Vamos

VAMOS – Evolution of GSM Voice

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Content 1

VAMOS Basic Concept and principles

2

VAMOS Objectives & Huawei Achievements

3

Huawei VAMOS Solutions & Features & Proposal

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HISILICON SEMICONDUCTOR

Page 2

GSM Voice Evolution History Overview

Release98 and R5 enhancement

Evolution Modulation FR HR EFR AMR WB-AMR VAMOS

GMSK /8PSK GMSK /8PSK AQPSK

Sample Rate 8KHZ 8KHZ 8KHZ

frequency scope

MOS

0.3kHZ-3.4kHZ 0.3kHZ-3.5kHZ 0.3kHZ-3.6kHZ

3.5 3.3 4.0

8KHZ

0.3kHZ-3.7kHZ

4.1

16KHZ

50HZ-7kHZ

4.2

-

-

better than HR

FR Code Rate

HR Code EFR Code AMR-HR Rate Rate Code Rate

13 kbit/s 12.2 kbit/s

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AMR-FR Code Rate

WB_AMR Code Rate

12.2 kbit/s

23.85 kbit/s

10.2 kbit/s

23.05 kbit/s

7.95 kbit/s

7.95 kbit/s

19.85 kibt/s

7.40 kbit/s

7.40 kbit/s

18.25 kbit/s

6.70 kbit/s

6.70 kbit/s

15.85 kbit/s

5.90 kbit/s

5.90 kbit/s

12.65 kbit/s

5.15 kbit/s

5.15 kbit/s

8.85 kbit/s

VAMOS Basic Concept

VAMOS paring

• VAMOS is a technology for increasing GSM voice capacity. VAMOS Multiplexes a pair of users on the two VA MOS SUBCHANNELS of a single physical radio resource, allowing up to FOUR USERS on each time slot. • In the downlink, the AQPSK high-order modulation scheme and orthogonal training sequence are used for m ultiplexing. For Terminal, It should support SAIC technology. • In the uplink, the GMSK scheme is still used to modulate signals; two sub-channels use this TRAINING SEQ UENCE to orthogonally occupy a single voice channel, which is similar to 2*2 MIMO. As to interference cance llation technologies (IRC/SIC/STIRC/JD) in BTS should be supported.

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VAMOS Basic Principle

• There are three key points in VAMOS downlink operation: New TSC (Training Sequence Code)  α -QPSK/AQPSK Modulation.  φ rotation (in AQPSK φ = π/2) ** User A can be legacy terminals with SAIC; it adopt legacy TSC. ** User B can be VAMOS I or VAMOS II terminals, it adopt new TSC. 

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VAMOS Main Technologies —AQPSK Subchannel 2

Example 1

α

Subchannel 1

Subchannel 2

• Distribution of the power to the two subc hannels is indicated by the length of the c olored vectors. • The ratio of power between the Q and I c hannels is defined as the Subchannel Po wer Imbalance Ratio (SCPIR)

Example 2

α

Subchannel 1

AQPSK Constellation Examples HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HISILICON SEMICONDUCTOR

• VAMOS Subchannels power control feat ure is symmetric. One mobile is allocated on SCPIR+4dB, the paired mobile is allo cated on SCPIR-4dB. Page Page 66

VAMOS Main Technologies—TSC(1) Table 1:Legacy training sequence Set- Set1 TSC#

Training sequence

0

-1 1 -1 1 1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 1

1

1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1

2

1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1

3

1 -1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1

4

1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1

5

1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1

6

-1 1 1 1 -1 1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1

7

-1 1 1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1

 The training sequences should preferably be orthogo nal to each other to guarantee the quality of the chan nel estimates.  In order to improve the correlation properties a new improved set of training sequences was specific in Ta ble 2,which based on computational simulation wor k. TSC Application Example:  User A and User B is VAMO pair.  User A choice TSC=0 in TSC Set 1,  User B choice TSC=0 in TSC Set 2;

Table 2: New training sequence Set- Set 2 TSC#

New Training Sequences

0

1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1

1

-1 1 1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1

2

1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1

3

-1 1 1 1 -1 1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1

4

1 -1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1

5

1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1

6

1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1

7

-1 1 -1 1 1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 1

TSC used in Downlink and Uplink. MS: SAIC filter out its call using TSC TRX: IRC filter out each call using TSC

** 3GPP now are evaluated several candidate proposals for new Training sequence Code Sets, which are from Huawei, . Nokia, Motorola, China Mobile and so on. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HISILICON SEMICONDUCTOR

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VAMOS Main Technologies —TSC (2) The correlation properties of GSM training sequences (values in dB)

The correlation properties of GSM and new training sequences (values in dB)

• The new set has the best correlation properties when paired with the original TSC with the same sequence number. • As cross-correlation properties of the training sequences are not ideal, this leads to additional interference experienced by the user device. • When SAIC terminal pared with SAIC terminal, TSC sequence code should be specially chose in VAMOS pair. Otherwise it result in Call Drop problems. Different Terminals has different TSC dependency case. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HISILICON SEMICONDUCTOR

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VAMOS Main Technologies-Interference Rejection As the interfering information stream of VAMOS sub channel looks like a cochannel interferer, it is possible to apply SAIC to reduce the impact.

A digital filte , typically FIR, can be placed in the signal path before the detector. This filte converts the channel impulse response to minimum phase.

In JD (joint detection), both info streams are decoded at the same time. An example is a QPSK type receiver, where both information streams are demodulated as one signal.

Filtering

SAIC

JD

IRC&SI C

SIC first uses the IRC algorithm to demodulate the high-power MS, and then subtracts the high-power user information from the received signal, and finally conducts IRC demodulation on the low-power signal.

The multi-path fading channels cause inter-symbol interference and also interference between the two information streams. Filtering , SAIC and JD and IRC/SIC are mainly interference cancelation technologies in Receiver on Downlink or Uplink.

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Mobile Station Types for VAMOS New Training Sequence

MS Type

Pairing Limitations

SAIC

Legacy NonSAIC

VAMOS I or VAMOS II

Not supported

Legacy SAIC

Legacy SAIC or VAMOS I or VAMOS II

Supported

Not supported

No Limitation

Supported

Supported

No limitation

Supported

Supported

VAMOS level I VAMOS level II

Not supported

PAR Reduction

VAMOS Performance

Market Situation

Poor

30-50% MS penetration rate (3GPP)

Not supported

Not supported VAMOS MS pair supports VAMOS MS pair supports

The capacity gain of the Legacy SAIC is much lower than that of the VAMOS MSs. Supports the high performance of VAMOS Further enhanced

50-70% MS penetration rate (3GPP) Go to market Go to market

• VAMOS Level I: VAMOS-aware mobile stations with DARP Phase 1 capability and supporting New TSC / TSC Set 2 . • VAMOS Level II: Based on VAMOS Level I and use an advanced receiver architecture to comply, which will likely require JD (Joint Detection ) techniques in the receiver.

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Terminals Capacity in VAMOS Scenario

VAMOS II UE has largest |SCPIR| values, recommended scope in [-8,8]; VAMOS I UE has secondly larger | SCPIR| values, recommended scope in [-4,4].when paired with legacy Terminal (SAIC/non-SAIC),VAMOS I/VAMOS II UE has occupied less power subchannel with more negative SCPIR value. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HISILICON SEMICONDUCTOR

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Content 1

VAMOS Basic Concept and principles

2

VAMOS Objectives & Huawei Achievements

3

Huawei VAMOS Solutions & Features & Proposal

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HISILICON SEMICONDUCTOR

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VAMOS Performance Objectives P1:Capacity Improvements at the BTS

P2:Capacity Improvements at the air interface

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1) 2)

1)

2)

increase voice capacity of GERAN in order of a factor of two per BTS transceiver. channels under interest: TCH/FS, TCH/HS, TCH/EFS, TCH/AFS, TCH/AHS and TCH/WFS

enhance the voice capacity of GERAN by means of multiplexing at least two users simultaneously on the same radio resource both in downlink and in uplink channels under interest: TCH/FS, TCH/HS, TCH/EFS, TCH/AFS, TCH/AHS and TCH/WFS

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VAMOS Compatible Objectives • impact on network planning and frequency reuse should be minimized.

Impacts to Network Planning

• hardware changes for new Terminals should be avoided. • complexity in power and memory should be kept to a minimum.

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Implementat ion Impacts to New terminals

• voice quality should not decrease and be better than GSM HR, taking into account the influence of the inter-channel interference (ICI) on voice quality, originating from the simultaneous activity of users in the same radio resource.

Maintenance of Voice Quality

Support of Legacy Terminals

Implementat ion Impacts to BSS

• no implementation impact to legacy Terminals. • multiplex on SAIC legacy terminals ; • Multiplex on Non-SAIC legacy terminals

• Hardware update should be avoided • Support all new and legacy channel. • Dimensioning of resource on Abis interface should be minimized

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Key Factors to Influence VAMOS Network Gains Frequency Reuse Mode

BTS Receiver Interference Rejection Technologies

VAMOS Network

Gains

SAIC or VAMOS Terminals Penetration

AHR Penetration

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Frequency Reuse and SAIC/VAMOS Terminals P enetration influence VAMOS Gains Network Capacity Gains in the case of FER<3% of 95% subscribers and AHS5.9.

 When Network Frequency reuse is lower than 4/12, the VAMOS technology brings the higher gains.  VAMOS are suit for frequency loose reuse case scenario and better radio signal condition scenario.

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VAMOS Field Trial in VDF Romania 

One MBSC +MBTS 23 site in cluster, 69 Cells are chosen for VAMOS trials.



Both GSM only and GU mode in U900 Refarming scenario.



the SAIC penetration is around 47.4%, and the AMR-HR penetration is around 86.9%;



High ratio of AMR-HR guarantee VAMOS-HR’s applicability, and ~50% SAIC penetration means that at most 25% capacity gain can be achieved;

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Coverage Test of VAMOS HR vs. HR-(Rxlev)

From RxLev aspect of view, VAMOS is almost the same with normal HR

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Coverage Test of VAMOS HR vs. HR-(RxQual)

• However, from RxQual aspect of view, VAMOS is much worse than normal HR; • This might be due to the reason that only one path (either I or Q path) will be used for demodulation; and the link performance of VAMOS is worse than normal HR.

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MOS Test VAMOS AHS vs AHS.

•

VAMOS MOS score is almost as good as normal AH S when C/I is greater than 15dB; (VAMOS will de-pa ir when C/I below than 15dB)

•

Only a little 0.03 MOS performance degradation, wh ich is due to slow start of VAMOS MOS performanc e;

•

When C/I is lower than 15dB, de-pairing must trigge r otherwise call drop is foreseen;

VAMOS voice quality is as good as AHS in good radio condition (C/I >15dB) HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HISILICON SEMICONDUCTOR

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Quality Comparison Test Result Quality Comparison Test : VAMOS-1 pairing with all kinds of handsets

• As to RXQual , that VAMOS-2 shows the best performance while VAMOS-1 is better than SAIC and SAIC is better than Non-SAIC. • As to C/I distribution , it also presents a similar conclusion when VAMOS-1 is pairing with all handset types. This just tells that VAMOS I terminal , paired with Non-SAIC, is undergoing the worst performance..

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Evaluation Principles • Although can be worked at low RxLev scenario, VAMOS works best in area with good coverage; (e.g. RxLev >= -80dBm)

2

Quality

Coverage

1

• VAMOS has dependency of SAIC handsets, therefore SAIC penetration decides how many VAMOS channels can be used; • For the time being, only AMR-HR is supported for VAMOS pairing, therefore AHS ratio matters;

SAIC / AHS Penetration/Fr equency Reuse model Capacity

• VAMOS has worse link-level performance than normal AHS thus requires better radio environment to maintains the same quality ; (e.g. C/I > 18dB or RxQual < = 1)

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3 4

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• VAMOS can double capacity by allowing two AHS users paring into one HR timeslot; • hence it works best in congestion scenario where it can take its effect;`

Content 1

VAMOS Basic Concept and principles

2

VAMOS Objectives & Huawei Achievements

3

Huawei VAMOS Solutions & Features & Proposal

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HISILICON SEMICONDUCTOR

Page 23

Huawei Keep Leading in VAMOS Evolution Key Technologies &Prototype confirmed

Huawei Start VAMOS project

2007 Q3

Leading VAMOS Commercial Roadmap

2008 Q2-Q4 2009Q1

First filed trial in VDF Spain

2010Q4

First Commercial Version Release

 20% capacity gain under 100% penetration of traditional SAIC terminals  30% capacity gain under 100% penetration of VAMOS Level 1 terminals * VAMOS performance depends on frequency reuse pattern and penetration of VAMOS terminals. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HISILICON SEMICONDUCTOR

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VAMOS Roadmap GBSS13.0 - Uplink Demodulation (SIC)

GBSS14.0

VAMOS Phase I Features:

Candidate feature: VAMOS Enhancement

- Downlink Modulation (Alpha-QPSK) - Channel Allocation - Handover - VAMOS on IP or TDM backhaul - Call Drop Issue Solution for VAMOS - MCPA compatible - EGPRS2-A compatible - LCLS compatible - Mute SAIC UE Identification

2011 Q2

2012 Q2

GBSS13.0 /SingleRAN6.0 are ready for VAMOS commercial deployment ** Although only three features, VAMOS, VAMOS Call Drop Solution, Mute SAIC MS Identification, are listed in GBSS13.0 feature description, above features are also very important and ready for VAMOS Commercial deployment. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HISILICON SEMICONDUCTOR

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SIC (Successive Interference Cancelation) SIC algorithm  

If target user is the strongest, only use IRC to demodulate it.

 

Else if target user is not the strongest, use SIC to demodulate it. It need to subtract the estimated strongest user from the received signal. And the larger the power offset is, the better the target user demodulated performance is.

IRC algorithm  

 

Digit process the signal received from the diversity antenna, decompose the interference into two parts: useful signal and reverse interference. Combine the signal from the main antenna with the decomposed signal from the diversity antennas, then the useful signal is enhanced while the interference is cancelled.

SIC is one Key point for BTS Receiver Technology in VAMOS. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HISILICON SEMICONDUCTOR

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Channel Allocation of VAMOS TS1 VAMOS A, B

TS1 VAMOSC, D

TS2 VAMOS A, B

TS2 VAMOS C, D

TS1 VAMOS A, B

TS1 TS2 VAMOSC, D VAMOS A, B

TS2 VAMOS C, D

Two handset occupied one HR channel then it’s VAMOS

handset handover back to normal HR channel then it’s normal HR channel;

Flexible VAMOS Channel: each channel is VAMOS channel;  Whenever there are two users multiplexed in the same HR, the channel is VAMOS channel;  Otherwise the channel is normal HR channel; VAMOS Channel can be allocated in the assignment phase, or through a pairing procedure; VAMOS Pairing / Depairing is based on both traffic load and radio condition;

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VAMOS Handover S O M r VA Pai

GMSK Call

GMSK Call

For VAMOS handover, normal channel will be allocated as target channel.



VAMOS users will be checked separately so that handover can be triggered no matter which sub-user has handover demand.



Normal channel will be firstly allocated for VAMOS handover, and the depaired user will be returned to normal channel as soon as the handover is taken place.

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VAMOS over IP Abis over IP/HDLC is a packet transmission and it can support VAMOS easi ly; And it is also the most efficient transmission method. BSS side

MS side

A Interface to MSC

Abis interface

MS1

MS2 MS3 Gb Interface to SGSN Normal voice

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VAMOS voice

Data service

Page 29

VAMOS over TDM: Flexi Abis Abis timeslot 8kbps / unit

All Abis resource are shared to TCH channels!

VAMOS Call ARFCN: 102 TS: 3 TSC set2: 2

Second Request for another 8kbps

ARFCN: 102 TS: 3 TSC set1: 1

E1 Interface BTS

First request for 8kbps link

• All Abis timeslots are included in the shared pool for all TCH channels in the Um interface. • In this solution, no static mapping relationship exists between Um channel and Abis timeslot, Abis resource is applying at the time the call is made; • Since the Abis resource in the pool enlarge, the statistical multiplexing gain is higher than before. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HISILICON SEMICONDUCTOR

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MUTE SAIC Handset Solution - Background Mute SAIC Issue  

Handsets SAIC capability are known by BSS through Classmark IE as follo wing table shows.



However, there are some handsets wh o don’t report its real capability!

Mobile station classmark 3 information element

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MUTE SAIC Handset Solution (1/2) Method: When being detected, alternatively changed the modulation type between Alpha-QPSK a nd GMSK, compare the RxQual fluctuation extent and made the judgment; Accuracy: only those handsets that perform stable in the alternation period will be marked as MU TE-SAIC Handset;; Quality impact: Minimum the impact to non-SAIC handset by start the detection on big SCPIR al location; (see demonstration in next page) 33 11 Alpha-QPSK

N:3 P:2

GMSK

Alpha-QPSK

GMSK

Alpha-QPSK

22

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GMSK

Summary 1.

Since VAMOS can support 4 users sharing one time slot and introduce similar inter channel i nterference (ICI), it need advanced interference cancelation/rejection technologies in BTS an d Terminals, for example:  

2.

3.

4.

BTS: AQPSK modulation, New TSC supporting, IRC and SIC, AQPSK Power control ,and even later JD. UE: SAIC terminal, VAMOS Level I terminal , VAMOS Level 2 terminal with technologies with SAIC, ne w TSC supporting and advanced receiver performance(ex. DARP capability II)

Network Capacity Gain, brought by VAMOS AHS, are fluent by such several factors as frequ ency reuse module, SAIC/ VAMOS aware Terminal penetration in local market, AHS penetr ation in current network and BTS receiver advanced technologies. Generally Specking, VAMOS will bring 20% network capacity gain when SAIC terminal pen etration is up to 100% and bring 30% network capacity gain when VAMOS level I terminal p enetration is up to 100%. In VDF Romania field trial, the real test result is much better. Huawei SRAN6.0 can smoothly support VAMOS without hardware change with MRFUv1/v2 /v3 and MRRU v1/v2/v3. Besides, GSM only product GRFU and GRRU also can support VA MOS. Only MRFU/MRFU v3can 100% support VAMOS. Other modules have limitation on TRX number when Multicarrier is larger than 4 carriers.

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Annex

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Annex1:Glossary ACI ARFCN BCCH BER CCI CIR, C/I DARP

Adjacent Channel Interference Absolute Radio Frequency Carrier Number Broadcast Control Channel Bit Error Rate Co-channel Interference Carrier-to-Interference Ratio Downlink Advanced Receiver Performance

DARP Pahse I

SAIC (Single Antenna Interference Cancellation)

DARP Pahse II

MSRD (Mobile Station Receiver Diversity)

EFL FER GMSK HSN ICI IRC ISI JD L2S MAIO

Effective Frequency Load Frame Erasure Rate Gaussion Minimum Shift Keying Hopping Sequence Number Inter Channel Interference Interference Rejection Combining Inter Symbol Interference Joint Detection Link to System mapping Mobile Allocation Index Offset

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MIMO MSRD MUROS PAR PSK QAM QPSK RMS RRC SACCH SAM SAIC SCPIR SIC

Multiple Input Multiple Output Mobile Station Receive Diversity Multi-User Reusing One Slot Peak to Average Ratio Phase Shift Keying Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Quarternary Phase Shift Keying Root Mean Square Root Raised Cosine Slow Associated Control Channel Single Antenna MIMO Single Antenna Interference Cancellation Sub Channel Power Imbalance Ratio Successive Interference Cancellation

STIRC

pace Time Interference Rejection Combining (STIRC)

SNR

Signal–to-Noise Ratio Traffic channel employing Wideband AMR full rate codec based on GMSK Training Sequence Code Voice Activity Detection

TCH/WFS TSC VAD

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Annex2:Reference in 3GPP Specification Specification 45.001

24.008 44.018

45.002

45.004

45.005

45.008

Title and description of impact Physical layer on the radio path – General description ;Functional description of VAMOS: – Channel organizations for TCH and ACCH – Network and Mobile Station Support – Modulation, burst format, associated control channels in downlink/uplink – Channel mode adaptation Mobile radio interface Layer 3 specification – Core network protocols Stage 3 – Mobile Station capability indication for support of VAMOS within MS class mark 3 information element Mobile radio interface layer 3 specificatio – Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol – signaling support for TSC set 2 in channel descriptions Multiplexing and multiple access on the radio path – channel configuration for VAMOS – new training sequences – mapping of associated control channels Modulation – alpha constellations and alpha range – symbol rotation – TX pulse shape for VAMOS Radio transmission and reception – test scenarios for VAMOS – modulation accuracy and power versus time mask for AQPSK – radio performance requirements for MS and BTS Radio subsystem link control – power back off for AQPSK modulation on broadcast carrier – sub-channel specification power control – impacts on measurement quantities for AQPSK

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