Trends In Protection & Automation

“Trends in Protection & Automation” Energy Automation from Siemens

Kuldeep Tickoo Siemens Ltd, India © Siemens AG 2009

Topics • Basics of Protection Relays • History of Siemens Protection Relays • IEC 61850 • Smart Grids

© Siemens AG 2009

• Basics of Protection Relays • History of Siemens Protection Relays • IEC 61850 • Smart Grids

© Siemens AG 2009

The Purpose of Protection The protection can not prevent system faults, but it can:  Limit the damage caused by short circuits

while:  Protecting people and plant from damage  selectively clearing faults in milliseconds  protecting plant from over-load conditions

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© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector

System Disturbances Short Circuits in earthed systems Symmetrical (3 phase) Phase to Phase (and Earth) Phase to Earth Overload Conditions Under-frequency/Under-voltage Over-voltage Unbalance

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© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector

Basic Protection Requirements

Reliability Dependability (availability)

High dependability = Low risk of failure to trip Security

High security = Low risk of over-trip Speed

High speed minimizes damage High speed reduces stability problems Selectivity

Trip the minimum number of circuit breakers Sensivity

Notice smallest fault value

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© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector

Protection Concept

Circuit Breaker

CT / VT

Cabelling DISTANCE RELAY

Battery

Protection

 The system is only as strong as the weakest link!

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© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector

Technology Comparison For Protective Relays Sr Subject No

Electro mechanical

Static/Electronic

Numerical

1

Measuring Elements/ Hardware

Induction disc, Electromagnets, Induction cup, Balance Beam.

Discrete R,L,C, Transistors, Analogue ICs, Comparators.

Microprocessors, Digital ICs, Digital Signal Processors,

2

Measuring Method

Electrical Quantities converted into Mechanical force, torque

Level detectors, comparison with reference value in analog comparator

Analog to Digital conversion, numerical algorithms techniques evaluate trip criteria

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Technology Comparison For Protective Relays Sr Subject No

Electro mechanical

Static/Electronic Numerical

3

Timing function

Mechanical clock works, Dashpot

Static Timers

Counters

4

Visual Indication

Flags, targets

LEDs

LEDs, LCD Display

5

Trip Command Additional trip duty relay required

Additional trip duty relay required

Trip duty contact inbuilt

6

Contacts assignment

Fixed

Freely marshallable

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Fixed

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© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector

Technology Comparison For Protective Relays Sr Subject No

Electro mechanical

Static/Electronic Numerical

7

Sequence of events

Not Possible

Not Possible

Provided

8

Construction Size

Bulky

Modular, Compact

Most compact

9

Parameter Setting

Plug setting, Dial setting

Keypad for Numeric values

10 Binary inputs for adaptive relaying

Not Available

Thumbwheel, Potentiometers, Dual In Line Switches Not Available

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Freely marshallable from 24V to 250V © Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector

Technology Comparison For Protective Relays

Sr Subject No

Electro mechanical

Static/Electronic Numerical

11 CT Loading/ burden

8-10 VA

1 VA

< 0.5 VA

12 CT Offset adjustment

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

 HardwarePartly

    

13 Self monitoring No

 Power Supply

14 Temperature stability

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Yes

No

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Hardware Power supply Output Relays Firmware CT,PT Ckts

Yes

© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector

Technology Comparison For Protective Relays Sr Subject No

Electro mechanical

Static/Electronic Numerical

15 Vibration proof No

Yes

Yes

16 Harmonic Immunity

No

Possible through analog filtering.

Yes, digital filtering incorporated

17 Calibration

Frequently Required as required as settings drift due settings drift due to ageing. to ageing.

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Not Required as settings are stored in memory in digital format.

© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector

Technology Comparison For Protective Relays

Sr Subject No

Electro mechanical

Static/Electronic

Numerical

18 Auxiliary supply Required.

Required

Required

19 Electromagnetic Immune / electrostatic/ high frequency disturbance 20 Multiple Not possible characteristics

Susceptible

Immune

Not possible

Yes, possible

Not possible

Possible

21 Integrated protective functions

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Not possible

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© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector

Technology Comparison For Protective Relays Sr Subject No

Electro mechanical

Static/Electronic

Numerical

22 Range of settings

Limited

Wide

Wide

Possible

Possible

Not possible

Possible

Not available

Available

23 Operational Not possible value indication Not possible 24 Fault disturbance recording Not possible 25 Digital communication port

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© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector

Technology Comparison For Protective Relays Sr Subject No

Electro mechanical

26 Commissionin No g Support from relay

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Static/Electronic

Numerical

No

Yes

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© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector

Block diagram – Numerical Relay

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© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector

Mode of operation

Analog Inputs Analog-Digital-Conversion

yes

Fault detection

Protection program

no

Routine program

Command and information output

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© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector

Advantages of numerical technology Integration of protection functions in one device 

Feeder protection device

Example: Medium voltage overhead line protection

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

Overcurrent (Directional /Non directional) protection



Earthfault (Directional /Non directional) protection



Unbalance Protection



Thermal Overload Protection



Three pole auto reclose



Sensitive earth fault detection



Fault location



Fault event recording



Disturbance recording

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Advantages of numerical technology Comprehensive information supply 

clear representation of the fault sequence

Fault sequence of event and disturbance recording indicate  What actually happened ?  What did the current and voltage signals look like (CT saturation) ?  When did the protection issue a trip signal ?  How long did the circuit breaker need to operate ?  What was the magnitude of the interrupted current ?  How did the system behave after the circuit breaker tripped ?

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© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector

Advantages of numerical technology Self monitoring 

Increased availability 

Plausibility check of the measured values



Monitoring of the A/D conversion



Internal testing of the processor system (Watch-Dog)



Monitoring of the memory modules



Testing of the TRIP relay coils

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© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector

• Basics of Protection Relays • History of Siemens Protection Relays • IEC 61850 • Smart Grids

© Siemens AG 2009

Energy Automation Product Portfolio Energy data management

Energy data management

Control center

• Prophet Solution • FDWH

Communication

• Spectrum PowerCC • Spectrum Power 3 • Spectrum Power 4 • Spectrum Power TG • DEMS

Communication

Substation automation

• PowerLink/SWT 3000 • LiveLine • Broadband PLC • PDH / SDH • Converter

Protection

Control center

Substation automation • SICAM PAS • SICAM 230 • SICAM 1703

Protection

AMIS

• SIPROTEC • Reyrolle

Power quality

Power quality • SIMEAS Tools

AMIS • Spectrum PowerCC IMM • SICAM PAS UI • TOOLBOX II • DIGSI

• AMIS meter • AMIS data concentrator

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© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector

SIPROTEC More than 90 Years of Experience

SIPROTEC V4

SIPROTEC V1-V3

1910

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

Control Numerical Protection Relays Analog Relays

More than 800.000 SIPROTEC relays up to March 2009

Electromechanical Relays

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© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector

History of Reyrolle Over 100 Years Experience

Installed base in 150 countries over 2.5m Relays

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© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector

SIPROTEC & REYROLLE Covering the complete power chain

Transmission Generation Generator protection 7UM6 Transformer protection 7UT6

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Distance protection 7SA6 Line diff.protection 7SD5 Feeder protection 7SJ6/J80 Busbar protection 7SS5

Distribution Transformer protection 7SR24 Line diff. protection 7SG Feeder protection 7SR1 Feeder protection 7SR12

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Customers Feeder Protection 7SR

© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector

SIPROTEC Compact Class

USB front interface Configurable with software instead of jumper plugs Almost the same functionality as 7SJ62 V4.70 Slotable current and voltage terminal blocks Two interfaces for remote access

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SIPROTEC Compact class - Highlights  Pluggable current & voltage terminal blocks  Easy pre-wiring of switchgear panels  Simple and safe exchange of devices  BI thresholds & secondary CT rating settable via DIGSI4  No need to open the device  Safe and easy adaptation of the device  Functionality almost equal to 7SJ62 V4.7  More than 700.000 SIPROTEC 4 relays in service  Highest reliability, well proven protection algorithms  Exchangeable communication modules  Easy adaptability to most kinds of control systems  Future proof communication

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SIPROTEC Compact class - Application

Wind Farm Connection – Requirement Protection and control of the wind farm transformer feeder are to be carried out with a multi-function device. As well as the currents, the phase-to-phase voltages of the wind farm feeder are to be measured and transmitted.

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Protection (e.g. V, 50/51), Measurement and Transmission

VA-B VC-B

In addition, a phase-to-phase voltage of the outgoing overhead line is to be detected and is to be monitored by means of voltage protection.

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V> or V<

VA-B

Wind farm

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© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector

• Basics of Protection Relays • History of Siemens Protection Relays • IEC 61850 • Smart Grids

© Siemens AG 2009

Ethernet and IEC 61850 The Initial Situation

 Devices communicate with one another through wiring.

Network Control Level

IEC 60870-5-101, DNP, ... Station Level

IEC 60870-5-101 / 103, DNP, ... Field Level Hardwired binary inputs and outputs

 Within a switchgear system, diverse, in part proprietary communications protocols are used.  Frequently, a cost-intensive data conversion is necessary.  Redundancy can only be achieved by doubling the communication (two busses).

Process Level

100V..120V, 1A/5A

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 Slow serial communications protocols are used (master-slave technique).

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Hardwired

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Ethernet and IEC 61850 The User’s Needs

 Integration in engineering, communication and documentation  Support of modern service concepts  Long-term expandability  Flexibility in the selection of components  Cost optimization

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Ethernet and IEC 61850 The Solution

IEC 61850

Station Level

Field Level

IEC 61850 solutions from Siemens

Network Control Level

Process Level

 Currently, an integrated communication without protocol conversion is possible up to the Station Level.  Siemens masters and implements communication up to the Network Control Level and brings this experience into the continuous standardization.  IEC 61850 uses the standard Ethernet.  The standard supplies thoughtout migration concepts, even for heterogeneous systems.  The data model is futureoriented, independent of innovation advancements.

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“ Collect the plus points with IEC 61850 and Ethernet.“

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Ethernet and IEC 61850 The Plus Points at a Glance

Modular hardware

+

Variable system topologies Parallel processing of services High interoperability

Ethernet + IEC 61850

Standardized engineering

+

Efficient service concepts

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+

+ + +

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Ethernet and IEC 61850 Plus Point: Modular Hardware

Select the Ethernet interface that fits your application!

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Ethernet and IEC 61850 The SIPROTEC 4 Ethernet Ports The Ethernet system interfaces for SIPROTEC 4 enable a retroaction-free communication, independent of protective functions and control functions. You choose between optical and electrical versions.

Optical

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Electrical

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© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector

Ethernet and IEC 61850 Optical Ethernet Module Essential Properties of the Optical Module: 

Line operating mode: Only one of the two interfaces is active, the other is passively monitored.



Switch operating mode: You implement connections between SIPROTEC 4 devices without additional external switches.

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Ethernet and IEC 61850 Plus Point: Variable System Topologies

Design topologies to fit the local requirements and the desired redundancy!

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Ethernet and IEC 61850 Ring Structure with External Switches

DIGSI 4 Station Automation

Switch

Switch

Field 1

Device 1

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Switch

Switch

Field n

Device n-1

Device n

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Device m

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Ethernet and IEC 61850 Ring Structure with Integrated Switches

DIGSI 4 Station Automation

Switch

Field 1

Device 1

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Field n

Device n-1

Device n

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Device m

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Ethernet and IEC 61850 Ring Structure with up to 16 Rings

Station Automation

Switch

Device 1

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Switch

Device 1

Device 2

Device 3

Device 2

Device 3

Device 4

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…

Device 5

Device 27

…

Device 27 © Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector

Ethernet and IEC 61850 Plus Point: Parallel Processing of Services

Use one and the same bus connection for different communication services!

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Ethernet and IEC 61850 Parallel Running Communications Services

Communications Services

Ethernet Port on the SIPROTEC 4 device

IEC 61850 Info Report IEC 61850 toInfo-Report Connection SICAM PAS IEC 61850 GOOSE

IEC 61850 Generic Object OrientedGoose Substation Event

Data Highway with 100 MBit/s

IEC 61850 SNTP IEC 61850 SNTP

Simple Network Time Protocol

DIGSI - IP

DIGSI - IP with DIGSI 4 Operator control / monitoring Web – Monitor / SNMP

Web – Monitor / SNMP Operator control / monitoring with Browser

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Ethernet and IEC 61850 Plus Point: High Interoperability

Combine different standard-conforming components in a system and let them communicate with each other!

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Ethernet and IEC 61850 Interoperability

Wide Area Network

Remote and Browser Access

Corporate Network

Home Office

SCADA Maintenance

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Router

Intranet Web Server

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Ethernet and IEC 61850 Plus Point: Standardized Engineering

Replace wiring through data telegrams!

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Ethernet and IEC 61850 Simple Wiring saves Costs

Conventional Wiring

Wiring with IEC 61850

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Ethernet and IEC 61850 Collaborative Engineering saves Time

6

Commissioning

5

Test

4

Manufacturing

3

Wiring

2

Drawings

1

Design Traditional

Time

With IEC 61850

Time saving

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Ethernet and IEC 61850 Re-usability Saves You Additional Effort

… Module 1

Field A

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Module 2

Field B

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Module 3

…

Module n

 You use function modules that you have designed once as often as you like and in different combinations.

Field n

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Ethernet and IEC 61850 Object-orientation Provides Consistency

… Module 1

Module 2

Module 3

Module n

 You use function modules that you have developed once as often as you like and in different combinations.  Changes that you make later on to a function module automatically take affect on already used modules.

Field A

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Field B

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…

Field n

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Ethernet and IEC 61850 Plus Point: Efficient Service Concepts

Use service resources exactly where you need them!

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Ethernet and IEC 61850 Fewer Resources, Faster Task Solutions

Control Centre

 The control centre detects an error from the remote location and evaluates it.  The control centre decides which employee must go to the disturbance location and with what material.  The employee goes to the location and completes his task.

Disturbance

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Service Employees

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“Profit from our solutions and our competence.“

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Ethernet and IEC 61850 Switchgear Interlocking with IEC 61850-GOOSE

=C01

=C02

=C03

SS1 SS2

Q1

Q2

Q1

Q2

Q1

Q2

Coupling x Q0

x

x

Q0

Q0

IEC 61850 - GOOSE

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Ethernet and IEC 61850 We Think Beyond

Network Control Centre

Harmonization with CIM IEC 61970*

Firewall

Communication with other Switchgear Systems*

Process Control System

Router IEC 61850 Station Bus

Device

Device

IEC 61850 and Ethernet Protection & Control

Gateway

IEC 61850 Process Bus

Digital Converter Data Transmission according to IEC 61850-9-2

Merging Unit

CB Control Unit

*Standardization in work

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Surely These Benefits:

Benefits do you expect from the use of the IEC 61850 standard?

Reduced engineering costs + Reliable operation + High investment security = Reduced total cost of ownership

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© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector

Energy Automation – all options for developing your grid

Renewables

Communications Solutions

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© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector

• Basics of Protection Relays • History of Siemens Protection Relays • IEC 61850 • Smart Grids

© Siemens AG 2009

Welcome to Smart Grid

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© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector

The electrical grid structure will shift towards a Smart Grid 19th Century

20th Century

Early 21st Century

Electrification of society

Extensive generation of electrical energy

Shift towards SMART GRIDS

"Age of fossil fuels"

Challenges require rethinking: 1.) Demographic change 2.) Scarce resources 3.) Climate change

"Age of Coal"

Unsustainable energy system

Unsustainable energy system

"Generation and load closely coordinated"

"Generation follows load"

End of 21st Century The SMART GRID Electricity will be the energy source for most applications in daily life.  Integrated energy system with power grid as backbone

Sustainable energy system

"Energy system shifting"

"Load follows generation"

Supply island with stochastic load

Integrated network, central generation, load stochastically predictable, unidirectional energy flow

Increasingly decentralized, fluctuating generation "consumer" becoming "prosumer"

Central + decentralized generation, intelligence with ICT 1), bi-directional energy flow

Fossil energy source, hydro

Fossil energy sources, hydro, nuclear

Fossil energy sources, hydro, nuclear, biomass, wind, solar

Renewable energy sources (solar, wind, hydro, biomass),

"clean" coal, gas, nuclear

Environmental awareness

No environmental concerns 1) ICT = Information and Communication Technologies Source: e-Car project @ E D MV

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Vision of a Smart Grid

“Auto-balancing, self-monitoring power grid that accepts any source of fuel (coal, sun, wind) and transforms it for the consumer’s end use (heat, light, hot water) with minimal human intervention.” “A system that will allow society to optimize the use of renewable energy sources and minimize our collective environmental footprint.” “It is a grid that has the ability to sense when a part of its system is overloaded and re-route power to reduce that overload and prevent a potential outage situation.” “A grid that enables real-time communication between the consumer and utility, allowing us to optimize a consumer’s energy usage based on environmental and/or price preferences.” Source: Xcel Energy’s

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The solution: Pathways to a Smart Grid

From

Blackout prevention by increasing situational awareness and through automated countermeasures

Primary equipment condition not well known

Condition monitoring for controlled overload of bottlenecks and reliability-centered asset management

Parallel copper wiring in switchgears

Digital bay with optical bus systems down to the non-conventional instrument transformer

Limited control of power flow

Power flow control and transmission capacity increase by using power electronics

Manual utility business processes

Integrated IT systems for business process support and distribution automation

Central generation, decentralized consumption

Integration of distributed generation and storage by virtual power plants

Unmanaged consumption that’s not transparent

Smart metering and load management

Limited process communication

Extension of process communication to transformers and consumer areas

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Distribution

Manual reaction to critical network situations

Transmission

To

© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector

Energy Automation – all options for developing your grid

Renewables

Communications Solutions

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Cornerstones of a future solution: Smart Grid technologies

TSO IT Condition monitoring and asset management  Sensor-based condition monitoring  Monitoring based on protection data  Asset status analysis and visualization  Asset management monitoring system Industry  Audit tooling Communication

Renewables Oil & Gas

Power Generation

Power Transmission

Operation reliability and blackout prevention  Dynamic network analysis  Dynamic visualization of network status  Wide Area Monitoring  Dynamic network simulation and decision guidance  System-integrity protection schemes

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Storage Distribution Industry

Protection and station automation  Modular protection concepts  High-speed Ethernet process bus to

connect primary equipment

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Energy Automation Portfolio

© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector

Cornerstones of a future solution: Smart Grid technologies

Renewables

DSO IT

Oil & Gas

Smart metering  Infrastructure and smart meters Power Generation

 System optimization measures

based on meter data  Meter data management

Power Transmission

Storage

Distribution network Management

Distribution Industry

 Integration of DMS and OMS

systems  Link-up of geo information (GIS) and workforce management (WFM)  Virtual power plant

Distribution network automation  Smart feeder automation  Self-configuring substation automation Energy Automation Portfolio

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Segments of a Smart Grid landscape

RELIABILITY AND EFFICIENCY PLANNING

MANAGED OPERATIONAL RELIABILITY

Smart Generation

RESOURCE OPTIMIZATION

Smart Consumption

Smart Grid Transmission Grid

Distribution Grid

PLANNING & MODELING BACKOFFICE / FRONT OFFICE Offshore Wind Power

Decision Support System Integrity Protection

Advanced Energy Mgmt System (EMS)

Asset Management

Distribution Management Systems (DMS)

Meter Data Management (MDM)

Power Electronics

Substation Automation & Protection

Condition Monitoring

Distribution Automation & Protection

Smart Meters / Demand Response

Distant Solar Power Distributed Energy Resources

E-Cars

Industrial & Commercial Loads

Residential Loads

E-Cars

Common Information Models and Communications Protocols

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Energy Automation from Siemens

Shaping tomorrow’s power grids –

together with you.

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© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector

Thank you for your attention! For internal use only © Siemens AG © 2009. All rightsAG reserved. Siemens 2009

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Energy Sector