Tenses

BAB 1 TENSES  Tense is a verb form in a grammar that indicates the occurrence of an act or eventand the stage of completion. By english grammar for children publisher “ LINTAS MEDIA” jombang.



A tense is a grammatical category that locates a situation in time, to indicate when the situation takes place.[1][note 1] The tenses are past,present, and future. Tense can also make finer distinctions than simple past-present-future; past tenses for example can cover general past, immediate past, or distant past, with the only difference between them being the distance on the timeline between the temporal reference points. Such distinctions are not precise: an event may be described in the remote past because it feels remote to the speaker, not because a set number of days have passed since it happened; it may also be remote because it is being contrasted with another, more recent, past event. This is similar to other forms of deixis such as this and that. In absolute tense, as in English, tense indicates when the time of assertion, time of completion, or time of evaluation occurs relative to the utterance itself (time of utterance). In relative tense, on the other hand, tense is relative to some given event. The number of tenses in a language may be disputed, because the term tense is often used to represent any combination of tense proper,aspect, and mood. In many texts the term "tense" may erroneously indicate qualities of uncertainty, frequency, completion, duration, possibility, or whether information derives from experience or hearsay (evidentiality).[citation

needed]

Tense differs

from aspect, which encodes how a situation or action occurs in time rather than when. In many languages, there are grammatical forms which express several of these meanings (see tense–aspect– mood). In languages which have tenses, they are normally usually indicated by a verb or modal verb. Some languages only have grammatical expression of time through aspect; others have neither tense nor aspect. Some East Asian isolating languages such as Chinese express time with temporal adverbs, but these are not required, and the verbs are not inflected for tense. In Slavic languages such as Russian a verb may be inflected for both tense and aspect together. by http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Present_tense

BAB II 16 TENSES IN ENGLISH 

PRESENT TENSES 1. Simple Present Tense Simple present tense is used to declare the act. Where the act is being done or something that's a daily habit. Use for : 

Action in the present taking place once, never or several times



Facts



Actions taking place one after another



Action set by a timetable or schedule

Signal word : Always,

every …,

never,

normally,

often,

seldom,

sometimes,

usually

if sentences type I (If I talk, …) 2. Present Continous Tense Present Continuous tense is the tense used to express actions in progress or being worked on. Use for : 

Action taking place in the moment of speaking



Action taking place only for a limited period of time



Action arranged for the future

Signal word : At the moment, just, just now, Listen!, Look!, now, right now 3. Present Perfect Tense Present perfect is a form of sentence in the English language that states an act that has been done (in the past). the past can now, just now, was, yesterday, last week,month, year and so on. Such time should use the present perfect form. Use for : 

Putting emphasis on the result



Action that is still going on



Action that stopped recently



Finished action that has an influence on the present



Action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking

Signal word : Already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now 4. Present Perfect Continous Tense Present perfect continuous tense is used to deliver an event of the past andcontinues to this day and the incident may have been made in the future Use for :  Putting emphasis on the course or duration(not the result) 

Action that recently stopped or is still going on



Finished action that influenced the present

Signal word : All day, for 4 years, since 1993, how long?, the whole week



PAST TENSES 1. Simple Past Tense Simple past

tense is the form that

states an

act that happened

in

the

past (is simple)and has nothing to do with the present. Use for : 

Action in the past taking place once, never or several times



Actions taking place one after another



Action taking place in the middle of another action

Signal word : Yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in 1990, the other day, last Friday, last week sentence type II (If I talked, …)

2. Past Continous Tense Past continuous tense is the form of time that is still used to express the ongoing events in the past. Use for :  Action going on at a certain time in the past  Actions taking place at the same time  Action in the past that is interrupted by another action Signal word : When, while, as long as 3. Past Perfect Tense Past perfect tense is the tense used perfect finishbefore another deed done. Use for 

to

express an

Action taking place before a certain time in the past

event in

the

past a



Sometimes interchangeable with past perfect progressive



Putting emphasis only on the fact (not the duration)

Signal word : Already,

just,

never,

not

yet,

once,

until

that

day

if sentence type III (If I had talked, …)

4. Past Perfect Continous Tense Past perfect continuous tense is the tense used to express a past event that took place before another event occurs. Use for : 

Action taking place before a certain time in the past

 

Sometimes interchangeable with past perfect simple Putting emphasis on the duration or course of an action

Signal word : For, since, the whole day, all day



FUTURE TENSE 1.

Simple Future tense Simple future tense is the form that states an act to be done in the future .. Use for : 

Action in the future that cannot be influenced



Spontaneous decision



Assumption with regard to the future

Signal word : In a year, next …, tomorrow If-Satz Typ I (If you ask her, she will help you.) assumption: I think, probably, perhaps

2.

Future Continous Tense Future continuous tense is the form that

states an

place at a future time. Use for :  

Action that is going on at a certain time in the future Action that is sure to happen in the near future

Signal word : In one year, next week, tomorrow

act would (currently) take

3.

Future Perfect Tense Future perfect tense is the form that states an act that has been done in the future Use for :  Action that might take place putting emphasis on the course / duration of the action Signal word : If sentences type II (If I were you, I would go home.)

4.

Future Perfect Continous Tense Future perfect continuous tense is

the

form that

states the actions that

have

occurredin the past and takes place at different times in the future. Use for : 



Action taking place before a certain time in the future putting emphasis on the course of an action

FUTURE PAST TENSES 1.

Future Past Tense Future tense past tense is used to declare an act in the past to be done. Use for :  Action that might take place Signal word : By Monday, in a week

2.

Future Past Continous Tense Future Continous past tense is the form of time stating the action that will (being) implemented in the past. Usse for : 

Action that is going on at a certain time in the future

 Action that is sure to happen in the near future Signal word : For …, the last couple of hours, all day long 3.

Future Past Perfect Tense Future past perfect tense is a form that states an act in the past to be completed and the time period the conditions are met. Use for :



Action that might take place putting emphasis on the course / duration of the action

Signal word : If sentences type III (If I had seen that, I would have helped.) 4.

Future Past Perfect Continous Tense Future past perfect continuous tense is a past that would already underway. Use for : 

form that

states act in

the

Action taking place before a certain time in the future putting emphasis on the course of an action

BAB III Example for Tenses

 Present Tense 1. Simple Present Tense (+) S + V1 + (s/es) (-) S + do/does + not + V1 (?) Do/does + S + V1 Example : (+) I always walk to school (-) I do not always walk to school (?) Do you always walk to school

2. Present Continous Tense (+) S + To be + Ving (-) S + To be + Not + Ving (?) To be + S + Ving Example : (+) Father is reading a newspaper (-) Father is not reading newspaper (?) Is the father reading newspaper

3. Present Perfect Tense (+) S + have/has + V3 (-) S + have/has not + V3 (?) Have/has + S + V3 Example : (+) She has met your friend (-) She has not met your friend (?) Has she met your friend

4. Present Perfect Continous Tense (+) S + have/has + been + Ving

(-) S + have/has + not been + Ving (?) Have/has + S + been + Ving Example : (+) They have been training English for year (-) They have not been training English for year (?) Have they been training English for your

 Past Tense 1. Simple past tense (+) S + V2 (-) S + dit not + V1 (?) Dit + S + V1 Example : (+) Mother bought a new dress for me last week. (-) Mother didn’t bought a new dress for me last week (?) Did mother buy a new dress for me last week 2. Past continous tense (+) S + was/were + Ving (-) S + was/were + not + Ving (?) Was/were + S + Ving Example : (+) They were studying math yesterday (-) They were not studying math yesterday (?) Were they studying math yesterday. 3. Past perfect tense (+) S + had + V3 (-) S + had + not + V3 (?) had + S + V3 Example : (+) We had sprayed the flower when we came (-) We had no sprayed the flower when we came (?) Had we sprayed the flower when we came

4. Past perfect continous tense (+) S + had + been + Ving (-) S + had + not + been + Ving (?) Had + S + been + Ving Example : (+) We had been sweeping the classsroom, when our teacher came (-) We had not been swepping the classroom, when our teacher came (?) Had we been sweeping the classroom, when our teacher came

 Future Tense 1. Simple future tense (+) S + shall/will + V1 (-) S + shall/will + not + V1 (?) shall/will + S + V1 Example : (+) I will go to Surabaya tomorrow (-) I will not go to Surabaya tomorrow (?) Will you go to Surabaya tomorrow 2. Future continous tense (+) S + shall/will + be + Ving (-) S + shall/will + not + be + Ving (?) shall/will + be + Ving Example : (+) I will be helping you, if I have a change (-) I will not be helping you, if I have a change (?) Will you be helping me, if you have a change 3. Future perfect tense (+) S + shall/will + have + V3 (-) S + shall/will + not + have + V3 (?) Will + S + have + V3 Example : (+) We shall have arrived at India by Sunday

(-) We shall not have arrived at India by Sunday (?) Shall we have arrived at India by Sunday

4. Future perfect continous tense (+) S + shall/will + have + been + Ving (-) S + shall/will + not + have + been + Ving (?) Shall/will + S + have + been + Ving Example : (+) I will have been leaving the town for two years by the end of the year (-) I will not have been leaving the town for two year by the end of the year (?) Will you have been leaving the town for two years by the end of this year

 Future Past Tense 1. Future past tense (+) S + should/would + V1 (-) S + should/would + not + V1 (?) Should/would + S + V1 Example : (+) I should give money if you come to my shop (-) I should not give money if you come to my shop (?) Should you give money if i come to your shop 2. Future past continous tense (+) S + would/should + be + Ving (-) S + would/should + not + be + Ving (?) Would/should + S + be + Ving Example : (+) I should be watching TV at nine o’clock last night (-) I should not be watching TV at nine o’clock last night (?) Should I be watching TV at nine o’clock last night 3. Future past perfect tense (+) S + would/should + have + V3 (-) S + would/should + not + have + V3 (?) Would/shoul + have + V3 Example :

(+) I should have worked if i had graduated (-) I should not have worked, if i had graduate (?) Should you have worker, if you had graduate

4. Future past perfect continous tense (+) S + would/should + have + been + Ving (-) S + would/should + not + have + Ving (?) Should/would + have + been + Ving Example : (+) We should have been helding a party for one hour by last chrismast (-) We should not have been helding a party for one hour by last chrismast (?) Should we have been helding a party for one hour by last chrismast

Reference : 1. http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/tenses 2. Bank Soal Bahasa Inggris SMP kelas 1, 2, dan 3, Penerbit M2S, Bandung, 2004. 3. By english grammar for children publisher “ LINTAS MEDIA” jombang. 4. by http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Present_tense