoretical research

d. hypothetical research

12. The researcher’s attitudes, traits and abilities affect both the product as well as the ____ of research. a. process c. goal b. plan d. result 13. Research is the process of gathering data to solve a particular problem. By this definitionthe phrase that is closely synonymous with research is a. collecting data c. refuting theories b. scavenging information d. solving conflicts 14. Research should follow an orderly and sequential procedure. This characteristic of research means that a. Research should be empirical. c. Research should be analytical. b. Research should be systematic.d. Research should be objective. 15. What is the type of analysis on the construction of the generated theory which underwent an intensive process of carrying on a scientific method? a. breakdown review c. systematic review b. marathon review d. extensive review

Additional Activity Speculation Instructions: Recall the hottest issue in town. Prove how inquisitive you are by raising top-level probing questions about it. Example: Police authorities investigating a criminal case / suspected law violators. Write your answer on a sheet of paper.

Answer Key Module 1; Lesson 1

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Lesson 2

Characteristics, Strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative Research

What I Need to Know At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to: 1. Familiarize themselves with vocabulary terms to clarify things about quantitative research; 2. Find out the characteristics of research and the researcher; 3. Define quantitative research accurately; 4. Follow the steps in using quantitative research; and 5. Uncover the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative research.

What’s In

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Vocabulary Improvement Instructions: To acquire substantial knowledge on some topics in this lesson, activate your schemata about the underlined word in each sentence. Get clues from its use in the sentence. 1. Demonstrate through a hand gesture the magnitude of the screen that you think is enough to block the window. Meaning: __________________________________________________________________ 2. In looks, Malaysians are analogous to Filipinos, but in language, they are not. Meaning: __________________________________________________________________ 3. Please use precise words to explain your point for the listeners’ quick understanding of your ideas. Meaning: __________________________________________________________________ 4. The plastic bag becomes inflated with much air blown into it; deflated, with air released from such container. Meaning: _________________________________________________________________ 5. A person experiences moral instability if he does not pattern his life after Jesus Christ, the way, the truth, and the life. Meaning: __________________________________________________________________

What’s New Image Intensifier Instructions: Choose one from among the situations which for you is easy to justify. Why? Set A-

Ninety percent (90%) of the examinees passed the college entrance exams. Twenty pages of the book contain grammatically incorrect sentences.

Set B-

A big number of examinees passed the college entrance exams. Several pages of the book contain grammatically incorrect sentences.

What do you think? Does your choice between Set A and B align itself to the content of the following selection or run counter to the text? Read the text to find out the truth.

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What Is It Characteristics of Research According to Calmorin&Calmorin (2007), there are seven characteristics of research. These are (1) empirical, (2) logical, (3) cyclical, (4) analytical, (5) critical, (6) methodical, and (7) replicability. 1. Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher. The collection of data relies on practical experience without giving consideration to scientific knowledge or theory. 2. Logical. Research is based on valid procedures and principles. Scientific study is done in an orderly manner so that the investigator has confidence on the results. 3. Cyclical. Research is cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends with a problem. 4. Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering data, whether historical, descriptive, experimental, and case study. 5. Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment. A higher level of confidence must be established. 6. Methodical. Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using systematic method and procedures. 7. Replicability. The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid conclusive results. Similarities and differences of replicated researches can be compared.

Qualities of a Good Researcher There are 10 qualities of a good researcher. These qualities are (1) researchoriented, (2) efficient, (3) scientific, (4) effective, (5) active, (6) resourceful, (7) creative, (8) honest, (9) economical, and (10) religious. The 10 qualities of a good researcher have the acronym RESEARCHER. A researcher who possesses these qualities is the kind of investigator the government needs because he can respond to the socioeconomic development problems of the country and can compete globally.

Characteristics of the Researcher There are five characteristics of a researcher. These are (1) intellectual curiosity, (2) prudence, (3) healthy criticism, (4) intellectual honesty, and (5) intellectual creativity. 1. Intellectual curiosity. A researcher undertakes deep thinking and inquiry of the things, problems, and situations around him. 2. Prudence. The researcher is careful to conduct his research study at the right time and at the right place wisely, efficiently, and economically.

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3. Healthy criticism. The researcher is always doubtful as to the truthfulness of the results. 4. Intellectual honesty. An intelligent researcher is honest to collect or gather data or facts in order to arrive at honest results. 5. Intellectual creativity. A productive and resourceful investigator always creates new researches. Quantitative research, according to Aliaga and Anderson (2000), is “explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analyzed using mathematically based methods (in particular statistics).” This type of research utilizes numbers and statistical analysis. It is ideal in studying phenomenon which must contend with the problems of measurement. In scientific usage, a phenomenon is any event that is observable, however common it might be, even if it requires the use of instrumentation to observe, record, or compile data concerning it. In natural science, it can be questions like, “why is the sky blue?” or in social sciences it can be, “what is the effect of television viewing to the academic performance of a child?”(Chico &Matira, 2016).

Standards of Quantitative Research Here are some standards or criteria in quantitative research (Mujis& Sharp in Baraceros, 2016). Standards

Quantitative Research

Mental survey of reality

Exists in the physical world

Cause-effect relationships

Revealed by automatic descriptions of circumstances or conditions Objective; least involvement by the researcher

Researcher’s involvement with the object or subject of the study Expression of data, data analysis, and findings Research plan

Numerals, statistics Plans all research aspects before collecting data

Behavior toward research aspects/ conditions Obtaining knowledge

Control or manipulation of research conditions by the researcher Scientific method

Purpose Data-analysis technique

Evaluates objectives and examines cause-effect relationships Mathematically based methods

Style of expression

Impersonal, scientific. Or systematic

Sampling technique

Random sampling as the most preferred

Steps in Doing Quantitative Research

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The way to undertake research is very simple. There are only three steps that you will follow. These are (Chico &Matira, 2016): 1) Observing and explaining occurrences. This is where you will apply the four “W”; Who, What, Where, and Why. The answer for these “Ws” can be presented in the form of a question. It can also be expressed as a hypothesis. 2) The collection of information in quantitative research is what makes it different from qualitative research. Quantitative research is focused specifically on numerical information. 3) Using mathematics to analyze the data collected. This is done with statistics. List of the Advantages of Quantitative Research 1. The quantitative approach allows you to reach a higher sample size. 2. You can collect information quickly when using quantitative research. 3. Quantitative research uses randomized samples. 4. Results duplication is possible when using quantitative research. 5. Quantitative research can focus on facts or a series of information. 6. The research performed with the quantitative approach is anonymous. 7. Quantitative research doesn’t require direct observation to be useful. List of the Disadvantages of Quantitative Research 1. This method doesn’t consider the meaning behind social phenomena. 2. Every answer provided in this research method must stand on its own. 3. Quantitative research sometimes creates unnatural environments. 4. Some efforts at randomization will not create usable information. 5. There is no access to specific feedback. 6. Quantitative research studies can be very expensive. 7. Answer validity always creates a cloud of doubt on the final results. 8. Individual characteristics don’t always apply to the general population.

What’s More Enrichment Activity #1 Instructions: Answer the following questions based on your knowledge gained from the discussion. Write it on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Define quantitative research. 2. Explain at least two (2) characteristics of a good researcher. 3. Explain at least (2) advantages and disadvantages of quantitative research.

Enrichment Activity #2 Instructions: Analyze the following research titles. State your reason why you will use or will not use quantitative types of research. 18

Research Title

Reason

1. Cultural Diversity, Attitudes, and Values of Radio Soap Opera Listeners 2. A Narrative-Developmental Approach to Early Emotions 3. A Sketchbook of Memories 4. Design and Analysis of the Student Strengths Index (SSI) for Non-traditional Graduate Student 5. The Effectiveness of Integrative Approach in Social Studies through Contextualization

What I Have Learned Instructions: Write a short essay about things you learned the most and the least through the topics dealt with in this lesson. Give your essay an interesting title. Do it on separate sheet of paper.

What I Can Do Instructions: Examine the setup of your family, your school, or any organization you are a member in. Which aspect of each group do you want to know more through inquiry or research? Present your answers to this question in a tabular form. Social Institutions

Inquiry

Research

Family School Organization

Assessment Instructions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your chosen answer on a separate sheet of paper. 19

1. Characteristic of a researcher wherein he is always doubtful as to the veracity of the results is a. prudence c. intellectual curiosity b. intellectual honesty d. healthy criticism 2. One of the qualities of a good researcher that he keeps on inventing unique, new and original researches is a. efficient c. resourceful b. creative d. scientific 3. Refers to explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analyzed using mathematically based methods (in particular statistics). a. basic research c. mixed research b. qualitative research d. quantitative research 4. The first step in research process is the identification of the a. data c. method b. hypothesis d. problem 5. The last step of the research revolves around a. observing and explaining occurrences b. collection of information c. analyzing the information d. none of the above 6. The following are the characteristics of quantitative research EXCEPT a. It is reliable and objective. b. It uses statistics to generalize finding. c. It test theories or hypotheses. d. It prefers collecting data in a natural setting. 7. One of the qualities of a good researcher that he keeps on inventing unique, newand original researches is that of being a. efficient c. creative b. resourceful d. scientific 8. Characteristics of the researcher wherein he is careful in conducting his study and starts at the right time and right place is a. prudence c. healthy criticism b. intellectual creativity d. intellectual honesty 9. Some think of quantitative research as a complex process because of its use of a. hypotheses c. factual data b. numerical data d. theories 10. A quantitative research presents research findings in this manner a. Many prefer to study with online learning during the pandemic. b. Student find modules indispensable or necessary. 20

c. Perhaps, 40% consider module unnecessary in their studies. d. Out of 100 senior high school students, 85 find modules beneficial to their studies. 11. What makes a quantitative research different from a qualitative one? a. It uses statistics in the treatment of data. b. It establishes facts and make predictions. c. It uses deductive method analysis. d. It is objective. 12. You tend to inflate something in quantitative research because of your a. objective views c. personal traits c. teacher’s influence d. mathematical skills 13. What is the most preferred sampling in quantitative research? a. random sampling c. purposive sampling b. cluster sampling d. stratified sampling 14. Obtaining knowledge in quantitative research is through the use of a. multiple methods c. scientific method b. objective method d. natural method 15. The following are the advantages or strengths in quantitative research EXCEPT a. You can collect information quickly. b. Quantitative research uses randomized samples. c. Results duplication is possible when using quantitative research. d. It doesn’t consider the meaning behind social phenomena.

Additional Activity Instructions: Formulate a quantitative research question about the following topics: a. Gender (male and female) b. Learning Styles (visual, audio, kinesthetic, etc.) c. Communication media (TV, newspaper, cellphones, email, Facebook) d. Public order and safety (labor strikes, drug addiction, crime, robbery, etc.) e. Home quarantine (Enhanced Community Quarantine, Modified Enhanced Community Quarantine, General Community Quarantine)

Answer Key 21

Module 1; Lesson

Lesson 3

Experimental Research

What I Need To Know At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to: 1. Increase your vocabulary by giving the meanings, characteristics, and examples of terms used to explain some concepts about experimental research; 2. Obtain a thorough understanding of experimental research; 3. Justify the link between scientific thinking and experimental thinking; and

What’s In Instructions: Using your experience or background knowledge about the given words that were used in the reading selection for this lesson, know the meaning of such words situated in the middle of the Frayer Model Map. Explain your understanding of the word by writing some details about it in each quadrant of the 22

map. Be guided also by the clues in the sentences below each graph. The first one serves as an example.

Characteristics Depends on the doer's leadership, directions, author

Definition manage, guide, direct

Conduct

Non-examples soldiers obeying their head, servants following

Examples organizing seminars, managing class

orders

Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Definition

Characteristics

Absolute Examples

Non-examples

What’s New Image Intensifier Instructions: Name some famous and great inventions you have known since birth. What makes you say they are great? How do you think did the inventors come to discover the value or greatness of their creations? Could the following selection give you the answer to your questions about the inventors? Read the text to discover answers to your questions.

What Is It Definition of Experimental Research Design

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Experimental design is a quantitative research that treats or deals with the object or subject of the research in a definite or exact manner and determines the extent of the effects or influence of the treatment of the object/subject, then discovers the causes of such effects. The term “experiment” requires manipulation of variables to observe effects or results. (Baraceros 2016; Vizcarra 2003). This design describes what will be. It means that a researcher has to determine the effects of variables being manipulated together with the main objectives of the study. The main objectives of the study are the dependent variables or the output of the study. The factors that influence dependent variables are the independent variables. In conducting an experimental research, first, give a pre-test to examine the initial condition of both groups in relation to the variable, condition or factor; second, apply to the control group a new condition; and third, give the latter group a posttest to determine the effects or influence or condition applied on them. The validity and reliability of the output are dependent on the types of experimental design used by the researcher. There are two types of experimental designs: theWeak Experimentalcomprising:1) one-shot case study, 2) one-group pretest and post-test, and 3) static group pre-test-post-test design. True Experimental designs are more complex and rigid because they attempt to include or treat other factors that might influence dependent variables. It uses random selection in determining who among the participants should compose the experimental group or the control group The commonly used designs are classified into:1) randomized post-test only, 2) randomized pre-test post-test control group, and 3) randomized Solomon four-group. Quasi-Experimental Designs include: 1) Time-series experimental design, 2) matching- only design, and 3) counter balanced design. No randomization is done among the designs; instead, the employment of several techniques is the bases for controlling possible treats. These designs adopt a comparative technique in choosing the subjects. In which field of knowledge does true experimental research usually take place? People in hard sciences (Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Pharmacy, and the like) love to do this kind of research; those in soft sciences (Psychology, Sociology, Humanities, Literature, and other subjects falling under Social Sciences) usually do quasi-experimental research.

What’s More Enrichment Activity #1

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Instructions: Explain your understanding about the text by answering the following questions on the given lines. 1. Compare and contrast the basic types of experimental research. 2. What is the primary factor in determining whether a research is true experimental or quasi experimental 3. What are the implications of declaring what is true by means of a quasiexperimental research? 4. Which is better between the two types of experimental research? Justify your choice. 5. Do you know somebody who has already done an experimental research? Describe this person including how he/she carried out his/her research work.

Enrichment Activity #2 Instructions:Using the Venn diagram, present the major and minor classifications of experimental research. Write your answer on a sheet of paper. Weak Experimental

Quasi Experimental

True Experimental

What I Have Learned Instructions: Make a written outline of all the ideas you have discovered from the reading selection of this lesson. Rank them in order on the lines provided. See to it that the topics you have learned the most are in the higher rank, and those you have learned the least, are in the lower rank. 3rd Rank ________________________________________________________________ 2nd Rank ________________________________________________________________ 1st Rank ________________________________________________________________

What I Can Do

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Instructions: Show trough a PowerPoint presentation a flow chart showing the sequential occurrence of the research stages in each type of quasi- experimental research. For those without computer, use a separate sheet of bond paper.

Assessment Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper. 1. A quantitative research that treats or deals with the object or subject of the research in a definite or exact manner and determines the extent of the effects or influence of the treatment of the object. a. experimental research c. basic research b. non-experimental research d. natural research 2. What is the first step in conducting an experimental research? a. Give a post-test to examine the initial condition of both groups in relation to variable. b. Give a pre-test to examine the initial condition of both groups in relation to variable. c. Apply to the control group a new condition. d. Give the latter group a post-test to determine the effects of the treatment applied. 3. In which field of knowledge does a true experimental research usually takeplace? a. hard sciences c. soft sciences b. literal sciences d. purposive sciences 4. If a senior high school teacher wants to improve the morale of his students, the best way he can do is to conduct a/an a. descriptive research c. experimental research b. correlational research d. all of the above 5. A quantitative mode of research involving investigation of dependent and independent variables through control and manipulation is a a. feasibility study c. correlational study b. experimental study d. trend analysis 6. Which is an example of quasi-experimental design? a. randomized pre-test & posttest c. time series b. single-subject/ one shot case study d. correlational 7. The researcher introduces multi-media-assisted instruction in a biology class and after one week of instruction, the post-test is given. The use of multi-mediaassisted instruction is a. research design c. treatment b. qualitative treatment d. moral design 26

8. After selecting the participants or subjects in an experimental research, the next thing to do is to a. conduct an experiment c. determine the variables b. specify the problem or topic d. decide on the specific type of experimental research 9. Sociology, Psychology, Economics and other subjects tend to conduct a. quasi-experimental research c. weak experimental research b. descriptive research d. true experimental research 10. When the researcher establishes different treatments and studies their effects, the type of research used should be a. descriptive research c. experimental research b. educational research d. survey research 11. An experimental design in which the control and experimental groups are given tests at the beginning and at the end of the semester/ school year is a. counter balanced c. two-pair group b. pretest-posttest d. parallel-group 12. What is the primary factor in determining whether a research is true experimental or quasi-experimental? a. selecting the participants c. conditioning applied b. sources of data d. technique adopted 13. What are the two general types of experimental designs? a. hard and soft experimental designs b. weak and true experimental designs c.. hard and weak experimental designs d. specific and genera experimental designs 14. The weak experimental design is divided into three EXCEPT a. one-shot case study c. one group pre-test and post-test b. static-group pre-test-post-test d. time-series experimental 15. Which is an example of quasi-experimental design? a. time-series design c. randomized pretest-post-test control group b. one-shot case study d. static-group pre-test-post-test

Additional Activity

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Instructions: Present graphically the major experimental research on a sheet of paper.

and

minor

Answer Key

Lesson 4

Non- Experimental Research

What I Need To Know At the end of the lesson the learners are expected to: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Increase their vocabulary in English; Familiarize with the nature of non-experimental research; Trace the development of survey research; and Present a good plan of survey research.

What’s In 28

classifications

of

Instructions: Give the meaning of the underlined word in each sentence. Be guided by the context clues. Use the underlined words in a meaningful sentence. Write your answer on a sheet of paper. 1. How could light be diffused all over the place, if it was placed between two posts? 2. Give me a concrete evidence of itsveracity to make me say yes to your offer right away. 3. A greedy man ends to manipulate things for his own benefit. 4. Being a versatile actor, he is able to give an excellent portrayal of various character roles. 5. Try to understand the poem in conjunction with the picture near its title.

What’s New Instructions: Accomplish the following KWL Chart to form mental pictures about the reading material titled, Non-Experimental Research that you are about to read a few minutes from now. Write your answer on a sheet of paper. What I already know

What I want to know

What I learned (Do this after reading the text)

What Is It WHAT IS NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH? Non-experimental research is a research that lacks the manipulation of an independent variable. Rather than manipulating an independent variable, researchers conducting non-experimental research simply measure variables as they naturally occur (in the lab or real world). Most researchers in psychology consider the distinction between experimental and non-experimental research to be an extremely important one. This is because although experimental research can provide strong evidence that changes in an independent variable cause differences in a dependent variable, non-experimental research generally cannot. As we will see, however, this inability to make causal conclusions does not mean that non-experimental research is less important than experimental research.

What is Descriptive Research?

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Descriptive research is a type of research that describes a population, situation, or phenomenon that is being studied. It focuses on answering the how, what, when, and where questions in a research problem, rather than the why.

What Are The Types of Descriptive Research? Descriptive research is classified into different types according to the kind of approach that is used in conducting descriptive research. The different types of descriptive research are highlighted below: Descriptive-survey research uses surveys to gather data about varying subjects. This data aims to know the extent to which different conditions can be obtained among these subjects. For example, a researcher wants to determine the qualifications of employed professionals in Maryland. He uses a survey as his research instrument, and each item on the survey related to qualifications is subjected to a Yes/No answer. Descriptive-normative survey is an extension of the descriptive-survey, with the addition being the normative element. In the descriptive-normative survey, the results of the study should be compared with the norm. For example, an organization that wishes to test the skills of its employees by a team may have them take a skills test. The skills tests are the evaluation tool in this case, and the result of this test is compared with the norm of each role. Descriptive-status is a quantitative description technique that seeks to answer questions about real-life situations. For example: a researcher researching on the income of the employees in a company and the relationship with their performance. Descriptive-analysis method of research describes a subject by further analyzing it, which in this case involves dividing it into 2 parts. For example, the HR personnel of a company that wishes to analyze the job role of each employee of the company may divide the employees into the people that work at the Headquarters in the US and those that work from Oslo, Norway office.A questionnaire is devised to analyze the job role of employees with similar salaries and work in similar positions. Descriptive classification. This method is employed in biological sciences for the classification of plants and animals. For example, a researcher who wishes to classify the sea animals into different species will collect samples from various search stations, and then classify them accordingly. Descriptive-comparative. The researcher considers 2 variables which are not manipulated, and establish a formal procedure to conclude that one is better than the other. 30

For example, an examination body wants to determine the better method of conducting tests between paper-based and computer-based tests.

WHEN TO USE NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH? There are many times in which non-experimental research is preferred, including when: 1. The research question or hypothesis relates to a single variable rather than a statistical relationship between two variables (Example: How accurate are people’s first impressions?). 2. The research question pertains to a non-causal statistical relationship between variables (Example: Is there a correlation between verbal intelligence and mathematical intelligence?). 3. The research question is about a causal relationship, but the independent variable cannot be manipulated or participants cannot be randomly assigned to conditions or orders of conditions for practical or ethical reasons (Example: does damage to a person’s hippocampus impair the formation of long-term memory traces?). 4. The research question is broad and exploratory, or is about what it is like to have a particular experience (Example:what is it like to be a working mother diagnosed with depression?).

TYPES OF NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH Non-experimental research falls into three broad categories: cross-sectional research, correlational research, and observational research. First, cross-sectional research involves comparing two or more pre-existing groups of people. What makes this approach non-experimental is that there is no manipulation of an independent variable and no random assignment of participants to groups. Cross-sectional designs are commonly used by developmental psychologists who study aging and by researchers interested in sex differences. Second, Correlational research is considered non-experimental because it focuses on the statistical relationship between two variables but does not include the manipulation of an independent variable. More specifically, the researcher measures two continuous variables with little or no attempt to control extraneous variables and then assesses the relationship between them. Third, Observational research is non-experimental because it focuses on making observations of behavior in a natural or laboratory setting without manipulating anything.

What’s More Enrichment Activity #1 31

Instructions: For each of the following studies, decide which type of research design it is and explain why. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1. A researcher conducts detailed interviews with unmarried teenage fathers to learn about how they feel and what they think about their role as fathers and summarizes their feelings in a written narrative. 2. A researcher measures the impulsivity of a large sample of drivers and looks at the statistical relationship between this variable and the number of traffic tickets the drivers have received. 3. A researcher randomly assigns patients with low back pain either to a treatment involving hypnosis or to a treatment involving exercise. She then measures their level of low back pain after 3 months. 4. A college instructor gives weekly quizzes to students in one section of his course but no weekly quizzes to students in another section to see whether this has an effect on their test performance. Enrichment Activity #2 Sample Survey Instructions: Put an X over the number that best corresponds to your answer based on the degrees of your agreement. Write your answer on a sheet of paper. Sample Question

Strongly Agree

Moderately Agree

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Moderately Disagree

Strongly Disagree

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My favorite place in school is the library.

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I have a collection of books at home.

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I like to read newspapers like Sun Star or Freeman. I spent 2 hours every day reading books. I love to visit libraries.

What I Have Learned Instructions: Based on the extent of your understanding of non-experimental research, rank the following from 1 to10, with 1 being the most learned and 10, not learned well. Write your answer on a sheet of paper. 32

_____Meaning of non-experimental research _____Relation between non-experimental research and quasiexperimental _____Meaning of quasi-experimental research _____Ethics in social research _____Pluses and minuses of survey research _____Survey research design _____Purposes of survey research _____Characteristics of non-experimental research _____Data-gathering techniques of a sociology researcher _____Nature of survey research

What I can Do Instructions: Prepare a short survey form that you will send via email or messenger to the households/ senior high school students. It can be a topic about home quarantine or blended learning. Write your introductory letter instruction in answering the survey on a separate sheet of paper and then questions that you would like to ask about the respondents. Limit your questions to only five items. Template for Transmittal Letter Date: Inside Address: Greetings/Salutation: Body: Complimentary Close: Signature:

Sample Survey Form Name (Optional): ______________________________________________ Grade Level: ___________________ Sample Question

Strongly Agree

Moderately Agree

Neither Agree nor Disagree

Moderately Disagree

Strongly Disagree

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Assessment Instructions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your final answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1. A type of research that lacks the manipulation of an independent variable. a. experimental research c. correlational research b. non-experimental research d. naturalistic research 2. Focuses on the statistical relationship between two variables but does not include the manipulation of an independent variable. a. experimental research c. correlational research b. non-experimental research d. naturalistic research 3. What is the type of research when a researcher who wishes to classify the sea animals into different species will collect samples from various search stations, and then classify them accordingly a. descriptive classification c. descriptive normative b. descriptive comparative d. descriptive qualitative 4. A study on the “relationship between the value orientation of radio soap opera listeners and their socioeconomic status” is an example of a a. feasibility study c. anthropological study b. experimental study d. correlational study 5. Which of the following research designsaims to obtain data to determine specific characteristic of a group? a. descriptive-comparative c. qualitative research b. correlational research d. survey research 6. A descriptive design which is made to determine the normal or typical conditions and compare them with the national standard is a. descriptive-analysis c. descriptive-comparative b. descriptive –normative d. descriptive –evaluative 7. A descriptive design which determines the psychological side of research and the social aspect by which application or implementation of evidence to recognize the difference between facts and influences is a. descriptive-analysis c. descriptive-status b. descriptive-evaluative d. descriptive-survey

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8. Type of descriptive design which describes the nature of a thing by separating it into parts is a. descriptive- classification c. descriptive-evaluative b. descriptive- comparative d. descriptive-analysis 9. A quantitative description technique that seeks to answer questions about reallife situations a. descriptive- classification c. descriptive-status b. descriptive- comparative d. descriptive-analysis 10. A non-experimental research because it focuses on making observations of behavior in a natural or laboratory setting without manipulating anything a. observational research c. correlational research b. historical research d. phenomenological research 11. What type of research involves comparing two or more pre-existing groups of people? a. observational research c. correlational research b. historical research d. cross-sectionalresearch 12. The researcher wishes to determine the magnitude of association between Social Studies and English grades of his students. The best research design is a. experimental c. historical b. correlational d. quasi-experimental 13. What is the most used non-experimental research in the field of humanities and social sciences? a.observational research c. correlational research b. historical research d. survey research 14. The data it collects from these people in a descriptive-survey research serves as a. representatives c. population b. households d. society 15. The following are characteristics of non-experimental research EXCEPT a. It is incapable of cause-effect relationships. b. It involves various ways of data analysis. c. It is applicable to both quantitative and qualitative data. d. It undergoes in depth analysis of being bias.

Additional Activity Research Virtual Conference Instructions: Pretend you are a guest speaker in a research conference. Take turns in discussing about one topic on non-experimental research through Google meet. For those without computer, you may write your speech on a sheet of paper.

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Answer Key Module 1; Lesson 4

References Books Aquino, G.V. (1992). Fundamentals of Research.Mandaluyong City: National Book Store. Baraceros, E.L. (2016). Practical Research 2 (First Edition). Quezon City: Rex Bookstore. Calmorin, L.P. &Calmorin, M.A. (2007). Research Methods and Thesis Writing(Second Edition). Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc. Chico, A.M. &Matira, M.D. (2016). Practical Research for the 21 st Century Learners (Quantitative Research), Sampaloc, Manila: St. Augustine Publications, Inc. Cristobal, A.P. & Cristobal, M.C. (2017). Practical Research for Senior High School 2. Quezon City: C&E Publishing, Inc. Vizcarra, F.O. (2003). Introduction to Educational Research. Quezon City: Great Books Trading Moral, R.V. (2019). Moral’s Theory on Creative Pedagogy in Research. PhD diss., CNU Cebu City. Vizcarra, F.O. (2003). Introduction to Educational Research. Quezon City: Great Books Trading.

Internet Sources https://greengarageblog.org/15-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-quantitativeresearch https://csus.libguides.com/res-meth/quant-res https://www.deped.gov.ph/2020/05/06/official-statement-2/

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https://opentext.wsu.edu/carriecuttler/chapter/overview-of-non-experimentalresearch/ https://www.formpl.us/blog/descriptive-research https://greengarageblog.org/15-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-quantitativeresearch https://csus.libguides.com/res-meth/quant-res https://www.deped.gov.ph/2020/05/06/official-statement-2/

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