Rules-ps-2

Delta - is the first obstruction of any nature at the diverge of the type lines, in front of or nearest to the center of the divergence. - also known as the outer terminus Core – is the approximate center of a finger print pattern area. Skopein - Latin terms, which means to examine. Dactylography - The study of fingerprints for the purpose of identification. Dactyloscopy - The science that deals with the study of fingerprint as a means of positive personal identification. Dactylomancy - And attempt to know ones character by reading through the patterns of the fingerprint. Chiroscopy - Which is the scientific examination of the palm of the hand? Podoscopy− scientific examination of the sole of the foot. Poroscopy− scientific examination of sweat pores.

A. Rules Governing the Selection of Delta 1. The delta may not be located at a bifurcation which does not open towards the core. a. The delta must be located in front of the point of divergence of the two type lines which open towards the core. 2. When there is a choice between a bifurcation and another type of delta, the bifurcation is selected. 3. When there are two or more possible deltas which conform to the definition, the one nearest the core is chosen. 4. The delta may not be located in the middle of a ridge running between the type lines towards the core but t\at the nearer only. a. If the ridge enters the pattern area from as point below the divergence of the type line, the delta must be located at the end nearer the core. b. If the ridge is entirely within the pattern area, the delta is located at the end nearer the point of divergence of the type lines. B. Rules governing the selection of the core 1. The core is placed upon or within the innermost sufficient recurve. 2. When the innermost sufficient recurve contain no ending ridge or rod rising as high as the shou7plders of the loop, the core is placed on the shoulder of the loop farther from the delta.

3. When the innermost sufficient contains an uneven number of rod rising as high as the shoulders, the core is pl aced upon the end of the center rod whether it touches the looping ridge or not. 4. When the innermost sufficient recurve contains an even number of rod rising as high as the shoulders, the core is placed upon the end of the rod farther one of the two center rods, the two center rods being treated as through they were connected by a recurving ridge.

Types of Fingerprint Patterns 1. Plain Arch – the ridges enter on one side of the impression and flow or tend top flow out the other with a rise or wave at the center. 2. Tented Arch – most of the ridges enter upon side of the impression and floe\w or tend to flow out upon the other side, as in the Plain Arch, however, the ridge at the center does not. Three types of Tented Arches 1. The type in which ridges at the center form a definite angle: 90% 2. The type in which one or more ridges at the center form an up thrust. An upthrust is an ending ridge of any length rising at a sufficient degree from the horizontal plane: 45 or more. 3. The type approaching the loop type, possessing type of the basic or essential; characteristics of the lop, but lacking the third. Loop is that of fingerprint pattern in which one or more of the ridges enter on either side of the impression., recurve, touch or pass an imaginary line drawn from the delta to the core and terminate or tend to terminate on or toward the same side of the impression from when such ridges entered. Essential element of a loop 1. sufficient recurve 2. delta 3. at least one ridge count across a looping ridge Radial Loop is derived from the radius bone of the forearm - loop which flows in the direction of the radius bone is called Radial Loop. Ulnar is derived from the ulna bone of the forearm - Loop which flows in the direction of the ulna bone is called Ulnar Loop. Whorl is that type of fingerprint pattern in which at least two deltas are present with a recurve in front of each.

1. Plain whorl – it has two deltas and at least one ridge making a complete circuit\, which may be spiral, oval, circular or any variant of a circle. 2. Central Pocket Loop – it has two deltas and at least one ridge making a complete circuit, which may be spiral, oval, circular or Any variant of a circle. Note: an imaginary line drawn between the twp deltas must not touch or cross at least one of the recurving ridges within the inner pattern area. 3. Double loop – consists of two separate loop formations with two separate and distinct sets of shoulders and two deltas. Note: The loops of a double loop do not have to conform to the requirements of the loop. ( no ridge count is necessary) Twinned Double Loop – the flow of ridges on different direction Lateral Double loop – the flow of ridges on t he same direction. 4. Accidental Whorl – is a pattern consisting of a combination of two different types of patterns, with the exception of two types of patterns, with the exception of the plain arch, with two or more deltas., or a pattern, which possesses some of the requirements for two or more of the previous definitions. - loop and tented arch - double loop and CPL - Loop and a whorl - Loop and CPL - Other such combinations

CLASSIFICATION OF PATTERNS Blocking – is the process of writing below its pattern there corresponding symbol of the fingerprint patterns in the space provided for I the chart, conspicuously or in capital letters, purposely to facilitate the attainment of the primary classification. Classification Divisions 1. Primary Classification 2. secondary classification by capital lettered group 3. secondary classification by small lettered group 4. sub-secondary classification 5. major classification 6. final classification 7. key classification C. Rules to be observed in the proper classification of scarred patterns: 1. When an impression is so scarred that neither the general type of pattern nor the ridge tracing or count can be determined with reasonable accuracy, th4e impressions should be given both the general type value and the sub-classification value of the corresponding finger of the other hand.

2. When an impression is partially scarred, i.e., large scars about the core so that the general type cannot be determined with reasonable accuracy, but the ridges allow reasonably accurate sub-classifications by ridge tracing or counting, the impression should be given the primary value of the pattern of the corresponding finger and the sub-classification value as indicated by the ridges of partially scarred impressions. 3. When an impression is partially scarred and the general type of pattern can be determined with reasonable accuracy, but the ridges cannot be traced or counted so as to fall within the proper sub-secondary classification, the classification should be given the ridge count or tracing value of the corresponding finger of the hand, if the corresponding finger is of the same general type. If the corresponding finger is not of the same general type, the scarred impression should be given the probable value and referenced to all other possibilities.] 4. When an impression is so scarred that neither the general type of pattern nor the ridge tracing or count can be determined with reasonable accuracy, and it so happens that the corresponding finger of the other hand is similarly scarred, both pattern are given the arbitrary value of whorls with meeting tracings. Classifications of Amputations or Fingers Missing at Birth 1. It one finger of one hand is amputated or missing, the classification is the same as that of the corresponding digit of the other hand. 2. If both have the same finger missing or amputated, both digits are classified as Meet Whorls. 3. If all fingers of both hands are missing or amputated, they are all classified as Meet Whorls. Questionable Patterns The patterns, which are questionable merely because they seem to have characteristics of two or more types, can be classified by strict adherence to the definitions in deducing a preference. No set rule can be possibly be devised to enable a classifier to know with certainly where to know with certainly where to draw the line when it is doubtful classification should be given such a print. An individual judgment is the only standard. Age, weight, size of fingers, heaviness of the ridges and experience of the technician in taking prints is all factors in arriving at the correct conclusion. The necessity for exercising the utmost care in dealing with this type of pattern cannot be too highly emphasized. Classifications of Bandaged or Unprinted Fingers If the fingers are injured to the extent that it is impossible to secure ink impressions by special inking devices, the unprinted finger are given classifications

identical with the classifications of the finger opposite. If only one finger is lacking, reference searches should be conducted in every possible classifications. If more than one finger is lacking, they should be given the classification of the opposite fingers, but no reference searches should be conducted. If there are two lacking opposite each other, they should be classified as whorls with meeting tracings. The Classification Formula: 1.Key 2.Major 3.Primary 4.Second 5.Sub secondary 6.Final

7.

1.Key Classification The is obtained by counting the ridge of the first loop appearing of the fingerprint card (beginning with the right thumbs) exclusive of the little fingers which are never considered for the key as they reserved for the period. If there is no loop but whorls, take the first whorl and count the ridges assuming an ulnar loop.

2. . Major Classification – This is similar to the previous classification though it applies only to the thumbs. Loops are ridge counted and whorls are ridge traced. Note: Major classification is written on the leftmost part of the classification line before the primary classification. Left thumb is counted first using table A. The result of ridge count of the loop must be written in the right upper corner of the frame in number and alter on converted into symbol. Refer to Table A or B. The result of ridge trace of the whorl s automatically written in symbol on the right upper corner of the frame. Refer to table for whorls in the sub0secondary classification. Arches are represented by a dash in the classification lines only. Table A: Ridge count 1-----11 ---12----16 --17-- or more ---

Symbol S (small) M (medium) L (large)

Table B: (To be used only in the right thumb when left thumb has 17 or more ridges counts). Ridge count Symbol

1-----17 ----18---22 ----23—or more ----

S (small) M (medium) L (large)

3. Primary Classification – this is the summation of all the numerical values assigned to whorls appearing in a fingerprint chart which are expressed as numerator and denominator plus the pre-establish fraction of 1/1. Four Stages to Attain the Primary Classification a. Pairing 1&2 – first pair 3&4 – second pair 5&6 – third pair 7&8 – fourth pair 9&10 – fifth pair b. Assigning Numerical Value to Whorl only Whorl – with numerical value. Arch/Loop – no numerical value. c. Knowing the Denominator and Numerator 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 – first part of the pairs (Denominator) 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 – second part of the pairs (Numerator) d. Summation of the Numerical Value of Whorls Assigned to the Finger Plus the PreEstablished Fraction 1/1. 4. Secondary Classification by Capita Lettered Group - refers to the patterns of the index fingers of both hands. It is always represented by a CAPITAL LETTER. It is placed at the right side of the PRIMARY CLASSIFICATION. . Secondary Classification by Small Lettered Group - refers to the three types of fingerprints patterns only. They are radial loop, plain arch and tented arch (a, t, r). Whenever any of these patterns appears in any finger excluding the INDEX fingers, its symbol in small letter is exhibited on the classification line as small letter before and/or after the SECONDARY CLASSIFICATION BY CAPITAL LETTERED GROUP, depending on the finger of origin. a. If two or three of the same patterns appear after the Secondary by capital, a number preceding such patterns should be written;

b. If a type of pattern intervenes and which does not belong to the smallletter symbols, it MUST be represented by a DASH 9-0 show in what finger it belongs. 5. Sub-Secondary Classification – is attained by ridge counting the loops or ridge tracing the whorl appearing in the INDEX< MIDDLE, RING (IMR) finger both hands. SYMBOLS used in LOOPS: O – when the ridge count of loop is 10 or more, it is represented by capital letter “O” I – when the ridge count of loop is 1 to 9, it is represented by capital letter “I”., Note: The result of the ridge count must be written on the right upper corner of the frame in number and later on converted into symbol and write it on the rightmost portion of the classification line. SYMBOLS used in WHORLS: O – Outer I – inner M – Meeting Note: The result of the ridge trace must be written on the right upper corner of the frame automatically in symbol and re-exhibit on the rightmost portion of he classification line. SYMBOLS that will be used in ARCHES - Dash Note: To be exhibited only in the classification line. LOOPS group for both hands: Finger Ridge counts Index: Middle: Ring:

1--------9 10 or more 1--------10 11 or more 1--------13 14 or more

Symbols I O I O I O

Whorls group for both hands: Symbols 3 or more going inside the right delta I 3 or more going outside the right delta O 2 or less either it goes in or out the right delta M

6. Final Classification Is based upon the ridge count to the loop in the right little finger. It is indicated at the extreme right of the numerator in the classification. If loop does not appear in the right little finger, a loop in the left little finger may be used. It is indicated at the extreme right of the denominator. If no loops appear in the little finger, a whorl may be used to obtain a final, counting from left delta to core if in the left hand and from right delta to core if in the left hand. It is concern in the little finger.

D. Rules in the Ridge Count of Loop 1. Always starts from the delta to the core. 2. Ridge/s are counted only when they actually cross or touch a straight line between the delta and the core. a. A bifurcation is counted as 2 ridges b. An ending ridge is counted as 1 ridge c. A dot ridge as 1 ridge d. Criss-crossing meeting of two ridges as 2 ridges e. Enclosure as 2 ridges f. Long ridge as 1 ridge g. Short ridge as 1 ridge E. Rules in the Ridge Trace of Whorls 1. Always star from the left delta going to the right delta. 2. When the ridge being traced ends abruptly, the next ridge below is treated as its continuity to affect the tracing. 3. When the ridge is at the end of a ridge or an dot ridge, the next ridge just below is tracked down to culminate the tracing. 4. When the ridge being traced forks into two branches, the lower branch is trailed until the tracing is culminated. The WHORL TRACINGS: Inner – the ridge being traced starting at the left hand delta, passes inside of the right delta of three or more ridges intervene between the tracing line and the right delta. Meet – the ridge traced after starting at the left delta, passes outside of the right delta. Outer – the ridge being traced, after starting at the left delta, passes outside of the right delta and three or more ridges x` intervene between the tracing line and the right delta.

F. Rules in Whorl Counting 1. Plain whorls and central pocket loop are to be treated as ulnar loop from the hand of origin. 2. Double loop is ridge counted to an upright loop. 3. Accident whorls – the ridge count is made from left delta of the right hand or right delta of the left hand to the core which has the least number of ridge distant from the delta.