Sathyabama: Design And Implementation Of Multisensory Mirror

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF MULTISENSORY MIRROR

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering By SUNDARA SANDEEP TEJA (3613565) SOMA NIROOP RAHUL (3613553)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SATHYABAMA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

(DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY) Accredited with Grade “A” by NAAC

JEPPIAAR NAGAR, RAJIV GANDHI SALAI, CHENNAI – 600119. TAMILNADU. MARCH 2020

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SATHYABAMA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)

Accredited with Grade “A” by NAAC JEPPIAAR NAGAR, RAJIV GANDHI SALAI, CHENNAI – 600119. TAMILNADU. DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE This is to certify that this Project Report is the bonafide work of SUNDARA SANDEEP TEJA (3613565) and SOMA NIROOP RAHUL (3613553) who carried out the project entitled “DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF MULTISENSORY MIRROR ” under our supervision from October 2019 to March 2020.

Internal Guide

Ms.T.GOMATHI M.Tech., (Ph.D)

Head of the Department Submitted for Viva voice Examination held on Dr. T. RAVI M.E., Ph.D Internal Examiner

External Examiner

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DECLARATION

We, SUNDARA SANDEEPTEJA (3613565) and SOMU NIROOP RAHUL(3613553) hereby declare that the Project Report entitled “DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF MULTISENSORY MIRROR” done by us under the guidance of Ms.T.GOMATHI M.Tech., (Ph.D) is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering.

DATE

:

SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATE 1.

PLACE

:

2.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am pleased to acknowledge my sincere thanks to Board of Management of SATHYABAMA for their kind encouragement in doing this project and for completing it successfully. I am grateful to them. I convey my thanks to Dr. N. M. NANDHITHA M.E., (Ph.D), Dean, School of Electrical and Electronics and Dr. T. RAVI M.E., (Ph.D), Head of the Department, Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering for providing me necessary support and details at the right time during the progressive reviews. I would like to express my sincere and deep sense of gratitude to my Project Guide Ms. T.Gomathi M.Tech., (Ph.D),for her valuable guidance, suggestions and constant encouragement paved way for the successful completion of my project work. We greatly thank our panel members Dr. T. Vinod M.E., (Ph.D)., and Dr. Z. Mary Livinsa M.E., (Ph.D)., for the important advices in the development and completion of the project at every stage. I wish to express my thanks to all Teaching and Non-teaching staff members of the Department of Electronics and Communication who were helpful in many ways for the completion of the project.

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ABSTRACT

Power saving is one of the main challenge in our day to day life.Power saving can be done only when the power consumed by the load is monitored.Once the load is monitored suitable control methods can be adopted to operate the load in optimized way to save power.Even though there are lot of technologies and solutions available to effectively monitor, control and save power consumption of load in a house or an industry, a smart energy meter is proposed based on Internet of Things (IoT). The proposed smart energy meter controls and calculates the energy consumption using ESP 8266 12E, a Wi-Fi module and uploads it to the cloud from where the consumer or producer can view the reading. Therefore, energy analyzation by the consumer becomes much easier and controllable. This system also helps in detecting power theft. Thus, this smart meter helps in home automation using IoT and enabling wireless communication which is a great step towards Digital India.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter No.

Title

Page No.

1

INTRODUCTION

1.1

GENERAL

9

1.2

ARDUINO

9

1.2.1

WHAT IS ACTUALLY ARDUINO

9

1.3

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

10

1.3.1

HARDWARE

10

DESCRIPTION OF TYPICAL EQUIPMENT 1.3.2

11 BREADBOARD

1.3.2.1

11

1.3.2.2

LED (LIGHT EMITTING DIODE)

12

1.3.3

SOFTWARE

13

INSTALLATION 1.3.3.1 1.3.3.1.1

13 INSTALLATION AND SET UP OF THE ARDUINO SOFTWARE

6

13

INSTALLATION OF THE USB DRIVER 1.3.2.1.2

15

1.4

PROGRAMMING

16

1.4.1

BASIC STRUCTURE OF SKETCH

18

2

LITERATURE SURVEY

21

3

AIM AND SCOPE OF A PRESENT INVESTIGATION

23

EXISTING SYSTEM 3.1

23 EXISTING BLOCK DIAGRAM

3.1.1

23

3.1.2

DISADVANTAGES

24

3.2

PROPOSED SYSTEM

24

3.2.1

PROPOSED BLOCK DIAGRAM

24

3.2.2

ADVANTAGES

25

3.3

HARDWARE REQUIRED

25

EXPERIMENTAL OR MATERIAL AND METHODS 4

26

4.1

BLOCK DIAGRAM

26

4.2

POWER SUPPLY

27

4.2.1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

28

4.2.2

WORKING PRINCIPLE

28

4.2.3

BLOCK DIAGRAM

28

4.2.4

TRANFORMER

29

4.2.5

RECEIVER

29

4.2.6

BRIDGE RECTIFIER

29

7

4.2.7

VOLTAGE REGULATOR

31

4.3

LCD DISPLAY

34

4.3.1

LCD PINCONFIGURATION

35

4.3.2

HARDWARE REQUIRED

36

4.3.3

CIRCUIT

36

4.4

SMART GRID

38

4.5

CURRENT TRANSFORMERS

40

4.5.1

CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING PRINCIPLE OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER

41

4.5.2

APPLICATIONS OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER

43

4.6

ADVANTAGES

43

4.7

APPLICATIONS

43

4.8

SOFTWARE REQUIRED

43

5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

44

6

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

46

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1GENERAL Smart grid is one of the features of smart city model. It is energy consumption monitoring and management system. Smart grids are based on communication between the provider and consumer. One of the main issues with today’s outdated grid deal with efficiency.The grid become overloaded during peak times or seasons. It is also possible to hack the system, and basically, take free electricity. By using smart grid consumer and owner get daily electricity consumption reading and owner can cut electricity supply remotely through internet if bill is not paid.One more thing, the data collected from the smart meters should not be accessed by any unauthorized entities. In case meter tempering is happened then owner and 8

consumer get message and then owner take the action accordingly. Fitting the circuit on customer’s energy meter, from that energy consumption data can be acquired. After acquiring of data, that data can be updated on cloud service, so that consumer and provider can access that data through internet.

1.2ARDUINO The Arduino microcontroller is an easy to use yet powerful single board computer that has gained considerable traction in the hobby and professional market. The Arduino is open-source, which means hardware is reasonably priced and development software is free. This guide is for students in ME 2011, or students anywhere who are confronting the Arduino for the first time. For advanced Arduino users, prowl the web; there are lots of resources. The Arduino project was started in Italy to develop low cost hardware for interaction design. 1.2.1WHAT IS ACTUALLY ARDUINO? Arduino is an Open-source-electronic-prototyping-base for simple used hardware and software in the field of microcontrolling. It is suitable to realize fascinating projects in a short time. It is mostly used by artists, designer or tinkers to realize creative ideas. But Arduino is also increasingly used by universities and schools to teach an interesting and simple beginning to the world of microcontrolling. 1.3 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE The term “Arduino” isn’t mostly used for both components. The hardware (Arduino Boards) and the corresponding software (Arduino). 1.3.1 HARDWARE The Arduino hardware is a so-called microcontrolling board (Following called “board”). Basically it is a circuit board with many electronic parts around the actual microcontroller. On the edge of the board are many pins with whom it is possible to connect different components. Some of them are for example: Switches, LED's, Ultrasonic sensors, temperature sensors, displays, stepper, etc.. There are different kind of boards, that can be used

9

with the Arduino sofware. Different sized “official” boards, with the official “Aduino” name on it, but also many, mostly cheaper, but equivalent Arduino “fitting” boards. Typical official boards are called Arduino UNO, Arduino MEGA, Arduino Mini, etc. Arduino compatible boards are for example Funduino UNO, Funduino MEGA, Freeduino, Seeduino, Sainsmart UNO etc..

1.3.2 DESCRIPTION OF TYPICAL EQUIPMENT Beside sensors and actuators you need, as a base for quick and flexible experimental setups, jumper cable combined with a breadboard. This way you won't need to solder. Furthermore, the LEDs are useful to check the signal output of the board. 1.3.2.1 BREADBOARD

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A Breadboard is a helpful tool to build circuits without any soldering. Certain contacts are connected with each other. Therefore, it is possible to connect many cables with each other without soldering or screwing them together. This image below shows in color which contacts are connected.

1.3.2.2 LED (LIGHT EMITTING DIODE) With LEDs it is possible to check the results of projects real quick. Because of that they're useful for almost every Arduino project. On the internet are many information about LEDs. The most important information: The electricity can only get through the LED in one direction. So the LED has to be connected the right way to work. There is a longer and a shorter contact at the LED. The longer one is the positive (+) and the shorter one is the negative (–) contact. The LED is only designed for a specific voltage. If there isn't enough voltage the LED won't shine as bright as it should. If there's too much voltage for the LED, it will get really hot (ATTENTION) and burn out. Typical voltage data for the different colors of LEDs: blue: 3,1V, white: 3,3V, green: 3,7V, yellow: 2,2V, red: 2,1V. The voltage on the microcontroller boards is 5V. So the LED shouldn't be connected to the board directly, but with a resistor between it in the circuit. Non-committal recommendation for resistors at different LEDs (while connecting to the

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5V pins on the microcontroller boards): LED: white, red,yellow, green ,blue IRresistor:100 Ohm ,200 Ohm ,200 Ohm,100 Ohm,100 Ohm ,100 Ohm

1.3.3 SOFTWARE The software that is used to program the microcontroller, is open-source-software and can be downloaded for free on www.arduino.cc. With this “Arduino software” you can write little programs witch the microcontroller should perform. This programs are called “Sketch”. In the end the sketches are transferred to the microcontroller by USB cable. More on that later on the subject “programing”. 1.3.3.1 INSTALLATION Now one after another the Arduino software and the USB driver for the board have to be installed. 1.3.3.1.1INSTALLATION AND SET UP OF THE ARDUINO SOFTWARE 1. Download the Arduino software on www.arduino.cc and install it on the computer (The microcontroller NOT connected to the PC). After that you open the software file and start the program named arduino.exe. Two set ups on the program are important and should be considered. a) The board that you want to connect, has to be selected on the arduino software. The “Funduino Uno” is here known as “Arduino / Genuino Uno”.

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b) You have to choose the right “Serial-Port”, to let the Computer know to which port the board has been connected. That is only possible if the USB driver has been installed correctly. It can be checked this way: At the moment the Arduino isn't connected to the PC. If you now choose “Port”, under the field “Tool”, you will already see one or more ports here (COM1/ COM2/ COM3…). The quantity of the shown ports doesn't depend on the quantity of the USB ports on the computer. When the board gets connected to the computer, YOU WILL FIND ONE MORE PORT.

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1.3.2.1.2INSTALLATION OF THE USB DRIVER How it should be: 1. You connect the board to the computer. 2. The Computer recognizes the board and suggests to install a driver automatically.

ATTENTION: Wait a second! Most of the time the computer can't find the driver automatically to install it. You might choose the driver by your own to install it. It can be found in the Arduino file under “Drivers”. Control: At the control panel of the Computer you can find the “Device manager”. If the board has been installed successfully, it should appear here. When the installation has failed, there is either nothing special to find or you will find an unknown USB device with a yellow exclamation mark. In this case: Click on the unknown device and choose “update USB driver”. Now you can start over with the manual installation.

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1.4PROGRAMMING

Now we can start properly. Without too much theoretical information we start directly with programming. Learning by doing. On the left side you can find the “sketches”, on the right the accompanying explanation for the commands in grey. If you work through the tutorials with this system, you will soon understand the code and be able to use it by yourself. Later on you can familiarize yourself with other features. These tutorials are only meant as first steps to the Arduino world. All possible program features and codes are referred on www.arduino.cc under reference . First of all, a short explanation for possible error reports that can appear while working with the Arduino software. The two most common ones are: 1) The board is not installed right or the wrong board is selected. After uploading the sketch, there will appear an error report underneath the sketch. It looks like the one in the picture on the right. The note “not in sync” shows up in the error report.

15

16

1.4.1Basic structure of a sketch: A sketch can be divided in three parts. 1. Name variable In the first part elements of the program are named (This will be explained in program)

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2. Setup (absolutely necessary for the program) The setup will be performed only once. Here you are telling the program for example what Pin (slot for cables) should be an input and what should be an output on the boards. Defined as Output: The pin should put out a voltage. For example: With this pin a LED is meant to light up. Defined as an Input: The board should read out a voltage. For example: A switch is actuated. The board recognized this, because it gets a voltage on the Input pin.

3. Loop (absolutely necessary for the program) This loop part will be continuously repeated by the board. It assimilates the sketch from beginning to end and starts again from the beginning and so on see example below.

void setup()

//The setup begins here

{

//A program part begins here

pinMode(13, OUTPUT);

//Pin 13 is supposed to be an ouput.

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}

//A program part is ending here.

void loop()

//The main part of the program begins here

{ //program part begins here digitalWrite(13, HIGH);

//Turn on the voltage on pin 13 (LED on)

delay(1000);

//Wait for 1000 milliseconds (one second)

digitalWrite(13, LOW);

//Turn off the voltage on pin 13 (LED off)

delay(1000);

//Wait for 1000 milliseconds (one second)

}

//Program ends here

\

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY SN O

1.

2.

TITLE

Internet of Thingsaided smart Grid:Techn ologies,Arc hitectures, Application s,pototypes and Future Research Directions

Internet of Things (IOT) Based Smart Grid

YEAR

2019

AUTHOR

CONCEPT

Traditional power grids are being transformed into Smart Grids (SGs) to address the issues in existing power systemdue to uni-directional information flflow, energy wastage, growing energy demand,reliability and security. SGs offer bi-directional energy flow between service providers and consumers, involving power generation, transmission, distribution and utilization systems. SGs employ various devices for the monitoring, analysis and control of the grid, deployed at power plants, distribution centers and in consumers’ premises in a very large number.

Yasir Saleem

TECHNI

FUTURE

DRAWBAC

QUE

SCOPE

KS

IoT-aided SG system which supports and improves various

SG is the future grid which solves the problems of uni

network functions at the power generation, transmission, distribution, and utilization.

directional information flow, energy wastage,growin g energy demand, reliability and security in the traditional power grid.

2016 Mitali Mahadev Raut, Ruchira RajeshSable, Shrutika

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Smart grid is one of the features of smart city model. It is energy consumption,monitoring and management system. Smart grids are based on communication between

Smart grid is energy consumption monitoring and management

More efficient transmission of electricity, Time saving technology, Control on

Resource Constrained, Authentication and Authorization Data Integrity

Exposure of critical infrastructure due to connectivity reasons.

Rajendra Toraskar

3.

Design of Smartmeter usingAtmel 89S52 Microcontr oller

2015

Govinda.K

the provider and consumer. The grid become overloaded during peak times or season.By using smart grid consumer and owner get daily electricity consumption reading and owner can cut electricity supply remotely through internet if bill is not paid.

Smart meter is a progressive energy meter that processes consumption of electrical energy and provides extra information compared to a conventional energy meter. Incorporation of smart meters into electricity grid includes execution of a variety of techniques and software, depending on the features that the state demands. Outline of a smart meter relies on upon the necessities of the service organization and the client.

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system.

Smart grids give electricity request from the brought together and disseminated era stations to the clients through transmission and circulation technologies.

Meter tempering.

The SMS based electricity energy meter billing system using GSM modem was implemented, to let the consumer know electricity bill has reached a certain threshold.

Further be developed to measure more complex and high voltage systems which consume a high load of electricity and energy.

CHAPTER 3 AIM AND SCOPE OF A PRESENT INVESTIGATION AIM:To design a prototype model of an IoT based smart grid that is used for Load Monitoring and Load Controlling 3.1EXISTING SYSTEM  In existing system,The SMS based electricity energy meter billing system using GSM modem was implemented, to let the consumer know electricity bill has reached a certain threshold.  It informs the customer through a SMS sent on the mobile through the GSM modem attached to it.  The system consists of the electricity meter which measures the electricity bill and informs the consumer about the number of units consumed and associated costs with it.  The microcontroller 8051/AT89S52 coordinates the whole system with the help of its different components connected to it. 3.1.1 EXISTING BLOCK DIAGRAM

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3.1.2DISADVANTAGES  High cost due to replacement of analog meters by more sophisticated electronic meters.  Lack of regulatory norms for standards for technologies smart grid.  Lack of official technology docuentation 3.2PROPOSED SYSTEM  Proposed Smart Energy Grid System is based on ATMEGA family controller which controls the various activities of the system.  This project aims to solve this problem using IOT as the means of communication. Which helps to Monitor the Load in Real time and Control so Save energy Smartly.  The system communicates over internet by using Wi-Fi technology.  Load Management helps to reduce the Unwanted Energy Consumption. 3.2.1 PROPOSED BLOCK DIAGRAM

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3.2.2ADVANTAGES  Energy Saving  Load Control and Management  Over load Protection 3.3HARDWARE REQUIRED  ATmega328P AVR MC  Optocoupler  Current Sensor  Energy Meter  ESP8266 Wifi Module  LCD’s  Capacitors

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 Cables & Connectors  PCB  Transformer/Adapter

CHAPTER 4

EXPERIMENTAL OR MATERIALS AND METHODS;ALGORITHMS

4.1BLOCK DIAGRAM: VEHICLE 1 Transmitter:

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Fig4.1:Transmitter Blockdiagram

VEHICLE 2: Receiver:

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Fig4.2:Receiver Blockdiagram 4.2 POWER SUPPLY: What is really desired is to convert the pulsating output of the rectifier to a constant DC supply.  Thus we would like to ‘filter’ the pulsating input signal.  We can do this by splitting the input waveform into AC (high frequency) and the DC components (very low frequency) and by then ‘rejecting’ the high frequency components. From our filtering experiments we have seen that the simplest kind of filter that can perform the filtering task just described is a capacitor.  Thus, if we connect a capacitor directly across the output of a rectifier, the AC components will ‘see’ a low impedance path to ground and will not, therefore appear in the output. The smoothing capacitor converts the full-wave rippled output of the rectifier into a smooth DC output voltage. The smoothing capacitor acts as a tank. Assuming a finite capacitor is connected, since a new charging pulse occurs every half cycle the capacitor charges and discharges very frequently. We can observe that smaller the Vpp, the more the waveform will resemble a pure dc voltage. The variable portion is known as ‘ripple’ and the value Vpp is known as the ripple voltage. Further the ratio of the ripple voltage to the DC or average voltage is known as the ripple factor. 4.2.1CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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Fig 4.3Circuit Diagram of Power Supply 4.2.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE: The AC voltage, typically 220 rms, is connected to a transformer, which steps that ac voltage down to the level of the desired DC output. A diode rectifier then provides a fullwave rectified voltage that is initially filtered by a simple capacitor filter to produce a dc voltage. This resulting dc voltage usually has some ripple or ac voltage variation. A regulator circuit removes the ripples and also remains the same dc value even if the input dc voltage varies, or the load connected to the output dc voltage changes. 4.2.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

RECTIFIER TRANSFORMER

FILTER

IC REGULAT OR

LOAD

Fig 4.4 Block Diagram of power supply

4.2.4 TRANSFORMER: The potential transformer will step down the power supply voltage (0-230V) to (0-6V) level.

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Then the secondary of the potential transformer will be connected to the precision rectifier, which is constructed with the help of op-amp. The advantages of using precision rectifier are it will give peak voltage output as DC; rest of the circuits will give only RMS output. 4.2.5 RECTIFIER: A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current to direct current or at least to current with only positive value, a process known as rectification. Rectifiers are used as components of power supplies and as detectors of radio signals.

4.2.6 BRIDGE RECTIFIER:

When four diodes are connected as shown in the circuit diagram, is called Bridge rectifier. The input to the circuit is applied to the diagonally opposite corners of the network, and the output is taken from the remaining two corners. Let us assume that the transformer is working properly and there is a positive potential, at point A and a negative potential at point B. The positive potential at point A will forward bias D3 and reverse bias D4. The negative potential at point B will forward bias D1 and reverse D2. At this time D3 and D1 are forward biased and will allow current flow to pass through them; D4 and D2 are reverse biased and will block current flow. The path for current flow is from point B through D1, up through RL, through D3, through the secondary of the transformer back to point B, this path is indicated by solid

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arrows. Waveforms (1) and (2) can be observed across D1 and D3. One-half cycle later the polarity across the secondary of the transformer reverse, forward biasing D2 and D4 and reverse biasing D1 and D3. Current flow will now be from point A through D4, up through RL, through D2; through the waveforms and can be observed across D2 and D4. The current flow through RL is always in the same direction. In flowing through RL this current develops a voltage corresponding to that shown waveform. Since current flows through the load during both half cycles of the applied voltage, this bridge rectifier is a full-wave rectifier. One advantage of a bridge rectifier over a conventional full-wave rectifier is that with a given transformer the bridge rectifier produces a voltage output that is nearly twice that of the conventional full-wave circuit. This may be shown by assigning values to some of the components shown in views A and B. Assume that the same transformer is used in both circuits. The peak voltage developed between points X and Y is 1000volts in both circuits. In the conventional full-wave circuit shown-in view A, the peak voltage from the center tap to either X or Y is 500 volts. Since only one diode can conduct at any instant, the maximum voltage that can be rectified at any instant is 500 volts. The maximum voltage that appears across the load resistor is nearly-but never exceeds 500 volts, as a result of the small voltage drop across the diode. In the bridge rectifier shown in view B, the maximum voltage that can be rectified is the full secondary voltage, which is 1000 volts. Therefore, the peak output voltage across the load resistor is nearly 1000 volts. With both circuits using the same transformer, the bridge rectifier circuit produces a higher output voltage than the conventional full-wave rectifier circuit. 4.2.7 VOLTAGE REGULATORS: Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC units contain the circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier, control device, and overload protection all in a single IC. IC units provide regulation of either a fixed positive voltage, a fixed negative voltage, or an adjustably set voltage. The regulators can be selected for operation with load

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currents from hundreds of milli amperes to tens of amperes, corresponding to power ratings form milliwatts to ten watt. A fixed three-terminal voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input voltage, V i, applied to one input terminal, a regulated dc output voltage, Vo , from a second terminal, with the third terminal connected to ground. The series 78 regulators provide fixed positive regulated voltages from 5 to 24 volts. Similarly, the series 79 regulators provide fixed negative regulated voltages from 5 to 24 volts.

So we see that, a capacitor-input filter will charge and discharge such that it fills in the “gaps” between each peak. This reduces variations of voltage. As we have seen, the remaining voltage variation is called ripple voltage.

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Procedure: 1. Construct the circuit as shown. Load Resistor = Open Circuit ( Infinite Resistance ), C1 = 100 uF. 2. Connect the bridge rectifier made in the previous experiment to the capacitor , give 220V, 50 Hz Sine wave in the function generator.  3. Give 20 as the number of turns on the transformer. 4. Run the simulation and observe the waveform across the capacitor ( rectified waveform ). 5. Without any load, the capacitor once charged remains charged and therefore the ripple factor becomes zero.

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Construct the circuit as before – use Load Resistor =  1 K?, and disconnect the capacitor. Note that since there is no capacitor ( C = 0 ), the time constant is zero, ie – this is same as a bridge rectifier without the soothing capacitor. The resultant waveform across the load would be same a the full wave rectifier done in the previous experiment So, we have seen the two extremes. The desirable is the one with infinite capacitance. Since for practical reasons, we cannot have a large capacitance, we would choose a smaller value to keep the ripple factor within tolerable limits. As seen before, we would observe the output waveform as below. Construct the circuit as Load Resistor = 1 K?, C1 = 100 uF. Connect the bridge rectifier to the capacitor and load. Run the simulation and observer the waveform across the load ( rectified waveform ) in the oscilloscope. 

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4.3 LCD DISPLAY The LiquidCrystal library allows you to control LCD displays that are compatible with the Hitachi HD44780 driver. There are many of them out there, and you can usually tell them by the 16-pin interface. The LCDs have a parallel interface, meaning that the microcontroller has to manipulate several interface pins at once to control the display. The interface consists of the following pins: A register select (RS) pin that controls where in the LCD's memory you're writing data to. You can select either the data register, which holds what goes on the screen, or an instruction register, which is where the LCD's controller looks for instructions on what to do next. A Read/Write (R/W) pin that selects reading mode or writing mode An Enable pin that enables writing to the registers 8 data pins (D0 -D7). The states of these pins (high or low) are the bits that you're writing to a register when you write, or the values you're reading when you read. There's also a display constrast pin (Vo), power supply pins (+5V and Gnd) and LED Backlight (Bklt+ and BKlt-) pins that you can use to power the LCD, control the display contrast, and turn on and off the LED backlight, respectively. The process of controlling the display involves putting the data that form the image of what you want to display into the data registers, then putting instructions in the instruction register. The LiquidCrystal Library simplifies this for you so you don't need to know the low-level instructions. The Hitachi-compatible LCDs can be controlled in two modes: 4-bit or 8-bit. The 4-bit mode requires seven I/O pins from the Arduino, while the 8-bit mode requires 11 pins. For displaying text on the screen, you can do most everything in 4-bit mode, so example shows

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how to control a 2x16 LCD in 4-bit mode.

4.3.1 LCD PIN CONFIGURATION:

Fig4.5 LCD 8- data pins D7:D0 Bi-directional data/command pins. Alphanumeric characters are sent in ASCII format.

RS: Register Select RS = 0 -> Command Register is selected RS = 1 -> Data Register is selected.

R/W: Read or Write 0 -> Write, 1 -> Read

E: Enable (Latch data) Used to latch the data present on the data pins. A high-to-low edge is needed to latch the data. The 8 data lines are connected to PORT 1 of 8051 microcontroller. The three control lines (RS, RW and EN) are connected to PORT 3.5, 3.6 and 3.7 respectively.

4.3.2Hardware Required

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1.

Arduino or Genuino Board

2.

LCD Screen (compatible with Hitachi HD44780 driver)

3.

pin headers to solder to the LCD display pins

4.

10k ohm potentiometer

5.

220 ohm resistor

6.

hook-up wires

7.

breadboard

4.3.3Circuit Before wiring the LCD screen to your Arduino or Genuino board we suggest to solder a pin header strip to the 14 (or 16) pin count connector of the LCD screen, as you can see in the image above. To wire your LCD screen to your board, connect the following pins: 

LCD RS pin to digital pin 12



LCD Enable pin to digital pin 11



LCD D4 pin to digital pin 5



LCD D5 pin to digital pin 4



LCD D6 pin to digital pin 3



LCD D7 pin to digital pin 2 Additionally, wire a 10k pot to +5V and GND, with it's wiper (output) to LCD screens VO pin (pin3). A 220 ohm resistor is used to power the backlight of the display, usually on pin 15 and 16 of the LCD connector

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Fig 4.6:Arduino and LCD interfaing SCHEMATIC

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4.4 SMART GRID

The SG has been promoted as a promising solution for minimizing the wastage of electrical energy and as a means to solve the problems of traditional power grids, making possible advances in effificiency, effectiveness, reliability, security, stability, and increasing demand of electrical energy. The main SG attributes are that it offers self-healing, improved electricity quality, distributed generation and demand response, mutual operation and user participation, and effective asset management. As presented, the SG completely revolutionizes the energy generation, transmission, distribution and consumption in four sub-systems. It is comprised of three types of networks, a Home Area Network (HAN), a Neighborhood Area Network (NAN) and a Wide Area Network (WAN).HAN is the fifirst layer; it manages the consumers’ on-demandpower requirements and consists of smart devices, home appliances (including washing machines, televisions, air conditioners, refrigerators and ovens), electrical vehicles, as well as renewable energy sources (such as solar panels). HAN is deployed within residential units, in industrial plants and in commercial buildings and connects electrical appliances with smart meters. NAN, also known as Field Area Network (FAN), is the second layer of an SG and consists of smart meters belonging to multiple HANs. NAN supports communication between distribution substations and fifield electrical devices for power distribution systems. It collects the service and metering information from multiple HANs and transmits it to the data collectors which connect NANs to a WAN. WAN is the third layer of an SG and it serves as a backbone for communication between network gateways or aggregation points. It facilitates the communication among power transmission systems, bulk generation systems, renewable energy sources and control centers. Additionally, video cameras have been used in SG management to build video surveillance system for assets safety, fifire alarm and safe operations. Zhang and Huo developed a video surveillance system to assist safety operations in smart substation. They developed integrated 38

SCADA system with video cameras embedded in supervisory graph for improving the effificiency. The authors fifirst developed a system and layered communication architectures. Secondly, for software reuse, they present component-based software development. Finally, they present the communication protocol between SCADA system and video surveillance system. EVs are of paramount importance when we talk about SG. EVs are considered as an effective tool for reducing the gas emissions and oil demands, as well as for increasing the energy conversion.The emergence of SG has opened new opportunity for EVs. Now EVs are used to exchange energy with the power grid. They not only consume energy from the power grid, in fact through their bidirectional charger, they also distribute the energy back to the power grid. There are three main emerging concepts which are based on the capability of charging/discharging of EVs: Vehicle-toGrid (V2G), Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) . In V2G, EVs are connected to the power grid.They can obtain energy, as well as deliver energy back to the power grid. One way of earning money is to buy energy during off-peak hours at low price from the grid. Then during on-peak hours, the EV can deliver the energy back to the grid at higher price. In V2V, EVs distribute energy among other EVs. Using bidirectional chargers, the EVs fifirst transfer their energy using a local grid, and subsequently, by using a controller (also known as aggregator), the energy is distributed among EVs. In V2H, the EVs supply energy to the homes. The EVs charge their batteries during off-peak hours at low price from the grid. Then at on-peak hours, when the energy price is higher, the houses consumes energy from EV batteries fulfifilling the whole or partial demand of the house and avoids buying the expensive energy during on-peak hours.

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Fig4.7:Smart Grid Architecture

4.5 Current Transformers

Current transformers can be defined as the type of instrumental transformers which are used to convert very high currents which can burn or cause damage to measuring instruments like ammeters or other small devices like relays, into lower current values, which are in direct proportion to their higher, primary current values. In this way, current can be easily measured through the device, and as it is directly proportional to the original high current, the true and precise values of current can also be found without damaging the instrument.The secondary current differs in the phase angle from the primary current in a very small value which can almost be approximated to zero if the direction of the connections are appropriate.

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On the basis of the output supply, the current transformers can be classified into two categories: 1. Measuring Type Current Transformers 2. Protection Type Current Transformers

1. Measuring Type Current Transformers

If the output of the current transformer is used to provide protection to measuring devices, electric meters and other such instruments, then the transformer is known as the measuring type current transformer.

2. Protection type Current Transformer If the output of the current transformer is used to provide the signal to protective relays and other such devices for their correct operations under steady state and transient conditions, then the transformer is known as protection type current transformer. Depending upon the range of current that a current transformer can measure, they are of 3 types: 1. Ring Core Current Transformers: Can be used to measure current from 50 Amperes to 5000 Amperes. 2. Split Core Current Transformers: Can be used to measure current from 100 Amperes to 5000 Amperes. 3. Wound Primary Current Transformers: Can be used to measure current from 1 Ampere to 100 Amperes.

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4.5.1 Construction and Working Principle of a Current Transformer Like the conventional transformers, a current transformer also consists of three basic parts that are the Primary winding, a magnetic core and the secondary winding. The basics of the working principle are also the same, i.e, when current is supplies to the primary winding, it produces an alternating flux in the core, due to which an alternating current is also induced in the secondary coil. The thing that is different from conventional transformers is that in case of a current transformer, the primary winding consists of only one or very few turns of the coil, which can be wrapped around the core or just a wire passing through its center. But the secondary winding consists of several turns and is wrapped around the core in this way:

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The core is chosen of a low loss magnetic material on which the secondary winding is wound, so that the flux density is low and the current can easily be stepped down to the required level. The secondary winding is then connected to the output measuring device or any other device to which we had to supply the output. This connection is made as shown in the figure below:

4.5.2 Applications of a Current transformer 1. Current transformers are used for measuring and monitoring currents, usually of very high values. 2. On buildings whose meters have to measure currents higher than 200 amperes, these current transformers are used there to drive their

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electrical watt meters. 3. These are also used to keep track of the current readings on power grid stations. 4. These are used in relays for their driving and proper operation of the circuit.

4.6 ADVANTAGES  Energy Saving  Load Control and Management  Over load Protection 4.7 APPLICATIONS  All commercial undertakings like malls  Power utilities/power distribution companies and substations  Small scale industries – manufacturing or otherwise  Medium and large manufacturing industries  Educational institutions 4.8 SOFTWARE REQUIRED  IOT Cloud  Arduino Compiler  MC Programming Language: C

CHAPTER 5

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS:

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Fig5.1:Experimental setup Below figure shows the output values for different input values applied to the smart grid.

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Fig5.2:Output values

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CHAPTER 6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 6.1

SUMMARY The main motivation of discussing these communication technologies for SG is to

provide some guidelines for the selection of communication technologies of SG based on the requirements. For this purpose, we have discussed which communication technologies are preferred

for

which

scenarios,

along

with

their

characteristics,

advantages

and

disadvantages.Furthermore, it is important to note that there is no overall the best technology, but certain ones are more suitable to particular SG applications than others.The IoT echnology provides connectivity anywhere and anytime. It helps SG by providing smart devices or IoT devices (such as sensors, actuators and smart meters) for the monitoring, analysis and controlling the grid

6.2

CONCLUSION Proposed Smart Energy Grid System is based on ATMEGA family controller which

controls the various activities of the system.This project aims to solve this problem using IOT as the means of communication. Which helps to Monitor the Load in Real time and Control so Save energy Smartly.The system communicates over internet by using Wi-Fi technology.Load Management helps to reduce the Unwanted Energy Consumption.

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

ATmega328P AVR MC The high-performance Microchip picoPower 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller

combines 32KB ISP flash memory with read-while-write capabilities, 1024B EEPROM, 2KB SRAM, 23 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, three flexible timer/counters with compare modes, internal and external interrupts, serial programmable USART, a byte-oriented 2-wire serial interface, SPI serial port, a 6-channel 10-bit A/D converter (8-channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF packages), programmable watchdog timer with internal oscillator, and five software selectable power saving modes. The device operates between 1.8-5.5 volts. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the device achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz, balancing power consumption and processing speed.

Optocoupler: we can provide electrical isolation between an input source and an output load using just light by using a very common and valuable electronic component called an Optocoupler. The basic design of an optocoupler, also known as an Opto-isolator, consists of an LED that produces infra-red light and a semiconductor photosensitive device that is used to detect the emitted infra-red beam. Both the LED and photo-sensitive device are enclosed in a light-tight body or package with metal legs for the electrical connections as shown. An optocoupler or opto-isolator consists of a light emitter, the LED and a light sensitive receiver which can be a single photo-diode, photo-transistor,

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photo-resistor, photo-SCR, or a photo-TRIAC with the basic operation of an optocoupler being very simple to understand. Optocouplers are available in four general types, each one having an infrared LED source but with different photo-sensitive devices. The four optocouplers are called the: Photo-transistor, Photo-darlington, PhotoSCR and Photo-triac as shown below.

Optocoupler Types

 

The photo-transistor and photo-darlington devices are mainly for use in DC circuits while the photo-SCR and photo-triac allow AC powered circuits to be controlled. There are many other kinds of source-sensor combinations, such as LED-photodiode, LED-LASER, lamp-photoresistor pairs, reflective and slotted optocouplers. Current sensors The flow of charge is known as Current. Different devices need a different amount of current based on their functional requirements. Some devices are so sensitive that they get damaged when a high amount of current is delivered to them. So, to save such a situation and monitor the amount of current required or being used in an application, measurement of

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current necessary. This is where the Current Sensor comes into play. One such sensor is the ACS712 Current Sensor. Current flowing through a conductor causes a voltage drop. The relation between current and voltage is given by Ohm’s law. In electronic devices, an increase in the amount of current above its requirement leads to overload and can damage the device. Measurement of current is necessary for the proper working of devices. Measurement of voltage is Passive task and it can be done without affecting the system. Whereas measurement of current is an Intrusive task which cannot be detected directly as voltage.

ACS712

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For measuring current in a circuit, a sensor is required. ACS712 Current Sensor is the sensor that can be used to measure and calculate the amount of current applied to the conductor without affecting the performance of the system.

Working Principle Current Sensor detects the current in a wire or conductor and generates a signal proportional to the detected current either in the form of analog voltage or digital output.

Energy Meter Definition: The meter which is used for measuring the energy utilises by the electric load is known as the energy meter. The energy is the total power consumed and utilised by the load at a particular interval of time. It is used in domestic and industrial AC circuit for measuring the power consumption. The meter is less expensive and accurate.

Construction of Energy Meter The construction of the single phase energy meter is shown in the figure below.

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The energy meter has four main parts. They are the

1.

Driving System

2.

Moving System

3.

Braking System

4.

Registering System The detail explanation of their parts is written below. 1. Driving System – The electromagnet is the main component of the driving system. It is the temporary magnet which is excited by the current flow through their coil. The core of the electromagnet is made up of silicon steel lamination. The driving system has two electromagnets. The upper one is called the shunt electromagnet, and the lower one is called series electromagnet.

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The series electromagnet is excited by the load current flow through the current coil. The coil of the shunt electromagnet is directly connected with the supply and hence carry the current proportional to the shunt voltage. This coil is called the pressure coil. The centre limb of the magnet has the copper band. These bands are adjustable. The main function of the copper band is to align the flux produced by the shunt magnet in such a way that it is exactly perpendicular to the supplied voltage. 2. Moving System – The moving system is the aluminium disc mounted on the shaft of the alloy. The disc is placed in the air gap of the two electromagnets. The eddy current is induced in the disc because of the change of the magnetic field. This eddy current is cut by the magnetic flux. The interaction of the flux and the disc induces the deflecting torque. When the devices consume power, the aluminium disc starts rotating, and after some number of rotations, the disc displays the unit used by the load. The number of rotations of the disc is counted at particular interval of time. The disc measured the power consumption in kilowatt hours. 3. Braking system – The permanent magnet is used for reducing the rotation of the aluminium disc. The aluminium disc induces the eddy current because of their rotation. The eddy current cut the magnetic flux of the permanent magnet and hence produces the braking torque. This braking torque opposes the movement of the disc, thus reduces their speed. The permanent magnet is adjustable due to which the braking torque is also adjusted by shifting the magnet to the other radial position. 4. Registration (Counting Mechanism) – The main function of the registration or counting mechanism is to record the number of rotations of the aluminium disc. Their rotation is directly proportional to the energy consumed by the loads in the kilowatt hour. The rotation of the disc is transmitted to the pointers of the different dial for recording the different readings. The reading in kWh is obtained by multiply the number of rotations of the disc with the meter constant. The figure of the dial is shown below.

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Working of the Energy Meter The energy meter has the aluminium disc whose rotation determines the power consumption of the load. The disc is placed between the air gap of the series and shunt electromagnet. The shunt magnet has the pressure coil, and the series magnet has the current coil. The pressure coil creates the magnetic field because of the supply voltage, and the current coil produces it because of the current. The field induces by the voltage coil is lagging by 90º on the magnetic field of the current coil because of which eddy current induced in the disc. The interaction of the eddy current and the magnetic field causes torque, which exerts a force on the disc. Thus, the disc starts rotating. The force on the disc is proportional to the current and voltage of the coil. The permanent magnet controls Their rotation. The permanent magnet opposes the movement of the disc and equalises it on the power consumption. The cyclometer counts the rotation of the disc.

 ESP8266 Wifi Module

The ESP8266 WiFi Module is a self contained SOC with integrated TCP/IP protocol stack that can give any microcontroller access to your WiFi network. The ESP8266 is capable of either hosting an application or offloading all Wi-Fi networking functions from another application processor.

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Each ESP8266 module comes pre-programmed with an AT command set firmware, meaning, you can simply hook this up to your Arduino device and get about as much WiFi-ability as a WiFi Shield offers (and that's just out of the box)! The ESP8266 module is an extremely cost effective board with a huge, and ever growing, community. This module has a powerful enough on-board processing and storage capability that allows it to be integrated with the sensors and other application specific devices through its GPIOs with minimal development up-front and minimal loading during runtime. Its high degree of on-chip integration allows for minimal external circuitry, including the front-end module, is designed to occupy minimal PCB area. The ESP8266 supports APSD for VoIP applications and Bluetooth coexistance interfaces, it contains a self-calibrated RF allowing it to work under all operating conditions, and requires no external RF parts. There is an almost limitless fountain of information available for the ESP8266, all of which has been provided by amazing community support. In the Documents section below you will find many resources to aid you in using the ESP8266, even instructions on how to transforming this module into an IoT (Internet of Things) solution

PCB A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electrical or electronic components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from one or more sheet layers of copper laminated onto and/or between sheet layers of a non-conductive substrate. Components are generally soldered onto the PCB to both electrically connect and mechanically fasten them to it. Printed circuit boards are used in all but the simplest electronic products. They are also used in some electrical products, such as passive switch boxes. Alternatives to PCBs include wire wrap and point-to-point construction, both once popular but now rarely used. PCBs require additional design effort to lay out the circuit, but manufacturing and assembly can be automated. Electronic computer-aided design software is available to do much of the work of layout. Mass-producing circuits with PCBs is cheaper and faster than with other wiring methods, as components are mounted and wired in one operation. Large numbers of PCBs can be fabricated at the same time, and the layout only has to be done once. PCBs can also be made manually in small quantities, with reduced benefits. PCBs can be single-sided (one copper layer), double-sided (two copper layers on both sides of one substrate layer), or multi-layer (outer and inner layers of copper, alternating with layers of substrate). Multi-layer PCBs allow for much higher component density, because circuit traces on the inner layers would otherwise take up surface space between components. The rise in popularity of multilayer PCBs with more than two, and especially with more than four, copper planes was concurrent with the adoption of surface mount technology. However, multilayer PCBs make repair, analysis, and field modification of circuits much more difficult and usually impractical.

 Transformer/Adapter

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A plug adapter is usually small, inexpensive, and straightforward: it basically makes your American plug fit into the socket of the country you are visiting, the idea being that there is already a built-in converter or transformer in your electrical appliance, or that you will be using a separate converter or transformer with the adapter. Converters and transformers convert or transform the voltage of electricity from the plug into whatever the proper level is for the plugged-in appliance. The difference between the two lies in how the device actually converts the voltage current. To reduce 220V to 110V, for example, a converter chops the “sine waves” (the shape of the AC power bursts) in half, whereas a transformer alters the length of the sine waves. External power supplies are used both with equipment with no other source of power and with battery-powered equipment, where the supply, when plugged in, can sometimes charge the battery in addition to powering the equipment. Use of an external power supply allows portability of equipment powered either by mains or battery without the added bulk of internal power components, and makes it unnecessary to produce equipment for use only with a specified power source; the same device can be powered from 120 VAC or 230 VAC mains, vehicle or aircraft battery by using a different adapter. Another advantage of these designs can be increased safety; since the hazardous 120 or 240 volt mains power is transformed to a lower, safer voltage at the wall outlet and the appliance that is handled by the user is powered by this lower voltage.

REFERENCES [1] A. Vojdani, Smart Integration, IEEE Power & Energy Magazine, vol.6, p. 71 – 79, Nov. 2008. [2] D.G Hart, Using AMI to realize the smart grid,” Proc. IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting - Conversion and Delivery of

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Electrical Energy, Pittsburgh, PA, July 2008, p. 1 – 2. [3] R. Gerwen, S. Jaarsma, and R. Wilhite, Smart metering, [Online]. Available: http://www.leonardo-energy.org/webfm_ send/435 [4] S.S. Depuru, L. Wang, and V. Devabhaktuni, A conceptual design using harmonics to reduce pilfering of electricity, IEEE PES General Meeting, Minneapolis, MA, July 2010. [5] M. Chebbo, EU smart grids framework: electricity networks of the future 2020 and beyond, Proc. IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, Tampa, FL, June 2007, p.1 – 8.

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