Reinold Voll Oliveira, Arnaldo.pdf

Electro-acupuncture according to Voll A Modern Acupuncture System

Arnaldo Oliveira, Dipl. O.M., Ph.D., L.Ac.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of: Doctor of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine Oregon College of Oriental Medicine August 15, 2015

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS These last eighteen years of my live have been an amazing journey, from leaving Brazil as a well-known and established facial-trauma surgeon to completing this doctoral program in Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine. I would like to give special thanks Dr. Beth Burch and Dr. Zhaoxue Lu who have given their very best to this program. A heartfelt appreciation is due to my classmates who have become close friends. Special thanks are due to my teachers at the Institute of Clinical Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine in Honolulu and at the Oregon College of Oriental Medicine in Portland. I am grateful to my patients who have supported my academic endeavor. Special thanks goes to Dr. Heiner Fruehauf who not only accepted the challenge of mentoring a capstone project such as this but also offered support and valuable suggestions. I am specially grateful and indebted to my master, mentor, and friend Fred M. K. Lam, MD who taught me everything I know in Electro-acupuncture according to Voll. He invested and believed in me. I was blessed to be with him almost every day for a short period of 15 years. I will be forever thankful for having been guided and trained by him. My eternal gratitude goes to my wife Claudia and daughters Julia and Isabella who endured my absence for a few days every month for two years when I had to leave them in Hawaii to attend the doctoral modules in Oregon. Finally, I thank God, through His Son Jesus Christ, for hope, love and faith throughout my life. All that I am and have belong to Him.

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Table of Contents   INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................ 4   BACKGROUND........................................................................................................................................................... 7   ELECTRICITY ..........................................................................................................................................................10   BASIC ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT.......................................................................................................................................... 11   ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SKIN ..................................................................................................14   ELECTRO-ACUPUNCTURE ACCORDING TO VOLL ................................................................................19   MEDICINE TESTING ..................................................................................................................................................................... 23   ACUPUNCTURE POINTS AND CHANNELS IN TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE.................28   CHANNELS IN ELECTRO-ACUPUNCTURE ACCORDING TO VOLL ........................................................... 32   LYMPH CHANNEL ....................................................................................................................................................................33   LUNG CHANNEL .......................................................................................................................................................................39   LARGE INTESTINE CHANNEL ...........................................................................................................................................44   NERVE DEGENERATION CHANNEL ..............................................................................................................................49   CIRCULATION CHANNEL ....................................................................................................................................................54   ALLERGY CHANNEL ...............................................................................................................................................................59   ORGAN DEGENERATION CHANNEL .............................................................................................................................63   TRIPLE WARMER CHANNEL ..............................................................................................................................................68   HEART CHANNEL.....................................................................................................................................................................72   SMALL INTESTINE CHANNEL............................................................................................................................................78   PANCREAS CHANNEL ............................................................................................................................................................82   SPLEEN CHANNEL...................................................................................................................................................................86   LIVER CHANNEL.......................................................................................................................................................................91   ARTICULAR DEGENERATION CHANNEL ...................................................................................................................95   STOMACH CHANNEL .............................................................................................................................................................99   FIBROID DEGENERATION CHANNEL ....................................................................................................................... 104   SKIN CHANNEL....................................................................................................................................................................... 108   FATTY DEGENERATION CHANNEL ............................................................................................................................ 112   GALLBLADER CHANNEL................................................................................................................................................... 115   KIDNEY CHANNEL................................................................................................................................................................ 120   URINARY BLADDER CHANNEL ..................................................................................................................................... 124   CASE STUDIES ...................................................................................................................................................... 128   CASE 1 ...........................................................................................................................................................................................128   CASE 2 ...........................................................................................................................................................................................136   Case 2.1........................................................................................................................................................................................ 138   Case 2.2........................................................................................................................................................................................ 139   Case 2.3........................................................................................................................................................................................ 140   Case 2.4........................................................................................................................................................................................ 141   Case 2.5........................................................................................................................................................................................ 141   CASE 3 ...........................................................................................................................................................................................142   REFERENCE: ......................................................................................................................................................... 146  

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INTRODUCTION Electro-dermal testing involves measuring bioelectric impedance of acupuncture points in response to changes in the physiological functions of organs and structures of the body. Electro-dermal testing also evaluates bioelectric impedance of acupuncture points when substances such as medicines, herbs, supplements, and homeopathics are placed in the same electrical circuit with the patient. Electro-acupuncture according to Voll (EAV), an electro dermal testing method, can be a valuable tool in clinical practice because of its safety, noninvasive nature, cost-effectiveness, and clinical-diagnostic value. In addition, EAV, as a systems approach, is a simple method with holistic capabilities that helps practitioners to identify and treat complex diseases that may involve a number of cofactors such as environmental toxins, viruses, bacteria, food sensitivities, and so forth.

Conventional medicine is based on the reductionistic premise that views the human body as an assembly of different small parts. Modern medical diagnosis is generally strategized by isolating the broken components of the system; therefore, the medical interventions can target the single manifestations of diseases in a piecemeal approach. For instance, in cases of edema, the treatment is the use of diuretics; in tumors, the care is excision; for hypertension, one of the therapies is to block enzymes, inflammation can be suppressed by steroids. Although this approach has been very successful in saving lives, it has not been valuable in providing cost-effective and lasting cures to complex problems such as cancer, diabetes, asthma, Parkinson’s, autoimmune diseases, and many other chronic ailments.

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In biomedical treatments, the main focus is on the disease and its symptoms to the detriment of the person affected by it. Therefore, in conventional care, symptoms and risk factors are individually addressed. However, centering on the disease and its manifestations not only is inadequate but also excludes how important other factors such as lifestyle, the environment, comorbidities, and stress can be conducive to disease.

Opposed to being reductionistic, EAV allows practitioners to work under the prism of a systems perspective. A Systems Approach offers means to analyze the characteristics of a problem in a holistic fashion instead of isolating the parts of a complex problem. In a simple way, EAV helps shifting the focus from the component parts to the whole by highlighting a number of possibilities in terms of pathogenic signals that may affect homeostasis and cause disease. Once a multiparameter evaluation is completed, treatments can be designed to address all the detected pathogenic signals. In EAV, the center is the patient not the disease.

Finally, EAV should be fully incorporated in the practice of Oriental Medicine as a new system of diagnosis and treatment. For the last few decades, complex health problems have posed difficult challenges for both patients and practitioners. Individuals are constantly being exposed to environmental toxins that are in the water, food, and in the air. So how should these complexities be addressed by any practitioner? Is there a method that can explain how the pieces create the whole?

The answers to these questions may come from a relatively modern acupuncture method called Electro-acupuncture according to Voll. EAV was conceived to address the new © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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realities of disease complexities that are becoming more prevalent nowadays. EAV is a modern acupuncture system that offers new strategies to be added to an arsenal that has not evolved much through time.

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BACKGROUND Electricity and medicine go long ways. Approximately in 2750 BC, according to archeological evidence, physicians in Egypt used electricity produced by malapterurus electricus, an electric fish, for treating pain. Circa 43 AD, Scribonious Largus, a court physician to the Roman emperor Claudius, employed the common torpedo, Torpedo torpedo, a Mediterranean electric ray, to treat headaches and gout, among other ailments.1 In Europe during the 1740’s, physicians such as Christian Gottlieb Krazenstein and Jean-Etienne Deshais published a series of works on the use of electricity in medicine.2, 3 In America, Benjamin Franklin, during the 1750’s, treated many patients with electricity by using an electrostatic generator and a Leyden jar.4 In 1775, Alesandro Volta invented the electrophorus, the precursor of capacitors.5, 6 In the late Eighteenth century, scientists such as Luigi Galvani and Charles Le Roy led the way in terms of delineating the fundamentals of modern electrophysiology.5,7 In 1794, Volta built the first battery.2 The Nineteenth century was fertile ground for medical uses of electricity as well. In France, Duchenne de Boulogne became a pioneer in faradization.8 In America, Beard and Rockwell promoted the application of mild electric current for treating neurasthenia.5 In 1827, George Simon Ohm formulated a mathematical equation that described the relationship between voltage, current and resistance, which became known as the Ohm’s Law.9,10 In the mid 1880’s Ludwig and Waller discovered that the heart’s electrical stimuli could be detected and monitored from the skin.11 In the beginning of the Twentieth century, in 1901, Willem Einthoven invented the EKG machine.1, 6, 11 Presently electro-acupuncture has become a broad term encompassing a number of procedures involving traditional Chinese acupuncture and electronic devices.12 However, the combined use of electricity and acupuncture needles was probably first implemented by a Japanese physician named Gennai Hiragain in the late 1700’s who utilized a static electricity generator, a device he called

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Erekiteru, connected to acupuncture needles.1, 13 From Hiragain’s electrostatic generator to the advent of Electro-acupuncture according to Voll, several physicians and scientists contributed with valuable research and hard work.

It was not until the end of the Nineteenth century that without the assistance of any electrical device, Weihe was able to make a very interesting association between Oriental and Western medicines. He discovered that particular homeopathic remedies were strongly connected to specific tender acupoints in the body.14 Weihe was able to locate approximately one hundred and ninety-seven points, some of them equivalent to traditional Chinese acupoints. The homeopathic remedies associated with the tender points were then prescribed for treating a broad array of disorders. However, in 1932, Roger de la Fuye, a homeopath and acupuncturist, postulated the existence of physiological relationships between acupuncture points, homeopathic remedies, and diseases, a theory that became known as Homeosiniatry.15 De la Fuye improved Weihe’s method not only by highlighting the correlation between some of Weihe’s points and traditional Chinese acupoints, but also by impregnating acupuncture needles with homeopathic remedies prior to needling patients.15 In addition De la Fuye promoted the use of electro-acupuncture, with a device that he called the Diathermopuncteur, in order to enhance the efficacy of his treatments.16 The contributions of both Weihe and De la Fuye were sine qua non for the discovery and development of the Voll’s method. In one of his books16, Voll acknowledged the importance of De la Fuye, and the excerpt below summarizes Voll’s account: The word of “Electro-Acupuncture” was first coined by the French acupuncturist Dr. Roger de la Fuye in Paris. He combined an electric device (Diathermopuncteur) with the inserted needle in order to apply on certain points of the skin – the so-called acupuncture points – as an additional therapeutic stimulus a diathermia-current lasting 1/8 to 2 seconds via the inserted needle Electro-acupuncture Primer, Werner & Voll, 1979, p.28).

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In 1953, Voll and Werner designed a needleless electro-acupuncture instrument that they first called “electropuncteur.” However, after De la Fuye’s objection, Voll and Werner renamed the device as K+F Diatherapuncteur (the “K” & “F” stand for the manufacturer’s name Kraiss & Friz company).1,16,17 The machine was primarily designed to locate acupoints. After studying the instrument for over two years, Voll discovered additional acupoints and their relationship with internal organs and the phenomenon of medicine testing.16(p850),18, 19, 20, 21

Nonetheless, because the K+F Diatherapuncteur, or the EAV machine, consists of an ohmmeter and measures skin resistance, first it is appropriate to review some basic scientific concepts such as Electricity, the Law of Charge, Electrical Circuits, and Ohm’s Law. Second, it also is important to review the current literature on the electrical properties of the skin, skin conductance and resistance, and electrical characteristics of acupuncture points. Finally, the theoretical structure of Electro-acupuncture according to Voll will be analyzed and Voll’s points will be described.

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ELECTRICITY The universe is filled with matter, which is made of molecules. Molecules are made of particles such as protons, neutrons, and electrons: the three components of any atom.6, 9 One of the most basic properties of electrons, protons, and neutrons is their electrical charges. Electrons are negative, protons are positive, and neutrons are neutral.10 For instance, the so-called electromagnetic force that interacts between protons and electrons is what holds atoms together and causes atoms to combine into molecules. Protons and neutrons are made of still smaller particles called Quarks.22 However, electrons have no known components and are considered elementary particles belonging to the Leptons group of particle in the Standard Model. Electrons participate in physical phenomena, such as electricity, magnetism, and thermal conductivity.10, 22 Although, atoms are composed of many different particles the focus here is on the negatively charged electrons, positively charged protons, and neutrally charged neutrons. Protons and neutrons compose the nucleus, and the electrons orbit around nuclei. The number of protons and electrons in an atom is equal, which creates an electric equilibrium between the negative and positive charges.10 Atoms can stay electrically stable. However, external energy can disrupt the atomic structure by attracting or expelling electrons and creating an electric charge. An atom becomes a positive ion when it loses an electron, whereas it changes into a negative ion when it gains an electron. 9, 10 Ionization is an essential concept in electricity,6 which it will lead next to the discussion to the Law of Charges. Simply, the Law of Charges states that like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other.23 This repelling and attracting phenomenon occurs because ionized atoms create a surrounding field of force, the electrostatic field or dielectric field. The field can be either negative or positive depending on the charge of the ionized atom.24 Electrostatic fields of unlike charged bodies have attractive forces because of the flow of electrons from the negative to the positive ions. This flow of © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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electrons, or current, happen when two unlike ions touch each other or when two unlike ions are connected by a material, a conductor, that facilitates the flow of electrons between the two ions. Therefore, when two unlike ions are connected by a conductor, excess electrons surge via the conductor from the body with an electron surplus, the source, to the body with an electron deficit, the destination. When electric current flows in a closed system, it is called an electric circuit.10, 23, 24

BASIC ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT The above discussion established important concepts for the understanding of how a basic electrical circuit works. Any electrical circuit consists of three basic elements: (1) a source of electrical energy, (2) a load, and (3) conductors. A source of electrical energy can be a battery for instance.10, 23, 24

In a battery, chemical reactions produce ionization and electron flow, or current. The ionization process creates electrical voltage, or electromotive force, which is the equivalent of horsepower in car engines. Electron flow, or electrical current, is the amount of moving electrons flowing through a conductor at the rate of one Coulomb per second and measured in amperes.10

A load is an output device that uses the electrical energy produced by the source. A load is created when electrical energy is transmitted through conductors and then converted into useful forms of power such as light, heat, cold, magnetism, and so forth.10, 23, 24

In basic electrical circuits, conductors consist of metallic wires. They allow the flow of electrons between an electric source that produces electromotive force and a load that is an output terminal. Conductors also create resistance to the flow of electrons, or current, which causes power

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dissipation (voltage drop) and generates heat. The maximum amount of electrical current a conductor can support is called ampacity.10,23,24

All electrical circuits produce resistance.10 Resistance creates an opposing force to the flow of electrons, or current, which can be seen as the equivalent of friction in mechanics. Conductance is the inverse of resistance. Resistance is measured in ohms and depends on the atomic structure of the conductor’s material. In electrical circuits, the current is directly proportional to the electrical voltage, or electric potential difference, applied across two points, and inversely proportional to the total resistance offered by the conductor, which is the Ohm’s Law or I=V/R (where I is the current measured in amperes, V is the electromotive force measured in volts, and R is the resistance measured in ohms).9, 10, 23, 24 For instance, according to Ohm’s Law, the greater the voltage, the greater the current; and the greater the resistance, the less the current.10 Ohm’s Law is the basis for understanding how Electro-acupuncture according to Voll (EAV) works. The EAV device works as an ohmmeter, which is an electric tool for measuring the value of unknown resistance.16, 25

The EAV device has the capability of measuring resistance in acupoints.16,17,21,26 However, because of the resonance phenomenon, the EAV machine enables practitioners not only to identify the causes of energetic imbalances, but also to test medicines before giving them to the patients.18 Resonance is the tendency of a system to oscillate, and it frequently occurs in chemistry, mechanics, electromagnetism, acoustics, optics, and so forth.15,27, 28, 29 Everything in nature has a vibrational identification.30, 31 In electrical circuits, resonance frequencies take place when impedances (opposition to the passage of current in terms of magnitude and phase) and admittances (a measure of current flow in terms of the dynamic effects of polarization) cancel each other.10 In EAV, resonance occurs in a very similar fashion.15,30

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EAV devices may identify energetic imbalances by measuring small electrical changes in acupoints along acupuncture channels.16 After remedies are introduced into the circuitry formed by the EAV machine and patient, electrical changes can be noticed in the device’s meter.18 When the frequency of the right medicine squares the frequency of the energetic imbalance of the patient, the resonance effect occurs.18,30

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ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SKIN A LITERATURE REVIEW Electro dermal activity at acupuncture points (APs) has been explored by clinicians as both diagnostic and therapeutic monitoring tools for many years.12,14,15,16,17, 21,25,32,33,34 Electro dermal screening (EDS), based on the work of a number of clinicians1,16,25,35,36,37, is a diagnostic means that records measurements of electrical activities of the skin on APs to determine energetic imbalances in the acupuncture channels and their associated systems and organs.16,21,32 The main theoretic tenets of EDS hold that APs have lower electrical impedance or resistance than nearby non-acupuncture sites17,21,26,32,36 and that skin impedance or resistance at APs differs in health and disease states.38,39,40,41However, what is an acupoint? There has been neither a clear definition for what constitutes an acupoint nor an exact understanding of the mechanisms of acupuncture.42 Although no specific constructions corresponding to the channels and acupoints have been found yet, acupoints seem to be connected with anatomical structures such as nerves, blood and lymph vessels, muscle gaps, and interstitial connective tissue.43,44,45,46,47 Despite of inadequate definitions and descriptions of the APs found in several prior studies,48 most researchers seem to agree that acupoints present distinct electrical properties when compared to surrounding tissue.33,40,43,48–57 There have been a number of research papers examining whether APs present electrical properties and whether there are any electrical differences between APs and non-APs.58 Although the available reports found in the current literature vary in terms of research quality, a recent published systematic review established validity to the theory that acupuncture channels and points possess electrical characteristics distinguishable from surrounding tissue.48 In addition, a number of studies have indicated that there might be an association between APs and reduced electrical impedance and

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resistance.59,49,60,50Although the size and shape of acupoints are still undecided,61 the morphological structures of the skin are well known. Human skin is divided into three major layers: (1) the epidermis, (2) the dermis, and (3) the subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis).62 The epidermis is the most superficial layer and is further divided into four distinct strata according to their structural location and the differentiation (keratinization) of their cells.63,64 The stratum corneum is the outermost layer and is composed of keratinized tissue. The stratum granulosum is composed with cells that contain keratohyalin granules, which help form the epidermal barrier. The stratum spinosum is composed of spinous cells that provide mechanical support to the skin. The stratum basal is composed of continuously dividing keratinocytes that help form the other strata of the epidermis.39,62–64

Between the epidermis and dermis there is membranous zone called dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ) that among other functions anchors the epidermis to the dermis. The dermis is structured into two distinctive regions. The papillary layer is composed of loose connective tissue forming papillae projecting into the epidermis. It contains Meissner's corpuscles, sensory touch receptors, and blood vessels. The reticular layer, which is thicker than the papillary region, is composed of dense irregular connective tissue that is rich in collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers. It also contains Pacinian corpuscles, pressure receptors, sweat glands, lymph and blood vessels, and hair follicles. The deepest skin layer, the subcutaneous tissue, is made of loose connective tissue populated by fibroblasts, macrophages, and adipocytes.39,62–64

In terms of electrical properties of the skin, the stratum corneum, functioning as a barrier, produces the greatest impedance (opposition to charge flow), expressed in resistance (both in alternating and direct currents) and in reactance (only in alternating current), when exposed to electrical stimuli.39 © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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However, skin hydration or the use of a wet contact electrolyte (contact media) considerably lowers impedance.65 Therefore, in EDS the use of water saturation or an electrolyte can greatly increase admittance (the inverse of impedance).39,40,65

A few recent studies have proposed that the distinct electric property of acupoints, reduced electrical impedance and resistance, corresponds to the connective tissue planes.46,50,51,66,67 One possible explanation for low impedance and resistance might be the relative higher content of the interstitial fluid in loose connective tissues.67,68 Other researchers theorized that connective tissue may be the structural network by which electrical signals travel within the acupuncture channel system.50,51According to Chen et al, a number of prior studies have suggested that acupuncture channels and points are located along collagenous bands and the fascial planes, which are structures significantly associated with lower electrical impedance and resistance. Therefore this unique biophysical characteristic offers a critical relevance to collagen in bioelectrical measurements.42,50

Because there are a number of factors involved in bioelectrical measurements, when performing EDS, the physician should observe skin hydration, age, gender, time of the day, stratum corneum thickness, skin structural integrity, and sweat-gland density.38,39 For instance, in sweat ducts, charges can bypass the stratum corneum causing an electrical short circuit. High densities of sweat ducts found in palms, soles, and face promote lower resistance and impedance in these areas. In addition, sweat ducts may be the main reason why acupuncture points present lower impedances.39 Skin conductance at acupoints can be higher in males, higher in afternoons, and it tends to decline with age.38

According to Li et al, there is enough evidence indicating that APs may have distinct physical properties, which justifies the continuation of research in order to elucidate such phenomena.58 In © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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pathological circumstances, APs can be diagnostically important because they may present reflex characteristics (Ashi points) when palpated.43 In healthy individuals, electrical skin resistance at acupoints seems to be significantly lower when compared to the nearby non-acupoints areas.58, 69 Several studies have consistently showed an association between EDS measurements on certain APs and both clinical outcome and treatment prescription suggesting that a physiological basis for Electro-acupuncture according to Voll (EAV) measurements may exist.37,70,71,72,55,56 Tiller studied different electro dermal diagnostic acupuncture devices and concluded that there are experimental support for the connectivity between organs and acupuncture points.75 In terms of clinical findings, Tsuei et al compared EAV measurements of the right-side Spleen 3 point (carbohydrate metabolism in EAV) of diabetic subjects (33 males, 22 females) with a control group (43 males, 52 females) and found that EAV was an effective method in the diagnosis of diabetes due to its sensitivity, reliability, and specificity.36,71 In addition this study on diabetes was important because it demonstrated the ability of EDS of evaluating effective doses of medicines before they are given to the patients.71 In another study, Tsuei et al compared EAV measurements of the Allergy control measurement points (AL CMPs) to other available diagnostic tests for allergy. The results, although with a small sample, showed that EAV had a high degree of compatibility with the other tests with the advantage of being both noninvasive and sensitive.73 Also studying allergies, Krop et al found that EDS was ninety-six per cent effective in detecting allergic and nonallergic substances in a double-blind capacity.72,74 A randomized sham-controlled trial study using an EDS device showed that electro dermal measurements may be significantly associated with clinical outcome in chronic pelvic pain patients.70 A narrative review study suggested that (1) EDS may help differentiate disease-related APs from non-diseased points, (2) increased skin resistance IN APs correlates with fatigue; and (3) EDS testing at the Jing-Well APs may help monitoring the effectiveness of acupuncture treatments.76 Finally, a double-blind study showed that the skin © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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electrical characteristics of specific locations are dependent on the health state of the corresponding internal organs, confirming that the impedance of an AP related to a diseased organ is higher than that of an AP associated to a healthy organ.77 Based on this review of the English literature, there is evidence that APs have distinguishable electrical characteristics, which can be measured and relate to clinical findings. However a number of studies of electrical characteristics of APs were of poor quality in terms of sample sizes, point location, methodologies, mixed conclusions, reproducibility, and so forth. Therefore, future studies should not only address the aforementioned shortfalls but also investigate the physiological characteristics of the acupuncture point.

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ELECTRO-ACUPUNCTURE ACCORDING TO VOLL Reinhold Voll studied traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Homeopathy, and created a diagnostic and therapy system called Electro-acupuncture according to Voll (EAV).17,21 EAV combines the fundamentals of Chinese classical acupuncture, homeopathy and modern electronics.18 Voll designed the first EAV device in the early 50’s, and found that electric resistance could be measured on acupuncture points. He created a method of precisely locating acupoints, and later discovered energetic relationships between the acupuncture points, traditional Chinese and those that he found, and organs, systems, and their related physiological functions.1 Then, Dr. Voll delineated useful diagnostic meanings for measuring acupuncture points by observing the behavior of the electric resistance of these points. After years of research, Dr.Voll found several new measurement points and additional channels not known to classical Chinese acupuncture.20

Electro-acupuncture according to Voll is a method of evaluating energy balance in the body by measuring the electrical resistance of acupuncture points.16, 25, 30 It utilizes an electronic ohmmeter designed to measure the skin’s electrical resistance at specific acupoints. An EAV device consists of a 12-microampere meter, calibrated from 0 to 100 with an Electromotive force (emf) of 1.2 V. The instrument has a high internal resistance because the electrical impedance of acupuncture points is lower and conductivity is higher than in the contiguous skin. In order to take a measurement, patients hold the negative electrode in one hand, and physicians press the probe, which is the positive electrode, on specific acupoints mainly located on the hands and feet. The pressure applied to the skin on the acupoint should be constant, which Voll called electro-acupuncture pressure, in order to cause a stable electrical resistance for the overall reading.16, 26

Then when using the probe to apply a steady pressure to an acupoint, if the reading of the meter goes to 50 (in a 0 to 100 scale of the device meter) and stays stable at that position, it indicates that the © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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organ or system associated with that particular acupoint is energetically healthy (See Figure 1). If the reading of the meter goes above 65 and stays stable at that position, it indicates that the organ or system associated with that particular point is energetically “irritated” (See Graph 1). However, if the initially-taken reading, whatever it might be, decreases and settles at a lower value of the scale, it is called an Indicator Drop (ID), which suggests that the organ or system associated with that particular acupoint is energetically unhealthy. IDs occur because the organs or systems being measured cannot generate a bioelectric reaction to the initial electric measurement current transmitted by the probe to the acupoint.16, 17, 21, 26 In the following text21, Voll explains what is an Indicator Drop, which at that time he termed “indicator deflection”: In the case of organs which have disturbances of their functions, the bioelectric resistance of the organ to the measurement current decreases; the organ is unable to maintain a fixed resistance with respect to the incoming current. This decrease in bioelectric resistance is shown by the indicator deflection prior to the establishment of the equilibrium state between the stimulation by the measurement current and the reaction capacity of the organ. (Twenty Years of Electro-acupuncture Diagnosis in Germany. A Progress Report. American Journal of Acupuncture, 3, March 1975).

In the excerpt below16 Werner and Voll offer an alternative description Indicator Drop highlighting the relationship between organ physiology and energy: When the organ to be measured is weakened to an extent that a sufficient counter-reaction to the intruding current is no longer possible, the state of equilibrium is disturbed resulting in the indicator to change its value (indicator drop). The ID. is a clear indication for an organ disturbance, in which specific cellular tissue has become insufficient. The magnitude of the indicator drop, that is, the measurement value between the maximum instable (labile) value and the final stable value is simultaneously a measure for the extent of the functional insufficiency (Electro-acupuncture Primer, Werner & Voll, 1979, p.40).

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Figure I – Meter of the Dermatron showing three different measurements:

EAV meter showing a low reading of below 20, an optimum reading of 50, and a high measurement of above 90. The optimum value of 50 should not present any Indicator Drop in healthy subjects.

Voll considered the Indicator Drop to be the most significant criterion for evaluating energetic disturbances in the physiology of organs and systems. According to his theory, when the functions of organs and systems are energetically impaired, their related acupoints fail to maintain a stable resistance in regards to the incoming current; therefore, establishing a new equilibrium at a lower resistance level. For example, with a reading of 50 (in a 0 to 100 scale), the skin resistance is approximately 100,000 ohms. The ideal measurement value is 50; in other words, the goal is to balance all the points so they all present a value of 50 with no ID, which should always be achieved by interventional therapy with the use of homeopathics, herbal medicine, supplements, drugs, manipulation, and so forth. The chart (Graph 1) below shows the different intervals of measurement values and their significance. Measurements above 90 with IDs of 10 to 20 units indicate inflammatory processes that potentially respond to therapy. Readings above 90 with IDs of over 30 units imply the existence of conditions that superimpose pathological characteristics of both degeneration and inflammation; however still treatable. Measurements around 65 with IDs of 40 to 50 units represent serious degenerative diseases with poor prognoses. Measurements of 20 and below with or without IDs rarely respond to therapy.16,17,21,30, 37

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Graph I - Interpretation of EAV Meter Reading

The EAV meter scale goes from 0 to 100. The energy interval from 0 to 10 equates to before death readings. The gap from 10 to 20 represents the end phases of a degenerative process. Readings from 30 to 40 show advanced degeneration. The 30 to 40 ranges indicate progressive degenerative diseases. Readings of an initial degenerative process fall between 40 and 50. Values from 50 to 60 with no Indicator Drop (ID) correspond to normal functions of the organs or systems. Measurements from 60 to 80 indicate the beginning of inflammatory processes. Measurements from 80 to 90 show partial inflammation. Values above 90 indicate total inflammation.

In the text below, Leonhardt17 offers an alternative expiation for the electro-acupuncture diagnostics that enables parishioners to detect inflammatory, degenerative processes, or a combination of them, which, for instance, Werner and Voll16 called “-osis” and superimposed “-itis”: Every inflammatory alteration of a cell starts with an increased energy-production. This can be found even in those cases where the functions of the organ are still normal according to clinical and laboratory tests. A “healthy organism” means a normal function of the individual organs. This function presupposes also a normal equilibrium of the energy systems: a balance between production and consumption of energy. An exact comprehension and control of this energy system offers the possibility of a safe and early preventive diagnosis, reaching from

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irritation to “obvious illness” or a “derailment of individual organs, part of organs or the general condition. Too much energy means an “-it is”, not enough energy an “-ose” (Fundamental of Electro-acupuncture According to Voll; An Introduction, Leonhardt, p.16).

Medicine Testing Finally, with his EAV system in place and capable of measuring acupoints in a reproducible fashion, Voll created a method, which he first called Medication Testing, and later became known as Medicine Testing.16,18,21 Voll observed that IDs could be corrected, or balanced, when the right “test substance” was introduced into the circuitry by being either placed it on the plate or held it by the patient. Such test substances could be homeopathic remedies, allopathic drugs, herbal products, supplements, and so forth. Test substances could be directly placed on an aluminum plate, or well, attached to the negative lead of the EAV device, which is also connected to the patient through the negative electrode. In addition, test substances could be held by the patient, in contact to the patient’s body, or in close interaction with the patient’s electromagnetic field.16,18,21,37

In the text below16, Werner and Voll elegantly summarize their initial understanding of Medication Testing: Medication testing is the most excellent achievement of electro-acupuncture. In medication testing it is obvious that very small energies, which the medication in the glass ampoule conveys on to the patient, have an impact on the autonomic nervous system (somatic tissue primarily) of the patient via the acupunctural system (Electro-acupuncture Primer, Werner & Voll, 1979, p.67).

When placing any medicine in the patient’s hand or on the metal plate connected to the EAV device, there will be immediate changes in the measurement values of the acupuncture points being tested. If the medicine is right, and the dose or potency are correct for the patient’s condition, then the measurement values tend to get stable readings at 50 (see Figure 1 above). Therefore, Medicine © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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Testing involves not only the selection of which medicine to prescribe, but also its strength and potency. In addition, when testing allopathic medicines, Voll observed that generic drugs made by different laboratories produced dissimilar measurement values due to variations in the manufacturing process, fillers, dyes, and so forth. This phenomenon is still observed nowadays, when testing generic and brand-name drugs and achieving distinctive measurement values.16,18,21 In 1954, Voll coincidently discovered Medicine Testing during one of the several demonstrations of electro-acupuncture diagnosis to the medical community in Germany.21 The text below illustrates in detail the circumstances in which Dr. Voll realized that the EAV device could be an important medical tool for precisely prescribing medicines to patients: I diagnosed one colleague as having chronic prostatitis and advised him to take the homeopathic preparation called Echinaceae 4x. He replied that he had this medication in his office and went to get it. He returned with the bottle of Echinaceae in his hand, I tested the prostate measurement point again and made the discovery that the point reading which previously was up to 90 had decreased to 64, which was an enormous improvement of the prostate value. I had the colleague put the bottle aside and the previous measurement value returned. After holding the medication in his hand the measurement value went down to 64 again, and this pattern repeated itself as often as desired. This procedure could be reproduced. The interest of the gathered colleagues was now aroused and the question was on their minds whether heart medications; for instance, heart tablets put into the hand would also improve the measurement value. This too could be established. The procedure was again and again reproducible. However, in order to obtain the ideal value of 50, the dosage of the medication had to be determined. With regard to Echinacea 4x, the ideal value of 50 was reached with ten drops into a handheld glass, only to increase again with the further addition of drops. This was also the case when testing the heart medication. One tablet would result in the 50 value, one and a half and two tablets would depart from the ideal value of 50.18

In 1958, Dr. Morell designed an experiment to check the validity of Medicine Testing by using a common blood test called erythrocyte sedimentation rate, or sed rate, which reveals inflammatory activity in the body. First, Morell determined the sed rates of a group of previously diagnosed “unhealthy” patients. Secondly, he performed the Medicine Testing procedure, and established the right medicine, its dose and strength to be given to the group of “unhealthy” patients. Then, Morell © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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injected the medicine subcutaneously in the thighs of the “unhealthy” patients. Immediately after the injection, he performed second sed rate tests, and the results were then compared to the first figures, which invariably showed improvements of 20 to 40 percent in sed rates.1,21

According to Morell, the short period of time between the injection and the second sed rate test proves that the observed improvements in sed rates were due to the energetic actions of the electromagnetic forces present in the injected medicines rather than due to the pharmacodynamics of the injected remedies. Thus, Morell formulated the hypothesis that the interaction of the subtle electromagnetic forces present in the medicines caused the body to physiologically behave in more “normal” conditions; therefore the swift improvement in sed rates.1 Interestingly, over 50 years earlier, in 1905, Einstein proposed the Special Theory of Relativity (e=mc2), which among other things predicted the equivalence between mass and energy.78 In the case of Medicine Testing, the electromagnetic energy of medicines (e) interacts with the human body (m) in hasty speeds (c2), although obviously much slower than the speed of light. Matter is a denser form of energy.78,79

A study published in the American Journal of Acupuncture in 1990 added even more legitimacy to Medicine Testing.36 Lam, Tsuei, and Zhao demonstrated the use of EAV and Medicine Testing for determining the optimal dosages of antidiabetic drugs such as chlorpropamide, glyburide, and insulin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Fifty-five diabetic patients underwent EAV evaluation and Medicine Testing. The researchers took measurements of specific acupoints (see the description of the points in the next chapter) such as the right and left Triple Warmer 1c (TW 1C L & R), right Spleen 1a (SP 1a), and right Spleen 3 (SP3) of all participants.71 Then, for each acupoint that presented an ID, the doses of the antidiabetic drugs were adjusted until the acupoints showed a reading of 50 without any ID in the EAV meter. Lam, Tsuei, and Zhao concluded that Medicine Testing provided “the capability of enabling the identification of optimal dosages of medicines and © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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of evaluation of drug effects on organs even before they are prescribed and taken by a patient”36(p133) This study was very important because it presented to the medical community a prospective use of the EAV and Medicine Testing procedures as methods that could correctly determine the right doses of allopathic medications without any presumptions. For instance, in the treatment of acute sinusitis, EAV and Medicine Testing could help compare the efficacy and tolerability of azithromycin versus amoxicillin/clavulanate before patients take either drugs.

The Medicine Testing phenomenon occurs because all substances have distinct magnetic fields that produce vibratory signals, or vibrational identifications.29,30 A vibratory signal from the testing substance placed on the EAV plate, or directly held by the patient, enters the patient’s magnetic field and reacts to it.18 According to Voll, any substances correcting an ID cause a beneficial therapeutic effect on the patient if they are taken. Unchanged meter responses imply that the substance produces no effect. Worsening meter responses, or IDs, indicate a potential negative therapeutic effect. Once a test substance corrects an ID, the nest step would be to determine the correct dose and potency of the medicines.16,21,37 For instance, if a patient presents an ID of the right Heart Control Measurement Point (CMP) and a remedy called Mycoplasma pneumonia Sdf TR 63 balances, or corrects, the aforementioned CMP, then the physician needs to identify the correct potency of the medicine, which is available from the sixth strength to the two hundredth dilutions.37 Once the right potency of the remedy is established, with the reading of the meter staying stable at 50, the organ or system associated with that particular point is energetically balanced, and the medicine will be effective and tolerated.16,21,37

In the text below16, Werner and Voll explain that the right test substances and their doses can correct previous abnormal measurement values:

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The suitable medications in ampoules selected for the type of patient and his complaints are put in the patient’s hand or in a medication honeycomb for testing (the honeycomb is connected to the measuring circle). The effects of the medications on a patient’s system are then verified by means of the diagnostic part of the instrument. When the indicator drop has disappeared and/or measurement values got closer to normal, the correct medication has been found, which is verified by a value of 50 on the measurement scale. As a result of medication testing, a combination of medications is established by means of all their components and dosages to achieve a balancing of the patient’s previous otherwise pathologic values (Electro-acupuncture Primer, Werner & Voll, 1979, pp.65-66).

The process of Medicine Testing starts by taking a reading on an acupuncture point when applying the probe of the EAV device accurately to that point. Any acupupoint can be utilized; however, acupuncture points used for Medicine Testing are usually the control measurement points (CMPs).26 Then, measurements can be fine-tuned on any specific measurement points (MP) such as the point for the palatine tonsil MP (Lymph 1 – LY 1 L & R), aortic valve MP (Heart 9 – HT 9 L), insulin MP (Triple Warmer 1c – TW 1c L & R), and so forth. The CMPs are located in the fingers and toes and represent the twelve classical Chinese channels and additional vessels found by Voll.20 If the point is normal, the initial reading on the point will be around 50, and there should be no Indicator Drop (ID). When an unbalanced point is found, patients are given a medicine vial (allopathic, homeopathic, herbal) to hold in their hand or to be placed in an antenna well or testing plate that is connected to both the patient and EAV device. When the right medicine is held by the patients or placed in the plate, the meter will slowly rise to 50 and stay stable at that position without any ID.16,17,21,25,36,37 This procedure is repeated for all abnormal points. When all points are “balanced,” then an ampoule of Ferrum Metallicum (HM 104) D12 is placed on the plate and the Allergy CMPs (Allergy 1b – AL 1b L & R) is check to determine whether the selected medicines are effective. In the same fashion, an ampoule of Manganum D30 is used for testing tolerance.35 The remedies are considered effective and tolerated if there is no ID.16,21,36,37 The Effectiveness and Tolerance Test was devised by Dr. Helmut W. Schimmel among many other contributions to energy medicine.35 © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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ACUPUNCTURE POINTS AND CHANNELS IN TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE Acupuncture points (穴 位 – xué wèi) are sites in the surface of the body that allow access to the circulation of Qi (气) and blood (血– xuè) in the channels (经 脉 – jìng mài) and network vessels (络 脉 – luò mài) that connect the entire body.58,80 According to Acupuncture theory, there are several hundreds acupuncture points distributed along channels. Some authors have suggested that acupuncture points could be correlated to anatomical structures such as blood vessels, nerves, connective tissue, gap junctions, and so forth. 44,46,46,66,68

Huang Di asked, “I have heard that there are 365 openings called xue or points in the human body that correspond to the number of days in the year. I am intrigued by their locations. Would you please tell me about them?” Qi Bo bowed, then replied, “This question is not easy. If not for the sages, who would spend time researching this? I will tell you everything I know to help clarify the locations of these points.”81

According to the Standard International Acupuncture Nomenclature proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO), there are fourteen main acupuncture channels and eight extra meridians.82 Many researchers have sought evidence for the physical existence of acupuncture channels. A number of scholars have proposed that the acupuncture Channel System might actually correspond to a concrete anatomic structure; for instance, the Bonghan System, or Primo Vascular System.83,84,85 However, there are a few different theories that describe the arrangement of the acupuncture points and channels in the human body. Huang Di said, “I have heard that on the skin there are twelve divisions that correspond to the twelve channels. How does a physician gather clues to the nature and prognosis of an Illness by observing the skin dermatomes?” Qi Bo answered, “In order to understand and grasp the skin dermatomes, one needs to trace the channels as they travel. For

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example, the luo collaterals of the hand and foot yangming called hai fei, or the door, can actually be observed on the skin. When it is bluish in color, this indicates pain. When black, the indication is bi/obstruction. When yellow or red, it indicates heat. When pale, the indication is cold. If all colors manifest, cold and heat are present simultaneously. Before the pathogen invades the main channels, we can see it in the luo channels. The luo collaterals are considered yang and float to the surface. The main channels are considered yin because they run relatively deep.”81

Recent studies, for instance, have suggested that there might be strong correlations between acupuncture points and channels and biological structures such as the immune, neuroendocrine, and sympathetic nervous systems.86–89 Langevin and Yandow proposed that the interstitial connective tissue could be the framework where acupuncture points and channels are situated and relevant to the understanding of the mechanisms of action of acupuncture.46 In addition, there is evidence suggesting that acupuncture points and channels might be capable of transmitting energy, or Qi, at fast speeds.26,28–30 Recently, the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has provided evidence that acupuncture needling causes the brain to hastily translate the needle stimulus into homeostatic signals, which then are immediately transmitted throughout functional subsystems.90,90–93

However, according to traditional Chinese Medicine, a form of bodily energy called Qi is generated in the internal organs and systems and circulates throughout the body in pathways or channels.94 The Channel System is a complex and multilevel network of vessels connecting the whole body.80 The Channel System facilitates the flow and the distribution of Qi throughout the body.81,95 There is a close and intimate relationship between Qi, blood, and other bodily substances. Therefore, any imbalance in the flow of Qi affects the circulation of blood and the functions of the organs and systems.94 In order to restore balance, acupuncture points on the skin may be stimulated by pressure, suction, heat, laser light, magnetic energy, electricity, or simply by needle insertion, which affects the flow of Qi, circulation of blood, and the physiology of the internal organs and systems.26,29,30 © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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“All disorders can be attributed to the blood and qi not arriving at certain streams and valleys and caves, an analogy to acupoints. Then, the pathogenic wind has an opportunity to invade and cause bi/obstruction syndrome and spasms.95

The term “channel” is the translation of the Chinese “jìng mài.”80 Jìng means to pass through, and mài means vessel.96 Therefore, Channel Theory explains the physiology, location, and pathologies of the channels and network vessels.97 Channels are classified into six groups according to their location and function. There are twelve main channels, which provide a pathway for Qi and connect with the organ they are named after (The Lung channel for instance).98 These twelve channels are the primary network system for Qi to flow throughout the body in a circadian, twenty-four-hour pattern.80 The twelve primary channels control every metabolic and physiological functions of the body. The energy produced by the organs is flowing in certain current courses below the skin into the periphery. The acupuncture points are located on these courses and are used by the EAV for the diagnostic and therapy. The teachings of the energy courses, the so-called meridians, existing in the theory of classical acupuncture, comprises the experiences of thousands of years, the correctness of which has been confirmed by the latest research.17

There are eight extra meridians (奇经 – qí jìng) that are fully integrated with the twelve primary channels.80 None of the eight extra meridians are specifically associated with any organs or systems. Their main function is to be a reservoir of energy.94 Two important extra vessels are the Governor channel (督脉 – Du mài), which runs along the middle of the back and head, and the Conception channel (任脉 – Ren mài), which runs along the middle line crossing the genitals, abdomen, chest and mid-face.81,95

There are fifteen network vessels (also called Diverging Network vessel, 别 脉 – bié luò) that help complete the circulation of Qi. There is one network vessel for each of the twelve primary channels, © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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for the Governor and Conception channels, and for the Great Network Vessel of the Spleen. Each network vessel branches out, forming smaller collateral pathways that create myriad connections within the whole Channel System.80

Acupuncture points can be classified into different categories according to their energetic actions, such as channel points, extra points, points of pain, transporting points, and so forth.80 One of the most important categories is the Five Shu-Transporting Points (五输穴– wú shù xué), which are Well (井穴– jing xué), Spring (荥穴– yíng xué), Stream (输穴– shù xué), River (经穴– jìng xué), and Uniting (合穴– hé xué), also known as Hé-sea.81 All Shù points are located at, or distal to, the elbows and knees. Jing-well points are the first or last points of their channels and are located at the tips of the fingers and toes close to the nail fold (with the exception of kidney 1, yongquan – gushing spring). Yíng-spring points are located on the hands and feet and are either the second or second to the last points of their channels. Some Shù-stream points are located at the flexure of the wrist, whereas other Shù-stream sites are situated proximal to the metacarpo-metatarso phalangeal joints (with exception of kidney 3, taixi – supreme stream). The Jìng-river points are found at, or proximal to, the wrist and ankle joints. Finally, the Uniting-Hé points, or Hé-sea, are located near the elbows and knees (In addition to regular Hé-sea points, the Large Intestine, Small Intestine, and San Jiao channels have extra lower Hé-sea points).80

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CHANNELS IN ELECTRO-ACUPUNCTURE ACCORDING TO VOLL All the traditional Chinese acupuncture channels and points can be measured in EAV.17,19,25 However, after extensive testing and research, Voll discovered eight additional channels and their respective points. The extra channels found by Voll are the (1) Lymph, (2) Nerve Degeneration, (3) Allergy, (4) Organ Degeneration, (5) Articular Degeneration, (6) Fibroid Degeneration, (7) Skin, and (8) Fatty Degeneration.19,20,25 During an EAV evaluation, the Control Measurement Points (CMPs) of twenty channels are automatically recorded; however, if necessary any acupoint can be also measured. The most important measurement points are located on the hands and feet, and among them, the CMPs are the main detection sites because when measured they represent the entire channel. In this dissertation, only the main points of the twenty EAV channels are described (For an anatomical description of all EAV points please see “An Electro dermal Analysis of Biological Conductance” by Vincent J. Speckhart, M.D., M.D. (H) or The Topographic Positions of the Measurements Points in Electro-Acupuncture Textual Volumes I & II, by Reinhold Voll, M. D.).

A precise knowledge of the topographic positions of the measurement points is required in order to obtain the important measurement criteria: i.e. measurement values and indicator drops for diagnostics in electro-acupuncture. The acupuncture points are not randomly scattered under the surface of the skin. Each acupuncture point has its well defined topographic position. This is why in all humans the acupuncture points are situated on equal positions. All mammals possess acupuncture points on equal positions, such as equal osseous or muscular positions, or over articular gaps crossed by certain osseous points of reference, or tendons, which allow one to define the situation of the points. On the following pages the anatomic positions are described in detail19

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LYMPH CHANNEL In classical Chinese acupuncture there is no Lymphatic meridian. However, Voll discovered and described what he called the Lymph Vessel at the radial side of the thumbs. The Lymphatic Channel has an energetic relationship with the lymphatic functions of different organs; and therefore, it allows measurements of the lymph drainage of the organs. Dr. Voll observed that measurements of the so-called Lymph Vessel reflected the state of several different areas of the Lymphatic System. The Lymphatic Channel runs on both sides of the body from the thumbs along the fore and upper-arms to the shoulder-nape regions, it has 14 measurement points, and some of them were borrowed from classical Chinese acupuncture. However, only the main points that are usually measured during an EAV evaluation are described below.17,19,20,25

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Figure - Lymphatic Channel in a lateral aspect

In the figure above, the probe is pointing to the Control Measurement Point (CMP).

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Figure 1a - Lymphatic Channel in a Palmar-lateral aspect

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LY1 – Palatine and retro-tonsillar region: Lymph 1 is the measurement point (MP) of the palatine tonsil and retro-tonsillar region. The point is located on the extensor aspect of the thumb, at the junction of lines drawn along the radial border of the nail and the base of the nail, approximately 2 mm proximal and lateral away from the outer angle of the thumb nail fold. Lymph 1 lies symmetrically opposite to the ulnar-located Lung 11 (Voll). Lymph 1 is tested with the probe placed on a 90-degree angle. This point measures the palatine tonsils and retro-tonsilar areas. Lymph 1 corresponds to the Chinese Lung 11 (Shaoshang Lesser Shang). 17,19,20,25 It is noteworthy to highlight that from Shaoshang, the Jing-well and Wood point of the Lung channel, an internal pathway ascends to the throat and surrounding tissues. Although not used in EAV as such, Shaoshang is one of Sun Si-miao’s 13 ghost points for the treatment of mania and epilepsy.80 LY1-1 – Lymphatic drainage of the ear: Lymph 1-1 is the measurement point (MP) of the lymph drainage of the ear. The point is located just below Lymp 1, on the base of the distal phalanx at the radial side of first metacarpal. Lymph 1-1 is related to all affections of the ear, including the three different portions of the ear (outer, middle, and inner ear). Lymph 1-1 is measured on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing proximately. 17,19,20,25

LY1-2 – Five Tonsils, Control Measurement Point (CMP): Lymph 1-2 is located below the head of the proximal phalanx of the first metacarpal, on the radial-dorsal side below the interphalangeal joint opposite to Lung 10c. Lymph 1-2 is associated with Waldeyer’s ring, or pharyngeal lymphoid ring (Pharingeal, Tubal, Palatine, and Lingual tonsils). Lymph 1-2 measures the energetic balance of the Lymphatic system. Indicator Drops of Lymph 1-2 should be further investigated on other points of the Lymphatic channels as well as on © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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the other meridians. Lymph 1-2 is measured on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing distally. 17,19,20,25

LY1a – Tubal Tonsil (Eustachian Tube): Lymph 1a lies on the base of the first proximal phalanx at the radial side of first metacarpal, above the proximal osseous angle of the thumb. Lymph 1a is responsible for the Eustachian Tube. Lymph 1a is measured on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing proximately. 17,19,20,25

LY2 – Teeth and Jaw: Lymph 2 is located just below the head of the first metacarpal at the radial side of the thumb, and opposite to Lung 10a. Lymph 2 is associated with the lymphatic drainage of the teeth, mandible, and maxilla, and it is considered to be an ipsilateral-reference point for focal dental processes. Lymph 2 is measured on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing distally. 17,19,20,25

LY2a – Eye Lymph 2a is located on the midpoint of the shaft of the first metacarpal bone on the radial side between Lymph 2 and Lymph 3, and opposite to Lung 10. Lymph 2a evaluates disorders of the eyes, including macula degeneration. Lymph 2a is measured with the probe placed on a 90-degree angle. 17,19,20,25

LY3 – Nose and Paranasal Sinuses Lymph 3 is located on the base of the first metacarpal at the radial side below Lymph 2a. Lymph 3 is related to the lymphatic drainage of the paranasal sinuses and a reference point for pathologic processes in the paranasal cavities. Lymph 3 is measured on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing proximately. 17,19,20,25 © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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LY4 – Lymphatics of the Lungs and Mediastinum Lymph 4 is situated laterally above the styloid process of the radius on the radial side of the scaphoid bone, anterior and lateral to Lung 9. Lymph 4 ipslaterally measures the lymphatic processes of the lungs, pleura, bronchi, and mediastinum. Lymph 4 is measured with the probe placed on a 90-degree angle (Figure 1a).17,19,20,25

LY5 – Lymphatics of the Heart: Lymph 5 is located at the volar-radial side of the arm, in the cleft between the tendons of brachioradialis and abductor pollicis longus. Lymph 5 assesses the lymphatic processes in the region of the Heart and Pericardium. Lymph 5 is in direct connection with Heart 5 – Ventricles (Voll). 17,19,20,25 Lymph 5 corresponds to the Chinese Lung 7 (Lieque – Broken sequence), Luo-connecting point of the Lung channel, Confluent point of the Conception vessel, Gao Wu command point, and Ma Dan-yang heavenly star point (Figure 1a).80

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LUNG CHANNEL In classical Chinese acupuncture the Lung Channel of Hand Taiyin originates in the epigastric region, connects (interiorly-exteriorly coupled) with the Large Intestine Channel of hand Yangming, and then it goes upward to reach the lungs. The Lung vessel is paired with the Spleen Channel of foot Taiyin according to the Six Channel Theory. The Lung channel connects to the throat, and emerges at Lung l (Zhongfu, Middle palace). Then the Lung channel travels down along the antero-lateral aspect of the upper arm to the cubital fossa of the elbow at Lung 5 (Chize, Cubit marsh). It continues down along the antero-lateral aspect of the forearm towards the styloid process of the radius, trails the lateral border of the radial artery towards the wrist at Lung 9 (Taiyuan, Supreme abyss), crosses the thenar eminence and ends at the radial side of the thumbnail at Lung 11 (Shaoshang, Lesser shang). A tributary leaves the main channel at Lung 7 (Lieque, Broken sequence) and runs directly towards the radial side of the index finger where it connects with the Large Intestine Channel at Large Intestine 1 (Shangyang, Shang yang). Points of the Lung channel treat rebellious Lung Qi, nasal and throat disorders, edema, rebellious Stomach Qi, and so forth.80

However, in EAV, the Lung vessel is associated with important anatomical structures and physiological processes of the lungs. In EAV, the Lung channel has 25 measurement points and some of them were borrowed from classical Chinese acupuncture. Note that from Lung 11 (Alveoli) to Lung 9a (Bronchial plexus), the measurement points (MPs) lie on the ulnar side of the first phalanges and metacarpal bone. The points described below are the most common testing sites measured during an EAV session.17,19,20,79

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Figure 2 - Lung Channel Dorsal Aspect

In the figure above, the probe is pointing to the Control Measurement Point (CMP).

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Figure 2a - Lung Channel Palmar Aspect

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LU11 – Alveoli: Lung 11 is located at the junction of lines drawn along the ulnar border of the nail and the base of the nail, 2mm away cranial-medial from the inner nail-fold angle. Lung 11 lies symmetrically opposite to the radial-located Lymph 1. Lung 11 is related to the lung parenchyma of the same side, the alveoli, and to the capillary net. Lung 11 is measured with the probe placed on a 90-degree angle. Indicator drop (ID) on Lung 11 may indicate that the patient has been a smoker (emphysema) or over-exposed to air pollution. Lung 11 does NOT correspond to the classical Chinese acupuncture point Shaoshang (see Lymph 1 – Lyphatic drainage of the ear).17,19,20,25

LU10c – Lung CMP (Control Measurement Point): Lung 10c, the CMP of the lung is situated just below the head of the proximal phalanx of the first metacarpal, on the ulnar side of the thumb, and opposite to Lymph 1-2. Indicator Drops (ID) of Lung 10c reveal ipsilaterally reduction of lung capacity, which can be caused by many different reasons, such as inflammatory processes, scars (post pleuritis), pneumonia (bacterial and viral), bronchiectasis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), tuberculosis, asthma, tumors, and so forth. Lung 10c is measured with the probe pointing distally on a 45-degree angle.17,19,20,25

LU10b – Bronchioles: Lung10b is located on the mid-point between the head and the base of the proximal phalanx of the first metacarpal, on the ulnar side of the thumb, and dorsal aspect of the hand. Lung10b measures the bronchioles. An Indicator Drop of Lung10b suggests emphysema. Lung10b is measured with the probe pointing proximally on a 45-degree angle.17,19,20,25

LU10a – Pleura: Lung 10a is situated just below the head of the first metacarpal at the ulnar side, palmar aspect of the © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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hang, and opposite to Lymph 2. Lung10a is ipsilaterally associated with the pleura. An indicator drop of Lung 10a may signal metastatic neoplasic processes, specifically Hodgkin’s disease. Lung10a is measured on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing distally.17,19,20,25

LU10 – Bronchi: Lung 10 lies palmar aspect of the hand, on the thenar eminence, the midpoint between the head and base of the first metacarpal bone. Lung 10 ipsilaterally gauges the bronchi, and indicator drops may signal emphysema and asthma. Lung 10 is measured on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing proximally. 17,19,20,25 Lung10 corresponds to the Chinese Lung 10 (Yuji, Fish border), Ying-spring and Fire point of the Lung channel.80

LU9 – Trachea: Lung 9 is located at the wrist joint (above the radio-carpal joint gap in the osseous angle of the obtuse prominence of the styloid process of radius), in a depression between the radial artery and the tendon of abductor pollicis longus, level with the Chinese Heart 7 (Shenmen, Spirit gate). Lung 9 is related to the trachea and measured with the probe placed on a 90-degree angle. 17,19,20,25 Lung 9 corresponds to the Chinese Lung 9 (Taiyuan, Supreme abysm), Shu-stream, Yuan-source, Earth point of the Lung channel, and Hui-meeting point of the vessels.80

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LARGE INTESTINE CHANNEL In classical Chinese acupuncture, the Large Intestine Channel of Hand Yangming is interiorly-exteriorly coupled with the Lung Channel of hand Taiyin, and paired with the Stomach Channel of foot Yangming according to the Six Channel Theory. The Large Intestine channel begins at the radial side of the tip of the index finger at Large Intestine 1 (Shangyang, Shang yang) and runs proximally along the index finger and dorsum of the wrist. It ascends the forearm, the upper arm, and reaches the shoulder. Then, from the shoulder, the channel goes up the neck and reaches the side of the nose at Large Intestine 20 (Yingxiang, Welcome fragrance), meeting point of the Large Intestine and Stomach channels. Points of the Large Intestine channel treat disorders of the Yangming, especially in the face, disorders of the ear, wind heat, interior heat, fire, and so forth.80 In EAV, points of the Large Intestine vessel are associated with important anatomical regions of the Large Intestine as well as its physiology.17,19,20,25

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Figure 3 - Large Intestine Channel

In the figure above, the probe is pointing to the Control Measurement Point (CMP).

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LI1 – Transverse Colon and Sigmoid: Large Intestine 1 lies on the dorsal aspect of the index finger on the radial (lateral) side of the nail fold approximately 2 mm away from the radial corner, at the junction of lines drawn along the radial border of the nail and the base of the nail, and opposite to Nervous Degeneration 1. On the right side, Large Intestine 1 is related to the Transverse Colon, and on the left side to the Sigmoid. Large Intestine 1 is measured with the probe on a 90-degree angle.17,19,20,25 Large Intestine 1 corresponds to the Chinese Large Intestine 1 (Shangyang, Shang yang), the Jing-well and Metal point of the Large Intestine channel.80

LI1b – Large Intestine CMP (Control Measurement Point): Large intestine 1b is situated just above the base of the middle phalanx of the index finger, on the radial side and dorsal aspect of the hand, and opposite to Nervous Degeneration 1b. Large Intestine 1b is not a traditional Chinese point. However, this point is the Control Measurement Point of the Large Intestine channel, which assesses the general state of the meridian. Control Measurement Points represent the strongest points on their channels and the first points to be measured in an EAV session. Large Intestine 1b is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle pointing proximally.17,19,20,25

LIP – P point of the Large intestine (also called LI1c - Peritoneum): Large Intestine P, or Large Intestine1c, is located on the distal-radial angle between the shaft and the head of the proximal phalanx of the index finger, opposite to Nerve Degeneration 1c. Large Intestine1c, also called P-point, was found by Voll and is associated with the peritoneum region of the Large Intestine. Large Intestine P may detect energetic disturbances involving the regional peritoneum due to chronic and acute infections of the Large Intestine. Large Intestine1c is measured with the probe on a 90-degree angle.17,19,20,25 © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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LI2 – Hepatic Flexure and Descending Colon: Large Intestine 2 is located on the radial border of the proximal phalanx of the index finger above the base, and in a depression just distal to the metacarpal-phalangeal joint, opposite to Nerve Degeneration 2. Large Intestine 2 corresponds at the right side to the Hepatic Flexure and at the left side to the Descending Colon. Large Intestine 2 is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle pointing proximally.17,19,20,25 Large Intestine 2, corresponds to the Chinese Large Intestine (Erjian, Second space), the Ying-Spring and Water point of the Large Intestine channel.80

LI3 – Splenic Flexure and Ascending Colon: Large Intestine 3 is located on the radial border of the index finger in the depression below the head of the second metacarpal bone, opposite to Nerve Degeneration 3. On the right finger, Large Intestine 3 is associated with the Ascending Colon, whereas on the left side it measures the Splenic Flexure. According to Leonhardt, Indicator Drops (IDs) on left and right Large Intestine 3 must be correlated with readings of the small intestine channel in cases involving enterocolitis. Indicator Drops on both sides of Large Intestine 3 may indicate chronic colitis. Large Intestine 3 is measured with the probe on a 90-degree angle.17,19,20,25 Large Intestine 3 corresponds to the Chinese Large Intestine 3 (Sanjian, Third space), the Shu-Stream and Wood point of the Large Intestine channel.80

LI4 – Cecum and Transverse Colon: Large Intestine 4 is situated at the dorsum of the hand, in a depression just above the base of the second metacarpal bone, opposite to Nerve Degeneration 4. On the right finger, Large Intestine 4 is associated to the Cecum, whereas on the left side the point measures the left portion of the Transverse Colon. Large Intestine 4 does NOT correspond to the Chinese Large Intestine 4 (Hegu, Joining valley). Large Intestine 4 point is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle pointing © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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proximally.17,19,20,25

LI4a – Appendix, Ileocecal Lymph Nodes, and Mesocolic Lymph nodes: Large Intestine 4a is located at the dorsal side of the hand in the radial part of the carpal region between the distal end of the radius and the scaphoid. On right hand, Large Intestine 4a corresponds to the Appendix and Ileocecal lymph nodes. On the left hand, Large Intestine 4a measures the Mesocolic lymph nodes. Large Intestine 4a is measured with the probe on a 90-degree angle.17,19,20,25

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NERVE DEGENERATION CHANNEL In classical Chinese acupuncture there is no Nerve Degeneration meridian. However, Voll discovered and described what he called the Nerve Degeneration Channel at the ulnar, or medial, side of the index fingers. The Nerve Degeneration Channel has an energetic relationship with the Peripheral and Central nervous systems, Autonomic nervous system, Parasympathetic ganglia, and Cranial Nerves.17,19,20,25

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Figure 4 - Nerve Degeneration Channel

In the figure above, the probe is pointing to the Control Measurement Point (CMP).

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ND1 – Lumbrosacral Spinal Cord: Nerve Degeneration 1 is located on the dorsal aspect of the hand, on the junction of lines drawn along the ulnar border of the nail and the base of the nail, 2 mm away from the ulnar angle of the nail fold, opposite to Large Intestine 1. Indicator Drops (IDs) of Nerve Degeneration 1 may be accompanied by complaints of lower back pain and spinal arthritis. According to Leonhardt, IDs of Nerve Degeneration 1 should be simultaneously evaluated by measuring Urinary Bladder 60, which assesses the Peripheral Nerves of the Lower Extremity (Bladder 60: Kunlun, Kunlun Mountains, is Jing-river and Fire point of the Urinary Bladder Channel and Ma Dan-yang Heavenly Star point. It is located behind the ankle joint, in a depression posterior to the prominence of the lateral malleolus and anterior to the Achilles tendon). Nerve Degeneration 1 is measured with the probe on a 90-degree angle.17,19,20,25

ND1a – Autonomic Nervous System: Nerve Degeneration 1a is located on the distal-ulnar angle between the shaft and the head of the middle phalanx of the index finger. Indicator Drops (IDs) of Nerve Degeneration 1a may indicate emotional imbalance and environmental toxicosis. In cases of IDs of Nerve Degeneration 1a, it is important that the Emotional Stress Test is done and that environmental toxins are scanned. Nerve Degeneration 1a is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle pointing proximally.17,19,20,25

ND1b – Nerve Degeneration CMP (Control Measurement Point): Nerve Degeneration 1b is located between the shaft and the base of the middle phalanx of the index finger, on the ulnar side and dorsal aspect of the hand, opposite to Large intestine 1b. Nerve Degeneration 1b measures the entire Peripheral and Central Nervous System. Nerve Degeneration 1b is measured with the probe on a 90-degree angle.17,19,20,25

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ND1c – Meninges and Spinal Cord (also known as the P-Nerve Degeneration point): Nerve Degeneration 1c, or Nerve Degeneration P point, is located on the distal-ulnar angle between the shaft and the head of the proximal phalanx of the index finger, opposite to Large intestine 1c (also known as Large Intestine P point). Nerve Degeneration 1c measures the meninges and spinal cord. Indicator Drops of Nerve Degeneration 1c may be related to chronic headaches and migraines. Nerve Degeneration 1c is measured with the probe on a 90-degree angle.17,19,20,25

ND2 – Cervical and Thoracic Spinal Cord: Nerve Degeneration 2 is located on the ulnar border of the proximal phalanx of the index finger above the osseous angle of the transition zone from the shaft to the base, in a depression just distal to the metacarpal-phalangeal joint, opposite to Large Intestine 2. Indicators Drops of Nerve Degeneration 2 may reveal degeneration of the cervical and thoracic spinal cord. Nerve Degeneration 2 is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle pointing proximally.17,19,20,25

ND3 – Brain Stem and Cerebrum: Nerve Degeneration 3 is located on the ulnar border of the index finger in the depression proximal to the head of the second metacarpal bone and opposite to Large Intestine 3. Indicators Drops of Nerve Degeneration 3 may be related to Brain tumors, Hypertension, and Strokes. Nerve Degeneration 3 is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle pointing distally.17,19,20,25

ND4 – Cranial Nerves (I-XII): Nerve Degeneration 4 is situated at the cranial end of the second metacarpal bone, in a depression just distal to the dorsal-ulnar angle between the shaft and the base at the dorsum of the hand, opposite to Large Intestine 4. Indicators Drops of Nerve Degeneration 4 may be related to diseases and symptoms associated to the Cranial Nerves (e.g. trigeminal neuralgia, CN V). Nerve © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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Degeneration 4 is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle pointing proximally.17,19,20,25

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CIRCULATION CHANNEL In classical Chinese acupuncture there is no Circulation meridian. In EAV, the main points of the Circulation Channel are located on the lateral side of the dorsal surface of the third finger, lateral side of the palmar surface of the third finger, and anterior surface of the wrist. The Circulation Channel has a few points that share their locations with Traditional Chinese acupoints such as Circulation 8 (veins) and Pericardium 8 (Laogong, Palace of toil) and Circulation 7 (coronary arteries) and Pericardium 7 (Daling, Great mound) for instance. All the points located on the dorsal-lateral side (radial) of the third finger were found by Voll. From the 22 points of the Circulation Channel, only the points described below are usually measured in an EAV session.17,19,20,25

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Figure 5 - Circulation Channel Dorsal Aspect

In the figure above, the probe is pointing to the Control Measurement Point (CMP).

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Figure 5a - Circulation Channel Palmar Aspect

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CI9 – Arteries: Circulation 9 lies slightly above the junction of lines drawn along the radial border of the nail and the base of the nail of the third finger, opposite to Allergy 1. Indicator drops (IDs) of Circulation 9 might indicate the hardening of the arteries caused by the exposure to heavy metals. Circulation 9 on the right finger corresponds to the arteries of the right side of the body, and the point on the left finger is related to the arteries of the left side respectively. Circulation 9 does NOT correspond to the Chinese Pericardium 9 (Zhongchong, Middle rushing). Circulation 9 is measured with the probe on a 90-degree angle.17,19,20,25

CI8d – Circulation CMP (Control Measurement Point): Circulation 8d is situated on the radial-dorsal side of the proximal angle of the shaft and base of the middle phalanx of the third finger, opposite to Allergy 1b. Indicator Drops of Circulation 8d are strongly associated with the exposure to heavy metals such as lead and cadmium. Circulation 8d is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing proximally.17,19,20,25

CI8 – Veins: Circulation 8 is located on the palmar side of the hand, between the third and second metacarpal bone, proximal to the metacarpal-phalangeal joint, in a depression at the radial side of the third metacarpal. Circulation 8 can be located where the tip of the middle finger rests when a fist is made and level with Heart 8a. Right Circulation 8 corresponds to the veins on the right side of the body, whereas left Circulation 8 is associated with the veins on the left side of the body. Circulation 8 is measured with the probe on a 90-degree angle.17,19,20,25 Circulation 8 corresponds to the Chinese Pericardium 8 (Laogong, Palace of toil), the Ying-Spring and Fire point of the Pericardium channel, and Sun Si-miao Ghost point.80

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CI7 – Coronary Arteries: Circulation 7 is located at the wrist joint, between the tendons of palmaris longus and flexor carpi radialis level with Heart 7 (Shenmen, Spirit gate). Circulation 7 is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing distally.17,19,20,25 Circulation 7 corresponds to the Chinese Pericardium 7 (Daling, Great mound), Shu-Stream and Earth point of the Pericardium channel, and Sun Si-miao Ghost point.80

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ALLERGY CHANNEL

The Allergy Channel does not correspond to any of the Traditional Chinese acupuncture meridians. The Allergy meridian was found by Dr. Voll. Points of the Allergy Channel are located on the medial side of the dorsal surface of the third finger. All the points of the Allergy Channel were found by Voll and Mann. Measurement values over 60 (in the EAV meter) may indicate the presence of allergic processes, whereas numbers below 50 suggest the presence of vascular degeneration. Indicator Drops suggest both allergic and vascular degenerative processes.17,19,20,25

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Figure 6 - Allergy Channel

In the figure above, the probe is pointing to the Control Measurement Point (CMP).

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AL1 – Allergies of the Lower Body, Abdomen, and Pelvis: Allergy 1 lies on dorsal aspect of the middle finger, slightly above the junction of lines drawn along the ulnar border of the nail and the base of the nail of the third finger, opposite to Circulation 9. Allergy 1 is related to allergic processes in the lower extremities, organs of the abdomen, and pelvis. Allergies or sensitivities to supplements that contain environmental toxins may be detected by measuring this point. Allergy 1 is measured with the probe on a 90-degree angle.17,19,20,25

AL1a – Vascular Sclerosis (AL1c in some texts): Allergy 1a is located on the dorsal aspect and ulnar side of the middle finger, on the distal angle of the shaft and head of the proximal phalanx. According to Leonhardt, in vascular disorders allergic processes have to be taken into consideration. Allergy 1a may detect hypertension, arteriosclerosis, and coronary-artery disease (Differential diagnosis is necessary). Allergy 1a is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing distally.17,19,20,25

AL1b – Allergy CMP (Control Measurement Point): Allergy 1b is situated on ulnar side of the proximal angle of the shaft and base of the middle phalanx of the third finger opposite to Circulation 8d. When measured, Allergy 1b may detect potential allergic processes of the whole body. Allergy 1b is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing proximally.17,19,20,25

AL2 – Allergies of the Upper Body: Allergy 2 lies on ulnar side of the proximal angle of the shaft and base of the proximal phalanx of the third finger. Allergy 2 is related to allergic processes of the organs in the chest, neck, and upper extremities. Allergy 2 is an important point for detecting respiratory allergies to environmental © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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toxins such as molds, insecticides, pollen, paints, and so forth. Allergy 2 is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing proximally.17,19,20,25

AL3 – Allergies of the Head: Allergy 3 is located on the ulnar side and dorsal aspect on the distal angle of the shaft and head of the third metacarpal. Allergy 3 corresponds to the allergic processes of the head, nasal and paranasal sinuses, oral cavity, skin of the face, and hair. Allergy 3 is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing distally.17,19,20,25

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ORGAN DEGENERATION CHANNEL The Organ Degeneration Channel (cellular metabolism or parenchymal & epithelial degeneration in some texts) was also a vessel discovered by Voll. There are no classical Chinese acupoints on this channel, only EAV measurement sites, which are located on the lateral side of the dorsal surface of the fourth finger and dorsal aspect of the hand. The Organ Degeneration Channel has an energetic relationship with degenerative processes in the body, and its points measure deterioration and loss of function in particular anatomical areas.17,19,20,25

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Figure 7 - Organ Degeneration Channel

In the figure above, the probe is pointing to the Control Measurement Point (CMP).

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OR1 – Cellular Metabolism of the Abdomen and Pelvis: Organ Degeneration 1 lies at the dorsal aspect of the fourth finger, at the junction of lines drawn along the radial border of the nail and the base of the nail, exactly opposite to Triple Warmer 1. Organ Degeneration 1 is responsible for the parenchymal degenerative processes of all organs in the abdomen and pelvis. Organ Degeneration 1 is measured with the probe on a 90-degree angle.17,19,20,25

OR1b – Organ Degeneration CMP (Control Measurement Point): Organ Degeneration 1b is located on the radial side of the proximal angle between the shaft and base of the middle phalanx of the ring finger, opposite to Triple Warmer 1b. Organ Degeneration 1b is associated with all ipsilateral organ-degeneration processes of the body. With Indicator Drops of this point, it is recommended to search for specific parenchymal-epithelial degenerations of other Measurement Points that show Indicator Drops. Organ Degeneration 1b is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing proximally.17,19,20,25

OR1c – Peritoneal Degeneration: Organ Degeneration 1c is situated on the distal angle between the shaft and the head of the proximal phalanx of the ring finger at the dorsal-radial side, opposite to Triple Warmer 1c. Organ Degeneration 1c is responsible for measuring the degeneration processes of the entire peritoneum. Organ Degeneration 1c is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing distally.17,19,20,25

OR1d – Degeneration of Pleura and Chest Wall: Organ Degeneration 1d lies on the proximal angle between the shaft and base of the proximal phalanx of the ring finger at its dorso-radial side, opposite to Triple Warmer 1d. Organ Degeneration 1d detects the degeneration processes of the region of the pleura. Organ Degeneration © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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1d is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing proximally.17,19,20,25

OR2 – Degeneration of Chest, Neck, and Arms: Organ Degeneration 2 is located on the distal angle between the shaft and head of the fourth metacarpal at the dorso-radial edge, just below Organ Degeneration 1d. Organ Degeneration 2 is evaluates the degeneration processes of the organs in the chest and the neck. Organ Degeneration 2 is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing distally.17,19,20,25

OR3 – Degeneration of the Organs of the Head: Organ Degeneration 3 lies on a depression between the third and fourth metacarpal bones in a depression lying immediately distal to the bases of the metacarpals, on the radial side opposite to Triple Warmer 3. Organ Degeneration 3 gauges the degeneration processes of all internal structures of the head. Organ Degeneration 3 is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing proximally.17,19,20,25

OR4 – Degeneration of the Abdomen and Pelvis Organ Degeneration 4 is located on the dorsal aspect of the hand, between the base of the fourth metacarpal and the capitate and hamate bones, just below Organ Degeneration 3. Organ Degeneration 4 measures degenerative conditions of the abdomen and pelvis. Organ Degeneration 4 is measured with the probe on a 90-degree angle.17,19,20,25

OR5 – Degeneration of the Chest and Neck Organ Degeneration 5 is located on the dorsal aspect of the hand, between the distal border of the lunate bone and head of the ulna below Organ Degeneration 4. Organ Degeneration 5 measures

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degenerative conditions of the chest and neck. Organ Degeneration 5 is measured with the probe on a 90-degree angle.17,19,20,25

OR6 – Degeneration of the Head Organ Degeneration 6 is located on the dorsal aspect of the hand, slightly below Organ Degeneration 5 above the head of the ulna and over the transverse wrist crease. Organ Degeneration 6 measures the degeneration of the epithelium in the region of the head. Organ Degeneration 6 is measured with the probe on a 90-degree angle.17,19,20,25

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TRIPLE WARMER CHANNEL In Electro-acupuncture according to Voll (EAV), the Triple Warmer Channel relates to the glandular system. Therefore, points of this vessel represent the detection sites of different glands, such as the adrenals, pancreas, thyroid, mammary, and so forth. In classical Chinese medicine, however, the San Jiao Mai, or Triple Warmer (Burner) Meridian, which is a hand Shaoyang vessel and belongs to the Fire Element, has close relationships with the Pericardium and Gallbladder Channels (interior-exterior association and Six Channel Theory respectively).80 In classical Chinese medicine, points of the San Jiao Mai are prescribed for treating febrile diseases, ear and eye disorders, and headaches, whereas in EAV, Triple Warmer points energetically measure some aspects of the endocrine system. In EAV, the main points of the Triple Warmer channel are located on the medial side of the dorsal surface of the fourth finger and dorsal aspect of the hand. There are twenty-nine EAV points on the Triple Warmer Channel, but only the points described below are the ones commonly measured during an EAV session.17,19,20,25

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Figure 8 - Triple Warmer Channel

In the figure above, the probe is pointing to the Control Measurement Point (CMP).

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TW1 – Gonad and Adrenal Gland: Triple Warmer 1 is located on the dorsal aspect of the fourth finger, at the junction of line drawn along the ulnar border of the nail and the base of the nail, opposite to Organ Degeneration 1. Triple Warmer 1 is ipsilaterally related to the testicles and ovaries. Triple Warmer 1 is measured on a 90-degree angle. Triple Warmer 1 corresponds to the Chinese San Jiao 1 (Guanchong, Rushing pass), Jing-well and Metal point of the San Jiao channel.17,19,20,25

TW1b – Endocrine System CMP (Control Measurement Point): Triple Warmer 1b is located on the ulnar side of the proximal angle between the shaft and base of the middle phalanx of the ring finger, opposite to Organ Degeneration 1b. Triple Warmer 1b measures the entire Triple Warmer channel, and an Indicator Drop (ID) needs to be further investigated with measurements of the individual points of the channel. Triple Warmer 1b is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle pointing proximally.17,19,20,25

TW1c – Tail and Head of the Pancreas: Triple Warmer 1c is situated on the distal angle between the shaft and the head of the proximal phalanx of the ring finger at the dorsal-ulnar side, opposite to Organ Degeneration 1c. On the right side, Triple Warmer 1c is responsible for the head and body of the Pancreas, while on the left side for the tail of the Pancreas. Triple Warmer 1c, also know as the insulin point, is an important point for testing insulin dosage as well as to confirming diabetes mellitus tendency with ID of the point Pancreas 3 (SP3 R). Triple Warmer 1c is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle pointing distally. Triple Warmer 1c was found and described by Palfner.17,19,20,25

TW1d – Mammary Glands Triple Warmer 1d lies on the proximal angle between the shaft and base of the proximal phalanx of © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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the ring finger at its dorso-ulnar side, opposite to Organ Degeneration 1d. Triple Warmer 1d ipsilaterally detects the degeneration processes of the Mammary glands. Triple Warmer 1d is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing proximally.17,19,20,25

TW2 –Thyroid, Parathyroid, and Thymus Glands: Triple Warmer 2 is located on the dorsum of the hand, in the depression proximal to, and in between, the 4th and 5th metacarpo-phalageal joints on the ulnar side of the fourth metacarpal. Triple Warmer 2 is responsible for the Parathyroid, Thyroid, and Thymus glands, but it is often used for assessing Thyroid function and medicine test. Triple Warmer 2 is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle pointing medially.17,19,20,25 Triple Warmer 2 corresponds to the Chinese San Jiao 3 (Zhongzhu, Central islet), the Shu-stream and Wood point of the San Jiao channel.80

TW3 – Pineal and Pituitary Glands: Triple Warmer 3 is located between the fourth and fifth metacarpal bones in a depression lying immediately distal to the bases of the bones, on the ulnar side. It measures the functions of the Pineal and Pituitary glands. This point is measured with the probe on a 45- to 70-degree angles pointing proximally. Triple Warmer 3 corresponds to the Chinese lateral N-UE-19 (Yaotongxue, Lumbar pain point), which is an extra point used for acute lumbar sprain in Traditional Chinese medicine.17,19,20,25,80

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HEART CHANNEL The Heart Channel of Hand Shaoyin is one of the 14 meridians in classical Chinese medicine. In acupuncture, the Heart Channel treats disorders of the spirit (shen), throat, eyes, face, and speech. The Heart vessel is interiorly-exteriorly associated with the Small Intestine Channel of hand Taiyang and energetically paired with the Kidney Channel of foot Shaoyin according to the Six-Channel Theory. Points of the Heart channel treat pain in the chest, disorders of the heart rhythm, emotional imbalances (Shen disorders), speech problems, throat and eye diseases, and so forth.80 However, in EAV, the points of the Heart Channel measure the functions of various cardiac structures such as the Pulmonary, Tricuspid, Mitral and Aortic valves, Myocardium, Ventricles, the Conduction system, and so forth. The main EAV points of the Heart channel are located on the posterior (dorsal) surface, lateral side of the fifth fingers and on the anterior (palmar) surface of the wrists and hands.17,19,20,25

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Figure 9 - Heart Channel Dorsal Aspect

In the figure above, the probe is pointing to the Control Measurement Point (CMP).

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Figure 9a - Heart Channel Palmar Aspect

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HT9 – Pulmonary and Aortic Valves: Heart 9 is located on the dorsal aspect of the fifth finger, at the junction of the lines drawn along the radial border of the nail and the base of the nail opposite to Small Intestine 1. Heart 9 is responsible for the measurement of the Pulmonary valve on the left finger and for the Aortic valve on the right side. Heart 9 is measured with the probe on a 90-degree angle on the side of the fifth finger.17,19,20,25 Heart 9 corresponds to the Chinese Heart 9 (Shaochong, Lesser rushing), the Jing-Well and Wood point of the Heart channel.80

HT8a – Pericardium: Heart 8a is located on the palm of the hand, in a depression between the fourth and fifth metacarpal bones, where the tip of the little finger rests when a fist is made and level with Circulation 8 (same as Laogong, Pericardium 8). Heart 8a tests the Pericardium. Heart 8a is measured with the probe on a 90-degree angle.17,19,20,25 Heart 8a corresponds to the Chinese Heart 8 (Shaofu, Lesser palace), the Ying-Spring and Fire point of the Heart channel.80

HT8 – Mitral and Tricuspid Valves: Heart 8 is located on the base of the fifth metacarpal bone on the radial side and palmar aspect of the hands. Heart 8 is associated with the Mitral valve on the left hand and with the Tricuspid valve on the right side. Heart 8 is measured with the probe on a 90-degree angle.17,19,20,25

HT8c – Heart CMP (Control Measurement Point): Heart 8c is located just below the angle of the shaft and the head of the proximal phalanx of the fifth finger on the radial side and dorsal aspect of the fingers. Control Measurement Points (CMP) detect the energetic state of the entire channel, and an Indicator Drop (ID) needs to be further investigated by measuring other points of the channel; and also, by testing other vessels. For instance, an ID of © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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the right Heart 8c should prompt the physician to check the Lymph and Lungs CMPs (atypical pneumonia caused by mycoplasma pneumonia produces IDs of the right Heart, Lymph, and Lung CMPs). Heart 8c is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle pointing distally.17,19,20,25

HT 7 – Conduction System: Heart 7 is located between the Hamate and Piscifom Bones, below HT8 and in the same line connecting HT8a to HT6. Heart 7 assesses arrhythmias and bundle blocks. In EAV, Heart 7 does NOT correspond to the Chinese Heart 7 ((Daling, Great mound – see Circulation 7). Heart 7 is measured with the probe on a 90-degree angle.17,19,20,25

HT6 – Myocardium: Heart 6 is located on the radial side of the tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris, just below Shenmen (Spirit Gate, Chinese Heart 7). Heart 6 is responsible for the myocardium, whereas Circulation 7 (Daling, Great mound) measures the Coronary arteries. An Indicator Drop of Heart 6 might be associated with myocardial infarction (also investigate dental infections, especially the wisdom toots; and inflammatory processes of the throat, large, and small intestines). Heart 6 is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle pointing distally.17,19,20,25 Heart 6 corresponds to the Chinese Heart 6 (Yinxi, Yin cleft), the Xi-cleft point of the Heart channel.80

HT5 - Ventricles Heart 5 is located on the radial side of the tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris, just below Heart 6. Heart 5 is responsible for the ventricles. An Indicator drop of Heart 5 might suggest ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, heart failure, pulmonary vascular disease, and so forth. It is important to note that a significant percentage of patients with inferior wall infarcts may present involvement of the right ventricle. Heart 5 is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle pointing © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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distally.17,19,20,25 Heart 5 corresponds to the Chinese Heart 5 (Tongli, Penetrating the interior), the Luo-connecting point of the Heart channel and Ma Dan-yang Heavenly Star point.80

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SMALL INTESTINE CHANNEL In Classical Chinese Medicine, the Small Intestine Channel of Hand Taiyang originates on the dorsal aspect, and the ulnar side of the fifth finger, at the junction of lines drawn along the ulnar border of the nail and the base of the nail, 2mm away cranial-medial from the inner nail-fold angle, where lies Small Intestine 1 (Shaoze, Lesser March). The Small Intestine Channel is interiorly-exteriorly associated with the Heart Channel of Hand Shaoyin and energetically paired with the Urinary Bladder Channel of foot Taoyang according to the Six Channel Theory. Points of the Small Intestine Channel treat fever, phlegm, pain, disorders of the breasts, and so forth.80 However, in EAV, the points of the Small Intestine Channel are associated with the functions of Ileum, Duodenum, Jejunum, and so forth. The most frequently used points are located on the ulnar border fifth fingers and are described below.17,19,20,25

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Figure 10 - Small Intestine Channel

In the figure above, the probe is pointing to the Control Measurement Point (CMP).

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SI1 – Ileum: Small Intestine 1 is located on the dorsal aspect of the fifth finger, at the junction of lines drawn along the ulnar border of the nail and the base of the nail opposite to Heart 9. On the right side, Small Intestine 1 is related to the Terminal Ileum and Peyer’s Patches; however the left point measures the left Ileum. Small Intestine 1 corresponds to the Chinese Small Intestine 1 (Shaoze, Lesser marsh), the Jing-Well and Metal point of the Small Intestine channel.80 Small Intestine 1 is measured with the probe on a 90-degree angle.17,19,20,25

SI1b – Small Intestine CMP (Control Measurement Point): Small Intestine 1b is located in a depression above the base of the middle phalanx of the fifth finger, on the ulnar side and dorsal aspect of the hand. Control Measurement Points (CMP) detect the energetic state of the entire channel, and an Indicator Drop (ID) needs to be further investigated with the measurement of the individual points of the channel. Small Intestine 1b is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle pointing proximally.17,19,20,25

SI2 – Duodenum and Jejunum: Small Intestine 2 is located on the ulnar border of the fifth finger, in a depression distal to the metacarpal-phalangeal joint, above Small Intestine 3. The right Small Intestine 2 ipsilaterally measures the third (inferior/horizontal) part of the Duodenum. The left Small Intestine 2 is related to the Jejunum. Small Intestine 2 corresponds to the Chinese Small Intestine 2 (Qiangu, Front valley), the Ying-spring and Water point of the Small Intestine channel.80 Small Intestine 2 is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle pointing proximally.17,19,20,25

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SI3 – Duodenojejunal Flexure and 2nd Duodenum: Small Intestine 3 is located on the ulnar border of the hand, in the depression proximal to the head of the fifth metacarpal bone below Small Intestine 2. The right Small Intestine 3 is responsible for the second (descending) part of the Duodenum, which begins at the superior Duodenal flexure. On the left side, Small Intestine 3 measures the Duodenojejunal flexure.17,19,20,25 Small Intestine 3 corresponds to the Chinese Small Intestine 3 (Houxi, Back stream), the Shu-stream and Wood point of the Small Intestine channel, and Confluent point of the Governing vessel (Du Mai).80 Small Intestine 3 is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle pointing distally.19

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PANCREAS CHANNEL In Traditional Chinese Medicine there is no Pancreas meridian. There is only the Spleen Channel starting on the dorsal-medial aspect of both big toes. However, Dr. Voll found that the acupoints of the vessel running on the right foot offered energetic assessments of the metabolic processes pertaining to pancreatic functions such as protein, carbohydrate metabolism, and enzymes (Protease, Nuclease, Amylase, Lipase) production. On the left side, Dr. Voll discovered that the points of the Spleen Channel are energetically related to the White and Red pulps, Platelet function, Splenic lymphatic, Geopathic stress, and so forth.17,19,20,25

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Figure 11 - Pancreas Channel

In the figure above, the probe is pointing to the Control Measurement Point (CMP).

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SP1 – Pancreatic Protease: Spleen 1 (Pancreas 1 – SP1) is located on the dorsal aspect of the right big toe, at the junction of lines drawn along the medial border of the nail and the base of the nail, opposite to Liver 1 on the lateral border of the nail. Spleen 1 assesses the metabolism of protease (trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, and pancreas-erepsin). Indicator drops (ID) may signal impaired pancreatic function. Spleen 1 is measured on a 90-degree angle.17,19,20,25 Spleen 1 corresponds to the Chinese Spleen 1 (Yinbai, Hidden white), the Jing-well and Wood point of the Spleen channel.80

SP1a – Pancreas CMP (Control Measurement Point): Spleen 1a (Pancreas 1a – SP1a) is located just proximal to Spleen 1, between Spleen 1 and spleen 1b, on the base of the distal phalanx of the right big toe opposite to Liver 1a. Spleen 1a can be located by scanning for the highest meter reading. Being the CMP, Spleen 1a measures the total function of the pancreas. Spleen 1a is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle pointing proximally.17,19,20,25

SP1b – Peritoneum of the Pancreas region (P. Pancreas): Spleen 1b (Pancreas 1b – SP1b, or the so-called P. pancreas) is located on the dorso-medial side of the right big toe in the distal angle between the shaft and head of the proximal phalanx, opposite to Liver 1b. Spleen 1b is responsible for the peritoneum region of the pancreas. Spleen 1b is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle pointing proximally.17,19,20,25

SP2 – Pancreatic Nuclease: Spleen 2 (Pancreas 2 – SP2) is located on the medial side of the right big toe, in the depression distal and inferior to the first metatarso-phalangeal joint. Spleen 2 can be located in the depression by sliding the probe distally over the side of the ball of the foot. Spleen 2 measures the production of © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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nuclease and the nucleo-protein metabolism. Spleen 2 is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle pointing proximally.17,19,20,25 Spleen 2 corresponds to the Chinese Spleen 2 (Dadu, The Great metropolis), the Ying-spring and Fire point of the Spleen channel.80

SP3 - Pancreatic Amylase (Carbohydrate Metabolism): Spleen 3 (Pancreas 3 – SP3) is situated on the medial side of the foot in the depression proximal and inferior to the head of the first metatarsal bone on the right side. Spleen 3 can be located in the depression by sliding the probe proximally over the side of the ball of the foot. Test Spleen 3 for assessing the production of Amylase and Maltase, Insulin and Glucagon, and the metabolism of carbohydrates. Indicator Drops of Spleen 3 may be confirmed with the ID of the Triple Warmer 1c (TW1c L & R), the tail and head of the pancreas. Spleen 3 is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle pointing distally.17,19,20,25 Spleen 3 corresponds to the Chinese Spleen 3 (Taibai, Supreme white), the Shu-stream, Yuan-source, and Earth point of the Spleen channel.80 Years of clinical experience have shown that fast and steady IDs of this point, down to about 40 units of the meter may indicate diabetes. When testing Spleen 3, hold the probe for 30 to 60 seconds. If the meter goes up to a higher reading and then drops over 30 units, it may suggest hypoglycemia.36,73

SP4 – Pancreatic Lipase and Lipid Metabolism: Spleen 4 (Pancreas 4 – SP4) is located on the medial side of the foot, in the depression distal and inferior to the base of the first metatarsal bone on the right side. First locate Spleen 3. Then slide the probe proximally along the shaft of the first metatarsal bone until it reaches the depression at the base of the bone. Check Spleen 4 for assessing Lipid metabolism (esterases and lipases). Spleen 4 is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle pointing proximally.17,19,20,25 Spleen 4 corresponds to the Chinese Spleen 4 (Gongsun, Grandfather grandson), the Luo-connecting point of the Spleen channel and the confluent point of the Penetrating Vessel (Chong Mai).80 © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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SPLEEN CHANNEL In Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Spleen Channel of foot Taiyin is interiorly-exteriorly coupled with the Stomach Channel of foot Yangming, and paired with the Lung Channel of hand Taiyin according to Six Channel Theory. The points of the Spleen Channel are classically prescribed in acupuncture for the treatment of the disruption in the transformation and transportation functions, disorders of the intestines, retention of dampness, impairment of Qi and blood, respiratory dysfunctions, disorders involving the genitals, and so forth. The Spleen Channel starts at Spleen 1 (Yinbai) and ends at the 7th intercostal space on the mid-axillary line at Spleen 21 (Dabao).80 However, in EAV, points of the Spleen Channel are energetically related to the physiology and immune response of the spleen. They measure, for instance, the White and Red Pulps, Platelet function, Reticuloendoltelial system, Geopathic Stress, and so forth. According to Voll, the points of the Spleen Channel are measured only on the left foot, whereas the points of the Pancreas Channel are on the right foot.17,19,20,25

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Figure 12 - Spleen Channel

In the figure above, the probe is pointing to the Control Measurement Point (CMP).

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SP1 – White Pulp, Upper Body: Spleen 1 is located on the dorsal aspect of the left big toe, at the junction of lines drawn along the medial border of the nail and the base of the nail, opposite to Liver 1 on the lateral border of the nail. Spleen 1 measures the White Pulp of the spleen; or the immune response through humoral and cell-mediated pathways of the upper body. According to Leonhardt, testing Spleen 1 is important for the assessment of (1) necrosis of the spleen-nodules in diphtheria, (2) atrophy of the spleen-nodules as a result of X-ray irradiation, (3) fibrous degeneration with the destruction of the lymphoid follicles associated with Banti’s disease (splenomegaly, hypersplenism and portal hypertension without cirrhosis and without occlusion of the portal venous system), and (4) deposition of amyloids in the lymphoid follicles and also partly in the reticulum-cells. Spleen 1 is measured on a 90-degree angle.17,19,20,25 Spleen 1 corresponds to the Chinese Spleen 1 (Yinbai, Hidden white), the Jing-well and Wood point of the Spleen channel.80

SP1a – Spleen CMP (Control Measurement Point): Spleen 1a is located just proximal to Spleen 1, in between Spleen 1 and P. pancreas on the base of the distal phalanx of the left big toe opposite to Liver 1a. Spleen 1a can be located by scanning the probe for the highest meter reading. Spleen 1a, being the CMP, measures the total function of the Spleen, and it may help detect signals of chronic fatigue (usually Mononucleosis) caused by Epstein-Barr and Cytomegalie viruses, for instance. Spleen 1a is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle pointing proximally.17,19,20,25

SP1b – Peritoneum of the Splenic region (P. Spleen): Spleen 1b is located on the dorso-medial side of the proximal phalanx of the left big toe in the distal angle between shaft and head, opposite to Liver 1b. Spleen 1b is responsible for measurements of

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the lymphatics in Peritoneum region of the Spleen. Spleen 1b is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle pointing proximally.17,19,20,25

SP2 - White Pulp, Lower Body: Spleen 2 is located on the medial side of the left big toe, in the depression distal and inferior to the first metatarso-phalangeal joint. Spleen 2 can be located in the depression by sliding the probe distally over the side of the ball of the foot. Spleen 2 measures the White Pulp, or the immune response through humoral and cell-mediated pathways of the lower body. Spleen 2 is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle pointing proximally.17,19,20,25 Spleen 2 corresponds to the Chinese Spleen 2 (Dadu, The Great metropolis), the Ying-spring and Fire point of the Spleen channel.80

SP3 – Red Pulp: Spleen 3 is situated on the medial side of the foot in the depression proximal and inferior to the head of the first metatarsal bone on the left side. Spleen 3 can be located in the depression by sliding the probe proximally over the side of the ball of the foot. Spleen 3 measures the function of the Red Pulp (mechanical filtration of red blood cells). According to Leonhardt, Spleen 3 may help assess hypertrophy of the spleen due to (1) infectious diseases, (2) spleen infarct, (3) portal vein thrombosis, and (4) polycythemia. Platelet function and erythrocytes can also be evaluated on Spleen 3. Clinical observation shows that dental foci may cause disturbance on both the White and Red Pulps of the spleen, which can be confirmed by measuring Spleen 1 and Lymph 2. Spleen 3 is tested with the probe on a 45-degree angle pointing distally.17,19,20,25 Spleen 3 corresponds to the Chinese Spleen 3 (Taibai, Supreme white), the Shu-stream, Yuan-source, and Earth point of the Spleen channel.80

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SP4 – Reticuloendotelial System: Spleen 4 is located on the medial side of the foot, in the depression distal and inferior to the base of the first metatarsal bone on the left side. First locate Spleen 3 (Taibai). Then slide the probe proximally along the shaft of the first metatarsal bone until it reaches the depression at the base of the bone. Spleen 4 detects imbalances of the reticuloendothelial system. According to Dr. Voll, Spleen 4 is valuable for assessing (1) spleen hypertrophy due to bacterial infectious diseases, (2) the accumulation of abnormal metabolic products such as in hemosiderosis, deposits of amyloid-protein with fat substances, Gaucher’s disease, and Niemann-Pick disease (NPD). Spleen 4 is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle pointing proximally.17,19,20,25 Spleen 4 corresponds to the Chinese Spleen 4 (Gongsun, Grandfather grandson), the Luo-connecting point of the Spleen channel and the confluent point of the Penetrating vessel (Chong Mai).80

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LIVER CHANNEL In Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Liver Channel of foot Jueyin is interiorly-exteriorly coupled with the Gall Bladder Channel of hand Shaoyang, and paired with the Pericardium Channel of hand Jueyin according to Six Channel Theory. The Liver Channel originates on the lateral-dorsal aspect of the big toe at Liver 1 (Dadum) and ends at Liver 14 (Qimen), in the sixth intercostal space, which is also the last point of the Qi circulation that begins at Lung 1 (Zhongfu). Points of the Liver Channel treat pain, distention, dizziness, genital and menstrual disorders, urinary dysfunction, emotional issues, and so forth.80 However, in EAV, the points of the Liver Channel measure Hepatic function, Venous system of the liver, Hepatic Lobular System, Perivascular and Periportal systems, and so forth. The main points commonly measured in an EAV session are described below.17,19,20,25

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Figure 13 - Liver Channel

In the figure above, the probe is pointing to the Control Measurement Point (CMP).

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LV1 – Central Venous System of the Liver: Liver 1 is located on the dorsal aspect of the big toe, at the junction of lines drawn along the lateral border of the nail and the base of the nail opposite to Spleen 1. Liver 1 measures the Central Venous system of the liver, including the collecting and the efferent veins branches of the Vena Hepatica. Liver 1 is measured on a 90-degree angle.17,19,20,25 Liver 1 corresponds to the Chinese Liver 1 (Dadun, Big mound), the Jing-well and Wood point of the Liver channel.80

LV1a – Liver CMP (Control Measurement Point): Liver 1a is located, on the fibular side, proximal to the base of the distal phalanx of the big toe, between Liver 1 and P. liver, opposite to Spleen1a. Liver 1a can be located by scanning the probe for the highest reading on the meter. Liver 1a is a CMP; therefore, it measures the total function of the liver. Indicator drops of Liver 1a may suggest infections of the liver (viral or bacterial), toxicosis due to pharmaceutical drugs and environmental toxins, liver cirrhosis, and so forth. Liver 1a is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle pointing proximally.17,19,20,25

LV1b– Peritoneum of the Liver Region (P. Liver): Liver 1b is located at the dorso-lateral side of the big toe in the distal angle between shaft and head of the proximal phalanx opposite to Spleen 1b. Liver 1b measures the peritoneum region of the liver. Liver 1b is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle pointing proximally.17,19,20,25

LV2 – Hepatic Lobular System: Liver 2 is located on the dorsum of the foot, between the first and second toes just proximally above the web. Some texts locate Liver 2 opposite to Spleen 2. Liver 2 measures the Hepatic Lobular system. Liver 2 may detect toxic-load signals due to viral or bacterial infections. Liver 2 is © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle pointing proximally.17,19,20,25 Liver 2 corresponds to the Chinese Liver 2 (Xingjian, Moving between), the Ying-spring and Fire point of the Liver channel.80

LV2a – Intrahepatic Ducts: Liver 2a is located at the dorso-lateral side of the first metacarpal bone on the distal angle between the shaft and the head. Liver 2a measures signals of the Intrahepatic ducts, and it may help detect Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC), Secondary Biliary Cirrhosis, Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC), Liver Cysts, and so forth (Also check the Kidney Channels because these conditions may be associated with polycystic kidney disease). Liver 2a is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle pointing distally.17,19,20,25

LV3 – Perivascular System: Liver 3 is located on the dorsum of the foot, in the hollow distal to the junction of the first and second metatarsal bones. To locate Liver 3 slide the probe proximally from Liver 2 into the pronounced depression before the junction of the bases of the first and second metatarsals. Some texts locate Liver 3 above the angle between the shaft and the base of the first metacarpal bone between the first and second metacarpal bones on the dorsal and fibular side of the foot. Liver 3 measures the Periportal and the Perivascular System. Liver 3 may help detect liver cirrhosis and chemical toxicosis, congestive liver and Budd-Chiari syndrome, sepsis due to acute pyelonephritis (check also Kidney 1-3), and so forth. Liver 3 is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle pointing proximally.17,19,20,25 Liver 3 corresponds to the Chinese Liver 3 (Taichong, Great rushing), the Shu-stream, Earth, and Yuan-source point of the Liver channel.80

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ARTICULAR DEGENERATION CHANNEL The Articular Degeneration or Joint Channel is not discussed in Traditional Oriental Medicine. Dr. Voll found and named this meridian “the Articular Degeneration Vessel,” which runs on the medial side of the second toe on both feet and parallel to the Stomach Channel. Indicator Drops (IDs) of points in the Articular Degeneration Channel are related to Arthritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Osteoarthritis, Lyme’s Disease, and so forth.17,19,20,25

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Figure 14 – Articular Degeneration Channel

In the figure above, the probe is pointing to the Control Measurement Point (CMP).

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AR1 – Pelvis, Low Back, Leg: Articular Degeneration 1 is located on the dorsal aspect of the second toe, at the junction of lines drawn along the medial border of the nail and the base of the nail, opposite to Stomach 45 (Lidui). Articular Degeneration 1 is responsible for the ipsilateral joints of lower extremity, sacro-iliac joint, and lumbar-vertebral joints. Articular Degeneration 1 is measured with the probe on a 90-degree angle.17,19,20,25

AR1b – Articular Degeneration CMP (Control Measurement Point): Articular Degeneration 1b is located on the dorso-medial aspect of the second toe, on the proximal side of the middle phalanx, in a depression above the angle of the shaft and the base, opposite to Stomach 44b. Articular Degeneration 1b may detect degenerative and inflammatory processes of all joints. Articular Degeneration 1b is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing proximally.17,19,20,25

AR2 – Shoulder, Arm, Neck, Upper Back: Articular Degeneration 2 is located on the dorso-medial aspect of the second toe, in a depression just above the angle between the shaft and the base of the proximal phalanx. Articular Degeneration 2 may detect degeneration in the lower cervical and thoracic vertebral joints, the joints of the shoulder, and the upper extremity. Articular Degeneration 2 is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing proximally.17,19,20,25

AR3 – Atlas, Axis, and TMJ: Articular Degeneration 3 is located on the dorso-medial aspect of the second toe, in the depression formed by the shaft and the head, opposite to Stomach 43a. This measurement point may detect problems of the Atlanto-occipital Joint, the Atlanto-axialis Joint, and the Temporo-mandibular Joint. © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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Articular Degeneration 3 is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing distally.17,19,20,25

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STOMACH CHANNEL In Oriental Medicine, the Stomach Channel of foot Yangming is interiorly-exteriorly coupled with the Spleen channel of foot Taiyin, and paired with the Large Intestine channel of hand Yangming according to Six Channel Theory. The points of the Stomach channel treat disorders of the eyes, face, forehead, lips, mouth, throat, intestines, chest, and so forth.80 However, in EAV, points of the Stomach channel are related to different anatomical parts of the Stomach such as the Pylorus, Antrum, Esophagus, and so forth.17,19,20,25

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Figure 15 - Stomach Channel

In the figure above, the probe is pointing to the Control Measurement Point (CMP).

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ST45 – Pylorus and Corpus Ventriculi: Stomach 45 is located on the dorsal aspect of the second toe, at the junction of lines drawn along the lateral border of the nail and the base of the nail, opposite to Articular Degeneration 1. Stomach 45 is related to the body (Corpus) and the Greater Curvature of the stomach. On the right foot, Stomach 45 checks the Pylorus, whereas the point on the left tests the Corpus Ventriculi at the left aspect of the organ. Stomach 45 is measured with the probe on a 90-degree angle.17,19,20,25 Stomach 45 corresponds to the Chinese Stomach 45 (Lidui, Strict exchange), the Jing-well and Metal point of the Stomach channel.80

ST44a – Peritoneum of the Stomach region (P. Stomach): Stomach 44a was found by Dr. Voll, and was originally called the P. Stomach point; however, other authors prefer the Stomach 44a denomination. Stomach 44a is located on the dorsal-lateral aspect of the second toe, in the depression between the shaft and head of the proximal phalanx. Stomach 44a measures energetic activity of the Peritoneum region of the Abdomen and Peritoneum ligaments including the Lesser Omentum. Stomach 44a is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing proximally.17,19,20,25

ST44b – Stomach CMP (Control Measurement Point): Stomach 44b is located on the dorsal-lateral aspect of the second toe, in a depression above the base of the middle phalanx, opposite to Articular Degeneration 1b. Stomach 44b can be located by scanning the probe for the highest meter reading. Stomach 44b, being a CMP, measures the total function of the Stomach Channel and its related structures. Stomach 44b is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing proximally.17,19,20,25

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ST44 – Pyloric Antrum and Fundus: Stomach 44 is located on the dorsum of the foot, between the second and third toes, slightly above and proximal to the margin of the web. Some texts locate this point on the dorsal-lateral aspect of the second toe above the base of the proximal phalanx, in the depression formed by the shaft and base. On the right foot, Stomach 44 measures the Pyloric Antrum, and on the left foot it assesses the Fundus of the Stomach. Stomach 44 is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing proximally.17,19,20,25 Stomach 44 corresponds to the Chinese Stomach 44 (Neiting, Inner courtyards), the Ying-spring and Water point of the Stomach channel, and a Ma Dan-yang Heavenly Star point.80

ST43a – Gastric Path: Stomach 43a was found by Dr. Voll. The point is located on the dorsal-lateral aspect of the second toe, below the head of the second metatarsal in a depression formed by the shaft and the head, opposite to Articular Degeneration 3. Stomach 43a is associated with the Gastric pathway. Stomach 43a on the right side corresponds to the pathway from the Pyloric Vestibule, whereas the left point is related to the descending pathway. Stomach 43a is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing distally.17,19,20,25

ST43 – Body of the Stomach: Stomach 43 is located on the dorsal-lateral aspect of the second toe, between the second and third metatarsal bones, in a depression proximal to Stomach 44. Stomach 43 detects energetic disturbances in the body (Cardia and Corpus) of the Stomach. On the right foot, Stomach 43 corresponds to the Corpus (the ascending portion from the lowest edge of the Greater Curvature up to the Pylorus), whereas the left point is related to the Cardia. Stomach 43 is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle pointing proximally.17,19,20,25 Stomach 43 corresponds to Chinese © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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Stomach 43 (Xiangu, Sunken valley), the Shu-stream and Wood point of the Stomach channel.80

ST42a – Lower Esophagus: Stomach 42a is located on the dorsum of the foot, in the depression formed by the junction of the second and third metatarsal bones and the intermediate (2nd) and lateral (3rd) Cuneiform bones. Stomach 42a is responsible for the lower portion of the Esophagus. High meter readings of Stomach 42a correlate to Gastro-esophageal Reflux (GERD). Stomach 42a is measured with the probe on a 90-degree angle.17,19,20,25 Stomach 42a corresponds to the Chinese Stomach 42 (Chongyang, Rushing yang), the Yuan-source point of the Stomach channel.80

ST42 – Upper Esophagus: Stomach 42 is located on the dorsum of the foot about slightly above (cranial) Stomach 42a between the Navicular, and the Lateral (3rd) and Intermediate (2nd) Cuneiform bones. Stomach 42 is responsible for the upper portion of the Esophagus. High readings of Stomach 42 are also associated with Gastro-esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). Stomach 42 is measured with the probe on a 90-degree angle.17,19,20,25

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FIBROID DEGENERATION CHANNEL The Fibroid Degeneration Channel (Fibrous Connective Tissue in other texts) is not a classical Chinese acupuncture meridian. Voll discovered the points of the Fibroid Degeneration Vessel. According to Voll, the points of the Fibroid Degeneration Channel can detect a number of pathological processes such as fibrosis, cirrhosis, stenosis, benign tumors of the connective tissue, fibromas, papillomas, and so forth.17,19,20,25

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Figure 16 - Fibroid Degeneration Channel

In the figure above, the probe is pointing to the Control Measurement Point (CMP).

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FI1 – Connective Tissue, Abdomen and Pelvis: Fibroid Degeneration 1 is located on the dorsal aspect of the third toe, at the junction of lines drawn along the medial border of the nail and the base of the nail, opposite to Skin 1. Fibroid Degeneration 1 tests fibroid degeneration of the organs in the Abdomen, Pelvis, the External Urogenital Organs, and also the Veins of the Lower Extremities. Fibroid Degeneration 1 is measured with the probe on a 90-degree angle.17,19,20,25

FI1b – Fibroid Degeneration CMP (Control Measurement Point): Fibroid Degeneration 1b is located on the dorsal aspect of the third toe, on the medial side, in the depression formed by the shaft and the base of the middle phalanx, opposite to Skin 1-3. Fibroid Degeneration 1b can be located by scanning for the highest reading. Being a CMP, Fibroid Degeneration 1b energetically measures the entire Fibroid Degeneration Channel, and it ipsilaterally detects fibroid degeneration of the organs of the body. Fibroid Degeneration 1b is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle pointing proximally.17,19,20,25

FI2 – Connective Tissue of the Chest and Neck: Fibroid Degeneration 2 is located on the dorsal aspect of the third toe, on the medial side, in the depression just above the shaft and base of the e proximal phalanx. Fibroid Degeneration 2 detects fibroid degeneration of the organs of the Chest and the Neck. Fibroid Degeneration 1b is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle pointing proximally.17,19,20,25

FI3 - Connective Tissue of the Head: Fibroid Degeneration 3 is located on the dorsal aspect of the third toe, on the medial side, in the depression just below the head of the metatarsal bone, opposite to Skin 2. Fibroid Degeneration 3 detects fibroid degeneration of the Head; including the mouth, nose, middle ear, throat, and the © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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Bones of the face and the skull. Fibroid Degeneration 3 is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle pointing distally.17,19,20,25

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SKIN CHANNEL The Skin Channel is not a classical Chinese acupuncture meridian. Dr. Voll discovered this meridian and its points. The points along the Skin Vessel detect energetic disturbances of the skin of different parts of the body, including Scar Focus.17,19,20,25

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Figure 17 - Skin Channel

In the figure above, the probe is pointing to the Control Measurement Point (CMP).

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SK1 – Skin of the Lower Body and Legs: Skin 1 is located on the dorsal aspect of the third toe, at the junction of lines drawn along the lateral border of the nail and the base of the nail, opposite to Fibroid Degeneration 1. Skin 1 is associated with energetic disturbances of the skin of the lower abdomen, lower back, buttocks, and the lower extremities. Skin 1 is measured with the probe on a 90-degree angle.17,19,20,25

SK1-3 – Skin CMP (Control Measurement Point): Skin 1-3 is located on the dorsal aspect of the third toe, on the lateral (Fibular) side, in the depression above the shaft and the base of the middle phalanx, Fibroid Degeneration 1b. Skin 1-3 measures the energetic activity of the entire Skin Channel. Skin 1-3 is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle pointing proximally.17,19,20,25

SK1a – Scars of the Skin: Skin 1a is located on the dorsal aspect of the third toe, on the lateral (Fibular) side, in the depression just below the head of the proximal phalanx. Skin 1a is generally associated with scars of the skin, and the primary test site for Scar Foci (incomplete healing of wounds with dead matter embedded into the scar tissue). Skin 1a is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle pointing distally.17,19,20,25

SK2 – Skin of the Upper Body, Arms, and Neck: Skin 2 is located on the dorsal aspect of the third toe, on the lateral (Fibular) side, in the depression just below the head of the metatarsal bone, opposite to Fibroid Degeneration 3. Skin 2 is responsible for the skin of the chest, the upper back, neck, the nape and the upper extremities. Skin 2 is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle pointing distally.17,19,20,25

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SK3 – Skin of the Head and Scalp: Skin 3 is located on the dorsal aspect of the third toe, on the lateral (Fibular) side, slightly above the base of the third metatarsal, in the depression between the shaft and the base. Skin 3 detects energetic disturbances of the skin of the face and the scalp. Skin 3 is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle pointing distally.17,19,20,25

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FATTY DEGENERATION CHANNEL The Fatty Degeneration Channel is not a classical Chinese acupuncture meridian. All the points of this channel were discovered by Voll (Fatty Tissue in other texts). According to Voll, Indicator Drops (IDs) of the Fatty Degeneration Channel may indicate abnormalities of the cardiac muscle caused by arsenic intoxication, diphtheria, and occlusion of the coronary arteries. In addition, IDs of this channel might be a sign of liver and kidneys ailments such as fatty liver disease, renal sinus fat with hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and other metabolic disorders. According to Chughtai et al (2010), a number of experiments using animal models have shown that increased amounts of fat in the renal sinus were associated with larger kidney sizes, reduced kidney function, and hypertension. 17,19,20,25

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Figure 18 - Fatty Degeneration Channel

In the figure above, the probe is pointing to the Control Measurement Point (CMP).

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FA1 – Fatty Tissue of the Abdomen and Lower Body: Fatty Degeneration 1 is located on the dorsal aspect of the fourth toe, at the junction of lines drawn along the medial border of the nail and the base of the nail, opposite to Gallbladder 44. Fatty Degeneration 1 is associated with fatty degeneration of the organs and vessels of the abdomen and lower body. Fatty Degeneration 1 is measured with the probe on a 90-degree angle.17,19,20,25

FA1b – Fatty Degeneration CMP (Control Measurement Point): Fatty Degeneration 1b is located on the dorsal aspect of the fourth toe, on the medial side of the middle phalanx, in a depression formed by the shaft and the base, opposite to Gallbladder 43b. Being a CMP, Fatty Degeneration 1b energetically measures potential fatty degeneration of the whole body. Fatty Degeneration 1b is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing proximally.17,19,20,25

FA2 – Fatty Tissue of the Upper Body (Chest): Fatty Degeneration 2 is located on the dorsal aspect of the fourth toe, on the medial side of the proximal phalanx, in a depression formed by the shaft and the base. Fatty Degeneration 2 detects fatty degeneration of the organs and vessels of the upper body. Fatty Degeneration 2 is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing proximally.17,19,20,25

FA3 – Fatty Tissue of the Head: Fatty Degeneration 3 is located on the dorsal aspect of the fourth toe, on the medial side, just below the head of the fourth metatarsal. Fatty Degeneration 3 detects fatty degeneration processes of the head and skull. Fatty Degeneration 3 is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing distally.17,19,20,25

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GALLBLADER CHANNEL In Oriental Medicine, the Gallbladder Channel of foot Shaoyang is interiorly-exteriorly coupled with the Liver channel of foot Jueyin, and paired with the Sanjiao channel of hand Shaoyang according to the Six Channel Theory. Points of the Gallbladder Channel treat disorders of the eyes and liver, headaches, phlegm and damp-heat in the channel, emotional problems, and so forth.80 In Electro-acupuncture according to Voll (EAV), points of the Gallbladder Channel are energetically related to anatomical structures such as the Biliary ducts, Common Hepatic and Bile ducts, Cystic ducts, and so forth.17,19,20,25

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Figure 19 - Gallbladder Channel

In the figure above, the probe is pointing to the Control Measurement Point (CMP).

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GB44 – Common Hepatic Duct: Gallbladder 44 is located on the dorsal aspect of the fourth toe, at the junction of lines drawn along the lateral border of the nail and the base of the nail, opposite to Fatty Degeneration 1. On the right side, Gallbladder 44 measures the Common Bile duct, whereas on the left toe it is related to the Common Hepatic duct.17,19,20,25 Gallbladder 44 corresponds to the Chinese Gallbladder 44 (Zuqiaoyin, Yin portals of the foot), Jing-well and Metal point of the Gallbladder channel.80 Gallbladder 44 is measured with the probe on a 90-degree angle.

GB44a – Peritoneum of the Gallbladder region (P. Gallbladder, also known as Gb43 3a in some texts): Gallbladder 44a, or P. Gallbladder, is located on the dorsal aspect of the fourth toe, on the lateral side, midway between the head and base of the proximal phalanx. Gallbladder 44a is the measurement point for the Peritoneum in the Gallbladder region, which covers the Posterior wall and the fundus of the Gallbladder. Gallbladder 44a is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing proximally.17,19,20,25

GB43 – Hepatic and Cystic Ducts: Gallbladder 43 is located between the fourth toe and the little toe, slightly proximal to the margin of the web. In EAV, the right-side Gallbladder 43 is responsible for the Cystic Duct, whereas the left point relates to the right Hepatic duct (the left Hepatic duct is measured by the left Gallbladder 42). Gallbladder 43 corresponds to the Chinese Gallbladder 43 (Xiaxi, Clamped stream), Ying-spring and Water point of the Gallbladder channel.80 Gallbladder 43 is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing proximally.17,19,20,25

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GB43b – Gallbladder CMP (Control Measurement Point): Gallbladder 43b is located on the dorsal aspect of the fourth toe, on the lateral side of the middle phalanx, in a depression formed by the shaft and the base, opposite to Fatty Degeneration 1b. Gallbladder 43b is not a classical Chinese acupoint, and it was found by Voll. Gallbladder 43b is responsible for the energetic measurements of the Gallbladder Organ and the entire channel. Gallbladder 43b is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing proximally.17,19,20,25

GB42 – Corpus and Hepatic Ducts: Gallbladder 42 is located between the fourth and fifth metatarsal bones, in the depression proximal to the metatarsal heads, on the medial side of the tendon of m. extensor digitorum longus (branch to fifth toe). At the right side, Gallbladder 42 is responsible for the Gallbladder (Corpus), whereas on the left toe it is related to the left Hepatic Duct. According to Leonhardt, Indicator Drops (ID) on the right side with a simultaneous ID of the right Small Intestine CMP (Small Intestine 1b) may indicate an affection of the Gallbladder and Bile duct with an irritation of the Vater’s papilla. Indicator Drops with high values on the right as well as on the left side might point to Cholangitis. Indicator Drops with low readings on the Gallbladder and the Liver CMPs on both sides and also on the Spleen CMP may suggest a beginning stage of Biliary cirrhosis. Gallbladder 42 is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing distally.17,19,20,25 Gallbladder 42 corresponds to the Chinese Gallbladder 42 (Diwuhui, Earth five meetings).80

GB41 – Bile Ducts: Gallbladder 41 is located in the depression distal to the junction of the fourth and fifth metatarsal bones, on the lateral side of the tendon of m. extensor digitorum longus (branch to fifth toe). Gallbladder 41 is responsible for the ductuli biliferi. Gallbladder 41 is measured with the probe on a © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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90-degree angle.17,19,20,25 Gallbladder 41 corresponds to the Chinese Gallbladder 41 (Zulinqi, Foot governor of tears), Shu-stream and Wood point of the Gallbladder channel, Confluent point of the Girdling Vessel (Dai Mai).80

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KIDNEY CHANNEL In Oriental Medicine, the Kidney Channel of foot Shaoyin interiorly-exteriorly associated with the Urinary Bladder channel of foot Taiyang and energetically paired with the Heart channel of hand Shaoyin according to the Six Channel Theory. Points of the Kidney Channel treat pathologies of the Yin, Yang, and Qi; benefit the throat, knees, lumbar spine, and teeth; also treat edema, constipation, urinary disorders, and so forth.80 However, in Electro-acupuncture according to Voll (EAV), points of the Kidney Channel are related to structures such as the Renal Plexus, Veins, Lymphatics, Peritoneum, Lymphatics of the Adrenal gland, and so forth.17,19,20,25

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Figure 20 - Kidney Channel

In the figure above, the probe is pointing to the Control Measurement Point (CMP).

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KI1 – Renal Plexus: Kidney 1 is located on the dorsal aspect of the fifth toe, at the junction of lines drawn along the medial border of the nail and the base of the nail, opposite to Bladder 67. Kidney 1 is not a classical acupoint, and it was found by Voll. Kidney 1 is responsible for the Renal Plexus, which is formed by the nerves of the celiac ganglia and its network, aorticorenal ganglia, lower thoracic splanchnic and first lumbar splanchnic nerves and aortic plexus. Kidney 1 is measured with the probe on a 90-degree angle.17,19,20,25

KI1-1 – Lymphatics of the Kidney and Adrenal Gland: Kidney 1-1 is located on the dorsal aspect of the fifth toe, medial side, at the proximal angle between the shaft and the base of the distal phalanx. Kidney 1-1 is not a classical acupoint, and it was found by Voll. Kidney 1-1 is responsible for the ipsilateral measurements of the Lymphatics of the Kidney and Adrenal gland. Kidney 1-1 is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing proximally.17,19,20,25

KI1-3 – Kidney CMP (Control Measurement Point): Kidney 1-3 is located on the dorsal aspect of the fifth toe, medial side, at the proximal angle between the shaft and the base of the middle phalanx, opposite to Bladder 66b. Kidney 1-3 is not a classical acupoint, and it was found by Voll. Kidney 1-3 is responsible for the energetic measurements of the Kidney Organ and Channel. Kidney 1-3 is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing proximally.17,19,20,25

KI1-4 – Peritoneum of the Kidney region (P. Kidney, also known as KI1-4): Kidney 1-4 is located on the dorsal aspect of the fifth toe, medial side, at the distal angle between the shaft and the head of the proximal phalanx, opposite to Bladder 66a. Kidney 1-4 is not a classical © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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acupoint, and it was found by Voll. Kidney 1-4 is responsible for the Peritoneum region of the Kidney, which covers the lateral and upper portion of the kidneys. Kidney 1-4 is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing distally.17,19,20,25

KI1a – Abdominal portion of the Ureter: Kidney 1a is located on the dorsal aspect of the fifth toe, medial side, at the distal angle between the shaft and the base of the proximal phalanx. Kidney 1a is not a classical acupoint, and it was found by Voll. Kidney 1a is responsible for the ipsilateral measurements of the abdominal portion of Ureter. Kidney 1a may detect Nephrohydrosis. Kidney 1a is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing proximally.17,19,20,25

KI2 – Pyelorenal Region: Kidney 2 is located on the medial side of the foot, distal and inferior to the medial malleolus, in the depression distal and inferior to the Navicular Tuberosity. Kidney 2 ipsilaterally measures the Pyelorenal Region, which comprises the Renal Medulla, its papillas and the main and accessory renal calices. An Indicator Drop (ID) of this point may be related to Nephrolothiasis. Kidney 2 corresponds to the Chinese Kidney 2 (Rangu, Blazing valley), the Ying-spring and Fire point of the Kidney channel.80 Kidney 2 is measured with the probe on a 90-degree angle.17,19,20,25

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URINARY BLADDER CHANNEL In Oriental Medicine, the Urinary Bladder Channel of foot Taiyang is interiorly-exteriorly associated with the Kidney channel of foot Shaoyin and energetically paired with the Small Intestine channel of hand Taiyang according to the Six Channel Theory. The Urinary Bladder is the longest channel with sixty-seven points, which treat eye, nose, face, and head disorders, emotional problems, pain, urinary diseases, edema, wind, the zang-fu, and so forth.80 However, in Electro-acupuncture according to Voll (EAV), points of the Urinary Bladder Channel are related to anatomical structures such as the body, lymphatics, and peritoneum of the Urinary Bladder, the Urethra, Penis, Vagina, Prostate, Uterus, Seminal Vesicle, Fallopian tubes, and so forth. The points described below are the testing sites usually measured in a regular EAV session.17,19,20,25

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Figure 1 - Urinary Bladder Channel

In the figure above, the probe is pointing to the Control Measurement Point (CMP).

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BL67 – Body of the Urinary Bladder: Bladder 67 is located on the dorsal aspect of the little toe, at the junction of lines drawn along the lateral border of the nail and the base of the nail, opposite to Kidney 1. Bladder 67 is responsible for the Body (Corpus) of the Urinary Bladder. Bladder 67 corresponds to the Chinese Bladder 67 (Zhiyin, Reaching yin), the Jing-well and Metal point of the Urinary Bladder channel.80 Bladder 67 is measured with the probe on a 90-degree angle.17,19,20,25

BL66b – Urinary Bladder CMP (Control Measurement Point): Bladder 66b is located on the dorsal aspect of the fifth toe, lateral side, at the proximal angle between the shaft and the base of the middle phalanx, opposite to Kidney 1-3. Bladder 66b is not a classical acupoint, and it was found by Voll. Bladder 66b is responsible for the energetic measurements of all structures of the Urinary Bladder and the entire channel. Bladder 66b is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing proximally.17,19,20,25

BL66a – Peritoneum of the Urinary Bladder region (P. Bladder, also known as BL66a): Bladder 66a, or P. Bladder, is located on the dorsal aspect of the little toe, lateral side, at the distal angle between the shaft and the head of the proximal phalanx, opposite to Kidney 1-4. Bladder 66a is not a classical acupoint, and it was found by Voll. Bladder 66a is responsible for the Peritoneum region of the Bladder region and Pelvic cavity. Bladder 66a is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing distally.17,19,20,25

BL66 – Bladder Trigone: Bladder 66 is located on the lateral side of the fifth toe, in the depression anterior and inferior to the prominence of the metatarso-phalangeal joint. Bladder 66 is responsible for the Trigone. Bladder 66 corresponds to the Chinese Bladder 66 (Zutonggu, Foot connecting valley), Ying-spring and the © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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Water point of the Urinary Bladder channel. Bladder 66 is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing proximally.17,19,20,25

BL65 – Prostate, Seminal Vesicles, Urethra, and Penis (Males) and Parametrium, Fallopian Tubes Uterus, Urethra, and Vagina (Female): Bladder 65 is located on the lateral side of the foot, in the depression posterior and inferior to the head of the fifth metatarsal bone. Bladder 65 is an important testing side because it is associated with the Prostate, Seminal Vesicles, Urethra, and Penis in males, and Parametrium, Fallopian Tubes Uterus, Urethra, and Vagina in females. Bladder 65 corresponds to Chinese Bladder 65 (Shugu, Restraining bone), the Shu-stream and Wood point of the Urinary Bladder channel.80 Bladder 65 point is measured with the probe on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing distally.17,19,20,25

BL64 – Spermatic Cord and Epididymis (Males) and Fallopian Tubes (Females): Bladder 64 is located on the lateral side of the foot, in the depression anterior and inferior to the tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal bone. Bladder 64 is associated with the Spermatic Cord and Epididymis in males, and with the Fallopian tubes in females. Bladder 64 corresponds to the Chinese Bladder 64 (Jinggu, Capital bone), the Yuan-source point of the Urinary Bladder channel.80 Bladder 64 is measured on a 45-degree angle with the probe pointing proximally.17,19,20,25

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CASE STUDIES Case 1 Case  History    

A 71-year-old female with an eight year history of severe chest pain, non-occlusive coronary-artery disease, hypertension, and dyslipidemia presented for care. Since the onset of her condition, the patient had been hospitalized several times with atypical chest pain. On January 5, 2007, she awoke during the night with severe chest pain, diaphoresis, and nausea. She was taken to the Queen’s Medical Center Emergency Department. Her initial electrocardiogram (ECG) and troponins were negative and eventually her chest pain resolved. However, a few hours later, she had a recurrence of severe chest pain and was re-admitted for cardiac catheterization.

An angiogram revealed severe spasm of the proximal right coronary artery and moderate spasm in the right ventricular branch with mild, eccentric 20% stenosis. There was no significant plaque in the left coronary system. The left vetriculogram showed a hyper-dynamic ventricle with mild mitral regurgitation (MR). The patient was evaluated and treated by a cardiologist. On June 5, 2014, the patient was again taken to the Queen’s Medical Center Emergency Department due to severe chest pain. An ECG showed no ischemic changes, and troponins were negative. Her chest pain was relieved with oral nitroglycerin and aspirin. Echocardiogram revealed normal left ventricular systolic function with ejection fraction (EF) of 55-60% with no wall motion abnormalities. On June 18, 2014, the patient presented to my clinic. She stated that since 2007 she had had several episodes of chest pain and has been followed by a cardiologist. According to the patient, the pain was not associated with any clear triggers. She denied shortness of breath, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, lightheadedness, and syncope. She confirmed having occasional heart © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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palpitations and bilateral ankle edema; she complained of slight dyspnea with exertion, insomnia, and a general cold sensation. She was on a drug regimen that included (1) Amlodipine 5 mg once a day in the mornings, (2) Nitroglycerin 0.3 mg sublingually as needed, (3) Isosorbide mononitrate 30 mg once a day in the mornings, and (4) Irbesartan 75 mg twice a day, (5). Omeprazole 20 mg once a day before breakfast, (6) Rosuvastin 10 mg once a day, and (7) ASA 81 mg once a day. The patient was 5’3” tall and weighed 175 lbs. She was almost always cold and denied any perspiration. Her face was slightly pale, eyes were a slightly yellow with malar mounds, and her lips were purple. Her skin was delicate, and she would develop ecchymosis with any soft trauma.

She was never thirsty and complained of poor appetite. Her diet included vegetables, grains, and animal protein. She complained of loose stools and frequent urination. She complained of having insomnia averaging four days per week and invariably awoke around three AM, being unable to fall back asleep. She did not have any complaints about any emotional sensitivities. Her energy level was poor. In terms of physical activity, she enjoyed working in the house and travelling, but she reduced exercising significantly due to fear of chest pain.

At the first evaluation visit, her pulse was regular and weak. It was knotted at the heart position, slippery at the spleen site, and deep at both kidney positions. She described her chest symptoms as “a stabbing, oppressing sensation” in her precordium. Shortness of breath, especially on exertion, chest pain, and fatigue were her most important complaints. Her tongue was pale, flabby and purple, and the coat was thin, clear, and slightly dry with teeth marks. Her peripheral-blood oxygen saturation was ninety-seven percent at rest and ninety-two percent on exertion. The electro-acupuncture according to Voll (EAV) examination indicated among other findings a possible mitral valve dysfunction. The patient was recommended a homeopathic treatment and was © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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told to seek a second opinion from another cardiologist. She consulted with a new cardiologist and mentioned that, per my examination, there could be a problem in the mitral valve. A transesophageal echocardiogram was performed which detected severe mitral valve regurgitation. The patient was recommended valve replacement surgery in her local city, but she was reluctant to proceed with such a significant procedure as a first step. She was subsequently given the option of a simpler valve repair procedure; a recommendation upon which she was more inclined to act. The surgery would need to be done at Baylor Hospital in Plano, Texas, however, and she was critically afraid of such travel due to fears associated with the chest pain.

The patient came in to the office for an initial “electro-acupuncture according to Voll” evaluation, which included medicine testing as it has been described above. An EAV testing session was performed, and a few indicator drops (ID) were detected on the circulation, heart, spleen, and kidney control measurement points (CMPs) (see Figure 1). In addition to designing a treatment plan with the medicine testing procedure, the patient was referred to a cardiologist. Case 1 - Partial EAV Chart showing the main Indicator Drops

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Additionally, the chart above shows the measurement point of the mitral valve (HT 8, left side) and coronary arteries (CI 7), and the control measurement points of circulation (CMP CI 8D), heart (CMP HT 8C), spleen and pancreas (CMP SP 1A), kidney (CMP KI 1-3), large intestine CMP LI 1B), and peripheral and central nervous system (CMP NV 1B). Note that the bigger the number under the “ID” column, the more severe the pathology, which is graphically represented by the indicator Drop (ID) at the end sections of the bars. “L” represents left, and “R” indicates the right side. “HI” means the highest readings and “LO” is the lowest readings. Observe that the numbers under “ID” are the result of “HI”  

Electro-­acupuncture  according  to  Voll:  Treatment  Planning  

The treatment plan was designed with the goals of alleviating chest pain and improving dyspnea. The medicines were selected through the process of “medicine testing” explained above. The initial treatment plan included nosodes (homeopathic remedies derived from sterilized diseased tissue) and homeopathic remedies that were given once a week for ten weeks, along with supplements, which were all selected by medicine testing. The remedies were selected from a group of medicines that are known in EAV to treat heart and chest symptoms, but only those that balanced the points were selected. The patient had a halfway checkup scheduled for week five, and a final check on week ten.  

The homeopathic prescription was a combination of Coxsackie B3, Interferon, and Glonoinum, manufactured by Staufen-Pharma GmbH & Co. KG in Göppingen, Germany. Each remedy box contains ten vials with dilutions that go from 5x/6x to 200x (See Table 1 below).

Coxsackie B3 was selected through medicine testing. In past cases this specific nosode helped balanced the left heart (HT 8C) control measurement point (CMP) combined with Interferon. Glonoinum was selected because it corrected the Indicator Drop (ID) of the mitral valve (HT 8, left side). A number of other nosodes that could potentially correct IDs of the left heart such as Streptococcus haemolyticus, Naja tripudians, Lachesis, and so forth were tested, but they did not correct the IDs of the left heart (HT 8C). The same process was pursued to determine the use and dosage of Perfusia-sr and SE-zyme, and they were selected because when placed on the testing plate, © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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the IDs of the (HT 8, left side), coronary arteries (CI 7), circulation (CMP CI 8D), and heart (CMP HT 8C) got corrected. Case 1 - Homeopathic  medicines  and  their  potencies  (x)  throughout  the  ten  weeks  of   treatment   Medicine 1 Coxsackie B3 2 Interferon 3 Glonoinum

1 2 6x 6x 6x 6x 5x 6x

3 8x 8x 8x

4 10x 10x 10x

Week 5 6 12x 15x 12x 15x 12x 15x

7 30x 30x 30x

8 60x 60x 60x

9 100x 100x 100x

10 200x 200x 200x

List of medicines and their dilution progression across 10 weeks of treatment

The supplementation was first tested by the EAV method, and medicine testing helped establish the optimum doses. Perfusia-sr, which contains 1 g of L-arginine, made by Thorne Research, was prescribed one capsule three times a day. SE-zyme, which contains 100 mcg of selenium made by Biotics Research, was prescribed one tablet twice a day.  

All doses were established following the medicine testing procedure, which is described above. The homeopathic solution was to be taken fifteen drops sublingually every fifteen minutes until emptying the vial once per week for ten weeks. The supplements were to be taken every day. The prescription of the selected homeopathic medicines, L-arginine, and selenium are commonly prescribed for myocarditis, a common cause of dilated cardiomyopathy.99,100 A theoretical explanation for this is that in left ventricular dilatation, leaflet tethering by displaced papillary muscles might induce mitral regurgitation.101,102

L-arginine is a non-essential amino acid103  and a precursor in the actions of nitric oxide synthases (NOS), which produces nitric oxide (NO).104,105  NO is an endothelial-derived vasodilator that play an important role in modulating various physiological processes such as (1) tissue homeostasis, (2) neurotransmission, and (3) inflammation.103,105  NO is a product of NOS, which converts arginine © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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and oxygen into NO and citrulline.104,106  Increased NO concentration in the serum, lungs, and aorta, alleviates left ventricular after-load and facilitates left ventricular systolic function.107  There is evidence indicating a major protective role of NO against viral infections in general, but specifically against Coxsackie B3 virus which has been shown to cause myocarditis in mice.103–106       In this case, a combination of two nosodes (Coxsackie B3 and Interferon), one classical homeopathic remedy (Glonoinum), one trace element (Selenium), and one amino acid (L-arginine) were given to the patient in a course of ten weeks.       In 1831, Constantine Hering became the first practitioner to detail the use and application of nosodes in medicine.108  Nosodes are understood to stimulate the immune system to eliminate toxins that are trapped in the connective tissue or the so-called “mesenchyme;” these toxins are believed to cause energy blockages that first produce symptoms and later progress into full-blown diseases.16,18,109,110       Coxsackies are nosodes prepared from inactivated Coxsackie viruses. This virus belongs to the Picornaviridae family of non-enveloped viruses, of the genus Enterovirus.111  Coxsackie remedies are used for sinusitis, cystitis, upper-respiratory infections, and conjunctivitis;110  however, in EAV, their main indications are for headaches, palpitations, hypochondriac pain, chest pain, laryngitis with loss of voice, coughing, and intestinal problems.16,21,110      

Enteroviruses are the most common etiological agents of human viral myocarditis.28  Several studies have isolated Coxsackie B viruses in the myocardium in a significant proportion of patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Therefore, considering these important findings, antiviral agents to Coxsackie B virus should be used more often in order to prevent further damage in the heart.99,112,113  Coxsackie virus B3 causes myocarditis in humans.113   © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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Interferon is a nosode prepared from leukocyte, fibroblast, and lymphocyte interferons. Interferons are glycoproteins produced by the cells of the immune system in response to viral and bacterial infections, and tumor stimulation. Interferons reduce viral replication within host cells, activate natural killer cells and macrophages, increase antigen presentation, and promote the resistance of host cells to viral infection.111,114  In EAV, Interferon is use as an accompany remedy along with several viral nosode remedies.16,18,37      

Glonoinum is a remedy made from nitroglycerin, which is a nitrate drug used as a heart medication. Therefore, Glonoinum is indicated for tachycardias and chest pain.16,18,37,110       Selenium is an essential trace element in humans and animals. It is known for its potent antioxidant activity. Selenium is vital for good health.114–116  A few studies showed that selenium deficiency in mice could increase heart damage caused by a cardio virulent strain of coxsackievirus.114,116,117      

Viral infections, especially Coxsackie virus B3, take advantage of oxidative stress in myocardial cells due to a decrease in the activity of glutathione peroxidase, which is caused by selenium deficiency. Such a theoretical model was demonstrated in mice models injected with viral genome, and the incidence of myocarditis in the selenium-deficient group was much higher.104,114 In addition, a selenium-deficient diet is likely to increase the virulence of otherwise benign viruses.118,119    

Course of Treatment and Results

After five weeks, the halfway mark, the patient reported no chest pain and no shortness of breath on exertion. The electro-acupuncture according to Voll testing still showed an Indicator Drop of the mitral valve Measurement Point (HT 8, left side), but an improvement of the readings of the heart © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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CMPs (HT 8C). Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) showed severe mitral regurgitation (MR) with prolapse of the A3 segment of the anterior mitral valve leaflet. Case 1 - TEE Showing Severe Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Performing the valve repair surgery at Baylor Research Heart Hospital was again suggested, but the patient still did not have enough confidence that she could endure a trip from Hawaii to Texas. Homeopathy and supplement therapy was continued.

Over the next two weeks of treatment the patient’s pulse continued to improve; however, it was still slightly weak and knotted at the heart position. Her tongue was pale, flabby with teeth marks, and the coat was thin and clear. Her peripheral-blood oxygen saturation had no change (ninety-seven percent at rest and ninety-two percent on exertion).

After ten weeks of treatment, at the last check-up, the patient was feeling well. She reported having more energy, she was sleeping better, and she said her appetite remarkably improved. Her pulse was still weak, slightly knotted and choppy at the heart position, and regular-slow (65 bpm). Her tongue was pale-red, and the coat was thin and clear. No chest pain episodes were reported. She did not complain of dyspnea. She felt she had gained sufficient confidence to go to Texas for the valve repair surgery. © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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In this case study, ten weeks of taking a systematically chosen homeopathic solution weekly plus daily supplements helped the patient achieve her primary therapeutic goals of alleviating chest pain, improving dyspnea, and having more energy. The elimination of the symptoms also helped the patient to improve her quality of life, giving her the confidence to travel and undergo a valve repair procedure, which was medically indicated in her case of severe mitral valve regurgitation.

This case demonstrates how EAV, which combines Chinese and homeopathic strategies, was used to facilitate and optimize the integrative care of a patient needing also biomedical interventions. More research is needed to fully explore the potential of this strategy.

Case 2 Five patients presenting symptoms of (a) fatigue, (b) cough, (c) sore throat, (d) palpitations, and (e) shortness of breath were evaluated with EAV, and showed indicator drops (IDs) of the right Lymphatic Control Measurement Point (CMP), Lung CMP, Heart CMP, Pulmonary valve Measurement Point (MP), Tricuspid MP, and myocardium MP. In the cases below, IDs were corrected when placing Mycoplasma pneumonia and Naja tripudians nosodes on the EAV testing plate. Both homeopathics were manufactured by Staufen-Pharma GmbH & Co. KG in Göppingen, Germany. In some occasions, the IDs were also rectified by introducing Azithromycin into the circuitry.

Mycoplasma  pneumoniae  is  an  important  pathogen  of  respiratory  diseases  causing  both  mild   upper  respiratory  tract  infections  and  severe  fatal  pneumonia.120 Mycoplasma  pneumoniae  is  a   highly  evolved  pathogenic  bacterium  that  primarily  causes  atypical  pneumonia.121 M.   pneumoniae  is  a  stealth  pathogen  that  invades  the  immune  system  while  avoiding  its   © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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activation  causing  pharyngitis,  sinus  congestion,  otitis  media,  and  lower  respiratory,  primary   atypical  pneumonia,  community  acquired  pneumonia,  and  so  forth.122 A  dry  cough  that  later   becomes  mucoid  after  a  few  days.121 There  is  evidence  that  invasive  central  nervous  system   infection  occurs  causing  headaches  and  in  some  cases  evolving  into  encephalitis.123 Pericarditis   and  myocarditis  have  been  frequently  associated  with  M.  pneumoniae  infection.124,125 In   twenty-­‐five  percent  of  the  cases,  patients  complain  of  nausea,  vomiting,  abdominal  pain,   diarrhea  and  loss  of  appetite.126 There  is  evidence  that  asthma  and  arthritis  are  associated  with   this  mycoplasma  pneumoniae  infection  in  untreated  individuals.121 M.  pneumoniae  is  a  highly   specialized  parasitic  bacterium  that  can  potentially  lodge  itself  in  the  intracellular  matrix,   occasionally  emerging  to  produce  symptoms.121,122  The  recommended  therapy  for  Mycoplasma   pneumonia  infection  is  the  use  of  macrolides,  which  among  others  include   azithromycin.121–123,126

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Case 2 - Partial EAV Chart showing the main Indicator Drops (ID) found in Mycoplasma pneumonia infections that are common in many patients

  Case  2  -­  Homeopathic  medicines  and  their  potencies  (x)  throughout  the  ten  weeks  of   treatment  for  Mycoplasma  pneumoniae  infection  

Medicine 1. Mycoplasma pneumonia 2. Naja tripudians

1 6x 8x

2 6x 8x

3 8x 10x

4 10x 10x

Week 5 6 12x 15x 12x 15x

7 30x 30x

8 60x 60x

9 100x 100x

10 200x 200x

List of medicines and their dilution progression across 10 weeks of treatment

Case 2.1 81-year-old lady, active, still working full time. She has history of chronic pulmonary embolism in the right lung. She has been under the care of a pneumonologist and routinely taking Warfarin and Diltiazem. Recently, she complained of shortness of breath, fatigue, and malaise. Physical © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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examination showed right ankle edema. Chest auscultation revealed tachycardia. Lung auscultation showed scattered rhonchi and expiratory wheezes. ECG indicated atrial fibrillation, and she was referred to her pneumonologist who immediately started antibiotic therapy for pneumonia and also referred her to a cardiologist. After a few days, she did not feel any improvements and returned to the clinic for an EAV evaluation.

Examination showed irregular-rapid pulse. Slight irregular rhythm was auscultated. Petting edema was still present. EAV testing showed IDs of right the Lung CMP (LU 10C R), right Heart CMP (HT 8C R), Pulmonary valve MP (HT 9 R), Tricuspid valve MP (HT 8 R), and Myocardium MP (HT 6 R). Mycoplasma pneumonia D6 and Naja tripudians D8 were placed on the testing plate, which corrected both IDs. Azithromycin also rectified the IDs when placed on the testing plate. The patient was given Mycoplasma pneumonia D6 and Naja tripudians D8.

The next visit, 5 days later, the patient was feeling well, with good energy level, and eupneic. EAV testing showed a slight ID on the Pulmonary valve MP (HT 9 R). The nosode therapy was continued until finishing the series of ten treatments; in other words reaching the Dilution of 200 for both Mycoplasma pneumonia and Naja tripudians. One month after concluding the nososde treatment, the patient had no complaints and underwent a reevaluation. No IDs were detected, and no additional nosode treatment was planned.

Case 2.2 A 45-year-old gentleman complains of sore throat for 2 days. Physical examination shows regular pulse, normal heart sounds, regular rate, and no ankle edema. Auscultation scattered rhonchi. Ear examination with otoscope showed erythematous tympanic membrane on the left side. Throat presented mild pharyngeal erythema with minimal adenopathy on the right side. EAV testing © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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showed IDs of the right Lung CMP (LU 10C R), right Heart CMP (HT 8C R), Pulmonary valve MP (HT 9 R), and of the right Lymphatic CMP (LY 1-2 R). Medicine testing detected signals of Mycoplasma pneumonia D6 and Naja tripudians D8. Nosode therapy was started and continued until completing the series of ten treatments, reaching the Dilution of 200 for both Mycoplasma pneumonia and Naja tripudians. One month after finishing the nososde treatment, the patient underwent a reevaluation. This time, he complained of mild fatigue. Examination showed all systems (HEENT, Cardio- vascular, Respiratory, Gastrointestinal, Musculoskeletal, and Neurological) to be within normal limits. EAV testing showed slight IDs of the right Lymphatic CMP (LY 1-2 R) and the Pulmonary valve MP (HT 9 R). Mycoplasma pneumonia D30 and Naja tripudians D30 corrected the IDs. A second course of nosodes was planned, progressing from Dilutions 30 to 200 (D30, D60, D100, and D200). One month after completing the second nososde treatment, the patient had no complaints and underwent another EAV evaluation. No IDs were detected and no additional treatment was planned.

Case 2.3 A 7-year-old gentleman complains of sore throat and a non-productive coughing for 4 days that started to produce mucus on the fifth day. Other complains included nausea, abdominal pain and loss of appetite. Auscultation showed normal heart sounds and regular rate. Lung auscultation showed dry rales. Ear examination with otoscope revealed erythematous tympanic membrane on the left side. Throat presented mild pharyngeal erythema and bilateral adenopathy. EAV showed IDs of the right Lung CMP (LU 10C R) and of the Lymphatic CMPs (LY 1-2 L & R). The patient tested signals of Mycoplasma pneumonia D6 and Naja tripudians D8. Azithromycin did not rectify the IDs. Nosode therapy was prescribed and continued until completing the series of ten treatments, reaching the Dilution of 200 for both remedies. One month after finishing the nososde treatment, the patient had no complaints and underwent a reevaluation. Examination showed all systems (HEENT, © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Gastrointestinal, Musculoskeletal, and Neurological) to be within normal limits. No IDs were detected, and no additional nosode treatment was planned.

Case 2.4 A 57-year-old gentleman complains of cough and sore throat for a week. Auscultation showed normal heart sounds and rate. Lungs were clear, no abnormal sounds detected. Ear examination with otoscope showed erythematous tympanic membrane on the left side. Throat presented pharyngeal erythema, but no adenopathy. EAV showed IDs of the right Lung CMP (LU 10C R), right Heart CMP (HT 8C R), Pulmonary valve MP (HT 9 R), and o the right Lymphatic CMP (LY 1-2 R). The patient tested signals of Mycoplasma pneumonia D8 and Naja tripudians D8. Neither Azithromycin nor other antibiotics rectified the IDs when put on the testing plate. Nosode therapy was prescribed and continued until the series of ten weekly treatments were completed. One month after finishing the nososde treatment, the patient had no complaints and underwent a reevaluation with. Examination showed all systems (HEENT, Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Gastrointestinal, Musculoskeletal, and Neurological) to be within normal limits. No IDs were detected, and no additional nosode treatment was planned. Case 2.5 A 61-year-old lady complains of chest palpitations for 4 days. Auscultation revealed irregular rhythm and tachycardia. Lungs were clear, and no abnormal sounds were detected. Ear examination with otoscope showed normal tympanic membranes. Also, there were neither pharyngeal erythema nor adenopathy. EAV showed ID of the right Heart CMP (HT 8C R) and Pulmonary valve MP (HT 9 R), but no IDs of the Lung (LU 10C L & R), and Lymphatic CMPs (LY 1-2 L & R) were detected. Medicine testing showed that IDs were corrected with Mycoplasma pneumonia D8 and Naja tripudians D10. Nosode therapy was initiated and progressed to the Dilution 200 for both remedies. One month after completing the nososde treatment, the patient had no complaints and underwent a © Arnaldo Oliveira, PhD LAc 2015 All Rights Reserved

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reevaluation. Physical assessment showed all systems (HEENT, Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Gastro- intestinal, Musculoskeletal, and Neurological) to be within normal limits. No IDs were detected, and no additional nosode treatment was planned.

Case 3 A 10-year-old gentleman complains of chronic pressure and discharge of the frontal and maxillary sinuses, cough, fatigue, sugar craving, eczema, and epigastric pain. He has suffered from the symptoms since he was four years old. He has been seen by different allergists, dermatologists, pediatricians, and naturopaths, but his condition has not yet improved, as it has become worse with symptoms getting more frequent and severe. Auscultation showed normal heart sounds and rate. Lungs were clear, no abnormal sounds detected. His abdomen was soft and flat, neither tenderness nor masses were detected. An EAV evaluation was pursued, and a few IDs were detected. Based on the results of the EAV evaluation, an electro dermal screening allergy test was performed. The patient was prescribed homeopathic nosodes manufactured by Staufen-Pharma GmbH & Co. KG in Göppingen, Germany, and an allergy oral drop remedy made with saline solution and the inverted signals of the food items that showed sensitivities when tested.

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Case 3 - EAV Chart showing the main Indicator Drops (ID)

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The patient’s multiple IDs were corrected through medicine testing. Besides an allergy testing, items such as soap, shampoo, laundry soap, and supplements were tested in order to evaluate whether they would cause IDs of the Allergy CMPs. He was recommended to stop all supplements and to switch the soap, shampoo, laundry soap that did not cause any IDs of the AL CMPs.

Case  3  -­  Homeopathic  medicines  and  their  potencies  (x)  throughout  the  ten  weeks  of   treatment    

Medicine

1 5x 5x 5x 5x 5x 5x

1. Grippe 87 2. Katarrh mischflora 3. Osteosinusitis maxillaris 4. Vespa crabro 5. Diphtherinum 6. Imperatoria ostruth

2 5x 6x 6x 6x 6x 5x

3 6x 8x 8x 8x 8x 6x

4 6x 10x 10x 10x 10x 6x

Week 5 6 8x 8x 12x 15x 12x 15x 12x 15x 12x 15x 8x 8x

7 10x 30x 30x 30x 30x 10x

8 12x 60x 60x 60x 60x 12x

9 15x 100x 100x 100x 100x 15x

10 30x 200x 200x 200x 200x 30x

List of medicines and their dilution progression across 10 weeks of treatment

His Allergy list consisted of: 1. Hawaii volcanic gases (vog) 2. Penicillin 3. Mold 4. Chocolate 5. Milk 6. Tuna 7. Walnuts 8. Cat dander 9. Coffee 10. Corn 11. Cornstarch 12. Canola oil 13. House dust 14. Sesame seeds 15. Lemons 16. Gluten After a month, the patient came for a check up visit. He finished taking the medicine for week four (see above), and was taking his allergy drops 5 drops sublingually twice a week as prescribed. His mother mentioned he was able to avoid or minimize the exposure to the items in the allergy list. In

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addition, he only used the soap, shampoo, laundry soap that were recommended. At this time, he had no complaints. The pressure in his sinuses was clear, no coughing. His energy level improved significantly. Eczema got almost clear, and epigastric pain only manifested when he mistakenly ate food product that contained one or some of the items in the allergy list.

A month later, the patient returned for a follow-up visit. He finished taking the medicine for week eight (see above), and was taking his allergy drops 5 drops sublingually twice a week as prescribed. All symptoms got clear. Energy level was high, no signs of eczema, and no epigastric pain. He was recommended to complete the homeopathic treatment by taking the medicines for week 9 and 10 (see above), and to continue to take the allergy drops until finishing the vial. The patient was suggested to continue to avoid the items in the allergy list and return six months later for a reevaluation.

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