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second edition Greg Rickard Nici Burger Warrick Clarke Janette Ellis David Geelan Faye Jeffery Carol Neville Geoff Phillips Peter Roberson Cherine Spirou Kerry Whalley
Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, Adelaide and associated companies around the world
Contents Acknowledgements
v
Series features
vi
How to use this book
CHAPTER
1
CHAPTER
2
CHAPTER
3
CHAPTER
4
viii
Stage 5 Syllabus Correlation
x
Verbs
xi
Chemical and nuclear reactions
1
Unit 1.1 Chemical reactions
2
Unit 1.2 Corrosion and oxidation
16
Unit 1.3 Nuclear reactions and radiation
25
Chapter review
34
Materials
35
Unit 2.1 Pure metals and alloys
36
Unit 2.2 Mining and extracting metals
43
Unit 2.3 Plastics
54
Unit 2.4 Fibres
63
Science focus: Organic chemistry
69
Unit 2.5 Soap
73
Chapter review
78
Genetics
79
Unit 3.1 Inheritance
80
Unit 3.2 Human inheritance
92
Unit 3.3 The molecule of life
101
Unit 3.4
108
Controlling genetics
Science focus: DNA fingerprinting
115
Chapter review
120
Health and disease
122
Unit 4.1 Health
123
Science focus: Aboriginal health
129
Unit 4.2 Disease
131
Unit 4.3 Infectious diseases
135
Unit 4.4 Transmission and control of infectious diseases
144
Unit 4.5 Non-infectious diseases
155
Chapter review
166
iii
CHAPTER
5
CHAPTER
6
CHAPTER
7
CHAPTER
8
CHAPTER
9
iv
Evolution
167
Unit 5.1 Being suited to your environment
168
Unit 5.2 Evolution through natural selection
172
Unit 5.3 Evidence for evolution
180
Unit 5.4 Human evolution
189
Science focus: Evolution of a theory
196
Chapter review
203
Motion
205
Unit 6.1 Describing motion
206
Unit 6.2 Acceleration
218
Unit 6.3 Newton’s First Law
224
Unit 6.4 Newton’s Second Law
231
Unit 6.5 Newton’s Third Law
236
Unit 6.6 Gravity
241
Unit 6.7 Work and energy
247
Chapter review
254
Electricity, electromagnetism and communications technology
256
Unit 7.1 Electricity
257
Unit 7.2 Electromagnetism
266
Unit 7.3 Waves in communication
277
Unit 7.4 The communications network
286
Chapter review
292
Global issues
294
Unit 8.1 Debates in science and society
295
Unit 8.2 Global warming
299
Unit 8.3 Nuclear power
309
Unit 8.4 Fiddling with food
317
Unit 8.5 Biotechnology
325
Chapter review
330
Individual research project
331
Unit 9.1 Being an individual
332
Science focus: Weird science!
336
Unit 9.2 My investigation
339
Science focus: Scientific method
342
Chapter review
346
Sci Q Busters
348
Index
352
Acknowledgements We would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce photographs, texts and illustrations. The following abbreviations are used in this list: t = top, b = bottom, c = centre, l = left, r = right. ANSTO: p. 312t. Australian Associated Press Pty Ltd: pp. 96t, 132l, 295t, 304, 313b, 319c. Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency: p. 313t. Corbis Australia Pty Ltd: pp. 17t, 47, 58t, 64b, 92br, 129l, 130, 150b, 156b, 161, 174l, 180l, 194, 277, 286, 319r, 341. CSIRO Publishing: p. 303. Dorling Kindersley: p. 43b. Doug Thost Photography: p. 299. Dreamstime: pp. 72, 137b, 336r. Emerald City Images/Minden Images: p. 177tr. Getty Images Australia Pty Ltd: pp. cover, 45(B), 45t, 54, 64t, 79, 82(woman), 92tl, 104t, 125r, 168, 181tr, 189tr, 208l, 232b, 237b, 317b, 319l, 326, 334b. Greg Rickard: pp. 18, 37tr, 38, 206b. iStock: pp. 16l, 39r, 39tl, 80tl, 169tr, 177br, 222, 241t, 287bl, 301t, 309, 331. John Fairfax Publications: pp. 71l, 212, 321b. Jupiterimages Corporation © 2009: pp. 168l, 169br, 169cr, 189bl, 196. NASA: pp. 28(solar), 300. News Ltd/Newspix: pp. 55r, 66l; Toby Zerna: p. 207. Pearson Australia: p. 70tr; Alice McBroom: p. 337l; Michelle Jellett: pp. 73b, 77, 125l. Photolibrary Pty Ltd: 1, 2tl, 6, 9bl, 9tr, 16r, 25, 26, 28(manufactured), 28(terrestrial), 29-31, 43t, 45(C), 46, 58b, 63, 66r, 80br, 82(chromosomes), 82br, 86, 95, 96b, 102l, 104bl, 104br, 108-110, 115, 116, 119, 122, 123tr, 124, 131br, 131t, 132r, 135-140, 144, 145, 147, 148br, 148t, 149, 150t, 151, 155, 156t, 157br, 157tr, 158, 159, 162b, 163, 168br, 170b, 173, 174r, 180br, 180tr, 181bl, 181br, 181cl, 182, 183t, 191-193, 197-200, 205, 208r, 219b, 224-226, 232t, 237t, 241b, 242, 248, 249, 258, 266, 270, 280br, 280t, 294, 295b, 297br, 301b, 305, 310, 312b, 314, 317t, 318b, 320, 321t, 322t, 325, 328, 332, 334t, 337r, 339, 340r, 343. Picture Media/Reuters: p. 247t. Shutterstock: pp. cover, 2br, 8, 9br, 9tl, 17cr, 28(medical), 35, 39bl, 55l, 65r, 69(family), 69(sheep), 69(tree), 73t, 94, 123bl, 129r, 131bl, 146, 148bl, 157tl, 162t, 219t, 236, 247b, 256, 257, 260, 318t, 322b, 327, 336l, 340(berries), 340(sunglasses), 340(tongue), 348-351. The Picture Source: p. 65tl. Every effort has been made to trace and acknowledge copyright. However, should any infringement have occurred, the publishers tender their apologies and invite copyright owners to contact them.
v
Series features
Science Focus Second Edition
The Science Focus Second Edition series has been designed for the revised NSW Science Syllabus, Stages 4 and 5. This fresh and engaging series is based on the essential and additional content.
Student books with student CD
NENTW ENT O
C The student book consists of chapters with the following features: • A science context at the beginning of each chapter encourages students to make meaning of science in terms of their everyday experiences. • Science Clip boxes contain quirky and fascinating science facts and provide opportunity for further exploration by students. • Unit and chapter review questions are structured around Bloom’s Taxonomy of Cognitive Processes. Questions incorporate the key verbs, so that students can begin to practise answering questions as required in later years. • Investigating sections incorporate ICT and research skills. These tasks are designed to push students to apply the knowledge and skills they have developed within the chapter. • Practical activities are placed at the end of each unit to allow teachers to choose when and how to incorporate the practical work. • Science Focus spreads use a contextual approach to focus on the outcomes of the prescribed focus area. Student activities on these pages allow for further investigation into the material covered. Each student book includes an interactive student CD containing: • an electronic version of the student book • a link to Pearson Places for extensive online content.
Homework books
NENTW ENT
CO The homework book has a fresh new design and layout and provides the following features: • A syllabus correlation grid links each worksheet to the NSW Science Syllabus. • Updated worksheets cover consolidation, extension and revision activities with explicit use of syllabus verbs so that students can begin to practise answering questions as required in later years. • Questions are clearly graded within each worksheet, allowing students to move from lower-order questions to higher-order questions. • A crossword for every chapter spans across a double-page spread so students can easily read the clues and instructions. • Sci-words are listed for each chapter in an easy-to-follow tabulated layout.
vi
Teacher editions (including teacher edition CD and student CD)
NEW
The innovative teacher edition contains a wealth of support material and allows a teacher to approach the teaching and learning of science with confidence. Teacher editions are available for each student book in the series. Teacher editions include the following features: pages from the student book with wrap-around teacher notes covering the learning focus, outcomes and a pre-quiz for every chapter opening approximately 10 different learning strategies per unit in addition to the activities provided in each unit of the student book assessment ideas answers to student book questions practical activity support including a safety spot, common mistakes, possible results and suggested answers to practical activity questions Teacher Resource boxes highlighting additional resources available, such as worksheets, online activities and practical activities. Each Science Focus Second Edition Teacher Edition CD includes: student book answers homework book answers NEW Pearson Places chapter tests and answers curriculum grids www.pearsonplaces.com.au teaching program for each chapter Pearson Places is the online student risk assessments destination that is constantly evolving g lab technician risk assessments to give you the most up-to-date educational safety notes content on the Web. Visit Pearson Places to lab technician checklist and recipes. access educational content, download lesson material, use rich media and connect with students, educators and professionals NEW LiveText™ DVD around Australia. • Pearson Reader The LiveText™ DVD is designed More than an eBook, Pearson Reader for use with an interactive provides unique online student books whiteboard or data projector. that allow teachers and students to It consists of an electronic harness the collective intelligence of version of the student book all who participate. Search for a unit of with component links, some of work and contribute by adding links and which are unique to LiveText™. sharing resources. The features include one-touch • Student Lounge zoom and annotation tools that One location for student support allow teachers to customise ise material—interactives, animations, lessons for students. revision questions and more! • Teacher Lounge One location for teacher support material—curriculum grids, chapter tests and more!
For more information on the Science Focus Second Edition series, visit the Bookstore at: www.pearsonplaces.com.au
vii
How to use this book
Science Focus 4 Second Edition
Science is a fascinating, informative and enjoyable subject. Science encourages us to ask questions and helps us understand why things happen in our daily lives, on planet Earth and beyond. Scientific knowledge is constantly evolving and challenges us to think about the world in which we live. Science shows us what we knew, what we now know and helps us make informed decisions for our future. Science Focus 4 Second Edition has been designed for the revised NSW Science Syllabus. It includes material that addresses the learning outcomes in the domains of knowledge, understanding and skills. Each chapter addresses at least one prescribed focus area in detail. The content is presented through many varied contexts to engage students in seeing the relationship between science and their everyday lives. The student book consists of nine chapters with the following features: Unit
Individual research project
The key prescribed focus area addressed within the chapter is clearly emphasised.
9
Prescribed focus area The nature and practice of science
Key outcomes 5.2, 5.13, 5.14, 5.18, 5.22.1 3CIENTIFIC PROCESSES TEST WHETHER IDEAS ARE VALID OR NOT
s
! QUESTION CAN LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A HYPOTHESIS THAT CAN BE TESTED OR RESEARCHED
s
$ATA NEEDS TO BE RECORDED ALONG WITH APPROPRIATE UNITS
s
7HEN PLANNING EXPERIMENTS DEPENDENT INDEPENDENT AND CONTROLLED VARIABLES NEED TO BE SPECIFIED
s
! LOGICAL PROCEDURE NEEDS TO BE DEVELOPED THAT ONLY CHANGES ONE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE AT A TIME
s
! NUMBER OF TRIALS INCREASES THE ACCURACY OF ANY MEASUREMENTS TAKEN
s
)NFORMATION CAN BE GATHERED FROM A RANGE OF SECONDARY SOURCES
s
)NFORMATION CAN BE DRAWN FROM GRAPHS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OTHER TEXTS !6 RESOURCES #$ 2/-3 AND THE INTERNET
s
4HE RELIABILITY OF DATA AND INFORMATION SHOULD BE COMPARED WITH THAT OBTAINED FROM OTHER SOURCES
s
4RENDS PATTERNS RELATIONSHIPS AND CONTRADICTIONS CAN BE SOUGHT FROM DATA AND INFORMATION
s
)NFERENCES CAN BE JUSTIFIED IN RELATION TO GATHERED INFORMATION
Essential skills
s
The learning outcomes relevant to the chapter are clearly listed. A clear distinction between essential and additional outcomes is presented in student-friendly language.
Units
Unit
context
Being an individual
%VERYONE IS GOOD AT SOMETHING EACH ONE %VERYONE IS GOOD AT SO OF US HAS CERTAIN SKILLS AT WHICH WE EXCEL OF US HAS CERTAIN SKILLS 7HEN WE WORK AS A GROUP THE DIFFERENT 7HEN WE WORK AS A GR SKILLS OF EACH GROUP MEMBER CAN BE SKILLS OF EACH GROUP M USED 7HEN YOU WORK AS AN INDIVIDUAL USED 7HEN YOU WORK HOWEVER YOU MUST MANAGE AND COMPLETE HOWEVER YOU MUST MA THE TASK BY YOURSELF )NDIVIDUAL RESEARCH THE TASK BY YOURSELF )N CAN BE VERY DEMANDING BUT VERY CAN BE VERY DEMANDIN
Context The context section appears at the beginning of each unit to encourage students to make meaning of science in terms of their everyday experiences.
9.1
Unit
9.1
context
REWARDING 9OU NEED TO BE ABLE TO TAKE AN IDEA PUT IT INTO PRACTICE AND SEE IT THROUGH TO COMPLETION 7ORKING BY YOURSELF DOES NOT MEAN YOU ARE ALONE &INDING