Practice Your Grammar 2+key

GRAMMAR A. 1. Complete the following sentences with a suitable verb in either the present simple or present continuous tense. Put the words in the brackets in the correct place. Jason and Tricia (1)_________________ to the theatre tonight. Jason (2)__________________ (always) a glass of wine during the intermission and (3)__________________ going to a pub after the show. This play (4)____________________ at 10 o’clock so there will be plenty of time to have another glass or two before their favourite pub (5)_____________________. Jason, who (6)_____________________ (always) about Tricia’s driving and is too stingy to hire a cab, will have to let Tricia drive. It (7)_____________________ to me as if they are heading for trouble, not a pleasant night out. 2. Put the verbs in brackets into either the present simple or the present continuous tense. Put any other words in the brackets in the correct place. 1. You __________________ (always / find) excuses for being late. I am beginning to lose my patience with you. 2. David __________________ (write) a new book while his wife is on vacation. 3. Jeffrey __________________ (feel) that his life as an athlete will soon be over. 4. Don't disturb me, please. I __________________ (have) my dinner. 3. Put the verbs in brackets in either the past tense or past continuous. *

When he (1)_____________ (stand) up to make a speech, he (2)_____________ (knock) over his wine glass. He was very embarrassed.

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While David (3)_____________ (watch) the football match on TV, the chair he (4)_____________ (sit) on suddenly (5)_____________ (collapse).

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(6)_____________ she (6)_____________ (not live) in London when her father (7)_____________ (get) married for the fourth time?

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As she (8)_____________ (become) older she (9)_____________ (find) life easier to deal with.

4. Fill in each blank using the correct form of the verbs in brackets. I had one of the worst experiences of my life a few years ago when a friend and I (1)______________ (ski) in the Dolomite Mountains in Italy. We had decided not to ski that day - the sun (2)______________ (shine) and the snow (3)______________ (melt) fast. We had decided, instead, to take the ski lift to the top of the mountain and have a walk around. As 1

there was so little snow, we (4)______________ (meet) many skiers, and the bar at the top of the lift was empty. After drinking a quick cup of coffee, we (5)______________ (set) out to explore the mountaintop, following a path through a forest. Suddenly the weather changed, and when the sun (6)______________ (disappear), it (7)______________ (become) quite cold. Snow started to fall. We decided to turn back immediately. After an hour of walking, we realised that we were lost and that the snow (8)______________ (fall) faster and faster. We couldn't go back the way we had come. There was no alternative but to carry on towards the ski lift. Otherwise, we would spend the night on the mountain. Just as I (9)_________________ (begin) to get really frightened, I (10)______________ (hear) shouts in the distance. We ran towards the voices and soon came to the edge of the forest. The ski lift was ahead of us. We had made it! However, it wasn't the top of the slope, but the bottom. Without realising it, we had walked all the way down the mountain side. 5. Fill in each blank with the correct form of the verb in brackets.  Some   people   (1)___________________________   (always/criticize)   things   without   being constructive about them. That's really irritating. To prove to myself that I am not one of those people,   I   have   decided   (2)________________________   (join)   the   next   environmental awareness cross­country bicycle rally, which (3)________________________ (be) the third of its   kind.   I   have   even   asked   to   be   excused   from   the   picnic   that   my   school (4)___________________________   (have)   next   Saturday   because   the   rally (5)___________________________   (start)   that   day   at   noon.   Considering   the   route,   we (6)___________________________ (certainly / run) into some bad weather and I am afraid it (7)___________________________  (not   /  be)  an  easy   run.  Even  so,  I  hope  that  when  it's finished,   we   (8)_______________________   (create)   some   environmental   awareness   in   the people watching us ride by. 6. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets so that each sentence has a future meaning. Use each future form only once, in the most appropriate place. 1.

Look out! You _____________ (crash) into that tree.

2.

The doctors hope that he _____________ (get) better soon.

3.

We'd better hurry. The plane _____________ (take) off at 11:15.

4.

The prime-minister _____________ (give) a reception for the businessmen this evening.

5.

Just imagine! We _____________ (sail) to Sardinia this time on Friday.

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7. Fill in each blank with the correct form of the verb in brackets. The Evans family was planning (1)______________ (spend) the Christmas period in Scotland. They (2)______________ (invite) to stay there for a few days at the house of some friends. It was a long way away, and the Evans thought they (3)______________ (arrive) very late, so the friends agreed to leave the door key under the mat. In this way, the Evans could let themselves in without waking anyone up. The map their friends (4)______________ (draw) for them wasn't very good, so they (5)_______________ (find) the house until about two o'clock in the morning. They started to look for the key. The whole family (6)______________ (search) without success for about ten minutes when the father (7)______________ (discover) that the door was open. They went inside quietly. Since their friends (8)______________ (sleep) upstairs, they decided to go straight to bed. They were tired after their long journey, so they found two empty bedrooms and went to sleep. When they came downstairs the next morning, to their amazement two complete strangers (9)______________ (sit) at the kitchen table. By accident the whole family (10)______________ (break) into the house next door! 8. Use a, an, the or no article (Ø) in the blanks below.  Dear Diary, Yesterday, I saw (1)___________ car of my dreams- (2)___________ Porsche convertible! I can easily imagine myself driving that wonderful machine along (3)___________ French Riviera with (4)___________ sun in my face and (5)___________ wind in my hair. Gathering all my courage, I went into (6)___________ showroom and asked for (7)___________ test drive. This was (8)___________ incredible display of boldness on my part, if I say so myself, considering my already over-drawn bank account. Unfortunately, dear diary, (9)___________ over-drawn bank accounts are one of (10)___________ harsh realities of life...

9. Fill in each blank with an appropriate preposition.  Alex has always been interested (1)_______________ marine life and sorely wanted to take diving lessons but kept putting it  (2)_______________.  It was mainly his poor finances that prevented him (3)_______________ fulfilling this ambition.  Finally, last month he succeeded (4)_______________  getting  a  job   at  the   city   aquarium,   where  he  was   to  be  responsible (5)_______________   taking   care   of   the   dolphins.     He   proved   to   be   so   good 3

(6)_______________ his job that the city government offered to pay for his diving lessons. He is really excited  (7)_______________ his job and diving.   When I congratulated him (8)_______________ his progress, he said, "If you ever get bored (9)_______________ your present   job,   come   and   see   my   boss;   I   am   sure   he   can   find   something   you   are   capable (10)_______________ doing." 10. Fill in each blank with an appropriate preposition.  You   have   finally   succeeded   (1)______________   making   me   angry.   I   have   already apologized   (2)______________   bringing   you   here.   You   seem   to   be   bored (3)______________   everything   around.   I   cannot   be   held   responsible   (4)______________ everything you dislike. Try to show some skill (5)______________ adapting yourself to the circumstances. 11. Fill in each blank with the most suitable preposition. Ben had always wanted to have a business of his own. His opportunity came when his aunt left him her huge country mansion. He had never expected this. Although it took him (1)_________ surprise, he was quick to move (2)_________ action. He brought in an army of engineers and workmen. While one group was clearing the old stables (3)_________ the rubbish accumulated over the years, another was fitting the rooms (4)_________ the latest model air purifiers. For a while, it was like a madhouse: the whole place was (5)_________ total chaos. However, slowly but surely, things settled down and a very attractive health farm was built. The opening ceremony attracted many celebrities. Ben, however, was (6)_________ no illusions that a few famous names would be enough if he wanted a steady increase (7)_________ the number of paying customers. He is constantly trying to improve "The Old Manor House", the name (8)_________ which his health farm is known in the local community. 12. Fill in the blanks with in,  into,  on,  close to and from.  Our   house   is   (1)_____________   the   top   of   a   hill.     You   can   see   the   terrific   scenery (2)_____________ its terrace.   There is an ancient temple in ruins (3)_____________ our garden wall.  We hear the sound of the wind all the time since we live (4)_____________ a hilly area.  There are stairs in front of our front porch, which descend (5)_____________ the valley. 13. Fill in each blank with one word.   

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Don't   put   (1)________________   filling   in   the   form.     I   know   you   are   bad (2)________________   remembering   things.     Anyway,   don't   get   too   excited (3)________________ receiving a green card from them.  It doesn't usually come.  Why are you   so   interested   (4)________________   going   to   the   U.S.A.?   You   are   capable (5)________________   getting   any   job   you   like   here.     I   apologise   (6)________________ interfering, but you can do much better than this in life. 14. Fill in each blank with the appropriate preposition. If none is necessary, put a (X) in the blank. *

Please run (1)__________ to my room on the top floor and get my coat. I have an appointment (2)________ two o'clock with Adrian. He is here (3)________ only two days. He is leaving (4)___________ tomorrow. It's his wife's birthday (5)________ the 12th of April. He wants to celebrate it with her (6)_________ Saturday evening.

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Come on, get (7)_________ the car. I'll drive you (8)_________ the tunnel to the other side of the river. Then if you walk (9)________ the park you can easily reach the planetarium.

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I had completely forgotten (10)________ the picnic. Actually, I had nothing to do (11)________ the weekend so I didn't even bother to go (12)_________ of the house.

15. Fill in each blank with the appropriate preposition. *

Pamela lives (1)________ Primrose Street (2)_________ number 7. She usually takes a bus (3)_________ work. She sometimes has to wait (4)___________ the bus stop for fifteen minutes before getting (5)__________ a crowded bus which takes her to Trafalgar Square. There she jumps (6)__________ the bus and walks (7)___________ the National Gallery. On the way to the gallery, she feeds the birds by the fountain. After spending a few minutes there, she enters the gallery. Actually, she works (8)__________ the National Gallery – as an assistant curator.

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Gerald has a lovely house (9)____________ the southern coast, but he works (10)____________ the east where he has a toy factory. As a result, he spends a lot of his time (11)___________ the road (12)__________ his car.

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The news of his tragic death was first given (13)__________ television, then (14)___________ the newspapers the next day.

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Please be here (15)__________ time. 5

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We couldn't see the film properly because our seats were (16)__________ the back of the auditorium.

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Please sit (17)____________ that stool (18)____________ the hall. I want to draw your picture.

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We travelled a lot (19)______________ the east but I have never lived (20)_____________ the southern coast.

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Let's meet (21)____________ the entrance to Karum (22)____________ Kavaklıdere.

16. Fill in each blank with the appropriate preposition. You seem to be unaware (1)_______________ the fact that people are getting tired of you. You always express yourself (2)_______________ an aggressive manner. Moreover, most of your jokes are (3)_______________ poor taste. When people compliment you (4)_______________ your acting ability you take it for granted. When you are confronted (5)_______________ journalists, you are always rude to them. Nine times (6)_______________ of ten you are late for your appointments. As your agent, I'm responsible (7)_______________ creating your public image. So let's get down (8)_______________ business. You either do what I want you to do or I quit. 17. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the appropriate relative pronoun. Add  commas where necessary.  1.

Jacques­Yves Cousteau conducted underwater exploration in places __________ no man had gone before.

2.

Jacques­Yves   Cousteau   __________     films   made   the   strange   underwater   world marvellously familiar had a rare enthusiasm for nature.

3.

Sebastian's oldest brother __________  is an army officer will not be able to attend his wedding.

4.

After he was put in jail, Mr. Gullible was criticised by a lot of people many of ________ were his old accomplices.

5.

Many people refuse to take any major decisions on the 13th of the month __________ they believe is unlucky.

18. Put the adjectives and nouns in the correct order in the blanks below. 6

1.

I don't think it was really an accident. ___________________. (involved/people)

I would like to speak to the

2.

There will be ____________________ in the Mediterranean region in the afternoon. (occasional / rain)

19. Write the most suitable modifying adjective in the blanks. don't use the same adjective in both blanks.

In the first two sentences,

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His behaviour towards the teacher was (1)________________ impolite, but she handled quite/rather the situation (2)_______________ well. quite/rather

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It was a (3)________________ interesting proposal, but I can't (4)________________ quite/rather quite/rather agree with him. I don't think those trees should be felled.

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We use our basement (5)________________ a washroom. as/like This material feels (6)________________ silk. as/like I used to be very thin (7)________________ a child but since then I've put on weight. as/like

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20. Complete the following text with the correct form of the words in brackets.            In   general,   I've   been   very   satisfied   with   my   new   motorcycle,   a   Fuzimiko   50.     It   is (1)____________________   (good   bike)   any   other   in   the   market.     Its   engine   runs   really (2)____________________ (quiet) and it certainly looks much (3)____________________ (attractive) most other bikes of its type.   And, mind you, it is (4)____________________ (easy)   bike   in   the   world   to   maintain.     The   only   real   problem   I've   had   is   that   it   is   not (5)____________________ (stable) it should be when there's a strong wind blowing.   And also the passenger seat is far (6)____________________ (comfortable) I expected. 21. Fill in each blank with the correct form of the verb in brackets. Use used to and would,  each only once, in the most appropriate blanks.  Although   it   meant   (1)_________________________   (have)   a   shorter   vacation   with   his friends   this   summer,   William   decided   (2)_________________________   (visit)   the   house where his grandparents (3)_________________________ (live). They had moved out years ago   because   it   had   really   become   too   difficult   for   them (4)_________________________(maintain) such a large house. As William walked through the garden gate, the first thing he saw was the tree­house in the old oak tree. He remembered 7

nostalgically   that   as   a   child   he   (5)_______________________   (spend)   hours (6)_____________________ (imagine) he was the king of the castle. He also remembered his beloved grandmother (7)___________________ (bend) over for hours on end in an effort (8)_____________________   (keep)   the   garden   blooming   all   year   round.   For   one   brief moment,   he   considered   (9)_____________________   (buy)   back   the   house.   He   dreaded (10)___________________________ (think) what might become of the house and "his" tree when developers discovered this as­yet­untouched location. 22. Put the verb in brackets in the correct form.  1.

I didn't remember _________________ (give) you the key until you reminded me you had it.

2.

Bill's father was glad _________________  (hear) from him after all those years of his absence.

3.

Just imagine _________________  (see) Cindy Crawford there. Won't that be thrilling?

4.

Don't   risk   _________________   (put)   your   career   in   danger   by   performing   such   an operation on him. He is a terminal patient.

5.

She   regrets   _________________   (inform)   us   that   she   won't   be   coming   to   our   party tonight.

6.

Don't postpone _________________ (have) a medical check up. I am really worried about your health.

7.

It will take a long time _________________ (sort) out the books in the library.

8.

I don't want to spend my money _________________ (buy) things which I don't need.

9.

This time, June is really determined _________________ (win) the first prize in the competition.

10. This new method caused chaos rather than _________________ (maintain) order in the office. 23. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. You can add words where necessary. Very few spectator sports today are amateur in any way. Sport has become part of the entertainment and advertising industry. The top performers in sports such as golf, tennis and football can expect (1)______________ (become) very rich. For example, Michael Jordan is the most well-known basketball player in the world, but he's also famous (2)______________ (wear) a certain brand of shoes. Is it right that sports stars should earn so much money? Well, 8

to reach the top in any sport you need a great deal of commitment. This means (3)______________ (have) no time to do any other work. These days it is almost impossible for anyone to do a sport for fun and then, without very hard work, go on (4)______________ (achieve) success at the highest level. Many people would argue that top champions really do deserve (5)______________ (win) top prizes. After all, shouldn't we reward people at the top of their profession? One unfortunate consequence of the desire to succeed in sport is the spread of drug-taking to improve performance. Most athletes still wouldn't dream (6)______________ (use) these drugs, yet an increasing number are finding them hard to resist. However, maybe we should try (7)______________ (understand) the pressure modern sportsmen and women are under. Only the chosen few are lucky enough to receive millions for advertising contracts. Most find that when they stop (8)______________ (compete), there is little else in life for them to do, and they can never regain the kind of success they enjoyed in their sporting days. 24. Fill in each blank with the appropriate form of the verb in brackets.   I   can't   stand   him   (1)________________   (pull)   all   those   tricks   on   me   anymore.     I   tried (2)________________  (warn)   him   several   times,   but  he   wouldn't   change.     Now,  I   regret (3)________________ (marry) him but it's too late.   I really don't know how we'll manage (4)________________ (live) together.  Just imagine (5)________________ (be) so unhappy with someone and yet you go on (6)________________ (share) the same house with him. 25. Put the verbs in brackets into their appropriate form. Correctly place any other words given. While Claudia (1)__________________ (study) for a degree in East Asian Cultures, she (2)_________________ (develop) an interest in cooking. Apparently, by the time she (3)_______________ (graduate) in 1966, she (4)___________________ (already/decide) what she (5)_______________ (want) to do. Immediately after school, she (6)_______________ (get) a residence permit for Tibet by enrolling in the University of Lhasa, in the Tibetan capital, and (7)_______________ (open) an Italian restaurant. Strangely enough, it was a roaring success! "Claudia (8)___________________ (always/be) a bit of an eccentric, with a knack for the exotic, but this one takes the cake." says her old Vassar roommate Jenny. Her mother, too, still unable to believe the restaurant’s success, says, "It (9a)__________________ (make) sense if it (9b)___________________ (be) a Tibetan restaurant in New York City; but this?" Claudia, never short of an answer, says, "If only I (10a)________________ (have) the capital earlier! I (10b)___________________ (run) a restaurant in every major city in the world now." 26. 9

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the verbs in parentheses. Correctly place any other words given. Tina looked down at the scandalous graffiti with which her friends (1)___________________ (decorate) the plaster on her leg and smiled sadly. Her friend Sam, one of the contributors to the decorations, asked, “What (2)_______________________ (you/do) at a left-handed golfers tournament, anyway? You (3)____________________ (be) even left-handed."

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“Well,” Tina replied, “a couple of weeks ago as I (4)___________________ (peel) potatoes, an ad in the newspaper I had laid on the table for the peelings (5)_________________ (catch) my eye. It sounded so promising: an 18-hole course in Hawaii, peaceful surroundings, reasonable prices and so on. You know, I (6)___________________ (always/have) a soft spot for bargains, and this was irresistible. That night before I (7)________________ (go) to bed, I (8)_______________ (already/make) up my mind to book the trip. Initially, I had no intention of entering the tournament. But when I (9)___________________ (arrive) in Hawaii, I (10)____________________ (decide) to give the tournament itself a try anyway, (11)____________________ (already / pay) the entrance fee as part of the package deal. If I (12a)__________________ (know) how disastrous it was going to be, I (12b)____________________ (never/do) such a foolish thing. On my first day on the golf course, I (13)___________________ (stand) around watching the experts prepare for the first tee-off. (14)___________________ (be) right-handed, I didn’t realise I was on the wrong side, so I (15)____________________ (hardly/expect) the blow from the club I got square on the shin. The next thing I knew, I was in hospital with a broken leg." After hearing Tina's tale of woe, Sam said, “Look on the bright side. Where (16a)________________ (you/be) now if the package deal (16b)_________________ (cover) accident insurance as well?” Tina thought but didn't say, “In debt no doubt, but probably still in Hawaii. If I (17a)____________________ (see) that tempting ad in the newspaper, I (17b)___________________ (dance) at my best friend's wedding right now.”

27. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the verbs.  (1)_____________ (live) in Africa, I know what starvation is. I (2)________________ (work) in Ethiopia when the great famine (3)___________ (strike). I (4)______________ (never/see) anything like that before. People (5)____________ (beg) on the streets for a mouthful of food. (6)____________ (promise) myself to help the poor for the rest of my life, I dedicated my life to   charity.   Quite   a   long   time   (7)______________   (pass)   since   my   stay   in   Africa   but   I (8)______________   (remember/   still)   those   tragic   scenes   vividly.   Before   I (9)______________ (see) Africa, I (10)______________ (claim/always) that nothing could shock me, but my experiences (11)______________ (prove) me wrong.

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28. Complete the following text by putting the words in brackets in their correct forms. You can add words where necessary. Ever since the day I (1)_________________ (decide) to change my life and move to Istanbul, I (2)_________________ (think) it over carefully, wondering whether my sudden decision a few weeks ago was the right one. I (3)________________ (watch) a documentary about Istanbul on T.V. one afternoon, and all at once I (4)________________ (attract) to the idea of being a part of Istanbul's culture and excitement. It just worries me that soon I (5)______________ (live) all alone in a strange city. I have a feeling that the first few months could be (6)______________ (difficult) yet thrilling time of my life so far. You see, I (7)______________ (grow) up in the city, but in a small sleepy village in the middle of nowhere, and I (8)______________ (spend) all my life here. It would be hard to imagine a (9)________________ (quiet) place. Anyway, my house (10)______________ (already/sell), so it's too late now to change my mind. I expect that in a few years' time, I (11)__________________ (have) enough of the noise and pollution of Istanbul and then I can move back to my village and better appreciate its peace and tranquillity. 29. Use the appropriate forms of verbs in the blanks. Use used to and would once each where appropriate. There (1)______________ (be) a lot of talk about the negative effects of vitamins and minerals recently. People (2)______________ (take) them without thinking about the consequences. Last week, I (3)______________ (warn) my old aunt about taking too many calcium tablets. She (4)______________ (take) two tablets a day until she (5)______________ (feel) some cramps and stiffness in her knees and neck. Another example (6)______________ (occur) during my childhood. When I (7)______________ (go) to primary school, my mother (8)___________ (be) very keen on making me swallow a spoonful of cod-liver oil every morning. She (9)______________ (also/put) a slice of orange into my mouth to help relieve its bad taste. After six months or so, I (10)___________ (start) getting red spots on my body. I (11)____________ (touch) any vitamins since then, and I don't think I (12)____________ (ever/change) my mind about that. 30. Fill in each blank with the appropriate form of the verb. 1.

If she _______________ (call), ________________ (give) her my office number.

2.

David usually ______________ (have) ___________________ (bring) it to him.

3.

I ____________ (be) very angry if someone ____________ (burn) my house down.

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breakfast

in

bed

if

his

wife

4.

If you ______________(talk) to him now, I'm sure he _______________(be) very happy. He's been expecting your visit for a long time so don't hesitate. Just enter his room.

31. Fill in each blank with the appropriate form of the verb in brackets. Use negatives where necessary. Edward was born in London in 1976. He first (1)____________ (start) to paint at the age of five because his mother (2)_________________ (be) a famous painter and she (3)_______________ (give) him his first paintbrush then. Now Edward (4)______________ (be) quite a famous painter. Presently he (5)_____________ (paint) the interior walls of a community centre in a suburb of London. He (6)_____________ (never/make) such big paintings so when he first undertook the project, he (7)_____________ (be) happy with it because he (8)_____________ (have) enough confidence in himself. However, now he (9)__________ (do) quite well and everybody (10)__________ (love) his work. 32. Fill in each blank with the appropriate form of the given verb. Use negatives where necessary. At the party, he spotted her among the crowd. If he (1)_______________ (see) her photo recently in a magazine, he (2)____________________ (recognise) her. She (3)_________________ (change) so much. When she saw him, she immediately came to his side. She hesitated for a moment. If she (4)__________________ (kiss) him, it (5)__________________ (mean) that she still loved him, so she decided not to. But she (6)___________________ (never/experience) such a bitter-sweet feeling before. 33. Complete the following text by putting the words in brackets in their correct forms.   You may add words to make the necessary changes.   In the early 1990s, a producer for Yorkshire Television (1)_________________ (look) for material for a series of programmes called 'The Hard Life'.  In the course of his research, he (2)_________________   (come)   across   a   sixty­year­old   woman,   Hannah   Hauxwell, (3)_________________ (live) on her own on an isolated farm in the Yorkshire Dales.  Her living   conditions   were   (4)_________________   (difficult)   anyone   could   expect.     She (5)_________________ (have) a phone, electricity or even running water — except from the local stream. The   programme,   which   (6)________________________   (show)   throughout   1991, (7)_________________ (bring) fame and a totally different lifestyle to Hannah.   Since she (8)_________________ (discover) by the TV people, she (9)_________________ (lead) a comfortable   life   in   a   small   cottage   in   Cory,   a   nearby   village.     She   is   now   the   village's (10)_________________ (popular) personality  and (11)_________________ (invite)  to all 13

kinds of social occasions in the area.   She (12)_________________ (live) in Cory for six years this May, and the villagers (13)_________________ (plan) to give a big party in her honour.     They   all   think   that   she   deserves   (14)_________________   (be)   happy   in   the remaining years of her life. 34. Complete the following text by putting the words in brackets in their correct forms.   You may add words to make the necessary changes.   Two women who used to be the best of friends have fallen out over a big win at bingo. Tamara Foxton and Helena Wallace used to play every Friday evening, and any prize money they   won   would   (1)_________________   (divide)   between   them,   according   to   their agreement.  Three weeks ago, Tamara won the national first prize of £250,000.  Helena said, "We   (2)_________________   (weep)   with   joy   when   the   prize   (3)_________________ (announce).     But   the   next   day,   Tamara   said   that   her   husband   Billy   had   persuaded (4)_________________ (keep) all the money.   The agreement between us was an informal one.     I   feel   like   a   fool   now.     If   I   (5a)_________________   (trust)   Tamara   at   the   very beginning, I (5b)_________________ (be) in such an unpleasant situation." Tamara's side of the story is rather different: "A month ago, Billy, Helena and I went to bingo and Helena won four hundred pounds.  She (6)_________________   (split)   the   money   three   ways   and   include   Billy,   even   though   he (7)_________________ (lend) her ten pounds to play that evening.   After that incident, I naturally told her that the deal was over.  Billy (8)_________________ (retire) soon, and this money will enable (9)_________________ (realise) our dreams.  Of course, some formalities have (10)_________________ (complete) before we can receive the money." 35. Put the verbs in brackets into their correct past forms.   *

The car, which (1)____________________________ (do) more than 70 kph, ran into a lamppost.   The driver, who (2)_____________________________ (wear) his seat belt, (3)__________________________ (throw) out  of the window  with the  impact  of the collision.

*

It was a beautiful warm summer afternoon.   Emma (4)__________________________ (lie) under the big oak tree in the backyard.  Her husband was out in the woods.  On such lovely days, he (5)___________________________ (always / take) his gun with him, but he (6)___________________________ (rarely / shoot) any rabbits or birds.

14

36. Put the verbs in brackets into their correct future forms.   1.

I'm   looking   forward   to   reading   his   new   book.     People   say   they _______________________ (publish) it by the end of this month.

2.

It looks like everyone is against us.   I doubt if we ________________________ (give) another chance to complete the project.

3.

I   _______________________ (watch) my favourite TV programme from nine to ten tomorrow evening, so please call me before that.

4.

She looks awfully pale.  Obviously, she ________________________ (faint).

37. A.

The following text is about an incident that took place two days ago.  Read it and fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. 

It was a sunny day.   Mr. Hollis (1)____________________ (work) in the garden for two hours   when   he   (2)__________________   (decide)   to   go   in   for   a   cup   of   tea.     He (3)_________________   (walk)   to   the   front   of   his   house,   where   he (4)____________________ (leave) his shoes and he (5)____________________ (bend) next to the light switch to pull off one muddy boot.   At this point, Mr. Lark, a neighbour who (6)__________________ (wash) his car across the road, (7)__________________ (see) Mr. Hollis shaking with his hand on the light switch.   Putting two and two together, Mr. Lark (8)____________________ (run) across the road and (9)____________________ (hit) Mr. Hollis's arm with a baseball bat to break his contact with the light switch and save him from electrocution. The unfortunate Mr. Hollis, who (10)____________________ (manage) to pull off   one   boot   and   (11)__________________   (try)   to   take   off   the   other, (12)________________ (send) flying to the ground by his neighbour's attack.   By the time Mr. Lark (13)________________ (realise) what he (14)____________________ (do), it was too late. B. Mr. Hollis, who is now in hospital with a broken arm, talked to a local reporter this morning.  Complete the following sentences by putting the verbs in brackets in their correct form.   Mr. Hollis : 1.

If   it   (a)_________________   (be)   rainy   that   day,   I   (b)__________________   (stay) indoors.

2.

I (a)______________ (lie) on this hospital bed if Mr. Lark (b)_______________ (think) that I was being electrocuted. 15

38. Put the verbs in brackets in their appropriate form. Correctly place any other words given. Matthew is the most indecisive man I (1)__________________ (know/ever) in my life. He knows this but maintains, “I (2a)____________________ (change) my mind unless I (2b)_________________ (have) excellent reasons.” Last week, he (3)_________________ (buy) back the house he (4)_________________ (sell) only a couple of months ago. Of course, he had to pay five thousand dollars more for it. He said, “I (5a)____________________ (buy) it back if it (5b)___________________ (increase) in value so much in such a short time.” OK, but if he (6a)_________________ (sell) it in the first place, he (6b)____________________ (be) five thousand dollars richer now. Some years ago, he decided to learn how to play the guitar. He bought a flamenco guitar. Guess what? After a few lessons, he decided that what he really wanted was to learn how to play classical guitar. Needless to say, his latest passion is the piano. Matthew (7)__________________ (marry) to Maggie for twelve years now. Amazing, isn’t it? Maggie says, “If I (8a)__________________ (make) it clear that we either got married or I was leaving him, we (8b)__________________ (live/still) with our respective roommates.” Maggie is expecting their second child. Problem: naming the baby. Matthew says, “If my parents (9a)__________________ (be) alive, it (9b)___________________ (be) easy. I could name the baby after one of them, but I do not believe in giving children names of dead people.” This obviously is not the end of Matthew’s story, but I ran out of space. If I (10a)_________________ (have) more space, I (10b)_________________ (go) on for pages. 39. Fill in the blank with the appropriate form of the verbs in brackets. Nell (1)_____________ (attend) an art school for the last eighteen months. She still (2)_____________ (have) six months to complete the course. She (3)_____________ (try) her hand at everything from sculpture to ceramics, and from painting to batik at the school. Last term while she (4)_____________ (sculpt) the head of a big animal figure, she (5)_____________ (fall) from a ladder and (6)_____________ (break) her leg. It (7)_____________ (take) her two months to walk again. Now she is perfectly all right and she (8)_____________ (arrange / already) a job for herself. After her graduation, she (9)_____________ (work) for a ceramics company that (10)_____________ (produce) tiles for kitchens and bathrooms. 40. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the verbs. Roy, generally a suspicious man, (1)_____________ (climb) the stairs to his office when a man (2)_____________ (stand) in his way and (3)_____________ (demand) to see his ID card. As Roy (4)_____________ (never/meet) him in the building before, he thought the 16

man (5)_____________ (be) a criminal. Before (6)_____________ (give) him his wallet, Roy (7)_____________ (reflect) for a moment. He was sure that if he (8)_____________ (hand) the man his wallet, he (9)_____________ (be) broke for the rest of the month. He cursed his luck and said, "Let's toss a coin. If you (10)_____________ (win), I (11)_____________ (give) you the money in my wallet without any fuss." The man (12)_____________ (take) aback. He said, "I'm sorry, sir, but I'm the new janitor. I (13)_____________ (hire) only recently. Yesterday, Mr. Andrews (14)_____________ (find) out that someone (15)_____________ (try) to break into his office. He (16)_____________ (see) some marks on his front door. So he told me (17)_____________ (check) the identities of people on the stairs. I (18)_____________ (mean) to trouble you sir. If I (19)_____________ (meet) you before, I (20)_____________ (cause) such a misunderstanding."

41. Fill in each blank in the following text with a suitable modal verb together with the verb in brackets. I was sitting in the office last Wednesday afternoon when I got a phone call from my friend Theo. He sounded very excited. "Have you heard the news?" he said. "James Yalemass is coming to town. He's giving a show next weekend." I told him I didn't know who he was talking about. "What do you mean you've never heard of him?" he said. "He's the best standup comedian in the country. His show will be very funny. You really (1)_______________ (miss) it." I agreed to give it a try. "In that case," he continued, "(2)_______________ (ask / I) you a big favour? Would you mind getting the tickets? You've got a credit card, so you (3)_______________ (go) to the theatre yourself, just ring up the ticket office and book them over the phone. Thanks." Then, he hung up. It sounded as if it was going to be a popular show, which meant that we (4)_______________ (buy) our tickets as soon as possible before they were sold out. I called the ticket office, but there was no reply. I tried again several times, but I still had no luck. In fact, I spent most of the afternoon phoning up again and again until I finally managed to get through and book our tickets. On the night of the show, we got to the theatre, and I was surprised to see that there were still tickets on sale. I (5)_______________ (waste) all that time on the phone. Anyway, we went in and saw the show. Theo thought it was hilarious: he couldn't stop laughing all the way through. Personally, I didn't find it very funny at all. I wished I'd stayed at home - I (6)_______________ (let) him talk me into going with him in the first place.

17

42. Fill in each blank in the following text with a suitable form of can, could, may, might, be able, must and the verb in brackets. It was only when my television broke down that I found out how difficult it is to get one repaired. I asked around at different shops, but no one would even agree to look at it for me. I wondered what other people do in this situation. They (1)________________ (throw) their broken televisions away, I suppose, and just get the latest model instead. Anyway, I eventually found a place, but, even then, I didn't have much luck: the woman behind the counter said, "The repairman's not here. He (2)________________ (come) to work for the last two weeks - he fell and broke his leg while fixing an antenna. He has an apprentice, but I don't know where he is at the moment. He (3)________________ (have) his lunch break. Try coming back in an hour or two." I went back an hour later and spoke to the apprentice. He agreed to come straight round to my house and look at the television. The next day, I told one of my friends about my experience. "How much did you pay?" he asked. I told him. "That's so expensive. Why didn't you tell me your TV wasn't working? Jack, my neighbour, is amazingly good with gadgets. He (4)________________ (fix) all kinds of things. The best thing is, he loves messing around with electronics so much that he doesn't charge anything. He (5)________________ (sort) out your television for nothing." 43. Complete the following conversational exchanges using a form of can, may, might or must and an appropriate verb. *

Who's that across the street? It looks like Alex.

-

It (1)____________________ Alex. I talked to him on the phone this morning. He's away on business in Izmir.

*

What happened in your chess game with Simon yesterday? You didn't lose again, did you?

-

Actually, I didn't. He had a bad cold, which upset his concentration, so I (2)____________________ this time.

*

There's a big group of people from the office going out to dinner tonight. Why don't you meet us at the restaurant?

-

I'm not sure. I (3)____________________ later. It depends what time I finish work.

*

I didn't know David was such a good football player.

-

Yes, he (4)____________________ a professional footballer, but he decided to go to university and become a doctor instead.

*

Have you seen Rachel? I've been looking for her all afternoon.

18

-

I saw her in her office five minutes ago. She was talking about leaving early - she's having a new washing machine installed today.

-

Well, she's not in the office now, and her car is not in the car park. She (5)______________________ home.

44. Complete the following dialogues with a suitable form of can, be able, may, might, must or  should  and the verb in brackets.   Use each modal verb only once.   There are more modal verbs than you need.   *

It's 10 a.m. and Ricardo still hasn't come to work.

­

Don't worry.  He (1)________________________ (get) up on time, or perhaps he missed his train.

*

This is Jason's fiancée.  They're planning to get married next month.

­

But   she   (2)________________________   (be)   more   than   16   years   old!     Isn't   she   too young to get married?

*

I'll give $900 for that yellow Volkswagen.

­

You (3)________________________ (joke)!  It's worth at least $1,500.

*

It was raining really heavily yesterday afternoon. (4)________________________ (find) a taxi when you left work?

­

Of course, not.  I walked to the nearest station and went home by underground.

45. Complete the following sentences using a suitable modal verb together with the verb in brackets. * What I like most about my new job is that I (1)________________________ (drive) through rush-hour traffic. I start work at 7 a.m. and finish at 3 p.m., which is so convenient for me. *

I hope we (2)________________________ (find) tickets for the Twix Brothers' concert next month. They are my favourite group.

*

I'm sorry to trouble you but (3)________________________ (I / borrow) your umbrella for half an hour? I (4)________________________ (post) these documents, and it's raining heavily.

*

Thanks a lot, but you (5)________________________ (wash) all those cups. I was going to wash them in the dishwasher. 19

20

*

A: Where's Dorothy? She is supposed to help me with these reports. B: She (6)____________________ (have) lunch. I saw her heading for the cafeteria ten minutes ago.

*

A: The boss (7)________________________ (be) shocked when you told him to go to hell at the staff meeting. B: Well actually I (8)________________________ (lose) my temper like that. I really don't know why I got so angry.

46. Fill in each blank with a modal + the verb in brackets in order to express obligation or permission. 1.

People _______________ (leave) their parcels and coats in the hall before entering the auditorium, if they wish.

2.

I _______________ (go) to the conference hall so early because my assistant had already put everything in order.

3.

Sheila _______________ (inform) the administration about her maternity leave beforehand. Now she is in a difficult position.

4.

We hope we _______________ (make) some renovations in the building next year, but everything depends on our landlord's consent.

47. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate passive forms of verbs in brackets. Richard (1)____________ (respect) very much by everyone around him. He (2)____________ (lately/promote) to manager. But I doubt if he (3)____________ (allow) to make all the necessary reforms in the office. This is a delicate matter (4)____________ (settle). It requires hard work and lots of patience on Richard's part. First of all, the personnel (5)____________ (have to/persuade) to accept the new order. As they (6)____________ (treat) very badly before the last manager left, they now weigh up every option (7)____________ (give) to them with caution. Richard already anticipates that he (8)____________ (criticize) by some people, but he is willing to take a chance. He is quite used to working under pressure. 48. Fill in each blank with the correct form of the verb in brackets. Although far more women have jobs nowadays, they still experience considerable difficulties at work. In the past, women ambitious to succeed (1)_____________ (tell) that they only needed to use their feminine charm to get what they wanted. In modern business, however, charm is not enough, and women are finding that they have to work just as hard as men, even 21

though they do not always get the same treatment. In fact, they are still subject to widespread discrimination. For example, ever since women entered the world of work, they (2)_____________ (pay) less than their male colleagues. This is unfair: women (3)_____________ (deserve) equal status. In addition, they (4)_____________ (often / blame) first for no reason when things in the office go wrong. Employers may accuse them of (5)_____________ (distract) by commitments and responsibilities at home. They think that women have difficulties balancing work and home life. Indeed, to a certain extent this is true. Women are unable to take advantage of every opportunity (6)_____________ (give) to them: few women are willing (7)_____________ (promote) to top positions when the consequence is longer hours at work and less time with the family. The solution to this problem would be more flexible working hours. Unfortunately, not many women believe that any progress on this matter (8)_____________ (make) at the moment. It seems that, unless employers become more sensitive to the needs of working women, a large proportion of women (9)_____________ (still / force) to make a choice between their job and family.

22

B. 1. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first. Use up to five words, including the one you are given. 1.

No matter how many times I tell her, our maid always folds my sweaters the wrong way. No matter how many times I tell her, our maid ________________________ the wrong way. (keep)

2.

These days, people hardly ever write letters to each other. These days, people _______________________________ to each other. (often)

2. Complete the second sentence following the given cues so that it has the same meaning as the first one. 1.

You can play in snow, but don't forget to put on your gloves. Provided that _______________________________________________.

2.

The cat ate the gold fish because you put the fishbowl on the floor. If ____________________________________________________________.

3.

My little sister never gets on lifts because she is afraid of closed spaces. If _____________________________________________________________.

4.

Only by going to England or the States will you improve your English . Unless ________________________________________________________.

5.

I forgot to take my camera, which is why I didn't take any pictures. If ____________________________________________________________.

6.

You can't solve your problems unless you consult a psychologist. ____________________ provided that ____________________________.

7.

She is not satisfied with the present situation; that's why she's complaining so much. If __________________________________________________________.

8.

Liam is a very good tennis player, so I don't think Percy will agree to compete against him. I don't think that Percy will agree to compete against ___________________. (as... as)

9.

Jane's height is 1.60 m, while her little sister's is only 0.85 m. Jane is ________________________________________________________. (as ... as)

23

10. They produce very high quality work. They can set their own prices. They __________________________________________________________. (such) 11. The tardy student didn’t change his attitude although the teacher warned him repeatedly. The tardy student didn’t change his attitude ____________________________________ ________________________________________________________. (in spite of) (Do not use "in spite of the fact that") 12. Andrew will not become a good scientist because he isn’t very patient. Andrew __________________________________________ a good scientist. (too) 13. Don’t stay up late tonight. You do not want to miss your 8 o’clock appointment tomorrow. You _________________________________________________________ if you do not want to miss your 8 o’clock appointment tomorrow. (better) 14. I have not been trained in first-aid procedures so I couldn’t help the injured child. I wish ________________________________________________ the injured child. 15. I am sitting here listening to this boring lecture. I’d prefer to be at home reading a book. I ____________________________________________________sitting here listening to this boring lecture. (rather) 16. The cat snatched my steak just after I took a bite out of it. Hardly _______________________________________________________. 17. Dorothy is a singer. Melody is a better singer. Dorothy is not __________________________________________________. (as ……… as) 18. He eats a lot, almost as if he were a horse. He ___________________________________________________________. (like) 19. In Rome, we visited the historical places and we did lots of shopping. In Rome, not only ______________________________________________. 20. The moment I got in bed, the phone rang. No sooner _____________________________________________________.

24

21. Mr. Geriatrix is very uncomfortable with his new dentures (false teeth) at the moment, but he hopes he will get accustomed to them soon. Mr. Geriatrix hopes __________________________________________ soon. (used) 22. She takes care of the sick and the elderly; she is accustomed to that. She ______________________________________of the sick and the elderly. (used) 23. The building collapsed with a deafening noise a few minutes after the firemen left it. Hardly ___________________________________________________. 24. Gina smokes 13 cigarettes a day whereas Maria smokes only 6. Maria smokes ____________________________________________. (as ... as) 25. I entered the building and I immediately heard an explosion outside. No sooner ________________________________________________. 26. I instructed Jack and he played the game according to my instructions. Jack _______________________________________________________. (as) 27. Nigel teaches 20 hours a week while George teaches only 9 hours. Nigel teaches _______________________________________________. (as ... as) 28. I read a few pages before going to bed even when I'm very tired. No matter ___________________________________________________. 3. Complete the sentences to express your thoughts for each of the following situations. 1.

Your roommate always uses your belongings. I'd rather you __________________________________________________.

2.

You dream of living in a house with a swimming pool. I wish I ______________________________________________________.

3.

You regret spending all your money on a leather jacket. If only I ______________________________________________________.

4.

You have got an old washing machine which keeps breaking down. It's time we ___________________________________________________.

25

5.

Your friend is trying to give the impression that he is very rich. Stop acting as if you ____________________________________________.

6.

He goes out almost every evening. I wish ________________________________________________________.

7.

She doesn't notice me at all. If only ________________________________________________________.

8.

I talked to him so severely yesterday. I wish ________________________________________________________.

4. Write questions using the following prompts. 1.

The children have eaten all the food in the refrigerator. What _________________________________________________________?

2.

She is sleeping in her sister's room. Why _________________________________________________________?

3.

Tony gave them a farewell dinner. Who ________________________________________________________?

4.

Bill came to school quite early yesterday. When ________________________________________________________?

5. Complete the following sentences with suitable linking devices. 1.

__________________ the extremely heavy snowfall overnight, many of the city's main roads were blocked in the morning.

2.

The suspect in the murder case said he would not answer any questions ______________ he had spoken to his lawyer.

3.

We bought the most expensive tickets for the play __________________ we would get the best possible view of the stage.

4.

When I go on holiday abroad, I always take out travel insurance __________________ I have an accident.

5.

As the lecturer went over the topic, he added some ideas and examples of his own ____________________ the students could remember what was explained more easily.

6.

Games such as squash can be dangerous if you aren't used to playing them. A number of injuries can occur ____________________ the sudden, twisting movements that such games involve. 26

7.

I went into a big self-service restaurant to have a sandwich and a coffee ___________________ I caught the train back to London.

8.

The teenagers looked ____________________ alike in their tight jeans and leather jackets with lots of badges ____________________ I had difficulty in spotting my 15year-old cousin among them.

9.

____________________ a creative photographer experiments with light, he or she may take the same picture at many different times of the day.

10. ____________________ had I stepped out of the lift ____________________ there was a power cut. 6. Complete these sentences in a logical way. 1.

I won't change my mind no matter ________________________________.

2.

Come and see me as soon as _____________________________________.

3.

I won't leave here until you ______________________________________.

4.

The library will have closed by the time ____________________________.

7. Complete the following conversational exchanges using appropriate future forms. *

Look at Ned! He looks so pale.

-

Oh, my God! I think he (1)______________________________________.

*

I'd hate to be the one to tell David about the changes in the company policy.

-

Why don't you wait until Monday? By then, he (2)___________________________________ most of the news from that company gossip, Chuck.

*

I have to work until late this evening, but it seems we've run out of coffee again.

-

(3)_______________________ I ____________________ to that all-night store and get some?

*

We've run out of milk again.

-

I (4)________________________ to the shop and get some, if you like.

*

Look! The bus is setting off - we (5)______________________________ it.

-

That's OK. Don't run, there's another one in ten minutes.

*

Have you still got that book I lent you? 27

-

Yes. I'm still trying to get through the last few pages. I'm sure I (6)____________________ it by the time I see you on Thursday evening. Don't worry. I (7)____________________ it back to you then, I promise.

*

I'm looking forward to our holiday.

-

So am I. Just think. This time next week we (8)______________________ a drink by the swimming pool at the hotel. I can't wait.

*

(9)________________ I _____________ your bag for you? You seem to be having trouble.

-

Thank you. That's very kind of you.

*

Who could look after the baby for us on Friday?

-

What about Greg?

-

Great idea. I (10)________________________ him now.

-

No, wait until tonight. He's working late today, so he (11)_________________________ at home after 9 o'clock.

8. Complete each of the following conversational exchanges with the appropriate future form of the verb in brackets. 1.

Hurry up, Susan, your father is waiting for you downstairs. All right, I _______________________ (be) there in a minute.

2.

The grocer’s boy forgot to deliver the milk again this morning. ____________________ I ____________________ (call) the grocer now to remind him?

3.

I hear the doorbell. Who can that be at this hour? Oh, that a) _______________________ (be) David. We b)_____________________ (go) to that new nightclub tonight.

4.

Look, that boy is getting suspiciously close to that old lady. My God, I think he ______________________ (mug) her. Call the police.

9. Complete the following sentences by adding the correct preposition and a suitable verb. 1.

He is rather anxious _____________________ on such a long journey. After all, he is 72 years old and has had a serious operation recently.

2.

He was terribly upset when he was accused _____________________ in the exam.

3.

Who is responsible _____________________ such a mess in the living room?

28

4.

The manager congratulated the store detective _____________________ the thief, who had almost escaped through the back door of the store.

5.

If I were you, I wouldn't insist _______________________ jeans to work. You know the boss wants everyone to wear suits and ties.

6.

_______________________ an exam, I usually close my eyes and relax for a few minutes. Then I carefully go over what I've done.

10. Fill in the question tags. 1.

Let's change the subject, ________________?

2.

Don't touch that, ________________?

3.

Nobody was there, ________________?

4.

I'm quite clever, ________________?

5.

We had a lovely time, ________________?

6.

You haven't seen my wallet, ________________?

11. Complete the following sentences with suitable relative clauses, adding commas where necessary. 1.

Library members ____________________________________________ will be required to pay a fine.

2.

The world's rainforests ____________________________________________ are being destroyed at an alarming rate.

3.

This magazine article strongly recommends the Chinese restaurant ______________________________________________________________.

4.

This morning the bus was late again _________________________________________.

5.

The students ______________________________________________ were excused from class early. The rest stayed and reviewed the latest material.

6.

This morning, I shut the car door on my finger ______________________________.

7.

My friend from İzmir was really impressed by our facilities at Lake Eymir _____________________________________________________________.

8.

My eldest sister ______________________________________________ will be performing at the presidential palace next Saturday.

29

9.

The Titanic was the famous ship ___________________________________ in 1912.

10. Beethoven was the composer _____________________ are well-known all over the world. 11. Gaugin was the painter __________________________ most of his life on tropical islands. 12. I can't understand the reason __________________________________ us here stranded. 12. Complete the following sentences with suitable reduced relative clauses and any necessary prepositions. Each sentence must have a passive meaning. 1.

Have you read the reports ______________________ the new secretary? They are full of spelling mistakes.

2.

The villagers are going to claim compensation from the owners of the factory for the damage ______________________ the environment.

3.

Films ______________________ this cinema are usually very good.

4.

According to some psychologists, children ______________________ single parents tend to suffer from feelings of insecurity.

13. Complete each of the following sentences in a meaningful way. 1.

2.

-

I'd rather ________________________ my electric drill to Henry without asking me.

-

I'm sorry, dad. He said he needed it urgently, so I couldn't say no to him.

-

_____________________________ to work on foot recently?

-

Because the doctor wants me to lose some weight.

3.

The crash of two airplanes on the runway at Tenerife Airport this morning has resulted in the death of 287 people. Never _____________________________ such a dreadful accident in Europe.

4.

Some people enjoy doing outdoor activities while _____________________________ free time watching TV at home.

5.

Even if _____________________________ a job in their company, I wouldn't have accepted it. I really enjoy my present job.

30

6.

On the Orient Express, three people who __________________________ tickets were caught by the conductors and handed over to the police at the next stop.

7.

________________________________, the less legible your handwriting becomes.

8.

The judge found the two youths guilty of destroying public property and they were made ________________________________ the damage they had done.

9.

If I ate less and started exercising regularly, how long ________________ 10 kilos?

10. By the time we arrived at the stadium, ____________________________ due to the heavy rain. 11. The company is planning to open its first regional office in Germany so they are looking for people who _________________________________________________________. 12. The restaurant is so crowded! I'm sure we'll have to wait for a long time before ______________________________________________________________________. 13. I'm hopeless at physics. I can't get a high grade, no matter _______________________ ______________________________________________________________________. 14. The phone has been ringing for a minute. Whoever is calling will have given up by the time _________________________________________________. 15. Not surprisingly, hardly _______________________________________ to Sue's birthday party last week. She is a very rude and aggressive person. 16. He is a well-known expert on butterflies. There is scarcely ______________________ _______________________________________________ about these beautiful animals.

31

C. 1. Fill in each blank with an appropriate word from the box. There are more words than you need. Use each ONLY ONCE. hard flat

hardly flatly

late rather

later wide

lately widely

In our office, it is  (1)_______________ accepted  that Alex is  about the most easy­going person we have ever met in our lives. There is (2)_______________ anything in the world that   would   upset   him.   I   was   (3)_______________   surprised   the   other   day   when   he (4)_______________ refused to help Gwen. Something was obviously wrong. Soon enough I found   out   that   Gwen,   who   has   been   having   some   problems   with   her   finances (5)_______________, had stolen some money from Alex. That bit of news nearly knocked me down (6)_______________. 2. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate expressions / words from the box. Be careful! There are more expressions / words than you need. since

so

unless

as long as

therefore

1.

We will be facing water shortages _______________ everybody tries to be more sensitive to the need to conserve water.

2.

_______________ he finishes his work, I don't care what time he arrives at the office.

3.

I am leaving David a note _______________ he will know where we are.

3. Complete the following paragraph by filling in the blanks with suitable words from the box. There are more words than you need. all none

every each

both neither

either

It was my first ever job interview and I was very excited about it. When I spoke to one of the two managing directors on the phone, I tried to note down carefully (1)_____________ the details of the interview. Our conversation was very relaxed, and he even gave me the choice of seeing him on Monday or Tuesday. As I was unemployed, (2)_____________ was all right for me. We agreed that I would come on Monday. When the big day arrived, I had considerable difficulty finding the company's headquarters. It was on a long, busy street full of different kinds of buildings, and (3)_____________ of them appeared to be the one I was looking for. To my relief, I eventually found it. In a frantic hurry, I got to the interview room, knocked on the door and burst in. The managing directors were sitting at a large meeting table. They (4)_____________ stared at me blankly. I said, "I'm here for the interview. I'm 32

not late, am I?" They continued staring at me. (5)_____________ of them seemed to know what I was talking about. Then, one of them calmly looked at his watch and said, "No, you're right on time, except that your interview isn't today. It's next Monday." 4.  Complete the following texts by filling in the blanks with suitable connectors from the list below.  Use each connector only once.  There are more connectors than you need.    due to such as despite otherwise therefore although since in other words meanwhile provided that on the contrary unless moreover for instance however The need for money originates from the fact that different people in society produce different things.  This means that people depend on each other for goods and services.  Let us take the case of a farmer who produces more food than he requires and a carpenter who lives by selling the tables and chairs that he has made.   It will be obvious that (1)______________ some means of exchange is found, the farmer will not be able to get rid of his surplus food and the carpenter will starve!  Clearly, the simplest means of exchange will be for them to use barter; (2)______________, to exchange a certain amount of one kind of goods for a certain amount  of  another.     (3)______________ barter  can  work  well   in a  simple   society,   in  an advanced society we cannot go around carrying things in the hope that we can exchange them for the things we need.   (4)______________, we need something which will stand for the goods and services that we want to exchange: hence the origin of money.   It follows that anything can act as money or currency (5)______________ all the people using it agree on its value.  Cowry shells, coconuts, whales' teeth and salt were used as money in the past. *** No one doubts that the ideal way to conserve animals is to do everything possible to save their habitats;   (6)______________,   over   the   past   20   years   it   has   become   clear   that   the   mere conservation of habitat will not be enough.  Even the best protected places are usually more vulnerable than they seem (7)______________ they are often in areas of poverty and political instability.     Hungry   people   at   war   have   little   concern   for   rare   animals.     In   the   Sahel, (8)______________,   a   combination   of   drought   and   human   conflict   has   wiped   out   the scimitar­horned oryx. *** Field studies have shown that wild animals, particularly large predators (9)______________ cheetahs and wild dogs, need far more room than anyone imagined. Population geneticists have calculated that many species of animals face the danger of being wiped out in the long 33

term (10)______________ drought, epidemic or war. It is clear that even if the best efforts are made to save what is left of the wilderness, many animals are still doomed.

34

(11)______________, breeding in zoos has become an essential part of conservation. Such breeding should be carried out on a large scale, through cooperation between zoos and between well-chosen animals. (12)______________ an estimated 25 per cent of all species will be in danger of becoming extinct in the first quarter of the next century. 5. Fill in the blanks with the words and the expressions from the list. Use each only once. since no sooner when in case as soon as finally then so as to so to than until that such (1)_____________   had   I   sat   down   (2)_____________   the   whole   flat   rocked   with   an explosion.  I didn't move at all (3)_____________ I saw the kitchen was on fire.  I grabbed a rug from the floor (4)_____________ cover the fire but it was no use.  I was sure Mrs. Hull, the maid, had done something wrong.  She was (5)_____________ a fool (6)_____________ anything was possible when she was around.   At that moment she appeared at the kitchen door   from   the   garden   side   with   the   garden   hose   gushing   water   in   her   hand. (7)_____________   she   entered   she   started   spraying   the   whole   kitchen   with   it. (8)_____________, the fire died.  When I asked her what had happened she said, "Well, I was boiling some milk (9)_____________ make you a pudding.   I think it boiled over and the flame went out, and   (10)_____________, the gas filled the place.   I was smoking in the garden and (11)_____________ I opened the kitchen door with a cigarette in my hand, the whole thing blew up.   (12)_____________ here am I sir, with all my eyelashes and brows burned up, begging your pardon.  I had put aside some money (13)_____________ I needed it one day and now  I can compensate  for the damage I've done."   I just smiled  sheepishly (14)_____________ I was speechless with anger. 6. Fill in each blank with the gerund or infinitive form of one of the verbs from the box. Use each verb only once. control realise listen spend record buy collect Jack can't help (1)_____________ CDs.   After (2)_____________ to them a few times, he puts them up on a rack and forgets about them.  He has some very interesting disks though; for   example,   the   very   first   (3)_____________   of   Caruso.     He   occasionally   regrets (4)_____________ all his money on disks but then whenever he sees a newly­released CD, he doesn't hesitate  (5)_____________ it.   He must really  try (6)_____________ himself  and come (7)_____________ the psychological motives behind this pleasant and yet expensive habit. 35

7. Complete the following sentences by filling in the blanks with suitable words from the box below.  Use each word only once.  There are more words than you need.   none each

both neither 

all either

every

1.

_______________________ of the people we have interviewed thinks that they work better in the morning.  They say they begin to feel rather exhausted in the afternoon.

2.

If   you   want   to   keep   to   your   diet,   you   can   have   some   salad   or   a   vegetable   dish; _______________________ is fattening.

3.

You can buy _______________________ of these cookers for your new house.  There is no difference between them in terms of price or quality.

4.

Although   more   than   twenty   girls   have   applied   for   the   secretarial   post, _______________________ knows how to use the computer.

8. Complete the following paragraph by filling in the blanks with suitable words from the box. Use each only once. all every

none either

both neither

each

One day, my father finally declared, "I have decided that you are mature enough to have your own car." Oh, what joy! Though we actually have two family cars, (1)______________ fits within my modest student budget in terms of running costs. So I immediately sat down to call the car dealers in town and carefully jotted down (2)________________ the information they had to offer. My father and I then went over (3)________________ detail and, after long discussions, agreed on a make that was (4)________________ sporty and inexpensive. The next step was to visit the dealer closest to our house. As soon as we arrived, I noticed the two cars in the window, one bright red, the other British racing green. (5)________________ would have been all right with me. My father, who is not easily impressed by attractive colors, started asking endless questions. While he got a patient and thorough answer from the dealer to (6)______________ one, my father looked as if (7)________________ of the answers satisfied him. After half an hour, I was really getting anxious, thinking we were not going to buy the car today. How was I to know that my father was just enjoying the occasion? I am now the proud owner of a beautiful sports car.

36

9. Complete the following sentences with a suitable past participle and a preposition. Use each verb in the list below only once. write take

fit draw

leave recommend

*

Films (1)_______________ film critics are not always the most entertaining ones.

*

Guns (2)_______________ silencers do not make any noise.

*

Examination papers (3)_______________ red ink won't be accepted, furthermore, the administration won't take any responsibility for your personal belongings (4)_______________ this room.

*

Pictures (5)_______________ children usually show what a rich colourful world they live in and, I think this world shouldn't be (6)_______________ them too soon.

10.   Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the modals in the box below and the correct form of the verbs in brackets.   Use each modal at least once; you need to use some more than once. You may also have to use the negative form.  be able let

should can

have to must

need might

I went to interview Vincenzo Caleone at his home for an article in a local newspaper. Vincenzo's  parents (1)______________________________ (migrate) to the United States of America   because   of   poverty.   His   parents   can’t   remember   exactly,   but   they   say     he (2)________________________________ (be) any older than six at the time, since he still had his baby teeth. His father was worried that Vincenzo (3)__________________ (learn) English, so he (4)___________________________ (Vincenzo/speak) Italian   even at home. He   (5)_______________________________   (worry)   because     Vincenzo     was   fluent   in English before his tenth birthday, which he celebrated with his friends from   school. His mother, on the other hand, was worried that he (6)________________________   (lose) his Sicilian identity. She was wrong also.  He (7)__________________________     (combine) the best of the two worlds. You (8)_______________________________ (see) him in his own   house   now   to   understand   what   I   mean.   "At   the   very   beginning,   it (9)_______________________ (be) quite a challenge for you," I say. Vincenzo, a respected linguistics   professor   at   a   prestigious     university,   just   laughs   and   says,   "It   certainly   was. Nevertheless,   you     (10)__________________________   (talk)   to   my     children   before   you write your article. Then you  (11)________________________ (really/understand) how I am still struggling to keep my cultural identity."

37

11. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the modals in the box below and the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Correctly place any other words given. Use each modal at least once. You may have to use the negative form. must

have to

should

let

can

My father went to an eye specialist the other day, and the doctor told him that he (1)_____________________ (wear) tinted glasses. He did obey the doctor’s orders, but he hasn’t stopped complaining ever since. He thinks that he looks like a has-been pop star. He (2)_____________________ (feel) very self-conscious because he refuses to go out unless it is absolutely necessary. Actually, he (3)_____________________ (feel) that way, since the glasses don't appear unusual at all. Another problem is that my mother (4)_______________________ (him/drive) after dusk. Well, at the age of 72, he (5)_______________________ (stop) driving at night a long time ago, but he still (6)_______________________ (accept) this. So, when you see my father, you (7)_______________________ (even/hint) at this touchy subject. 12. Fill in each blank with the most appropriate modal from the box. Use each only once. mustn't needn't

need to have to

don't have to must

1.

You _____________ wear glasses. You can't properly see what you're reading.

2.

The children _____________ enter here with their muddy shoes. I can't clean those carpets every day.

3.

Uncivilized tribes _____________ have money in order to be content.

4.

You _____________ obey the rules in this school. Otherwise, you'll be dismissed.

5.

I _____________ see you tomorrow. I have something very important to tell.

6.

We _____________ put up with such behavior. You'd better talk to us more politely.

13. Complete each sentence with a suitable past participle and an appropriate preposition. The base forms of the missing verbs are given in the box below. damage

write

leave

strand

send

Shipwreck victims (1)________________ (2)_______________ a little boat for days were rescued yesterday. SOS signals (3)_____________ (4)_____________ the ship's captain helped the rescuers to locate the whereabouts of the survivors. The ship, badly (5)_____________ (6)_____________ the underwater rocks, was towed to a safe dock. 38

However, as the captain’s log, (7)_______________ (8)___________ ink, had become totally illegible when it got wet, the authorities will have to wait until the captain recovers to discover the reason for the accident. The personal belongings of the passengers (9)______________ (10)________________ their cabins were also ruined, but since there was no loss of life, nobody is making a fuss. 14. Fill in each blank in the following text using a suitable form of one of the verbs in the box. Use each verb only once. There are more verbs than you need. grind fling

creep strike

wind tread

bend shrink

lay

It was one of those days when nothing goes right. When I woke up, I realized I had only 15 minutes to get ready. I distinctly remember that I had (1)________________ my alarm clock the night before, but it didn’t go off. Thank God, I had (2)_________________ the coffee and (3)_________________ the breakfast table before I went to bed. After a quick breakfast, I started getting dressed and realized that my cardigan had (4)________________ in the wash. I (5)________________ it across the room and one of its buttons (6)_______________ my favorite coffee mug and shattered it. By the time I had carefully (7)______________ over broken pieces of china and reached the door, I was already late for my first day at work. You should have seen the expression on my boss Mr. Murphy's face when I gave him my excuses. 15. Use five of the prepositions in the box appropriately to fill in the blanks. past along

through into

across round

towards

1.

You should look left and right before going ________________ the street.

2.

We took a long trip _______________ the river camping wherever we found a pleasant view.

3.

Her diamond ring slipped off her finger and fell _________________ the sink.

4.

I went ________________ his house last night. The lights were not on.

5.

The train passed _________________ the tunnel at a terrific speed.

39

16. Complete these sentences with a preposition and the appropriate form of a word taken from the list below. routes warn

action increase

admission clear

illusions

There has been a considerable (1)_______________   (2)_______________ the sales of air­ purifiers lately because of extreme air­pollution.  Local authorities simply say that lack of air currents   cause   this   phenomenon.   Well,   this   is   nothing   but   a(n)   (3)_______________ (4)_______________ defeat. They can certainly do more than that. For example, they can move (5)_________________ (6)___________________ by checking the exhaust emission of   vehicles   running   (7)___________________   certain   (8)____________________.   They should also (9)_______________ people (10)_______________ using their cars too often. Only   when   the   streets   have   been   (11)_______________   (12)_______________   excessive traffic, the problem will be solved. Even then people should be (13)_______________ no (14)_______________ that everything will turn up better in a short time. 17. Write the following dialogue between two friends in reported speech using the most appropriate reporting verbs from the box below. There are more verbs than you need. promise add

agree accept

remind warn

invite insist

1.

David : “Tony, would you and your wife come to dinner tomorrow?”

2.

Tony : “Yes, but you really must let me bring the drinks.”

3.

David : “You may have to spend more than you think. I also invited Sean, who drinks like a fish.”

4.

Tony : “Don’ t worry, I’ll bring enough beer for an army.”

5.

David : “Oh Tony, please don’t forget to bring that rock 'n’ roll album you bought yesterday.”

1.

______________________________________________________________________.

2.

______________________________________________________________________.

3.

_______________________________________________________ because he had also invited Sean, who drinks like a fish.

4.

______________________________________________________________________.

5.

______________________________________________________________________.

40

18. Put the following sentences into reported speech using suitable reporting verbs from the box. There are more verbs than you need. swore complained 1.

confirmed threatened

estimated advised

"If I were you, I'd go and apologise to her immediately," he said to me. He _________________________________________________________.

2.

"Yes, that's right. I'll be flying to New York next week." She _________________________________________________________.

3.

"My English teacher gave me a lot of extra homework yesterday." My daughter _________________________________________________.

19. Put the following sentences into reported speech by choosing the correct reporting verb from the list below. Use each verb only once. There are more verbs than you need. boasted warned 1.

admitted confirmed

begged doubted

"That's right. The concert starts at 8:30 pm." The girl at the box office ___________________________________ at 8:30 pm.

2.

"I always got top grades in mathematics when I was in high school." Tom ___________________________________ top grades in mathematics in high school.

3.

"Don't touch the electric kettle, Janet." Janet's father ___________________________________ the electric kettle.

41

D. 1. Rewrite these phrases using compound adjectives. 1.

a cake which was made at home = a ___________________________ cake

2.

a book which contains 500 pages = a ___________________________ book

2. Rewrite the expressions replacing the underlined parts with compound adjectives. 1.

A politician who everybody knows = a __________________________

2.

A woman who dresses well = a _____________________________

3.

A girl with red hair = a _____________________________________

4.

A family which own three cars = a ____________________________

3. Rewrite the following sentences using ( the ... the). 1.

It's easy to make mistakes when you're tired. _____________________________________________________________.

2.

If one works hard, one tends to go far in one's career. _____________________________________________________________.

3.

We went far into the forest. We had little hope of survival. _____________________________________________________________.

4. Rewrite the following sentences using the words in brackets and without changing the meaning. 1.

The crops failed because of the severe drought. ______________________________________________________________. (cause)

2.

I'll speak to him only after he has apologised. ______________________________________________________________. (until)

3.

He was injured in the first ten minutes, but he carried on playing to the end. ______________________________________________________________. (even though)

42

4.

He suffers from hypertension although he doesn't eat salty food. ____________________________________________________________. (despite)

5.

Using cellular phones may cause some nervous disorders in the human body. a) (because of) _______________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________. b) (result in) _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________.

6.

İzmir has an inadequate drainage system; consequently, heavy rains frequently bring floods. a) (due to) __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________. b) (be responsible for) _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________.

7.

The gradual rise in sea levels will make Venice sink underwater someday. a) (because of) _______________________________________________________. b) (as a result) _______________________________________________________.

8.

Social chaos in big cities follows from the migration of people from rural areas. a) (due to) __________________________________________________________. b) (resulting in) ______________________________________________________.

9.

Because communication is faster and easier, banking and trade can aim at globalisation. a) (in view of) ________________________________________________________. b) (so ... that) _________________________________________________________.

5. Rewrite the sentences below using -ing or not-ing. 1.

He was not very interested. He rejected their offer. _______________________________________________________________.

2.

I knew that this would happen. I took the necessary precautions. _______________________________________________________________.

43

6. Rewrite the underlined part using an appropriate form of must, have to, or need to. Use each only once. 1.

Actually, I would like you to stay with me, but it isn't necessary. ______________________________________________________.

2.

We are obliged to obey whatever order he gives us. ______________________________________________________.

3.

Is it necessary for you to leave us in the middle of this interesting conversation? _______________________________________________________.

7. Rewrite each of the following sentences in different ways, using the words or phrases which have been indicated. Use proper punctuation. 1.

Nanotechnology has great potential; consequently, many respectable research institutions have been allocating large sums of money for its development. (Note: nano refers to a billionth part of a unit.) a) (due to) ___________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________. b) (lead to) ___________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________.

2.

Some people may suffer from problems like anorexia and other mental disorders because they diet for extended periods of time. a) (as a result of) ______________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________. b) (such ...that)_________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________. c) (hence) _____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________.

8. Rewrite the following sentences using the expressions given in parentheses. Do not use other forms of these expressions, but some words may have to be changed or added. 1.

Space travel will cause dramatic effects on philosophy and religion. a) (because of) _________________________________________________________. b) (will follow from) _____________________________________________________.

44

2.

The destruction of rain forests will set previously unknown bacteria and viruses free to contaminate the world. a) (leading to) __________________________________________________________. b) (due to ) _____________________________________________________________.

3.

Faulty road conditions are responsible for most car accidents. a) (as a result of ) ________________________________________________________.

9. Rewrite the following without changing the meaning and using the clues given. 1.

I've got only £5 in my bank account. __________________________________________________________. (hardly)

2.

He was wearing his seat belt when the accident happened, so he wasn't hurt seriously. ______________________________________________________________. (if)

3.

Fred looks like Bill so much that most people mistake them for each other. ____________________________________________________________ (alike)

4.

Jessica begged her father but he didn't let her go out that night. ____________________________________________________________ (even though)

5.

Sheila didn't have the proper equipment with her. Besides, she didn't want to climb the mountain. _______________________________________________________________ (even if)

6.

I don't approve of your listening to loud music in this house. ____________________________________________________________ (would rather)

7.

Excessive drinking may lead to partial memory loss. ____________________________________________________________. (result from)

8.

Parents are having a hard time. Their children are studying for the university exam. _______________________________________________________________. (whose)

45

10. Rewrite the following paragraph using the passive voice where possible. If the sentence cannot be made passive, write it without any changes. Use an agent if necessary. Yesterday we had a busy day at home. My father mended the garage door. My mother cleaned the carpets. Our cat Samantha jumped from one place to another. My sister and I polished the woodwork. In our house, we usually do such things collectively on a particular day of the week. ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________

46

E. 1.

Mark the best choice.

1.

She has a thirst _______ learning. a) to b) of

c) for d) at

2.

The book gives reference _______ other publications on the same subject. a) to c) for b) of d) at

3.

To my way of thinking, herbal teas cannot be substitutes _______ real tea. a) to c) for b) of d) at

4.

Can you find an alternative _______ that? a) to b) of

c) for d) at

5.

My younger brother, together with a lot of his friends, _________ to raise money for street children. a) is trying c) is tried b) have tried d) are trying

6.

James is very proud of his father, who was the first person ________ from a university in his family. a) graduating c) to graduate b) that have graduated d) having to graduate

7.

The dealer showed us two cars, _________ were too expensive. a) one of them c) either of them b) both of which d) neither of which

8.

________ the president of Middle East Technical University, Professor Dr. Ural Akbulut is required to attend many official ceremonies. a) As though c) Similar b) A like d) As

9.

His incompetent nephew _______ still _______ for the government if Mr. Grubbyhands ________ the last elections. a) would…. have been working/lost c) would…. be working/hadn’t lost b) would…. have worked/didn’t lose d) is …… working/wouldn’t have lost

10. ________ a very good position at the university, James left his previous job without any regrets. a) Offering c) That he was offered b) Having been offered d) Having offered 11. Your father had a difficult time at the hospital, ______? a) hadn’t he c) has he b) didn’t he d) was he 47

12. At the beginning, John found it very difficult to wear a tie, but now he ________ it. a) was getting used to c) has gotten used to b) has used d) is being used to 13. Although he had a fight with Michelle earlier, Josh is still hoping _______ to her barbecue party. a) he is invited c) for being invited b) to have the invitation d) to be invited 14. _______ that Agassi is the best clay court tennis player in the world. a) Wide acceptance c) It is widely accepted b) Widely accepting d) Having widely accepted 15. Only after I got home from work ________ I had left the iron switched on all day. a) I realised c) was when I realised b) did I realise d) that I realised 16. We meet at the club now. I think he spends most of his evenings with his sick wife. a) occasionally c) always b) sometimes d) hardly ever 17. You touch the objects here. There is electric current passing through them. a) needn't c) shouldn't b) don't have to d) ought not 18. You should listen to me. I have been a) such b) as 19. a) Let b) Make 20.

a father to you all your life. c) like d) ___

him slow down! He's going to kill us all in this car. c) Tell d) Get

very comfortable, she changed her seat. a) She wasn't c) Not being b) Being d) Having been

21. I know you're unhappy now, but you'd better ________ in the cold. The snow won't melt for the next three months. a) used to live c) get used to living b) be used to living d) live 22. They can't go on like this. She ________ him for everything he does. a) often criticizes c) will forever criticize b) is always criticizing d) never criticized 23. That dog ________ when you touch its tail. a) is biting b) is about to bite

48

c) tends to bite d) should bite

24. Don't disturb me by showing me those reports. I'm on ________ holiday. a) a c) the b) an d) ____ 25. Pamela's boss was very disappointed ________ that she was going to resign. a) hearing c) to hear b) about hearing d) so to hear 26. Are you nervous ________ taking the exam? You seem to be restless. a) at c) about b) for d) ____ 27. It is very hard to resist ________ chocolates. a) to eat c) at eating b) eating d) to be eaten 28. I wish I ___________ more careful while driving. Someday I'm going to have an accident. a) could be c) can be b) could have been d) would be 29. The situation was bad enough last year, but this year it is even ________. a) better c) the worst b) worse d) the best 30. The more bad-tempered he becomes, ________. a) when she makes him angry c) he will do something awful b) she appreciates him more d) the less she loves him 31. David is not so clever ________ his brother. a) like c) compared b) as d) than 32. We had ________ rain that our basement was completely flooded. a) so much c) too b) such d) enough 33. _________ step on the grass, they took the stone path to the house. a) In order to c) So as not to b) To d) So that they could not 34. The burglar ___________ him open the safe and got away with all the money. a) caused c) let b) made d) got 35. That horse ___________ have beaten Miranda, who is considered to be one of the best horses on the track. And as I said, Miranda is again the winner. a) shouldn't c) mustn't b) can't d) may not

49

36. Active : Everybody thinks that Carl Richter has written that article. Passive : _____________________________________________. a) It was thought that Carl Richter has written that article. b) Carl Richter has been thought to write that article. c) It is thought that the article was written by Carl Richter. d) The article is thought to have been written by Carl Richter. *** I know my mother doesn’t mean ____(37)____ me, but she always seems to turn up at inconvenient moments. I wish she ___(38)_____ before calling round. 37. a) b) c) d)

to disturb disturbing she disturbs disturb

38. a) b) c) d)

phones will phone would phone had phoned

*** Last year, three men succeeded in traversing the rugged Alaska range by mountain bike. On the trek, ____(39)_____ over more than 775 miles, the trio rode on glaciers, game trails and gravel bars and even rafted rivers. ____(40)______ their bike handlebars to make passage easier, they had to walk single file through thick vegetation for days. When faced with rapid running rivers, they crossed the white waters ____(41)_______ their bikes to their backs. One of them nearly got killed ____(42)______ the Black Rapids glacier. At the end of their seven-week journey, ____(43)_______ nothing but freeze-dried meals and high-energy bars, they celebrated their success with a hot meal. 39. a) b) c) d)

what stretched stretched which stretched that stretched

40. a) b) c) d)

While removing Having removed Because removing Removed

42. a) b) c) d)

climbing he was climbing having climbed he began climbing

43. a) b) c) d)

eating since eating who has eaten having eaten

41. a) b) c) d)

they strapped strapped while strapping by strapping

*** Sometimes   I  think   that   sales   clerks   ______(44)______   to   a  different   species   altogether. Well, let me illustrate my point with a couple of examples. You go to a shop and ask for a certain item and the sales clerk says, “We ______(45)_____ it, sir, but not anymore.” What does he expect you ______(46)_____, time travel? Another example: The sales assistant at a shoe   store   wants   you   to   try   on   a   pair   ______(47)_____   obviously   at   least   one   size ______(48)_____   for   you   and   says,   “You   ______(49)______   into   them,   sir!”   I ______(50)______ be 36 next month and show every year of it. You see, they say such 50

things because they do belong to a different species: one that ______(51)______ in time and grow after the age of 35. Thus, when they opened that huge department store in our neighbourhood, I was the first person ______(52)_____: I thought that I ______(53)______ deal with these strange creatures anymore. Oh, how wrong ______(54)_____! The other day I went there to change a sweater my wife ______(55)_____ a week earlier. The minute I ______(56)______ up to the clerk in charge, I ______(57)_____ I was in trouble. With ______(58)_____ hidden irritation, she snatched the sweater out of my hand and started a long procedure ______(59)______ filling out endless forms. As I ______(60)______ the store, I was hoping that I ______(61)_____ enough time to enjoy a cup of hot tea in their café before they closed. By the time I had my new sweater properly wrapped and securely under my arm, they ______(62)_____ the checkout counters. No one, not even my enemies, ______(63)______ have to deal with these people. 44. a) b) c) d)

who belong are belonging must belong need to belong

45. a) b) c) d)

used to have used to having have had would have

46. a) b) c) d)

doing have done could do to do

47. a) b) c) d)

which may be that is has been looks

48. a) b) c) d)

very big big enough too big bigger

49. a) b) c) d)

are going to grow have to grow growing will grow

50. a) b) c) d)

will may could must

51. a) b) c) d)

will be travelling don’t travel won’t be travelling can travel

52. a) b) c) d)

rejoicing have rejoiced to rejoice had rejoiced

53. a) b) c) d)

can’t wouldn’t have to couldn’t might have to

54. a) b) c) d)

was I I have I was have I

55. a) b) c) d)

has been buying had bought had been bought was buying

56. a) b) c) d)

was walking have walked walked have been walking

57. a) b) c) d)

knew was knowing had known have known

58. a) b) c) d)

worse worst badly bad

59. a) b) c) d)

that is involved which is involved which involved is involving

60. a) b) c) d)

have been entering entered enter have entered

61. a) b) c) d)

should have have had would have will have

51

62. a) b) c) d)

may be closing were closing have closed have been closing

63. a) b) c) d)

can could might should

*** Mountaineering is a unique sport because the climber is in competition with nature itself and not with other people. For this reason it is a dangerous activity. ____(64)____ the sport is full of danger only seems to add to the excitement for most climbers. However, climbers don't take unnecessary risks: ____(65)____ being naturally adventurous people, they are careful to follow the correct safety procedures. They point out that, for anyone wishing to take up the sport, proper training is essential. Experienced climbers recommend beginners ____(66)____ a registered mountaineering club. In this way, they can learn to climb with the minimum of danger. 64. a) b) c) d)

That What However No matter

65. a) b) c) d)

yet despite whereas even though

66. a) b) c) d)

to have joined that they join joining join

*** Cryogenics is the technique of freezing a dead body ____(67)____ it can be preserved and then brought back to life in the future. Most doctors think cryogenics is ____(68)____ an idea that it is ____(69)____ worth taking seriously. However, this does not discourage some people ____(70)____ a lot of money on cryogenics in preparation for their death. Maria Camacho, an Italian language teacher from London, is one of these people. "Everybody thinks I'm crazy," she says, "but when I die, I ____(71)____ many of the wonders of the universe. With cryogenics, I have a chance. I want to live again and travel through space." 67. a) b) c) d)

in order that in case unless until

68. a) b) c) d)

such strange so strange as strange as stranger than

70. a) b) c) d)

to spend to spending their spending from spending

71. a) b) c) d)

don't see am not seeing won't have seen won't be seeing ***

52

69. a) b) c) d)

rarely nearly hardly entirely

Even if you ____(72a)____ a cigarette in your life, you ____(72b)____ at risk from smoking-related diseases. When smokers and non-smokers share the same room, the nonsmokers can't avoid breathing in some of the smokers' tobacco smoke. This is called 'passive smoking'. Fortunately for non-smokers, smoking ____(73)____ in most forms of public transport and many public buildings have 'smoke-free' zones. In the private sector, there are many benefits for an employer ____(74)____ action to create a smoke-free environment. First, the company has a better image. Second, the workforce are healthier and less likely ____(75)____ time off due to illness. Finally, there are lower cleaning costs for employees, ____(76)____ are forced to go home in the evening in bad-smelling clothes. 72. a) b) c) d)

don't touch...will be haven't touched...are didn't touch...were hadn't touched...would be

73. a) b) c) d)

has been banned had been banned has banned had banned

75. a) b) c) d)

to have they have for having they will have

76. a) b) c) d)

many who all of them which they none of whom

74. a) b c) d)

taken taking that take why they take

*** Have you ever asked yourself ____(77)____ for? If you have ever had time to put this question to your colleagues, you ____(78)____ the following answers. It's the money, of course, some say with a smile, ____(79)____ they were explaining something to a small child; or it's the satisfaction of doing a good job. Well, I ____(80)____ as an assistant on a bus once, but ____(81)____ over in the aisle with my hands full of drinks didn't give me much satisfaction. Others say it's the company of other people. If that's true, then what about farmers? Does the conversation of the farmyard make them ____(82)____ their work? Somehow, I don't think so. For some, work is power and a sense of status. However, these are ambitious people who have ____(83a)____ already achieved their goals ____(83b)____ are upset because their boss hasn't recognised their obvious potential. Most of us, I suspect, hope that one day ____(84)____ the lottery. Meanwhile, we would rather ____(85)____ on working when the only alternative is a life of poverty and boredom. The problem is, we are too busy working to realise this. 77. a) b) c) d)

who are you working whether you are working what you are working why are you working

78. a) b) c) d)

should be hearing 79. a) as needn't be hearing b) as if can't have heard c) just as may well have heard d) such as

53

80. a) b) c) d)

worked had worked was working had been working

81. a) b) c) d)

by falling falling having fallen fall

82. a) b) c) d)

appreciated to appreciate appreciate to be appreciated

83. a) b) c) d)

either...or both...and neither...nor not...but

84. a) b) c) d)

we'd win of winning to win we'll win

85. a) b) c) d)

we carry we carried carry have carried

*** Nursing is a popular profession, but few people have the personal qualities _____(86)____ for such a difficult job. To begin with, the training is difficult, and, _____(87)____ they have finished this, qualified nurses start a career involving long hours for little pay. Nurses, however, don't do the job for the money. They do it for the satisfaction of helping people. Unfortunately, this unselfish attitude can _____(88)____ even worse conditions as employers tend to take advantage of nurses and make them work as many hours as possible for the same pay. It is not surprising, then, that nurses, _____(89)____ eventually leave the profession for less stressful jobs, sometimes become impatient with their bosses and decide to take action to improve their working lives. 86. a) b) c) d)

which it requires that requires they required required

87. a) b) c) d)

once while by the time before

88. a) b) c) d)

due to lead to be caused by be a result of

89. a) b) c) d)

providing many despite many many of whom after which many

When faced with some new technological change, most people react in one of two ways. They ____(90a)____ try to avoid it, claiming that it is unnecessary, ____(90b)____ they learn to accept the new invention, and then wonder how they ever managed without it. However, adults especially tend to be slow to apply new technology. ____(91)____ they see clear evidence that a new machine has benefits, do they feel ready to use it themselves. A good example of this is the computer, which highlights the great difference between the generations. Adults usually suspect that computers are a threat to our freedom, ____(92)____ children seem to have less fear that they will take over our lives. Adults are also constantly amazed that their children can take ____(93)____ so easily. Consequently, they also feel inadequate when their children, ____(94)____ the experts in the family, start giving them advice on how to operate the family home computer properly. In fact, it does 54

not take long to operate a basic computer programme, ____(95)____ things occasionally go wrong for no apparent reason. However, what seems to really frighten many people is that change is occurring ____(96)____ faster than it was, say, twenty years ago. No sooner have we got used to one new invention ____(97)____ we are told it is out of date and we have to learn to use the machine that replaces it. But change and new technology do not always bring improvements to our lives. When there is a power cut, for instance, we realise that there are still some good forms of entertainment around that don't have to be plugged in to work. 90. a) b) c) d)

so much ... that either ... or both ... and not only ... but also

91. a) b) c) d)

Seldom Never Only after At no point

92. a) b) c) d)

whereas nevertheless despite besides

93. a) b) c) d)

them to them to to them

94. a) b) c) d)

like alike as such as

95. a) b) c) d)

even even if as if as though

96. a) b) c) d)

considerably slightly exactly a lot of

97. a) b) c) d)

then than that when

*** I work from home, so when we moved into this new flat, I wanted a study _____(98)_____ I could work in comfortably. The problem with our old flat was that the rooms were far too small. Besides, we weren't allowed to throw out any furniture or put in the extra bookshelves necessary for my books _____(99)_____ the flat and everything in it was rented. In the new flat we have chosen this room at the back as my study. If I _____(100a)_____ time, I _____(100b)_____ it a nice bright colour, but I have too much work to do. Still, it's quite a bright room already. The light comes in from two sides, because there are two huge windows and a terrace outside. Of course, I don't want to put my books on _____(101)_____ of those sides and block any of the light. Luckily, there is enough space along the other walls for my bookshelves, so it's the perfect arrangement.

55

98.

a) b) c) d)

100. a) b) c) d)

where in which that while

99.

a) b) c) d)

have ... will paint don't have ... won't paint didn't have ... would be painting had ... would paint

101. a) b) c) d)

as whereas owing to in order that none both either neither

*** This year, take a really carefree holiday on the Costa Brava, _____(102)_____ the guarantee of hot sunny weather for most of the year. Book a package holiday, and all the transport arrangements _____(103)_____ care of. It's so easy. You step on board a jet at Gatwick or Luton and in two and a half hours, you _____(104)_____ the Mediterranean heat of Spain on your face. 102. a) b) c) d)

because of having which have where you have moreover there is

103. a) b) c) d)

to take of taking that take are taken

104. a) b) c) d)

will be feeling are always feeling would feel are going to be felt

*** Five years ago, Mariano Minot was getting bored in his safe and secure banking job in Mexico City. Just then a friend suggested _____(105)_____ a new business manufacturing jewellery. Mariano was tempted but realised there were risks _____(106a)_____ for the career he had built _____(106b)_____ for his young family. After a few restless nights, he had a dream: he was locked in an empty, airless building and was suffocating. On waking, he knew what _____(107)_____. He resigned from the bank and started the jewellery business. 105. a) b) c) d)

that they start to start that starting him he should start

106. a) b) c) d)

more ... than 107. a) can be done neither ... nor b) he had to do so high ... as c) might do not only ... but also d) he may do

*** My childhood memories of tea are of times of crisis. Whenever there was a problem, my mother would prepare tea, hoping that drinking strong, sweet tea would help _____(108)_____ the situation. Perhaps as a reaction to that image of tea, I turned in my teens, _____(109)_____ most of my contemporaries, to drinking coffee. These were the sixties and the era of espresso bars. I drank coffee black, not because I liked it that way but because none of the smart people _____(110)_____ would ever dream of putting milk in it. The style passed quickly and was replaced with a succession of new fashions and modes of 56

behaviour. The image of tea today _____(111)_____ with being health conscious. Tea is a 'Green' thing, unlike its alternatives, which are regarded as unhealthy. 108. a) b) c) d)

improved to improve improving so as to improve

109. a) b) c) d)

as like the and

110. a) b) c) d)

who have known were known that I knew knew that

111. a) b) c) d)

is associated is associating when to associate which associates

*** Jesse Owens, whose four gold medals at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin made him perhaps the greatest and most famous athlete in track and field history, _____(112)_____ much recognition at the time of his success. The victim of racial discrimination and of the times _____(113)_____ he lived, Owens ultimately created his place in history through his own inner courage and determination. Today, more than fifteen years after his death, Owens _____(114)_____ as a great athlete and also as someone with great moral integrity who believed in the old-fashioned values of honesty and hard work. 112. a) b) c) d)

never received where he received who had received he had received

113. a) b) c) d)

through whenever in which during

114. a) b) c) d)

remembers to be was remembered remembers being is remembered

*** Julio Iglesias is by far the most popular Hispanic singer in history, according to most Europeans and South Americans. _____(115)_____ in an upper-class suburb of Madrid, he was encouraged to be a diplomat by his father, a well-known physician. After several years _____(116)_____ a talented soccer goalie, he was sent to Cambridge University to study law. In the mid-1960's, he was nearly killed in a car crash _____(117)_____ almost two years recuperating. The rest reads like a fairy tale: a guitar given to him in the hospital; the first songs and studio recordings; and then the awards and sell-out crowds. 115. a) b) c) d)

Raising Raised To raise To be raised

116. a) b) c) d)

later like of as

*** 57

117. a) b) c) d)

having spent and spent after which spending that has been spent

Good personal relations based on mutual trust and esteem play a particularly important role in doing business in Japan. The Japanese _____(118)_____ to understand the finer points of their own etiquette, but they like people who try to conform. Most Japanese meals consist of a series of small dishes. Naturally, the polite thing to do is to eat _____(119)_____, but Japanese hosts _____(120a)_____ understanding if a foreigner _____(120b)_____ that he finds a particular dish unappetising. The custom of giving gifts to business and personal acquaintances is common in Japan. It is not necessary to reciprocate immediately _____(121)_____ it is customary to give something back in due course for personal presents received from individuals. 118. a) b) c) d)

are not expected by foreigners expect that foreigners as well as foreigners expect do not expect foreigners

119. a) b) c) d)

what one is offered the things that offer that are offering those to offer

120. a) b) c) d)

would be ... had explained were ... would explain are ... explains are ... will explain

121. a) b) c) d)

despite being in order that even though unless

*** A : In what way is cholesterol bad for us, Dr. Answay? B : Well, we all need some cholesterol for survival, but too much of it is bad for us. It builds up in our arteries, ______(122)______ them to get narrower, as a result of which our blood supply has difficulty in getting through. This, of course, can eventually ______(123)______ a heart attack or stroke. The point ______(124)______ to make here is that, even though we all need some cholesterol to insulate our nerves, and to produce hormones, the things ______(125)______ and even consider healthy may end in the overproduction of cholesterol. Today, a lot of people risk ______(126)______ their health by consuming too much red meat, cheese, eggs, and so on, all of which increase the cholesterol level in our blood. 122. a) b) c) d)

making causing resulting having

123. a) b) c) d)

the source of be the result of caused by result in

125. a) b) c) d)

many of us eat which are eaten we have eaten some of which we eat

126. a) b) c) d)

having lost losing to lose loss of

*** 58

124. a) b) c) d)

I try is trying I'm trying is to try

To say that my father and I do not get on would be an understatement. The root of the trouble is his attitude to women, ______(127)______ as little better than domestic servants. What is more, he does not believe ______(128)______ a formal academic education, having himself left school ______(129)______ twelve and made his own way in the world. According to him, ______(130)______ continuing your education beyond the minimum age, especially if you are a girl. He keeps pointing out that he has become a successful businessman ______(131)______ the benefit of any college apart from the 'University of Life'. Nevertheless, I chose ______(132)______ my education, which marked the beginning of a long feud between us. 127. a) b) c) d)

as they are regarded who were regarded whom he regards that he regards them

128. a) b) c) d)

that getting those who get to get in getting

129. a) b) c) d)

once he has been at the age where he was as soon as he was

130. a) b) c) d)

it's no good you shouldn't expect he doesn't mind there's no point

131. a) b) c) d)

due to without as before

132. a) b) c) d)

continuing so as to continue to continue and continued

*** PETS AS STATUS SYMBOLS Londoners who happened to walk along the Thames during the mid-thirteenth century ___(133)___ a large white bear walking down to the river. ___(134)___ behind would be a man, holding the bear with a long leash. The man would sit on the riverbank ___(135)___ the bear, still attached to the leash, would go into the water and fish for its dinner. The bear ___(136)___ King Henry III. Henry wanted to save money, so he had the bear catch its own food. The people of London ___(137)___ his sense of economy since they paid for the bear's expenses. Henry was not the first king to keep large pets. ___(138)___, practically every royal head of state from the beginning of civilization to the French Revolution seemed to want to own animals ___(139)___ - animals that were the biggest, the strangest, or the most dangerous. 133. a) b) c) d) 136. a) b) c) d)

must be seeing had been seen might have seen had seen looked possession owned by belonged to

134. a) b) c) d) 137. a) b) c) d)

Leaving 135. Following Leading Pursuing must have appreciated used to be appreciated who appreciated appreciating

59

a) b) c) d)

with after while therefore if

138. a) b) c) d)

In brief In contrast In fact In addition

139. a) b) c) d)

of great beauty really beautiful whose beauty as beautiful

Both the ancient Egyptians and Chinese collected animals ___(140)___ pleasure. Chinese emperors kept them in places called "parks of intelligence" whereas Egyptian royalty kept monkeys, leopards and ___(141)___ a giraffe on the palace grounds. Birds, exotic and familiar, were popular in Rome. When Octavian defeated Marc Antony in battle, he was given a parrot ___(142)___ to say "Hail, Octavian, victorious leader". Octavian was very pleased ___(143)___ he learned that the trainer had also taught another parrot to say "Hail, Antony, victorious leader," ___(144)___ Antony had won. Not only did rich people keep pets, they ___(145)___ them do strange things. Napoleon's wife Josephine had an orangutan that sat at her table in a coat. A Portuguese princess went to the trouble of getting zebras since she thought ___(146)___ pretty pulling the royal children in a little carriage. To her disappointment, she got no cooperation ___(147)___ the zebras. Owning and displaying exotic pets has continued into more modern times, but over the years, it has become obvious that the care of exotic animals ___(148)___ specialized knowledge. Generally speaking, neither the public nor the experts are in ___(149)___ of keeping bears in the backyard or lions in the living room. 140. a) b) c) d)

of at in for

141. a) b) c) d)

consequently conversely accordingly occasionally

142. a) b) c) d)

he trained trained that trained to train

143. a) b) c) d)

as soon as yet although until

144. a) b) c) d)

in case because if only unless

145. a) b) c) d)

used wanted made took

146. a) b) c) d)

if they looked that it looked of looking they would look

147. a) b) c) d)

of about from with

148. a) b) c) d)

requiring which requires requires to require

149. a) b) c) d)

favour fond aware conscious ***

60

The Mysterious Gift of the Prodigy Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart will be remembered as one of history's most famous child prodigies. By the age of eight, he _____(150)_____ in half the great cities of Europe and was _____(151)_____ his first three symphonies. He died shortly before his 36th birthday, but the world recognizes him as one of the finest composers _____(152)_____. For centuries, people have been amazed by children of _____(153)_____. Pianist and composer Felix Mendelssohn had composed a fair amount of music _____(154)_____ he was eleven. John Stuart Mill, the 19th-century British philosopher, _____(155)_____ Greek at three. Success has not always brought happiness to prodigies, _____(156)_____. When he was 20, John Stuart Mill suffered a serious mental crisis. "It was _____(157)_____ there was nothing left to live for," he wrote years later. Other well-known prodigies have had experiences _____(158)_____ his. A number of history's most famous prodigies had something else in common: ____(159)____ lived very long lives. Composer Franz Schubert died at 31. Scientist Blaise Pascal died before he was 40. Those who have _____(160)_____ studied today's prodigies have observed that they live under the great weight of their loneliness. In school, they become bored, frustrated, and they do not attempt _____(161)_____ at all. If ten-year-old geniuses _____(162 a)_____ to universities because of their mental abilities, they usually _____(162 b)_____ in since emotionally, they are still children. 150. a) b) c) d)

would have performed. would be performing had performed had them perform

151. a) b) c) d)

about to write being written to be writing just written

152. a) b) c) d)

who ever lived that lives to be living of the living

153. a) b) c) d)

unusually talented unusual talent a talent of the unusual talents so unusual

154. a) b) c) d)

once by the time whenever then

155. a) b) c) d)

that had read who read having read read

156. a) b) c) d)

as well either though too

157. a) b) c) d)

as if so that even if otherwise

158. a) b) c) d)

as similar to alike the same

159. a) b) c) d)

neither none never whoever

160. a) b) c) d)

just probably closely still

161. a) b) c) d)

to be learning learning learn to learn

162. a) b) c) d)

are sent ... can't fit would be sent ... couldn't fit had been sent ... wouldn't fit were sent ... don't fit 61

Many children, as they enter adolescence, begin to turn to other teenagers for affection, _____(163)_____, and a sense of belonging. This can be a very difficult time in the life of prodigies. They know they are different, _____(164)_____ other teenagers. "Nowhere _____(165)_____ friends — they all treat me like a creature from another world," says Mac Randal, 11. He taught _____(166)_____ an electric typewriter at the age of three. At four, he began to write horror stories and he recently wrote a rock opera. Although there has been a fascination with child prodigies _____(167)_____, there has been little serious study of them until recently. Some surprising common characteristics of child prodigies _____(168)_____. The vast majority are boys and they are usually first-born children of middle-class families. Often, their parents are past the usual child-bearing age and many are born by Caesarean section _____(169)_____ by natural childbirth. They often have parents _____(170)_____ to be trying to realize their own ambitions through their amazing children. A child may be born with outstanding genetic potential, but this potential _____(171)_____ necessarily develop. "Just having the gene is not enough," says Harvard University psychologist Howard Gardner. "Something in the environment _____(172)_____ the potential." And although many prodigies enjoy the satisfaction of extraordinary achievement, public praise, and material wealth, even _____(173)_____ sometimes question the value of their lives and accomplishments. "I have a longing which grows _____(174)_____ as I get older : to be mediocre," confesses the acclaimed American concert pianist Eugene Istomin. 163. a) b) c) d)

encouragement encouraged encouraging encouragingly

164. a) b) c) d)

also the but hardly do as well as and so do

166. a) b) c) d)

how to use himself to use the uses of him how he used

167. a) b) c) d)

afterwards for centuries several years later after 1920

168. a) b) c) d)

to have identified had been identifying who are identified have been identified

169. a) b) c) d)

in case rather than after which as long as

170. a) b) c) d)

that seems seem who seem they seem

171. a) b) c) d)

might not be might will not will have

172. a) b) c) d)

may be nourishing need nourishing has to be nourished must nourish

173. a) b) c) d)

when they succeed 174. the most successful they are more successful those succeeding in *** 62

165.

a) b) c) d)

a) b) c) d)

I find I have found can I find could be found

such a strong as strongly stronger the strongest

It has been reported that at noon each day, ______(175)_______ students at Princeton University come out of their classrooms and go to any convenient television set available. They may be ______(176)_______ in homework assignments, term papers, and so on, but they still won't miss their favourite soap opera. They will watch The Young and the Restless in ______(177)_______. In colleges across the United States, the daytime serial drama known as the soap opera ______(178)_______ "in". Between the hours of 11 a.m. and 4.30 p.m., college TV lounges are filled with soap opera fans who ______(179)_______ to see the next episode in the lives of their favourite characters. Actually, soaps are more than a college fad; they're a youth fad. One young working woman admitted that she ______(180)_______ a higher paying job since it would mean having to give up watching her favourite serial. The fact that so many young people ______(181)_______ the soaps has changed soap opera. The most obvious difference now is in the age of the characters. "It seems they're ______(182)_______ all my favourite characters and bringing in all these new young kids," complained one long-time viewer. Now all shows have at least a few characters between the ages of fifteen and twenty-five ______(183)_______ central figures in the drama. Young people can identify with young characters who find ______(184)_______ in situations such as conflicts with parents or career-identity crises. 175. a) b) c) d)

a lot more than most of as many as a large number of

176. a) b) c) d)

up to their ears head over heels all fingers and thumbs tooth and nail

177. a) b) c) d)

fascinated silence fascination of silence fascinatingly silent silently fascinated

178. a) b) c) d)

had become that is becoming has become to have become

179. a) b) c) d)

had to wait can hardly wait has been waiting can rarely wait

180. a) b) c) d)

picked out got over turned down carried out

181. a) b) c) d)

that are watched who watch would be watching are watching

182. a) b) c) d)

sorting out getting rid of steering away from sending for

183. a) b) c) d)

as of with from

184. a) b) c) d)

theirs those themselves them

*** 63

David is dedicated _____(185)_____ his job. For the last few years, he _____(186)_____ very hard to get his _____(187)_____ appreciation. But Mr. Ford, his boss, _____(188)_____ a positive word about David’s work. _____(189)_____ he constantly looks for something to criticize. David would have left his job a long time ago if it _____(190)_____ for his family. He   has   a   large   family   _____(191)_____   support   and   he   is   afraid   of   what   life _____(192)_____. David doesn’t rely _____(193)_____ his own strength and energy. This lack of self­confidence prevents him from making _____(194)_____ attempt in that direction. _____(195)_____, he just keeps moving in circles. 185. a) b) c) d)

at in for to

186. a) b) c) d)

hasn’t worked worked has been working isn’t working

187. a) b) c) d)

boss boss’ boss’s bosses’

188. a) b) c) d)

never says hardly ever tells seldom mentions rarely adds

189. a) b) c) d)

In addition Nevertheless On the contrary For example

190. a) b) c) d)

were had been weren’t hasn’t been

191. a) b) c) d)

for in order to so as to to

192. a) b) c) d)

brought will bring brings has brought

193. a) b) c) d)

on of to with

194. a) b) c) d)

a the any some

195. a) b) c) d)

Otherwise Finally Similarly As a result

*** Mickey _____(196)_____ his first novel when he _____(197)_____ to Mary. She _____(198)_____ a master’s course in economics at the university at that time and she had one more year to complete the course. Good reviews of Mickey’s book _____(199)_____ in most newspapers and magazines. Both of them _____(200)_____ over thirty already, decided to get married after knowing each other for only two months. They _____(201)_____ married for nine years at the end of next month, but things are not going very well. Mickey _____(202)_____ to Japan to do research on his next book. He will stay there for a year. Mary is expecting their child in March. By the time he _____(203)_____, the baby _____(204)_____ to do many things. Mary wants to share parenthood with Mickey. She doesn’t like having to raise the children alone. She thinks that Mickey ought to spend more time with her and the children, but he feels his profession is more important.

64

196. a) b) c) d)

hed been finishing was just finishing finished had just finished

197. a) b) c) d)

199. a) b) c) d)

was published 200. a) being were publishing b) were published c) are were being published d) had been

201. a) b) c) d)

are have been will have been had been

202. a) b) c) d)

goes will have gone will soon be going went

204. a) b) c) d)

will learn will be learning will have already learned is going to learn

203. a) b) c) d)

introduced 198. was introduced hed been introduced was introducing

will return returned returns had returned

a) b) c) d)

did has done was doing had done

*** The clock ____(205)_____ seven just as Mary ____(206)_____ her flat. She ____(207)_____ a difficult day for she ____(208)_____ a Japanese group visiting her firm. She just hoped nobody ____(209)_____ her in the evening so that she ____(210)_____ a good night's sleep. But as she ____(211)_____ the bath, there ____(212)_____ a knock on the door. _____(213)_____ herself in a towel, she rushed to open the door. Robert, her boyfriend, ____(214)_____ there with a bouquet of roses in his hand. "Happy birthday" he said, 'Nobody ____(215)_____ spend their birthday alone. Come on, ____(216)_____ you out. I ____(217)_____ listen to any excuses. I ____(218)_____ enough of your refusals. Get ready quickly. Otherwise, they will ____(219)_____ the table I booked at Chez Martin to somebody else by the time we ____(220)_____ there.' Mary couldn't think of a reason ____(221)_____ his offer. She said, “Thanks for the flowers. I know that you love me and care for me, so ____(222)_____ refuse you? ____(223)_____ here for a moment while I ____(224)_____ my bath. I promise I won't be late.” 205. a) b) c) d)

strikes struck had struck is striking

206. a) b) c) d)

reaches is reaching will reach reached

207. a) b) c) d)

had has had had was having

208. a) b) c) d)

would have entertained had to entertain must have entertained should entertain

209. a) b) c) d)

ring rang would ring was going to ring

210. a) b) c) d)

can get could get will get may get

211. a) b) c) d)

enters had entered was entering had been entering

212. a) b) c) d)

is was has been had been

213. a) b) c) d)

She wrapped She was wrapping Wrapped Wrapping

65

214. a) b) c) d)

standing who stood was standing who had stood

215. a) b) c) d)

can must might should

216. a) b) c) d)

shall I take I'm taking let's take I take

217. a) b) c) d)

needn't don't couldn't won't

218. a) b) c) d)

have have had had am having

219. a) b) c) d)

be giving give be given have given

220. a) b) c) d)

get will get have gotten got

221. a) b) c) d)

why she rejected to have rejected that she rejects for rejecting

222. a) b) c) d)

how can I why would I how I can why I would

223. a) b) c) d)

Sit You will sit Sitting You sit

224. a) b) c) d)

am going to take am taking will be taking will take

*** I'm glad that there's increasing concern about animal rights in our country. Whereas there were ______(225)______ campaigns or demonstrations organized to defend the rights of animals five or ten years ago, there are now hundreds of people determined ______(226)______ them. I'm not talking about species in danger of extinction, but about animals ______(227)______ in the streets : cats and dogs. A few days ago, we watched a disgusting act of violence against a street dog on various channels on TV and after ______(228)______ viewing, I felt pity for the poor dog. The garbage men who "buried" the dog alive ______(229)______ away with what they'd done because they weren't found guilty in court; but this incident led to a demonstration and the people taking part were of the opinion that the men ______(230)______ punished so that such acts of violence wouldn't be repeated. 225. a) b) c) d)

scarcely hardly any rarely hardly anywhere

226. a) b) c) d)

in helping help for helping to help

227. a) b) c) d)

where they live whose lives that live when they live

228. a) b) c) d)

each all both every

229. a) b) c) d)

could get might have got were able to get could have got

230. a) b) c) d)

had been should have been may have been must have been

66

David

: Your son Richard is very selfish. He never helps anybody.

Muriel : Don't talk ____(231)____ him in that manner. After all, he's ____(232)____ a child. David

: Let me remind you of a favorite saying of your ____(233)____.

Muriel : I don't want to hear it. My father ____(234)____ a lot of things ___(235)____ never acted according to them. David

: I disagree. He ____(236)____ sensible judgements until that disease struck him.

Muriel : You mean Alzheimer's? David

: Yes. He ____(237)____ his book on children if that ____(238)____ to him.

Muriel : By the way, the editing ____(239)____ done on his book at the moment, the publishers ____(240)____ me. David

: Who's completing the unfinished parts?

Muriel : George, ____(241)____. David

: George? I don't think he can ever be a substitute ____(242)____ your father.

Muriel : I'm not sure ____(243)____. Anyway, the publishers say that by the time we commemorate the third year of my father's death, the book will ____(244)____. George rang me a few minutes ago ____(245)____ to persuade me to help him with the manuscript. David

:

What exactly did he say?

Muriel : "Mrs. Lang, ____(246)____." David

: Well, were you persuaded?

Muriel : No, I refused to do it, but then he added that he ____(247)____ for a week ____(248)____ I changed my mind. David

: All right, back to Richard again.

Muriel : Look, he ____(249)____ through a difficult period in his life. I think we should be patient ____(250)____ him. I don't want to hear any more on this subject. 231. a) b) c) d)

of on to with

232. a) b) c) d)

yet not still such

67

233. a) b) c) d)

to father father's fathers' fathers

234. a) b) c) d)

had been saying was saying has been saying used to say

235. a) b) c) d)

and but he __

236. a) b) c) d)

237. a) b) c) d)

may complete 238. a) didn't happen could have completed b) wouldn't have happened can't have completed c) could happen must complete d) hadn't happened

239. a) b) c) d)

is is being was will be

240. a) b) c) d)

will inform 241. inform had just informed have just informed

242. a) b) c) d)

on with to for

243. a) b) c) d)

also either too neither

245. a) b) c) d)

tried he tried trying and try

246. a) b) c) d)

your father's soul will rest in peace if you help me I openly invite you to help me you never help me with your father's work I think you should help me

247. a) b) c) d)

is going to wait will wait would wait will be waiting

248. a) b) c) d)

if in case since as

250. a) b) c) d)

for at to with

a) b) c) d)

244. a) b) c) d)

249. a) b) c) d)

always makes was always making had always made has always been making

for example on the contrary of course by the way be printed be printing have been printed print

goes went is going had gone

*** Michael and Maria _____(251)______ together for the last three years. They seem to be very happy. They _____(252)_______ while both of them _____(253)________ for a UNICEF project. Michael owns a small toy factory and Maria is a child-psychiatrist. They _____(254)_________ to get married next year if everything _____(255)_______ well. Michael is thankful to UNICEF because if he _____(256)________ there, he _____(257)_______ Maria. Anyway, _____(258)________ that experience behind, they are now preparing for a happy future _____(259)________ they can persuade Maria's father. Maria is half-Spanish and comes from a very conservative family _____(260)______ values are quite different from the British ones. Michael and Maria _____(261)_______ to Spain in order to get their consent. Michael cannot exactly understand the reason _____(262)_______ 68

Maria wants their permission. Michael's good friend José, _____(263)_______ he spoke concerning his situation, says there is nothing to worry about. He says Michael's doubts are rather unnecessary. José thinks Michael is good (264)_______ persuading people and he is sure that all will end well. 251. a) b) c) d)

lived have been living are living live

252. a) b) c) d)

have met had met met were meeting

253. a) b) c) d)

are working were working worked have been working

254. a) b) c) d)

wish hope wished hoped

255. a) b) c) d)

go goes went had gone

256. a) b) c) d)

didn't work had worked hadn't worked worked

257. a) b) c) d)

would meet might not have met wouldn't meet must not have met

258. a) b) c) d)

they left having left leave he leaves

259. a) b) c) d)

in case if only on condition provided that

260. a) b) c) d)

their where whose those

261. a) b) c) d)

should have gone must be going will have to go will be able to go

262. a) b) c) d)

how why that ___

263. a) b) c) d)

who whom to whom that

264. a) b) c) d)

with at in for ***

It always _____(265)_____ me wonder how some women work outside and at the same time _____(266)_____ to keep their houses in tip-top condition. Do they _____(267a)_____ their laundry _____(267b)_____ at a dry cleaner's? Or do they do these things themselves at home? Such housework must _____(268)______ them to experience stress and anxiety when they can't cope with it. Some women may be able to afford to spend a lot of money on cleaning services _____(269)______ feel overworked. Others have no choice unless they _____(270)______ help. And of course, a husband is the first person that comes to mind to do this. 265. a) lets 266. a) capable 267. a) send ... cleaned b) has b) manage b) have ... cleaned c) makes c) how c) allow ... cleaning d) helps d) succeed d) take ... cleaning

69

268. a) b) c) d)

cause bring due result

269. a) b) c) d)

to in order to so that so as not to

270. a) b) c) d)

give have given gave are given

*** Ralph  _____(271)_____ to have entered the building at exactly 8 a.m. The janitor at the door claimed   that   Ralph     _____(272)____   the   building   before   that   because   all   the   entrances _____(273)______ until then. Some people think that he _____(274)______ have slipped into the building early that morning. _____(275)_____, the coroner's report indicated that the sales manager _____(276)________ between 6 and 8 p.m. the previous evening. Therefore, Ralph must be innocent. 271. a) b) c) d)

tried is expected is said was able

272. a) b) c) d)

could get into was in wouldn't get into couldn't have gotten into

274. a) b) c) d)

must might can't should

275. a) b) c) d)

However Despite the fact On the contrary Furthermore

273. a) b) c) d) 276.

a) b) c) d)

locked had been locked were locking lock had been murdered must be murdered couldn't murdered would be murdered

*** William : We had a good time at the picnic, _____(277)______ we? Anna

: Oh, yes. If only we _____(278)______ some more food with us. I felt quite hungry on the way back.

William : Tomorrow's exam is bothering me now. _____(279)______ pass the language test for the assistant managers? Anna

: Well, of course. You are _____(280)______ good at French. You'll pass it with flying colours. If you _____(281a)______ clever, I _____(281b)______ with you now. I'm fond of bright people.

William : Thanks. I wish you _____(282)______ the exam for me tomorrow. Anna

: Don't worry. You _____(283)______ be anxious. Your French is good enough.

277. a) b) c) d)

hadn't had didn't did

278. a) b) c) d)

take took had taken have taken

70

279. a) b) c) d)

May I Could I Will I be able to Am I going

280. a) b) c) d)

too enough much very

281. a) b) c) d)

weren't ... wouldn't be aren't ... won't be hadn't been ... wouldn't have been haven't been ... wouldn't be

282. a) b) c) d)

take could take will take had taken

283. a) b) c) d)

have to can't could needn't

*** Last year, my friend Chris and I decided to hitchhike to Gökova. We _____(284)______ early one morning and _____(285)_____ quite well from Ankara to Muğla, _____(286)_____ the sympathetic drivers of the vegetable trucks. After Muğla, we still made headway along secondary roads because we fell in with villagers _____(287)______ home so we arrived at a charming little village very pleased with ourselves and our luck. Then, _____(288)_______ it was unnecessary to set aside money for transportation, we spent most of our cash _____(289)______ a nice kilim. It _____(290a) _______ so bad if we _____(290b) _______ the good sense to stay at that village overnight. Not us! We continued. When we _____(291)_______ more than a mile, we realized that the last of the villagers _____(292a)________ already _____(292b)______ home. Chris _____(293)_______ something like this, since without any hesitation he spread out the kilim that we _____(294)______ earlier and started snoring as soon as he _____(295)______ down. I, _____(296)________, stayed up all night _____(297)______ to the strange noises of the wilderness. Chris _____(298)_________ very selfish, sometimes. The next morning when he woke up, I said to Chris, “You sure are a sound sleeper.” He laughed good-naturedly and said, “I am, _____(299)______ ?” God save us from good-natured travelling companions. 284. a) b) c) d)

went on put up set out took out

285. a) b) c) d)

succeeded in managed made had

286. a) b) c) d)

thanks to so as so that we had owing

287. a) b) c) d)

who returning returning were returning who are returning

288. a) b) c) d)

forgetting despite having decided deciding to

289. a) b) c) d)

on buying meaning to buy needed to buy for buying

290. a) b) c) d)

wouldn’t be …. had couldn’t be …. had wouldn’t have been….. had had mustn’t have been …. had had

291. a) b) c) d)

71

were walking having walked had walked have walked

292. a) b) c) d)

have …. gone had ……gone must …. go can ….. be gone

293. a) b) c) d)

could have expected would have been expecting was expected must have been expecting

294. a) b) c) d)

have bought have been bought were made to buy had bought

295. a) b) c) d)

lay lain laid lied

296. a) b) c) d)

furthermore on the other hand besides on top of that

297. a) b) c) d)

listened listen for listening listening

298. a) b) c) d)

can be should be must be is being

299. a) b) c) d)

I am not am I aren’t I didn’t I

*** Andrew

: Have you heard the news? The art gallery next door _____(300)______ last night.

Jackson

: No, I haven’t. Nobody was in the gallery at the time, _____(301)_______?

Andrew

: No, but still the owner is very upset because the thieves stole two very valuable paintings. Apparently, the alarm he _____(302)_______ installed didn’t go off.

Jackson

: Do you think the police _____(303)_______ catch the thieves?

Andrew

: Well, there is a good chance as they weren't _____(304)_______ to wipe off their fingerprints.

Jackson

: I see, but _____(305a)______ the police _____(305b)_______ a criminal record of these people?

Andrew

: Yes and no. If they consider the crime important enough, they _____(306)_______ always go through other files such as driver's license application forms.

Jackson

: I hope they _____(307)________ action immediately. The longer it takes them to solve these crimes, the _____(308)_______ it will be for our neighbourhood.

300. a) b) c) d)

was robbing was being robbed was robbed had robbed

301. a) b) c) d)

was he were there were they wasn’t there

302. a) b) c) d)

made had had had to let

303. a) b) c) d)

may could is going will be able to

304. a) b) c) d)

the cleverest too clever clever enough as clever as

305. a) b) c) d)

should ….. need wouldn’t… need to have couldn’t …. need need …. to have

72

306. a) b) c) d)

need to should can must

307. a) b) c) d)

would take should take might take take

73

308. a) b) c) d)

better worse best worst

VOCABULARY A. Mark the best choice.  1.

Becky decided to wear her green sweater on her first date, knowing that it would _______ well with her red hair. a) go down  c) go b) get along  d) make

2.

Since it was his first offence, the judge let him off with a light ________ . a) statement  c) verdict b) sentence d)  judgment

3.

He tried to indicate that he was just joking by _______ at her. a)  blinking c) staring b)  fluttering d)  winking

4.

_______ punishment was very common in British boys’ schools in the 1800s, but now it is strictly forbidden to even touch a student. a)  Corporal c)  Verbal b)  Capital d)  Suspended

5.

Gwen is such an ice­skating enthusiast   that she would _________ for a ticket to an Ice Capades show. a)  give an eye c)  give her right arm b)  stop breathing d)  cut off her small finger

6.

His mother scolded James, “Don’t _________ rubbish. You are embarrassing me.” a)  speak c)  tell b)  say d)  talk

7.

Not happy about the verdict, the defendant’s  lawyers are planning to ______ a higher court.        a)  appeal to c)  try out b)  sue to d)  defend at

8.

Experts say that every ________ is different. This is indeed one of the wonders of nature. a) snowfall c) snowflake b) snowdrop d) snowball

9.

The actor gave such a convincing ________ that the whole audience was left in tears at the end of the play. a) demonstration c) exhibition b) performance d) play

10. Cüneyt Gökçer has been on the stage for almost 50 years. His daughter, Deniz, is also a fine actress. There is no doubt in anybody's mind that she is ________ . a) trying to teach an old dog new tricks c) as old as the hills b) carrying an old head on young shoulders d) a real chip off the old block 74

11. Danny could not avoid one of the major _______ of small businesses. He started borrowing money from individuals at high interest rates when he failed to pay his debts. a) handicaps c) pitfalls b) rip-offs d) restrictions 12. Nowadays certain substances are added to bread to keep it from getting ________. a ) off c) fresh b) rotten d) stale 13. Mr. Strict, the maths teacher, declared at the faculty meeting that he had ________ down the ground rules during the first week, so he couldn’t possibly make any exceptions. a) laid c) lied b) lain d) lay 14. The administration is aware of the fact that the students wish that attendance were not ________. a) obliged c) compulsory b) banned d) reinforced 15. My grandmother’s roast beef was so delicious that everybody took several ________. a) helpings c) feeds b) meals d) courses 16. When he assured me that he had everything under control, it never ________ to me that he  was lying. a) appeared c) came b) occurred d) demonstrated 17. It has been pouring for days now. I am sure we have received more than our average  annual (yearly) ________ already. a) raindrops c) rainfall b) drizzle d) downpour 18. There are some marvellous hotels on the southern ________ of Turkey. a)  sea c)  shore b)  beach d) coast 19. Madonna ________ her singing career after giving birth to her baby and produced her  latest CD, 'Ray of Light'. a)  stopped c)  interrupted b)  resumed d)  sacrificed 20. Tom Hanks may get his third Oscar for his ________ in 'Saving Private Ryan'. a)  performance c)  show b)  act d)  character 21. We watched the film sitting in the first ________ and our eyes got tired. a)   aisle c)  row b)  line d)  file 75

22. Some ________ of the sky find the galaxies very interesting. a)  spectators c)  commentaries b)  audiences d)  observers 23. When I entered the room, I saw her painting a portrait on a huge ________. a)  stone c)  carving b)  cloth d)  canvas 24. For drawings you mainly use ________. a)  charcoal b)  clay

c)  wood d)  pottery

*** I belong to a large family of five brothers and three sisters. I love them all, but the one I love most is my brother Stan, who is the youngest. My other brothers and sisters sometimes complain that he is ____(25)_____ because he tries to get everybody else to do what he wants to do. Personally, I think he is just ____(26)_____, like me. Neither of us is prepared to change his mind when he has decided to do something. In the same way, he is also ____(27)_____, and he won't leave you alone until he gets satisfactory answers to his questions. I'm sure he drives his teacher mad, but Stan is still her favourite pupil. Maybe it's because he's got a real talent for art. He is very ____(28)_____, and he's done some wonderful drawings. What I love most about Stan, though, is that he is so ____(29)_____. Most children are quite possessive, especially with their toys, but Stan shares everything with his friends, even when he does not get the same treatment in return. 25. a) b) c) d)

selfish care-free sarcastic timid

26. a) b) c) d)

insecure withdrawn stubborn cautious

28. a) b) c) d)

intolerant restless imaginative trustworthy

29. a) b) c) d)

immature generous critical attentive

27. a) b) c) d)

adaptable shy content inquisitive

*** 30. It took a few minutes to ______________ the old woman after she fainted. a) allocate c) revive b) discriminate d) subsidise 31. In many countries, infectious diseases such as typhoid and cholera have been ______________ by the widespread use of vaccinations. a) eradicated c) vacated b) incorporated d) integrated 32. It was an ______________ dilemma. There was just nothing he could do. a) insoluble c) invaluable b) illegible d) insatiable 76

33. The government refused to ________ with the unions over pay rises for civil servants. a) overlap c) inflict b) facilitate d) compromise 34. This document is quite ambiguous and can be ________ in several ways. a) implied c) interpreted b) persecuted d) hindered 35. Advances in modern medicine have extended the average ________ of people around the world. a) longevity c) expectancy b) lifespan d) duration 36. People have a tendency to dislike rules, especially those which are ________  without consultation. a) restricted c) prohibited b) banned d) imposed 37. The car had to be written off, so it was a(n) ________ that no one was hurt in the crash. a) trauma c) miracle b) symptom d) assumption 38. It is natural for people to ________ going back to work after a long holiday. a) dread c) prolong b) deny d) keep 39. Constant revision at home of material learned in class helps students to ________ their knowledge. a) acquire c) overlook b) consolidate d) undertake 40. ________ wood is a physically demanding art. a) Painting c) Carving b) Knitting d) Drawing 41. Since we were sitting in the front ________ we were very near the actors. a) aisle c) circle b) stalls d) row 42. Let's drink something during the ________ before the third act. a) gap c) pause b) interval d) episode 43. Clay is the main ingredient in the making of ________. a) pottery c) sculpture b) canvas d) steel 44. The little girl is having a _______ at the moment because her friend has just broken her Barbie doll. a) phase c) flair 77

b) obsession

d) tantrum

45. Next week, it will be generally rainy with occasional dry _________. a) pitfalls c) time b) spells d) temper 46. Ali is a tourist guide who lives in Istanbul.   He usually takes tourists for two or three hour_________ around the city. a) journeys c) excursions b) trips d) travels 47. Let's hurry or else we will miss the ________. a) car c) boat b) bicycle d) taxi 48. In Disneyland, there are several _________ lakes with sailboats and rowboats on them. a) artificial c) imitation b) false d) imaginary 49.  In Las Vegas, most people spend their ________________ on gambling again. a) payment c) earnings b) winnings d) budget 50. Being the son of a sheik, he has ________________ money in his bank account.   He doesn't know what do with it. a) inadequate c) good b) remarkable d) limitless 51. When   the   blouse   she   bought   shrank   after   the   first   washing,   she   asked   for   a ________________. a) grant c) refund b) pension d) tip 52. Do you expect me to ________________ my lines in just two days?   I just cannot play 'Hamlet' at such short notice. a) realize c) memorize b) remember d) recognize 53. Shame on you for giving me that ________________ check.  The bank wouldn't cash it. a) valuable c) affluent b) worthless d) generous 54. 'Love' was a weak word for what he felt for her. Actually, it was _________ that drove him towards her. a) affection c) passion b) excitement d) intimacy 55. Teenagers shouldn't take advantage of ___________ parents because such parents trust them and don't want to hurt them. a) calm c) lonely 78

b) happy

d) tolerant

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56. His ___________ of flying has caused him many business problems in his life. a) disappointment c) depression b) fear d) tension 57. People are getting more and more annoyed with __________ breaking telephone booths and park benches in their town. a) crooks c) vandals b) thieves d) burglars 58. Depriving women of top positions in certain jobs is a good example of _________ in this country. a) sexism c) pacifism b) cynicism d) optimism 59. I think you need a holiday. It'll do you __________. a) all over the world c) the world of good b) for the world d) on top of the world 60. Today, Jack is ____________. He broke his coffee cup, cut his face while shaving and played the piano awfully. a) all fingers and thumbs c) under his thumb b) a thumbnail sketch d) sticking out like a sore thumb 61. If you want to have healthy bones, you must eat __________ products, such as yogurt and cheese. a) milky c) starchy b) dairy d) spicy 62. As a pianist, his __________ is brilliant, but I don’t care much for his interpretation. a) technology c) technical b) technicality d) technique 63.

His wife complains that she can’t get a good night’s sleep because he is always __________ his teeth in his sleep. a) grinding c) rattling b) biting d) curling

64. If a child doesn’t consume enough protein, his growth is __________. a) launched c) wrinkled b) retarded d) brought up 65. My sister is as stubborn as a __________. Once she makes up her mind, it is almost impossible to change it. a) donkey c) post b) goat d) mule 66. With his keen mind, Alex is never distracted by trivia. He always goes straight to the __________ of a problem. a) importance c) core b) priority d) citation 80

67. As Mary was unable to find her mistake in that sentence, I had to point __________ her. a) out it to c) to b) it out to d) it to 68. The new promotion program they had __________ proved to be very expensive. They had to pull out of it or else they would have lost a lot of money. a) outfitted c) launched b) scoured d) grouped 69. Inflation will never be brought under control while prices continue to __________. a) run c) heighten b) glide d) soar 70. As my sister was __________ the apples for a pie, a worm popped out. You should have seen the look of disgust on her face. a) fitting c) roving b) coring d) making out 71. I put a few logs on the fire, put a blanket over my shoulders and started reading my book. I was feeling as __________ as a bug. a) cosy c) snug b) slug d) proud 72. The diplomat masterfully avoided answering the sensitive question by __________ changing the subject. a) stupidly c) better b) lapsing into d) craftily 73. Mountain air does wonders for a person. After a long night’s sleep in our mountain cottage, I woke up feeling as fresh as a __________. a) rose c) flea b) kitten d) daisy 74. Animals on the whole are very __________ to love. Even a stray cat will become your friend if you show her some affection. a) response c) responsible b) responsive d) respondent 75. Many people believe that solar energy is really a ________ alternative for solving Turkey’s energy problem. a) miracle c) prohibited b) symptomatic d) viable 76. If the famine in Ethiopia continues, there is a real danger of mass _______. a) severance c) starvation b) stability d) synthesis 77. The residents of the area are ______ the city council to stop the building of the new dam, which will flood several historic sites. a) prosecuting c) persecuting b) petitioning d) violating 81

78. Very old Central Asian customs are still _______ in some nomadic communities in Turkey. a) extant c) prolonged b) inflicted d) revised 79. George has opened a beautiful little shop which sells only electric household ______ such as washing machines, toasters, and coffee machines. a) appliqués c) applicants b) applicators d) appliances 80. My doctor’s handwriting is so ______ that I usually make a note of the medicine he has prescribed just in case the pharmacist isn't able to decipher what he has written. a) eligible c) illegible b) illogical d) illegal 81. I am sorry I missed Professor Longwind’s lecture, but I am quite familiar with the subject so I don’t need to know everything he said; just tell me the _______ points. a) salient c) consolidated b) traumatic d) subsidized 82. In my estimation, Chuck ________ the stupidest move of his life when he vetoed the company's decision to go public. a) did c) took b) had d) made 83. Children ______ of parental love usually end up being very strict parents themselves. a) hindered c) deprived b) proliferated d) recognized 84. It was impossible to detect any car or sign on the road. The __________ had turned everything white. a) sleet c) hurricane b) blizzard d) tornado 85. When we ran out of petrol, we were __________ in the middle of the desert for two days. a) stranded c) stopped b) trapped d) forced 86. The _________ woman could hardly be lifted from the sea. Apparently a shark had bitten off her leg. a) isolated c) awful b) freezing d) stricken 87. The video camera is on __________. You can start filming their conversation immediately. a) sale c) stand-by b) application d) action 88. The Tower of Pisa is ______________.  That's why it is a great tourist attraction. a) backlogged c) flawed b) lopsided d) sullied

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89.

Andrew ______________ behind other students in expressing his ideas clearly. a) lags c) envisions b) endures d) outstrips

90.

Six hamburgers and two bottles of cola couldn't satisfy his ______________ hunger. He asked for yet another hamburger. a) infertile c) prolonged b) arrant d) insatiable

91.

There   has   been   a   surprising   ______________   in   the   demand   for   cellular   phones. Everybody wants to own one. a) continuum c) surge b) nurture d) blob

92.

Whether to use nuclear energy or not is a ______________.   If you use it, you risk disaster; if you don't, you lack necessary energy. a) metaphor c) paradigm b) dilemma d) stasis

93.

We ______________ our way to the door and then ran out in order to escape the burglars. a) edged c) grappled b) receded  d) infringed

94.

It's difficult to ______________ a broken heart, so choose your words carefully when speaking to her. a) enrich c) mend b) bestow d) spawn

95.

AIDS has been the ______________ of the last two decades of the twentieth century. a) scourge c)  smog b) flaw  d)  inversion

96.

You'd better wake up and step back into modern life.  You won't get anywhere with your ______________ value judgements. a) bankrupt c) calcified b) salient d) recessive

97.

When the pop concert was over, the audience ______________ for more songs. a) clamoured c) unsnarled b) fared d) inflicted

98.

We cannot ________________ such behavior at school.  That student should be strictly punished. a) condone c) dredge up b) conjure up d) cast

99.

How  to reconcile  the different interest  groups is the ________________ issue in our program. a) vibrant c) key 83

b) lucrative

d) hasty

100. With all the ________________ reporters around, it is difficult to maintain our private lives. a) mandatory c) blessed b) alienated d) prying 101. The ________________ approach to tax reforms won't please many people because they don't want to pay more taxes. a) fatal c) freckled b) hard­nosed d) petty 102. The swimming pool with its ________________ surroundings is extremely pleasant on hot summer afternoons. a) indispensable c) rampant b) lush d) disparate 103. A strong sense of ethics is the ________________ of a dominant civilization. a) mantle c) bedrock b) threshold d) panacea 104.  I give you free ________________ with all the expenditure as long as the end product is perfect. a) flak c) rein b) crack d) umbrella 105. All his ideas are nothing but a(n)________________.  It is not worth reading his books. a) buzzword c) crux b) affliction d) sham 106. After years of his inefficient administration they have ________________ him out to pasture. a) put c) brought b) taken d) sent 107. We shouldn't ________________ babies of parental affection. a) proliferate c) deprive b) hinder d) prosper 108. If you buy that car, you also get a mobile phone as a _______________. a) gift c) partner b) bonus d) device 109. I think you are losing your _______________ on her; she doesn't listen to you any more. a) love c) boost b) anger d) grip 110. He hurt his _______________ while playing football. He cannot walk properly. a) shoulder c) calf b) wrist d) elbow 84

111. Thinking most people are fools and can easily be deceived is the worst possible ____________ towards mankind. a) attitude c) method b) idea d) style 112. She just sat there and _______________ gossip with the other women while the men talked business. a) did c) exchanged b) talked d) spoke 113. I think the critics _______________ his last play. In my opinion, it was much better than they said it was. a) overcharged c) overestimated b) understaffed d) underrated 114. You cannot ________ your responsibilities like that. Don't you have a heart? a) shrug off c) redress b) donate d) own 115. What we want from you is to develop a(n) ________ attitude towards all the people around you. You are not fair to them. a) eye-catching c) unbiased b) legal d) chagrined 116. After the court case, he was not ________ permission to leave the country. a) sought c) complied b) granted d) extended 117. This has become a(n) ________ mistake on the exams. Every year, they write that word the same way. a) professional c) individual b) historical d) classical 118. She ________ that I had stolen her note-book. a) claimed c) agreed b) boasted d) persuaded 119. I noticed that at the meeting he was drawing ________ of people around him. a) paintings c) sculptures b) lithographs d) sketches 120. A(n) _______ has to create believable characters so that they can come alive on the stage. a) playwright c) author b) poet d) comedian 121. Each ________ of a Wagner opera lasts nearly two hours. a) act c) instrument b) movement d) quartet

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122. The floor ________ in under his very feet. He fell to the ground below breaking both his legs and one arm. a) went c) pulled b) took d) gave 123. You are ________. It wasn't me who deceived you, but your dearest friend, Alex. a) burning the candle at both ends c) getting the wrong end of the stick b) jumping in at the deep end d) being at your wits' end 124. Don't worry, those wounds will _________ in a week. a) cure c) injure b) heal d) operate 125. İdil Biret is a(n) _________ pianist. She won a music scholarship at the age of nine. a) bright c) intelligent b) imaginative d) gifted 126. I can't understand why Ann _______ at people all the time. Doesn't she know it makes people uneasy? a) glances c) observes b) glimpses d) stares 127. Please leave a _________ for the waiter before we leave. a) fee c) fine b) tip d) grant 128. Matt is nearly __________, so don't expect any financial help from him. a) broke c) mean b) stingy d) generous 129. You have __________ at least ten times during the last ten minutes. You must not have slept well last night. a) dozed c) napped b) snored d) yawned 130. The management was in a crisis until Tom __________ with an astonishing plan to solve it. a) kept up c) caught up b) came down d) came up 131. Don't worry about me. I'll somehow get _________ on whatever money that is left. a) by c) away b) over d) out 132. Cancel all my appointments, Mrs. Matthews. Something very important has come ________ and I must be off all afternoon. a) round c) down b) across d) up

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133. Sandra didn't accept Paul's marriage proposal at first, but Paul wouldn't give _________. Finally, she agreed to marry him. a) out c) off b) up d) away 134. He has _________ down with typhoid after drinking the water from that well. a) come c) cut b) kept d) lain 135. Gerald just doesn't go _________ with their ideas and plans, so he will probably resign next week. a) up c) down b) along d) under 136. We _________ out of money while in Paris, so we sold our gold watches and cameras. a) spent c) ran b) paid d) went 137. Bill has stolen some money from his father to pay _________ his gambling debts. a) out c) off b) in d) to 138. You were born with a _________ spoon in your mouth. You've always gotten what you wanted. a) gold c) silver b) big d) hard 139. In the good old days, they used to call _________ to deliver babies at home. a) midwives c) nurses b) specialists d) patients 140. _________ me to give you back the money when we arrive there. I'm terribly absent-minded. a) Recollect c) Remember b) Remind d) Ask 141. This painting is _________ one million dollars, but he is selling it for half a million. a) worth c) cost b) priced d) valued 142. Most shops spend a lot of money on their window _________ because then they sell a lot more goods. a) exhibitions c) shows b) demonstrations d) displays 143. The relationship between a landlord and a _________ has always been a fragile one. a) neighbour c) visitor b) tenant d) resident

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144. Jack and June _________ their engagement within a week of deciding that they were not meant for each other. a) halted c) ended b) stopped d) completed 145. Let's buy a house with your _________ from the horse races. a) investment c) income b) earnings d) winnings 146. How many _________ do you eat for lunch? a) meals c) plates b) courses d) foods 147. If you ask him, he will help you _________. He is such a kind person. a) readily c) carelessly b) vividly d) unbelievably 148. I had a(n) _________ of her in the crowd and followed her, but she managed to flee. a) glimpse c) view b) observation d) glance 149. Mrs. Gaudy looked totally out of __________ when she showed up in a bright yellow dress and huge silver earrings at the funeral. a) place c) this world b) sight d) mind 150. The twins are so alike that it is impossible to __________ them apart. a) say c) tell b) understand d) decide 151. If the government continues its present housing policy, it is likely to come __________ considerable opposition. a) under c) on top of b) around to d) up against 152. Albert is going to __________ the question of proper rubbish disposal at our residents’ association meeting. a) rise c) raise b) bring d) lay down 153. Color-blind people often find it difficult to __________ between blue and green. a) separate c) compare b) distinguish d) contrast 154. When I return from my holiday, I shall have to __________ with a lot of work. a) catch on c) make do b) catch up d) make up

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155. With the worsening inflation, most people are beginning to have difficulty in __________. a) tightening their belts c) going head over heels b) keeping in touch d) making ends meet 156. I am afraid you missed the __________ of my argument. a) topic c) concept b) point d) subject 157. Mr. Hobbler, who lost a leg in a car accident, has now been fitted with a(n) ________ leg. a) artificial c) substitute b) extra d) imitation 158. It was impossible for the student to work out the answer to the question, so he just gave __________. a) out c) up b) away d) into

B. Choose the word or phrase which is closest in meaning to the underlined word. 159. The assistant manager was given the onerous task of organising the company's annual conference. a) viable c) momentous b) burdensome d) mandatory 160. People living in rural areas have to put up with poor public transport. a) depend on c) experience b) complain about d) tolerate 161. A vote in parliament of two-thirds in favour is required to amend the constitution. a) confirm c) alter b) abolish d) reject 162. The results of the inquiry indicated that the fire had been started deliberately. a) accidentally c) naturally b) suddenly d) intentionally 163. There are countless tiny villages located in these mountains. a) isolated c) various b) ruined d) numerous 164. He looked at his watch hastily and decided it was time to leave. a) quickly c) occasionally b) secretly d) carefully 165. His aunt told him she disapproved of his conduct the previous evening. a) behaviour c) criticism b) rudeness d) speech

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166. The plane vanished as it was flying over the Atlantic Ocean. a) exploded c) disappeared b) dropped d) accelerated 167. The refugees in the war suffered a great deal of deprivation. a) violence c) illness b) loss d) pain 168. He tried to get official approval for his scheme of building a sports facility in the middle of the nature reserve. a) amendment c) alteration b) sanction d) assumption 169. The experienced politician steered away from the journalists’ questions on the latest scandal. a) abolished c) avoided b) appointed d) responded 170. We received invaluable help from our students while we were setting up our new computer center. a) worthless c) without value b) valuable d) expensive 171. He walked into the room with a somber expression on his face. a) joyful c) explicit b) gloomy d) competent 172. If you want your new company to prosper, you must try and find loyal investors. a) alter c) thrive b) continue d) proceed 173. She inherited her propensity to talk too much from her mother. a) amnesty c) inclination b) gene d) trendiness 174. A Health Ministry spokeswoman has announced that malaria has been virtually wiped out in Turkey. a) eradicated c) left out b) vacated d) undertaken 175. Aunt Petunia smiled serenely at us and said nothing. a) stupidly c) meaninglessly b) calmly d) knowingly 176. The lecturer on Bolivian literature was brilliant. He brought up a lot of interesting points, but I’m afraid I couldn’t take them all in. a) accomplish c) adapt b) adopt d) absorb

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C. 1. Complete the following sentences using the words in the box. form of the words. There are more words than you need. dispose of findings nurture endure

susceptible innate contract integrate

Do not change the

prolong inflict recording dilate

1.

When the body's natural resistance is low, a person is _______________ to infection by different types of bacteria.

2.

A balanced diet and regular exercise are both thought to help _______________ life.

3.

According to the _______________ of the study, children under the age of five who watch violent T.V. programs are very likely to grow up to be violent teenagers.

4.

In developing countries with inadequate medical facilities, patients often have to _______________ the pain of serious operations without the aid of anaesthetic or painkilling drugs.

5.

Laws of physics are based on the fact that gases _______________ as temperature falls.

6.

Chemical companies polluting local rivers will be forced by new government regulations to _______________ their waste without damaging the environment.

7.

The basic level of intelligence in humans is _______________, but the ability to use that potential is greatly influenced by environmental factors.

2. Complete the following sentences using the words in the box. Do not change the form of the words. There are more words than you need. diversity coherent chilling thrive

deliberate discriminate demise dilemma

odour random flaw enrich

1.

The only _______________ in his character is that he loses his temper very quickly.

2.

I'm facing a serious _______________. I promised to go to my friend's wedding but I forgot that it's on the same day as my mother's birthday, and my family will be really upset if I don't go out to dinner with them. What am I going to do?

3.

She gave a very _______________ explanation of the government's current economic policy, so there was no need for the audience to ask her any questions at the end.

4.

It is strange that although he is very proud of his CD collection, he doesn't keep them in any order at all. He just leaves piles of _______________ discs lying on the floor. 91

5.

The _______________ of her uncle was an unexpected blow. He was old but had seemed in perfect health.

6.

It may seem old-fashioned, but reading books on a wide variety of subjects is the best way to _______________ the mind.

7.

We have very high expectations of our employees, so everyone who works for us must be able to _______________ in a stressful environment.

3. Complete the following sentences using the words in the box. Do not change the form of the words. There are more words than you need. obsession indispensable

violate condone

deprive

1.

Although many governments favour the decriminalisation of drugs in principle, they fear that it would _______________ the use of addictive substances.

2.

In my work, a computer is _______________. There's no way I could manage without it.

3.

American inspectors are regularly sent abroad to ensure that other countries do not _______________ international agreements on chemical and nuclear weapons.

4.

Mark's interest in keeping fit has become a(n) _______________. He just can't stop talking about it.

4. Complete the following sentences with the correct word from the list below.   Use each word only once. There are more words than you need. aggressive freckles extrovert

assessment wrinkles tidy

sensitive bad - tempered selfish

1.

A(n) _____________ person is difficult to handle. You don't know where you are with him.

2.

He is so __________________ that he thinks the world revolves around him.

3.

Mary likes people and going to places and hates to stay at home. In other words, she is a(n) ________________.

4.

Such __________________ behavior will land him in trouble with the police someday.

5.

Leaders should be competent in their ________________ of other people's characters.

6.

You shouldn't talk to her like that. She is very ________________ and easily gets hurt. 92

7.

You can estimate a person's age from the ________________ on his face.

5. Complete the following sentences with the correct word from the list below.   Use each word only once. There are more words than you need.  unwind lapsed retard core

roved bland tossed zest

responsive soared dawned sedentary

1.

The officials' ________________ reaction to the situation disturbed many of us — after all, we were in serious trouble and strict measures had to be taken at once.

2.

Recent  studies  have  shown  that  ________________  work leads  to  physical  as   well  as psychological disorders.

3.

As soon as he entered his hotel room, he ________________ his suitcase into a corner, and rang the room service for something to eat.

4.

You are wasting time discussing trivial matters.  What you should actually do is get to the ________________ of the problem.

5.

As the sleeping pill began to take effect, she ________________ into heavy sleep.

6.

With the invention of the printing press, a new era in human history ________________.

7.

Sally is highly ________________ to compliments, so you should praise her work now and then to make her work better.

6. Complete each of the following sentences with the correct word from the box below.  Use  each word only once. There are more words than you need.               cautious tended immature adaptable

devastated stubborn blaze stampeded

withdrawn embers inquisitive balanced

1.

The ________________ that started at the drug factory in the south of the city soon spread to nearby buildings.

2.

She was trying not to sound ________________, but I could see that she was dying to learn all the details of the divorce case.

3.

Don't worry about Kenneth taking the children for a drive ­ he is a very _____________ driver. 93

4.

The elephants, frightened by the noise of the explosion, ________________, trampling on anything in their paths.

94

5.

Those   twin   brothers   look   exactly   alike   but   are   so   different   in   character:   Deniz   is   an outgoing,  lively boy while Cenk is overly sensitive and ________________.

6.

After her boyfriend stormed out of the room, she sat there for a long time, staring at the ________________ of the fire.

7. Complete the following sentences by matching suitable verbs from box A with suitable phrases from box B. A shrug

B your neck your foot down your shoulders by heart eye to eye

put learn

see

risk

1.

Paul left home last month and moved to a small flat near his school as he didn't ___________________ with his parents.

2.

I think you should try to _____________________ the poems of John Keats _____________________ . He is considered to be one of the greatest English poets.

3.

For God's sake don't just _____________________ ! Say what you think about the problem. Your indifference is so annoying.

4.

You shouldn't _____________________ worth it.

5.

You must _____________________ if he asks to borrow your car again. I'm sure he can afford to buy at least a second-hand car.

for Julie. That ignorant, two-faced girl is not

8. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words from the box. Use each only once. acquisition zest diversity facilitate doom

flourish might soar wipe out dawn foster

integration impending internalized retard craftily

*

The (1)_______________ of different groups into a whole is necessary in every society. It requires the (2)_______________ of Hercules on the part of the politicians along with (3)_______________ for the work they're doing.

*

If people want democracy to (4)_____________, all should cooperate to (5)______________ ignorance and concentrate on the (6)_______________ of knowledge.

*

The (7)_______________ danger of the warming up of the world may lead to the (8)_______________ of mankind. 95

*

Taking enough proteins (9)_______________ the growth of infants; on the other hand, a diet that lacks proteins (10)_______________ their growth.

*

The (11)_______________ of opinion on this issue makes it difficult for us to arrive at a decision.

*

A new age of electronics has (12)_______________ on the world. Nothing will ever be the same again. Let's hope it (13)_______________ better relationships among human beings

*

Despite inflation (14)_______________ to a record-high, some bureaucrats are still (15)_______________ defending themselves.

*

It is when children (16)_______________ the values of their immediate environment that they become truly socialized.

9. Fill in each blank with the most appropriate word from the list. Use each only once. scarce appalling tangible

disorientated validate distortion

trampled predisposed random

prime leprosy blaze

motive rage

1.

The facts don't _______________ his theory. So he should start all over again.

2.

She is __________ to be critical because her mother used to criticize her a lot when she was a child.

3.

The questionnaire was given to a ___________ selection of people from different age groups.

4.

It is common for the media to get away with _____________ of the facts.

5.

Do you have _______________ evidence to prove your point?

6.

The conditions in which they live are _______________. I've never seen such poverty in my life.

7.

Jack is the _______________ suspect in the murder case.

8.

I feel _______________ and can't work today. I suppose I still have jet lag.

9.

The outbreak of a fight at the football match caused panic and more than twenty people were _______________.

10. The bombing of the bazaar caused a _______________ which went on for several hours destroying many shops. 11. _______________ victims used to be put together in camps or on remote islands in the past. 96

12. Snakes are _______________ in the north of the country, but they are common in the south. 13. What is your _______________ for trying to separate her from her son? 14. Don't speak to him now. He is in a __________. He is swearing at everybody around him. 10. Fill in the blanks with the opposites of words in brackets by using prefixes. I don't want to show (1)____________________ (respect) but your ideas are quite (2)_________________ (relevant) and (3)__________________ (logical). We cannot possibly accept a(n) (4)_______________ (mature) approach to such an important project. 11. Complete each sentence in the pair with the same word. 1.

a)

We may be biased, but our students compared with their __________ in other universities appear to be more sophisticated.

b) My son is a very sensitive child. When I come home, he anxiously _________ at my face to determine my mood. 2.

a)

Early historians were people who lived in the palace. They entered every event in official __________ which they later used as the basis for their history books.

b) I feel chilly. Could you please throw a few more ________ on the fire? 3.

a)

My mother used to _________ every book and magazine that came to our house before she would let us read them.

b) His latest play will be adapted for the ________. If all goes well, he may become a famous man in Hollywood overnight. 4.

a)

If you go on like this in the same __________________ of mind, you'll never understand my side of the story.

b) She put his picture in a __________________ and hung it on the wall. 5.

a)

Now proceed and __________________ the program as we planned it.

b) It is a sad thing to __________________ a human being as a punishment. 6.

a)

Marilyn Monree died at the __________________ of her film career.

b) The mountaineers finally reached the __________________ of the mountain and planted their national flag there.

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12. Find the opposites for the following words using the correct prefix.  e.g. _in soluble 1.

____ respect

2.

____ legible

3.

____ rational

4.

____ behave

5.

____ polite

13. Fill in each blank with only one word. 1.

They have just been kicked out of their house because they couldn't pay the rent. Now, they are looking _____________ the possibility of going back to their village.

2.

Whenever we do something wrong collectively, I am always _____________ out and get punished.

3.

If you help me in this matter, I'll write _____________ your debts.

4.

You'd better _____________ to your own kind. Those new people in your life won't do you any good.

5.

His condition is getting worse; I think we should _____________ for his son immediately.

6.

I tried to put him at his _______________ by telling him there was nothing to worry about; the examination would be easy.

7.

I personally believe that eating onions doesn't do anybody any _______________, but people say it has beneficial effects.

8.

They all wanted to pay her a _______________ by telling her how clever and well-dressed she was.

9.

No one has made a _______________ to stop the government from passing that law.

10. He yells and threatens everybody, yet no one _______________ him seriously. 11. Paul is cracking _______________ all the time, but nobody thinks they're funny. 12. He always does whatever he wants to do and I cannot change his ways. _______________ as a _______________.

He is as

13. Thanks for pointing _______________ my error. Otherwise, I would have made a fool of myself at the seminar. 14. Deborah cannot see anything at all without her glasses. She is as _______________ as a _______________. 98

D.

WORD BUILDING

1. Fill in each blank with the correct form of the words given in brackets. Alex's   self­   (1)_______________   (confident)   is   really   at   its   peak   because   of   this   recent success.  To his wife's (2)_______________ (amaze), he is even considering taking part in a TV (3)_______________ (commerce).  One cannot help but wonder how he is going to get over his (4)_______________ (shy). 2. Use the most suitable form of the word in brackets. It is very normal for pre-school children to have (1)__________________ (imagine) friends. To an untrained eye, these kids look as if they are talking to themselves. My little niece has such a friend. Guess who? Michael Jackson! She does quite a (2)___________________ (vary) of things with him: feeds him, plays with him and even fights with him, which is not a rare (3)___________________ (occur). When that happens, they break up and she gets (4)___________________ (increase) moody and eventually (5)___________________ (depress). Since Michael and her relationship with him is very real to her, nobody dares to tease her about it. 3. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words in parentheses. There was an engine (1)______________ (fail) in the plane, so our (2)______________ (fly) was diverted to a small airport. After a rough (3)______________(land), we were asked to leave the plane quickly for our own (4)______________ (safe). 4. Use the most suitable form of the word in brackets. Do not use the given word. (1)_______________(addict) to that drug gradually changes one's (2)_______________(person). The person becomes (3)_______________ (increase) afraid of the world around him and becomes (4)_______________ (resent) towards people close by. He prefers to sit in a (5)_______________ (dark) room by himself and hates to be under (6)________________ (observe). 5. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate build-up of the underlined words. 1.

Being a sportsman, I think your behaviour is totally incompatible with _________.

2.

Don't be nervous please. ______________ in the exam won't get you anywhere, so try to calm down.

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3.

So you want me to pay in cash. I don't think you should make difficulties over the _______________ of a 30-dollar electric iron.

4.

He was imprisoned for stealing two eggs from a grocer's. The next day, the media made a big issue out of his _______________.

6. Fill each blank with a suitable form of the word in brackets. 1.

Political parties frequently make _______________ (modify) in their policies to meet the standards of the day.

2.

He doesn't ______________ (qualification) to be a teacher because he doesn't have a degree in teaching.

3.

You'd better _____________ (clarified) the meaning of what you've just said. Otherwise, I won't speak to you again.

4.

Do you have to eat at a __________________ (specification) time?

5.

The __________________ (horrify) of the earthquake still remains in their minds.

7. Complete the following sentences with the correct words from the list below. Do not forget to put the word you choose into its correct form where necessary. Use each word only once. There are more words than you need. edge inversion lag

derision flaw enrichment trend

recession bankrupt clamour

1.

The high rate of inflation led to the _______________________ of many small businesses.

2.

The memory of the terrible incident began to _______________________ with time.

3.

The plan you have made to deal with the crisis is _______________________. Unless you find a way of improving it, it is likely to result in failure.

4.

Metaphors and cliches are commonly used by authors to _______________________ a piece of writing.

5.

It is expected that economic development will _______________________ due to inefficient management.

6.

This is the avenue where ______________________ night clubs and restaurants can be found.

7.

He started to _______________________ his way towards the door when he realised that he didn't have enough money to pay for the food he had ordered. 100

8. Use the correct form of the words given in brackets.  1.

________________ (intelligent) is a god­given gift for a human being.

2.

His approach to the role he played lacked ________________ (sincere).

3.

________________ (lonely) finally drove him to commit suicide.

4.

Many social ills can be prevented by better ________________ (educated).

9. Fill each blank with a suitable form of the word in brackets. 1.

He lifted the table with a touch of his hand; it was really _______________ (miracle).

2.

You must handle electrical ____________ (apply) with care because they are quite sensitive.

3.

On some banana _______________ (plant) in tropical countries they use a very complex irrigation system.

4.

I don't have to get everybody's ______________ (approve) in order to do what I want to do.

10. Fill in the blanks with a suitable form of the words in brackets. 1.

His mental _______________ (secure) makes life difficult for him and others.

2.

Your help in this project was _______________ (value). I cannot possibly pay you back.

3.

Going there and shaking _______________ (count) hands is not my favorite way of spending the evening.

4.

The three companies made an agreement to _______________ (solid) their power.

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CLOZE TEST Fill in the blanks with ONE word only to complete the following texts. Contractions (eg. isn't, they're) count as one word. 1. My family and all their pets, six in all, including my father's temperamental parrot "Huylu", had a fabulous holiday up (1)_________________ Mount Nemrut this year. A holiday at a mountain (2)_________________ was a new experience for the family. When I was a child we (3)________________ to have our holidays in my dad's little village on the southern (4)_________________ of Turkey. It was just wonderful! We (5)_________________ spend hours by the sea; swimming, playing and building sand castles with all our cousins. Later, when our peaceful village became a major tourist attraction, we stopped going there because the traffic became a serious danger (6)_________________ the younger kids in the family. It was my ever-wise mom who came up with the brilliant idea to try the mountains this year. My father who is a person set in his ways, (7)_________________ to resist almost any new idea. As always, he made all kinds of excuses before he reluctantly agreed to this new "adventure". You won't believe this, but whenever anybody asks, "Wasn't it wonderful?". Huylu, secretly tutored by my father, replies, "Yes, it was but there is always room (8)_________________ improvement.". That parrot is (9)_________________ getting on everybody's nerves. 2. How long do you go to school if you (1)________________ in Sweden. As long as you wish! In Sweden, you are (2)________________ too old to learn something new. While adult education (3)________________ become more popular in many countries around the world, Sweden is (4)________________ a leader in this area of education. Maybe it is those (5)________________ Swedish winters. More than three generations ago, Swedish adults, (6)________________ with endless cold nights, began forming study circles. (7)________________ gathered informally to talk about subjects ranging (8)_______________ Egyptian art to foreign languages. Later, during the 1930's (9)_______________ attracted enough popular support, the study circle became (10)_______________ issue of national policy. In other words, these Swedes (11)________________ not just created a society (12)________________ liberal arts students. Today, Swedish adult education is (13)________________ concerned with jobs and there are special training courses that (14)________________ from one week for an introduction (15)________________ desktop publishing, to 28 weeks for business economics. 102

(16)_______________ courses are offered at 100 government - funded (17)________________ nation-wide. Waldemar Sandberg attends a course at such a center in Stockholm. (18)_________________ the age of 52, Sandberg had lost his job (19)_________________ of Europe's recession, but he is not (20)_________________ worried yet. The government is paying (21)_________________ tuition --about $12600 for 28 weeks -- (22)_________________ Sandberg can learn modern accounting and computer skills. (23)_________________ he needs peace of mind to benefit (24)_________________ the program, the government also pays Sandberg a respectable living allowance. He hopes the training will (25)_________________ him get a job as a finance director (26)________________ a Swedish company. "It is a cost for the government, (27)________________ it is also an investment for society and if you make an overall calculation the government might even (28)_________________ a profit." Sandberg declares. The Swedes insist that they are making a smart decision about (29)_________________ to spend limited funds. The country (30)_________________ spend very much cash on benefits for (31)_________________ unemployed, but it lavishes money on training programs and grants for trainees. "We recognize we have to take (32)_________________ of the people in our society, but they might as well do something (33)_________________." says Berit Rollen, Director of Sweden's National Employment Training Board. 3. I sometimes wonder if other people get as irritated as I (1)_______________ by the so-called hygienic wrappings of (2)_______________ household items sold in the shops today. (3)_______________ the most insignificant items are so (4)_______________ wrapped, sealed or otherwise made inaccessible (5)_______________ one would imagine the whole purpose (6)_______________ just keeping them permanently on display (7)_______________ than selling them to the customers. Once, (8)_______________ so long ago, we were able to (9)_______________ biscuits and rice from open sacks and barrels. (10)_______________ could see, touch and smell (11)_______________ we were buying. There was never any hurry; we usually (12)_______________ our time before we made (13)_______________ our minds. We often used to have a (14)_______________ chat with the friendly (15)_______________ or exchange a few pieces of gossip (16)_______________ the neighbour from the next street who (17)_______________ happened to walk in. Our purchases (18)_______________ carefully weighed and then put (19)_______________ a wrapping the shopkeeper tied up with a (20)_______________ movement of his fingers. It

103

is not that (21)_______________ today. You just stuff whatever you’re buying in a (22)______________ or a cart, go to the check-out (23)_______________ manned by faceless individuals just as (24)_______________ wrapped as the items you’re getting, (25)_______________ may or may not say “hello” (26)_______________ the friendliness of a recording. Then you (27)_______________ home with your ingeniously packed purchases. There (28)_______________ think that the sole purpose (29)_______________ the manufacturers was to prevent you (30)_______________ opening them. I must admit that (31)_______________ tried knives, scissors and any sharp (32)_______________ that I can lay my hands on, I am frequently reduced to (33)_______________ things with my teeth. 4. When Gerald was a child, his father (1)_________________ to beat him frequently. This gradually caused him to lose confidence in (2)_________________ and in his family. (3)_________________ they moved to Liverpool, he couldn't (4)_________________ used to city life easily. He developed a stutter which lasted ten years. He received speech therapy for several years. He (5)_________________ often read long texts aloud for hours and hours to overcome this speech defect. He still (6)_________________ thinking about his childhood and cannot easily forgive his father. He (7)_________________ to get nervous whenever he sees someone beating another person. He tries not to focus (8)_________________ his childhood anymore but finds it hard not to do so. Will there be any room (9)_________________ improvements in his life? Only if (10)_________________ encouragement is given by friends. 5. PROBLEM-SOLVING People do not analyze every problem they meet. Sometimes they try to remember a solution from the last time they had a similar problem. They often accept the opinions or (1)____________ of other people. Other times they (2)_____________ to act without thinking; they try (3)____________ find a solution by trial and (4)_____________. However, when all these methods fail, (5)____________ person with a problem has to (6)_____________ analyzing. There are six stages in (7)_____________ a problem. First, the person must (8)_____________ that there is a problem. For (9)_____________, Sam's bicycle is broken, and he (10)_____________ ride it to class as he (11)_____________ does. Sam must see that there (12)_____________ a problem with his bicycle. Next, (13)_____________ thinker must define the problem. Before (14)_____________ can repair his bicycle, he must (15)_____________ the reason why it does not (16)_____________. For instance, he must determine if (17)_____________ problem is with

104

the gears, the (18)_____________, the tires, or the frame. He (19)_____________ make his problem more specific. Now (20)_____________ person must look for information that (21)_____________ make the problem clearer and lead (22)_____________ possible solutions. For instance, suppose Sam (23)_____________ that his bike does not work (24)_____________ there is something wrong with the (25)_____________ wheels. At this time, he can (26)_____________ in his bicycle repair book and (27)_____________ about gears. He can talk to (28)_____________ friends at the bike shop. He (29)_____________ look at his gears carefully. After (30)_____________ the problem, the person should have (31)_____________ suggestions for a possible solution. Take (32)_____________ as an illustration again. His suggestions (33)_____________ be: put oil on the gear wheels; buy new gear wheels and replace the old ones; tighten or loosen the gear wheels. Eventually, one suggestion seems to be the solution to the problem. Sometimes the final idea comes very suddenly because the thinker suddenly sees something new or sees something in a new way. Sam, for example, suddenly sees that there is a piece of chewing gum between the gear wheels. He immediately realizes the solution to his problem: he must clean the gear wheels. Finally, the solution is tested. Sam cleans the gear wheels and finds that afterwards his bicycle works perfectly. In short, he has solved the problem. 6. SOME ADVICE ON FOOD SHOPPING The average family spends about one-sixth of its income on food. Because food is expensive, it is important to spend money wisely when you shop. A careful shopper can prepare nutritious and delicious meals inexpensively. Here are some hints to help you shop better. Buy only the food that you need. There are several ways to avoid (1)______________ extra food. First, make a shopping (2)______________ before you go to the store. (3)______________ when you are at the store, (4)______________ your list carefully. Furthermore, do not (5)______________ shopping if you are hungry. When (6)______________ are hungry, foods look very delicious (7)____________ you want to buy more than (8)_____________ need. Finally, go shopping alone if (9)______________ can. If you shop with young (10)______________, they often ask you to buy (11)______________ unnecessary food like candy.

105

When you (12)______________ a selection, choose the least expensive (13)______________ of a product. There are three (14)______________ to remember when you buy a (15)______________ of tomatoes, for example. First, look (16)______________ the advertisements in the newspaper to (17)______________ if your local supermarket is having (18)______________ "special" on canned tomatoes. In addition, (19)_____________ you are in the store, you (20)_____________ check the price per pound of (21)_____________. Sometimes you save money if you (22)_____________ the larger size can; sometimes, however, (23)______________ do not. Third, remember that a (24)______________ A product or a more expensive (25)____________ is not necessarily more healthful than (26)______________ grade B or less expensive product. (27)_____________ A tomatoes may look better, but (28)____________ canned tomatoes have the same nutrients. (29)______________ seem to have special difficulties when (30)______________ buy fresh fruits and vegetables. There (31)______________ several things to consider when buying (32)______________ foods. Because fresh foods spoil if (33)______________ are not used, you have to buy the correct amount for the number of people you are serving. Remember that a pound of some vegetables serves more people than a pound of other vegetables. For instance, a pound of string beans is enough for six servings. In addition, plan to use fresh foods that are in season because fresh foods are generally less expensive when they are in season. Finally, choose fruits and vegetables that have a bright, fresh color. A good color is often a sign that the food has a lot of vitamins. Careful shoppers try to get as many nutrients as they can for each dollar. 7. People of unusual habits have always attracted me. By this I do not imply hippies and dropouts for (1)________ modern society has very little respect. No, I mean those orderly people (2)_________ otherwise dull lives are enriched by unlikely routines or manias (3)_______ are totally harmless to others. There is, for example, a bank clerk I know, (4)________ will not eat his breakfast toast (5)________ the sun rises and he actually sees the early rays of the sun. Since he lives in London, (6)_________ he enjoys a reluctant sun, he frequently goes without breakfast. Another couple I know has a neat little bungalow in (7)_______ they keep two dogs and a cat, (8)________ they themselves live in a tree house because they are convinced it is more natural. No matter (9)_________ hard their neighbours try, they haven’t been able to persuade them to live like ordinary people. Life, I am sure, would be very much poorer without such people. Sometimes I feel I am lacking in personality, since I have none of these strange habits (10)______, of course, you count the fact that I keep a hamster in my desk drawer at the office.

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8. "Parachuting Changed My Life!" When Su Woods stepped onto the tarmac of Thruxton airfield one sunny afternoon to make her first parachute jump, she was not only about to (1)_______________ her childhood dream come true, but she was (2)_______________ leaving her old life for a new one. Achieving her ambition was to transform her life. Eight years later, Su and her husband Dennis now own the parachute club (3)_______________ Su made her first jump and the couple first met. "Parachuting has changed my life enormously," Su says. "When I think back to the first day (4)_______________ came, watching all the experienced jumpers and feeling anxious (5)_______________ my own jump before take-off, I have to keep telling myself that the club's ours. I've made 100 jumps now, (6)_______________ is quite a lot, but there are plenty of members here who are much more advanced than I am. "It's (7)_______________ exciting being up in the air that you just don't get frightened. Besides, everything to do with parachuting is highly regulated - you can't just go up in a plane and jump (8)_______________ of it. You must have proper training. Safety precautions are strictly enforced. At (9)_______________, you have a rope attached to your parachute linking it to the aeroplane. As you fall free, (10)_______________ rope pulls the parachute open. It's not (11)_______________ you've reached a certain standard that you're allowed to open your own parachute. There's not really any danger at all. (12)_______________, it's only natural sometimes to feel afraid at the thought (13)_______________ jumping from a plane at 750 metres! "No matter (14)_______________ experienced you are, you always get nervous (15)_______________ you make a jump. You step out onto the platform, the instructor says 'Go', (16)_______________ then suddenly you're in the air. Coming down is wonderful, and you don't remember (17)_______________ you were afraid of." Balancing her career (18)_______________ the editor of a local newspaper with sorting out a new house, managing the parachute club and pursuing her favourite hobby means that things (19)_______________ housework and washing up can get badly neglected. "But then," Su says, "it's a question of priorities. I'd much rather parachute (20)_______________ spend Saturdays cleaning the house. " 9. Speaking in front of large numbers of people is a skill which most people will need at some time in their lives. It is something which everyone can do, but is difficult to do well. Different speakers, of course, have different styles. However, there are certain common principles which will help you give your speech or presentation more professionally.

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First of all, before your speech, it is essential that you be well prepared. Do lots of research and prepare your materials carefully. Make sure you have enough to say to fill the time provided. If you don't know enough about your subject, you will be (1)_______________ a serious disadvantage, especially when it comes to answering questions. If you find that you have too much material, give (2)_______________ to your main points - you can go into more detail later if you have time. Don't memorise your speech, but be familiar with it so that you will be able to use just a few notes. On the big day, arrive early. If you only just (3)_______________ it in time, you won't be able to get everything ready. You are responsible (4)_______________ ensuring that any visual aids are set up and working properly. When everything is ready, have a chat with members of the audience. This will help you relax and get to know the people you will speak to. As you begin your speech, first introduce yourself and thank people for coming. If you wish, you can (5)_______________ your audience (and yourself) at ease by making a few amusing comments to break the ice. However, don't start cracking jokes; after all, you want your audience to (6)_______________ you seriously. Introduce the subject and outline your main points. Then, go through each point clearly and carefully. Look around at the audience and assess its reaction: it is surprising how many speakers are unaware (7)_______________ what the audience is doing. Are they listening to you? Stay in control. Stick to the point and don't let yourself be distracted (8)_______________ questions. Nine times (9)_______________ of ten, the information the person is asking for will be given later in your speech. Don't speak (10)_______________ an aggressive manner, though. Just politely say you will accept all questions at the end. In addition, remember that nobody's perfect: mistakes occur even when the best speakers are performing. Apologise, but don't try to (11)_______________ any excuses - it leaves a bad impression. When you come to the end of your presentation, summarise your main points and (12)_______________ an explanation for any conclusions you reach because, without justification, your opinions are worthless. Finally, there is the question-and-answer session. After it's all over, evaluate your performance. Ask yourself in which areas you could improve. Don't worry if you were nervous and it didn't go very well. Just put it down to (13)_____________. Don't be afraid to try again. It will (14)_______________ you good to practise as often as possible. In this way, you will overcome your nerves, and you may even come to enjoy it. 10. We become mass individuals when we identify with the system, accepting its values. However, (1)_____________ cannot easily isolate ourselves from the (2)_____________, because it pervades every aspect of (3)_____________ culture. We buy mass-produced 108

products just (4)_____________ they are cheaper although they aren't (5)______________ quality. We read the local newspapers (6)_____________ though we seldom feel that they (7)_____________ anything to our sense of well-being. (8)_____________ if we do not want to (9)_____________ without a radio or television set, (10)_____________ should at least be discriminating in (11)_____________ choice of programs. We must choose (12)_______________ if we want to avoid being (13)______________ by the constant propaganda and advertising (14)_______________ are hurled at us in favor (15)_______________ the system. We can only do (16)_____________ if we guard our true individuality (17)___________ not let ourselves be seduced by (18)______________ rewards which the system offers to (19)________________ who achieve success. The system does (20)________________ opportunities for the aggressive individual to (21)________________ one of the actors in the (22)________________ and not remain part of (23)________________ unseen and unheard audience. Someone has (24)________________ run the show, or at least (25)____________ appears so. Those individuals who rise (26)____________ the top in the hierarchy of (27)____________ are considered to be the successful (28)___________. There are hierarchies in every field (29)_______________ endeavor: business, education, politics, society, art, (30)______________ so on. There are power hierarchies (31)_____________ each segment of the field also. (32)________________ organized activity creates a hierarchy of power. (33)________________ each hierarchy, large or small, the person who is at the top and wields the greater power is regarded as a success by those lower on the scale. Yet no one truly runs the show; no one really wields the power. Those at the top are as much part of the system as the lowest man on the totem pole. They can be replaced as easily as one of their subordinates. They are not creative people whose work bears the stamp of their individuality. Their function, like that of each mass individual, is to keep the show going, to keep the system operating to keep the machine running. 11. How should we measure the cost of anything – of a new motorcycle, a new freeway, or a rapid­ transit system?  Economists use a concept called opportunity cost. To determine opportunity cost, we measure (1)_____________ value of the next opportunity we (2)_____________ sacrifice in order to take the (3)_____________ of action we have selected. When (4)_____________ go to class or decide to (5)_____________ in the library, you give up (6)_____________ opportunity to watch television at home. (7)_____________ opportunity cost of attending class or (8)_____________ in the library is the value (9)_____________ place on the television program you (10)_____________. 109

Then what is the cost of (11)_____________ $1,000 motorcycle you want? It is (12)_____________ the price. The opportunity cost to (13)_____________ if you buy it is not (14)_____________, but the value of the product (15)____________ you might have bought with (16)____________ $1,000. Notice that the money (price) is (17)___________ the cost itself. The cost is (18)___________ evaluation of the "real" things sacrificed. (19)_____________, money is a means of getting (20)_____________ things that we want, price is (21)_____________ measure of how much money is (22)_____________, and cost is the value of (23)_____________ we give up. The question economists (24)_____________ is how much in actual products (25)_____________ services must be sacrificed for whatever (26)_____________ being considered – a dam, hospital, school, (27)_____________ satellite, rocket, etc. We can look at (28)_______________ opportunity cost of any decision that (29)_______________ been made. However, one of the (30)_______________ frequently under-estimated costs is the cost (31)_______________ a war. The most obvious costs (32)______________ lost lives, destroyed property, ruined careers, (33)______________ wasted resources in the form of tanks, helicopters, guns, bullets, uniforms, and other military equipment. Less obvious costs are the slum clearance, anti-pollution, public health, and welfare projects that might otherwise have been undertaken. Consider also the costs in hospitals, doctors, medicine, and equipment devoted to veterans' care long after the war is over, as well as the costs of the benefits paid to dependents. For instance, in 1967 more than 1,300 dependents of veterans of the American Civil War - a war that ended 102 years before received annual benefits totaling more than $1 million. Veterans' benefits for the SpanishAmerican War amounted to $5.3 billion, or twelve times the original cost of that war. 12. The Carter family are television addicts and can't imagine life without one. We asked this family to take part in an experiment. We took the Carters' television away from them for a month. This was the result. George Carter (father): At first, we all went into (1)________________ living room as usual, but we (2)________________ know what to do. All the (3)________________ in the room have always faced (4)________________ TV. In the first week, we (5)________________ talking about the programs we couldn't (6)________________, but after about ten days we (7)________________ to think of ways of filling (8)______________ time. We sat down together for (9)________________ instead of eating in front of (10)________________ box; we talked to each other (11)______________ nobody had to rush away to (12)________________ a program. I do miss my (13)______________ programs, though. I prefer having a (14)______________, but perhaps we can try to (15)________________ how much we watch in future. 110

Sandra Carter (daughter, 15): I love watching TV. We've got satellite (16)________________ and I used to watch MTV (17)______________ evening. I thought Mum and Dad (18)________________ crazy to take part in this (19)________________. It was difficult at school because (20)_______________ talks about what they saw on (21)_______________ the night before. But we started (22)________________ play games together - chess, cards, board (23)________________. We were more relaxed as a (24)________________. I had more time to do (25)________________ homework and I even started taking piano lessons. Actually, I think I'd rather not have a TV for the next few months. If it's there, I watch it, and I've got my exams in two months' time. 13. WORKING HOLIDAYS Every summer, hundreds of thousands of students travel (1)_____________ other countries looking for work (2)_____________ adventure. Most of the opportunities (3)_____________ in seasonal work, mainly connected (4)_____________ tourism and agriculture. The pay (5)_____________ usually poor, but most people (6)_____________ abroad for the thrill of (7)_____________. You can pick grapes in France, (8)_____________ on a family campsite, entertain (9)_____________ on American summer camps, and, (10)_____________ course, there are always jobs (11)_____________ hotels and restaurants. But it (12)_____________ not as easy as it (13)_____________ to be to find work. "(14)_____________ you speak the language of (15)_____________ country well, there will be (16)_____________ few openings," says Anthea Ellis, (17)_____________ adviser on vacation work for (18)_____________. "If you work as a(19)_____________ with a family in Italy, (20)_____________ of course you'll have to (21)_____________ Italian. When you arrive to (22)_____________ dishes in a restaurant in Paris, (23)_____________ owner will expect you to (24)_____________ French. British students only have (25)_____________ language advantage for jobs in (26)_____________ USA and Australia." Not everyone (27)_____________ the experience. Sarah James was (28)_____________ courier responsible for forty American (29)_____________ in Europe. The two teachers (30)_____________ accompanied the children had never (31)_____________ abroad. One child lost his (32)_____________ another became seriously ill and (33)_____________ flown home; four children were lost in Madrid for a whole day; the whole group was thrown out of one hotel because of the noise they made, and Sarah herself was mugged on her only free evening of the entire trip.

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14. Somehow it seems to happen again and again. I meet a nice woman and fall in love with her, but for some reason or other, it doesn't work out. Take Maria, for example. She was (1)_____________________ an intelligent, beautiful and lively girl that I fell in love with her the moment I met her. But unfortunately, she didn't share my religious views. I eventually had to face up (2)_____________________ the fact that our relationship was bound to fail. Well, I expect the woman I finally marry to agree with me on basic things like that. Does that sound old-fashioned? Or take Cynthia. I think I really loved her deeply, but we had to fight everything (3)____________________ between us. We used to have quarrels all the time. Of course, we always made (4)__________________ in the end, but the whole thing was rather nerveracking. And there were others, but (5)______________________ of them was the right woman. Will I ever meet a woman to marry? Somehow, I'm beginning to doubt it. 15. A tremendous storm hit south-eastern Florida at about 9:30 am yesterday, causing destruction everywhere. The city was (1)______________ complete chaos for a long time due to winds that blew up to 110 miles an hour. Although rescue workers immediately moved (2)______________ action, torrential rain flooded a big part of the city and motorists who were stranded (3)______________ traffic had to spend the whole day in their cars, waiting for the roads to be cleared. By late afternoon, the storm was over, leaving behind thousands of homeless people and completely ruined orange and grapefruit crops. The people who lost their homes were furious, claiming that they hadn't been warned (4)______________ the storm on time. Here is what a meteorologist from the National Weather Centre said to our reporter yesterday evening : "Storms like the one we had yesterday used to occur once (5)______________ 200 years and yet we have had at least three major storms with winds of over 100 miles per hour since 1993, which is quite unusual. We have teams (6)______________ stand-by 24 hours a day and we are going to set up mobile units fitted (7)______________ hi-tech equipment, which will certainly enable us to take more effective measures. However, we are (8)______________ no illusions that we will be able to avoid the destructive effects of such storms completely - we can only hope to reduce the damage to a minimum."

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16. Dear Juliet, As soon as I received your letter inviting me to spend a (1)__________________ weeks in England, I started preparing (2)________________ the journey. Thank your parents for (3)__________________ to meet me at the airport. (4)__________________ looking forward to meeting them and, (5)__________________ course, your brother. It's very good (6)__________________ that he will be on holiday (7)__________________ July and will be able to (8)__________________ us to Oxford and show us (9)__________________ he's studying. I was very excited (10)__________________ I read about all the things (11)__________________ planning for my visit to England. (12)__________________ to the theatre is one of my (13)__________________ pastime activities, so it would be (14)__________________ to see a play in London. And (15)__________________ certainly like to go to Brighton (16)__________________ I'm planning to go to university (17)__________________ next year. You reminded me to (18)________________ my tennis racket, but you must (19)_________________ a good partner for me so (20)__________________ I can play against you and your (21)__________________. I remember you telling me in (22)__________________ of your letters that he plays (23)__________________ well. I won't forget my swimsuit, (24)__________________. I hope it won't be too (25)__________________ to swim in the English Channel. (26)__________________ touring England, do you think we (27)__________________ also visit Stratford? You know July (28)__________________ when the tourist season is at (29)__________________ peak, but I somehow managed to (30)__________________ my flight for July 7th. I can (31)__________________ wait! Well, it's high time I (32)__________________ now. Write and tell me if (33)__________________ any change in the plan. My kindest regards to your parents, and also to your brother. Love, Marta

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17. Jennifer got off the bus from the university and (1)__________________ walking towards the flat she shared (2)__________________ another student. As she had to (3)__________________ some food, she entered a shop (4)_________________ by an Asian family. Although the (5)__________________ were higher than those in the (6)__________________ further down the street, she usually (7)__________________ her shopping there. The vegetables were (8)__________________ and they had various things she (9)__________________ get anywhere else. Jennifer picked up (10)__________________ basket and walked to the shelf (11)__________________ the rice was kept. Except for (12)__________________ and the owner of the shop, (13)__________________ were two teenage boys, both of (14)__________________ were wearing long, old-fashioned overcoats. They (15)__________________ ridiculous in the big overcoats, but (16)__________________ things were quite popular with the (17)__________________ then. Mr. Patel, the owner, was not (18)__________________ any attention to them. He was going (19)__________________ the stock list. Just then Jennifer (20)__________________ the boys in the overcoats taking (21)__________________ of biscuits from the shelves, but (22)__________________ of putting them in their shopping (23)__________________, they were dropping the goods into (24)__________________ inside pockets of their long overcoats. "(25)__________________ get out of here," she heard (26)________________ of them say. They moved away (27)_________________ her. She could no longer see (28)__________________ they were doing. When Jennifer got (29)__________________ the till, the boys were in (30)___________________ of her. She watched them (31)______________________ for the few things they had (32)____________________ their basket. Mr. Patel wasn't suspicious. He (33)__________________ smiled at them. Jennifer opened her mouth and said ... 18. Irene Charlton, Professor of Psychology at Oxford University, is talking about the past. Things were very different then. In (1)__________________ days, we lived in a village (2)__________________ the North of England. My father (3)__________________ to work in a coal mine, (4)__________________ all the other men there. We (5)__________________ well-off, but we didn't consider ourselves (6)__________________, either. In the evenings, the whole (7)__________________ would sit in the living room, (8)__________________ to the radio. My father would (9)__________________ asleep in front of the fire (10)__________________ snore loudly. 114

I started primary school (11)________________ the age of five. There was (12)__________________ one teacher with about thirty children (13)__________________ from five to eleven, all of (14)__________________ studied in the same room. It (15)__________________ terribly cold in winter. We had (16)__________________ old stove that gave out a (17)__________________ deal of smoke but only a (18)__________________ heat. When I was eleven, I started (19)__________________ a secondary school in the nearest (20)__________________. I was a bright student and (21)__________________ my teachers' encouragement, I went to (22)__________________, where I studied psychology. I was (23)__________________ first person in the village to (24)__________________ a higher education. People like me (25)__________________ used to continue their education then, (26)__________________ if they were girls. It was (27)__________________ for me to go back to (28)__________________ village after that. I somehow felt (29)__________________ was a kind of invisible wall (30)__________________ myself and my old friends, and (31)__________________ my family. My father, in particular, (32)__________________ understand why I wanted an education. He (33)__________________ asking me when I intended to get married and have children. 19. Last summer, Frank Cruise, a 55-year-old millionaire, went to a house-warming party in Glasgow, and there, in a crowded room, he was (1)_____________________ to a young woman sitting by the fire. Frank thought her clothes were (2)_____________________ rather poor taste, but she certainly was very beautiful. They chatted for some time, and Frank complimented her (3)_____________________ her good looks, which pleased the woman very much. After a while, the woman said, "I'm afraid I have to leave now. My great grandson is getting married tomorrow, and I'd (4)_____________________ get some sleep." "You have a great grandson? You (5)_____________________ be serious. You're so young!" The lady smiled. "You are most kind, but your eyes are deceiving you. I'm 91 years of age." "91!" Frank was incredulous. "But that's quite impossible." "I can see from your face that you don't (6)_____________________ my words seriously. You think I'm joking, but I'm not." The woman made a (7)_____________________ to get up from her chair, but Frank stopped her. "Tell me your secret then," he said.

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The woman took (8)_____________________ a small bottle from her handbag and said, "This is the blue water of eternal youth. Take one sip of the contents of this bottle and you will be 18 again, just like me. I'm the only person in the whole world who (9)_____________________ the secrets of this bottle, and the recipe has a price. If you are interested in my youth potion, we can get (10)_____________________ to business, sir." "All right," Frank replied. "I'll pay you. Just tell me what you want." "Two million pounds," the woman said, (11)_____________________ deep into his eyes. "And in cash, please." "But that's ridiculous! I can't afford that much." The woman took a small mirror from her pocket, and held it in front of his face. "Look at yourself, sir." she said (12)_____________________ an aggressive manner. "You are no longer young. You are a rich man, but it's no (13)_____________________ being rich if your body is old, is it? Believe me this potion will (14)_____________________ you a lot of good. Here's my phone number. If you (15)_____________________ your mind, call me." And with that the woman turned and walked away. 20. It would be interesting to know what (1)_____________ of a person writes to the Lonely Hearts columns in magazines. (2)_____________ your most intimate problems to faceless (3)_____________ in an editorial office must arise (4)____________ the same instinct that moves travellers (5)_____________ confide the stories of their lives to (6)____________ strangers. This isn’t as bad as it seems (7)______________ the chances are that you will never (8)______________ this traveller again as long as you live. (9)_____________, he probably doesn’t listen to you very (10)______________ anyway. As you talk, it is (11)_____________ likely than not he is waiting for his (12)_____________ to tell you an even more (13)_____________ story than yours. As a matter of fact, people who want to talk their hearts out (14)______________ better in pubs. The minute they walk in, they (15)_______________ out as a drinking companion the most sympathetic looking customer (16)______________ they may look for the drunkest individual with (17)______________ their secrets will be safe forever. Everybody (18)_______________ that it is the unwritten law of the pubs that whatever (19)_______________ said in a pub remains there. (20)_______________, when one writes to a Lonely Hearts column, his (21)______________ is there for all to see in (22)_______________ and white. Not only is the problem laid out on the page there, (23)_____________ there is also an attendant answer (24)_________________ hope and encouragement or sometimes a (25)________________

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reprimand from Aunt Martha or Mary Wise or Güzin Abla. Are these advice seekers (26)__________________ desperate or, as one sometimes wonders, only exhibitionists? Do these letters written (27)__________________ such tragic simplicity reveal the inner loneliness in (28)________________ these people apparently live, or do these letters (29)________________ some other instinct? Since it is (30)_________________ to imagine that any serious solution to a person’s troubles can be (31)_______________ in these cliched answers, these people must (32)_____________ writing to these columns for the sake (33)_______________ seeing their own words in print. 21. The belief that children will "go wrong" if discipline is not imposed upon them denotes a lack of faith in human nature. Children are not inherently monsters, but they (1)______________ become so when parents are hostile (2)______________ suppress their independence. In the eyes (3)______________ a child, such a parent is (4)______________ monster who can only be opposed (5)______________ his own methods. Thus, a child (6)______________ like his parent. It is astonishing (7)______________ easily people forget the fundamental law (8)______________ reproduction, that 'like begets like'. The (9)______________ quality in a parent is his (10)______________ of respect for the individuality of (11)______________ child. It is inhuman for a (12)______________ not to accept his child as (13)______________ is but to try to mould (14)______________ into some image the parent has (15)______________ his own mind of what his (16)______________ should be. All children go through (17)______________ negative phase in the course of (18)______________ development. Between eighteen months and two (19)______________ of age they will say no (20)______________ many parental demands and offerings. This "(21)______________" expresses the child's growing consciousness that (22)______________ can think for himself. It is (23)______________ so spontaneous that the child may (24)______________ say no to something he likes. (25)______________ recall offering my young son one (26)______________ his favourite cookies. Before he even (27)______________ it, he turned his head away (28)______________ a gesture of rejection. A quick (29)______________, however, convinced him that it was (30)______________ desired object, and he reached for (31)______________. Any insistence on my part, however, (32)______________ have firmed his initial refusal. Whether (33)______________ should permit a child to make his own choice in any situation depends on the circumstances of the situation. In principle we must always respect a child's right to say no. In practice it is advisable to let the child have his own way whenever possible. This allows a child to develop a sense of responsibility for his own behaviour, which is a natural tendency in all organisms. 117

22. Interest in Learning In everyday life, we all encounter material which we could memorise if we wished. But much of this material is, we feel, not worth memorising. It does not mean anything to (1)______________ in the sense that its acquisition (2)______________ unlikely to serve any future use. (3)______________ is also factual material of a (4)______________ which is relevant to our interests (5)______________ we still don't memorize such material. (6)______________ is because we are satisfied merely (7)______________ know where to find the material (8)______________ it is needed. We feel that (9)______________ advantage of being able to reconstruct (10)______________ material from memory does not justify (11)______________ effort in trying to memorise it. (12)______________, it is the common experience of (13)______________ people that they have difficulty in (14)______________ themselves to memorise material which they (15)______________ will be of no value to (16)______________. In more general terms, if they (17)______________ an accomplishment as useless, then they (18)______________ unwilling to make the effort necessary (19)______________ its acquisition. This familiar phenomenon can (20)______________ described in various terms. We say, (21)______________ example, that we lack motive, or (22)______________, or will, or concentration, or incentive, (23)______________ intention to learn. And we know (24)______________ our experience how greatly this lack (25)______________ learning. The student will remember that (26)______________ those occasions when he couldn't build (27)______________ feelings of enthusiasm for study, it (28)______________ hardly worth his effort to continue. (29)______________ too are aware of the difference (30)______________ makes if their students are interested (31)______________ a lesson or can be made (32)______________ want to learn about it. People (33)______________ claim to be 'just no good' with, say, mathematics or car repairing or essay writing often mean, in fact, that they have never been sufficiently interested in these activities to learn the necessary skills and knowledge. And there seems to be no truth whatever in the claim that people who are sound asleep can memorise words played over to them through earphones. 23. Since I'm hopeless (1)______________ remembering things, I take my diet book everywhere I go -- even to the restaurant (2)______________ I usually have lunch -- and look up the cholesterol content of everything I want to eat (3)______________ I eat it. To tell the truth, I'm tired (4)______________ doing this, but it's my doctor's advice and I will follow it (5)______________ I've lost enough weight. I'm not too interested (6)______________ looking attractive. What bothers me is my poor health, which the doctor says is partly (7)______________ to my bad eating habits. According to him, it is these habits that are responsible (8)______________ the extra kilos I've had for years and keep complaining (9)______________.

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ANSWER KEY

119

GRAMMAR A.

1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

are going always has / drinks likes / enjoys / prefers ends / finishes closes (down) is always complaining seems

5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

2. 1. 2. 3. 4.

are always finding is writing feels am having

4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

were skiing was shining was melting didn't meet set disappeared became was falling was beginning heard

6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

are going to crash will get takes / will take / is going to take is giving / is going to give / will give will be sailing

8. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

the a the the the the / a a an Ø the

3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

stood knocked was watching was sitting collapsed Wasn't ... living got became found

are always criticizing to join will be (fact) is having (prearranged event) starts (scheduled event) will certainly run (prediction) will not be / won't be (prediction) will have created

9. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

7. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

to spend had been / were invited would arrive / would be arriving had drawn didn't find had been searching discovered were sleeping were sitting had broken 10. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

in off from in for at about on with / by of

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in for with / by for in

11. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

12. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

by into of with in under in by

13. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

on from close to in into

14. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

up at for X on on / X into through across / past / round / through about / X on / at out

16. 1. 2. 3. 4.

of in in on

5. 6. 7. 8.

15. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

in / on at to at on / onto off / out of towards at on in on

off at about in of for

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

in on in on in on in in on at in

with out for to

17. 1. where 2. Jacques-Yves Cousteau, whose films made the strange underwater world marvelously familiar, had a rare enthusiasm for nature. 3. Sebastian's oldest brother, who is an army officer, will not be able to attend his wedding. 4. After he was put in jail, Mr. Gullible was criticized by a lot of people, many of whom were his old accomplices. 5. , which 18. 1. people involved 2. occasional rain 19. 1. 2. 3. 4.

rather quite rather quite

5. 6. 7.

as like as 121

20. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

a better bike than / as good a bike as quietly more attractive than the easiest as stable as less comfortable than

21. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

having to visit used to live / had lived to maintain would spend / used to spend / had spent imagining bending to keep buying to think

22. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

giving to hear seeing putting to inform

23. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

to become for wearing having to achieve to win of using to understand competing

25. 1. was studying 2. developed 3. graduated 4. had already decided 5. wanted 6. got 7. opened 8. has always been 9. a) would have made OR a) would make 10. a) had had

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

having to sort buying to win maintain

24. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

pulling to warn marrying to live being sharing

b) had been b) were / was b) would be running 122

26. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

had been decorating / (had) decorated / were decorating were you doing are not / aren't was peeling caught have always had went had already made arrived (had) decided having already paid a) had known b) would never have done was standing Being was hardly expecting / hardly expected a) would you be b) had not covered a) hadn't seen b) I would be dancing

27. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Having lived was working struck had never seen were begging / would beg Promising / Having promised

28. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

decided have been thinking was watching was attracted will be living the most difficult

29. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

has been take/are taking warned had taken / had been taking / was taking felt occurred

30. 1. 2. 3. 4.

calls ... give has ... brings would be ... burned talk ... will be

7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

has passed still remember saw was always claiming / had always claimed proved

7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

didn't grow have spent (much) quieter has already been sold will have had

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

123

was going / went used to be would also put started haven't touched will ever change

31. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

started was/is gave is is painting has never made wasn't didn't have is doing loves

33. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

was looking came (who was) living more difficult than didn't have was shown brought was discovered has led / has been leading most popular (she) is invited will have lived / will have been living plan / are planning to be

35. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

was doing wasn't wearing was thrown was lying always took rarely shot

37. A. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

had been working decided walked had left bent was washing saw

B. 1. a) had been 2. a) wouldn't be lying

32. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

hadn't seen wouldn't/couldn't have recognized had changed kissed would mean had never experienced

34. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

be divided wept was announced her to keep a) hadn't trusted b) wouldn't be wouldn't / didn't split had lent will retire / will be retiring / is retiring / is going to retire 9. us to realise 10. to be completed

36. 1. 2. 3. 4.

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

will have puslished will be given will be watching is going to faint

ran hit had managed was trying was sent realised had done

b) would have stayed b) hadn't thought 124

38. 1. have ever known 2. a) do not / don't change OR 2. a) have never changed 3. bought 4. had sold 5. a) would not have bought 6. a) hadn't sold 7. has been married 8. a) hadn't made 9. a) were 10. a) had OR 10. a) had had

b) have b) had b) had not increased b) would be b) would still be living b) would be b) could / would go b) could have gone / would have gone

39. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

has been attending has has tried was sculpting fell

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

broke took has already arranged is going to work / will be working / will work produces

40. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

was climbing stood demanded had never met was giving reflected handed would be win

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

will give was taken have been hired / was hired found had been trying / had tried saw to check didn't mean had met wouldn't have caused

41. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

shouldn't / mustn't miss Can / May / Could I ask don't have to / don't need to / needn't go had to / needed to buy needn't have wasted shouldn't have let

43. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

can't be was able to beat him / win may / might / could come / join you could have been / become must have gone

42. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

must throw hasn't been able to come may / might / could be having can fix / is able to fix could have sorted

44. 1. 2. 3. 4.

may / might not have got(ten) can't be must be joking Were you able to find

125

45. 1. needn't / don't need to / don't have to drive 2. can / will be able to find 3. may / can / might / could I borrow 4. have to / must post 5. needn't have washed 6. must be having 7. must have been 8. shouldn't have lost

46. 1. 2. 3. 4.

47. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

48. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

is respected has lately been promoted will be allowed to be settled (will) have to be persuaded had been treated / were treated given will be criticized

can / may leave needn't have gone should / ought to have informed will be able to make / will be allowed to make / can make

were told have been paid deserve are often blamed being distracted given to be promoted is being made will still be forced

B. 1. 1. 2. 2. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

keeps folding my sweaters don't often write letters you put on your gloves, you can play in snow you hadn't put the fishbowl on the floor, the cat wouldn't / couldn't have eaten the gold fish my sister weren't / wasn't afraid of closed spaces, she would get on lifts you go to England or the States, you won't improve your English  I had remembered / hadn't forgotten to take my camera, I would / could have taken some pictures You can solve your problems ... you consult a psychologist she were / was satisfied with the present situation, she wouldn't be complaining / wouldn't complain so much as good a tennis player as Liam a tennis player as good as Liam Jane is nearly / almost twice as tall as her little sister produce such high quality work that they can set their own prices in spite of the teacher's repeated warnings / in spite of the repeated warnings of the teacher / in spite of being repeatedly warned by the teacher / in spite of the teacher's warning (having warned) him repeatedly is too impatient to become a good scientist had / had better not stay up all night / had / had better go to bed early tonight I had been trained in first-aid procedures so that / then I could have helped

126

15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 3. 1. 2.

would / had rather be at home reading a book than / instead of had I taken a bite out of my steak / it when the cat snatched it / my steak as good a singer as Melody eats like a horse did we visit the historical places, but we (also) did lots of shopping had I got / did I get in bed than the phone rang to get used to his new dentures. / (that) he will get used to his new dentures is used to taking care had the firemen left the building when it collapsed with a deafening noise about / nearly half as many cigarettes as Gina (does) had I entered the building than I heard an explosion played the game as I (had) instructed him nearly twice as many hours as George (does) how tired I am, I read a few pages before I go to bed

7. 8.

didn't use my belongings could live / lived in a house with a swimming pool had a house with a swimming pool hadn't spent all my money on a leather jacket bought a new one / washing machine replaced it / the (old) washing machine with a new one were very rich had a lot of money he didn't go out every evening. he stayed home this evening she noticed me I hadn't talked to him so severely yesterday

4. 1. 2. 3. 4.

have the children done/eaten is she sleeping in her sister's room gave them a farewell dinner did Bill come to school yesterday

3. 4. 5. 6.

5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Due to / Owing to / Because of / As a result of until / till / before so (that) / in order that in case so (that) / in order that due to / as a result of / because of / owing to before so ... that Because / As / Since Hardly / Scarcely ... when No sooner ... than

127

6. 1. 2. 3. 4.

what you say / do, who you are etc. (simple present or present perfect should be used.) you can / you arrive / you've finished typing the letter etc. (simple present or present perfect should be used.) you pay my salary / you give me your answer / you've told me the truth / etc. (present tense should be used) we reach / he goes / they arrive / she gets there

7. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

is going to faint / pass out / regurgitate / puke / throw up will have heard Shall ... run / go will go are going to miss aren't going to catch / get 6. will have read / finished (reading) 7. will give 8. will be having 9. Shall I carry 10. will phone / ring / call 11. will be 8. 1. 2. 3. 4. 9. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

will be Shall ... call a) will be is going to mug

b) are going

about going of cheating for making on catching on wearing After completing / finishing

10. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

shall we will you were they aren't I didn't we have you

11. Suggested answers 1. who damage books who return books late 2. , which contain millions of plant and animal species, , which help prevent global warming, 3. where we had dinner last night that has just opened in the city centre 4. , which meant I was late for school , which really annoyed me 5. who did well in the exam (who are) on the basketball team 128

6.

, which was a stupid thing to do , which was really painful 7. , where we have most of our sailing competitions , which is within the campus grounds 8. , who is a famous soprano, , who is a magician, 9. which sank 10. whose works / compositions / symphonies / concerts etc. 11. who spent / lived 12. (why) s/he / they left 12. 1. 2. 3. 4.

typed by done to shown at brought up / raised / reared by

 

13. Suggested answers 1. you hadn't given / lent / offered / handed 2. Why have you been going 3. (before) has there been (before) has anyone seen / heard of (before) have I / we seen / heard of 4. some / others / other people (prefer to) spend their I / we / s(he) spend(s) my / our / his / her 5. they had offered (me) I had been offered 6. were traveling without / with no / without having bought didn't have / hadn't bought had failed / forgotten to buy / get 7. The faster / more quickly you write The more tired / hurried / nervous / excited you are The less time you have to write something 8. to pay for / to compensate for 9. would it take (me) to lose would it be before I lost 10. the game / match / concert had been canceled / postponed / put off / rescheduled 11. can work abroad are willing to work outside the country can speak German fluently 12. the waiter serves us we are served we can get a table they take our order we can give our order 13. how hard / how much I study how regularly I attend classes how much I try 14. we / you answer it 129

15. anyone / anybody came / went 16. anything he doesn't know anyone who knows more (than him) C. 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

widely hardly  rather flatly lately flat

2. 1. 2. 3.

unless As long as so

5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

No sooner than until so as to / to such that As soon as Finally to / so as to then when / as soon as So in case since

8. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

neither all every both Either each none

3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

all either none both Neither

6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

collecting listening recording spending to buy to control to realise

9. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

recommended by fitted with written in left in drawn by taken from

4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

unless in other words Although On the contrary provided that however since for instance such as due to Therefore Otherwise

7. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Each neither either none

10. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

had to migrate couldn't have been / can't have been might not be able to / wouldn't be able to learn  / might not learn  didn't let / wouldn't let Vincenzo speak needn't have worried might lose  was / has been able to combine should / must / would have to see / have to see must have been should / must talk  130

11. can really understand / will / would really be able to understand

131

11. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

had to wear must be feeling /must feel shouldn't feel doesn't let him drive /won't let him drive should have stopped can't / cannot accept  mustn't / shouldn't even hint

13. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

stranded in sent by damaged by/on written in left in

16. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

increase in admission of into action on

12. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

14. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

wound ground laid shrunk flung struck trodden

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

routes warn against / about cleared of under illusions

need to mustn't needn't / don't have to have to must don't have to

15. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

across along into past / round through

17. 1. David invited Tony and his wife to dinner (for) the following / next evening 2. Tony accepted the invitation and insisted on bringing the drinks / insisted that David let him bring the drinks 3. David warned Tony that he might have to spend more than he 4. Tony promised (that) he would bring enough beer for an army Tony promised to bring enough beer for an army 5. David  reminded  Tony   (him)  to   bring  the   rock  'n'   roll   album   he  had  bought  the previous day / other day 18. 1. He advised me to go and apologise to her immediately He advised that I (should) go and apologise to her immediately 2. She confirmed (that) she would be flying to New York next week / the following week 3. My daughter complained that her English teacher had given her a lot of extra homework the day before

132

19. 1. confirmed that the concert started  2. boasted that he had always got(ten)  3. warned her not to touch 

D. 1. 1. 2.

home-made 500-page

2. 1. 2. 3. 4.

well-known politician well-dressed woman red-haired girl three-car family

3. 1. 2. 3.

The more tired you are, the easier it is to make mistakes The harder one works, the further one (he) goes / tends to go in one's (his) career The farther / further we went into the forest, the less hope of survival we had

4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

5. 1. 2.

The severe drought caused the crops to fail I won't speak to him until he apologises / has apologised Even though he was injured in the first ten minutes, he carried on playing to the end He carried on playing to the end even though he was injured in the first ten minutes Despite not eating salty food, he suffers from hypertension Despite the fact that he doesn't eat salty food, he suffers from hypertension a) Because of (using) cellular phones, some nervous disorders may be caused in the human body b) Using cellular phones may result in nervous disorders in the human body a) In İzmir, heavy rains frequently bring floods due to an inadequate drainage system b) An inadequate drainage system (in İzmir) is responsible for heavy rains frequently bringing floods (to İzmir) a) Venice will sink under water someday because of the gradual rise in sea levels b) Sea levels will rise gradually. As a result, Venice will sink underwater a) Due to the migration of people from rural areas, there is social chaos in big cities / social chaos in big cities happens / follows / occurs b) People migrate from rural areas (to cities), resulting in social chaos in cities a) In view of faster and easier communication, banking and trade can aim at globalization. b) Communication is so much faster and easier that banking and trade can aim at globalization Communication is so fast and easy that banking and trade can aim at globalization Not being very interested, he rejected their offer Knowing that this would happen, I took the necessary precautions

133

6. 1. 2. 3. 7. 1.

2.

8. 1. 2.

3. 9. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

but you don't have to / you needn't We must obey whatever Do you need / have to leave us a) Due to the great potential of nanotechnology, /Due to nanotechnology's great potential, many respectable research institutions have been allocating large sums of money for its development b) The great potential of nanotechnology/Nanotechnology's great potential has led many respectable research institutions to allocate large sums of money for its development a) Some people may suffer from problems like anorexia and other mental disorders as a result of dieting for extended periods of time / as a result of overextended diets. As a result of dieting for extended periods of time / As a result of overextended diets, people may suffer from problems like anorexia and other mental disorders b) Some people diet for such extended periods of time that they may suffer from problems like anorexia and other mental disorders c) Some people diet for extended periods of time; hence, they may suffer from problems like anorexia and other mental disorders a) Because of space travel, there will be dramatic effects on philosophy and religion b) Dramatic effects on philosophy and religion will follow from space travel a) The destruction of rain forests will set previously unknown bacteria and viruses free, leading to the contamination of the world b) The contamination of the world will be due to the destruction of rain forests, setting the previously unknown bacteria and viruses free a) Car accidents occur / happen as a result of faulty road conditions I have hardly any money / anything in my bank account There is If he hadn't been wearing his seat belt (when the accident happened), he would / could / might have been hurt seriously Fred and Bill are so alike (that) most people mistake them for each other Jessica's father didn't let her go out that night even though she (had) begged him Even if Sheila / she had had the proper equipment with her, she wouldn't have climbed that mountain I would rather you didn't listen to loud music in this house Partial memory loss may result from excessive drinking Parents whose children are studying for the university exam are having a hard time

10. Yesterday we had a busy day at home. (No change) The garage door was mended by my father. The carpets were cleaned by my mother. Our cat Samantha jumped from one place to another (No change) The woodwork was polished by my sister and I. In our house, such things are usually done collectively on a particular day of the week. (No agent needed)

134

E. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.  17.  18.  19. 20.  21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47.

c a c a a c b d c b b c d c b d c c b c c b c d c c b a b d b a c b b d a c c b d a d c a d b

49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94.

d a d c b c b c a c c b c b d a b d a b c d c b a b a d c d b a b c a d c d a b c b c a d c

97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142.

145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151.  152.  153.  154. 155.  156.  157.  158.  159.  160.  161.  162.  163.  164.  165.  166.  167.  168.  169.  170.  171.  172.  173.  174.  175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190.

b c a d c c d a a  d b b b c a a c d b d b d a c c b d c a b  c d d a b c c b b d a c a d d b 135

c d c c a c a a b b d c a b b c d a a d c b b d  b c c d b c d a a c b c d b a c d c b a c c

193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210. 211. 212. 213. 214. 215. 216. 217. 218. 219. 220. 221. 222. 223. 224. 225. 226. 227. 228. 229. 230. 231. 232. 233. 234. 235. 236. 237. 238. 239. 240.

a c d d b c d a c c c c b d c b c b c b d c d b d b d a d a a b b d c a c b a c b d b c b d b d

48. 241. 242. 243. 244. 245. 246. 247. 248. 249. 250. 251. 252. 253. 254.

c   

95. 96.

c d b c c a c b c d b c b b

b a

143. d 144. a

255. 256. 257. 258. 259. 260. 261. 262. 263. 264. 265. 266. 267. 268.

b c b b d c c b c b c b b a

269. 270. 271. 272. 273. 274. 275. 276. 277. 278. 279. 280. 281. 282.

d d c d b b a a c c c d a b

32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61.

a d c b d c a b c d b a d b c c a b d c c b c d b c a c a b

63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75.

a b d c b c d b c d d b d

76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91.

c b a d c a d c b a d c b a d c

191. d 192. b 283. 284. 285. 286. 287. 288. 289. 290. 291. 292. 293. 294. 295. 296.

d c b a b c a c c b d d a b

297. 298. 299. 300. 301. 302. 303. 304. 305. 306. 307. 308.

d a c c c b d c b c d b

VOCABULARY A.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

c b d a c d a c b d c d a c a b c d b a c d d a a c d c b c

94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 136

c a c a a c d b b c c d a c b d c a c d a c b d a d a a d c

125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154.

d d b a d d a d b a b c c c a b a d b c d b a a a c d c b b

31.

a

156. b 157. a 158. c

62.

d

B. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163.

b d c d d

C.

92. 93.

b a

164. 165. 166. 167. 168.

a a c b b

124. b 169. 170. 171. 172. 173.

c b b c c

1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

susceptible prolong findings endure contract dispose of innate

2. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

bad-tempered / aggressive selfish extrovert aggressive assessment sensitive wrinkles

5. 1. bland 2. sedentary 3. tossed 4. core 5. lapsed 6. dawned 7. responsive

7. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

see eye to eye learn... by heart shrug your shoulders risk your neck put your foot down

8. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

integration might zest flourish wipe out acquisition

7. impending 8. doom 9. facilitates / fosters (provided it is not used in 13) 10. retards 11. diversity

9. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

validate predisposed random distortion tangible appalling

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

flaw dilemma coherent random demise enrich thrive

disorientated trampled blaze Leprosy scarce motive 137

155. d 174. a 175. b 176. d

3. 1. 2. 3. 4.

condone indispensable violate obsession

6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

blaze inquisitive cautious stampeded withdrawn embers

12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

dawned fosters soaring craftily internalize

7.

prime

10. 1. 2. 3. 4.

disrespect irrelevant illogical immature

13. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

into singled off stick send

D. 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

14. rage 11. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

peers logs screen frame execute peak

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

ease good compliment move takes

12. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

disrespect illegible irrational misbehave impolite

11. 12. 13. 14.

jokes stubborn ... mule out blind ... bat

3. 1. 2. 3. 4.

failure flight landing safety

6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

modification(s) qualify clarify specified / specific horror

9. 1. 2. 3. 4.

miraculous appliances plantations approval

WORD BUILDING confidence amazement commercial shyness

Addiction personality increasingly resentful darkened observation

7. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

bankruptcy recede flawed enrich lag trendy edge

10. 1. 2. 3. 4.

insecurity invaluable countless solidify

2. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4.

8. 1. 2. 3. 4.

imaginary variety occurrence increasingly depressed sportsmanship Nervousness payment imprisonment

Intelligence sincerity Loneliness education

138

CLOZE TEST 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

on resort / camp / village used coast would for / to tends / attempts for always / forever / constantly

2. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.

live / reside never / not has certainly / definitely / really / considered / becoming long / cold / boring / tiresome / dark / depressing / horrible bored They / These from having an had / have of generally / basically / mostly / also range / run / last / go to These / The centres / schools / institutions At because too / very / really his / the / for so Realising / Seeing / Understanding / Since / Because / As from help of / at / in but / however make how can't / doesn't the care useful / beneficial / worthwhile / productive / too

139

3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.

do/am/get most/some/many/all/the Even/Often tightly/carefully/meticulously/badly/well that was/is rather not buy/get/take/purchase/lift/choose We what/things/goods/items/products/commodities/whatever took up nice/little/short shopkeeper/grocer/clerk/assistant/owner with just/had were in/into skilful/quick/rapid/casual/swift/funny/strange/peculiar way/common basket counter/point/area hygienically/carefully/impersonally/tightly/uncomfortably/intimidatingly/ingeniously who with come/return/go/get/are/head you of from having object/instrument/thing/item/gadget/tool/appliance opening/tearing/ripping

4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

used / tended himself When / After get would keeps tends on for enough / some / considerable / constant

140

5. 1.

12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

ideas / suggestions / recommendations / advice begin / start / tend to / and error the / a begin / start / try / do analysing recognise / realise / see / acknowledge / admit example / instance can't / cannot usually / often / normally / generally / frequently is the / our / a Sam / he find / detect / earn / see / uncover / determine work / function

6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

buying / getting list Then / Next follow / read go you and / so you you children / kids them have brand points / things can/tin at see / learn

18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.

a when / while should / must / can tomatoes buy you grade product / one a Grade all Shoppers / People / You / We they / you / we are fresh they

whom whose which / that who until / before

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

where which while how unless

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.

24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.

the brakes / pedals must / should the will / can / could / may / might to decided / concluded / understood / discovered / thought / earned / realised decides / concludes / understands / discovers / thinks / earns / realises because / for / since / as gear look read / learn his / some / several can / should studying / analysing / determining several / some / good Sam might / may / can / could

7.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

141

8.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

make also where I about which so out first the / this / that

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

until However / Nevertheless / Nonetheless / Yet of how before / when / as and what as like than

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

at priority make for put take of

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

by out in make give / offer / provide experience do

10. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

we system our / the because better even / sometimes add / contribute And / Even be we our carefully / well brainwashed / overwhelmed / bombarded that / which of this and

18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.

the those provide / allow become / be drama / play the to it to power ones of and within / in Every / Each / Any In

the must / will / can course you study / work the The studying / working you

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

miss(ed) the not you $1,000 that that / the not your

9.

11.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

142

19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.

Therefore / Thus the the / a needed / required / necessary what ask and / or is

27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.

weather the has most of are and

14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

TV / television control / check/ limit TV / television all / every / each were experiment everyone / everybody TV / television to games family my

12.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

the didn't chairs the kept / continued see / watch started / began our/the meals / dinner / supper the because / for / as / since see / watch favourite

13. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

to / in and / or are with is work / go travel / travelling / it work kids / children / people of in is used / seems / appears Unless / If. Treat it accordingly with no 16 the very / a (paired with 'If') an

14. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

such to out up none

18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32.

students nanny / maid then speak wash the speak a the enjoys / likes a children / kids who / that been passport / bag / things / baggage / suitcase / money 33. was

143

15. 1. 2. 3. 4.

in into in against / about

16. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

few for offering / arranging / agreeing I'm of news in / during take / drive where when you're Going favourite great / wonderful / terrific / fantastic / marvellous / nice / good 15. I'd 16. as / since / because 17. 1. started/began started / began 2. with 3. buy / get 4. owned / run 5. prices 6. shop(s) / market(s)/supermarket(s) 7. did 8. fresh(er) 9. couldn't 10. a 11. where 12. her / Jennifer 13. there 14. whom 15. looked 16. such 17. teenagers / young

144

5. 6. 7. 8.

in / every on with under

17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.

there bring find that brother one very / really either cold While could / can is its book / reserve / arrange hardly stopped there's

18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.

paying through / over saw / noticed packets / tins instead basket(s) the Let's one from what to front pay in even

18. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

those in used like weren't poor family listening fall and at / before only / just aged / ranging whom got / was / became an great

18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.

little attending town / city with university / college the get / receive never / rarely / seldom especially / particularly difficult / impossible the / my there between even / also didn't / couldn't kept

introduced in on better can't take move out

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

knows / has down looking / staring in good / use do change

19.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

20. 1. kind / sort / type 2. Revealing / Telling / Writing / Admitting / Divulging / Disclosing / Presenting / Explaining 3. people / individuals / journalists / staff / writers / persons / strangers 4. from 5. to 6. total / complete 7. since / because / as / considering / knowing / thinking / believing / given 8. see / meet / find / encounter 9. Besides / Moreover / Furthermore / Additionally 10. attentively / carefully / closely / seriously 11. more 12. turn / opportunity / chance / moment 13. interesting / dramatic / tragic / depressing / exciting / moving / heartbreaking / boring / sordid / intimate 14. do / fare 15. single / seek 16. or 17. whom 18. knows / says / thinks 145

19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.

is / you However problem / story / secret / trouble / pain / tragedy black but of / offering / providing / supplying / furnishing / giving / with light / slight / gentle / harsh / severe / sharp / cutting really / truly / genuinely / so / this / that with which reflect / show / indicate / display / reveal / represent impossible / hard / difficult / ridiculous / absurd found / given / contained be of

21. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.

can / could / may / might / will and / or of a with / by / through / using becomes / acts / behaves how of monstrous / worst / best / essential / major / necessary / required lack (if the answer to 9 is monstrous or worst) / feeling / sense / attitude his parent he / she him / her in child a their years to "no" he often / usually / sometimes actually / even / sometimes (provided the answer to 23 is not the same) I of recognised / saw / tasted (if the answer to 29 is "explanation") in / as look / glance / explanation a it would / could / might we 146

22. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.

us seems / is / appears There kind / sort but This / That to if / when the the our / the / any Now / Nowadays / Therefore / Thus / Hence most / many bringing / forcing / getting / disciplining feel / think / know them regard / see / perceive are for be for interest or from obstructs / prevents / hinders / inhibits / affects / discourages on up was Teachers / Instructors it in to who

23. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

at where before of until in due for about

147