The Oxford Starter Japanese Dictionary

-

Oxford

anese Dictionary FIRST EDITION -,

Makes Japanese easier to learn than ever before'

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The World^s Most Trusted Dictionaries

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The Oxtord Starter Japanese Dictionary Edited by

Jonathan Bunt with

Gillian Hall

OXPORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

Great Clarendon Street. Oxford 0x2 6dp

Oxford University Press It

is a department of the University of Oxford. farthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship,

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New York

Bunt 2000

rights of the author have

been asserted

Database rights Oxford University Press (makers) First

published 2000

All rights reserved.

No

part of this publication

may be

reproduced.

stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means.

without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographic rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department. Oxford University Press, at the address above

You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing Publication Data

Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Data available

ISBN 0-19-860197-2 10

98765432

Typeset by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong Printed in Spain by Book Print S. L.

Contents Contributors and acknowledgements

About

this dictionary

Japanese Script

iv

v vii

Structure of Japanese-English entries

viii

Structure of English-Japanese entries

ix

How to

use this dictionary

x

Glossary of grammatical terms

xiv

Japanese-English dictionary

1

Usage notes

171

English-Japanese dictionary

207

Chart of hiragana and katakana symbols

429

The Oxford Starter Japanese Dictionary Contributors and acknowledgements

Chief editors Jonathan Bunt with

'

Gillian Hall

Japan Centre North West

-

University of Manchester

Editors and Contributors

Miyoko Yamashita Ayako Somers Yukiko Shaw Motoi Kitamura Yumi Tozuka Nobumi Kitamura

OH BR P 679 .09

and many other family, mends and visitors to the Japan Centre who the editors would like to thank for their patience and their valiant attempts to answer impossible questions. Special thanks to

Thanks

Suzuko Anai.

also to colleagues

from the BATJ

(British Association for the

Teaching of

Japanese) for their interest and support.

Proprietary terms some words which are, or are asserted to be, proprietary names or trade marks. Their inclusion does not imply that they have acquired for legal purposes a non-proprietary or general significance, nor is any other judgement implied concerning their legal status. In cases where the editor has some evidence iliat a wora is used as a proprietary name or trade mark, this is indicated by the symbol but no judgement concerning the legal status of such words is made or

This dictionary includes

implied lluTcbv.

About

this dictionary

To get the most out of the information contained

in this dictionary please see to use this Dictionary. This book is designed to help English-speaking students of all ages who are studying Japanese in schools, colleges, universities, evening classes and in a business context. It is also aimed at people living in Japan. In the Japanese to English section, we have given a wide range of Japanese words with English equivalents and suggestions as to how to understand and translate them. We have tried to be simple and straightforward and have therefore not included all possible meanings. Our guide for selection was usefulness not only to students but also to those visiting or working in Japan who will encounter a wide range of vocabulary, including culturally specific items needing explanation rather

How

than just a translation. In the English to Japanese section, the English words are followed by either translations or a suggested method of conveying English uses in Japanese. This section is mostly aimed at those studying the language formally. Such people often have to write short essays and diaries or make short presentations as part of their course and need to supplement their textbooks with other sources of Japanese. We have not tried to give all possible ways of expressing the English and our guideline for inclusion or exclusion was whether it seemed likely that students could use the word or expression in the contexts in which we as teachers at school and university think that they are likely to need it. This will not produce perfect solutions to the problem of moving between two very different languages but it is better to try something and then find out why it is not right in a particular case than to not try at all. We expect that qualified teachers will be seeing and responding to most of the material generated from our explanations. This interaction of learner and teacher will fine-tune the use of the information in this dictionary. We have (after much consideration) been consistent in giving examples in the forms to which most learners are first exposed forms. We have tried to give some indication of the various styles of Japanese speech and guidance on how to find a Japanese word that does not at first seem to be includea by breaking it down into meaningful elements or by changing its form - see How to use this Dictionary. One important feature of the JapaneseEnglish section is that we have given the and forms. These most common verbs used by beginners in their entries are cross-referenced and will provide support in learning the relations between forms which are vital for understanding the grammar of Japanese and making progress with the language. This information is further supported by the •

notes on verbs.

Another unusual feature of this dictionary

is

that

it

avoids romanized Japanese.

It

not usually the practice to teach Japanese seriously using roman script so we have given the translations and examples in syllabic scripts and an alternative using Chinese characters where this is appropriate. This helps learners to master the scripts quickly, learn Japanese word-order patterns, and avoid reliance on romanized forms which can lead to errors - especially in pronunciation. The syllabic scripts are easily learned and we have given a reference chart to help during early stages of script learning. We have kept to the government list of approved characters in the English to Japanese section examples. In the Japanese to English section we have kept some non-standard forms as they are likely to be encountered by people in Japan. Remember that kanji are not compulsory in many situations. Space prevents this dictionary including Chinese character look-up information but as many students is

About

this dictionary

vi

we have

given some information we have given as main entries in the Japanese to English section a very wide range of suffixes and prefixes which will allow careful users to find the meanings of a vastly greater number of words than are here as headword entries. For information on how to do

will also be studying the use of Chinese characters,

relating to

them throughout the main

entries

and

notes. In particular,

How

to use this Dictionary. in addition to being a supplementary reference for learners working with a textbook this dictionary will prove interesting] The value of browsing and curiosity as part of language learning is all too often forgotten and teachers and learners tend to stick to self-contained textbooks. We would like to think that any learner who is interested in Japanese can find something of interest and value by dipping into this book. Japanese is a fascinating language and it is the interest and enjoyment of our students that has led us to want to produce a much-needed resource for.them. this see

We

hope that

To teachers We hope that you can find something of value to your students and humbly suggest that the best

Japanese

is

way

for

to get

you

to

your students to use

this dictionary to

show them how. Helping

a student to

improve their the most of a

make

dictionary should be an essential element of any language course as it gives the learner a chance to fly (even if they may be unsteady for a while!). We would greatly

welcome your comments and suggestions

for

improvements.

•

Japanese Script

.

usually written using a combination of scripts. It can be written left to right or more traditionally, in vertical • "^' columns from right to left Vertical writing tends to be used for •

Japanese

is

horizontally from

books, newspapers, formal letters and essays.

There are two series of phonetic symbols or of 46 sounds each which can be combined to write the sounds of the language, and Chinese characters or which carry meaning and may have more than one way of being pronounced

depending on the context. See the entries on and for more about the use of Chinese characters. The characters used in books and newspapers are largely limited to those in the official list produced for schools and those which can be used for personal names. The characters for schoolchildren to be taught are called which means 'characters for everyday use. There • are 1945 of them. In a sentence such as

'I

am going to London tomorrow* the Japanese will feature

name, and the ending on the verb and as well as the stem of the verb 'to go. for the place

•

particles

and

T

•

•

grammatical words 'tomorrow'

for the for the

•

The main use of

V

V

woras or foreign origin and it is used for the By convention the names of Chinese and Korean people and places are often left in characters and a pronunciation indicated in ,5 (see below). is also used for onomatopoeia, t) U some adverbs and as a kind of italic script for emphasis. It is common for the pronunciation of (possibly) unfamiliar characters to be indicated by small script above or to the side. This is called or "^ and can be in either 7 "^ or This also appears in textbooks to help learners with new is

to write

names of non-jaoanese people and

places.

•

$

.

readings. for the headwords in the Japanese or and the translations in the English to Japanese section as appropriate. Where would normally be employed we have given a 'standard' script form immediately after the version. There is some flexibility about We have tried whether or not to use for a particular word or just to give something approximating standard usage and so we have some characters not in the government lists where we judge them to be in common use and we have left some words without characters even though the characters are common ir it felt

This dictionary uses either to English section

.

stylistically better in a

We advise beginners

given case.

not to attempt to copy out the more complicated kanji until they are more confident with Japanese writing. A word written in legible hiragana is much better than a badly copied kanji which will be difficult for the intended reader to understand.

•

-

.

®

structure of Japanese-English entries headword in Japanese syllabic

{of food) = delicious

•

(o/^ab/7/fy)

script

multiple clearly

part of spe;pch

adjective -'… •

=

translations

skillful

alternative script

senses the sense 'delicious' this generally only used bv men.

shown

in

notes to explain

word

for is

headword

show use

to

of

Chinese characters (kanji) where

usage

appropriate

MASU

forms of common verbs given as

verb conjugation group clearly shown

headwords and cross-referenced to the appropriate

verb

•

transitive or

..

1

=

dictionary form (main entry)

intransitive nature of verb shown by the appropriate

to sell

particle

the TE, NAI and

MASU '

forms of verbs are

common

given to assist beginners

adjective • •

TE forms

of

common

verbs given as

= noisy = annoying as an exclamation

it

means

headwords and

197

cross referenced to the appropriate dictionary form/s (12) and to the usage notes on verbs (13) where

the TE form is explained in detail

'shut

up' (13)

(12)

verb

•

1®

•

=togo

•

form of a verb

following the

it

can add the sense of an ongoing process or direction of movement of 197 , ^204 the subject

numbers show where a word can be used as different parts of

speech and any changes in form where this happens are

shown

'

s

noun

-

bringing up

children

••'

boxed notes

to

explain functions in certain contexts as well as

meanings

explanation where no exact equivalent exists

•

1 noun = agreement 2 verb

3®

agree

commonly used = to :•••••:

particles other than

from the

transitive/

intransitive

are

marker

shown

(18)

(18)

i

2

/•

structure of English-Japanese entries headword

able

adjective

part of

be able to... = use the potential form of the verb or the dictionary form of the verb + 191 to be able to swim =

cross reference to

to

information

associated with the entry

example of usage

Japanese

•••

able to read hiragana =

script (kanjikana-majiri)

..

American same form

associated

elements which are

1

present in some circumstances appear in brackets

1 adjective

speech with the

=

clarified

kana only and then repeated in standard

adjective

= different parts of

translations of example in

Japanese

•

ambitious

how

to translate into

:::

am

I

speech

information on

2 noun

by use of numbers

American person = issues associated

RGmember there are two words for family members

177

noun

-

'-

own older brother) = (your own younger brother) = {your

sub-divisions of

meaning

clearly

indicated and separately translated

, :.

''

'

else's older brother)

{someone

else's

feel verb •

f

(someone

••••

=

potentially

misleading translations are

=

,'

youngsr brother) =

multiple examples to clarify usage

made

translations written

Japanese

syllabic script

alternative script •'

is often best to translate with an adjective + when referring to yourself 178

senses marked

and

suggestions

in

it

clearly

/

clarified

:

Japanese is very different to English when describing feelings,

difrerent

with word use are highlighted

sets of

version of the translations to show use of

Chinese characters (kanji) where appropriate

an emotion, an impression or a physical feeling) feel lonely =

{referring to

I

it

I

it

•

feels cold = feel tired-

'

•

feels nice =

{to

touch) =

to feel

like...

information on

how

to translate into

Japanese

= use the pre

rorm yourself and

of the verb + for the pre form of the verb + 191 for others

cross references to detailed usage notes section

How to Japanese

use this dictionary

into English side

"

more words in this dictionary than it may at first appear! The following section gives advice on what to do if the word you want does not seem to be present. Japanese verbs and certain adjectives can have a variety of endings. If the form of a word in front of you does not seem to be in the dictionary try and identify what kind of word it is. Verbs are often at the end of sentences and will have some hiragana characters after the Chinese characters (if they are used) i.e. Adjectives may also be detectable by their 'tail' of hiragana characters after the The notes on verbs and adjectives Chinese character/s i.e. • give tables showing possible endings which can help you identify an unknown word. For convenience a table is given below with some of the most common inflectional endings and ideas on how to convert them back to a form that can be looked up. Also note that it is common practice in Japanese textbooks for beginners where words are spaced, any particles are added to words without a space separating them. There are a

lot

.

The same

is

true of

and and related forms eur. up a form of a word that is the word itself plus a 205 is a list of particles in the note on •

•

Make

sure you are not trying to look particle or one of these words! There

word you want

7

up has one of the following endings try to change it as up the new form and the ending as separate items. This is not guaranteed but should give you a very good chance of finding the word you want. If the word does not seem to have one of these endings see the note on prefixes and suffixes below. If

the

to look

indicated in the table below and look

ending

how a

to change it back to form you can look up

Example from

Example to

remove ending and add

remove ending and add

remove ending and add

remove ending and add

remove ending and add or

remove ending and add or

there

is

or only one verb

with the latter ending

remove ending and add

<

'

'

•

1

. •

•

How to use how

ending

a

to change it back to form you can look up

•

Example

Example from

to

remove ending and add

remove ending and add

remove ending and add O or change the last syllable before the

ending from i or

to

as

to

to

V

etc.

above

remove ending and add O or change the last syllable before the

ending from to

*

as

cK

/>_

'ci)

or

i to c±

to

>

U

y

CJ

"H"

CZ CZ

L/

d~ 9

>

'-u' i.e.

\

etc.

above

as at)ove

as

*

'-u' i.e.

\

y

above

remove ending and add O or change the last syllable before the

ending from to

as

or

'-a'

to

V

'-u' i.e.

to

etc.

above

always follows either or so find the appropriate form of that ending in the chart initial

word

followed by

look up the initial word and then the relevant part of

in the verb

note. Note that the

1

'

3^

Li

nj

elements in front of these forms are usually nouns written with Chinese characters as for

or

/

J

/ds V

•

this dictionary

1

\

•

How to

use

•

•

this dictionary

xii

how

ending

a

to change it back to form you can look up

Example from

Example to

or

as for

remove ending and add

or other endings with -eba such as

and add remove the or remove the and change the

or

preceding

'-e'

to

l-f 1

9

'-u' i.e.

to

remove ending and add

Exercise Trv to nnd the basic forms of the following and their meaning from the chart above using only the main entries. Use the notes on verbs or adjectives only to check!

Prefixes and Suffixes word is not in the dictionary try separating the nrst one or two symbols and looking it/them up to see if it/they is/are a common prefix element. You can also try looking at the final few syllables and trying the same thing to check for suffixes. If a

Exercise Try to find the following words' meanings and the elements of which they are

composed pre/ix

suffix

A Note on Verb Forms There are two

common

use the polite

(as

styles of Japanese verbs and textbooks for beginners tend to opposed to plain) style as this is the normal way of talking to people other than friends and family. The plain style tends to be introduced at a later stage but is important for the learning of grammar and in a wide range of constructions. Because the polite style of a verb is not a basic 'word' but a form of the plain or dictionary 'word' we have followed usual dictionary practice and given verb entries in what is often called the dictionary form. The same applies in the English to Japanese section. However, as beginners tend to use the polite style we have kept

How to use

xiii

examples

in that form.

this dictionary

We have also selected some of the most common verbs

beginners' textbooks and given

them

main

in

form and conjunctive or form in the JapaneseEnglish section. This will allow you to look up a verb in these forms so even if you have not yet studied the relation of plain and polite style verbs or learned the formation of conjunctives you can find a crossreference to the dictionary form where a translation and conjugation information will be found. The verb entries have numbers referring to the conjugation patterns and symbols to show if they are transitive or intransitive and reference can be made to the notes and tables situated between the JapaneseEnglish and English-Japanese sections. The table above will also assist you to find a dictionary form of a verb. Try to find the dictionary form and meaning of the following polite style verbs as

entries in their so-called

Try to find the dictionary rorm and meaning of the verbs from the following conjunctive forms

For further information see the notes on plain

and

polite style and

verbs

English into Japanese side The English into Japanese side of the dictionary attempts to give full guidance on how to write and speak correctly in Japanese. Plenty of examples are given to demonstrate not only the translation of words into Japanese but also their usage in Japanese sentences. You will find additional information on grammatical points, such as the use of words in certain contexts, in the grammatical notes that occur within the entries on certain words. These notes are designed to help you produce correct Japanese in areas where mistakes are frequently made due to Japanese usage being different from English. If you are unable to translate an English word into Japanese because you cannot find it in the wordlist, try to use another word with the same or a similar meaning, or choose another form of wording which will enable you to find what you're looking for. For instance, if you want to translate the adjective complex but cannot find it in the dictionary, you could try complicated as an alternative, which gives

()

() as the Japanese equivalent.

•

A very useful feature of this dictionary are the usage notes wnich cover sets of related

words based on topics such

as family, dates,

find these in the centre of the dictionaiy.

and nationalities

etc.

You will

•

a

•

.

Glossary of grammatical terms This section explains the basic terms that are used in this dictionary to help you to find the information that you need. This list does not provide a full analysis of the Japanese parts of speech.

'

Adjective An

adjective is used to add extra information to or describe a noun - a difficuif job. a beautiful girl, a fat cat. In

Japanese:

• •

There are 2 main types of Japanese adjectives

20

described in a note

Adverb An

adverb is used to add extra information to or describe a verb, an adjective, or another adverb - to walk slowly, extremely difficulu come quickly. In Japanese

' . •

Nounsand

and

'new'

'newly'. See the note

on

201

adjectives

Auxiliary verb An auxiliary verb is a verb, such as be, do, have, which is used to form a particular tense or grammatical function of another verb, or to form an interrogative, negative, or imperative sentence. Here are

some English examples:

it

is raining;

has

did you

don't gof. Japanese does not use auxiliary verbs in this see him?: she didn't come; he

left;

way.

Comparative The comparative, as its name indicates, is the form of the adjective or adverb which enables us to compare two or more nouns or pronouns. In English, this is usually done by putting more, less, or as before the appropriate adjective or adverb, or by changing the base form to the

comparative form ending in r. Japanese adjectives and adverbs do not have different comparative forms. The comparison is often indicated by the particle thejapanese equivalent of than.

Conditional A conditional sentence in

which the statement contained

is

in the

one

main

clause can only be fulfilled if the condition stated in the subordinate clause is also fulfilled. In the first example below going to the seaside and in the second example going to Japan are the main clauses. This condition is usually introduced by if in English. Japanese has a variety of structures with similar functions. Sec the note on verbs 191 If

it

is

fine

tomorrow,

•

we

'II

go

to

Japan

if

I

had lots

of money

=

•

Conjunction A conjunction can be either (i) a word like and or but which is used to join words or simple sentences together, or (ii) a word like when, although, if, where, which is used to form a complex sentence. Japanese conjunctions are often combinations of particles or

words plus

particles.

Determiner A determiner

is

used before a

noun in order to identify more precisely what is being referred to. Here are some

to the

the

(

book =

book= that book:

a

•

or

to

final

4

asin

would go

examples:

•

adjectives can be made into adverbs by adjectives can addition of the particle (.

become adverbs by changing the

I

seaside =

•

these books = =

some books

•

Note that the English a and the have no equivalent in Japanese and For other determiners look up the English word in the English to Japanese section.

Exclamation An exclamation

is

a

word

or

phrase conveying a reaction such as surprise, shock, disapproval, indignation, amusement, etc. In English it is usually followed by an exclamation mark. Excellent!

What nice weather!

mperative An

imperative sentence is used to indicate an order, command, prohibition, suggestion, etc. Japanese has imperative forms of verbs but usually uses request structures as imperatives are considered rude. See the note on verbs for further information.

Counter

Japanese numbers and the counting system are different from English and counters are words which attach to numbers to show the type of thing being 181 counted

Noun A noun

is

used to identify a person,

an animal, an object, an idea, or an emotion. It can also be the name of an individual. company, or an institution. student =

dog

•

•

table =

plan: happiness = Peter = America =

•

•

Glossary of grammatical terms

XV

Japanese nouns do not have plural forms and so the nouns above can mean 'students',

interrogative pronouns used in questions who, which, what; the demonstrative

'dogs', tables' etc.

pronouns this, that, these, those; the relative pronouns used in relative clauses who, which, whose; and the reflexive pronouns myself,

Object The

object of a sentence

is

the

word

or group of words which is immediately affected by the action indicated by the verb. In the following English sentence, the word child is the subject, broke is the verb and the toy is the object. Similarly, in the Japanese translation is the subject, is the verb and is the object.

/

the child broke the toy = •

may be two kinds or obiect in a sentence, a direct object and an indirect object. In the example above, the toy and are strictly direct objects. However, in the following English sentence, he is the subject, gave is the verb, the child is the indirect object and a toy is the direct object. Similarly, in the Japanese translation, is the verb, t\ is the subject, is the indirect object and is the direct object. In general terms, the indirect object indicates the person or thing which 'benefits' from the action of the verb upon the direct object. There

yourselves, themselves.

itself,

ourselves,

Japanese does not use

in the same way as English. names are preferred to words like and 'she' and there are no reflexive

pronouns People's 'he'

pronouns as in English. To find the Japanese equivalents of sentences using these pronouns, please look them up in the English-Japanese side of the dictionary. Particle These are placed after elements in a Japanese sentence to show the grammatical relationships and can be thought of as similar in function to English prepositions such as 'to', 'at', 'from' and 'by' etc.

also a group of particles which come end of sentences and which give an element of emphasis or emotional tone and distinguish male and female speech.

There

is

at the

The functions of particles are such that

it

not always possible to give a translation under the headword although we have tried to assist with possible equivalents. is

205

he gave the child a toy = •

Note that unlike English the objects and subject in Japanese sentences are marked with particles and that word order is less important. See the notes on particles

205

Subject The subject of a sentence is the word or group of words which performs the action indicated by the verb. In the sentence John laughed, John is the subject of the verb laughed. Of course, the verb doesn't necessarily express an action as such. and 7J^ to Japanese uses particles f

Phrasal verb A phrasal verb is a verb combined with a preposition or an adverb and having a particular meaning. For example, to run away, meaning to flee, and to see to something, meaning to ensure that something

is done, are phrasal verbs. If you look up to run away for example, you will see that the phrasal verbs beginning with the word run are listed after all the other meanings of the word run, in alphabetical order of the following adverb or preposition. Japanese does not have phrasal verbs as English does.

Preposition A preoosition is a word, such as under, beside, across, in, which is usually followed by a noun in English. In Japanese there is no part of speech equivalent to them. Japanese has particles which are placed after the noun which often act in a similar ways. See the note on particles for more information 205

Pronoun A pronoun

yourself, himself, herself,

used instead of a noun in order to avoid repeating it unnecessarily. There are the personal pronouns I you, he, she, it, we, you (plural), is

mark

Superlative The superlative is the form of the adjective or adverb which is used to express the highest or lowest degree. In English, the adjective or adverb is usually preceded by most or least. Some adjectives and adverbs (usually of one syllable) have their own form: best, worst, biggest, smallest, fastest, slowest, etc. In Japanese, the superlative is most commonly expressed by• putting L before the adjective or adverb.

Tense The tense of a verb expresses whether the action takes place in the

past,

present, or future. Japanese verbs have only a past and a non-past tense. The tense of a sentence is determined by the final verb. Continuous states or activities are shown with the form of a verb and the addition of but this is not a 'tense'

although sometimes it is introduced as the 'present continuous tense'. See the note on verbs 191 Japanese adjectives also show tense. See the note on adjectives

201

they;

Verb The verb

his,

telling us

the possessive pronouns mine, yours, hers, its, ours, yours (plural), theirs; the

205

subjects.

what

propels the sentence along, happening. Sometimes, of

is

Glossary of grammatical terms course, the verb doesn't describe an action, but rather a state of affairs. The verb is at the end of basic sentences and expresses politeness as well as tense. Japanese verbs do 'you', 'he' etc. and the not change form for translation is very heavily dependent on the 191 context. See the note on verbs

T

xvi

Attributive A part of speech that is used in Japanese without an exact parallel in English.

Ordinal number The sequence of numbers V\ 2"^ 3"^ etc.

Cardinal Number The sequence of numbers 1.2.3. etc.

®@

-

• •

adverb = such = that

(

'

-a

adverb = unfortunately

() adjective = vague

attributive • •

7

= that kind = like that

..

adverb •

•

1

= like that = in that way

-

• •

©

to love

®

e

•

•

= = =

to

fit

to be right

"

•

as ever

• •

noun = greetings = a brief speech

to be correct

noun = blue adjective = blue

•

2verb3@ =

1

= to meet = to encounter •

= •

•

verb •

noun = love

adverb = the same

•

-to iron

•

'

2 verb 3

1

noun = iron

refers to both the blue of the sky

and

to greet

the green of vegetation

and

traffic lights

m)"n

•

.

= affection

•

up

•

1

noun =

signal

2verb3® = to signal

/

• • •

•

noun = •

Pel

ice

cream

noun

= a space = a while = between = during

that

you are

noun = blue

noun

-

noun = red

noises

adjective = red

listening to

what

is

being .

said i/ather

like

'uh-huh' etc. in •

English) •

• •

•

noun

•

= babv

show someone

no"n =

light

noun =

rise

noun

= the other person = opponent = partner

•

197

•

noun = idea

•

•

= = = =

verb •

•

•

skies

noun

•

to

= to fan adjective

*

'

noun

•

7

= scum = dirt

= relationship

and words used

verb

®=to look

•

'

•

r

1

= pale

•

•

verb

(at)

to rise to stop (rain) to

become nervous

to enter (a house)

1

'^

®

• -

I

•

• •

'

•

2

adjective

doiy^hfi^

O

W/v^li noun = baby

•

•

1^ noun = autumn

•

=

-

IS? IS?

•

.

New Year!

phrase = Happy

= bright = cheerful

fall

= empty

prefix

verb 2 (B

•

no"n = disused

•

•

=

•

plot of land

verb

•

erb3@)

verb 2

•

= to be fed up •

• •

(

•

b

1 adjective

when verb verb

erb2(i)

•

it

is

and is

= to abandon

• •

being done

=

®

=

erb

I'll

I

someone 179 ,

7

®

to

it

for

you

erb2@

•

=

show you

will

look at

else

197

noun = yearning

•

= to be astonished = to be appalled •

for

to their benefit

fo (f

verb 2

form of a

followina the

indicates that the action of that

verb 2 = to be

tired of •

(i)

•

= to give = to raise

) = clear = clearly

2 adverb

•

open

= to dawn

•

j

to

2®

yearn for

noun = morning

•

•

'

•

•

= to open = to be open

• •

•

1

c5

verb

noun

= bruise = birthmark

1

=

•

to be

empty

adjective = shallow

•

•

noun = handshake

after

2 verb 3@)

^Mik

B

noun = the day

tomorrow

=to shake •

hands

1

noun

-

noun = oversleeping

2 verb

fashion

accessories and especially jewellery

3®

=

noun = accent (emphasis)

'

to sleep

late •

adjective

•

1 noun = yawn 2 verb

noun = the

•

to

yawn

•

= vivid = rresh

devil

•

•

adverb = persistently •

noun = the

•

•

next day •

noun

=leg = foot

noun = flavour

'

= to taste

of...

noun

,

= daybreak

noun = Asia

^197

•

noun = footprint

197

•

noun = footsteps

@ ®

®

1

noun

•

literally

area around the feet' it can be translated as 'footing' or 'around you' depending on the context vsrb

•

•

•

Chinese character is used weather and temperature while the second is

the

used

first

referring to the

for

warm

©

verb

verb

used when something of someone is taken to be looked after in some way such as by a cloakroom or a bank

touch

to the

•

•

charge of

else's

•

warm

air

•

to take

=

when

1

= to taste = to experience

=

•

adjective

'the

•

•

I

noun = tomorrow

•

•

®

•

•

• •

1

= to get warm = to get hot - see the note

•

verb

•

• •

2®

= to entrust = to leave

•

= to warm = to heat - see the note

used when something is given to be looked after in some way such as

•

a jacket to a cloakroom o children to a nursery

O

•

verb

7

•

•

@=

• •

verb 3

'' •

• •

•

hit -

used of

a question

to

adjective

•

= as you would expect = natural = reasonable

•

= to (go and)

• •

•

to

(come and)

verb

verb

•

visit

visit

•

1 •

•

= to play = to be with (friends)

•

•

verb 2

®

= to give = to cause = to provide

noun - a version of used by some girls and young

women

is

•

=

•

to

it

'you're right'

•

•

•

•

mean

noun

@

noun = a

•

'being on target'

someone's answer

•

^

noun

= area = surrounaings

literally

=play = game verb

•

/

•

to be in a

noun = there = over there = that place "t:

aa!/ecf/Ve

•

•

hurry

•

noun = head

•

= to sweat

to

= new

noun = sweat

•

•

®

verb 2 •

fo

1

= to hit = to be right = to win

noun = that place = over there = in that direction not near either the speaker or listerwr

noun = here and there •

= hot

•

adjective

1

®

1

•

I

first Chinese character is used wsdthsr and air temperature

the

' for

while the

second

is

used

for things

I

\

•

hot to the touch

• •

" "

|

•

noun = remains noun

= a hole = a cave

adjective = thick

noun = TV or radio

•

noun = handling

•

verb

presenter

©

noun = you

= to handle = to deal with

word

is not equivalent to 'you' English as Japanese people prefer to use a person 's name or

the

in

•

.

{when necessary) and it can be Also used by to use women to call their husbands

title

adjective = cheeky

rude

^197 •

adjective =

overwhelming

(

(

•

noun

•

• •

sister

= collecnon = meeung verb

•

•

verb 2

refers to a person, place or thing

®

distant from

= to gather = to attract

""

•

1

= that = the

= to be gathered •

•

noun = one's own older 177

attributive •

•

noun = one's own older 177

•

brother

speaker and listsrm

or which is previously known to both of them. It must be followed suffix

by a noun.

= addressed

to

interjection

noun - Chinese characters borrowed to write a Japanese word and whose usual pronunciations (in Japanese use) or original meanings are disregarded or •

hesitation in

er

....

indicates

speaking and so can be

•

noun

= apartment = (small) block of apartments

erb2®

• •

verb @) = to apply to = to fulfil f

• •

• •

= to behave violently = to run riot verb

• •

• •

• •

verb 2 = to adapt = to apply

= to have a

shower verb 2

= to hit = to win = to guess

®

z$

•

adjective

)S

= dangerous

,:)

-

•

noun =

oil

•

noun =

fat

r}

• • •

= back : after = remainder

2®

= to bathe

•

•

'er...

um

\ •

noL/n = address

say

I

used as 'excuse me' or just

altered •

=

interjection -

•

adjective = oily

noun = Africa

e

.

-

•

@®

•

11

•

.^

.

5

verb 2

®

fco

'

adjective

•

•

•

@

erb 2 on someone's being nice or play up to someone

to

7

noun = amateur

3

•

verb

•

= to dispute = to compete

(

(

•

= new

1 adjective

to spoil (a child)

•

= once again

•

= again = anew

•

•

verb 2

•

noun = remainder 2 adverb 1

•

• •

197

= not very

= not much = not often 3 suffix = more than

(

_i> ft

•

adjective = rough

attributive

verb

•

1

= to be left = to be more than required

•

• •

©=

f

•

to knit

= to write

b

noun = candy

•

noun = America

•

•

•

•

noun

•

= mistake = misunderstanding

1

noun

erb2®

= to appear = to show up

•

= grateful = thankful

1

to apologise

phrase

•

used by women

interjection -

to

express surprise adjective

•

•

I

used

in

a variety of forms of the

phrase to

t

mean

'thank

much)'

= rough

verb

• • •

wash

e

adjective •

verb

•

=

1

•

= suspicious

•

^

•

= sign = expression

aa!/ecf/Ve

•

e

= to show = to express

noun = rain

•

•

®

= to appear

= knitwear = knitting verb

= every

verb

• L

noun •

(i)

= to change = to renew = to correct

,

{with negative)

•

(D

adverb

7©

e

= too = very

H

= plot (of a

noun = shutters

•

•

=

/^otv/^

2 adverb • = anew

noun = rainwear

•

•

story)

to rely

.

•

I

noun = storm

to overflow

= sweet = lenient

•

•

•

•

=

•

®

1

®

•

=to

^

= a certain

attributive

you {very

full

'

•

®

•

6

I

•

verb

•

•

1

• •

•

• •

•

= to be = to have = to happen

= hurried = flustered

erb2®

•

• •

= to hurry = to be flustered

noun =

•

conjunction

• •

' '

•

= or = either

/

1

ad e b

2

adjective

1

= to do a part time job - and refers to a job which is not permanent but which can be full time such as a student holiday job

to

rote learning

©

=to

memorise noun

noun - photo album

used

noun =

2 verb 3

•

= questionnaire = survey

1

noun = peace of mind

•

interjection

express •

surprise

noun •

• •

= that = that thing =it

used

= unexpectedly

a

•

3®

/\

V

= unexpectea

noun = part time job

2 verb

adjective

•

=towalk

1

(

= relaxed

®

erb

•

2

e

•

= to = to

•

'

3 feel relieved

feel safe

()

3 adjective

something distant from both speaker and listsnsr or something that is previously known Jo both of them

•

= reassuring = safe

1

noun =

2

adjective

•

to refer to

|

[ '

•

safety

() = safe

|

adverb =

'

•

• •

=

to be

•

•

• • •

verb

2®

•

1

noun =

adjective • •

•

1

noun = information

2 verb 3 verb 2

to join together fit

= that = like that

adjeective

= pale = faint

to

in

®

•

• •

with

©

= to guide = to show around = to show the way

to adjust to

adverb

mix

• • •

adjective

=tobe

stable

noun

5i^H

stability

erb3@

allergy

= bubble = foam

= = = =

noun =

2

•

•

and that

rough

•

•

this

pity

noun = plan

= =

like that

in that

way

1

•

-

'

•

•

suffix

•

•

®

.

I

= less than = under

•

•

,

,

s

•

"

-apart from adjective

•

= unexpected

noun = stomach

•

adverb

11

•

•

\

suffix

^

= position

•

adjective =

t

•

good

and negative forms are from the alternative form

the past

made

= =

'

=

201

(/

how about

you interjection

like

some

coffee?

=

= no •

the

literal

meaning

the quantity of something

is

is

that

would

how is

just right

more common as an idiom meaning that something is 'inadequate' in some way and when applied to people's actions and beh3viour the translation and meaning will vary greatly depending on the context and the expectation of the

\

"<

noun = medical

•

science

is

it

-

seeing a film?

work?

adjective

but

how how about

verb

•

noun = anger

•

"J

noun = outward

•

journey

noun = breath

person judging

noun = signincance

•

C ^ = this job has

not been done

ift

•

properly

noun = objection

it,) adverb = vividly

=Thats Enough!

noun = vigour

•

verb

•

1

= to make active use of

adverb = unexpectedly

®

= to propose

©=

•

to tell

someone

(to

verb 2 do something)

\

t)

noun =

•

verb

•

noun = excuse

•

verb

•

•

noun = committee

•

member

followina the

e

•

7

(D

=tosay

•

= what do you Japanese? = He said

"I

= he said that he would quit

2@ = to

1®

—

live

•

=togo form of a verb

the subject

197,

^204

noun

•

-

bringing

up

children

()

adverb = how many = how old are

you?

noun = some

Ox.

•

noun = house

it

can add the sense of an ongoing process or direction of movement of

call this in

auit!"

living

creatures

•

adverb = a

little

\

b

8

•

I

"

sdverb = how

how much

I

study

=

much

adverb = one day = in any event

= no matter difficult

how much

•

is it? •

noun = pond

•

noun = remains

•

it's still

•

lUlu noun

= before = once

adjective = bad

f

noun =

•

following the

U

and

it

means

form of a verb something should

197

not be done

as

was before

it

»197 aa!/ec

•

Ve

= busy

no"n = flower

•

arrangement

7@)

erb

•

3 politer version of •

=

•

to

hurry

noun = opinion

•

noun

•

l^f^ noun and suffix =

•

noun and

•

since

suffix

• •

- board = skis

= since

adjective = painful

•

noun - equals

' •

= grand

ad/ec Ve

•

= brave

^oun = stone

•

•

verb

verb humble equivalent o/" •

noun = doctor

IS

7

(D =

to hold

1

(i) -

a

189

noun = will

\

•

,gwS ^oun =

intention

•

1 noun = maintenance 2 verb 3 (D =

/

L

1 •

•

\

adjective

iM

= pranks = vandalism

erb3@

2 to

§| noun =

•

noun

maintain

consciousness

• •

= to play pranks = to deliberately behave badly

!^

noun = bullying verb

2© = to bully

phrase eating

noun = doctor

•

to

foregoing

receive

used before

somewhat similar

may

to the

whdt we are about the Lord make us truly 'for

thankful' but literally a form of the

o ften used to

is

Christian grace

noun = the

•

it

-

in

humble verb 'to receive' without any religious meaning

the form

end an announcement

7©

e

• •

1

2 adjective

•

= exceptional

3 adverb

•

= exceptionally

|

noun = malice

2 adjective

• •

•

1

(

= to take = to receive = to eat = to drink

"^

>

(

^ noun =

(natural) spring

erb

• •

•

noun = pain

•

)= malicious

noun = chair

•

•

•

noun = abnormality

hurl

•

7

® =to

•

9

• I

'

b

noun = one

•

'

181

2 adverb •

noun = market

•

•

b b

•

lAiiM noun = position

.

adverb

•

= in detail = one by one

'

adverb = for the time being = just in case •

•

Ir

•

186

(

——

at

the

•

—i^

adverb - literally one body' it is most

'{as)

common

with questions indicating

——

in

English 'what

adverb = once

one •

"

1

noun = market

noun = agreement

2 verb

•

3®

=to

agree

noun = part adverb = partly noun =

first class

adverb = when •

phrase this

the

home

(o

expected

noun = family •

noun

'(/

= the day before yesterday •

is

(o

noun

other place

if

they are

to return there)

phrase - literally go and come back' this phrase used by people leaving the home will)

other place

if

they expect

to return

there)

last

IS noun = kind

•

phrase

(of)

a more

polite version of L •

= one week

1

noun adverb

74 •

•

noun

•

= always = anytime

= an instant = for a moment

"

•

advem =

before

(Ij

really noticed

noun

= together = with

1 adjective •

noun =

= crowded life

•

= hard workinsr

=

full

2 adverb

•

adjective

-

meaning 'go and come back' phrase is used to people leaving

literally

noun = someday = sometime

= the year berore

•

noun

= the firth day of the month 174 = five days

•

181

IS?

adjective = fixed

5

•

noL/n = five

E.'D

•

•

t)

all

meaning

•

adverb =

time •

adverb

— H adverb =

surprise or threat as on earth ...?.

^ noun = once

•

(

—

more

adverb

= for a while = once = one o'clock

adverb

= together = at the same time = simultaneously

noun = strawberry

•

M| |^

ability

——

•

•

b

= as hard as possible = to the best of one's

()

• •

= lots of = until the end of

'

®® ®

•

'

10

I

•

• • •

countsr

= a cup of = a glass or = a bowl of

noun =

•

181

•

•

verb

1

= to pray

= to have a drink

adverb

•

life

noun = prayer

= generally

•

1

noun = violation

•

noun = one side • = one end • = more and more 2 conjunction = on the other hand

1

'

1

•

verb

•

= to boast = to be proud

•

2 verb 3

"

®

= to break

'

~

(a rule)

= the exams get more

and more

S noun =

•

•

1

difficult

clothing

noun

= now = at the moment 2 adverb = right away •

adverb = always

• •

•

adverb = always = as usual

P

•

^197

(

J

noun =

(

•

acf

living

room

enb = soon

•

noun = transfer

2

adverb =

•

@

verb 3

at

any

moment

=tomove

(to) •

miii^

•

noun = gene

noun = thread

•

noun =

•

•

noun = meaning

•

= sense

1

2 verb

a well

3®

= to

•

noun = movement

®

2 verb 3

•

= to move

noun = cousin

younger

sister

noun = one's own 177

177

noun

•

•

meanina

s"

= within

noun

- the

'country'

is

= someone

basic

as opposed

it

to

•

• •

•

m noun =

rice plant

depending on whether it

= to doze off

refers to a

positive or s negative statement

•

noun - doze

erb3@

and so can be

translated as either 'yss' or 'no'

•

2

177

adjective

= unpleasant = annovine = disgusting

verb 1 • = to dislike (doing something) = to be unwilling (to do something)

•

1

sister

interjection - contradicts a

noun = dog

•

younger

previous statement

=go home \

else's •

can carry connotations of backwardness and a lack of sophistication. Sometimes used of urban areas smaller than Tokyo and Osaka. Can be used to mean 'home town' especially in the phrase 'urban but '

mean

noun = image

\ •

•

adverb

= even more = at last

' '

1

•

-

11

•

suffix

197

= since

1 noun = request 2 verb 3

annoved

= to request

()

3® -to get

verb

'

no"n

•

= container e

•

phrase used to mean 'welcome' or 'come in and carries a nuance of 'thank you for coming'

•

'

to

• •

• • •

switch)

•

•

= various = all sorts or

(/

•

noun = rock

•

•

= to go = to come = to be

• •

honorific equivalent

and

(a

noun = colour

•

•

®

•

'

adjective

'welcome' or 'may I help you?' depending on the context 1

2(i)

•

= to put in = to let in = to turn on

phrase - used welcome customers and meaning

verb

•

I

o/" t \

< ^ ,

-6

^204_

noun

= celebration = a present

'^

verb

•

(D =to

7

celebrate

adverb = so

to

speak

= entrance •

treatment

2®

•

name stamp

•

•

• • •

sister

EP $

= socalled

member noun

that functions

an official as a

noun = ink •

noun = printing 2 verb 3 (§) 1

=

younger

=

signature on documents

{of people or animals") = to be = to exist {of a place) = to live = to be {of a family member) = to have

a

suffix

•

verb

•

•

attributive

noun = medical

•

I

have

= to print

and an elder brother

A70"A?

•

after the form of a verb it indicates continuous action or continuing or completed states.

= impression - to give

an impression

197 •

erfa

•

= to retire

verb 3(q)

7®

noun = interview

•

• •

= to be necessary = to want •

=

to roast

A70"n = intellectual

verb

©

•

\

I

•

noun = quotation n = gravity

@

®® 1

12

•

I

verb

®=

verb

•

2®

•

=

to accept

verb

•

•

•

noun •

•

•

= whiskey = whisky

•

"

• • •

= reception

l^OX.

verb 2

•

@=

to accept

noun

on

•

above

•

verb 2 (f) = to catch

top

•

=

•

= receipt = receiving

over

to react

older

^

•

^ll^ noun

•

and pots

in

trees, plants

a garden

noun

•

= -

•

verb 2

(i)

verb 2

®

•

noun

•

verb

verb

•

verb 2 d)

• •

•

= to starve

•

noun =

•

1

noun = gargling

2

verb 3

fish

•

•

= to receive (of an exam) = to take (of harmful effects) = to suffer verb

•

=

(g)

to gargle

verb erb

7

(D

•

•

•

= to visit = to ask = to be told this is

•

191

= thin

to float

•

{of drinks) =

to occur

•

(of colours) = pale

verb

•

1

•

verb 2

•

= =

•

= to pass (an exam)

verb

®

7

©=

to

rwun

•

•

S

•

•

verb

•

,

move

noun = rabbit

= behind = back = rear

•

= to float = to show

to

lose

a humble equivalent of the

•

•

^ •

and

@=

noun - cow

•

verbs

7

noun = movement

•

•

1

= to move

•

•

(D

= to be in charge or

= to plant •

1

to receive

a

person or busirwss growing trees and plants for gardens

•

•

—197

noun = waitress

9

'

noun

= no

informal equivalent of

•

= to be told = to take an order f

interjection

= = = = =

(D

=to hear = to know

•

noun = wool

•

up

to float

1®

^

-;!

weak

•

= dim

adjective

adjective

®

®®

®

1

13

•

verb 2

•

®

= to dilute •

noun = lie = to (tell

P

as an exclamation surprise

and

is

it

•

BB

D=

verb

•

() adverb =

indicates

similar to 'you

1

= to hit = to type

a) lie

must

be joking!'

'

verb

•

•

•

I

liar

verb

•

verb

•

7

(D =

to

§) =

to

©=

to reflect

transfer

"^

%

•

verb verb

•

1

7

=to

•

•

•

= =

• •

noun = suspicion

•

verb

•

IS?

(D

doubt

^197

•

•

(of a

noun •

•

"

= our dog

noun = while = during = in (of a number of items) = from

-

following the

y

@=

*

I"!

to be

noun = container

noun = arm = to practise notvn

•

=

watch

(wrist) •

pt^

noun

form of a verb

conveys the meaning of

verb

•

reflected

O

" it

1

photograph) - to come out (well) {of something in a photograph) = to be in

family etc.

•

verb

•

= house = home = family

1

= to move {of a cold etc.) = to be contagious

•

sometimes translatable 'we' or 'us' talking about a company o a

•

verb

•

to

when

•

= to sue = to complain

to suspect

"^ •

•

copy

2(g)

e

•

sing

•

carelessly

adjective

•

noun = song

\

shoot

= beautiful

noun =

7

to

X noun = rainy weather -

a kind of thick, white

noodle

'before'

erb7©

•

= to urge

•

berore

it

let's

go

home

noun =

•

l91

rains

verb

•

•

1

[fe

= arrangement •

verb 2

®=

•

to arrange

' •

• •

?

verb

1

@= ®-

to

groan

to steal

adjective 1

= delicious = skillftil

•

(of food)

•

(o/^ab/V/^y)

noun in the sense 'delicious' tnis generally only used by men.

= the universe = space •

®-to nod verb

noun = horse

•

verb

•

= to deny

eel

noun = hand-held fan

•

word is

noun = birth

'

®® 1

•

•

•

|

•

14

noun =

sold

noun =

sale

out

adjective

= natural

{of talent etc.)

-

•

-'

•

verb 2 (® = to be sold out •

•

= •

to be

-

•

!^ noun and

•

verb

1

= to give birth to = to produce

verb

•

1

= to

•

•

•

•

verb 2

•

•

®

•

as an exclamation

©=

e

•

means

• •

= glad = happy

noun

noun =

•

erb2®

•

sold

'

()

noun

•

- inside out verb

•

©

= to turn inside out

verb

1

noun =

3® = to loiter

affair

=to have an

affair

1

to betray

noun - clothing for upper body, especially in the sense of a coat or 'ac/cef •

noun = fortune

the

telling

noun

•

•

P

noun = rumour

= fortuneteller

"

•

d) =

verb

•

• •

interjection

noun

•

= ill will = grudge

•

= yes = ok

"

informal equivalent of

verb

•

1

®=

io resent

•

•

=

noun

fate

adjective • •

verb

= to exceed

to tell

someone's fortune

1S

= lucky unlucky

= envious = enviable •

sales

= tobe

•

2 verb 3(29 verb

•

'shut

adjective to

= back = behind

=

it

up'

respect

•

= noisy = annoying

= to bury = to make up (for) = to fill in (the gaps)

"

•

adjective

rwuri - salty

•

pickled plum

•

sell

noun = plum

1ft

•

•

suffix

= department

sea

•

•

•

born

i% noun =

©

e

= to put on sale

•

•

"^

2@

e

verb

7

(D =to

envy

•

1

noun = management

3®

noun =

sales

2 verb manage

=to

1

(i>

•

noun = canal

•

=

'

to be fed

2 verb 3

3®

e

@

=todo

•

'

^iia noun =

(language)

fare


1

©@

= to

noun = noun

•

= driver

satellite

•

noun

•

noun = nutrition

- written in

English •

noun = driving licence • '

adverb •

noun = the United

noun = hygiene

•

drive

•

English

172

Kingdom

noun = driving

2 verb 3

I

business

up noun =

'

®

•

15

I^^P noun and

suffix

= English and Japanese language

= verv = hard

noun

•

'

= English-Japanese dictionary •

noun

•

= exercise = movement

•

2 verb • •

interjection

'

1

3®

interjection - a noise indicating

hesitation or consideration

= to exercise = to move

noun-

•

a sports competition

noun

•

•

= playground = playing field = sports ground

•

noun = smiling

•

verb

'

•

•

•

= yes

a less formal equivalent of

•

face

1

= to draw = to paint

noun = station suffix

•

= liquid n = liquid

•

noun = feed

•

(for

animals)

noun = escalator

/"'

noun = branch

(of a tree)

noun = energy

(

noun = picture

•

book

noun = apron noun

•

n = eternity

•

• •

•

= movie =film

• •

•

1 adjective

2 adverb

f

-( )=

= wondemil = praiseworthy = important •

eternal •

verb 2

•

•

•

•

@

'

1

(§)

=to choose

®

= to get = to obtain

'

X_ •

1 noun = business

verb

noun = collar

for ever

1 noun = influence 2 verb 3 = to have an influence

illustrated

adjective

•

noun

•

an

-

for children

•

noun = elevator

P

noun and

suffix

= yen

noun = relationship

,

•

•

noun - 3 formdl and drink are r''

•

noun = postponement

1

2 verb 3

to

(§)

postpone

noun = performance

•

is

noun

•

or

( e^/ occasionally)

c aracfe

the

205

.

noun

•

•

written with the

chdrdctsr

= gardening = horticulture

'

note that the direct object particle

fejt noun = omen

•

•

® 16

served

•

.

^

•

party where food

•

•

•

I

prefix

= drama = play

when put

= circumference •

^

in front

of certain

nouns it makes them polite. It can also used to refer to items which are connected with a person to whom respect should be shown 189

noun

•

noun = practice

•

noun = assistance

1

2 verb 3

©

= to assist

1

p

noun = engineer

literaflv

•

it

stepping up from ground level or Also used to mean

noun = speech

2 verb 3

se-

'please step up,

means 'please come in' and is said to someone entering a house by

noun = engine 1

meaning

®

= to deliver

'please eat'

a speech •

1

noun = performance

2 verb 3

(§)

perform

•

prtrase-

meaning 7/ we will take charge of it is used when receiving something of someone else's to be looked aher in some way such as at a cloakroom or in a bank

to

noun

•

•

-

= outing = trip

noun = nephew

•

177

•

noun = extension 2 verb 3 (D 1

= to

verb 2

©=

•

to chase

extend e

•

noun -chimney

•

Ay

•

ic}^ noun =

pencil

1

noun =

2 verb

restraint

3®@

refrain

often

-

adjective = delicious

;^

•

with the

verb

•

1

= to catch up to

>197

from

used

(D

1

= to overtake

sense of taking

other people's feelings or situations into consideration and acting accordingly rather than just doing what you yourself feel like

( •

• • •

.

= to come = to go = to be

= come here!

•

•

17

I

5

a noun which rorms an honormc equivalent of the verbs L

and

^

adjective - big

) •

when used 189

l»

or

(

with

I

= large

noun

noun =

oil

verb

•

usually written with the capital

(D =

7

roman

to follow

noun = orchestra

= support • = cheering 2 verb • = to support • = to cheer •

I

3®

/

1

noun = exaggeration

^

adjective

()

= exaggerated

3 adverb erb 2

•

to

= exaggeratedly

@

respond

-

1 adjective

= approximate adverb

•

noun = entertaining guests 2 verb 3 = to 1

©

numbers

2 verb

street

to (guests)

3®

=todeal

with (guests

noun = motor bike

etc.)

() adjective = automanc

•

1 noun = crossing 2 verb 3

©

=togo noun = opening 2 verb 3

across

@@

1

noun = return

(ticket)

@

5

= to make a

P\

——

JofcV

return journey •

—— noun = overcoat

noun

•

of a rental property

noun = Europe and

owrwr often

/

Kxyn = in public

•

noun = application = to put to

(§)

•

use

ac/

•

'

the

'landlady' as appropriate •

2 verb 3

-

and so

translatable as either 'landlord' or

America 1

=to

open

•

^ verb 3

noun = main

•

•

noun = attending

roughly

advero = in ereat

•

entertain guests

1

for

&

noun

=

OL which stand

letters

yffice lady'

•

1

female clerical

sA/orker

noun = king

•

adjective

2©

•

7)

finish

prefix -

meaning of such as

•

M

'great' to

A

^ •

used

to

add

noun =

the

hill

noun

•

a following noun

= mother

i77 phrase

noun = heavy rain adjective =

numerous

• •

= welcome home = welcome back

noun

adverb = greatly

to •

e

= approximately

=to

verb

1

(B =to cover

usually

in

used

mean

in

the form

'thanks to

a positive sense

1

1

1

'

18 •

•

i

phrase

•

means

'Yes,

thanks

to

you, to

'

enquiries

a very polite term also used address a female customer

thank you'

'fine,

ioM'f- noun

•

= confectionery

- someone

adjective

•

i7/

wife

else's

and so often

etc.

translatable as

•

1^ noun = someone

•

weir as a polite response

about health

noun = outdoors

-

all is

noun

else's

wife

l

a polite term also used a female customer

= funny = peculiar

noun

dishes eaten with rice

-

/7

address

to

•

noun = money

Japanese word

the part of a

-

noun = rooftop

.

as part of a meal •

to

written

hiragana following a Chinese character stem. The word and 'big' is normally written and I are okurigana vii the

in •

phrase - a polite phrase used in response to an offer etc. meaning 'please don't trouble yourself on my

'

behalf verb

•

1

worship

noun

verb

©

verb

d) =

= to send = to see off

• •

•

- present

®=to

•

= second helping of food

•

noun - open sea

•

•

to give a

etc.)

suffix

•

•

(present

(

= ' very other …= at intervals of.... = every other day

verb

•

'

2® •

•

= to be late

verb

•

make up

)

(D =to

ror

phrase

•

used

in

response

to

'

I'm very sorry to

hear

sense of

someone

verb 2

®

a polite

someone

= togetup

©

verb

•

=

when attached

to

to the

adds

noun = child

form of

the

•

= to

of referring to 177 else's child

e

©

•

wake someone up •

verb

© =to

verb

(D

neglect •

unit of

<

•

to

177

way

'

t_

put

meaning that the action of that verb has been done in preparation for some future need o 197 Jeft 'as it as' it

else 's child

that'

•

a verb

noun - child

a very polite way of referring

•

•

•

-

bad news

affecting others with the

•

•

phrase = how are you?

counter = unit 181 100.000,000

noun = the inner

•

•

part

•

= =

to

do

to hold (an

exam

otc.)

® 19

"

' 3^

•

I

verb

@=

7

-

•

•

IS?

to take

place

verb

7

=to

@)

temper

lose one's

verb 2

• •

•

someone

(to

e 7 food or drinks)

• •

©

•

•

•

•

verb 2 = to hold down = to suppress -

used

reference for middle

or 'goodbye'

0"

' '

' if

=

/

•

_

= the end

•

= smartly dressed person

erb7®

1

noun =

•

2 verb

verb 2

interrupt',

®

verb 2 (B

it

noun =

(D =to push

(your)

•

house

means 'good

= where do

you

live?

0" phrase

177

said

no"n-

someone

to

show

-

the feeling

have been of assistance,

especially

in

the context of work.

direct translation

would be

'you

It's

have

looked after me, {thank you) but often left untranslated as there is no '

to store

and bedding and

to

that they

notvn-a

storage closet used

things like futons

f

•

general term of address and reference for older rrwn

hang clothes

vert)

•

/y right'

•

"-

177

adjective

' " ' built-in

and used when sormon s house

or

o

as an exclamation

= grandfather

room

a polite term for sormone else's daughter a young girl in general

LIZZ

•

or 'nea

'to visit'

entering a

= to put away

try!'

=to

phrase - a polite phrase derived from a verb 'to

= to pay = to put back

t = precious = regrettable

erb3@

'

2®

to rule

' '

person

a talkative

chatter

•

•

ou

to be paid

•

•

^J2Z

•

•

•

^

older than your is used, >

is

mother 0" ge

enb 7(g)

= to fit = to be kept in

=

•

1

down

•

•

the brother

father or

adjective = very

verb

•

noun = uncle

young

= to calm

aged men

•

= Japanese sake (nee wine) = alcoholic drink in general •

=tobow

no" general term of address and •

when leaving work etc. before other people and translatable as 'see you'

•

etc.)

1 noun = bow 2\/erb3@

phrase

•

= to teach = to tell (the way •

•

•

®

•

(D = to treat

to

real English equivalent in

situations

many

•

20

'

noun = pollution

= probably = possibly

o"A7

•

•

= are you going out?

adverb

noun -trouble = rni sorry to

•

mind

trouble you but would you

(doing something for me)?

p/iraseused when excusing yourself for interrupting or when asking questions and so translatable as 'excuse me but More polite than

'

erb2®

•

=

•

noun = maid

•

•

•

noun

= sound = noise

to be frightened

= there

•

was

adjective

a noise

= frightening verb

®

1

= father

177

brother

177

to be taught

tired

to it

people who are

means

ill

or

appear

phrase

•

()

1 adjective

2 adverb

else's

verb

•

"

=calm

noun = man

'

no"n = boy

•

= calmly

•

verb

•

= to calm

1

=

man

=

lost

down noun = = to

tea

make

property

tea

erb

•

Japanese tea and especially green tea as opposed

used

for

\

'

to

2

•

®=

(I)

have failed the

noun = the day

•

"

= to say

an honorific equivalent of 189

n = the year

noun = adult adjective = quiet

noun = dance

i

•

usually refers to

I

noun = one's own 177

husband

traditional

snacks eaten

-

side dishes

and

erb

e

•

=

toilet

no"n

® = tobe

inferior

with alcoholic drinks •

Japanese

dancing

•

noun

drop

®

visit

•

1

to

verb 2

•

before last

exam verb

©=

7

berore vesterday

tofall

•

=

" = to

j

this is

1

= to threaten

= in the same circumstances •

noun younger brother

•

= someone 177

'please take care of

your health'

'

noun = younger

•

Phrase

•

used

notvn

•

•

=

gomg

=

out

adjective = late

•

•

®

-

•

I

•

•

®

•

•

-

dance

•

7® =to

® •

2®

e

•

= to

general term for a mature verb

usually as a set expression

= to be startled •

noun = stomach

"belt"

adjective =

•

note that there form when used

is

in

noun - the wrap around on a Japanese

same

noun = lunch

•

noun =

no change in front of a noun

noun - a man's way of mother

adverb

•

e

2©

verb

2®

•

•

noun

- the giant

monstsr of •

folk tales

which

is

(time)

office

referring to his

= similarly •

woman

7®

e

•

Japanese

-

phrase = good morning

1

startle

(

I

•

= to weaken •

a

•

21

often

= to learn = to memorise

translated as 'ogre'

•

= to drown •

177

= older brother

•

1

also

used as a general term

for

a

2 verb

noun

also used as a general term young woman

for

3®

= to

177

sister

•

this is

males

noun =

1 verb

=

a temple or shrine for

—

visit a

a

shrine

n = you

a term used by superior

to inferior status individuals.

While common in the workplace hierarchy it is best avoided by

•

1

visit to

graves

j

= older

a

prayer, especially at the family

young man •

noun

'

a request

non-Japanese.

3 (D

to ask

used as a set phrase in the meaning 'please' and indicating that a o has been asked

phrase = sorry to have kept you waiting

usually

form

•

phrase = please wait

"oun = each

•

•

rKH;A7

•

= aunt

177 //

"

phrase = sorry to have kept you waiting •

noun = police

an older sibling of the parent is used, if a younger •

= grandmother

•

officer

arranged introduction marriage partner

I?/

to

a potential

•

noun

•

•

if

noun = arranged marriage

a

rmn

general term for an older

noun = aunt

-

•

177

an older sibling of the parent is used, if a younger

• •

= nappy = diaper adjective = joyous

phrase = congratulations!

•

'

22

•

I

usually in the form

\

3(^6

noun = parent

•

177

•

^

verb

•

= inadvertently

=

to

meet with

humble equivalent

no"" = father

•

183

of

a rough term used by J

own

to their

men

to refer

father

adjective = heavy

= good

•

night

adjective = unexpected

usually as a fixed phrase

•

adverb = resolutely

noun - snack

•

noun = decisiveness 2 adverb - gives the idea that something is done with energy, 1

'

the best of one's ability or as

no"n = thumb

•

197

to

much

as possible

verb

•

erb7®

= to assume

•

= to swim e

7®

adverb = about

= to remember

Jo erb

•

=

®

7

•

1

conjunction = and

verb

to think of (an idea etc.) •

noun

•

Sc/-

•

(D

•

1

d)

= to exercise = to exert

= recollection

noun = occasion

•

7

•

•

• •

•

= to think = to hope = to intend

paper

•

IS? adjective

verb 2

^197

• •

the

mean

main ad enb = mainly

=

to

7 (1) = to fold break a bone

e

•

7

noun noun =

-

e

go

7® especially

®=

verb

•

to

@

=tobe 189

humble equivalent of to

weave

I

an informal word used by men in

sense of being sent on a posting

from work

erb

adjective = f

•

to

= to get off (a vehicle) = to go down (stairs etc.)

is

= intention = appearance

used

®

•

•

fabric

•

toy

noun

•

•

adjective - heavy

noun:

•

noun =

•

•

= surrace = front

I

•

to

= interesting = amusing

" '

•

noun - the • Japanese craft of folding create models

traditional

^). i /

•

noun = cage

•

•

•

•

©

•

•

= thanks

o"n

'

'1

•

23

• •

'

•

•

= reward = fee

•

I

adjective

= female

= to say thank you

noun =

•

erb2@

•

break

=

woman

noun = orange

noun

noun = orange

• • • •

•

verb (D = to drop = to set down (a passenger) = to lower = to withdraw (money from the bank)

verb

•

®=

1

- the

pronunciation assigned to a Chinese character which is predominantly used when 2 or more characters are combined to form a

•

•

girl

X noun

= to

word

vii

adjectival

noun = on

line

(computer network)

to sell

(wholesale)

197 n = end

•

=

7@

e

•

•

particle

•

main functions of the particle are to mark questions and to show uncertainties or alternatives the

to finish

t)

m noun •

= obliffation

"

205 = to

•

repay a favour

'

noun = music

jg

noun = favour

' •

•

^ noun = mosquito

•

noun = sound

•

•

suffix

= section

sa/f/x

=

noun = curtain

noun

= greenhouse

/J

'

phrase

noun = card noun = curve

= unsraterul

noun

noun - a hot mineral spring used for bathing for '

3:5

dav^174

noun = car

health benefits or a resort

• •

= carpet = rug

based on

noun and

suffix

- meeting

such a spring particle

noun = mild

'

(

an informal version of

used by men)

(climate)

noun

•

' "

-

used after the name of a company when addressing a letter without

title

using an individual's

Impolite.

•

noun =

•

countsr = times

name

"H

•

counter -floor

•

noun = damage

noun = temperature

suffix

•

noun =

Use

woman

shellfish

a formal

\\ t}^l\

= outside

noun = member

•

•

181

lij

noun = painting

•

24

I

•

•

1

noun = opening

1

2verb3(i)@

= to

noun =

start

2 verb 3 (B

= to

open

no"/i

•

noun

•

often

= opening ceremony

used

in

the sense of {place

of) 'work'

noun = overseas

•

-

• •

1

noun = reorganisation 2 verb 3 1

®

•

a public building

= to reform

noun = interpretation

2 verb 3

o"n meetings and

noun = monster

•

•

verb 3

= coast = beach

style

noun - accounting

•

@=

to

go out

noun printed • Japanese characters as

opposed to the handwritten forms. Often used in the sense of 'please

noun = meeting

•

write in block capitals"

noun

•

fc^

•

= accountant

noun = meeting

place

•

noun

•

noun = solution

2 verb 3

©

= bathing in the sea

1

=

to solve \

•

•

= meeting = interview

2 verb

'9 o

©

on

2 verb 3

©

=

noun =

•

to

amend

fine

weather

noun = assembly

2 verb 3

@

•

=to

1

assemble

noun = commentary

2 verb 3 noun = diplomacy

•

@

noun

•

•

1

noun = improvement

2 verb 3

= foreigner

@

inspection

noun

•

•

1

noun = conference

the ticket barrier forming the entrance exit

points to stations •

noun = dissolution

2 verb

3@®

break up

mxvn

•

= Stairs = steps

•

and

= to

improve

loun = ticket

•

=to

(f)

analyse

noun = abroad

-

1

a/ journeys

noun = revision

= to nurse

•

1

se e

•

1

•

noun = nursing

for

public transport

= to

have an interview 1

noun

•

book of tickets

3®

2 verb 3

noun = number of

•

times

noun •

to

for

noun

•

•

©

interpret

functions

•

start

= company

-

•

2 verb to

3®

= to have

discussions

^197

•

verb

•

•

= to revolve

verb

ij

•

®

•

(D =

to return

®=

to

3

send

= on

e/t)

^197 ^197

noun = answer

2 verb 3

1

n

•

1

keep

the contrary

noun = response

•

to

home

noun = guide

>

©=

verb

(an animal)

noun = rotation

2 verb 3

•

•

I

'

•

adjective = pleasant

1

®®

n1

1

25

®

= to solve •

>

j±jai noun = streets

•

"J

^oun =

fij jtT

•

street

• •

= journey back = homecoming

light •

•

noun = answer paper

(for

•

an exam) •

•

1

=

noun = development

2 verb 3

©

= to •

noun = exterior

•

•

•

1

@

\

= to return = to go home = to come home verb

•

= to recover

^5

= to be returned

noun = opening

2 verb 3

=

to

noun =

•

open

•

noun = liberation

noun = scent

•

®

= to release

•

jfi

face

noun = house

'

2 verb 3

1

•

•

•

1

1

•

noun = recovery

2 verb 3 1

verb

• •

•

S

•

change

to

develop

2@©

e

•

(fflj

^ noun -

artist

verb 2

•

= to hold

(in

®

one's arms)

•

1

noun = shopping

2 verb • •

(

3®

= to go shopping = to shop

.

X)

-

noun = the

•

•

noun =

cost

noun = science

•

noun = chemistry

^197

seas

noun = mirror

•

words of foreign origin used in Japanese and specifically those words predominantly from western languages and written in the sovpf

fffi

•

verb

•

• •

1

= to shine = to sparkle

t}t))

•

suffix

= in charge of

vii

no""

•

noun = outline

•

•

1

noun = conversation

.

=to

2 verb 3@) verb

• •

d)

talk

= the person in charge

•

with

= to buy

•

• •

(of...)

verb •

= to take (time or money) = to be telephoned

1

n

••

1

®e

1

• •

26 •

• •

= to hang = to be locked

adjective

•

•

•

verb

•

= definite = reliable

= to have to do with

noun = academic

•

•

• •

= key = lock

1

noun = studvmg

'

2 verb 3 = to lock to be locked

h "^

noun = registered

'

©

= to

study

verb

7

(f)

=to hide

something

post

noun = student

• •

•

- dictation •

1

noun = fence

i

noun = magnification

2 verb 3

'

©

=to

enlarge

U • P suffix - sometimes used as a noun meaning 'limits' but

noun = each place

•

•

often attached to verbs to give the

meaning of

'as far as'

With a negative verb

or 'as long

it

as'.

1

2

can often be

noun = extension verb 3 (D widen

translated 'unless'

7@

e

•

•

limited 1

prefix ~ nuclear

•

t)

' •

verb

d)

1

•

=towrite

•

erb

7

©

P

•

•

verb

1

®=

to lack

= exceptional = particularly

1 adjective

2 adverb

to scratch

•

noun = rank

•

prefix = each

verb

noun = revolution

•

noun = probability

•

noun

•

= academic ability

(D

to smell

enb2®

•

( a /ecf/

•

•

noun = shadow

•

noun = shade

fictional

-

•

1

•

1

noun

•

= readiness = resolution

•

2 •

•

noun = multiplication

2 verb 3

©

multiply

©

verb 3 = to be resigned to = to be ready for •

= to

be hidden

to sniff

noun - learning =

noun = faculty

•

verb

•

•

XiN

noun = furniture = =

noun = school

•

year

\

•

ti

•

= to

confirm

= to draw = to paint

\

noun = confirmation

2 verb 3 (D

•

•

to

noun = angle

-

=tobe

=

noun = each person

to

•

verb 3

= to approve

(a

>197

motion)

®

1

•

27

•

•

© • • • • • • •

= = = = = = =

put over

to

hang

•

noun = housework adjective = clever

phrase

used

sense of

'certainlv' to

acted upon

2@ = tonm verb 2® •

chipped

i^^fe noun = past

•

ii noun = basket

1

= to lend = to rent out

noun =

•

noun = condition

•

verb

•

•

to be lacking

k

the

not only understanding but that an order or mquest will be

e

•

in

show

by be wearing (glasses)

•

fire

•

to multiply

"

•

7

to telephone

to be

noun =

•

to lock

to

•

,

•

= =

,

monev)

to take (time, to

I

•

•

•

verb 2

• •

•

•

a blunder

>197

noun = crater

UV

"' t}'^

noun = house

•

for

rent

•

noun = descent 2 verb 3 @)

•

1

©

= to go

down

noun = singer suffix

= place

(

•

adjective = excessive

•

1

noun = process

2 verb 3

verb

=to process

(§)

53

•

tense of verbs,

in this

have usually referred 191 verb

•

noun

- the

dictionary

form

to the

7

• •

•

surround

•

noun =

•

noun

noun = gas 1

JM noun = wind

•

®

!^ noun =

• •

•

• •

pile

erb2©

•

•

noun = taxation

•

noun = underline

•

verb

noun

noun =

= decoration = ornament

to earn

(D •

noun = volcano

•

•

®=

IS? verb

= to decorate = to display

•

1

cassette

2®

= to count

noun

= confectionery = snacks

verb •

•

•

a cold

to catch a cold

money

•

•

=

•

= to

up •

•

iy

= to be piled up = to happen at the same time •

@

= number = quantity

fire

verb

•

7

chew

= to lend = to rent

noun = umbrella

•

to

•

•

d) =to

®= verb

•

past

we

1

181

•

1

noun = acceleration

2

verb

3®

= to accelerate

•

28

•

I

177

noun = family

•

•

= acceleration

•

= petrol = firasoline

•

= petrol station = gasoline station

D

•

when added to the form of a verb it means

it

to the

adds

pre

the

enb

suffix

=towin

= month

(

suffix -

•

when added

form of a verb

'difficult to

it

191

..."

^'

•

noun

•

the

used to write words of and which functions as

•

script primarily

foreign origin

a kind of italic

•

noun = vigour

•

noun = (musical) noun

•

= semester = term

tP

verb

•

!=

to carry

(on the shoulders)

vii

noun

•

•

3®

instrument

noun = people

•

•

verb

= to be disappointed

pre

means

noun = acaaemic

conference

= hard = stiff

to the

174

noun = university or school department

adjective •

'tends

7®

•

•

•

form of a

meaning of

•

•

•

•

to tell

191

.

191

...ing'

noun = victory

•

suffix -

pre 'way of

•

to

= style = mould •

noun = value

added

noun

•

•

•

verb

M noun = shoulder

•

©=

suffix

noun = person

•

(in

verb

•

noun •

enb favour of)

•

•

= to be prejudiced

(g)

noun •

7® = to

e

•

incline

noun

[]

noun = brackets

•

= form = shape

•

noun

= appearance verb

•

= of nice appearance

1

•

=

•

= not attractive

•

(of a

room

)

stylish

= not stylish

= to be

tidy

IS?

•

e

•

2®

noun = school noun = print

•

•

= choir

•

= to tidy up •

noun

bits

noun = kitchen

•

IS?

which are

stuck together, a lump •

•

erb7@

=

to

harden •

(ticket)

aaverb

•

= without asking permission = selfishly

1

noun =

•

noun = one-wav

•

activity

e

1

29

• I

2 verb 3 work

®

= to

noun =

2 verb

serve as (both of) two things at the

activity

3®

same time

= to

plav an active role

attached to the pre form of a verb it adds the meaning of being unable to do to a preceding verb and is thus often translated as 'cannot' and indicates a refusal of a request. Although the meaning is negative the form is positive and even native-speakers can get it wrong! The negative form

noun

= utilisation • = conjugation 2 verb 3 J) • = to make use of • = to conjugate (verbs) •

@

no"r7 = vitality

•

O

77^

•

1

suffix -

used

is

7

•

noun = assumption 2 verb 3 (D 1

wouldn't put

do

it

for the

meaning

past (somebody)

ad/ecf/

•

noun = household

•

noun = process

•

noun = curriculum

= possible

noun

•

= possibility =

noun = corner

it is

Japanese syllabic scripts and as opposed to Chinese characters or vii tPhj the

1

noun = cover

2 verb 3

®

\

= to cover

noun = bag

•

noun

•

= majority

noun = one's own 177

noun = mould •

adjective = sad

•

verb

noun = vase

•

be sad about •

the way of using Japanese vii

in

©=

-

7

to

noun = stocks

•

no n = shares

•

•

the writing of

noun = corporation

noun = hammer

•

erb2©= to

•

cover

adverb = definitely

•

verb

•

adverb {preceding a negative) = not

• •

= to put on = to be wearing

necessarily

'

adverb = considerably

noun = money noun =

0

\

from

©=

to heat

SI noun

•

mean verb 3

(a hat)

large pot for cooking rice

bell

•

(D

noun = wall

•

•

very

likelv

noun

•

wife

to

191

that'.

= to assume

•

•

a rich

verb 2 d) = to

•

•

1

noun =

•

person

actively

phrase - deriving phrase is used to

this

'it doesn't matter' and in the to question form mean 'would you mind if ...?'

1

•

1

30

I

verb

•

7

d) =to mind

• •

= design = nature

•

1

()

noun = endurance

2 verb 3

,

®

= to put up

(^"

•

with

noun = colour •

Z?)

adjective = patient

Z?

•

^

•

• •

adjective = spicy

•

noun = hair (on head)

noun accompaniment

noun = paper

especially at bars

•

noun = god

•

prefix

- singing to the

Tibtl

:i

^

•

noun = body

adjective =

noun - waste

noun = God noun

•

= temporarily = supposing

noun = thunder

•

•

verb

(D •

= to bite = to chew

= to borrow = to rent = to hire

1]

•

noun - chewing

noun =

gum sticky tape

speaker or

some

= probablv = perhaps

poems

•

noun =

•

adjective = itchy

verb

•

•

or proverbs

noun = he

noun = curry

1@

noun = boyfriend

•

o"n = they

•

verb2®

•

§3i

•

•

• •

H noun =

= because = from ^205

Z?^ •

noun = song shell

b

ffl

= pattern

noun

= to

wither CX

noun = calendar

particle

•

201

adjective = light

rreight

= to commute = to travel = to attend

t)

stem

7" noun = medical record •

•

to the

noun traditional • Japanese playing cards featuring

phrase

•

to cut

writer but refers to

other person. •

•

d) =

when added

= objective

•

t

of adjectives of emotion or ssnsdtion it indicates that the state is not that of the

noun

•

verb

suffix -

noun = camera •

•

•

•

•

verb 2 d)

•

noun = hair (on the head)

"

adverb

•

•

= shaver = razor

m

•

empty

IS? t

•

to tease

noun = glass

t)

•

©=

verb

'

= upper (part) = first (part)

of a backing tape

paper

•

adjective

= empty

noun = overwork

•

adverb

•

= only just

noun =

calorie

1

31

•

'

" 7?

river

•

I

a dictionary of

characters

with explanations in English

noun = skin noun = leather

•

•

noun =

pj

•

•

"^

•

fiJj

= side

suffix

*

P

it

adjective = cute

verb

•

= to love (grandchildren or pets

(

•

1 adjective

(D

etc.)

- idea

'

•

= way of thinking

used in

the

terrible (news)!'

2©

e

•

)

= pitiful = sadly

2 adverb often

noun

•

•

sense

'oh that's

or 'what a

pity!'

• •

• •

= to thmk about = to expect •

noun

B

= opthalmologist verb

•

(D =to

t

tl

drv

'

hjti

^

1®

<^

@= verb ®=

verb

1

noun = ventilation

2 verb 3

^

= to ventilate

noun = exchange

= extractor fan •

ri

= spectators

noun

•

= instead or

•

noun

' •

• •

= change

noun = pollution

®

e

•

= relationsnip = connection

1

noun = welcome

•

1®

verb

•

•

•

•

= to replace

X?

(

adverb = in turn

2 verb 3

noun Ty^kf • = can (of...) • = tin (of suffix -

'

•

adds

the

•

j

adjective •

counter = volume

= unconnected I as a phrase it can mean'that's nothing to do with it' or 'it's none of your business'

noun = cancer

•

•

noun

noun-

•

sense of

186

noun - intuition

*

=to

a formal welcome party

duration to time words

f\j

©

welcome

•

•

0U

•

•

= to change

^

1

= environment = surroundings •

•

"^

noun

•

!^

t)

interval

= leave space

•

to

(rate)

"^

sense(s)

(between)

exchange •

P

noun -

to get dry

f

1

•

;^ noun =

•

verb = to be thirsty

•

•

1

noun = deep emotion

e

' •

@

=tobe

2 verb 3 moved

noun = nursing

hj

tl

His

•

noun

-

words

Chinese characters

with

'

()

• •

written

noun = the

bill

ert)2® -

1

noun = admiration

() = admirable

2 adjective 3 verb 3

= to be

impressea

•

noun = sightseeing

2 verb 3

32

•

ad/ec"

•

= to feel = to sense

vii

= stubborn

1

''

•

I

©

H

•

- to

sightsee

/L^

noun = concern

erb3®

•

= to be concerned (with)

no"n

•

= tourist

noun = advice

.

noun = South

3(D

e

•

= to •

feel •

172

Korea

-S

1

noun = completion

2 verb 3

•

$

noun

•

®

- the region

of Japan around Osaka, Kyoto

and

- to

complete

noun = nurse

1^() •

1 adjective

•

•

1

=

(§)

to observe

2 adverb

=

nouri = Chinese

'

characters

1

noun = new

noun = arying

2 verb 3

noun = feeling •

© •

•

3 = to be grateful

•

=

•

©

= to observe = to predict

thank

' •

a hospital

•

noun = patient

() = easy

1 adjective

2 adverb

= easily

etc.)

•

= audience = spectators

1

noun = interference

2

verb

•

•

©

2 verb

noun - observation

2 verb 3

•

noun = gratitude

(at

noun

•

noun

= government agency •

im = misunderstanding •

3®

= to

•

•

interfere

. 65 B = tinned eroods = canned goods

' ©

= to

•

(

enjoy

= emotions

noun

= battery

noun = appreciation

2 verb 3

noun

noun

• •

1

to dry

year's 1

to

=

noun = impression

'

day

1

fully

•

vii

•

() = complete

1 adjective

noun = observation

2 verb 3

= indirect = indirectly

2 adverb

Kobe

noun

the area

noun around Tokyo)

•

1

noun = deep emotion

•

'

•

®

2 verb 3 moved 1 •

noun = directing

'

= to be 1

©

(a film)

•

2

to direct

verb 3

( (

4 @=

•

to be

connected •

3®

noun

a dictionary of t) characters with their meanings and readings {designed for the use of native-speakers of Japanese)

= to

noun = idea = sense

®

erb 3 resigned

=tobe (to

one's fate)

-

•

1

to

•

•

•

=

= bureaucracy

cheat

1

©

complete

noun = cheating

2 verb

•

I

noun = completion

2 verb 3

-

= director 2 verb 3 •

1

'

'

33

noun =

2 enb 3

toast

@

a toast

as a phrase

I

it

is

used

to drink

English

like

^

•

noun =

tree

'cheers' before drinking

'

•

its

own

'do

or

in

variously translatable as 'mood',

on

197

- -

the form

'mind', 'spirits

= to =

it is an expression meaning your best'

like

to be careful

= please be

a"

express/on meaning

my best'

I'll

try'

e

• •

=

or

7

I'll

^

do one's best

.

•

1 adjective

not7n = sign

•

"^ "^

(

= perfect = perfectly

2 adverb

to

= machine

suffix •

^f±_ noun =

•

H'fe noun = yellow adjective

noun = pardon

2 verb 3

noun

•

•

©

=

to •

pardon • •

• •

= crown = the top part of a Chinese character

1 noun = management 2 verb 3 (D •

= to control = to manage

e

• -

•

•

= assembly member = member of parliament = member of congress

noun

•

air pressure

- yellow

•

1

worry

= to feel bothered by = to notice

@

•

to

careful!

do

•

2®

•

{of a liaht) = to go out = to disappear •

•

temperature

noun = memory noun =

(air)

® •

ZM

M

article (in the

noun

•

noun •

assembly = parliament = congress

•

noun =

g

•

press)

o"n = machine

•

•

-

34

noun = opportunity

•

•

•

e

•

•

I

•

= cloth = material

'

'-

,

noun = engineer

'

noun = ceremony

fe

• •

1

noun = change of clothes

@

2 verb 3

noun - polite way of someone's company

-

=to

referring to

change clothes

•

•

'

•

noun = journalist

•

noun = steam

erb2(D

•

locomotive

= to change (clothes)

noun = period of

time Ti

kj

§g noun = institution

'

noun =

•

crisis

noun

•

= listening

' •

•

verb

•

made

-

veb2(i) = todress

•

(somebody) to

work

-

noun = foundation •

Ij

noun = regulation

noun = north noun = guitar

noun - danger adjective •

(

)= dangerous

our?

= time limit

•

1

- mood

•

noun = expectation

2 verb

3

©

= to expect

noun = gas

•

noun = climate

•

•

verb 3

15"^ noun = symbol

@=

erb2®

•

•

• •

•

(to

noun = season

• •

effect)

1

•

gfi

•

7@

2

•

noun = odd number

as prefixing element = ready

•

•

up

noun

damage

1

noun = appliance

"

•

to get

•

•

•

@=

•

have an

=

rioun = standard

= miurv = damage

Ulii noun = famine

'

"^

•

= to injure = to

= to hear = to ask = to listen

(to

•

noun = business

•

•

noun = technique

'' verb 3

•

•

•

•

•

be able) to hear verb

•

7

®=

to carve

go

g

home aG(/ec

"

= dirty = untidy •

Slfe noun =

noun

= coast = shore = (river) bank

to

•

base adjective

= valuable •

= valuables

0"

•

•

35 I

adverb • •

2 adverb

…

= neatlv = properly

= fundamentally

^

adjective

noun =

•

•

= severe

•

{shoes, clothes) = tight

,

verb

':

•

noun = chance

1

rule

®

•

= to be decided

7®

e

•

'

noun = you

•

•

•

= to nouce

noun = feeling

•

•

= coffee shop

b

= eerie

•

compounds

noun = stamp

•

meaning

like tl

adverb = tightly

-

•

noun =

•

1 adjective

2 adverb

ticket

IS?

to

nouns

cold' to give

'having a

IS? ,

'a

like

touch of cold'

adverb = definitely

added

suffix

strange

strangely

noun = dutv

•

verb 2

• •

1

noun =

2 verb 3

entry

•

= to

(f)

noun =

•

•

1

= to decide

•

(text)

fill

in

•

^

noun =

3

feeling

= pleasant = unpleasant

silk

,::

^ "^(D

m'^^ noun used to mean general and the traditional Japanese women 's kimono in

noun = anniversary

2 verb 3 (§) commemorate

•

clothes

= to

in

particular

noun

•

= anniversary

noun = yesterday

•

•

•

•

noun = function phrase

•

in

the

it'!'

sense of

'I'm

very sorry

to

when expressing sympathy

used hssr or

condolences

adjective

•

strict z:y^

1 noun = opposite 2 adjective 3 adverb • = on the contrary •

= in reverse

•

= seat = passenger seat

= opposite

noun •

noun = donation

•

•

noun = customer

noun = base

•

=

noun = doubt

•

noun = drawing

•

room

xIt)" noun = mood

the

room

in

a Japanese house

•

noun = hope 2 verb 3 (D

which is used guests

1

= to hope for

noun =

•

basis

1 •

1 adjective

= fundamental

for entertaining

)

noun = catch

2 verb 3

®

= to hear

noun = gang

-

•

36

• I

•

1

noun = camp

2

verb

L

•

3®

camp

= to

noun = nine

•

noun =

•

(

•

1 adjective

)

prefix =

•

= sudden

former

S

•

( = suddenly

2 adverb

noun = milk

noun = wage

•

rest

noun = urgent

business

noun

•

(state)

= salarv

noun

•

• •

•

= holiday = break

noun = absence (rrom school or

1

adverb

2

adjective

university)

adjective = pure

t ^

•

•

2 verb 3

Ym

[ = skillfully adroit

noun = today

•

©

= to take

noun =

•

line

a year off (from school or university) •

noun = education 2 verb 3 (D

•

1

noun = ambulance = holiday

(for a

business or shop) •

1 noun = break 2 verb 3 a break

to

noun = teacher

•

•

®

=

educate

noun

=

verb 3

to strengthen

= to take

!

noun

•

= boundary

•

1 adjective

2 adverb

= drastic = suddenly

noun = express

•

(train)

noun

' •

= cancellation of lecture/s

O

S

•

"

•

= textbook

noun = contest

•

sl^

•

(for a

n = church

•

"r

noun = manners

•

noun = holiday

business or restaurant)

noun = supply

2 verb 3

®

3

= to supply

•

1 noun = absorption 2 verb 3

©

noun - communism

= to absorb

-

•

no"

•

noun = event

teacher

•

1 noun = rescue 2 verb 3

©

no"n

•

= to rescue

= classroom

noun

•

•

= school meals

= proressor

•

1

noun =

•

rest

expressions

2 verb 3@)

= •

adjective = rapid

to rest

in

\

the

0"'^

an

means

/7

'sorry to trouble

sorry to interupt but

you' or

Tm

(

37

verb 3

(§)

. •

noun = curve

(

•

= to compel

•

I

(

•

adjecnve) ~ enormous ad/ecf,Ve = compulsory

noun =

•

= administration

1

noun =

2 verb 3

•

1

noun = comoetition

2%

2 verb compete noun

•

•

= Drothers

meaning sisters'^ 177 often

'brothers

'

©

= to

and relaxed 2 adverb

•

• •

•

2 verb 3(D

=to noun =

fear

noun =

interest

U

8S to

noun

•

•

noun = obligation

Used with the sense of a favourjfdvor being owed. Also used with family words in the form

share •

= freely

=fog = mist

S

noun = collaboration

= comfortable

)

noun

•

common

©®

7

(

1 adjective

emphasise

1

e

= to dislike = to hate •

noun = emphasis

(in)

ad/ecn/e

•

•

and

•

adjective =

= to refuse

noun = distance

= hated = disliked

•

2 verb 3

year

refusal

®

)

= to •

1

last

noun

•

mean

'-

in law'.

= only

suffix

= education •

1

•

noun = cooperation

2 verb

verb 3

3®

= to

@=

cooperate •

noun

•

= procession

up

noun =

•

adjective = powerful

'

e

•

7

(§)

rules

'

=

•

verb 2 (D

to cut

•

• •

to stand

f^T

•

noun = pemission

/MM

•

= to put on = to be wearing

noun = fishing •

industry •

• •

•

noun

= tune = song

= office = store

= pretty = clean • = tidy 2 adverb • •

•

•

1 adjective

( = tidily

suffix •

cut

erb2@

= tobe

'

I

1

•

<

noun • •

= kilogram = kilometre

O

1

noun = record

•

'

noun - kilogram noun - kilometre

\

©

\

\

= to arerue

\ \

noun = gold

•

noun = nine

•

5

noun = argument

2 verb 3

38

181

•

noun = condition

•

noun = zone

•

•

'

=

verb

5^ noun =

to eat

air

•

/V

noun =

•

'

-

ncu/n =

•

noun = amouni

no

•

adjective = urgent

fijtf^

•

noun = suburbs

(by)

•

iR-fT noun = bank

1

noun = fantasy

1

verb 3

®

=to

imagine

•

1

=

chance 2 adverb • = by chance • = by coincidence

noun = goldfish

•

•

•

1 adjective

(

money)

nou" = even

number

smoking (of

noun = airport

•

silver

noun = prohibition

2 verb

•

=to forbid •

ifiFJr

adjective = mid-air

noun

noun =

= neighbourhood •

noun = money

•

noun = metal

T>

hj •

•

[lir

noun =

§

air conaitioning

^oun = section nail

(D =to

verb

• •

1

2

divide (off)

noun = the modern age = modern

adjective

<

•

adjective =

modern

\

c5

•

M noun = chain

noun = tension

2 verb 3

@

= to

feel

7

@=

to rot

noun = comb

(

noun = muscle

•

•

adjective = diligent

1

noun = sneeze

1

verb sneeze

3®

=

to

noun = finance

*

<

noun

•

ct

= Fndav

•

^1'

noun = complaint

•

1

noun Thanksaivina

verb

•

nervous

((

grass

adjective - bad

•

smelling

•

1

noun =

•

-

Japanese public holiday

1 verb

Labor

Day {November 23)

noun =

-

a

effort

3@

-

(over) K. "9

•

noun = waste

to take pains

39

<

/

\

adjective

•

= ticklish = it tickles!

• •

•

I

\

<

,

,

<

'

verb

1

verb

•

7

tickle

©

noun = pain

•

= to break

down noun

•

•

' break

(t~F ^oun - socks

•

verb

= medicine = chemicals

•

1

® (=

to be stuck

verb 2 (D = to stick

adverb = deeply

i/erb2@ =

•

to

down

(asleep)

adjective •

noun - habit = in spite of

<

lip

n = lipstick

r?o

noun = shoes

•

=to

(§)

§ noun =

•

I

•

= insistent = tedious

noun Japanese punctuation marks.

-

•

noun = pipe

•

•

1 adjective

2

noun = country

•

= concrete adverb

used not only concretely

•

be crushed •

-

2® = to

verb

form of a verb

it

'

added to the means 'please

verb

•

and when marked with {do)'

following it

means

(

an object

means

'please give

•

'please don't (do)

7©

e

•

197

'

honorific verb which often follows

form of dnother verb

show for

to

1

noun

•

= to be fired

•

2

verb 3

1

noun = distinction

®

= to devise

that

someone

of higher status.

vii.

vii

•

2 verb verb

2® -to become

3®

=

noun

'

noun =

•

fruit

•

noun = descent

•

noun

•

•

•

= downward slope

• •

= group I as a suffix class

adjective = worthless

<

verb

1

®=

it

can mean (school)

/

XX7

= trade union = labor union

to •

descend

= combination

noun = mouth •

noun = complaint

to

distinguish (between)

tired

•

to

noun = neck

= trick = method

an action has been done the benefit of speaker by

•

©=

•

= to give

the

7

distribute

me'. Following the ending it

sense of

the

where your family home is situated. Japanese people talk of in the sense of 'home country' when referring to non-Japanese and in the sense of 'home region when referring to other Japanese

verb1®=to

•

pulverise

in

but of also of the place

'nation'

verb 2

(§)

= to assemble

o"

1

•

verb

•

(arms or

@ 40

•

I

7

©=

.

to cross

=

legs)

"

•

©

verb

•

= to scoop

•

• •

noun - cloud noun = spider

$33]

verb

1

@

noun

= car = vehicle nouri

•

weather '

suftenng

= wheelchair

noun = cloudy

•

2®

e

•

to cause

= to cloud

<

verb

•

7

®=

to

wrap

noun = end of the year

•

over

.

adjective

•

= mortifying = regrettable

• •

•

noun = grey adjective

verb

7

(D =

to feel

• •

0H

() = grey adverb

vexed by

<

1

2

used

adjective = dark

t \

= please = sincerely to indicate sincerity in

formal

requests

•

noun =

noun • •

noun = way of

•

verb 2

living

"

(i)

noun =

classical

music

• •

verb

•

noun =

7

@) =

= to give = to be given

to live

meaning

glass (for drinking)

often

'given to the speaker'

added

197

179.

verb 2 (B =to

•

compare

draw

noun - dry cleaning •

noun = cream

' •

1

7©

e

•

verbs®

//

7

3@

<

•

$

•

d

191 ,

@=

to

go

•

mad

= to hold

(in

adjective

= painful

to suffer

• •

•

=

work

noun =

specialist

verb 2

®

P

verb 2

®

the mouth)

• •

to

= to add

204

~f noun = group

<

-

•

to corne

verb

•

adjective = black

hard

to repeat

noun = Christmas

to

H noun = black

noun = difhculty

2 verb

=

to a close

•

/s noun = dry cleaner

=

erb2®

•

noun = gram(me)

•

is

to indicate that the action was done for the speaker's benefit by somebody else

noun = graph

A

it

form of a

to the

preceding verb

noun = club

'

•

•

7

=

credit

card

= approximately = about

verb

adjective

= detailed = knowledgeable

1

•

= to join

verb

1

®

•

41

%

• suffix - added to family names of males to form a title. Commonly used in schools by a tsdchsr as a way of addressing boys

or

in

1

in

large companies.

economic

to

noun

•

the

^

similar

phrssss

noun = experience

2 verb 3

(g)

experience •

1

noun = practice

2 verb 3

noun = training

©

= to

O c_

U

-

to

to practice

(§}

noun

i

•

language used

practise

a word used and so roughly sincerely' and

letter

•

1

vii,

•

the climate for

noun

end a formal

equivalent to 'yours

noun = troops

reading assigned a clwrdctsr in Japanese usage {typically as a noun or root of a word)

-

situation'.

•

noun = army •

noun

•

doing business or the 'general

noun = county

•

to plan

noun = police

•

Also used between male friends. •

=

(|)

officer

companies by bosses to address staff. It is sometimes used with

women '$ names

noun = plan

2 verb 3

junior

1 verb 3

•

•

•

1

|

•

forms of respect

- polite

to indicate

189

^

I

<

•

noun = tendency

f

prefix = florescent

•

•

noun = warning 2 verb 3 (D 1

( noun

•

•

•

(the)

economy

= hair = wool

•

= to warn

noun =

no"A7

•

= economics (academic subject) suffix

* * •

= family

(

D

noun =

•

police

noun = lowest grade •

stems

it

suffix -

added

means

'seemingly

to adjective

o"n

= police officer •

noun

•

• •

1

= total = plan

noun = calculation

2 verb 3

©

= to

calculate

noun =

•

skill

noun

•

noun = respect

•

\J

•

= calculator

$51^ noun = circumstances

•

noun = detective

ffj

•

1

•

noun = management

©

2 verb 3 manage

verb 3

=to noun

= manager

(=

to

put up a notice

•

noun

= notice board •

noun = formality

•

42

I

Respect for the Aged Day (^September 15) - a Japanese public holiday

= superncial

2 adverb

=

as a

^^

noun = (western

formality

noun = the

•

arts

= (western

•

1

noun = continuation

2

verb continue

cake

noun

cake shop

( (

noun = game

= to

•

(g)

style)

style)

noun = case

3®®

verb 3

mm-

•

•

1 adjective

= to carry around

•

1

noun = injury

2 verb 3

@

=tobe

iniured •

noun = mobile phone

'

noun = wool

•

f

noun • •

= system = lineage

noun = surgery

•

•

•

1

1 adjective

= systematically

@

noun

•

HkW) noun =

home

•

@

horse racing

•

verb 3 = to get off (a train or bus) = to get out of (a vehicle)

noun - the last ten • days of the month which can often be translated as 'towards the end of the month'

= horse race track

noun = expenses

•

noun = defence 2 verb 3 (D

morning

noun = eraser

•

•

•

this

•

= show business personality

(

= to go

= scenery

mxvn

•

•

3

noun -

•

= show business world

t ^

(

noun = theatre

from school

2aGf e

U

'

ftir

noun = drama

noun = leaving school

2 verb 3

= systematic

noun =

•

1

•

= to guard

noun = makeup

noun = contempt

©

2 verb 3 down on (somebody)

=

to look •

= cosmetics

noun = contract

•

verb

•

suffix- via

•

noun

•

• •

•

noun

•

a part of speech often called adjectives

•

•

history

noun = career

d)

noun = sewage

verb • = to shave bits off = to sharpen

1

(i)

^7 suffix - when attached to a number indicates how many digits •

IIS

1

= to put out = to turn off

(

= adjective

•

=to

2\/erb:?@ put on makeup

•

1

1

it

there are

1

43

•

,

•

noun

F"

traditional

-

Japanese

noun

•

wooden shoes

= Monday

mean

adjective =

•

I

o"n = conclusion

•

•

MBE

•

Hi;^ noun = blood

noun = blood

no"n = indication

3^

•

pressure

'

noun =

•

(G

result

noun - monthly

•

salary

\

(

noun = diarrhoea

il

•

adverb = in the

•

verb

•

• •

)

= but

(i)

aa!/ecf/Ve

•

to

= steep

express

'quite I very' with adjectives.

When

used in the expression it shows refusal of an invitation or {when accompanied by appropriate

7

•

noun

have had

•

noun - marriage

2 verb 3

= to marry

' '

"

•

(

adverb

[with

•

•

prefix = current •

1

noun

•

= quarrel = fight

•

• •

= to resolve

(to do) •

1

181

1^1*1 noun = cause

no"n = hatred

= =

to

argue

to fight

(

=

•

opiiiioii

"nslimit

•

noun = absence

2 verb 3

ticket

2 verb 3

noun = decision (§)

divided

•

neaative) = utterly (not)

2 verb 3

is

er= houses

•

Aioun

= masterpiece

1

Japan

CO

= wedding ceremony •

-

^ noun =

•

sufficient.

1

noun = incident

regions which are called 'prefectures' in English and are similar to 'states' or 'counties'

()

means

Z> "t"

•

into administrative

gesture or context) acceptance.

The phrase

= to kick

conjunction = however

noun = good

sometimes used

smoky

noun = smoke

•

end adjectival

adjective =

•

noL/n = defect

^Pia

ad ec Ve

•

= vulgar

•

=tobe

(§)

absent (from school

etc.)

1

noun = educational

visit

2 verb 3 (D (for

= to

visit

the purpose of learning about)

•

1 noun = decision 2 verb

•

3®®

= to decide •

• •

noun

= weak point = minus point •

the

month

^ M noun

- the

entrance to a Japanese house which is a small hallway where shoes are left before stepping up into the house itself. The word is also used in the

sense of

oun = the end of 1

'front c/oo

• 5a noun = energy

'

I

()

2 adjective • •

44

•

•

•

= energetic = healthy

() = steady

1 adjective

2 adverb

(

= spiritedly = How are you?

3 adverb

= I'm fine

= steadily •

1

noun =

2

adjective

reality

=

real

•

1

2

•

noun = research

1 adjective

©

verb 3 = to research

=

'

2

realistic

aa\/erb

=

realistically

= researcher •

1

•

noun = training

2 verb 3

= research student

= 1

noun = modesty

2

adjective

(

•

B

= modest

= trainee

' .

(

•

1 adjective

noun = language/s

2 adverb

noun

•

noun

•

)

noun = cash

•

©

to studv

= linguistics

=

)

=

strict

strictly

noun

= phenomenon

noun = health

.

noun = current

situation

•

1 adjective

noun

•

= healthy = nuclear power

2 adverb = healthily

noun = nuclear

•

reactor •

writing

squared writina paper ussd Japanese vertically

noun

National Foundation

noun

-

ror •

1

noun = construction

2 verb 3 •

{February

1

-

Day

a Japanese public

holiday

®

'(

= to build •

noun = developing 2 verb 3 (B 1

(of pictures)

= to

develop (photographs)

•

1 noun = inspection 2 verb 3

®

=to

test

•

1

noun =

2

adjective

(at the)

•

.

noun = principle

= generally

•

present time

= present

1

noun = humility

2 adjective 3 verb 3

@

noun -atom

)

behave humbly towards •

noun = atomic bomb •

1

noun = nuclear power

station •

adjective = primitive

(

noun = the present day

2 adjective = contemporary •

= modest = to

n

•

= construction = architecture 2 verb 3

'

•

45

I

• •

©

- to

construct •

= architect

noun = child

•

noun

•

- the •

office of Japanese prefectural

government and figuratively government' IfAj

noun =

•

'local

•

= to guess = I have no

•

• •

181

|^ noun

= flour = powder

noun =

idea •

1

®

= to

*

•

suffix -

a country

investigate acA/e

•

t)

(of

an

suffix

•

event)

•

explosion

•

noun = sightseeing 2 verb 3 (D sightsee

noun

-

of

the

a

Japanese board

prefix -

added

to certain

words made up of Chinese characters {sometimes those with some connection to a respected person) it

= microscope

1

name

language

= after

J noun

•

•

to the

game

noun = nuclear

•

added

to indicate the

spoken there or attached to names of languages 172

= actually

noun = scene

•

181

five

noun = word

noun = investigation

2 verb 3

counter

0"/

limit

= small

us6d for counting rounded things such as pieces

f[S]

small,

noun = estimate

•

/J\ prefix

shows politeness

adjective

•

to

189

•

= thick

•

{of colours) = dark

•

(of drinks)

1

noun = love

= strong

•

-

= constitution •

•

noun Constitution Memorial Day {March 3'") - a Japanese public

1 verb 3

holiday

•

(

•

'

. •

noun =

right/s

prefix _

established by the prefectural

adjective = dear

•

•

= boyfriend = girlrriend

•

=

this

•

=

like this

•

noun

adverb

government

resources

noun = vocabulary

•

IJ

to be

IS noun = carp

•

noun = principle

•

with

= diligent = hard

1 adjective

2 adverb

©

in love

way = = in

noun = natural •

if this is

this

way

prefix = high

done then

...

'

= school

fci suffix

•

•

added number

suffix -

mean

' 5^

'issue

exchange

to

:

numbers

of a '

1:

•

3®

= to agree attributive

:

noun = lecture

•

:

noun = agreement verb

2 adverb

= to protest

:

•

adjective = high-qualitv •

noun =

•

noun = industry

)

= pushy

forcibly

•

noun =

•

noun = good luck

•

noun

airline

'

no"

•

= plane ticket

= park = playground

;

•

= airmail

noun •

= lecture = perrormance

noun -

y

-(

effect

noun = coin

•

(the)

public

(

adjective

@

-

= this kind of

-

'

noun = protest

2 verb 3

noun = factory

•

worker

1

to

noun

•

noun = behaviour

:

-

46

- second half of the year = second semester

magazine

2

®

2 verb 3

= harbour

suffix

. to

'

I

:^

oun = scene

*

noun =

craft

•

noun =

total

•

noun = attack adjective

•

= expensive

\ verb 3

©

= to attack •

'

adjective

•

= magnificent

| noun .

= contribution = donation 1 verb 3 contribute • = to donate •

•

©

noun = regret

2

®

verb 3

= to regret P !^

•

noun = suburbs oun

:

= pollution = environmental damage

:

•

noun

•

^-(7 noun and

()— being obedient to

and behaving in a manner towards them

one's parents

= engineering

'

noun = senior high

•

185

school

adjective •

= to

dutiful

•

' •

noun = pass

2

verb 3

(in

an exam)

@ exam

=to

-

pass an

noun •

•

()

adjective

= effective

2 adverb

•

2

- advertisement = advertising verb 3 (D

= effectively

'

(in

advertise

:

•

noun = exchange

o"n

= archaeology

1

noun = intersection

newspaper to

etc.,

''

•

47

I

2

3

e

®

= to

•

1

intersect

noun = structure

2 verb 3 •

1

noun = acquaintance

2 verb

3®

= to

associate with

k

e

= to

make

oun

•

= achievement

noun

•

= crossroads •

®

up

(with)

itW^ ^oun = beam

of

light

aUBill

noun = lecturer

noun

•

= high

rise

building

•

1

noun = construction work

1 verb

3®

noun

•

=tobe

•

worked on

•

= structure = construction

•

•

noun = expressway

1 adjective

= formal = official

• •

•

2 adverb = officially = formally

• •

2 a

•

= alternation = (ractorv) shitt

2 verb 3 •

1 adjective

=

noun

•

•

•

noun - arable land

•

erb = ofhciallv

•

noun

•

•

@

= to take turns = to swap

ofticial

^^:

this refers to

noun - excuse

•

•

•

•

adverb

•

= like this = in this way

tea

Japanese

noun

•

c_

noun =

black tea (with or

without milk) in contrast to teas such as green

= under construction = under repair

•

•

1

= transDort = traffic •

noun - the

•

noun = road

latter

safety

noun = school

•

noun =

building

traffic

offence

•

•

1

noun = the public

2

adjective

noun = transportation system = public

iiii^

•

noun =

•

traffic

jam

noun = public telephone

noun

•

= travel expenses

•

noun = public

toilet *^ •

noun = factory

•

noun = perfume

•

noun = flood

•

^Jj^t noun - school

grounds •

1

noun = affirmation

2

verb 3

= to affirm

(f)

•

1

noun = justice

2

adjective

3 adverb

•

= =

fair

1

fairly

2

noun = altitude adjective

(

)

= high

level

'

(i

48

•

(

•

adjective = advanced

1

noun = behaviour

T

3® •

noun = Item

•

noun

of the tourist season highlights

= to behave

noun

Japan.

noun

adjectival

= auditorium c_ • •

the

period or phenomenon of the leaves changing colour in autumnlfall. One

•

2 verb

•

in

•

•

noun = public

= robbery = robber

yrf

•

noun =

efficiency

•

1 adjective

•

noun = senior high school

= reasonable

2 adverb

= rationally

•

noun = subscription 2 verb 3 (D 1

noun

•

- interchange (between countries)

= to

subscribe

•

:

verb 3

•

@=

noun = purchase

2 verb 3

to

•

=

(g)

to

purchase

noun = consideration

2 verb 3 (g;

=

noun a junior person (in comparison to a specific senior) in either an educational

= valid = invalid

establishment or the workplace

noun

•

noun = second half

•

match

•

(people) = voice

•

{birds

and animals) =

etc.)

-

•

1

noun =

2 verb 3

•

= to exceed

•

= to go over

•

©

announce

phrase used to urge people to accept something or do something and meaning something like 'please

to

noun = happiness

•

don't hesitate' or 'pisdse feel free to

noun = mineral

•

erb2@

Is •

announcement

(official)

cry

erb2@

•

noun a 'ponce • box' (substation) where police officers are stationed

to consider

noun

•

.

(of a

merge

..

-A noun = course •

1

$

^ noun = coach

noun = excitement

2 verb 3

@

=

to

be

excited

noun = coat -J

noun =

•

1 noun = fairness 2 adjective 3 adverb

electrical wire

noun = =

•

fair

( = fairly

t_

•

noun

•

noun

•

/

coffee

noun = verb

ice 7

(gy

= to freeze

noun = goal

= candidate •

term refers

to

people workina government

national or local

for

this

noun = misunderstanding 2 verb 3 =to 1

©

misinterpret

1

•

•

•

5n

^ noun =

'(

(the study of)

languages verb

•

7

©=

to

M M noun = the United

noun = small

^

zjt

•

1

-

noun = breathing

2 verb

sized

3®®

breathe

home

to

•

"

•

•

•

•

noun

•

= afternoon = p.m.

noun

•

•

ddverb = extremely

•

= the ninth day ot the month = nine days 174

is noun

= the Japanese language = Japanese classes in Japanese school

'

•

(D

nouA)

•

= Japanese-Japanese aictionary

noun = nine

'

-

•

• •

= heart = mind

pref/x

idea of

'

noun

= internationalisation

= to have no

idea of •

noun = international

= to be aware of

• •

ad

•

•

noun = nationality

•

noun = blackboard

cf/

citizens of

189 •

B

noun - Nation 's day a Japanese public holiday noun =

5

(crops)

this

CU •

•

noun = national park

e

substitute for

cereal

prefix = national

it

is

used

as an honorific equivalent of and it is used on its own as an and as well equivalent of as in certain everyday expressions.

•

noun =

phrase

•

following the particle

= to conquer

•

6@

Sit

= pleasant

country

4) -

®

= to attempt

= international 2 adverb = internationally

{May

verb 2

•

relations

1 adjective

a

noun

= to have an

•

verb 3

181

noun

= international

" '

= tobe

noun = here

C

= to peaal = to row

erb2@

burnt

• •

is

in

superiors •

to

(town)

verb

thank

place of 'thank you' and 'goodbye'. Not used

c_

=

to

leaving the workplace

noun = cheque

•

phrase-

someone for their work and used to someone who used

•

O

e

•

I

Nations

burn adjectival

''

•

49

•

7® an honorific

and

note that there is no form and no plain negative for verb 189 •

noun

= lower back = hips

-

1

•

•

50

I

=

1

have) backache

(to

= please

noun =

sit

noun

•

noun =

treat

®

2 verb 3

=to

-

for

meals and other

entertainments

Japanese

the

used

usually

syllabic scripts

used as

is

2®

1

treat

the chart of the

which

to

•

down

/V

u_

answer

3c seat

e

•

= to

•

•

down •

equivalent of 'alphabetic' order in lists and dictionaries (such as this one)

•

most commonly

phrase

etc.

in

is

1

noun = breakdown

2

verb 3

=

for

entsrtsinmsnt or a

treat •

t^M

noun

noun = pepper •

verb 2 (B

•

= to make •

meal and as a way of thanking

someone

to be not

working cfc

the phrase said at the conclusion

of a

@

• •

noun = individual

(HI

•

= = = =

here this direction this

person

this thing

phrase

•

respond

1 adjective

= personally

•

verb

•

verb

©=

©=

7

t)

to

register kept

by

noun local

the family

noun = the

(Japanese) parliament

government

which records

births,

and deaths. A

certified

family register

is

•

marriages

used

prove

= pocket

noun

•

= (international) border

identity.

noun = small change

•

n =

B

•

noi/n = chef

(in the)

•

morning noun

•

1

noun

•

= break = fracture

•

= morning = during the morning

2 verb 3 (D (a

phrase a polite equivalent

means do you know?'

o/"

= to break

bone)

() adverb =

usually in the form this is

no

/_]

money

copy of the

to

to

noun = nation

•

rub •

p|§

used

thanks

= to exceed

verb

•

go over

to

-

expressions of thanks

to

with the sense of 'not at all' and meaning that on the contrary it is you who should be expressing

= personal

2 adverb

•

the

which

form •

•

2®

verb

•

sit

and

noun

noun =

2

adjective

•

solid

•

•

= solid

g

secretly

a less formal version of

189

•

1

-

noun = answer

•

noun

= parcel = package

noun =

glass (for drinking)

®

…

•

1

•

51

•

C/u

"S^^ noun

•

refers to the

Japanese

meaning

while

general sense

'classics' in a

it

often

major \Norks of classical

noun

•

• •

•

I

= flour = powder

literature • •

attributive

adjective = classical

noun

•

• • •

• • •

have done

to

...

phrase •

= to be scheduled

•

...

= decide to

when

phrase = recently

=can

_!

-

= recently = the other day = last time

"

= thing = matter = incident

(

= this

A_ phrase

= =

this last

time time

phrase: next

...

occurs as a modifying phrase in the forms listed above attached to a verb which will determine the translation.

(time)

it

it

is

phrase

= previously

ad ecf/Ve

•

noun

= desirable

-

a traditional Japanese stringed musical instrument •

suffix

noun =

•

phrase = •

^

•

•

a

fe noun

as

(now)

it is

noun =

taste

vsrb

©=

to like

no""

•

•

= (cooked) rice = meal

1

noun = (photo)copy

•

in someone's absence

C

$

this year

noun = message

•

left

3

= every other

= message verb

•

1

2 verb 3

= to be different

= to

(photo)coDV

adverb = especially

•

mM

•

• •

= photocopier

•

= word/s = language

' in

•

•

±

, means

noun

in

I have not contact for a long

erb

•

-

•

Children's

Day {May

5) -

a Japanese

public holiday

•

verb

•

1

in

advance'.

adjective

erb

•

7

® =to

•

be in an awkward situation

the form 'get

spill

2®

= very small {of money) - small change = detailed

•

(i)

= to refuse

means

•

(D =to

spilled •

•

noun = proverb

•

•

= to be

•

7

V

•

•

used

time'

= child = children

noun = children

)% noun

'(sorry)

writtenlbeen

•

<-W^.V}/

•

the form

which

•

noun = choice of words •

no"n

•

noun

permission

it

in

in

the form

either 'that's terrible,

goina

to

it

means

what are you

do?' or 'what shall

I

do?'

•

•

•

= rubbish bin = garbage can

noun

^

• '

•

= =

this it

phrase = (from) now

B noun

phrase = with \

noun =

e 52

noun

= rubbish = garbage c_

•

@

•

I

•

•

®

n

•

•

this

phrase - this/that will

do

communicanon

noun = collection vert)

•

1

noun = time

•

•

= to be crowded = the

often attached to words and phrases about time to mean 'the

traffic is

heavy

time tolfo

XX noun = rubber •

noun =

•

]

-

roll

erfo7(i)

verb

•

equivalent of •

•

verb

•

verb

•

Also used to attract the attention of a clerk in a shop if nobody seems to be around.

7

D= @=

to kill to fall

aa!/ecf/

•

•

•

1

to roll

informal

phrase - serf on entry to the Aj of a house and equivalent to 'excuse me is there anyone at home?'.

time

'

(something)

rice

=

phrase

'about' or

•

= to

flour

noun - (uncooked) •

when

noun = wheat

zJ

•

.

= rrightened = frightening verb

•

f

©=

to

break

erb2®

• • •

phrase - meaning 'sorry' it is used as both an apology and as a refusal of a request t_ • •

•

<-_Ay

/J^M noun

little

•

finger

noun

= this time = next time

noun = contest

Zl

•

noun = employment

1 verb

3

naw blue

prefix = this •

•

noun = 1

noun =

•

•

= hut = shed

•

= to be broken

noun = concrete

©

= to employ verb 2

•

®

mx7n =

•

this

month

= to endure t_ •

•

= from

noun and adverb

"=7

now on

= entertainment •

•

the form

|

honorific equivalent that

Z^^hj can

following a

meaning

'try'.

followed by

means

o/"

phrase this is an Note

.

in

1

noun = mixture

2 verb 3

= to mix

(f)

noun = concert

substitute for

form with the Following or

'please look' or 'look'

0

•

1

noun = congestion

2 verb 3

@

crowded

=

to be

,

53

•

I

noun =

•

week

this

"

-

noun

.

, ,

= contact = contact lens

• •

= to put in contact lenses

noun = menu noun

particle -

•

this

= like this = to this extent

1

noun =

—— 1

•

of

'well'

or 'now'

noun = club

noun

= service = service • = given as a free gift 2 erb • = to give away for free • = to serve

() =

adjective

3©®

noun

phrase

•

•

noun = occasion

p

= hello

phrase

•

= good evening

)

noun = computer •

1 adjective = basic 2 adverb = fundamentally

\

•

prefix = again

•

prefix =

•

most

counter = years old

•

171 suffix

•

=

festival

•

1

noun = reopening

2 verb 3

•

1

end

•

difficult

= today = the present

•

at the

•

difficulty

•

•

used

translatable as

•

2

©

= to reopen

noun = engagement

2 verb 3

@

-to

get

engaged

•

1 noun = attending 2 verb 3

school/college

@

= to

attend school

•

noun = engagement

/V 1

•

^

•

®

noun = recently 2 adverb = recently 3 adjective 1

noun = connision

2 verb 3

and

interjection used when commencing something and

( adverb •

'long'

tMl

sentences or phrases in colloquial speech to add emphasis 205

attributive

= this = like

•

adjective stems to

i.e.

'length'

= this time = next time

•

to

produce a noun

•

•

added

suffix -

contact lenses

•

noun = difference

*

= to wear

= to be in

= recent

confusion

noun

•

= microscopic organisms •

1

noun =

(the) last

2 adjective 3 adverb

_

= last = finally

n

•

•

©

•

.

54

•

I

•

1

noun =

-

stock

(in)

3®

2 verb

•

noun =

(the) best

•

= again

•

z ac/i/erb

and again

•

•

"

noun

= needlework •

noun = national

'

^oun =

•

(the) first

•

(

2 adjective 3 adverb

=

•

=

first

firstly

noun = adoption = employment

2 verb 3 •

/j noun

•

= cdl

•

1

)

0"A7

noun = timber

•

final

•

=

•

.

holiday (celebrating something)

noun =

noun

•

•

= property = fortune •

1

no"n

= wallet = purse

•

•

•

= court = courthouse

-brilliam! •

noun

to be in

stock •

•

= judge

•

®

= to adopt = to employ

minimum

•

•

another way of saying

noun

•

= materials = ingredients

'vegetarian'

((

•

1 adjective

noun =

5!^

noun =

>1

noun = reminder

2 verb 3

,

vegetarian

size

-

• •

(bill)

©

•

to

demand (repayment)

noun =

C

^

•

2 adverb

1

•

1

(a)

)

noun = signature = autograph =sign

2 verb

3®®

"

maximum in the

noun = pole noun = slope

•

middle of t)

^197 o"" =

®

•

= to mark

•

•

• •

= trial = court

an

noun = disorder

2 adjective

noun = marking

•

etc. -

•

1 1

noun

alternative form /"

= that's horrible! •

noun = boundary

•

•

(the)

lowest

2 verb 3

= to

sign

noun =

•

) = happy = fortunately

noun =

"

disaster

•

= upside down = reversed

= wrong way up

3 adverb

notvn = talent

erb

•

•

oun •

= to look for = to search •

noun =

fish

®

@

55

•

noun

•

of food to

drinks

•

= to date back

to

•

•

verb

•

•

noun = the height

•

noun • = sake (rice wine) = alcoholic drink

(of)

"

•

• •

tisz • •

= to shout = to crv out

adverb

•

erfo2® =

•

e

verb

•

noun = just

•

-

•

now

•

•

1

= to lower = to wear (hanging items) = to clear away (dishes and

' ' . \

3®

'

verb

®=

1

= I

•

•

'

verb

(|)

= to give

respectful equivalent of

to tear

189

last

^IX

•

noun = index

Japanese

noun a traditional room usually used for and floored with

style

•

noun = yesterday

entertaining

•

noun

mats

= author

noun = orders

•

e

•

verb 3

(§)

•

= to delete

•

• •

1

noun = production

2 verb 3

•

= to hold out = to present

document) 5

= to put it

(a

document)

•

•

(of a

(g)

together

= work (or art) = piece (of work)

= to whisper

1

•

verb 2

= tobloom

prefix

<

@

v^e

2®

= to support

= to work

noun = fence

•

plates)

verb

•

noun = work

2®

•

•

2 verb

2®

torip

=to

avoid

= in advance = ahead

•

7@®

e

•

noun = fraud

•

•

Si noun = salmon

noun

= tip (of something) = future = ahead

•

1

= to search for = to sound out

1

•

•

verb

•

•

= to go down = to step back

•

= cherry tree = cherry blossom

@)

e

•

•

= to go against

noun

•

•

noun = bar

noun = crops

•

7®

e

•

"

= (piece of) writing = essay

noun = fishmonger

•

noun

•

•

© •

I

small dishes

accompany

®

noun

often

r)-

•

means

'interference' or

'difficulty' but can also be translated as 'bland' or 'inoffensive' in negatives and refers to not causing difficulty or

trouble

1

®

1

®

-

•

56

•

•

I

verb

•

=

= composer

•

thin slices

verb

adverb = quickly

noun and meat

•

of raw fish

•

to point (to)

•

to stab

•

= =

•

verb = to put up (an umbrella)

• •

verb

(D

= murder = murderer

©

a spoken equivalent of used for forming the causative of a verb 191 -

adverb

-

•

•

adverb

= to

refreshed

feel

interjection used to mark a change of topic and translatable as

= seat

'weir or 'next'

verb?®

^ ;

•

this is the

and a

suffix for

indicating causation

verb

•

causative

verbs

191

@=

^

•

$

noun = sugar

•

5

noun = desert

m

•

•

"3

•

•

countsr = book

•

^

noun =

to invite

noun = (bank) note

•

{with negatives)

(not) at all

b3@ •

or 'indeed'

/"

= briefly = roughly

=

indicates

that something has happened as expected and often translatable as

•

adverb = straight

•

away

suffix

() adverb

®

to guess

suffix

the

•

verb 3

•

=

to sting

form

noun = magazine noun

=

•

$1p/"£

•

1

•

'truly'

noun

•

1

deduct

to

= lonely = sad

rust

erb 2

•

used for counting books and 181 magazines

adjective

®=

noun

•

-

to rust

a large

cushion used for siUing on and placed on the floor of rooms with flat

•

1

noun

mats

= filming • = taking photographs 2 verb 3 • = to photograph • = to film •

•

©

^ J

hj

•

' I

•

• •

= a little while ago = some time ago

1

noun = noun

= to

noun - manners

•

suffix -

a

equivalent for

noun

= writer

@

more polite and attached to names of clients and customers to show politeness and used after a person 's name when addressing a fetter. Also used in certain Idioms with the original meaning of 'seeming to be

(static noise)

•

noun = discrimination discriminate

noun

$t

= interference

1

2 verb 3

adverb

...'or

'appearance,

•

®

2 verb 3 compose

•

= to

1 adjective

2

adjective

2 5

( (

) = various = variously

'

57

•

verb

©=

7

to

verb

•

1®

=to

touch

cool (something)

7®

e

•

to

verb

•

noun = three

•

suffix = mountain

'

wake up

•

2®

- to obstruct

suffix

adjective = cold

•

erb2@

•

=

verb

to

surnames

is

it

an equivalent of English titles such as 'Mr', 'Mrs' and 'Ms" but is used f3 more extensively. It can sometimes

to

cool •

181

= made in

added

suffix

1j

•

I

be added

2®

given

to

names and job

titles.

= to wake up • •

1

1

noun = right and

left

2 verb 3

2 verb 3

=

' '

noun = participation

to influence

@

phrase = goodbye

•

noun = triangle

•

noun

*

•

= to

participate

month

industry

•

= dish = plate

noun -the <^

I

after next

•

noun = reference

•

ac^

e

= cruelly •

our?

•

verb 3

= to refer to

)

= the week after next

no

adjective

" = the

= regretable

year after next

verb

©=

to

kidnap

noun = salad adverb • •

= further = even more particle =

noun - an employee of one of the large Japanese

-

noun = four

corporations {or a white collar worker in general)

erb2@

•

this is the

erb

•

7

suffix

passive

@ (D =

to leave

•

= noisy

181

city

=

suffix

= history

letter (^of the

Mr

this

can be either a

alphabet), a cAia acfe of

Japanese or other script or sonwon noun = uproar

•

•

noise

=

suffix

^ noun

adjective

•

of

1^ noun = poem

noun = monkey

•

a list

^ noun = death

•

191

form of

and (when giving

reasons)

'

(

verb

1

@=

to

'handwriting'

make

a

•

• •

suffix

= o'clock = time 186

•

adiective - refreshing

•

suffix

= temple

'

'

•

I

•

noun = match

1

()

3®

2 verb

-

58

ly7J^\

noun = qualification

•

adjective

•

to play

= square

(against)

verb

•

2®

= to finish something

noun =

conjunction •

= however

•

=but

in three days

conjunction

time

= however

n

•

1

noun = happiness

(

) = happy = happily

2 adjective 3 adverb

noun = season

• •

'" noun =

following the

adds

the

meaning

form of a verb it dying to {do)'

'be

adverb = reluctantly

o"n = the

= jet

adverb = directly

•

Japanese self defence forces

conjunction • •

= besides = never the

less

©=

•

1

noun = support

-

3©

2 verb

•

noun =

salt

•

noun =

tide

•

•

noun - time

186

2 counter = hours

suffix

•

adjective

(of the school timetable)

= salty

noun = deer

•

:

•

= timetable

noun = dentistry

•

particle • •

= only = nothing

to

I

do but

as a

it noun = ceremony suffix

I

have only two thousand yen •

I# noun =

(field of)

•

rfifij

can also mean

'style'

•

noun = the four seasons

•

noun = period

noun =

•

noun =

•

adverb

•

= soon = readily

1

adverb = urgently

•

vision \

it

...

requires a negative

=

= period

185 noun

•

"^

to tell off

to support 1

•

it)

191

self employment

prefix

•

seatbelt

noun = jeans

=

)

phrase = it can't be helped = there's nothing to be done (about = there's no point (doing it)

•

noun = sheet

noun = way of doing

•

(it)

site

streets •

noun

•

2 adjective

= master of ceremonies •

1

noun = square

2 adjective

= urgent •

(

1 )

= square

noun = provision

2 verb

3©

proviae

-

-

to

•

noun =

•

womb

•

noun = time zone

•

•

2 verb 3

= rrequently = constantly

"^

noun = suicide

1

( adverb •

I

difference

5 noun = hourly

payment •

'

@

= 59

@

=to commit

suicide

verb

•

1

®=to

partition

•

noun = support

1

2 verb 3

= to support

(§)

noun = rund

•

•

•

-

noun = instructions

1

ert)

•

2 verb 3

= to spread = to lay

•

®

instructions (that

used of futons in the sense of 'prepare the bed'

noun

•

= the facts = reality

•

• •

'

3®

'

= to

enb

7

® = tobe

damp

•

examination =

•

• •

•

noun = resources

•

noun

'

1

noun =

•

self-study

3®

= to study

unsupervised

noun

•

noun = accident

= expenditure

c: prefix = self

noun = dictionary

•

<± trial

•

2 verb

•

=

adverb

•

= often = frequently

•

test

= incident = case = matter

•

noun

= embroiaery

noun

•

prefix

= voluntary = independent

•

stimulate

'

noun = magnet

•

noun = stimulus

1

2 verb

\

•

i

7i

5

noun

^ dictionary

and error

= one's just desserts

n

•

noun = market

•

noun

notvn

•

noun =

to give

..)

•

= situation = circumstances

1

noun - resignation

• •

self introduction •

noun

•

2 verb 3

= (transport) timetable

' •

= work = job

1

noun

•

noun =

•

*

tt^

hell

.

noun

= to resign

•

•

@

-

"

1

•

•

no"n

•

= autobiography

•

= work = job 2 verb 3

®

from a job

noun = guidelines

noun = poet 1

noun =

self

confidence

towork

•

noun = earthquake

@

/

®

•

I

U

noun - used as a precedinq noun to add the sense of 'self, and so variously "

suffix to the

/ •

60

•

B

ft noun and suffix

= period

translatable as 'himself', 'herself,

noun

•

'myself, 'themselves' etc.

(

•

1 adjective

2 adverb

= historical dramas verb

•

)

= quiet

•

= quietly

•

1

= to adore = to miss

noun = system

• •

verb 1 = to grow quiet = to subside

•

= subcontract = subcontractor verb

•

erb

•

7

M

@ -to sink

erb2(i)

= to be accompanied by

facilities

"^ noun = nature

)= natural = naturally

•

S

adverb •

= therefore - in accordance

acA^erb = in

advance

with

noun = charity

•

S^i

•

noun - a Buddhist guardian of children and travellers

•

1

noun = preparation

2 erb 3

.

These statues temples and all o e Japan at the roadside and on paths form

in

noun = speed

•

= to

prepare

or st3tu6S of him. Usually in the

are found

noun - underwear

•

noun = thought

•

noun

•

• •

= (one's own) = house

^

home •

~F/ll^

adjective

•

noun = descendents

•

•

• • • •

•

•

~F noun

= under = below = down

= intimate = close •

TBT

noun

the

older residential parts of a city or

'downtown'

= lower = younger

•

•

noun = dead body

2 adverb •

depends on =

it's

up

181

noun

•

to

him

= gradually noun ~ situation

noun = quality = room

•

noun and

•

noun = the truth

•

it

7

= July^174

J •

noun = seven •

noun = tongue

•

1 suffix =

noun = hidden

motive

(per

hour)

•

draft

(of a piece of writing)

(

2 adjective 3 adverb

noun =

•

•

1

= to

obey •

MpX

•

noun =

'

noun

•

•

•

•

suffix

()

suffix

= day

adverb = firmly = reliable

61

•

noun =

-

•

•

'

1

1

realisation

2 erb 3 (D

noun = carrying out

2 verb 3©

= to

(3

realise

to

implement

•

1

noun

= practice = practical element of a course 2 verb 3 (g) = to •

•

•

noun = unemployment 2 e 3 1

•

I

@

= to

practise

become unemployed

i/^

•

noun

•

= unemployed person/people

•

noun =

(a)

noun =

results

rash

197 •

noun = unemployment benenr • •

•

noun = iealousy

0"

•

2 verb 3

= businessman = businesswoman

() adverb • •

J)

= caremllv = thoroughly

1

adverb = intently

3®

still

1

©

• •

= to remain

'

•

noun = discipline 2 verb 3 = to teach discipline

noun = humidity

•

2 verb J)

(to)

noun

•

= to be

(§)

jealous

(.

I

adverb = very

ad

6

= actually

•

= dampness = humidity

noun =

2 verb 3

failure

®

= to

fail

•

1

•

noun = experiment

noun = writing

2 verb 3 (D

= to

experiment

2 verb 3

®

= to write

noun

•

•

1

noun =

2 verb • •

= writer

realization

3®®

'; •

= to realize = to come true

noun = the

noun =

real thing

tail

•

oun

•

= (experimental) guinea pig \

noun = disappointment

2 verb 3

@

= to be

disappointed

adjective = persistent

•

•

1

noun = execution 2 verb 3 (D 1

= to carry

noun = question

2 verb 3

= to ask

(g)

questions

out

noun -practical use

•

(

•

1

noun =

2

adjective

1

adverb

•

fact

- (

adjective = practical

= actual

)=

\

actually

•

noun = capability

actually •

adjective

= practical

1

noun = impoliteness

2

adjective

(

)= rude

s

•

•

®

3 verb 3

= to be rude = to leave

• •

62

•

I

there are idiomatic uses of this

word given under the next two

•

entries

•

•

noL/n = car

= (I'm) leaving = excuse me (for interrupting)

noun = goods

•

®=

verb

to die

•

used when entering a room or interrupting a conversation and when about to leave as a polite

= article = goods

'

•

•

noun

noun

•

phrase •

•

= leader

1

way

noun = rule

2 verb 3

©

ic^

•

of saying 'qoodbye'

=torule

noun =

(a)

play

j

oun

• •

= manager

phrase

adverb = often

me (I'm sony)

= excuse

•

apologise and also when leaving a room as a polite way of sayinq 'qoodbye'

used

to

noun = lawn

•

•

noun

•

= payment

197

e

•

1

©

= to pay •

1

adverb

•

noun = designation

2 verb 3

©

= to designate

•

=

for a while

=

noun

•

you

I

= reservation ticket eyt)

•

noun

•

e

3©

•

noun =

= to point out

' /

noun 3nd

= branch (of a bank or

u

nose and throat doctor

•

suffix

2®

•

Izi

ear,

store)

noun = dictionary •

no(jn

© =tobind

noun = ground

•

= reserved seat •

haven't seen

for a while!

•

verb = to be numb = to have pins and needles

= bicycle

noun = splash adverb = unwillingly

•

1 noun = guidance 2 verb 3 (§)

/V

= to instruct prefer = child

•

J noun - verbs • which do not have a direct obiect. For explanations of this important concept in Japanese grsmmdr 191 In this dictionary a

/ ' @

marked with the symbol in the entry and the opposite type of verb (transitive) is marked with the symbol

@

•

noun = oneself

•

noun = paper

monev •

noun = death

2 verb

3® •

•

=

1

noun =

= to die

noun

fat •

2 verb 3

desire

®

= to want

1

('

verb

•

verb

•

•

63

®=

1

to wither

/

(D

-

•

= to wring out = to squeeze

•

•

V

• •

•

rb

&: noun

= citizen = inhabitant

(of a city)

"

noun =

•

noun =

•

(

capital

(sum

I

office

noun = clerk

•

of money)

noun

•

= secretariat

•

= capitalism •

noun = island

•

•

1

noun =

(

Jnpj

stripe

2 adjective

noun =

•

•

= striped

)

end

(the)

'

noun =

often

used

city'j 'twin

'

office

noun =

office

as

noun =

&;

full

Tj^'t verb

7

(D =to

indicate

197

in

s/sfgr

town and '

'sister

verb

school'

2® = to shut

• •

verb

f

©=

to put

away •

'

adds the meaning of something being completely finished or being regretable in some way. 191 it

7

•

verb

•

® noun =

®=

to get

noun = ground

•

noun =

•

prefix

•

= lower = second particle

3

•

exclamation - oh no! -

e

frost

subtitles

•

•

1

damp •

•

/ '

verb 2 (D = to

occupy

= to shut = to close

•

2© = to

e

fasten

form of a verb

following the

name

noun

•

= deadline

sisters

for 'twinning' •

noun =

(room)

often found in the form

•

work

7

®

in

=

(not) necessarily

suffix

= person

suffix

= vehicle

suffix

= company

reduced form of

used

the formation of some negative

sentences. See the entries for

•

ancf

= to be shut below. •

1

conjunction

noun = boasting

® ()

•

2 verb 3

= to boast •

()

ad/ecf/Ve

= plain

() adverb = deeply

= well (then)

used as an informal way of saying 'goodbye', especially in the or simply form

•

e

1

•

'am no

negative form of

-

translatable as 'was not' or

-

187

'w/e

187

not'

noun =

•

= to chat = to speak

1

noun

•

= hindrance = obstruction

•

suck

to

verb

•

society

•

noun =

past form of

@=

verb

noun = journalist •

(of a

plain equivalent of

pasf

and

form of

noun = inside

•

vehicle)

or 'are not'

not',

a 64

variously translatable as

'is

®

'

•

I

and

-

1

social science •

•

noun = socialism

@=

verb •

5 & sunix =

•

less

(

2 adjective 3 verb 3

than

@

noun

•

•

•

to squat

•

= tap = faucet

•

= obstructive

)

= to hinder = to visit •

\

noun = weak

•

- nuisance

point

noun-

•

noun = garage

(for

storing car)

instrument

noun =

•

collector (buses *

Japanese strinaed musical

traditional

and

-^M

ticket •

•

IJ

o"n= joke

' •

noun = jam

•

noun = sketch

noun = shower

®

= to sketch

=

= (newspaper) editorial

ft^

noun

noun = shampoo

housing provided by a company for workers •

-

•

•

•

shirt

noun =

a

few

f0

often

•

1

noun = loan

2

verb 3 out a loan

@

1

= to take

noun = hiccup

•

= alcoholic drink

iH noun and suffix = week

•

) || noun and

used

suffix

= state

to translate the

suffix

,

'province'

= collection

•

= to

hiccup

company

suffix •

•

3®

= person

English words 'state or 'county'

< 2 verb

suffix

to

live in

noun =

to take a

shower

noun

<

noun = wheel

•

noun - jazz

2 verb 3

noun = slope

noun = gravel

noun

= photograph

1

$\M

trains)

no n = within the

1

noun = freedom

2 adjective 3 adverb •

(

) = free = freely

noun = ten

181

•

•

•

65

•

•

I

M noun = gun

•

•

•

suffix

= throughout

•

suffix

= fold

2 verb

3®

-

noun

•

U

noun = fulfillment

•

1

'

•

noun = collection

2 verb 3

noun

®

= to

collect

•

®

= to

/XI

|

•

1

2

harvest t)

noun = address

•

noun - harvest

2 verb 3

to be

fulfilling

= circumrerence = gathering

1

noun = finding

a job

erb3@ = to get a job

counter = week

186

:

^oun = looking

noun = custom

*

noun

•

•

= crossroads

= house of representatives

'

noun =

noun = member of the

sfe

house or reoresentatives

1

noun - modification

®

- residence

noun

•

soft drink(s)

•

2 verb 3 amend

noun

•

1

= religion

= to

noun = repair

2 verb 3

®

to

-

repair

•

noun = emplovee •

1

•

1

noun = collecting money

2 verb 3

collect

noun =

2 verb 3 = to

ig)

traffic

jam

®

congested •

= to

•

/

•

noun = gathering

•

3@

=to

gather

noun = income

•

noun

•

noun = group

•

noun

= house = housing

•

1

noun = concentration

•

noun = Master's

2 verb

degree

3@

= to concentrate •

noun = (Japanese)

•

•

(

noun

•

= terminus

calligraphy

verb 3

(

adverb = from

beginning to end •

•

= carpet = rug

•

and expenditure •

(

adjective = serious

attack

ou

•

= in a serious condition

1 noun = assault 2 verb 3 (D

1

tobe

money •

2 verb

for a job

oun

= to consider imoortant

=

flexibility

0""

•

•

•

66

•

I

A noun

•

'

= gravity •

•

noun = taking up a post

2 verb 3

= to take

office

noun = storage

•

= subjective 2 adverb = subjectively

noun

•

()

1 adjective

®

= serious

noun

•

= income

1

.

•

^

similar to the

suffix

English suffix '-ism' as

illness

in 'patriotism'

etc. •

noun Autumnal Equinox Day Japanese public holiday -

a

1

()

= adequate

noun =

•

= weekend

•

paid

"

noun = resident

•

- tax

vicinity

noi/n

•

to local

ofe

government by

c_ • idiomatic phrases

all

residents of a town, village or city

noun

no"Ai

'

= to

' •

until

•

noun = reduction

3©®

2 e

= to reduce •

noun = repair

2 verb 3

a

something

1

noun =

-

national holiday celebrating

(

adjective = important

1

several

sense of

noun

•

2 verb 3 accommodate

now

the

vii

•

noun = capacity

®

in

compound use of Chinese characters and translatable as 'kanji compounds'

= executive

1

words or

made up

elements, especially •

class

1^ noun

a supplementary 'cram' school attended by children after (o even before!) normal school hours. Usually providing supplementary teaching towards school or university entrance examinations but some provide special subjects not covered at school such as abacus or calligraphy or just 'top up' teaching of the same materials as the ordinary school syllabus.

•

noun = enough 2 adverb = thoroughly 3 adjective

noun =

•

•

»0

1

©

= to repair

noun = homework

3®

2 verb

= to do homework •

1

noun = close

2 verb

3@®

1

•

noun = (entrance) examination

2 verb 3

= to finish

noun

=

(f)

= weight

noun =

noun = examination candidate •

certificate (of completing a

noun

•

= examination candidate (student)

course)

noun

to take

an examination

•

alternative form of

noun = studying

exam

in

oreparauon

for

an

67

•

'

noun

•

= examinauon fee

1

•

noun = attendance

2 verb

3®

= to

attend .

®

•

= to research (a story) = to cover (an event)

•

•

1

noun = gathering materials

2 verb 3

•

I

1

noun = business

2 verb on

trip

3®

= to go

a business trip

•

noun = reDorter

•

1

noun

•

2 verb 3

=gist = Durpose

• •

noun = departure

@

=to

depart 15

•

noun

•

1

= operation

noun and

•

noun = publishing

2 verb 3 suffix

= to

(f)

publish

= Prime Minister

noun =

•

used about

a/so

= publisher (company)

177

husband

•

the 'owner' of a

"

verb 3

®=

flCl

•

noun = means

leader/s

noun = defence

2 verb 3

3®

= to

@

= to defend

noun = housewife

•

insist

used •

to refer to

generally even

1 noun = coming/going to work 2 verb 3

®

to

capital (city)

noun =

•

1

•

go/come

noun =

•

noun = insistence

2 verb

•

to exhibit

no"n

= the leading role

1

(

noun

= expenditure

shop, restaurant or bsr and translatable as 'proprietor' •

no"n

•

own)

(one's

if

=to • •

women

noun

*

work

married

they work

= hobby = taste

•

1

noun = bleeding

2 verb

noun =

•

3®

=to

bleed

noun =

•

noun

•

role •

1

noun = participation

2 erb3(^

:'

=to

take part

• •

tii:^ noun

•

1

2 verb

and suffix

noun = tumour

+

life)

'

noun = demand I noun = kind

•

(of)

no"n

•

= (telephone) receiver

(in life)

3®

successful (in

"

(

main

•

= place of birth = graduate of

noun = success

'

adjective =

trees

noun = leading

•

= childbirth

life

expectany

=tobe

jlll

suffix •

=

(in)

order

noun = moment

'

'

I

#

•

•

68

noun


= circulation

Z>

mats when used as

an indication of the floor area of a house or apartment. Each piece of matting is approximately 90 x 180 cm 181

oun = police

•

officer

noun:

•

the counter

suffix

•

fo

order

= orderly •

( (

= disorderly •

(

adjective = naive

•

adjective = pure

' •

1

(

"

1 adjective

well

2 adverb

fire

fighting

= to

(g)

extinguish

noun = digestion

2 verb

3

= to digest

(f) •

smoothly

b

•

)= going

noun -

2 verb 3

1 •

= letter

suffix

^

Jli# noun =

turn

1

noun = introduction

2 verb 3

®

= to

introduce

= in turn

noun =

• •

=to

•

*

I)

prepare

noun - Vernal Equinaox Day Japanese public holiday

noun = obstacle noun

•

= throughout one's

•

'

life

a

-

noun

•

= disabled chila

prefix = first

•

fire

extinguisher

1 noun = preparation 2 verb 3 (g)

noun

•

prefix

= various

•

suffix

= written item

•

/f suffix

= disabled person

)

= place

•

suffix

= place

•

prefix

and

noun = continuing

education

suffix

=

woman

notvn

•

= scholarship •

1

noun = use

2 verb 3

•

®

= elementary school student

= to use

'

noun = new

•

•

noun 185

year

•

prefix = small

•

noun and

suffix

•

noun and

suffix

IJf

•

'

• •

suffix

= ministry

_t noun = the

best

•

prefix = upper

•

suffix

•

'

= prize

= chapter •

= concerning

•

suffix

= place

185

phrase

= there's no choice = it can't be helped = it's hopeless

noun a • Japanese board game with some similarities to chess

' •

noun = emotion

noun

•

= elementary school

5^1

noun = steam

adjective = the above

69

•

formal phrase for letters similar to aforesaid' and 'the above-

•

I

1 adjective

mentioned'

2 adverb noun =

•

(a)

) = honest = honestly

noun

•

ruler

=

common

sense

noun

•

noun = trading

•

= passenger

advanced

company

'

•

prefix =

(

•

'the

noun and •

(level)

1

2 verb 3

•

1

noun = commerce

2

adjective

noun = boarding

(a vehicle)

®

= to get on/into

' '

(a

vehicle)

noun

•

= commercial

= ticket (bus or

train)

•

noun = going/coming

1

to

2 verb

go/come

to

first

ten days of the

()

noun

-

1 adjective

= negative

(

•

•

\

•

•

= to occur = to come about

1

noun = promotion

•

2 verb 3

@

3®

=tobe

•

= skillful

1 adjective

= good at 2 adverb • = skillfully • = well •

"0"

...

noun = proof •

noun = noon

• •

_

^

verb

promoted

= condition

L

a

•

= to fluctuate = to vary

•

phrase = please wait

•

noun = prize

noun = top and bottom = upper and lower

' '

() •

7

2 verb 3 •

adverb

•

a little

= unenthusiastically

'

girl

moment

2 adverb

1

noun =

•

= situation

money

month

= to

Tokyo •

noun = the 174

•

Tokyo

noun

= small number = minority

'"^nftpff noun = chamber of

•

commerce

noun = ethnic minority •

noun = the

•

noun = novel

details •

noun • P paper screen doors Ji pj noun

who

- sliding

-

higher

in

noun = invitation

3©

authority than

= to invite

noun

someone

you at work so translatable as 'boss', 'management' or 'my superiors' etc. depending on the situation is

1

2 verb • •

= condition = state •

noun =

(letter of) invitation

''

70

I

3> and defeat

•

noun = improvement

1

3®

2 verb make

3

=

to •

progress

1

/La^ noun = joke

•

= •

@

2 verb

3®

= to do business

'

1

•

noun = evaporation

®

2 verb 3

(

•

noun = trade

to tell a joke

verb 3 = to be aware = to consent

•

noun = victory

•

=to

evaporate

= asyou

know = as you know

noun

•

1

noun = consumption

©

2 erb 3 consume

=

= emotions

noun

•

= consumer

•

()

adjective

1

to

•

= emotional 2 adverb = emotionally

1

noun = 'consumption tax' - a tax levied on goods and services by central government

noun

•

J:

= symbol •

noun =

•

noun = focus

•

^pp

noun = goods

•

store

adjective

= to focus

•

= elegant = refinea

1

noun = match

•

noun

•

= shopping area/centre •

adjective = high quality

(

•

@

5

2 verb 3 game

•

1

noun = = to

•

sterilisation

adjective

®

2 verb 3

•

= sturdy = strong

1

noun - urine

•

sterilize •

1

noun =

2 verb 3

= have a

•

collision

@

2 verb 3

= to collide

@

=to

urinate

noun = person

•

in business

•

noun

•

noun

= nre engine •

1

noun = approval

;

=

2 verb 3 (§) = to approve fa

fire

station •

noun

= information

noun = passion

•

•

•

noun = information technology

1 adjective

= enthusiastic

•

2 adverb

1

= enthusiastically •

•

noun = boy

•

adverb = fully = nett

• '

•

71

•

•

I

•

noun = proof

•

®

2 verb 3

= to

•

= canteen = dining room

prove • •

noun = lighting

•

noun = front

noun = head on

l£ tinij

noun = using up

2 verb 3

(i)

exhaust

noun = workplace noun = loaf

\ collision

-

•

1

noun

B

= craftsman

or bread

g

noun = foods

M^t^ noun =

to

plants

noun = food

noun =

•

treaty

noun = appetite

noun = soy sauce

•

•

noun =

1^

noun

(the)

= foodstufts

future

-

•

1

noun = landing (from

2 e

3

®

•

noun = groceries

a boat)

to land

•

1

noun = shortening

2 verb 3

©

noun = possession 2 verb 3 (f) 1

= to

abridge •

for

1926

to

[] noun 1989 and used

- era

•

= woman = female

noun = queen

•

often occurs as a prefix to

noun and prefix

•

the

^'

(

fioj noun - part of • speech usually called particle or

= to jog

noun = occupation

•

noun =

•

grammatical

relations.

sometimes called

•

further information

noun = staff meeting = teachers' meeting

and

•

their

uses

= Staff room = teachers' room

first

ten

noun

205 assistant

'at

the beginning of

the month'

= occupation

advert = gradually

•

1 noun = meal 2 verb 3@)

=to have

noun

a •

meal

• •

table

For

on these words

noun - the • days of the month and

translatable as •

Also

noun = noun

•

•

.

postposition which expresses

staff

•

•

add

meaning 'women 's' or girls'

especially in the names of schools, colleges and universities

(level)

1 noun = jogging 2 verb 3

= to have

noun

•

*

174

during that period

= beginners

name dates

for

'

noun = study

•

(room)

noun = dining

= =

woman women

1

noun = books

•

72

•

I

' •

v^erb?©

•

1

noun = measures

2

verb 3

•

®

= to deal with

noun

bowls and utensils

•

- plates,

= to investigate = to look up •

noun =

/

no"n

•

=

to

wash the

bottom

(person's)

for eating

= acquaintance

dishes

noun =

series

noun = shock prefix - established

•

adverb •

= constantly

•

= often

privately (as

opposed

•

•

noun = bookstore

•

noun = traditional

•

Japanese calligraphy •

?

o"n

•

= disposal = punishment

•

•

•

1

noun = signature

noun =

know

castle

adjective - white •

noun =

•

noun = black and

(an)

amateur

" •

2 verb

to

noun = white

•

= to dispose of = to punish

©=

noun = sign

Ef]

1=1

•

2 verb 3 (D •

7

= soup = mice

'

•

noun

verb

noun

•

•

= income tax

1

= data = materials

•

noun = income

•

•

by

noun

•

noun = shop

3

to

prefectural or mtioiwl government)

white

3®

= to sign

noun

•

noun = books

• •

= wrinkles = creases

•

1

noun = possession

2

verb 3

•

@

=

noun =

•

to

own

actress

• •

noun

•

/ll

added to country means person from that suffix -

•

names

= new

prefix

•

= owner

noun

- core = (pencil) lead

it

•

1

®

= to deal with •

•

tl

51

noun = documents

noun = white

(grey)

hairs

•

= notification = news

"

•

noun = advancing

to the next level of education 2 verb 3 = to advance to the next educational 1

@

level

noun

•

•

172

country

noun = treatment

2 verb 3

no"n-

•

the high

verb 2

•

- to inform OL/n

®

= investigation

linking

speed

many

'bullet train

'

express

of Japan's cities

•

noun = vacuum

•

no

= nerve

73

• •

I

('

•

adjective - fresh

adjective = nervous

/v -(/ ( •

1 adjective

2 adverb

)

seriously

f

•

1 noun = advance 2 verb

3®

/

2 verb 3

"

•

im"^ noun

traffic signals

2 adverb

'

) = careful = carefully

b

noun = population

AX

(

•

1 adjective

•

•

to

noun

•

traffic lights

•

•

-

®

= (person's) height •

= =

"a noun = bed

noun = diagnosis

= to believe

3

(in)

•

noun = the body ft:

diagnose

(religious) faith (§)

Axb prefix = artificial

•

1

2 verb 3 noun =

•

•

•

1

/bflii

•

= to

advance

noun = heart

•

= serious

noun

•

-

indicates

the scale of an earthquake on the

prefix

Japanese scale {not the Richter scdie) and is therefore followed by a number

= artificial = man-made

from

(

II

= serious = seriously

1 adjective

2 adverb

1

(weakest)

)

8

to

oun-a

•

Japanese

religion •

•

1

noun = medical examination

©

2 verb 3 examine

= to

2 verb

3®

=

f

noun =

(religious)

•

f

noun =

a Shinto

•

Mzi^ noun =

•

•

1

noun =

2 verb 3

raid

@

= to

invade

shrine

^^>

pearl

= Happy

noun - race

' .

1

racial discrimination

noun - worry

2 yerb 3

erb2(D =to

©

to

©

= to apply

(

noL/n = bride

•

noun and

•

noun =

(a

person's)

used

to

worry

referee

adjective = mvstenous

(for)

mean

'father' for

suffix -

Catholic

priests

life •

•

2 adverb

no"n = •

5

1 noun = application 2 verb 3

1 adjective

= Ij

•

believe

•

New Year!

•

•

noun =

noun = new year

•

•

shake

tremor

prefix = personnel

believer

to

noun = earth

•

•

/V

noun = vibration

no n =

"^(

)

relatives

= kind

= kindly

,

•

hj

•

noun = person

fir^ ^oun = newspaper •

noun = the humanities

•

74

•

I

•

1

noun = progress

2 verb

1

3@

3©

progress

•

•

noun = patience

•

no"n = (human)

'^

prefix = in the

noun = recommendation

2 e recommend

=to make

3

- to

noun

•

= a reference

life

middle

9

t

(for a

job

etc.)

noun = hydrogen

•

of the night

•

no n = close friend

•

1

noun = guess

2 verb 3

= to guess

•

1

noun =

•

trust

2 verb 3 (B

=

to rely

on

\

•

1

noun =

2 verb 3

®

'

=

noun =

to turn

to trust

state of mind •

1

noun

noun = estimate

2 verb 3

= psychology

©

= to

estimate •

2 verb 3

;'

•

(military) aggression

noun = arop of

water

@

= to •

noun = paddv

•

noun = water

•

noun = water

invade

O

^

on

^197

noun = truth

•

noun =

vertical

= vertically

noun = switch

trust

•

1

( )=

b

1 adjective

2 adverb

•

noun =

forest(s)

•

noun =

relative

•

noun = humanity

field

bottle \

supply

noun = course

•

•

noun = bridegroom

•

•

(article)

^ aB noun = myth

•

:

water

•

•

adjective = level

noun

•

= horizon

S

•

•

noun = nest

•

noun = vinegar

noun = sleep •

noun = lack of sleep

•

1

•

[fi

•

noun = swimming

noun = surface

(of the water)

noun = water melon

ffi

=

- Wednesday

fisheries

•

1

2

verb

•

noun = cooking

enb3®

D

•

- to cook •

= standard

noun

•

prefix

•

noun

• •

= to smoke = to take in •

(air

or liquid)

prefix

= several

®

•

75

•

•

I

noun

•

V

•

= mathematics

"^

= personal

WL-^

•

taste

noun = numbers

e

•

= to be transparent •

adjective = cheeky

noun =

draft

•

noun = supermarket

•

noun = soup •

too

= youngest child

enb2@

=to •

place •

•

•

=tobe

hungry

(of)

noun =

skirt

noun =

scarf

• • •

§ noun

•

•

= to not be crowded = to be empty

.

noun

•

= shape = figure

@

e

•

•

•

much'

noun

•

2®

= to be more than = to pass through

added to verbs and adjectives to make compounds with the meaning

noun = end

"5

verb

•

adverb = continuously

"^

no(7n = a

•

noun = suitcase

— —

noun = a gap

IB]

•

suit

adverb = immediately = soon = as soon as •

= illustrated book = reference work

verb

$X

©=

7

to save

adjective

•

= few •

1 adjective

= favourite/favorite

=do

as

•

adverb =

one

at least

erb2®

pleases •

although an adjective in Japanese it is often best translated using a verb such as 'to like'

= 2^

•

'

(I)

like tennis

= to excel 1

noun = cedar

adds

the

noun =

ice skates

•

= schedule = plans adjective

•

= tremendous = brilliant

noun

adverb

•

= skis • = skiing 2 verb 3
•

•

•

= to ski •

and

ice

noun •

to

•

likes

= to

•

suffix -

= after six o'clock = overeating

=

ice skating

skate

meaning of '3ft6r' or 'more than' to nouns and (following the pre form) it adds the meaning of 'done 186 excess' to verbs

1

noun =

2 erb3@)

noun

dislikes

• •

= = = =

a few

some a short time

a

little bit

of

adverb

•

= to be fussy

negative) = (not) at

all

{with

@

®

1

•

"5

sT verb

•

•

=

•

(of time)

• • •

7"

©

to pass

(for

= to spend

9 •

noun

•

•

76

•

I

'

= muscle = stripe

•

verb 2

verb progress

•

= to throw away a free-standing

noun = stockings

1

•

erb2(i)

•

to

(g;

noun room heater

adjective

= to make = to advance

=

adverb = already

•

= (pleasantly) cool •

adjective

•

•

•

(

C"

= lovely = nice

= logic = reason - logical

•

noun = stage perrormances)

proceed with

"

= tights

1 noun = stop 2 verb 3 (f)

•

stress

•

•

noun = sand

•

verb 2 •

= to advise = to recommend

noun =

•

1 adjective

conjunction = that

•

start is

noun =

= obedient = obediently

(

2 adverb

star

noun =

to say

style

su

•

= brain

noun = stadium

adjective = very

•

noun = studio

quick

noun • •

•

= desk light = stands suffix

adjective = wonderful

y\

•

• •

t

noun = speaker/s

= each

noun = headache

•

•

= to stop

5

noun =

adverb = completely = perfectly

(

1

noun ~ speech

2 erb

3®

= to make a speech

r noun =

t_

adjectival

phrase

= refreshing = clear

()

speed

noun = chart

•

noun = spoon erb 3

@=

noun = space to feel

C*

C"

•

noun =

all (of

them)

refreshed

IS? •

= gently = quietly

•

= sour

1

noun = sport

slip

ski

sport

= directly = for a long lime •

^

= to = to

1

2 erb3(

adverb •

•

•

adverb •

verb

•

=

noun = trousers

()

aoyecf/Ve

3

•

1

adjective = slim

noun = home

to

do

®

®

•

77

•

'

verb

•

2®

verb • - to pass someone or something

= to finish = to manage

• •

•

I

coming from the opposite direction adjective

@=

verb 2

used as an informal apology causing trouble to somebody

for

^oun = charcoal

,

-

noun = corner

P

^

erb7®

•

•

to be out of

place/position

noun = ink

•

= to

•

noun

.

•

= excuse = sorry

me verb

•

1

= to verb

•

• •

sit

197

= measurements

phrase •

2@ = torub

e

•

= unpardonable

•

1

live (in)

1

= to be finished = to get through verb

•

@=

to

become

noun = back

•

clear

=tall

noun - sumo wrestling

•

() adverb =

in a line \

•

IJnoun = pickpocket

noun =

• •

•

suffix

= cnaracter = nature f^oun =

.

•

although the principle meaning of this verb is 'to do' it hds many uses and can be translated as 'to play', "to put on', 'to cost', 'to decide to' and 'to be' as well as appearing in various constructions where it will not be translated as a verb. It is used to transform nouns into verbs. Try looking up the wordjs with which 191 it occurs. For more on

•

•

= made in = made of... = made from ...

'

•

•

•

•

• •

(

no

•

"^

• •

t^$5 •

1 • .

•

= accurate

noun = demand = claim

"=

life (style)

noun = customs

= century

adjective

)

( = accurately

= sharp

= discrepancy = lag

element

= character

1 adjective

noun

suffix

•

2 adverb

= in that case = just at that moment

and

= tax

conjunction

•

...

prefix

•

= unrair =sly

fault

suffix

adjective •

surname

noun = (somebody's)

•

•

(person's) height

*| noun and prefix = gender

•

slippers

verb 3 d)

noun =

•

f^oun

and

suffix

SI

•

2 verb 3 • •

' -

•

78

®

•

= to demand = to claim

1 adjective

= mental fc"

•

=

2 adverb

noun

noun-

•

Coming of Age Day (January Japanese public holiday

noun = tax

•

(

•

adjective = clean •

noun =

2 verb 3

•

= at most = as much

15) -

a

adverb

•

•

1

mentally

bill

as possible

restriction

©

=

noun = (school or

•

to restrict

exam)

results

•

1

noun = success

2

verb

1

noun = manufactunng

school report

= to succeed •

2 verb 3

verb 3

®

©= •

•

1

2 verb 3

noun = manufacture

2 verb 3

= to

noun = policy

.

noun =

2 erb

noun = output

©

3®

noun =

politics

noun = luxury

2 adjective 3 adverb

= politician

(

•

2 adverb

1

= nature = character

3@

=

^ noun =

•

to

grow

fine

weather

noun =

•

noun = school student

•

(the) bible

•

A70Un

= youth = young people

noun = system

Ij

•

ik'^ noun =

party

noun

-

•

) = luxurious = luxuriously

noun = growth

2 verb nOUA7

•

( I

•

= official = formally

1 adjective

•

noun

•

1

noun

•

= to exist •

= survivor

•

•

to

survival

=to

produce

•

=

•

1 •

•

©

manufacture

produce

1

noun

•

= garbage truck

noun = production

2 verb 3

•

to clean

=to

manufacture

1

ncxyn-

•

3®

•

adulthood begins at 20

in

man

= young = youth

noun = date of birth

Japan |

•

noun ceremony marking coming of age at 20

" •

noun = adult

•

no"r)

•

•

= spirit = mind

= performance

•

•

1

noun = maintenance

0""

political

"

79

'

noun = government

,5

g noun = uniform

2 verb 3 • •

®

= to maintain = to repair

noun =

•

•

noun =

•

article

•

ij

ID<

I

noun = coal

•

noun = equator

•

noun

= responsibility •

noun =

•

noun = the world

oil

living

nouA^

•

thing

= small talk nofvn

•

= biology

' •

(as

a subject)

•

noun = ingredients

•

noun = distinction

by gender

'

noun = household

•

AZ

noun = generation

•

= explanation

suffix •

•

•

noun =

life

•

noun =

full

•

noun = main

name

1

adverb = specially

2

adjective

= valuable

1 adjective

= positive

entrance •

= Western

prefix

2§

2 adverb = positively

(style)

•

•

noun = putting 2 verb 3 (§} 1

1

in order

= to put in

noun = approach

2 verb 3

•

• •

@

= to

approach

order 1

= physiology = (menstrual) period

noun = sex

2 verb =

3®

to

have sex

•

1

noun = formation

•

2 erfo3@

= to come

1

noun = plan

2 verb 3

into existence

noun = (western

•

= todesign

(f) •

calendar) date

•

although the western calendar is also in widespread use,

Japan

still

uses its own ca/enda system based on the ruling emperor and the number of years of his reign 174

——

noun = jumper/sweater

/

verb

•

"

noun = contact

2 verb

3®

= to touch

•

•

•

7

(i)

= =

touch to be in contact to

•

•

=to 1

noun = connection

2 verb 3

notvn = world

noun =

@®

= ships

= to

connect

seat

•

noun = cough = to cough C(x;nter

verbs®

•

•

adverb = hard

carry (on tne back)

"tZ

1

10 n = sale

•

noun = soap

181

•

= definitely

•

(with neaative)

noun =

= absolutely set

aof

(not)

e

•

80

•

I

•

2 verb 3

@

verb 2

® =to

•

verb 2

(i)

= to

persuade

=to

attack

noun

•

•

= equipment = facilities

1

noun = explanation

2

vert)

•

•

blame

noun = persuasion

1

noun = cement noun = jelly

-

•

3®

explain

U

5j noun =

•

noun = zero

to

•

181

noun = public

tkpffl

opinion

A70Un

•

lines (of a

script)

= instruction manual •

•

1

noun = extinction

2 verb

3®

1

noun = care

2

verb 3

• noun, prefix and i81 = thousand

"^

•

1

noun = economisation 3

®

= to

•

•

= stopper

2 verb 3

•

=plug

•

= cork

•

®

= to found

noun • •

= porcelain = china

'

•

• •

noun = the 2 adverb 1

•

•

rights

•

•

used

to

noun = good

gij

p

S

SL/ff/x

eftx

= former = before

noun

•

1

noun = election

suit (clothing)

adjective

suffix

prefix = all

•

•

2 verb 3

= narrow = cramped

suffix

= war

= all (the members) = everyone

•

noun =

•

•

and wrongs

= without fail = definitely = no matter what •

WJc suffix

•

n = (person's)

•

back

•

after

noun

•

noun = foundation

noun and

= line = railway line

•

economise

1

= to look

^

extinct

2 verb

®

=tobe

= to

(f)

elect

mean

'small'

•

describing a roomjhouse •

•

erb

7

®

noun

•

when

= before and after = front and rear

= todraw

•

S

suffix

= about

near •

used with a sense of 'time and in the passive form can mean 'to be under pressure' often

pressing'

noun = cicada iZ

^

noun = seminar sdverb =

at least

1 it

noun - subject

2 verb 3

(of study)

©

*^

= to major

(in)

noun and prefix

•

= nationwide •

IJ

noun = detergent

81

•

noun

•

• •

• '

= the other dav = a few days ago

1

noun =

(the)

2 verb 3

washing

(|)

(clothes)

•

noun = tank

•

noun = the former

•

I

-

to

wash

•

noun = selection 2 verb 3 (D 1

noun - this word • 3^ can be used on its own to mean a sportsman or sportswoman and is

= washing machine

thus translated as 'player' or 'athlete' or othsr tsrms depending on the

•

to

sportsmen and

9tM

noun =

noun

•

Since it can also be plural in meaning another possible translation is 'team'. Also added as a suffix to individual family names as a title to

=

sport.

address and refer sportswomen.

= to choose

noun

•

(the)

washing = to hang the

washing

"^

to dry

noun = centimetre/s

•

last

noun

week •

" •

•

1

noun = advance

2

verb 3

= advertisment = publicity

2 verb 3

®

= to

©

= to

advertise

advance

• •

•

noun

1 adjective

= the whole body = all over (the body)

= innate

no

•

= (folding) fen

noun • •

noun •

= sense (of fashion = (good) taste (in)

k

•

( = naturally

2 adverb

•

etc.)

= head = lead

noun - a public • $ bath house often found in older residential areas of Japanese towns

noun and prefix

= underwater

noun

•

•

noun and suffix 9t on its own the word is used to mean 'teacher' and 'doctor' and it is used as a way of addressing and referring

0"

•

•

•

= submarine

= bottle opener = corkscrew

•

to

• Tttf noun a junior person in relation to a senior in either an educational establishment or the workplace. It is used alone to address people or C3n be attached to names as a title of address and reference

teachers, professors, doctors,

politicians

or as a

and lawyers attached

title

either directly

to

a family

name.

•

(of a

(with negative)

ir

•

TtIM noun = •

first

half

•

= overall

^J^=^ noun = war

noun =

=

etc.)

1 adjective

ancestors

2 adverb

noun and suffix = centre an institutional name) •

match

0"

B

•

adverb = not at all {with positive) = completely •

•

(the)

= generally

(as

whole

•

• •

=all = everything

noun

•

/^

•

=

82

•

I

noun

very

noun = washing

(the face)

@

2 verb 3 wash

()"P

with a question

=to

n

noun

to indicate that new information has been received

used

noun

•

as roughly similar so?' or

•

;

used

-

in

the form

i at the end of a statementjsentence it means or

= to

'apparently' or 7

•

noun = military

•

noun =

power

heard

'it's

said that

...'or

that

= apparently the meeting

•

^ noun = elephant

try as •

hard as possible

1

noun = railway

•

is

tomorrow

one's

strength

=to

that

=all = general

noun •

all

'is

prefix •

a quick note to say

noun = occupation verb 3 d) occupy

to 'really?',

that right?'

'is

p/irase

used to open an informal letter and meaning something like 'this is just

1

by and can be thought of

the listerwr

= specialist

2

'let

to distinguish this

= academic subject = major

•

me

see'. Take care from the noun which is phrase mentioned two entries below. In the it is form

as 'weir or

a place where there is a sink for washina the face and hands

•

translatable

'that's right'. In

"^

noun

= washroom

•

and

the form it indicates a hesitation in answering and can be translated

as

the face •

•

in the form informally just as

{sometimes repeated for emphasis) which is used to show agreement

•

1

common

electric ran

(track)

noun = difference

3@

2 e

= to

differ

phrase

•

• •

= by the way = speaking of which •

S

noun = (unpleasant)

loud noise •

1

noun = increase

2 verb used

add emphasis

3®®

/

intention. •

to

suffix

'running

some

kind of line of things such as a street or a river and translatable as along the ...'or 'running along the a .sv'ot

• •

= that way = like that

•

''"fV: =

noun = money

to

transfer

3©

2 verb money

•

send

noun = cloth

(for

cleaning)

'

adverb

=

•

1

means

to

to

Used by males

parallel to'

=

increase

a statement, especially one expressing particle -

•

1

noun = fluctuation

2 verb 3

®

fluctuate

'

.:^" = to ' " A

_j

'

-

•

83

• •

noun -',

1

•

noun = increase

2verb3®

(used as adjective) = mutual (of a

(g)

to

•

1

noun = discussion

•

noun = operation

=

increase

noun

•

1

A

•

I

•

= warehouse = store room

2 verb 3

•

•

2 verb 3

machine etc.) = to operate

•

•

®

= to consult = to discuss

•

1 noun = 2 verb 3

=

noun

•

(criminal) investigation

©

•

= equipment = device

1

adverb

• •

= considerably = quite

2

adjective

•

to

investigate

•

•

1

noun = creation

(of something)

2 verb 3(1)

=to

create

•

1

(

noun = cleaning

'

2 verb 3

©

= to dean

() )

= considerable suffix

noun = vacuum

•

cleaner

•

to

= worth = equivalent to

vacuum

noun = exchange

•

noun = funeral

•

rate

no"n-

•

a formal farewell party 1 conjunction

= and then

noun - flat sandals • worn with or for nipping out of a house {which means putting on and removing foo/wea of some kind)

2 adverb • = that wav •

=

1

noun = operation of controls

like that •

•

(of plane

noun = Prime Minister

or ship)

2 e •

•

noun = postage

•

3 d) = to pilot = to fly

(cost)

•

= pilot •

•

(

countsr = pairs of (shoes or 181

•

socks)

noun

= to belong to = to be attached to

:) adverb

•

1

noun = imagination

2 e

3®

3®

verb

= one after another

= to

imagine

noun - express

•

delivery (post) •

1

noun = creation

2 verb 3

•

©

=

1

to create

•

noun

•

noun

noun = measurement

2 verb 3

®

= to

measure

= imagination

noun = speed

•

= creativity •

adjective = noisy

-

:

•

1

2ve

i

Mi -

noun =

*

•

3©

restrict

"-"

m -

restriction

=to

•-. •

i/ov -

*

84

I

noun 1

noun - survey

2

verb 3 survey

©

=

to •

•

1

noun = graduation

2

verb 3 graduate

noun - surveyor

•

= there = that

^ adverb = noun = bottom

•

lot

the sea

conjunction

•

verb

means

the verb

'to

1

•

• •

• •

noun

• •

= systematic

= methodically

noun =

= that = it

•

verb

•

•

= =

ancestors

©=

7

•

to

pour

•

sunIX = brought up

•

verb

to

grow up

to

be brought up

•

•

O

• •

rest

197 verb 2

®

•

• •

•

•

•

•

noun = the

= to bring up (children) = to grow (vegetables)

= over there = that one = that way = you

prtrase

•

= you are right!

noun •

noun = (about) then

in

1

•

•

•

adverb = soon = before long

adjective = careless

"ir

•

conjunction

•

= moreover

^RTC noun =

i:

(i)

qualities

= and = and then

"tr

verb 2

= to prepare = to install

conjunction •

•

= outside = outdoors

meaning 'close to the listener' it is also often used to refer to something _previouslv mentioned

2 adverb

•

sleeve

attributive

(

•

1 adjective

•

noun =

•

•

noun

= organisation = system

t

•

and

common

•

= candidly

= quietly = gently

-on

(i)

impair'

as a suffix element on form of verbs to add the pre the meaning 'fail to (do)' ^ 191

•

b adverb

•

•

own

is

(7= frank

1 adjective

= so = therefore

it

entirely

adverb 0"'

it's

(' = exactly like

•

•

= to

1 adjective

etc.)

•

©

noun = speed

•

noun •

informal version of

•

adverb = before that = in rront of (it) phrase = as it is = straightaway

noun •

= side

'

t

®

-

85

• •

= beside = near

conjunction = or

"tr^TJiO

noun

thin

buckwheat noodles

noun = grandfather

•

•

'

•

noun = sofa = armchair

,

noun and •

( conjunction

= and = what's more

noun •

•

conjunction = even so

I

conjunction = in that case

ir

177 •

•

I

adjectival

noun

•

= software = soft

= that many/much = so many/much e

•

•

noun = grandmother

•

•

= to be gathered = to be complete

7

a

(as

@

group or

177 verb 2

• •

t

1 adjective

(, = poor (quality)

= simple 2 adverb

• •

•

•

verb

•

• •

•

•

verb

Ij

7

adverb

= soon = almost often of

noun = sky

•

•

1

= to disobey = to disregard

©=

used as an abbreviated form

meaning

7

must be going'

to shave

noun = abacus

•

noun =that

noun

•

•

•

meaning

©

= to put in order = to arrange

t

( = roughly

set)

'close to the listsrwr

it

= disadvantage = loss

is

also often used to refer to something previously mentioned

•

1

noun =

loss

= disadvantage 2 verb 3 •

IT •

•

• •

"^

G

®

conjunction

= after that = since then

•

noun = damage

•

•

adverb = each = respectively

1

noun = respect

2 verb 3

ttlV adverb •

to lose

®

= to respect

I

noun

•

respect language used towards

= and then = therefore

older people

and

to

be

polite

and

189

deferential in general

conjunction •

•

= in that case = well

•

sometimes used informally

Tm

leaving', 'that's

all'

or

noun = existence

2

verb

3®

go, 1 adjective

conjunction • •

= but = even so conjunction

•

•

= and = plus

=

to exist

say

to

'let's

1

2 adverb

t

"t:

t

((

) = rough = roughly

3©

b • humble equivalent of verbs and thus translatable and f) 189 as 'to know' or 'to think'

e

"b 1

86

•

noun

•

noun = respect

2 verb 3

•

•

I

•

©

=to

•

= sports hall = gymnasium

...

respect •

Heafth

attributive •

•

= such = like that

and Sports Day (Octobsr 10

a Japanese public holiday •

adverb

I

• • •

1

= such = so much = (not all) that

noun

= the first = the most important 2 adverb • •

(

=

of all

first

noun = the

first

world war •

1

2

noun = coming out of hospital

erb3®

= to leave

hospital

fz

•

noun = paddv nela

•

noun -

as

and

form of

- plain

'am',

("t

translatable

placed suffix and prefix between two two sets of numbers

means opposed) to'. As a

'versus' or '(as

prefix

it

means

•

= contest = convention

1

noun = withdrawing from

•

'concerning

...'or

•

school/college

suffix -

added

form of a verb 'want

it

to the

adds

the

2 verb 3

pre

- to withdraw from school or college

meaning

fo>_191

•

•

noun = stand

(a)

large (one)

countsr used for large items such as vehicles, machines and

is

noun -

•

prefix - indicates ordinal

title

5^ noun =

•

\^

or

•

' •

•

/

• •

electricity,

suffix

a

bill (Jor

gss,

water or telephone) •

noun

- this

term covers physical education and sports as school and college subjects and sports and training more generally

(the)

atmosphere

|^

third' •

post-

noun = expulsion from school/college

•

numbers such ds

to

•

181

goods

-

•

word

used in place of 'university' when referring graduate work and study this

•

(large) electrical

noun = university

•

noun =

'the first'

the body)

noun

it

'towards

7

^^/mlt noun

(for

•

•

or fwo peoplejteams

•

= thermometer

or 'are'> 187

'is'

noun = (body)

•

temperature (the) other/s

noun = carpenter

•

/

•

1 adjective

2

noun

= payment = amount

erb3@

(

= boring

=tobe

bored

",: •

noun - system

—-

'

87

•

•

I

A.

•

= systematic

2a

•

= large and small = size •

adjective

/ct ^ <— a$ noun - a traditional Japanese drum and the playina of Japanese drums as a style of music •

•

=0K

•

= all right = safe

1

noun

•

= retirement = resignation

•

•

•

noun =

2 verb 3

stay

®

=tostay

• •

•

noun

•

•

3@

2 e

noun = length of stay •

(

e

= systematically

1

noun

•

•

1 aa!/'ecf/Ve

•

= measures = countermeasures

7

= to retire = to resign

noun and • = (government) minister

noun = ambassador

•

verb

•

noun

•

=

to

suffix

3®

be against

= embassy •

1 adjective

2 verb •

•

3®

/

t

(

= important

)

•

noun = system

•

noun = volume

( )=

•

= to treat well = to treat carenilly

1 adjective

important = carefully

2 adverb phrase

•

mean = quite a = not much of a

•

{with positive)

•

{with negative)

•

= not very = not much

...

this is

express ideas

'regarding'

refer to the

and

/

in

used

'about'.

It

•

noun - gymnastics

•

adverb = greatly

•

noun = general idea ^ adverb • = approximately 1

like 'towards',

can also

be used to mean 'as opposed to' and 'in contrast to' when a contrast is

first

wars

...

phrase

•

the form to

a great war

adverb

•

•

noun - used to and especially to and second world iic

•

{as adjective)

•

(of)

= generally

stated •

noun = body

•

weight

'

•

scales for m63suring

nounbody weight

•

= object = subject

1

noun - contrast

2 verb 3 •

noun = President 7"

"

•

']?' ' ?"3 ^ .

'

..

,..:.

-

.

•

secona world war

> ZA

(i-jii)

noun = kitchen noun -the

'-

®

= to compare = to contrast

noun = attitude

•

noun

•

•

noun = most (of) 2 adverb = generally 1

•

part (of)

ii'^'^t,

--…

-

noun = the greater

'

•

•

I

7^

noun =

•

1

88

noun = continent

•

(a)

representative •

noun = type 1

noun = verb

conflict

3®

- to be

opposed

@

= to type

noun = strengtn

•

5l adverb

•

z:>

•

1

2 noun = typing

2 verb 3 •

(of person)

= contmuallv

erb2@

•

noun = typhoon

—

•

-

adverb

•

= considerably = mostly

= to

endure

noun = oval

• •

noun = most (of) 2 adverb = mostly 1

(D =

verb

•

to

knock

down •

()

1 adjective • •

noun - towel

= hard = awful

down

2 adverb • •

enb2®=to

•

fall

conjunction = however

= very = extremely =

used

'oh no!'

describe something which might be translated as 'ssrious' or 'difficult'. Also used to show sympathy as in 'oh no, how often

to

awful!'

' ,

adjective

ftt) ift • = high • = expensive

noun = each other

•

erb 2 (i)= to

•

'

raise

•

1

noun =

2 verb 3

arrest

©

= to arrest

noun = timer

noun =

•

= lottery

title

= timetable = diamond

/ •

noun •

(for

public transport)

•

conjunction

= therefore = so phrase = therefore suffix -

1

noun =

2 verb ?

dial

= to

(f)

noun = the sun

•

() flat

•

=

level

to the

'wants

to'

when

referring to

pre

meaning

people

other thdn oneself

7

=

added

of a verb to give the

dial

•

(D =to

noun

•

noun = timing

•

7

noun = treasure

•

X

verb

•

plough

191

() adjective

•

noun = waterfall

•

noun

•

• •

noun = compromise 2\/erb:3@ compromise

= representative = agent •

= agency

notvn

•

(nee)

verb

7

= to

(D =

to

cook

1

®

'' ®®

1

'

89

I

verb

•

•

1 .

noun • marks placed beside characters which change the

'

• •

-

= to be helped = to be rescued

the two

pronunciation from

= a

lot

to 'ga'

'ka'

verb 2

•

• •

= to

taxi

1

suffix

noun =

•

as possible (a)

blow

•

= the only = merely

3

conjunction = however

•

conjunction = however

also as a greeting phrase used when returning to the home or

adverb = perhaps

workplace having been away

() = definite

2 adjective 3 adverb

M

while.

= definitely e

•

= to

now

ddverb = just

•

1

free of charge

3 adjective

much

= as

(

noun =

2 adverb = only

- only = just

/

2®

= to ask

noun = bamboo

•

•

verb

visit

•

•

2©

'

of

noun =

/

e

•

adverb

®

= to help = to rescue

vii

etc.

•

1

•

= to hug

It

usually

is

met

and

response

2©

translatable as either

is

Tm home!' or

noun

•

• •

•

a

'I'm back!' depending on the context

connrm

noun = large and small 2 adverb • = some

for

with the

= battle = struggle

1

•

= a

•

•

bit -

verb

•

verb

(D = to add

• • • • • •

/

(D

•

= to hold out = to take out (of) = to hand in = to put out = to send = to give out = to publish to the

'start to'

pre

add

the or to indicating the

direction of action as

to

outwards

( aGA/enb = atonce

•

noun - flooring mats that • are used inside Japanese homes and made from straw and rushes woven together

191

verb

•

• •

suffix -

= a large number = majority •

= majority decision

adjective

IE

= correct

noun

•

referring to

'child'

or 'children but

means

'

'children

©=

to fold

added to words to make them means i.e.

people

specifically plural

noun

(D

conjunction = however

•

(

form of verbs

1

= to hit = to beat

•

•

commonly added meaning

verb

•

•

•

verb • = to fight = to struggle (against)

® •

•

verb •

1 (j£)

= to stand up

•

90

mean

Ve/t/'ca

when

talking of measurements

suffix -

to stop (and stand

just {having

still)

and

to give length

= standpoint = position

the pre

in

noun

•

writing {of Japanese)

(formal) letters,

newspapers

adverb = swiftly verb (at/on)

verb

•

1

®

- vertical

as used

in

books and vii

51 B noun - what is said and done to be superficially polite and agreable as opposed to what is really thought and felt. •

'

•

= to drop in

and

adds the meaning of been done) to a

preceding verb 191 form

noun

•

•

•

thus translatable as 'long' •

=

verb

®

… •

I

1

•

• •

= to stand = to rise

'

erb7®

•

verb

1

®

= to depart

•

•

= to raise

3®

= to reach (achieve)

'

/

.

the past of

plain equivalent

as 'was' or

o/"

adverb = even

/ which

is

a •

Translatable •

187

'were'.

•

conjunction =

if that's

added

= example = analogy ac^

•

to

nouns and

adjectives

^201

form a conditional

' "

verb 2

phrase - an informal version of which is used to mean 'even' or give a sense of 'every' when giving examples and to emphasise

used

noun =

noun = other people

•

noun = seed adjective

= enjoyable

to

noun

•

making excuses.

•

= pleasure

=tobe

adverb •

= =

looking forward to

fully lots

of

added

"

= to compare

valley

•

mean 'but' or 'because' when explaining and

negatives. Also

©

"o"n = shelf

•

•

erb = for

example

197 7

if

noun

f

the

case

to

ad/ec Ve

= aoDropnate

adverb = only

7

•

verb 2 (D = to build = to put up

•

= to cut off e

•

•

= topass

©

e

•

/ -

"0"= (a) building

•

meaning

to

nouns

'plenty

to give the

noun - the word means plane' as opposed to 'horizontal plane' and is used both

verb

•

of

1

•

=

'vertical

^ •

to

to look

forward to

91

•

noun =

•

(a)

verb

request •

•

• •

•

®

verb

•

= =

•

I

1

to trick to deceive

adverb = by chance

•

(

= to ask (something as a favour) = to order

adverb = occasionally

adjective

•

adjective = unbearable

= reliable counter - bunch

• •

•

•

auxiliary following the

it adds the meaning 'unbearably' or 'unrestrainedly' and

form of the verb

can suggest eagerness

= cigarette = tobacco

"

•

181

noun

•

•

(of)

as an

,

= journey = travel

v^erb7® = tobe

•

accumulated

notm • = every time (something happens) = occasion

erb

^

• •

1®

• •

verb = to overlap = to be double

• •

used in

sense of something being done twice and often

the

•

• • •

noun • = for the sake of = for the purpose of = because of

'

() csn mean

'No!' or that forbidden or otherwise 'wrong' or not as it should be

something

adverb

= perhaps = possibly = probably

is

•

noun = trial 2 adverb 1

no"n = food verb

• •

•

= toeat

noun =

verb

ball •

in

'globular'

sense of

the it

is

also written store

noun = bullet •

noun = egg

7

®=

@©= erb 2

to try

out

to hesitate

® =to

•

enb2(g) =to

up •

•

^

amass (money)

'globe' or

•

•

= experimentally verb

2®

•

used

noun = sigh

•

^197

7

adjective

= useless = forbidden = broken = to be ruined

thus unnecessarily

•

7® = tosay

noun = dam •

= many times = repeatedly

= tobe

nothing

adverb

•

@

e

•

saved up •

•

do

noun

noun - a kind of traditional Japanese footwsdr something like a sock with a sole •

to

something. It is translatable as 'be 197 dying to {do something)

= to maintain = to preserve

verb

1

•

/^

noun

-

someone and

is

, I

92

•

I

•

of from

f

"

means news

//sfene

often

correct so translatable as

translatable as letter' •

= reliable = unreliable 7

@

verb

created by adding past form of verb or adjective

•

b ("t

= group

noun

= unit = credit unit at university or college nour7 = stage

•

can indicate meanings

191

7C

suffix

•

•

•

and

adjective

is

= short tempered

adds

the

full

a short period

noun = a

•

sense of

'being covered with' or 'being with a negative

^oun =

•

of time

aoi suffix

is

'isn't it?',

187

= to

suffix -

'when'

being said

is

step = step

•

'//' and used in a number of expressions such as meaning 'how about {doina ...)?' or 'why don't you

it

what

'aren't they?', 'haven't they?', 'didn't

relv (on)

H

that

he?' etc.

noun = dependability

•

to the

n

•

•

short period of time

of

nuance

•

adjective • •

= untidy = slovenly

an

•

=boy

stem of a

•

= male

usually appearing as

suffix

ending on the pre pair of verbs {or more)

•

noun = word

•

noun

and followed

(

• it Indicates that the actions by were simultaneous, in succession or

just part of

and

all

) = simple = simply

1 adjective

2 adverb

those that took place

translatable as 'and so on' or 'and

things like

that'.

express opposites.

•

e

•

2

@=

to be

sufficient

•

= birthday

•

= Happy

•

e

•

a posting to a workplace in another city or country which entails living away from the family

m noun - who

-

rioun •

noun

•

•

noun

2®

= to be dangling = to hang down •

= birth

Birthday!

=dull = listless •

•

' nou

adjective

7 •

noun = weak

•

point

These forms can also

•

= chest of drawers = wardrobe

= someone = anyone 1

phrase(w/tha

•

negative) = no one

noun =

plain form of translatable as 7

used

to

•

star (entertainer)

often

2

noun = dancing = dance

erb3®

suppose' and also

get confirmation from the

= to

dance •

water

n = fresh

a

'

"

•

•

•

•

I

noun

•

•

@

•

93

= man = male

'

'

• '

/ '

adjective = male

hj

1

noun = carbon

•

noun

•

abbreviation

o/"

junior colleae for

2 years

where the courses 185

noun = blood

•

noun -

/

V

last

means

(the)

'safety' with

•

/

•

adverb - gradually

b

Bli

noun

apartment housing ownership

in

±

noun

= position = standing;

•

•

•

an estate of

noun = area

•

public

adjective

= small •

adjective =

to

=safe = unsafe

noun = a group tour = package holiday

•

word

- this

reference

and order and crime

•

•

ground

noun

•

issues of law

noun = group

•

•

an

adjective

\

monotonous

= small ——

•

noun = decision 2 verb 3 (D

X

noun = cheese

1

noun = team

= to decide

•

1

noun

•

= (person) in charge = responsibility (for)

•

b X. • •

2 verb 3 (B

•

= to be in

' •

M^P

noun =

husband

177

= (someone

else's)

noun

noun 177

(

ad/e

•

• •

= certain = definite usually

in

means

/

the form

U

ad erb = simply

Dhrase-

'No!' or 'Wrong!' •

D

veri3

(promise) •

5S

noun = short story noun

= collection (book) of short

stories

noun = neighbourhood 2 adverb 1

noun = heater

• •

noun =

elasticity

1

•

paddy •

•

verb

= to be aifterent = to be wrong

noun

•

•

•

•

•

i/e

t

I

noun

= protein

rice

noun = difference

phrase

•

=

adjective = close

air

own)

= nothing more than •

•

•

(one's

husband

•

/

noun = underground

•

H

= person in charge

I

noun

= intelligence = sense

charge of

•

noun = teamwork

,

= almost = soon

"^

= to swear

®

( 1•

•

the translation

will

on the context but

94

•

I

vary depending

and

'close to' are possible renderings and if no reference point is supplied it means 'around here'.

U

noun = governor

•

b b

= recently

noun = knowledge

•

noun = geology

•

verb

•

•

1

= geology

= to approach = to draw near

(subject)

noun = acquaintance

•

verb

•

2®

noun = map

•

= to bring nearer

bTi

noun = intelligence

1

•

IS?

•

adjective = intelligent

no"n-an

•

underground railway so variously

noun = zone

•

translatable as 'subway', 'metro',

verb

•

•

•

(one's

own) father

177

1® -to

noun =

•

(to)

verb

•

= DOwer = strength = ability

(one's

own)

177

father

noun

•

•

noun =

•

'underground' etc.

get near

(of)

noun

•

•

(of a

state or prefecture)

mxvr?

•

noun

•

= latecomer

'around', 'local'

@=

to shrink

erb2©

•

= to

shrink (something)

= to make an

verb 2

•

become curled

effort

aa!/ec

•

AKX7A?

•

= the earth

noun = nitrogen

adverb

(world)

= utterly

to

noun = order

•

b •

^

Ve

= powerful

®=

(hair)

{with negative)

(not)

noun

noun = global

•

warming •

t:>

•

icO

verb

@=

to

swear

acy

•

ec Ve

= intellectual

(promise)

verb

•

(D =to

•

noun = area

•

adverb = in

•

•

ffl

CAf

"b •

tear into pieces

\

=tip = gratuity

noun

•

= place = spot

noun = intelligence

•

detail

^ noun = farming

noun

•

= horizon

(animals) •

noun

a (somewhat) vulgar expression of annoyance and disappointment •

-

where many English speakers would probably

used

in

situations

svves •

verb 3

=

to be late

•

•

= =

noun

district

reffion

"

often used with a sense of ' a or 7oca/' to describe areas both geographically distant from a centre and for 'local' government or businesses and organisations having a regional focus.

95

•

•

b

noun =

•

(place)

b

•• ..'

name

I

attached

suffix

.

•

children's

adjective = fatal

noun =

and

names

to

tea

•

= properly adjective = proper

1

noun = brown

2

adjective "b

noun = TV channel

= brown

b

•

^fe

•

^

•

noun = medium

•

suffix

adjective

= brown

\

names.

girls'

adverb

•

b

to

give an informal or affectiondte form of reference. Used especially with

= in the middle

(of)

suffix

= arrival •

•

= suits = dresses

• •

counter

1

'(

•

181

1 adjective

2 adverb

• •

)

= steady

•

= steadily •

•

= care = attention

2 verb 3 •

1

noun = warning

= to take care = to warn = to tell off

noun = commencement •

3®

2 verb commence

=to

adjective = cautious

noun =

•

verb 3

@=

centre

•

to sit

^

down •

IBS

•

adverb = steadily •

noun

•

•

•

noun =

2 verb 3

(or a plane)

=(ofa

plane) to land

^^^

noun =

living

^^

room

adjective = second-

•

hand

b

noun = tea

•

•

m)"A7

= second-hand car

ceremony noun

•

small low table used Japanese dining

-

a

•

noun

= second-hand item

for traditional

• ,

1 1 • •

2 verb 3

®

• •

= bowl for = (tea) cup

•

^^ noun

rice

©

= to

advise •

f0

=to

attempt

^

noun = advice

2 verb 3

noun = (a) challenge = try

-

noun = midway

•

•

noun

a middle school o junior high school 185 {ages 12 to 15)

landing

^

no"n-

student at a middle school or junior 185 high school

= payment on aelivery

1

(the)

noun = China

172 beware of confusion with an area of Japan called and sometimes referred to by

(

this

name

•

.

•

b

96

noun

S

•

= Chinese (language)

2 verb 3

'

•

I

17^

•

1

noun = excess

2 verb 3 = to be called off = to call off

®

1

noun = injection verb

3©

=

= to inject

compounds

in

2 verb

3®

1

noun = survey

•

noun = the 174

•

2 verb3

adjective = abstract

• •

noun = lunch

•

•

= ingood condition = working well = in poor condition = not working properly

•

noun = interruption

3@®

= to be interrupted = to interrupt

noun

•

•

noun = midway

•

•

= strong point = merit

noun = the

•

•

can be used even one daughter

noun = miadle

•

age

noun =

eldest

there

only

177

daughter

Middle East

if

•

noun - attention

2 verb

= summit

3®®

= to pay attention

•

(to)

1

noun = order (goods or

2 verb 3

b

^ noun = suffix -

•

butterfly

added

to

...'.or

1

noun

•

= adjustment = control

•

other

nouns describing work to denote someone in charge and so translatable as 'head

2 verb • •

3®

= to control = to adjust

'chief

-

•

noun (U.K) 181

'trillion'

•

'billion' 5:5

names

suffix

•

it

area of a •

agency

-

used

(U.S) or

with place

denotes either a town or an

meaning

'(please) give

'(please)

do

...

a humble verb 'to

in

have {food and •

me' or

Also used as the form

for me'.

which means

government

used as

an informal version of

city

suffix -

toadjust

•

= to

(f)

•

-

food)

order (goods or food) ct

noun = adjustment

2 verb 3®

•

1

is

noun

•

1

to carry

= condition = manner = health

noun = centre

•

•

=

noun ) *^

•

®

out a survey

middle ten days of the month

1

'

•

noun = car-park

2 verb

*

•

= sculpture = carving

•

= to park

(

noun

•

noun = parking

exceed

noun and prefix • used alone to mean 'a long period of time' and translatable as 'long term

•

1

to

noun = director

•

•

2

®

'to

receive' or

drink)

noun = peak

@ 97

•

I

'

adverb •

= exactly

•

=just

right

•

angle

noun = diameter

•

noun = the

•

i77

eldest son

adverb = slightly = just a little = somewhat

•

can be used even one son

if

there

is

only

• •

•

used

often suffix -

•

a

requiring translation. Another common use of the word is as a way of expressing hesitation, doubt or disapproval. Depending on the context the word itself can be a

noun = cooking noun = chef

noun

•

clear rsfussi of a request in the Tm sorry but ..'

= cooking instructions

3

—

sense of

noun = chalk

'

1

•

®

= to save

= =

•

after

•

to be scattered to be untidy

•

1 • •

•

venb?©

•

adverb = directly = immediately

b • •

2 adjective •

= immediate = direct

= dust = dirt

noun = geography

= direct 2 adverb

^ .

(subject)

noun =

•

= directly

noun =

/

u

straight

1 •

[Mh noun and suffix

noun = dustpan •

noun = medical treatment

2 verb 3

®

=

= immediately before

•

e •

prefcc

•

•

( )

= through (train) = direct (dial)

•

= to fall (leaves = to scatter

verb 3 (f) = to face

'

literal

translation

b

noun = wages

used

-

notvn

•

1

t/

noun = sinking

2 verb noun

etc.)

= painkiller •

n=

•

to treat

1

•

•

•

tissue

(paper)

•

b

mxvn

•

= geography

1 adjective

= to scatter

noun

•

•

line

verb7®

•

no(vn

= immediately

d)

verb

= to scatter = to make a mess

•

noun = savings

2 verb 3

to

softer in tone

numbered area of a Japanese town used as a subdivision in addresses •

moment make expressions and not always

= please wait a

= seasoning

3®

a small cup

= to sink •

noun =

silence

for drinking •

noun = chocolate ^5

•

noun = author

noun = display 2 verb 3 1

©

= to exhibit

\

1

98

•

I

'

noun = commuter

•

noun = traffic = passage

2

verb

1 •

"3

adverb

•

= lUSt = carelessly

•

=bv mistake

•

•

train

3@

=to pass

(along)

7

•

rioun

= no through roaa

•

1

2

noun = supplement verb 3

©

•

—

to

- passer-Dy

add

noun = the 174

day of the month

first

•

-

•

used

a form of

certain

in

_

expressions with the sense of

^197 •

noun

•

=

'through' or

''

197

erb2®

= about (concerning) = per

• • •

•

= whenever

•

it is

= to make (oneself) understood = to get through (on the telephone) = to be connected (by) = to be well informed (about)

convenient •

•

•

adverb = next

t

•

adverb • = on the wav = while (doing something else)

•

= correspondence

:

=to

2 verb 3 communicate

adverb

•

•

=

•

noun = communication

1

•

at last

verb

•

noun = correspondence course

©

= to spend

•

noun = mail order

(selling)

•

1

noun = (aeroplane) crash

•

=to crash

2 verb •

( ( ussd

counter

•

3

noun =

2

verb 3 school

travelling to school

@

=

to

go to

•

1

noun

•

'

= interpreting = interpreter

2 verb noun =

2 enb:?@ commute

3©

=

=

to

noun

•

= interpreter •

noun - commuting time

to

interpret

work

travelling to

noun

•

= bank book = pass book

•

•

•

1

notify

noun

•

•

1

=to

verb

noun = currency

•

®

= (school) report card

= to pass through

tp

notification

for letters

181

and documents

noun =

2 verb 3

(aeroplane or helicopter)

"^

1

verb 3

@=

•

to be valia

®

1

•

" • •

® @

1

•

99

noun

used in

often

= aisle = passage

,

.it

-i

'

with', 'to

noun = walking

•

the rorm

mean

stick

no"n

•

t

"^

noun = errand

•

(

suffix -

adds

the

= end

meaning

'use'

@=

•

verb to

run into

adjective = partly used 7

e

of using

• •

enb

• •

•

= (being = (being

©

7

•

®=

= to use = to spend

erb^d)

•

= to catch = to arrest

• •

1 •

= to be caught = to be arrested

•

verb

•

•

•

©

•

= to grab = to take hold of = to grip

•

verb

•

2®

•

S

"

.

,

verb

1

1

®

•

verb

7

(f)

= to

•

verb

1

tell (a lie)

verb

1

(§)

=to poke

•

verb

1

(§)

=to pour

•

verb

' .

©

= to be

next

suff/x

•

= with

noun = next = one

noun = desk verb

1

®=

to use

up

after

>197

another ciD

= to take

= to light = to catch fire = to come on •

noun

1

job)

= to get tired = to be tired

"3 • • = month • = moon

verb

verb

•

•

e

•

= to be stuck (to) = to be attached = to be included = to be with = to be stained (with/by)

(a

la?

•

1

= to arrive = to reach

noun = tiredness

•

•

verb

to find out

•

verb

•

•

;

•

•

•

•

accompaniment

•

•

•

in)

= to attend = to accompany

la? •

attendance

•

•

noun

in)

n = use

•

•

;

•

adjective = disposable

after

noun = time

•

•

•

adverb = one

•

another

noi7n = way

•

21

•

'to be going out have a relationship with'

to

,

® I

•

"^

noun

•

•

= to associate with

•

noun

= construction

= acquaintance verb

1

@

\

•

part of a

^ noun

the right

chsrscter

hand

®

b •

•

• •

100

= to make = to form = to grow

noun =

•

soil

suffix -

attached to the pre form of a verb it adds the

e

1

meaning

= to build = to create

'while' or 'continuing to'

191

suffix -

attempt

to show an something and so

used

to recall

translatable as 'wasn't we...?' or 'what

commonly

was

with the

it

'haven't

it •••?',

again?'

sense of

.

•

noun = continuation

•

verb

Very form of a added to the pre verb as a suffix to mean 'continuing

'{what)

to

..>191

205 continue

noun - traditional • Japanese pickled vegetables served as a side dish with a main meal •

v^erb2© =to

•

IS?

e

1® -to

continue

did you say?' or '[where) did you say {it was)?' etc. Related to particle

added to the pre verb as a suffix to mean

• •

•

=

= to attach = to install = to spread (butter etc.) - to mark

vorb

•

•

•

has a range of uses which

•

2®

mean

noun

. said

• •

/'

the phrase to refuse requests and may translatable as 'I'm very sorry but am unable to -.. at that time'

'

verb

•

suffix -

= convenience = circumstances

used

self-

to

wrap

(that)

noun

= work = duties

no"n = place

•

be

erb2®

•

=

I

to

work (for)

implies long term work

v^erb2®

•

= to be consistent

=

=tobe

•

®=

of work

inconsistent

= to tell = to transmit

1

an abbreviated from of meaning '(somebody)

•

•

exercise

•

®

= convenient = to be convenient = to manage to

•

'to

control'

verb 2 (a light or mdchine) = to turn on (a fire) = to light •

•

© =tobe

e

•

= to put on = to wear •

•

(D

to thrust (into)

generally

verb

form of a continue

careful

(homework etc.) •

'to

_to...>191

2(1) •

•

•

7® = to

e

•

be transmitted

•

'

•

1

©

• •

•

s •

I

to try •

erb2©

hard

noun = rope •

• •

to...

= connection = context

noun

®®

1

®

101

•

®=

verb

•

noun = intention

to

be connected verb

•

1

added to forms of the verb to make sentences with meanings

(i)

= to connect = to join

• •

Intend

.

•

noun =

(

(

•

wave

• •

noun = wing

•

noun = grain

•

tidal

enb = always

acf

verb

•

(of)

©=

kill

time

noun = dew

noun the Japanese season (June-July)

noun

to shut (eyes)

verb2®

•

be

noun

•

rainy

verb

to

•

= to

;

®=

e

•

= shine = lustre

1

= to crush

•

like

to ...'and 'plan to

up

piled

•

I

I

sauce

for

dipping noodles

or soup

=

w

adjective = strong

•

be crushed

noun =

•

(one's

•

own) wife

•

verb

1

= to trip = to stumble adjective

• • •

= brave

= aggressive 2 adverb • = bravely • = aggressively •

•

•

()

1 adjective

177

become

7® = to

e

•

= bored = boring = worthless

strong(er)

erb2(i) =to

•

strengthen

used in the set expression

when and

translatable as

'it's

giving a

just a

• •

something'

•

other words

verb

•

• •

•

noun

= guilt = sin = offence

•

adds

the

^

•

verb

meaning

•

= to be balanced = to be in proportion

'

verb

= nail = claw

•

e

•

J$

©=

to

7

enb

hang

adjective

= cool =cold

adverb

•

pack

to catch

noun = crane

•

•

(D =

7

(a fish)

noun

O •

(in)

it

'hard to

noun

•

•

when added

form of a verb

= fishing = change

©

= to pile up = to load •

suffix

•

•

•

•

pre

•

• •

•

to the

1

= to be blocked = to be stuffed full of •

•

= hard = bitter

conjunction = in

•

adjective

•

gift

little

erb2(D =to

• •

= as = in accordance with

hang

(bird) 7

©=

to

'

noun = companion

particles show the grammatical functions of words and the context

IIZ •

jltlTt (a

102

•

I

•

verb

©=

to take

©=

to bring

will determine an appropriate English translation which may vary considerably for the same particle in different uses. The above are a few of the more common possibilities.

person)

6

•

(a

person)

(a

verb 2 person)

-

-

••

•

3

205 form of

the

©=

"

•

• •

•

•

is

...

o"n

. .

erb7@

^

= to meet = to encounter •

•

which

= meeting = encounter •

•

^ noun

•

/

used to join sentences together and can be translated as 'and' or 'is 187 and' among other things.

to take/bring

•

= hand = way (of doing)

noun = allowance

^/5tt^ noun =

toilet

used and formal speech

a version of in writing

= to take time = to reach

situations

= tobe

prefix =

helpless

= to take steps

\

(to sort

out)

=

to hold out the

=

to cut corners

hand

low

•

noun = proposal

•

no"" =

(foil)

capacity

= to begin

•

form

suffix - added to pre some verbs to indicate 'person

who does suffix

...'i.e.

•

1

2 verb 3

191 ,

• •

• • •

(retail)

,,

•

= season

{location of an action) = at = in = on (method or mesns) = by = with eason) = because of (cause

price ,.

= fixed period ot time =

^201

particle

•

= to decline notvn =

•

a form of the verb or

wo cte to be added and supplementary meanings

@ •

= listener

adjective allowing other

created

noun = decline

ticket for

nO"A7

bus or train

noun • day or days which a shop or restaurant is closed on a regular basis and translatable as 'closed the

on

•=by •

(describing materials used) = from

•

= with

•

(describing a limited time or space or group) = in

•

{describing prices or quantities of

•

=by

things or people") = for

•

1

noun although translatable as

'offer'

it

most commonly used to describe sponsors or advertisers and translatable as 'support' or

'sponsorship'

is

)

103

©

2 verb 3

= to

provide

•

1

noun = care

3©

2 e •

1

•

I

•

noun = resistance

2 verb

3®

=to oppose

•

= to care for = to repair

noun = data •

1 • •

noun = stop = suspension

3® @

2 e • •

noun = database 1

noun =

a date

@

2 verb 3

= to stop = to suspend

• •

= to have a date = to go out with

•

=

verb 3

noun = tape

to stop

noun

•

=

—

noun =

table

noun = tape

(train) stop

recorder •

noun = submission 2 verb 3 (D hand in 1

noun = theme

(of)

= to

(

noun =

^197

tissue

@

verb 2

(paper)

•

• •

= to go out

•

noun

'

\

menu

-

a set

a restaurant

in

mx7" =

•

letter

•

noun = power cut 2 e/t)3(^ 1

•

= to be cut

2 adverb

"

off (electric power)

noun

•

• •

= extent = degree

•

2

ac/

•

= politely = carefully = kindly

•

•

•

noun = enemy suffix -

•

•

= polite = careful = kind

= easily

tfi

added

to

some

nouns it produces an adjective o adverb {depending on the particle used) with the meaning 'being 'of the character of or '...like'. Similar

1 ady'ecf/Ve •

() = easy

1 adjective

,

to

English endings

words

-al

and

-ally in

like 'politicaljpolitically'

and

'educationaljeducationally'.

erfc)

• •

speech forms used

in

noun - polite Japanese w 187

= workmanship = finish •

= completion

noun = retirement

•

@=

age •

and going

noun

•

•

(in

noun = coming and out)

noun

•

= entrance and

be completed •

() = accurate

1 adjective

2 adverb

= precisely

exit •

• •

noun = bus stop

verb1

•

to

•

= event = happening

noun

_

'

4"

•

'

-

104

•

I

=

noun - textbook

adjective

3®

= handy = reasonable

• •

to be suitable (for) '

'

(price)

noun = dessert

•

noun = designer

1 adjective

= appropriate = suitable 2 adverb C •

noun - designer

= appropriately

goods

prtrase

•

noun = design

X

= just made

/) adjective = digital

7"

C

(

•

•

)= suitable = suitably

1 adjective

2 adverb

•

sometimes used in the sense of 'not making an effort' or 'taking it

= plan = order as

7

r

easy'

noun

•

phrase - often translatable suppose' this is a polite form of and can be used to get

confirmation from the listener that

|

what

is

being said

translatable as •

1

-

they?', 'weren't you?', 'hasn't

noun = application = to apply

verfo2® • •

• • • • •

= to be able to = to be possible = to be completed = to be made (of/ftom) = to appear = to be formed can be used

etc.

it?'

187

2 verb 3

•

correct so also

is

'isn't it?', 'aren't

in the

added

to

statements which do

not have a verb

0

means

and

'am'

'is',

adjective

L

'are'.

after (» adjectives to polite.

The plain form

negative

is

either

negative form form is

.!

expression

after the

is

sound more is 7Z and the

I

The plain Past t and plain form past .

is

noun = trouble

•

dictionary form of a verb to mean 'can ... which is an alternative to

it

Also used

'

the potential form of the verb

191 p/7rase

• •

•

= = =

as

much

= however

•

=but

•

= because = since

as possible

...

conjunction

3

as well as possible as

conjunction

9 •

as possible •

prtrase =

•

-

if

noun =

possible ^5

•

tb

P

noun =

exit 1

noun = wrist noun =

•

•

• •

j

•

noun

= uneven = bumpy

haphazardly ) = unreliable

(

•

= response = effect

noun = notebook

can be used of personal organisers or diaries •

•

noun = nonsense

2 adverb 2 adjective

lever

test

ad/ec Ve

J

•

noun = iron •

noun = philosophy

® 105

•

noun = bridge

•

to

noun

•

•

/"

a combination of particles used

-

make the negative forms and so part of a structure equivalent

(for railway)

•

I

to 'isn't', 'aren't' or 'am not' in the present and 'wasn't' or 'we en T in the past. Also used to mark the condition under which a followina statement holds and so meaning 'if ...is the case then Very commonly the particles are being used to highlight a topic and carry or In the case a sense of 'as fo of There is sometimes a

= help = helper

verb

•

1

191

= to help

noun

•

..

= procedures

.

used of form fillina administrative work

verb 3

(

@=

to be

and

comparison (explicit or implicit) with something else. This follows from a word or phrase marked with particle being further marked as a topic

•

thorough

with particle

= thorough

2 ad e

be

translated as

toy

O

•

noun = railway

•

no"/i = metal plate

all

enb3®

is

it

it

could

followed

carries the

wrong' and

is

noun = department

\

night

= to stay up

all

•

noun = example

•

noun

•

13Z noun = tennis

• •

= time = trouble

= to play tennis

mj noun

•

noun = tennis court

• •

= cutting

•

= =

(just in) front (just)

comers

before

noun - (restaurant

•

noun

•

-

3 towel

store

noun = gloves

night

food) delivery service

wiping the hands

-

a

form followed by Also used to mark the condition under which a following statement holds and so meaning If ...is the case then Very commonly the particles are being used to highlight a topic and carry the

particle (i

.

….

or 'in the case of 'as for sometimes a comparison {explicit or implicit) with something else. When followed by o is it carries the meaning

sense of There

is

I

wrong' and

no

When

Also used at the start of sentences as a conjunct/on meaning 197. ^205 'weir, 'next' etc. f\

for

'in,.

not

n = gun

noun = staying up

some

translatable as 'must not ..'or 'should

•

1

Following

or

I

meaning

= thoroughly

2

.

nouns such as country names

•

1 adjective

'

is

translatable as 'must

or 'should not

197.

205

"0"= meeting

•

(somebody)

2®

•

= to meet (someoody at the station etc.)

suffix - representing the form of a verb and the particle and translatable as 'even if ...

^^

^

'.

197.

anybody = everyone = anywhere = everywhere = anything = everything

•.

•

n 106

•

I

= anytime

family

meaning

'your imperiallroyal

highness'

as a suffix it is a form of above. 197 205 but more likely to be found as a combination of and trdnslatable as particles I

'even

the case that ...)' This from a word or phrase

{in

usage

•

noun =

electrical

goods

no"n

•

.

is

being marked with particle further marked as a topic with particle Also used with the meaning 'or something (else)' when making suggestions. When following words used to form questions such as 'who?', 'where?' and 'what?' it gives the meaning 'any...'.

'

= additive •

1

noun = development

2 verb 3

@©

= to

develop

noun = weather

•

•

•

% xl noun = jclS noun

electricity

= biography

noun = demonstration

T

•

noun = desk

lieht

= demonstration

•

erb

P.

verb

•

= weather forecast

7@ = to shine

2®

•

1

• •

• •

• •

= = = = = = =

noun = transfer

2 verb 3

@

=tobe

transferred

•

•

to leave refers to the system operated by a company, school board or other organisation of moving staff around

go out (of) to appear to come out to

to different

to take part (in)

branches, departments

andjor jobs

protrude to graduate (from) to

7"

noun =

•

1 adjective

television

= typical •

noun =

2 adverb

programme

television

7"

noun = telephone •

erb2@

•

•

= tobe

noun

= mark = point

= to mark

/5

suffix

•

noun = heaven

a member of the staff of a shop. Translatable as

W noun = message notvn- genius prefix = electronic

IxT suffix -

of address for the

Braille

•

-

title

•

= electronic dictionary

or 'sales assistant'. •

in

= shop

noun

'clerk'

noun = weather

•

etc.) •

•

•

•

(homework

typically

= power point = power (switch)

shy •

AX)"n

•

•

card

•

AKXvn

•

= to illuminate = to shine (a torch) •

light

bulb

er/:W©

•

•

noun =

•

noun = (Buddhist) temple

•

and form

Japanese Imperial

•

noun = electronic organiser

,

•

=

.

107

•

I

•

= exhibition

(

•

%gi

noun = telephone

ceiling

noun

•

noun = marks

•

=

train

noun =

•

0519

power

noun =

•

verb 3

no"A7 = electric

•

•

noun - microwave oven

test)

'

noun

•

noun = email

C Aj~9

'

= telephone directory

(in a

•

noun = telephone number

•

to be infectious

noun

•

= inrectious aisease •

noun = astronomy •

noun = battery

"Biiil

noun

•

= manager (of a shot) or bank)

has numerous two nouns and be translatable as '… and or follow a noun referring to a person to mean 'with …' Sometimes used in uses.

= from place to place -

•

as an adverb

the form

and the

it

there' but

is

marks used

to

means

used

in

'here

to

script. These are marks placed beside a kana

syllables in the

IE

common)

express the meaning the verb 'to think'

meaning

(

(

others such as

noun = tent •

link

optional (but very

vii

is

can

()

character to transform the pronunciation from 'ka' to 'ga' ifi etc. The proper term for these

marks

It

expressions of comparison and so variously translatable as '{different) from \ '{same) as' etc. It's use is compulsory with some verbs such as 'to marry' and

describe form voiced

also

this particle

particle

adverb

•

noun = tradition

say'

'to

in

meaning

'(/)

'to

with

speak'

to

Used

in

'with'.

think that ...'and with

the idiom '. .

.

said that

...'or 'cdllsd

•

…

The

adjective = traditional

can also show that a preceding phrase is a quotation. particle

x = natural

•

S

•

noun = (Japanese)

Sometimes used with the verb in the sense of 'become'. Also used

emperor

with certain adverbs, especially

onomatopoeic expressions.

_

noun - The Emperor's Birthday (December 23) - a Japanese

Following the dictionary o

sift

form of a verb

public holiday •

noun

-

a form of words equivalent

'His Imperial Majesty, the

•

Emperor

- noun

conditional.

door

noun = shops

noun = tempo noun = telegram

suffix

*

•

•

makes a

to

{of Japan)' •

it

191

•

= (number of) times = degrees (of angle or temperature)

noun = door •

^

noun = question

'

•

108

I

pA?

•

noun = enquiries

3@

2 e

a polite response

= to enquire

verb 2

ase = you re

welcome to

expressions

of thanks such as •

®

= to enquire •

noun = Germany

1

phrase - used following a noun or noun phrase to mean 'called ...'or 'something expression

like

… and in to

noun = unity

2verb3® adverb

the

mean

-

can be used

in

when

the sense of 'please ...'and

following a phrase ending with the

'apparently'

particle

conjunction = however conjunction = because

noun =

means

it

also

...'.It is

used

'whether or not

idiomatically with a

sense of something being not quite

...

right.

toilet

noun =

toilet

paper

phrase =

' verb 3

(§)

•

=to post

as if to

^ noun = tower

(a letter)

noun = pottery

•

say •

= to make

the same

noun = motivation no"A?

•

= same

class/grade •

3 counter =

large animals

181

noun

•

= classmate •

suffix

= grade

•

suffix

= island

•

noun = copper

no"n

' •

• •

adverb • •

= how = what

how are you? = how it

= tools = implements

1

= how was it? = what shall (I/we) do? = whats the

noun = going

2 verb

= to go to

school

= what do you ...)?

•

noun = movements

•

noun =

•

noun = verb

•

suffix

= what will

happen?

when followed by a it means

or 'no matter

•

of the

if

how much one

phrase = what kind of.. = how = why Ir

it

mean?

shows

set of circumstances or are

form and 'even

same group

time

that

z$

f

-

such as

'(among)

'colleagues

1 in

what way ...? = what does

noun =

2 adverb

members

with similar status

friends' or

•

at that

the people referred to are sharing a

the particle

•

statistics

to school

3@

matter? think (about

noun =

§

•

is

(going)?

noun = (mountain) pass

'.

(

at the

same time

= simultaneously

109

•

•

• •

= that day = the day or the

• •

...

adverb •

= =

why how

,

adverb

-

• •

= however = no matter what

adverb = please = of course

'

phrase - an abbreviated form of which is used to express the speaker's hopes for a future successful relationship of some kind and carries a sense of

•

noun = simultaneous interpreting •

•

I

'thank

you

in

advance

...

as there

to translate

also be used to give the meaning '(/) can't help ... and to emphasise

is

no

•

1

noun =

2 verb 3

—andlor necessity. |

arrival

@

arrive

to

adverb = utterly

•

noun = appearance

3@

real English

-

'

2 verb

or

equivalent.

wanting something 'no matter whst,. Has a general sense of insistence

1

••

fo

'please think well of me'. Very difficult

adverb

= to •

appear

•

= =

finally

after all

•

1 noun = boarding (ship or plane) 2 e 3 (D = to board (ship or plane)

noun

•

-

an

I

Japanese schools teach 'moral education'

which

a place

for the practice of martial arts like

1^ noun = morality

•

@

similar to social ethics

is

'

•

1 adjective

noun

•

= boarding card

(ticket) •

noun = character (in • •

•

= moral

2 adverb

a film or

book

etc.)

= morally A?

= theft

Japanese use covers a broad sense of 'theft' and can be translated with the most appropriate

adverb = after all = anyhow = anyway

term from the English 'robbery', 'burglary'

carries a negative or pessimistic

and

'theft'

adverb = somehow

nuance

(or

other)

:

•

1

noun =

2 verb 3

=(it)willbeok = do (it) somehow or

living together

@

= to

other

live

together •

mxvn

•

1

noun = introduction

2 verb

= homosexuality

=

to introduce (something)

•

noun =

a

homosexual •

1 adjective •

f

() = natural

naturally

§ noun

•

'turn'

duties to

be performed •

1

when

sense of = reasonable

2 adverb =

(of something)

3®

noun

-

there

used is

a

in

list

the

of

1

•

• •

110

= vote = voting

2 verb

Mei§ noun

•

Japanese

stones for children. Translatable as 'nursery stories' or

traditional

3@

'

=to vote

'fairy tales'

noun = animal

•

noun

•

(

= zoo

®

I

(

•

aajective = transparent

noun = ten

• •

adverb - the basic meaning 'somehow' but It is often used as an abbreviation of polite phrases where it acts something like 'very'. This means that depending on the context the word can mean 'hello' and 'thank you' as well as 'sorry'.

= distant = far from

--

•

*

* ' •

'

•

•

•

is

181

adjective

]S

•

10

noun

= the tenth (day of a month) = ten days i74

10

•

•

noun = ten days

174

•

noun = a long way

•

verb

away

When used with negative statements and comments it is translatable as 'apparently' or 'somehow or

•

other

•

©

= to let pass = through (someone or someone's connections)

= thank you (very much)

used to mean naming large and famous roads. Used after other nouns {sometimes connected with and sometimes not) and the past or •

U noun

iM

'road' especially In

= I'm sorry

• •

have troubled you

to

adverb = somehow = apparently •

paraffin

homes

dictionary forms of verbs

llT/S noun

used

oil

in

'as'

kerosene or

•

or 'according

adjective

(( )

7

2

@=

to pass

@=

to

I

do

•

verb

•

verb

go past verb

•

noun

= road-works

• •

•

registration

©

= to

•

1

= to pass = to go through particles

ti

•

2 verb 3

= and = etc.

register

as well as when giving examples is sometimes used when trying to rsnwmtxr something and added it •

1

5

noun = debate

2 verb 3

©

debate

the

by

noun = road •

noun =

as

noun

•

= colleague •

(it)

= similarly ) = the same

as

1

'in

= following the explanation/instructions

= Please do

2

or

= that's (you're) right!

•

adverb

signifies

to'

191

= Asia = Orient

1

it

=as usual

noun •

'like'

manner of.

many Japanese

mobile room heaters

for the

or

=to

to

uncertain statements with the

meaning

'or

something

like that'

® 111

noun = large

•

city

= urban

so

is

•

I

noun

someone

'something

adverb = tend to

is

means good at, and

translatable as 'speciality' or

...

©=

verb

•

'

•

'strong point'

to

noun = reader

(

•

dissolve (something)

verb 7 (f) =to move (something out of the way)

•

•

adjective =

noun = time

•

often used following another noun or following the plain linked with forms of verbs or adjectives to mean 'when' or 'while'

noun = reading

2 verb (as

3@

( ( ( (

adverb adverb

()

basic meaning

verb 3

verb

is to

context,

•

'

•

adverb

•

1

noun

verb

7

verb

1

(D =

<

verb

1

®

verb

1

'f

-

the basic •

1

@=

in

3@

= to become

independent

noun

•

•

= clock = watch

to get out of

the form

translatable as '{please) get

out of the way'

noun = independence

2 verb

e

•

•

is

) = special = especially

2 adverb

way

used

noun

(

•

1 adjective

noun = poison

)/

= to put on

= sale item/s

•

the

3® •

to dissolve

meaning is 'to sharpen' but it is also used to describe washing rice grains prior to cooking to remove the powdery residue and ensure soft, white cooked rice

•

sale

sale

= to untie = to solve

•

noun =

2 verb

= (a) benefit = profit

fiS

'

adverb

if

= especially = in particular

= sometimes

'

('

•

adjective = unique

•


•

to specify

adjective = specific

•

•

®=

3@-the

have the heart

beat faster with excitement or fear etc. and so translatable as \my) heart was pounding' etc. or 'to be excited' 'to be anxious' etc. depending on the

•

noun

•

= (someone's) strong point

•

•

noun

•

= occasionally

•

single (not

= characteristic

•

•

noun =

•

married)

= occasionally

•

to read

noun

•

understand

•

=

a hobby)

= characteristic

= when (I was) a child = when it is cold = while running = when you don't

•

press special

•

1

t)

TV or

•

7@

= to dissolve = to fit in with
•

noun = anonymity = anonymously

•

•

verb

•

•

•

= =

•

2®

to melt

conjunction •

to dissolve

•

verb

•

•

112

•

I

2®

when

= to come undone = to be solved

2®

e =to (something out of the way)

-

noun

•

= on the contrary statement)

•

= not only

togotobed

...

•

(to

preceding

...

but also

-..

conjunction = by the

way

following a past tense it conveys a meaning of 'even if or 'however much'. See also

noun = somewhere

2 adverb •

it

meaning of 'however'

particle •

noun = where 1

following a past tense

carries the

•

move

= however = well

phrase

= something = a little bit

- following

tense means 'as far as or 'according to

a past

know etc.)'

(/

•

adverb = here and there •

•

•

= where? = where to?

1

2verb3®

•

.

(to)

= how far = to what extent

•

-year

•

=age

•

{with

alcove

in

where hanging

•

•

• •

scrolls,

/

ornaments and

city

noun = (person)

older

phrase = supposing

(that)

•

• •

= as (a ...) = not even a

...

phrase = for (a phrase = even

...)

if

adjective

•

= old

•

translatable as 'havejhad just (done)' o 'wAjen Added to a dictionary form of a verb and followed by it indicates that an action is just about to occur or has just started and is translatable as 'be just about to

...

noun = years

phrase

noun

added to the past tense of a verb and followed by it indicates point in time and is

191

is

noun = barber

= place = point

See also

who

n - the • a traditional Japanese room

flowers are often displayed

noun = •

adverb = everywhere negative) = nowhere

{with positive)

noun

*

adverb = endlessly

•

=togo

mountain climbing

= where

•

noun = mountain climbing

"

•

= neavy aownpour n = books

noun

•

= iiDrarv

noun

•

• •

= old person = old people

and •

close (the eyes)

e

2 (D =

to

…

•

113

noc/n = the centre of

•

a city

to

phrase = assuming

(that)

@ •

used in

mean

the pattern

'as for' or

U

(that)

noun - refers to shoes that are worn outside (in contrast to slippers which can be worn inside a house or other building). Often seen in entrances and hallways in the phrase which can be translated as 'no shoes' or 'please remove your shoes'

J§Z

noun = top •

• •

•

•

noun

•

•

adverb = very = extremely = completely •

•

= to arrive = to reach

verb

•

= to deliver (something to = to report verb

•

suffix

2®

•••)

@=

r

to be

ready

= just as •

(be delivered)

•

•

= closet = cupboard

Japan = to/for the

for

^

•

•

when

company

noun = paint

•

'to'

giving an opinion or judgement ...

= phrase = supposing

•

I

...

±±fe noun =

land

2(1)

•

= to get (something) ready

•

noun • = in the middle of (doing)

•

=on the way to

noun = who =

who is

it

(are vou) please? • • •

noun = where = which = who

a more

'

•

phrase •

=both

•

= even

•

•

.

•

neighbour

^ noun = express

•

= specially = especially

adverb = anyway

•

•

• •

noun = where /^ = which

= which = what = who

used in the pattern

"

means

phrase •

it

•.

suffix

names

translatable as

noun = handle

...

'any ,.'or 'every

sometimes added the address or opening line of a letter (from an official organisation) and so to family

- both = even

*

to

attributive

= sudden 2 adverb = suddenly

•

7@) =

•

shout

1 adjective

•

o"n = a

adverb

•

•

"

noun = next to = neighbour(ing)

(train)

•

polite equivalent of

or 'esquire'

in

'Mr', 'Mrs',

Miss, 'Ms'

114

I

-

phrase •

= how much = how many

•

=

•

= to (make) fly = to skip (omit) = to splash

•

how

•

e

(D

7

^ ,

•

=

to drive (at

high speed)

•

7®

e

•

•

= to dive into = to jump into

• •

= to fasten = to fix

•

=all

•

=both

•

= at the (least/most/latest = of course

verb 2

•

— and

@

e

noun = door

•

•

usually refers to a sliding or

•

205 noun = friend

adverb = anyway = regardless (or

automatic door

noun = friend

•

verb

•

verb

@= ©=

7

to fly to

jump

• •

•

•

•

= ditch = drain

= to take = to bring = to be accompanied

•

su

=

(dvil)

•

(by)

= together with = as well as

engineering

-

usually in the form

adjective

•

•

1

adverb

•

•

•

verb

•

noun

•

etc.)

a combination of particles

•

to rusn out

®

-

this is

•

=

= to put somebody up (overnieht) •

long •

•

erb2(I)

•

•

= short of = lacking

•

a couple

who are both working

noun = tomato

noun

•

= Saturday verb

•

be at a loss

(to

know what

1® = to

noun =

•

tiger

noun = dry

to do)

cleaning

'

noun = staying

•

overnight

e

• •

• •

@

•

= to stop = to be parked

•

1

noun

•

= driving = (a) anve

•

verb

•

7

@=

to stay

2 verb

3®

=togofora

drive

(overnight)

'

noun

= screwdriver = driver

•

•

erb2(i)

•

=

•

= to catch

noun - truck

-

•

•

= to stop = to park

•

e

2

to arrest

noun = trouble noun = drama

'

©

®

®

®

1

115

•

I

noun = drum/s

noun

©=

•

(of)

verb 2

•

(

= bird = chicken

©

e

•

= to take (something) out

•

•

.

noun = (playing) cards

to install

noun = chicken

•

(meat)

adverb = for the time being

verb

•

1

= to remove •

• • •

verb 2 (g) = to pick up = to adopt = to take away

noun

•

•

1

noun =

2 verb 3 •

•

an

verb 1 = to handle = to deal with •

= combination = assortment

• •

noun - the red gateway which marks the entrance •

•

• •

• •

©

'

•

•

= to take in = to adopt

= = = = =

®

to get to steal to to

have occupy

©

verb

= to pick = to employ

(a

'

verb

1

®=

to take

©=

to catch

picture)

verb

•

noun

noun = which it

•

=

1

to take

= exchange = replacement

verb

verb

•

•

ft

'

= to make

to

a Shinto shrine

verb 2

®

effort

•

•

•

effort

•

•

•

ert)7®

•

= to get (something) back

= treatment

•

noun

•

= trading

to get (something)

when followed by means 'whichever'

negative)

back

or

(^with

a

'a//'

noun = training •

verb 2 • •

noun = dress

(g)

= to exchange = to replace •

e

•

= to get to

errips

7®

•

= whichever = any

with verb

•

verb 2

1 •

= to cancel

come noun

•

enb2®

•

= crackdown

caught •

•

noun =

= company director •

•

= to crack

down on

verb1

•

•

@=

to

off

= thief = burglar

mud noun

= tobe

-

116

•

I

noun = metric tonne

the negative of

adjective = terrible

existing'

and

have' or

'isjare'

to

mean

'not

translatable as 'don't

missing'

in

addition to

the translations given above.

=

to be (break)

even

suffix - indicates the negative form of a verb or an adjective 191,

adverb = quickly

Ehft^ •

' 201

attributive

= what (kind of)

•

when followed by a noun and it means 'however', 'no o matter what' or 'any', 'every'

•

• •

•

suffix

= within

noun = internal

medicine

adverb = how = how much = no matter how = however

•

noun =

•

noun -(telephone)

secret

extension often

used in

the sense of

'it's

an

internal call'

•

noun = tunnel

noun = (telephone) extension number suffix - Used to form an expression similar to 'please do not In this use it is often followed Also used to mean by In this usage it is 'without doing usually followed by another verb

noun - a bowl for hj, • somewhat larger than the usual and by extension any meal

rice

served

in

such a bowl with

rice

.

under

the meat, fish or vegetables

191

noun = knife noun =

•

.

noun = name

•

1

used after

particle

the dictionary

form of a verb it acts as a strong negative imperative 'don't Sometimes used after a verb in the form as an abbreviation pre which produces an a polite o/" imperative 'do ...'which is often used by teachers to students and parents to

noun = nylon adverb

adverb {in

positive sentences)

=

(more) negative sentences)

still

{in

= even

(less)

2 conjunction = furthermore e

•

• • •

191

children

interior

noun = contents

•

•

used by men when expressing emotion and also as an

= to repair = to adjust = to correct = to translate

©

(into)

particle

\

alternative to particle

attached to the pre form of other verbs it

suffix

indicates that the action is done again so often equivalent to the 're' element of 'redone', 'reconsider' etc.

an alternative form of above

particle particle

as a

191

used

•

in

the formation

of the plain negative of

and as 'am

not',

'is

which

is

•

variously translatable

•

Also for

•

not', 'are not'.

= =

to cure to heal

erb

D

®

®

117

•

verb

•

•

•

1

1

•

= = = = =

• • •

(after illness or injury)

...

middle

'

-

noun =

of 'although ...'and in certain fixed

relations ...

\

= long

•

to

•

adjective = long

noun = length

!^

noun = (kitchen) e

1

' '

®

•

=to

(a relative

'

noun = friend

(at

•

©=

to lose

form of form of verbs the expression

in

.

'

• •

work)

# noun

•

= contents = ingredients

.

1®

= to run out = to disappear = to be missing e

= to die

noun = view •

7

L

verb

= to look = to watch

verb

IS?

drag on

•

to

191, = you dont have to eat

erb7@ = to

•

4^

(D =

have to In this use it is followed by Also used as an emphatic negative form of

noun = middle 2 adverb = partly

•

7

mend by death)

'don't

1

•

or

and the which is used

= quite = very negatives) = (not) easily

•

erb

suffix - the

dve

(with

•

erb2(i)

noun = reconciliation

•

the

lose (something)

3®

•

'sing', 'roar''

= to console

2 e make up (with positives)

to call

used for the noises made by birds and animals and so variously depending on animal concerned

= to run (water) = to flush (a toilet) = to empty (a bath) = to wash away

•

to cry

'screech' etc.

•

1

verb

•

translatable as

•

@= @=

verb

)1L

make something long(er)

2®

e

= to flow = to be washed away •

e

•

•

•

n = flow •

suffix

sink

•

"^ •

•

•

expressions.

with = to be on bad terms

to be friendly

...

•

©=

it

the meaning 'while shows that two actions take place simultaneously. Also used with adjectives and nouns in the sense

into

among

pre

adds ing' and

form of a verb

in

with

•

noun = friend

suffix - following the

ti

inside

•

3

= to get

on well with (someone)

@)

noun •

adverb = happily

2verb3® e

•

= to get better

' •

= to be repaired = to be corrected

•

•

I

verb 2

•

®

verb

©=

to hit

(violently) •

throw

erb2@

=to

…

1

t

( =

if

118

•

I

'

and conjunction

f3> suffix

not (then

suffix

=

•

suffix - must

used after

suffix -

•

particle

= such as = something

the pre

form of a verb

and

to

•

adM: Ve

®

verb honorific equivalent of

g

1 adjective

(JS^")

= slanted • = diagonal 2 adverb •

'

189

= diagonally

noun = what interrogative

•

noun = nothing

•

used as a more emphatic form of in the sense of 'without...'. •

181

•

= shameful = deplorable

•

noun = seven

•

...

191

•

•

...

form a polite

translatable as 'do

please' or 'please

like

"t noun = seven ^_181

•

imperative

enb2(i)=to

•

stroke

...)

•

= something = anything

(

^ noun = Japanese pear

adverb = {

at

any rate

noun - something

•

or other

verb 2

•

©=

to

used by teachers to mean any word which could fill the blank in example sentences

accomplish

erb7®

•

=to

get used to

verb

-

©=

7

to

('

I

why

adverb =

() reason

/ •

conjunction = the

•

()

•

adjective = gentle

174 noun

'

noun = summer

meaning

"

•

aa!/ec is

Ve

similar to 'nostalaic'

•

or 'longed for …' so that it can be translated by reminds me of

•

{something good) but the specific

•

memory

is

inferred.

Sometimes

not stated

remember

•

= pot = pan

prefix

= raw = live = draft/draught •

translatable as

well' or 7

…'

have a

lot

of

convinced

-

= cheeky = cheekily

2 adverb

n =

•

•

name noun =

lazy

person

tobe

•

= to persuade (someone)

(beer)

()

1 adjective

noun = understanding

erb3@

and noun

and must be

—197 •

noun

7

= seven days = the seventh (day of the month)

notvn = avalanche

•

{good) memories of

2

•

•

•

'

1

adverb = better

than (anything)

al noun = mystery

•

7

adverb = anyway

adverb = nothing

is

" the

Itt

•

do

•

•

= to be lazv = to neglect

verb2®®

® 1 Y

•

119

•

•

• •

adjective •

= tepid

= to line (something) up = to display = to arrange

means

'as

pattern

noun = lead

"

•

3t noun and

suffix

noun =

•

tear(s)

verb

• •

form

…

•

verb

P

1

• •

= =

as if

•

...

as possible

= I see = indeed

e

7

"^

®

• •

verb

erb2®

-

noun = rope

noun and prefix • = what = how (many) = how (much) the notes on counters for how ask 'how many ...?' This is an 181 alternative form of to

(

When

idiomatic structures.

sometimes used

of

•

/

•

or means When following a form can mean 'can help {doing) 't

®=

f

•

•

to stand

"-South phrase = what time?

186

197

,5 verb

express doubt

Pole

'must'.

•

to

and hesitation

following

form plus particle and ii it means 'must not when following a negative such as

a positive

in a line

-

the negative form of

and used in a number

it

=to

See

(S)

= to ring (a bell) = to sound (a horn)

b

to ring

get used to

•

= to learn = to study

7

@=

possible

...

•

•

1

adverb •

=if = when it comes to = supposing

•

•

'to

adverb

•

•

means

….

no"n

= Droblem = (a) worry verb • = to worry (about) = to be troubled (by)

it

able to Following the < form of an adjective it means 'to get 'to become Used to form honorific verb forms in the pattern 189

) = smooth = smoothly

a way of making conditional 191 sentences.

•

1®

= to become = to consist or

b suffix •

.•

become

(

•

•

…'

following the dictionary or

1 adjective

•

o

it

and used in the it mesns B

potential form of a verb in the

2 adverb

•

A

...

•

= ordinary = the same as

•

•

'either

•

'

•

after a verb

noun = wave

•

/cC

•

noun = accent

•

used soon as

particle

noun

•

live (broadcast) •

enbP©

•

adjective = vivid

=

•

I

• •

= somehow = somewhat

south-west ncxvn

.

—

:

1

120

•

I

adverb • •

= how = what

f

suffix •

•

= like = such

(as)

'

•

• •

adverb

= anything = everything = whatever

by a negative

followed

it

means

phrase •

= what = how

• • •

• •

=to

• •

= toward = from

•

=by

•

=at

•

= for = in order to = and

•

•

noun = south-east

•

particle

= = = =

•

'nothing'

•

( •

•

•

why

acA^e

•

"

in

into

on onto

used in a variety of grammatical and idiomatically with

adverb = somehow = anyhow = somehow or other

structures

certain verbs. Translations

depend on

•

= =

to to

•

•

• •

= =

it

it

7® = tosuit

•

3®

•

will sort itself out will be

ok

in the

2® = tobe

•

end

cookea

adverb = somehow (or other) = in some way (or other) = more or less

no"n = smell =to smell of

•

I

adjective = bitter

•

hf phrase

•

• •

•

ase =

how

181

•

A7

often translatable as 'not

good at

= South

•

1 adjective

•

South

is

very

America •

to let

= weak point = dislike It

= the south = the southern part •

©=

UK noun =

= lively = noisy • = busy 2 adverb •

refugee

noun = North and

noun

•

•

noun

•

= regardless

escape

p/7

many people?

suffix

verb

•

= what is the date? = how many days? •

•

181

...

verb •

noun = two

•

somehow or other manage to do do

will

words being used.

Note that with verbs of giving and receiving it can be translated as either 'to' or 'from' depending on the 191 verb, ^179,

verbs® •

the

•

be

121

•

'

= noisily = cheerfully

'

®=

verb

to grip

®=

verb

•

"

to

be busy and noisy

:

' ' ' ' .

suffix

=

difficult to (the)

body

•

noun

verb

(

2®

life

noun = Japan and

•

USA A70(^r)

= Sunday

(

•

noun

•

phrase

= about = regarding about Japan

verb

3@ = to

noun - the basic meaning of the word is that a liquid ' is not 'c/ea but it is also used to describe changes in sound such as those when the two marks "placed characters change the beside •

( (

B

•

noun = diary

noun = packing

2verb3@ pack

=to

(for a

holiday

etc.)

noun and prefix

used

to 'ga'

'ka'

noun = daily task

•

•

T

vii

in front

-

of words indicating

it means 'of Japanese and so can be translated

nationality

verb

•

(

•

noun = everyday

= talk

pronunciation from

*

•

noun = everyday conversation

•

()

etc.

suffix

= daily necessities

smile

U

B

•

= to run away = to escape

I

•

=to hate

1 (§)

adjective

•

181

174,

day/s

noun = date and time

the

= butcher = butcher's shop

'

=

noun

•

= hateful

'

suffix

= everyday

noun = physical labour

'

•

refer to

n =

verb

pre/"/x=Japan

- meat

adjective = hateful suffix

•

= Japan and the UK = Japanese and English (languages)

• •

noun and

can also be used to muscles or body fat

'

(

I

•

I

= to be cloudy

(liquid)

origin'

@_

( c_

'Japanese American', 'Japanese Brazilian' etc.

•

noun = west

•

noun = rainbow

noun = sunlight

(

b

adjective = fake

noun - meaning second generation it is especially used to describe people of Japanese ancestry who were born and now live in other countries. Can be

'

translated as 'Japanese American',

'Japanese Canadian', 'Japanese

Australian' etc.

item

noun =

noun = Japan

•

and China

(a)

fake

( I

-

I

•

noun = schedule

•

noun and prefix

an older and less

common

version

of>

(

,^^

= Japan

•

t

adjective = dull

noun and prefix

172

_

® •

122

•

I

noivr?

•

noun = garden

•

= lapanese (language)

noun

•

noun

•

= ffardeninff

= lapanese (person/people) •

I

Mfiill

noun = gardener noun

• •

noun = Japanese rood

= shower (of rain)

su/yi)c

adverb

•

• •

= in spite of = although

...

= suddenly

• •

jj|

•

I

noun

•

f

= baggage = luggage

•

I

Axl

noun = nuance

-

noun = chicken

countsr = people

•

I

•

1

noun = going into hospital

2 verb 3 into

hospital

noun

•

@ hospital

=togo

• •

to be in

181

noun = popularity -popular = unpopular

=doll = toy fieunne ("j

I

noun = human

•

•

1

•

1

2

noun = entering school/college

2 verb 3

@

= to

noun = pregnancy =

erb

to get

pregnant

=tobe

enter (school/college)

pregnant •

noun = entrance examination

(for a

I

•

noun = carrot

•

noun = number

university or school)

1

noun = entering a company

2

verb 3 a

(

(of

people)

•

@

=

to join

<

I

noun =

garlic

company •

1

_

noun = admission

2 verb

3@

= to

gain admission •

noun = admission

ticket

noun =

child's soft toy

•

noun = entrance

((

IS?

fee

noun = news

(

own) wife

•

1

( B

•

= =

7

J

phrase = according erb

verb 2

7©= to glare

•

•

verb

1

verb

1

= to resemble

(§)

to

•

(at)

=

to

sew

'

= to pull out = to outrun •

®

=to takeoff

•

(clothing or footwear)

simmer •

•

verb

/7

to boil to

•

(one's

phrase = by

•

•

noun =

•

vert)

2®

•

• •

= to come out = to be missing

erb2®

123

•

' d

©=

verb

•

to steal

"^ •

noun = cloth

•

p noun

•

©=

.

•

verb

•

•

1

= to apply (paint etc.) = to spread (butter etc.) adjective =

•

verb

•

n = price

*

to

make wet •

noun = mouse = rat

= marsh e

•

•

I

noun

= fever = heat

noun = eagerness noun = necklace

lukewarm

2® = to get

wet

(

•

) = eager = eagerly

1 adjective

2 adverb

®=

verb 3

•

to

heat preftx

•

= tropical

•

1 noun = oversleeping 2 verb 3

@

used

particle -

at the

end

•

of

•

phrases and sentences to seek confirmation or agrssmsnt and to add emphasis o express surprise. In the instance

first

it

Is

somewhat

•

in

formal approaches being made in order to gain agreement or cons6 sus

translated in

and so

translatable as 'laying the groundwork'. Also used as a verb the form

noun = root

^noun = price

•

noun = price

2 erb 3

(

e

•

rise

e

•

noun = aim

verb

•

mxvn

=wish

©=

to

wish

2®

174,

^

prefix

and

suffix

mxvn

•

noun = necktie

"

noun =

cat

noun = screw

@= @=

verb 2 e

to be twisted

to twist

= year

181

...

•

aim

= to sleep = to go to bed •

verb

•

for

•

•

"^'

to

for/at

noun = (photographic) negatives = request

1) =

verb

is

•

noun

•

@ = tosleep

to

•

•

2@ = to

be able to sleep

increase in price

•

in

adjective = sleepy

•

•

1

Japanese companies of

consulting people widely prior to

'isn't

that way. •

no"A7-

•

'don't you?', 'haven't they?' etc.

and can sometimes be

noun

•

= nightclothes = pyjamas

process

similar to

English tag questions such as it?',

= to sleep in

a card sent for Jsnudry 1st wishing people well in the new ysdr

' •

ccx7nfer = year(s)

174

= throughout the year

noun

1

•

124

suffix - following

•

number it

meaning is sometimes time

noun

noun = brains

fea

•

noun = farmers

the basic

•

"o"n

= agricultural chemicals

'generation' although 'age'

added

also

•

is in

•

\

is

a

indicates which year of a

school a student

It

®

I

is

to

a better trsnslstion. to express

70

'the 70s'

^ip

•

1 aoyecf/Ve

noun =

•

efficiency

•

=

= year

suffix

•

noun =

•

numbers

efficient

2 adverb

=

efficiently

fiiel

n = ability

•

noun = age

noun • •

= notebook = note

erb2®

•

=

to

escape

V6rb

•

(an opportunity

number of One of its most

uses of this particle. common uses is to connect nouns to

show a

In this

use

it

can be thought of as apostrophe + s in the

sense of 'belonging

verb

•

noun = remainder

•

verb

to' i.e.

of relationships expressed

•

('

Used at

end of sentences, by women it can indicate

the

especially

to leave

1® -to

enb2(i) =to

•

give (someone) a

•

lift

verb

•

•

2®

= to put on/in = to load

in

Japanese is much wider and the meaning 'about' is also common i.e. a book about cars'.

1

verb

•

•

'my book'. However the range

,

to lose

remain

relationship of some kind.

similar to the

©= ®=

•

there are a

particle

etc.)

1

= to remove = to exclude

©=

verb

•

to

peep

a question. adjective

• •

' noun = (the) brain

"

•

•

•

= farmer = farmhouse

= desirable

•

= hope = chance

noun = farming

•

noun

•

= farm

•

= farming

= =

to to

hope want

•

verb

•

noun =

land

noun = concentration

(of)

1 •

noun = know how

•

1

after

noun = agricultural •

•

1

= to face = to overlook

village/communitv

'!^

verb for

•

• r?

(of)

•

• •

= agricultural produce

•

noun

•

•

noun = knock = knocking

ac/

e

=

later

® ®

®

®

•

125

•

I

2 verb 3

=to knock

(g;

verb

•

1

-todrink

(on the door)

-

•

^197

•

particle

= because

.

and

particle

"

noun = glue often

used at the end of a sentence for slight emphasis in explanations especially where personal sentiment is involved. Also used to ask and questions in the form contracted in casual speech to

"

= to take (medicine) = to eat (soup)

noun

-

an edible

seaweed prepared in dry sheets and often used to wrap rice balls and sushi

verb 2

•

@=

to miss (train, plane etc.)

noun

•

= change

noun = throat

(of train etc.) •

verb

•

• • •

= to lengthen = to stretch = to let (hair) grow

©

•

= =

to

• •

• •

= to overcome verb

•

postpone verb

2®

station

= to grow = to lengthen = to improve

verb

f

®=

•

to miss (train, plane etc.)

noun

•

•

= =

to be to be

1

= to miss (getting off at) the right

2®

v/e

•

•

etc.)

•

®

to extend

•

•

2@ = to change (train

verb 2 = to climb over

-

•

•

verb

1

extended postponed

® =to

verb 2

•

-

a place

to

and off transport such as buses and taxis get on

verb

•

1

state •

!^ noun = ascent

•

used in

the form

•

= to ride

•

=

•

to take (transport) to get

on

f

describe trains travellina in the direction of a major city {especially Tokyo) which is the terminus of the to

•

verb

•

•

1 •

•

•

verb

i$

adverb

2 verb

3@ •

1

verb

adjective = slow

(

)

= slowly =t:obe slow

1

= to go up = to rise •

1

= to be on = to be in

line

•

(transport)

•

adjective

2 adverb

7@

(

) = easy going = care free

^197

= to climb •

= to swallow

verb

1 1

adverb

()

2 verb 3 (g) • •

= =

to be care free to relax

.

= relaxed

126

I

(il^ • •

•

tt"

countsr

= cups of = bowls of

181

•

•

particle -

are a

pronounced

number of uses

The most

common

is

It

as a marker

is

NOT necessarily the

but

grammatical subject

•

'

it

for

comment

marks the subject of a

comment

fa noun and suffix - as a noun means 'double' but as a suffix on a number it means times (that C \

of this particle.

the topic about which a

made.

There

(

amount)'

noun = grey

•

205 •

m

adjective = grey

noun (i • = tooth • = teeth •

season

noun =

•

noun = the rainv

•

-

leaf

noun

• •

• •

= exhaust names

1# noun

= place = occasion suffix - indicates the conditional

form of verbs and adjectives

•

•

= germs = bacteria

1

noun = hiking

•

( •

•

' '

noun

= occasion = time = case

2 e

3@

=togo

hiking

noun •

,

noun

t

•

f

noun = bar

•

= ruin = abandoned building

191,

201

•

noun

•

•

phrase

•

= percentage = percent

-

the opening of a formal letter

equivalent to 'Dear Sir or

used as and

Msdsm'

noun = party

^

= to have a party - to hold a t>

verb 3

•

to see

189

humble equivalent of

party

noun = part-time job

J%

©=

5

•

JikM noun =

ashtray

noun = (computer) haraware

3

—

^=

noun = barbeque •

interjection

I

someone

is

•

noun = ash

•

no

= lungs

= compensation •

listening

not necessarily carrying any

sense of agreement

o"n

•

is 'yes' it is also used to confirm a statement and can mean 'no' in response to negative questions etc. Also used as to

and

noun = dentist

H^fe

while the basic

meaning

indicate that

e

•

to abolish

•

1

noun = delivery

2

verb 3

©

=to

deliver

IS?

•

®

® •

127

•

I

ig? noun = high technology can be used as an adjective

^

/

\

adjective

'

\

-

fight!

word

noun = buying and verb 3

to

make fun of

carries

thus vary greatly

will

It

phrase = bye bye

in

mu/n = postcard

•

•

1

= stupid

translation!

tHi: ^oun and suffix

•

2

^)

more or /ess strength of feeling depending on the tone of voice. It can be used in teasing amongst friends but also be sufficiently offensive to cause a

noun = part time job to do a part-time/ short term job

()

-

idiot

with

noun

•

•

noun = an

this

= small shop = kiosk

•

1

2

= Doctor (PhD)

selling

adjective = stupid

-to buy and

sell •

adjective = stupid

noun = high heels

^

noun = pipe

sometimes used

y

I

^ noun =

•

describe 'connections' with people or to

suffix

has a variety of

meanings including 'just', 'only' and 'approximately'. It can also mean 'do

companies no"n = actor

•

nothing but

and

noun = highlights

'do

•

•

• •

form

it

means

verb

•

1

= to measure

noun = consideration = attention

2 verb 3

continuously'

191

•

•

...

following the

'have just

1

(kitchen or

laboratory) scales

e

•

attempt

©

'

noun = bilingual

®=

to

noun = nausea

•

= to consider = to give attention to

7

(to)

©

e

•

verb

•

•

• • • • •

= = = = = =

• •

= to wear = to put on

@

to enter to

come

to

go in

• •

to join to

= to vomit = to spit

be contained

@=

•

sweep

'

•

I

tUlt

suffix

= doctor

(PhD) fly

e

grow

2® = to

•

1

noun = applause

2 verb •

to

•

noun = greenhouse •

®=

181

pilot

to crawl

noun =

1

countsr = nights' stay

•

noun = /

verb

•

to get in (bath)

verb

e

•

in

^ (i

1

•

•

noun = grave

3@

applaud

=to

of...

(|

•

128

ac^

•

= vaguely

(

adjective =

e

(

•

enormous

noun

•

= beginning

verb

•

noun = bomb

•

1

•

= to begin

•

noun = explosion

noun = beginning

•

3®

2 verb

=to

explode

•

noun = (the) first time 2 adverb = first 1

ncxvn

•

= museum

• •

•

noun = gear

•

adjective

•

= firstly = at the beginning

= intense = violent

phrase =

•

at first

•

noun = bucket

phrase = vert)

"

conjunction

•

•

how do you do

=to

1

encourage

noun = box

•

• •

•

= = =

®

•

= to

start

form of to the pre other verbs to express 'begin to

to transport

go (well/badly)

to

®=

e

noun =

3

added

get something caught in (a door

191 to

etc.) •

scissors •

noun = pyjamas = nightdress

7®

e

•

•

•

cany

to

•

•

erb^©

•

verb

•

noun

•

= to place (in/between) = to insert

•

•

= place = space

(in a

room)

•

1

noun = bankruptcy

2 verb

•

I

3®

t±.

noun =

pillar

= togo

bankrupt e

•

•

noun = bridge

•

noun = chopsticks

•

noun

•

• •

• • •

7®

•

= to run = to travel

(at

high speed)

noun

used after the plain forms of verbs and adjectives the basic meaning is 'expectation' and when

(i

= edge = end = comer

following positive statements L/

•

noun

it

conveys the idea of 'should expected that When following

'it

• • •

= shame = embarrassment = disgrace

la^

_ noun

-

negative statements it as 'not expected' etc.

is

translatable

embarrass

to

noun = bus

= ladder

197

^197

1

noun ~ pass

2 verb 3

©@

/

is

=to pass

®

'

129

•

•

I

•

noun =

•

(flower) pot

adjective •

= embarrassing = embarrassed = shy = ashamed = shameful

• • • • •

•

8

noun

174

= August

noun -honey

•

"? 5"

noun - a game related to pinball played by many Japanese

noun •

prefix

=

•

suffix

= departing at/from

(the) first

= basketball verb

•

= = = =

• • • •

1

J noun has several meanings amongst which are 'incorrect answer' 'punishment' and a cross

fi

to take off

to

remove

to

undo

,

or X symbol.

to leave

noun = passport verb

•

•

1

2®

2verb3®

= to be loose = to be wrong = to be undone

• • •

•

•

•

noun = skin

flag •

noun = butter

1

'

• • 20 noun = the twentieth day of the month = twenty days 174, 181

adverb = clearly

2 verb

noun = pattern

3®

•

= to be

clear

noun and adjective

= nakedness = naked

•

=to

pronounce

noun =

'

noun = pronunciation

noun =

•

noun =

(cultivated) field

DO"Da"d

•

3@ \

"^

adjective = barefoot •

'-

1 noun = background 2 verb

•

20

•

^

1

noun = backup

2verb3@® =

to back

up

noun and prefix

•

= work

1

noun = discovery

2verb3® = nard worker

•

verb

•

•

1®

1

= to work

(. •

= bee = wasp

8 noun = eight

IBS noun

noun = timber

2 verb

•

•

= to

discover

noun

•

•

to reverse

noun = package holiday

In Japan this is the age at which younq people become adults

•

fine

noun = bag

noun

= twenty years old

181.

(a)

felling

3®

= to

'

fell

•

I?!

.

1

noun = departure

2verb3@®

=to

depart

punish

ve/t)3@=to

®

— •

130

•

I

•

(

•

erb:3@

2

=

to

occur

noun = way of

•

e5 noun

•

f

noun = occurrence

•

= talk = subject

(of/for a talk)

=

noun = development

erb3@

2

verb

•

•

1

noun

55

•

= talks

thinking

1

to discuss

=to •

develop

verb 2

phrase = just

noun =

= to speak to

(§)

right!

(car)

p/i

•

= (the telephone

battery

is)

!^

•

1

noun = development

2

verb develop

3@®

ase

engaged

-to

verb

•

1

® •

noivn

•

=

(electricity)

power

station

• •

noun = bat

= =

to talk to

speak

adverb = suddenly

•

•

1

noun =

sale

2

verb 3

©

•

verb

1

•

verb

1

®= ®-

to release to

separate

= to put on

noun = nosebleed

•

sale

noun = banana =

now on

sale! •

adjective = serious

•

1 • •

2 • •

noun = announcement

noun = fireworks

•

noun - going to • see the blossoms of the plum tree

= presentation verb 3 (f) = to announce = to present

and

(especially) the cherry tree

as an occasion

for picnics

and partying. •

(

1

noun = invention

2

•

=

erfc)3(i)

noun

•

adjective - splendid

to invent

- the first

•

noun = bride

a shrine or temple of the yea {often just after midnight on January P' and a major part of the new yes visit to

celebration for

C

noun = (extreme) end

•

•

'

•

•

= showy

•

= =

to

•

to splash v/erfc

©=

to

run over - to be run

over by a car •

noun = nose

2


noun = flower

^

erb2®

jump up

noun = police car

•

•

•

= brightly coloured

noun = badminton

noun

= wine = feather

adjective

•

•

2®®

to be separated

many Japanese

people) IcJ.

verb

•

=

177

noun =

(one's

own) mother

®

7

131

•

'

noun = width

•

/

noun = dad

"

(

V"*

•

177 ife

noun = mother

177

adjective

•

I

'

e

(D

= to pay

•

197

= wide

verb

•

• •

1

= to reduce = to leave out

/

1

noun = scattered

2verb3@

noun = bubble

~~

e form

=to be

scattered

noun = balance

t\

•

used to describe an economic boom and subsequent collapse, and specifically that of the 1990s in Japan of which the J

it

good

is

•

• •

si noun

= needle = hand (of a clock)

•

^siZI noun = beach

noun

•

• •

= toothpaste = cleaning the teeth = to clean the teeth o

•

"

= toothpaste = to put on (a ring or gloves) = to wear (a ring or gloves)

''

•

• •

adverb =

' (

noun = getting up early

•

@

•

S)

•

to stretch

(§) =t.o stick

skies

= tobe

•

S

iSe prefix = anti-

9^ noun

noun = turn

•

as a

is

used

to

it

2 ,

7®

181

etc.

= to be prevalent = to be in fashion

I

= a cold

means 'number' and make the ordinal numbers

suffix

rather like the small letters attached 3'^, to numbers in English

noun = woods e

= group

= evening = night

I

noun = speed

suffix

suffix

- to get up

•

•

@®=

away

noun and

early

•

1

enb2®

= half = half past

(

•

adjective

•

•

1

verb

noun = dear

•

•

(

verb

=by far

•

•

1

far

2

•

= early = fast

2 verb 3

noun = spring

*

•

1

(i Ay

noun = scene

•

of enersrv

full

fine (weather)

2 (D

e •

'' (3. '5)

noun = beach •

erb7®

•

= to be

noun = fragment

•

noun = wire

•

times are referred to as the •

3

' e

•

to refund

is

noun ~ van

noun = bread

going around

" •

•

' noun= =

noun = scope

•

noun = plain

•

belly

to get

angry

WW. noun = rose

1

noun =

reflection

2verb3@® reflected

-

to be

•

•

132

•

•

I

symbols

•

1

noun = propsperity

pronunciation

erb3@

2

to indicate i.e.

a change

from

to

'hi'

in

pi'

=to •

prosper

" "h

1

—

noun =

(coat)

noun = half price

•

noun = judgement

2 verb

hanger

• •

3®

= to judge = to decide

noun = handkerchief

"h

Ullil noun and

•

f

numbsr as a

follows a 1

noun = puncture

Japanese address which

=tobe

2

a 'block'

the

in

USA

suffix -

subdivision of a

or

is

similar to

Canada

punctured f^oun

•

or radio)

=

(television

programme

noun

Ij

•

•

-

• •

•

noun = opposition

•

@

=to punch

=to

= underpants = knickers = shorts

noun •

?B^7 noun = crime

•

1

© noun

a carved stamp with a person's surname which is often used in place of a signature on official documents

2 verb 3

noun = punch

noun = radius

•

•

1

2 verb 3

•

resist •

= a bunt = a drudge

noun = strap = bracelet = (pop) band

noun = number

•

noun and

f

•

5

(3

noun = crime

5G

rioun -

•

literally

thousand years' it is used in the same way as English 'hip hip hooray'

noun = a

•

month

'ten

six

period

noun = handbag

J\

or 'three cheers'

()

suffix

= peninsula

noun = steering wheel

adjective =

handsome

BA

•

•

noun = judge

•

noun = everything

noun = criminal

•

1

noun = reaction

2 v^enb3®

= to react

•

1

noun = thinking over

2 e

•

3®

=

to reflect

(on)

1

noun =

x = platform

= vending machine prefix

•

=

short-

sleeved

•

1

noun = opposition

2 verb 3 •

@

=tobe

against •

'p'

@

-

sound in Japanese which

represented by the small

=to

rebel

noun = opposition

the

to sell

noun

•

number

2 verb 3

=

2 verb 3 (D s

•

1

sales

is

circle next to

•

•

'

no"n = half

sum-

numbers to give position in a sequence like the ordinal numbers

added pt,

2

to

3rd,

4

etc.

181

'

133

(

'

1

I

adverb

- the

®® •

basic

meaning is 'shining' or 'glitterinq' but can be used to mean 'brand new' or

especially in the form

'clean', the latter

'

noun =

•

noun

•

•

=day

•

= the sun

and

181

fish

'

=tolighta cierarette

noun = the

•

lights (of a

town or

similar to English 'un-' suffix

•

and

®= ©= @=

'non-'

= expenses

noun = earring noun

•

= sunlight

verb 2

verb1

•

to cause

to turn

verb1 • around and go back

noun =

•

' '

trigger

•

noun = piano

1

= play the piano

t

2

noun = subtraction

erb3® subtract

noun = heater

noun = beer = drawer

2@

•

•

= to get cold = to be chilled S

noun = damage

•

-to noun verb

1

= to withdraw (money from a bank) •

adjective

noun

•

•

= victim

•

(

= cowardly = unfair verb 2

• •

1 adjective

= moderate = moderately

t)

2 adverb

(§)

= to draw (something) closer

noun =

•

n = one day

•

verb

•

vsrb

•

verb

= to compare

(fe;

•

•

•

1 adjective •

= comparative •

erib

noun = shade

•

•

^

noun =

= = = = =

to pull to attract to

draw

'

to catch (a cold)

to look

up

•

= comparatively

east

©

•

•

2 ad

1

= to hand over

•

•

a

draw

trip

3

=to

undertake

= a sunny

•

2®

•

to

room

,

e

lead (a group of people)

prefix - a negative prefix

•

1@ = to shine

counter = smaller animals

fire

building)

light

verb

•

noun =

•

it

(in a dictionary)

e

D

•

=toplay

(an instrument with the fingers or

plectrum)

180

• •

134

I

.

©=

verb

•

run over

to

{St

^

adjective

•

\

= low

•

§1 noun = forehead adverb = wholeheartedly

= short

noun = vitamin

noun = picnic

noun:

• •

fl

adjective

= moustache = beard

• •

/ hand

•

A70U" = tragedy

•

noun =

flight

noun

= aeroplane

@=

no"n

•

•

no"A7 = left

•

A70"A)

=

left

(person)

noun =

•

left

hand e b

•

to get

caught verb 2

•

= airport

= to catch

noun

•

adverb

= knee = lap

•

left

side

handed

•

•

noun

•

= micro-organism

(with a vehicle)

-.

• •

noun =

= constantly = incessantly

visa

erb3®

noun = pizza

•

•

mxvn

•

•

= to be surprised = to be shocked

= sunlight

phrase

•

=

•

•

been a long time had contact) = long time no see it's

(since

we

last

aa!/ecf/

•

to be overturned

'

•

BM

noun = date

noun

'

@

noun - desperation 2 adverb = desperately

noun =

art

noun =

•

noun = secretary •

noun - emergency

inevitable

^ noun = sheep IS ^ noun = author •

'

ad

e •

= extremely

noun = compulsory subject prefix

= necessities

noun

•

(() adverb = exactly

exit

verb

•

no"A7

common noun =

noun =

(of study)

noun

•

= part-time

in

7

•

noun - businessman

•

= emergency

e

I

1

•

•

174

noun = moving

= to move house

= businesswoman

x<

@=

house

noun = elbow noun = business

= lacking

to overturn

•

flJ

ll

•

®=

' 1

verb

= terrible •

verb

1

= to pull

sense •

biscuit

pistol

1

noun = necessity

2 adjective

(

)

= necessary

•

phrase = by

noun

•

•

= denial = negative

2

verb 3

oneself

'-

"

•

I

•

1

7

e

•

•

•

135

translations will vary with context i.e.

©

'by

myself

,

'by herself etc.

= to deny

noun and

adverb

•

prefix = video

= automatically

noun = video player

"

noun = video

recorder

•

•

noun

• .

= person = people

•

•

prefix

= one adjective = terrible

•

•

noun = Dersonality

•

noun = a few

"

j

I

•

noun = sunny place =to

sunbathe

noun =

•

•

= equal •

%

"3

a

crowd

adjective

•

1

noun = criticism

2

verb

=to

noun = one

181

oun =

(the)

1

noun =

2 verb

181

shelter

3®

=

noun = (people

•

to)

•

noun •

•

1

adverb =

2

adjective

•

briefly

'— •

= pedestrian

= plastic bag = carrier bag

= general

noun

•

= sarcasm = irony

noL/n = people

noun = days

•

adverb

= first = for a while

•

noun

•

•

traffic

•

•

noL/n = contraception

•

mxvn = aslight

temperature f^oun = a

erb

•

7

(D =totwist

break

noun

• •

= sunset

•

•

= one person = on one's own

living alone

alone •

= only child

noun = sunrise

•

noun = per person •

n = flames

*

181 •

noun =

to take

refuge

help

•

criticise

•

•

•

•

= only daughter

words

•

"0""

•

= only son

•

first

adverb = one Dy one = one after another = in single file

o"n-

•

-

Japanese flag which shows a round red sun on a white background to live

•

1

noun

noun = criticism

2 verb 3 •

©

= to

noun = days

criticise

•

'

often translatable as 'doctor's surgery' or 'the doctor' as it describes the premises where a

no"n = sound

•

verb

doctor hss a consulting room as well as large hospitals

1®

= to sound = to echo

• •

noun = hospital

•

'

•

n 136

noun = crack = fracture

•

®o

•

I

•

noun = evaluation 2 verb 3 1

•

1

noun =

2

verb

critical

®

commentary

3©

= to review

noun = skin

•

= to

evaluate

5^ noun =

•

=to become ill =togetwell

noun

•

= dermatology

noun

•

•

=

free

illness

,

•

1

time are

you

noun = expression

2 verb

free?

3®

=to

express •

1

noun =

2

adjective

(

)

(

= secret

•

adjective = subtle

'> •

= (women's) hairdresser

noun = scream = to scream

•

noun - description 2 verb 3 (D 1

181 •

•

•

•

= suntan = sunburn

•

2 verb •

•

=

3®

"

•

'

(

erbf©

=to

•

=

used in

,

5

•

noun = seconds

the syllabic scripts writing

Japanese

•

noun = (around) noon

•

= daylight hours

186

nouA) = fertiliser

•

•

= beauty salon

w vn

e

= to open = to hold (a party or meeting)

16 noun = tack suffix

noun

•

•

•

:

i

:

the two

suffix

•

= illness AK^un

J

noun = surface

•

•

fairly

boun-oneof

noun = expenses

noun = vote

= equal

= criticism

= chart = table •

I

)

= reputation

noun = encyclopaedia noun and

'

mxvn

•

chill

"

no"n

•

expression

2 adverb

= to get suntanned = to get sunburnt

Id

(facial)

1 adjective

•

•

= criterion = standard

.'

•

•

= to

describe

noun = hundred

noun

noun

•

•

1

noun = mark

•

noun = string

•

noun = rhythm

•

secret

noun =

(a)

building

-.

137

•

•

I

noun

$tH

= lunch •

1

noun = a nap

3®

2 ve a

• •

= to have

nap •

noun = daytime

*

adjective

= wide = spacious verb

•

1

•

®

=

e

7® = to

to pick

•

suffix

•

noun and suffix

= section = department

noun = fighting spirit noun

spread •

venb2(i) =to

•

•

= fax = fax machine

expand

noun = zipper

noun

•

• •

noun = fax

= width = extent

•

noun = (town) square

•

7@ = to

vsrb

•

spread

erb2(i) =to

•

spread •

I

as a

•

1

noun = anxiety

2

adjective

•

= anxious = worried

•

di

suffix

=

it

means

'item'

•

noun and suffix =

•

noun = bottle

|t£

•

= pin = focus

()

noun = elegance or 'thing,

adjective = unstable

,>

( ,g •

lv«>

(

adverb

= unexpectedly

(

noun = (photographic) film

^ •

• •

noun = pink •

pq

M noun = quality

•

noun:

sort

•

noun =

(letter)

•

I suffix

j

= style = appearance

z5

•

noun = scenery

•

noun = balloon

noun = boots

^ •

writing paper

)

z:>

noun •

anxious

•

flight

adjective = sensitive

•

to feel

noun = fan

noun •

= per cent

•

up •

negates the following

prefix -

•

word or element in a way similar to English prefixes such as 'an-' and 'in-

•

J

' noun = envelope noun = (married)

couple

= hint = clue

noun = boom •

= frequently

noun = poverty

2

adjective

1

,

(

• )

= poor

•

"

t\j

zS

•

1

noun = swimming) pool

adverb

no"n = bad luck

•

= whistle = flute

noun

•

•

•

138

•

I

erb2® = to

•

^

J ,

noun = fork

pPT

•

•

, of very ...'or 'heavily involved z$

^

•

in

..."

noun = depth

•

(

= indispensable •

adjective = impossible

verb

adjective •

noun

•

• \ A'^:^xX noun = poor economic conditions

meaning

the

= unclean = dirtv

()

5n 'S

(

jtts^S

( (

•

mood

•

adjective = irregular

z$

•

•

'

= to spread

about' but it can also mean 'to talk nonsense'. Often used in a form such to mean 'stop as zS messing around and behave yourself

"

noun - cloth 1 (i)

x5

= to blow = to play (a wind instrument

S noun =

•

(

prefix

•

•

•

(

= to arrive safely •

1 adjective

2 adverb

L^ 3

= to

review

'

included

) = safe = safely

2 adverb

^^ih noun and suffix

3®

(

•

noun = revision

2 verb

noun = tune

1 adjective

- welfare

1

fin

etc.)

= deputy

•

adjective

•

= appropriate

clothing

adjective - complicated

U

properly'

= to wipe

verb1®®

•

•

noun - plural

•

noun = clothing

f

) = mysterious = mysteriously

(7

'

•

pPs

noun

erb

7

® (D =

to be

the 'radical' of

chdfdctsr which can be look it up or to help explain

used to the meaning •

1 adjective

S

Mr and Mrs

- the basic verb meaning is 'to play around', 'to mess

noun = economic

verb

•

=

2@

(

:)

noun = neighbourhood

zS

suffix

•

@ 1J

fail

etc.)

adjective = unreasonable

•

•

an exam or interview

noun = spread

•

Ve

adjective = unfair

recession

•

noun =

•

(in

•

2 verb 3

aa!/ec

noun = symbol

•

adjective = in a bad

1

()

•

= unhaDDV

to

noun = weapon

= to

late

deepen •

erb2@

•

grow

@=

7

to

noun = bag

•

adds

suffix -

@=

7

swell

work

noun = deep

t)

verb

•

noL/n = staff (who

for/under someone)

,S

enb2©=to

•

include

increase

= inconvenient 2 verb short of

3®

'

() =

to be

®

' / . '

used as a euphemism for when describing people

'disabled'

(

adjective •

•

®

(|

139

•

noun - two people

•

noun

181

•

•

= insufhcient = unsatisfactory

•

= burden = cost

()

()

•

noun and

adjective = everyday

•

@

• •

b

verb 3 = to be wounded = to be iniured

noun = edge

•

•

1

noun

•

2

noun = carelessness

adjective

(

"b

)

= careless

= injured person

noun = carelessness

1

noun =

1 verb 3

insult

verb

@

'

= to insult prefix

•

= women's

1

®=

suffix

to hit

= item

•

zS

names

added

suffix -

•

with a

meaning

but merely a polite to marriage status

"

noun

title

to

similar to 'Mrs'

and not

related

• •

= ordinary = usual

2 adverb _ the

paper

covered sliding doors inside a Japanese house which divide the space into rooms

()

1 adyecf/Ve

• •

'

()

= usually

noun = the second aay of the month = two days 181 174.

2

•

noun =

•

prices

= Japan

•

(®

1

noun = dishonesty

2

adjective

= dishonest

' •

prevent

verb1

•

= to

•

as a

=

suffix

to be lacking

meaning

'short

of

•

= to = to

®

'

hit

bump into

noun = substance

•

adjective

=lid

=

noun

verb 2 •

in'

/'

•

1

noun

•

•

verb = to bang into = to clash with •

also appears as in the form or 'Iscking

expensive

= Buddhism

noun = shortage 2 verb 3 @) 1

is

(bottle)

•

top

^197

noun = pig

•

•

,

'

verb

noun = stage •

noun = twin/s

•

= =

to

grumble

to

mumble

adverb = once

again

1

noun

•

= physics

noun = two

•

•

second

= dangerous

n =

181 (the)

-

brush {used

for

calligraphy)

adverb = unexpectedly

181 •

noun

•

Japanese

noun = pork

•

adjective = thick

n

•

•

5

z5 • •

•

= estate agent = realtor

^

/

weight

'

used in

means

the form

'fat'

to

put on

noun = plus noun =

1

noun = sea mail

•

•

•

•

IJ

adds

the

meaning of 'pretending

,

suffix - Following time U • expressions it means 'for the first time since 'for the first time in Following nouns and verb stems it means 'way of ...

noun =

"

noun

noun = complaint

() adjective

•

'

5f

verb

•

= inconvenient Ti^ noun = parents

s" x =

•

=

177

to turn

(

•

1 adjective

noun = dissatisfaction

i

noun =

•

level

e

•

1

•

= derective

• =bad 2 noun = juvenile delinquent

(D

noun

•

= deiective item

= to tread on

noun =

•

noun = print

foot (of a

mountain)

—— noun = blue

noun =

field (of

@

verb

•

etc.)

=to

•

"

1

around

illegal

crossing

,S

- the

characters used ovsr or characters to indicate beside vii the pronunciation

^5^noi/A7 = part

•

expertise

.

free

•

small

noun = blizzard

•

()

•

to

191

or Ta/c/na

no"n

•

z$

'

3@-

= component = spare part

ho

noun

verb followina the form of a verb or a noun and particle
= ship = boat

Z\<>\

plastic

= disadvantage

•

•

•

•

=

noun = black

a mattress and duvet for sleeping on the floor of a Japanese room. These have no wooden base, unlike the 'futons' sold in the west

•

plastic

2 adjective

noun = futon

•

•

140

SnO"A7

@=

verb

•

@

•

•

•

I

e

•

7©=to

increase

(rain or z$

verb

•

noun = winter

prefix

noun = frying pan

7

©=

to

swing

= old adjective

•

noun - blouse

fall

snow)

•

=old

•

= old fashioned

•

• • •

verb 2 (g) = to swing = to carry = to wear

noun = brush

S

•

tremble •

• •

= =

hometown home

e

2@ = to

®

n

•

141

I

•

M

is

/

noun

= behaviour

•

verb

•

to

•

touch

vsrb 2

®

= to

1 noun = 2verb 3

J^lS noun = bath

•

analysis

©

7

noun = brooch 1

•

noun =

style (of

fti

noun = distribution

2verb3@

no"A7-a

used

conflict

= tobe

distributed

for carrying things in

noun = grammar

•

z$

JMSi^ noun = bathroom

•

f

not

the

in

sense of

noun = reception desk of a

()

zS

'

adjective = soft and

fluffy

hj

• •

•

7t

•

i^noun

•

1^

TO'

noun = powder

= stationery

' z:>

3^

•

noun =

•

civilisation

n = field(of

' noun =

2 verb 3

= part = share

1

noun

•

•

noun

•

specialisation)

noun and counter = minute

186

,

\

'toilet'

hotel

to analyse

noun =

•

noun = programme large cloth

,S •

writing)

noun and prefix = professional

•

-

•

noun = present

•

noun = fountain

•

noun = brakes

z5

noun

•

= writing = sentence

"^

1

behave

^

V

•

noun = quantity

•

classification

®

= to classify

noun = division

2verb3@

-

,S

= writing = sentence

to split

up

' •

• 15 SI xl noun = atmosphere

1

noun =

2 verb 3

(volcanic) eruption

@

' ' hj1)

,

verb 3

"^

•

=

to erupt

('

noun

noun = culture •

= fence = wall

1

noun =

•

= to take to pieces •

noun =

•

literature

not;n-a

,)

•

=to

close

university

•

•

•

meeting

2verb3@®

festival or cultural event, especially at

school

close of a

= writing = document

•

noun =

literature

noun =

literature

noun = unconcern = casually 2 adverb 1

= anything's •

OK by me i

noun = average

®

… I

•

= in parallel

abbreviation of + a negative verb meaninq 'nothing spec/a or

noun

'not particularly'

parallel lines

noun

•

•

1 aa!/ecf/Ve

notvn — e a

•

1989 onwards and used 174 during that period for

•

noun =

•

prefix

for

nsme

soldier

1

noun = an experienced person

2

adjective

= used to

adjective = ordinary

"

•

= experienced

noun = snake

'

noun

•

•

(

•

= separately

dates

(

'square metres'

•

= separate 2 adverb

measurements of

'square' in

area especially

(

()

•

= weeK dav = working day

mean

= room = apartment reduce

V

©=

7

noun = plain

•

separately

sometimes used alone as an •

•

ad erb =

•

•

noun = parallel 2 adverb 1

=

-

142

•

to

= to lose weight

•

noun - peace

2 adverb 3 adjective

L

adverb = fluently

(

= in peace = peaceful

noun and counter = page verb

•

t

@=

to

noun = helicopter

'

181

be

verb

1

@-

to decrease

=tobe

hungry

dented

noun = best

P

noun = best

() • •

()

•

= not very good = unskilful

•

{place) = to go via noL/n = bell (bicycle or door)

adjective

noun =

() • •

•

( ')

= another = different

"

= without

apart from

'classified

adjective

noun =

vicinity

noun

the

-

left

hand

by

= dialect

•

suffix

•

noun = convenience

means

suffix

()

chdmcter and element of a fj^Aj which can be used for describing and looking it up in a dictionary

incluaing

as a

•

= strange = wrong

•

(

2 phrase

I

belt

noun = helmet erb 2 (D = to

1 adjective

1

to pass

{time)

at

•

•

=

•

seller

separate •

verb

•

noun = vegetarian

(for

transport)

noun = pen noun =

•

house

in the

a second •

country

1

noun = pet

noun = change

2 verb 3

@

= to change

noun = bed •

noun =

plastic bottle

1

noun = conversion

'

•

143

I

3®

2 verb

noun = point

= to

convert

'

7i noun = direction •

noun = paint

•

• •

1

noun -

•

studyinff

/"

2 verb 3

©

used

= to

form

studv

V

• • •

= way = one (which

ftakit noun

(

noun = alteration

®

in the translatable as 'which are', 'which would

•

noun =

•

prefix = anti-

•

1

(

to alter

Pi

noun

•

= reply = answer

•

•

'it

would

noun = defence noun = trade

•

•

noun = trading company

-

2verb3@ •

the

I

stick

i

•

f

•

1

in

1^

= lawver = solicitor = attorney

2 verb 3

.

is)

make comparisons

'which is', be' etc. Used after a verb form in the idiom meaning 'should 191 be best to ...

n = prejudice

•

. •

to

•

A?0"n

•

= telescope

= to reply = to answer

•

noun = collapse 2 verb 3 @) 1

/7

•

=

toilet

= to collapse

noun = bench •

noun = •

pliers

# •

• •

a packed

noun

lunch IJ

= convenient = userul

(

ad ec Ve

1 noun = obstruction 2 verb

3®

=to

obstruct

noun = direction

•

f

"^

f

•

noun = law

5

(as

an

academic subject)

noun = broom

•

"^ noun =

•

•

{^O

O

*

' '

dialect

noun = adventure ~h

r°J

noun = direction noun = bladder

• •

1 noun = report 2 verb 3

©

^

counter (5 • • = step • = pace 181

'

suffix -

f

'a little

to the

bit like

the

meaning

noun

Similar

•

'-ish' in 'childish

•

= hat = cap

no"A)

1

noun = prevention

'seems

•

(

2 verb 3

= nursery

•

noun

= Buddhist priest

adds

English suffix

= nursery

= to report

I

noun

@

= to prevent prefix = radiation •

= policy

® •

f

144

•

I

noun - literally a • {Buddhist) priest it can be used to refer to closely cropped hair or a youth

•

= precious stone = jewel

1

noun = broadcast

throw

noun = cheek

•

•

to

2(g)

= to bark = to howl

noun

•

•

e

•

•

§) =

verb

•

noun = waiter noun = boyfriend

•

2

©

=

erb 3 broadcast

( f

into space

•

•

noun = bandage

i^tM

•

(

adjective =

suffix

•

enormous

=

(

no"r?

=

•

sufi7x

= crime

riot

•

adjective

•

= besides = as well as

•

() = cheerful

1 adjective

= cheerfully •

= to

noun =

flind raisine

©

2 verb 3 money

noun = gales noun

5

noun =

•

= method = way

-

to raise

I

used by males adverb =

•

all

over

noun = minister of

•

religion

the place

noun =

•

'

adverb

•

2 adverb

•

2 verb

= other

•

()

= plentiful • = rich in 2 phrase have plenty of

noun =

(

•

•

1

noun = home-stav '

2

•

ball

•

noun = other = another

1

noun = reward

1 adjective

(( (

,

•

•

•

many Japanese jobs

noun =

noun = court

s

for

/xy\

•

s.

bonus paid

noun = platform

= large kitchen knife = cleaver

•

- the

twice yearly as part of the salary

package

prevention

•

noun

much as

as

(of law)

•

noun = boat

noun

•

(

•

to

noun = wrapping

you like/want

•

adverb = absent mindedly = to stare vacantly 3

•

district •

•

•

noun

= ranch = pasture land

visit

3®

=

•

to visit

|

noun = kid

noun = north-west noun =

•

livestock

farming verb

•

1 •

= to throw into n(xvn

•

noun = violence

•

•

= organised crime

J

noun = north-east

noun = pocket

= law

noun

•

!

noun = whaling

•

noun = insurance

•

pre/?x = health

®

•

'

145

•

( ( (

^oun - mother tongue

§

•

n"

•

= oedestrian

f

5^

•

l^t

•

noun sometimes used by older people to mean 'boy'. Also used to mean

adjective

like

(

'spoiled' or 'naive'

verb (someone) alone

…

means

it

want you 197

'don't

191

178,

noun

to

®-

1

a jug

and keeping

it

7"

for boiling

water

hot for dispsnsing

noun = hotel noun = extent

•

= single parent family

used after quantities

a family consisting of a

translatable as 'about'.

mother and childlchildren

be used

to

mean

'so

...

it

is

It

can also

that ...'and

Following the plain form

'a/most

verb1®®

•

to leave

drinks

•

literally

noun = North

•

Pole

star

although an adjective in Japanese it is often best translated 'to want. form of a When following the verb it means 'want you to When following the t form of a verb

+

= to preserve

noun = button

noun = dust

M

•

= want = would

noun = preservation

noun = pride

noun =

•

•

1

,

2 verb 3(§)

•

•

'

•

noun = native country

•

adjective

•

= thin = fine

•

noun

'

•

I

means 'to the extent that Commonly used in association with negatives to mean 'not as as and following a conditional ending and repeat of the verb or the adjective to mean 'the more of a verb

= (seems) to want

used an equivalent of talking about people other than oneself^ 178

it

...

when

...

...

better', 'the

•

1

noun = recruitment

2

verb

more

3®

more you (do

...'etc.

noun

• •

•

noun = help 2 verb 3

®

f

=

•

to assist

•

1

(B =

to dry (in

noun =

:

noun - a female 'companion' employed by a bsr or night club noun • •

= letterbox = mailbox = post-box

bottle

noun and adverb

noun = boss

noun = poster

1

= to untie = to undo

the sun)

•

verb

•

•

verb

•

r?o"r?

•

= pedestrian bridge

noun

= guarantor = sponsor

(

= pavement = sidewalk

noun = guarantee

•

•

•

the

= to recruit

1

•

it)

•

= most = almost

•

{in

•

= almost all negative structure) = almost none

positive structure)

(

•

{in

•

# noun = bone = to break a bone

'

•

•

^ noun = flames

.

146

I

I

•

13 adverb - almost = approximately

'

•

verb 2

(i)

- to

praise

exclamation = look!

to the

•

= moat

(

prefix = plastic •

.

•

13

•

•

• •

verb

1

®=

verb

7

(1)

to dig

= to carve

meaning

is

noun

•

- true feelings

opposed

intentions as

to

mean

(

'just

a

little'

noun = headquarters

•

noun =

•

(the) real

thing

prefix •

= this = real = main

,

no n = book shop

•

•

long, thin

"

•

-

phrase = just a = merely

to

^ noun = book

13 ^ counter S noun 13 •

it

often used with words indicating quantity like and

'

up/out f

question'

context

( and

•

noun

•

in

translatable as 'he or 'she' according

7® = to

e

•

smile

•

^ A noun

•

person

'the

ussd

count 181 or cylindrical things

= tray = Buddhist

1

noun = translation

2

i/erb

to

3

©

= to

translate

noun

•

= translator

() adverb =

festival

absent-

mindedly • •

•

1 •

•

()

1 adjective

= serious • = in earnest 2 adverb

•

•

f

•

• •

2 adjective

(

L

= original

= seriously

noun

= todav = this dav

( 13

•

noun = head

office

•

noun = basin

•

noun = mainland

noun = pound

•

•

noun = truth

2 adjective = true = real 3 adverb

•

noun

•

181 •

1

adverb = originally = essentially

= interval = time = to be in time = soon

)

(for)

•

exclamation = well!

•

7"

= really

used as an exclamation to express surprise or disbelief and translatable as 'really?' or 'are you also

sure?'

noun = marketing adverb

•

= so so = fairly

•

= not bad

•

:

.

-.

®®

®

'

147

I

g

suffix

a negative equivalent o/" 191 the volitional form Translatable as 'probably won Y',

expect

•

that...' etc.

"

prefix = every

•

countsr

.

e

•

•

•

181

7

noun = defeat

(private) car

verb

•

noun = microphone

©

^oun = pillow

•

noun =

1

= to sow (seeds) = to sprinkle (water)

•

for flat things

verb

= to wrap = to coil

•

depending on context.

used

^ noun = curtain

•

and

'shouldn't' 'don't

•

2®

= to be beaten = to give a discount

•

• •

= to get

lost

•

e

•

noun = every

noun = grandchild

•

week

2(g) = to bend

(

1

•

177

adverb = sincerely

I

noun = number of

•

181

(pieces of paper)

= thank vou most sincerely

noun = every month

•

phrase - used as an exclamation to express feelings of defeat and embarrassment. Translatable as 7

am

•

adverb and exclamation = surely not! = no way!

1

noun =

•

•

at a loss', 7 feel

overwhelmed' and a variety of other things depending on the context.

2 verb 3

friction

®®

=

to

rub

adverb

noun = every time

•

noun = every year

•

•

= exactly

•

=be just about

noun = minus I

to be

()

adverb =

at one's

pace

•

(with negatives)

•

{with positives)

noun = private house verb

•

• •

f

•

1

•

•

humble equivalent of

L

—

189

= seriously

_

@=

•

to be

.

noun

•

•

• •

'

2©

= to leave (it) to (somebody) = to entrust

to

•

•

verb

• •

= to turn = to bend = to be crooked

verb

= to increase

adverb

= first of all = probably adjective

do • •

•

•

verb1

mixed

•

= front • = in front 2 prefix = front •

i/e

()

= serious = hard-working

2 adverb

•

1

= much less = even more (so)

1 adjective

= to go = to come

verb1

•

mixed

adverb

noun = every night

•

own

@=

noun = every day

•

to

•

= tastes awful = wrong

1

'

noun a mask worn over the nose and mouth to prevent the spread of colds

'

148

•

I

noun = the media

^

•

adjective = poor

•

= =

to wait to wait for

noun = proprietor of a bar

noun = pine

•

noun = eyebrow

adverb = more and more negatives) = less and less •

•

{with positives)

•

{with

@=

•

/

•

adjective = very dark

31 adverb = again

•

adjective = pitch-black

= or = see you soon

noun = massaee 2verb 3 massage

^/C adverb

•

•

=

•

{with a negative)

®

still

=

(not) yet

'

•

Japanese towns and

i±l

•

• •

= town centre = city centre

adjective = brilliant white

mxvn

) = straight = straight

2 adverb

= meeting = rendezvous

adverb

•

{with

neaative expressions) = utterly (not)

' ®

(

•

1 adjective

noun

verb 2

adverb

= immediately

noun

•

•

=face

turns wnite as a sheet

cities

= waiting room

•

''

adjective = deeu blue

noun = town

also a subdivision of addresses in

=to

noun = massage

not yet

•

(

adjective = bright red

mix

to

tree

' ' '

or restaurant

also used as an exclamation express annoyance

•

= to meet

•

noun = mistake

noun = match

7® = to

e

•

to

>197

be mistaken

2©

e

= to mistake

no"

•

• •

•

!^

• •

•

= street corner = (in the) street

noun =

•

•

= = = =

particle

as far as

until to

even

=tobe

•

@) =

unnecessary to

e

•

festival

^205

to wait impatiently I

particle

•=by •

1 adjective

2 adverb

" b "b (

)

'

= various

= before •

noun = window

= variously

verb1®® •

• •

= (ticket) window = enquiry point

,

-

®

@

149

•

\/erb

1@

•

= to be gathered together = to be sorted out

• •

•

= fully = whole

At

©

verb 2 = to gather together = to put into shape

• •

• •

= utterly = as if

,:>

!=

verb

to learn

•

noun =

•

'.

e

•

= to = to

• •

invitation

•

(a letter) (a

phone

call)

noun

•

invite

brine:

7©

e

= to turn = to forward = to transfer

(D

)= rare

rarely •

• •

3

(

1 adjective

2 adverb ,5

•

adjective = round

(not)

noun •

^

adverb

= manners = behaviour

•

•

I

•

about

•

= area around = circulation

erfoP® =to

noun = detour

imitate

,:A

e

•

^

adjective

•

= dazzling

noun = (warm) scarf

= to turn = to go around

'

•

counter = ten thousand

•

181

noun = mother

•

and 'as

and

adjectives to

mean

noun

•

•

'without

(you were told

(of emergency etc.)

etc.)'.

noun =

-

•

(

1 adjective

' ' '

•

• )

= hardworking

•

= to be

•

•=

verb

1

•

(§)

noun = verb

noun =

2 prefix

(illegal)

manga

circle

= apartment = apartment block

drugs

= having

n

all

•

1 1

noun =

satisfaction

2verb3@

lost

•

1

comic books animations

•

know what

= to be

•

noun

seats filled

to be at a loss to

noun = marathon = long race

•

train

noun •

•

' •

cartoons

carefully

= to protect = to defend

•

= = = =

'

crowded

•

2 adverb

•

a

female proprietor of

a noun = beans

noivn = being fall

•

to capacity

change' and

a ba •

phrase = in case

•

noun - the basic meaning is 'as it is' 'in an unchanged condition \ It can be used after the plain forms of verbs

lost

to

do

'

= to be

satisfied

= to fill the tank up with petrol/gasoline

.

• •

= middle = centre

noun =

foil

nouA? :'

car's

marks

® •

150

•

I

•

()

1 adjective

2 adverb

=

noun

•

•

• •

^

•

•

suffix

noun = error

= flavour

2®

verb

noun =

•

= to look up

verb

•

adverb

•

•

to

•

= on one's own = in person

2®

initiative

noun = swimming

-

•

costume

= to be visible = to seem

•

noun =

•

(a)

whiskeyjwhisky or other

send

with ivsfG

off

verb

•

•

water

(cold)

noun = lake

•

noun - an \ • arranged meeting with a view marriage

•

= miserable = miserably

noun = sewiner machine

= incomplete

•

•

()

1 adjective

2 adverb prefix

•

adjective = short

•

= fruit = nut •

= prospect = expectation

to acquire

noun

•

•

noun = body = to wear =

= wonderful

skilfully

= to see someone off

noun-

•

someone who

nouri

•

erb

•

• •

7

©

= to polish = to brush (the teeth) = to practice

(

verb

•

=

•

2®

noun

forms of verbs and adjectives it means 'looks like', 'is similar to' or '{it) seems {that)'. It can also be

noun = point of

noun =

'

> • •

right

•

side •

IJ

187

translated as 'such as

right

noun = the

•

hand

© =to

suffix - following the plain

noun = mandarin orange •

in

noun = ditch

•

view Z?"^

twenty

noun - a paste made • from fermented soy beans and which forms the basis of miso soup

=ally = supporter •

is

erb 2

•

to catch sight or •

•

under the legal age

show

o"n = appearance

M

•

is

of adulthood (which Japan)

= recollection

diluted

noun = shop

•

1

spirit

t6a

noun = right

no n = headline

noun

•

= street = road = way (to somewhere)

'

'

1 adjective

handed person

= close • = familiar 2 adverb

'

•

noun = mixer

r

•

noun = right hand

_

= close at hand

•

•

,

151

(

noun = route

•

•

noun = sample

•

erfc)2@ = tobe

•

•

I

•

©

.

verb 7 =to not well)

•

ac/

•

•

noun

3

•

•

•

erb = densely

= the third aay of the month = three days i /4 verb

=

to be

"

1®

visit

• •

found verb 2

•

(someone

•

3

•

®

*

O noun = three

(

noun = ear

181 • •

adjective

= disgraceful

2©

= to stare

noun = prospect

•

•

•

•

'

-(

1 adjective

2 adverb

= strange

)

strangely

noun = surname noun

= tomorrow

.

= to admit = to approve

noun

•

•

= cauital = large city •

e

•

(

•

^ noun

•

IS?

•

suffix

= less than = under

= to find

3

who is

noun = ruture

noun = millimetres

= green = greenery

noun

•

= attractiveness {April 29) - a

'"

Japanese

•

adjective = attractive

public holiday

noun

•

• •

(

noun-

•

Greenery Day

e

•

= everyone = everything

• •

e

7@=to

•

= to see = to watch = to look at

2(1)

V

look at again

•

•

•

noun

•

•

•

= position = status

meaning

'have a

go

at (doing)'

noun

'try

...

and

see',

197

prefix = civil

•

prefix

= democratic

^ noun = south

•

noun = democracy

adjective = ugly

•

erb

7® -tobear \

fruit

•

the

noun = milk

= harbour = port

'(

•

adds

it

= everyone = ladies and gentlemen •

form of a verb

following the

•

noun

• •

V-

noun and prefix

•

= people = tribe •

la^

noun =

folk songs

•

152

•

I

often

used to refer to a foreigner's and translatable as 'your

country

country'

noun

•

• •

and similar to

•

• •

English prefix

'un-'

= =

[^

noun = opposite

' •

verb

•

1

fi

verb

2®

=

a time • •

1

•

= =

©

verb su/fcc

=

= to peel


•

^

• noun and prefix 7 = without permission

1

noun = bridegroom

something) 2 adverb

'son-in-law'

•

noun - being absorbed

6

J

noun =

six

181 •

= the opposite side = over there

•

•

in (doing

= intently

where

husband joins the wife's family and changes his name to hers •

no"r? =

•

waste

noun = without limits = endless

the

•

177

= futile = uselessly

for

W 2©

can also mean

•

noun = daughter

2 adjective 3 adverb

aim towards •

177

•

to turn towards to

verb

noun = waste

•

•

noun = son

•

•

= to turn = to face = to be suited to

•

•

= to tie = to connect

@

7

Ve

difficult

"^

noun = once

e

aa!/ec

•

noun = long ago

•

•

adyecf/Ve

= countless

noun = direction 2 suffix = aimed at

•

= to steam

verb

•

1

•

adverb = rather

•

•

•

noun

•

•

•

tooth

(than)

= to meet = to welcome = to greet

upon

noun

•

=a bad (decayed) =a filling = contradiction

•

•

ad/ecf/Ve

•

head for

= to go and meet

•

:

adjective

•

•

•

(^

•

to race to

e

to ignore

= humid

•

•

insect

•

= plain (without pattern)

noun = atmosphere = ambience side

•

®=

= the sixth day of the month = six days 174

•

noun =

•

noun

6

•

•

•

meaning

prefix - gives the

•

'not,

= the other side = they

noun •

^ noun = chest ^ noun =

village

•

noun = purple

)

(a)

153

•

noun = imoossibilitv

2

adjective

©=

verb

•

•

1

•

I

to

order

noun

• j3H = superstition

= impossible • = unreasonable 3 e • = to overdo it • = to work too hard •

3@

/V

•

noun =

(an) expert

noun =

speciality

•

•

ad ecf/Ve =

•

noun

•

-

used

free

adjective = evident

to refer to •

a group of animals so the translation

noun = register

•

be words like 'herd', 'pack' or 'swarm' etc. according to the type of creature will

(or

names) verb

•

7

@=

to be

depressed

noun = order

•

•

• •

r?

= nuisance = trouble = to cause trouble

noun = eye

•

<

= to = = =

to see = to to look to

=bud

•

= shoot

meet

noun = manufacturer noun = metre

wake up

sometimes written with the Chinese c/wacte

•

•

= number = place 181

'

•

= glasses = spectacles

177

erb2@

•

= to be blessed (with)

•

1 prefix

n = optician

i

•

noun = niece

noun

•

•

•

suffix

•

work)

through

noun •

noun = one's superior

•

(at

notice

= famous

oy

verb

2 counter = people

©=

to turn (a page)

verb

(

•

1 adjective

= accurate 2 adverb

•

= to travel around = to come around

•

= to aim

• )

= clear

•

e

•

= accurately

I

noun

•

noun = business card

•

t noun -

•

1868-1912 and used 174

era

for

that period

•

• •

= awakening

noun = noun

•

= (the) sights = famous places

mxvA?

name

7©

for

noun = masterpiece

•

1®

•

noun = alarm clock

for

dates during

"

•

= to wake up

•

•

noun

= (cooked) rice = meal

e

2®

1

1

•

•

154

•

I

•

verb • •

= =

•

(D

--'

'

adjective = troublesome

*

= to look after

to eat to drink

(somebody)

an honorific equivalent of 7

and

"

•

t\

7^

—

noun - member

.

work)

noun

•

•

adjective = troublesome

~F noun = one's junior

•

(at

•

189

= sign = landmark

,

noun = female adjective

= rare

7® = to

e

•

particle •

stand out

() •

•

•

adjective

= also = even

= messy = disorganised

used

to

emphasis negatives,

and examples. When in it means 'both

quantities

the pattern

noun = message

...

adverb

•

and

no .'.

—th

'either

...

or

neither

...

ZOB

negative) = rarely adjective • •

•

= auspicious = fortunate

• •

noun = aim = there

•

prospect

is

adverb = already = yet = any more = once more = soon = that's OK = no thank you

no

<s

of...

noun ~ menu noun = dizziness "C noun ~

2

® noun

isbAj = aspect

•

•

Sj^

@=

verb

•

to say

189

humble equivalent of

= surface = mask •

verb 2 (B = to

establish

•

•

a profit •

"

noun = advantage •

to

verb 2 d) = to

•

make

= standard = target I

7@) =

noun

•

•

erb

•

be profitable

memo

noun = notebook •

Vf

•

•

noun = application

noun = cotton

^ noun = noodles

no"n

•

= application form

noun = licence

•

verb

• •

noun

=

= duty free store •

•

®U

•

noun = area

•

noun = interview

•

(D

to applv for

= apology = excuse

noun .

155

•

=

(I

am)

extremelv sorrv

.

• •

• •

phrase = (on telephone) hello = excuse me

©

verb

= to sav = to be called

verb

verb 2

a humble form o

/" =

My name is

Koido

z$

•

^l^T noun = blanket

' noun

-

•

rubbishjgarbage which

is

not

for incineration

erb2®

= to

burn

noun

•

rubbishjgarbage which

is

for

noun

•

.

noun

= wood = timber

*t)

noun =

•

' " ' ®=

about

to lean

(table of)

blocks or

to

lift

'ca/ces' of

rice

suffix

= having

erb2

•

up erb2(S) =to

use

no"nanc/

•

prefix = take

•

noun = motor

<

to bring

-

pounded cooked

•

incineration

•

©= ®

(/ adjective = modern

189 •

-

•

I

away

(food

etc.)

e

•

= to take home = to bring home

noun = owner

adverb = of course verb

•

contents

1

•

noun = objective

•

•

noun

•

= objective = target

• •

•

= Thursday verb

•

•

•

= =

1

•

adverb =

•

noun

@

=

to hold to

own

to have

^)

•

•

noun

= = = = =

•

to dive •

to carry to keep

= wasteful = too good

adjective

(for person, place or task)

= what a waste!

if

197

letter (of the alphabet)

script

e

•

.

• •

©

adverb

= perhaps = possiblv

•

= to take

•

ig? 197 conjunction

= or

•

e

no"n-

Japanese text which has been garbled by a computer programme a series of unreadable symbols. Usually translated as 'gibberish'

into

® "t)

•

'

= to bring

adverb = more adverb = most

1

•

156

•

I

noun

•

= however

1 coniunction

()

2

adjective

•

= reasonable = natural

•

• •

= closet = storeroom

noun = sound

•

noun

•

noun =

hospitality

vorb

®=

1

somebody (to food

@

•

•

to treat

= story =tale

etc.)

-

to tell

(especially

"

7

^

noun =

•

• •

modem

= tremendous

noun •

•

noun = maple tree = autumn change in the colour or •

•

prefix = former

•

verb

•

7

©=

to

put

leaves

back 1

©=

verb

•

verb

•

®

verb

•

• •

burn

= to ask for = to demand = to look for

•

•

•

= meeting = function

= from the beginning = by nature

'

= = =

meeting

(a

noun = return e

@

e

•

7

back to come back to eo

= to receive following the

noun = monitor •

2

suffix

form of another

means to receive the favour of someone doing something for verb

it

you or

(somebody) to {do This usage is often not reproduced in translation. 179 197 'get

something)

= item

noun

•

(D

•

•

noun = thing

=to

etc.)

to return

1

7®

e

•

hold

•

•

noun

•

ac/verb •

noun = pattern

•

•

•

massage

© =to

verb

•

2®

to

noun = cotton

•

= to be based on

•

ruler

adjective

•

= origin = cause = beginning •

noun =

•

•

•

noun = things

•

noun -model

•

erb7(D

•

=

verb 2 to be popular with the opposite sex)

,

a humble

meaning

equivalent of 'person'

Used after past and mean 'used to after non-pdsl: structures to mean particle -

tenses that

•

noun =

something

'is

@=

•

to

grow

use

'should'.

it

is

translatable as

•

= assortment •

verb1

lively

only natural'

or to express obligation. In the latter

forest

to

noun = leak

noun

®

®

157

•

v^er/:)2@ = to

noun

-

kebabs

of grilled chicken

leak

]

•

-

noun = gate suffix

•

t)

'

•

I

noun = baseball

•

= question

verb

•

•

a reduced form of the particle

and also used in speech by women) as an emphatic particle at the end of {especially

•

• •

•

1

= to burn = to tan = to grill = to roast = to toast

sentences

noun = complaint = to complain

•

t) • • •

noun

•

•

•

= problem = issue = question

• •

noun = question

•

• adverb = about = approximately

'

•

fx noun and suffix

= role = job

to be useful

•

1 noun and suffix = 2 verb 3(1)

and answer

• •

translation

= to translate

= actor = actress

/

f

•

local

noun

-

an

office of

government

' •

particle

= and

verb

1

= to translate joins a list of nouns which is not complete and although translatable as 'and' it carries the meaning of 'among other things'

•

1 •

•

•

also

used

2 verb 3

= shop

suffix

to

mean

= to

(g)

promise 'person

who

=to keep a

does

promise

t

= night

suffix

•

noun = promise = arrangement

= to break a

promise

phrase =

as

soon

as

7® = to

•

noun

•

be useful

= greengrocer

noun =

•

adverb =

after a while

no"n =

•

government

adjective • •

= noisy = fussy

office

similar to 'town hall' or 'city hall' • •

" '

noun = night time noun = non-electric

• •

•

prefix

or roasting

cooked by

noun

= medicines = chemicals

kettle

grilling

(an) official

local

noun = chemicals

noun =

•

•

role

noun =

role

•

n

•

®

1

—

158

•

i

/(

'

to

noun

•

a rough term used when the proper nsme of the item has been momentarily forgotten or

become desperate the view

by

whom one

of someone with

night over an area of a city with bright

is

angry

lights •

•

1

noun = burn

2 verb 3 • •

1

'

®

noun = trouble

U ()

2 adjective

= to get burned = to get scalded

= burdensome

-

•

• • • •

= = = = =

to be to be

•

burned tanned

•

r?

= pharmacy = chemist

-

'

erb2(i) = night time

•

prefix

•

noun = vegetables

•

•

adjective •

= kind

" c±

•

•

\

adverb = eventually = barely

version

noun = ambition

ll\

•

adjective = cheap

•

suffix

= easy to

(

adverb

^EP noun = arrows

(indicating directions)

1?

o/"

•

(do)

= cheap-looking

•

to the

= holiday = rest = day off

^

•

©

b

!

verb

•

•

exclamation

to

•

2®

•

to lose

it

often

means

..)'

adverb = as expected = nevertheless

•

= to be ripped

noun = rent

•

describe a

•

•

= indiscriminately = irresponsibly

•

noun •

to

verb 1 • = to rip = to defeat = to break (a promise etc.)

weight •

•

used

to get thin

adverb •

noun

something like 'h no! {I've just realisedlremembered that I have

•

= to take time off work or school = to have a break = to have a rest

= =

meaning

especially as an exclamation when something important has been just remembered in time etc. As an

1152

•

-

it

context \

I

•

•

noun

to

state of danger or a feeling of risk

•

•

D=

no

•

•

a more emphatic

could be translated as landlord' or 'landlady' according

adjective

I

-

verb

•

employ

'house owner'

•

,

= to criticise = to beat up

adjective = easy

•

O

counter

181

= eight

to be toasted

<±

8

•

•

to be grilled

to be roasted

"

•

7@

e

•

= person = thing

• '

= to be defeated

erb 2

®

erb2®

®

1

•

159

•

•

• •

ill

O

noun

= mountain = a pile of...

• •

= mountain/hill walking

noun

•

for

-

•

= will = drive

^

noun

•

^

I

•

noun

noun used as a meaning 'person' highly insulting and somewhat fiP

•

substitute for

an old word

is

it

similar to the English 'bastard' as a

Japan

term of abuse

noun • words not derived from Chinese characters but of original Japanese stock

•

adjective

IX •

noun- the part lU of a town built on the hills (and as such a prosperous residential area) especially in Tokyo and often used to mean the rail network that circles Tokyo called the

=soft

•

their hair is

noun - refers to youths with dyed (usuallv blonde) which

seen as a sign of rebelliousness.

noun

•

= mountain climbing verb

•

@=

to stop

(raining) •

adjective = unavoidable

e

•

• •

= =

noun = hot water

•

2(g)

•

adjective

to stop

up

to give

•

verb 2

^

•

®

= to

•

= one and only = sole

3®

resign

adverb = a

- an alternative verb pronunciation of l\z>

little bit

adjective = complicated

/ •

noun

O

= exchange

T)

T

•

evening verb

•

1

70 n = (early)

noun = bravery

•

= to redo "V*

I

to

do t_

•

adjective = easy to do

verb

•

• •

noun = validity = valid until

adjective = difficult

I

= =

to

mxv

= amusement park

and annoying

(S)

'

noun = friendship

(

adjective = excellent

do

.

to give

A more In the

informal version of 'to give it is used friends or by older people to

meaning

among

younger. the

1

noun = victory

and

carries

skong

f^oun

•

When used after a verb in form it means 'do for you

(as a favour)'

=to win

2 verb 3(g)

'

verb 3

©=

•

to

send bv post

overtones of social superiority or •

seniority

=

(cost of)

postage

(

= friend

•

'

noun =

' . •

shower

160

•

I

a brief

•

(

(of rain)

adjective = capable

1

2 verb 3

noun = evening

noun

•

•

1

noun = carelessness

•

2

enb3®

^

() adverb =

<^

noun

•

•

noun •

=tobe

negligent

office

= (items of) mail •

= evening = last night

1

3®

= to import

noun

,

(

2 adjective

• •

Japanese

)= famous also

no"n

mean

"

= charge = requiring payment

noun = floor

•

= pleasant -

summer-weight

"

a

especially at festivals

noun = ring

•

noun = dream = to have a dream adjective = loose

,M

light, •

and hot spring

•

@

e

•

worn

fo

'toe'

•

noun

= to forgive = to allow

resorts

noun and

•

the

names

etc. to •

of train or

suffix

verb

f

flight

to

destinations

1@-an

/"

noun = whereabouts

•

o"n

•

•

an

mean 'bound for

alternative form o

•

= missing = lost

o efa =

>181

foin

particle - a particle

noun = export

rebuke

© •

= to hand over = to offer

used

at the

end

o f sentences for emphasis and which expresses emotion, enthusiasm or

•

•

•

n = blood

transfusion

•

noun = world noun = night

•

2 verb 3

•

noun - steam

•

1

2@ = to

shake

attached

alternative form of

e

•

noun = snow

3 small

cup without handles

used as

ad/ecf/Ve

•

style

-

noun = finger

•

noun = humour •

=toboil

noun = import

2 verb

noun = fame

slowly

2©

•

•

1

Ve

ao!/ec

•

= abundant = affluent

•

noun and prefix

= mail

= to transport

(§)

n

.

meal

= post

noun = transportation

etc.

^205

= to export e

•

noun = dawn adjective = good - an

alternative form of t

t

used in some

161

parts of Japan,

formal speech

in

and

which is the base of the negative and ^201 past forms

"

• •

•

I

noun

= business = something to do

,

no

•

•

•

•

= something to do

A?

= infant

noun

room as opposed Japanese style one style

also used (especially as a suffix) with the meaning 'use' or 'for the use

to

a western a traditional

of. •

noun

•

- the

basic meaning

'appearance' and it is used in expressions where it is often translatable as look' or 'seem' or 'be similar'. It can also mean 'something is

1

meaning

prefix - the

•

'western' as

opposed

= to take

precautions

noun

•

•

= appearance = condition

is

acf

•

Japanese

noun = element

'

verb

•

1

7

@

( ^^

= to be •

drunk

= immature

noun = preparation

= kindergarten

2 verb 3

noun

•

185

= to prepare

(g)

n = point

•

(

•

1 adjective

2 adverb

=

)

adverb

"

•

noun

8

•

= the eiffhth dav of the month = eight days 174

-

•

1 adjective

2 adverb

§^ noun = 5^ =

•

= so that = as

•

= reach the point

(

when =

to

become

able to

container

)

noun = use

•

= easy

easily •

•

e

= essentially

Asian or

to

@

2 verb 3

•

like that'.

noun = precautions

= make a point of (doing something) cheerful

cheerfully

noun and

•

of the

= day

suffix

week

•

1

noun = demand

3®

style (especially

= to

•

(to

)

ffllft

noun and

'paper' especially in

do

with

suffix

compounds

exam and answer papers

to

"/

squared paper used Japanese called

= adopted child = foster child

"701/^7

but

= wool at last

•

noun

= essential point

noun •

style'

or

3 —— •

clothing

adverb =

•

referring to the for writing

B noun =

sometimes meaning 'western

clothing as opposed to also clothing in general

phrase

= welcome

of cookery)

•

zS

noun = terminology

•

noun = Western

•

2 verb demand

J

noun = Europe

•

1

noun = expectation

2

verb 3

®

- to expect

®®

•

•

^

•

T§^

noun = savings

•

• •

= = = =

•

1

adverb •

162

•

I

noun = estimate

2 verb 3

often

=to

(§)

'

well

hard

•

kindly

•

= the next

prefix

•

no"n = the next

= room = space

•

noun

4

•

= the fourth day of the month = four days 1 74

•

= crossroads

• •

day

noun

• •

adjective = greedv

noun = four

•

•

() = unnecessary

'

1 adjeciive

2 adverb 1

=

all

181

noun = yacht

more

the

predict

noun

•

noun = a

•

drank

noun

= width • = side 2 adverb • = sideways • = across

= to be drunk

( •

=

to lie

following the dictionary form of a

verb

•

= plan = schedule

down 1

® =to

verb is

cross

verb1®

•

it

planned

= to

means

that the action

191

noun = the middle of

•

the night

close

adjective

= to make

verb

•

•

dirty

• •

noun

•

•

O

come

erb

•

•

T^tl noun

= spare = extra

= dirt e

•

2® = to

be dirty

verb 2

•

©

=

to call out (to

someone) verb

•

noun = budget

•

noun - studying • advance as preparation for a class and translatable as 'preparation 'revision' or 'ew'evv' depending on

• •

in

= to = to

call

verb

•

• •

1

summon 1

(i)

= to call = to invite

the context

verb

@=

•

verb 2

•

• •

= =

1 adjective

to stop

®

to deliver to

hand over

• •

• •

•

()

= additional • = extra 2 adverb ,5 •

= additionally

noun = forecast

noun

= somewhere else = another place = stranger = to put on one side = ignoring

•

1

noun = prevention

2 verb 3

= to prevent •

noun = vaccination

163

•

•

noun

I

-

the

adverb phrases such ss

•

pronunciation or 'reading' characters

alone or

o/"

in

and

when asking

= to read aloud

for

favourable treatment

or consideration. •

verb1

•

is difficult to

will vary widely but the meaning ranges from

noun-

•

humbly request that used in phrases like (

'please' to 7

"^'

anothsr word for

It

translate as contexts

= to revive

'

used

verb 2

•

($9

I

It

is

also

to

mean verb

•

(D

send my best wishes

'please

to

=to read •

5^3

\

adjective =

weak

noun = bride

•

Eg noun = four

•

can mean dauqhter-in-law

181

\

^197 •

•

noun = booking

•

= reservation

1

®

2 verb 3 • = to book •

make

= to

a reservation

noun - leeway

•

particle •

• •

*o

•

adds

suffix

the

prefix = next

•

noun = next

•

= America

is

month

larger than Japan

205

noun = next

•

= to lean on •

•

•

when served on a

= night = evening

noun = verb

= to come close = to drop in and

"

•

noun = (cooked)

noun

•

•

week

verb

•

(S)

somewhere

in

visit (en

route to

7

@=

to

•

to

(

1 adjective it

or 'due

means

•

•

•

verb

@=

to be

•

more formal version

)

.

,

= easy

noun = racket

a

= appears (that), apparently

conjugates as an

meaning

o/"

Japan

= easily = comfortably

suffix

delighted adjective

to

2 adverb

to'

noun = joy

'ok'

come

noun = next year

•

depend

•

'good' or

cigarette lighter

•

the form

,:)

@=

else)

to'

rice

plate

1

verb 3

verb

'according

meaning of

'more than one^

= than = from = rather than

noun = radio

adjective

201

•

164

•

I

no"n = board of

•

•

()

1 adjective

directors

= optimistic

noun =

2 adverb

restnicturinfif (of a

company)

= optimistically

noun = rhythm noun = rush hour

ncxvn = (an) ideal

•

"

•

noun = (language) laboratory tpB

1 adjective

=

noun = column

idealistic

2 adverb

noun = lunch

=

noun = running

IJ

idealistically suffix

•

1

noun = violence

(

2 adjective 3 adverb

)

= to misuse

efoc

= cubic

etc.) •

2verb3®

p

II

•

(metres

•

adjective

= splendid

violence against

noun = misuse

181

litre

JH

= violent = roughly = to use

4 verb 3 (g)

1

= rate

noun =

•

noun = advantage

Ij

'"

•

adjective = unreasonable

noun = abbreviation verb

(D =to

7

abbreviate

noun = reason

•

•

1

() adjective noun =

*

IJ

Ij

noun = studying aoroad

2 verb 3 realistic

@

=to

study overseas

profit

noun

•

a student studying overseas

noL/n = science

IJ

•

•

1

1

noun = understanding

2 verb

3®

= to

'

= fashionable

noun = land

•

<

•

= fluent 2 adverb

•

IJ

-

fluently

•

adjective

1

noun = use

2 verb 3

®

•

= to get

divorced Ij

• •

noun =

interest

noun = director

-

©

touse

noun = amount

•

noun = divorce

•

I

athletics

' •

(

•

1 adjective

noun = army

= clever

2 verb 3

()

2 adjective

understand

noun =

noun = trend

S

= dormitory = university residence •

prefix

= both

•

suffix

= charge

•

165

•

•

I

•

1

noun = money changing

2

verb

3©

= to

change money

noun

•

= money changer = bureau de change

•

•

noun

•

r?oun = both

•

•

=type

•

= sort

(

sides •

noun and suffix

4

•

•

= to be similar

3

= charge = fee

•

verb

(/ciO adjective •

noun = fisherman

6

•

•

= disorganised = careless

•

noun =

noun = receipt

/u

•

noun = parents

•

177

rules

§ Tf noun = absence •

'

•

noun

= conscience

noun

•

noun = both hands

•

'

noun = both

•

periods) •

•

1

noun = cooking

2

verb 3

- taking

care of somewhere while the ownerjs are absent (Jor either short and long

©

noun = (telephone) answering machine

= to cook

noun

noun

another term for

-

= restaurant

H

U

noun - a small Japanese style accommodation

kf

•

Jl^

hotel offering

IJ

noun

•

- the official

term for a passport •

1

noun =

2 verb 3 • •

trip

•

@

= to travel = to go on a

•

trip

•

_ /

T

•

noun =

•

•

noun = example

noun

= thanks = bow = reward = to

tourist

information ofnce

•

f^'J

•

noun

•

= traveller = tourist

bow

noun = zero

•

ffe noc/r?

•

181

f^'J^ noun = exception = politeness

•

noun

•

•

= resume

•

=CV *^

adjective = polite

)

•

= calm = calmly

1 adjective

noun = apple •

= extraordinary

2 adverb

prefix

•

= refrigerator

noun

' •

166

noun = zero marks

•

e

•

•

I

noun =

lens

•

1

noun = rreezing

2 verb 3 (D

noun

•

1

noun and prefix

•

= succession = in succession

•

noun = frozen foods •

(-

2 verb 3

3®

/

1<

V

@

= to occur

in succession

noun = worship

2 verb

•

fjiM noun =

noun = raincoat

noun = history

12

noun - recreation

noun = cash

;

n-

changes in sounds which occur when certain combinations of syllables are combined in words such as in the family name when the chsrsctsr usually pronounced becomes pronounced as jz

air-

conditioning

•

serial

noun = car rental

sentence •

= drama

r

worship

to

noun = example

•

2(1)

•

= freezer

1

e = to be reminded or

= to freeze

noun - X ray

register

=to noun =

leisure

have an X rav

noun = restaurant •

•

Ij

•

= line = row

•

= queue

•

noun

1 • •

noun = contact = connection

2 verb •

Ij

noun =

•

Ij

noun and

train

• •

3®

= to contact = to connect with

suffix

= chain of islands

noun =

"

• •

level

noun

= essay = (academic) paper

—

t^M noun = bricks

5

noun

•

occurring or taken •

in

-

holidays

a row

'

j^o" noun and suffix

= alliance •

noun •

•

1

noun

•

= practice = training

2 verb • •

noun

= corridor

= oven = microwave oven •

•

no"n

•

= contact address

noun = old person

•

•

noun = old people's home noun = candle

3®

= to practise = to train

•

^llo noun and suffix

= labour •

= labourer

our?

k

@

n

167

•

noun = waste

2

verb

3®

to

waste I

noun = cable car noun

•

ring

noun = harmony

•

=

1

as a prefix or abbreviation

it

means Japanese' as opposed

to

western or 'Japanese (language)'

the

roman (western) alphabet and especially Japanese words written

countsr = birds

•

in

181

used at the end of sentences to give emphasis and a distinctive marker of women's speech although also used by men in some areas of Japan particle -

that script

noi/n = six

•

181

•

1

m noun =

•

•

1

•

I

noun = (sound) recording

2 verb 3

= to tape

noun =

(record sounds)

shirt

,

noun = wine •

1

noun = video recording

2 verb 3

"^

(§)

English language

174

•

noun =June

•

•

noun =

/\

noun = Japanese and

•

= to videotape

prefix

•

•

noun = locker

•

= my = our

.

noun = hotel lobby = romantic

• •

() adjective =

= explanation = theory verb 2

®=

to

•

verb

• •

z:>

young

1®=to

verb

boil suffix

•

•

adjective =

•

m noun and

argue

•

^

•

() adjective •

noun

= Japanese-English dictionary

sixty

181

^Aj

dictionary

•

noun = dispute

•

noun

1

•

= to understana often used in situations where the most natural English would be 'to know'

= paper = thesis = dissertation

noun = parting

•

•

e

•

= logical

1 adjective

2 adverb

selfish

=

2®

to separate

logically

2®

•

= to diviae • •

noun • = under the arm = side A7o"n

•

= armpit

^\

WA particle t0

or

^ noun = frame

•

note that the topic particle is character written with 'ha'

•

( e^y occasionally) chdmcter /\

boil

(

with the

(

vii

•

• •

= reason = meaning

•

e

7@) =

to

•

•

168

I

= circumstances

adjective = our

=itisnt

verb

•

that

=

...

it

doesn't

mean

that

...

=cannot =

= to hand

erb7®®

•

can't be the case

it

(f)

over

=to

cross over

the expression translatable as 'must' (following negatives) and 'must not'

til Ms

(following positives)

• •

"5

noun =

elastic

band

•

•

adverb = deliberately

•

M noun = Japanese

•

noun = Japanese

• •

2

adjective

•

= slight = a few

•

noun

verb

1®

•

= to laugh = to smile

•

U noun

•

adverb = merely

as a

—

suffix with

= ratio

numbers

indicates multiples of

IS?

style)

- traditional

= a laugh = laughter

•

•

Japanese

Western

to

style clothing

•

room

1

^

style

food

noun

S noun

Japanese

•

2©=to

opposed

•

= to divide = to distribute


sun

•

style {as

2©

e

•

e

•

apologise

it

10% so

30/

is

•

noun - rate 2 adverb = comparatively 1

A?o"n-

•

left

left

my

is

most

used as verb 'to

in

natural.

bill

adverb

•

•

forget something'

•

= fairly = in proportion to

erb2(i)

•

verb

•

to forget

3/ 3

•

•

^ noun = cotton •

•

a5/^ noun = topic noun

•

-

a

more formal

version of

= to split = to smash = to divide by

'

•

(of

conversation)

ill

noun

fe* noun =

-

number) adjective = bad

•

noun = speaking

•

of people

•

I

= =

to be

2®

broken

to be divided

•

noun = bay

•

= we = us

•

my

noun = we

•

noun

adjective =

(D

a •

•

•

(a

noun = discount

•

humble equivalent of

•

I

•

•

- splitting for their

noun = division

•

I

Can be

the form

•

=

so that everyone pays own food andlor drinks a

Tm afraid

forgotten something!' or

noun

•

behind or forgotten. Often used so that a translation along the lines of Tve things which are

E

•

^ noun = bowl noun = dress

169

I

an abbreviated form of

particle

marks the direct object of a verb or the space through which an action moves. When used in

symbol etc. used to represent this particle. Pronounced as but often represented in romanised text as telegrams is

'wo' although

'o, is

also used.

Japanese do pronounce usually

205

in

it

as

Some 'wo',

very formal situations.

Usage notes

171

Age To express age

in Japanese,

'.

you use the number of years + the counter

How old are you?

=

•

an alternative way of asking the same question = but the answers have no alternative style) (note that there

How old is The

suffix cf I

am

is

=

she?

IS

•

never droDoed.

=

thirty-one (years old)

The onlv exception

is

'

20 which

Note that you cannot use This car

is

two years

is

*

'

for the age of things, only people.

-

old.

•

= This building

is

one hundred years

old.

=

I

bought

this

(

car two years ago.

= This building was

A person

in their fifties

A person

in their

seventies

People over eighteen

= =

=

built

100 years ago. •

•

•

Countries, Nationalities and

Languages Most countries have their names written

based on their pronunciation

in

in English or in that country's language.

To

talk about the people of a particular country, add the suffix country name.

'

To

talk

to the

•

about the language of a particular country, you can usually add the suffix to the country name.

For example, Italy is and the Italian language

Italian people are is

.

•

Country

•

Main Languaee

People

Argentina Australia

•

'

Austria

Belgium Brazil

Canada

•

Chilli

China

•

Denmark Egypt Finland

France

Germany Greece

Holland

Hungary Iceland India Iran Iraq

Ireland Israel

Jamaica

Japan

•

•

•

•

Malaysia

Malta

Mexico Morocco New Zealand

Norway Pakistan

Peru Philippines

Poland

•

.

Country

People

Main Language

Portugal Russia

Scotland

•

Singapore

.

South Africa South Korea

•

.

Spain

Sweden

I

Switzerland

Taiwan

•

Thailand

Turkey

UK USA Vietnam Wales

——

Usage notes

174

Dates, days and months (for

counting periods of time see the note on numbers and counting)

The days

of the

week: Abbreviation

Monday Tuesday

Wednesday Thursday Friday

Saturday

Sunday

stands for any day. They

In the notes below,

On Monday Every Monday Monday afternoon Last Monday Next Monday Last Monday night

work the same way.

•

•

•

•

•

From Monday on From Monday to Friday What day

all

:

•

is it?

•

rhe months of the vear: These can be

made using

The numbers may

the

number of the month

J

+

'

numerals except when writing

also be written using Arabic

vertically.

1 1 1

January February

March

July

August September October

Err

QT

April

RT

Mav

HT

November December

June

'

In the notes below, April stands for any

= = = = = = =

In April

Every April Next April Last April early April

mid-April

Late April

What month

is it?

=

month. They

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

RT

all

work the same way.

Uddijt; MUlC^d

3

Dates:

'

The a ays I

or the

month

are listed below. They are

made rrom

the

number

+

. Note that the readings are irregular for IMO'*^, 14 20& and 24

The numbers may

also be written using Arabic

numerals except when writing

vertically.

17'h

2nd

3rd

19th

4th

20h 2V' 22"" 23rd

8'h

24th

9th

25th

lO'h

26th

ll'h

27th

12th

28th

13'h

29th

14th

30th

15'h

16th

To sav the date in Japanese, give the year, then the month and

Monday. 74

finally the date

and day.

October 1968 = •

Whafs In the In

= =

the date? year 2000

the twenty

first

century

=

•

•

'

iPC

Years and the Japanese Era system Japan uses a system based on the ruling Emperor and official dates (such as date of birth etc.) are usually referred to using these era names. The four most recent are given below. Note that era names change part way through a year.

' •

'

1868 to 1912 1912to:i926 1926 to 1989

1989-

•

/

was bom

in

1980= =

.

I

was born

in

year 55 of Showa

I

•

Usage notes

177

Family Words two sets of words for family members. The humble ones are family and the honorific ones for other people's families.

In Japanese, there are

used for your

own

humble

your own

(for

honorific (for other people's

family)

families)

Family

• .

Parents

.

•

.

Mother

•

Father

• .

Older sister Older brother

• . •

Younger sister Younger brother

.

•

.

•

Siblings

Grandmother .

Child

.

Daughter Son

^

S

. •

Grandfather Grandchild

fc

.

^^. c_

fcc^

•

5otI"S ru •

. •

Aunt Uncle Cousin Wife (of speaker) Wife (of someone

Husband Husband

.

.

else)

(of

someone

• .

(of speaker)

•

else)

Note that there are other terms used from time to time English word

-

these are

Note that the honorific terms are used when speaking face your own family.

When you

all in

the Japanese-

list.

talk about the

number

to face

with or calling

of brothers and sisters you have, include yourself in

the total. I

have 2 brothers and

Sisters

=

It

3 = there are three children (including myself)

lam an

only child.

=

•

In-laws are described using the structure

Father

in

law

to

=

•

•

Step-parents and siblings are not usually differentiated from 'blood' relatives

•

Usage notes

178

Feelings When describing certain feelings such adjectives

as 'glad, 'sad* •

•

and 'lonely' and

the

etc.

•

can only be used about oneselr. I

am

=

glad

•

To talk about someone else's feelings using these adjectives the last and the ending is added. The adjective now behaves like a group often used in the present continuous

He

is

it is

now

a verb

She wants a

it

may take

'

a direct object

=

want a bicycle

removed

verb and

\

=

glad

Note that because I

i.e.

is

1

•

marked with

=

bicycle

•

You can

also

add

a statement

adjectives to allow

them

She(seemstobe) The same

such

to refer to

is

as 'seems to be

or 'apparently

lonely =

issue aftects the use of the verb

similar verbs

•.,

is

to these

someone other than yourself •

•

to be overjovecT

and

is

o Usage notes

179

Giving and Receiving Verbs with meanings of giving and receiving are variable in Japanese depending on whether the direction of the giving is to you (or your family or 'in-group') or away from you and on the relationship between you and the other person or people involved.

To Give Simply put if the direction is away from the giver (but not to you) the verb is and when the direction is to the speaker (i.e. you or a member of your family or group') the verb

'in-

is

My father gave me

a book

=

My father gave Mr Tanaka

a book =

-

I

gave

my mother a book

=

/

•

•

with a high status (such as a teacher) gives something to someone with and if you give lower status (such as a student) then the verb can be but in everyday something to someone with high status the verb can be If someone

use

IS

'

sufficiently polite.

The teacher gave me a book

=

O

•

I

gave a book

5

to the President = •

To Receive and a more

polite version

I

received a book from

my mother

=

I

received a book from

my teacher

=

The general verb

is

t)

is

•

( /u

*

-

Extended use of giving and receiving Verbs with these meanings can be added to other verbs in the that a favour is being done. •

form

to indicate

= to do someone a favour by helping

them •

= to receive the favour of someone helping you

For farther information see the notes to the relevant verb entries in the Japanese etc. in the English-Japanese section and

English section and see 'give' and 'receive' also the note on respect language.

"

Usage notes

180

Musical instruments Playing an instrument

—

'

. .

,

The verb used depends on the way and instrument Use

$

•

To play the

Use a bow.

•

for instruments

for

•

=

=

To take guitar Isssons = =

piano teacher

,

',-,'.

into.

•

•

for instruments

To play the drums

A

:;'

played.

instruments which you play using your nngers or a plectrum or

To play the piano

Use

which you blow

=

flute

is

=

which you

strike.

,. b

•

to learn the guitar •

<

Usage notes

181

Numbers and counting

'.

Japanese has two systems of numbers. The numbers in the following chart are not used for counting people, objects or time (see below). We have given characters for the numerals but note that the arabic numerals (1,2, 3, 4, etc.) are used for horizontal and character numerals etc.) for writing vertical writing (

•

—

y

•

2 3

4 5

*

6 7 8 9

.

10 11

I

.

12 13 14

•

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 30 35 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 133

200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 3000

•

' I I I

•

D > <

"&

5

.

Usage notes

182

4000 10,000

I

14,000 50,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 100,000,000

The numbers

I m the next chart are used for counting objects (but not people;

Note that for numbers above 10 the appropriate counter is added to the number from the chart above

(see

below)

1

2 3

4 5

6 7 8 9 10

how manv?

Counters There

is

another way of counting things in Japanese that uses particular suffixes

numbers given in the first chart. The counter used depends on the thing being counted. There are some changes in sound when certain numbers and counters are joined. The system for counting people is shown below as a separate chart because of a slight irregularity. Other common counters are given in the final table but they are representative and do not include all the sound changes. Note that the list is not exhaustive. usually called 'counters' which are attached to the

1

I

person

.

2 people 3 people

.

.

4 people

- ..

people people 7 people 8 people 9 people 10 people people 1 1 23 people 5

f)

how many

2

. •

•

.

.

.

.

.

•

peopk'?

:

1

•

•

•

Usage notes when counting small,

counter

round

t

_

how many

examole

•

..•?

fruit

things

long cylindrical

.

bottles, cigarettes,

.

stamps, pieces of

-

things. flat

things

-

paper

books and magazines people

.

•

see separate chart

.

•

above small animals

.

dogs, fish

machines and

•

cars,

large objects

•

machines.

•

furniture

number of times

•

•

floors

.

•

years of age

-

•

note that 20 vears old

is

bowl/cupful

•

minutes hours

•

.

•

•

days

on dates words are the

see the note (the

same except

for

•

[^

'one day'

and

'twenty days')

months

•

note that the character resembles the katakana for 'ke' but is

pronounced vears

as 'ka'

•

note that

is

sometimes employed on its own

1 'number

to say 'number'

'

2 'number 3

the appropriate number. •

= number = number 2

etc.

the counter

•

is

attached to

8

Usage notes Ordinal

184

Numbers

2nd, to say 1",

3rd,

etc.

the counter

I

J

is

•

added

to the

number.

1st

2nd 3rd 21st

I

103rd

Sometimes the prefix

•

is

added with no

real

change in meaning

1st

3rd

Fractions half a third

two thirds three quarters

Decimals Numbers with

a decimal point are pronounced as two numbers separated by the decimal point which is pronounced as

1

3 2

1

Note that

can be pronounced

as either

or

-

Usage notes

185

Japan

Schools

in

The school system

Japan

may

Children

is

go to a

is

similar to the

f

American model. (nursery)

•

from the age of four.

Children start compulsory schooling at the age of six.

Elementary School =

They spend

•

/J

Elementary School.

six years at

At the age of twelve, they go

to

Junior High School =

•

They spend three years at Junior High School and compulsory education ends (graduate) from age of 15 in Japan when they

t

•

at the this

school.

students continue their education to High School which is usually abbreviated to rafe. They attend this school from the age of 16 - 18.

However, almost

all

•

'

Getting into a good High School is important in order to proceed to a good university and get a job in a good company. Competition to get into the best schools is intense ('cram schools') in order to pass the and students often attend a (entrance examinations).

'

|

•

There are further cram schools to prepare students to pass the entrance examinations

&

for t

7)

(universities).

•

For students who do not go to university, they may attend a i (junior college) for just two years or a 3 (a school where a practical trade is taught such as art, hairdressing or catering). •

Which school year are you

in?

=

year (student) I'm a fourth year (student)

= =

Teacher Japanese Teacher

= = =

I'm a

Head What

first

teacherjPrincipal is

•

•

•

•

•

"6

•

your favourite subject? =

Mv favourite

subject

is

maths. = •

Private school

=

•

^ independent

•

Usage notes

186

Time and the Clock What time To

tell It

Note

it

now?-

•

the time in Japanese, say the

is

4 o'clock 7 o'clock

IS

7 o'clock

is

9 o'clock

is

alwavs pronounced always pronounced always pronounced

To add a.m. or p.m.

put

= =

3p.m.

The twenty-rour hour clock

•

f

.

.. .

to the time,

2 a.m.

of the hour +

•

•

that:

4 o'clock

number

'

= = =

o'clock

is 1

It's It

is

is

3 or

•

. .

the time.

before

•

.

not generally used in Tapan except at airports and

stations.

To give a time with minutes past the hour, say the hour first and then the number of minutes + (this is pronounced when following a number which ends in five following a number which ends in zero (i.e 10 20, etc). (i.e. 15, 25 etc) and Twenty past three Hair past It's

is

For times such as five to 8 o'clock in the evening 3 o'clock in the morning

ten,

Sometimes a time with minutes ten

^. S

expressed bv giving the hour +

half past ten.

five to

,.

= =

Five past nine

•

= say 9:55 =

or c±/v

=^3-. <

I

*

S A/

•

•

= to the

hour =

is

used

.

7T.

^8$££&

Usage notes

187

and

Plain

Polite

forms

presented in most textbooks has two basic styles of speech. Polite and we have used the terms polite form or (when referring to verbs) the form and plain form. A chart of plain and polite equivalents is given below. See also the chart of adjectives elsewhere in the notes. Note that in the middle of sentences in the polite style there can some plain forms as it is at the end of a sentence that the polite markers tend to be employed. Most examples in this dictionary have been given in the polite form. In the chart below note that it is the style and not the meaning which is different.

Japanese as

it is

informal. In this dictionary

The issue of speech levels in Japanese is beyond the scope of a learners' dictionary and what we are here calling plain styles and forms are everyday, informal spoken language called

•

whereas

.

or

•

are calling poiite stvles

and rorms are a part

Note that is

largely a spoken

•

. What we

ot the respect language svstem called

is used in newspaper and formal writing phenomenon. What we call the polite style is and often called by teachers. •

• properly called Note that descriptions or translations of the Japanese terms into English have generated a wide range of terms and the use of them is not standardised. For more information see the note on respect language.

element

polite

form

plain rorm

example used

am.is.are

was, were

am

not,

is

not, are not

or

was

not,

were not or

adjective

()

adjective

()

big

cheap clean, prettv

quiet

group group group group

verb 1 verb 1 verb 1 verb negative group 2 verb group 2 verb group 2 verb group 2 verb negative group 3 verb non-past 1

non-past

take

past

took

negative

don't take

past

didn't take

non-past

eat

past

ate

negative

don't eat

past

did not eat see entry

on

in the

main dictionary group past

3 verb

Usage notes element

188

polite

form

plain lorm

example used

group 3 verb negative

group 3 verb past negative

^roup 3 verb non-p3St ^roup 3 verb past!

roup

3 verb

negative

group

3 verb

past negative

to

come

•

Usage notes

189

Respect Language Japanese has a number of ways of showing politeness or respect. Two elements of this which can affect the use of the dictionary are briefly mentioned below. These are part of a much wider system whose full treatment is beyond the scope of this dictionary.

Prefixes Sometimes the

are placed in front of nouns to

or

prefixes

nouns are related being shown. For example

polite or to indicate that the

respect

is

'

to

someone

-

to

make them more

whom politeness or

= the teacher's baggage

•

=inybaggage

•

"5

the teacher's address

=a

•

friend's address

This dictionary gives words which are frequently used with these particles as separate as well as under the basic unit word itself. For example 'water' entries under or is

given under the headwords

•

and

•

7K-

Verbs Japanese has a choice of verb forms and sentence endings depending on the level of politeness (see the note on polite and plain forms). These special forms in Japanese and their use are called and this is often translated as 'respect •

(

language'.

There are also alternative forms for some verbs depending on whether politeness/respect is shown with reference to someone else or humility with reference to the speaker/writer. This can extend to using polite forms about people and matters related to another person and humble forms about people and matters related to the speaker/writer. Forms of speech which are respectful are called in Japanese. English translations vary widely and there is no standard usage. in Japanese. Forms of speech which are humble are called • Again there is no consistently used English term.

Some of the most common

alternatives are given in the table below.

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Usage notes Form

190

honorific

honorific

humble

humble

form

and

and

and

and

(polite

alternative

alternative

alternative

alternative

style)

- used

- used

- used

- used

about

about

about

others

others

and family

dictionary

form

(plain

style)

polite

Dolite

form

name

for

M

this style

Sometimes

of speech

called

go

to

come

form

form

in

(people) to be

(nonliving

things)

to see, to look

to eat

to say

know note that IS

to ask

it

usually

in the

form

mm)

to be

to

and family

. -.

'

writing to

about self

dictionary

D^O^

when used

self

polite

(((( dictionary

Japanese

polite

form

2

Usage notes

191

The Verb The brief notes that follow are intended to help users of this dictionary understand and use the information that is provided in it.

Verb Groups NOTE

that the forms in

which Japanese verbs

part of the neutral polite style and will end in

are usually presented in text books are

or

These endings are all formed on the pre stem. The forms most commonly used to make other constructions and mentioned in the explanations in this dictionary are the so-called dictionary form, the and pre forms. The formation of these is shown by the tables below and the form is explained in some detail. Japanese verbs do not change their form for singular and which means that the verb 'go in Japanese is the same for plural or for person (I go', 'they go' and 'she goes'. The personal pronouns T, 'you' and 'he etc. are not required in jaDanese and context is required to know which English pronoun to use etc.

for a translation.

This dictionary assigns each verb in the JapaneseEnglish section to either group 1 or 3. Examples of each group are fully conjugated below. In simple terms there are

only two verbs in group 3 which end in '-iru* or '-eru*

and

group 2 is the vast majority of the verbs form and group 1 is everything else. For the convenience of beginners we have given examples of group 1 verbs are given for does not follow the pattern of all the possible dictionary form endings. The verb form the example verb for its ending in that there is an irregularity in the the form. is conjugated separately below. and hence the in the dictionary

•

Japanese has a great as

.

instead of combinations.

NOTE

many verbs

'to do' to a noun such that are made by adding 'to become' These verbs can also often be used with have listed many of these but note that there are other possible

'study'.

We

that once a group 1 or 3 verb has acquired a form with an ending in conjugated as a group 2 verb to form its negative etc.

*-eru* it is

There are several different 'conditioner forms but the discussion of their uses beyond the scope of this dictionary.

is

1 Usage notes

192

a in

with

5

dictionary

Group

ending

verbs

O

form

J)

a in

with

swim

dictionary

Group

ending

verbs

form

to

a in

with

write dictionary

Group

ending

verbs

form

<

V

to

a in

with

wait dictionary

Group

ending

verbs

form

to

a in

with

dictionary

Group

OJ ending

verbs

O

form

a 3Sn

in

with

speak dictionary

C0G60U

Group

ending

verbs

form

to

U S

a

I!

in

with

read

dictionary

CS6

Group

ending

verbs

form

to

H

a AnJESS

in

with

call

dictionary

U

Group

ending

verbs

form

to

lOU

'
H

a

sop

in

with IJEip

take

dictionary

Group

SU

ending

verbs

form

to

K3 AJ

JEaddE

past nonconjunctive

negative

dictionary

meaning

dnoJ9

UIJOJ

lUJOj

plain form

V

plain

plain

past form

form

form

6

Usage notes

93

y 3

J 0^

^

IJ

'

H

H

<

'

H

H

AJ

A)

(when)

(if) conaitional

imperative

conditional

potential volitional

causative

causative

passive

passive

pre

form

form

rorm

form

form

form

form

form

form

Usage notes

194

conditional

O^^T (when)2

form

(if) conditional

^^J^)l

form

n

-2V,

imperative

form

> sulpls

1

volitional

ij

lUJOJ

form

sst

causative

passive

Islp form

PIS passive

form

IEPlsK>d

K3

causative

JO

form

cs

o" potential

tl:

form

^^}(

V

.

V s q.sA

plain

'^^T

past

form

5

1

*l ^^J^>i conjunctive

dnos

= form

ui

,nJ9-,

negative

plain

ivnJEIP&alJI

u

6

form

^UJPls llanulYUOU

luslfls

non-past

dictionary

plain

V

JOJ

form

^

auo Xjeuo

st meaning

asowo

OUOM

W) 3.sql

pip

^

Usage notes

195

Ka borrow

P5

to

;\

—

•Q

C5

wear

to

phone

leave

to

the

out, answer

go to

P

to

<

jHa

oj

verb

plain negative

llanu!sou

example

(when) passive

form

plain

of

past

U

N plain dictionary

non-past

)

conditional

potential

(

volitional

passive

meaning

dnojo

(if)

conmnctive

01

causative

causative

conditional

imperative

Usage notes

196

conditional

(when)

form astip

E if)

llwsv conditional

form

q.sA

z imperative

dnojs

form

e

mJ2 volitional

form

XJEUOUUIP

home

causative

passive decline

form

go H to

to

^

atp

return,

know

passive

form

reduce,

enter

chat

•

uai

meaning

:)ppi

OJ

*^ to

to

to

OJ

to

to causative

^

form

.5

jo

u potential

3EOS

form

J^^^

wuypls

JSAUOU

uuqj WHOZ

" f

Dh AJEls

UIJOJ

*J

.-2V,

p

jo

-njr,

pe 1:?.-^ conjunctive

SEH

ui form ^rt^^

pts

"SKS

lEip

q.sA

negative

i

"

plain form

sq.sA dnojs

p.-

i

•

'

•

•

•

s C06B0U

^ ^

e

non-past

dictionary

R:^

'

•

•

plain

jo

dnojs

form

•

3IduI3s

j3 jno mean

%

oj

uv

>

Usage notes

197

MOIaa

conditional

(when)

ijEip

I

I

form

aip

oj

(if) conditional

V

swim form

—

su!PJO>E

I

to

I

imperative

sSu

form 1

J

V V

write

pua

atu

to

I

T

I

I

I

I

volitional

Su form

causative

ppE

JIBM

pue

OJ

passive

form

mJOJ

(

h

passive

rt

form

^IEUOP~p

O

>

aqj

causative

ij

form

jo speak

J)

Eusl potential

(

i£\t

to

I

jsq

form

aqj

read

J)

H

slufAotlsJ

to UIJOJ

J)

I

Aq call

>^

* paclJOJ

conjunctive

to

I

I

AJ

I

X

s

J)

form

H

sq.sA

i

negative

plain

take

form

to dnoiS

sqJO>

in

jo

K3

non-past

dictionary

V

plain form

form

mJOJ

of

^

ending example

2.

(see

UIJOJ dictionary

meaning come

meaning

do entry

to

ass

under

~

_4-

to

verbs

the

am

ending

Usage notes

198

s

1 puE

-

WUJAIOAU

a/vp

jjad sajnjunjjs

JO

~

-sur:

.sqlo

aq,

J? OSIE

MUPEIdaJ

aiE

snonunus

aslp

puE

aqj

mjoj .UOPES-qo

SJOJ

s)

XJSOP

PCS

p Jyasq aqjjo

q.sA

^

35 se

Moqs

~ lEeg

ipns

s

aqj sulAsuaJ

SJSISP

sq.sA

supsllsj

puE

JanJOPPE

-smJOJ

guIAa SUEJJUI

oj jo patcJOJ

s!

3 lod

PCS

sqj3A

s! puE

sqsA

z

^

oj

2.

U^EId

s| ~ aqj

dnoJSJO

^>SSC2«

puE

>

SJSnbaJ

Co

jo

JO

Asqs

scljazv

asn sajou

N

OOP?

on

OJ lEdpuc

:l~

35

1 u

dnoj9

OS^E

zy alp

aqj

am

s

•

'

Usage notes

199

Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

)

Verbs that take a direct object (usually marked with with the particle are called transitive verbs or • 5J in Japanese. In the sentence 'I open the door' the door is on the receiving end of the action and is the direct object. This direct object is marked with the particle I

open the door =

Those verbs that do not take a direct object are called intransitive verbs or • in Japanese and take the particle

The door opens = Sometimes there are different forms of a Japanese verb headword, for example 'stop'.

/

In the sentence

lE

for the

stopped the car =

I

•

the direct object (the car)

case the transitive version of the verb

is

marked with the

'to stop*

•

is

no is

direct object

used.

and the

The word

particle

is

In the sentence 'the car stopped'

there

same English

.

In this

used.

•

intransitive version of the verb 'to stop'

for 'car'

In the English to Japanese section

is

marked with the

we have

tried to

particle

show the

.

difference between

and intransitive verbs in the wording of our translations or by giving examples. In the Japanese-English section of this dictionary the verb group (1,2 or 3) to mark transitive verbs and to mark intransitive verbs. If both is followed by uses are possible we have given both symbols. transitive

©

It

may be

@

that in a particular situation or construction a transitive verb does not use

or that an intransitive verb does not use particle 1) The marks are intended for general guidance. Where there are other particles commonly associated with a verb we have given them after the circled transitivity marker. It should be is used to indicate the space through which an action noted that the particle passes as well as to mark direct objects and that in conversational Japanese particles is not are often 'dropped'. This means that the presence or absence of the particle a wholly reliable guide to the transitivity of a verb. particle

many pairs of transitive and intransitive verbs which have different forms. of the most common pairs are shown in the table below. It may be that there are different English translations for the intransitive and transitive versions (such as

There are

Some

'turn on'

and

'be on')

•

Usage notes

200

meaning open

•

to close

•

to stop

•

to

attach, turn on, be

be

off,

intransitive

transitive

on

turn off

' •

•

•

•

•

•

to begin

•

•

to put in

•

•

to repair

•

•

to

change

• •

•

•

•

to continue to break to

•

•

^

wake

to lock to drop, to fall

to put out, to

•

•

go out

•

•

•

•

' •

i

Usage notes

201

Adjectives The notes that follow are designed to help learners to use this dictionary and thus reflect the way in which adjectives are most commonly taught. There are two main types of adjectives in Japanese. These are usually referred to as adjectives (which end with the hiragana for that sound) such as • 'difficult'

= this = this

adiemves such

and

as

/u

t

•

is

a difficult test

test is difficult

'kind'.

= that teacher is kind = she is a kind person

As can be seen rrom the example above will appear.

noun few •

The use of

as in

common

is

(^

•

adjectives that

' rude' and

for

•

it is

when

'

not necessarily the case that the hiragana

the adjective appears immediately before a 'kind person'. Note also that there are a

end with

such

I

as

'pretty/clean',

-

ID

famous'.

Many Japanese nouns can

function like adjectives by taking the particle for Some of these are given in this form in the dictionary and called adjectives. There are also many adjectives in English that become verbs in the present continuous form when translated into Japanese such as 'broken or 'fat' • •

example

'American*.

.

A conjugation

and

eiven below. Onlv the I adjectives which is given in a separate change their form. The only irregular adjective is chart below although there is only one consistent change in the stem for all inflected forms. As only the final of the I adjective changes the remainder is the 'stem' chart or

and we have referred

adjectives

to adjective 'stems' in

and

is

some of the main

shown

entries.

comparison but note that these and related forms is restricted to sentence endings it is shown in brackets. For discussion of plain and polite forms see the note on plain and polite style. In the chart the plain

polite styles are

for

charts are for guidance only and not exhaustive. As the use of

\T

f

.

•

•

•

•

Usage notes

r

i

202

type of adjective

meaning

'

big

old

plain style

quiet

,

f,

beautiful, clean

non-past

«^

polite style

non-past plain style negative

Op/

V

'^

\

J

\

'

f

\^

"T'

/

1

( ( / ( ( ( " (-

polite style

"T'

negative

1

*

plain style past

>^

polite style

past

a/

/

TP

\

r'

plain style

negative past

W V

,

\^

\

polite style

negative past

•

()

z5 'J

'0*

/«/

*

^

* •

\^

V

\

1*

form conjunctive

-

'a)

Z \

!" /

<^ "7"

1

9 /ffi1

conjunctive IJ*

adverbial

form conditional

negative conditional conditional negative

conditional

-7T-

+>

/d.

"^ ci 1

•

'<

,

'

0>

'

!^

>

( V

*1

V •

\^

( "

(

ta

1

/

'

Usage notes

203

the only irregular adjective

meaning

polite style non-past

plain style negative polite style negative

plain style past polite style past

plain style neeative past polite style negative past

conjunctive negative conjunctive adverbial

conditional

negative conditional

negative

'

good

plain style non-past

1^

good

conditional

conditional

c

•

•

•

Usage notes

204

Coming and Going 'go' from the viewpoint of the speaker. This means that sometimes translations between English and Japanese will use 'come' for 'go, and vice versa. Movement from the speaker's current position to another place will be described using Movement to the speaker's current position from another place will be described using \

Japanese use 'come' and

.

•

•

I'll

I'll

come come

(to (to

your house) tomorrow = your househomorrow =

•

•

In the first sentence the speaker is not in your house at the moment. In the second sentence the speaker is in your house.

Note that there are several possible words for 'come' and 'go' depending on the degree of politeness or relative status of individuals. These are listed in the note on respect language.

Verbs with the meaning 'come' and 'go can be attached to the form of another verb to indicate the direction of an action or the subject of the action's movement. •

=

I

will

(and

go and buy a newspaper

come

back)

go and post the letter (and then go somewhere else) = the population will increase =

I

will

(over a period or time)

= applications have decreased (over a period of time)

Compare the following two sentences •

•

= go home = return to the place where you are

now

Usage notes

205

Japanese grammar features parts of speech called particles or postpositions in English and in Japanese. •

These are placed after elements in a sentence to show the grammatical relationships and can be thought of as similar in function to English prepositions such as *to\ 'at\ 'from'

and

'by* etc.

There is also a group of particles which come at the end of sentences and which give an element of emphasis or emotional tone and distinguish male and female speech.

The functions of particles are such that it is not always possible to give a translation under the headword although we have tried to assist with possible equivalents. Note that in conversation sometimes particles are

Only the main uses of some of the most

common

Indicates the topic or a sentence.

left

out and must be inferred.

particles are listed here.

Can sometimes be translated

as

"as for"

Indicates emphasis or addition.

or

Can sometimes be translated by

"too"

"also**

Indicates possession or a sense of belonging.

translated 'of

'belonging

Can make nouns

to'

Sometimes can be

or 'about'

into adjectives.

Indicates the direct object of a verb. Indicates the grammatical subject of a sentence or clause.

Indicates the time or date of an action. Indicates the person

on the receiving end of an action. meaning 'give' and giver with verbs

Indicates the recipient with verbs

meaning

^receive'

Indicates the location of someone or something. Indicates the destination of a verb of motion. Indicates the direction or destination of travel. Indicates the tool, language or

mode

of transport used to complete

an action. Indicates the location of an action. Indicates the person with

whom an action is completed. Often

translated as "with". Joins

nouns

in a finite

Joins

nouns

in a

list

list.

which

Indicates the time or place "from*'.

is

incomplete.

where an action

starts.

Often translated as

Usage notes

206

Indicates the time or place

where an action

finishes.

Otten translated

as "until".

Indicates the time by

which an action must be completed. Often

translated as "by".

When added

to the

end of a statement

it

makes

it

into a question.

Indicates the starting point for a comparison. Often translated as

"than".

When added

to the

Added

end of a statement

to the

end of a statement

it

forms a tag question.

for emphasis.

••-

-

Aa an

a,

Not used

able

was about

dstermirwr in

adjective

•

Japanese.

'

be able to... = use the potential form of the verb or the dictionary form of the verb + 191 to be able to swim =

to

am

I

go out =

to

1 preposition

=

•

their

apartment

is

above the shop =

•

there

able to read hiragana =

is

'

a shelf above the door =

•

2 above

about Often about occurs in combinations with verbs, for example: bring about, run about etc. To find the correct translations for this

run etc. 1 preposition

adverb

=

•

noun to go abroad

a

=

'

absent

()

book about Japan = noun {way of speaking) =

tnis

=

{stressed part)

(a

left

verb

invitation)

about 40km from here = •

•

'

= •

is

gift,

=

=

have about 2000 yen

noun

{causing injury or damage) = car accident = {by chance)

•

I

heard about

=

3 adverb

' it

•

oy accident

accommodation

= (approximate times) We arrived at about 9 o'clock =

to look for

noun accommodation = •

•

accompany 4

to

be about

= form +

X

accent

2 adverb

Kyoto

'

•

tobeabsent=

accept

I

•

adjective

=

want some information about town =

I

abroad

type of verb, look up the

separate dictionary entries at bring,

it's

=

all

to

use verb in dictionary 191

to

verb

accompany someone = •

=

_

••

-•

account advise

208

|

have adapted

I

a bank or post

{in

=

life in

Japan =

•

there's

money

in

my bank

account =

ada •

•

' '

verb

(topunn)=

• (in

Q

arithmetic)

=

address noun

noun

_

=

=

•

•

accuse

Note

verb

=

I/T

•

admit

•

go across the

to

street =

.

verb

= I

across preposition

Japanese addresses do

j

be accused of cheating =

to

that

not usually include street names and are given in reverse order

(legal term)

•

to

office)

•

admitted that

"

I'd

money =

stolen the

a: •

•

to qo across a bridge = •

•

^ "

to

be admitted

•

(on the other side of) = •

he

lives

I

•

a journey across the desert =

•

to (the) hospital =

adolescent noun =

_

adopt

verb

(a child)

=

•

across the street =

aduli noun •

=

act

' '

•

(to

verb do something)

•

{to

play a

role)

=

activity noun =

•

Irreaimr kanji readina

•

(a positive point)

= •

to take

•

advantage of a someone = •

sports activities = •

to take

advantage of an opportunity =

actor noun =

•

adventure noun

actress noun =

=

' •

•

advertisement

actually adverb actually, he's a very

good tennis player

=

noun

job advertisements =

=

advertising noun =

what actually happened? =

advice

•

noun

=

adapt (Jo

advise

verb

become used tcf) =

•

verb

to politely offer

Japanese you can use of the verb +

the

advice in form 191

_ 209

aerial

I've

been advised not

to

go there =

again

|

air

adverb

= are vou aoing camping aaain this year?

•

= •

aerial noun preposition

= =

•

noun

I'm aaainst animal experimentation =

=

affect

verb

. •

=

age

•

=

the war

tourism =

will affect

noun

171

my age =

he's

• •

aged

afford

verb to be able to afford a car =

adjective

= •§

•

a boy aged 13 =

• •

ago afraid

adjective

=

be afraid = to be afraid of insects =

to

•

S

two weeks ago =

•

•

•

"

be afraid to go out =

to

adverb

•

long ago =

agree •

{to

•

verb

have the same opinion) = •

172

Africa noun

I

don't agree with you =

=

•

after •

1 preposition

=

{to

reach a decision) = I7

we'll leave after breakfast

e

=

noun

S the day after tomorrow = conjunction after

we had

eaten,

adverb to go on ahead =

e

we went for a walk

Aids

=

noun

=

aim

•

I

•

ahead

•

2

I

• •

went

in after the film

had

started =

1

noun =

•

2 verb •

aimed at = a magazine aimed •

3after

all

=

afternoon noun =

186

afterwards, afterward

•

(/afer)

=

•

=

•

to let the air out of a

{US English) adverb (a/ter)=

young women =

air noun

•

•

at

•

rubber ring = •

•

•

air

force

|

also

210

come

noun =

about nine,

at

all

riaht? =

•

•

airmail noun •

=

(when agreeing) =

•

to

send a

letter

almond

by airmail =

noun

=

•

almosi

adverb = almost everyone was Japanese

airport noun =

•

alarm clock

=

noun •

= I

ate almost

the cake =

all

noun

•

=

alive =

There

adjective

' ^ '

all 1 dstsrminsr

=

(Jor things)

")

or people) all

the people have

worked

alone

•

_

I

1 adjective

= went alone = •

_

day =

all

almost no opportunity to speak

•

=

left

is

Japanese =

I

•

•

be

to

2 pronoun leave

=

•

that's

all

all

alone =

me alone! =

2 adverb

=

work alone =

to •

3 adverb all

alone =

•

to live alone

=

to travel alone =

allow

verb

smoking

is

•

not allowed here = •

along

preposition

there are cherry trees blooming

along the river = all •

right

adiective

•

{when giving vour opinion) =

"

the film

was

aloud all

right

=

•

(when

all

= C"

="

about health)

talking

are vou

adverb

to read aloud

•

,

53C
adverb

=

right? =

it's

ten o'clock already =

•

•

(when asking someone's permission) is it all right if do it later? =

have you finished already? =

I

• •

also adverb = Use particle I'm also studying Japanese = I

inrormal situations

all

•

although

211

|

another

a

an ancestor

•

^205 conjunction

=

= although Gillian's not Japanese, she speaks Japanese very well =

and •

noun •

conjunction

[when connecting a

finite list of nouns) = use particle there is a pen and a pencil on the desk =

• •

•

Note word order /s English,

(when connecting an incomplete

but

the box there are photos and cards,

in

etc.

always

adverb = he always wears black clothes =

= •

•

a series of actions) =

{to join

• I

amazea

ate

and then

I

watched TV =

adjective •

=

^205

amazing

adjective

anger

=

noun

=

ambition

noun

=

•

a nary •

ambitious

adjective

angry = be angry with someone =

to get

adjective

=

to

•

• •

ambulance

noun

=

animal

•

America

172

noun

noun

=

=

American

•

ankle 172

noun

=

1 adjective

/

=

2 noun American person =

•

announcement

noun

noun

=

v

•

annoy

verb

=

amount 1

adjective

'

to

be annoyed with someone =

(quantity)

=

amount {oi

•

of water

money)

how much

is

the total

amount? =

determiner another = another cup of coffee? = •

• •

amusement arcade

noun

I'll

=

•

'

buy another

=

amusement park

list

of nouns) = use particle

different to

noun {different)

=

ticket

= •

-

_

•

answer anywhere

212

|

there's another

way

of doing

'

=

it

•

have you aot anv money? =

another person (one more) = (different) =

•

•

•

2 pronoun

•

would vou

like

there any juice left? =

is

(with the negative)

we

another? = t)

don't have any bread =

\(

•

have any friends =

didn't

I

answer 1

'

noun

a question)

(to

what

is

,

"b

•

-^X.

•

_

the answer? =

(whatever)

choose any book you

like

=

"5

_

•

alette

• x

2 pronoun

•

was no answer "he doo =

Note that any Japanese.

there

•

anyone

(on the phone) =

•

{in

is

pronoun

not translated

{also

in

anybody)

questions) =

•

||

•

is

2 verb to answer

there anyone there? = 7 •

•

a question =

(with the negative) =

there

isn't

anyone

in

•

the house =

la

•

answer the phone =

to •

•

_

answer back = \

_

•

answering machine =

(e e^yone)

=

•

anyone could do

•

it

=

•

noun

anvining •

pronoun = do you need anything? =

•

{with the negative) =

•

ant noun =

(jn

questions"}

I

•

•

antique

noun

(Western) = (Japanese) =

I

didn't

say anything =

(

( ^)

•

t

•

aa

there

noun

'

(Western) =

(Japanese) =

I

=

like

anything to do with sports =

•

then

I

started to get anxious = it

•

advero might be difficult but =

any •

{in is

'

anything to do here =

verything) =

•

adjective

isn't

questions)

there anv tea? =

anywhere •

•

(In

adverb

questions) =

let's try

anyway

_

==

9

••

••

apart

213

you go anywhere interesting

did

summer

in

|

argue

noun

the

electrical appliance(s) =

holidays? =

•

noun

•

application form(s) = •

•

= I'm not goina anvwhere tomorrow = {with the negative)

apply

'

verb appiv for a job =

to

I

f)

•

•

{any place) = we have time so you like =

to apply for a passport =

=b

we can go anywhere

appointment =

•

noun

•

=

apart ce verb appreciate your help =

1 adjective

=

•

want

don't

I

be apart from the

to

/

make an appointment with the dentist

to

•

children =

pproach

verb place or time") (a person) =

•

(a

2 apart from

=

•

!^

.

verb

=

aDarcmeni: noun

•

The boss approved my plan =

=

apartment block

"

noun •

=

apricot noun

verb =

-

•

apologised to the teacher =

I

April noun =

•

174 •

Aquarius ippear

verb

seem) she appears

noun

=

•

{to

to

noun

be happy =

= •

come

{to

into view)

have a good appetite =

apple

^

•

•

the area around here =

area code

noun (US English) = •

/

argue

•

•

(to

verb

quarrel) =

noun

=

to

noun =

{of a city) =

'

= to

noun

{of a country)

=

-—

•

area

argue about money = •

214

argument as |

•

discuss a subject) =

(to

around one o'clock =

arrive there at

I'll

an

argue about

to

politics

=

•

arrange

•

verb

Kyoto =

to arrange a trip to

arqument

noun

{quarrel) =

•

had an araument with

I

my mother

=

have lunch together =

to arranae to

('

•

•

{debate) =

•

Aries noun

arrest

=

=

•

arm

noun

=

mv arm

'

arrive =

•

hurts =

verb

verb

arrived at the station at

I

noon =

•

armchair

noun

=

arrow

armed

•

adjective

=

•

•

arms

•

•

jttts

army noun

•

=

•

'

art gallery noun

=

=

•

to join the

•

art noun

noun

=

noun (weapon) = (s3/mbo/) =

army =

\ \

/v

I

•

•

artificial adjective =

_ I

•

•

artist noun = Often around occurs

in

arts

combinations with verbs, for example: run around, turn around etc.

arts

To find the correct translations

for this type of verb, look

up

the

•

1 conjunction

turn etc.

•

= as you know,

1 preposition all

noun

crafts =

as

separate dictionary entries at run,

there are trees

and crafts

and

I

used

to live in

Japan =

around the garden = •

-

party the people around were speaking Japanese =

at the

me

—

•

{at the time

the

when) =

phone rang as was I

getting out of

the bath =

•

ao around the world =

to

I

•

2 adverb it

is

used

to live there as a child =

•

around 2000 yen = • •

(British English)

•

•

ashamed

215

{because, since) = as they were out,

' left

I

|

at

ask someone to do the shopping =

to

message =

a

ask them =

I'll

•

if

they are going to

come

•

•

{when used with the same) mine is the same as yours =

I

asked

mv

parents for

money

=

•

2 preposition I

went

to

Japan as an English teacher

ask to speak to someone =

to

=

•

•

ask a question =

to -

I

was dressed as Santa =

•

{to invite to

•

•

{somewhere

3 adverb

_

your own place) = _

_

_

else) =

•

|^

ask some friends to your party =

to

as white as snow = •

•

go there as

as you can =

fast

he asked her out = •

I

'

have as much money as him = •

4 as usual

=

ashamed

•

asleep

•

'

adjective

to

be asleep-

to

fall

asleep =

<^

•

assemble

noun

=

• look for information") = you ask about the tickets? =

adjective

=

ashes

(^to

did

verb {parts of a model, etc) =

•

-

noun

{people gathering) =

= •

Asia

noun

172

assignment

=

Asian

172

adjective

=

assisiam

=

2 noun Asian person =

•

he asked

(to

noun

=

.

me my name =

ask someone a favour) =

preposition

There are many verbs which involve the use ofai, like look at, laugh at. point at etc. For translations, look up the entries at

verb

(for information)

^

<

•

at

ask

noun

school assignment =

.

"

look, laugh, point etc. •

(when

talking

of action) =

about a position or place

= athlete

I

we met

-

216

attempt

concert =

at a

1 verb

•

saw her at the cinema =

I

_

"

form of verb

= Use

"

=

when

about a position or place

talking

of existence)

home =

she's at

+

197 2 noun

•

(

O

2

=

automatic

•

attend

verb to attend the village school = •

•

he's not at his desk =

to attend a lecture = • •

p

they're at the clinic =

attention noun

I

to

pay attention to the teacher =

•

{when

_

about time) =

talking

the film starts at nine o'clock =

attic noun •

~

(when talking about age) =

was

I

'

=

•

attitude noun =

•

he has a bad attitude =

able to read at four (years old)

•

•

verb

=

•

noun

adjective

=

=

•

•

audience =

noun =

{in Britain)

•

Auaust

the US)

aunt

174

noun

= {in

(

noun

•

noun

1

{one's own)

Atlantic noun the Atlantic

=

Ocean =

t

•

{someone

else's)

=

atmosphere •

au pair

(a

•

mood, a

Australia noun

feeling)

=

172 =

•

Australian

verb

l

=

1 adjective

= to

noun

=

= •

noun

{the air)

•

be attached

_

to the wall =

2 noun •

Australian people =

verb to attack a

town =

'

"b

•

to attack

someone

in

•

author

the street = •

=

noun •

automatic

adjective

= •

3

• •

•••

autumn

217

.

autumn =

in (the)

noun

autumn =

available

be

to

Osaka

•

^

away =

far

is

back

|

<^

40 km away =

adjective •

•

(on sale) tickets for the concert are

available

still

awful

=

• •

(free)

=

adjective

(no good) =

the film

•

was

awful =

are you available on Thursday? =

•

•

average

•

adjective •

awkward

the average teenager =

adjective {describing a situation, a problem) = pre form + 191

•

avoid

feel

I

verb (to prevent) to avoid spending

money =

' •

•

I

•

=

•

{causing shock) = feel awful =

(Jo

stay away from) =

to

be awake

awkward about

telling

him =

axe, ax (US English) noun =

adjective

{having slept) =

Bb

tostayawake= the neighbours kept

me awake

=

baby

'

•

babysit

verb

=

noun

=

noun

=

•

she got the award

for best actress =

back Often back occurs

in combinations exdmple: come back, get back, give back etc. To find the

with verbs, for

•

aware to

correct translations for this type of verb, look up the separate dictionary entries at come, get, give

adjective

be aware of the danaer=

etc.

noun

•

{part of the body)

away adverb '

=

to

•

'

my back hurts =

(absent)

be away =

li'

•

•

(behind)

she's

away on business =

=

to sit in the

back of the car = •

•

{when

talking

about distances)

<

_

s

•

back door bake |

•

(rear of) at the

'

I'm

= back of the supermarket =

bad

at

maths = •

'was the film good?'— 'not bad' =

•

2 adverb •

to

be back =

I'll

be back tomorrow =

•

•

smoking

is

bad

you =

for

(5

/

(before

back

in time)

in 1

995 =

•

back aoor

noun

about food) =

•

{when

•

(not kind, not honest) =

=

talking

bad =

to feel

(upbringing)

= •

=

[serious)

a bad accident =

•

•

•

•

{career history) =

(severe) = I

have a bad cold =

•

•

(3.

•

•

•

•

a picture)

(of

=

•

in

_

the background =

S

badger

noun

=

•

Jii

badly

noun

•

=

adverb

{not well) to think badly of

back seat

noun

=

someone =

f>

•

•

back to

she slept badly =

front adverb

•

=

•

to put a

sweater on back

to front

he did badly

in

the test =

•

(US English) adverb =

•

•

(seriously) I

=

was badiv

injured = •

=

bad

badminton

adjective

Note

= that the

Japanese prefer as "not good"

adjective •

baq

= • a bad person =

noun

=

rather than "bad"

I

\'

bad-tempered

to refer to things

abadidea = it was a bad idea

•

218

noun

—

{with fastener) =

•

to

come

have some bad news =

—— ……

here =

•

plastic

bag=

paper bag =

noun =

bake =

•

verb

•

•

baker

219

baker

noun

=

name

the

noun

work

=

bat

Note that the Japanese do not usually refer to their job title but just

•

bakery

|

or type of

company

they

for

•

noun

.

= to lose one's balance =

,

,

'

bar noun •

•

= bald

(a place)

= to a bar =

to

go

(a

piece of metal)

|

t

•

noun • .

= adjective

•

=

•

{on a

cage or window

abar=

ball noun

•

=

a bar of soap = a bar of chocolate =

=

to play ball

•

{other uses)

181

-

ballet noun

noun

=

barqain noun

noun =

=

•

ban

•

bark

verb

=

verb

-

•

baire noun =

•

band

•

=

bee )

{of wine o

=

noun

(of

•

0/7)

=

noun =

base

1 •

verb

•

based

bang

in

London =

•

noun {US English)

based on a true story = •

(a fringe)

noun

bangs =

•

=

2 verb close with a bang) = ('

•

{to

•

{to hurt)

=

•

to

•

basement

bang one's head on the wall =

noun

•

basicallv adverb =

•

•

basin noun

bank

=

noun

=

•

basket

•

bank account =

noun

=

noun

noun

•

bank holiday =

noun

is

noun a bank manager =

•

• •

=

bat noun

•

bank manager my mother

=

{British English)

{in

cricket or baseball)

(an animal)

=

(

=

„

• .

••

beach

bath

220

I

bath •

noun have a bath =

to

(when

am

I

he's

a lawyer =

warm

it's

not very

it's

raining =

=

-

=

•

+

{when describing the weather)

(a bathtub) •

bathroom •

title

the bath =

in

•

•

about jobs) = iob

talkina

noun

•

=

•

{when

{US English)

Use

{the toilet)

ao

to

about experiences)

talking

form of the verb describe

the

bathroom =

to the

to

experiences

•

noun {for

a torch etc.) =

(for

a car) =

'

191 never been to Tokyo =

I've

•

battle noun =

•

•

bay

have you ever been

noun

=

to

Japan? =

• •

be

verb

There is no exact equivalent of this verb in Japanese.

{when describing) adjective or

noun

is intelligent

+

how

about health)

talking

are

you? =

isv

I'm well =

Note that you can usually use

he

{when

•

how is your mother?

=

isv

= (in

continuous tenses)

•

Use I

am

tall

a

girl

197

•

it's

it's

form of the verb

the

=

I'm reading

=

=

.

•

it

Monday =

was snowing = •

it's I

= 18 years old =

late

am

is

(in

questions and short answers) = use

•

•

my

playing =

he •

205

particle

feet are cold =

it's

hot, isn't it? =

•

{when talking about location) {of people and animals) there are 3 pupils in the classroom =

(become) = he'll be famous = •

•

(of things)

the dictionary

is

{makina a request) please be quiet! = •

on the table =

noun

•

=

•

• -

.

I

•

beak before

221

|

become

go to the beach =

to

beak =

'-

.

become

to

cold =

noun

bed

noun

'

=

'

noun

= 2 verb =

go

to

to

bed =

bedroom

noun

=

•

•

can't bear

I

adult =

•

bear 1

become an

to

noun

bean =

verb

=

-

Japanese people tend

=

it

to

say

rather than

-

beard

noun

bee

=

beav {to

verb win against) =

(

•

(

noun

=

beer

noun

= Scotland beat England two

nil

=

•

roast beef =

beer •

noun

{the product)

= •

beat up =

•

was beaten up yesterday

I

(a glass of beer)

=

=

•

1 preposition

beautiful

= • before the holidays =

adjective

= beautiful

girl

•

=

the day before yesterday =

•

the day before the

beautiful place =

exam =

•

2

beauty

noun

adjective

=

=

•

the

week before =

'

because the day before =

1 conjunction

3 adverb

=

=

Note

that

wora order

is

different to

.

two months before =

English. Note that there are also

other ways of expressing cause effect in I

was

and

have you been

Japanese.

late

for

school

because

I

I

to Paris before? =

•

overslept =

4

conjunction I'd like

2 because of = I

didn't

go because

to

see him before

I

go = l\<^

•

of the rain = I'd

like to

see him before he goes =

=

beg

I

•

best

222

(to

•

beg

be a member •

verb

=

noun

•

=

beggar

of)

belong to a club =

to

•

noun

preposition

=

-'

=

•

the kitchen

begin

verb (something starts) =

is

below

my room

=

/

• •

(to start

something)

to begin

working =

•

belt noun =

•

=

noun =

bend

•

1 verb

noun (relating to time)

=

an action) = the beginning of May =

(relating to at

lean, to

• •

•

to

•

the beginning of the race =

'

move,

to

make crooked) =

•

bend one's knees =

.

e

2 noun = to bend down =

•

preposition

verb I

=

behaved badly =

•

preposition

•

=

behave

behaviour (British English). behavior {US English) noun =

'

behind = I

' me

is sitting

This isn used as much Japanese as in English

=

't

=

2

do one's best =

•

•

the best hoiel

13

•

adjective

=

verb

-

in

•

to

=

believe

^^^

best

172

noun

me =

sea =

to live beside the

•

Belgium

beside

•

preposition

looked behind

•

he

yourself! =

in

town = •

bell noun •

{in

a church)

best friend = the best thing to do would be to •

= •

•

{on a door or bicycle)

him =

= •

belong •

{to

verb be the property of)

that

book belongs

to

me

3 adverb = •

I

like

tennis best = •

phone

•

.

223

better

{in

he

is

a restaurant)

=

1 adjective

me =

better at sports than

black

|

•

could

we have

the

bill

please? = •

•

{in

the weather

is

aoing to aet better = •

a hotel)

=

•

{US English) (money)

I

was

ill

but

now

I'm better =

=

•

189

•

—

1000 yen

bill

=

•

noun

2 adverb

=

we'd better go =

bin noun

•

(

British English)

=

•

biology noun 1 preposition

=

=

•

•

between the post office and the flower shop there is a bank =

bird noun =

•

biro® noun

{British English)

= •

birth noun

beyona

= date of

preposition

=

•

birth

=

•

tJ21 birthday noun

beyond the village =

=

bicycle noun =

•

Happy

birthday! =

• •

biq •

adjective

(large)

189

=

•

big party =

noun

(British tnaiish)

=

bigcar=

•

big parcel =

(a small quantity office, bread,

^^

string, etc)

(area) = big garden =

•

•

2a

•

book =

a

'

•

(motorbike) = bill •

bit

odd =

biie verb =

noun

to bite one's nails =

{general household)

bitter

=

gas

bit {British English)

=

•

bike noun =

•

bill

=

=

•

= telephone bill = electricity

bill

wood,

•

•

(heavy, thick) = big

=

there's a bit of rice =

-

room =

big •

bit 1 noun

•

•

'

black =

adjective •

adjective

'

=

•

blackboard

blood test =

noun =

•

•

blade •

••

224

boil

I

blood-type noun

noun

.

=

=

sword)

{of a knife, a

blame

=

=

1 verb

blow

2 noun blame =

•

(if it's the wind) = the wind blows =

•

{to

•

[if it's

•

is

better to express this using

"responsibility" or "fault"

blank

adjective {describing a page) =

() ()

•

(describing a cassette) =

'

•

blow one's nose)

.

blue =

a light bulb) =

adjective

blush

s

verb

=

noun =

'

'

verb

to take the

It

•

noun

'

•

.

board

blaze noun =

bleed

noun (a piece of wood) a board =

•

{for

verb

•

=

•

to

1 •

have a nose bleed =

games)

a board

=

•

•

blind

(a

blackboard)

=

adjective

• •

2 verb

=

•

to

2 noun

board a ship =

•

a blind =

3onboard=

•

blister noun =

•

noun

block 1 •

=

noun (a building)

"

a block of apartments = •

(a

group of houses) Not used

boast

Japan. Japanese use

(a large piece) a block =

blond, blonde = I

•

have blond

hair =

•

my

=

noun

body

noun

(

=

•

a dead body =

{if it's

a person boiling something) water =

to boil

•

•

.

blood =

noun

-

boil verb •

older sister's blonde =

Japan

•

boat

adjective

in

verb

=

in

abroad may •

Extremely unusual

to boil

an egg =

•

•

boiled

225

•

water, milk) =

{If it's

the water

is

was born

•

j

egg

|

bottom

February =

in

boiling =

•

•

I

was born

vegetables) =

{if it's

'

=

verb

•

=

boiler noun

to

=

bomb

boss

{from the

=

air)

both dsterminsr both are blonde =

be blownup) =

{to

noun

=

•

•

borrow some money from someone =

noun

= 2 verb •

=

•

boiled egg noun

1

in Italy

•

bone

noun

=

both

•

noun

2 pronoun

book 1

=

noun

•

you are both wrong, both of vou are wrong =

=

2

came =

Brian

•

a car) =

{in

Anne and

(British Enalish)

verb •

= to

•

book a room =

•&

verb

-

•

this fliaht is fullv

•

booked =

{to

take the trouble)

don't •

•

noun

go

-

any bother =

to

upset) =

(to worfy, to •

=

•

•

{in polite

apologies)

I'm sorry to bother you, but... =

=

•

booi

noun

'

noun

•

{worn on the =

•

{British English)

feet)

=

bottle-opener noun =

(of a car)

•

bottom

=

'

noun = to cross

1

noun

•

{the lowest part) the bottom of the mountain =

..

an international border =

_

•

•

the bottom of the page =

adjective

' •

=

boring

the bottom of the lake = adjective

=

•

born to

-..

adjective

be born =

(at the

lowest level)

bottom of the class = •

===

= = =

•

bound breath

226

I

•

brandy

189

(part of the body)

=

2

noun

=

brave

adjective the bottom drawer =

adjective

= •

•

bound: it's

bread

to be bound to verb to create problems =

=

bound

break

•

1

verb

•

(JobedamagecP)the chair broke =

•

crack or smash) = to break an egg =

bow** noun •

(a knot)

= •

noun

(a

=

•

.

•

weapon)

bow2

•

verb

(Jo

•

J

'

(bones)

to break one's leg =

=

bowl

•

•

noun

I

broke

my arm =

= •

(for rice)

•

•

bowling

not keep)

{to

to break a

noun

=

•

promise =

•

box

to break the rules =

noun

.

= cardboard box) = ( •

—

•

2 noun ^Tft' •

a break (a short rest)

boxing

noun

{at

=

•

school) =

•

=

boy

to take a

noun

=

break =

'

•

•

boyfriend noun

(a holiday)

break down

=

a machine) =

•

(// it's

•

break in (to be broken

bra noun =

bracelet noun =

into)

=

•

braid noun (US

English) •

=

•

break up (^couple)to break up with someone = •

brain noun •

=

•

brake

noun

=

=

'

to

noun {of tree) {of

= brand

hotels

-

= •

new computer =

noun = to

car)

Zs

breast noun

adjective

•

(new

=2

formal word which

company) =

brand-new

' '

•

have breakfast

•

•

be out of breath =

is

often

/\ more used in

•

'

Britain noun

to hold one's breath = -

breathe

verb = to breathe in =

•

'

to breathe out =

brush

172

/'S also

•

British

used

172

1 adjective

= •

2 noun person =

noun

=

broad

•

=

adjective

=

brick noun

•

broadcast

•

verb

=

briae noun

•

live

=

broadcast =

•

bridegroom =

noun

'

brochure

•

=

brief

broke •

adjective

'

Not usually used with colours {describing this

room

is

light)

=

=

adjective

=

•

bronze

noun

=

brother Remember there are two for family members

sets of

words

. '

to get brighter =

•

broken

not very bright =

•

{intelligent)

adjective

=

adjective

=

bright

noun

=

bridge noun

•

|

=

British

breeze

•

•

breathe

227

1

noun

(own older brother) = own youngsr brothet) =

(your (yo

•

{someone

else's older brother) = •

brilliant adjective {used

for emphasis")

{someone =

bring •

verb to bring =

•

(to

be accompanied by) =

^204

•

I

brought =

my younger sister to the party •

bring back = I

'

brought back

'

else's

younger brother) = •

'

brother-in-law noun =

+

word

^ brother

brown •

177

for brother

adjective

in colour) brown eyes =

brush 1 •

some souvenirs =

noun (for hair, clothes or s/"?oes)

toothbrush = •

(Jor

•

sweeping up)

=

bring up = to

brinauDachild= •

• •

{for painting) [for pictures)

=

(/or walls etc.)

•

=

=

•

bucket

2

butter

228

I

2 noun

verb to brush one's hair = 77

<

a burn =

burst

•

to brush one's teeth =

•

verb a balloon or pipe) =

•

{if it's

'

-

noun

burst into

=

to burst into tears =

build

verb

burst out

=

•

to burst out laughing =

house =

to build a

bury

noun

_

verb

=

=

•

bus

(oificeslapartments)

noun

=

bully verb =

bus driver

bump

business

•

bump •

(to hit)

•

(to

'

=

verb to bump one's head = into

•

= meet) =

noun

{commercial =

go

to

•

to

noun

activities)

Tokyo on business = •

a bunch of flowers =

'

I

•

•

•

a bunch of keys =

burger

company)

(a

=

a bunch of grapes =

noun

(when protecting one's phvacv) it's none of your business = •

=

'

burglar noun =

bus station

burglar alarm noun =

noun

=

•

•

bus stop

noun

=

•

busy

burglary noun we had a burglary =

adjective

=

but

•

conjunction

=

'

burn 1 verb •

(to

to

•

destroy, to get rid of)

•

•

^ however

burn oneself =

•

(to

good but expensive

There are a number or other expressions similar in meaning.

to burn one's finger =

•

is

=

burn rubbish =

(to injure)

to

that restaurant

be on

fire)

=

{when cooking)

' •

butcher =

noun •

butter noun =

229

butterfly

|

call

butterfly noun =

Cc

noun =

buy

verb

=

•

to

buy a present

•

bv •

preposition

someone) =

(

cab

(using)

noun

=

cabbage

'

=

noun

'

cable car

(on one's own)

by oneself = •

(for

=

cafe =

= use particle to travel by bus =

<

•

cake

noun

noun

noun

{western style) =

we went there by

to

bicycle =

— pay by

{Japanese 189

•

cake shop

credit card =

=

style)

{Japanese

•

noun =

style)

•

{western style) = to

W

•

•

book by phone = •

•

noun

(as a result of) I

=

passed the exam by studying hard

•

noun

Note word order = =

'

calf noun • •

{the animal)

= •

(bes/c/e)=

•

{part of the leg)

=

by the sea =

•

{indicating the author or painter) = use

205 a book by Soseki Natsume = particle

call verb • (to name)

to

say

'I'm

called Michiko

you should say or to be more formal

Tanaka',

•

you can say a song by

The Beatles = her boyfriend

•

{when

talking

is

called Michael =

D

about time)

= by next Thursday =

•

•

it's

{with I

passive verbs) =

was

bitten

called

hako

in

Japanese = •

|

by a dog =

somebody

•

e cases) by chance = by mis ke = one by one =

called

Tanaka telephoned

=

(0

•

-

•

•

•

(to call

out

{to))

=

•

=

=

_=

_

=

•

•

calm can

230

I

the teacher

is

calling

he can't sleep when

us =

hot =

it's

•

{to

(

phone) = who's calling? =

•

to)

form of the verb

•

•

know how

= use the potential 191 Note that there are a number of other

to call the register {British Enalish)

^

structures

which

.

also express

potential such as using the

t)

dictionary form of the verb + •

{to

get

to

come) =

•

to call the doctor =

•

•

she can swim =

wake) = (to pay a visit) called yesterday = (to

•

'

•

he can't drive yet = •

I

'

•

back come back) =

call •

(to

•

(Jo

can you speak French? = •

7 I

phone bac

call

up {American

•

Enalish) =

See and hear have two potential forms depending on 191 context.

{seeing, hearing)

•

calm 1 adjective

=

(

•

calmdown=

camcorder

can read hiragana =

•

=

(when

(

involuntary)

C3nSGG=

•

can h63r= can see mountains from '

•

my

I

room.

noun

=

camera

noun

[for taking (in

I

•

(when effort is required) can see = can hear = you can see Kabuki theatre to Japan =

a studio, for videos) •

•

camp 1

•

noun a

can hear music =

photos) =

summer camp =

2 verb to

if

you go

•

go camping = I

campsite

noun

bought a radio so now

news every

I

can hear the

night =

=

can'' verb • {to have the

—

= use the 191 potential form of the verb Note that there are a number of

.

possibility)

I

other structures which also express potential such as using the dictionary form of the verb +

can you come? =

where can

I

(

•

•

can understand Japanese = •

<>

buy stamps? =

•

when

aivina and receving permission, offering or suggesting)

form of the verb 197 can we borrow your car? = = use the

•

+

•

'

can^

231

can

can

help you?

I

(in

the capital of Japan =

is

_

smoke? =

I

Tokyo

a shop) =

•

2

•

adjective capital letter =

you can use a dictionary =

.

noun

'

=

•

•

{when refusing permission) C form of the verb + 197 you can't put san after your own name =

car =

= use the

noun

caravan

noun

{British English)

=

card

•

•

(Jor

noun

sending

to

someone)

= •

you can't use a dictionary = •

•

can^

_

playing games) = to play cards = {business card) = (for

•

care

noun

=

carnival I

1

noun

•

(to

•

take care) =

172

oun =

to take care

Canadian

172

when crossing

the street

=

1 adjective

•

=

2 noun

•

=

to take care of

someone = •

•

canal

noun

=

2 verb

• I

cancel

verb

don't

care=

to care

about the environment =

=

cancer =

noun

career

•

=

careful

candv

noun

=

noun

adjective

noun {US English)

to

noun

please be careful =

be careful =

•

=

canoe =

•

can-opener

careless

•

canteen

car ferry

noun

'

cap

noun

= baseball cap =

capital

carnival noun •

{British English)

(a festival)

•

noun =

•

{US English) (a

•

noun

=

•

= 1

adjective

=

=

=

noun

=

fair)

(

==

car park

|

=

car park

noun

cat noun

(British English)

=

=

•

carpet

catch

noun

=

•

=

'

verb

capture)

{to

. •

carry

verb hold) =

(to

(to

•

{to I

heavy things =

can't carry

I

take hold of) = pinch, to stick) caught my finger

•

' •

to catch a fish =

carrot noun

•

••

232

cause

in

•

the door =

•

•

(, baggage L

move)

(to

i

•

to carry the

my ft =

caught on the thorns =

shirt got

I

• •

carry on = carry (something)

•

on=

(

)

(to get)

•

=

• I

cartoon

to catch the train =

noun

=

•

•

•

[pictures]

•

(animation) =

easel

jp

•

, case conjunction

•

{to

take

by

surprise)

'

=

•

to catch a pupil shoplifting =

= I

•

was running

•

took

my

umbrella just

in

case =

•

to get

case^

noun

•

=

(to

caught =

become

with)

ill

to catch flu =

•

cash noun

to catch a cold =

= I

•

•

don't have

any cash = •

pay

to

in

cash =

•

(

to catch fire =

catch up to catch up

(with

someone) =

•

•

2 verb =

•

cash dispenser =

noun

ATM This

caterpillar noun =

•

cathedral noun is

pronounced

Note that there are a number of terms in use, but this is perhaps the most general.

cassette

=

•

Catholic

adjective

(

=

•

cauliflower noun

noun

=

=

cassette player

noun

=

cause

verb

=

•

•

The

causative form of the verb can often

castle noun =

)( •

115

be used

191

=

-

cautious

233

I

the storm

cause damage =

will

a leisure centre = •

{the middle)

=

has caused us a

it

lot

•

change

of problems =

•

5

the centre of Sapporo =

(

•

centurv

•

noun

= it's

going to cause delavs =

<^

certain

•

adjective

=

•

(particular) =

=

•

cave

certainlv adverb

noun

=

=

•

CD

chain

noun

CD

CD =

adjective

(definite)

cautious

=

•


This

is

•

chair noun

player noun CD

This

is

=

pronounced

•

chalk =

champagne

•

=

noun

=

ceiling noun

celebrate

noun

=

pronounced

champion

•

someone's birthday =

to celebrate

noun

=

verb

noun

= tennis

champion =

{when

talking

•

celery noun

noun

=

•

cell noun

about a

possibility)

•

is a chance Osaka =

there

= •

in

that she'll get a job

cellar noun =

•

cello noun

•

180

=

•

cement

to

=

cemetery

•

•

adjective

degrees centigrade =

111

•

centimetre {British English), centimeter {US English) noun =

181

central heating noun = {British English),

{US Enalish) noun (a

=

place

-

•

have a chance

to

meet people =

noun

=

thirty

(an opportunity)

=

noun

for activities,

by chance =

1

noun

•

=

•

[cash)

•

small change = {money returned) =

•

•

•

189

2 verb • {to become = this

meetings)

.

change

different, to

make different)

•

town has changed a

lot

=

o

_

changing room I've

|

changed my mind = •

•

=

.

•

'

234

chase

;^

verb

=

•

chase away =

replace, exchange) =

{to

=

checkout

•

-

change a

to

tyre =

chat 1 verb

•

change a

to

colour

shirt for a different

=

=

2 noun

•

chat up

'

change

to

189

=

•

dollars into

yen =

"2

cheap

{British English)

=

adjective

•

•

= to change places with (to switch")

•

{not expensive) it's

•

cheap =

someone = the bus

is

•

'

cheaper =

_

•

•

she keeps changing channels = •

(of

poor

=

quality)

I

•

verb •

{when

=

about one's clothes) to get changed = talking

•

_

{when using transport) =

1 vsrb •

(to

make

sure) =

•

changing room =

you should check whether

noun

it's

true =

•

( •

noun = •

(to

Inspect (tickets))

Channel

noun (English) Channel =

'

•

our tickets weren't checked =

•

chapter =

noun

•

charge 1 verb

=

'

for the

=

•

(US English) (a cheque) =

-.

•

check in = check out =

•

there's

noun {US English)

no charge = =

-

in

(a bill)

to to

(a price, a fee)

'

{US English) =

breakaae = (a

2 noun

3

•

•

to charge

•

2 noun

charge =

•

check-in noun =

to

be

in

charge of the money = •

charmina =

{in

a shop) =

(in

a hotel) =

checkout time

adjective •

- -.. is

11:00 =

=

• •

' •

•

•

|

child noun

•

=

noun

it's

cheeky

(

adjective

=

cheerful

adjective

chilly

=

chimney

noun

=

adjective

chin noun

=

cheese

=

noun

China

=

chef

172

noun

=

noun

•

chips noun

=

chemiST {in

•

noun

{in

{British English)

{French =

a shop)

= •

'

chilly

=

•

•

a laboratory)

(crisps)

chemist's shop =

=

chemistry =

noun

noun =

•

cheque

fries)

{US English)

=

noun

choice

{British English)

noun

=

=

•

•

to write a

cheque

for

£50 =

I

had no choice =

-

cheque book

noun

=

{British Enalish)

'

chess =

•

{church)

•

{choral music) =

I

•

verb

was choking

with the

smoke = •

noun

'

chest =

choir noun

choke

cherry tree noun =

•

•

cherry noun =

I

choked on the

rice

cake =

noun

•

vero

= =

2

c

cheek Christmas

235

adjective •

chew

(

noun

isg

=

noun

verb

(housework) = •

chewing gum

(other work) =

noun

=

Christian =

{the bird)

= •

{the

]d

•

•

=

=


meat)

• = year of the chicken =

(

-

name

=

Christmas =

•

adjective

noun

noun

• -

Christmas Eve

clear

|

236

Merry Christmas!, Happy Christmas!

•

=

(a social group)

'

=

Christmas Eve

•

classical music noun

noun

=

=

Christmas tree =

classmate

=

classroom

cider noun

'

noun

=

=

clean

ciqar noun

;

1 adjective

=

•

=>

noun

=

noun

e

(not dirty) =

my hands

noun

are clean =

•

•

=

•

cinema

noun

(British English)

=

•

(rtouse) =

'

=

to clean a

= =

'

o town)

(of a city

'

clear

•

1 adjective

city noun =

•

{easy

to

understand, making sense) = •

city centre

center

'

shoes) = to have a jacket cleaned = (teeth,

=

noun

•

room =

•

circus noun

{of a country)

{not polluted) =

2 verb

•

circle noun

•

f

keep the house clean =

to

cigarette lighter noun

•

•

noun

{British English),

that clear? =

is

city

(us English) noun •

=

{obvious) =

•

•

it

civilized

adjective

is

clear that everyone

is

dissatisfied

=

= • •

civil =

servant

CI3P

verb

noun

•

•

(easy to see or hs3r. distinct) a clear voice = clear writing =

=

•

•

180

Dun

•

{with

no

rain or cloud)

=

=

(3«

•

class noun •

•

(a

a

dear day =

•

group of students)

=

2

(a lesson)

•

=

•

history class = •

verb empty, to remove from) to clear the table = {to

•

=

=

••

•

237

clever

snow =

to clear the •

•

coach

the shop closes at noon =

rain)

(if it's

clever

|

•

the door closed =

adjective

ntelligent)

=

• •

down = closed adjective close

clever at mathematics =

(eyes) = {doors, windows) =

•

Cliff noun = •

'

climate =

(buildings) =

noun

cloth noun •

(

climb •

•

verb to climb (up) a tree =

(

{material)

=

•

(Jor

cissning or dustincf) =

'

ki

noun mountain =

to climb a

=

•

•

to put

to climb over a wall =

on one's clothes =

•

to take off one's clothes

•

•

higher) =

(to rise

=

• •

Climbing noun =

he had no clothes on =

•

•

cloua

Clinic noun

=

=

•

cloakroom {for coats) {toilet)

clock

/

noun

noun =

=

=

\

more

polite

word is

club noun •= a tennis club =

noun

be

to

=

after

1 adjective •

the station

close =

is

•

•

2 adverb living

/

b

close (by) =

come closer = close^ verb {to

{doors, windows)

<^

(in

an investigation)

•

{/n

•

a crossword)

=

clumsy

adjective

=

•

•

1

noun

•

(a bus)

(British English)

=

•

(of a = 2 verb •

•

be closed)

{buildings, doors, •

b

close something)

{eyes) = (to

name

(a nightclub)

=

f>

f

to

to the

clue noun •

'"

(as a friend or relation) =

be

activities, the suffix

=

the house close to the school? =

to

For

school club

sport

•

•

a club =

can be added

(near) =

is

in

•

close^ •

'

noun

windows) =

train) •

(

of the

'

coach

station

|

colour

238

noun

•-

the soup

'

=

•

_

IIA

•

2 noun •

•

=

•

coast

{the lack of heat)

'

=

coal noun

•

(common =

noun

=

coax

noun

illness)

verb a building, a chair) =

•

{if it's

•

getting cold =

long distance coaches) =

{for

•

is

•

=

a wall)-

(Jf it's

.

{of an animal)

=

collar noun •

coat hanger

noun

=

•

ijor

a peV)

—

=

noun =

(on a shirt or jsckst)

=

•

cock

noun

=

•

collect

•

cocoa

noun

_

•

•

noun

{to

verb gather or

=

make

a collection of) =

•

to collect the exercise

books =

noun •

= I

cod

stamps =

collect

noun

•

=

—

cofree noun =

would you

like

a coffee?

•

{to

take away) =

•

to collect the rubbish = •

coffee machine noun = (a set)

coin noun

=

•

=

(monev

ten yen coin =

=

collected) •

noun

_

noun

=

=

to

•

•

go

to college, to

be

at college

cold

•

1 adjective •

(air it's

temperature) = very cold =

{British English),

•

1

•

it's

cold

in

=

the classroom =

it's

{food, drink)

to

'

is

the car? =

going to get cold = •

•

'

what colour

•

color

{US English) noun

go cold =

2

verb to colour the

drawings •

(in)

=

|

=

=

=

(

=

•

(

•

come

comb

come

verb

come =

'

(to enter)

•

(if it's

•

the tide's coming

204

I

in

=

•

=

off

=

•

come on

to Paris with

us =

work) =

^

•

(to start to

•

{when encouraging someone)

come

'

•

on! =

•

come on

•

to I

train)

•

•

come

•

a plane, a

come

she's coming today =

please

•

in

•

one's hair = •

to

•

come back home =

to

= 2 verb

•

=

first

•

noun

to

a contest)

come

come

I

come around ^ come round come back =

comb 1

(in

to

came by

bike =

•

come

•

come and

•

see! =

{to I

•

coming! =

I'm

come

to {US English) on to someone =

•

out

leave a place) =

saw him as came

.

«

out of the shop =

I

ifT •

the bus

is

coming? = •

•

(to

become a

{if it's

available) •

film)

when you come

please be careful down the stairs =

•

•

(/fit's

a book) =

(if it's

a photo)

come

the photo didn't

come through

to

the city centre = •

• •

(Jo call

around) =

left

lights

•

=

attend)

will

•

come round

I

•

ovisi

•

(after fainting)

=

•

you be able to come to the meeting?

=

come

to

•

the

came

{to

fire)

to the traffic

•

{to

smoke,

windows =

when you come

•

•

{if it's

there are flames coming out of the

•

reach)

{to

turn

out =

•

be a

bill

to

7500 yen =

native or a product of)

come from

Britain

=

•

•

Note

that you

how much does

could also

it

say '

the strawberries =

all

come up

come from Spain •

(to

be discussed)

I

[

-•

colourful

colourful {British English) colorful (US English) adjective

I I

=

•

•

239

•

"in informal situations

come

to? =

comfortable to

come up

compliment

|

240

conversation =

in

compare France with

to

Italy

=

•

•

(Jf it's

the surf) =

comfortable •

.

am

I

always compared =

adjective

•

compass

a bed) =

(// it's

my

older

•

a chair) =

(// it's

to

sister

noun

=

competition

are you comfortable? =

• •

elaxed)=

•

•

noun

=

•

between

competition schools =

•

there's

the

>

(having enough money) =

•

•

comforter =

•

comic

•

noun (US English)

•

competitive

•

commercial =

(

•

2 noun =

adjective

{person) =

1 adjective

•

{situation)

( =

complain

•

commit

—

a drawina competition =

strip noun

=

to

(a contest)

=

^^

verb

=

verb

commit a crime =

to

•

complain about the food =

•

to

commit suicide =

complete

common

=

=

•

it

communicate =

•

noun

2

=

•

(a course)

group of actors)

company =

_

•

(to finish

(other people) to

verb (a form)

•

theatre •

complete waste of time =

this is a

business)

= (a

noun

•

company •

(

•

a complete disaster =

•

community

(a

was

enb •

=

•

(

1 adjective

adjective

something) =

•

keep someone company =

completely

"

adverb

•

= to

keep bad company =

complicate

•

verb

=

•

•

complicated

comoanv secretary =

compare =

•

verb

adjective

=

noun

•

compliment 1

noun =

•

•

(

•

•

comprehensive conscious

241

2

|

you can qo on condition back by 1 o'clock =

verb to

compliment someone =

that you're

•

comprehensive

noun

.

{British

English)

comprehensive school =

"5

•

condom

noun

=

noun

Note that the Japanese education system does not follow this pattern. 185

compulsory =

(

adjective

f

•

compulsory education =

=

•

conference =

noun

•

confidence _

• •

=

noun

•

(trust)

•

have confidence

to

computer

someone =

in

noun

=

computer game {the

confident

noun

•

(the software) =

computer proqrammer =

adjective

= she's a confident person =

game) = noun

•

7^

confidential

computer scientist

noun

=

= •

adjective •

confiscate

verb

=

computer studies

•

noun

noun

=

=

=

to get

•

concert

•

:onfused

verb

adjective

confused =

noun

:ongratulate

=

verb

=

concert

•

hall noun

189

=

noun

concrete

noun

=

=

condemn to

(also

exclamation)

connection

verb

condemn

=

to death =

it •

noun

•

has no connection with the

strike

condition 1

•

noun = •

a terrible condition =

conscientious

adjective

=

•

•

the engine

is in

good condition =

2 on condition that =

conscious •

(aware) =

•

{after

adjective

an operation) =

• •

•

=

==

construct

|

construct =

242

^

noun

verb

= two-year contract = •

•

consult

•-

cook

verb

•

=

•

verb 1

noun to be

in

contact with

-

2

someone =

•

(cteny)

someone =

-

to lose contact with

= =

•

noun =

•

/

noun

contribute

verb

=

•

contact lens

verb

•

(tog/Vemoney)=

•

to contribute to a discussion =

•

noun

=

I

•

verb

=

•

suaar =

this contains

{of a situation)

•

be

to

content

control =

in

<s

•

adjective

2 verb

=

{country, organisation) = .

contents

noun

=

(to regulate")

=

•

•

contest

noun

convenient

=

•

(a large

mass

of land)

()'

(

noun =

adjective

(useful, practical)

it's

more convenient

to take the

bus =

•

{British English)

{Europe)

•

=

I

quilt noun

—

(suitable) it's

{British it's

Enqlish)

=

=

a convenient place to

not convenient for

meet =

me

• •

verb to continue = to continue

noun

•

=

something =

to

•

have a conversation =

•

to continue to talk, to continue talkina

=

•

•

convince

verb

= adjective

=

1 verb

•

continuous

effort

•

cook

= 7

•

(to

prepare food)

•

to

=

•

cook a meal = •

=

7

•

••

cooker cough

243

|

cook

to

=

rice

noun

•

I

= •

be cooked in

{to

the oven) =

•

corner

•

•

2 noun

noun

{of a street, a building)

=

=

.

the shop on the corner =

COOKer

noun

(British Enalish)

•

=

to

cookie

go around the corner =

noun {US English)

•

=

•

(in football)

=

noun =

correct

-

1 adjective

do the cookina =

to

=

•

that

cool •

{air

adjective

is

correct = •

temperature) =

"^

correct •

answer

•

i£

2 verb it's

=

cool today =

{drinks) a cool drink =

•

=

•

•

noun

'

{calm) =

(

{fashionable) =

•

(re/axec/)

•

(to

•

{to

=

•

•

•

cool

•

correction noun

•

=

cost

verb

how much does it

will

cost a

it

of

lot

cost? =

money

\

=

•

down

•

get colder) =

.

calm down) =

it

.

cost a

lot

of

money

•

cooperate

costume

verb

•

(to

I

•

•

cope •

noun

=

=

cosy

verb

manage) =

can't

cope with

cosy room =

•

this job

=

adjective {British English)

cot noun

{British English)

=

'

cottage

noun

=

noun

copy 1

•

noun

{the material)

=

= 2 verb = to

noun

=

•

{the thread)

= •

copy

in

an exam =

•

cotton wool noun =

•

noun

copy down, copy out = =

cork =

noun

cough =

verb

{British English)

•

could

I

could •

•

courageous

244

(when implying that something did not happen) she could have passed if she'd studied more =

verb

- use the past 191 potential form of the verb Note that there are a number of other structures which also express potential such as using the dictionary form of the verb +

. .

{had the

I

ability)

•

(when indicatina a possibility) could be wrong = b

move =

couldn't

"

I

•

•

he couldn't sleep well

•

for

weeks = a bike could be useful =

•

{knew how to) = use the past potential form of the verb 191 Note that

I

number of other

there are a structures

(when asking, offering or suggesting) speak to Nobumi? =

could

which

•

also express

could you take a message? =

potential such as using the

'

dictionary form of the verb +

I

couldn't speak

•

we

Japanese =

he couldn't type =

could ask John =

verb

=

•

•

count on he couldn't read hiraqana =

to

count on someone = •

•

•

counter

See and hear hsve two potential forms depending on 191 context.

{seeing, hearing)

{when I

I

I

country •

involuntary)

,

could see =

could see mountains from =

my

•

noun

'

(the countryside)

=

• <>

•

to live in the country =

room.

•

countrvside =

•

I

(a state)

=

•

could hear =

noun

=

couldn't hear the teacher's voice =

couple •

noun

•

noun

a couple of days

'

(two days) = •

{when I

I

effort is

(a

required)

could see =

t)

• •

few days) =

|

{two people)

=

( mam.ed) =

could hear =

•

•

noun •

I

could understand a

little

Japanese =

=

•

(

adjective

•

=

•

(

f

=

"

course

245

course 1 •

criticize

damaged) =

(to

get

(Jo

get broken) =

noun (a series of lessons or lectures)

=

=

•

cramp

•

(part of a meal) = main course = 2 of course = of course not = •

noun

=

crash 1

+ negative

court noun {of law)

=

•

-

a Japanese course =

•

|

'

noun

= carcrash= 2 verb to crash into a tree =

•

jM

• •

to

go

to court =

the plane crashed = •

•

{for

playing sports)

crayon court case noun =

crazy 177

else's)

=

cover 1 verb •

to

adjective (insane person) =

•

Dun (one's own) =

(someone

noun

=

cover = is covered

the car

(idea)

'

in

mud

cream

noun

=

create

to create

•

'

verb

=

=

employment =

<_

•

credit noun

2 noun •

(acactem/'c) =

(a lid)

•

•

=

quilt)

cricket noun

(a blanket)

= •

.

a cushion, a

{for

=

.

credit card noun

=

=

'

{on a book, a magazine, an exercise

book)

=

cow

'

noun

=

1

•

noun =

•

=

'

noun

=

crisps noun adjective

•

crisis noun

=

cozy

(

2 adjective •

cowboy

noun

=

criminal

noun =

crime

cozy room =

(British English)

=

{US English) t

critical adjective

(

(person) =

crab

noun

=

crack •

(to

—'

verb

damaae) =

.

^J

•

)

llness) =

criticize verb =

•

•

h

•••

crocodile

curry

|

246

crocodile noun

cruise noun =

=

crooked

verb

=

=

line

•

crush

adjective

noun the picture

is

crooked =

= •

cry

•

'

1 verb

cross

=

1 verb •

{to

2 noun

go across)

=

to cross the road =

•

cucumber

•

to

•

=

cross an international border =

cuddle

•

noun

verb

=

&

to cross a bridge =

•

culprit noun =

•

e uses) to cross one's legs = (0

our

adjective

=

•

culture noun

crossed =

letters

•

cultural

=

•

•

cunning 2 noun • •

=

{Xmark)=U-D {Christian

symbol) =

7?)

•

cup •

3

adjective

adjective

=

(

(

•

= cross out =

to get cross

•

noun

——

= a cup of coffee =

(

•

•

{in

sport)

=

noun

crossroads

=

noun

=

•

curb

•

crossword puzzle

noun (US Enallsh)

=

noun

•

cure

crow

1 verb

noun

=

=

•

2 noun •

(a larae

•

=

crowds of people =

=

I

adjective

have curly

hair

•

=

»

noun

currency

•

adjective

=

•

(

=

noun •

foreign currency =

curry noun

cruelty noun =

curly

•

crown

•

•

{watching a game)

=

cruel

•

adjective

=

•

=

number of people)

•

=

•

=

. •

•

curtain

247

|

dangerous

curtain noun =

Dd

draw the curtains =

to

•

noun {on

floor)

=

custard

dad, Dad noun noun

(one's own) =

(British English)

{someone

=

custom

else's)

177

=

noun

=

Japanese children

•

customer =

their father

noun

•

customs

will

address

as

or

daffodil noun

noun

=

.

'

•

(on sofa)

=

•

•

daisy noun

go through customs =

to

=

•

•

customs

damage

officer noun

=

1 verb

•

cut

•

to

damage =

to

be damaged =

1 verb

=

•

to cut

an apple

in half

=

'

'

to cut one's fingers =

'

have one's

to •

2 noun ry

hair cut =

harm) can damage your health =

(to

f

•

2 noun =

s •

•

damp

adjective

=

•

1 verb

adjective

=

=

CV

the

•

it

•

cut up =

was damaged by

=

•

"ar

cut down = cut out to cut a photo out of a maaazine =

cute

the buildina

2 noun noun

=

=

dancer

cycle

verb to cycle to school

noun

= In

•

= to

go cycling =

danaer

noun =

.

= she

noun •

is in

danaer =

cyclist noun

•

=

cynical =

aajective

adjective •

=

•

(3»

fire

dare

|

dare I

decaffeinated

248 the next day, the day after =

verb

didn't dare to

say =

•

the day before =

•

dark 1 adjective •

{lacking light) = it

has got dark =

'

=

adjective

=

•

dead = he

{describing a colour, clothes) I

•

dazzling

•

•

•

daylight noun

always wear dark coloured clothes =

adjective •

is

dead =

-

deaf

adjective

•

'

darkblue= •

=

(describing a person's character) =

2 noun =

=

•

(in

174 noun

=

•

is

=

'

.

deal with =

today? =

un

1

(someone

.

1 adjective

Not used

in

Japanese

the letter

and

it

is

else's)

=

else's)

•

(expensive) =

death

=

•

•

=

.

noun

'

death penalty at

=

=

•

day

noun one day = what day is

debt •

' it

noun

•

debate

•

dawn =

ili

2 exclamation oh dear! =

177

•

noun

=

finished with

•

(your own) =

dawn

letters.

Usually a general greeting such as without the addressee's name, is used at the beginning of

/7

daughter-in-law noun {someone

problem =

dear

a friend)

own) =

•

to deal with a

•

(yo

•

cards =

to deal the

ao out on a date with someone =

to

business) =

•

what date

(with

money =

noun

2 verb

a calendar)

(in

a great deal of

1 •

•

darts noun

•

'

deal

•

date

(with a friend) =

•

•

noun

sm

noun

= •

today? =

to

be

in

debt =

•

daytime = we had a very nice day = •

noun = •

decaffeinated =

adjective

•

•

249

deceive

deceive

verb

nothing

=

definite

is

=

|

denim

(

•

December noun

174

decide

verb

= I

()

(

{obvious, visible) =

•

=

definitely adverb

•

=

decided to go =

•

they're definitely lying =

•

noun =

coming =

I'm definitely

make

to

•

a decision =

'definitely!'-

deck

degree

noun

•

= •

=

•

'

verb {with ornaments) = 5 {with wallpaper or pain

•

{in

measurements)

deep

•

how deep

is

'

1 verb

•

=

=

=

is

adjective

=

deliberately adverb the lake? =

=

He the hole

•

2 noun

adjective

=

•

delay

•

=

•

{from a university)

=

decorate

U

noun

=

noun

•

t\

^204

•

three metres

deep =

did

it

deliberately =

delicious

adjective

= •

aeer

delighted

'

noun

=

adjective

= I

defeat

delighted to receive a present =

was

1 verb

to defeat

»178

an enemy =

deliver

•

was defeated =

the team

f

verb

=

•

to deliver

newspapers =

• •

to deliver mail =

^ noun =

• •

defence {British English), defense (us English) noun •

=

•

verb

= =

•

(/ega/)=

•

•

verb

demolish

verb

definite

demana

•

=

{military, sport)

be delivered =

=

(m/7/'fa/y)=

(sport)

to

=

•

adjective •

•

demonstration

(

denim =

(

adjective

noun

•

•

dictionary

dentist |

250

noun =

•

deny =

noun

=

destroy •

verb

= t)

f

=

•

•

aeiail noun

noun

=

•

ao

to

into details

depend on someone =

detective noun =

depends on you =

•

private detective =

•

•

depressed

adiective

=

detective story noun =

•

•

determined depressing

adjective

=

noun

=

adjective

= to

•

depth

•

be determined =

verb

develop

•

verb

= •

development =

•

description noun =

=

desert noun

=

dialling

•

deserve design

is

designed

for a hot climate

'

=

•

•

(a subject of study)

(fashion) design =

[for

personal thoughts)

= •

2 noun

noun

diary noun

fashion)

to design clothes =

•

diamond

•

house

=

(British English) •

=

verb (top/an) =

{in

noun

dialling tone {British English), dial tone {US English) noun

•

this

code

=

verb

=

.

noun

dial verb

•

=

noun

•

aiaqram

•

become a doctor

•

= please descibe what happened =

•

to

•

describe

•

=

verb

•

it

•

dessert

•

department store

depend

adjective

=

a firm) = • {in a large store) = shoe department = (in

to

•

desperate

noun

a school) = a university) =

noun

=

•

{in

•

desk

verb

department

{in

(a pattern)

=

•

•

(for

appointments)

= IT

•

dice noun =

'

dictionary noun =

.

=

•

251

die

directions

I

"

Note that an English-Japanese dictionary

called a

is

have

I

concentrating =

difficulty

•

and a Japanese-English dictionary

. As

in

called a Chinese characters are is

used

dictionary which translates Chinese characters into English

' verb

•

dig up

up are necessary. •

A

dim

'

adjective

=

•

(describing a

•

(describing a room) =

light)

verb

a more po//te expression /'s < he died at the age of 65 =

=

to die of

diner noun {US

cancer =

dinghy = tR—

noun

dining

room

= Ijjsed for emphasis) I'm dying to

{at

I'm dying to

Jl^

go

English)

'

noun •

dinner noun

go on holiday = •

'

'

=

-

•

•

what was buried)

(to find

=

is

called a

•

=

Japanese, separate dictionaries

for looking these

die

diq

home) =

{at a restaurant)

•

IS

also

=

used .

dinner's ready! =

to the toilet =

• •

dip

verb

(food) =

diet noun

direct

{way of eating) =

(

1 adjective {to

to

=

lose weight) =

go on a

diet =

verb

•

{when talking about directions) could you direct me to the station?

difference noun = I

•

2

•

can't

tell

the difference = •

•

(in

cinema or

won't

make any

'

theatre")

to direct a film = it

•

difference = •

to direct a play =

•

<5r

•

different =

direction noun

adjective

=

•

Note

that ^otl

is

is this

a verb

•

the right direction? = •

difficult adjective =

they were going =

•

Japanese

is

not difficult =

in

•

'

difficult to

=

•

get along with =

difficulty noun

the other direction

t

noun to give

,

someone

directions = •

=

director to ask

|

someone

252

for directions

=

discipline noun =

•

disco noun •

disconnect

•

(of a

noun

= •

(of a film or play)

= •

•

dishonest

=

company)

=

verb

•

adjective

•

{disheartened)

dirt noun

be discouraged =

to

=

•

'

dirty 1 adjective

=

•

to get dirty =

2 verb

•

discover

verb

= •

discovery noun =

•

discrimination noun

=

•

disabled

=

•

adjective

a disabled person =

verb {talk about) = to talk about a trip =

7

•

When

a person has a disability, it is more usual in Japanese to refer to it specifically rather than use the general word which means a registered disabled person.

'

•

(discuss seriously) 5

i

Bffl

to discuss politics

= •

noun

_ =

i

5

•

disagree

noun

verb

-

= I

C

•

5

fflffl

•

disease

disagree =

noun

=

•

•

disappear =

verb 1

•

disappoint

adjective

2

=

ig

^,

(

(

=

•

-

noun

(

adjective

T'

(food) = •

'

dish noun •

(food)

=

disapprove of someone's behaviour •

=

(ng

=

verb

=

as a police

=

•

disapprove

verb to disguise oneself

adiective

disappointment

to

wear a disauise =

to

=

disappointed

=

noun =

verb

= to

•

wash

the dishes =

•

•

disaster noun =

•

adjective

=

.

'

officer

F

•

•

dishwasher do

253

|

dishwasher

noun

adjective

=

=

dive

dislike verb = I

verb

=

•

dislike

•

him =

•

go diving =

to

divide

dismiss

'

verb

(awor/cer)=

'

verb

arithmetic) =

•

{in

•

(fos are) =

3

•

divinq board noun

adjective

=

=

•

'

•

divorce

disobey to

verb

1

disobey the teacher =

noun =

2 verb

•

=

-

Cm

/

•

•

Dl\ noun

display noun

=

•

aizzy disqualify

do

verb

=

verb

=

(

.

distance in

to

=

•

dissatisfied

verb

Note that do or its related forms are not used when forming tenses 191 as they are in English.

•

disrupt

=

adjective

to feel dizzy =

=

=

(British English)

(

adjective •

noun

to

do the cooking =

to

do one's homework = •

—

the distance =

_

_

what has she done •

keep one's distance =

/

to her hair?

please do as you're told =

=

•

distinct •

(easy

•

(definite)

adjective

to see, to hear)

(

=

=

distinguish =

('

(in

verb •

to distinguish

between

truth

and

lies

=

questions, negatives) Questions

can be made in Japanese by adding particle to the end of any statement. To make negative statements, change the final verb 191 a negative form. do you like cats? =

to

•

I

verb

=

don't like cats = •

•

someone from workina =

to distract

I

didn't

do anything = •

•

please don't go =

listribute verb =

• •

{in

The particle

verb

=

short answers

•

tag question.

and tag questions) can be used as a

dock double bed

254

I

he

{PhD) =

London, doesn't he? =

lives in

Note

•

that

used to address a doctor and can be added to family names. is

•

Yuko

didn't

_

phone, did she? =

Doctor Takahashi = •

document

•

noun

= 'do you like strawberries?'— 'yes,

I

do'

=

noun

= •

'I

.

•

documentary aog

love chocolate'— 'so do

it?'

'

•

'mav

I

sit

did'

I

noun

=

=

•

i

year of the dog =

' -

•

'who wrote

I!'

=

•

=

down?'— 'yes, please

•

doll noun noun =

dolphin noun =

do'

dominoes

noun

=

•

donkey

be enough) = ten pounds will do = {to

doughnut

•

[to

noun

=

door

perform)

noun

=

he did well =

=

{sliding door)

•

doorbell noun

he did badly =

=

dormitory [British English)

dose

•

•

1 adjective

do with computers =

has nothina

!^

•

to

do with him =

()

(

an amount)

•

[of

•

when aivina a number) three double five {British English) =

•

it

noun

=

(house)do with to

•

a university or school)

(in

(dress) =

it's

noun

=

(buttons) = (laces) =

'

•

•

do up

.

(

• •

do without = Ub/'cCU I

-

can do without a television =

L

2 verb =

•

the population doubled =

• •

dock

noun

double bass

=

noun

=

double bed

noun {medical) =

= •

noun

180

•

••

double-decker draw

255

|

double-decker

noun

=

to

go downstairs = •

•

double room =

Note unusual

that these are

in

Japan.

dozen

doubt

=

noun

a

1

no doubt that he

there's

boxes downstairs =

to take the

noun

' noun

dozen

181

•

draft noun (US

{to

dragon

come =

'

dough

•

•

she'll

if

verb

=

suspect) =

noun year of the dragon =

•

=

•

drag

doubt

I

noun

•

•

(if it's

=

down down occurs

•

=

dramatic

in

drapes

translations for this type of verb, look up the separate dictionary

draught

entries afcalm,

let,

slow

is

2 adverb she's down

=

down

in

•

•

pen or pencil) = draw a rabbit =

to

draw a

picture =

to

draw a

line

{with a

•

-

=

X?

' •

{to pull)

to

draw the curtains =

(to

take out)

•

•

draw a

to

•

climb down) = descend a slope) =

•

•

•

{in

to

{people) =

•

-

•

adverb •

knife =

•

down

downstairs

to

the stairs =

'

= {the sun) = (prices)

=

(British English)

the cellar =

go down

(things)

•

noun

1 verb

•

fall

{British English)

draw hill

•

{to

(

=

•

to

noun

=

the street =

he ran down the

the office

•

noun {US English)

draughts

down

adjective

=

etc.

1 preposition

•

noun

combinations with verbs, for example: calm down, let down, slow down etc. To find the correct

to walk

J!S

water)

drama

=

Often

•

verb {when cooking) =

to drain (away) =

noun

(to

/

drain

(US English)

to

Enalish)

=

•

2 verb

U

bottles of beer =

innocent =

is

•

a lottery)

draw a

ticket

=

•

|e-6n •

(British English) (/n

sport) =

•

=

==

•

.

drawer drop

256

|

•

winter

drawing near =

is

to

a hole =

drill

•

•

drink ^ noun •

=

•

•

a

{in

2.

lottery)

a drink of water =

•

draw back

1 •

•

draw up draw up a

list

=

7K

•

drive

draw back the curtains =

to

•

noun =

= to

'

verb

sport)

{in

TP

verb {in a car)

•

to learn to drive =

•

•

I

_

work =<^

drive to

noun •

=

•

to drive

noun = 7u

dreaa

•

verb

•

=

•

dreadful

=

2 noun

'

•

have a dream =

= to

•

dress

for a drive

= 2 verb • {to put one's

"5

•

a car) =

•

(/n

•

0 c/73se awa

_ )

=

t>

"

\

=

own

clothes on) =

-a:

•

driver's license {US English). driving licence {British English) noun

•

put clothes on someone) =

=

drizzle noun

•

=

dress up •

(in

good

•

(in

a disguise)

drop

clothes) =

'

1 •

'

verb {to

come down)

•

=

IS

•

'

•

the temperature has dropped =

dressed up as a clown =

gown

•

•

(to let fall)

=

•

she dropped her suitcase =

noun

=

'

•

drill

2

=

away

driver noun

noun

{to

go

drive

verb

=

T

7

•

noun

I

someone mad =

•

to

•

make)

adjective

=

1

{to

to drive

dream 1

someone home =

•

noun

•

= '

2 noun

verb

•

(to fall)

(a fall)

=

a drop

temperature =

in

•

drought

'

a drop

t

=

=

•

257

the washing

is

dry =

,

|

dump z

•

prices =

in

a dry day = (of liquid)

=

2 verb

•

drop

in

{in air)

he dropped

in to

see

me

=

I

J

=

to dry the

•

'

washina =

•

(with a towel)

drop

I'll

tomorrow =

in

=

n

to dry oneself =

' t

•

•

he dried his hands =

drop off =

•

please drop

me

•

off at the station?

to dry the dishes = •

drop out

{using heat) =

to

drop out of school =

to

drop out of a race =

"b

I

dried

my

•

•

hair:

•

duck •

noun =

noun =

2 verb =

•

due

verb

=

1

•

drug 1 •

due to = yesterday's

noun

to

{for illegal

game was

use)

= to

cancelled due

bad weather = •

use drugs = '

•

(Jor

^

'

med/cs/ use)

=

•

drugs =

to take

•

^

adjective

(expected) the train

^ verb

drug addict

•

noun

180

= to play

_

drums =

•

{describing a person or book) =

•

{describing a colour) =

•

{describing the weather) =

'

'

dumb

adjective

•

{unable

•

{stupid)

speak)

to

adjective

=

•

dump

dry

1 verb

adjective

=

two o'clock =

dull adjective

noun

=

'I

(in) at

someone = •

drunk

due

•

to drug

drum

is

•

=

•

•

during

|

r

'

east

258

each other pronoun

2 noun =

= they

•

during

preposition

=

•

know each

other =

•

(

during the

•

summer =

we

each other every year =

write to

•

dust 1

•

noun =

eager

2 verb =

dustbin noun =

<_

<_

dustman

•

noun

•

eagle

:

(British English)

t_

adjective

=

•

noun

=

ear noun

(British English)

=

•

early

1 adjective

noun =

auty •

=

•

2 adverb

noun

=

(a task, part of one's job)

,

•

to get

=

'

up early =

\

•

to take

up one's duties =

early in the

morning =

•

•

{of a soldier, a nurse)

to arrive early

be on duty = {what one must do)

to •

=

'

•

earn

•

it's

=

•

my duty =

I

verb earn a lot of

money

= •

•

(a tax)

how much do you earn?

customs duties =

dye

•

verb

= to

=

•

•

dye one's

hair

•

=

earring noun (for

pierced ears) =

(c//p-on)=

earth noun •

{the planet)

=

Ee

•

•

(so/7)

=

•

easily adverb •

=

each

east

1 determiner

1

•

in

car,

the east of Japan = •

•

each of them has a

noun =

each time 2 pronoun each of the students = they each have

2 adverb to go east =

•

a car = •

3 adjective =

'

-,'

\

i.

',

i

•

• •

259

Easter either |

work

to

east London =

in

to get a

good education =

•

•

Easter

-

noun

=

effect noun =

•

not generally celebrated {British English)

Easter holiday =

easy

(

it's

easy

•

to fix =

'

•

effective

Japan

efficient

(

adjective

=

adjective

=

•

effort noun

(

adjective

=

in

=

•

make an

to

=

effort

•

it's

egg

not easy to find work here =

noun

=

•

•

=

easy

= verb in pre

to

form

+

ISI eat

(on

its

own) =

171.

181.

186

{with a counter) =

verb

eight

=

books =

•

[soup) =

•

I've

There are various honorific and humble ways of expressing this verb

189

eighteen number

echo

171

181'

•

eighteenth number

•

•

noun

got eight

=

eatout=

EC

. ' (•

eiaht number

(in

a series) =

(/n

dates)

•

EU •

noun

w-

174

the eighteenth of August =

=

•

economic

adjective

=

•

economics

(

•

{in

noun

=

a series) =

•

(g) •

•

economy

eighth number

{in

noun

,4

aates)

=

•

the eighth of August =

= •

edge •

•

'

noun

{of a road, table,

=

'

eiqhty number

an obiect)

the edge of the lake = at the edge of the town =

=

171.

181

•

conjunction |

they're

coming on

either

Tuesday or

Wednesday = verb •

= I

•

was educated

in

Paris = I

didn't contact either

Helen or Paul = •

noun =

•

=

•

=

_ -•

elbow emperor

260

I

2 pronoun either one

•

OK

is

=

174

dates)

[In

=

•

May =

the eleventh of I

know

don't

either =

1

3 dstsrminsr either =

do

it

there

nothing else =

(

•

•

(object) = •

eldest

(topic)

•

everythina else =

adjective

(

f

•

2 or else

eldest daughter = eldest son =

elect

'

something else

adjective

=

be quiet or else

•

b

I'll

get anary =

verb

elsewhere

•

=

adverb

=

election noun

•

embarrassed

•

=

win an election =

electric

(

adjective

=

•

=

=

in

•

an emeraency =

adjective

•

emergency

•

electronic oraaniser =

•

emiqrate adjective

verb

=

=

•

elephant

exit noun

=

-

elegant

noun

=

•

electronic

•

emergency

electricity noun =

noun

=

•

adjective

•

embassy

noun

adjective

•

embarrassing

emotion

noun

noun

=

•

•

elevator noun (US

emotional English)

•

=

adjective

{describing a scene or

momenf) = (7^

•

eleven number =

•

a series) =

"

171,

181

186

•

{describina a person)

i

eleventh number {in

-^

•

=

•

(

what else did he say? = adjective

elderly

=

(

•

=

to

is

noun

=

elder

=

person) =

either =

•

elbow

else

{additional person) =

f:?

(different

do

can't

adverb

someone

don't want to

4 adverb I

..

else

•

I

<_

•

•

()

emoeror = (of

(

noun •

Japan) -

•

=

=

•

employ enough

261

|

employ

eneraetic

verb

=

employed

be employed (taken on) =

to

'

•

eneray

adjective

noun

=

•

am

I

=

•

enaaaed =

to get

•

be enaaaed =

to

noun

•

•

depending on the institution which people work

"

•

for

{describing a

noun {company) = {individual) = A more formal word for written Japanese is

/

{British English)

(describina a phone) =

There are various terms

employer

"^

adjective

working for Sony =

employee

(

adjective

=

•

engine

toilet)

=

b

noun

=

•

noun =

'

employment =

empty

noun

noun

1

72

=

English ^172 1 adjective

1 adjective

()

(container) =

()

•

(house) = the room is empty (no people) =

=

2 noun

•

•

{the people)

= •

•

=

encourage =

{the

language)

=

'

2 verb

enjoy •

verb

I

•

end

verb

= enjoy fishing =

(to like)

•

did

1

noun

•

{the final part)

= • atthe end of the film = •

at the

end of May =

VOU enjoy your

•

{the furthest part)

2

= verb

•

(to

•

(to

come to an end) put an end to) =

to

end the war =

trip?

=

•

•

{to

have a good

time)

to enjoy oneself =

'

enjoyable =

the end =

in

•

•

enormous

•

'

adjective

=

(

adjective •

•

determiner • I

•

don't have

enough money = •

• I

endina

have enough time =

noun •

(story)

enemv =

ira

'

noun

there's

enough room

for

everyone = •

=

enquire

=

|

=

•

•

euro

|

262

2 adverb

week's episode of "Friends" =

last

enough

not usually translated

is

•

^^^^

good enough? = he's not old enough (by is

it

(incident) =

•

= equal opportunities = •

had enough =

enquire

•

verb

2

•

I'll

(

1 adjective

•

=

.

equal

3 pronoun have you had enough? = I've

episode =

final

law) =

enquire about the price =

verb six plus four equals ten = •

•

enquiry noun

equality noun

=

=

enter

verb into)

•

(to

go

•

(Jo

take part

=

•

•

=

in)

•

to enter a competition

(ac//en {at

=

{in

=

•

home)

an

{for

an

noun

'.

office,

a laboratory, a factory)

activity)

=

•

•

eraser noun

adjective

=

'

•

entertainment

escalator noun

noun

=

(organised) =

enthusiasm =

•

equipment

verb

entertainina =

noun =

•

entertain

•

gender equality =

•

(

enthusiastic =

entrance =

escape

noun adjective

' •

the entrance to the

I

(

noun

(to

verb gef away) =

•

escaped from prison = •

•

(to

museum =

avoid)

•

escape death =

to •

adverb

•

=

noun =

essav

•

environment =

noun •

essential

envy 1

noun

•

ethnic

adjective

ethnic minority =

verb =

•

episode

noun

{of story)

episode

•

adjective

=

=

2

noun

U3yapupil) = {by a student)

1

=

•

cU

European Union

euro

noun

=

( '

-

263

Europe =

noun

—

_

=

.

Europe exam |

172

,

have you ever been

European Union

Japan =

•

172

adjective

to

hardly ever ao there =

I

noun •

=

•

evacuate

verb

=

•

"

(always)

he's as lazv as ever =

•

•

even^ 1 •

adverb {when expressing surprise) = didn't even phone =

every

e

I

even work

at

dstsrminsr

Often not translated. Sometimes t 181 + countsr can be used.

I

every day = every time meet her = •

weekends =

I

• •

•

{in comparisons) = it's even colder today =

every second day, every other dav = •

two out of every three people =

•

•

2 even thouah = or use

t

everyone 197

form of verb +

he's bored even though he has lots of

pronoun

{also

everybody) =

Note that on more

•

formal occasions everyone else =

toys =

is

used.

( ,

•

everything

even^ •

•

(

adjective

(

{flat,

smooth) =

[when talking aoout numbers) even number =

=

pronoun

•

adverb

"

=

•

evidence

186

noun =

at eight o'clock in the

evening =

'

everywhere else = place + everywhere except that place

noun

piece of evidence = to give evidence = -

•

to

spend the evening

at

home =

evil adjective =

•

•

exaci this

evening =

=

noun

•

adverb

•

exaggerate

verb

=

•

•

exam

ever {at

•

adverb

=

=

•

=

exactly

eventually adverb any time)

noun

=

•

pass an exam =

to

Not usually translated •

no-one

will

ever

know =

to take •

•

(

adjective

an exam =

-

=

• '

examine explanation

264

|

examine

exit noun

verb

=

(a candidate)

=

•

expect

{inspect) =

•

•

(a patient)

{to

verb

be prepared

for

somethina bad) =

• •

bad news =

I'm expecting

example =

noun

•

for

example =

{general expectation) =

•

adjective

.

expect to win =

I

= •

except

preposition

=

=

{to wait for)

I'm expecting visitors =

• •

except apples =

all

• (to

exchange

+

verb

= to

want) = use verb in the form for your own expectations

and

•

exchange money =

form

+

for

reporting those of other people

197

•

exchange rate

I

noun

expect you to arrive by

five

= •

=

•

excited

my boss

adjective

=

expects

me

to

do overtime =

•

•

exciting

adjective

expenses

=

exclude

•

be excluded from school =

to

expensive =

•

excuse 1

noun

=

verb

experience

noun

• •

make excuses =

to

experienced

•§

^ verb =

1

•

fit)

•

verb = •

= •

_

do exercise =

to take exercise, to

expert

noun

=

computer expert =

•

(a

noun =

^

exercise noun keep

•

experiment

excuse me! = (to

adjective

=

•

•

noun

=

=

•

adjective

•

piece of work)

=

•

exercise book

explain noun

verb

= •

=

exhausted

to explain a rule to

=

•

exhibition noun =

tion noun •

!^

someone = •

adjective

=

•

265

' —

=

exploit = =

eve shadow

=

export

•

enb

m

••

explode

verb

=

=

.

=

noun

•

have good eyesight =

to

noun

fair

noun

_ •

|

•

verb

=

•

express

Ff

1 verb

=

•

2 adverb to

send a

letter

express =

face

•

1

expression

noun =

noun

•

make

to

=

a face =

^

^

•

expression =

facial

2 verb

•

express train

•

noun

=

have

{to

to

deal with) =

~ •

•

extinct

adjective

I

them again =

can't face seeing

{describing an animal)

'

extinct volcano =

•

•

extra

(

1 adjective

= an extra bed =

•

fact 1

noun

2

in

=

2 adverb to

look toward{s))

(to

my room faces tne sea =

7

Day extra =

•

•

fact =

•

factory noun

extraordinary =

•

extreme

=

•

extremely

adverb

•

fade

verb {if it's a colour) =

adjective

=

fail verb = to

=

fail

.

failure noun

{a

noun

'

eyelash

-

/

person)

{in

•

exam) =

•

faint verb

noun

eyelid noun

(

^

{an event, an attempt) =

are blue =

•

=

"b

noun

my eyes

=

•

an exam =

•

eye =

(

adjective

=

•

fair 1 adjective •

ijust)

=

•

-

fairly

'

fare

not

it's

•

|

fair

=

colour)

{in

=

fair hair

false teeth noun =

•

{British English)

familiar

adjective

=

•

•

rare in

Japan

(a display of

family noun

goods)

(

=

(trade) fair

{your own) =

(someone

fairly adverb = have

to

someone) =

(

(

adjective

=

'

•

fall 1 verb • (ifit'saperson =

come down,

(to

to

be reduced) =

pop

•

{of a

•

(for cooling)

star,

fall fall

to

asleep = ill =

an

actor, a sport)

'

•

(hand-held) =

fancy dress party

-

English)

=

noun

(British

adjective

•

=

•

someone =

love with

fall in

•

=

(electrical)

(other uses) to

•

adjective

•

to

•

ran noun

•

faithful

jj

else's)

=

faith (in

189

177 .

(

famous

faith noun

•

X

•

(a funfair)

•

•

true or false? =

= •

adjective

(facts)

•

2 noun •

false

.

skin =

fair

266

•

far 7^

•

1

adverb

•

how far is

it

to

London? =

2 noun •

•

= {US English) {autumn) = •

•

how

Tokyo from London? =

far is

•

down

fall •

•

=

•

off =

fall

to

fall

chair-

-

out (from somewhere) =

fall •

the letter

we went

•

off a

fell

out of

.

my

pocket =

as

far

as the coast = •

2

adjective

=

•

at the far side of the

room =

•

•

•

3 so

quarrel)

(to

fall

over

a person) = (Jf it's a thing) = fall through = {if it's

5

far =

fare noun

'

' •

{on a bus, a train or the underground) •

= {on a plane) =

•

•

•

•

267

farm

farm

=

tot *y73

not

it's

noun

=

feed

fault noun

noun

=

farmer

|

my fault =

t •

•

adjective

=

whose

was

fault

it?

(*

=

• •

favour = to

be

fashion =

in

= to be out of fashion

= I

'

•

•

have a favour

(

do someone a favour

to

no

fast 1 adjective •

ask =

to •

adjective

=

favor

{British English),

(US English) noun

189

direct equivalent

to

ask someone a favour =

in

favour of be in favour of

movement) =

{describing

•

2 •

to

be fast =

my watch

is

to

•

that plan =

ten minutes fast = {British Enalish), •

{US English) adjective =

2 adverb =

•

(

this is

•

mv

favourite film =

>

fasten

verb to fasten a seatbelt =

•

•

Tax noun fast-forward

verb to fast-forward a cassette =

=

fear

verb

=

•

•

noun

fax

adjective

= •

=

•

noun

to get fat = z;5

fatal

•

=

adjective

red up

=

•

father noun

177.

b

(your own) =

(someone

else's)

174

•

adjective

=

189

fee noun

•

{to

=

attend an event, a show) =

f

•

•

(to join

Father Christmas

noun

a club, a union) =

{British •

English)

reeble

=

adjective

= •

father-in-law noun

177

{one's own) =

•

noun {US English) =

Teed

•

verb (people) = (animals) =

' '

=

=

•

••

fight

feel

268

I

=

Japanese is

it

is

•

when

few

referring to

'

an emotion, an

+ counter

impression or a physical feeling) lonely=

Usage very

a few people =

•

•

touch) =

(to

•

to feel

the pre feel like

•

' ' '

{not many) = Tew people came =

•

like...

= use the pre

of the verb +

for

form yourself and

•

(several)

=

form of the verb + 191 for others eating pizza =

+ counter

the

first

•

it

{of crops) =

=

feeling noun •

fifteen number =

(emotional)

=

171,

.ISI

fifieenth number

•

someone's feelings =

to hurt

+ counter

•

•

= don't feel like

+ negative

few weeks =

field noun

•

I

•

a few books =

=

feels nice =

•

I

'

different to English

feels cold = feel tired

+

•

18

counter

X

it

•

adjective

=

feel

I

have a fever =

to

feelings,

often best to translate with an

{referring to

it

fever noun

very different to

adjective + 178 yourself

I

•

some water =

please fetch

when describing

English

verb

=

'

feel verb •

fetch

must feed the dog =

I

•

(in

a series) =

{in

dates)

()

<_

•

• •

(physical)

= •

I

174

=

•

the fifteenth of

•

have a feeling he's

right

May =

= •

fifth number

felt-tip

•

pen

noun

•

=

=

female

adjective

biology) =

•

(in

•

(relating to

(

fence

)

fifth

of

June =

•

women) =

((b)

•

fifty number =

noun

181

171. •

fight 1

fencing noun

'

•

traditional)

•

verb war) = to fight the (in

festival noun =

(

•

the

= = (Japanese

181

asenes)= 174 {in dates)

IBS

•

(physically)

•

(to

•

enemy =

quarrel) =

•

=

•

•

figure

269

2 noun

finish

{physical)

1 verb

=

•

number)

(a

•

•

• -

•

=

(foend)=

to finish writing a letter =

figure noun •

first I

•

come to an end) =

{to

3

•

2 noun

(p/?)/s/ca/)=

•

a race) =

{in

file noun

fire

•

=

•

single

file

=

1

•

= (open

verb

fill

noun

•

(to

•

(to

make full) become full) =

fill

in

•

re)

=

•

=

{gasjelectric)

{causing damage) =

•

to catch fire =

(form) =

•

be on

to

fire

•

=

•

film 1 •

noun {in cinema or on TV) = (for a camera) =

2

verb

•

{to

shoot) =

•

(to

dismiss) =

•

•

•

2 verb =

•

=

•

final 1 adjective

=

(

('

2 noun =

alarm

fire =

enaine

=

=

find out

1

2

1 adjective

(weather) =

1 adjective

•

will

probably be fine =

= thefirsttime=

'

•

good

health)

= {expressing agreement) (that's) fine = feel fine

2 noun

.

•

first

the weather

finger noun =

•

adjective

=

fine

=

noun =

•

{in

•

firm

•

to find out the truth =

•

•

•

=

I

•

fireworks noun

Tina verb

•

•

noun

station noun

fire =

finally adverb

•

noun

firefiqhter noun

•

=

'

fire =

filthy adjective

•

'

the

first

three

•

L\

"a

weeks =

• •

2 adverb •

(to

begin

with)

of

=

first

all

=

•

(Jor the first time)

•

to arrive

first

•

•

=

=

•

•

= aid

first

'

'

•

dates)

(in

=

'

•

fitness noun

174

(physical) fitness =

first

first

five number

of June -

•

4 at

=

first =

aid noun

first

class

(on

'

first

books =

I've

got five =

•

•

floor

to set)

=

(to repair)

Note

set)

=

•

watch fixed =

•

that

name

in

prepare) =

(to

to fix dinner

the

\

=

-

then given

flag noun =

= verb

'

•

' '

togofishing=

Tisherman

noun

.

(fiationa

flame

lag")

•

noun

= to

=

•

go up

in

flames =

•

flash 1

noun

2

a camera) verb to flash (on and off) = [for

fishing noun •

•

fishing rod noun

noun =

Tist noun = <>6

•

flask noun

fit

{water bottle) =

1 verb

(vacuum

these shoes don't

fit

me

fit

into the envelope =

noun

=

adjective

•

in

{in

a room or car)

'

{British English)

adjective flat

fit

•

=

2 •

(healthy)

•

=

flat 1

photo won't

flask)

= •

=

be

b

noun

fish 1 noun

•

to

•

•

name

=

=

•

order of family

2

•

be decided on,

(to

to get a

•

name.

this

=

•

Japanese names are given

=

•

fix verb • {to decide on,

=

the US) =

first =

=

'

186

181.

•

{in Britain) {in

own)

five

noun the

its

171.

(with a counter)

adverb

to travel first class

=

•

•

the

2

'

a group or team) =

[in

a series or group)

{in

the firsts •

•

270

3 noun •

= =

"

flea

|

(

" •

tyre =

flavour

(British English),

{US Enalish) noun =

•

flea noun =

flavor

=

• -

=

271

•

football

flight I

flight noun =

•

number

{flight

147) =

•

to fly a plane =

•

{if

•

'

•

attendant

fliqht

noun

fly

=

a

its

flag)

away

•

=

•

.

log noun

float verb

=

=

•

fold verb

flood noun =

•

to fold a shirt =

•

to fold one's

• •

floor noun •

•

on the

to sit

floor =

school) =

(for work, •

(a storey)

=

•

{in

181

Pi

{to

flour noun

{to

go

verb

or

come after) =

•

•

=

I

•

•

( ( adjective

flower

•

noun

= 2 verb =

Olid

•

adjective

I'm verv fond of •

rood

noun

=

•

fluent

you =

•

flu noun = adjective

her Japanese

•

Tool verb fluent =

is

=

•

flush verb

(part of the lea)

=

to flush the toilet =

•

onfoot= go to school on

•

I

180

flute noun

' •

root noun

= •

fly

=

—

{in

=

noun

"^

foot = •

measurements)

Note that a foot = 30.48 cm.

2 verb a

(if it's

bird,

a

kite,

*

(// it's

a passenger) = •

to fly

noun

a plane, an insect)

•

•

verb

=

•

^

use, to look at) = :it) followed the instructions =

•

flow

1

'

computing) =

How

florist noun =

1

arms =

(a surface)

=

from London to Tokyo =

(soccer) =

{American

=

(a ball)

football)

'

T

• -

=

•

forget

footballer

272

|

T

{British English),

football player {US

for

Tom

=

the Minister for Education =

English)

noun

•

=

what

•

the Japanese for 'book'?

is

'book' •

noun

3

'book'

went

I

=

swim =

for a

I

• •

footstep noun =

use pre 191 motion

•

for

+ vera of

form

preposition

verb

not usually translated a letter has

come

for

=

you =

•

smoking

is

forbidden here =

•

•

aoing out

work

to

is

forbidden =

company =

for a

•

force

•

he cooked dinner

for

me

=

1

verb •

•

to force

someone

to

work =

Z7

•

doing favours ror people is usually form of expressed using the

179

receiving

{when

2 noun

197

force =

by force =

about time)

talking

been

living

•

weather forecast =

here for two years =

noun

•

=

he's going to Paris for a year =

•

foreign

adjective

=

•

{when I

(

forecast noun

not usually translated I've

'

191

use causative form

the verb plus a verb of giving or

about distance)

talking

•

foreiqner noun =

not translated

•

j I

drove for 80 kilometres =

usually refers to

non-Japanese

people

{when talking about monev) bought it for ¥500 =

orest noun =

I

•

forever, for ever adverb =

a

cheque

for

£20 =

forqet

I

(be

in

)

favour •

{of))

=

()

{other uses)

say hello to her for

verb

=

•

•

to forget

about someone = •

to forget to call =

me

= •

the pre

form +

can often be used

7

•

=

•

• .

273

forgive

forgive

verb

to forgive

(with a counter) = four books =

someone =

|

free

•

•

•

I've

fork noun

got four =

=

1 •

fourteen number

shape)

=

= •

document)

(a

•

{in

a series)

(in

dates)

185

•

174

=

(to start (a

band, business, group)) =

•

the fourteenth of July =

•

formal

•

adjective

(

()

{describing language) = •

•

formal clothes

•

= (omc/a/)=

former

•

TOurth number •

{in

former) = (the former) =

' .

fortnight noun

•

{in

•

the fourth of July = •

fox noun =

fragile

•

adjective

=

,

fortunately adverb =

•

174

dates)

=

(British English)

=

a series) =

(g)

adjective

(^a

frame

=

'

noun

172

noun

•

(picture)

fortune noun •

()

{British English)

(a class)

•

181

Tourceenth number

•

2 verb •

171

•

•

= •

•

'

noun (a

four o'clock =

it's

form

(money) = to

make a fortune

to

tell

France =

=

frank

•

fortunes =

forty number =

•

186

181,

(

adjective

=

•

noun =

•

free 1

adverb =

1 adjective .

su

to take a step forward =

{costing nothing) =

•

(independent, able

•

{not occupied, available)

'.

•

2 verb to forward a letter to

someone =

S often

7

'

's

verb

often

are you free on

=

used

•

(on

its

own) =

conv6rs3tion

come and = 3^

t

Monday? = •

•

four number

in

used between

noun =

to

is this

181.

186 •

go) =

•

•

found

()

•

(

seat free = •

t

friends

•

=

•

freedom from

274

I

2 verb (person) = (animal) =

to

make friends =

,

to

make

someone =

b

•

•

friends with

3 adverb

•

=

•

reedom

adjective

noun

=

(people)

•

noun (US English)

•

(animals) =

•

•

freeze •

verb cold weather) = the river froze = {in

•

/

rright noun to get a fright = to give

•

the ground

someone

a fright = •

was frozen = •

Trighienea

adjective

be frightenedI'm ightened=

to

a freezer) =

•

{in

•

to freeze to death

•

=

•

o

•

/ Tringe noun

{British English)

=

Treezer noun

•

•

frog noun

=

•

= aajective it's

from

freezing =

preposition

many

There are this

room

verbs which

involve the use of from, like borrow

freezing =

is

escape from etc. For up the entries borrow, escape etc.

from,

•

translations, look

French

^_172

1 adjective

m from Tokyo =

=

2 noun •

•

Japanese

{the people)

= •

[the

often

from using place

•

London

I'm from •

French

say where they're

name +

eg

languaae)

=

where

fries noun

is

she from? =

=

Tresh

•

(

(

adjective

=

Friday noun

•

174

=

to

come back from the office = •

to return

from a holiday =

•

there's a

=

e

•

Triage noun Triea

at

message from Paul =

•

adjective

the train from Kyoto

=

is late

=

•

deep-fried =

Tried

egg

• •

noun

=

•

Triend noun =

we =

•

live

ten minutes from the city centre

'

=

•

•

front

275

fur I

10

-

onions =

to fry •

•

{when the

about time) =

talking

shop

{to

to six =

open from ten

is

deep

fryinq

fry)

pan

•

noun

{British English)

= •

full adjective • {not empty) =

from Monday to Saturday =

the streets were

full

of people =

• •

from April on =

•

•

{describing a

flight)

=

^ A/i+ ^

{describina a hotel) =

from then on = ^tlt)"^ b in fifty years from now =

<_

.

{describing a carpark) =

•

zjaS

•

(maximum)

[British English) •

arithmetic)

{in

5 from 8 leaves

to travel at

full

speed = •

3= to get

……

full

marks =

•

front 1

noun

•

in

•

front of =

{of a car, a train or

'

part-time

,

•

the front of the

queue =

•

exhaust fumes =

page

•

fun noun

•

front

noun

=

•

front door noun =

fumes

_

in front of =

adverb

not usually expressea as all jobs are full-time unless otherwise stated

queue)

bus"

time

ful

•

the front of the

2

-

it's

fun =

noun

=

skiing

•

front seat noun

is

fun =

•

have fun = she's fun =

to

=

•

•

Trost noun •

=

•

adjective

= frozen food .

^' '"/SS -<

fruit noun =

=

noun (ofaperson) = (of a machine) =

•

noun = Zs

becoming increasingly

a piece of

fruit

funny •

adjective

=

Japan

•

like fruit=

I

•

rare in

=

(British Enqlish)

=

common

•

•

adjective

{amusing) = (ocfcO =

.

•

fur noun {an animal's coat) =

fry verb = •

•

•

unfair noun

•

'

{on a garment) =

•

% •

\

1

4

_

•

gear

furious

.

276

I

adjective

(a

=

period of time)

=

•

•

noun

furniture noun

{place to keep car) =

=

•

{British English) {petrol station)

=

further adverb {place for car repairs) =

=

•

how much further is it? =

•

•

garbage

noun {US English)

fuss noun =

to

•

make

\

fuss (complain) =

a

garden 1

=

fussy

2

adjective

.

noun verb

=

= he's a fussy eater =

"5

gardener

•

=

noun •

future 1

noun

noun (gre

=

era/)

=

qarlic noun •

the future =

in

2

•

.

(person's) =

t\

= •

adjective

=

•

qas

noun

•

cookinq, heating)

(for

= •

{US English) (gasoline)

=

Gg

gas station gate {at

=

•

an

airport)

gather

noun

= a

noun

=

qallery noun

aame

noun {US English)

=

=

9

"— ,

verb

come

together) =

•

(to

•

(to collect)

•

•

game of football

=

=

•

•

a

game

gay

of tennis =

aames

noun

=

gear

(British English)

•

•

game show

noun •

=

noun group of friends, young people) = •

•

{of criminals)

gap •

(in

•

noun

{in a car or bus, on a bike) = (equipment) = fishing gear = •

qang (a

(

adjective

=

•

noun between

=

things)

{clothes) football gear

=

.

•

=

swimming qear =

•

=

_-

=

•

Gemini

noun

=

1

noun

•

•

get

to

general =

=

leave a bus or

train)

=

•

•

aeneration =

taxi")

get off

•

in

in

C3r or

adjective

=

3

•

gift |

take down) = got the box down from the shelf =

to

•

=

2

=•

Gemini

277

noun

'm getting off at the next stop =

• •

aenerous

(

adjective

=

•

to remove) o get a stain

noun =

off

=

aentle

get on

adjective

to

=

-

aentieman

/V

-

noun

o get on the bus =

noun

o get on well =

'

_

=

•

aerm

get on well with her =

noun

=

•

•

German

172 in polite

1 adjective

enquiries)

how did you get on? = how are you getting on

=

2 noun

{the

get out

language)

= aot out of the building =

to leave) •

Germany

7C 7] school?

'

•

=

at

•

{the people)

= •

'

climb on board a bus or train) =

.

•

•

•

noun

172

•

=

take out) = ft o get the furniture out of the to

get • •

verb

get away {to escape) he won't get away with

•

house =

•

•

it

=

get over o get over an

illness =

•

get back •

{to arrive

•

(to

back) = X?

get through to ;o aet throuah (to someone) =

•

have something returned) =

(

• •

'

{when somethina I

aot

my

is

returned) =

get together = get up =

bike back =

qhost

•

•

noun

•

=

money

the

will

•

•

{to

down

come

or

•

tls^

gifi noun

•

get

•

ghost story =

be returned =

(a present)

=

go down) =

o

, •

(a

present from a

trip)

ginger •

(an

|

go

278

ability)

= he has a

gift

to give out

for

5

give out =

•

'

•

•

paper =

\

languages = aive up

•

•

{to stop)

=

ainger

adjective {British English)

ginger hair

to give

=

noun

• abandon") = iriS b up the idea of working abroad

(Jo

=

up smoking =

to aive

=

girl noun =

'

•

'/

girlfriend noun

a couple) = (a female friend) = {in

•

to aive oneself

up

to the police =

>

(t

•

give

glad verb

For tmnsistions or expressions to give someone a lift, to give someone an injection, to give

someone entries

adjective

^178

=

a fright etc, look

lift,

up

like

glass noun {substance) = (for wine' spirits)

the

=

injection, fright.

glasses (to

=

(for ivafe ' soft drinks)

someone

else)

you) = to give a book

=

{to

(to

someone) =

(

noun

=

glove noun =

•

•

glue he gave

me the photos =

1

noun {paper glue) =

•

5

{strong glue) =

give

me the newspaper = 2 verb

•

give that to

me

5

=

to give one's seat (to

someone) =

(

=

go

someone

a

message =

<_

•

•

Expressions of giving and receivina are dependant on the relationship between giver and see/'

give [to

to

e

179

away

make a present of) give away a secret

3

to give off a smell =

•

(// it's an event) = the concert's going ahead =

•

•

•

a person) please go ahead = go around = go round go around with = go round with {if it's

goaway=

•

=

goaway!=

•

give back = give in = give off

^204

go across = ao ahead

•

to give

•

verb

this

•

should be used with extreme

•

caution •

go back {home, hometown)

{somewhere

else) =

•

•

=

=•

=

=

•

=•

goal

279

o go back to work =

•

walk around,

{to

I

god

=

to visit)

•

•

go back

to sleep

=

ao round the museum =

to

•

'

go by

people, cars) = time)

go down

a price, a salary) =

quality,

•

•

there

is

'

be enough) = enough bread

{to

•

to

go round? •

go round with person) =

•

•

went down the

stairs

=

{British English)

spend

{to

time with) =

•

•

ao throuqh went down the mountain

•

the sun) =

have,

(to

to live

go through a

to

•

through)

time =

difficult

•

•

a computer) = I

go

to

want

to

go through

that again = •

to enter)

go

don't

in

=

•

off

explode) =

to ring) --

•

to rot)

lights)

= =

•

•

(to

•

(to

'

search) = check) =

go together

•

=

•

the skirt and shoes

^'

go

well together =

•

go on

,

go up

to

continue) =

to

be switched on)

=

•

•

a person)

{if it's I

went up the

=

stairs

•

•

go out to

leave the house)

to

-

go UD the mountain =


(

•

are you going out this evening?

•

(// it's

a price, a salary) =

•

as a boyfriend, a single date) = long term to

gowell= go with =

girlfriend)

off, to

•

the trousers don't really go with the

jacket=

•

be switched

'

stop burning) =

•

•

he

tide's

going out =

qoal noun

•

go over to to

(sports) =

check) = revise) =

{aim)

noun =

ao round

qoat

British English) to C3ll orr)=

•

•

noun

=

•

goa

o go round to see a friend = •

'

noun

=

God

=

•

goddaughter good

280

|

goddaughter

good

noun

=

1 adjective

•

this relationsnip is

not

common

/'

Japan

s the only irregular adjective

Japanese. To make past and negative forms the stem changes in

noun

to

•

this relationship is

Japan. You could

not

try to

common

in

a

good book =

•

explain the

situation with

we've got some good news = •

{crime underworld) =

•

aood eyesight =

qodmother

good

=

maths =

at

•

'

noun • •

this relationsnip is

;

Japan. You could situa tion with

qodson

not

try to

common

in

it's

fl

exercise

good

is

Tor

you = •

this relaiionsnip is

not

common

in

good

to look

(healthy)

she looks good =

going:

to be going to I'm going to go to Kobe =

• |

• I

was qoina

to

phone you but

I

had a good time =

didn't •

have time =

{talking

•

(obedient) =

good •

child

=

•

(kind) it's

very qood of you to

no specific future tense in Japanese. Use the non-past tense. There

about food) =

•

•

let

me know

=

is

204

•

IBS

2 noun

gold

it's

no good shouting =

noun =

2

Japan =

,

Japan

1

to visit

-

noun

=

I

good time

a

explain the

•

•

adjective

=

•

I

am

not

good

at

French =

gold ring = Ira

noun =

3 exclamation •

•

golf noun =

golf course noun =

(when pleased or

good = •

•

{when praising) good! =

4 for qood

'

releivecf)

=

'

good afternoon grandparents

281

|

good afternoon

noun

noun

GP

(also

exclamation) {when meeting) =

noun

{British English)

The system fi

•

is

different

'

(also exclamation)

grab

=

good evening

noun

to (also

verb

grab (someone) by the arm =

exclamation)

=

and GPs

do not exist in Japan. A general word for doctor is

•

he

tried to

my handbag

grab

(

=

adjective

=

•

•

good morning

noun

(also

exclamation)

2

{when meeting) =

grade •

noun

• •

goods

noun

mark)

=

(also exclamation)

=

(a

•

{US English) (a class)

noun

=

=

•

•

goose

noun

=

•

grade school

verb

(to chat)

•

•

adverb

a harmful way) = =

=

I've

got a dog =

•

•

noun

=

grammar

^

got a cold =

•

gramime)

•

I've

•

verb

got: to have got verb • (to have) have have you got any money? =

I've

noun {US English)

=

=

(to talk in

t\

185

•

•

gossip •

grade =

I'm in the first

noun

=

•

noun

1

/7

(your own) = (someone else 's) =

aot two children =

•

•

•

{to

to

be obliged have got to

to)

Use

form of the verb +

the

minus the

last

isi I've

got to go =

177

noun

Japanese prefer

use the word

grandchild,

grandfather

noun

(you own) =

t

to

{someone

177

•

else's)

=

•

•

I've

aot to do

my homework

=

{your own) =

(someone

•

government =

•

noun

'

grandmother

else's)

177

=

'

grandparents (your own) =

noun

noun

•

177

_

grandson grow

282

|

{someone

(someone

=

else's)

e/u

=

else's)

• •

great grandmother noun {your own) =

177

Dun

Japanese prefer

{someone

use tne word

to

177

•

=

else's)

•

grandchild,

greedy noun =

•

green

grapes

noun

(

adjective

= adiective

=

=

•

Note that the green of vegetaiion

grass

'

noun

= {in

and

traffic lights is

usually

expressed using

gardens) =

noun

to cut the grass =

=

•

noun =

=

•

grateful

grey

adjective

would be

I

grateful

if

you could

let

=

me

•

grey hair=

know =

'

=

grin verb

grave

189

noun

=

'

=

•

gray {US English) greasy adjective

•

grill verb

•

grey

•

groceries noun =

ground

=

great •

gray

{British English),

{US English) adjective

=

adjective (stressing size, amount, importance) =

•

=

•

(land

noun •

used

for sports)

= •

\

a great improvement =

ground

to

have great

difficulty

reading =

was

•

a great help =

{British English)

•

group •

the guide book

floor noun

=

•

noun

number

'

of people) = a group of Japanese people = (a

• •

• •

{showing enthusiasm) that's great! = I

band)

(a

=

grow

had a great time =

verb get big) =

•

(to

•

(as a gardener, a farmer) =

•

•

Great Britain

'

=

noun

172

• •

is

also used

to

er noun {your own) =

177

•

• •

grow vegetables =

(toaeong(ha /

=

'

I

•

grumble

283

I

decided to

let

my

grow =

hair

grow (a beard) grow a beard =

{to let

to

•

•

to

become) = grow old=

(to

increase

{to

the population

=

•

^Ss

noun

=

X.

•

grow =

will

=

guide book )

'

in size)

hairdresser

2 verb •

•

|

guided tour

noun

=

•

quilty

'

I

(

adjective

=

feel guilty = •

•

noun

growup=

•

= {figuratively in

when grow I

up,

want

I

to

an experiment) =

be a doctor •

=

= qum

quitar noun •

grumble

verb •

auara

noun

a prison)

=

qym

•

be on guard =

to

'

'

noun

=

•

qymnasium

noun

noun

=

= •

•

qymnastics

noun =

noun

= (handgun) =

•

{in

chewing gum =

gun

a bank)

{at

= •

noun

=

=

•

180

=

noun

•

•

guess

gypsy

verb

noun

=

=

•

{US English) I

guess... =

guest •

(a

= •

to stav) •

{at

a hotel)

=

•

noun

hail noun =

1

noun

•

{on a tour or holiday)

=

•

[British English) {Girl

=

hair noun (on the head) =

person showing the way)

= •

•

•

guide

(a

habit noun =

=

•

Hh

noun

person invited

Guide)

hairbrush noun =

hairdresser noun =

•

•

handy

hairdryer |

284

—

hairdryer noun =

•

noun

=

half •

public events)

ham

le noun =

1

(Jor

=

hamburger

noun

noun

=

=

hammer noun

•

melon

to cut a

=

in half

=

•

•

hamster •

2

=

a game)

(Jn

the

half =

first

litre

•

CC

=

-

hand

•

adjective half a

noun

noun body)

{the part of the

•

C CC is pronounced

had a pencil

I

my hand

in

=

3 pronoun •

•

{when talking about quantities, numbers) to spend half of one's pocket money =

to hold

•

(help)

please give •

talking

about

time,

half =

\

age)

171,

(

186 an hour and a

(on a clock or watcff)

= •

{when

a hand =

•

•

•

me

soeak French =

half the pupils

'

hands =

-

•

{when judging a on the other,.. =

situation or subjGcVj •

noun =

noun

he's three and a half = •

Note

that

aajective

Japanese age is only usually expressed in full years, even with in

small babies it's

and

handicapped person = •

children.

half (past) three (British English)

Wnen

= is

•

•

=

half hour noun =

•

term

noun

(British English)

=

•

is no half-term Japanese schools.

that there

holiday

in

(by the front door apartment)

=

handsome

adjective

= a

handsome man = •

handwritten

hall noun •

'

noun

noun

=

•

in

a house or

disability,

Japanese

it

to refer to

specifically rather than use the general word which means a registered disabled person.

Toshihide's half Japanese half Chinese =

Note

in

it

4 adverb

half

a person has a

more usual

noun

= •

handy =

adjective •

=

s

=

=

.

•

|

hang •

M

hang hard

285 -

verb

what happened

(on a hook, a coat hanger, a

hang a picture

to

(up)

to

you? =

line)

on the wall =

something odd happened yesterday =

•

•

to

hang clothes

to

hana washing on a

wardrobe =

(up) in a

happy

(

adjective

•

•

=

line

{content)

•

make happy =

to •

•

be attached) the picture hanqs over the piano = (to

happy with

I'm

this

languaae school =

=

• •

to

•

be hanging from the ceilina = _

greetings)

{in

Happy

birthday! =

• •

•

(to

'

kill

189

as capital punishment) =

Happy New Year! =

•

(as suicide) =

•

hard

hang around •

{to wait)

•

(to

1 adjective

•

waste time,

to

b

do nothing) =

•

{firm, stiff)

=

the ground

hang on to = she was hanging on

'

hard =

is •

to the rope =

•

(difficult)

=

•

a hard question = •

•

not hard to change a light bulb =

it's

hang up •

(on a hook, a coat hanger, a to

hang up one's coat =

to

hang washina up

line)

•

(

hard to understand =

it's

•

<^

to dry outside = I

find

it

hard to concentrate = •

•

•

(when phoning)

•

{harsh, tough)

a hard winter =

noun

•

= I'm having a hard time at the

{to

=

verb occur) =

•

what happened? =

•

{severe) = to

happened

last

•

happen again =

work hard =

week =

•

he

to

.

2 adverb

•

that accident

•

hit

me

hard = •

to try hard to concentrate = •

(to affect

someone)

moment

•

hardly

|

hardly

••

hay

286

adverb

=

,

+ negative

she hardly ate anything =

•

hardware {for

work) =

(

(at

to

(

•

I

had a good time

in

Kyoto =

(

•

•

verb

harm someone =

"

7

{to suffer)

have

to

•

flu

=

•

have a headache =

to

harm the environment =

to

a nice day at the beach =

adjective

school) =

harm

spend)

(to

we had

computers) =

hard-working {at

•

noun

—

^—

7" have a party = have a competition =

to

•

hold or organize)

{to

to

-

have toothache =

I

• •

•

( ( ( (

harmful

adjective

=

get something done) to have a pizza delivered = {to

•

harmless =

•

adjective

she had her

hair cut =

•

•

noun =

•

have a baby =

•

to

2

auxiliary verb you've seen her, haven't you? =

hai noun =

hate •

verb (to feel a strong dislike hate mice = I

•

•

{to feel

hatred

to hate

someone

for)

= =

'

•

for)

he hasn't

has he? =

called,

•

3 to have to =

form of the verb

•

noun

without the last 181 have to study =

=

•

I

+

have

•

1 verb •

have

I

(to eat, to drink)

to

to

have a sandwich =

pay = •

• I

have

to

go home =

to have a glass of wine =

•

•

to

you don't have

have dinner =

to

•

•

•

(to get) I

had a

letter

from Dennis yesterday =

hay •

=

noun

t

(

work on Saturday =

=

_

_

••

•

hazelnut

287

|

heat

he can't hear anything =

noun =

•

he pronoun =

Note that Japanese use a name rather than a

'

prefer to

I

heard someone's foorsteps =

pronoun coming next week =

7

•

he's

you can hear him practisina the piano •

= there he

=

is

head 1 •

•

noun {the part of the

{to learn, to

discover)

to hear the

news =

body) •

=

• I

•

person

{the

charge)

in

=

heard about that school's reputation =

• •

2 verb •

be

(to

charge

in

of)

=

•

we've heard a

lot

about you = •

•

{in

soccer)

to

head the

head

ball

ISS

=

•

for =

•

•

1

hear from =

headache's aone = •

•

headlamp, headlight

hearof =

noun

=

•

heart noun noun

=

•

/

•

to hit the headlines =

•

'

[part of the body)

=

•

•

{the centre) right in the heart of

London =

news headlines =

the

•

headquarters {of a

{of

'

have you heard from Jovce? =

•

my

=

•

noun have a headache =

to

{to listen fo)

to listen to the radio =

noun companv, a business) =

I

•

/

1/,5

to learn

by heart =

•

•

heart attack noun

an army) =

=

•

noun

•

heat 1 verb {to

=

heat a room, part of body) =

• •

healthy

adjective

{to

(

{in

•

(good

•

liquid)

=

2 noun =

for the health) •

hear •

heat food,

good health)

•

I

•

= I

verb

to hear =

I

•

can't stand the heat = •

•

7

=

heater

|

(in

help

'

low heat =

=

someone

1 verb The idea of helping

•

a sporting contest)

expressed using the

often

is

auxiliary verbs

•

and

heat up cook) =

{to

..

288

(on a cooker) at a

=

•

'

her

•

warm up again) =

=

179,

197 _

•

each other =

to help

•

form of

after the

the verb.

•

•

noun

to help with the

•

=

housework =

•

noun

=

'

heatwave =

heaven

•

_

please help yourselves! = •

noun •

•

can't help thinking about

I

it

=

adjective

•

{in

weight) =

•

(in

quantity, intensity)

the

a meal)

noun

=

heavy

{at

to help oneself =

•

traffic is

•

•

2 exclamation

very heavy =

help! =

•

•

3 noun

heavy smoker = to have a heavy cold =

help (a helping hand)

•

•

_ •

(describing food)

hedge

{urgent assistance) =

•

noun to

=

ask someone for help =

• •

noun =

to

shout for help =

heel noun

•

help out =

=

helpful

height noun

'

{of a person) =

•

adjective

(useful)

=

•

'(^ofabuilding,atree= fear of heights =

helping noun

•

second helping =

x5

•

rel="nofollow">189

'

aajective {defenceless) =

helicopter noun =

hell noun

'

•

=

{because of weakness,

ill

health)

• •

hello noun

-

(when greeting someone) = /v You can also use greetings appropriate to the time of day Not usually used between family

members,

{on the phone) =

helmet =

noun

hen

noun

=

•

her 1

pronoun Note that = Japanese prefer to use a name rather than a pronoun I

knowher= •

= qj

=

herd

289

don't

I

know

her =

•

|

high rise block

pronoun Not usea as a reflexive pronoun

•

he's seen her =

in

Japanese she wants to enjoy herself =

•

•

please helo her! =

r she's hurt herself =

•

•

gave the book

I

(

to her =

{when used for emphasis) she did it all by herself =

•

2

determiner = • hate her dog = I

verb

=

•

she broke her

leg

="

hi exclamation =

(5

•

herd

noun

=

adjective

•

here •

noun have hiccups =

to

adverb (when talking about is it far from here?

=

=

location) =

•

verb {to avoid showing) = to hide the present =

•

{to

•

I'm

up here =

•

hide

•

•

•

•

(when draw/na

attention)

avoid being seen) =

7

here's the post office = hi-fi

•

noun

= here

comes

the train =

high 1 adjective

•

•

(when offering something) here you are =

•

{in

•

general statements) please say I'm not here =

{having a great height, describing a level, a price, a standard, grades, a voice) =

•

the mountains are high =

• •

prices are high =

hers

pronoun

•

=

the standard

Japanese prefer name rather than a pronoun Note

that

the red pen

is

to

use a to get high

•

is

jacket

is

{describing a speed)

•

2 adverb

red but hers

'

grades =

high speed train =

hers? = •

my

high =

•

hers = •

which bag

is

•

= is

green =

•

to climb hiaher

=

•

high rise block noun (skyscraper) = (apartment block)

•

•

•

high school

290

=

(offices)

•

hoarse

|

•

{to lend for a fee) = • they hire (out) the skates =

high school noun [in

•

theUS) =

•

This

hijack

generally shortened

his

185

1 determiner

is

to

=

verb

Note that Japanese rather thsn a

•

prefer to use a

=

name

pronoun

hike

verb I

hate his dog =

to go hiking = •

hiking noun

he broke his

leg =

=

•

hill noun

=

•

-

-

(a rise in the road)

him

1i

^

2 pronoun

'

the red pen

is

his = •

pronoun

=

Note

•

prefer to use a

that

Japanese

name

which house

is

his? =

rather than a •

pronoun

lknowhim=

my

shirt is

white but his

is

yellow =

-

don't

I

know him = • •

she's seen him = •

history noun =

please help him! =

•

hit

•

1 verb I

gave the book

him =

to

•

something) = a person) =

{to strike {to strike

•

into)

to hit a wall =

himselT pronoun •

crash

(to

Not used as a reflexive pronoun

in

to hit one's

Japanese he wants to enjoy himself =

head on a chair =

to hit a pedestrian = •

he's hurt himself =

2 noun

•

(a

{when used for emphasis") he did it all by himself =

song,

hit

to hit

=

hire verb employ) =

'

•

(to

•

{British English)

= to hire a car = {to rent)

film)

=

back =

•

hippopotamus, hippo

( •

•

•

J' •

someone back = •

noun

hitchhike

verb

=

hitchhiker noun = '

•

adjective

•

=

_

I

= =

_ hobby home • •

•

291

I

hobby

noun

=

•

.

hole noun =

• '

hockey

holidav noun

noun

=

•

'

=

1 verb

= I

•

go on holiday =

to

some money

held

{British English)

(a vacation)

hold •

,

•

in

my

right

hand = •

(a national or religious a (public) holiday =

•

{British English)

festival)

•

•

(to

arrange)

to hold a competition =

the party

be held

will

in

(time taken off work) to take a day's holiday =

the school =

•

•

=

Holland •

to

keep or hide) be held hostage =

(Jo

keep back

(to

hollv noun

•

•

172

noun

= •

home to hold a seat for

someone = •

•

(jDthsr

1

noun

•

=

is

•

us6s

to hold the world record =

used

in

work from home =

to

•

-

also

conversation to leave home =

•

please hold the

line

(telephone) =

•

(for eiaerly,

home

a

—

or disabled people)

handicapped children = •

an old people's home =

2 noun •

ill

for

to get hold of

someone

{by phone)

=

•

my way home

on

•

hold on •

{to wait)

•

(to

•

2 adverb to go home

=

{to find)

"b

=

•

=

be home

to

•

grasp) = hold on tight! =

.

please

=

(after school, work)

I

•

will

take you

L

home = •

hold up •

{to raise)

to hold

•

up one's hand = X"

3 at

home

•

{in

one's house)

I'm

working

•

•

{to

at

home =

delay)

to hold

•

someone up = I

•

to hold

up the

traffic

live at

home =

=

•

•

•

(to rob)

=

•

•

to feel at

home =

O

T

••

•

homeless horseriding

292

|

please

make yourselves

at

home =

hope 1 verb

hope you don't mind but your book =

I

•

{when

talking

(

about a sports team) = .

homeless

we hope to meet

lots of

=

adjective

am homesick

homework

=

hope

I

it's

hope so =

I'm

hopina for a good result = IN

•

noun

=

2 noun

•

=

(

adjective

=

•

be honest,

adjective {without

go home =

rather

I'd

•

•

(

)

=

frank, sincere)

adverb =

honey

•

•

•

noun

sound a horn =

(of

an animal)

=

noun

•

•

cover the head)

180

(an instrument)

=

horoscope

{US English) =

•

horrible

hoof

noun

=

(of a car)

adjective

=

noun

•

{of food) =

=

hook (for

noun hanging clothes, pictures)

= {for fishing)

=

'

horror film noun =

•

horse = he

noun •

likes

horses =

noun

.

•

year of the horse =

= verb to

cooking =

•

=

•

at

noun

=

•

hopeless

=

= to

honeymoon

•

ability)

(on a car, a bus)

•

hood

any

•

noun

=

{to

am

I

horn •

(

{without

•

( ()O

hope of success) = •

•

/

•

I

homosexual

to

sunny tomorrow =

_

noun

=

(

people =

•

homesick I

borrowed

•

adjective

=

I

{Briiish English)

hoover the carpet = •

horseracing =

•

noun

Ik

horseriding noun =

•

•

f

•

U

=

••

•

293

hospital I

hospital noun =

go

to

.

to

how

someone's house =

• •

he's

still

in (the)

hospital =

the bike

is at

my house = •

to

be taken to

(the) hospital

=

housewife

•

host family

noun

=

•

do the housework =

to

noun

=

•

estate {British English). housing development

noun homeless) =

{for

•

noun

=

hostage

noun

=

{US English) noun =

youth hostel =

hostess

=

noun

=

hot •

how

adjective

•

(very

warm)

temperature) =

(air

adverb what way) how did you {in

•

(^

•

hot today =

{when

•

it's

too hot

in this

room

'

=

a hot meal =

structures

I

I

(strong, with a lot of spices)

=

mus

ability)

= use the 181

'.

which

also express ability

such as using the dictionary form of the verb + know how to swim =

know how to

ski

know how

make

=

t)

•

this

about

There are a number of other

•

•

•

talking

potential form of the verb

soup =

hot

us? =

find

•

\^

{food, liquid, etc) It's

•

hovercraft noun

I

rd is hot =

to

a curry = •

•

•

a hot curry =

•

hot air balloon noun =

{in polite

questions)

how

are

you? =

how

is

your father? =

•

•

hot dog noun how was your holiday? =

=

hotel noun

•

= •

hour

noun an hour = I

186

{in

questions requiring specific

information) .

how

long

will

it

earn four pounds an hour =

how tall

•

are

take? =

you? = •

noun =

•

conversation

'

's

also

used

in

how

old

is •

he? =

= •

•

however husband

294

|

how much

is this

=

three hundred = eight hundred

•

•

and

(when making a suggestion)

how would you

like to

yen =

fifty •

about a hundred people =

eat out? =

•

how about goina to the cinema tonight?

hungry

adjective

=

•

ISS

=

I'm very

•

>

hungry = •

however

adverb

•

{nevertheless) =

•

however hard

hunt study,

I

I

can't

pass the

verb

ao hunting =

to

•

exam = noun =

hurrah, hurray noun

how many 1

=

•

(general) = (with

(also

exclamation)

pronoun a counter) =

181

+ counter

hurry 1 verb

how many are there? = how many people? =

<>

•

how many books?

= please hurry home! = •

•

=

•

=

•

how many CDs did you buv?

=

CD •

•

to hurry

someone

CD

•&

L

•

2 noun 1

be

to

how much pronoun =

in

no hurry =

there's

how much does

it

come

a hurry =

•

to? =

hurry up =

•

how much

is

hurt

that jacket? =

•

2 dstsrmirwr how much monev do you have

verb

{to injure)

to hurt oneself =

•

'3

left?

to hurt one's leg = • •

•

huge

(to

my

adjective

be

painful)

throat hurts =

=

• •

human being

that hurts = •

•

humour

(British English),

{to

upset) =

•

humor

(US English) noun

to hurt

someone's feelings =

= to

•

noun

=

•

have a sense of humour = (one S own) =

hundred

number

181 one hundred, a hundred =

(someone •

else's)

•

=

,

•

•

impossible

295

I

There are several different ways of expressing the conditional in

Japanese, a

1

common one

I

we

rains,

won't go =

pronoun

•

=

When you

'

I've

out

are talking

can often be

about yourself, left

use

for the

191

conditional clause. if it

is to

form of the verb +

the

if

were

I

rich,

would

I

travel =

obvious.

if it is

got to go =

•

•

if

I

didn't

do

were you,

I

refuse =

I'd

=

it

•

•

I'M

the one

who has

to

do

it

=

,

I

wonder

I

can't =

verb

= ill

•

come =

they'll •

ignore she can drive but

if

•

adjective

=

•

(

illegal adjective

ice noun

=

=

•

•

illness noun

ice

cream

noun

=

=

ice

•

imaaination

hockey

=

noun

=

noun

•

have imagination =

to

•

ice rink noun

imagine

=

verb

=

ice-skate noun

•

imitate

=

verb

=

noun

immediately

=

adverb

=

icing noun

impatient

=

idea noun

adjective

be impatient =

to

impatient person =

= •

what a good

•

idea! =

import

•

I've

verb

=

no idea =

adjective

=

identity card noun

it

=

' •

important

•

is

important to eat well =

•

Idiot noun = if coniunction

\ •>

.

impossible =

(

adjective .

( b

••

•

impressed

including

|

impossible to finish today =

'

work

Japan =

to live in

my

•

elder sister lives

New York

in

=

•

adjective

= I

that

all

it's

impressed

1

296

•

{dressed

she was

was impressed by that film =

in)

a

in

-

=

skirt

" •

•

be dressed

to

impression

noun •

=

•

make

to

aood impression =

a

black =

in

•

{showing the way in which something is done) = Use particle written in Japanese = I

I

•

improve •

make

{to

improve

to

'

verb better)

•

=

we

pencil =

in •

my Japanese

•

•

(to

'

•

=

October =

•

in

the night =

in

the morning =

•

()

•

•

improvement

•

(during) in

has improved =

get betted -

cash =

in

•

conditions =

iivina

paid

noun

(within) in

ten minutes =

in

three years =

"

•

in occurs in combinations with verbs, for example: drop in, fit Often

in,

in

move

in etc.

•

e

hj

•

•

eruses) she's in her twenties = (0

To find the correct

•

translations for this type of verb,

look up the separate dictionary entries at drop, fit, move etc.

one

to cut

preposition (inside)

there's a letter

I

in

is

a

woman

•

two =

\

|

the envelope = ,S

in

in •

2 adverb •

there

an apple

= use particle

the house

in

ten =

in

the photograph =

{at

home,

o

available) =

inch noun =

•

= use particle learned Japanese

(at) I

in

school =

Note that an inch = 2.54 cm.

include

verb = breakfast is included •

•

in

•

the countryside = •

{when

about countries or = use particle

talking

cities)

preposition •

•

=

-

=

•

•

imcome

297

the children, eight people =

there

including

were

|

information

indiaestion noun = •

individual

•

(

1 adjective

income

=

noun

=

income tax

=

noun

=

(

= it's

•

indoor

•

inconvenient

•

2 noun

•

= an indoor swimmina pool =

(

•

adjective

•

adjective

an inconvenient time for

me

•

=

indoors

•

adverb

=

•

industrial

increase

=

1 verb

(jiumbers=

•

(

adjective •

Industrial Revolution =

>

to increase in value =

•

industry noun

•

(volume) = ^isX-'S increased by 20% =

=

.

it

•

inevitable

I

adjective

=

•

•

infant school noun

2 noun

185

(British

Enalish)

=

•

=

increasingly adverb =

•

incredible

•

infection noun =

adjective

•

influence

(unbelievable) =

1

noun =

(astonishina)

adjective (person) =

•

{to

persuade)

(to

make

•

•

(school) = In

•

2 verb

•

•

conversation, this

is

pronounced avoid confusion with municipal

ndia noun

() ()

(someone) =

)

to

inform

•

verb

=

172

()

a strong impression on)

to influence

sometimes

•

to inform the police of

an accident =

=

Indian ^172 1 adjective

to

keep informed =

•

=

2 noun •

•

informal

[person from India) = • {person from North America) =

adjective

•

{describing a person, a person's

•

{describing a word, a language) =

•

(describing a discussion or an interview)

()

manner) = f} •

verb

=

=

•

indifferent =

.

adjective •

(

•

information noun =

•

(

information desk

|

insure

298

information desk noun

—

=

5 inside out =

t>

•

•

to put one's shirt

information technoloqy noun

on inside out = •

=

noun

=

inspect

•

noun

=

•

{ifit's

•

(ifit's

an

verb

official)

=

•

a conductor) =

•

injection noun =

))

noun

{oh school) =

•

(someone) an

to aive

injured

injection

= (/

(on a bus, a

=

•

•

•

adjective

=

•

train)

'

(in

the police) -

•

instantly adverb =

•

•

injury noun =

nk

Not usually used in very formal In this case 9 is

language.

noun

preferred.

= adjective (not guilty of crime) =

(

{without

intent)

III

() ()

e

=

1

instead of =

(

I

•

hired a van instead of a car =

3i

inquiry noun •

=

•

noun =

use

oil

instead of butter =

^ •

•

his wife

preposition

=

came

instead of him =

• •

inside the

house =

•

2 advero

instruction noun =

=

•

'

•

way

he's inside = •

let's

I

of using =

•

instruction booklet =

play iniside =

instrument

looked inside =

=

180

noun

•

-

let's

insult verb

bring the chairs inside =

m^i

=

•

insurance

3 noun

=

= the inside of the palace =

noun

•

•

4

adjective

=

insure

'

•

•

vert

= '

•

to insure a car = •

I

I

=

=

/ =

•

299

_

=

intelligent

intelligent

adjective

's

=

element

•

intend

often

introduce

used as a

prefix

new noun such as

form a

to

•

|

for

verb

= use a verb in dictionary form + 191 intend to study Japanese = I

international

(

exchange

internet noun =

ter noun •

=

Note that there are several ways of expressing intention in Japanese

•

interrupt

verb

=

•

interval noun

(

adjective

=

•

not used

in

•

{in

time or at a location)

=

at intervals •

formal Japanese

.

{British English)

{during a play, a show) =

intensive care unit noun =

interest 1 •

noun (enthusiasm) =

have an

to

'

•

interview

•

1

{for

a job) =

•

{with a Journal/St)

2 verb

music =

interest in

noun

(

if it 's

an employer) =

•

a journalist) =

{if it's

•

(financial)

2

verb =

•

intimidate =

•

into adjective

be interested

to

in

•

sports =

verb

•

preposition

{when talking about a location) = to go into the garden =

•

•

to qet into a car =

_

\

are you interested? = to get into

•

•

adjective

_

bed =

{indicating a

change) =

to translate a letter into

=

Japanese =

interfere •

{to

•

(to

verb get involved in)

•

•

introduce

have a bad effect on) =

• -

it's

going to interfere with

my work

{to

bring

verb

in)

to introduce a

intermission noun =

•

=

•

new machine =

is>

{when people meet) =

• •

international =

adjective

I

introduced him to

•

international relations = •

•

Ms Yamada

=

••

invade

•

itself

|

300

introduce oneself =

noun =

•

{on radio or television) =

it

•

pronoun

•

to introduce a

Not used or translstsa Japanese

programme =

in

•

where

who

verb

=

=

is it?

=

is it?

.

•

me = a nice house =

it's

invent

verb

it's

•

=

invention noun =

it

is difficult

=

.

•

easy

it's

investigate

to

make

•

=

•

noun

_

cold =

it's

I've

=

•

mvisiDle

adjective

did

•

heard about

you go

nv

ation noun

=

itchy

invite verb =

•

involved

(

to a party

=

^-

)

adjective

be involved

in

an accident =

Not used or translatea Japanese its

nose =

its its

= ear =

its

eyes =

in

' •

il

•

•

my little sister has a

rabbit, its ears are

long=

•

Ireland noun

•

its determiner

•

(someone)

to invite

=

adjective

=

•

it

=

to it?

=

to

a mistake =

verb

172

-

=

itselT pronoun

172

Irish

'

1 adjective

Not used as a pronoun Japanese

=

2 noun •

in

[when used as a reflexive pronoun) the cat's going to hurt itself =

(the people)

=

• •

•

{the

language)

{when used

=

•

the car

f

for

itself

emphasis)

was

not

damaged =

on

iron 1

(me/a/) = {for clothes) =

2

•

noun

verb

=

the heating

• •

•

comes on by

itself

=

/

=

=

•

jacket judge

301

I

jet noun =

Jj

•

jewellery (British English), jewelry (US English) noun =

jacket

•

Jewish noun

adjective

=

=

{Jewish person)

jail noun =

jam

jigsaw puzzle

•

noun

=

job noun 172

noun

•

(work)

=

=

'

to look for a job =

174 =

noun

'

=

(British English)

Jamaica

.

•

Japan =

noun

172

noun

=

:

formal speech or documents is often called

In

join verb •

Japan

{meet up I'll

Japanese

join

with)

you

=

'

at eight o'clock

172

=

•

1 adjective

=

•

{become a member

of)

2 noun •

to join a club =

{the people)

= •

{the

to join a

language)

=

•

•

jaw

_

company =

join in

noun

=

=

•

aame

to join in a

jazz noun

=

•

=

joke

jealous

adjective

noun

= I

=

am jealous

of her

new shoes =

•

2 verb =

•

•

journalist noun =

jeans

noun

=

•

journey =

jeer

verb to jeer =

•

to

jelly noun • {US English)

I

noun

hate

my journey to work = •

(jam) = •

(British English)

joy noun =

(a dessert)

=

Jesus

•

judge noun

{Jesus Christ) =

•

go on a journey =

1

noun =

'

•

=

judo

2

•

keen

I

302

verb

•

{at this or that

=

very

moment) = use the

dictionary form of verb +

judo

was

I

noun

just

about to phone you =

=

•

jug noun

was

arrived just as he

I

leaving =

=

juice noun

•

= •

fruit

juice =

(on/y) it

=

was just 1000 yen =

jujitSU noun

•

=

July noun

•

= •

•

•

verb

=

left

174

=

jump

there are only two

'

•

(barely)

qot there just

I

in

time =

•

•

the children were jumping on the bed

=

•

jump across

to

(

when compahna)

it

•

takes just as long by train as by car =

'

the river =

•

to

jump out

of the

window =

•

(immediately) just before =

•

just after = •

jump the queue

to

(British Enalish)

just^

•

adjective

=

•

•

jumper

justice noun noun

(British English)

=

legal

June

noun

system of justice =

174

=

junior nigh school noun

185

{US English) = •

junior school noun

185

(British

English)

=

•

jury noun

=

=

•

noun

justi adverb •

{very recently) = us

verb + I

Kk -

have

the <91

just received the letter

form of

=

•

keen =

adjective

=

•

a keen student = • •

she I

had

just turned

on the TV =

is

keen on dancing = •

(

= =

••

•

keep

303

keep •

kidnap

verb the wine

we keep

the cellar =

in

knit I

noun

=

•

kill verb

to

•

((

= kill

oneself =

keep (someone) waiting =

)

•

kilo noun =

delay)

(to

kilogram(me)

what kept you? =

noun

=

•

kilometre {British English), kilometer {US English) noun

=

won't keep you long =

I

'

•

to

•

kind •

put)

(to

1

where do you keep the cups? =

'

noun it's

a kind

of.,.

=

•

•

{not to break, not to reveal) it's

to

mmm

a kind of fish =

keep a promise =

1^

•

what kind = what kind of

•

•

continue) = pre

(to

to

form

film is it? = •

keep walkina =

'

•

tokeepcalm=

•

{if it's

food)

keep away keep away from

what kind of car •

2

adjective

= the

is it?

•

fire!

•

keep out to

+

keep out of the sun = •

keep up =

=

( •

•

king noun =

•

kingdom

noun •

=

kiss 1 verb ==

I

can't

keep up =

to kiss (each other) =

2 noun

•

=

kettle noun =

noun

kev

=

noun

=

kite noun

•

=

noun

kitten noun

=

•

kick

= verb

= I

kicked the

•

knee ball

=

=

noun •

kneel

down

=

kick off =

knife noun kick out =

•

•

(a child)

=

knit

kid noun •

=

verb •

verb

=

-

•

.

s

'

=

•

•

knock land

304

I

•

1 verb

L1

= *

knock on the door =

to

'

2 noun knock on the head =

to get a

noun

(institution)

knock down •

{in

a

'

accident) =

traffic

•

demolish) =

•

(to

•

knock out (to make unconscious) =

(Jn

a

(room) {school laboratory) =

•

•

{the material)

= •

'

shoes)

(far

=

accident) =

(a drink)

knox

•

lace noun

knock over traffic

=

•

to tie one's laces =

"9

lack noun

1

=

noun lack of food =

•

know •

verb (understand) = t>t)^^

lack of

•

money

=

know why he phoned =

I

2 verb =

•

he lacks confidence = •

(be informed about) = don't know the Japanese word for I

Z7>

(5

•

•

it

=

ladder noun =

•

lady noun

he knows evetythina =

= •

•

laKe noun to

know

all

=

about films =

•

lamb to aet to

know (someone) =

("

(an/ma/) =_ (meat) =

lamp

me know Note

only

that

used

=

wnen

.

in

t>

positive,

/

the present or past

t progressive forms and but when negative it

becomes

either

knowledge =

•

noun

lampshade =

-

noun

land 1 •

noun (as

=

or •

opposed

to the

sea)

(property)

=

noun

•

= (desk-lamp) =

•

let

noun

to

•

own

land =

•

==

.

•

•

landscape

305

2

verb

•

(to fall)

•

(if it's

laundry |

the film lasts two hours =

=

•

•

a plane) =

late noun

'

=

1

adverb

•

{far into the

language •=

it's

•

•

{not

on time)

to arrive half

an hour

noun

2

adjective

(b'g)

•

{large in area)

•

•

to

be

work =

late for

•

large garden =

•

•

room =

larae

adjective

=

=

/

•

late

e

=

' •

=

•

=

getting late =

bad language =

larqe

niaht)

afternoon =

late in the

<

foreign language = •

dav or

•

the train

to

was two hours

make (someone)

late

=(/

last

"

=

late

"

)

•

1 adjective

later adverb

= •

my

last place of

work =

!

=

•

L I'll

call

back

later

=

•

week = last month =

•

last

•

•

year = 2 adverb • {most recently) last

not

when

•

I

last

-

(

{at the

I'll

used

see you

later!

•

in

formal Japanese

•

the latest

•

>

2 at the latest =

•

last (of all)

=

Latin noun

position) last in the

1 verb

race =

=

•

to laugh at a joke = •

3 pronoun to

the last = they were the last to arrive = •

•

•

'.

to laugh at

•

(someone) = •

laundry noun =

( () )

make (someone) laugh

)

the night before last =

=

S

•

l3ugh •

4 verb

'

news =

•

end) =

he came

7

1 adjective

=

came here =

do the dishes

(in final

•

latest

= •

=

•

•

7

=

=

law

_

• -

•

least

306

I

do the laundry =

to

•

(to

have as a result) an accident =

to lead to

law •

•

noun

leacP noun

(a set of rules in a country)

=

•

obey the law =

to

(

{metal) = {in

•

•

noun

against the law =

it's

=

leaf noun

(a rule)

leaves =

•

(as a subject)

=

.

individual leaf =

the law of gravity = •

•

a pencil) =

leak

•

verb

=

•

•

lawn

water

noun

=

leaking from the pipe =

is

•

lawnmower

noun

=

in Japanese pipes don leak, tne water leaks {from the pipe) 't

•

lawyer

noun

=

lean

•

verb

•

put) =

(to

verb support oneself) to lean against the wall =

•

(to put)

•

some newspapers on

lay

•

1

lay

the floor =

'"^

{to

•

•

•

spread) =

(to

to lean a bicycle against the wall =

to lay a carpet = -

•

•

to lay the table = •

to lean out of the

window =

• •

•

2

{of a chicken)

to lay

adjective

{person) =

an egg =

.

(meat) =

down

lay I

laid

=

lean back =

•

the tray

down on

)

•

the table =

lean forward =

•

•

lean on =

layoff=

lazy

lead^ (to

•

to learn

how to drive

=

•

verb

guide)

this

verb

=

lazy person =

•

learn

•

adjective

road

•

will

lead you to the village =

leash noun =

•

least •

(in

sport) =

•

1 cteterm/'ne

the least •

to lead a

busy

life

=

= •

I

•

have the least money =

=••

=

--

-

-

leather

307

didn't leave a

I

•

left

|

message = •

2 pronoun was the it

least

could do! =

I

"

him some money

left

I

•

3 adverb the least =

•

"b

+ opposite

{to

put off) leave

•

let's

(^

adjective

3

the least expensive shop = •

the least

difficult

•

b

question =

(Jo

tomorrow = go uiz

until

it

remain) =

there's nothina

left

•

=

• •

4 at •

we've aot ten minutes

least

(at the

minimum) =

left

\

= •

he's at least thirty =

•

[other uses) I

left

up

it

them =

to

•

•

{when expressing some doubt) he's

aone out— at

least,

I

leave behind = I

my bag

left

behind =

•

•

leather noun =

•

leave •

(to

•

think so =

verb

leave out

'

go away) =

•

show

or talk about)

(by accident) = pre

form +

•

(deliberately)

to leave school (graduate) = to leave

school (go home) =

she

her husband =

•

{to

exclude

=

+

=

(a person)) •

to feel left out =

•

left

{not to

•

•

leave over I

left

the next day =

there

was

not

much

left

over = •

•

•

go out of) = left the room =

(to I

•

there

is

some food

over =

left

/

•

•

{to

allow to remain) =

•

lecture noun

leave your coat here =

{to

students) =

[to

the public) =

•

•

left I

left

the

window open

(deliberately)

1

noun = please take the •

I

left

the

window open •

•

(to put, to give)

=

first

street

(by accident)

'

•

2

^"5

adjective

=

•

on the

left

=

\

= = = =

•

leg

left left

• •

308

let I

hand = handed =

we travel

•

less in winter =

.

•

3 adverb =

4 preposition

•

=

to turn left

(minus) =

.

5 less and less = there

'

{of a

•

\

•

leg noun person or animal)

is

less

and less time =

/

u/

= •

{of

meat) =

legal

(

adjective

=

•

6 less than =

•

less than 1000 yen =

leisure noun in

centre {British tngiish), leisure center {US English)

less than half an hour = •

l6SSon noun

noun

=

=

Japanese lesson =

lemon

lemonade

eti verb • (when makina suggestions) let's go home =

noun

= verb

=

•

to lend

_^

•

noun

=

lend

•

(someone) money =

(

let's

•

go! =

Let often can be expressed using the causative form of the verb.

(Jo allow)

•

191

my father let me go to and study abroad

length noun

=

=

• •

noun =

• I

let

him do what he

likes =

less

•

1 dstsrmirwr

=

my hair grow =

I'm letting

•

less

money = • •

I

have less work than he does =

2 pronoun it

•

costs less =

let

down

let

go

=

stop holding) please let go of (to

=

•

he reads less than she does =

•

{to

, •

me

release {animal}}

(

•

(to

•

release (prisoner)) •

my book

is

less useful than his

book =

let in •

•

(

to

he

a room or house) let me in =

•

;

•

3 adverb

a

=

••

309

1

the roof lets

•

in

the rain =

•

let

(Jo

•

{not to

me

out! =

lie

=

•

around

my

children

leave their toys

through let (someone) through =

(

•

•

down =

lie

et2

verb

=

{human

=

'

•

(of the alphabet)

=

noun =

life in

aeneral) =

being alive) = = expectancy)

• •

{lifespan) {life

•

(British English)

(everyday

•

life

•

lifestyle noun

=

=

level

lift

noun

2

•

{state of

noun

1

( (

fG noun

{British Enalish) •

letter noun

lying

around =

•

to

•

•

a

tell

lie

.

scream =

to let out a

let

the truth) =

tell

= to

•

situated) =

2 noun

out of a tyre) = •

let

be

•

out

{to let the air

•

light

Iet2

1 verb

=

=

adjective

to

•

one's arm =

lift

= to

liar noun =

•

=

license

'

•

{in

•

( a car)

to give

•

driving licence =—

(someone) a

lift

to the station

•

license plate noun (US

English) lift

=

up=

•

light 1 noun

lick verb =

•

id noun =

{from the sun,

= •

{in

a room, on a machine) •

to switch

(on the ground, on a bed) =

|

•

(

the sofa =

on a

light

=

•

•

down on

moon)

•

=

lie 1 verb

lay

=

(British English)

=

(US English) noun

I

lid

{an elevator)

•

(British English),

•

a

2 noun

ibrary noun

=

lift

•

{for traffic)

the lights are green =

•

•

•

(in

a

street)

=

•

light

bulb

|

,

•

310

little'

a light =

(US English)

•

•

I

have you got a

•

light? =

2

adjective

•

(not dark) not usually

queue) =

(a

-

=

to

describe colours it's still light outside =

<S

•

(a row)

•

used

ij

=

to stand in line

•

•

{lines in pi ay j film)

•

' .

= •

•

{line

of writing)

=

• '

.

(no

=

eav/y)

[telephone =

•

•

3 verb = I

the line

•

engaged =

•

lit

line)

a cigarette =

2

•

verb

be lined with trees =

to to light a fire

=

•

•

'

link verb light bulb noun =

(by

•

fra/.n)

=

.

to link Paris to

•

noun

=

•

•

(to

make

°

a connection between) =

noun

_ S

*

London =

•

the two murders are linked =

•

like'' preposition

people

us =

like

•

•

what's

it

like? =

lion noun

Iike2 verb • {when expressing an not a verb I

like

in

= interest)

=

lip noun =

Japanese

•

dancing =

noun

•

I

like

= it!

=

•

like

America? =

liquid 1 noun

'

{when expressing a wish) = pre 191 form of the verb + I'd like

•

•

how do you

=

2

to live here =

(when ordering food and

•

adjective

=

drink)

•

(

ist noun =

=

listen verb I'd

like

=

coffee please =

•

to listen to

someone =

I:

•

imit noun =

litre

•

•

=

.

straight line =

{British English),

(US English) noun

line 1 noun

=

•

little' 1 determiner

=

•

liter

is

=

••

311

long

little^ I

littlewine=

a local newspaper = "b

•

•

there

very

is

time =

little

the local people =

•

.

2 pronoun a

little

=

only ate a

I

little

lock 1 verb

=

=

•

locked the door =

I

• •

3 adverb

2 noun

=

4a 5

= • a bicycle lock =

•

=

little (bit)

little

by

little

=

• •

lock little^ adjective = •

in

(someone)

to lock

=

in

(

)

•

live'' verb •

{to I

have one's home) =

live in

=

•

London =

loqical

•

(to foe a// e) (to

lead a

noun

=

life)

.

=

=

enough

that's not

(

adjective

=

•

•

lonely

on =

to live

adjective

= •

•

long 1 adjective

live^ adjective •

(a//Ve)=

•

{of a

= a long

•

(

match, a show) =

j

•

letter

=

U

•

•

long hair = the film

lively adjective (person) =

•

(town, party) =

living room noun apanese style) = {Western

style)

-

is

•

two hours long = •

haven't seen him for a long time =

I

•

2 adverb

loaa noun

=

•

{on a truck, beina carried)

•

= loads of money =

•

long ago = please stay as long as you •

•

like

=

•

loaf noun

I

=

won't be long = •

3 as long as Use a

loan noun

conditional form of

191 as long as the weather the verb.

=

is

noun •

=

local =

adjective

(

as long as you ring •

me =

nice =

•••

look

I

•

love

312

look

loose

1 verb

•

adjective {describing clothes) =

•

{describing a screw) = f0

•

=

•

to look at a picture =

lorry noun

lose

•

•

{to

appear)

•

{British English)

verb

'

=

=

to look tired

O

=

window =

to look out of the

7 •?>

lost

•

adjective

to get lost =

to look well = lost

property =

•

3?1

he looks young =

lost property office

=

•

she looks

like

•

her mother = •

what does

it

lot pronoun a lot =

look like? =

I

eat a

lot

=

•

a

look after =

lot

money =

of

•

there's not a

lot left

=

to look after a child =

•

•

look •

•

(to

ottery noun

down

=

lower one's eyes) =

to look

,5

•

loud

adjective

(too noisy) =

down on someone =

/

to talk in a loud voice = • •

look for = I

am

loudspeaker

•

looking for a job =

lounqe

•

noun {Japanese style) = {Western style) = {in a hotel) =

look forward to I

am

looking forward to meeting her =

look onto =

1

verb

•

(when

•

looks onto the aarden =

each other =

•

(to ra/se

'

{when

talkina

in

one's eyes) =

a dictionary =

about things,

activities)

•

•

look up

•

M

•

look out =

up a word

'

about people) =

talking

to love

to look

•

•

•

•

U^

IOV6

•

my room

noun

=

I

love reading = •

'

2 noun = to

be

to

make

in

love =

•

love =

•

=

j

•

'

majority

lovely

313

I

lovely

(

adjective

= a lovely apartment = (beautiful)

•

Mm

"

-

you've got lovely eyes = •

(/

(

(yery nice, kind) =

•

'

•

machine =

low

mad

'

1 adjective

= to

speak

in

'

adjective

(

•

(crazy) =

•

{very angry) =

•

mad about (someone)

_

\

a low voice =

noun •

)

• •

2 adverb to turn the

music down

low =

_

=

•

magazine lower

=

verb

=

magic

•

loyal

(

adjective

=

(

•

noun

•

mail

luck!

=

1

•

•

to bring

•

maiaen name =

•

good

adjective

=

luck noun =

noun

•

someone (good)

luck = •

noun {the postal system)

= •

•

(letters)

=

lucky to

•

2 verb {US

adjective

()

be lucky =

English)

to mail a letter (to

someone) =

(

•

noun =

mailbox

•

lunch

noun

=

mailman

•

noun

main

•

adjective •

luxury 2

•

{western-style meal) =

major = a major event =

adjective

luxury hotel =

.

lyric noun =

noun

1 adjective

noun =

(

(

•

main course

•

=

1

•

adjective

=

noun

=

noun {US Enalish)

=

=

ung

noun (US English)

=

•

•

2 noun =

•

majority noun =

-(

-

•

•

.•

make manufacture |

make

.

verb

•

word make can often be translated by This entry covers the most frequent uses of Note

that the

make but

•

to

(to

lot

of

money =

5

/

•

'

a profit =

make do =

make

•

film

make

to

=

•

out

make

to

)

earn)

make a

to

(

to find translations for

make = make a

to

)

•

other expressions like to make a mess, to make a mistake' to make sure etc, look up the entries at mess, mistake, sure etc. •

make (someone) wait =

to

314

out a

list

=

•

make some

to

make up

coffee =

•

make

to

a

phone

make

•

to

make up an excuse =

•

to

make up

•

friends =

•

•

make

to

friends aaain) =

{to

=

call

•

to

be

•

friends with

someone =

make-up

noun

=

make

breakfast =

(

•

to be

made

of gold =

•

be made

to

be made

to

in

in

Japan =

Canada =

•

•

( ( ( ( (

cause a particular reaction) Use the causative form of the verb. 191 to make (someone) happy = (to

)

to

)

•

make (someone) annoyed =

to

make (someone)

to

make (someone)

cry =

•

) )

eat =

•

to

to

•

wear make-up = «1

male •

{in

adjective

iSt ((D)

biology) =

( man

•

(

men) =

•

{relating to

•

=

•

(as a species) =

J

•

noun •

manage •

(fort7n)=

•

to

•

verb •

manage to finish one's homework =

make (someone) jealous = •

to

<s

•

•

to

!^

a parcel =

) )

( )

make (someone) lauah =

)

•

Note

preferred in Japanese to use the expression to become... rather thsn to m3l<e...For example in English we might say "The medicine made him sleepy", in that often

it

is

Japanese it would be preferable to say "He took some medicine and

became

sleepy"

•

manager

noun

{of a project, a hotel)

(of a

=

shop, a bank) =

{of a football team) = (sen/.o

manager

in

large

company) =

•

(line

manager) =

manners

•

noun

=

good manners = bad manners =

manufacture =

verb •

=

_=

+

=

•

many marsh

315

|

many •

(a lot

0=

margarine

were there many tourists? =

noun

=

mark

•

not many = there weren't

+ negative verb

manv oeople

1

noun

•

(on clothes) =

there =

{to

or

181

counter

how many books have you

to

—

with how, too, so, as)

how many? =

•

got?

•

(British English)

(agracte) =

manv =

form of the verb

pre

•

2 verb

191

+

•

good marks =

to aet

too

' -

a surface) = to leave coffee cup marks on the table =

•

{when used

.

indicate something) =

(damage

•

174

noun =

1 dstsrminsr

you eat too many chips =

•

(to stain)

•

to

=

•

•

mark the homework =

many things to do =

there are so

•

3 many presents as you

got as

I

did =

to

e

mark an exam = •

• •

(to indicate)

market •

2 pronoun

many

are there

= Tz

left?

got too

many

{the place) = a flea market =

\

•

m

•

I've

•

noun

•

=

{the system) = the stock market =

"^ _

,

•

•

^

—ti

• .

take as

many as you

like

=

7

marketing

noun

=

marmalade

•

noun

=

many

(of

them) speak English =

marriage

noun

=

•

•

'

map =

married =

noun

marble

adjective

to

noun

( () •

be married

(to

someone) =

•

=

•

maroles

noun

=

marry

verb

•

march

to

verb

•

{in

the army)

•

(in

a demonstration) = •

marry (someone) = •

^5

•

marsh =

noun •

e

=

-

mashed potatoes me

316

|

mashed potatoes

may

noun

=

•

mask

talking

about a

possibility)

=

plain form +

noun

they

=

mat

verb

{when

'

may be able to come

= •

noun

=

she mav not have seen him =

match 1

noun

•

{British English)

•

may

it

game) = a football match = (a

rain =

X?

• •

•

•

=

•

(a matchstick)

2

verb the shoes match the belt =

[when askina for or givina permission) = form of the verb +

lav

\

may come I

in? =

• •

you mav

mate

noun

=

{British Enalish)

Mav •

=

t

174

noun

=

•

maybe

material noun

=

adverb

7

•

math

{US

(British English)

often indicates a Note that higher probability than 'maybe' does in English and is more similar to

maths

English),

=

noun

•

'probably'

mathematics

noun

(school subject) = {calculations")

mayor

-

ir

=

noun

{of a city)

•

{of a town) =

matter 1

down

•

•

workmate =

=

sit

•

{of a village) =

noun

•

me pronoun

what's the matter? = A more emotive way f)

•

to

ask

Note

can often be

that

is

left

out

obvious.

if it is

= • they asked me =

what's the matter with her? = •

•

2 verb it

he

doesn't matter =

hit

me = •

•

•

please help me! =

\

fzl

7

•

maximum

please don't bother me! =

1 adjective

the

maximum

a

maximum

•

price =

3 •

•

temperature

of

she gave the book

to

me

30 please

•

show

it

•

=

•

•

•

degrees (weather) =

2 noun

=

in

front of

me

=

to

me! =

,

=

•

meal

317

meal

noun

meet

|

•

=

mean

it's

meant to be

1 verb •

mean =

to

meanwhile

•

what does

that

mean?

•

measles

noun

=

mean? =

what does

measure

verb

=

nave as a

{to

means

it

=

result)

giving up

adverb

=

= •

•

difficult

•

•

meat

my job =

noun

=

•

•

mechanic •

meant

I

noun

=

intend)

(to

•

to order a pizza =

medal

.

noun

= I

didn't

mean

say that =

to

gold medal =

media

•

noun

= I

meant

medical

as a joke =

it

•

have medical treatment =

to •

intend to say)

{to

her work

medicine


=

means

(

•

what do you mean? = •

adjective

=

•

a

lot to

noun •

her =

noun =

•

•

money

mean much

doesn't

to

him =

•

medium

(

adjective

•

{British English)

•

to

{not generous) =

be mean

to

=

()

I

met him

at the

^

supermarket = •

can we meet (up) next week? =

noun

b •

•

means

noun

to

= a means of earning

meet again =

•

•

^

a

-

verb {by accident or appointmenV) =

someone =

•

meaning

•

meet •

2

adjective

money =

•

{to

•

be introduced

to)

•

I

met him

at

a wedding =

means of transport = •

meant I'm

=

•

to be

meant

to

meant to verb be at my parents' house

•

(tofefch) =

'

=

•.

meeting

might

|

can meet you

I

318

at the station

=

I

metal

me

can you meet

•

method at the station?

•

melon

Mexico

noun

=

microphone

noun

the

•

the salt

microwave oven is

=

melting =

will

midday =

middle

member

member of

[in {in

•

the middle of the road =

in

•

{in

staff

a school) = a bank) = a company) =

•

I'm in the middle of cooking a

•

•

•

^t

•

•

in

the middle of writing a letter =

noun •

=

•

good memory =

•

g

middle-aged he's got a bad

memorv =

adjective

=

z^^tlli

•

midnight

•

noun

186

= •

{of a person, a

=

•

place or time)

•

midniaht =

at

•

mend •

might

verb

= {by sewing) = (to fix)

mental

•

•

[when

'

verb talking

about a

possibility)

plain form +

•

her answer might be right =

adjective •

mental illness =

menu

noun

mess

noun

•

they might have got lost = X?

•

mv room

is in

a

mess =

'will

you come?' —

'I

might' =

•

•

to

make

a

mess

in

the kitchen = •

messaae =

meal =

Ig^TM she's

memorv

noun

=

noun

=

'

189

•

at

•

186

noun

=

melt the ice =

noun

•

midday

•

a

noun

=

verb

snow

•

172

noun

=

=

melt

meter

=

'

meetinq

{British English),

{US English) noun

have a meetinq) =

{to

noun

=

metre

•

•

noun

=

•

noun

/

we might miss •

the plane =

=

= •

mild

319

I

he said he might not come =

•

•

make up one's mind

to

I

minimum

=

changed my mind = •

•

2 verb

{when implvina something didn't happen) you might have been killed! =

•

(when expressina an opinion) don't mind = I

we go?'—

'where shall

•

you might have warned us =

don't mind'

'I

_ •

•

I

•

don't mind the heat =

(when making suggestions) you miaht try leavina a message =

•

•

^

{in polite

questions or requests)

do you mind

•

if

I

smoke? = •

it

might be better to wait =

, f

would you mind closing the door?

•

•

mild

(

(

adjective

=

•

the weather's mild,

,

•

mild =

it's

be careful) mind the steps! = (to

b

K^lA

• • t

mind you don't break the glass =

mile noun =

•

Note that a mile = 1609 m.

military

(

adjective

=

•

take care of

•

(Jo

•

never mind,

I'll

1

=

.

aet the next train =

milk 1

noun

•

=

•

milkman

noun

mirie

=

pronoun

=

•

(

f

the red pen

note that milk delivery

f

is

is

mine =

rare in •

Japan

'

mine^

million number

noun

=

=

•

•

miner

three million dollars =

noun

=

•

•

a million inhabitants =

mineral water noun

•

=

mind 1

noun

•

= I

•

have a

lot

on

my mind

=

"

minimum 1 adjective

=

•

the

minimum temperature

degrees =

will

be 15

=

minister

o

•

mobile phone

|

320

miss an opportunity =

to

•

•

2 noun

•

=

I

•

minister noun •

government)

{in

=

•

the minister for Education =

;

I

see)

to

miss Japanese food =

/c •

•

•

•

sad not miss you =

(to feel

(other uses) don't miss this film =

{in religion) •

=

•

minor

adjective

I

=

missed her plane =

•

minor

injury

=

I

•

to miss school

Se

•

(due

minority noun

to illness)

=

•

=

_

(by skippina classes) =

•

ethnic minority =

_

• •

minus

Miss

preposition

four minus three

is

=

'

one =

missing

•

adjective

be missing =

to it's

noun

.

minus four outside =

book missing =

there's a

•

•

minute =

186

noun

= •

mistake

{on a wall) = (on a car) =

miserable =

•

mistletoe noun

use the negative of to hit

•

to

=

•

mix

to hit)

a mistake =

•

adjective

verb

{to fail

make

to

•

miss •

•

miserable =

feel

noun

= • a spelling mistake =

mirror noun

I

.

mist noun

•

be here any minute now =

they'll

•

(to

•

(to

•

to

verb put together) =

•

go together) = mix with the other students = •

miss the target = • •

•

(to fail to

I

see)

•

missed the TV news =

_

mix up = to aet

•

French and Japanese mixed up

= •

you can't miss •

(to fail to take)

it

=

mobile phone =

noun •

\•

more

model

321

I

model •

noun

{of a train, a car, a building) .

•

modern

7

model =

(fashion)

=

I

"

(

-

mole (spo

noun

= adjective

=

•

=

moped moral

adjective

=

Mohammed

^

more 1 determiner

noun

I

have more work than him = •

noun

no more bread =

there's

mom, Mom (someone

O

J

tfi

•

(animal) =

noun {US English)

else's)

=

more

there's

would you {your own) =

tea =

•

like

more coffee? =

•

•

Japanese children mother as

will

address o

their

77

moment

noun

wait a

'

•

'

= at the

he bought two more tickets =

moment = moment =

Monday

2 pronoun =

•

to cost

•

I

•

•

I

monkey

you any more =

we need more =

noun •

3 adverb • (when companna) = it's more complicated than

•

year of the

~

e

monkey =

noun

= Kyoto

be back

in

that =

•

(period of one month)

I'll

tell

•

189

•

month

can't

noun

=

=

got more than her =

174

noun

=

money

more =

is

more

beautiful than

Tokyo =

two months' time = • •

•

monument

noun

=

-

•

mooa

noun good mood =

I'm in a

<S

I'm in a

bad mood

t

4 more and more =

t)

more and more expensive =

•

=

(when talking about time) he doesn't live there any more =

S;hjtf>

, •

'

moon =

•

noun

5 more or less = 6 more than =

•

morning

move

|

there were

322

(your own) =

more than 20 people there

•

=

motor

•

morning =

186

noun

=

motorbike

•

the morning =

at three o'clock in

noun

motorcyclist noun

•

(during) the

noun

=

morning =

•

^

•

.

mosquito =

motorist noun

noun

=

most {the majority of)

most schools

motorway

=

be closed =

will

superlatives)

noun

•

go camping

to

the most = who has the most

(British English) •

= {in

noun

= (

mountain •

noun

=

1 determiner •

•

motor racing

in

the mountains =

• •

money? =

mountain bike

mountain climbing

2 pronoun

=

=

most

noun

=

•

them) can speak Japanese =

(of

noun

•

mouse

noun

=

moustache, mustache

•

(US English) noun

3 adverb

=

=

•

the most expensive

shop

in

Tokyo =

mouth •

= •

the most

beautiful

town

in

Japan =

•

noun

{of a person, animal) •

(of a river)

=

•

move 4 at (the) most 5 most of all =

mostly

=

,

(to

verb make a movement) =

< please don't move! =

adverb

•

_ <_

•

=

mother

177 noun {someone else's) = {your own) =

the train's started to

= •

•

•

Japanese children their mother as

move

will

{to

address to

put elsewhere) the car =

move •

to

mother-in-law noun {someone •

else's)

=

move

a chair (out of the

1

•

•

to

move

(house) =

f

"5

way) •

\

=

•

movement mug

323

|

move

to

Gunma

to

=

•

+ negative

{not often)

thev don't eat out

•

b

much =

move away •

{to live

elsewhere) =

•

I

•

•

make

{to

a

movement away) =

(when used I

like

it

very

with very, too or so)

much =

'

•

•

move away from the window =

to

I

much =

ate too

•

move back = move forward move into move

to

•

•

into university

'

I

want

to

ao so much = •

2 pronoun

'

•

(in

,

move over please =

'

•

accomodation

=

move out = T -5 move over = \

She drank too much =

fet

=

is

questions) = s there much to be

done? =

•

movemeni =

movie

3 determiner

noun

•

(not a lot of) I

=

haven't got

much

+ negative time =

noun {US Enalish) •

=

•

movies

noun {US English)

=

•

(a lot

0=

00 you have much homework? =

•

movie theater

noun {US English) •

=

•

•

moving

{when used

adjective

=

with how, very, too, so

o

as)

how much money have you got? =

•

mow

verb to mow the lawn =

•

(3

-

MP

noun

she doesn't eat verv much meat =

(British English)

=

• •

Mr

"

noun

= 1

Mrs

spent too

much money =

noun

i

•

=

Ms

please don't put so

much

salt

noun

= •

much 1 •

adverb (a lot) = this bag

she has as much work as

much more expensive =

is

•

mua

•

= •

= he doesn't read {not a

lot)

+ negative

much

= •

mug 1

noun =

noun •

me

=

on =

--

•

mystery

multiply I

multiply

324

verb

•

(increase) =

•

{when talking about a rule) she must take the exam

in

June =

maths) =

{in

mum, Mum

noun

{someone

'

{your own) =

(British English)

=

else's)

Japanese children mother as

•

•

(when assuming

something

that

is

true) will

address it

must be nice

to live there =

or

their

•

mumps

you must be Mr Yamamoto's younger

noun

=

sister

=

•

murder 1

•

noun it

'

=

must have been boring =

•

2 verb =

murderer

mustard

=

noun

=

noun

mutton

noun

•

muscle

=

noun

=

my

dstsrminsr

•

museum

=

noun •

mushroom

the

owner

is

obvious.

mean my.

also

noun

Not always used can

•

if

=

they hate

=

my dog

= •

music

noun

=

(

what do you think

•

musical

noun

=

musical instrument

I

noun

sold

all

car? =

(

= CD CD

•

musician

noun

I

broke

my

leg =

=

•

Muslim

adjective

(

=

=

mussel

•

rnvselr pronoun •

Not usea as a reflexive pronoun

noun I

•

must •

my

my CDs •

=

of

Japanese want to enjoy myself =

verb

•

{when stressing the importance of

I

didn't hurt

something)

myself =

'

•

you must go to hospital = •

(when used for emphasis^i did it all by myself = I

•

we

mustn't

tell

the teacher =

mysiery =

•

noun

in

==

=

=

•

325

nail I

need

near 1 preposition

=

•

he was

sitting

near us = •

2 adverb

nail noun •

(Jor

use

they

attaching, repairing)

in

near =

live

= •

•

(on the fingers or toes)

3

=

adjective

=

nail polish noun

•

the school

=

is

quite near =

(3^ •

(

adjective

=

•

name •

kilometres

are

several

away =

{of a person) •

=

•

what's your

name? =

nearby

•

189

adverb

=

mv name •

shops

nearest

the

noun

is

Michiko =

•

nearly

adverb

we're nearly there =

(of a book, a play or film)

=

•

narrow

adjective

=

( (

adjective

nearly

5%

'

I

(of

them) =

=

(

•

nearly forgot = •

•

neat

adjective

=

all

•

nasty =

nearly

{in

adjective

how one

looks)

(

{describing work, handwriting) =

adjective

native language =

(' <

necessary a native French speaker =

•

neck

•

=

(

(

•

noun

(

•

need •

{of course)

•

=

naturally adverb {of nature)

(

noun

= adjective

adjective

=

•

{{to)

verb

have

to)

you don't need

to get permission =

noun =

• •

they'll

adjective

=

need

to

come early =

• •

navy

noun

=

navy blue =

•

•

(

adjective •

{to I

want)

need money = -

•

b

=

needle

t

B

• '

•

news

|

we need

to

326

know by Tuesday =

•

everythina you need =

•

nervous disposition = •

•

=

'

nesi noun

'

noun =

)

[anxious^ -

nervous feeling =

•

•

.

nei noun

(

adjective

•=

•

()

(

(pessimistic)

2 noun

•

•

{In

sport)

•

=

1^

=

Netherlands

=

•

network

neighbour {British English), neighbor {us English) noun {living

'

{for fishina)

=

172

noun

noun

=

next-door) =

'

(

adjective

= {living

close by) =

never •

adverb

(not ever)

they never

come

here =

1 conjunction •

•

(in neither...

nor sentences)

she can speak neither French nor

she has never been

opera =

to the

English = •

never go back there aaain =

I'll

•

|

(nor) • 'I

=

can't sleep'— 'neither can

Cj •

2 dstsrminsr =

answered

neither

-

•

{when used for emphasis) she nsvsr svsn contacted us =

=

•

nevertheless

•

adverb

=

3 pronoun

new adjective

= neither of

them

is

=

coming =

"b

•

new

bike =

1^

• •

new car = new computer

nephew noun =

•

=

• •

nerves

noun

new clothes =

= •

to get

•

on someone's nerves = , •

newborn baby

noun

=

nervous •

adiective

(frightened)

=

178

news •

•

noun

apieceofnews=

•

=

newsagent's

327

have you heard the news? =

•

that's

nil

(now)

we do

what'll

•

|

next? =

good news =

•

•

have you any news of John? =

•

the future)

(in

when you give

•

•

(on radio, TV)

next

come to Niigata,

me a call =

'

•

newsaaent's

noun

{British English)

3 next to =

No direct equivalent in Japan, but there are stands in stations and

next door

elsewhere where you can buy newspapers, magazines, cigarettes and sweets. These are called

nice

=

please

t

adverb

•

adjective

njoyable)a nice time =

•

we had

•

7

•

=

-

•

>er noun

6

New Year

(

(kind, friendly)

•

•

everyone was very nice

noun

to

me

=

= • •

Happy New Year! = •

New Year's

New Year's

Day,

{US English) noun =

(of weather, place)

nickname

=

noun

=

•

New Year's Eve =

niece

noun

=

(/

noun '

.

•

New Zealand

172

noun

.

night noun •

=

(as

=

next

I

opposed

to

day)

didn't sleep last night =

1 adjective

•

{when talking about what come) =

is still to

he studied

•

I'll

•

the next day = next week = the next

•

last

week =

'

(evenina)

=

•

•

night-

•

next month = the next month =

•

'

niahtciUD noun =

_ =_

next year = the next year =

'

•

niahtmare = to

•

nil noun

=

noun

have a nightmare =

the past)

what did you do next? = •

"

noun

•

-

2 adverb {in

night =

•

•

•

all

take the next train =

"

a:

=

nine

'

nor

|

nine number {on

its

a counter) = nine books = (with

got nine =

I've

= 328

181 ,

171.

own)

u

186

.

noise noun {sound) =

{disturbance)

•

•

noisy

-

•

make noise =

to

•

adjective

=

•

none

nine o'clock =

•

none

nineteen number =

181

•

•

nineteenin number •

•

{in

(

/

a series) =

{in dates) 174 the nineteenth of Julv =

•

none of the answers were

•

•

•

)

ninth number (in

{in

a series) =

there's •

174

dates)

the ninth of

right =

181

=

•

none of us can speak Chinese =

•

ninety number

•

pronoun of them went to the class =

I've

none

left

got none,

I

= >b

have none =

"t^

nonsense

December =

that's

noun nonsense! =

•

no 1 •

adverb Note that when a question = is asked in the negative and the answer would be "no" in English, it would be in Japanese to

mean

(

that that

is

correct e.g.

.

noodle =

noun

•

= at

_

noon =

•

no-one

pronoun (also nobody) no-one = + negative no-one tells me anything =

no thanks = • •

•

he no longer works here =

no-one saw him =

^) •

•

there's no-one else

2 dstsrmirwr •

in

the office but

•

we have no money = •

nor

there are no trains =

•

(when refusina permission) no smoking! = when used for emphasis) it's no problem =

conjunction

For tmnslstions of nor when used in combination with neither, look at

•

•

me

=

{not any)

the entry for neither in this dictionary.

•

(

'I

don't like

•

•

nobody

no-one

him'— 'nor do

=

•

•.

normal

329

normal

(

adjective

=

•

normally

•

{in

|

notice

no way)

he's not at

all

(

worried =

adverb

=

•

•

'thanks a lot'— 'not at

=

all'

north 1

noun = in

note

•

the north of Japan =

(

i

•

2 adverb to

3

go north =

adjective

=

•

to

work

in

north

'

1 •

noun (to remind oneself) =

•

message)

(a

=

( /

left

I

_

you a note = •

London = •

•

North America =

noun

{British English)

{money) = • a 5000 yen note =

172_

•

northeasi noun •

=

{in

music)

•

A//iN = 1 2 verb to note (down) = •

Northern Ireland =

noun

172

•

northwest

noun

=

=

•

nose

nothing pronoun

noun

=

•

"

= + negative nothing has changed =

•

not

•

1 adverb

no translation in Japanese for not. The verb, adjective or noun in question must be made into a negative form. 201 191, Note that there

she's not at

is

there's nothing

left

=

/

_ I

•

she said nothing = •

home = I

knew nothina about

it

=

t

•

hasn't he

•

phoned you? =

there's nothing

we're going to go out whether or not =

it

we can do about •

rains I

had nothing

to

do with

it!

=

• •

not everyone likes football = for nothing = •

2 not at

all

verb =

•

it

=

••

••

novel

I

nylon

330

2 noun •

adjective

nuclear power =

(a written sign)

=

"t^

•

'

notice board = •

weapon =

nuclear

•

•

(warning people)

=

I

•

don't take any notice, take no

nuisance

(

_

at short notice = •

•

— 189

=S notice =

noun be a nuisance =

to

•

it's

a nuisance payina

novel noun

cash =

in

•

= •

Novembi^r

numb

174

noun

•

=

•

now 1

3

•

adverb =

'

we have

number

do

to

it

(

now =

1

noun

•

(a figure)

•

I'm

adjective

go numb = mv hands are numb =

to

wrong number = •

it

riaht

now

' •

passport) =

phoning her now =

please do

-

(of a house, a bus, a telephone, a

{when a

=

a

talking

about quantities)

number of = + counter number of people =

181

•

now is the time to contact them = a

number

•

a small I

should have told you before

hasn't been a problem until

number

of tourists =

now = •

it

of times =

now

•

2 verb =

= •

numberplate

•

noun

(British Enalish)

=

between now and next Monday =

nun

noun

= •

from

now on

I

nursery

noun

(child care establishment)

adverb

•

nursery school

+ negative

went nowhere yesterday =

=

nut noun there's

nowhere

•

•

•

=

noun <6

=

=

2 now and again, now and then =

nowhere

•

nurse

to sit

= •

_

= walnut =

nylon noun =

•

noun

=

c

I

I

•

oar

331

of I

noun

Oo

=

•

occur

verb (happen) =

•

{think)

a Dian occurred to

oar

me

=

I

noun •

=

obedient

adjective

'

ocean

=

•

=

obey

noun

Atlantic ^ Pacific 186

advsrb

verb It's

=

Tive o'clock

=

•

to

obey someone =

to

obey the law =

at

one o'clock =

-

•

174

noun =

-

object 1

V

noun

= 2 verb =

oda •

adjective {strange) =

•

(one of a

•

{when talking about numbers) odd number =

•

objective =

=

•

adjective

(

•

( (

obligation noun =

pa/'

=

•

()

()

•

{British English),

ODiige

verb to be obliaed to leave a

•

odor

{US English) noun

job=

=

•

•

of verb

•

=

preposition

the

(

(

adjective

=

•

205

= use particle

sound

of an engine =

•

Kobe =

the centre of

it's in

adverb =

•

•

'

'

a photo of the dog =

occasion

noun on special occasions =

half of the salad

the

adverb

names

=

of the pupils = •

'

verb •

=

•

(to take over) =

•

{when

talking

about quantities)

a kilo of potatoes = •

a bottle of wine = •

{to

to

keep busy) keep oneself occupied = •

occupied (room,

"

-f

have you heard of

adjective

toilet)

=

5

•

_

two bottles of cola = it7 •

=

181

=

•

off

I

OK

okay,

••

•

332

there are six of us

in

the family =

for

.

someone, use the

the verb +

•

Miyoko offered

form of

ITS, me

to help

197

my

with

homework =

Off occurs in combinations example: get off, go take off etc. To find the correct

Often

off

•

with verbs, for off,

5

translations for this type of verb,

offers to

look up the separate dictionary entries at get, go, take etc. 1

adverb

•

{leaving)

Vmoff

.

H/hen someone for you, use form of the verb +

do somethina

the

197

179.

office noun =

(British English)

•

=

head office = branch office =

tomorrow =

I'm off to Italy

•

•

office block noun

•

(British English)

= •

(away) the coast

is

a long

wav

off

officer noun (in the army or navy)

=

•

we could see them from

a long

way

(in

oft

=

the police) =

office

worker noun

=

•

•

can also be used •

(free)

day

to take a

=

off

my day

today's

•

(

official adjective

=

off

=

•

•

•

often adverb

(not worklna, switched off)

the lights are

all

off

=

= I

•

often

go there = •

2 adjective the milk

is off

+ negative not often = don't go there often =

=

I

•

offence

•

(British English),

offense

{US English) noun =

•

(a crime)

•

to take offence =

offend

oil noun • (for energy)

=

•

oil

•

•

company =

•

verb • (for

=

a car)

=

offer verb to offer someone

• {for

a job =

cookina)

= • •

I

offered

help

to

Miyoko with her

homework =

•

oil

painting

Okay,

•

OK

1 adjective •

(when asking or giving opinions) come back later? = is it okay if I

•

When

offerina to

do something

=

•

•

old

333

I

okay

it's

them =

to invite

on

olive 1

noun =

•

2

(when talking about health) feel okay = I

are you okay? (general greeting) =

,

•

are you

OK? (when

adjective

(

=

•

concerned) = •

•

olive oil noun =

•

Olympics

noun

=

old •

'

adjective

old

woman

an old

=

keep

•

etc.

preposition

old people =

•

{when talking about a person 's age) 171 are

correct translations for this type of verb, look up the separate dictionary entries for count, get,

•

an old man =

how old

occurs in combinations example: count on, get on, keep on etc. To find the Often o

with verbs, for

•

young) =

{not

on

'

houses =

noun

=

(nof /lew) = an old chest of drawers = •

•

omelette

on = use

particle

205

you've got a spot on your nose = •

you? =

-

a three-year old

there's a stain

=

girl

on the jacket =

'"

7"

• •

a ten year old car =

there

is

a poster on the wall =

v

|

•

I'm as old as

he

is

=

•

she's eight years older than her brother

to live

third floor

=

•

=

(on top of) = •

it's

I

on the

am

•

on the table = •

the oldest = •

I'm

now

old

enough

to drink =

(previous) = that's

in

my

{when

'

•

old address =

the old days =

old-fashioned

•

adjective

{describing attitudes, ideas) •

{describing people) = •

on top of the drawers = •

' •

it's

I

talking

about transport)

go on the bus =

to

came on my

•

bike today = •

to aet

on the train =

•

(about) = it's

a book on Africa =

I

•

once one

334

a programme on dinosaurs =

once a day = •

•

{when I

2

about time)

talking

was born on the sixth of December =

/

the old days) = conjunction

{in

=

it'll

+ conditional

form of

191

verb •

u

•

be easier once we've found a

house = I'll

be there on Saturday =

j;

•

we went

there on

mv

birthday =

3 at once = 4 once more =

'

•

t) •

•

,1.

one •

(when talkina about the media) on television = saw it on the news =

1

(on

its

—th

I

ITI. ill,

own) =

this film out

186 •

•

a counter) =

=f

one book

•

is

number

on video? =

•

I've

got one =

one

child

•

•

=

•

{using)

to

be on drugs =

one of my colleagues =

tl

• •

2 adverb •

one hundred =

{when talkina about what one wears) to have a sweater on -

"

•

to

have make-uo on =

•

2 dsterminsr •

{the only)

who can

Mauriceis the one person help Zoe =

•

•

(worklna, switched on)

why are

•

the lights

all

on? = it's

the radio

was on

•

•

(showing)

what's on? (on TV) = {in the cinema) •

all

day =

-

•

{the

the one thing that annoys

me

=

same)

to take three

exams

in

the one day =

•

3 pronoun •

(when

referring to

something

generally) I

(when talking about time) from Tuesday on, I'll be here =

need an dictionary— have you got one? = •

•

•

a

little

later

on =

{when

•

once

I

1

adverb

•

(one

f/'me)

referring to a specific

thing) like

the

new one = •

=

•

person or

•

one another open

335

|

the one

who

got sacked

is

Geoffrey =

only just

I've

moved house = •

•

•

which one? = this one = {when used to mean 'you' or this pronoun is not used in Japanese

4 one by one =

onio 'people') •

open 1 verb

•

Note that there are two ways of expressing the action to open in Japanese depending on what is being opened

one another pronoun

M

one another =

to love

preposition

205 = use particle to get onto a train =

•

we

can't bear being apart from one another =

to

open {something))

o open an umbrella =

•

•

open a book =

lN

b S

•

b\

•

pronoun

open a meeting =

=

• •

to enjoy oneself = ,

by oneself =

onion

•

open a a ate =

•

open an envelope = noun •

=

open a package =

•

only 1

•

open one's eyes =

adverb only = it's only a game = they've only met once =

open a window =

•

2

(

o open a shop =

adjective

to

she was the only one who couldn't speak Japanese =

become open)

what time do you open? = •

he shop opens

•

=

at eight •

the only problem

is

that

I

can't drive =

he flowers opened = •

•

to start)

an only child =

=

•

2 3 only just = use the 191 I've

•

adjective

/oseGO=

•

7C form of verb +

he pool

only just arrived =

isiVt

——

open = •

•

leave the door open =

ve only just heard =

•

•

(fran/c)=

•

la^

'

b

.

-

opener or

336

|

3 noun out

she was the open =

in

(for

=

•

2

cans) =

•

open-minded

adjective

adjective the opposite sex = • he was walking in the opposite direction

=

=

•

=

opera

•

noun

'

opposite effect = verb

•

{to

make something

{to

= •

4 noun

carry out an operation) =

=

•

on someone =

to operate

•

the exact opposite =

it's

•

•

to

•

3 adverb

work) =

•

•

me =

•

noun (for bottles)

opposite

sitting

•

operate on Mr Kitamura's leg =

noun =

•

opiimiST noun

•

=

optimistic

operation noun to

•

•

have an operation =

or

•

is no one word equivalent Japanese. See below for expressions in various contexts.

noun noun •

opinion, they're Ivina =

(when there's a choice between two or more things or options) = A B once or twice a week = •

this

is

•

Chinese or Japanese? =

sport) =

do you have any brothers or sisters?

ODportunity noun =

= {In

•

took the opportunity to =

I

^

•

noun (in

to

'or' in

=

my

coniunction

There

= in

(

adjective

=

=

visit

negative sentences with only one

verb) =

Naaasaki I

can't

do

it

today or tomorrow =

•

•

opDOse

I

verb to oppose a plan =

don't like

meat or

fish

=

I

-

•

to

be opposed

to nuclear

weaoons =

(otherwise) =

please be careful or the plates broken = preposition

=

•

will

get

=

=

•

==

•••

337

other

oral I

oral

adjective

noun

=

•

verb

2

noun

=

=

to

•

be organized =

adjective

original

=

•

(first)

•

(true, real)

noun

•

noun •

•

(

= =

adjective

•

(

{new, fresh)

ornament

noun

=

=

orphan

order

=

1 verb

noun

'

•

noun

noun

•

(to tell)

•

(to

=

•

ask

for)

=

•

other

goods from a magazine =

to order

1 adjective

Note

I

that other is not

same way as

•

in

used

English.

If

tne

in

the other

been previously mentioned, be referred to as "the previous one", "the one we saw before " etc item has

2 noun •

it

{an instruction)

rather tlwn "the other one".

=

•

' '

not that dress, the other one before =

to give orders =

•

we saw

the right order = the

3

will

list is in

alphabetical order =

()

I

•

order to = phoned in order to change the date =

in

b

they sold the other car =

to interrupt the other pupils

=

( •

•

every other day =

oral nary •

adjective

( (

{not unusual) =

()

2 pronoun Haruki made

•

an ordinary family =

the others lauah =

<^ •

-

•

{average) =

organ •

= •

noun

some

students remember Japanese easily, others have problems

=

musical instrument)

(a part of the

=

•

words

'

{the

"b

180

body)

•

adjective

(

(food) =

•

they

came

in

one

after the other

=

•

otherwise

I

out

338

otherwise

ought to have gone with them =

I

•

conjunction

•

= it's

safe, otherwise

I

wouldn't ao =

our

cteterm/'ne Not always used if the owners are obvious. can also mean our. 177

•

=

•

that's

otter noun

our dog = •

what do you think of our new house?

=

=

ought •

verb •

{when

talking about what should be done) = use a plain form of the verb

+

our

all

CDs have been

stolen =

CD

187

you ought not

do

to

CD

that = •

'

you ought do your homework before watching

•

TV

ours

=

ours.

can also mean

pronoun 177

=

•

the grey car

—

which case

for positive

you ought to go

to

ours = •

{when making a polite suggestion) = Use the form of the verb + suggestions and the of the verb + negative suggestions.

is

form for

is

ours? = •

their car is bigger than

ours =

191

bed = •

•

you ought not

to

ourselves

smoke =

• •

•

{when saying something may happen) = Use plain form of the verb + 187 they ought to arrive tomorrow =

•

we

ought not to be finished before three o'clock = •

•

{when saying something didn't happen) (when expressing personal regret) = Use the conditional form +

isi I

ought to have gone =

didn't hurt ourselves = •

•

it

pronoun {when used as a reflexive pronoun) not used as a pronoun in Japanese we want to enjoy ourselves =

(when used

we did

for

emphasis)

everything ourselves = •

we

like to

be by ourselves =

/

•

out Often out occurs with verbs, for

come

in combinations example: blow out,

out, find out, give out etc.

To

find the correct translations for this •

{when expressing obligation in the past) = Use plain form of verb +

IS?

type of verb, look up the separate dictionary entries at blow, come, find, give etc.

=

•

outdoor over

339

I

1

adverb

•

(outside)

'

•

she's out

the garden =

in

3 noun = outside of the building =

•

I'm lookina for the

•

wav

out

•

4

•

•

.

(absent)

be out =

to

someone telephoned

(

adjective

=

oven =

while you were

over

out =

Often over occurs

move over be out =

etc.

•

move

entries at get, all

To find the correct

translations for this type of verb, look up the separate dictionary

{not lighting, not on)

to

in combinations example: get over,

with verbs, for

•

•

(

•

noun

the lights were out =

etc.

1 preposition •

•

to climb over a wall

=

•

2 out of to

*

jump over

to

a puddle =

go out of the building =

•

•

to get out of the city =

•S:

•

(across) it's

to take a pencil out of the

drawer =

'

over there =

-

please

come over here =

•

(

adjective

= outdoor sport =

•

•

(above) = the picture over the piano = •

•

people over

outdoors

(

18=

adverb •

•

•

outer space noun

(during)

we saw them

=

over the weekend =

•

•

1 preposition •

{in front of)

•

•

to wait outside the school =

(everywhere) I've

searched

all

over for

my

•

•

(beyond) outside the city = 2 adverb = let's go outside =

'

•

•

2 adverb •

{finished)

=

•

the term

•

let's

is

over = •

play outside = •

please take the chairs outside =

is

the film over? = •

keys =

• -

overtake •

pain

|

340

4 on one's own

{to

one's home)

to

ask someone over =

own up

to start (something) over aaain =

(

=

OX

•

overtake

=

owe

=

(

(

adjective •

to

—

•

noun

_

•

ovster noun =

verb

owe money

I

•

year of the ox =

•

overweight

noun

=

verb

=

•

•

owner noun

•

•

=

=

Ann = •

owl

noun

PP

=

own 1 adjective

=

•

noun

you should clean your own room =

Ocean =

the Pacific •

pack own

he'd like his

car =

1

verb

=

•

I've

•

aot to pack

my

suitcase =

(

2 pronoun I

didn't

use

his

pencil— used I

my own

=

2 noun a pack of ciaarettes = •

/

•

a pack of cards =

pack up =

own =

they have a house of their

to

pack up one's belonaings =

•

3 verb Note

•

Japanese, expressed by implication using The verb can also be used in the present progressive form. he owns a restaurant = that in

ownership

is

often

.

•

noun

'

= {small) = (large)

•

•

=

pacKea

adjective

= I

own

three cars =

paae •

Ms

Sato owns her own business =

•

•

noun

=

on page

six =

pain noun = •

\

noun

n

b

. •

parliament

painful

341

I

I've

got a pain

my back:

ir ,

paimul

(underwear)

women's underwear =

•

men's underwear = {US English)

adjective

{trousers)

=

•

=

paint 1

noun {US English)

noun

=

=

2

noun

verb

=

(Jor writing

•

\

to paint a picture =

=

•

or dr

ing on)

•

a piece of paper = (a

=

newspaper)

=

painter noun

=

(decorator) = (art/sf)

•

=

_ noun

.

parade

painting noun •

(a picture)

•

{the activity)

noun

= {British English),

{US English) adjective =

(decorating) =

•

-

parcel noun (art)=

=

•

pair noun pair of is

the English expression

'a

•

parent

noun

{one's own) =

not usually expressed in Japanese unless there is more than one pair 181 two pairs of shoes =

parent or guardian =

noun {one's own) =

pajamas =

<_

=

palace

•

else's)

=

Paris noun

172

=

'

noun

=

-

{someone

noun {US English) noun

•

park 1

noun =

Japanese Imperial Palace =

•

2 verb

•

to park a car =

pale

adjective •

=

( ce) =

to

to park near the office =

•

J*

•

•

go pale with

fear =

no parkina =

•

noun =

panic

parking

•

•

=

parking meter noun

=

pants

lot noun {US English)

=

verb

parliament

noun

{British Enalish)

-.

=

•

noun

=

•

parrot

\=

=

342

past

|

parrot noun

.

to

pass a car =

to

pass (someone)

=

part •

in

the street =

.

=

part of the film = •

(to give)

pass

part of the job =

it's

•

me the

salt,

please =

"

•

this part of the country =

I

piece

(a

for a

un

•

•

•

a series) part four =

(in

(a role)

=

'

•

to plav the part of

Tommy =

[^

•

spend) = pass the time listening to the radio =

{to

to •

someone) =

ball (to

machine, a car)

•

pass the

to

•

a:

(

•

•

(

•

•

•

succeed

(to

an exam)

in

•

•

participate

to

pass around

•

particular =

in

^

I

'

to if^l

{in

to

a relationship)

=

•

(In

(

pass around the photos =

/'

pass on =

partner noun

•

dancing, sport)

•

passage

part-time adverb =

work part-time (on a permanent basis) =

' -

(outdoors) =

passenger

•

someone)

jMSS

noun

= •

work part-time (on a temporary

to

(to

noun

(indoors) =

to

•

pass on a messaae

=

passport

basis) =

noun

=

party noun •

<_

•

particular

•

pass an exam =

verb

=

(a social event)

past

=

1

,

a birthday party =

noun =

•

in

orma welcome

party =

2

—

•

have a partv =

J

2s

adjective

=

•

(formal) farewell party =

' •

the past =

the past few days have been difficult =

"

•

•

•

a political

party =

•

pass •

{io

verb go past) =

to let

•

it's

talking about time) twenty past four =

it's

past midnight-

(when

(someone) pass = •

to

—( ) •

3 preposition

)

pass the school = •

•

•

186

<

•

•

pedestrian crossing

pasta

343

{beyond) =

to

•

past the

it's

traffic lights

pay

for the

I

shoppina =

=

•

•

Dennis paid for

my meal

=

4 advsrb go

to

past, to

walk past =

•

(when

about waaes)

talking

the work doesn't pav very well =

pasta

noun

=

•

pastry noun •

(Jor

I'm paid eight

•

=

•

make

to

pastry = /

•

{to give)

•

to •

pounds an hour =

baking)

pay attention

to the teacher =

cake)

(a

=

'

patch •

= •

noun

to

pay (someone) a

{on a garment) (OA?

a

to

tyre)

=

()

•

noun

=

=

pay (someone) a compliment =

•

path

visit

•

2 noun •

pay =

•

the pay

=

good =

is

. •

to lose patience =

pay back =

•

•

Pfc noun =

patient 1

pea

noun

=

=

2

•

noun

•

peace

adjective

=

noun

=

•

patrol car noun

•

peach

=

=

noun •

peacock •

(a aesian)

= •

= •

{when making garments) {for knittina)

=

=

pear

•

(for

sew/ng) =

pavement =

.

•

noun

{British English)

=

pean

=

noun •

noun

1 verb to

•

noun

pebole

pay to

noun

=

=

•

paw noun

•

noun

<

=

pay = pay the •

•

•

bill

=

pedestrian crossing noun =

•

•

^t)

(

=

•

•

,

period

peel

344

I

peel

verb

people =

to help other

=

•

pen

noun

=

•

{for offence) (in

•

=

{the vegetable)

•

=

7"

sport)

penalty kick =

pence

{the spice)

=

noun

per

preposition per person =

noun

•

=

per cent, percent

pencil noun

=

(US Enalish)

noun

=

•

pencil case noun

perfect

=

=

(

adjective

=

noun

•

speak perfect Japanese =

to

• •

penfriend {British penpal noun

English),

the perfect place for a picnic =

it's

=

penguin

noun

•

=

perrorm

noun

•

=

(to

verb

do)

=

noun

{someone

living

•

•

{to act, to

on a pension) =

perfume

•

noun

=

(old person) =

•

•

wear perfume =

to

people

play) =

"3

noun •

general) =

(in

•

(// counting) = note that two people

when

is

=

181

.

^

adverb

person

•

period noun

J

As Japanese has no can be used both person and people in most counting.

•

{in

real plural forms,

=

for

a

cases. we met very nice people =

time) •

•

trial

period =

•

/

{in history)

= •

•

•

most people don't know what's going on =

(for

=

women)

-

•

_

have one's period

to •

•

•

(a

school lesson)

= •

there were three people at the meeting

=

This

is

often

P

shortened to first period = have 3 periods of maths a week = •

I

•

there are too

many people

here =

'

b |

permanent =

adjective

(

-

phone =

he's on the

=

"

answer the phone =

to •

permission

noun

•

2

•

to a party =

ao

to aet permission to

verb =

/

•

phone someone =

to

•

•

Dhone book

noun

=

noun

'

•

phone booth

= an old person = kind person =

noun

=

•

•

phone

call noun

=

•

to receive a

adjective

phone

call

=

•

•

make

to

noun

a phone

•

phone card verb

to

noun

=

(

persuade =

=

call

•

=

=

•

phone number

verb

noun

= •

persuade (someone)

to

buy a car =

•

photo

noun

=

•

noun

•

•

pessimist

= •

pessimistic

adjective

=

=

'

noun

noun

=

•

noun

photograph =

to take a

pet noun

•

=

do you have anv pets? = = •

noun

petrol noun

(British English)

= to run out of petrol =

=

'

•

petrol station noun

piano

•

— •

"

{to collect)

•

_

. ' '33

•©TT-'fe: •

the phone's ringing =

verb choose) = to pick a number = {to

v^*

=

noun

180

pick

noun

=

noun

<

{British

=

phone

•

{academic subject) =

=

Enalish)

1

•

permanent pick

345

>

Jd

=

to pick apples =

•

{to take)

=

to pick a

book

off the shelf •

=

picnic I

pink

346

pick on = he's always picking on

=

f

a piece of advice =

pierce

•

'

pick out = pick up •

{to

(

a piece of information =

me

verb

=

•

pig noun = year of the pig =

lift)

to pick the clothes

up

off the floor

=

•

c

piqeon baby up =

to pick a

=

•

'

pile noun to pick

•

up the phone =

•

•

= a

--

noun

pile of

'

rubbish =

(to collect) •

up passengers =

to pick

(lots)

=

piles of toys •

my father's coming to pick me up from school =

pill

noun •

•

•

(a tablet)

= •

(to

buy) =

n

•

•

stopped to pick up a newspaper =

I

(a

=

•

method

of contraception)

.

pillow noun •

•

(to

=

team) =

pilot noun

•

=

picnic noun =

go on a

to

_

picnic =

_

1

'

someone =

pinch •

•

piece •

=

photograph)

=

noun

(a bit) not usually

•

pinball noun

•

(a

verb

=

^h*

to paint a picture of

•

noun =

2 — A.

•

pin

•

•

W

used

Japanese

in

-.,

verb

= he pinched the arm =

my arm, he •

a piece of cheese = a piece of string = •

(a part of

-

•

•

a machine)

by being too

(to hurt

my shoes

pPpp broken part)

pinch =

•

•

(a

= •

•

noun

•

=

(a coin)

a 50 yen piece =

pine tree noun

•

•

(other uses) not usually

used

=

= •

.

in

pink

Japanese a piece of furniture =

pinched

adjective

tight)

'

me on

I

=

•

347

/

plan

pint

I

pint noun •

ii

H CC

Note that cc

in

= 0.57

that a pint

and 0.47

1

•

/

Japanese

I'd like

'

(5

=

a place of

my own

=

,:

j

• I

c c

•

(on public transport,

a csr park, at

in

table)

(a drink)

this place free?

is

=

for a pint =

go

t

•

in Britain

(British English)

to

home)

(a

at Alison's place

the US.

in

apintof milk= c c •

•

is

pronounced Note

'

this place is dirty =

cc

(the quantity) =

•

•

(for

{for

for

someone =

/"

•

a as, water)

= •

save a place

to

pipe noun •

•

b

to find a place to park =

smoking)

=

pirate noun =

•

•

Pisces =

(on a team, a course) to get a place

noun

on a team =

• •

to get a place

pitch noun

on a course =

{British English) •

a football pitch =

•

(in

a contest) first place =

pity 1

noun =

1 adjective

regret)

• •

a pity you can't

come =

(simple) a plain dress =

_ •

2 noun =

=

•

noun

{British English)

noun

= it's

•

plan

=

place

(7

•

plan =

pizza noun

)

(

-

2 verb

•

t

{not aood-looking) =

•

•

(

plain •

{when expressing what a pity! = it's

t

•

• •

/

win

to

1

noun

•

{what one intends =

to

do)

•

•

the best place to buy clothes =

we need

a plan = •

do you have any plans

•

for the future?

= Akita

is

a nice place =

•

• •

{what one has arranged to do) = don't have any plans for tonight = •

they

come from

all

over the place =

•

I

•

m plane

|

348

2 verb •

(to

{piano, guitar, instruments

prepare,

fingers) =

organize)

to

=

trumpet, instruments played by blowing) = < •

"

•

meetina =

to plan a

\

.

intend) = use verb in dictionary

{to

put on) =

to play a

•

CD

CD

=

CD

form +

191 I'm planning to go to Scotland

'

'

{drums and percussion instruments) = •

•

{to

played with

•

{flute,

•

to plan a trip =

•

<

<

i•

please

•

Note that

pronounced (when talking about

theatre,

CD

is

cinema) =

•

plane =

•

to play the role of

noun

=

•

'

the film

planet noun =

Romeo

will

be playing next week =

•

•

plant 1

noun =

2 noun = play around = play back to play back a tape = •

2 verb =

•

plaster noun

(British Enalish)

=

e

•

player noun

plastic

2

*

ife

•

noun

=

=

a tennis player =

'

adjective

=

. =

plate noun

(

•

-

•

noun

_

=

•

the school playaround =

=

platform noun

please

on platform 4 =

1 verb (to

have

fun)

=

=

•

{please

play •

adverb

{polite request)

,

5

do....)

= use the

form of

197

the verb +

please •

come

MZs

in

=

•

to play with friends =

please wait a

•

to play a trick

on someone =

moment =

"b

•

•

cards = {when talkina about sports) = to play football = France is playing faaainst) Ireland =

to play •

{please don't....) = use the of the verb + please don't smoke =

form 191

•

{when acceptlna food and

drink) =

•

'more cake?'— 'yes please' = •

(when

talkina

about music)

180

-

{polite

acceptance of a

favour) =

that's not the point

pleased

•

adjective

=

(use)

no Doint

there's

=

was pleased

|

•

•

I

policewoman

pleased

349

in

shouting =

to receive the letter = •

•

{when talking about time) be on the point of …-. = volitional

to

form+

pleased to meet you =

plenty pronoun to

have plenty of time =

"

am on

I

the point of moving = •

• I

was on

the ooint of selling the house

=

plot noun •

•

(a plan)

= •

•

•

(the

=

=

the point of a pencil =

plug noun •

'

a sink or bath) •

plug

in

=

-

.

plum

a contest, a game)

=

•

{in

{in

•

2 verb

to pull out the plug =

=

•

•

•

(on an appliance)

=

•

sharp end)

{the story in a film, a novel, a play)

•

{to indicate)

someone =

to point (one's finger) at

•

•

{to

aim)

to point a

gun

at

someone = •

noun

pointout=

plumber

•

please point the mistakes out to

noun

=

•

plus

•

preposition

= three plus three are six =

7 •

pocket

noun

=

pocketbook =

noun {US English)

•

pocket money = =

.

noun

noun

•

(a

noun

statement

=

verb =

' •

pole noun =

• •

•

= = in

noun •

police station noun

a discussion)

=

•

• '

{the

2

policeman

= •

noun =

police noun

point 1

1

North Pole= South Pole =

•

poem

poison

most important idea)

policewoman =

•

noun •

me

=

-

polish I

polish

.

postpone

350

verb

shoes =

to polish

•

=

,

pork

to polish the car =

noun •

noun

=

•

-

poike

(

adjective

=

•

political

port noun

(

adjective

=

=

•

= (

noun =

noun

•

possibility noun =

•

pollute

adjective

=

•

=

•

portraix noun

•

verb

(

aajective

=

= they

•

noun

•

quickly as possible =

came as

= •

environmental Dollution =

•

•

pond

I

noun

=

much as

possible =

•

=

pony

post

noun

1

=

•

has the post come yet? =

pool noun (a

{British English)

noun the post (the system) = e letters) -

ponytail noun

•

did as

swimmina pool)

•

= •

•

2

{on the ground, the floor) (the

game)

postbox

=

•

)

adjective

( (

(not wealthy) =

()

(not satisfactofv)

I

am

noun

•

= • •

">

at

sports =

noun

(British English) •

poster noun =

posiman

{expressing sympathy) =

noun

(British English)

= •

popular

post office noun

=

adjective

a popular sport

= •

postpone

verb to postpone a concert =

•

she's very popular =

•

•

to

(British Enalish)

=

poor

( —

noun

=

•

•

=

•

poor •

verb to post a letter

=

be popular with the

girls

=

let's •

postpone the party

until

next week

= •

e pot

351

—

be

to

in

prepare I

power = •

.

(influence)

pot noun •

'-'

(a container)

=

make

to

Jovce has great power =

a pot of tea =

•

•

= saucepan)

•

{for plants)

•

(a

(electricity)

"5

•

=

•

power cut =

=

=

= =

(

•

practise {British English). practice {US Enalish) verb

potterv noun •

pound •

•

adjective

potato noun

=

noun

•

to practise the violin =

{the currencv) •

= •

measurement)

{the

praise

=

Note that a pound = 453.6

verb

to praise g.

someone

=

•

two pounds of apples = •

pour •

prawn

verb

=

noun

{British Enalish)

•

{from a container) =

noun

to pour milk into a bowl =

•

•

noun

serve) =

{to

someone poured me some sake =

=

precious • •

(to flow)

= escape)

{to

smoke poured

precise

•

adjective

= out of the

window =

( (

adjective

=

•

'

' •

•

prefer

verb

= •

•

(to rain) it's

pouring (with

rain)

=

,

I

S

prefer chocolate to vanilla = 1

•

•

•

{to

to

enter or l63ve

pour

in

into the city

large numbers)

I'd

prefer to

phone =

= •

•

people poured out of the stadium =

adjecwe =

•

•

.

powder =

power •

noun

(control)

=

noun

noun =

'

{to

•

verb get ready) =

prepared

print

352

|

to prepare for a trip =

to put pressure

on someone =

•

•

the pupils are preparing for the

'

exam

=

Mr Ueda's pretending

•

(to

verb

aet something ready) =

to

be annoyed =

t\ •

.

paperwork =

to prepare the

pretty

•

1 adjective

adjecvve

=

Iwillina)

I'm prepared to wait =

^

=f)

2 adverb =

(ready) to

be prepared

prevent

an exam =

for

on

noun

=

present (a gift)

war =

( (

previous

•

noun

•

to prevent a •

=

1

verb

= •

•

good =

that's pretty

•

adjective •

price noun =

•

priae noun

= to aive

f

someone) a present = (Jztl

•

=

•

(self-respect)

•

=

•

•

•

priest noun

(now)

= I'll

=

•

be here

for the present

=

•

primary school =

'

2 verb •

(to give)

to present a prize to

•

•

primary school teacher

someone =

prime minister {in

noun

Japan) =

•

proaramme = {in

other countries) =

•

noun

president noun =

1 verb

= to

'

press the

=

•

noun {US English)

bell

=

=

•

print

"

1 verb

=

pressure

•

princess noun

2 noun

=

=

•

press

' •

noun

noun

=

(on radio or TV) to present a

noun

=

•

to print a •

book =

^

= =

=

•

•

property

printer

353

|

'' '

2 noun •

{of a photo)

= •

•

:

{of a finger) {of a foot)

noun

.

=

=

=

= •

=

1

•

•

noun

[for

a computer)

•

•

prisoner of war =

•

1 adjective

(personal) = {not run

) ' () •

my private life = by the

state)

=

in

programme

=

programme program 1 •

_

a private school =

{US English) ^

2 verb

private

'

{British English),

{US English)

noun (on radio, TV)

= a

•

programme about China =

private = •

prize noun

{for

a play, a concert)

=

=

•

probably

progress

adverb

noun

=

=

•

•

problem

to

noun

=

make progress

=

•

noun

cause a problem =

to

(at

•

process

promise

•

am

in

school)

noun

= I

noun =

=

2

noun

program

prison noun

•

'

'

prom

priority noun

•

adjective

=

printer noun

=

•

irofessional

the process of writing a letter =

1 verb

=

•

we promised

•

to finish •

verb •

{to

make) =

•

{to

create)

2 noun =

produce a

to

P

•

produce a play =

to

(

•

verb

=

•

proOT noun =

2 noun agricultural

•

film

produce =

•

properly adverb =

•

noun

please do

it

properly =

•

property noun =

•

=

•

by January =

= protect

I

=

=

puppet

354

'

to pull (on) a rope =

verb

=

to protect oneself =

someone's

to pull

•

/

hair =

-

•

protest •

•

verb complain)

{to

• .

.

demonstrate) =

{to

(to

move by dragging)

to pull the table into the kitchen =

•

noun

'

=

•

{to

'-

pocket =

adjective

=

take out)

to pull a handkerchief out of one's

•

proud

'-'"-'

•

•

she's proud of her work = •

•

pull

prove

.

to pull a face {British English)

•

verb

=

down

knock down)

•

{to

•

(fo/ower)=

conjunciion lend you

I'll

my

pull

car provided you pay

pull • •

noun =

out •

to pull a tooth out

for the petrol =

•

up

= remove) to pull up the weeds = {to stop)

•

{to

•

noun • •

pub

noun

•

=

pump

noun =

2

''

adjective a public park =

•

in

public =

•

pump up

=

e

=

'

noun

=

punch

•

=

{for celebration)

pump •

pumpkin

public holiday noun =

noun

= a bicycle

•

a public library =

3

-a:

pullover noun

=

public 1

up one's socks =

to pull

{British Enalish)

/

s e

•

=

i

•

•

noun

=

public transport noun

noun

=

,

•

=

=

puaainq

punish

verb •

pupil noun

noun

=

•

pull verb =

{British Enalish)

=

puddle

•

noun

•

=

puppet =

•

noun •

=

. • •

•

puppy put

355

I

puppet show =

put back •

{to return to its

noun

place) =

book back on a

to put a

•

shelf =

I

•

pure

adjective

=

purple

(

•

( (

•

adjective

=

•

•

change

the time)

back =

•

put •

1

(to

to put the clocks

noun

down

(on a surface) =

•

please put your bag

down here =

•

2 on purpose = 5 VOU did it on purpose,

didn't you! •

•

noun money)

{for

= •

.

push

•

i^ffi

to

(British English) {to

give an injection

=

^3)

•

we had

'

doa down =

to put our

verb

•=

•

push a car =

to

phone down =

•

(US English) (a handbag) =

{when phoning) to put the

purse

put forward

push the door open =

to put the clocks forward =

,'

•

put off

•

to

'

push someone out of the wav =

•

•

^

= to push druas = (Jo sell)

noun

{British tnglish)

pusher noun put

verb

switch

to put the cards

/

=

{to

•

put on (when dressing) (shirts,

'

'

to put the party off until next

•

•

=

delay)

week =

=

=

(to

we have

•

(hats)

off)

•

dresses) =

(shoes, trousers,

skirts,

(spectacles) =

on the table = •

{to

switch on)

to put the heating

to put suaar in coffee =

s

in

to put the kettle

someone

in

prison = 7

a bad

mood =

/"

on =

•

CD on = CD CD is pronounced

that •

to put

•

{to

on weight =

organize, to produce) = •

to put

put

away=

•

Note

to put a

•

to put

on =

•

"

•

someone

socks) =

(makeup) = •

to put

•

=

on a play = •

•

= •

puzzle I

<

to put out a cigarette

=

•

4

{to

=

quarter take out)

1

to put the bins out

=

•

{to

up =

•

a quarter of an hour =

^

lift)

to put one's hair

noun =

put up •

(

2 verb

If^

•

•

=

356

put out •

•

queue

•

to cut the

tomatoes

in

quarters = •

•

to put {in

•

up one's hand

2 pronoun

class) - =

•

{to attach)

up =

'

•

•

{when talkina about numbers)

(when campina) to put up a tent =

= •

•

{when talking about time) an hour and a quarter =

{British English)

-b •

up =

to put the rent

it's (a)

it's (a)

give

quarter past five = <_

;T

•

-

(to

186

•

ora,se) =

•

quantities,

a quarter of the population can't read

to put a poster •

•

someone a place

quarter to nine =

to stay) •

•

put up with =

•

noun

=

puzzle noun

.

{mysterious thing) =

(game) =

pyjamas

quay

noun

noun

si

=

(British English)

= •

(a

= to

' •

request for informstiori)

ask someone a question =

,

•

Qq

(a problem, a matter) = 2 verb the police questioned the suspect = •

•

qualified •

adjective {having studied) =

•

{having experience,

> •

'

skills)

•

{to

.

= (Britisn Enaiish)

1

(amount) = (number) =

suspect)

questionnaire noun

quality noun =

=

•

•

j

noun =

•

to join the

queue =

2 verb =

=

•

14

=

•

• .

quick

357

race I

quick

-

adjective

= a quick answer = •

_

I

Chinese food =

quite like

Id

quicker to go by train =

it's

she earns quite a quickest =

quicklv

money

of

•

•

{completely)

=

•

•

ready yet =

isn't quite

it

Japanese proaressed quickly

Chris's

=

•

adverb

=

lot

3

,

=

•

•

you're quite right =

7 •

quiet

•

(

1 adjective •

=

(silent)

to

keep quiet =

to

go quiet =

{exactly) I

know what Mr Murakami

don't quite

does =

•

•

•

please be quiet! =

quiz noun

•

•

{not talkative)

•

{calm) =

(

a quiet

=

= •

life

=

Rr

2 noun =

•

speak

to

in

a quiet voice =

noun •

= year of the rabbit =

quietly adverb = to

•

speak quietlv=

to read quietly =

quit • •

verb

resign) = (US English) {to

M

_

'

•

"5

'

smoking =

(rather)

noun {ethnic group)

•

(a contest)

•

=

•

have a race =

to

{for

horse-racing)

= 2 verb •

quite adverb •

1 •

•

give up)

= to quit

race

{to

•

compete

with)

to race (against)

=

someone =

^

•

they go back to France quite often =

let's

•

race to the car =

<

=

•

racehorse

|

racehorse

2

racetrack

verb

=

•

•

raining =

it's

noun

(for rtorses)=

racism

••

358

noun

=

(for cars)

=

rather

,$

•

rainbow

=

=

noun

=

noun

•

noun

•

=

racket, racquet noun

raise

=

noun =

verb

•

{to

lift)

•

{to

increase)

= on the radio =

• (in

•

=

anger)

to raise one's voice

radio station noun =

•

(to talk

about)

to raise a subject =

noun

•

•

=

(to

bring up)

•

=

=

•

•

to fly into a rage

'

•

to raise prices

radio noun

rage

t

to raise children

t \

=

; ^)

•

ram

raid verb to raid a

noun

yearoftheram=

bank =

range

•

the police raided the building =

I

•

•

noun

(a selection)

there

is

a range of activities =

•

rail noun • {for holding on

= •

•

(for trains)

by

rail

=

railway

•

'

{British English),

•

(for

railroad

•

•

rail

+ negative I

^

•

{British English)

•

Note that Japanese railway lines have names with the suffix It/u e.g. the in Tokyo

'

railway English)

rain

noun

(British

=

rat noun = vear of the

rat

=

home •

•

•

adverb (when saying what one would prefer) = 191 form + verb in d rather go

noun =

()

noun

=

1

()

on) = {very slightly cooked) =

we rarely meet =

•

railway line noun

=

adjective

CO

~

system)

=

cooking)

rarely adverb

•

(the

rare •

(a track)

=

•

{US English) =

{US English) noun •

{of mountains)

=

to)

=

_

-

I

read out

I'd

rather be here =

I'd

rather read the paper =

to read out the

read throuah =

rather

I'd

you

do

didn't

that =

= (quite)

think

I

=

—

ready

rather valuable =

it's

names =

•

•

•

•

raw resr

359

•

•

noun

adjective

(prepared) = •

•

to get

raw

(

adjective

=

•

ready =

to aet a

"5

•

meal ready =

•

•

razor noun

.

=

'

(happy) I'm ready to help at anytime =

L n

O t"

razor blade noun =

reach •

real

verb

=

(to arrive af)

•

{not imagined) =

•

{not

()

<s

the town at midnight =

we reached

adjective

•

(

artificial)

= fSA/

•

.

are they real •

diamonds? = •

•

(to

be delivered

the letter

= never reached him = to)

\

•

•

it's

a real

shame =

I

•

reality noun

-

= •

•

(by stretching)

verb

up =

to reach

•

= I

I

can't reach the shelf =

Td

•

didn't realize (that)

Mr Lindsay was

'

your boss =

•

come to"

•

• •

7

to reach a decision = •

•

{to I

really adverb

contact by phone)

can be reached

at this

=

number =

it's

really

easv to make = •

•

reach out =

•

what

react

verb

=

read =

•

difficult to

reacl=

'

< to read to

someone =

really? =

•

rear 1

noun =

•

2 verb =

•

e

•

•

verb

happened? =

reallv

•

reason

refugee

360

|

reason

noun

=

to break the world record =

•

tell

me the

•

why

reason

=

'

2 verb

•

[information) =

reassure

verb

(audio) =

=

•

(video) =

noun •

a

till

•

(to get)

we

=

receipt =

receive

——

recorder

=

recover

verb

ic

•

180

noun

verb

=

=

•

received a

letter

from the teacher =

from an illness =

to recover

•

recycle

•

verb

= •

(fomeeO =

•

red

be well received =

to

adjective

=

•

•

go

to

red, to turn red =

adjective

=

red hair =

•

adverb =

e

jfi

.

(

=

reception noun •

•

red-haired

reduce

{in a hotel, a hospital, a company) = ask at (the) reception =

•

verb

&

reduce prices =

to

•

adjective

•

to

reduce the number of employees =

• •

•

-'

(a formal event)

to

=

reduce speed =

• •

noun = •

recipe noun =

(in

prices) =

{in

numbers) =

to be

=

verb

made redundant

=

•

referee noun

•

recommend

•

adjective (Bntisn Enalish)

•

recoanize

''

reduction noun

(n sports) = (when applying

verb

=

•

for

a job) =

• •

reflection noun

noun

=

(information)

•

(historical, public)

(persona/, caree

=

medical records = {for playing music) = {in

=

=

•

£|^ •

^^

refreshed

adjective

=

•'

refrigerator noun =

•

noun

sport) •

=

•

•

refuse^

361

refuse^ =

-

=

•

do

…-. = volitional

form

have a good relationshio =

to

191 to refuse to listen =

•

she has a good relationship with her parents =

to refuse to stop =

pay =(3~t>

to refuse to

,

•

of verb + •

remember

relationship noun

verb

to refuse to

|

•

•

refuses noun _ <7~^

noun

{British English)

=

<

noun please give Monica

•

relax

regards

my

verb

=

regards =

relaxed

adjective

=

•

relay race noun

region noun = =

— _

=

'

release

verb (person) =

•

adiective •

(information) =

•

register noun =

•

reliable

to take the register =

adjective

a reliable person =

• •

reqret

verb

a reliable car =

= •

regret changing

I

•

my mind

=

relieved

adiective

= •

I

•

religion noun

regret that

=

won't be able to take part

I

•

religious education,

=

(British English)

•

RE

noun

=

regular

(

adiective

=

•

regularlv adverb =

•

{to

we can

=

rehearse

verb

= verb

=

remark •

to reject advice =

7

|W

•

_

rely

-

on him =

'

remain

=

reject

count on) =

•

rehearsal noun

"^'—

rely verb • (^to depend on =

•

verb

noun

=

•

remarkable

adjective

=

to reject a candidate = •

remember =

•

verb •

'

_ ••

remind

_

resemble

|

362

do you remember her? =

verb

=

•

remember

I

writing

down

the address

1

=

remember

to post the letter

remember

•

=

=

to...

is =

•

about) =

•

•

to write a reply

=

report

•

to

verb

2 noun

... "^ … remember

to

•

= •

to

•

reply

to turn off the liahts

=

1

verb

•

(to tell

•

(to police,

•

remind (to

_

emergencv sen/ices) =

verb

remind

to

to report

do something) =

an accident =

"5 •

7^

•

•

to report

remind someone to buy stamps =

to

the news)

{in

on an event = •

•

•

complain about)

(to

to report the noise = {to

bring somethina from the past to

m/ncO=

•

reminds

that

•

me of home =

remote control

(object)

verb

=

/ng) =

(c/o

'

rent 1 verb

= to rent

•

'

noun

=

•

the news)

{in

= •

remove

•

2 noun •

(an

official

document)

= •

•

(British English)

{from school)

=

•

report card noun {US =

English)

•

reporter noun =

•

represent

an apartment =

verb

=

•

•

representative noun

2 noun = rent

=

reoublic noun

•

=

verb

= to

•

•

out=

/

•

have a bicycle repaired =

u

•

request

noun

=

•

•

rescue repeat •

(to

verb {from danger) =

verb

say again) =

3

•

resemble

verb

= •

•

to repeat a year =

to

resemble each other = •

'

189

_

^

363

.

'

'

'-'

noun

"

=

resume

rib

•

,

retire verb =

•

verb

=

•

Note that this can also refer to giving up ones job at any point even

•

resign

|

noun (US English)

a resume =

reservation noun

reserve

=

resentment

resentment =

=

•

well before retirement

verb

=

return

•

resist verb =

•

verb

gojcome back) =

•

(to

•

(from abroad, to one's

•

{to

respect

age

•

home) =

-

1 verb

givejtake back)

=

•

my book?

can you return

=

I

•

2 noun

•

=

•

•

(to

send back) =

^

•

responsibility noun =

to return faulty

•

goods (by

post) =

(

adjective •

(trustworthy) =

•

•

•

{the

he

cause

is

•

of)

responsible for the accident =

(to start

again)

( '

to return to •

•

work =

i_

to return to school (after a holiday) •

charge) am responsible timetable =

(in I

for

the

school

)

return ticket noun

•

=

•

rest

noun

1

noun

=

•

(what is left) = we spent the rest of the time

to get one's

•

revenge =

•

•

in

the

revolution noun

garden-

=

•

•

•

(a break)

noun

=

•

have a

to

rest =

=

•

2 verb =

2 verb =

rewind

•

noun =

'

verb

=

•

rhinoceros, rhino noun

result noun =

=

•

the

exam

results =

rhythm =

•

as a result of an accident = •

rib noun =

noun

(

==

=

•

-

ripe

rice I

rice noun {uncooked) = (cooked) Rice which

what's the right time? = •

she's right =

•

served on a plate

is

•

364

•

is

often referred to as that's right =

2 noun

rice field noun

•

=

{the direction)

•

rich

the right = please take the =

adjective

=

•

to get rich

•

first

street

on the

right

= •

rid: to get rid of verb =

•

•

{what one is entitled to) a right = to have a right to be educated = •

ride 1 verb to ride, to

go

riding

=

human

horse =

to ride a

rights =

•

3 adverb

.

(5 •

to turn riaht

be riding a bike =

to

=

77

•

•

ring

2 noun go

to {in

1

for a ride

•

a car)

•

verb (British English) {to

phone)

•

—

to ring for a taxi =

{on a bicycle) =

•

'

•

(on a horse) =

•

make a sound) =

(to

•

-

ridiculous

to rina the bell =

adjective

= the doorbell rang =

rifle noun

•

=

2 noun •

right •

(noeW right

right •

•

wedding

=

hand = handed =

•

engagement •

right thina

(co/recO = the right answer =

'

=

•

is

<s

'

(a circle)

=

•

=

•

not right to steal =

do the

ring

ij

•

\,\[,\

•

to

ring =

•

{honest, aood) = it's

piece of jewellery)

(a

=

1 adjective

• {in

a circus)

= ring ud

{British English)

,

rinse

verb

=

this the right direction? = •

=

•

ripe =

adiective

,.

=

•

<

-

365

-

rise I

'

rise verb •

•

{ififs

a plane) =

•

{if it's

the sun) =

'

risk 1

•

noun

{danger) = the business

at risk

is

(music)

=

smoke, water, a price) =

• {if it's

room

rock climbinq

noun

=

noun

•

=

roie noun =

•

roll 1 verb =

=

•

the ball rolled under a car =

river noun •

=

•

{flowing into

the sea) =

2 noun

noun =

•

road

[of paper, cloth, plastic)

=

•

a

noun

.

roll

of film =

= •

road sign

noun

=

•

•

roadworks

(bread)

=

{US English) {at

noun

school)

to call the

=

roll

=

• •

roar noun (ififs {if it's {if it's

roll

a lion) = a crowd) an engine) =

'

•

about, roll around an object) =

{ifit's

roll

over

she

rolled

(

roast 1 verb

over

(in

.

bed) =

•

=

•

roll

to

2 adjective

up =

roll

to eat roast beef = •

3\

•

up a newspaper = •

roller

coaster

noun

=

rob

verb

P

=

= •

noun

_ noun

•

robin noun =

=

romantic

robot noun

roof noun

=

rock •

= {if

noun

{the material)

'

(a large stone)

=

•

used

•

=

for activity)

=

.

room

= •

adjective

=

{for

noun

sleeping) =

•

•

rooster

|

'

royal

{for

teaching) =

{for

meetings) =

366

2 adverb

•

go round and round =

to

•

•

(space)

go round

to

=

to John's

to

•

make room = someone round =

to invite

rooster noun 3 noun •

a quiz, sports) =

{in

4

root noun =

adjective

=

•

•

rope

noun noun

•

=

{British English) {in

rose noun •

fair)

(Jor traffic)

Roundabouts are

'

•

no

rougn

adjective

=

•

{not smooth)

•

{not gentle) =

b

'

real

Japanese

= a bus route =

•

daily routine =

rough area =

rowi

•

(not exact, precise)

•

(

(difficult)

I

noun =

'

a rough figure =

=

'

1 •

is

equivalent.

route noun

noun

•

or

but there

-

(tougW= to live in a

often

referred to as

adjective

=

a

=

=

•

z?)

•

year of the rooster

•

house =

•

'

the pupils were sitting

in

.

rows =

•

had a rough time yesterday =

•

{when talking about frequency) be absent five davs in a row =

to

•

•

•

{caused by bad weather) a rough sea =

2 verb

•

=

round

•

(as a sport)

Often round occurs

row2

in

combinations with verbs. For more see the note at around.

information,

noun

=

= to

have a row

(with

be

sitting

round a table =

rowinq •

noun

=

'

rowing boat

round the world =

to sail

=

rowboat •

to

—

someone) = •

preposition to

"5

(British English)

go round Oxford =

royal •

(British English),

{US English) noun

adjective

{of the

Japanese •

royal family) =

(

=

S

= =

. •

rub

367

(

(

{of other royal families) =

rub

•

'

2 noun =

verb

to rub one's

be ruined =

to

0

eyes =

•

/

rule 1

rub out (British English) = to rub out a mistake =

run

I

noun

game) = a school, an organization) =

{of a

•

{in •

•

it's

against the rules =

{the material)

•

2 verb

= (British English)

(if it's

a leader)

{if it's

a king, queen) =

•

{an eraser)

=

• •

noun

{British English)

ruler noun

(refuse)

= (poor quality goods) =

bin noun =

rumour (British English)

=

•

run noun

1 verb

=

•

rude

adjective

(

(not polite)

to run =

"

someone = •

.

to the teacher =

to run across the street =

^

•

(vulgar)

=

,

•

to run in a race =

'

•

a rude word =

•

•

{from danger) =

•

(to

manage)

•

{to

work, to operate) =

rug noun =

rugby

•

to run after

•

she was rude

•

rumor

{US English) noun

•

rucksack

•

•

{British English),

noun

|

,

.

•

3

the car runs on unleaded petrol =

_

=

ruin

•

1 verb •

(to spoil)

=

to ruin a

meal =

the system

•

running well =

is

<^

•

•

(to

organize) =

•

h"

to run a competition =

Geoffrey ruined the atmosphere =

•

• •

(when

talkina

about transport) =

•

•

(to

damage) =

you'll ruin

your shoes =

the buses don't run after midnight =

^

•

•

.

=

runner

=

.

• -

•

•

(to flow)

•

(to

=

•

with water)

fill

=

to run a bath

^5

•

•

(to

come

•

{in

an

off)

=

(

•

election) =

Ss sad

adjective

= to run for president

=

•

she looks sad = • •

>178 •

(of/7e

to

uses)

be running

late

=

t

horse) =

{for

to

{for bicycle)

be running a temperature

<^

b

=

safe

•

1 adjective

2 noun =

• (

go for a run = run about, run around =

to

(

without

•

risk)

=

a safe place =

_

Ip]

run away = run off =

runner

it's •

not safe for children =

,

•

•

noun is

it

=

_

safe to go there? = •

rush 1 verb •

•

(to hurry)

(free

from danaer)

to feel safe =

•

to rush to finish one's

homework = your car

is

safe here =

(3

<^ •

to rush out of the

house =

f;;?

•

•

(out of danger) I'm glad you're safe = Z\

to

be rushed

to the hospital =

•

2 noun •

(to

put pressure on)

=

i

safetv noun

2 noun to

be

= in

•

a rush =

•

noun to

do one's homework

in

a rush =

=

•

sail 1 noun

rush hour noun

=

.

to set sail =

=

Russia

noun

=

172

•

2 verb to sail

rusty

••

368

sail

|

around the world =

adjective

= to

go

sailing =

"5

•

•

369

sailing

sailing noun

it's

=

=

•

2 pronoun the same =

{British English),

sailboat {US

save

same as ever =

the

•

sailing boat

|

English)

noun

•

have the same =

I'll

3

•

sailor noun (genera/) =

do the same as the others =

to

•

(naval) =

• •

saint noun =

Sana

•

noun

=

salad noun

•

=

noun =

salary noun

noun

= =

sale noun •

on sale (available)

' =

for sale =

Santa

= {British

satellite

TV

noun

=

English)

=

•

satisfactory

•

'

adjective

noun

satisfied =

salt noun =

Children often call

•

sales assistant noun

=

noun

=

the sales =

salmon

=

•

(special offer) = •

ham sandwich

a

Santa (Claus)

= she's got the

same

coat as

me

noun

=

=

saucepan

noun

=

•

they go to the

,

•

sauce

•

174

noun

_

=

1 adjective

(/

— '

*

same

adjective

same school

saucer

=

noun

=

•

sausage

noun

•

= it's

the

same as

the car

I

had before =

save •

{to I

•

verb rescue) =

saved his

life

•

= •

it's all

the

same

to

me

=

t •

the houses

all

look the

same =

{to

to

people are the

same everywhere =

avoid spending)

tosave=

•

{to

to

_

save money = avoid wasting)

save time = •

•

5

*

•

savings

score

370

()

keep) =

(to

to

|

scandal

•

save a piece of cake =

(for

someone)

scare

save a

file

•

you scared me! =

=

scare away =

'

•

noun =

saw noun

verb

=

•

to

noun

=

scared

adjective

=

•

scarf noun

=

{long, for

saxophone

noun

warmtH) =

[square, as fashion accessory) =

180

=

say to

scenery

verb

=

noun •

say goodbye =

she says

(that)

Note that the Japanese school 185 system is different

she can't go out

tonight = 1

he said

noun =

•

—

to wait here =

to

•

be

at

school =

I

"^

•

2

adjective

•

= a school bus =

they say she's very rich =

=

•

I

can't say

who

did

it

=

——

noun Japanese children

at (3 elementary school carry a regulation satchel called a

•

noun =

she wouldn't say =

•

noun

•

179

=

•

what does the message say? =

noun =

•

it

•

smoking

says here that allowed =

is

not

science

noun

(at university)

•

=

•

to study science

d say she

was

forty =

•

(in

school) =

scientist noun

•

= say there are twentv people to the party =

let's

•

come

•

scissors noun =

score

verb

to score a goal

=

=

'

=

•

• ••••

Scorpio

371

I

noun

go

to

second-hand

to the seaside =

•

oun

season

172

=

•

seat 1 verb •

•

itchy)

•

=

{with nails)

noun •

have a seat =

to

(on transport,

=

•

mark,

{to

to

in

•

a theatre)

•

(on a bush, thorns) = •

bench)

(a chair, a

=

= to scratch one's arm =

(when

•

•

noun

=

noun =

damage) =

2 noun

1 adjective

=

(

scream

verb

=

(of a

number

of items) =

[of a

number

of times) =

•

screen {at

cinema) =

screw

this is the

second time

Monday

of

each month =

noun

= beside the sea, by the sea =

2 noun

'

•

(in

a series)

=

seagull noun

•

=

•

{in

time)

a second = (a very short time) =

seal noun

-

= •

search

'

verb

(in dates) the second of

•

' 74

Z

Mav =

•

to search for

•

(to

someone

examine a place) =

=

3 adverb

"^"

come second

to

(M

=

•

5

-

I

was searched

at the airport

noun

=

{British

English)

= •

The general word more often used unless you have to be really 185 specific. is

seashell noun =

•

seasick to

adjective

second-hand

be seasick, to get seasick =

=

seaside

adjective •

second hand car =

•

at the

=

noun the second

=

I've called

•

=

sea

(

noun

{on TV, computer) =

•

/

)'

a sequence

(Jn

•

noun

seaside =

•

second hand goods = •

)—

e

•

secret

senior high school

|

secret

Note

(

1 adjective

=

•

2 noun

that there are also several

ways

other

•

tell

someone

say 'seems'

to

in

Japanese.

seldom

= to

•

372

adverb

=

M

a secret =

I

+ negative

seldom drive =

• •

3

secret =

in

'

secretary =

see •

•

confident

noun

adjective

=

verb

=

sell verb

•

=

what can you see? = I

•

books

to sell

•

can't see =

to the students

=

•

.

me

he sold

he saw the people runnina =

his car = •

•

water

sold

is

in bottles

=

do they see each other often? =

•

•

do you see you tomorrow! =

sena =

•

(to I'll

accompany) see vou home =

"

•

<>

ao and see =

I'll

bread? =

sell

•

7

to

verb

<

•

send a package

to

someone =

7

•

•

seem •

he sent her a

verb appear)

{to

=

letter

she seems happy = to

send a

pupil

home from school

=

•

Zoe seems annoyed = he seems

tired

•

send back=

=

•

•

send they =

seem

to

be looking

for

someone

to

to

[when

talkina

seems

189 send

for

about one 's impressions)

= it

for the doctor

=

•

•

•

for

send

there

problems =

=

"

t)

•

send on

•

(that)

some goods

are

'

a

lot

of

to

send on post =

-a: •

•

it

seems strange

(to •

me) =

senior high school {US English), senior school {British English) noun =

•

=

•

=

•

|

Note that

sense •

IBS

September noun =

'

{allowing one to see, hear, smell etc)

a

serial

=

=

meaning)

=

TV

series noun

•

(a

174

•

serial noun

noun

(common) sense =

= •

abbreviated

this is often

to

•

•••

sense set

373

serious

•

•

make sense =

it

doesn't

it

makes sense

adjective

(

(

{causing worry) =

)

.

a serious accident =

•

to prepare properly =

a serious illness = •

•

(

{describing a personality)

•

to

sensible

adjective {describing a person) =

(

•

•

be serious about goina to university =

(

{describing a decision, suggestion) •

serve

sensitive

adjective {describing a person) =

()

(

•

•

•

verb a shop) are you being served? =

•

(food)

•

{in

{in

{describing a situation) =

sentence 1 •

•

service noun

noun (in grammar)

•

{in

a shop, a restaurant)

=

= •

=

sport) =

•

•

{for a crime) a (prison) sentence =

(in

a church)

=

•

•

service station noun 2 verb to

=

sentence to one year

prison =

in

set 1

'

noun

•

•

(a collection)

a set of keys =

separate

a set of

•

stamps =

1 adjective

a separate that

is

room =

•

a separate problem = •

tennis)

•

(in

2

= verb

•

{to

decide on) =

.

to set a date =

2 verb •

to separate =

•

[if it's

separated

•

•

a couple) =

{for

a particular time) = an alarm clock =

to set

•

•

adjective

=

T

•

to set a video {British English) =

adverb =

• •

{in

school)

=

= ==

•.

_

•

• .

shake

settle I

374

seventeen number

homework =

to set

an exam =

to set

'

=

•

<s

•

's

181

171,

•

also

used

seventeenth number •

{to establish)

•

•

• •

{when

about a

talking

the film

set

is

()

a series)

{in

=

to set a record

in

174 =

dates)

(in

story, a film)

Nagoya =

the seventeenth of

Mav =

• •

•

{when

talking

•

)

numDsr

about the sun)

a series)

•

(in

•

174 = (in dates) the seventh of July =

•

thsr us6s~} ble =

to set the

•

•

house =

to set fire to a

X_

• I

seventy number

•

someone ee=

to set

=

/

several

•

set off (to

leave) =

•

(to

cause

to

•

go

severe

to set off fireworks =

(serious)

•

{harsh) =

sew

•

bomb =

to set off a

sewing

_

alarm =

^

noun

sewinq machine sex

up a company =

noun

is

=

•

have sex =

to orf)

noun

(gender) = (love-making)

verb

decide

nothing

'

•

•

•

•

ijo

^

=

set up =

•

UI

=

•

settle

= (i (f

verb

=

•

to set off a burglar

adjective

•

off)

181

dstsrminsr

=

•

to set

171,

•

•

settled yet =

shade

I

•

noun

(out of the sun)

•

= •

make

{to

one's home) =

•

to sit in the

•

shade =

•

settle •

down

•

(foca/mctown)=

•

< •

(to

(a colour)

a shade =

•

{for

•

a lamp)

=

many) =

•

noun

seven (on

its

(with

number own) =

a counter) =

used seven books = is

also

'

171,

181.

186

=

•

verb

•

tremble) = the building (to

•

.

shook

with

earthquake = •

I've

got

seven: "0 shake something) =

•

the

o

_

_

==

•••••

=

. •

shelter

shall

375

I

shake a

{to

bottle)

=

to

pay one's share = •

shake hands with someone =

to

share out (British English) {amongst others) = ^(t-S

•

shark (when saying no) shake one's head =

•

•

noun

=

to

sharp

^a:

adjective

•

(with cold, fear, shock)

•

his

•

{used

• •

= (sudden) = a sharp bend =

•

(intelligent)

•

{in taste)

=

hands were shaking = •

shall verb •

Note that there is no true future tense 191 in Japanese. (when talking about the future) shall see you next Tuesday = I

for cutting)

•

{with a point)

shave

•

•

•

=

verb

=

she

•

•

shall

we

that

Japanese prefer to use a name rather th3n a pronoun she'll be there too =

help you? =

I

Note

•

{when making suggestions) shall

pronoun

•

eat out? =

• •

.

shame

she's intelligent =

noun

•

=

•

{when expressing that's a

regret)

=

shame =

sheet •

shampoo

noun

•

noun

noun

a bed)

{for

=

=

•

shape

'

sheep

1
•

'

(a piece)

^JM

(of

noun

(a form)

paper)

•

(ofg/ass)=

= a square shape = •

in

the shape of a square =

.

•

•

(when he's

in

talking

"^

shelf noun =

about health)

(of an egg,

good shape = •

to get in

snail)

nut,

a crab, a

tortoise,

•

ebeac/?)=

(on

sin

1 •

•

noun {from rain)

=

1 verb

=

=

•

•

house

,

•

homeless people)

= •

2 noun

•

{for

•

2 verb

•

=

a

=

shape =

share to share a

•

shell noun

take shelter) =

•

a

•

shin

••

•••

376

shortly I

shin noun

to

go shopping =

<s

=

shine •

( e sun) = •

shop assistant

verb

give out

(to

=

light)

=

•

{to reflect lighVi

Often respectfully referred to as

someone =

'

•

•

-

noun =

ship noun

^ noun

=

flb

•

a

•

—— ^,

-

passenger ship =

(British

•

{to point)

to shine a torch at

noun

English)

•

•

to

*^

do the shopping =

hopping cart

shirt noun =

noun {US English)

=

centre

verb

=

{British English).

mall [US

X_

English)

noun =

noun •

noun

(an upsetting experience)

=

{British

English)

to get a

shock =

=

•S:

shop window

-

to aive

someone

a shock =

noun

= •

shore •

{the

medical

•

state)

noun

edge

=

= •

{the

•

[from electricity)

= to get a

{dry land)

=

•

shock =

of the sea)

•

•

short 1 adjective

2 •

verb {to upset) =

•

"S:

shoe {for (for

noun

a person) = a horse) =

"^

=

Ijiot long")

.

5S

a short skirt =

'

_

I

have short

hair =

•

the davs are getting shorter =

shoot •

verb {using a weapon) = to shoot someone =

•

shoot someone dead =

to

•

•

(not

•

to

be short of money

2

in

short =

tall)

= •

•

•

•

(to

make)

to

shoot a

short cut noun film

=

=

•

shortly adverb

'

shop

•

(soon) =

noun

•

(not long)

1

=

2

verb

"

•

•

shortly before •

we

left

=

-

•

-

= ==

•

=

•

shorts

377

I

shorts noun

to

show someone a photo =

shut

,

= •

shot

noun I'll

•

{from a gun)

show you how

make

to

= •

it

= "3

•

{in

—

sports)

=

[in football)

•

(to

go

I'll

show you

with)

.

your room =

to

verb

•

{when talking about what is must one ought to do) she should learn to drive =

right,

what point

•

{to

•

{to be on where is

•

to,

to indicate)

TV, at the cinema)

showing? =

that film

shouldn't he be at school? = •

•

to

be shown (on TV) =

(when saying somethina may happen) we should be there by midday =

(

•

2 noun •

•

(on a stage) = (on TV, radio)

it

shouldn't be too

difficult

=

•

•

{an exhibition)

=

•

show off = show round {when implying though likely,

that something,

to

•

show around

happen)

didn't

the town = •

show up

the letter should have arrived yesterday

=

shower •

•

{for

=

•

i

noun

washing)

=

(when asking for ddvice or psrmission) should call the doctor? =

to

have a shower =

I

•

•

{rain)

=

=

•

shrimp

noun

noun

=

•

shout

verb to shrink =

1 verb •

(genera/) =

•

{in

to shrink

•

something =

•

•

anger) =

Shut

•

2 noun

1 adjective

=

•

shout out

=e

•

zi

(eyes) = {doors, windows) =

•

noun (buildings)

=

show

my eyes were shut =

1 verb •

(to let

•

•

someone

see) =

2 verb (door,

window)

•

=

shy

••

_ -

sigh noun

windows =

•

can't shut the door properly =

,

=

'

sight noun =

•

have good sight =

I

•

(eyes) =

out of sight =

•

Diease close vou eyes =

siahtseeing

•

ao sightseeina =

(shop) =

down

shut

=

•

the factory shut

down

in

1

noun symbol)

(a

= •

shut up (to be quiet) = •

shy

adjective

=

•

SICK •

/(

•

•

to get sick =

to

= sian on

•

"

•

(British English)

vomit) =

signal 1

.

noun

/

f

"^

sians) =

&

•

(fed up)

to signal to

I'm sick of

=

{British English)

= U 2 verb • {to make

sick=

be sick

(to

•

2 verb

3^11

to feel

•

(a notice)

=

c±'

(

adiective

(,//)=

•

{for traffic, for advertising)

= •

•

please shut up! =

"5

I

sign

May =

•

•

someone

to

come

=

=

it

•

sickness

noun =

•

side noun •

•

left

(when

driving)

—

to signal

= on both sides = .

•

hand side = hand side =

[ifil

left

= •

signature noun

•

right

=

•

the side of the river =

noun

•

= •

(of a person's

on

body) =

my right (side)

•

silence noun (of person) =

=

(of place)

=

•

<^ •

•

•

(in

a

conflict,

= •

silent

a contest)

•

adjective (person) =

•

(place) =

•

•

(a team)

= side with

someone

=

•

sidewalk =

o••

378

to shut the

I

5

i

silly I

noun {US English) •

M

silk noun =

(

silly adjective =

-

.

= 379

-(

silver 1

.'

,

,'

letter.

sing

2 adjective =

used dear

is

f

noun =

end

at the

|

sit

of the

verb

=

•

a silver ring-

singer noun

•

=

Simple

(

•

•

singing noun

(

adjective

=

=

•

single

since

•

1 preposition

= I

•

silver

adjective

{one) = t

+ counter countsr

181

•

we

haven't seen him since yesterday =

did

it

three times

in

a single day =

•

•

•

I

been feeling well

haven't

{when used

for emphasis")

every single day = didn't see a single person =

since

•

Monday =

I

•

•

she has been

living

in

Japan since

•

•

=

•

(from the time when) = the verb + 197

since she

left

=

form of

=

I

was

noun

ten =

sink 1

{British English)

noun

•

= it's

ten years since she died =

•

2 verb =

•

(because) = since she was

•

Sister noun

•

Note that there are two sets of 177 words for family members

she couldn't go =

ill,

(you (you

•

own older sister) = own youngsr sister) =

\

-

{someone

else's older sister) =

3 adverb •

=

sincere =

{someone

•

(

adjective •

(

•

Sincerely yours Not used in Japanese letters. Usually a general greeting

younger

else's

sister)

•

sister-in-law noun =

adverb

= Yours sincerely

•

•

=

here since

room

single ticket noun

•

I've lived

A/

<^

single bed noun

single

2 conjunction

('

(without a partner) =

April =

+

word

177

for sister

sit verb •

{to

to

take a seat)

be

sitting

•

on the •

floor

=

=

=• •

sitting

•

•

room skydiving

380

|

{British English)

what size do you take?

(to take)

{in

clothes) =

(in

shoes) =

to sit

down

sit

be

to

an exam = =

•

sitting

{when talking about how big something is) =

down =

up

sit

please

•

sit

up

=

straight!

noun •

noun

room

sitting

(Japanese

noun

style)

(lA/estern style)

=

skating rink noun =

=

adjective

situated near the

•

town centre =

(a drawing)

= •

-

(a

funny scene)

=

noun

ski

=

1

six number (on

its

(with

171,

own) =

a counter) =

sixbooks= l'vegotsix=

' 181

noun =

186 •

2 verb to go

skiing =

•

skiing noun =

sixteen number =

171.

181

skilful {British English). {US English) adjective

•

•

{in

•

{in

a series) =

skill noun =

•

174

dates)

=

'

•

{in

a series) =

174

dates)

=

skinny

adjective

=

skip

verb

give

jumps") =

•

(to

•

{with a rope)

•

to skip classes =

little

=

•

•

the sixth of February =

e

•

•

sixty number =

171.

181

ski resort noun =

•

Size noun •

•

•

Sixth number

•

(

=

•

{in

•

skin noun

the sixteenth of July =

•

(

=

number

{when talkina about clothes, shoes) = do you have this in a smaller size?

skirt noun =

'

sky =

noun

blue sky = •

skydiving noun =

b

•

==

•

T

=

•••

slap

381

slap

smash

slip verb

verb

someone =

to slap

I

{to slide)

•

=

slipper noun

•

=

sled, sledge 1

{British English)

adjective

noun

=

•

=

sleep 1

=

Slow

•

go to sleep = go back to sleep =

to

noun

=

noun to

machine

slot

(service,

someone

speed) =

"^

•

{not bright)

•

to put

adjective

(journey, music) =

• •

to sleep = •

(describing a watch, a clock)

•

be slow =

to

2 verb be asleep) =

•

(to

•

to sleep with

•

•

that clock

someone =

20 minutes slow =

is

7 •

•

sleep

=

in

•

slow down =

sleeping Dag noun =

•

sleepy

slowly

adjective

=

adverb

= •

walk slowly =

to

•

sleet noun =

=

sly

'

sleeve to

roll

small

up one's sleeves =

e

house =

•

a small quantity =

slice

_

noun = to slice

small ad noun

"

2 verb bread:

•

smart •

adjective

'

{British English)

(elegant) =

1 verb

•

=

(intelligent)

•

()

( smash

2 noun

•

(an image)

= {in

{British English)

=

slide

•

•

a small

short sleeves =

•

adjective

=

•

1

adjective

=

noun

(expensive) =

verb

a playground)

=

break) =

•

• -

slim

•

(to

get broken)

1 adjective

•

'-

=

2

verb =

{British English) •

smash up •

=

"b

(

•

=

smell

I

so

382

snow

smell 1

noun

1

noun =

2

verb

{an odour)

= •

{the sense)

•

=

the sense of smell =

•

•

snowing =

it's

•

2

verb

snowball

=

I

noun

=

that smells nice =

•

snowman

can smell burning =

noun

=

•

•

so smile 1 verb

1

adverb

•

=

m

=

so happy =

•

to smile at

someone =

M

• I

I

she's so smart =

•

2 noun

•

=

•

I've

smoke 1

•

noun =

2

'

so much work to do =

she speaks so fast understand her =

•

verb

=

that

can't

I

•

smooth

adjective

•

(

(not rough)

•

•

smother

(also)

I'm fifteen

verb

=

and so

is

he = •

•

noun =

if

you go, so

will

I

=

•

•

snail noun •

=

snake =

ther uses) I

think

noun

'

'

so=

so = you so =

I'm afraid

year of the snake = I

told

noun

sneaker

'

who says so?

noun

=

sneeze

verb

and so on =

=

2 so it's

adjective

(

{about people) =

=

snore

(that)

cold so please close the

window =

• •

noun

=

=

•

3 so as =

we verb

left

home

the train =

early so as not to miss

=

•

soap somewhere

383

I

Not used

•

Note

word order is

soap •

{for

different in

Japanese

type of sentence.

this

that the I

in this

way

in

Japanese.

have to buy some bread =

in •

.

noun

could

I

have some water? =

washing) •

= •

she ate some strawberries =

•

(on TV) •

=

soccer

•

noun

(certain)

=

there are

=

some people who

{history, -

( (

t

event) =

{life,

()

'

background) =

•

2 pronoun • (an amount

social studies noun =

=

sock =

or a

Not used

number of)

in this

way

in

Japanese.

•

'

social

don't like

by plane =

travelling

adjective

worker

I

noun

made some yesterday = •

•

noun

people or things) some are quite expensive = {certain

\

•

sofa noun

some (of them)

=

are Japanese-speakers

=

soft •

{not

adjective

hard

t

o tough")

'

someone

soft toy = •

•

•

{not harsh, strict or severe)

=

pronoun

= •

someone telephoned =

software

noun •

=

noun

somethina

=

=

sole noun •

•

{also

somebody)

pronoun

•

I'll

show you something

interesting =

= {of a shoe)

•

=

noun =

•

=

•

(British Enaiish)

sometimes =

adverb •

somewhere solve =

Ireland =

live

let's

go somewhere else =

in

•

oroblem = •

some 1 determiner

(an

somewhere

they verb

to solve a

•

adverb

=

amount

-

or a

number of)

-

=

son

son

=

.

„

=

•

-

sound

I

384

sort

noun

{one's own)

(someone

1

-

else's)

e

=

noun it's

a sort of bird =

it's

a sort of computer =

'

•

song

'

noun

=

son-in-law noun

I

'

don't like that sort of thing =

=

soon

adverb

a short time) = see you soon! =

•

(in

•

(early)

he's not that sort of person = • •

the sooner the better =

2 verb

•

=

as soon as possible =

7i

I

•

to sort the

documents =

•

come as soon as you can

•

= •

sort out •

sore = I

to sort out a

•

problem =

have a sore

leg =

•

it's

very sore =

(to I'll

deal with) = sort it out =

'

•

-

have a sore back = •

7

•

•

I

•

have a sore throat = •

I

{to solve)

adjective

•

{to

organize) =

•

to sort out the

washina =

•

7

•

sorry

sound

1 exclamation •

•

{when apologizing) sorry! = (when asking someone

to

1

noun

•

=

repeat)

I

•

like

the sound of

waves =

sorry? =

•

2

adjective

•

{when apologizing)

•

=

I'm sorry I'm late

to turn the

•

Note that word order different in

say sorry = {when expressing

is

•

= Use

•

adjective

I

come

last

adjective (or noun) +

Use he can't

minus

S

re q ret) =

-

I'm sorry

sound up =

2 verb

Japanese

to •

'

{of a radio, a television)

=

= it

sounds dangerous =

{to feel pity for)

it

sounds

interesting =

to feel sorry for

someone =

it

sounds

like

^


L\i

_

IP •

t

.

•

•

+

a piano =

t)

,

=

_

•

soup

noun

{Western

'

sour

,

soare oart

=

style)

•

•

spare room

•

noun

=

adjective

=

•

go sour =

spare time

•

noun

=

south 1

•

speak

noun

verb

=

= in

spell I

noun

=

{Japanese style) = miso soup =

to

• •

soup

385

•

to

•

speak Japanese =

<_

the south of Enaland =

'

•

2 adverb to go south =

•

who's speaking, please? = •

generally speakina = •

3 adjective = to

speak up = •

work

in

'

south London = •

South Africa

noun

=

South America =

=

(US English) noun

•

adverb

=

noun

=

•

space

spectator

noun

noun

=

(room)

•

speech

=

•

=

noun •

souvenir

'

{British English),

•

southwest

to

Elena's a special friend =

172

noun

=

•

a special offer =

172

noun

adjective

=

•

southeast

•

•

special

•

noun

=

ke up space =

speed 1

(an area of land)

noun =

an open space =

2 verb •

•

•

(outer space)

= (a

(to drive too fast)

=

• •

gap)

soeed up =

=

Soain

•

noun

172

speed

=

spare •

{extra)

•

(available)

limit noun

=

adjective

=

are there any spare seats? =

•

spell verb

•

(when speaking)

•

_ •

{when

writing)

how do you

=

=

spell it? •


•

=

•

spelling

|

=

spot 1

•

•

spend •

= 386

spelling noun

•

=

.

stadium

verb pay money") = (fo pass) = to spend time reading =

noun (on an animal) =

•

•

(British English)

•

{on the face or body)

=

•

spend time

to

writing letters =

•

(a place)

= •

•

on the spot [there and then)

•

spider noun =

(

spill verb • (if it's a person) = please don't spill the juice = •

{if

its

a

liquid)

2

verb

•

{to

•

{to

see) recognize) =

< sprain

=

• •

verb

to sprain one's wrist =

noun =

.

<

•

spring noun =

spit verb =

•

spice:

in

in spite of preposition

spring =

spy

=

noun

=

we went out in

spite of the

bad weather

= •

•

spiteful

adjective

=

•

(

spoil verb • (to damaae) =

•

'

{the

= {in

a town)

=

2

-

shape)

•

adjective

=

•

squash •

(as a parent) =

•

1

noun =

2 verb

to spoil a child =

=

•

•

noun

•;

verb

=

spoon

squeeze

noun

=

squeeze a lemon =

to

squeeze someone's hand =

sport noun

•

= I

am good

verb

to

at sports =

f

•

squirrel noun

sports centre (British English), SDorts center (US Enalish) noun =

sports club noun =

z

•

=

stable noun =

staaium =

•

noun

'' =

=

387

=

•

I

staff noun

stand back = stand for

company) (of a bank {of a

. • .

•

{to

•

{to mean) stand out = stand up =

noun

=

stain 1

'^' •

stand up for = to stand up for oneself = •

noun =

•

•

2 verb

stand up to =

=

•

•

= to

' fall

down

stamp

up

to stand

stairs noun

•

•

represent) =

•

{of a school, a college)

stage

start

Staff

someone =

to

,

• •

the stairs =

Siar noun •

noun

{in

space)

=

{for an envelope) = a hundred and ten yen stamp =

•

'

•

famous person)

(a

=

•

stare

verb

•

to stare at •

someone =

{on a document, a passport)

•

=

start

stamp-collecting noun =

1 verb

•

•

(tobeg/A7)=

stand •

the verb +

•

start of

be able to stand =

to

•

You can use the pre

verb to be standing =

to s

rt

form of to indicate the

191

an action

'

workings

•

•

you're standing

in

my way

=

to s

rt

writing =

•

•

[to

to start running =

put)

to stand a

vase on a table =

you should

•

•

{to

step)

to stand

{to I

nail

=

< (tosefup)=

bear)

can't stand the cold =

to start a

•

•

(focat7se)=

can't stand his selfishness = to start a •

{other uses)

war =

•

• •

'

company =

•

I

by phoning them = •

on a

• •

start

'

to stand for election {British English)

=

(to

begin working) =

the engine won't start = •

{to

put

into action)

t

•

|

to s

b

_

=

•

stepbrother

starter

388

a car engine =

rt

house =

to stay at a friend's

to S

rt

a machine =

'

2 noun = stay

•

2 noun (time) =

'

week =

•

(matter)

the start of married

life

•

stay in= stay up (to go to bed

•

=

late)

=

steady •

•

adjective

{continuous) to

make steady progress =

English) =

over (US

start

away from school =

_

•

start off =

•

away from

to stay

at the start of the

,

•

•

• •

starter noun =

(British English)

•

'

verb

=

•

•

to steal

'

= •

steal

government)

(a

noun

=

(part of a country)

= •

steak

(a country)

= •

move) =

•

state noun •

{not likely to

•

someone's money =

/"

•

(a condition)

steam

= •

'

house

this

=

she's

is in

•

steei noun =

Sleep

no state to work =

in

noun

=

a bad state (of repair)

adjective

=

•

steering wheel noun

•

=

step

'

noun {for trains)

=

•

(on TV)

= (for

buses)

=

1 •

= •

•

(a series of actions)

D

•

'

2 verb to step

1 verb

on someone's foot = •

remain)

stayed there for a week

•

a door)

to take steps =

stay (to

(in stairs, at

= •

•

noun

we

•

to take a step =

=

•

noun {when walkina)

'

|

step aside =

•

^

•

•

{to

have accommodation) =

usually

noun No distinction made between step- and

blood-relatives.

brother

177

is

==

•

stop

Stepfather

389

|

noun

77

1

(one's own) =

No

•

•

distinction

is

made

usually

between step- and blood

still

I

relatives.

why he

don't understand

father

•

stepmother

177

noun

(one's (W?) =

No

did that

=

..

•

distinction is usually

(when referring to the future) = she still has a chance of winning =

made

between step- and blood

relatives.

mother •

stepsister noun No distinction is usually made between step- and blood

stilP

177

sister

relatives.

1

stereo noun

adverb to sit

still

=

=

2

stick

adjective

=

1 verb •

{using glue or tape) =

•

{to

•

(to

•

sting

attached) = get blocked) =

become

verb

=

•

stir verb the door

=

stuck =

is

siomach

•

.

=

2 noun •

I

' (a

have a pain

in

my stomach

=

piece of wood)

= •

noun

•

{for

'

stone

walking)

=

stick at

'

(a

something =

to stick at

noun

pebble) =

•

stop

I

1 verb

•

stick out =

•

•

there's a nail sticking out =

{to

put an end

to stop

"

to)

smoking =

•

to stop laughing =

•

•

sticky tape noun

to stop

(British Enalish)

=

working =

please stop

stiff adjective •

{not soft, (^after

to

'

{to

it!

=

prevent)

to stop

someone from going =

sport, walking)

have

[not

•

not supple) =

stiff

legs =

•

•

b

•

easy

to

•

•

{to come to a halt) the bus didn't stop =

'

•

use) •

=

•

adverb (when there has been no change) =

still'' •

does she

still

learn the piano? =

•

{when

talkina

about machines, noise,

weather) = suddenly the noise stopped = •

# store

=_

•

.

strong

I

390

the rain stopped = •

2 noun t

•

miss one's stop =

to

(unknown person) =

•

'

store noun =

storey

{British English),

straw

story

•

.

{for

•

noun

feeding animals)

-'

=

•

storm =

•

noun

(for drinking)

=

strawberry

story noun •

=

{outsider)

{US English) noun =

()

(unknown) =

a (bus) stop

noun

'-

=

= a true story =

•

siream

noun

=

•

•

a ghost story = •

rumour)

=

= •

iS

•

streetlamp

•

(a

5

=

a newspaper)

{in

= •

SireeT noun

•

•

noun

{US English) {of a house)

stove

noun •

=

storey

•

stressful

noun (US English)

adjective

=

=

verb

(

adjective •

= a straight

line

(

'

•

=

the picture

arms =

-

siriCT

adjective

=

•

=

strike noun

the right position)

(in

•

to stretch one's

•

straight hair =

•

=

isn't straight

=

go on

to

•

strike

=

•

•

(

(honest) -

Siring noun

•

'

=

2 adverb

adjective

•=

•

to stand

up straight =

•

to

go

straight

ahead = noun (US English)

-

•

(

verb

•

(without delay) =

= •

to

go

straiaht

home

=

"^

strong •

strange •

(oc/c/)=

(Jwving phvsical, mental strength) =

adjective

•

she's strong =

•

strange that she doesn't here any more =

it's

adjective

come

•

•

(

{not easily •

damaged)

()

=

•

{having force, power) =

to

•

a strong wind =

•

•

have

style =

'

(of building)

•

strong tea =

•

•

•

|

such

(a design, a type)

(of garment)

=

(tea, coffee)

=

•

stubborn

391

= =

•

(a fashion)

=

(

(

(obvious, noticeable) = •

stylish

('

a strong smell of garlic =

noun •

a strong

German

(

adjective

=

(of a conversation)

=

accent =

to

•

change the subject =

•

•

(being studied)

{havina military power) =

•

(at school, college)

(for

an essay, a report) =

adjective

=

noun

•

=

noun (af (vn/Vers/'/y) {at

•

subway

=

.

school) =

•

•

study

{US English) (the underground) =

1 verb

=

=

•

to study history •

to study to

be a teacher =

to study for

' t

an exam =

•

•

(British English)

(an underground passage)

=

•

succeed

•

be a success

•

{if it's

(room) =

stuff 1

noun (things) =

a

film,

.

I

/

successful

{describing a

stuffing noun =

=

1 determiner

no such thing

{when

referring to a physical thing)

(when

referring to a concept) =

•

(

adjective

2 adverb they have such a

style noun • (a way of dressing, behaving) =

a book) =

such

•

there's

=

film,

•

•

to stuff a suitcase with clothes

stuDid

adjective

be successful {in an attempt) =

to

verb

=

a book) =

•

(belongings) = *t)"b . have a lot of stuff to do =

2

a party) =

(// it's

•=

noun

= to

2 noun

verb

=

success

•

•

noun

•

•

lot

of

money =

=

=

-.-

•

suddenly support

392

|

summer holiday {British English), summer vacation {US English)

she's such a strange person =

(a trip) =

adverb

=

•

suffer up

(put

suqar

{from school"! =

verb

=

with)

sun

3

=

noun

=

•

to sit in the

noun •

suggestion =

sun =

sunbathe

noun

' '

noun

suddenly

'

verb

=

•

noun commit suicide =

to

sunburn

noun

= •

sunburned

suit

to get

'

1

noun (a man's)

=

•

woman 's)

(a

Sunday

=

me

sunny

•

does Friday

•

=

'

=

•

it's

you? =

{to

look well on)

that hat suits

going to be sunny tomorrow =

'

•

•

adjective

= suit

-

.

174

noun

=

2 verb • (to be convenient) = that suits

adjective

sunburned =

•

noun

you =

=

sunset

•

noun

=

•

adjective

= •

=

a suitable present =

noun

•

it

is

=

unsuitable for children =

•

noun

•

= t

•

suitcase noun

oil noun

=

sum

noun (amount of monev)

•

(total)

•

=

<

•

^

supermarket noun

•

summer = •

noun

=

{an evening meal) =

•

sum up =

in

togetasuntan=

suntan

=

•

'

•

(time) =

•

•

noun

support

S

•

summer

=

'K

{to •

agree

verb with, to help)

=

••.

•

supporter

393

to support the strike =

to

{to

suspect

send by surface mail =

•

•

|

•

surfboard noun

keep) -

•

=

to support a family =

noun

_

•

•

{to hold, to

help physically) =

=

aa

•

noun

•

supporter

noun

have surgery =

•

to

•

{British English)

(of a sports team) = {of a political party)

•

=

{the place)

=

suppose •

{to

I

verb imagine) =

don't

surname •

=

suppose you know yet =

•

surprise 1

•

•

•

'

noun

be meant to) to be supposed to = verb in dictionary ISI form+ I'm supposed to go to London =

noun (an event, a

gift)

=

(to

•

•

(being amazed)

= •

2 verb =

•

•

someone

to surprise

sure •

(certain)

I'm sure

=

•

adjective

= he said nine o'clock =

adjective

•

7

=

7J

I'm not surprised =

<\

-

-

verb are you sure? = •

I'm not sure

if

Emily's comina =

vero

=

= •

to

be surrounded by trees =

• •

to

make sure = noun

•

(bound) he's sure to win =

=

•

survey

•

= •

—

noun

sure of oneself =

verb

=

surf

•

suspect

verb •

togosurfing=

1 verb

= •

surface =

•

surface mail =

suspected money =

she's

noun

•

noun

of

'

having

stolen

=

suspicious

I

=

•

=

•

take

394

2 noun

•

=

(to

move something back and

•

forth)

=

'

swing one's legs =

to

adjective {having suspicions)

-

2 noun

-

=

{causing suspicion) =

•

switch a suspicious person =

1

swan

noun =

•

^

2 verb

noun

=

=

•

•

swap

to switch seats =

verb

•

=

switch off =

•

sweat

verb

•

to switch off the light =

=

•

•

sweater

switch on =

noun

=

to switch the radio

sweatshirt =

noun

=

172

sympathetic

=

sweep =

(showing

verb

=

•

noun

•

have a sweet tooth = •

•

(

{kind, gentle)

=

'

=

"6

rel="nofollow">

system

•

noun

(organisation) =

•

(method) =

•

(cute) =

2 noun

(

(showing understanding)

1 adjective

•

adjective

=

pity)

•

•

sweet I

172

un

Sweden

•

on =

noun

{British English)

(candy) = (dessert) =

swim 1

Tt

verb = to

•

swim

in

a lake =

•

table noun

2 noun to

go

=

swim =

for a

noun

swimming

=

noun

=

swimmina pool

=

noun

=

swimsuit

noun

swing 1 verb

move back and fortH) =

'

•

take

•

(Jo

^

•

tail noun =

=

•

•

table tennis noun

•

•

^

>

•

verb {to take hold of) to take someone's hand = •

"

•

•

395

take I

{to

carry with one) =

my

took

I

.

take

to have) o take a vacation =

umbrella =

o take a shower =

•

•

I'll

take the letters to Sharon =

take driving lessons =

<^

•

•

don't take sugar = (to

accompany,

=

to brina)

•

wear) take a size

to

•

walk =

to take the children for a

•

someone home =

to take

(to

.

remove) =

book

to take a

•

()

in

;fyc )

off the shelf

=

1

clothes) = •

take a size 5 shoes) =

in

(

5

•

ake apart =

•

•

ake away (to steal) (

to

cope

=

o take awav the rubbish =

•

with, to

bear) =

'

Z?)' J

he can't take the pain =

had can't take

it

•

back =

any more = •

talkina

about what

is

ake down

necessary)

takes time =

to

remove)

down

take a box

•

it

t) to

to take the coat

•

{when

away =

3ke back =

•

I

•

pizza to take

off

a shelf =

takes two hours to get to Matsue = take a Doster

•

to take time to

do homework =

take

down

to write

won't take long =

it

takes couraae =

down =

a tent = •

•

it

down) =

ake hold of ake off

•

•

=

{to

accep = use when travelling) =

• •

\

to

to take a taxi =

remove

took

off

clothing) =

my shoes

' \ •

from an airport) = (fo

/

•

=

•

Sft

fct

•

take the

first

turn

on the

right

take off one's clothes =

=

•

•

(to

do)

to take

exams =

'

ake out from a box, a pocket, a bag) =

/

• 1

took a pen out of

my

pocket =

talented

taste

I

396

{describing a building, a tree) =

•

[from a

bank account) =

/"

•

I

am

_

six feet

tall

=

money out =

to take

to get

•

tall

=

•

<

take part to take part in a

game

=

lan noun '

•

=

take place = take up

•

•

to get a tan =

•

(as a hobby)

adjective

up golf =

to take

=

•

{to

use up)

to take

•

tap

up space =

(

1

noun

{British Enqlish)

= to take up time =

(

(

adjective

=

•

.

on the phone =

Japanese =

to talk in

•

to talk to

tape

(

1

•

2 verb (aucfo)= (video) =

|

•

they were talking about you = iT>^

'

to oneself •

chat) =

2 noun •

b

•

•

tape recorder target

•

• [to

{for repairs, for sticking)

=

•

Ik

noun

•=

someone =

talked about the trip =

to

"2

• •

•

I

on the door =

to tap

to talk

7

2 verb

1 verb (tospea/() =

on =

to turn the tap off =

talk •

•

to turn the tap

1

=

noun (Jor

2.

'

arrows) =

{aim) =

verb =

noun

•

•

(a conversation)

= •

•

{about an academic subject) = give a talk =

tart noun

•

apple

talkative

•

taste

•

adjective

1 •

lall adjective (deschbina a person) = •

=

noun

=

(discussions) talks =

tart

•

task •

(British Enalish)

=

•

noun {when =

•

{when

eating, drinking) •

talking

= •

about preferences)

=

•

•••

Taurus

397

not to

it's

my

taste =

•

{to

get

damaged)

|

tell

•

•

tear off= tear up =

Yukiko has good taste =

•

•

tear" noun 2 verb •

=

(when describing a tastes

it

tastes awful =

<>

lease

cinnamon =

tastes of

•

to burst into tears =

good =

it

it

flavour)

verb

= •

noun •

(when eatina, drinkina) =

= (measurement) =

•

{cutlery)

ecnnical

noun

=

=

=

noun

=

•

noun

taxi noun

=

=

taxi rank

stand

{US English) noun

•

noun

taxi

{British English),

=

=

•

lelescope

noun

•

=

=

{as drunk in the west) =

(

I

(as drunk in Japan) = •

•

television noun

tea noun •

(

•

•

tax

e

•

adjective

saw

that film

on television =

•

{British English)

(a

meal) =

tell verb _ • (to say to) = . did you tell your parents? =

•

is

also used.)

tea ceremony noun

•

=

•

teach

to

verb

=

Japanese =

•

to

•

leacher

noun

=

a problem =

J

•

to teach

someone about

tell

•

tell

jokes =

{when giving information) =

• '

=

leam

noun

leapox {for

noun Japanese

for English

tea)

tea)

tell

someone your address =

to

tell

someone

the

way =

Z7M

•

=

teafi verb • {to cause damage to tear

=

to

•

fo)

=

•

work out, to know) can tell (that) she's disappointed =

{to I

pages out of a book = •

•

=

•

=

•

_

f

•

temper than

398

|

you can

tell

term

he's lying =

noun

=

•

•

adjective •

•

{when making to

tell

distinctions)

•

(expressing shock) = {used for emphasis) =

the twins apart =

terrified adjective •

I

can't

tell

which

=

which =

is

•

•

•

reveal) =

(to

please don't

terror noun

s

•

=

anyone =

tell

=

•

test

tell off

to

someone

tell

off

1 verb

=

-

•

temper be

to

in

noun a temper =

lose one's temoer =

to

temperature =

noun

•

(to try out)

•

{in

=

exams)

•

= {in

school, college)

=

•

a driving test =

/

*

•

2 noun

181

•

have a temperature =

to

'

terrorist noun

•

to

have an eve

test =

-

•

temporary

()'

adjective

=

•

(

{describinq a

job")

its

171.

own) =

ten books =

186

181. •

( =

{with a counter)

I've

1 preposition •

ten number (on

than

•

Note that the word order is different English in sentences expressing comparison, (in comparisons) = stronger than... =

more

got ten =

intelligent than...

'

=

•

faster than... =

noun =

I've

got more

to

money than you =

=

tennis court noun

tense

•

adjective •

=

•

(when

talking

about quantities)

more than = more than half

tent noun

•

of the

pupils

were

absent =

= •

tenth number •

(in

a series) =

{in

dates)

()

•

morethan£100= •

•

the tenth of

174

less than =

December =

less than

•

2%

•

=

b

••

••

thank

399

2

"-

conjunction

that

new house

is

I

there

theirs =

= he's older than

am

I

=

which car

•

theirs? =

is


thank

verb

=

themselves

•

•

1

adverb =

2 thanks

to =

pronoun Not used as a reflexive pronoun in Japanese. they want to enjoy themselves = •

adverb = thank you for coming

they didn't hurt themselves =

s •

{when accepting food and

drink)

•

'more wine?'— 'thank you' =

{when used they did

emphasis) by themselves =

for

all

it

" •

that pronoun

then

what's that? =

•

adverb

{at that point in time)

I

who's that? =

was

living in Paris

= then =

•

is

Lewis? =

that

we saw each

•

that's

how jam

is

other a

lot

then = •

made = from then on =

•

•

(after,

that's not true = I

•

next) =

had breakfast and then work =

I

went

to

that's the kitchen = • •

the

dstsrminsr

Not usea

in

Japanese.

{British English),

(US English) noun =

I

•

form of the verb can also The be used when describing a chronological sequence of actions 197 watched a film, drank some beer, then went home. =

their determiner = obvious. it

is

If

you know

Not used if names,

•

their

better to use these rather thsn

there 1

I

don't like their

house =

pronoun there

is

a problem =

•

•

there aren't any shops =

theirs pronoun

•

=

If

their

names,

rather than

it

is

you know

better to use these

there

was no room =

_

=

•

therefore

=

think

|

there are a

lot

400

of people =

how

that's

they

make

tofu =

•

•

2 adverb •

{when

thick

about location) wasn't there =

talking

the train

adjective

=

•

thief noun

•

=

t

please ao over there =

thigh noun

•

=

when do we aet there? = don't

adjective

=

(/,ne)

go there very often =

{person, animal)

(when drawina

•

•

thing noun

attention)

•

there's the sea =

'

=

to get thin

•

•

•

thin

•

I

•

•

{physical object) =

•

{abstract entity) =

please take the things off the chair =

(when offering something) there you are, there you go =

•

adverb =

I've

got things to do =

that

is

these 1 determiner

(

these books aren't mine =

a stupid thing to do =

the best thing would be to call him =

'

2 pronoun =

I

can't hear a thing =

what are these? =

•

• •

my bags

these are

=

•

think

•

• I

prefer these referring to people) =

—

'

verb

(when

talkina

about opinions) = use a

plain form + what do you think of

•

{when

{belongings) =

it?

=

•

•

these are =

my friends from Manchester I

think

it's

unfair =

t

• •

who do you

think

will

win? = •

they

pronoun

=

•

you know

If

their

Not used if obvious. names, it is better

•

•

concentrate on an idea) •

please think hard before answering =

use these rather than they'll be there too = to

they're intelligent =

{to

!^

•

• •

(to

remember) =

.

=

••

401

those

third I

this

name =

can't think of his

I

1 determiner

= •

{to

take into account, to have

in

mind)

like this

I

about someone =

to think

garden = •

do you know

•

this

place? = •

thought of you when =

I

I

saw

the dress

who

is

woman? =

this

•

•

prefer this hotel =

I

•

•

(to

to

have vague plans to) be thinking of going

to

America =

2 pronoun what's this? = •

•

who's this? = •

{to

have an idea about)

'

•

to think of a solution =

this is the kitchen

•

my

this is

\

C^ b

13.

•

this isn't the right

1 adjective

=

address

• •

2 noun {in

a series)

how much

= •

(a-/

older sister =

third

•

=

is

3

this? =

•

[in

174 of June =

dates)

the third

thorn noun =

•

' ' '

{when

talking

about quantities)

those

•

=

1 determiner

a third of the population =

(referring to things

near the

listener)

=

•

3 adverb to come thirsty be

to •

{referring to things not close to either

third

speaker or listsnsr) = those books are his =

=

=

2 pronoun

{referring to things

near the

o

thirteenth number {in

()

a series) =

•

{in

listener) = speaker what are those? = •

those are dates)

my

letters

=

174 •

Friday the thirteenth = • I

prefer those = •

thirty number =

listener)

181

171.

{referring to things not close to either

=

•

|

adjective

thirsty

thirteen number

•

"^

171 , •

181.

186

{when

referring to people) = •

m though

•

•

402

tie I

those are

my

to look through a

cousins =

{past)

•

though

window =

•

•

go through a red

to

conjunction

=

light

•

=

I

though

it's

expensive,

buy

I'll

it

go throuah customs =

to

=

• •

•

{when talkina about time) right through the day =

noun [idea) =

housand =

from Friday through to Sunday =

•

number

•

three thousand

pounds =

it's

e

open

through September (US

April

English) =

•

_

about a thousand people =

•

i

•

throw

noun =

verb

=

•

to

•

throw stones

at

someone =

noun =

•

•

—

please throw

verb

=

•

three number (on

its

own) =

' 171.

JSI,

{with a counter) = three books =

186

•

throw away, throw out =

thumb

noun •

thunder

got three =

noun

=

=

•

thunderstorm

noun

=

•

translations for this type of verb, look up the separate dictionary entries at go. let, read etc.

noun

•

Thursday Often through occurs in combinations with verbs, for example: go through, let through, read through etc. To find the correct

the ball = •

= I've

me

noun

=

174

•

ticket noun =

•

tickle

verb

=

tide noun =

preposition

•

high tide =

{from one side to the other) to drive through the desert =

•

low tide =

•

tidy

adjective {describing a place, a desk) =

•

I

ran through the park =

(

(describing a person) = •

by way of) go through the town centre =

tidy

{via,

to

•

.

up=

•

tie 1

verb

=

Ul

•

\ -O

•

=

••

tiger

403

tip |

dog to a tree =

to tie a

L

time

it's

I

we

=

left •

•

to tie a parcel (up) with string = (Ct)

•

(a

moment)

times = . this is no time to argue = at

•

Sdl

2 noun •

•

{worn with a =

shirt)

any time now =

sport)

{in

=

for the time beina

•

tiger noun

•

= • year of the tiger =

tight

•

{closely

know each

other at the time

•

= •

{British English)

until

{an experience) to

have a good time =

to

have a hard time = \

_

noun •

=

timber

noun

=

time

'

first

time

we met =

•

• •

_

go there =

don't have time to

(an occasion)

the

noun

= I

didn't

the past)

=

=

•

in

=

fitting)

tights noun

til|2

period

we

adjective

{too small)

tiir

(a

=

from time to time = {when comparing) three times more expensive = •

•

^ Ay(i

t

ten times quicker =

•

•

we

haven't seen them for

some

time =

timetable noun •

•

•

{for trains,

buses)

=

•

a long time ago = • {when talking about a specific hour or period of time) the time when... = what's the time?, what time is it?

•

{in

school, at work)

=

•

tin noun •

{the metal)

= •

{British English)

•

what time does the

film start?

(a can)

=

=

on time =

to arrive

•

days' time =

in five

=

•

whj

a week's time =

this time last

adjective

=

tip noun

year=

• •

this time next

noun •

tiny

•

by

.

opener

tin

•

in

.

tinned tomatoes =

-

week =

{the point, the end)

= •

•

to stand •

on

tiptoe =

{British English)

_ tire I

•

top

{given

in

tongue

a hotel, a restaurant)

= •

=

piece of advice)

(a

• . -

404

=

noun •

tonight adverb

•

{this

tire noun {US English)

3

evening) =

•

M

{during the night) =

'

=

tired •

adjective

(needing

rest)

TOO =

•

to get tired = •

•

{more than is necessary or desirable) = use adjective without the final or the pre form + of the verb + 191, ^201 too big =

•

'

•

computer qames =

'

205

(a/so)

•

{needing a change) m tired of this job =

I'm tired of

adverb = use particle I'm going too =

•

'

too expensive =

tiring adjective =

too far = there were too

•

•

•

many people

tissue noun

=

•

=

to

preposition

There are

mean,

nice,

I

xiv

many adjectives like rude etc and verbs like

belong, write etc which involve the use of to. For translations, look up the adjective entries at mean, nice, rude or the verb entries at belong,

much =

ate too

tool noun =

•

TOOth noun

.

=

false teeth =

write.

''

noun

toast noun

I

have toothache =

= •

a piece of toast =

toothbrush

•

noun

= •

toasxer noun

noun

=

=

today =

adverb

' •

toe noun =

together =

•

top 1

noun

•

(the highest part) the top of the mountain =

•

adverb

•

the top of the stairs =

toilei noun

toilet

top of the page =

more polite word is 189

=

/4

paper

noun

•

noun

=

•

(on a pen) = (the highest level) to

tomorrow =

(a cover, a lid)

(on a bottle, pan) =

=

tomato

•

adverb

t\

•

be

at the top of the class

=

rli

=

=

9 ••

•

torch

405

2

towards the east = towards evening =

adjective

=

traffic I

•

•

jam

•

the top shelf = •

•

=

he has a bad attitude towards his work =

•

adjective •

=

•

tortoise noun

towel =

•

total

noun

.

noun

noun

=

=

2

attitudes)

{British English)

=

1

about

talking •

torch noun torn

{when

•

tower block

adjective

=

noun

•

touch hand)

•

{with one's

•

(to interfere with)

•

=

2 noun

tough

to

touch =

to get in

{not soft, not sensitive)

•

(rough)

/

(difficult)

(severe)

into

\

town =

•

hall noun •

(for

a small town) =

•

TOy noun =

•

•

noun

=

_

tough area =

•

go

town

adjective

•

this is a

.

town

=

-.

_

(commercial) =

1 verb

{British English)

4"

(residential) =

•

track noun

=

•

•

(a path)

=

a tough law = •

•

(Jor sports")

=

tour 1

•

noun = to

—

•

ao on a tour of the castle =

by a person, an animal, a

=

"

go touring =

•

noun =

trade noun •

=

•

(skill)

•

tourism

•

{left

•

2 verb to

{the rails)

=

noun

•

to learn a trade =

=

•

•

noun noun

= •

tourist information office

=

•

adjective

noun =

=

•

•

traffic noun

towarcl(s) •

preposition {when talking about place, time) = use particle

205

=

traffic =

•

jam

noun •

car)

triangle

traffic lights

406

|

traffic lights noun =

verb •

train 1

work or school) =

{to travel to

">=5"

•

take a holiday)

(to

noun =

•

on business) =

(to travel

the train to Hiroshima =

• •

(to

_ <^

''

travel

teach, to prepare)

=

employees =

to train

•

traveler {US =

to train a

dog =

noun

noun

English)

{British

traveler's

English),

a job)

{to learn

agency

(British bnglish),

to train athletes =

•

t

•

2 verb •

_

abroad =

to travel

'

check

{US English) noun

to train as a doctor =

= •

tray noun she trained as a teacher =

=

189

•

treat •

• •

{for

verb deal with, to behave with) =

'

(to

a sporting event) =

to treat

someone badly = •

noun

{British English)

(shoe) =

•

(sports coach) =

(to

pay

=

for)

someone

to treat

to a

meal =

training course noun

•

=

is

tramp

treatment

noun

=

=

•

•

to receive treatment = "b

verb

•

=

.

tree noun

noun

=

=

•

transport, transportation {US English) noun = a

noun

tremble

verb (person) =

•

{ground) =

•

•

means

of transport =

irenay

adjective

=

•

trap noun

trial noun (test) =

= to set a trap for

someone = •

>

(;'n/aw)= to

ao on

•

=

trial

•

trash noun (US

English)

=

=

trash can noun {US English) =<_

trianqle noun

•

•

(musical instrument) =

180

=

•

t trick

407

trick 1 •

come true =

to

1

try

•

noun (a joke)

trumpet

=

180

noun

=

on someone =

to play a trick

trunk noun

•

• •

(a clever

way

•

= •

2

an elephant)

•

•

{US English)

•

a car)

{in

verb =

=

trip 1 noun

{for

{holiday) = (a

•

{of

=

(to entertain)

=

(of a tree)

=

of doing something)

day

trust

•

•

=

out)

_

(business

trip)

noun swimming) =

=

"

•

tK

verb

o

{to believe)

•

to trust a friend =

•

•

(^school

day

trip =

.

don't trust

I

them =

2 verb

•

to trip (up) =

•

someone

to trip

•

(up) =

{to rely

on) =

•

•

can't trust him =

I

noun •

•

{difficulties)

= to

•

be

in

trouble =

•

truth noun =

to get

someone

into trouble

=

verb

•

•

to

make

•

try do something) = use the volitional form of the verb +

(to try to

trouble =

__

•

•

(an effort) to

go

to try to

to a lot of trouble

to...

go =

•

= to try to forget = •

trousers noun

form

it and see) = use the 197 of the verb + please try phoning him =

(to try

=

trout noun =

truck noun =

'

•

I

tried writing

my name

in

katakana =

truck driver noun =

true

•

true that he's

to test)

= use the

coming? =

fj^tlt)^ •

•

~ T form of the verb

»197

to try (out) a

•

it

(

+

adjective

= is

•

new

restaurant =

T-shirt

408

turtle I

whose

=

to try (on) a pair of trousers

turn

is it?

=

•

=

•

(to fasfe)

•

{in

•

to try hard =

•

court) =

•

•

Jli

2 noun

{if

its

a car) =

•

rugby) =

(in

to turn the table

T-shirt noun

T tube =

turn around, turn round {to face the opposite way) {if its a person)

around =

•

'

•

{to

Q0 round and round) =

noun

•

=

•

(British English)

to turn

something round and round = •

{the

underground)

=

•

Tuesday

noun

=

174

•

to turn

•

tuna

•

•

down

the heater =

"ar

•

noun =

{fish)

•

can, sandwich) =

{in

turn back= turn down (to/ower)=

{to reject)

=

•

someone down =

to turn

noun

/

"2

•

=

turn off

"^

turkey noun =

to turn the

=

"a:

•

1 verb

move

one's body) =

1

P off =

to turn the

7

•

turn on =

o turn one's face toward(s) the sun =

totumontheTV

•

to turn the tap

change

to

off

to turn off the light =

turn to

oven

•

•

o turn

direction)

right

=

'

=

on =

/'

turn out turned out to be easier than expected =

•

it

turn the corner =

•

to twist)

turn over

=

•

turn the handle = /

=

•

[to rollover)

•

to turn over the

•

•

to change) o turn the bedroom

an

into

(

turn into a froa =

to

become) = turn into a butterfly = "b

page =

office =

(

turn up •

0 show up) =

•

{to

•

increase)

to turn

up the heater = •

to turn the

\

music ud =

•

:o

turn red

=

2 noun a bend) = in

aames) =

•

-

•

turtle noun =

•

_

=

_

_

.

TV under

409

I

TV noun =

2 verb =

twelfth number •

{in

•

{in

typewriter noun

a series) =

=

-

174

dates)

=

typical

(

adjective

=

•

•

the twelfth of July =

typist noun •

=

twelve number = twelve pupils = •

.

171

186

181,

tyre noun

((

t

{British Enalish)

=

•

got twelve =

I've

•

twenty number =

171

181,

Uu

186

•

(

(

adverb =

•

many people

twice as

=

ugly

•

much

twice as

adjective

=

time =

.

umbrella

•

{two times)

'

=

.

noun

twin 1

adjective

=

noun =

•

uncle

•

2 adjective

noun

{one's own) =

a twin brother brother a twin sister sister

{someone

else's)

177

=

uncomfortable =

•

{describing shoes) =

•

{to

verb bend out of shape) =

{to injure)

(

adjective

twist

•

{describing a seat) =

to twist one's ankle = • •

two {on

numbsr its

adiective

171.

own) =

{with a counter)

186

181.

=

•

=

(

•

two books = I've got two =

•

preposiiion

=

•

.

to hide

under the bed = •

type 1

noun it's

I

found the newspaper under

it

=

a type of fish = •

•

this type of

person = (Jess than)

•

that type of

book =

a

of

=

•

my

type = •

' "h

under three pounds an hour

=

•

he's not

waae

children under five = <_ •

=

=

underground

underground =

1

noun

410

{British English)

unfortunately

adverb

=

•

underline

•

unless

|

•

unfriendly

verb

(

adjective

(

=

{describina a person) =

adverb = want to see what's underneath =

{describing a place) =

•

•

•

I

ungrateful

unhappy

•

2

preposition

=

(

adjective

('

=

.

adjective

•

{sad) =

•

(jiot satisfied)

•

•

underneath the buildina =

*b

•

underpants

=

unhealthy

noun

adjective

{describing

=

way

a

of

food,

life,

conditions)

verb

= I

(describina a person) =

•

what they're saying

can't understand

=

to

=

—'

underwear =

adjective

unique

\

United Kinadom =

is

=

noun

uneasy

UK

172

S

•

'

<

more generally used. s often used in

newspapers.

(

noun

(

adjective •

=

•

university noun =

•

adjective

unemploved person =

unkind =

noun

=

.

(

adjective •

rate =

unless

•

unemployment

unknown =

•

unemployment

'

adjective

•

unemployment

benefit =

I'm

conjunction

not going

out unless

raining =

•

=

for the

verb

unemployed

unfair

used

also

/. /'

•

undo a button =

=

172

noun

United States (of America)

•

undress

•

-

•

7j<

verb

•

(

•

•

noun

(clothing)

•

adjective

=

ad erb

= to

noun

trade union =

•

undo

•

union

.

underwater =

=

•

make oneself understood =

-S)

(),

•

uniform noun

adjective

•

•

it

stops

- ••

unlock

411

I

she can't work unless she buys a car

please don't look

upset

ready =

until it's

= •

'

adjective

verb

=

•

nlucky

=

{rare)

adjective

[person) =

•

'

{different,

•

out of the ordinary) =

•

up Often up occurs

you were unlucky =

give up, own up, etc. To find the correct translations for this type of verb, look up the separate dictionary entries at blow, give,

•

number) =

{object,

t}

fv

too

•

inpack

own

verb

=

•

adjective

( (

(clothes) =

(in

'/

how one

not used as a

is

Japanese. she ran up the stairs = preposition

()'

in

•

'

This is not used as an adverb Japanese. up in the sky = up on (top of) the chest of drawers =

2 adverb

adjective

(room) =

etc.

1 preposition This

'

(person) =

untidv

in combinations examp/e: blow up,

with verbs, fo

in

looks) = 7

untidy handwriting =

"

•

go up = ao up to Scotland =

to

•

•

to

until

•

1 preposition

^05

= use particle

I'm staying in a hotel until

Thursday =

3 adjective •

{out of bed) to

be up =

to

be up

•

•

until

now =

night =

all

• •

I'm aoing to wait until after

Christmas •

=

(jncrease

in

amount) -

•

be up by

to

she won't get an answer

until

20%

next

week = (increase •

2

conjunction = verb in dictionary form + I'll wait until go home = I

in level)

to

I'm not •

up to now = up to 2010=

• •

we'll

be here

until

they

come =

upset 1 adjective

be upset (annoyed) =

to '-

=

.

'

enough) up to it = (until) = use particle {well

•

= •

4 up

,

205

-

•

down used

upside

412

|

=

(cfy/ng)

he uses

•

room as an

this

office

=

to get upset

(annoyed) =

•

(ay)=

•

2 verb • {to make someone unhappy) ' to make someone cry =

,

what

it

use a

to

•

down

upside

word = bJ)

different

annoy) =

(to

U

used for? = •

•

•

is

•

adverb

operate on)

{to

this car

=

uses unleaded

petrol =

•

/(

aavero =

•

n a fwo

•

storev building or house use

t

•

go upstairs =

to

(to

to

take advantage use someone =

of) "3:

• •

to bring the

boxes upstairs = •

2 noun • to make use

of a

room =

•

urgent

(

adjective

=

•

us

•

•

pronoun

=

when it they know us = left

can often be

This

'

out

have the use of a car =

to

{when talkina about what to be of use =

is

useful) •

obvious

is

be no use =

to

7

•

what's the use of complaining? = he's seen us =

"b • •

use up

please help us! =

use up

to

all

the

money =

"2

•

§

please don't bother us! =

•

IBS

•

used please don't

show

it

to us!

t

=

1 verb

•

he did

it

I

USA noun

you used not

=

to

smoke =

/,

•

there used to be a castle here =

more generally used. 's often used in

newspapers.

•

isg 2

adjective

use

=

1 verb

I'm

I

lot

•

/'

{to

books a

172

's

•

to read

us =

for

•

=

used

make use

of)

=

use the car to go

•

used

to

life in

Japan =

(

•

to

work = \ he's not used to livina on his

own

=

=

b _

•

.

useful

413

•

•

(

(worth a

to get

used

new

to a

job =

van

=

•

vanilla noun =

adjective

(not working, having

no use) =

adjective

=

•

(

(

{having no point or purpose) = •

•

(

(not

good

'

at)

of saving this =

ways

there are various

useless complaining =

it's

•

•

noun

•

useless

•

(

money)

verb

adjective

•

very

=

•

=

or

lot

=

I

•

•

()

vary •

it

verb varies from town to town =

I

•

I'm useless at chemistry = •

vase

usually adverb =

noun = noun =

^

•

•

Vv

velvet noun

versus

.

1

•

=

•

=

adverb = {with a negative)

noun {US English) =

to take a vacation

•

preposition

=

vacation

•

n=

vein

very

adjective

=

•

e

noun =

_

I

=

know him very

don't

—-

•

•

vacuum to

to eat very

little

=

verb

vacuum

a

room =

you haven't said very much =

I

•

—

I

like

him very much = •

1)^

adjective

=_

vain

for the very first time =

adjective

=

' •

valley noun =

adjective

( eo/useA7/)=

(

(

they called the very next day =

adjective

=

valid

I

•

vacuum cleaner noun = *

'

+ negative well =

(

'

•

2

adjective at the very

beginning =

to sit at the very front = •

=

vest

I

= =

vote

414

to Stay to the very

=

vest noun •

{British English)

=

.

piece ot underwear) =

(a

•

'

village noun

end =

•

noun =

{US English) (a waistcoat)

vet noun via

•

Violent

=

=

=

•

•

violin noun

preposition

=

180

=

•

we came

Virgo noun

Hong Kong =

via

=

•

•

visit

vicious •

(violent)

•

{nasty,

adjective •

(

meant to hurt) =

•

•

dog =

vicious

( ()

verb (a place)

to visit

someone

(Jo C3ll

on

{to

•

2 noun

=

•

•

'

'

(a call)

win a victory =

'

(astey): to pav someone a

video

—J

•

stay with) =

victory noun to

(

adjective

•

.

visit

=

TP

•

•

noun (a recorded

•

> video cassette, video recorder

=

2

verb

to

•

[to

•

(to film)

film,

programme, event) =

(a guest)

record)-

have

1^

visitors =

•

•

(a tourist)

to video a

=

wedding =

•

•

=

video camera

noun

=

•

voice

noun

=

pa

'

video cassette noun

to

have a aood voice =

to

speak

in

a loud voice =

=

•

Video

game noun

in

a low voice = •

=

=

view •

volleyball noun noun

4

=

= you're blocking mi view! = •

vomit =

verb •

•

•

|s

-

video recorder noun

(an opinion, an attitude)

=

vote =

•

verb •

_

2

b

-

•

.

wages want

415

|

pleasure) =

(for

walk

let's

•

=

to the dooI

•

wages

to

walk down the street =

to

walk the dog =

noun

•

=

•

waist

noun

=

2 noun noun

•

togoforawalk=

'

wait •=

=

(British English)

verb

someone =

to wait for

/

it's

use the phone =

someone

to wait for

to

minutes' walk from here =

•

•

I'm waiting to

five

•

"

walk around = to

walk around town =

to

walk around the lake =

go home =

•

•

let's

for

have a beer while we're waiting

walk back

them =

walk back home =

to

7]

•

•

I

walk round=

can't wait to

b(

meet them =

to

•

walk round the park = •

•

Walkman®

wait up up

to wait

for

someone =

'

wail noun

•

=

waiter

noun

wallet noun

=

=

waiting room noun =

=

noun

=

noun

•

walnut

noun

=

wake to

.

wallpaper

•

waitress

noun

=

verb

verb

wake someone = j:i
b

=

O

\

•

O

•

wake up

=

noun =

wander around town =

to

1

want

walk

•

(to

=

1 verb

=

•

•

verb

want something) •

Japanese

178 a verb

in

war waste want a new camera =

I

don't want

I

it

=

—

do you want some coffee? = want to do...) = Use the pre 191 form of the verb + want to go out =

(to

I

•

I

'

don't

go

to

I

c,

•

warm up •

{to

get warm) =

•

{for

a sportina event)

•

(fo

<^

mate warm) =

warn

•

verb •

warn someone about the danger =

to

_

Japan =

to

/

warm the room =

to

=

want to go home =

wanted

I

416

'

I

(/v (

•

•

warn someone

to

want

I

the children want to eat

'

it

=

_

.

wash

IS?

want you

I

•

me

to

need) = don't want

I

this

to

wash one's

wash up

come

with

you?

•

•

'

[British English) (to

{US

{British English),

=

to

•

do the washing =

washing machine

•

warm

=

=

•

warm

the classroom

= is

, /"

/

temperature) =

warm

=

te

to

{British English) •

•

noun

=

=

'

waste 1

verb

= to

•

waste one's time =

2 verb to

noun

do the washing-up =

wasp •

warm

- up = •

•

warm

the plates = •

noun

•

1 adjective

to get

noun

noun

=

I'm very

noun

•

= •

(air

the dishes) = •

English) {to clean oneself) =

washing

wardrobe

do

wash-hand basin

anymore =

noun

=

clothes =

•

•

war

•

wash one's face =

178 {to

verb

clean) =

•

_

'

•

{to

to

to read this =

do you want

•

/

•

want someone else to do...) use the form of the verb +

(to

be careful =

to

to play =

dOJZTZ

to

waste

electricity •

=

7

,

•

'

-

•••

watch *.>

2 noun •

=

•

?

.

.

it's

a

way

he does

/

a waste of time =

•

•

it's

way

" •

waste of money =

that's a

it's

I

money =

of earnina

•

•

a waste of time going there =

{how one does something) =

can also be added form of the verb

pre

in

to the

specific

191

cases

do

prefer to

I

e suffix

•

•

watch

wronq way =

the

it

V

it

my way

= •

1 verb •

b

•

417

• look at) = to watch television =

{to

like

I

the

way she speaks

=

•

feel I'm

I

3

beina watched =

•

(a route, a road)

•

= •

(to

pay

•

remember the way

can't

I

attention fo) =

please watch what you're doing =

please watch you don't

fall

=

_

'

•

•

to

'

station -

on the way = on the way to Hiroshima =

,

•

Where's the way out? =

2 noun

•

=

to lose one's

•

watch out =

way =


•

•

(a direction)

which way are you going? = 1

noun

•

'

(cold) = (hot) =

way =

they went that

•

isa

•

drinking water =

2 verb

come

please

=

—

•

•

noun

=

wave

(someone's route) in the way = to get out of the

•

•

(when

go

to

•

all

the

2 noun • if

•

=

I

I

had

What's

noun (a means, a method) •

my

way... =

2 by the way =

•

way =

way to Japan = •

(sea) =

•

•

about distances) it's a long way from here = •

=

1

[5

way =

talking

1 verb

(radio)

_

•

waterfall noun =

way =

this

'

•

his

• ,

name, by the way? =

the

=

=

=

-

•

•

'

we welcome

418

I

we

pronoun Note

the sentence

be

is

that

if

the subject of

obvious,

it

weather

noun

=

can often

•

what's the weather like? =

left out.

=

•

we saw

•

her yesterday =

/

•

we

make mistakes =

all

the weather the weather the weather

•

=

•

"

=

good or able) weak at languages = C"

hot =

is

week

noun one week:

damaaed)

{easily

•

{havina very

•

(descrlbina tea or coffee)

power) =

little

-

b

in

*3

two weeks' time =

•

•

weekend

noun

=

wealthy

(

adjective

=

•

•

weiah

verb

=

wear

•

what do you weigh? =

verb {shirts, dresses) = (hafs)

•

•

=

{shoes, trousers,

skirts,

socks) =

to

weigh oneself =

(makeup) =

weiaht

be wearing a kimono =

noun

(body) =

•

{object) =

•

wear boots = other verbs ip put on) = may be used depending on which item of clothing is being worn. See

to •

\

•

(spectacles) = to

174

noun •

•

•

. •

Wednesday

is

noun

noun

•

=

•

"

•

= (^not

nice =

weather forecast

wedding he

is

z?)'

adjective

he has a weak heart =

•

bad =

•

•

weak

is •

to lose

•

weight

=7

•

•

weird

what

will

you wear? =

•

welcome

|

to

•

I've

adjective

=

above.

(

verb

welcome someone =

got nothing to wear =

•

• •

when

receiving people)

your house) = {in a formal situation) = welcome to Japan = (to

•

{to

damage)

wear out =

•

• •

to

wear one's shoes out =

to

wear someone out =

{when acknowledging thanks) 'thanks'— 'vou're welcome' =

•

•

3 noun =

•

n

•

=.

•

419

well I

well 1 •

a wet day =

adverb {when talking about a skill) = he can speak English well =

whatever

•

2 verb

\

=

•

what 1 •

•

go well = the test went well = to

pronoun {used in questions) = I'n some cases pronounced what's that box? =

this is

;X

•

is

it

well paid =

what's the Japanese for 'borina'? boring • boring

•

he's not eating well = •

2

what

adjective I

=

feel well

3 as well =

what's her phone number? =

205

=

•

(

well-known

adjective

•

'

•

f

2

•

2 adverb to

{used as a relative pronoun) please do what you want = •

the west of Japan =

in

=

what day of the week? =

noun =

is it?

•

west 1

•

1^

what time

=

=

•

use particle

4 as well as

like?

•

=

to get well

she

is

•

cteterm/ns

do you know what

go west =

'

train to

<

3

take?

•

•

adjective

= to

work

in

what a great

idea! =

"5

west London =

3 exclamation

•

=

West

Indies noun

172

=

•

4 what what

if if

I

wet

•

1 adjective •

don't get there on time?

(cfamp) = your hair

what

if

it

rains? =

•

is

•

wet =

•

to get

wet =

•

she got her feet wet = •

pronoun {when anything is possible) please ask whatever you want =

•11 •

•

(when talking about weather) in wet weather = •

(when

it

doesn't matter) = use the

form of the verb

+

197

wheat while

420

I

whatever they do, anything =

won't change

it

•

Do you know where we're going?

•

wheat

' wheel noun

we

the village where

=

live

=

noun

•

=

wheelchair =

2 noun

conjunction that's

when 1

where the accident happened =

•

•

adverb {generally) =

when

did

leave the kev where you can see

I'll

sheg(y?= •

when

is

•

your birthday? =

conjunction

=

•

I

[what time) = don't

I

it

=

don't

•

know when

the film

know whether or not to go there

=

starts =

•

•

can be added

when

to

which

other time counters

referring to a

day or date.

1

pronoun the house which

saw yesterday =

I

•

2

2 determiner

conjunction =

was asleep when

I

phone rang =

the

which one? = which fruit do you

like

best? =

• •

when

I

was

me

tell

a student =

which

film

you'd

like to

see =

•

when

I'm 18

I

can get married =

•

wh

•

le conjunction

=

3 pronoun (used as

a relative pronoun)

= in

the days

I

•

had a party while in

when

there

my

parents were

Spain =

was no TV = •

where 1

Note

adverb =

may

that .

where are you going? =

to the

pre

also

be added

form of the verb

where do they work? =

)

place simultaneously.

191

she ate while watching TV =

Do you know where he

to

indicate that two action were taking

•

is? =

•

==

•

=

•

whisper

421

whisper

''

,

verb

=

•

(used

in

whose

'

|

questions)

is

•

dog? =

the

whistle

•

•

1 verb =

•

(used as a relative pronoun) the person whose bike was stolen =

2 noun =

ffl

•

white

2 determiner whose car

adjective

=

that? =

is

• •

who pronoun •

{used

who

questions) =

in

whose pen

•

did

you

=,

invite?

why 1 •

buy the book for? =

did he

(used as a

my

friend

relative

who

lives in Paris

adverb {used in questions) = why did you do that? =

why

pronoun) =

"

aren't they

coming? = •

I

•

•

those

7 •

•

•

you borrow? =

_

•

who

did

you? =

told •

who

{when makina sugaestions)

why

who can't come by car =

don't

we

eat out tonight? =

•

a friend

who see I

at

_

school =

2

conjunction

why

that's

don't like him =

I

•

whole 1

'

noun =

•

the whole of

wiae

Tokyo =

• •

adjective

{in size)

(

a wide garden =

the whole of the country = -

2

the

adjective

a whole day =

room

is

ten metres wide =

•

the whole day = •

three whole

weeks =

(in range) there is a wide ranae =

\

• •

width

whom pronoun •

(jjsed in questions)

whom

did

=

•

you meet? =

=

wife

noun •

noun

177

(one's own) =

•

{someone •

••

wildlife

{usea as a relative pronoun) the person to whom spoke on the phone =

else's)

•

=

•

I

•

wild

adjective {describing animals,

birds)

•

wildlife noun pronoun

=

•

with

will

422

I

w

enb

no specific future tense in Japanese. Use the non-past tense. 191 There

•

to

wipe one's nose =

talkina

•

wish

•

1

noun

•

=

about intentions)

make a wish

to

=

•

•

•

we

'-"

'

•

wait for you at the airport =

I'll

•

adjective

=

what will we do? = (when

wipe one's feet =

wise

(when talking about the future) it will be sunny tomorrow = •

•

to is

greetings)

{in

my

please give family =

won't be here lona =

best wishes to your

• •

•

(in invitations

will

will

and requests) Not used

you have some coffee? = you close the door? = •

•

Japanese

letters.

with

2

(when making assumptions) they won't understand =

•

i;? •

•

in

Usually a genera! greeting such as used at the beginning of a formal letter and it is finished

verb (expressing what one would like) she wished she hadn't lied =

and answers) = 205 come again, won't you? =

short questions

(in

•

Use particle you'll

• •

be cheaper, won't

that will

it?

greetings)

{in

to

=

wish someone a happy birthday =

•

win

IBS

verb

=

wind

noun =

window -

—

C

With

'

•

•

preposition

= use particle 205 go on holiday with friends =

to

noun

•

•

'

windsurfing noun

I'm living with

=

my

parents = •

winay it's

adjective

•

windy =

(when describing)

•

a

girl

with black hair = •

wine wing

noun = noun

(of a bird) (of

verb

"

•

•

my

noun =

winter =

wipe =

the boy with the long legs =

an aeroplane) =

winter in

.

clothes were covered with

mud

=

•

•

she's married with two children =

w

==

•

••

423

work

without I

work

•

1 verb

withouT

•

preposition

•

<

my wallet =

went out without

I

h3ve or do a job) =

{to

=

work

to

-6

home

at

=

• •

(without

= use the verb in the 191 form + without paying = t>

t

we

got

to

work as a doctor =

{to

operate properly)

•

...ing)

in

•

TV

the

working properly =

isn't

•

•

went

I

school

to

without

eating •

breakfast =

{to

be successful) an idea, a trick, a plan) =

{if it's

(Jf it's

<s

a medicine, a treatment) =

•

wolf noun=

woman a single

•

use, to operate) =

{to

noun =

woman

do you know computer? =

=

how

work

to

the

•

verb •

{to

ask oneself) she's late =

was wondering why

I

2 noun •

=

•

I've

got work to do =

lam

out of work =

•

I

wonder whether

he' s

•

coming = it's

hard work learning Japanese =

'

• •

•

{in polite I

wonder

requests) •

you could help me? =

if

(for buildina. for repairs)

_

=

there are road works at the

_

moment

=

wonderful

adjective

•

=

wooa •

•

.

noun

(timber) =

made

of

wood

•

'

(a small forest)

wool word

noun = noun =

what's

the

{to

to

=

a musician) =

SS

find)-

•

work out the answer =

• •

Japanese

'breakfast'? =

artist,

work out

= •

•

{by an

word

•

(Jo

•

{with figures)

•

(to

go

•

{to

take exercise) =

.

•

for

breakfast

I

understand) =

•

well)

breakfast in

other words =

work up to aet

worked up =

•

-

=

••

worker would

424

|

worker

' noun

_

a bank) =

(in

•

/\

a company) =

(in

/oca/

(fo

2 adjective

a factory) =

{in

SHt

•

in

town =

"b •

•

\

Government) =

= the worst hotel

the worst thing to do would be to him =

tell

•

world

noun = over the world =

all

•

worth it's

the bigaest city

in

the world =

•

it's

World Cup

worm

adjective

worth £100 =

noun =

not worth doina

it

=

"bZ

• >»

noun = verb

worried

adjective

(when

=

about hypothetical

rather than real situations)

•

if

be worried about someone =

to

talking

had more money, =

I

I

would buy a car

•

worry •

=

we would have missed

verb

hadn't go a

be worried) =

{to

xi

the train

if

we

•

there's nothing to worry about =

•

(to

make someone

•

worried) =

reported speech) thought you'd forget =

(in I

•

that's worryina

me

=

•

•

worse

we were

sure she would

like

it

=

adjective

=

•

this

book

is

•

worse than the others = (

—

•

when makina an assumption) would have been about midday =

it

she's worse than

me

at sports = •

be prepared to) ne wouldn't listen {to

•

the weather

to

me

=

going to get worse =

is

•

•

he's gettina worse

{in

"

health)

{when I'd like

talking

about one's wishes)

a beer = •

worst 1

noun=

'

we would

•

•

#

^

like to

stay another night =

\=

=

•

•

wrap year

425

I

•

{when asking, offering or advising) would you turn the TV off? =

It

was a wrona number =

"b

•

•

to

would you excuse =

me

for a

be wrong

moment?

•

{not honest, not

wrong

it's

would you

something

like

a person)

(// it's

good)

to steal things =

to eat?

•

•

she hasn't done anything wrong = you would do well to check = 7 •

wrap

•

'

verb

=

•

wrap

to

(up) a present =

wrestling noun wrist noun = write verb =

Xx

= •

A-ray 1

•

to write to

someone,

to write

someone

noun (photo) =

'

{US English) -

2

•

to write

an essay =

e

verb =

-

t

cheaue =

to write a

tj

•

message =

to write a •

write

back =

•

writedown =

writing noun your writing

is

•

=

•

aood =

•

wrong •

vacnt noun = 3 vard noun •

adjective it

there's

something wrong = •

Note •

what's wrong? = •

{not

I

proper

o

{when measurina) =

should be)

{not as

(a

suitable) =

took the wrong key =

'

that a yard

= 0.9144 m.

{US English) garden)

=

•

yawn

verb

=

•

to

go the wrong way = •

•

{not correct) that's

wrong =

'

year •

noun {when talking about

=

last

year =

two years ago =

time)

•

_

=J•

yours

yell I

work

to

426

year round =

all

not yet = haven't eaten yet =

•

I

he's lived there for five years =

•

(with positives) =

•

have they eaten yet? = take vears! =

that'll

• •

have you read •

{when = I

am

talking •

2

15 years old = qirl

=

yogurt

185 one - =

a school system) year, year

noun

=

•

{in

conjunction

=

a four-year old

first

_

•

•

•

this yet? =

171

about aae)

you

pronoun There are various words for

I

am

the second year,

in

I

two = a

first

am

year

in

in

'

vou'

Japanese, of which the most

common

is to however whenever possible the person's name should be used rather than

•

year =

•

this.

young

yell 1 verb

1 adjective

=

•

to yell at

=

_

someone =

•

young lady =

a

•

•

£ noun =

young people = she is a year younger than me = •

•

yellow

adjective •

=

•

go yellow =

to

a younger s

yes =

adverb Note that when a question is asked in the negative and the answer would be "yes" in English, it would be Japanese to

mean "Didn't

brother

a younger brother

/

"that is incorrect" e.g.

you know that?" "Yes,

I

did"

t6r

sister

young =

to look

2 noun {of

an animal) =

your

•

detsrmirwr

There are various words for Japanese, of which the most '

I

in

'

common

'are

you coming with us?'— 'yes

=

I

am'

is however whenever possible the person's name + should be used rather

than

this.

•

yours

yesterday =

adverb

most common is whenever possible

•

yet

name

1 adverb (with negatives)

'

pronoun

There are various words for yours' in Japanese, of which the

=

than

+

this.

howsvsr the person's

should be used rather

=

• '

s

427

yourself

pronoun Not used as a reflexive pronoun Japanese. you'll enjoy yourself = did you hurt yourself? =

in

|

Zz

•

zap

'

verb destroy) =

{to

(when used for emphasis) you did it yourself

zebra

=

noun

=

•

pronoun Not used as a reflexive pronoun Japanese. you'll enjoy yourselves =

you hurt yourselves? =

noun

{British

Enalish)

=

•

zero number = "E

•

did

•

zebra crossing in

the alternative

word

/'

also used.

•

•

(when used for emphasis) are you aoing to do it yourselves? •

zip

{British English),

zipper

{US English) noun = to

undo a

zip

code

zip =

youth

noun youna man)

•

(a

•

= {young people) =

•

=

noun

=

=

noun

/

zone =

youth hostel

•

noun

•

youth club

noun {US English)

=

zoo =

•

noun •

iiB'rfr

noun •

•

zoo

o

i

Hiragana Chart Note that Japanese words in this and other dictionaries are arranged according to this chart from left to right and top to bottom. The Japanese equivalent of 'from A Z' is 'from to In dictionary order the K and G and S and Z etc. will not be

.

separated

'a'

i.e.

the next

line

'i'

word

after

line

(floor) is

"

line

'u'

i'

t

(damage).

'e'

a

to

line

'o'

line

e

ku

ke

ko

gi

gu

ge

go

S3

shi

su

se

so

za

ji

zu

ze

zo

ta

chi

tsu

te

to

da

ji

zu

de

do

na

m

nu

ne

no

ha

hi

fu

he

ho

ba

bi

bu

be

bo

pa

pi

pu

pe

po

ma

mi

mu

me

mo

ka

ki

ga

<

>

ya

yu

ra

ru

yo ro

re

wa

Hiragana symbol plus small

o/wo

or

kyu

kyo

gya

gyu

gyo

sha

shu

sho

ju

jo

a

\

u

i

Hiragana Chart

430

chu

cha nya

Jr ds.

nyu

"P

nvo

1

"

nya

hyii

bya

byu

pva

pyu

pvo

rya

ryu

ryo

hvo 1

bvo

J:

Pronunciation Guide

Long vowels:

Vowels: 'a'

-

as in cat

T as in sheep boot bed in dog

'u'

as in

*e'

as in

is

'o'

as

is

pronounced pronounced

as a as a

long long

Small

A small

has an effect similar to doubling the following consonant. For example in following the small is pronounced in a similar

word the manner to the double t in the

Note that |i particle

it is

is

read *ha'

'hot toddy'.

when

it is

part of a word, but

is pronounced 'he when it showing the direction of travel.

Similarly, particle

when used

as the topic

pronounced *wa\ is

part of a

word but

' when

it is

used as a

Katakana chart 'a'

line

i'

line

'u'

line

'e'

line

'o'

line

e

ka

ki

ku

ke

ko

ga

gi

gu

ge

go

sa

shi

su

se

so

za

ji

zu

ze

zo

ta

chi

tsu

te

to

da

ji

zu

de

H

do

na

ni

nu

ne

J

no

ha

hi

fu

he

ho

ba

bi

bu

be

bo

2

n

3 Hiragana Chart

431

pa

pi

pu

pe

po

ma

mi

mu

me

mo

yu

ya ra

IJ

ru

ri

re

wa

Katakana symbol plus small

3

yo

P

ro

o/wo

or

kya

kyu

kyo

gya

gyu

gyo

sha

shu

sho

ja

ju

jo

cha

chu

cho

nya

nyu

nvo

hya

hyu

hyo

bya

byu

byo

pya

pyu

pyo

rya

ryu

3

ryo

after the Note that in katakana, long vowels are usually written by putting a (heater). As katakana is used (coffee) or as in the case of to indicate the pronunciation of foreign words there are other possible combinations

sound

not included in the chart.

BAKER & TAYLOR

'

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Grammar boxes

in the text explain key points of grammar and usage, plus extensive in-text notes explain where grammar and usa is

rfLO

6

very different

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introduces you to real Japanese from

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Help with simplifying word forms them up quickly and easily

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Plus:

Guide to Japanese script and pronunciation

J

•

v

XI..:.

/ .

• Plain forms and polite forms compared and contrasted • Common te and masu forms of verbs included the in

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