Upsc Prelim Book 2020.pdf

I CAN CRACK EXAM

No.

~CHINTAN

RAO

Subject

INDEX

Page No.

1

History ……………………..

1

2

Geography ………………….

65

3

Polity ………………………..

87

4

Economics ………………….

122

5

Environment ……………….

149

6

Indian Art & Culture ……..

158

\

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

History

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

1

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Ancient History PRE - HISTORIC PERIOD 1. Paleolithic Age – (5 lakh BC – 8000 BC) • We also found some cave painting from – Bhimbhetka, Bhopal (M.P.) 2. Mesolithic Period – (8000 BC – 4000 BC) 3. Neolithic Period – (4000 BC – 2500 BC) • In that period man started agriculture  Wheat, Cotton, Barley

Indus Valley Civilisation – (2500 BC – 1750 BC) Or Harappan Civilization  FOUND PLACE - Harappa 1921, Mohenjo-Daro 1922  The best feature of this civilisation was its city planning & draw system.  People of this civilization makes Bronze (by adding his in difference) known as Bronze Age civilisation.  Gujarat has maximum number of sites of Indus Valley civilisation

Harappa  Main crop – Wheat & Barley, a statue of goddess of fertility, a bull made up or a seal, Button – shaped seals.

Mohenjo-Daro  Biggest building found from this site was a great grain yard. But the most famous building a great bath, Statue of Natraj (Lord Shiva),Tandava is the oldest dance from of India, Statue of Pashupatinath (Lord Shiva), Statue of a dancing girl (made up of Bronze), A make – up box. Chanhudaro  Evidences of bangles and lipsticks. Lothal  Lothal was the port of this civilisation & commercial capital of this place  DOCYYARD IVC had 2 administrative capitals which were known as Twin capitals.  Harappa  Mohenjo-Daro  In about 1750 BC, that civilisation was destroyed by flood.

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

2

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Vedic Civilization – (1500 BC – 600 BC)       

Veda – knowledge Aryan = Superior 1500 BC – 1000 BC Rigvedic Period 1000 BC – 600 BC Post Vedic Period Max Muller – They came from central Asia Bal GangadharTilak – They came from Arctic a Swami DayanandSaraswati – They came from Tibet

(a) Rigveda(1500 BC – 1000 BC)  Oldest among all Vedas. It has 10 divisions.  3rd division – GAYATRI MANTRA  In Rigveda, Sarasvati has been described as the most holy river of vedic period. The person who recites the mantra of Rigveda is known as HOUTI (b) Samveda -- Singing (c) Yajurveda -- Yagna (d) Atharvaveda -- treatment of black magic, hypnotism, treatment 1-Buddhist text nameAnguttorNikaye Jain Text name -Bhagwati Sutra.

Historic Period (600 BC – 712 BC)  16 Mahajanapadas of 600 BC Information from  1 - Buddhist text name- Anguttor Nikaye  2 - Jain Text name -Bhagwati Sutra. Mahajanpad Capital 1. Anga Champa 2. Kashi Varanasi 3. Gandhar Tasila 4. Kuru Indrapratha 5. Kamboja Hatok/Rajapur 6. Sursena Mathura 7. Kosala Ayodhya 8. Magadha Vaishali 9. Chedi Shaktimati https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

3

I CAN CRACK EXAM 10. Panchal 11. Vejji 12. Matsya 13. Vatsa 14. Asmaka 15. Avanti 16. Malla Religion Movement of 600 BC

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Kanpilya Videha, Mithule Viratnagar Kaushambi Patas/Patali (only Mahajanpada) N - Ujjan, S - Mahishmali Khushinagar, Pavapuri

1.BUDDHISM  Founder – Gautam Buddha (Light of Asia)  Birth – 563 BC Place – Lumbini, Kapilvastu, Nepal, Childhood name – Siddhartha.  All the age of 29 years, Siddhartha Left his home. This incident is known as Mahiabhinishkramana.  Buddha gave his first preachment (Dharmachakrapravartana) in Sarnath(Varanasi)  He founded a Buddhist unioun in Sarnath  3 Ratnas 1.Buddha, 2.Sanga, 3. Dharma  Famous (students) • Anand • Upali  He died (483 BC) in Kushinagar. That incident is Buddhism is known as Mahaparinirvana.

First buddist council - 483 BC Chairman-mahakasyap Work – 2 Pitakas were added – 1)Suttapitaka (teachings of Buddha) 2)Vinaypitaka (rules of Buddhist union

Second Buddhist Council – 383 BC Place – Vaishali King – Karashoka (Shishunaga dynasty) Chairman – Sabakmir (Sarvakamini) Works Followers 1. Sthavire 2. Mahasanghika

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

4

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

UPSC Prelims

RAO

Third Buddhist Council – 251 BC Place – Patliputra King – Ashoka (Maurya Dynasty) Chairman – Mongliputtakissa Work – 3rd Pitaka added in Buddhism Abhidhanmapitaka (biographier of monks contemporary to Ashoka)

Fourth Buddhist Council – 78 AD/ 81 AD Place – Kundalvan, Kashmir King – Kanishka (Kushana dynasty) Chairman – Vasumitra V. Chairman – Ashwaghosh Buddhism divided into 1. Hinyana 2. Mahayana

Hinyana

They do not believe in statue worship They consider Gautam Buddha as a Human being There is no pilgrims form them

Mainly found in Sri Lanka, Indonesia &Myanmar.

Mahayana

They follows statue worship They consider Gautam Buddha as a God. There are four pilgrims for the 1. Lumbini, 2. Bodh Gaya, 3. Sarnath, 4. Kushinagar They are found in whole Asia.

JAINISM  24 Tirthankaras of Jainism – 1st Rishabhdeva  4 Mahavratha  Satya (Truth)  Ahinsa (Non-Violence)  Astya (Non-stealing)  Aparigraha (Non-acquisition/Non power)  24th & Last Tirtharkara –Mahavir Birth – 540 B.C. Kundagram, Vaishali Childhood name – Vardhamana  At the age of 30 yrs, Vardhamana left his home by taking permission from his elder brother, Nandivardhana. https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

5

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

 He met MakhaliGoshal, who became his first student before enlightment. After enlightment, First student – Jamali.  After meditation for 12 years he get enlightment at Jumbhikgram near bank of river Rijupalika.  468 BC, Mahair Swami died at Pavapuri

1. Jain council – pataliputra Chandragupta Maurya time Chairman-sthulbhadra Work – Jainism divided into 2 communities 1. Swetambaras 2. Dagambaras

2. Jainism Council– 513 A.D.

Place – Vallabhi, Gujrat Chairman – Devardhi Kshamasharavan Work, Teachings of Jainism were scripted during this council Jain Texts Aagam

Rise Of Magadh Haryanka Dynasty – (544 BC – 412 BC)  Capital -- Rajgrihi 1. Bimbisare(544 BC – 492 BC) He was comtempory to Gautam Buddha. 2. Ajatashatra (492 BC – 460 BC) Gautam Buddha & Mahavir Swami both died is his ruling period. In 483 BC he organized first Buddhist council

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

6

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Shishunaag dynasty – (412 B.C – 344 B.C) shishunag Kalashoka(organised 2nd Buddhist council) Nandi vardhan

Nanda Dynasty (344 B.C – 323 B.C)  Last and the greatest ruler of this dynasty was Ghanananda. During his period in 326 B.C Invasion of Alexander. He was killed by Chandra Gupta Maurya with the help of Chanakya, who founded biggest dynasty or Magadha.

Foreign Invasions In India  Persian Invasion (Iran) (hakhamani dynasty) CYRUS  founder and first foreigner attack on Indian continent DARA 1ST Effects of Invasion  Indo Persian trade was started  Kharoti script started in India (Right to Left)  Armeyik script was who started.  Last ruler of this dynasty was Darius III. Greek Invasion  To enter in India, Alexander destroyed entire Persia in 3rd century B.C. He destroyed Hakhamani dynasty .Then he went to Taksila. In Taksila, a ruler named Ambi, surrendered in front of Alexander.3  26 B.C Battle of Vitasta(Jhelum river)  He went to Babylon and 323 BC he die @ 33 yrs.

Maurya Dynasty (323 B.C – 185 B.C) Sources  Literary Sources – Arthashastra(Written by – Chanakya) Indica (written by – Magasthenese)  Archeological Sources -- Inscription of Ashoka (oldest is Kharosht lipi & Brahmi read by James prince in 1837) https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

7

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

 14 Stone edicts of Ashoka  Stone Edict XIII  Description of Kalinga war 7 Pillar Edicts of Ashoka 1. Topra pillar (Dehli) 2. Meerut Pillar 3. Allahabad pillar- This pillar is related to 3rulers– 1. Asoka2. Samudragupta3. A' Jahangir 4. Sanchi pillar 5. Sarnath pillar 6. LauriyaNandangarh Pillar-Champaranbihar. 7. Rampurva pillar

Chandragupta Maurya (323 B.C – 298 B.C)  He killed Ghanand with the help of Chanakya and became ruler of Magadha the age of 25 yrs.He was first Chakravartin Samrat of India.  He built Sudarshan lake 305 B.C  Invasion of seleucus Nicator  Treaty of Chandragupta &Nicator.  He gave Kabul, Gandhar, Herat & Jadrosia to Chandragupta and His daughter Helena got married to Chandragupta.  Ambassador of seleucus Nicator, Magasthenes.  Chandragupta Maurya gifted 500 elephants to Nicator.  In 300 B.C, he organized first Jainism council is Pattliputra in which Jainism was divided into svetambaras & Digambaras. In the same year, Maurya went to Shravanabelgola, Karnataka with Bhadrabahus. In 298 B.C, Chandragupta Maurya died because of Santhara.(upavas)

Bindusara (298 B.C – 272 B.C)  Also known as Amitraghata.He has 101 son .Ashoka killed his 99 brothers 1. Dymakusa (from Syria)and king was antiyox. 2. Dionysus (from Egypt)

Ashoka (269 B.C – 232 B.C)  Maski Inscription -- Ashoka Name -- Ashok Vardhan  He killed his 99 brothers with the help of Radhagupta and became next ruler of Maurya dynasty https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

8

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

 He married to Maha Devi (first) she was princess of Ujjain. They had 2 Children – Mahendra(son) and Sanghmitra(daughter). He sent both children to Sri Lanka to spread Buddhism.  He had only one war i.e. Kalinga war in 261 B.C  After Kalinga was, Ashoka adopted Budhism  Who made Buddhist – Moggaliputtatisa  he built Sanchi Stupa & Sarnath stupa -- biggest stupa of India  He donated Barabar caves to Aajivakar.  Last ruler of Maurya dynasty -- Brihadratha

Post Mauryan Period Shunga Dynasty (185 B.C – 72 B.C)  1st Brahman dynasty of Indi  Founder PushyamitraShunga  He is know as the destroyer of Buddhism in India, because he destroyed about 84,000 stupa built by Ashoka.  Maximum development of Sanskrit language during his period.  He organized 2 Ashwagandha Yojana – Which were performed by Patanjali

Kanva dynasty – (72 B.C – 28 B.C)  Founder – Vasudeva Kanva Son → Susharma (next ruler) & (illegible son)

Andhra Satvahana Dynasty (28 B.C – 3Rd Century)  Capital – Pratishthan (Maharashtra) , Founder – Simukha  Total – 28 rulers .First great ruler of this dynasty – satakarni  Greatest ruler – 23rd ruler → Gautamiputra Satkarni (106–130)  He issued land coins in India.  He started using his mother's name before his name.  He is known as 1st Andhra Samrat, because he attacked in South & conquered the region of Andhra.  Last ruler – Pulmavi III

Foreign Invasion Of Post Mauryan Period Indo–Greeks  Origin – Greeks  Founder of Indo-Greeks in India – Demetrius I  Greatest ruler of Indo-greeks – Menander https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

9

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

 First golden coins were issued in Milinnd's period.  He adopted Buddhism in India & he get teachings of Buddhism from a monk named – Nagsena → Source – book – Milindpanho Saka dynasty  Origin – Central Asia  Greatest ruler of this dynasty – Rudradaman (Ujjain)  Junagarh Inscription  Last ruler of this dynasty – RudrasenaIII.He was killed by Chandragupta II, who destroyed saka dynasty from India. Kushan Dynasty  Greatest ruler – Kanishka  He destroyed Saka dynasty from Kashmir & Started Saka Samvat in 78 A.D.  He was first ruler of Indian history, who issued pure gold coins.

Gupta Period (319 AD – 540 AD)(Golden Era of Indian History) Archeological Sources  Mehravli Pillar Edict → related to Chandragupta II  Junagarh Inscription → Skandgupta  Allahabad Pillar Edict → Samundragupta  1st temple of India ,Dashvatar Temple in Deogarh, Jhansi  Ajanta & Ellora caves, Aurangabad, Maharashtra Cave no. 16, 17 & 19 built in Gupta period. Literary Sources  Kalidas  Abhigyanshakuntala ,Meghadutam, Raghuvansham ,Vikramvanshiyam Malvikagnimitran,KumarSambhavam ,Ritusanharam  Vishakha Dutta -- Mudrarakshas  Varahmihir -- Brahadsanhita, Panchsidhantika  Banmaths – Harshcharitra, Kadambari  Harshvardhan -- Naganand,RatnavaliPriyadarshika  Dhanvantri -- Anusidhantha  Somdeva -- Kathasaritsagar  Panini -- Asthadhyayi  Kalhan – Rajatranni

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

10

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

 According to these sources, Shri gupta is considered as the founder of Gupta dynasty. Srigupta (240 – 285) Chandratupta I (319 – 335)  He started Gupta Savant.He took the title of maharajadhiraj  wife – Kumaradevi (Licchavi Princess)  First Gupta ruler to issue silver coins Samundragupta (335 – 375)  Napolean of India  He defeated 12 rulers in South India – Dakshinapath& 9 rulers in North India – Uttarapath.He also become a chakravartin Samarth.He took the title of Vikramaya.  Organised an AshwamedhaYojana  His poet Harishena to describe his victories in Allahbad pillar edicts.  Samudragupta was a poet.He was also a Vienna player & he issued Vienna playing type coins. Ramgupta(375 – 380) Source - Airan inscription Chandragupta II (380 – 913)  Greatest ruler of this dynasty  1st ruler who had 9 gems in his court.  Navratnas of Chandragupta  Dhanvantari (great physician) ,Harishena (great poet),Kalidas (also a great poet & paly writer), Varahamihir (great megisian)  He killed Rudrasena III → Vikramaditya  399 A.D – a famous chinese traveller fahien arrived India & he stayed here for 15 years. Kumargupta (413 – 454)  413 A.D he founded Nalanda university which is considered as oldest university of present India. In Gupta period, he had maximum no. of inscriptions.

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

11

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Skandgupta (454 – 467)  He was considered as last greatest ruler of this dynasty.  He conducted 2nd rennovation of sudarshan lake in Girnar hill and he appointed Chakrapani(son of Parnadatta) → Governor of Gujarat)  Attack of Huna rulers (foreign invaders) during his ruling period. He defeated them  Last ruler of Gupta dynasty – Vishnugupta

Harshvardhan (606 – 647)    

Last hindu ruler of India Dynasty – Pushyabhuti dynasty (Vardhan dynasty) Capital – Thaneshwar (Haryana), Second Capital – Kannauj (U.P) 629 A.D – 645 A.D – Chinese traveler HIUEN –TSANG arrived India and stayed here for 16 years. He got Buddhist edict from Nalanda university & he wrote a famous book – Si Yu Ki. During his travel to India his also visited Lakhpat(Gujarat) and KanchiKanchipuram (South India).

Pre – Medieval India Gurjarpratihara Dynasty  first description of this dynasty found in Ahole inscription of Pulakeshan II  Capital – Kannauj, Actual founder – Naagbhatta I, He destroyed Huna dynasty from India.  Last and most Famous ruler of dynasty – Jai Chanda  1194 – He was defeated & killed by Mohd. Ghori in Battle of Chandawar. Chauhan Dynasty  Capital – Shakambari (near Ajmer)  Greatest ruler of dynasty – Prithviraj III (1178 – 1192)  1191 – He defeated Mohd. Gauri is Battle of Tarain. But is the II battle of Tarain he was defeated & killed by Mohd. Gauri. Chandel Dynasty  Capital – Khajuraho  Founder – Nunuka he was succeeded by Yashovarman who built famous temple of Vishnu in Khajuraho.

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

12

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Parmar Dynasty  Capital – Malwa  Greatest ruler of dynasty – Bhoj  Dynasty destroyed by – AllaudinKhilji (in 1305) Chalukya Dynasty  Capital – Gujarat (Anhilwad)  Founder – Mulraj I and he made Anhilwad his capital during his ruling period Ghaznavi attacked somnath temple in Gujarat. He built/reconstructed the temple with stones.  Last great ruler of dynasty – Moolraj II/ Bhim II  1178 – He defeated & arrested Mohd. Gauri @ mount Abu.  1195 – This dynasty was destroyed by QutubuddinAibak. Pala Dynasty – (Bengal)  8th Century – This dynasty was founded  Founder – Gopal, Succeeded by his son, Dharmapal, who founded Vikramshila university in his ruling period  Dynasty destroyed by – Mohd. Bis Bakhtiyar Khilji

South India Rashtrakutas  Comtemporary to – Prathihar dynasty & Pala dynasty  8th Century – This dynasty was founded  Founder – Dantivarman he made himself independent from Chalukya dynasty of South. He was succeeded by Krishna I. He destroyed Chalukya dynasty. India he built famous Kailash Temple.Last ruler of dynasty – Karka II Vakataka Dynasty  Founder – Vindhyashakti  Great ruler of dynasty – Pravelsena I, the organized 4 Ashwanejha Yajanas  Greatest ruler of dynasty – Rudrasena II,

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

13

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Pallava Dynasty  Founder – 1. Sinhvishnu  2. Mahindrawarman is poet and written matvilas  3. Narsinghvarman I. He built Mahabalipuram temple is his ruling period. (Famous – Rath temple),Famous Chinese traveller – huan sang visited kanchi is his ruling period.  4. NarsinghvarmanII, he built KailashNath temple, Kanchi & share temple, Mahabali  Last ruler of dynasty – ParmeshwarVarman Chola Dynasty  Founder – Vijayalaya (in 9th Century).  He was succeeded by Rajraj I. He built Brihideshwa Temple (Tanjaur). He also built Rajrajeshwar temple (Kanchi).

Vijaynagar Empire  It was started contemporary to ruling period of Mohd.-Bin-Tughlaq.  Founder – 2 brothers – Harihar & Bukka in 1336 1. Sangam Dynasty (1336 – 1485)  Founder – Hariharar I, He was succeeded by his younger brother Bukka I.  1337- he send his ambassadors to China. He attacked on Mohd. Shah of Bahmani Empire, in which he was defeated by him. In his ruling period, Krishna river was considered as the boundary of Vijaynagar & Bahmani Empire.  Devrai II, he took the talk of of Immadi Devrai. He has been compared to God Indra. He also took the title of Gajabetkar (killer of elephants). In his ruling period a famous persion traveller Abdul Razzak  Last ruler of dynasty – Virupaksha II 2. Salwa Dynasty  Last ruler of dynasty – ImmadiNarsa Singh, he was killed by his PM. Veer Narsingha who founded a new dynasty . 3. Tuluva dynasty  Krishna DevRai – (1509 – 1529)  1513 – He attacked on Udaigiri and added it into Vijaynagar  1520 – He added Bijapur is his empire.  1510 – Portugese governor Alphanso Di Albukark sent Saint Lauir in his court.  There were 8 great poets in court of Krishna DevRai and their group was known as Ashthadiggaj. He shifted his capital from Vijaynagar to Naaglapur. https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

14

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

He was contemporary to Mughal Emperor Babur and Babur described him as the most powerful ruler of India in his autobiography.He constructed Hazara temple & vithalDev Temple. He was the follower of Vaishnav religion. Sadashiv  In his ruling period, In 1565 a famous battle of Taliketa fought b/w vijaynagar Empire & other Muslim rulers of South India.

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

15

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Medieval India * Arabian Invasion In India * Mohammad Bin Qasin – (712-714)  He was first Muslim who invoted India. He attacked on Sindh & defeated the Hindu ruler Dahir. First Muslim who apply tax in India known as Jaziya (tax paid by NonMuslim. (1/2 –1/3 of income) except widow, handicaped, Brahmans.  He issued golden coins in India known as Dirhan coins – (currency of UAE)  He brought Arabian horses in India.  They also brought an Arabic word – Monsoon.  They also are drawn Atlas.  They translated our 2 books in Arabic– (1) Charak samhita (Medicine) (2) Panchtantra (most famous book is Bible & second is Parchatantra)

* Turkish Invasion In India * Mehmood Ghaznavi (1000 – 1027)  Central Asia ,Ghazni (Afghanistan) ,Ghazni dynasty (Yamini Dynasty)  1000 –  1st attack – 1000 AD is Peshawar on the ruler Jaipal.  1025 AD attack – Somnath Mandir in Gujarat.  He was first Muslim in India who took the title of Sultan and Ghazi.  Writers Al-Beruni → Kitab-ul-hind Mohammad Ghori (1175 – 1206)  1191 – First Battle of Tarain (Ghori Lost & Prithviraj Won)  1192 – Second Battle of Tarain, Ghori defeated Prithviraj Chauhan & killed him from then Muslim rule was started.  1193 – he made Delhi as his capital.  In 1192 – Khwaja Moinuddin Chisti came to India and made it his cottage at Ajmer and promoted Sufi Rule.  1194 – Mohamad Ghori attacked Jaichand in Battle of Chandawar.Ghori defeated Jaichand & killed him  Mohd. Ghori appointed Aibak as his commander Chief https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

16

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Qutubbudin Aibak  Built mosque dhai din ka Jhopra in Ajmer.He started construction of Qutub Minar in 1199 in the name of his teacher (Qutubbudin bakhtiyar kaki).It was completed in 1225 by Iltutamish.

* Delhi Sultanate ( 1206 – 1526) * Slave Dynasty (1206–1526) Qutubbuddin Aibak (1206–1210)  Founder of slave dynasty -Capital – Lahore  After becoming the ruler he donated lakhs of ruppes in his region. That’s why citizens of Lahore gave him the title of 'Lakh Baksh'.  He died while playing polo in 1210.  His tomb is in Lahore. Iltutanish (1211–1236)  First sultan of India, because he got the title from Khalifa.  1221 – Invasion of Genghis (actual name Thmuchin from Mongolia)  He started the system of Trukan-e-Chahalgani or Dal Chalisa (group of 40 nobles)  He also started Ikta (Province) system.  Iktedari system Tax from Iktedars.  In 1229 – He completed the constructed of Qutub Minar & Shifted his capital from Lahore to Delhi.  He declared his successor to his daughter Razia & he died in 1236. Razia Sultan (1236 – 1240)  First and last female of Delhi who was a ruler. Ghiyasuddin Balban (1265 – 1287)  After becoming the Sultan Balban abolished Dal chalisa.  Balban started the policy of Iron and Blood  He also started the system of Sajda and Paibas  Balban also started a new festival named Navroz (Persion New year) (on 21 March).Nawroz was prohibited by Aurangzeb  Aurangzeb prohibited the policy of Iron and Blood.  Tomb of Balban and his son is in Mehrauli, Delhi https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

17

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

* Khilji Dynasty (1290 – 1320) * 1. Jalaluddin Firoz Khilji (1290 – 1296) 2. Allauddin Khilji (1296 – 1316)  In Jodhpur inscription of Sanskrat, he has been compared to God.  He was first sultan who had a standing army in delhi sultanate. He also started paying salaries to his army.  Amir Khusre was the famous poet in his court.  He also known as Parrot of India Sitar and Tabla was invented by him. Qawali – Amir Khusro Khadi Boli – Amir Khusro  Malik Kafur → Hazar Dinari → (Allauddin bought him in 1000 diner from Gujrat) to his Gujrat mission  In 1303, Chittor Mission → Novel → Padmavat → Written by Malik Mohd. Jayasi in 1540-1545) in the rule of Sher Shah Suri  Sultan-e-Jahan – title by Amir Khusro. After he applied Jaziya(Tax paid by nonMuslim) and Zaqat (tax paid by Muslims).  He formed a tax dept. to control corruption Diwan-e-Moosat kharaj.  He also started Masohat system (A system to measure the lands)  He was first Sultan who fixed the prices of commodities in his markets.  He also started Huliya-Dagh system (Sher Shah Suri adopted this system).

* Tughlaq Dynasty (1320 – 1414) Longest Period * 1. Giyazuddin Tughlaq (1310–1325)  He formed a city named Tughlaqabad in Delhi.  He was first sultan who built canals for irrigation  In 1323, he sent his son Jauna Khan to Telangana Mission. He added Telangana in Tughlaq empire of changed its name into Sultanpur.  Hazrat (Title – Mehboob-e-Ilahi) Nizamuddin Aaliya was a famous Sufi Saint in Delhi contemporary to Giyasuddin Tughlaq.  In 1325 revolt of Bugara Khan Bengal  1325, Giyasuddin was killed in his wooden palace

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

18

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

2. Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq (1325-1351)  He was a great scholar of Arabian & persian language.  In his ruling period in 1333, a famous African traveller from Morocco, Ibn- eBatuta came to his court.He appointed his as his Qazi. He wrote a famous book named Rehala.  He was first Sultan who tried to prohibited Sati system  Decisions taken by him – (failed) 1. He shifted his capital from Delhi to Devgiri/Daulatabad 2. Failure of Khurason Mission 3. Increase is tax in doab (drought condition) → (Diwan-e-Kohi) 3. Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351–1388)  He was also known as Akbar of Sultanate period.  He built no. of canals for irrigation. He built a canal is Sirsa and he planted 1200 gardens there.  He shifted Ashoka's Topra (at first in Ambala) pillar and Meerut Pillar to Delhi.  1398 – Invasion of Taimur (Samarkand, Turkey)  In 1414 Nasiruddin Mehmood was destroyed by Khijra khan, who founded first Shia dynasty of India. Sayyed Dynasty (1414 – 1451)  Founder 1 – Khijra khan (1414 – 1421)  In 1451, Alam Shah surrendered his throne to Bahlol and he founded first Afghani dynasty of India, Lodhi dynasty.

* Lodhi Dynasty (1451 – 1526) * 1. Bahlol Lodhi(1451-1489)  Founder of Dnyasty 2. Sikandar Lodhi (1489–1517)  Greatest Lodhi sultan of Lodhi dynasty  17th May 1498, Vasco De Gama (Europe) entered in India.  In 1504, Sikandar lodhi formed Agra near Yamuna River. As Sikandarabad.  In 1506, he shifted his capital from Delhi to Agra  He was a poet and his pet name was Gulrukhi.  He wrote a famous book on Ayurveda Farhange Sikandari  He started a measurement unit, Ghaz-e-sikandari or Sikandari Ghaz 1. Sikandari Ghaz = 30 inches. https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

19

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

2. Ibrahim Lodhi (1517-1526)  Last ruler of Lodhi dynasty.  In 1517, Battle of Khatauli b/w Rana Sanga and Ibrahim Lodhi.  In this battle Rana Sanga defeated Ibrahim Lodhi.  1526 – First Battle (Ibrahim Lodhi vs Babur) of Panipat  Babur killed Ibrahim Lodhi & founded Mughal Empire dynasty.  He was only sultan was killed in the battle field. Babur killed Ibrahim Lodhi & founded Mughal Empire dynasty.

Babur (1526 – 1530)  In 1494 at the age of 11 yrs, he became the ruler of Fargana after the death of his father  In 1504, he conquered Kabul and Kandhar.  In 1507, Babur took the title of Badshah in Kabul.  1 April 1526 → First battle of Panipat → Babur (won)v/s Ibrahim Lodhi (lost)  First capital of Mughal dynasty – Agra  After winning the battle he got the title of Ghaji  1528 – Battle of Chanderi  He killed Medini Rai  1527-28, Babri Mosque was built at Ayodhya, by Mir Baqi  Battle of Ghaghra – 1529

Humayun (1530 – 1540 & 1555 – 1556)  Humayun was born in 1508 in Kabul.  Enemies of Humayun a) Mehmood Lodhi – Bengal , Sher Khan – Bihar, Bahadur Shah – Gujarat  In 1533, Humayun defeated Bahadur Shah  In 1539, Battle of Chausa  After winning the battle of chausa Sher khan took the title of Shershah.  In 1540, Battle of Bilgram or Kannauj  Sher khan defeated Humayun & formed suri dynasty in India. (Second Afghani dynasty)  In 1541, Humayun got married to Hamide Bano Begum  After that Humayun went king virsal of Amarket in Rajasthan https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

20

I CAN CRACK EXAM     

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

In 1542, Akbar born in Amarket (Rajasthan) Humanyun went to Guru Angad Dev (Second Guru of Sikhs) to take his blessings After defeating sikandar suri, Humayun establish Mughal dynasty once again Humayun's tomb in Delhi, built by his wife Haji Begun (completed by Akbar) Humayunama written by Gulbadan Begum (his son)

* Suri Dynasty (1540 – 1555) *  Founder – Sher Shah Suri  he is known as the biggest administrator of Indian history during his ruling period. He build a road named Sher Shah Suri marg. (from Sonagram (Bengal) to Peshawar). GranTank road at present from Amritsar → Kolkata  Silver coins → Rupaya Copper coins → Daan  He also adopted Huliya Daag system.

Akbar (1556-1605)  Birth – 15 Oct. 1542, Amarkot (Raj) Name – Badruddin  After death of Humayun, Hemu attacked on Delhi & conquered the throne of Mughals.  He took the tile of Vikramaditya  At the age of 13 yrs, Akbar became king of Mughal dynasty and named Jalaluddin Mohammad (by help of Behram Shah Khan).  1561 → 1st attack on Baj Bahadur (ruler of Malwa)  1561 Married to Harka Bai(Marriyam-Uz-Zamani) (Daughter of king Bharmal of Amer)  In 1562, he prohibited Slavery.  In 1563, he prohibited Sati System.  In 1564, he removed Jaziya & Pilgrimage Tax.  After all these prohibition, the people of his reign gave him the title of Akbar Akbar was the follower of Sheikh Salim Chisty(In Fatehpur Sikri)  In 1569, Akbari son was born & named him Salim  In 1572, Akbar went to his Gujrat mission & added Gujrat to Mughal dynasty.  Gujrat → Sea → Portugease  In 1573, he built Buland Darwaza in Fatehpur Sikri.  Ibdadkhana, Panch Mahal (Dream of Stones), Tomb of Salim Chishti  He shifted his capital from Agra to Fatehpur Sikri https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

21

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

 In 1576, Battle of Haldighati  In 1577, Akbar gifted 500 bhiga land to Guru Ram Das (4th Guru of Sikh) on that land Guru Das founded Amritsar City.  In 1582, Akbar founded a new religion named Din-i-illahi.  He named Prayag to Allahabad.  Again shifted capital to Agra.  3 fort 1. Agra's for 2. Lahore's fort 3. Allahabad;s fort  His ruling period is known as Golden Era of Literature.  Persian became the official language of India during his present.  In 1599, John Mildenahal first Britisher arrived in India In Akbar's court  Tomb – Agra's Sikandarabad  The only ruler who was buried & burnt.  Biography Ain-e-Akbari by Abul Fazal Akbaranama.  9 Gems of Akbar court – 1. Birbal or Mahesh Das 2.Tansen or Ram Tanu Pandey 3. Man Singh 4.Todar Mal 5. AbulFazal 6.Abul Rahim 7. Faizi 8.Mulla Do Pyaza 9. Fakir Aziuddin  Chandragupta II first rule who kept 9 gems is his court.

Jahangir (1605 – 1627)  Jahangir was born in 1569 in Fatehpur Sikri. Childhood Name – Salim  Main instructor – Abdul Rahim khan-e-khana  In 1588, Salim got married to Jagat Gosai/ Jodha who was daughter of Uday Singh of Malwad.  In 1592, Salim's second son was born his name was Khurram (Shahjahan) in Lahore.  In 1611, Salim wanted to marry Merunnisa  He gave her the tile of NoorJahan to Mehrunnisa. She was the biggest administrator of Mughal Emperor.  In 1606, Revolt of Khusro.  In this revolt fifth Guru of Sikhs helps khusro his name was Guru Arjun Dev.  Jahangir killed Guru Arjun Dev  In 1589, Guru Arjun Dev built Golden Temple.  Guru Arujun Dev written Guru Granth Sahib.  In 1608, capitain William Hawkins come to Mughals Darbar. He was representative of east India company. https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

22

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

   

Jahangir Ruling Period – 1st factory – 1613, Surat, 2nd factory – Musalipattaram 1615 – Sir Thomas Rae (king James 1), 2nd British came to Jahangir's Court. Jahangir was famous for his Ordinance – 12th ordinance (Ain-e-Jahangir) Jahangir period is known as Golden Era of painting In Mughals, painting started from Humayun  Jahangir's most famous painter – Ustad Mansur khan  Autobiography – Tujuk-e-Jahangiri  Shahjahan killed him & became next Mughal Emperor

Shahjahan (1627 – 1658)    

   

 

Born – Lahore (1592) Childhood Name – Khurram Shahjana's Period – Golden Era of Architecture In 1612, he married to Arjumand Bano (Mumtaj Mahal Shikeh) Begum In 1631, Mumtaj Mahal died, during the birth of 14th son (Murad Baksh)  TajMahal, White Marble exported from – Makrana, Rajasthan  (Chief Architect) Designed by Ustad Ahmed Lahori  Chief constructor – Ustad Isa  Art – Pitra Dewa a persion art Taj mahal was copied from difference monuments of old Mughal Emperor. In India, white marble – 1st used in Humayun ka Makbara. In India, pitra Dewa art – 1st used in – Tomb of Itmaduddaula. Batter of Successorship– 1. Battle of Bahadurpur – 1658 2. Battle of Dharmat (M.P) – 1658 3. Battle of Samugarh – 1658  Aurangzeb, Mubarak Baksh (won) vs Dara Shiekh (Lost) i) In 1658, Aurangzeb declared himself as king and killed Murad Baksh. 4. Battel of Kanjua (Allahabad) – 1659 i) Aurangzeb won, Shah Suja lost & killed In 1666 – Shahjahan died in Agra fort Biography – Shahjahan Nama Written by – Inayat khan

Aurangzeb Alamgir (1658 – 1707)  Born – Dahod in 1618  Married to Dilras Bano Begum (Rabia Biwi) https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

23

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

a) Tomb of Biwi (Biwi ka Makbara), 2nd Taj Mahal or ugly copy of Taj Mahal. b) Aurangabad (Maharashtra) Now – Shanbaji Nagar  After becoming the Mughal Emperor, Aurangzeb banned the printing of Qalma on coins.  He prohibited the consumption of Tobacco & Liquor.  Also banned Gambling. • Also prohibited slavery & sati system.  In 1664 he applied Pilgrimage Tax again.  In 1664 – Shivaji attacked on a port of Mughal.  In 1665 – Aurangzeb send Jaisingh to attack shivaji  Treaty of Purander in 1665  In 1668 – He banned all Hindu festival. He also banned Muharram as because he hates shiyas.  In 1669 – He destroyed 3 famous Hindu Temples– 1. Somnath Temple (Gujrat) 2. Kashi Viswanath Temple (Varanasi) 3. Keshav Rai Temple (Mathura)  In 1679 – Aurangzeb applied Jaziya Tax again. Mughal dynasty in south  In 1686 – He added Bijapur  In 1687 – He added Golconda  In 1689 – Aurangzeb attacked on Shambaji & killed him after that he arrested his wife Yesubai & son Shahu  Maxi Hindu ministers in Aurangzeb's ruling period.  In 1707 – Aurangzeb died in Ahmad Nagar (Maharashtra)  Tomb – Daulatabad (Maharashtra)  Biography – Alam-Gir-Nama By Qazim Shiraji)  Also Aurangzeb banned music but he plays venna.

* Marathas & Peshwas * 1. Shivaji (1627-1680)    

life period Born – 1627, Shivner fort, Pune Mother – Jija Bai Religious Teacher – Ram Das Primary Education – Kondwa (Grand Father) 1657 – He did his first attack on Mughals. That time Aurangzeb was the governor of Ahmednagar. In that attack Aurangzeb defeated Shivaji. After that Shivaji attacked on 23 fort of Mughals & conquered them.  1664 – First Loot of Surat – big loss of Mughals. https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

24

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

 1665 – Jaisingh (Commander of Aurangzeb) attacked on Shivaji (treaty of Purander)  After that treaty Jaisingh present Shivaji & his son Sambhaji is the court of Aurangzeb.  1670 → second loot of Surat done by Shivaji.  1678 → Shivaji founded a Navy, Whose head quard was in colaba (Mumbai)  1980 → During Karnataka Mission, Shivaji died Asthapradhan of Shivaji 1. Peshwa – P.M. 2. Amatya – Revenue Minister 3. Sumanta – Foreign Minister 4. Sar-e-Naubat – Commander-in-chief 5. Vakianavis – Information Minister 6. Surunavis – Letters Minister 7. Pandit Rao – Minister of religious work 8. Nyayadhish – Law Minister  He was succeeded by his son Shambhaji. 2. Shambhaji (1680 – 1689)  1681 → Shamabhaji helped Akbar is his revolt against Aurangzeb.  1689 → Aurangzeb attacked on Shambhaji & killed him 3. Rajaram (1689 – 1700)  Tarabai sat on the throne as Shivaji II was only 4 yrs old. She ruled in the name of Shivaji II. 4. Tarabai (1700 – 1707)  1707 → Shahu was released from arrest  1707 → Shahu attacked Tara Bai .  Shahu (won) vs Tara Bai (Lost)  Shahu became the ruler by the name – Chatrapati shahu Maharaj

5. Chatrapati Shahu Maharaj (1707 – 1749)  Capital – Satara  1713 – Started Peshwai System is Maharasthra & appointed his first Peshwa to Balaji Vishwanath(1713 - 1720)

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

25

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

6. Bajirao – I (1720 – 1740)  1729 – Battle of Palkhera a) Bajiro II (won) vs Nizam-ul-Mulk (lost) Nizam of Hyderabad  1st Nizam of Hyderabad Nizam-ul-Mulk  1740 – Bajirao died 7. Balaji Bajirao (Nana Saheb Peshwa) (1740 – 1761)  14 Jan 1761 – Third Battle of Panipat  Ahmed Shah Abdali (won) vs Marathas (lost)  Marathas ended after this battle. Last Peshwa of Marathas – Bajirao II (1796 – 1818)

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

26

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Modern India Battle Of Plassey (1757)  Participants in the War : The British East India Company against Siraj-udDaulah, the Nawab of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa and a small French force  Result of the war : Mir Jafar Khan entered Murshidabad with Clive and became Nawab of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. Mir Jafar Khan was compelled to pay substantial sums of money to the East India Company and also to Clive and other officers of the company

Third Battle Of Panipat (1761)  Participants in the War: between a northern expeditionary force of the Maratha Empire and a coalition of the King of Afghanistan, Ahmad Shah Durrani, the Rohilla Afghans of the Doab, and Shuja-ud-Daula, the Nawab of Oudh  Result of the war : Marathas lost the battle. They lost their prestige. English benefited from this war

Battle Of Buxar (1764)  Participants in the War: Fought between British East India Company and Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal, Shuja-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Awadh and Shah Alam II, the Mughal Emperor  Result of the War : It led to the signing of the Allahabad Treaty in 1765 by Lord Robert Clive with Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II. British gained revenue rights over Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. The Nawab of Awadh, Shujaud Daulah, was made to pay a war indemnity of 5 million rupees to the Company  Chronological Came in India

    

Portuguese Dutch English Danes French

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

27

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Portuguese  Vasco d gama arrived at Calicut in 1498. Hindu Ruler of Zamorin welcomed him. By 1502, Vasco’s second visit led to the establishment of trading stations at Calicut, Cochin and Cannanore and fortification of the same. Established first factory at Calicut, in 1500.  Governor Francis co de Almeida initiated the blue water policy (Cartage system).  Alfonso de Albuquerque-Secured strategic control of Indian Ocean; captured Goa from Bijapur rulers; captured Bhatkal from Sri Krishna Deva Rai (1510) of the Vijayanagar; and initiated the policy of marrying with the natives and settling in India and banned the practice of sati in his area of influence.

 Nino de Cunha-He shifted the capital from Cochin to Goa in 1530, conquered Diu and Bassein from Gujrat king Bahadur Shah, established headquarters in Hooghly, Bengal

Dutch  Cornelis de Houtman was the first Dutchman to reach Sumatra and Bantam in 1596.  Battle of Bedara (1759) The English defeated the Dutch

The English:  Formation On December 31, 1600 the charter was issued by Queen Elizabeth I to company named as Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies which gave the company monopoly to trade in the East Indies for 15 years.

Timeline Activities 1600 1609 1611 1613 1615

The East India Company was established William Hawkins arrived at Jahangir's court but failed to secure permission due to opposition by Portuguese Captain Middleton obtained the permission of the Mughal governor of Surat to trade there, also started trade in Masulipatnam. A factory of East India Company was established at Surat. Sir Thomas Roe, the ambassador of King James I, arrived at Jahangir's court.

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

28

I CAN CRACK EXAM 1616 1618

1633 1639

1651 1662 1667 1687 1691

1700

1717

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

The Company established its first factory in the south in Masulipatnam. Thomas Roe succeeded in obtaining two farman confirming free trade with exemption from inland tolls and permission to establish factories at Agra, Ahmedabad and Broach. The Company established its first factory in east India in Hariharpur, Balasore, Odisha Madras was given by the Chandragiri chief to the English and soon Madras with the Fort St.George replaced Masulipatnam as the English headquarters on the east coast. The Company was given permission to trade at Hooghly (Bengal), Kasimbazar, Patna and Rajmahal. The British King, Charles II, was given Bombay as dowry for marrying a Portuguese princess (Catherine of Braganza) Aurangzeb gave the English a farman for trade in Bengal Bombay was made the headquarters by shifting the seat of the Western Presidency from Surat to Bombay. Due to some conflict, Mughals raided Hoogly. Then Job Charnock, negotiated with Mughals for return to Sutanuti in 1691. The Company got the imperial order to continue their trade in Bengal in lieu of payment of Rs 3,000 a year. The city of Calcutta grew from the development of three villages Sutanuti, Gobindapur and Kalikata secured from the Mughal governor of Bengal. The fortified settlement was named Fort William (1700) and it became the seat of British power in India till 1911. The Mughal emperor Farrukh siyar issued a farman, called Magna Carta of the Company, giving the Company a large number of trade concessions in Bengal, Gujarat and Hyderabad. It included: 1. Company's import and export were exempted from duties. 2. Permission to issue dastaks for transportation of goods 3. Duty free trade in Hyderabad. 4. Company minted coins to act as currency throughout Mughal Empire.

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

29

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Danes  Danish East India company was founded in 1616 AD Settlements in India: Trancuber near Chennai and Serampur in Bengal .They were the foremost promoters of Christianity in India. They eventually dispensed of their settlement to the English

French  The French Foundation: In 1664, Colbert, a minister of Louis XIV, laid the foundations of French East India Company, it was granted50-year monopoly on French trade in the Indian and Pacific Oceans  First Carnatic War(1740-48) It was an extension of the Anglo-French rivalry in Europe, Austrian War of Succession. Treaty of Aix-La Chapelle,1748. Madras was handed back to the English, and the French, in turn, got their territories in North America. This War is remembered for the Battle of St.Thome(in Madras) fought between the French forces and the forces of Anwar-ud-din, the Nawab of Carnatic, and ally of English.  Second Carnatic War(1749-54 )Regional dynastic disputes were used as pseudo war fronts by French and English. Treaty of Pondicherry 1755.The war remained inconclusive but it undermined the French power in South India vis-à-vis the English. As French faced heavy financial loses so they recalled Dupleix  Third Carnatic War(1758-63) Seven Years war (1856-63) in Europe. General known for the Battle of Wandi wash (1760-61) .Treaty of Paris, 1763.The victory at Wandiwash left the English East India Company with no European rival in India.

Socio – Cultural Reform Movements Raja Rammohan Roy(1772-1833)



  

 Atmiya Sabha (or Society of Friends) in Calcutta,1814  BrahmoSabha,1828 later renamed as Brahmo Samaj Calcutta Unitarian society. He wrote: Gift to Monotheists (1809),Precepts of Jesus(1820),Gift of mother in Perisian, Turfat-ulmuhaudin compilied a Bengali grammar book and translated into Bengali the Vedas and the five Upanishads Published: News paper Brahminca, Samandh Kaumudi Started anti-sati struggle in 1818 1825 - established a Vedanta college

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

30

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Debendra-nath Tagore 1817-1905 1. Tattvabodhini Sabha(founded in 1839) 2. Joined Bramho Samaj in 1842 3. Adi Bramho Samaj 1866 4. Tattvabodhini Patrika: devoted to the systematic study of India’s past with a rational Outlook and propagation Roy’s ideas.

Keshab-Chandra Sen1838 - 1884  Joined the Brahmo Samaj in 1858 and soon became Acharya  Instrumental in popularising the movement, and branches of the Samaj were opened outside Bengal. He was dismissed from the office of acharya in 1865 and found BrahmoSamaj of India

Atmaram Pandurang  Prarthana Samaj in 1867,Bombay

D.K Karve,M.G.Ranade  Widow Remarriage Movement  Widows’ Home Association

Henry Vivian Derozio  (1809-31)Young Bengal Movement, 1820s

Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar  started a movement in support of widow remarriage

Jyotiba Phule(1827-1890)  Satyashodhak Samaj(Truth Seeker’s Society) in 1873  Books: Sarvajanik Satyadharma and Gulamgiri

Gopalhari Deshmukh(1823-1892)  Wrote for a weekly Prabhakar under the pen name of Lokahitawadi on social reform issues.  He started a weekly, Hitechh

Gopal Ganesh Agarkar(1856-1895)  First editor of Kesari Which spoke against untouchability

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

31

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

GopalKrishna Gokhale(1866-1915)  Servants of India Society, 1905  A liberal leader of the Indian National Congress  The Hitavadi(newspaper), 1911

Narendranath Datta(1862-1902)  who later came to be known as Swami Vivekananda  Ramakrishna Mission, 1897. He emerged as the preacher of neo- Hinduism. He preached from Upanishada, Gita, Jesus, Buddha, and life experiences of Paramhansa.  Gave lecture in Parliament of Religions held at Chicago in 1893, and Then several lectures on Vedanta in the USA and in London.

Dayanand Saraswati and Arya Samaj  Swami Dayananda Saraswati, the founder of the Arya Samaj, was one of the makers of modern India.  He established the Arya Samaj at Bombay on 10th April, 1875 and later the headquarters of the Samaj were established at Lahore  Dayananda wrote books like ‘Satyarth Prakash’, Vedanga Prakash, ‘Ratnamala’ ‘Sankarvidhi’, ‘Bharati nivarna’ etc.

Principles of AryaSamaj: 1. Acceptance of the Vedas as the only source of truth. 2. Opposition to idol worship. 3. Opposition to the theory of God-incarnation and religious pilgrimages 4. Recitation of the mantras of the Vedas and performance of ‘Havan’ and ‘Yajna’. 5. Faith in female education 6. Opposition to child-marriage and polygamy.  His call “Go Back to the Vedas” created consciousness among the people. He rejected other scriptures and ‘Puranas’.

Behramji M.Malabari(1853-1912)  B.Malabari acquired and edited the Indian Spectator Worked against child marriage and for widow remarriage among Hindus. It was his efforts that led to the Age of Consent Act regulating the age of consent for females

Narayan Agnihotri – dev-Samaj Founded

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

32

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

NarayanaGuru Swamy1856-1928  Sree NarayanaGuru Dharma Paripalana(SNDP)Movement  movement was born out of conflict between the depressed classes and upper castes Among Ezhavas of Kerala

E.V.Ramaswamy Naicker  Self-Respect Movement in mid 1920s

Abdul Wahab of Arabia and Shah Walliullah 1702-1763 - Wahabi Movement Mirza Ghulam Ahmad - Ahmadiyya Movement, 1889 Sir Syed Ahmed Khan 1.The Aligarh Movement 2. He started Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College (Aligarh Muslim University) at Aligarh in 1875 3.Magazin Tahdhibul-Akhlaq

Parsi Reform Movements  The Rahnumai Mazdaya snan Sabha (Religious Reform Association) was founded in 1851 by a group of English educated Parsis.  The movement had leaders like Naoroji Furdonji, Dadabhai Naoroji, K.R. Cama and S.S. Bengalee  Newspaper Rast Goftar (Truth-Teller)

Sikh Reform Movements  Through the efforts of the Singh Sabhas (1870) and with British support, the Khalsa College was founded at Amritsar in 1892. This college and schools set up as a result of similar efforts, promoted Gurumukhi, Sikh learning and Punjabi literature as a whole.  After 1920 the Sikh movement gained momentum when the Akali Movement rose in Punjab

The Theosophical Movement  In 1875, a Russian spiritualist named Madame Blavatsky and an American called Colonel Olcott founded the Theosophical Society in America. The society was greatly influenced by the Indian doctrine of karma. In 1886, they founded the Theosophical Society at Adyar near Madras. Annie Besant, an Irish woman who https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

33

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

came to India in 1893, helped the Theosophist movement to gain Strength. Annie Besant was the founder of the Central Hindu College in Banaras, which later developed into the Banaras Hindu University.

Education of Women    

1850 Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar - No less than 35 girls’ schools in Bengal 1914 Women’s Medical Service Training nurses and midwives 1916 D. K. Karve - Indian Women’s University Higher Education Charles Wood’s Despatch on Education (1854) laid great stress on the need for female education. Health facilities began to be provided to women with the opening of Dufferin Hospitals in the 1880s.

Women’s Organisations    

Arya Mahila Samaj, 1882 -- Pandita Ramabai Saraswati Bharat Stree Mahamandal Allahabad (1910). An National Council of Women in India, 1925 -- Mehribai Tata All India Women’s Conference (AIWC)

Baba sahib Ambedkar     

All India Scheduled Castes Federation. All India Depressed Classes Association Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha in 1924 - Motto was : ‘Educate, Agitate and Organise. Annihilation of the institution of caste Mahad Satyagraha 1927 for consumption of water from public water pond and temple movements. Provision of special representation for lower classes in the Government of India Act, 1935.

The Revolt of 1857 Delhi - BhaktKhan Kanpur - Nana sahib Bareilly - Khan Bahadur Faizabad – Maulvi Ahmadullah

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

Lucknow - Begum HazratMahal Jhansi - Rani Lakshmibai Arrah, Bihar - Kunwar Singh Baghpat, UP - Shah Mahal

34

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Causes Of Failure Of Revolt  Limited territorial and social base : All-India participation was absent, revolt was more or less concentrated only to North India.  All classes did not join : Big Zamindars, Taluqdars, Merchants and Money lenders preferred British rule.  Poor Arms and Equipment  lack of central leadership  No Unified Ideology

Views On Revolt  V.D. Savarkar argues that it was the first war of Indian independence  R.C. Majumdar Concludes that 1857 war of independence is neither the first, nor national, nor a war of independence The East India Association – 1866  Dadabhai Naoroji Influenced public men in England to promote Indian Welfare First such nationalist organisation in England The Indian League – 1875  Sisir Kumar Ghosh The Indian Association - 1876  Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose, unify Indians in a Common political programme The Poona SarvajanikSabha – 1867  S. H.Chiplunkar, Ganesh Vasudeo Joshi,Mahadev Govind Ranade The Bombay Presidency Association - 1885  BadruddinTyabji, Pherozshah Mehta and K.T.Telang The Madras MahajanSabha, 1884  M. Viraraghavachari, B. Subramaniya Aiyer, P.Anandacharlu.

Some Leaders Behind Economic Development  Ramesh Chandra Dutt - Economic History of India  Justice MG Ranade - Taught an entire generation of Indians the value of modern industrial development.

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

35

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

 Dadabhai Naoroji - he was also called the Grand old man of India. Gokhale called him Gladstone of India. Main proponent of Drain Theory. Wrote book titled – Poverty & un-British Rule in India The Swadeshi and Boycott Movement  Partition of Bengal to Divide People,  Western Bengal, Bihar and Orissa/  Eastern Bengal and Assam.  August 7, 1905 - Boycott resolution was passed, Swadeshi movement was formally proclaimed in Calcutta town hall  October 16, 1905 - partition came into force. Region

Activity

Western India

Tilak's Ganapati and Shivaji festivals became a medium of swadeshi propaganda Traditional folk theatre forms were used for this purpose

Bengal

 Swadeshi textile mills, soap and match factories, tanneries, banks, insurance companies, shops, etc. were setup Year 1879

Name Vasudev Balwant Phadke, Maharashtra

1890s

Tilak, Maharashtra

1897

Chapekar brothers, Damodar and Balkrishna, Maharashtra Savarkar and his brother, Maharashtra

1899

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

Work Ramosi Peasant Force → It aimed to rid the country of the British by instigating an armed revolt by disrupting communication lines. It hoped to raise funds for its activities through dacoities but it was suppressed prematurely. He propagated militant nationalism through his journals Kesari and Maharatta (1881) and through Shivaji(1894) and Ganapati (1893) festivals. Murdered the Plague Commissioner of Poona, Rand, and Lt. Ayerst.

Organised Mitra Mela, a secret society which merged with Abhinav Bharat

36

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

Barindra Kumar Ghosh,Bhupendranath Dutta 1906 Rashbehari Bose and Sachin Sanyal

1907

The Yugantar group

1908

Prafulla Chaki and Khudiram Bose Ghosh brothers, Aurobindo and Barindra

1909

Dacca Anushilan under Pulin Das Anant Lakshman

RAO

UPSC Prelims

'Yugantar' weekly. The Yugantar wrote: “The remedy lies with the people. The 30 crore people in habiting India must raise their 60 crore hands to stop this curse of oppression. Force must be stop by force Organized a secret society covering Punjab, Delhi and United Provinces. Hemachandra Kanungo went abroad for military and political Training An abortive attempt was made them on the life of a very unpopular British official, Sir Fuller (the first Lt. Governor of the new province of Eastern Bengal and Assam; attempts to derail the train on which the lieutenant-governor, Sri Andrew Fraser, was travelling Threw a bomb at a carriage supposed to be carrying a white judge, Kingsford, in Muzaffarpur The whole Anushilan group was arrested in Alipore conspiracy case/Manicktolla bomb Conspiracy or Muraripukur conspiracy. Aurobindo was acquitted of all charges but Barindra Ghosh and Ullaskar Dut were found guilty Barrah dacoity to raise funds for revolutionary activities. He was a member of Abhinav Bharat and killed A.M.T. Jackson Kanhere Maharashtra the Collector of Nashik

Revolutionary Activities Abroad  Why they went abroad? The need for shelter, the possibility of bringing out revolutionary literature that would be immune from the Press Acts, and the quest for arms.  Shyamji Krishna varma Started India House (a home rule league society) in 1905 in London, a scholarship scheme for Indian students and journal ‘The Indian Sociologist’ https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

37

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

 Madam Bhikaji Cama Parsi lady, operated from Paris, brought out ‘Bande Mataram’ (operated by Ajit Singh)  Virendranath Chattopadhyaya Operated from Berlin since 1909  A revolutionary group organised around a weekly newspaper The Ghadr with its headquarters at San Francisco and branches along the US coast and in the Far East.Ghadr leaders – Lala Hardayal, Ramchandra, Bhagwan Singh, Kartar Singh Saraba, Barkatullah, and Bhai Parmanand.

KomagataMaru Incident  KomagataMaru - a ship chartered from Singapore carrying Sikh and Punjabi Muslims were denied entry into Canada and forced to return to India.  The British government tried to detain the immigrants at Calcutta, in order to transport them to Punjab. The immigrants refused to give in. A tussle ensued in which 22 immigrants lost lives.

Home Rule League Movement  It was Indian response to First World War, inspired by Irish Home Rule Leagues.  Factors responsible for it  Tilak, after his release in 1914, was ready to assume nationalist leadership and was inspired by the Irish home rule league  Annie Besant began to take active part in nationalist movement. The Home Rule League Programme  Objective: The aim of the movement was self-rule.  It was to be achieved through political education and discussion through public meetings, holding conferences, organizing classes for students on politics, propaganda through newspapers, plays, religious songs, etc., collecting funds, organizing social work, and participating in local government activities.

Lucknow Pact, 1916  Extremists were readmitted to congress  It was the coming together of the Muslim League and the Congress and the presentation of joint demands by them to the government and congress accepted league position on separate electorates.

Montagu statement of August 1917  The Statement Said: “The government policy is of an increasing participation of Indians in every branch of administration https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

38

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Gandhiji Gandhi’s Activism in South Africa Moderate Phase of Struggle (1894-1906)  Gandhi relies on sending petitions and memorials to authorities in South Africa and British. To unite different sections of population Gandhi set up Natal Indian Congress and started Indian Opinion. Satyagraha in Africa (1906- 1914) 1. Satyagraha against Registration Certificate: 2. Campaign against Restrictions on Indian Migration: 3. Campaign against Poll Tax and Invalidation of Indian Marriages 4. Protest against Transvaal Immigration Act

Initial movements that Gandhiji Participated in Protest/Movements Champaran  Rajkumar Shukla invited Gandhi to look into the problems Satyagraha 1917 of farmers in the context of Indigo planters in Bihar first Civil  Peasants were forced to grow indigo on 3/ 20th part of the disobedience in land. (Tinkathia System) India  Other leaders associated were –Rajendra Prasad, Mahadeo Desai, Narhari Parekh, J.B.Kripalani etc. Ahmedabad Mill  Dispute between cotton mill owners and workers over the strike 1918 1st issue of discontinuation of plague bonus hunger strike  Workers demanded for a rise of 50 percent in wages  Gandhi demanded for a 35 percent hike and took a fast unto death  Anusuya Sarabhai was a social worker who invited Gandhi to fight for workers Kheda Satyagraha  Crops failed in Kheda district of Gujarat 1918 1st non Gandhi asked the farmers not to pay the taxes cooperation  Other leaders associated with the movement were- Sardar Vallabhai Patel, Narhari Parekh, MohanlalPandya etc. Rowlatt Act 1919  The act officially called Anarchical and Revolutionary 1st All India Mass Crimes Act. Strike  It recommended imprisonment of activists without trial for two years. https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

39

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

 Form of protest finally chosen included observance of a nationwide hartal accompanied by fasting and prayer and civil disobedience was against specific laws etc.

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre  The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, also known as the Amritsar Massacre, took place on 13 April 1919 when troops of the British Indian Army under the command of Acting Brig-Gen Reginald Dyer fired rifles into a crowd of Punjabis who had gathered in Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar and Punjab. The civilians had assembled for a peaceful protest to condemn the arrest and deportation of two national leaders, Satya Pal and Saifuddin Kitchlew. This incident shocked Rabindranath Tagore (First Asian Nobel Laureate) to such extent that he stated whilst refusing his knighthood that "such mass murderers aren't worthy of giving any title to anyone”

Non-Cooperation Movement and Khilafat Aandolan  During 1919-22, British were opposed with two mass movements - Khilafat and Non- cooperation. Causes of the Movement  Resentment at the British after the War: Indians thought that in return for the extensive support of manpower and resources they had provided to Britain during the First World War, they would be rewarded by autonomy at the end of the war. But the Government of India Act passed in 1919 was dissatisfactory.  Home Rule Movement: The Home Rule Movement started by Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak set the stage for the non-cooperation movement.  The extremists and the moderates of the INC were united and the Lucknow Pact also saw solidarity between the Muslim League and the Congress Party. The return of the extremists gave the INC a militant character.  Economic hardships due to World War I: Prices of goods began to soar which affected the common man.  The Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre:The repressive Rowlatt Act and the brutal massacre at Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar had a profound effect on the Indian leaders and the people. Their faith in the British system of justice was broken.  The Khilafat Movement: The Khilafat movement was launched by Muslims in India to persuade the British government not to abolish the caliphate. The leaders of this movement accepted the non-cooperation movement of Gandhiji and led a joint protest against the British. In 1919, a khilafat committee was formed under the https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

40

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

leadership of Ali brothers (Shaukat and Muhammad), Maulana, Ajmal khan. Gandhi headed all India Khilafat Committee. Features of Non-Cooperation Movement  Essentially a peaceful and non-violent protest against the British government in India. People were asked to resign from their government jobs, with draw children’s from government schools, boycott foreign goods, boycott election, not to serve in British army.  The INC also demanded Swarajya or self-government, means to achieve self-rule  In Bengal, a movement was started against Union board taxes  No tax campaign was started in Andhra Pradesh  The movement aroused popular resentment among the Moplah against their Hindu landlords  Akali movement was also started as a part of this movement  Labour in tea plantations of Assam also went on strike during this movement  Gandhiji had assured that Swaraj would be achieved in a year if this movement was continued to completion.

Chauri Chaura incident (Feb 5)  In ChauriC haura, Uttar Pradesh, police had allegedly beaten up the group of volunteers who were protesting against liquor sale and high food prices. Violent mob set fire to a police station killing 22 policemen during a clash between the police and protesters of the movement  Gandhiji called off the movement saying people were not ready for revolt against the government through ahimsa.  1922 Gandhi was arrested and sentenced in jail for 6 years.

Swarajist and No-Changers  After the call off non-cooperation movement there was a debate over what to do during the transition period. One section led by C.R.Das, Motilal Nehru and Ajmal Khan wanted to end the boycott of legislative councils. They demanded for entry into councils. These groups are to be called as Swarajists  Other section led by the Rajagopalachari, Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad and M.A. Ansari came to be known as ‘No-changers’

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

41

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

Swarajists Entering the councils would not negate the noncooperation programme It would enthuse masses and keep up their morale at a time of Political vacuum Councils can be used as an arena of political struggle

RAO

UPSC Prelims

No-Changers Parliamentary work would lead to neglect of constructive work Council entry would lead to political corruption and loss of revolutionary zeal Constructive work would prepare for the next phase of civil disobedience

Revolutionary Activity During the 1920’s Hindustan Republic Association  Later renamed as Hindustan socialist Republic Association  HRA was founded in October 1924 in Kanpur. Ramprasad Bismil, Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee and sachin sanyal were the founders.  Kakori robbery incident HRA involved in it. The members of HRA looted the official railway cash at Kakori. Bismil, Ashafaqullah, Roshan singh and Rajendra Lahiri were hanged in the case.  In Feroz shah kotla Regrouping of HRA into HSRA Under the leadership of Chandra sekhar Azad.  It decided to work under a collective leadership and adopted socialism as its official goal.  Lahore, December 1928 Saunders Murder, by HSRA. Saunders, police official responsible for the lathi charge in Lahore and for revolutionaries’ death of Lala Lajpatrai during anti- Simon Commission protest. Bhagatsingh, Azad and Rajguru shot dead Saunders.  Delhi, 8th April 1929 Bomb in the Central legislative assembly to protest against the passage of the Public safety Bill and Trade disputes bill which are restrictive on civil liberties.

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

42

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

More On Some Of the Revolutionary Leaders Bhagat Singh  He was born in 1907 in Punjab. His father and uncles were members of the Ghadar Party. He founded the Indian socialist youth organisation Naujawan Bharat Sabha in March 1926.He also joined the Hindustan Republican Association

Chandrashekar Azad  Hindustan Socialist Republican Army (HSRA)  After suspension of the non-cooperation movement in 1922 by Gandhi, Azad became more aggressive. He was involved in the Kakori Train Robbery of 1925,in the attempt to blow up the Viceroy of India's train in 1926, and at last the shooting of J. P. Saunders at Lahore in 1928 to avenge the killing of Lala LajpatRai Surya Sen  He was an Indian revolutionary who was influential in Chittagong armoury raid in Chittagong in British India. Priti lata Waddedar joined a revolutionary group headed by Surya Sen. She led a team of fifteen revolutionaries in 1932 attack on the Pahartali European Club. To avoid arrest, Pritilata consumed cyanide and died. Kalpana Datta was a member of the armed independence movement led by Surya Sen, which carried out the Chittagong armoury raid in 1930.Santi ghosh and Suniti chander is chool girls of comilla, who shot dead district magistrate

Civil Disobedience Movement Lead up to the Movement Simon Commission  The Indian Statutory Commission, commonly referred to as the Simon Commission, was a group of seven British Members of Parliament under the chairmanship of Sir John Simon. The commission arrived in British India in 1928  Objective: the British government appointed the Simon Commission to report on India's constitutional progress for introducing constitutional reforms. It had seven British members of the British Parliament and no Indian members. Groups/Persons Response Opposed the Commission Congress Hindu Mahasabha Opposed the Commission https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

43

I CAN CRACK EXAM Muslim League

Unionists (Punjab) Justice Party Ambedkar

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

One faction under Jinnah (at Calcutta,1927) opposed the Commission, another faction under Muhammad Shafi (at Lahore, 1927) supported the Government/ Commission Supported the Commission Supported the Commission On behalf of the Bahishkrita Hitakarini Sabha, he submitted a memorandum on the rights and safeguards he felt were required for the depressed classes He argued for 'universal adult franchise' for both male and female

Recommendations of Simon Commission  It proposed the abolition of diarchy and the establishment of representative government in the provinces.  It rejected parliamentary responsibility at the centre. The governor-general was to have complete power to appoint the members of the cabinet.  It recommended that separate communal electorates be retained.  It accepted the idea of federalism but not in the near future.

Nehru Report  An answer to Lord Birkenhead’s challenge  Prepared by a committee headed by Motilal Nehru, the committee included Tej Bahadur Sapru, Subhash Chandra Bose, M.S. Aney, Mangal Singh, Ali Imam, Shuab Qureshi and G.R. Pradhan as its members  Recommendations: Dominion status on lines of self-governing dominions, Rejection of separate electorates, Linguistic provinces. Jinnah’s Fourteen Points-1929  Federal constitution with residual powers to provinces, provincial autonomy, no constitutional amendment without state concurrence, adequate representation in assembly and services, 1/3rd representation in central legislative assembly, 1/3rd representation in cabinet, separate electorates, no bills without 3/4th minority consideration, territorial distribution not to affect Muslim majority, full religious freedom, protection of Muslim rights etc.

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

44

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Calcutta Session of Congress (1928)  Nehru report was approved at this session. Younger leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhash Chandra Bose, Satya Murthy expresses dissatisfaction at the goal of dominion status  The government was given one year period to accept this goal  If the government did not accept a constitution based on dominion status by the end of the year, the Congress would not only demand complete independence but would also launch a civil disobedience movement to attain its goal. Irwin’s Declaration - October 31, 1929  It restated the goal of dominion status for India, as was mentioned in August declaration of Montague, 1917  No timeframe was given for dominion status  Promised RTC after Simon Commission Report Delhi Manifesto - November 2, 1929  It was prepared at a conference of prominent political leaders of that time, It included three main demands: 1. The purpose of the Round Table Conferences should be to formulate a constitution for implementation of the dominion status. 2. The Congress should have a majority representation at the conference. 3. There should be a general amnesty for political prisoners and a policy of conciliation.  Gandhi along with Motilal Nehru and other political leaders met Lord Irwin in December 1929.  Viceroy Irwin rejected the demands put forward in the Delhi Manifesto. Lahore Congress and Purna Swaraj  Jawaharlal Nehru was nominated the president for the Lahore session of the Congress (December 1929) mainly due to Gandhi’s backing.  The following major decisions were taken at the Lahore session,  The Round Table Conference was to be boycotted  Complete independence was declared as the aim of the Congress  Congress Working Committee was authorised to launch a programme of civil disobedience including non-payment of taxes and all members of legislatures were asked to resign their seats.  January 26, 1930 was fixed as the first Independence (Swarajya) Day, to be celebrated everywhere

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

45

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

 December 31, 1929 - At midnight on the banks of River Ravi, the newly adopted tricolour flag of freedom was hoisted by Jawaharlal Nehru amidst slogans of Inquilab Zindabad

Civil Disobedience Movement /Salt Satyagraha  Gandhi’s Eleven Demands - Gandhi presented eleven demands to the government and gave an ultimatum of January 31, 1930 to accept or reject these demands, With no positive response from the government, Gandhi decided to launch a civil disobedience movement, making salt Satyagraha his central theme.

Dandi March (March 12 - April 6, 1930)  Gandhi, along with a band of 78 members of Sabarmati Ashram, was to march from his headquarters in Ahmedabad through the villages of Gujarat for 240 miles. On reaching the coast at Dandi, the salt law was to be violated by collecting salt from the beach. Spread of Salt Disobedience  Gandhi’s arrest came on May 4, 1930 when he had announced that he would lead a raid on Dharasana Salt Works on the west coast. Satyagraha at Different Places  Tamil Nadu : C Rajagopalachari organised march from thiruchinapalli to vedaranniyam on tanjore coast.  Orissa : Gopal Bandhu Chaudhuri organized in Balasore, Cuttack etc.  Sholapur : Sarojini naidu led the campaign.  Defiance of forest laws in Karnataka, Maharastra and central provinces.  Manipur and Nagaland: Rani gaidinliu at age of 13 years raised the banner against British. Extent of Participation  Women and students participated in huge numbers, merchants and traders were enthusiastic, active participation of tribal, workers and peasants.  Whereas Muslim participation was nowhere near the 1920-22 level.  In July 1930 the viceroy, Lord Irwin, suggested a round table conference and reiterated the goal of dominion status.  In August 1930 Motilal and Jawaharlal Nehru were taken to Yeravada Jail to meet Gandhi and discuss the possibility of a settlement. The Nehrus and Gandhi unequivocally reiterated the demands of:  Right of secession from Britain https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

46

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

 Complete national government with control over defence and finance and an independent tribunal to settle Britain’s financial claims.

Gandhi-Irwin Pact  February 14, 1931 pact was signed also called as Delhi Pact, placed the Congress on an equal footing with the government. Irwin on behalf of the government agreed on immediate release of prisoners, remission of fines, return of land, right to make salt etc. Gandhi on behalf of the Congress Agreed  To suspend the civil disobedience movement  To participate in the next Round Table Conference Karachi Congress Session—1931  In March 1931, a special session of the Congress was held at Karachi to endorse the Gandhi-Irwin Pact. Congress Resolutions at Karachi  Congress admired the ‘bravery’ and ‘sacrifice’ of the three martyrs (Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were executed on March 23,1931  The Delhi Pact or Gandhi-Irwin Pact was endorsed.  The goal of purna swaraj was reiterated.  Two resolutions were adopted—one on Fundamental Rights and the other on National Economic Programme.  This was the first time the Congress spelt out what Swaraj would mean for the masses—”in order to end exploitation of masses, political freedom must include economic freedom of starving millions.”

Round Table Conferences 1st Round table conference (November 1930-January 1931)  British representatives - Labour, conservative and Liberal.  Muslim league members- Jinnah, Aga Khan.  Indian state’s representatives  British India representatives - Ambedkar, Sapru  All India Federation was accepted. Responsible Government at provinces. Internal sovereignty of the princely states.  INC did not participate https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

47

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

2nd Round Table conference(September 1931 –December 1931)  Mahatma Gandhi, representative of INC.  Other participants who are involved in the first round table were present  Sarojini Naidu participated to represent women.  Gandhi claimed-Untouchables and Muslims should not be treated as minorities. No separate electorate for minorities.  Ramsay MacDonald headed the National government in Britain.

3rd Round Table Conference (November 1932 – December 1932)  Labour party and INC refused to attend.  Ambedkar attended, Jinnah not attended.  The decisions taken are reflected in the form of Government of India act-1935.  Civil Disobedience was resumed after the failure of the Round Table Conferences; Viceroy Willingdon refused a meeting with Gandhi on December 31. On January 4, 1932, Gandhi was arrested.  Congress organisations at all levels were banned. April 1934, Gandhi decided to withdraw the civil disobedience movement because Gandhi and other leaders had no time to build up the tempo. The masses were not prepared.

Communal Award  The Communal Award was announced by the British Prime Minister, Ramsay MacDonald, on August 16, 1932. The Communal Award, established separate electorates and reserved seats for minorities (Muslims, Europeans, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians) including the depressed classes which were granted seventy-eight reserved seats. Gandhi saw the Communal Award as an attack on Indian unity and nationalism

Poona Pact  Signed by B.R. Ambedkar on behalf of the depressed classes on September 24, 1932 with Gandhi. The Poona Pact abandoned the idea of separate electorates for the depressed classes.  The Poona Pact was accepted by the government as an amendment to the Communal Award.

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

48

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Second World War and Nationalistic Response  Haripura session, 1938: President Bose - formed National Planning Commission. The Congress would give moral support to those who were agitating against the governance in the princely states.  1939: After resigning from INC, Bose formed the Forward Bloc as a new party within the Congress.  On September 3 1939, Government of India declared support for WWII without consulting Indians. Though Congress didn’t like it they offered to cooperate in the war effort, they had two basic conditions:  1. After the war, a constituent assembly should be convened to determine political structure of a free India.  2. Immediately, some form of a genuinely responsible government should be established at the Centre.  The offer was rejected by Linlithgow, the viceroy. The Congress argued that these conditions were necessary to win public opinion for war.

Pakistan Resolution - Lahore (March 1940)  The Muslim League passed a resolution calling for “grouping of geographically contiguous areas where Muslims are in majority (North-West, East) into independent states in which Constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign and adequate safeguards to Muslims where they are in minority”.

August offer  Due to turn of events in WWII, congress decided to help British if they allow forming interim government. But GoI rejected it and came up with August offer, Dominion status as the objective for India.  Responses: Nehru rejected it by saying “Dominion status concept is dead as a doornail” and Gandhi has similar opinion. However Muslim league were happy with veto assurance.

Individual Satyagraha - 1940  To give another opportunity to the government to accept Congress’ demands peacefully. The demand of the satyagrahi would be the freedom of speech against the war through an anti-war declaration and they were supposed to march towards Delhi to covert movement into “Delhi Chalo Movement”  Vinoba Bhave was the first to offer the Satyagraha and Nehru, the second.

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

49

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Cripps Mission  In March 1942, a mission headed by Stafford Cripps was sent to India with constitutional proposals to seek Indian support for the war.  Cripps mission was a big failure.  Reasons for its failure are:  The Congress objected to - dominion status, right of provinces to secede, retention of governor general supremacy, no immediate transfer of power.  Nehru and Maulana Azad were the official negotiators for the Congress.  The Muslim League objected to-idea of a single Indian Union, Did not like the machinery for the creation of a constituent assembly, Pakistan not being explicitly offered.

The Indian National Army (INA) and Subhash Chandra Bose Subhash Bose  He passed the Indian Civil Services examination but resigned in 1921 to join the struggle for freedom by becoming a member of the INC.  His political guru was Chittaranjan Das. He became mayor of Calcutta in 1923. He presided over the Hazipur session of INC in the year 1938.Bose choose his own path, because of the ideological and strategic differences with INC and party leaders. He formed a Forward Bloc Party in the year 1939. Origin and First Phase of the Indian National Army  Mohan Singh: Created army of retreating soldiers from Malaya and POWs from Japanese. By the end of 1942, 40,000 men were ready to join the INA would go into action only on the invitation of the Indian National Congress and the people of India. Second Phase Under S. Bose  In June 1943, Subhash Chandra Bose reached Tokyo; met the Japanese prime minister, and secured permission for INA. Rashbehari Bose  He fled to Japan in 1915 due failed revolutionary activities in India and became naturalized citizen of Japan. He made a lot of effort in getting the Japanese interested in the Indian Independence movement. He had created Indian Independence League (IIL) in 1942 in Tokyo. After the formation of INA, he decided to fly to Singapore and place INA under IIL.  After Subhash reached Singapore, he met Rashbehari, who transferred the control and leadership of the Indian Independence League and the INA to Subhash in July 1943. https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

50

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

 On October 21, 1943, Subhash Bose formed the Provisional Government for Free India at Singapore.  The famous slogan—“Give me blood, I will give you freedom” was given here.  This provisional government declared war on Britain and the United States, and was recognized by the Axis powers. A women’s regiment called the Rani Jhansi Regiment was also formed. On November 6, 1943, Andaman and Nicobar islands was given by the Japanese army to the INA; the islands were renamed as Shahid Dweep and Swaraj Dweep respectively. The INA headquarters was shifted to Rangoon (in Burma) in January 1944, and war cry “Chalo Delhi!”became famous  On July 6, 1944 - Subhas Bose addressed Mahatma Gandhi as ‘Father of Nation’— from the Azad Hind Radio. The Azad Hind Fauz crossed the Burma border, and stood on Indian soil on March 18, 1944 then advanced up to Kohima and Imphal. The INA met the same fate as the Japanese, and all brigades began their withdrawal on July 18, 1944.

Raja Gopalachari Formula (1944): (CR Plan)  The Main Points of CR Plan  1. Muslim league to endorse congress demand for Independence.  2. League to cooperate with congress in forming a provisional government at Centre.  3. To decide by plebiscite for the Muslim majority areas, whether or not to form a separate sovereign state.  4. In case of partition, agreement to be made jointly for safeguarding defence, commerce, communications etc.,  Jinnah wanted the congress to accept two nation theory demand  He wanted only Muslims to vote in Plebiscite in the Muslim majority areas.

Desai –Liaqat Pact  Congress and league nominees to have equal representation in the central executive. 20% of seats reserved for minorities.

Wavell Plan (Shimla conference-1945)  The elections in England necessitated for a sincere effort on reaching a solution. A conference was convened by the viceroy, Lord Wavell, at Shimla in June 1945. The main proposals of the Wavell plan were as follows,  1. With the exception of governor general and commander in chief all other members in the executive council are to be Indians.  2. Caste Hindus and Muslims were to have equal representation. https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

51

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

 3. The reconstructed council was to function as an interim government.  4. Governor General was to exercise his veto on the advice of ministers.  Congress objected the plan as it reduced the congress as pure caste Hindu Party  Muslim league wanted all Muslim members to be league nominees.

INA Trials  Trial of INA prisoners sometimes described as “Edge of volcano” . British initially decided to hold trials of several hundreds of INA prisoners. 1st trial at red fort in November 1945 putting on dock together a Hindu, Prem kumar Sehgal, a Muslim, Shah Nawaz khan, and a Sikh, Gurbaksh Singh dhillon. INA day was celebrated Nov 12, 1945 and INA week (Nov 5 – 11).INA agitation spread all over the country and witnessed participation of diverse social groups.

Cabinet Mission Plan  Attlee government in 1946 Secretary of State Pethick- Lawrence personally led a three-man cabinet deputation to New Delhi with the hope of resolving the Congress– Muslim League deadlock and, thus, of transferring British power to a single Indian administration.  Why British Withdrawal Seemed Imminent by 1946  1. Success of nationalist forces In struggle for hegemony.  2. Demoralisation among bureaucracy and loyalists.  3. Limitation of conciliation and repression strategy of British.  4. RIN ratings revolt.  5. Official rule seemed impossible. Mountbatten Plan, June 3, 1947  The freedom-with-partition formula was coming to be widely accepted well before Mountbatten arrived in India. Indian Independence Act  On July 5, 1947 the British Parliament passed the Indian Independence Act which was based on the Mountbatten Plan. The Act was implemented on August 15, 1947. Provisions of the act are: The creation of two independent dominions- India and Pakistan. M.A. Jinnah became the first Governor-General of Pakistan and Mountbatten of India.

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

52

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Constitutional, Administrative and Judicial Development During the British Rule Evolution of Civil Service of India  Initially civil service system in India introduced by East India Company, in order to maintain commercial affairs of company.  Later the machinery got transferred to handle administrative matters. Warren Hastings separated Administrative and Commercial Functions. Cornwallis’ Role  The first to bring into existence and organize the civil services, Wellesley's Role  Set up the Fort William College for training of new recruits.  1830 Thomas Munro, concentrated all powers to District Collector in the province of madras and this system expanded to all over India.  In 1863, Satyendranath Nath Tagore became the first Indian to qualify for the Indian Civil Service. Statutory Civil Service  Lytton introduced the Statutory Civil Service consisting of one-sixth of covenanted posts to be filled by Indians of high families through nominations by local governments subject to approval by the secretary of State and the viceroy. Age reduced from 21 to 19. Again lord Rippon increased to 21 Montford Reforms 1919  Recommended holding of simultaneous examination in India and England. Lee Commiss ion (1924)  The secretary of state should continue to recruit.  Direct recruitment to ICS on basis of 50:50 parity between the Europeans and the Indians be reached in 15 years.  Public Service Commission be immediately established (as laid down in the Government of India Act, 1919). Government of India Act, 1935  The 1935 Act recommended the establishment of a Federal Public Service Commission and Provincial Public Service Commission under their spheres.

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

53

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Development of Judiciary in Central India Warren Hasting (1772-1785)  District diwani adalats placed under collectors, Hindu law to Hindu and Muslim law to Muslim. Appeal to sadar diwani adalats.  Under regulating act 1773, Supreme Court setup, at Calcutta, to try all British subject. Reform under Cornwallis (1786-1793)  District diwan adalat in now district court or zila court.  Cornwallis Code:  1. Separation of revenue and justice.  2. European subject bought under court.  3. Government official are answerable to court. Reform under William Bentick (1828-1833)  Circuit court were abolished and transferred to collector. Sadar diwani adalat and sardar nizamat adalat were set up at Allahabad.  1883 law commission was set up under Macaulay for codification of Indian law.

Administration: Central Government  Act for better government of India 1858 - Transferred power from East India Company to crown. Secretary of state created for Indian administration replacing erstwhile COD and BOC ultimate power remained with parliament. Concentration of main authority in the hands of secretary of state and viceroy to be sub-ordinate to him. Mayo’s Resolution of 1870  Local interest, supervision and care are necessary for success in management of funds and it should be devoted to education, sanitation, medical relief and local public work. Provincial government passed municipal acts. Emphasised on financial decentralisation. Rippon Resolution of 1882  Lord Rippon father of local self-government in India. Royal commission on Decentralisation (1908)  To improve the financial resources of local bodies following recommendation, Under Dyarchy  Local self-government made transferred subject in act 1919. Simon commission pointed out (May 1930) lack of progress in village panchayat except in UP

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

54

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

The Government of India Act 1935 and After  Provincial autonomy. Demarcation of taxation between provincial and local finance. New restrictions were placed on power of local self government on issues such as levy of taxes, callings, professions and municipal property.

Economic Impact of British Rule in India Proponents Published material Book: Poverty and Un British Rule in India Dada BhaiNaoroji Gopal Krishna Gokhale He criticized free trade policy. Not in favor of surplus budgets. Assisted Ranade in publishing Sarvajanik Sabha journal. His views are expressed in the English weekly newspaper- The Hitavad(The People's paper). Book: Some Economic aspects of British rule in India Subramaiya Ayer Permanent Settlement  Introduced by Lord Cornwallis in Bengal in 1793. Under this system, the zamindars collected the revenue; and at the same time, became owners of all land under their jurisdiction.  The peasants became rent-paying tenants, who could be evicted at will.  The revenue amount, fixed arbitrarily, was quite high. The zamindar had to submit the revenue at a particular date, even if the crop failed or got damaged or destroyed.

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

Ryotwari  In 1812, the Ryotwari Settlement was introduced in the lands seized from Mysore. Later, it was implemented in Bombay.  Peasant was the proprietor in this system. Under this settlement, a village level survey was conducted, followed by the drawing up of a register of all land within each village.  revenue was not permanently fixed, but was revised after every 20–30 years.

Mahalwari  It was a modified version of the Permanent Settlement that was introduced in the Gangetic Valley, the North-West Provinces, parts of Central India, and the Punjab.  Under the Mahalwari system, the settlement was made with a village, rather than with an individual peasant or zamindar.  It was the duty of the local lambardar to collect revenue from the peasants of his village.

55

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Development of Education  Asiatic society of Bengal was established in 1784.The aim of this society was to foster oriental studies in India. James Prinsep was the founding editor of the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal and is best remembered for deciphering the Kharosthi and Brahmi scripts of ancient India. Initial Phase: Founder Warren Hastings Jonathan Duncan Wellesley

Name and Year Calcutta Madrasa 1781 Sanskrit college Banaras 1791 Fort William college 1800

Purpose For the study of Muslim law and related subjects For study of Hindu law and philosophy For training of civil servants of the Company in languages and customs of Indians

Lord Macaulay’s Minute(1835)  The limited government resources were to be devoted to teaching of Western sciences and literature through the medium of English language alone. Wood’s Dispatch (1854)  “Magna Carta of English Education in India”. Government to assume responsibility for education of the masses.  Vernacular school - Primary level; Anglo-Vernacular High Schools  affiliated college at the district level; affiliating universities Saddler University Commission(1917-19)  For the improvement of University education, improvement of secondary education was a necessary Hartog Committee (1929)  Emphasis on primary education but no compulsory education. Sergeant Plan of Education 1944  3-6 years age group- pre-primary education  6-11-free,universal and Compulsory elementary education  high school education for 11-17 years age group for selected children, and a university course of 3 years after higher secondary

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

56

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Development of Indian Press  Press played key role in dissemination of information and connecting leaders with people. Many leaders had their own publications but they were not for profit making purpose.  Rammohan Roy’s Mirat-ul-Akbar had to stop publication, Press Act of 1835 or Metcalfe Act Vernacular Press Act, 1878 Lytton  1. District Magistrate was empowered to for search and seizure (of deposits)of any Vernacular press if found publishing anything. Against government. The magistrate’s section was final and no appeal could be made in a court of law. Name of News Paper James Augustus Hickey(1780) Udant marthand The Bengalee Voice of India Hindu & Swadesa mitran Indian Mirror Amrit Bazar Patrika Kesari(Marati) & Maratha(ENG) Sudarak Harijan,Young India Tatva bhodini Patrika Indian sociologist MiratUl Akbari

Associated Personality 1st newspaper The Bengal Gazette 1826 by pandit Jugal kishore shukla 1st hindu Surendranath Banarjee Dadabhai naoroji G Subramanya Aiyar N N Sen Gosh Brother B G Tilak Gokhale Gandhi Maharshi Devendranath Tagore Shyamji Krishna varma Raja Rammohan Roy

Contributions BalGangadharTilak, 1856-1920  In January 1890 founded the Poona New English School. Associated in the formation of Deccan Educational Society and foundation of Fergusson College, Poona.  He started akharas, lathi clubs and Anti- cow-killing societies.  Celebrated Sivaji and Ganapati festivals. Muzaffur Bomb case and imprisoned.  He declared “Swaraj is my birth right “

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

57

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

 He started two Newspapers entitled ‘The Maharatha’(English) ‘Kesari’(Marathi).  His books The Arctic Home of the Vedas and Gita Rahasya

and

Lala LajpatRai, 1865-1928  Known as sher-i-Punjab. Associated in the foundation of D.A.V College. Involved in the formation of Swaraj party. LajpatRai entered the central legislature as a Swarajists. He cooperated with Malaviya in organizing Hindu Sangathan Movement. He edited The Panjabee, The BandeMatram and the English Weekly The People. BipanChandraPal(1858-1932)  He is known as ‘Father of Revolutionary thoughts ‘in India  His books are : 1. Indian Nationalism 2. Nationality and Empire. 3. Swaraj and the present situation. 4.T he Basis of social reform 5. The soul of India. Sri Aurobindo Ghosh (1872-1950)  He is a philosopher, yogi, guru and nationalist. Philosophical magazine named Arya. His books are: The Life divine.  He was arrested in 1908 in connection with Allipur Bombay case. Annie Beasant(1847-1933)  He is a socialist, the osophist, women’s rights activist, writer and supporter of Indian Self-rule. In 1907 she became president of theosophical society.  She launched home rule league in India to campaign for democracy in India and dominion status within British Empire. She started a central Hindu School in Banaras. Associated with Malaviyya in establishing Banaras Hindu University in 1917. M.N. Roy  Indian revolutionary, radical activist, political activist, philosopher and humanist. He was founder of communist party of India at Tashkent.

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

58

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Peasant Movement Indigo revolt 1859-60  Directed against British who forced peasants to sign fraudulent contracts which forced them to grow Indigo even when it was not profitable to them.  Rebellion organized under the leadership of Digambar Biswas & Bishnu Biswas of Nadia district  Nildarpan, a play was written by Dinabandhu Mitra based on this agitation.  It was the first Satygraha movement in Modern India

Pabna agrarian leagues  Zamindar enhanced rent from tenants from acquiring occupancy under act X of 1859.  1885 Bengal tenancyact was passed, major issue were solved, this was supported by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, R C Dutt & Indian association under Surendranath Banerjee. The KisanSabha movement  The Home Rule activists organized Kisan Sabhas in UP Eka movement  Towards the end of 1921, peasant districts of the United Provinces—Hardoi, Bahraich, Sitapur.  The meetings of the Eka or the Unity Movement involved a symbolic religious ritual in which the assembled peasants took vows that pay only recorded rent, not leave when evicted, refuse to do forced labour, not help criminals, abide by panchayat decisions.  Leadership by Madari pasi. Moppla Revolt  Muslim cultivator of south Malabar.Moplahs were generally taken (Bonded labour) by Namboodri upper caste Hindu landlords. Bardoli Satyagraha  Increase the land revenue by 30 %, people refused to pay it.  Govt. finally settled at rise of 6.03 per cent only.  The women of Bardoli gave Vallabhbhai Patel the title of “Sardar”. https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

59

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

The All India Kisan Congress/Sabha (AIKS)  Founded by Swami Sahjanand Saraswati as the president and N.G. Ranga as the general secretary in Lucknow, 1936. Tebhaga Movement  North Bengal  Flood commission recommended, Tebhaga—two-thirds’ share—to the bargardars, the share-croppers also known as bagchasioradhyar, instead of the one-half share.  Main Participants -Rajhasis community and Muslim peasant Calcutta.

Telangana Movement  Biggest peasant guerrilla war of modern Indian history.  Forced exploitation by Deshmukh, Jagirdars, Doras (landlords) in forms of forced labour (Vethi) and illegal exactions of peasants Kols-Chota Nagpur,1832  It occurred under the leadership of Buddho Bhagath against the British policy of expansionism. Khonds-Orissa,1846-48  It was led by Chakra Besai when Lord Hardinge I banned the custom sacrifice Koya,Godavari, AP, 1922-23  Under the leadership of ‘AlluriSitaram Raju’ against British forest laws. It is also known as Rampa rebellion. Munda,Bihar,1899-1900  Revolted under the leadership of Birsa Munda.It started against Christian missionary activities. Started ‘Sons of the soil’ movement called Ulgulan. Santhal rebellion, 1854-56  Bihar  It opposed British land revenue policy. It was led by Siddhu and Kanhu  They also declared formation of an independent tribal kingdom Chenchu,1922-23  It occurred in Nallamala Hills in Andhra Pradesh. Revolted against British forest laws K Hanumanthu led the movement.

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

60

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Governors ,Governors-General and Viceroys of India Warren Hastings(1773-85)  Regulating Act of 1773.  Act of 1781, under which the powers of Jurisdiction between the governor general in council and the Supreme Court at Calcutta were clearly divided.  Pitt’s India Act of 1784. and the Treaty of salbai in 1782  Foundation of the Asiatic Society of Bengal -1784. Lord Cornwallis(1786-1793)  Treaty of Sringapatnam (1792)  Cornwallis code (1793) incorporating several judicial reforms and separation of revenue administration and civil jurisdiction.  Permanent settlement of Bengal, 1793, introduction of civil services. Lord Wellesley(1798-1805)  Introduction of subsidiary alliance (1798) and the first alliance was with Nizam of Hyderabad.  Fourth Mysore war (1799). Lord William Bentick(1828-1835)  Abolition of sati and other cruel rites(1829)  Suppression of Thugs (1830)  Charter Act of 1833, Resolution of 1835, and educational reforms and introduction of English as the official language.  Treaty of ‘perpetual friendship’ with Ranjeet Singh. Lord Metcalfe(1835-1836)  New press law removing restrictions on the press in India. Lord Dalhousie(1848-1856)  Introduction of the Doctrine of Lapse and annexation of Satara (1848), Jaitpur and Sambhalpur (1849), Udaipur (1852), Jhansi (1853), Nagpur (1854) and Awadh(1856)  “Wood’s (Charles Wood, President of the Board of Control) Educational Despatch” of 1854  Railway 1853; and laying down of first railway line connecting Bombay and Thane in 1853.Telegraph start. Ganges Canal declared open (1854) https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

61

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

 Widow Remarriage Act (1856). Lord Canning(1856-1862)  Establishment of three universities at Calcutta, Madras and Bombay in 1857.Revolt of 1857.He is the first Viceroy of India, Transfer of control from East India Company to the Crown, the Government of India Act, 1858  ‘White Mutiny’ by European troops in 1859. Lord Mayo( 1863-1872)  Opening of the Rajkot College in Kathiawar and the Mayo College at Ajmer for political training of Indian princes. Establishment of Statistical Survey ofIndia. Establishment of Department of Agriculture and Commerce.

Lord Lytton( 1876-1880)  appointment of Famine Commission under the presidency of Richard Strachey (1878).Royal Titles Act (1876), Queen Victoria assuming the title of ‘Kaiser-i-Hind’ or Queen Empress of India.  The Vernacular Press Act (1878).The Arms Act (1878). Lord Ripon(1880-1884)  Repeal of the Vernacular Press Act(1882).The first Factory Act (1881)Government resolution on local self government(1882)  Appointment of Education Commission under chairmanship of Sir William Hunter(1882).The Ilbert Bill controversy (1883-84). Lord Dufferin (1884-88)  Establishment of the Indian National Congress. Lord Lansdowne (1888-1894)  Factory Act (1891).Setting up of Durand Commission (1893) to define the Durand Line between India and Afghanistan Lord Curzon (1899-1905)  Appointment of Police Commission (1902) under Sir Andrew Frazer to review police administration. Establishment of Department of Commerce and Industry.(1904)  Partition of Bengal (1905).

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

62

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Lord Minto II (1905-1910)  Popularisation of anti-partition and Swadeshi Movements.  Split in Congress in the annual session of 1907 in Surat. Establishment of Muslim League by AgaKhan (1906). Lord Hardinge II (1910-1916)  Transfer of capital from Calcutta to Delhi(1911). Lord Chelmsford (1916-1921)  Formation of Home Rule Leagues by Annie Besant and Tilak (1916).  Lucknow pact between the Congress and Muslim League (1916)  Montagu’s August Declaration (1917)  Government of India Act (1919).The Rowlatt Act (1919).JallianwallaBagh massacre (1919).  Appointment of S.P. Sinha as governor of Bihar (the first Indian to become a governor, also first Indian to become a member of the Viceroy's executive Council and the first Indian to become a member of the British ministry). Lord Reading (1921-1926)  Chauri Chaura incident (February 5, 1922) and the subsequent withdrawal of NonCooperation Movement.  Moplah rebellion in Kerala (1921)  Kakori train robbery (1925)  Establishment of Swaraj Party by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru (1922)  Examinations for the ICS both in Delhi and London, with effect from 1923. Lord Irwin (1926-1931)  Visit of Simon Commission to India (1928) and the boycott of the commission by the Indians. Lord Willingdon (1931-1936)  Second Round Table Conference (1931) and failure of the conference, resumption of Civil Disobedience Movement.  Announcement of Communal Award (1932) under which separate communal lectorates were set up.  ‘Fast unto death’ by Gandhi in Yeravada prison, broken after the Poona Pact(1932).  Third Round Table Conference (1932).Launch of Individual Civil Disobedience(1933).The Government of India Act of 1935.  Burma separated from India (1935). https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

63

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Lord Linlithgow 1936-1944  ‘August Offer’ (1940) by the viceroy; its criticism by the Congress and endorsement by the Muslim League.  Winston Churchill elected prime minister of England (1940)  Escape of Subhash Chandra Bose from India (1941) and organisation of the Indian National Army.  Cripps Mission’s Cripps Plan to offer dominion status to India and setting up ofa Constituent Assembly; its rejection by the Congress.  Passing of the ‘Quit India Resolution’ by the Congress (1942) outbreak of ‘August Revolution’ or Revolt of 1942 after the arrest of national leaders.  ‘Divide and quit’ slogan at the Karachi session (1944) of the Muslim League.

Lord Wavell(1944-1947)  C. Rajagopalachari’s CR Formula (1944),failure of Gandhi-Jinnah talks (1944).Wavell Plan and the Shimla Conference(1942).End of Second World War (1945).  Proposals of the Cabinet Mission (1946) and its acceptance by the Congress. Observance of ‘Direct Action Day’ (August16, 1948) by the Muslim League. Elections to the Constituent Assembly, formation of Interim Government by the Congress (September 1946).Announcement of end of British rule in India by Clement Attlee (prime minister of England) on February 20, 1947. Lord Mountbatten 1947  June Third Plan (June 3, 1947) announced. Introduction of Indian Independence Bill in the House of Commons. Appointment of two boundary commissions under Sir Cyril Radcliff for the partition of Bengal and Punjab.

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

64

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Geography

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

65

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Map → World = “Super 100” (1)

(2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)

(13) (14) (15)

(16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27)

Black sea :Landlocked by Russia, Georgia, Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania (Short Cut → RRU BG Turkey ) - Connected Mediterranean Sea through Bosporus and sea of Marmara. Bering sea :USA – Russia Mediterranean sea :Europe –Africa Red sea :Separating Asia from Africa Bay of fundy :Canada Persian Gulf :Connected by strait of Hormuz and Gulf of Oman. Bab-el-mandeb :linking the Red sea with Arabian sea Bass Strait :Australia Bosporus :Black sea with Mediterranean sea Dover Strait :between England and France. English Channel :Separates England from France. Gibraltar Strait :- Only outlet of Mediterranean sea to the Atlantic ocean - Separates Iberian Peninsula and morocco. Hormuz Strait :Separates Iran from Oman and joins the Persian Gulf with the Arabian Sea. Alps :Folded mountains – Europe Andes :- tectonic activity high - Longest mountain chain in world. - South America Arakan Yoma :- Fold mountain – Myanmar Atlas mountain :Africa Black forest :Germany Black mountains :U.K. Blue mountains :Australia ELBurz mountains :Iran Golan Height :- between Israel – Syria Great dividing range :Australia Harz mountain :Germany Rocky :North America Ural :Russia Zagros :Iran

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

66

I CAN CRACK EXAM (28) Aconcagua of Andes (29) Cotopaxi (30) Etna (31) M.Everest (32) Kanchenjunga :(33) (34) (35) (36) (37) (38) (39) (40) (41) (42) (43) (44) (45) (46) (47) (48) (49) (50) (51) (52) (53) (54) (55) (56)

~CHINTAN

:-

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Chile – Argentina border, highest peak

:Ecuador (active volcanoes) :Italy and volcanoes is active. :Nepal-China border. Sikkim (India) o India’s highest peak’s of Himalayas Kilimanjaro :Tanzania o Active Volcano Stromboli :Mediterranean Sea o Active Volcano Anatolia Plateaus :in turkey, and Known as Asia Minor Massif Plateaus :France, Plateaus Kimberley plateaus :Australia Chagos Islands :Indian Ocean Amazon river :South America Darling river :Australia Danube :Germany Blue Nile :Lake Tana (Ethiopia) o In Sudan it meets white Nile Elbe river :Germany Euphrates river :Turkey Irrawaddy :Myanmar Limpopo :South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe Mekong river :“Danube of EAST” o China, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam Murray river :Australia Rhine :German – France border Salween :Myanmar Thames :London (U.K.) Volga :Russia Tigris :Iraq Aral Sea :border Uzbekistan-Kazakhstan o (Shortcut – U.K.) Baikal Lake :Russia o Largest fresh water lake in Asia Balkhash Lake:Kazakhstan. o It is a remnant of Tethys Sea.

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

67

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

(57) CASPIAN SEA Azerbaijan (58) Dead Sea (59) Superior Lake :(60) Volta lake (61) Atacama desert

:-

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Iran, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan Russia,

o (Shortcut – Iran Tu KAR) :Israel – Salt water lake North America o Largest fresh water lake in the world :Ghana (Africa) :South America, Chile o Most arid desert of the world.

(62) Dasht-e kavir and Dasht-e Lut (63) Gibson Desert :(64) Gobi desert (65) Gran Chaco (66) Kalahari Desert (67) Mojave (68) Namibian desert (69) Patagonia (70) Sahara

:Iran Australia :Mongolia – china border – Cold desert :South America :hot desert - Africa :U.S.A. :Africa :Border of Argentina and Chile :Largest desert of world o North Africa o Cover more than 10+ country (71) Sonora desert :California(usa) (72) Taklamakan desert :Western china

:: Grass Land :: (73) (74) (75) (76) (77) (78) (79) (80) (81) (82) (83) (84)

Asia minor Catinga Campos Kanto Llanos Negev Pampas Prairies Ruhr Basin Saar Basin Sahel Basin Savanna

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

::::::::::::-

Turkey Southern Brazil South America Japan Venezuela Israel Argentina – Uruguay (South America) USA – Canada Germany Germany Sahara desert, southern part Africa o tall grass 68

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

(85) Saxony (86) Selvas

::-

(87) Steppes (88) Veld (89) Angel falls

:::-

(90) Niagara falls

:-

(91) Victoria falls

:-

(92) Soo canal (93) Suez Canal (94) Panama canal

:::-

RAO

o tropical grassland Germany – rich coal area. South America o equatorial rain forests in the Amazon. Temperate grassland of Eurasia Temperate grassland of South Africa Venezuela o karoni river o highest waterfall in world. USA – Canada border o Biggest waterfall in world border Zambia – Zimbabwe o River Zambezi USA Asia – Europe – Africa cross border It connect Atlantic ocean with pacific ocean :: Ocean

(95) Agulhas current Benguela current Gulf stream Humboldt current

UPSC Prelims

currents ::

:-

Warm water current o southern east side of Africa :Cold current o Sothern west Africa :largest and longest warm current o North America :-

Cold current o also known as peru current o western S. America

(96) (97) (98) (99) (100)

Kuro siwo

:-

Japan, warm current

Oya siwo

:-

Japan, cold current

Bolan pass Death valley Durand line Great barrier reef Great Rift valley

:::::-

Pakistan-Afghanistan Southern California Afghanistan Australia eastern part of Africa

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

69

I CAN CRACK EXAM 

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

The origin and evolution of the earth

→ Big Bang Theory (101) German philosopher Immanuel Kant (102) First argument on origin (103) Laplace revised it in 1796 known as Nebular Hypothesis. → Solar system (104) (105) (106) (107) (108) (109) (110) (111) (112) (113)

eight planets Saturn have highest moon Mercury, Venues, Earth and Mars called inner planets (Terrestrial) Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune called Outer planets (Jovian/Gas made) Asteroids → between Mars – Jupiter Venus → Hottest planets Jupiter → Hydrogen + Helium Lunar eclipse → SUN → EARTH → MOON Solar eclipse → SUN → MOON → EARTH Latitude → Biggest - equator line → Distance between two latitude → 111 km (114) Longitude → North to south pole (115) International Time line → 0° longitude → pass to British Greenwich (116) International Date line → 180° longitude → Pass in pacific ocean → Day decide by this line → if pass through this line east to west -1 day - diminish

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

70

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

:: Earth Interior:: average density → 5.5𝑔/𝑐𝑚−3 Iron and Nickel Crust to core 32 m → decrease 1° C Mantle temp → 3700° C Core temp → 4500° C (121) Sial → Silica + aluminium (122) Sima → Silica + magnesium (123) NiFe → Nickel + ferrous (117) (118) (119) (120)

Continental Drift and Plate tectonic (124) Alfred Wagner a German meteorologist publicly presented idea of earth’s landmass migrate His book → Origin of continents and oceans (125) Minerals and Rocks :Major elements of earth’s crust (1) Oxygen → 46% (2) Silicon → 27% (3) Aluminum → 8.13% (4) Iron → 5% (126) Igneous Rocks :They are known as primary rocks (127) As igneous rocks from out of magma and lava from the interior of earth when magma cools and turn solid its called igneous rocks Ex:- Granite, gabbro and basalt (128) Sedimentary rocks :Rocks formed from organic sources by the process of denudation are known as sedimentary. Ex:-Sandstone, limestone, chalk, coal, peat, clay, shale (129) Metamorphic rocks :Igneous and sedimentary rocks convert into metamorphic rocks by pressure and temperature. Ex:-Quartzite, sangemarmar, Marble (130) Earth quake :The point where energy is released is called the focus. The point of surface of land nearest to focus called “Epicenter” (131) Earth quake was measure by “Seismograph.” https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

71

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

:: Three Waves :: → same as sound wave → Pass through solid, liquid, gases It’s a “Primary waves” → Secondary waves → Pass through only solid → highest danger waves

(132) P waves → (133) S waves (134) L waves

:: Volcanoes :: Three types:(135) Active volcanoes

→

(136) Dormant volcanoes

→

(137) Extinct volcanoes

→

constantly eject lava, gases, ashes Ex :- Stromboli, Etna, Pinatubo Ex :- Kilimanjaro, Krakatau (Indonesia) Mt Popa (Myanmar)

(138) Earthquakes → In India five seismic zones based “Mercalli Scale” (139) Zone – 1 → Moderate (140) Zone – 2 → Strong (141) Zone – 3 → Very Strong (Saurastra) (142) Zone – 4 → Destructive (143) Zone – 5 → Disastrous (Kutch) (144) Atmosphere Nitrogen O2 Argon CO2

:→

78% → → →

21% 0.93% 0.036%

(145) Albedo :Solar radiation which Is reflected amount is called Albedo. (146) Fronts :When two different air masses meet, the boundary zone between them is called a front.

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

72

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

UPSC Prelims

RAO

(147) Cyclone :(1) Tropical cyclones :(2) Temperate cyclones :- (Mid-latitude) Cyclone is a system of low pressure in which the barometric gradient in steep Northern hemisphere – Anti clock wise Southern hemisphere – clock wise

(148) Example of Tropical Cyclone :(1) Hurricanes → (2) Typhoons → (3) (4) (5)

Willy-Willies Tornado Cyclone

→ → →

Atlantic (U.S.A.) Western pacific and S. China sea Western Australia U.S.A. Indian Ocean

(149) Cyclone eyes diameter → 5 to 50 km (150) Anticyclone :- Totally opposite to cyclone → Its eyes diameter 75% more than cyclone and no front in anti cyclone → Center – High pressure → Outer – Low pressure

(151) Thunderstorms :- Strom associated with → Thunder → Lighting → Heavy rain fall or hail known as thunder storms (152) Air pressure belts :(1) Equatorial low pressure belt

i. Doldrums

→

ii. Horse latitude

→

iii. Trade Wind

→

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

5° N to 5° S low pressure belt known as doldrums 30-35° N and 35-35° S high Pressure belt known as Horse latitude 30° N to 30° 𝑆 between wind called trade wind 73

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

iv. Westerly Winds

UPSC Prelims

RAO

30° N to 60° N - 30° S to 60° S between wind called Westerly.

→

(153) Jet streams :- in troposphere wind → Flow west → East → 20° to 90° between flow → Minimum speed – 30 m/sec (154) Local wind name :(1) Loo (2) Chinook (3) Foehn (4) Mistral (5) Zonda (6) Norvester (7) Gibali (8) Sirocco

– – – – – – – –

(155) Water (Oceans) - Water on the earth’s surface - Oceans - Ice caps and glaciers - Ground water - Lakes

India U.S.A. Europe France/Spain Argentina New Zeeland Libya Sahara

– – – –

97.25% 2.05% 0.68% 0.01%

(156) Divisions of the ocean floors :(1) Continental shelf (2) Continental slope (3) Deep sea plan (4) Trenches → Continental shelf average gradient of 10 or even less – 80 km width → Trenches – deepest part of oceans Ex :- Challenger tranches – pacific (157) Mid oceanic Ridges :→ Two chains of mountains separated by large depression → Ex: - Iceland a part of the mid Atlantic ridge.

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

74

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

UPSC Prelims

RAO

(158) Guyots :→ it is flat topped seamount (159) Atoll :→ There are low island found in tropical oceans consisting of coral reef surrounding a central depression. → Heighest salinity in water bodies (1) Lake van in turkey → (330° /..) (2) Dead sea → (238° /..) (3) Great salt lake → (220° /..) (160) Dissolved salts in sea water :(1) Chlorine (2) Sodium (3) Sulphate

→ → →

(18%) (10%) (2%)

(161) Movements of oceans water :→ Tides :- The periodical rise and fall of the sea level.Once or twice a day mainly due to attraction of the sun and moon called tide. (162) Spring tide :When sun and moon and earth are in straight line, height of tide will be higher called spring tide. (163) Neep tide :Sun and moon are at right angles to each other and forces of sun and moon counteract one other. So lower tide than spring tide called neep tide. (164) Ocean currents :Two types :-

Cold currents Warm currents Effect :the mixing of warm and cold currents help to replenish O2 and favor to growth of planktons, food for fish population. (165) Type of rainfall :(1) Convection rain:rainfall in equatorial region . (2) Orographic rain :mountain range. (3) Cyclonic rainfall :When diff. temperatures large masses of air meet. (166) Record of wetness https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

→

Hawaii 75

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

→ →

(167) Record of Dryness (168) Type of climates of word (1) SAVANA climate

UPSC Prelims

RAO

World driest place Atacama – desert - Chile :-

5° N to 15° N 5° S to 15° S

→ heavy rain fall in summer → tall grass (elephant grass) → known as “big game country” (2) Tropical Monson :In India, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia (3) Hot desert climates :Between 15° and 30° N & S Ex :- Australia desert, Kalahari desert, Atacama desert (4) Steppe climate :Between desert and Mediterranean region Ex :Prairies → U.S.A. Pampas → Argentina Veld → Africa, Down → Australia → Wheat cultivation more → Granaries of the world (5) Mediterranean climate :35° N - 45° N 35° S - 45° S → Winter bringing cyclonic rain → Here wide range of citrus fruits, oranges, Lemon, Grape

:: Forest of World :: (1)

Tropical evergreen forest :→ Between 5° N - 5° S of equator → Ex :Amazon forest (Selvas) → Trees :Mahogany, rosewood, ebony

(2)

Tropical monsoon forest :→ Trees are high as 100 feet → Hardwood → Trees :Teak, sal, bamboo, rubber, sisam

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

76

I CAN CRACK EXAM (3)

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Temperate evergreen forest :→ China, Japan, Australia

(4)

Coniferous forest :→ Between 50° N to 70° N latitudes → Trees – Pine, spruce, hemlock, fir (169) Grassland :(1) Tropical grassland :- tall grass → Ex :Compos Brazil Llanos Guiana highland Savanna Africa/Australia (2)

Temperate grassland :→ Treeless/small size Ex :Steppe Eurasia Prairie N. America Pampas Argentina Veld S. Africa Down Australia

(170) Tundra :→ Northern hemisphere adjoining to Arctic ocean in the continents of Eurasia & N. America.

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

77

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

:: India ::

INDIA “Super 100” Map Geography (171) Coco channel :between Myanmar and north Andaman island (172) Duncan passage :South Andaman and little Andaman (173) Eight degree channel :South of Minicoy Island (174) Nine degree channel :between kavaratti and Minicoy Island (175) Palk strait :India-Sri Lanka (176) Ten degree channel :Little Andaman – Nicobar island (177) Barren Island :Middle Andaman – Active volcano (178) Pirotan Island :Jamnagar, Gujarat (179) Moore Island :Sundarban delta in Bay of Bengal (180) Ganga Sagar Island :Sundarban deltas (181) Wheeler Island :Situated in front of Mahanadi and Brahmani deltas in Bay of Bangal.

:: BEACHES :: (182) (183) (184) (185)

Chandipur Chorwad Gopalpur Shivrajpur

::::-

Orissa Gujarat Orissa Dwarka, Gujarat

:: Series and Faults :: (186) (187) (188) (189)

Champaner Series Champion Series Chilpi Series Talcher Series :-

:Aravalli’s :Karnataka :M.P. Orrisa

:: Mountain ranges :: https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

78

I CAN CRACK EXAM (190) Abor hills (191) Mt.Abu (192) Amarkantak (193) Aravalli range :(194) (195) (196) (197)

Baba budan hills Cardamom Hills Dafla Hills Garo Hills Jaintia Hills Khasi Hills (198) Javedi Hills (199) Kaimur range (200) Karakoram (201) Mahadeo Hills :(202) Maikal range (203) Mikir Hills (204) Miri Hills Mishmi Hills (205) Nalla malai range (206) Nilgiri mountain (207) Sahyadri

(208) Rajmahal hills :(209) Vindhya range :-

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

:Arunachal Pradesh :Rajasthan o Pilgrimage of jain’s Delwara temple :Chhattisgarh Oldest mountain range of india o Gujarat - Rajasthan :Karnataka, rich Iron ore :Kerala – T.N. :Arunachal Pradesh :Meghalaya :Meghalaya :Meghalaya :T.N. :M.P. :J.K. o Second highest peak K2 lies in Karakorum M.P. o Highest peak dhupgarh :M.P. (Chhattisgarh) :Meghalaya :Arunachal Pradesh :Arunachal Pradesh :Andhra Pradesh :T.N. o highest peak doda beta :Western ghat o Gujarat to kanniyakumari o 1500 KM Jharkhand divide north and south India - M.P.

:: Mountain peaks :: (210) (211) (212) (213)

Agasthya malai Anaimudi Peak Blue mountain :Dewodi munda

(214) Dhupgarh peak https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

:Kerala – T.N. :T.N. Mizoram :Orissa o Highest peak of eastern ghat :M.P. 79

I CAN CRACK EXAM

(215) (216) (217) (218) (219) (220) (221)

Guru sikhar Gorakhnath Kalsubai Peak :Mahendragiri Kudermukh Kanchanjanga :Chotanagpur plateau (222) Deccan lava Plateau

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

o Highest peak of satpura range :Mt.Abu, Rajsthan :Girnar, Gujarat Maharashtra :Orissa :Karnataka Sikkim :-

Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh

:- Greater part of Maharashtra and Sahydris o Covered basalt o Regur soil, helpful for cotton, pulses

:: Main Passes :: (223) Banihal Pass (224) Bomdila :Bumla (225) Changla pass (226) Dihag Pass (227) Rohtang Pass (228) Nathula Pass (229) Lipulekh Pass Mana Pass (230) Sipkila (231) Dras (232) Bhakra nagal project (233) Chilka lake (234) Jog falls (235) Majuli island

(236) Thar Desert

:J.K. Arunachal Pradesh :Arunachal Pradesh :Ladakh :Arunachal Pradesh :Himachal Pradesh :India-China border - Sikkim :Uttarakhand :Uttarakhand :Himachal Pradesh :Coldest place in India o In Greater Himalayas :Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan o Govind sagar dam :Largest saline lake - Orissa :On sharavatti river - Karnataka :Assam o Brahmaputra river o Largest river island in Asia :Rajasthan

:: Rivers :: https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

80

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

(237) Alaknanda :tributaries of the Bhagirathi and join it at Devprayag after known as Ganga. (238) Barak River :Join the Brahmaputra river (239) Betwa :Vindhya range (Bhopal) (240) Brahmaputra :Known as Tsangpo in Tibet. Tributaries :Sabansiri, Lohit, Manas, Dihang, Sankus, Tista, Kapilli (241) Chambal :Vindhya Mountain (242) Damodar :Chotanagapur plateau o Jharkhand o Known as “Sorrow of Bengal” (243) Godavari :Maharashtra tributaries o Purna, pen ganga, pranhita, wardha, wain ganga, Indravati, sabri (244) Ken :M.P. (245) Kaveri :Karnataka Tributaries :Bhavani (246) Krishna :Mahabaleshwar Tributaries :Koyana,Ghataprabha (247) Kosi :Origin Kanchenjunga o “Sorrow of Bihar” (248) Mahanadi :Chhattisgarh - Orissa (249) Tapi :Rises from satpura Range (250) Narmada :Rises from Amar kantak (Maikal range) (251) Tista :Sikkim (252) Yamuna :Tributary of Ganga, merges at Allahabad

:: Lakes :: (253) Asthamudi lake - Chandra tal - Dal lake - Dhebar lake - Husain sagar - Kolleru lake

- Loktak lake:https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

::::::-

Kerala Himachal Pradesh Srinagar (Jhelum river) Rajasthan Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh (Largest fresh water lake) Delta of Godavari - Krishna Manipur Only floating island lake in world 81

I CAN CRACK EXAM - Pongong Tso - Oman sagar - Pulicat lake :- Tsongmo lake - Vemband lake - Wular lake (254) (255) (256) (257) (258)

(259) (260) (261) (262) (263) (264) (265) (266) (267) (268) (269) (270)

Gokak falls Dudhsagar falls Dudama falls Hundru falls Joranda falls Shivasamundram falls Simlipal Biosphere reserve Nokrek Panchamarhi Nandadevi Manas Namdapha Keoladeo Kaziranga Balpakhram Mannar Corbett National park :Keibul Lamjao National park

~CHINTAN

UPSC Prelims

RAO

:Ladakh :Hydrabad Border of Andhra Pradesh –T.N. Brackish Water lake :Sikkim :Kerala :J.K. (Tectronic activity) Largest fresh water lake in India :Karnataka :Goa (Mandovi river) :Orissa :Jharkhand :Orissa :-

Kaveri river, Karnataka

::::::::::-

Orrisa Meghalaya M.P. Uttarakhand Assam Arunachal Pradesh Rajasthan Assam Meghalaya India –Srilanka

Uttarakhand :-

Loktak lake (Manipur)

:: India ::    

Highest density state → Bihar Growth rate decade → 17.7% Sex ratio → 943/1000 Eight state pass tropic of cancer (271) Gujarat (2) Rajasthan (4) Chhattisgarh (5) Jharkhand

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

(3) M.P. (6) W.B 82

I CAN CRACK EXAM (7)

Tripura

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

(8) Mizoram

State and other country border (1)

China (3488 km) → J.K., Himachal, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal (2) Nepal (1751 km) → Uttarakhand, U.P., Bihar, W.Bengal, Sikkim (3) Bhutan (699 km) → Sikkim, W.B., Assam, Arunachal (4) Myanmar (1643 km) → Arunachal, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram (5) Bangladesh (4096 km) → Mizoram, Tripura, Assam, Meghalaya, W.B. (6) Pakistan (3323 km) → Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab, J.K. (7) Afghanistan (106 km) → J.K.  Indian Time line pass near Allahabad 82.5° longitude and pass through five state (1) U.P. (2) M.P. (3) Chhattisgarh (4) Orissa (5) Andhra Pradesh Himalayan Mountain  West - east direction Indus to Brahma Putra  Himadri (6000 m)  Himachal (3700 m)(Kullu)  Shiwallik (900-1000 m) (Dehradun) Terai swampy and marshy region known terai Bhangar Older deposits of food plains called Bhangar. Khadar Younger deposits.

Classification of Soils Alluvial Soil  North India  Deposited by Indus Ganga Brahmaputra  Paddy, Wheat, Sugarcane  43% Red Soil https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

83

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

 Reddish due to diffusion of iron in crystalline  18 % Black Soil  Known as regur soils  Cotton soil  lava region, crack during hot weather..15% in india. Laterite Soil  Leaching due to heavy rain  Growing tea, coffee, cashew nut  South India

Agriculture Jhuming  Slash and burn agriculture known as Jhuming in India.  Milpa Mexico  Roca Brazil Rabi crop  Winter  Wheat, barley, peas, gram, mustard Kharif crop  Monsoon  Paddy, maize, Jowar, bajara, tur, moong, cotton, groundnut,  Soyabean Zaid season crop  Summer  Watermelon, cucumber and muskmelon, vegetables and fodder crops.

Minerals (1) (2) (3)

Iron Ore Manganese Copper

-

(4) (5)

Bauxite Mica

-

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

Karnataka 26% highest Orissa, M.P. 58% in M.P. (Balaghat Mines) 42% Rajasthan (Khetri) 45% Orissa Rajasthan

84

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

UPSC Prelims

RAO

Coal

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

Gondwana Coals

Tertiary Coals

(200 million year ago)

(55 million year ago)

Damodar vally

Meghalaya

Jharkhand

Assam

Bokaro

Arunachal

Raniganj

Nagaland

Petroleum 63% Petroleum production - Mumbai High 18% Petroleum production - Gujarat 16% Petroleum production - Assam Natural Gas Krishna Godavari basin Gulf of Cambay (Gujarat) Andaman Nicobar Nuclear energy Uranium and thorium which are available in Jharkhand and Rajasthan Monazite sands of Kerala is also rich in thorium Wind Power 1st Tamilnadu

EL-NINO & Indian Monsoon  Known as “Child Christ”  When Peru cold current flow direction change and reverse the condition and develops warm condition over eastern pacific result weak monsoon causing drought, floods & failure of crops Indian Inland Water way (1) National water way – 1 (Ganga River) Haldiya – Allhabad https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

85

I CAN CRACK EXAM (2) (3) (4) (5)

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

NW - 2 Brahmaputra river – Dhubari to sadia NW - 3 Kerala NW - 4 Godavari and Krishna river NW - 5 Brahmani river (Orissa)

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

86

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Polity

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

87

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS THE REGULATING ACT, 1773  This act provided for the centralisation of administration of company’s territories in India.  Governor of Bengal became Governor- General of Bengal .  Supreme Court to be set up at Calcutta (1774) . THE PITT’S INDIA ACT, 1784  Subordinated the Bombay and Madras Presidency to the Bengal Presidency in all questions of war, diplomacy and revenues.  Strength of Governor-General in council reduced to 3.  It distinguished between the commercial and political functions of the company. It established a system of double government.  British Government was given the supreme control over company’s affair and its administration in India. THE CHARTER ACT, 1793  This Act gave the power to the Governor-General to override his council. THE CHARTER ACT, 1833  Governor-General of Bengal to be Governor-General of India .  William Bentick was the first Governor-General of India .  Government of Madras and Bombay deprived of legislative powers.  Law member added to the council of Governor-General. THE CHARTER ACT, 1853  The Act for the first time created a separate legislative machinery consisting of 12 members legislative council which came to be known as the Indian (central)legislative council .  It introduced an open competition system of selection and recruitment of civil servants .  Law member was made a full member of the Executive Council of the GovernorGeneral. THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT, 1858  It created a new office of Secretary of state for India.  The Secretary of state was assisted by a 15-member council .  Governor-General was to be called as the Viceroy .  A highly centralised administrative structure created. https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

88

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

UPSC Prelims

RAO

 It ended the system of double government by abolishing the Board of Control and Court of Directors.  The act known as the Act for the Good Government of India , abolished the East India Company, and transferred the powers of government, territories and revenues to the British Crown . THE INDIAN COUNCIL ACT, 1861  Government started associating Indians in legislation.  A fifth member added to the Viceroy’s executive council.  For legislative purposes, executive council of Viceroy was enlarged by 6 to 12 members . THE INDIAN COUNCIL ACT, 1892  Introduction of indirect elections for the non-official members of the Imperial and Provincial Legislative Councils .  The councils at both levels were to have the power of discussing the Budget but not of voting. 1909 Non-official Only in majority (elected) provinces Element of No Federalism

Dyarchy at Provinces Dyarchy at Center

No

Direct Elections Bicameralism at centre Bicameralism at provinces

No No

1935 Both centre as well as at provinces All-India Federation three lists Federal List (for Centre), Provincial List (for provinces) and the Concurrent List Yes, by transferred and No, Introduced provincial Reserved Subjects Autonomy instead NO Yes, federal subjects were divided into reserved subjects and transferred subjects Yes Yes Yes Yes

No

NO

No

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

1919 Both centre as well as at provinces Separation of the central and provincial subjects introduced

Yes

89

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

IMPORTANT FACTS  The Constitution of India was formally enacted on 26 November, 1949 .  The Constitution of India came into force on 26 January, 1950 .  There were 395 Articles and 8 Schedules in the Constitution when it was finally passed.  The constitution of India was framed and adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India.  As per the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946 , the Constituent Assembly was set up in November 1946.  The members were elected indirectly by the Provincial Assemblies in the ratio of one member per one million population.  There were a total of 389 members in the Constituent Assembly of which 296 were elected by the members of the Provincial Assemblies and the rest were nominated by the Princely States.  The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly was held on 9th December,1946 with Sachidanand Sinha as the interim President .  Later Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the President of the Constituent Assembly on 11th December, 1946.  The historic “Objective Resolution” was moved in the Constituent Assembly by Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru on 13th December, 1946 which ultimately became the Preamble of our Constitution.  The Constituent Assembly formed 13 important committees for framing the Constitution.  A drafting committee of 7 members was set up on 29th August, 1947 SALIENT FEATURES OF THE CONSTITUTION 1. Lengthiest Written Constitution 2. Drawn From Various Sources 3. Blend of Rigidity and Flexibility 4. Federal System with Unitary Bias 5. Parliamentary Form of Government 6. Synthesis of Parliamentary Sovereignty and Judicial Supremacy 7. Integrated and Independent Judiciary 8. Fundamental Rights 9. Directive Principles of State Policy 10. Fundamental Duties 11. A Secular State 12. Universal Adult Franchise https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

90

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

UPSC Prelims

RAO

13. Single Citizenship 14. Independent Bodies 15. Emergency Provisions 16. Three-tier Government Features Parliamentary Government Rule of Law Parliamentary Privileges Single citizenship Bicameralism Fundamental Rights Judicial independence and Judicial Review Post of vice president DPSP Nomination of Rajyasabha members Method of President election Federation with strong centres residuary power with centre Concurrent List Freedom of Trade and Commerce Joint Sitting. Suspension of Fundamental rights during Emergency Fundamental Duties, ideals of justice. Republic, Liberty, Equality and Fraternity. Amendment of the Constitution Procedure established by Law

Source

British Constitution

USA

Ireland Canada

Australia Weimer constitution of Germany USSR France South Africa Japan

PREAMBLE OF THE CONSTITUTION  Preamble is based on the ‘Objectives Resolution’, drafted and moved by Pandit Nehru, and adopted by the Constituent Assembly.  It was enacted at the end of the constitution to reflect constitution.  Preamble is not a source of power to legislature not a prohibition upon the powers of legislature. https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

91

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

 It is non-justiciable.  The Preamble has been amended only once so far, in 1976, by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, which has added three new words Socialist, Secular and Integrity—to the Preamble

Key words:  Sovereign - India is neither a dependency nor a dominion of any other nation, but an independent state  Socialist - Indian brand of socialism is a ‘democratic socialism’ (coexistence of public and private sector) and not a ‘communistic socialism’ (also known as ‘state socialism’). Indian socialism is a blend of Marxism and Gandhism, leaning heavily towards Gandhian socialism’.  Secular- added by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976. Positive concept of secularism i.e., all religions in our country (irrespective of their strength) have the same status and support from the state.  Democratic - The term ‘democratic’ is used in the Preamble in the broader sense embracing not only political democracy but also social and economic democracy.  Republic - the term ‘republic’ in our Preamble indicates that India has an elected head called the president. It implies political sovereignty lies with people and public offices are open to all.  Justice - The term ‘justice’ in the Preamble embraces three distinct forms— social, economic and political, secured through various provisions of Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles.(political through FR’s and social and economic justice through DPSP)  Liberty - absence of restraints on the activities of individuals, and at the same time, providing opportunities for the development of individual personalities.

UNION AND ITS TERRITORY  Articles 1 to 4 under Part-I  Article 1 describes India, that is, Bharat as a ‘Union of States’ not Federation of states. (it is not result of agreement between the states and there is no right to secede for the states)  According to Article 1, the territory of India can be classified into three categories: 1. Territories of the states, 2. Union territories, 3. Territories that may be acquired by the Government of India at any time. https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

92

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

 ‘Territory of India’ is a wider expression than the ‘Union of India’ .Union of India implies States .where as Territory of India implies states, UTs, territories that may be acquired in future.  Article 2 grants two powers to the Parliament: (a) the power to admit into the Union of India new states; and (b) the power to establish new states.  Article 3 authorizes the Parliament to: (a) form a new state by separation of territory from any state or by uniting two or more states or parts of states or by uniting any territory to a part of any state, (b) increase the area of any state, (c) diminish the area of any state, (d) alter the boundaries of any state, and (e) alter the name of any state.  Article 4 states that laws made under Art 2 and Art 3, shall not be considered as a constitutional Amendment under Art 368.  If any territory has to be ceded to a foreign country, it cannot happen under Art 3. It needs an amendment under Art 368.  100th constitutional amendment act ceded certain enclaves to Bangladesh. Evolution of States and Union Territories  Dhar Commission (1948): reorganization of states on the basis of administrative convenience rather than linguistic factor.  JVP Committee(1948): formally rejected language as the basis for reorganization of states  Fazl Ali Commission: submitted its report in September 1955 and broadly accepted language as the basis of reorganization of states. But, it rejected the theory of ‘one language–one state’.  Based on Fazl Ali commission, States reorganization act 1956 and 7th CAA led to Abolition of four fold classification of states and formation of 14 states and 6 UTs.  First linguistic state created in India – Andhra state in 1953. CITIZENSHIP Who are citizens?  At the time of commencement of the constitution  Person who is domicile in India – born, any one of the parent is Indian,(descent) resident in India for 5 years.  People who came from Pakistan

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

93

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

 People who went to Pakistan and returned back to India before commencement of this constitution.  Persons of Indian origin residing outside India (by registration)  Acquisition of Citizenship - Birth, Descent, Registration, Naturalization, incorporation of a new Territory.  Loss of citizenship  Renunciation - voluntarily giving away of citizenship.  Termination - acquiring foreign citizenship automatically terminates it.  Deprivation - compulsory termination by central government in cases of fraudulent acquisition of citizenship. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS Features of FRs  Few are available only to citizens not to foreigners  Art 15,16,19,29 and 30  Available to citizens and foreigners too but not enemy aliens  Art 14,20,21,21A,22,23,24,25,26,27,28  Fundamental rights available against private citizens too  Art 15,17,23,24,32(only Habeas corpus)  They can be suspended during the operation of a National Emergency except Articles 20 and 21.  Their scope of operation is limited by Article 31A, 31B, 31C.  Their application can be restricted while martial law is in force in any area.  Most of them are directly enforceable. For few an enabling law only by Parliament is necessary Ex – 21A  Article 12 – Definition of State: Union and State governments legislatures, local authorities, PSUs etc.,  Art 13 – all laws that are inconsistent with fundamental rights shall be void.  Laws of parliament, state legislature  Ordinances  Non legislative sources of law (Convention).  Delegated legislation  Word law does not apply for personal laws and constitutional amendment acts. RIGHT TO EQUALITY (ARTICLES 14-18)  Article 14 : Provides for equality before law or equal protection of law to all persons within the territory https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

94

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

 Article 15 : Prohibits 'the state' from discriminating against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.  Article 16 : Provides for equality of opportunity to all citizens in matters of public employment.  Article 17 : Provides for abolition of untouchability.  Article 18 : Provides for abolition of titles. RIGHT TO FREEDOM (ARTICLES 19-22)  Article 19 : It guarantees the citizens of India the following six fundamental freedoms — (a) Freedom of speech and expression (b) Freedom of Assembly (c) Freedom of Association (d) Freedom of movements (e) Freedom of residence and settlement (f) Freedom of profession, occupation, trade or business.  Article 20 : Protection in respect of conviction for offences  Article 21 : Protection of life and personal liberty.  Article 22 : Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases.  Whenever a person is arrested, he should be informed as soon as may be, of the grounds for his arrest and should be allowed to consult and to be defended by a legal practitioner of his choice and produced before the nearest magistrate within a period of 24 hours. RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (ARTICLE 23-24)  Article 23 : Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labor.  Article 24 : No child below the age of 14 can be employed. RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (ARTICLE 25-28)  Article 25 : Freedom of conscience and the right to freely profess, practice and propagate religion.  Article 26 : Freedom to manage religious affairs.  Article 27 : Prohibits taxes on religious grounds.  Article 28 : Freedom as to attendance at religious ceremonies in certain educational institutions. CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (29-30)  Article 29 : Protection of interests of minorities.  Article 30 : Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions. https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

95

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

UPSC Prelims

RAO

 Article 31 : Omitted by the 44th Amendment Act 1978. RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES.  Article 32 : The right to move to the supreme court in case of violation of fundamental rights. It has been called the cornerstone of the entire edifice setup by the constitution. WRIT Habeas Corpus

Mandamus

Prohibition

Certiorari

Quowarranto

Meaning/purpose Show me the body of / to find the missing people We command /To get the Job Done by an authority To Forbid / to stop the lower quotes proceeding further in a case out of their jurisdiction To be certified or to be Informed/transfer a case due to excess of lower court jurisdiction By what authority / To prevent unqualified people taking public offices

Locus Standi Do not apply

Against to Whom Private citizen or public authority

Applies

Against Public Official

Applies

Judicial and Quasi Judicial bodies

Applies

Judicial and Quasi Judicial bodies

Do not apply

Any public authority unqualified for the position.

 DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY CLASSIFICATION OF DPSPS 1. Socialist Principlesn 2. Gandhian principles

3. Liberal Principles

1. Socialist Principles These principles reflect the ideology of socialism. They lay down the framework of a democratic socialist state, aim at providing social and economic justice and set the path towards welfare state. The articles which contains socialist principles are  Article 38 : To promote the welfare of the people by securing a social order permeated by justice- social, economic and political and to minimize inequalities. in income, status, facilities and opportunities. https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

96

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

 Article 39 : To secure (a) The right to adequate means of livelihood for all citizens. (b) The equitable distribution of material resources of the community for the common good; (c) Prevention of concentration of wealth and means of production. (d) Equal pay for equal work for men and women. (e) Preservation of the health and strength of workers and children against forcible abuse, and (f) Opportunities for healthy development of children.  Article 39(A) : To promote equal justice and to provide free legal aid to the poor.  Article 41 : To secure the right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement.  Article 42 : To make provision for just and humane conditions for work and maternity relief.  Article 43 : To secure a living wage, a decent standard of life and social and cultural opportunities for all workers.  Article 43 A : To take steps to secure the participation of workers in the management of industries.  Article 47 : To raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living of people and to improve 2. Gandhian Principles These principles are based on Gandhian ideology. They represent the programme of reconstruction enunciated by Gandhi during the national movement. In order to fulfill the dreams of Gandhi, some of his ideals were included as Directive Principles. These are.  Article 40 : To organize village panchayats and endow them with necessary powers and authority to enable them to function as units of self government.  Article 43 : To promote cottage industries on an individual or cooperation basis in rural areas.  Article 43 B : To promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control and professional management of co-operative societies.  Article 46 : To promote the educational and economic interests of SC & ST and other weaker sections of the society and to protect them from social injustice and exploitation.  Article 47 : To prohibit the consumption of intoxicating drinks and drugs which are injurious to health.  Article 48 : To prohibit the slaughter of cows, calves and other milch and draught cattle and to improve their breeds. https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

97

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

3. Liberal Principles These principles represent the ideology of liberalism. These are —  Article 44 : The state will try to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India.  Article 45 : The state shall endeavor to provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the  Article 48 : To organize agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines.  Article 48 A : To protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wildlife.  Article 49 : To protect monuments, places and objects of artistic or historic interest which are declared to be of national importance.  Article 50 : The state shall separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the state.  Article 51 : To promote international peace and security . DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DPSPS AND FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS Fundamental Rights Directive Principles 1. These are negative as they prohibit the State from doing certain things. 2. These are justifiable, that is, they are legally enforceable by the courts in case of their violation. 3. Aim at political democracy. 4. Have legal sanctions. 5. They promote the welfare of the individual. Hence, they are personal and individualistic. 6. They do not require any legislation for their implementation. They are automatically enforced. 7. The courts are bound to declare a law violative of any of the Fundamental Rights as unconstitutional and invalid.

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

1. These are positive as they require the State to do certain things. 2. These are non - justiciable, that is, they are not legally enforceable by the courts for their violation. 3. Aim at social and economic democracy 4. Have moral and political sanctions. 5. They promote the welfare of the community. Hence, they are societarian and socialistic. 6. They require legislation for their implementation. They are not automatically enforced. 7. The courts cannot declare a law violative of any of the Directive Principles as unconstitutional and invalid. However, they can uphold the validity of a law on the ground that it was enacted to give effect to a directive. 98

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

BASIC STRUCTURE  Parliament under article 368 can amend any part of constitution without affecting the basic structure of constitution. CASES with respect to BASIC STRUCTURE  Shankari Prasad case 1951 - Parliament can take away any FRs  Golakanath case 1967 - Parliament cannot take away FRs. It cannot amend them. Art 368 has only procedure and not power to amend the constitution.  Kesavanandbharati case 1973 - Parliament can amend the FRs without affecting the BASIC STRUCTURE.

UNION EXECUTIVE  52-78, Part V  President, Vice president, PM and council of members, Attorney General of India PRESIDENT  Qualifications of contestant – 35yrs, citizen of India, qualified to be a member of Lok Sabha, shall not hold office of Profit under any govt. Election of the President  50 electors shall be proposers and 50 shall be seconders  Election system – indirect election, proportional representation by single transferable vote.  Voters (Only elected MPs-LS and RS, Elected MLA’s of Legislative Assembly of states and U/T of Delhi and Pondicherry)  Oath– CJI, to preserve, protect and defend constitution.  Conditions of office – determined by Parliament Legal immunity  No criminal proceedings  Civil proceedings with 2months of Notice can be initiated only on personal acts.  Term: 5 Years Impeachment  Grounds: Constitutional violation (undefined)  parliament with 2/3rd majority of total strength of house independently in LS and RS.(Nominated members also participate, MLA’s do not participate)  14 days of prior notice to President  First house – lays charges and 1/4th members need to support it https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

99

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

 Chairman/ Speaker may or may not admit it.  Second house investigates the charges. Note  President actions prior to impeachment will not get affected.  Vacancy in the President’s Office is temporarily filled by Vice president, CJI or Senior most Judge of SC in order. (max period 6months)  Newly elected president will be in office for full term. (5years)  Resignation of President is submitted to Vice President. POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT Executive Power  All executive action of the union must be taken in the name of the President.(Article 77) He appoints the followings 1. Prime Minister 2. Ministers 3. Chief Justice and Judges of Supreme Court and High Courts 4. Chairman and Members of UPSC 5. Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) 6. Attorney General of India (AGI) 7. Chief Election commissioner and other members of election commission 8. Governors 9. Members of finance commission 10. Ambassadors  He directly administers the union Territories through the Lt. Governor, Commissioner or Administrator.  He can appoint a commission to investigate into the conditions of SCs, STs and OBCs.  He can appoint an inter-state council to promote centre-state relation and for cooperation amongst different states. Legislative Powers  He can summon and prorogue the session of the two houses.  He can dissolve Lok Sabha (Article 85) .  He can address both the houses jointly or separately.  He addresses the first session after general elections and at the commencement of the first session of each year.  He can send messages to both the houses. https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

100

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

 Nominate 12 member to Rajya Sabha and 2 members of Anglo- Indian Community in Lok Sabha if they have not receive adequate representation.  Certain bills can be introduced in Parliament only on the recommendation of the President.  Presidential assent is essential before a bill becomes an Act.  He can enact laws through ordinance when the Parliament is in recess. These ordinance must be passed by Parliament with the 6 weeks of reassembly.  Lays the report of the comptroller and Auditor General, the finance commission and others before the Parliament.  Decides on the questions as to the qualifications of the MPs, in consultation with the Election Commission. Financial Powers  All money bills can originate in Parliament only on recommendation of President.  No demand for a grant can be made except on his recommendation.  He appoints Finance commission after each 5 years that recommends distribution of taxes between union and states.  The President shall in respect of every financial year cause to be laid before both the Houses of parliament a statement of the estimated receipts and expenditure of the Government of India for that year. Judicial Powers  The President shall have the power to grant pardons reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence.  The President is the only authority for pardoning a sentence of death (Article 72) Diplomatic Powers  Represents country in international forum.  He sends ambassadors and receives diplomats.  All international treaties and agreements are concluded on his behalf however they are subject to ratification by Parliament. Military Powers  He is the supreme commander of the defense forces of India.  He appoints chief of Army, Navy and Air Force.  Declare war and concludes peace, subject to the approval of the Parliament.

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

101

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Emergency Powers 1. National emergency (Art 352) 2. President’s rule (Art 356 & 365) 3. Financial emergencies (Art 360) Veto Power of the President • Absolute Veto - withhold for state bills, Private member bills. • Suspensive Veto - President can send a bill for reconsideration of parliament only once. Not available for Money bills and Amendment bills. • Pocket Veto - no action. • No Qualified Veto for President of India. • For Money bill President can ratify or reject but cannot be returned. • No Veto power on constitutional Amendment bills (24th AA) Presidential Veto over State Legislation  Governor under Art 200 reserves certain bills for President Consideration. State legislature cannot override suspensive veto power of the President. Ordinance • Art 123, co extensive with legislative power of union,but cannot amend constitution. • To deal with unforeseen emergencies. • Can be applied from retrospective date (civil, tax laws not criminal laws) • Can be made if both houses or one house is not in session. • Shall be submitted before the parliament within 6 weeks after reassembly with a statement explaining circumstances that led to ordinance.( If houses are assembled at different dates, later dates are considered) If parliament do not approve, actions taken under ordinances do not nullify. Judgments of Supreme Court • Coopers case : Ordinance power of President is subjected to Judicial review on malafide grounds. • DC Wadhwa case : Ordinance power is not a substitute for the legislative power. • Re promulgation of Ordinances is the violation of constitution and can be stuck down. Discretionary Powers • President does not enjoy constitutional discretionary power as he is bound by 42 nd CA and 44th CA act. • However he enjoys situational discretion power in following cases, 1. To appoint the PM in case of Hung Parliament https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

102

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

2. To dissolve Loksabha or to call for an alternative after passage of No confidence motion in LS 3. To send a bill for reconsideration (44th AA) 4. Dismissal of Council of Ministers if No confidence Motion is passed and Council of Ministers do not resign. 5. To ensure that 6 months do not lapse between two sessions of parliament. VICE-PRESIDENT  According to the Article 63, there shall be a Vice-President.  He is the ex-officio chairman of Rajya Sabha.  Vice-President is elected by the members of an electoral college consisting of the members of both House of Parliament. ATTORNEY GENERAL OF INDIA  Article 76 States that the President shall appoint a person who is qualified to be appointed as a judge of the Supreme Court to be the Attorney General of India.  He is the first legal officer of the Government of India.  He holds office during the pleasure of the President . Prime Minister  Head of the government. Council of ministers are appointed and removed by the President on recommendation of PM.  On his resignation, government collapses.  Oath – allegiance to constitution, protection of sovereignty, faithful discharge, to do right to all, secrecy.  Leader of the house in which he is a member and nominates leader of other house. Other functions Chairman of, • NITI Aayog, (executive body) • Indian Board of wildlife (statutory – wild life protection act 1972) • National Ganga river Basin authority – statutory body under Environmental Protection act. • National commission on Population : Executive body • Nuclear command authority • National disaster management authority • Interstate council • National integration council • CSIR https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

103

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

• Department of space, atomic energy, DoPT • Cabinet committee on appointments, economic affairs and political affairs. • National development council. • National water resource council. Council of Ministers  Three types – cabinet, ministers of state (MOS), Deputy Ministers.  Others – parliamentary sec. They are not an exemption to Office of Profit.  Cabinet ministers can attend cabinet meetings without any invitation, they will be in charge of important portfolios.  MOS they would be incharge of small ministries or department and only on invitation they attend cabinet meetings.  Dy ministers will given In charge of departments or assist cabinet ministers in discharging their duties. Size of council of Ministers  91st AA – shall not be more than 15% of total strength of LS (including PM) PARLIAMENT  Parts - LS, RS, President Rajyasabha  Upper house, council of states  Permanent House.  Total 245 members - 229 members from states, 4 members from UTs and 12 members nominated by the president.  Eligibility : 30 years, citizen of India, No office of profit  Elections System : Proportional representation by single transferable vote  Allocation of seats to the states based on the population.  Representation of states: Elected MLA’s of the states.  Representation of UT - Electoral College specifically constituted for this purpose on two union territories Delhi, Pondicherry have representation.  Fourth Schedule - allocation of seats in the RS to the states and UTs  one-third of its members retire every second year Eligible for re-election  Tenure of the MP 6 years can be changed by the Parliament.  Presiding officer of the Rajya Sabha is known as the Chairman(Vice president)

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

104

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Special Powers of Rajya Sabha  Signifies the federal structure  Make law on State List (Article 249).  Create new All-India Services (Article 312)  Article 67 – A resolution for the removal Vice President of India can be introduced only in Rajyasabha and shall be agreed by Loksabha  Can approve emergency if Loksabha is dissolved. Loksabha  House of people, lower house  Representation of states: Directly elected first pass the post system.  Representation of UT : Parliament by law provides Union Territories are represented (Union Territories direct elections to the house of people act, 1965)  Age of the Voter – 18 Years (21 to 18 by 61st constitutional amendment)  Qualification to contest – He shall be register voter in any constituency in lok sabha in India. Age 25 years, citizen of India. SC, ST Registrations exists. Any person belong to SC, ST from any part of India from reserved constituency in any state.  Territorial constituencies – Delimitation commission, Inter State and Intra state parity is maintained based on population.  Allocation to states and boundaries of constituencies are re-adjusted after every census. (42nd CAA) freezed it up to 2000, 84th amendment freezed it up to 2026)  Max strength 552 = 530 from states, 20 from UTs and 2 nominated by the president from the Anglo-Indian community.  Presently-545 members  Term is five years  President is authorized to dissolve the Lok Sabha at any time.  Speaker is the head of the Lok Sabha. Special Powers of Lok Sabha  Money bill can be introduced only in Loksabha.  No confidence, censure, adjournment and cut motion can be passed only in Loksabha.  Joint Sitting is chaired by speaker of Loksabha

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

105

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

COMPARISONS AMONG DIFFERENT BILLS Ordinary Bill

Money Bill

Financial Bill

Constitutional Amendment Bill

Can be introduced in either house of parliament. No President Recommendation for introduction. Passed by simple majority.

Only in Lok Sabha.

Only in Lok Sabha.

In either house of parliament.

Need President recommendation

Need President No need President recommendation recommendation

Passed by simple majority.

Equal jurisdiction of both houses of parliament.

RS has only recommendatory power (14 days)

Passed by Passed by simple or simple majority. special majority (by both houses separately) and or approval of legislatures of not less than one-half of the states. Equal Equal jurisdiction of jurisdiction both houses. of both houses.

Joint session can be held

Joint session cannot be held

Joint session can be held

President has three options: Absolute veto, suspensive veto, pocket veto.

President has choice of withholding or giving assent to the bill, but by convention he can not withhold the assent.

President has three options: Absolute veto, suspensive veto, pocket veto.

Joint session cannot be held because if one house rejects the bill, it comes to an end. President has to give assent to the bill.

Sessions of Parliament  Normally 3 sessions (Budget, Monsoon, Winter)  House between sessions is set to be in recess.  The maximum gap between two sessions shall not be more than 6 months. https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

106

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Summoning - president summons RS and LS to meet (should meet at least twice a year) Adjournment - suspends the work in a sitting for a specified time, which may be hours, days or weeks - Done by presiding officer. Adjournment sine die - terminating a sitting of Parliament for an indefinite period, done by presiding officer . Prorogation - It not only terminates a sitting but also a session of the House - Done by President, if lapses all pending notices not bills. (In UK bills also lapse) Quorum - minimum number of members required to be present in the House before it can transact any business. It is one-tenth of the total number of members in each House including the presiding officer Lame-duck Session - last session of the existing Lok Sabha, after a new Lok Sabha has been elected. Dissolution - Done by the President (after 5 years of tenure or after passage of no confidence motion) (Rajyasabha is never dissolved) Dissolution of LS and lapse of the bills 1. All pending bills originated in loksabha, present in loksabha, lapses (certain bills that are to be examined committee on government assurances do not lapse). 2. A bill originated and pending in Rajyasabha or a bill passed by both houses and pending with President do not lapse. 3. A bill sent for reconsideration by president do not lapse. Parliamentary Privileges: (Article 105)  They are not codified, enforced by presiding officer.  These are all available to attorney journal, union ministers extend to parliament committees too.  It talks about only two privileges (1. Freedom of Speech, 2. Right to Publish) and other privileges are stated those are British house of common. Collective Privileges  To publish that reports and debates and prohibiting others from publishing.  It can regulate its proceedings, procedure, conduct of business  It can punish people to breach of privileges  Codes are prohibited to interviewing  No legal process can be served without the permission presiding officer  Right to receive immediate information of arrest/detention of its member Individual Privileges https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

107

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

 Cannot be arrested during the session 40 days before and after (only in civil cases), absolutely freedom of speech.  Exempted from jury service. THE BUDGET  The budget is contained in Articles 112 to 117 .  According to Article 112 the President shall in respect of every financial year cause to be laid before both the House of Parliament a statement of the estimated receipts and expenditure of the Government of India for that year, in this part referred to as the ‘annual financial statement’.  It is a statement of the estimated receipts and expenditures both revenue and capital of that financial year.  The expenditure of government is classified as 'charged' and made from the consolidated fund of India.  The General Budget is usually presented in the Lok Sabha by Finance Minister  The General Budget is presented with the Budget speech by the Finance Minister.  At the end of the Budget speech in Lok Sabha, the Budget is laid in Rajya Sabha.  Rajya Sabha can only discuss the budget.  After the general discussion the house is adjourned for a period of a month.  During this time the 24 standing committees carry out detailed scrutiny of the budget.  Voting on demands for grants takes place in Lok Sabha.  The time allotted for the discussion is decided by the business advisory committee headed by the speaker.  After the completion of voting on demands for grants appropriation bill introduced.  Finance Bill includes taxation Proposals and introduced with the General Budget has to be passed within 25 days of its introduction.  No amendments can be moved in appropriation bill to vary the amount or alter the destination which is unlike the finance bill– FUNDS OF INDIA Consolidated fund of India (Article 266-a) ➤ It is the fund into which all receipts and revenues of the government flows. ➤ All expenditure from it, is authorized by appropriation bill. Public Account of India (Article 266-b) ➤ In this account public money is put in and governments acts only as banker. ➤ It is operated by executive action. https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

108

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Contingency Fund of India (Article 267) ➤ It is kept at disposal of President to meet unforeseen expenditure. ➤ It is opened by secretary, ministry of Finance on behalf of the President. PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEES ➤ Parliamentary committees are of two kinds – Standing Committees and Ad Hoc Committees . The former are permanent (constituted every year or periodically) and work on a continuous basis, while the latter are temporary and cease to exist on completion of the task assigned to them. Important standing Committees 1. Public Account Committee : This committee was setup first in 1921 under the provisions of the Government of India Act of 1919 and has since been in existence. At present, it consist of 22 members (15 from the Lok Sabha and 7 from the Rajya Sabha) . The chairman of the committee is appointed from amongst its member by speaker. ➤ The function of the committee is to examine the annual audit reports of the comptroller and Auditor General of India. 2. Estimate Committee : The origin of this committee can be traced to the standing financial committee set up in 1921 . Originally, it has 25 members but in 1956 its membership was raised to 30. All 30 members are from Lok Sabha only The chairman of the committee is appointed from amongst its member by speaker. ➤The function of the committee is to examine the estimates included in the budget and suggest ‘economics’ in the public expenditure. Hence, it has been described as a ‘Continuous economy committee’.

STATE EXECUTIVE Governor  Qualifications: Age : 35 year, Citizen of India  Chief Executive, Head of State  Appointed by the President. By warrant under his hand and seal.  Even though he holds office for 5 years there is no security of term or tenure as he is subject to pleasure of President.  Governor of State is not an employment under Central Government.  A person can act as Governor for two or more states, state and an union territory7th CAA.  While administering union territory he shall act as agent of the President. https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

109

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Conventions  Chief Minister of the State is consulted before appointment of Governor.  Outsider is appointed as a Governor. Powers of Governor As like President he enjoys, 1. Executive powers (appoints state election commissioner, acts as the chancellor of universities, imposition of constitutional emergency) 2. Legislative powers (Nominates 1/6th members SLC, 1 member of Anglo Indian community) 3. Financial powers 4. Judicial powers. • Article 163 explicitly states that Governor can act under in his discretion in exercise of his functions. Whether any matter false in Governor Discretion or not shall be decided by the Governor himself. It cannot be questioned in Court of Law. • The 42nd constitution amendment act made ministerial advice binding on President. No such provision exists for Governor. Therefore Governor enjoys Constitutional and situational discretion. Situational discretion is sa, eaas President. STATE LEGISLATURE  Composition : Governor, Assembly, Council (in some states) Legislative Assembly  Maximum strength – 500 Minimum – 60 (Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Goa Minimum Number is 30 ,Mizoram – 40, Nagaland – 46)  1 member can be nominated by Governor from Anglo Indian Community  Directly elected, universal adult franchise  Territorial constituencies, Readjusted after every census  Seats are reserved for SC’s and ST’s in proportionate to their population Legislative Council  Minimum 40, Maximum 1/3 of the size of Legislative Assembly  5/6 are elected, 1/6 are nominated by the Governor from the fields of Art, Literature, Cooperative movement, Science and Social Services.  Elected Members - 1/3rd by Local bodies, 1/12 teacher constituencies, 1/12 graduate constituencies, 1/3rd MLAs (Both Elected & Nominated)

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

110

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

 Legislative Council can be created or abolished by parliament with recommendations of Legislative Assembly.  Parliament has to pass the bill with simple majority.  Legislative assembly has to recommend for the same with special majority (Article 168) through an Ordinary Bill in Loksabha Ordinary Bill  State Legislative Council do not have powers equivalent to Rajyasabha  Legislative Council can maximum delay an ordinary bill for 4 months.  Governor can reserve the bills for the consideration of the president of India (Article 200).  When a bill reserved for President and President can send it for reconsideration it has to reconsider within 6 months, it is not binding on the president after reconsideration.  The bill that damages the position of high court shall always be reserved by governor.  Governor also reserves a bill 1) Ultra Wires provisions of the constitution 2) Opposite to the DPSP 3)Larger interest of the Country 4)Grave national importance 5)Delink with compulsory acquisition of the property under Article 31(A) of the constitution. Money Bill  Same as Parliament Status of Legislative Council  Powers equal with Assembly 1) Ordinary Bill can be introduced 2) Approval of ordinances 3) Ministers can come from either of the house  Consideration of the reports of constitutional bodies CAG, Finance Commission, State Public Service Commission etc.,  Enlargement of Jurisdiction of State Public Service Commission.  Privileges same as Union Parliament  Disqualification of MLAs same as Union Parliament Note: There is no joint sitting in case of dead lock. Constitutional amendment cannot be introduced. SUPREME COURT  Articles 124 to 147 in Part V  It succeeded the Federal Court of India, (established under the Government of India Act of 1935). https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

111

I CAN CRACK EXAM    

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Seat of Supreme Court, New Delhi Regional Benches can be established by CJI with the approval of President. Integrated judiciary: single system of court enforces both central and state laws. Supreme Court can decide its own procedure with approval President.

Appointment of judges  CJI is appointed by President of India.  The other judges are appointed by president after consultation with the chief justice.  Total judges including CJI is 34.  Post invalidation of NJAC , collegiums system is followed for appointment of judges. Qualifications 1. He should be a citizen of India. 2. (a) He should have been a judge of a High Court (or high courts in succession) for five years; or (b) He should have been an advocate of a High Court (or High Courts in succession) for ten years; or (c) He should be a distinguished jurist in the opinion of the president. (No minimum age, tenure is prescribed)  He holds office until he attains the age of 65 years.  Question on Age determined by parliament. Removal of Judges  A motion seeking the removal of the judge can be preferred before either house of the parliament.  If it is to be introduced in the Lok Sabha , it should be signed by not less than 100 members of the Lok Shaba.  If it is to be introduced in Rajya Sabha, it should be signed by not less than 50 members.  The resolution should be supported by a majority of total membership of both the houses & by 2/3rd majority of the members present and voting.  The motion can be moved only after a prior notice of 14 days given to the judge. JURISDICTION OF SUPREME COURT 1.Original Jurisdiction  Exception to Original Jurisdiction:  Pre constitutional treaty agreement etc.,  Inter State River water disputes https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

112

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

 Finance Commission Matters  Commercial Disputes  Recovery of Damages by a State against the Centre. 2.WRIT JURISDICTION 3 .Special Leave Petition  Discretion of the Supreme Court, it is on any matter and it can be given to any court/tribunal except military and court martial.  Discretionary power to be used exceptional case. Can be issued for final interlocutory/final. 4. Appellate Jurisdiction  Civil Matters : any substantial question of law, any question to be decided by the Supreme Court.  Criminal Matters : Death Punishment, Life Imprisonment given by high court by reversing the judgment lower court. High Court certifies a case of fit for Supreme Court hearing.  Constitution Matters : High court the certifies a matter as substantial question. 5. Court of Record  Supreme Court Judgment proceedings or can be used as a evidences in lower courts.  Contempt Powers includes,  Civil Contempt: for willful disobedience of any judgment or order.  Criminal Contempt : For scandalizing court interfering with the administrative justice, judicial proceedings.

Independence of Supreme Court 1. Appointment by Collegiums. 2. Expenditure of Court and Judges is charged from consolidated fund of India. 3. Judges and their conduct cannot be discussed except during the removal. 4. supreme court judges are barred from practice after the retirement (High court Judges can practice) 5. Supreme Court can appoints its own staff . 6. Parliament cannot curtail jurisdiction of Supreme Court but can extend it. High court https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

113

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

 Articles 214 to 231 in Part VI  The institution of high court originated in India in 1862 when the high courts were set up at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras. Judiciary in a state consists of High Court and Subordinate Courts.  High Court can exists in two or more states.  Parliament can extend or exclude the jurisdiction of High Court to a union territory.  Independence of High Court same as Supreme Court.  The strength of the High Court determined by the President. (Supreme Court by Parliament). Appointment of Judges  Chief Justice of High Court is appointed by president after consultation with CJI and Governor. Qualifications 1. He should be a citizen of India. 2. Judicial Office should have held judicial office in India for 10 years or an advocate in the high court for 10 years.  No minimum age, maximum tenure, he retires at 62, any question of age can be settled by the President (In Supreme Court it is Parliament)  He can practice after retirement in Supreme Court and other High Courts.

Jurisdiction of the High Court 1. Original jurisdiction  Disputes relating to admiralty , will, marriage  Disputes relating to elections of members of parliament and state legislatures 2.Writ Jurisdiction  Writ Jurisdiction of High Court and Supreme Court are concurrent with each other.  Writ Jurisdiction of High Court (226) extends both to Fundamental Rights and Legal Rights. (Wider than Supreme Court- SC can issue only for FR)  Writ Jurisdiction of High Court and Supreme Court are part of basic structure of the constitution. 3. Appellate jurisdiction  High Court is majorly a court of appeal.  Any criminal matter punished greater than 7 years can be appealed in High Court.  Any death sentence given by district court shall be confirmed by High Court. 4. Supervisory Jurisdiction https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

114

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

UPSC Prelims

RAO

 High Court Supervises and controls sub ordinate courts. (do not exists for Supreme Court)  Any matter adjudged by tribunal can be appealed to High Court. (No direct appeal to Supreme Court) 5. Control over Subordinate Courts  High court deals with matter of promotion, transfer, discipline of Judicial members of subordinate courts. 6. A court of Record  Judgments are recorded for perpetual memory.  Power to punish for Contempt of court CENTRE – STATE RELATIONS (PART XI) Legislative : 245 to 255 Administrative : 256 to 263 Financial Relations : 268 to 293 Article Levy

Collection Appropriation

268

Centre

States

269

Centre

Centre

270

Centre

Centre

271

Centre

Centre

-

State

State

Examples

States

Stamp duties on shares, cheques promissory notes, insurance etc. States Taxes on inter state trade and commerce. Revenues from these do not form part of consolidated fund of India. Shared Between All taxes in union list – income Centre and tax(other than agricultural states income), corporate tax, etc Centre Surcharge on taxes under 268,269,270. State Sales tax, excise duty on liquor and Narcotics, octroi professional tax (max of rs 2500 limit kept by constitution

Finance Commission  Art 280, balancing wheel of fiscal federalism in India, quasi judicial body. Appointed by president of India once in 5 years, qualifications are determined by Parliament. Purely recommendatory in nature. https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

115

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

 It makes recommendations on, 1. Distribution of net proceeds of taxes between centre and states and among states (vertical and horizontal distribution) 2. Grants in aid under Art 275 3. Recommendations to augment resources of consolidated fund of state to help municipalities and panchayats (on the basis of recommendations of state finance commission) 4. Any other matter referred to it by President.  Borrowing Powers – centre can borrow with in India or outside. States can borrow only with in India.  If states are having outstanding liabilities to centre, its prior permission is necessary for borrowing.  Centre can give guarantee to the borrowing of state.  Parliament and state legislatures can fix limits. Committees - State 1. Rajamannar committee – TN 2. Anandpur Sahib resolution – Akali dal of Punjab 3. West Bengal Memorandum Committees by Centre 1.Sarkaria commission, 2. Punchhi commission INTERSTATE RELATIONS  Art 262 – Interstate river water disputes.  Art 263 - Interstate council – created by President and headed by PM.

Emergency powers Part XVIII, 352 to 360 The President is empowered to promulgate three kinds of emergencies— 1. On the ground of threat to the security of India by a war or an external aggression or an Armed rebellion (Article 352) . 2. On the ground of failure of the constitutional machinery in a state (Art. 356) 3. Financial Emergency (Art. 360)

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

116

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

UPSC Prelims

RAO

Important Institutions

Type Article/Ac t

Election Commiss ion Constituti onal Article 324

chief EC and other ECs as determine d by President At present: 1 CEC + 2 ECs Appointed By president by 6 years or Term of until age Office of 65 years Compositi on

Removal

Reappoint ment

On the same grounds as a judge of the SC -

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

UPSC

Finance Commissi on Constitutio Constitutio nal nal Articles Article 315 280 to 323

SC/ST Commissio n Constitution al Article 338, 338A

CAG

NHRC

Constitut ional Article 148

Statutory

chairman and other members as determine d by President

chairman and four other members

chairperson, Single a vice body chairperson and 3 members

By president 6 years or until age of 65 years

By president 6 years or until age of 65 years

By president By president 6 years or 6 years until age of or until 65 years age of 65 years

By president

By President

By President

Not eligible for further

Reappoint ment possible

-

On the same grounds as a judge of the SC not eligible

Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 chairman and 4 members

by president five years or until they attain the age of 70 years President

not eligible for further 117

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

employme nt in the Governme nt of India or a state

RAO

UPSC Prelims

for further office

office

IMPORTANT CONSTITUTIONAL TERMS Ad hoc committees : These committees are appointed for a specific purpose and they cease to exist when they finish the task assigned to them and submit a report. The principal Ad hoc committees are the select and joint committees on Bills. Examples of Ad hoc committees (1) Committees on the Draft Five Year Plans (2) Railway convention committee. Adjournment Motion : It is introduced in the parliament to draw attention of the House to a definite matter of urgent public importance, and needs the support of 50 members to be admitted.As it interrupts the normal business of the House, it is regarded as an extraordinary device. It involves an element of censure against the government and hence Rajya Sabha is not permitted to make use of this device. Censure Motion : A censure means an expression of strong disapproval or harsh criticism. It can be stern rebuke by a legislature, generally opposition against the policies of Government or an individual minister.However, it can also be passed to criticise, condemn some act. A censure motion can be moved in lower house of the parliament or in a state assembly in India. Chief Whip : A whip is a official in a political party whose primary purpose is to ensure discipline in a legislature. Whips are the party’s ‘enforcers’ who ensure that the party members participate according to the official party policy. A whip’s role is also to ensure that the elected representatives of their party are in attendance when important votes are taken. Cut Motion : It is a power given to the members of the Lok Sabha to oppose a demand in the financial bill discussed by the government. If a cut motion is adopted by the House and the government does not have the numbers, it is obliged to resign cut motion is of three kinds : Policy Cut : This type of cut motion aims that the amount of the demand be reduced to Re 1. It represents the complete disapproval of policy underlying the demand. Economy Cut : This type of cut motion aims that the amount of demand be reduced to certain other amount and it represent that the demand for grants should be altered. Token Cut : This cut motion aims that the amount of the demand be reduced by https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

118

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Rs 100 in order to ventilate a specific grievance, which is within the sphere of responsibility of the Government of India. The Cut Motions provide the members maximum opportunity to examine every part of the budget and criticize the Government. Confidence Motion : The rules of parliamentary procedure in India does not provide for a confidence motion. It has come in vogue with the emergence of coalition politics under this, the government itself brings the motion seeking the confidence of the house. Deadlock : When the Houses of parliament finally disagree over the passage of a Bill, where they enjoy equal legislature jurisdiction.It is called a dead lock between the houses of parliament. Discrimination : It is a difference in treatment of two or more persons or subject. Double jeopardy : It is an objection of an accused person to repeated trial for the same alleged offence. Electoral college : It is an intermediary body chosen by elect. to choose the representatives in an indirect election. Electoral Roll : It is known as voter list in common-parlance, is the basic document on which the whole electoral process is founded. Expulsion : It is the unseating of members for offences committed against the house or for grave misdemeanors. Floor Crossing : It refers to the defection of a member of parliament from the party, if he was elected to another political party. Hung Parliament : It is parliament wherein no party has won a working majority. Impeachment : A person found guilty may be removed from his office. Judicial Review : It is the power of the higher court to review statutes or administrative act and determine their constitutionality. Maiden Speech : It is one’s speech delivered for first time especially in parliament. Oath : It is ritualistic declaration, based on an appeal to God or that one will speak the truth, keep a promise, remain faithful etc. Petition : It is a solemn earnest application or request to a superior or to a person or group in authority. Question Hour : It is the time fixed for asking and answering oral questions in a sitting in a legislature.It is fixed under the rules of the House or standing orders. Vote on account : It is an estimate of an advance payment to enable Government Departments to carry on their work from beginning of financial year till the passing of Appropriation Act. Zero hour : One hour immediately after the question hour, is called the zero hour because it begins at zero hour ie. 12’o clock. Those question of public importance are asked which can’t wait for 10 days advance notice. https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

119

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

 LOCAL GOVERNMENT Panchayati Raj  Part IX of the constitution relates to it.  It received constitutional status through the 73rd constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 .

Balwant Rai Mehta Committee  The Government of India appointed a committee in 1957 .This committee was set up to examine the work of community Development Programme (1952) , and National Extension Service (1953) . Recommendations ➤ This committee recommends three level of governance viz zila parishad, Panchayat Samiti (Block) and Gram Panchayat (village) . ➤ District collector should be a chairperson of Zila Parishad . ➤ The members of Zila Parishad and Panchayat samiti should be elected indirectly while the members of Gram Panchayat should be elected directly. ➤ Rajasthan was the first state to establish the institution of Panchayati Raj. ➤ The scheme was inaugurated by the then PM. Jawahar Lal Nehru On october 2, 1959 in Nagaur District in Rajasthan. Ashok Mehta committee Recommendations ➤ This committee recommends a two tier Panchayati raj system — Zila Parishad & Mandal Panchayat. ➤ Nyaya Panchayat should be kept as separate body. ➤ Seats for SCs and STs should be reserved on the basis of their population. ➤ These recommendations could not be implemented. G.V. K. Rao Committee Recommendations ➤ Zila Parishad should be of pivotal role in the scheme for democratic decentralisation. ➤ Create the post of district development commissioner. ➤ He should act as the chief executive officer of Zila parishad . ➤ Reservation for SCs, STs & women https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

120

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

L.M. Singhvi Committee ➤ Appointed by the Rajiv Gandhi Government in 1986 . ➤ Chairman L.M. Singhvi 73th Amendment Act of 1992 ➤ The Act gives a constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj institutions. ➤ The Act has added new part IX and 11th schedule to the constitution. ➤ It is entitled as “The Panchayats” and consists of provisions from Articles 243 to 243 (O) . ➤ It consists 29 functional items of the Panchayats and deals with Article 243 (G). ➤ The compulsory provisions of the Act are to be included in the state laws creating the new panchayati Raj System. Urban Local Government ➤ The system of urban local government was constitutionalised through the 74th constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 . ➤ This Act has added a new Part IX-A to the Constitution of India. ➤ It is entitled ‘The Municipalities’ and consist of provisions from Article 243-P to 243 -ZG . ➤ This act has added 12 th schedule to the constitution. ➤ This schedule contains eighteen functional items of municipalities.

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

121

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Economics

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

122

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

ECONOMICS  Economics: Allocation of scarce resources of an economy according to our priority in order to satisfy needs and wants of individual as well as society.  Wealth of Nation book-by Adam smith 1776 – (Father of economics)

Economics Is Divided Into 2 Categories Micro-Economics

Macro-Economics

Price is the major determinant

Income is determinant

Father OF micro economics → Adam Smith

the

major

Father of macro economics → J.M. Keynes.

Structural composition of an economy

TERITARY SECTOR (trade,bank,transport,education,health) Secondary sector (Production of goods (manufacture))

PRIMARY SECTOR (agriculture,mining,fishery)

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

123

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Budget & Taxation  Budget: Budget comes from a French word "Buguet" which means “leather bag"  In constitution, According to Article 112, Budget word is replace by “Annual financial statements".  Budget is the expected income and expenditure of government incoming financial year. Income  All sources of income for govt. are divided into 2 categories. 1. Capital Income  All those income which either increased financial liability or reduces assets Ex: (i) Borrowings of loans, (ii) Disinvestment 2. Revenue Income  All those income which neither increases financial liabilities nor reduces assets.→ It is divided into 2 categories (a) Non Tax → e.g. - Interest, dividend, fees, fines, railway etc. (b) Tax → there are two types of taxes in economy Direct Tax  All those tax where liability to pay tax is not shifted to another person.→ It is nontransferable → Central Board of direct taxes is responsible for collecting direct tax. Indirect Tax  All those tax where liability to pay tax is shifted to another person. → It is transferable → Central Board of excise & custom is responsible for collecting indirect taxes.

GST (Goods & Service Tax): One Nation One Tax Tax Rate → 0%, 5%, 12%, 18%, 28%

 

GST → Destination based Tax. In year 2000, Atal Bihari Vajpai government introduced the bill of GST and setup a committee headed by the then West Bengal finance minister (Asim Das Gupta) to design GST Model. Art 279 (A) of constitution as amended by 101 constitution amendment Act 2016 defines GST.

 There are 3 types of taxes introduced in GST.  (i) GST central goods & service tax  (ii) SGST state goods & service tax https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

124

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims



       

  

(iii) IGST Integrated & service tax IGST is charged by central Govt. Around 160 countries have already implemented GST. France in year 1954 is the 1st country to adopt GST. Only 2 countries have dual GST concept (India & Canada). India has adopted this dual GST from Canada. India has the highest GST Rate of 28% 2nd highest rate is of Argentina of 27%. There are 5 tax rates introduced in GST. 0%, 5%, 12%, 18%, 28%.here is a exclusive tax rate of 0.25% determined for purchasing of precious stone like diamond, ruby etc. Another exclusive additional tax rate of 3% determined for purchasing of precious metal like Gold etc. 2 products are exempted from GST alcohol &petrol. HSN code" [Harmonised system of nomenclature] code is used to divide product under GST. GSTIN has unique 15 digit identification number.

Direct Tax 1. Income Tax  Introduce in 1860 / 1860, Abolished in 1873 / 1873, Reintroduce in 1886 / 1886  It is the tax on the income of unregister organization, income of individual :: Tax slab :: 0 – 2.5 lakh → 0% 2.5– 5 lakh → 5% 5 – 10 lakh → 20% 10 lakh – Above → 30% 2. Corporate Tax  It is the tax on the income of registered organisation.  It is the main source of income for govt. 3. Gift Tax  It is paid by the person who received gift.  There are certain exemptions in gift tax.  If aggregate value is 50,000 or less  Gift received on occasion of marriage /Gift received from immediate relative https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

125

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

4. Estate Duty

 It is the tax on inheritance property 5. Wealth Tax

 Introduce in 1957 and imposed on wealth of individual  It was abolished by Arun Jaitley in year 2015 There are 3 situations of budget 1. Surplus Budget: - Useful for under developed economy 2. Balanced Budget: - Useful for developed economy. 3. Deficit Budget: - Useful for developing but at a very big risk. Deficit Financing  Financing of deficit budget Sources of D.F (a) Borrowing of loans (b) Disinvestment (c) Imposition of new indirect tax (d) Printing of new currency etc Note: Deficit financing leads to rise in liquidity by printing of new currency. Fiscal Deficit  It is the difference b/w total revenues income and total expenditures.  While calculating fiscal deficit borrowing are not included.  F.B. = Total Exp - Revenue Income Primary Deficit  It is the difference b/w fiscal deficit of current year and interest payments on previous borrowings. There 3 Structure of taxes 1. Progressive Tax: When the tax rate increases with the increased amount of volume/production E.g.:- Income Tax 2. Regressive Tax: When the tax rate decrease with the increased amount of volume/production. 3. Proportional Tax: When the tax burden is irrespective of volume/production E.g.:- GST

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

126

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Inflation Stagflation → Inflation + Recession + Unemployment Inflation  When prices of goods increase, due to which our purchasing power decreases Deflation  When prices of goods decreases, due to which our purchasing power increases or when inflation becomes negative Recession  It refers to slow down in few sectors of economy. Here liquids& purchasing power both are present but there is a lack of liquidity. It hits luxuries & investments area. Depression  When recession hits each and every sector of economy, then there is a lack of liquidity, liquid & purchasing power. Hyperinflation  When there is a excess liquidity in economy due to which liquids & purchasing power becomes approx. nil. Stagflation  It is a situation where inflation, recession & unemployment altogether exist in economy.

Types of Inflation 1. Creeping Inflation: When Inflation exist in very low rate (between 0 to 9%) 2. Galloping Inflation: When Inflation is large and accelerating E.g. Russia Economies in late 1980's 3. Hyper Inflation: When Inflation is extremely high E.g. Germany after world war 4. Demand Pull Inflation: When Inflation is due to rising demand 5. Cost push Inflation: When Inflation is due to rise in factor cost 6. Bottleneck Inflation: When Inflation is due to fall in supply side E.g. Due to crop failure 7. Core Inflation: When Inflation is calculated by excluding food articles and energy. It is calculating inflation for long term 8. Headline Inflation: When Inflation is calculated by including food articles and energy. It is calculating inflation for short term Calculation of Inflation Two Methods for calculation 1. WPI (Wholesale price Index)  When wholesale rate is used to calculate inflation https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

127

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Total commodities → 676 Base year → 2011 – 2012 2. CPI (Consumer Price Index)  When retail price is used to calculate inflation. Base year→ 2018 • In India we use (CPI method) to calculate inflation • Data collection for inflation → NSSO (National Sample Survey Org.) • Calculation of inflation → CSO (Central statistical Org.) • Announcement of inflation → RBI (Reserve Bank of India) Philips Curve : It shows inverse relationship b/w inflation & unemployment Effects of Inflation 1. On debtors and creditors, Debtors gain profits in front of creditors 2. On exporters and importers, Exporters is in profit as exports become cheaper

Controlling Inflation of Economy (a) RBI strict monetary policies / RBI (b) Govt. strict fiscal policies (c) There is a temporary ban on exports (d) There is temporary reduction in import duties (e) ESMA (essential service maintenance Act)

Banking System RBI (Reserve Bank of India)    

Establishment → 1stApril 1985, Kolkata Acc. to RBI Act 1934. The very 1st Governor of RBI → Smith 1st India Governor of RBI →C.D.Deshmukh → 1943 Nationalisation of RBI → 1st Jan. 1949.

Nationalisation By Indira Gandhi

 In 1969 14 Banks are Nationalised  Deposit 50 crore  1980 6 Banks are Nationalised  Deposit 200crore  First merger in year 1993 (New Bank of India into Punjab National Bank)  Second merger in year 2018 (Dena Bank & Vijaya Bank into Bank of Baroda) https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

128

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Objectives of Nationalisation 1. ↑ (increase) financial inclusion 2. Public welfare 3. Removal of private sector dominancy  Financial Inclusion → Connecting Max. population with the banking system Monetary Policies of RBI  All those policies which are used to regulate liquidity in economy.  Monetary policies are regulated by RBI in bimonthly basis (6 times in a year)  Financial year of RBI → 1 July to 30 June Repo Rate  The rate at which RBI land short term loan to other commercial bank. Reverse Repo Rate  The Rate at which RBI borrow loan from other commercial Bank.  Repo Rate is greater than reverse Repo Rate Bank Rate  The rate which RBI land long term loan to other commercial Bank. MSF (Marginal Standing Facility)  In this system a bank can borrow overnight loans for RBI at 1% higher than the current Repo Rate. CRR (Cash Reserve Ratio)  Every bank has to reserve a fixed percentage of its total deposit to RBI in form & cash  It is compulsory  Cash  No interest  Security  Weekly Statuary Liquid Ratio (SLR)  Every bank has to Reserve a fix percentage to its total deposits with itself  By cash or gold Open Market Operation  It is a system of Buying or selling of government securities from market / MUDRA BANK MUDRA → Micro unit development and refinance agency • Established under → PMMY (Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana) • Established on → 8 April 2015 • Main objective is to provide loan to small scale industry https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

129

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

• It has 3 divisions 1. Shishu → Loan up to 50,000 2. Kishor → Loan Ranging from 50,000 to 5 Lakh 3. Tarun → Loan Ranging from 5 Lakh to 10 Lakh NABARD → NATIONAL BANK FOR AGRICULTURE & DEVELOPMENT  Est. → 12 July 1982.Under recommendation of shivraman Committee  Committee Form during → 6th five year plan H. Q. → Mumbai

RURAL

Regional Rural Bank

 1st Regional rural Bank was formed on 2nd Oct 1975 with the name Prathma Grameen Bank. (Sponsored by syndicate Bank) /

   

It was form under recommendation of Narsimhan Committee From 1975 till 1983, it was regulated by RBI / 1975 From 1983 onward, it has loan regulated by NABARD

In a RRB, 3 sectors contribute  Central govt. with a share of 50%  State govt. with a share of 15%  Sponsor Bank with a share of 35%  SBI merged with its associates & BMB → Bhartiya Mahila Banks in 1 April 2017.  SBI associated of Banks are : 1. State Bank of Patiala 2. State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur 3. State Bank of Hyderabad 4. State Bank of Mysore 5. State Bank of Travancore Scheduled Bank  All these Bank which are registered under 2nd schedule of RBI Act 1934. Public Banks  All those Bank in which govt. share is more than or equal to 51%. Private Banks  All those Bank in which govt. share is less than 51%.The Bank have a 50% share of govt. or 50% share private then it comes under private bank.

Foreign Banks https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

130

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

 All those Bank which have their headquarter outside India but have their branches inside India.  HSBC → Hong Kong & Shanghai Banking corporation → HQ London Non-Scheduled Bank  All those banks which are not registered under 2nd scheduled of RBI Act 1934.

Non-Performing assets (NPA)  They are considered as Bad loans of Bank. A loan is considered as non-performing if it is not served for a period of 1 term (i.e. 90 days).  It has 3 classifications  Sub-standard → It remains non-performing for a period up to 18 month  Doubtful → If it remains non-performing for a period of more than 18 month  Loss Asset → If the loss is identify but not return off

International Organisation World Bank  From under Recommendation of Bretton woods meeting 1945  Also known As IBRD → International bank for reconstruction and development.  H.Q → Washington D.C., Main objective of world Bank is Social Development .It also known as long term credit institution World Bank group has 4 divisions 1. IFC → International Finance Corporation Est. → 1956.H.Q. → Washington D.C. 2. IDA → International Development Association Est. → 1960.H.Q.→ Washington D.C.

Also known as soft window of World Bank. Because if give loan free interest for receiving poverty of under developed country 3. ICSID → International centre for settlement of investment dispute. Est.→ 1966.H.Q. → Washington D.C. 4. MIGA → multilateral investment guarantees Agency Est. → 1988 H.Q. → Washington D.C. IMF(International Monetary Fund)  From under Recommendation of Bretton woods meeting 1945  Est. → 27 Dec. 1945  Also known As Twin organization of World Bank  H.Q → Washington D.C., World Trade Organisation [WTO]  Establishment → 1st Jan 1995 https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

131

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

 It replaces GATT → general agreement on Tariff & Trade

LPG Policy  Price Mechanism: It is a feature in which prices of goods are determine by demand & supply.  Laissiz Faire → It is French word  Indian Economy  From 1947 to 1969, Indian economy is considered as (Nehruvian economy)  With the nationalization of 14 banks by Indira Gandhi in 1969, Indian economy was considered as (Socialist Economy) till 1991.  With the introduction of LPG policy in 1991 Indian economy onward continue as mixed economy. LPG Policy : Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation  It was introduced in year 1991 in industrial sector.1991  It was recommended by Dr. Man Mohan Singh & P.V. Narsimha Rao Liberalisation  If refers to removal of restriction which were imposed on industries before 1991.  1. It End of license except in few areas such as Alcohol industry, medicine industry etc.  2. Freedom in fixing prices  3. Freedom in expansion and contraction of business Privatisation  It refers to giving entry to private sector where there was monopoly of govt.  Disinvestment in public sector Globalisation  It refers to integration of various economics of world. 1. Reduction in export and import duties 2. Promotion of foreign investment

Demand & Supply Law of Demand 1. It is given by Alfred Marshall 2. It shows relationship b/w price and its Demand. It says that if price of a prudent increased then its demand decreased and vice-versa 3. With all other factors Remain constant and it is known as ceterius peribus & it is a Latin word Law of Demand Curve https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

132

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Is always downward sloping from left to right. It may be curry or a straight line. Law of Supply It is from a supplier point of view. It states that as a price of a product increased, quantity supplied for that product also increased (because the supplier wants to earn max. profit) & vice versa. Consumer Equilibrium  It is the position were buyer is satisfied with seller. It arises when demand is equal to supply Elasticity of Demand  Responsibleness change in demand with respect to price Perfectly Elastic  When very minor change in price leads to infinite change in demand. It is an imaginary condition. Hence there is no example Perfectly Inelastic Demand  When change in price leads to no change in demand. It is an imaginary condition Relatively Elastic demand When percentage change in demand is greater than the percentage change in price. Examples:- Luxury items like car, any item of particular brand like Amul milk etc., fruits. Relatively Inelastic Demand  When % change in price is greater than % change in demand.  Example:- Basic needs like medicine, salt, milk, Unitary Elastic  When % change in price is equals to % change in demand. It is again an imaginary condition Giffen Goods  From income demand point of view, it is also known as inferior good  It is also considered as exception to law of demand. It state that if price of a product ↑ then demand also increases & vice versa  Graph of Giffen good is always upward slopping e.g.- Bajra, Bread when USA is in depression

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

133

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Five Year Plans 1st Five Year Plan  Name: Harrod Domer Model  Target : Development of agricultural sector

 It was very successful 2nd Five Year Plan → 1956 to 1961  Name of 2nd 5 year plan → P.C. Mahalanobnis Model  3 steel plants were setup in Bhilai (Chhattisgarh),Durgapur (W. Bengal),Raurkela (Orissa) rd 3 Five Year Plan (1961 to 1966)  Target : Development of agricultural sector  Name of 3rd 5 year plan → Gadgil yojana.  1962 → India – China war.  1965 → India – Pakistan war.  1965 → Bokora steel plants were setup in Jharkhand it was unsuccessful plan 1966-1969 1st Planning Holiday 1966-1969

 Meanwhile Green Revolution was launched in India  Father of Green Revolution in India → M.S. Swaminathan in world → Dr. Norman Borlaug. 4th Five Year Plan (1969 to 1974)  Target "Self Dependency"  Nationalisation of 14 bank done by Indira Gandhi in 1969 Min. Deposit →Beginning of a socialist economy 5th Five Year Plan (1974 to 1978)  Target :Poverty elimination 25 June 1975 → Emergency in India by Indira Gandhi for a period of 21month  President at that time → Fakaruddin Ali Ahmed

 Jan 1977 → Emergency was abolished resignation of Indira Gandhi.  1st Non-congress government was formed. (Janta dal party → P.M. →Morarji Desai)  1978 → 1979 → Rolling Plan  1979 → Chaudhary Charan Singh become P.M.  1979 → 1980 → 2nd Planning Holiday 6th Five Year Plan (1980 to 1985)  Target :Poverty elimination  2nd time Nationalisation of 6 banks by Indira Gandhi in 1980 with the min. deposition of 200 crore https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

134

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims



NABARD est. 12 July 1982 under recommendation of Shive Raman Committee. 7th Five Year Plan (1985 to 1990)  Target : Technology Development  1990 – 1992, 3rd And last planning holiday  Meanwhile in year 1991, LPG policy was introduced under recommendation of Dr.Manmohan Singh and P.V. Narsimhan Rao. 8th Five Year Plan (1992 to 1997)  Target : LPG Policy  1993 → New Bank of India merge into PNB Bank 9th Five Year Plan (1997 to 2002)  Target : Growth of Indian Economy 10th Five Year Plan (2002 to 2007)  Target : Growth of Indian Economy 11th Five Year Plan (2007 to 2012)  Target : Inclusive & sustainable development 12thFive Year Plan (2012 to 2017)  Target : Inclusive & sustainable development 1st Jan. 2015 NITI AAYOG was started NITI AAYOG :: National Institute for Transforming India

Financial Market Initial Public Offer (IPO): It is the instrument used by issuer companies to raise investment from capital market. → Small denomination of initial public offer is known as share Primary Market: It is a place where trading is done directly b/w issuer and investor. → New capital issuer is always takes place in primary market. Secondary Market: It is a place where trading is done among investors. (NSE) National Stock exchange:- Est. → 1992 • Index of NSE is Nifty. • It based on average price of 50 companies (BSE) Bombay Stock Exchange: - Est. → 1875 • Oldest stock exchange in India as well as Asia. • Index of BSE is Sensex. • It is based on average price of 30 companies

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

135

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

SEBI (SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA) • Est. → 1988, H.Q. → Mumbai • Got legal status under SEBI Act 1992. • Known as Regulator of capital market, also known as watch dog of capital market. Bulls Those groups of investor who invest in Capital market Bears Those groups of investors who disinvest in capital market CREDIT Rating Agencies  CRISIL → Credit Rating information of India limited.  CARE → Credit Analysis and Research limited.  ICRA→ Investment Information and Credit Rating Agency of India Limited  ONICRA → Onida Individual Crediting Rating agency of India Limited

International SP → Standard and Poor

MONEY MARKET Organised Money Market It has 8 instruments 1. Treasury Bill (T – Bill) Organised in - 1986 .It meets short term liquidity up to period of 364 days 2. Commercial Bill Organised in - 1990 .Issued by NBFCs (Non-Banking Financial Companies) 3. Certificate of Deposit Organised in - 1989.It is for 1 year, can extend up to 3 years 4. Commercial Paper Organised in – 1990.Used by corporate houses 5. Call Money Here lending is generally for 1 day & maximum for 14 days 6. Cash Management Bill Started in 2009, Issued for maturities less than 91 days 7. Mutual Funds It is regulated by SEBI & RBI .It is a fund in which large number of investor put their money and managed by professionally qualified person with experience in

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

136

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

National Income National Income  It is the value of all final goods and services produced in one financial year.  (Value of goods + value of services) GDP (Gross Domestic Product)  It is the total income earned in a domestic boundaries whether income of Indians or foreigners. GNP (Gross National Product)  When we exclude income of foreigners (living in India, remitting outside India) from GDP and include income of Indians (living outside India, remitting to India), we get GNP.  GNP = GDP + [–F (x) + Indians]  GNP = GDP + [Net foreign income] Gross  It is the aggregate value without any deduction. NET  When we include all types of depreciation from gross. We get net.  Market Price: The price at which a product is sold in market.  Factor Cost : The price at which a product is produced

Types of Market 1. Perfect Competition Market  Large number of buyers and sellers  Selling homogeneous product (same)  Price taker  Freedom of entry &exit  It is an imaginary condition. 2. Monopoly

    

Single seller Large number of buyers No close substitute of product available Price maker Restriction to entry and exit.

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

137

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

3. Monopolistic  Large no. of buyer and seller  Selling differentiated product  Freedom of entry and exit  Sabzimandi, sellers of branded items. 4. Oligopoly  Few sellers and large no. of buyer  Interdependent pricing policy.  Form cartel (group)  Restrictions to entry but freedom of exit.  E.g.: OPEC (organization of petroleum) 5. Bilateral Monopoly  Single seller, single buyer  E.g.: Labour union Industry  Raw material Industry

Theory of Consumer It has 3 components 1. Utility: Satisfying power of a commodity. 2. Total Utility: It is usm of utility derived from difference units of commodity consumed by a consumer. 3. Marginal Utility: Additional utility derived from consumption of one extra unit commodity. Statement: Law of demination marginal utility states that if we consume more and more of same commodities keeping all decreasing and the point is reach when we no longer want it. It has 3 stages 1. When total utility increases, marginal utility decreases. 2. When total utility is maxi, marginal utility becomes zero. 3. When total utility goes on decreases, marginal utility becomes negative.

Balance of Payments (BoP) External Sector  All economic activities of an economy which take place in foreign currency fall in the external sector such as export, import, foreign investment, external debt, current account, capital account, balance of payment, etc. https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

138

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

The balance of payments  BoP is the international balance sheet of a nation that records all international transactions in goods, services, and assets over a year.  Balance of payment consists of Balance of trade, balance of current account and capital account.  The balance of payments divides transactions in two accounts: the current account and the capital account. Current account

Capital account

These are short term implication transactions It includes export and import of account goods (trade account) and services, repayments and dividends from loans, transfers, investments This involves long term transaction Deals with investment and borrowing

Depreciation: In foreign exchange market, it is a situation when domestic currency loses its value in front of a foreign currency which is market-driven. Devaluation: In the foreign exchange market when exchange rate of a domestic currency is lowered by its government, it is called devaluation. Official depreciation is devaluation. Appreciation: In foreign exchange market, if a free floating domestic currency increases its value against the value of a foreign currency, it is appreciation. Exchange rate: An exchange rate is the price at which one currency is converted into or exchanged for another currency. LERMS(Liberalised Exchange Rate Mechanism System): it was operationalized in 1993. India delinked its currency from the fixed currency system and moved into the era of floating exchange-rate system under it. Tarapore committee I and II were set up for fuller convertibility of capital accounts. Advantages of capital account convertibility, Foreign capital for investment,FII flows can increase liquidity, Competition for domestic players, Technology transfer. Macroeconomic discipline, India will have wider range of choice for Investment and borrowing. Extended fund Facility (EFF) It is a service provided by the IMF to its member countries which authorises them to raise any amount of foreign exchange from it to fulfil their BoP crisis, but on the conditions of structural reforms in the economy put by the body. It is the first agreement of its kind. India had signed this agreement with the IMF in the financial year 1981–82. https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

139

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Hard currency: any globally traded currency which has global demand, liquid (adequate supply) and stable (does not fluctuate) Soft currency: It is basically the opposite term for the hard currency. Hot currency: Hot currency is a term of the forex market and is a temporary name for any hard currency. Heated currency: A term used in the forex market to denote the domestic currency which is under enough pressure (heat) of depreciation due to a hard currency’s high tendency of exiting the economy. Cheap Currency: If a government starts re-purchasing its bonds before their maturities (at full-maturity prices) the money which flows into the economy is known as the cheap currency, also called cheap money. Dear Currency: when a government issues bonds, the money which flows from the public to the government or the money in the economy in general is called dear currency, also called as dear money. Real value of rupee: it depends on, Demand and supply, net capital inflows, performance of economy, forex reserves, interest rate, CAD, international prices of commodities, political stability. Forex reserve: RBI holds foreign exchange reserves which are made up of, foreign currency, bank deposits, government securities, gold reserves, special drawing rights of IMF. Internationalization of rupee: A currency used by other countries banks, firms and citizens as financial security. Degree of internationalization depends on, traded actively, liquid and stable. Ex: US dollar, euro, yen, pound, renminbi.

Foreign Investment  Foreign investment involves capital flows from one country to another, granting extensive ownership stakes in domestic companies and assets. Types of Foreign Investment 1) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) 2) Foreign Institutional Investment (FII)

1. FDI

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is when a foreign company or individual establishes new business operations or acquiring business assets, including

140

I CAN CRACK EXAM

2. FII

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

controlling interests, an already existing in Indian company FII is when foreign institutional investors invest in the shares of an Indian company, or in bonds offered by an Indian company. Only institutional investors like Investment companies, Insurance funds etc. are allowed to invest in Indian stock market directly.However, if foreign individuals want to invest in India's markets, they have to get themselves registered as a sub-account of an FII.

Investments through Participatory notes (PN),(ADR) and (GDR)  Participatory notes also referred to as P-Notes, or PNs, are financial instruments required by investors or hedge funds to invest in Indian securities without having to register with the Securities and Exchange Board of India(SEBI).  ADR (American Depository receipts) and GDR (Global depository receipts) are commonly used by the Indian companies to raise funds from the foreign capital market. While ADR is traded on US stock exchanges, GDR is traded on European stock exchanges. Department of Industrial policy and promotion (DIPP), Ministry of Commerce and industry  The Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion was established in 1995 and has been reconstituted in the year 2000 with the merger of the Department of Industrial Development. Functions:  Formulation of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Policy and promotion, approval and facilitation of FDI. Encouragement to foreign technology collaborations at enterprise level and formulating policy parameters for the same.

Economic Integration  Economic integration refers to trade unification between different states by the partial or full abolishing of customs tariffs on trade taking place within the borders of each state. Advantages https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

141

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

 Increases the combined economic productivity of the countries – easier access of goods and services. It increases competitiveness. PTA – PREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENT  A preferential trade agreement is a trading bloc that gives preferential access to certain products from the participating countries. This is done by reducing tariffs but not by abolishing them completely. A PTA can be established through a trade pact. It is the first stage of economic integration.  Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA) formerly known as the Bangkok Agreement was signed on 31st of July 1975 as an initiative of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP). ESCAP is the regional development arm of the United Nations for the Asia-Pacific region. India-Mercosur Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA)  Mercosur is a sub-regional blocs with its member countries – full members are Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela. FTA– FREE TRADE AGREEMENT  A free-trade area is a trade bloc whose member countries have signed a free-trade agreement (FTA), which eliminates tariffs, import quotas, and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them. CECA (Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement) / CEPA(Comprehensive Economic partnership Agreement)  When the countries go beyond FTA and agree for a greater degree of economic integration which extends to capital and human resources, and to expand trade and investment, it would result in CECA or CEPA. CEPA has a bit wider scope than CECA. While CECA come first with elimination of tariffs, CEPA comes later including trade in services and investments. For example, India has signed CECA with Singapore and CEPA with South Korea CUSTOMS UNION  An agreement among countries to have free trade among themselves and to adopt common external barriers against any other country interested in exporting to these countries. For example,  Southern Common Market – Mercosur (Argentina,Bolivia,Brazil,Paraguay,Uruguay and Venezuela)  Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) – Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

142

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

 East African Community (EAC) – composed of 5 countries in the African Great Lakes region in eastern Africa: Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda COMMON MARKET  A type of custom union where there are common policies on product regulation, and free movement of goods and services, capital and labour. ECONOMIC UNION  An economic union is a type of trade bloc which is composed of a common market with a customs union. The participant countries have both common policies on product regulation, freedom of movement of goods, services and the factors of production (capital and labour) and a common external trade policy. ECONOMIC AND MONETARY UNION  When an economic union involves unifying currency it becomes a economic and monetary union. For example European Union.

Agreement of Agriculture  It is aimed to remove trade barriers and to promote transparent market access and integration of global markets.  It has 3 pillars: Domestic Support, Export Subsidies and Market Access.  Domestic Support refers to domestic subsidies that a government provide to a farmer such as fertilizer, power etc. These subsidies are grouped into 3 classes or boxes Green Box, Blue Box and Amber Box Green Box: includes subsidies on which there are no limits as they are not considered as trade distorting or they minimally distort the international trade. These subsidies must be government funded. These subsidies in general are not directed at particular products (unlike MSP) and they may include income support that is decoupled from production level or prices (Ex: Telangana’s Rythu Bandhu Scheme). Amber Box: subsidies cover all domestic support measures considered to distort production and trade. These are required to be maintained within 5-10% of production value (5% for developed countries and 10% for developing countries). Blue Box: subsidies are direct payments under production limiting program. There is no limit. Export Subsidies  Agricultural export subsidies are to be limited by developed countries either in value or volume terms so that international prices are not lowered below a point and https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

143

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

exports and domestic markets of the developing countries are not priced out. Nairobi Ministerial in 2015 decided to phase them out. Market Access  It means that all members countries should throw open their domestic market to agricultural imports by reduction of tariff and removal of non-tariff barriers. Hence, members should undertake:  Bind their tariff to agree to a limit that is bounded rate and not increase the rates beyond them. TRIPS Agreement  It lays down legal standards to protect intellectual property by way of copyright rights; geographical indications; industrial designs; integrated circuit layout-designs; patents; monopolies for developers of new plant varieties; trademarks. It also regulates dispute resolution procedures and enforcement procedures. Patent It may be granted for a new, useful and non-obvious invention, and gives patent holder an exclusive right to commercially exploit the invention for a certain period of time (typically 20 years) Copyright It is given for creative and artistic works (e.g., books, movies, music) and gives copyright holder the exclusive right to control reproduction or adaptation of such works for a certain period of time. Trademark It is a distinctive sign which is used to distinguish the products or services of different businesses Industrial design It protects the form of appearance, style or design of an industrial objects(e.g. spare parts, textile)  Under WTO, patents can be granted for process or product. Product patent provide for absolute protection of product exhausting all processes that may lead to the product, whereas process patents provide protection in respect of a specific method of production.  Under TRIPS, only product patents must be awarded for food, pharmaceuticals and chemicals. These patents should be valid for 20 years. Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement  It is a multinational treaty for the purpose of establishing international standards for intellectual property rights enforcement. It aims to establish an international legal framework for targeting counterfeit goods, generics medicines and copyright infringement on the Internet, and would create a new governing body outside https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

144

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

existing forums, such as WTO, World Intellectual Property Organisation or UN. It was signed in 2011. General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)  It is the set of regulations that governs trade in services among WTO members. Geographical Indications  There are some goods that owe their properties (e.g., its special quality or reputation) to the region in which they originate and are nurtured. Such products are given Geographical Indications. GI is used to identify agricultural, natural or manufactured goods.  There are a number of benefits that GI confers on a particular good:  It confers legal protection to GI in India.  Prevents unauthorised use of a Registered Geographical Indication by others.  It provides legal protection to Indian Geographical Indications which in turn boost exports.  It promotes economic prosperity of producers of goods produced in a geographical territory.  GI generally is not awarded to an individual. It is given for a period of 10 years and may be renewed for another 10 years on expiry. GI prevents spurious goods from entering the market. It helps maintain quality. There is greater accountability, too. It boots exports.

Reports and Indices Financial Organisation and Report World Bank 1. Ease of Doing Business 2. World Development Report 3. Universal Health Coverage Index 4. Remittance Report World Bank 5. Ease of Living Index 6. India Development Update 7. Global Economic Prospect (GEP) report 8. Global Financial Development Report 9. Logistics Performance Index International Monetary Fund (IMF) 1. Global Financial Stability report 2. World Economic Outlook https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

145

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Organisation of Economic Development and Cooperation (OCED) 1. The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2. Global Index of Countries 3. Government at a Glance Report WTO 1. World Trade outlook Indicator WEF (WORLD ECONOIMIC REPORT) 1. Global Information Technology Report 2. Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 3. Global Competitiveness Report 4. Enabling Trade Report 5. Global Environment Performance Index 6. World Power Language Index 7. Inclusive Development Index 8. Human Capital Index 9. Energy Transition Index 10. Global Manufacturing Index 11. Global Gender Gap Index 12. Global Hunger Index, UN and its Specialised Agencies United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 1. Gender Inequality Index United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 1. Gender Parity Index 2. Global education monitoring Report UN – Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) 1. World Happiness Report United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) 1. Actions on Air Quality 2. Global Environment Outlook 3. Emission Gap Report FAO 1. World State of Forest Report 2. Global Food Price Index World Health Organization (WHO) 1. World Health Statistics 2. World Tuberculosis Report 3. Ambient Air Pollution Report

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

146

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Non – Profit Organisations Transparency International 1. Global Corruption Report (GCR) 2. Corruption Perception Index International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) 1. Global Hunger Index

Unemployment  Unemployment is a phenomenon that occurs when a person who is capable of working and is actively searching for the work is unable to find work. Unemployment rate is defined as a number of unemployed people divided by the number of people in the labour force. Labour Force  Persons who are either working (or employed) or seeking or available for work (or unemployed) during the reference period together constitute the labour force. Work force  All people in age group of 15 -59 years. Work force> labour force Employment rate  ratio of employed person to population(15 to 59 years) Current Daily Status Unemployment (CDS)  Here the reference period is each of the 7 days, preceding the date of survey in each of these days. It records the activity status of a person for each day of the 7 days preceding the survey i.e. persons who did not find work on a day or some days during the survey week. The Current daily status approach gives a composite or comprehensive measure of unemployment, i.e., it is a measure of chronic unemployment.

Types of Unemployment Voluntary Unemployment  Voluntary unemployment refers to a situation where workers are either not seeking for work or are in transition from one job to another.

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

147

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Involuntary Unemployment  Involuntary unemployment refers to a situation where workers are seeking work and are willing to work but are unable to get work. Frictional Unemployment  The minimum amount of unemployment that prevails in an economy due to workers quitting their previous jobs and are searching for the new jobs is called Frictional Unemployment. This type of unemployment is of voluntary nature. Cyclical Unemployment  Cyclical unemployment is due to lack of demand in the economy and slowdown of economic activity. Structural Unemployment  It refers to a situation which arises due to change in the structure of the economy or mismatch of skills. Ex: An economy transforms itself from a Labour intensive economy to a Capital intensive economy. Seasonal Unemployment  Seasonal unemployment occurs during certain seasons of the year. It occurs in Agricultural sector, Tourism sector and in factories producing seasonal goods. Therefore, they offer employment for only a certain period of time in a year.

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

148

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Environment

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

149

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

UPSC Prelims

RAO

:: Environment :: → Environment :- French word → Environ → Meaning → Surroundings → Definition :- Every thing that surround living beings during life time.

Environment Biotic

Abiotic

livings

non- livings

Ex :- Green plants Human, Animal Earth worm, Fungi Etc…

Ex :-

Water, air Land, Dam, Bridge, Road, Etc…

 Human influence on environment:(1) Deforestation :Cause → Urbanization, forest fire, Trafficing, Increase cultivation area → 30% area of land was covered by forest, out of which 46% is deforested. → Amazon forest : 60% of Brazil land area is covered by amazon forest. → It produced 20% of world O2 and also known as lungs of Earth. → 17% of amazon forest is deforested. (2) Plastic Pollution :→ Plastic can’nt be destroyed. → It affects lungs & heart. → Bangladesh banned Polybag in – 2002 → Himachal Pradesh banned in – 2009 → Sikkim banned plastic bottle in – 2018 → Sikkim announced as first – Organic state of world. (3) Acidic Rainfall :→ Due to air pollution (4) Artificial Rainfall :→ It increases global warming.

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

150

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

UPSC Prelims

RAO

 5th June 1974 – World Environment Day  Stockholm Convention (1972) (Sweden) :-

Result

UNEP [United Nation Environment Programme]

Celebration of world environment day every year

(H.Q- Nairobi (Kenya))

5 June

→

1982 → 1992 ↓ Nairobi Convention Goal: - Achieve Sustainable development

 1972

 1992 [Rio de Janeiro] Brazil:20 years of 1972

↓ Earth Summit

↓ Agenda – 21

→ Biodiversity Conservation (Education Fresh food and air provide)

 Start three convention:(1) UNFCCC (2) Convention on Biodiversity (3) Convention to combat desertification [UNCCD] (1) UNFCCC :-

→ Not legally binding but treaty under the UNFCC may be binding. → Target – green house gas control → UNFCCC Yearly convention known as – COP https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

151

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

→ COP Start - 1995 → Cop-3 – Kyoto protocol – Japan → H.Q.:- Germany (Bonn) → UNFCC divided world in three categories (1) (2) (3)

Annex – 1 Developed country – 40 nation Annex – 2 Between developed - developing Annex – 3 Developing country Ex :- India

 Kyoto protocol is legally binding for Greenhouse gas control (1997) → U.S.A., China, Brazil not join in Kyoto protocol. → This protocol also known as “Marakkesh Acord”.  Cancun convention – 2010 (Mexico) → Green climate fund – Start → 2020 target → 100 billion & for it. → Green climate fund H.Q.:- South Koria (Songado)  2015 – Paris Convention → Target – 2060 – 100% CO2 ↓ → Temp 2° C below industrialization → Mission innovation → 2022 – 175 GW energy from renewable energy  Earth Hour → March last days 1 hr light off → WWF start in 2007 in Sydney (Aus)  Global Environment Facility (GEF)  → Start – 1992 for help to convention for money to 1 Biodiversity convention 2 UNFCC 3Stockham Convention on organic pollutant. 4 UN convention on combat desertification https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

152

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

5 minamata convention – Mercury

Biodiversity → Different variety of plant and organism found in a certain area called biodiversity. → In Equatorial region biodiversity will be maximum. → In polar region biodiversity will be minimum  Measurement of Biodiversity:→ 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝑦 → 𝛼 diversity – number of species of community. → 𝛽 diversity – change species with respect to environment gradient. → 𝑟 diversity – diversity of broad area.  Hotspots :→ Word given – Myers in 1990 → Very high biodiversity but there is problem of loss of biodiversity.  India :→ Indian biodiversity is divided into 3 Category:(1) Himalayan Biodiversity (2) Peninsula Biodiversity (3) Tropical (Monsoon) Biodiversity In India very high biodiversity found in Western Ghat.  Method of Conservation of Biodiversity :In situ Ex Situ (1) Biosphere reserve (1) Zoo (2) National Park (2) Botanical Garden (3) Wild life sanctuary

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

153

I CAN CRACK EXAM

(1)

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Biosphere reserve :→ UNESCO stabilize man and biosphere programme in 1971 → Biosphere reserve catogaries in three zones. → Core – human activities are not allowed → Buffer - non destructive work are allowed → Transition zone – local community lives # In India total 18 biosphere Reserve → Biosphere reserve accepted by MAB are 10 :(1) Nilgiri T.N. (1986) (2) Nanda devi Uttarakhand (3) Sunderban W.B. (4) Nokrek Meghalaya (5) Nicobar Island Andaman Nicobar (6) Panchmadhi M.P. (7) Mannar T.N. (8) Kanchanjanga Sikkim (9) Amar Kantak M.P. (10) Simpipal Orrissa # Convention of Biological diversity (CBD) (1) Cartagena Protocol 2003 (2) Nagoya Protocol 2010

# Cartagena Protocol – Conducted for the conservation of genetically modified organisms - New term also add – LMO (Living modified organism) - Bacteria, Virus, Plant, animal, are listed in LMO - Aichi convention – Target - 5 2011-20 ten year target on Biodiversity - Bio Diversity Act – 2002 H.Q. – Chennai - Animal Welfare board – H.Q – Haryana https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

154

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

- Green house gases :- CO2, CH4, N2O, Chlorofluoro carban - IPCC :- 1988 - (Intergovernmental Panel on climate change) - WHO + UNEP both help to established IPCC. # Ozone depletion - 90% ozone is in stratosphere and it is good because it protect life on earth by absorbing some of the sun’s harmful UV rays. In troposphere ozone is not good to breathe. - Ozone depletion source :(1) CFC (2) HCFC (3) N2O (4) Fluorinated gas # Ozone depletion convention (1) Vienna convention (2) Montreal Protocol (3) Kigali (Rwanda) -

1985 1989 – 2030 Free - HCFC 2045 – HFC free

# Forest Conservation Act – 1972 - Environment conservation Act – 1986 o 1 lakh penalty o 5 Years imprisonment # National Green tribunal (NGT) - 2010 - Article 48 A for environment - Disposal of cases relating to environmental protection and conservation of forests. - Work on – Natural justice - Disposal cases in 6 month. https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

155

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

# Bombay Natural History Society - 1883 - India biggest non government organization - magazine – Hornbill # IUCN - 1948 - HQ – Switzerland - Not a organ of U.N. - World oldest and biggest environment Network # WWF (World Wild Fund) - 1961 – Switzerland - For living planet - International world non-government organization # CITES:- (Convention on international trade in wild life species – 1973 ) - 1973 – Washington convention → CITES start - Stop –animal trade - UNEP – Manage CITES - H.Q. – Switzerland. # Bonn convention – 1979 (Germany) - Conservation of migratory bird. # TRAFFIC:- (1976) - IUCN + WWF - NGO - Control business of animal and trees. # Greenpeace:- 1969 - H.Q. – Amsterdam (Netherlands) # Stockholm Convention on Organic pollutant:- 2001 - Stop POP (Persistent Organic Pollutant) # Basal convention - 1992 - Harmful waste control https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

156

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

- Now plastic added in e-waste # Rotterdam convention - 2004 - stop harmful organic pollutant import – export # Ramsar convention :- 1971 - conservation of wetland - India’s sites 27 around - Montreux record – conservation of Wetland( lakes) - India 2 sites – In Montreux record (1) Kevaladev (Raj) (2) Loktak Lake (Manipur) # Mangrove Trees (Cher) - World’s 3% mangrove in India - India highest mangrove trees are in (1) W.B. (2) Gujarat # Coral reefs:- Coral is actually a living animal - Coral has a symbiotic relationship with “Zooxanthellae” Microscopic algae which live on coral - Calcium hard cover - 20-21° C good condition to growth coral reef Example :- Fringe coral reef – Andaman – Nicobar - Barrier reef – Australia - Atoll – lakshdweep In India 4 Location for coral reef (1) Andaman – Nicobar – highest (2) Kutch (3) Mannar (4) Lakshadweep

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

157

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

Indian Art & Culture

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

158

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

INDIAN ART AND CULTURE  Harappan art and architecture ::  Harappa - Pakistan, granaries, sculpture of dog,citadel and lower city,ravi river  Mohenjo-daro - Pakistan, the great bath,sindhu river  Lothal - (Manchester of Indus Valley civilisation) bhogavo river,gujarat,dockyard  Dholavira - Gujarat Kutch ,water reservoir, rain water harvesting system  Rakhigarhi - haryana,saraswati river  Ropar - punjab ,dog buried with human  Kalibangan - rajasthan,bangle factory,dhaggar river  Surkotada - gujarat  Banawali - haryana  Alamgirpur - U.P ~ Found By ~  Harappa : 1921 – Dayaram Sahani  Mohennjo – Daro : 1922 – R.D Benargy

 Sculptures of Harappa civilisation      

Pictographic script. Pashupati seal , unicorn seal. Bronze dancing girl ,bronze bull of kalibangan. Terracotta - mother goddess,mask of horned deity. Pottery - red and black pottery Ornaments

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

159

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

:: Mauryan Art ::  PILLARS :





 

Ashokan pillars Lauria nandangarhpilla in champaran Sarnath pillar in Varanasi - National emblem Stupa : Burial mounds prevalent in India. 1) Sanchi stupa in M.P 2) Piprahwa stupa in U.P 3) Bharhut stupa in U.P Cave : used as Viharras Barabar and Nagarjun caves in Bihar were Ashok time Sculptures : Yaksh and Yakshini Rock cut Caves : Chaitya and Vihar Karle Chaitya hall and Ajanta caves :: Schoole ::

1. GANDHARA SCHOOL : Pakistan and Afghanistan area, God Buddha in Yog mudra eyes are half closed, patron - Kushan rulers 2. MATHURA SCHOOL : Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism...patron khushan rulers 3. AMRAVATI SCHOOL : Bank of Krishna river.. patron - Satvahana rulers :: Gupta Time ::  Caves : mural paintings on wall of cave  Ajanta caves : 29 caves in Maharashtra.. Buddhism ...caves no.1 – padmapani....... dying princess Ajanta, flying Apsara  Ellora caves : 5th to 11th AD 34 caves - 16 hindu, 12 Buddhist, 4 jain caves Cave 10 - Vishwakarma Cave 14 - Ravvan ki khai Cave 15 - Dhashavatar cave Cave 16 - Kailash temple developed by Rashtrakuta king https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

160

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

UPSC Prelims

RAO

 Bagh caves : M.P, 9 Buddhist caves.........6th century  Junagadh caves : Know as upar kot  Nashik caves : 23 Buddhist caves - Know as Pandav leni :: Style Of Temple :: Nagara style

Dravidian style

North india - panchayatan style. River ganga yamumna image as goddesses. Shikhara

South india - gopuram and vimana start by pallav king 1) mahendravarman...and

sub school of nagara style : 1)oddisha school - kornak temple, lingaraja temple bhuvneshwar,

2) narashimha group - dharmraj and draupadi Rath ..

2)khajuraho school - chandel rulers cental india, kandariya mahadev temple, lakshman temple at khajuraho.

3) rajsinh group ....

3)solanki school - modhera sun temple gujarat

4) nandivarman group...other Dravidian style of temple....chola -bruhadeswar temple tanjor by rajaraj.bronze nataraja sculpture in tandava mudra

:: Others School Of Art :: Nayaka school – nayaka rulers 16th to 18th centuries.also know as Madurai school... ex : meenakshi temple Vesara school – Nagara style + Dravidian style... ex : Badami temple Vijaynagar school – hampi ,vithalswami temple ,lotus temple Hoysala art – karnataka near mysore 10th to 13th centuries. Pala school – Bengal - 8th to 12th centuries by pala dynasty and sena dynasty. buddhist monasteries of nalanda,vikramsila -

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

161

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

Lingaraja temple Konarak sun temple Dashavatar temple Khajurao temple Jagannath temple Shore temple Rath temple Dilwara temple

UPSC Prelims

RAO

Bhubaneshwar (ganga ruler) Orrisa U.P M.P (chadela rulers) Puri Mahabalipuram(pallavas) Mahabalipuram Solanki rulers

:: Indian Painting :: Origin Before - 8000 year ago. Prehistoric painting - bhimbetaka caves (m.p) oldest rock painting called patrogylps. painting of animal on rock called zoo rock shelter chalcolithic time - jogimara caves chattisgarh Mural paintings

Miniature paintings

 Ajanta caves-Maurya,gupta and sung period Buddha jatak stories  Ellora caves Jain,baudh,hindu  Bagh cave - M.P Buddha jatak katha  Armamalai cave – jain...tamilanadu  Sittanvasal cave - jain tamilnadu..pallav period  Ravan chhaya cave - odisha  Lepakshi – vijaynagar in karnataka

Painting should not be larger than 25 square inch....1/6 size of actual size of subject  Pala school painting - Bengal  Apabhramsa painting - Jain ....gujarat and rajasthan  Mughal - humayu time painter mir saeed ali.akbar start entire department and gave award painter daswant,baswant and kesu this time. Jahangir - painter ustad mansur.start decorate margin around the paintaings.

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

162

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

:: Regional school Art ::  Rajasthani schools of painting – its a rajput school of paintings  Subtype of rajasthan painting : 1) Mewed school painting 2) kishangarh school painting - associated with romantic legends sawant sinh and his beloved love bani thani. many paintings on devotional between radha and Krishna. 3) bundi school painting - bundi and kota school collectively known as” hadoti” 4) Amber Jaipur school paintins - also called “dhundar” 5) marwar paintings - jodhpur and jaisalmer 6) Bikaner school

:: Pahadi Style Of Paintings :: Himalayan state : 1) jammu or dogra school 2) kangra school - kullu and chmba regionZenith under Raja sansar chand 3) Basholi school - zenith under Raja kripal sinh

:: Miniatures In South India :: 1) Maysore paintings - Hindu gods and goddesses. Use “gesso paste” which is mixture of zinc oxide and Arabic gum. 2) Tanjore paintings - start by Maratha rulers 18th century  Raja ravi verma is one of india’s greatest painters. belonged to state kerala..and know as Raphael of the east.

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

163

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

UPSC Prelims

RAO

:: Folk Painting :: Paintings

Region Bihar (mithila region)

Madhubani And Manjusha paintings Phad Patachitra Kalighat Kalamkari Warli Thangka painting

Rajasthan Orrisa Kolkata Andra Pradesh Maharastra Sikkim(Buddhism) :: Martial Art of India ::

Martial Art Gatka and Lathi Paika Thang ta kalaripayattu Silambam Musti yuddha Mardani khel Pari khanda Thoda Malla yuddha Kathi samu Sky Bandesh

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

State punjab orissa manipur kerala Tamil nadu U.P(varsansi) maharastra bihar Himachal Pradesh South india Andhra Pradesh Kashmir All india

164

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

UPSC Prelims

RAO

:: Ancient Universities :: Taxila Nalanda Vikramshila Valabhi Pushpagiri Sompura

pakistan Bihar Bihar Saurastra , gujarat Jaipur,rajasthan Bangladesh

:: Puppetry In India (Kathaputali) :: 

Since the time of Harappa 2300 B.C..found in some of the Harappacites.  silappadikaaram is earliest art of puppetry is found in sangam literature. Types of puppet 1.String puppets

Example

Features Control by strings

2.Shadow Screen with strong source of light behind it puppets & create shadow

3.Rod puppets

Use of rods

4.Glove puppets

Worn on hand just like a glove

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

   

Kathputli –rajasthan Kundhei-orissa Gombeyatta-karnataka Bommalattam-tamilnadu

 Ravanchhaya-orissa  Togalu gombeyattakarnataka  Tholu bommalata andhrapradesh  Putal nautch-west bengal  Yampuri-bihar  Kathi kandhe-orissa  Pava kuthu-kerala  Kundhei nach-orrisa

165

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

:: Indian Dance :: 1. classical dance :  sangeet natak akademi -8 dance is classical dance 1-Bharat natyam (tamilnadu)

Fire dance. krishna iyer and rukamni devi artists. lasya+tandav

2-Kathakali

(kerala)

3-Mohini attam 4-Kathak

(kerala) (U.P)

Tandav dance...movement of eyes and eye brows is awesome. v.n menon artist Lasya dance With drupad music....birju maharaj and lachu maharj artist

5-Odissi

(0rrisa)

6-Kuchipudi(Andhra Pradesh)

7-Manipuri

(Manipur)

8-Sattriya

(Assam)

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

Young boys were recruited and dressed as female know as-Gotipuas TRIBHANGA MUDRA in oddisi is a part of it Secular theme..lasya+tandav.. Jal chitra and tarangam is a part of kuchipudi Pung and dhol –instruments Ravindranath tagor – when he introduced it in shantiniketan Vaishnav saint shankardev in 15th century “BOR GIT”

166

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

UPSC Prelims

RAO

2. Folk Dance : Dance form

State

Chhau dance(mukhota dance) Kalbella Dumhal Bhangra/Giddha Gaur Padayani Naga dance/rangama dance Bihu Than ta Lava dance Lavani Ghoomar Kummi Raslila and dadra Bhut kola Jhumar Charba Jawara and Mataki Tarangmel Danda jatra Garaba Pata kunitha Paika and birha

Odisha,Jharkhand and west Bengal rajasthan J.K punjab M.P kerala Nagaland Assam Manipur Lakshdeep Maharastra Rajasthan T.N/Keral U.P Karnataka Jarkhand/orrisa Himachal Pradesh M.P goa Orrisa Gujarat Mysore,,Karnataka Bihar

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

167

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

:: Traditional Theatre Forms In India :: Bhand pather kashmir haryana Swang U.P Nautanki Gujarat Bhavai Bengal Jatra Assam Bhaona M.P MAACH Maharashtra TAMAASHA Goa Dashavatar Kerala Krishnattam,Muddiyetu,theyyam Karnataka Yakshagaana Tamil nadu Therukoothu Himachal Pradesh Karyala Assam Ankia nat U.P Ramlila Gujarat Garodh Bengal Jatra Orrisa Das kathiya  Natya shastra – bharatmuni  Sangit ratnakar - sarangdev :: Indian Music ::  Classical Music – 1. Hindustani music 2. Carnatic music 1. Hindustani Music : based on raga system. mixture of hindu musical concept+Persian performance. Example….. 1) Drupad style.. 2) In khayal style imagination more-develop by amir khusharo.. 3) Thumari-begam akhtar and girja devi... 4) Tappa-is fast music 5) tarana style 6) Gazal-develop by amir khusaro

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

168

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

UPSC Prelims

RAO

Carnatic Music : south india...its part is pallavi, anu pallavi, varnam, Name of Instrument Stringed instruments

Example Veena, rudraveena, gotuvadyam, sitar, sarod, guitar, mandolin etc Flute, shenai, nadaswaram Sushir vadya Drum, table, nagada Avanaddha vadya Chipli, taal, sticks, clappers Ghana Vadya ragmalika famous singer is subbalaxmi bharat ratna award winner.  Folk Music – Baaul Pandavani Ovi Lavani Panihari Mand Hori and kajri Tappa Daskathia Lotia Rasiya Geet Dandiya

Bengal chhattisgarh maharastra maharastra rajasthan rajsthan U.P Punjab Odisha Rajasthan U.P Gujarat

 Music Instruments ::

:: Classical Languages ::  It’s record history over period of 1500-2000 years. not borrowed from another speech community. Indian six languages are included in classical list—1) Tamil (2004) 2) Sanskrit (2005) 3) Telugu (2008) 4) Kannada (2008) 5) Malayalam (2013) 6) Odiya (2014) https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

169

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

UPSC Prelims

RAO

:: Printing, Weaving and Embroidery Style In India :: Phulkari Baluchari kantha Block painting bandhani pochampali Zardoshi Chikankari ZAMDANI KANCHIPURAM PAITHNI GOTAPATI PATTU SAREE kota chanderi Bomkai

punjab West bengal W.B ,bihar Gujarat and rajasthan gujarat Andhra pradesh U.P and M.P Lucknow(U.P) W.B T.N MAHARASTRA U.P and rajasthan KERALA Rajasthan M.P orrisa

:: Indian Philosophy ::

    

Sankhya vichardhara - kapil muni Yog vichardhara - shree patanjali Nyay vichardhara - gautam muni Vaisheshik vichardhara - kanad muni Mimansa vichardhara - jaimini muni  Vedanta vichardhara - shree badrayan

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

170

I CAN CRACK EXAM

~CHINTAN

RAO

UPSC Prelims

:: Indian Festival :: Rath yatra wangala Festival of flowers chapcharkut losar Sammakaa sarakka Saga dava Kharchi puja bihu losung Hornbill Cheriyoba Kang chibba Abuubachi mela Senkarenchi (angami tribal) Dree festival Majuli

https://t.me/IASSARATHI108

Puri,orrisa meghalaya telangana mizoram Ladakh,arunachal pradesh Telangana sikkim Tripura Assam(three type of bihu) Sikkim Nagaland Manipur Manipur Assam Nagaland Himalayan people Assam

171