Vijeo Cicode Course V7
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Cicode Programming
Objectives Good Understanding & Competent in Use of Cicode Be Able to Use Cicode in Commands and Expressions Apply Learning to Your Own Site or Project Be Able to Write Your Own Cicode Functions Know How to Debug Your Own Cicode Functions
This Presentation is © 2005 – 2007 Citect Pty Ltd
Agenda - Day 1
Welcome Introduction to Cicode Variable Operators Used in Cicode The Cicode Editor Writing Simple Functions Using Cicode Variables Conversion Functions Include Files
Agenda - Day 2
Conditional Executors Cicode Return Functions Arrays Debugging Your Code
Training Facilities
Emergency Exits Ladies’ & Gents’ Kitchen Breaks / lunch Mobile Phones Compendium
Welcome Introduce trainer Students introduce self Name Employer Current Citect or SCADA experience Expected outcomes from training
Training Agreement It’s OK to….
Express ideas Challenge the facilitator Offer examples Question Relax
Training Agreement Trainer’s role
Start and end on time Professionally facilitate the exchange of information and knowledge Allow time for (and encourage) input Listen non-defensively Help you learn
Training Agreement Your role
Be on time Participate Learn in your own way Provide honest open feedback Enjoy yourself
Ergonomics
Desks and chairs Adjust to your comfort level Relocate screen, keyboard, mouse as required
Environmental conditions Lighting Air conditioning
Rest and relaxation Regular movement Eye strain
Introduction to Cicode Chapter 2
Introduction to Cicode Chapter Overview Commands, Expressions and Functions Use Commands to Control Processes Display Data from Expressions
What is Cicode?
A programming language!
A means of extending the functionality of Vijeo Citect projects Interact with variable tags Exchange data with external sources Create complex formulae
Why do we need it? When we are unable to achieve the required outcome by configuring graphics pages
For the programmers in the audience: It’s like any high-level language, but without complex structures, pointers, recursion or inheritance
Cicode Project Pre-configured project: Cicode_Milk
Pasteurisation Page
Chapters Page
Restore Milk Project
Restore Milk project from the folder supplied by your facilitator Compile the project and then run the Computer Setup Wizard (express)
Run Milk project
Test Pasteurisation page
View Chapters page
Commands Cicode Commands can be issued: Manually Operator types in commands Clicking on a button or object on a graphics page
Automatically
Operator logs in or out of the runtime system A graphics page is opened or closed An alarm is triggered In a report When an event is triggered
Cicode Commands Single statement or group of statements
Open Chapters Page
Create buttons to turn Silo Agitator off and on
Create 2 buttons in the Chapters Page
Compile and Test by switching to the Chapters Page to view results
Setting Variables Execute Command Digital Tag Change status of Tag
Analog Tag Set value of Tag
Variable1=value Variable1=Variable2
Plant1_Pump=1 ; Plant1_Pump=0 ;
Oven_Temp=10 ; Oven_Temp=Kettle_Temp;
String Variables
Expressions
Any combination of variables, operators, and statements which evaluate to some result
8 + 4 Motor_Speed / 5
Calculations in a Cicode statement Result = Operand1 + Operand2 – Operand3
Displaying Data
Displayed Value changes as value of expression changes Value changes
Expression changes
Multiple Statements
Multiple statements can be separated by a semi-colon Kettle_Temp=10 ; Oven_Temp=Kettle_Temp ; Batch_Name=“Bread” ;
;
Multiple statements Add a prompt
TIC_P4_PV = TIC_P1_PV + TIC_P2_PV ; Prompt("Calculation is Finished")
Operator Input
Define keyboard Command as a Key sequence
F2 signals start of Key Sequence
Key Sequence ending in ENTER Allows up to 3 characters to be entered
Arguments
Arg1 provides input to variables by Keyboard entry Conveyor_Speed=Arg1 Variable
Argument #1
Conveyor_Speed=ArgValue1 Argument #1 Checks for Numeric value
DoThisThenDoThat(Arg1,Arg2) Argument #1
Argument #2
123 , 345 <enter>
Enter Keyboard Key Definition Change Misc1 properties
Calling Functions
Definition Function A general term used for a subroutine Parentheses identifies statement as function FunctionName(Arg1,Arg2 …) Name of the Function
Arguments passed to the function
Prompt(“Shutdown”) Shutdown()
Calling functions
Function Information Look up in online help Prompt Shutdown PageDisplay
Passing Data to Functions Functions can support 0,1 or many arguments Prompt(“Press F1 for Help”)
Arguments passed Place double to quotes around any string passed the function to a function JunkFunction(“1st Argument”,“2nd Argument”)
Add Key sequence to project RBUTTON_UP executes command anywhere on page
Not RBUTTON_CMD_UP
Search capability
Invoke external programs from within Vijeo Citect ag r D
& ck a i l C to nd a 2. mmdow o C in W
3. Copy & Paste to Vijeo Citect
1. Find Excel in Windows Explorer
Multiple Arguments All arguments must be listed Separate arguments with a comma , Argument order is important Strings are “quoted” Login(“Manager”, “ABC”) Login ID
Password
Passing Numeric Arguments Both Integers and Floating Point numbers can be passed to a function INT
REAL
AssWin("!Valve",580,150,512+8+1,“Valve_Cool_CMD")
Name of Popup window
Location on screen
Mode of Popup window
Tag
Passing Variable Arguments
When variables are used as arguments Value of variable is passed, not variable string itself
DspStr - Displays a string at a specified AN
DspStr(25,”TextFont”, COAL_LEVEL); Animation Point number
Display using this font
Value of COAL_LEVEL variable will Display
DspStr(25,”TextFont”, “COAL_LEVEL”); COAL_LEVEL string will Display – as its “quoted”
DspStr(326, "ControlLimits", Recipe)
AN 326
Returning Data Functions can return a value to the calling statement Success 0 Failure error number
or Data As in:
Result of ‘FullName’ used as a parameter to ‘Prompt’
date() Prompt(“Hello,” + FullName() )
%Tag%=FormNumPad("Enter",%Tag%,0) Pass Value from num-pad into Tag variable
Title given to number pad
Value passed if cancelled
Mode – standard in this case
Execute Function on Startup Message(“Startup”,“Hello Select World”,64)
Custom Mode
Modify
Summary of Variables
Digital (a.k.a. Boolean or Logical) Digital_Variable = 0 Digital_Variable = 1 Digital_Variable1 = Digital_Variable2
Integer (-32768 - +32767) Integer_Variable = 34 Integer_Variable = -1274 Integer_Variable1 = Integer_Variable2 + 3
Strings (Up to 255 characters) String_Variable = “apple” String_Variable = “string variable” String_Variable1 = String_variable2 + “more text”
Datatypes MUST match during assignments
Data Types
Fred
Variable PLC variable Cicode variable
“Fred”
Fred()
Function
[Fred]
String
Path substitution Array index
{Fred}
Field definition Compile error context
Chapter 2 - Summary Questions
What are the two mechanisms to activate a command?
What is a Cicode expression?
What character is used to combine several tasks?
What is the syntax to call a function?
What is the result of enclosing a tag in doublequotes?
How do you set a system start-up function?
Introduction to Cicode Chapter Summary
Setting variables Using expressions Operator input Passing data to functions Returning data from functions
Variable Operators Chapter 3
Variable Operators Chapter Overview Classes of Operators in Cicode Order of Precedence
Classes of Operators
Mathematical
Operator
Description
+
Addition (for numeric value)
+
Concatenation (for string variables)
-
Subtraction
*
Multiplication
/
Division
MOD
Modulus (Remainder)
IntToStr() function Used where function only accepts strings Use a function like IntToStr()
Prompt(“ Value ” + IntToStr(Tag_1))
MOD Operator TIC_P2_PV = TIC_P4_PV MOD 10
Concatenation Message(”P2" , ”TIC_P2_PV = " + IntToStr(TIC_P2_PV) , 64)
Logical Operators Operator
Description
Operator
AND
Logical AND
Binary
Logical OR
Binary
NOT
Logical NOT
Unary
XOR
Logical XOR
Binary
OR
Operator ‘True’ returns Operator ‘False’ returns
1 0
Truth Tables AND
0
1
OR
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
Truth Tables XOR
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
NOT
0 1
1 0
Agitator_Silo_V = Agitator_Alfast_V AND Centrifuge_Clar_V
Agitator_Silo_V will be turned on ONLY when both Agitator_Alfast_V and Centrifuge_Clar_V are turned on.
Create multi-state text object
Bit Operators Standard bit operators
11011 AND 1101 = 01001
Operator
Description
BITAND
Bitwise AND
BITOR
Bitwise OR
BITXOR
Bitwise XOR
Relational Operators
Tests the relationship between two values
Operator
Description
=
is equal to
<>
is not equal to
<
is less than
>
is greater than
<=
is less than or equal to
>=
is greater than or equal to
Create advanced alarm
Format Operator Convert numeric values into formatted strings
Tag1 : ###.# Display tag1 as three digits before and one digit after the decimal point
Operator
Description
: (colon)
String Format
Format Operators Specifier Description
Function
Use
Example
#
The hash character
The number of characters to display to the right of the AN
####
+ 23 +472213
0
Zero
Padding
#0##
-
Minus
Justification
#-###
.
Period
Decimal notation ###.##
+0023 +23 + 23.54
EU
Engineering units
#.##EU
S
Exponential notation
#s###
+1.234e+012
Format Operator
TAG
Format
Message(“P3" , TIC_P3_PV:###.##,64)
Operator order of Precedence Order
Operator
1
()
2
NOT
3
* , / , MOD
4
:
5
+,-
6
< , > , <= , >=
7
= , <>
8
AND
9
OR
10
BITAND, BITOR, BITXOR
Precedence Examples
Tag_1 OR Tag_2 AND NOT Tag_3 1. NOT Tag_3 2. AND Tag_2 3. OR Tag_1
(Tag_1 OR (Tag_2 AND (NOT Tag_3)))
Test Order of Precedence Centrifuge_Clar_V = NOT Agitator_Silo_V AND Agitator_Alfast_V
Chapter 3 - Summary Questions
Name two of the classes of operators used in Cicode.
How do you test the relationship between two values?
How do you convert numeric values into formatted strings?
Why are brackets used in formulas?
Variable Operators Chapter Summary
Mathematical operators Logical operators Relational operators Order of precedence
The Cicode Editor Chapter 4
The Cicode Editor Chapter Overview
Starting the Cicode Editor Compile, Run and Debug Your Code File Navigation Features Code Editing Tools Dockable Windows and Toolbars Changing Preferences
Starting the Cicode Editor Click on Cicode Editor icon Select New Cicode page
Context Sensitive Help
M Cursor anywhere on ‘Logout’ term Hit Key
Open the Cicode Editor Save as Training
Compile & Run GoTo button provided Provides line number where error occurred
Error shown GoTo error
Compile & Run Compile only
GoTo Errors
Compiler points to error Click GoTo Button
Error Condition
FUNCTION ChangeValue() TagValue1=10 END
FUNCTION ChangeValue() TagValue1=10 END ERROR
New Editor Features Colour Coding Auto Indenting Comment / Uncomment feature
Enhanced File Navigation Tabs give 3 different views View open Files
Changing Toolbars
Click and drag to reposition toolbars Right Click toolbar area background Adds New toolbars
Indent and Comment Indent
Comment Select text Click comment icon
Outdent
Uncomment
Comments Comment your code constantly Preface every Cicode file with
/* DESCRIPTION: Function to do this and that More description here */ // // // // // //
REV 1.0 2.0
DATE AUTHOR DESCRIP 02/12/04 B.Bob Original 01/04/05 I.Rabbitt Add BlowUpIkea() function
NOTES: All functions will be written in Cicode project given in the courses
FUNCTION DoThisAndThat()
! Function starts here
Int iCounter
// Local loop counter
C-style ‘block comments’ (dangerous! What about overlap?) C++ style comments Line comments
Bookmarks & Breakpoints Left Click - Breakpoint Right Click - Bookmark Toggle Bookmark
Clear
Next
Previous
nAN = ANbyName(“WebBrowser”) ; DspSetTip(nAN, “My Web Browser”) ; Experiment with bookmarks comments and indents Use Comments Liberally
List Functions Context sensitive function list <space> Right Click in text Select List Functions
Intellisense Autoprompt Typing function and opening bracket displays Autoprompt Function list displays Autoprompt
REAL FUNCTION AreaOfCircle(REAL rRadius) RETURN (3.141 * Pow(rRadius,2)) ; END _______________________________________ Function Test() AreaOfCircle(20) END
Preferences Customising Cicode Editor View | Preferences To change options
Cicode Preferences
Chapter 4 - Summary Questions
How can you view files easily?
Why use bookmarks and breakpoints?
How can you change the look of the code window?
The Cicode Editor Chapter Summary
Starting the editor Goto errors File navigation Editing tools Function tools Preferences
Cicode Functions Chapter 5
Cicode Functions Chapter Overview
Simple Functions Structure of a Function Public & Private Functions Declaring & Naming Functions Statements Void Functions Cicode Variables Include Files
Simple Functions PUBLIC FUNCTION IncCounter() IF Count < 100 THEN COUNT=COUNT + 1; ELSE COUNTER = 0 ; END END
Scope of Function Public or Private Start of Function Name of Function Start of Code
End of IF statement End of Code
Function Syntax – Pseudocode HELLO StandUp() IF told THEN Stand Up ; ELSE Remain Seated; Finished
GOODBYE
Function Elements
Scope Declaration Name Statement
Scope
PUBLIC Default Shared across Project
PRIVATE Only works within Cicode file where written
Declaring Functions Indicates beginning and end of function code Scope FUNCTION FunctionName() Statement ; END
Naming Functions
Up to 32 characters Do not use reserved words Case insensitive Use CamelCase UpperCamelCase lowerCamelCase
Scope FUNCTION FunctionName() Statement ; END
Statements
Perform the “work” in the function
Statements
PUBLIC FUNCTION StatementExample() IF MASH_PUMP THEN PROMPT(“Mash Pump On”); ELSE PROMPT(“Mash Pump Off”); END END
Void Functions Do not return any data to the calling function PUBLIC FUNCTION VoidExample() IF MASH_PUMP THEN PROMPT(“Mash Pump On”); ELSE PROMPT(“Mash Pump Off”); END END
PUBLIC FUNCTION MyDateTime() MISC1=Date(3); MISC2=Time(1); END
HTA.H OR HTA.HH
PUBLIC FUNCTION AudAlarm() DspPlaySound(“[RUN]:Tada.wav”,0); Message(“Alarm”,”Holding Tube too Hot”,48); END
FUNCTION AverageEx1() TIC_P2_PV = (TIC_P1_PV + TIC_P4_PV) / 2 END
Cicode Variables
Located in Computer memory Temporary data storage Data Types Strings - STRING Integers - INT Real Numbers - REAL
PLC Registers
Computer Memory
SILO_LEVEL value
iAverage
OVEN_TEMP value
rArea
STRING_TAG value
sMyName
Declaring Cicode Variables Like Variable Tags – a Data Type must be specified for Cicode Variables
Global, Module, Local
Cicode Variable Syntax
Syntax:
SCOPE DATATYPE NAME = INITIALVALUE
Global Module Local
STRING INT REAL
Variable Name
Initialize Variable
GLOBAL STRING sMyString = “” ! Null Value
Global Cicode Variables Valid across all Cicode files and all include projects Maintenance more difficult Local variables preferred GLOBAL STRING gsDefaultPage = “MIMIC” ; INT FUNCTION GlobalExample(String sPage) INT iStatus ; iStatus = PageDisplay(sPage) ; IF iStatus <> 0 THEN PageDisplay(gsDefaultPage) ; END RETURN iStatus ; END
Module Cicode Variables
Specific to the file where it is declared Default for Cicode variables Declare before functions use it Multiplies maintenance issues
Local Cicode Variables Specific to function where declared Any variable defined within a function is local by default (no prefix required) Only valid while function executes Local variables take precedence if name conflict occurs
Local Cicode Variables PUBLIC INT FUNCTION LocalExample() INT iAverage ; iAverage=(TAG1 + TAG2) /2; RETURN iAverage END
Variable Naming Standards Hungarian Notation Initial (lowercase) letter describes variable usage Coined by Charles Simonyi of Microsoft
Applications Hungarian vs. System Hungarian
System Hungarian Notation
Apps Hungarian Notation
Prefix
Interpretation
Prefix
Interpretation
i, n
Integer
p
Pump (on/off)
r
Real
t
Temperature
s
String
x
Horizontal coord
o
Object (activeX)
y
Vertical coord
h
Handle (int)
c
Control variable
FUNCTION AudAlarm2(STRING sFile, STRING sTitle, STRING sMessage) DspPlaySound(sFile,0); Message(sTitle,sMessage,48); END Button
AudAlarm2("C:\WINDOWS\Media\chimes.wav", “Oven Temp", “Holding Tube Too Cold")
Converting Cicode Variables Convert Data Types for further processing
Input()
StrToInt()
IntToStr() RealToStr() StrToInt() StrToReal()
Calculations +-*/
Use RealToStr function Need to convert number to string for use by message() function
RealToStr(Number, Width, Places) Number: The floating-point number to convert Width: The width of the entire string Places: Number of decimal places in the string Message(“Holding Tube”,RealToStr(TIC_HOLD_PV,6,3),64)
Eg the specification 6,3 can store 12.345
Enter a value into a Tag
FUNCTION OperatorInput() STRING sTag //sTag is a string sTag=Input("ENTER","Enter a value",""); // Displays dialog box, operator can input a // single value (Title, Prompt, Default) LIC_Silo_PV=StrToInt(sTag); // Convert sTag value to string and place in // LIC_Silo_PV variable END
Display Time
Cent_RT is the accumulator
TimeToStr(Time, Format, UTC) TimeToStr(Cent_RT,5)
Include Files Command field limited to 128 Characters Include Files accommodate a single complex statement sequence Any valid DOS filename Convention: Filename.cii Referenced by: @ DO Include <>
Create an Include file Use Notepad
AudAlarm2(C:\WINDOWS\Media\chimes.wav, “Holding Tube”, “Holding Tube Too Cold”)
Chapter 5 - Summary Questions
How many built-in functions are supplied with Vijeo Citect?
What are the four basic elements of Functions?
How and why use the Private function attribute?
What is ‘declaring a function?’
How many characters can be used in a function name?
What is ‘the statement?’
What are Void functions?
What is a Cicode variable?
What is an include file?
Cicode Functions Chapter Summary
Elements of a function Void functions Cicode variables Converting and formatting variables Include files
Conditional Executors Chapter 6
Conditional Executors Chapter Overview
Four conditional executors IF FOR WHILE SELECT CASE
IF Statement Execute code based on result of a test IF .. THEN
or
IF test expression THEN True Statements ; END - Or IF test expression THEN True Statements ; ELSE False Statements ; END
IF .. THEN .. ELSE
Use IF .. THEN .. ELSE statement
FUNCTION IF_Example1() IF Centrifuge_Clar_V = 1 THEN Message(“Clarifier Status”, “Running”,64) ELSE Message(“Clarifier Status”,”Stopped”,64) END END
Use IF THEN ELSE using Cicode variables FUNCTION // set data types for variables in this function IF_Example2(INT iTag1, STRING sTitle, STRING sOnMessage, STRING sOffMessage) // If Tag1 is on then display ‘On’ popup IF iTag1 = 1 THEN Message(sTitle , sOnMessage ,64) ELSE // Tag is 0 – display ‘Off’ Popup Message(sTitle , sOffMessage ,64) // End of IF statement END // End of Function END
FOR Loop Execute statements a number of times Variable used as counter
Start Count Value
End Count Value
FOR variable = expression1 TO expression2 DO Statements ; END Exp1 + + ++ + + Exp2
Count
Statements
Sleep & SleepMS // Sleep for 1 second Sleep(1) // Sleep for 500 milliseconds SleepMS(500)
FOR Loop Execute statements a number of times FUNCTION IncrementLevel() // Counter is an Integer INT Counter ; // Set Counter to count 10 levels FOR Counter = 0 TO 9 DO // Add 1 to counter TagX = tagX + 1; Sleep(2); // End of FOR loop END END
FUNCTION FOR_ExampleX() INT Counter; INT iSP; INT iPV; iSP = LIC_Balance_SP; iPV = LIC_Balance_PV; Use sleep(1) to delay the loop
Increase LIC_Balance_PV
FUNCTION FOR_Example1() INT Counter; INT iSP; INT iPV; iSP = LIC_Balance_SP; iPV = LIC_Balance_PV; FOR Counter = iPV TO iSP - 1 DO LIC_Balance_PV = LIC_Balance_PV + 1; SleepMS(300); END END
Decrease LIC_Balance_PV
FUNCTION FOR_Example2() INT Counter; INT iSP; INT iPV; iSP = LIC_Balance_SP; iPV = LIC_Balance_PV; FOR Counter = iSP TO iPV - 1 DO LIC_Balance_PV = LIC_Balance_PV - 1; SleepMS(300); END END
FUNCTION FOR_Example3() INT Counter; INT iSP; INT iPV; iSP = LIC_Balance_SP; iPV = LIC_Balance_PV; IF LIC_Balance_PV > LIC_Balance_SP THEN FOR Counter = iSP TO iPV - 1 DO LIC_Balance_PV = LIC_Balance_PV - 1; SleepMS(300); END ELSE FOR Counter = iPV TO iSP-1 DO LIC_Balance_PV = LIC_Balance_PV + 1; SleepMS(300); END END END
WHILE Loop
Execute statements while condition is true WHILE Expression DO Statements ; END WHILE Trigger DO Count = Count + 1 ; Sleep(1) ; END
Decrement LIC_Balance_PV while Pump_Feed_CMD is true Set LIC_Balance_PV to 100 when Pump_Feed_CMD is false
FUNCTION WHILE_Example1() WHILE Pump_Feed_CMD = 1 AND LIC_Balance_PV > 20 DO LIC_Balance_PV = LIC_Balance_PV -1; SleepMS(500); END LIC_Balance_PV = 100 Pump_Feed_CMD = 0 !optional END
Select Case Statement
Executes one of a choice of statements
SELECT CASE Expression CASE CaseExpression1,CaseExpression2 Statements ; CASE CaseExpression3 TO CaseExpression4 Statements ; CASE IS > CaseExpression5 , IS < CaseExpression6 Statements ; CASE ELSE Statements ; ! nothing satisfied END SELECT
Case Expressions Case Keyword Description (none)
Example
Expression
6 iTestValue “Monday”
Multiple discrete matches
3, 5, 8 iTestValue, iTestValue1 “apples”, “oranges”
TO
Specifies inclusive range of values. Smaller value placed before TO keyword.
3 TO iTestValue “apples” TO “oranges” “Friday” TO “friday”
IS
Use with <,>,<=,>=,=,<>
IS <=14 IS > iTestValue IS < “cherries”
,
ELSE
‘Catcher’ for when no other Case clause matches
FUNCTION WhatDayIsIt() SELECT CASE Delivery_Day CASE 0 MISC2 = "SUNDAY"; CASE 1 MISC2 = "MONDAY"; CASE 2 MISC2 = "TUESDAY"; CASE 3 MISC2 = "WEDNESDAY"; CASE 4 MISC2 = "THURSDAY"; CASE 5 MISC2 = "FRIDAY"; CASE 6 MISC2 = "SATURDAY"; CASE ELSE Message(" Invalid ",“Not a valid number",64); END SELECT END
Chapter 6 - Summary Questions
What are the two formats of the IF statement?
Why is the FOR loop used?
Why is the WHILE loop used?
Which statement is used to execute one of several groups of statements, depending on the result of an expression?’
Conditional Executors Chapter Summary
IF statement FOR loop WHILE loop SELECT CASE statement
More Cicode Functions Chapter 7
More Cicode Functions Chapter Overview Return Functions Cicode Arrays Comments
Return Functions Return functions return data to calling function HowAreYou() RETURN(“I am fine”)
Return Functions Must declare the returning Data type Function Called
Evaluate Statements & store in memory
Result returned & Stored in Tag or Variable
Functions Returning Values Return Values
Return Values
Data Type returned
PUBLIC INT FUNCTION ReturnExample() Blah; Return(3); END
PUBLIC STRING FUNCTION CurrentRecipe() Blah; Return(“Full Cream Milk”); END
Create Function FUNCTION AverageEx1() TIC_P2_PV = (TIC_P1_PV + TIC_P4_PV) /2 END Return Function INT ! return data type is Integer FUNCTION AverageEx2() RETURN (TIC_P1_PV + TIC_P4_PV) /2 ! return expression END
Create Function – AverageEx3() INT FUNCTION AverageEx3(INT iTagX, INT iTagY) RETURN (iTagX + iTagY)/2 END
Change OperatorInput() to a Return function INT FUNCTION EnterTagValue() STRING sTag sTag=Input("ENTER","Enter a value",""); RETURN StrToInt(sTag); END
Bugs – Part 1 // Return the area of a circle into Pizza_Area given the // radius in Pizza_Size // Note the use of local variables and database variables FUNCTION AreaofPizza() rArea = pi()* POW(Pizza_Size,2); Pizza_Area = rArea; END
Bugs – Part 1, Answers // Return the area of a circle into Pizza_Area given the // radius in Pizza_Size // Note the use of local variables and database variables FUNCTION AreaofPizza() real rArea; rArea = pi()* POW(Pizza_Size,2); Pizza_Area = rArea; END
What about Pizza_Area & Pizza_Size? Probably a Variable tag or a global variable, judging by the usage
Bugs – Part 2 // This function will convert the diameter of the variable // tag from inches to centimetres // This is a RETURN function.
FUNCTION InchToCent(REAL a) REAL rCent rCent=a*2.54 END
Bugs – Part 2, Answers // This function will convert the diameter of the variable // tag from inches to centimetres // This is a RETURN function. REAL FUNCTION InchToCent(REAL a) REAL rCent; rCent=a*2.54; RETURN(rCENT) END
Bugs – Part 3 // Show the value of Pizza_Area on the prompt line. FUNCTION PromptPizza(REAL rRealValue) Prompt("The area of the Pizza is " + rRealValue); Sleep(3); Prompt(""); END
Bugs – Part 3, Answers // Show the value of Pizza_Area on the prompt line. FUNCTION PromptPizza(REAL rRealValue) Prompt("The area of the Pizza is " + RealToStr(rRealValue,6,3)); Sleep(3); Prompt(""); END Alternate: ...Pizza is " + rRealValue:##.###)
Arrays
Arrays hold equally-sized data elements, of the same data type. Individual elements are accessed by index using a consecutive range of integers
A
B
INT Apartment[4]
Unit Unit Unit Unit
A B C D
… … … …
Apartment[0] Apartment[1] Apartment[2] Apartment[3]
C
D
Index[0] Index[1] Index[2] Index[3]
Arrays INT MyArray[10] INT Count ; For Count = 0 to 9 do MyArray[Count]=Count+1 ; END
Initialising an Array STRING Array[5]=“This”,”is”,”a”,”string”,”array”;
Array is satisfied as: Array[0]=“This” Array[1]=“is” Array[2]=“a” Array[3]=“string” Array[4]=“array”
Array Dimensions Arrays can have more than one dimension INT MyArray[Dim1Size][Dim2Size][Dim3Size] = Values ; STRING StrArray[5] ; REAL Result[5][2] ; INT IntArray[4][3][2] ;
! List ! 2-D Table ! 3-D Table
Using Arrays Arrays are declared as Module or Global (cannot be declared locally) Placed at the beginning of a Cicode file Do not exceed the bounds of the array You cannot pass an entire array into a Cicode function
Assign text description to numeric Tag STRING sRecipeArray[5] = “Full Cream", “Lite", “Sport", “Skim", “High protein"; STRING FUNCTION RecipeSelection() END
STRING sRecipeArray[5] = “Full Cream", “Lite", “Sport", “Skim", “High protein"; STRING FUNCTION RecipeSelection() STRING sRecipe; INT iRecipe; sRecipe = Input("Recipe Number","Enter a number between 0 and 4",""); iRecipe = StrToInt(sRecipe); SELECT CASE iRecipe CASE 0 TO 4 RETURN sRecipeArray[iRecipe]; CASE ELSE Message("Error","Not a valid number",64); END SELECT END
Comments
Comment ,Comment and Comment again
! Single Line Comment Function() /* Multiple Line comments Can extend over several lines End comment block with a delimiter - Cannot be started on the same line as a statement */ Function2() // Another style of comment // Begin each line with forward slashes
Chapter 7 - Summary Questions
What does a return function do?
What is an Array?
Why should comments be included in all Cicode files?
More Cicode Functions Chapter Summary
Return functions Debugging code Arrays Comments
Cicode Debugger Chapter 8
Cicode Debugger Chapter Overview Starting the Debugger Debug Options Debug your Code
Citect Kernel Covered in Intermediate Course Core of the Vijeo Citect system Low-level diagnostic and debugging Use with extreme care Secure access – over-rides all other security measures Command Line interface
Cicode Editor in Debug Mode Open Debug Toolbar Right-Click on blank area of toolbar
Open and test Pizza page
Toggle Breakpoints
Find Errors
From
DevFind(hDev,sPizzaNumber,”NUMBER”) ;
To
DevFind(hDev,sPizzaNumber,”NUM”) ;
Advanced Stepping
Chapter 8 - Summary Questions
Explain debug mode.
There are three tools to control stepping through functions. What are they?
Cicode Debugger Chapter Summary Cicode editor environment Advanced stepping
Did we Achieve the Objectives? Good Understanding & Competent in Use of Cicode Be Able to Use Cicode in Commands and Expressions Apply Learning to Your Own Site or Project Be Able to Write Your Own Cicode Functions Know How to Debug Your Own Cicode Functions
SCADA Training Roadmap
Technical Skill Requirement
Customisation & Design
Networking & Architecture Upgrade & New Features
Cicode Programming
Vijeo Citect Configuration
End of Course
Questions Certificates CCSE Certification Course evaluation www.citect.com/evaluation
Objectives Good Understanding & Competent in Use of Cicode Be Able to Use Cicode in Commands and Expressions Apply Learning to Your Own Site or Project Be Able to Write Your Own Cicode Functions Know How to Debug Your Own Cicode Functions
This Presentation is © 2005 – 2007 Citect Pty Ltd
Agenda - Day 1
Welcome Introduction to Cicode Variable Operators Used in Cicode The Cicode Editor Writing Simple Functions Using Cicode Variables Conversion Functions Include Files
Agenda - Day 2
Conditional Executors Cicode Return Functions Arrays Debugging Your Code
Training Facilities
Emergency Exits Ladies’ & Gents’ Kitchen Breaks / lunch Mobile Phones Compendium
Welcome Introduce trainer Students introduce self Name Employer Current Citect or SCADA experience Expected outcomes from training
Training Agreement It’s OK to….
Express ideas Challenge the facilitator Offer examples Question Relax
Training Agreement Trainer’s role
Start and end on time Professionally facilitate the exchange of information and knowledge Allow time for (and encourage) input Listen non-defensively Help you learn
Training Agreement Your role
Be on time Participate Learn in your own way Provide honest open feedback Enjoy yourself
Ergonomics
Desks and chairs Adjust to your comfort level Relocate screen, keyboard, mouse as required
Environmental conditions Lighting Air conditioning
Rest and relaxation Regular movement Eye strain
Introduction to Cicode Chapter 2
Introduction to Cicode Chapter Overview Commands, Expressions and Functions Use Commands to Control Processes Display Data from Expressions
What is Cicode?
A programming language!
A means of extending the functionality of Vijeo Citect projects Interact with variable tags Exchange data with external sources Create complex formulae
Why do we need it? When we are unable to achieve the required outcome by configuring graphics pages
For the programmers in the audience: It’s like any high-level language, but without complex structures, pointers, recursion or inheritance
Cicode Project Pre-configured project: Cicode_Milk
Pasteurisation Page
Chapters Page
Restore Milk Project
Restore Milk project from the folder supplied by your facilitator Compile the project and then run the Computer Setup Wizard (express)
Run Milk project
Test Pasteurisation page
View Chapters page
Commands Cicode Commands can be issued: Manually Operator types in commands Clicking on a button or object on a graphics page
Automatically
Operator logs in or out of the runtime system A graphics page is opened or closed An alarm is triggered In a report When an event is triggered
Cicode Commands Single statement or group of statements
Open Chapters Page
Create buttons to turn Silo Agitator off and on
Create 2 buttons in the Chapters Page
Compile and Test by switching to the Chapters Page to view results
Setting Variables Execute Command Digital Tag Change status of Tag
Analog Tag Set value of Tag
Variable1=value Variable1=Variable2
Plant1_Pump=1 ; Plant1_Pump=0 ;
Oven_Temp=10 ; Oven_Temp=Kettle_Temp;
String Variables
Expressions
Any combination of variables, operators, and statements which evaluate to some result
8 + 4 Motor_Speed / 5
Calculations in a Cicode statement Result = Operand1 + Operand2 – Operand3
Displaying Data
Displayed Value changes as value of expression changes Value changes
Expression changes
Multiple Statements
Multiple statements can be separated by a semi-colon Kettle_Temp=10 ; Oven_Temp=Kettle_Temp ; Batch_Name=“Bread” ;
;
Multiple statements Add a prompt
TIC_P4_PV = TIC_P1_PV + TIC_P2_PV ; Prompt("Calculation is Finished")
Operator Input
Define keyboard Command as a Key sequence
F2 signals start of Key Sequence
Key Sequence ending in ENTER Allows up to 3 characters to be entered
Arguments
Arg1 provides input to variables by Keyboard entry Conveyor_Speed=Arg1 Variable
Argument #1
Conveyor_Speed=ArgValue1 Argument #1 Checks for Numeric value
DoThisThenDoThat(Arg1,Arg2) Argument #1
Argument #2
Enter Keyboard Key Definition Change Misc1 properties
Calling Functions
Definition Function A general term used for a subroutine Parentheses identifies statement as function FunctionName(Arg1,Arg2 …) Name of the Function
Arguments passed to the function
Prompt(“Shutdown”) Shutdown()
Calling functions
Function Information Look up in online help Prompt Shutdown PageDisplay
Passing Data to Functions Functions can support 0,1 or many arguments Prompt(“Press F1 for Help”)
Arguments passed Place double to quotes around any string passed the function to a function JunkFunction(“1st Argument”,“2nd Argument”)
Add Key sequence to project RBUTTON_UP executes command anywhere on page
Not RBUTTON_CMD_UP
Search capability
Invoke external programs from within Vijeo Citect ag r D
& ck a i l C to nd a 2. mmdow o C in W
3. Copy & Paste to Vijeo Citect
1. Find Excel in Windows Explorer
Multiple Arguments All arguments must be listed Separate arguments with a comma , Argument order is important Strings are “quoted” Login(“Manager”, “ABC”) Login ID
Password
Passing Numeric Arguments Both Integers and Floating Point numbers can be passed to a function INT
REAL
AssWin("!Valve",580,150,512+8+1,“Valve_Cool_CMD")
Name of Popup window
Location on screen
Mode of Popup window
Tag
Passing Variable Arguments
When variables are used as arguments Value of variable is passed, not variable string itself
DspStr - Displays a string at a specified AN
DspStr(25,”TextFont”, COAL_LEVEL); Animation Point number
Display using this font
Value of COAL_LEVEL variable will Display
DspStr(25,”TextFont”, “COAL_LEVEL”); COAL_LEVEL string will Display – as its “quoted”
DspStr(326, "ControlLimits", Recipe)
AN 326
Returning Data Functions can return a value to the calling statement Success 0 Failure error number
or Data As in:
Result of ‘FullName’ used as a parameter to ‘Prompt’
date() Prompt(“Hello,” + FullName() )
%Tag%=FormNumPad("Enter",%Tag%,0) Pass Value from num-pad into Tag variable
Title given to number pad
Value passed if cancelled
Mode – standard in this case
Execute Function on Startup Message(“Startup”,“Hello Select World”,64)
Custom Mode
Modify
Summary of Variables
Digital (a.k.a. Boolean or Logical) Digital_Variable = 0 Digital_Variable = 1 Digital_Variable1 = Digital_Variable2
Integer (-32768 - +32767) Integer_Variable = 34 Integer_Variable = -1274 Integer_Variable1 = Integer_Variable2 + 3
Strings (Up to 255 characters) String_Variable = “apple” String_Variable = “string variable” String_Variable1 = String_variable2 + “more text”
Datatypes MUST match during assignments
Data Types
Fred
Variable PLC variable Cicode variable
“Fred”
Fred()
Function
[Fred]
String
Path substitution Array index
{Fred}
Field definition Compile error context
Chapter 2 - Summary Questions
What are the two mechanisms to activate a command?
What is a Cicode expression?
What character is used to combine several tasks?
What is the syntax to call a function?
What is the result of enclosing a tag in doublequotes?
How do you set a system start-up function?
Introduction to Cicode Chapter Summary
Setting variables Using expressions Operator input Passing data to functions Returning data from functions
Variable Operators Chapter 3
Variable Operators Chapter Overview Classes of Operators in Cicode Order of Precedence
Classes of Operators
Mathematical
Operator
Description
+
Addition (for numeric value)
+
Concatenation (for string variables)
-
Subtraction
*
Multiplication
/
Division
MOD
Modulus (Remainder)
IntToStr() function Used where function only accepts strings Use a function like IntToStr()
Prompt(“ Value ” + IntToStr(Tag_1))
MOD Operator TIC_P2_PV = TIC_P4_PV MOD 10
Concatenation Message(”P2" , ”TIC_P2_PV = " + IntToStr(TIC_P2_PV) , 64)
Logical Operators Operator
Description
Operator
AND
Logical AND
Binary
Logical OR
Binary
NOT
Logical NOT
Unary
XOR
Logical XOR
Binary
OR
Operator ‘True’ returns Operator ‘False’ returns
1 0
Truth Tables AND
0
1
OR
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
Truth Tables XOR
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
NOT
0 1
1 0
Agitator_Silo_V = Agitator_Alfast_V AND Centrifuge_Clar_V
Agitator_Silo_V will be turned on ONLY when both Agitator_Alfast_V and Centrifuge_Clar_V are turned on.
Create multi-state text object
Bit Operators Standard bit operators
11011 AND 1101 = 01001
Operator
Description
BITAND
Bitwise AND
BITOR
Bitwise OR
BITXOR
Bitwise XOR
Relational Operators
Tests the relationship between two values
Operator
Description
=
is equal to
<>
is not equal to
<
is less than
>
is greater than
<=
is less than or equal to
>=
is greater than or equal to
Create advanced alarm
Format Operator Convert numeric values into formatted strings
Tag1 : ###.# Display tag1 as three digits before and one digit after the decimal point
Operator
Description
: (colon)
String Format
Format Operators Specifier Description
Function
Use
Example
#
The hash character
The number of characters to display to the right of the AN
####
+ 23 +472213
0
Zero
Padding
#0##
-
Minus
Justification
#-###
.
Period
Decimal notation ###.##
+0023 +23 + 23.54
EU
Engineering units
#.##EU
S
Exponential notation
#s###
+1.234e+012
Format Operator
TAG
Format
Message(“P3" , TIC_P3_PV:###.##,64)
Operator order of Precedence Order
Operator
1
()
2
NOT
3
* , / , MOD
4
:
5
+,-
6
< , > , <= , >=
7
= , <>
8
AND
9
OR
10
BITAND, BITOR, BITXOR
Precedence Examples
Tag_1 OR Tag_2 AND NOT Tag_3 1. NOT Tag_3 2. AND Tag_2 3. OR Tag_1
(Tag_1 OR (Tag_2 AND (NOT Tag_3)))
Test Order of Precedence Centrifuge_Clar_V = NOT Agitator_Silo_V AND Agitator_Alfast_V
Chapter 3 - Summary Questions
Name two of the classes of operators used in Cicode.
How do you test the relationship between two values?
How do you convert numeric values into formatted strings?
Why are brackets used in formulas?
Variable Operators Chapter Summary
Mathematical operators Logical operators Relational operators Order of precedence
The Cicode Editor Chapter 4
The Cicode Editor Chapter Overview
Starting the Cicode Editor Compile, Run and Debug Your Code File Navigation Features Code Editing Tools Dockable Windows and Toolbars Changing Preferences
Starting the Cicode Editor Click on Cicode Editor icon Select New Cicode page
Context Sensitive Help
M Cursor anywhere on ‘Logout’ term Hit
Open the Cicode Editor Save as Training
Compile & Run GoTo button provided Provides line number where error occurred
Error shown GoTo error
Compile & Run Compile only
GoTo Errors
Compiler points to error Click GoTo Button
Error Condition
FUNCTION ChangeValue() TagValue1=10 END
FUNCTION ChangeValue() TagValue1=10 END ERROR
New Editor Features Colour Coding Auto Indenting Comment / Uncomment feature
Enhanced File Navigation Tabs give 3 different views View open Files
Changing Toolbars
Click and drag to reposition toolbars Right Click toolbar area background Adds New toolbars
Indent and Comment Indent
Comment Select text Click comment icon
Outdent
Uncomment
Comments Comment your code constantly Preface every Cicode file with
/* DESCRIPTION: Function to do this and that More description here */ // // // // // //
REV 1.0 2.0
DATE AUTHOR DESCRIP 02/12/04 B.Bob Original 01/04/05 I.Rabbitt Add BlowUpIkea() function
NOTES: All functions will be written in Cicode project given in the courses
FUNCTION DoThisAndThat()
! Function starts here
Int iCounter
// Local loop counter
C-style ‘block comments’ (dangerous! What about overlap?) C++ style comments Line comments
Bookmarks & Breakpoints Left Click - Breakpoint Right Click - Bookmark Toggle Bookmark
Clear
Next
Previous
nAN = ANbyName(“WebBrowser”) ; DspSetTip(nAN, “My Web Browser”) ; Experiment with bookmarks comments and indents Use Comments Liberally
List Functions Context sensitive function list
Intellisense Autoprompt Typing function and opening bracket displays Autoprompt Function list displays Autoprompt
REAL FUNCTION AreaOfCircle(REAL rRadius) RETURN (3.141 * Pow(rRadius,2)) ; END _______________________________________ Function Test() AreaOfCircle(20) END
Preferences Customising Cicode Editor View | Preferences To change options
Cicode Preferences
Chapter 4 - Summary Questions
How can you view files easily?
Why use bookmarks and breakpoints?
How can you change the look of the code window?
The Cicode Editor Chapter Summary
Starting the editor Goto errors File navigation Editing tools Function tools Preferences
Cicode Functions Chapter 5
Cicode Functions Chapter Overview
Simple Functions Structure of a Function Public & Private Functions Declaring & Naming Functions Statements Void Functions Cicode Variables Include Files
Simple Functions PUBLIC FUNCTION IncCounter() IF Count < 100 THEN COUNT=COUNT + 1; ELSE COUNTER = 0 ; END END
Scope of Function Public or Private Start of Function Name of Function Start of Code
End of IF statement End of Code
Function Syntax – Pseudocode HELLO StandUp() IF told THEN Stand Up ; ELSE Remain Seated; Finished
GOODBYE
Function Elements
Scope Declaration Name Statement
Scope
PUBLIC Default Shared across Project
PRIVATE Only works within Cicode file where written
Declaring Functions Indicates beginning and end of function code Scope FUNCTION FunctionName() Statement ; END
Naming Functions
Up to 32 characters Do not use reserved words Case insensitive Use CamelCase UpperCamelCase lowerCamelCase
Scope FUNCTION FunctionName() Statement ; END
Statements
Perform the “work” in the function
Statements
PUBLIC FUNCTION StatementExample() IF MASH_PUMP THEN PROMPT(“Mash Pump On”); ELSE PROMPT(“Mash Pump Off”); END END
Void Functions Do not return any data to the calling function PUBLIC FUNCTION VoidExample() IF MASH_PUMP THEN PROMPT(“Mash Pump On”); ELSE PROMPT(“Mash Pump Off”); END END
PUBLIC FUNCTION MyDateTime() MISC1=Date(3); MISC2=Time(1); END
HTA.H OR HTA.HH
PUBLIC FUNCTION AudAlarm() DspPlaySound(“[RUN]:Tada.wav”,0); Message(“Alarm”,”Holding Tube too Hot”,48); END
FUNCTION AverageEx1() TIC_P2_PV = (TIC_P1_PV + TIC_P4_PV) / 2 END
Cicode Variables
Located in Computer memory Temporary data storage Data Types Strings - STRING Integers - INT Real Numbers - REAL
PLC Registers
Computer Memory
SILO_LEVEL value
iAverage
OVEN_TEMP value
rArea
STRING_TAG value
sMyName
Declaring Cicode Variables Like Variable Tags – a Data Type must be specified for Cicode Variables
Global, Module, Local
Cicode Variable Syntax
Syntax:
SCOPE DATATYPE NAME = INITIALVALUE
Global Module Local
STRING INT REAL
Variable Name
Initialize Variable
GLOBAL STRING sMyString = “” ! Null Value
Global Cicode Variables Valid across all Cicode files and all include projects Maintenance more difficult Local variables preferred GLOBAL STRING gsDefaultPage = “MIMIC” ; INT FUNCTION GlobalExample(String sPage) INT iStatus ; iStatus = PageDisplay(sPage) ; IF iStatus <> 0 THEN PageDisplay(gsDefaultPage) ; END RETURN iStatus ; END
Module Cicode Variables
Specific to the file where it is declared Default for Cicode variables Declare before functions use it Multiplies maintenance issues
Local Cicode Variables Specific to function where declared Any variable defined within a function is local by default (no prefix required) Only valid while function executes Local variables take precedence if name conflict occurs
Local Cicode Variables PUBLIC INT FUNCTION LocalExample() INT iAverage ; iAverage=(TAG1 + TAG2) /2; RETURN iAverage END
Variable Naming Standards Hungarian Notation Initial (lowercase) letter describes variable usage Coined by Charles Simonyi of Microsoft
Applications Hungarian vs. System Hungarian
System Hungarian Notation
Apps Hungarian Notation
Prefix
Interpretation
Prefix
Interpretation
i, n
Integer
p
Pump (on/off)
r
Real
t
Temperature
s
String
x
Horizontal coord
o
Object (activeX)
y
Vertical coord
h
Handle (int)
c
Control variable
FUNCTION AudAlarm2(STRING sFile, STRING sTitle, STRING sMessage) DspPlaySound(sFile,0); Message(sTitle,sMessage,48); END Button
AudAlarm2("C:\WINDOWS\Media\chimes.wav", “Oven Temp", “Holding Tube Too Cold")
Converting Cicode Variables Convert Data Types for further processing
Input()
StrToInt()
IntToStr() RealToStr() StrToInt() StrToReal()
Calculations +-*/
Use RealToStr function Need to convert number to string for use by message() function
RealToStr(Number, Width, Places) Number: The floating-point number to convert Width: The width of the entire string Places: Number of decimal places in the string Message(“Holding Tube”,RealToStr(TIC_HOLD_PV,6,3),64)
Eg the specification 6,3 can store 12.345
Enter a value into a Tag
FUNCTION OperatorInput() STRING sTag //sTag is a string sTag=Input("ENTER","Enter a value",""); // Displays dialog box, operator can input a // single value (Title, Prompt, Default) LIC_Silo_PV=StrToInt(sTag); // Convert sTag value to string and place in // LIC_Silo_PV variable END
Display Time
Cent_RT is the accumulator
TimeToStr(Time, Format, UTC) TimeToStr(Cent_RT,5)
Include Files Command field limited to 128 Characters Include Files accommodate a single complex statement sequence Any valid DOS filename Convention: Filename.cii Referenced by: @
Create an Include file Use Notepad
AudAlarm2(C:\WINDOWS\Media\chimes.wav, “Holding Tube”, “Holding Tube Too Cold”)
Chapter 5 - Summary Questions
How many built-in functions are supplied with Vijeo Citect?
What are the four basic elements of Functions?
How and why use the Private function attribute?
What is ‘declaring a function?’
How many characters can be used in a function name?
What is ‘the statement?’
What are Void functions?
What is a Cicode variable?
What is an include file?
Cicode Functions Chapter Summary
Elements of a function Void functions Cicode variables Converting and formatting variables Include files
Conditional Executors Chapter 6
Conditional Executors Chapter Overview
Four conditional executors IF FOR WHILE SELECT CASE
IF Statement Execute code based on result of a test IF .. THEN
or
IF test expression THEN True Statements ; END - Or IF test expression THEN True Statements ; ELSE False Statements ; END
IF .. THEN .. ELSE
Use IF .. THEN .. ELSE statement
FUNCTION IF_Example1() IF Centrifuge_Clar_V = 1 THEN Message(“Clarifier Status”, “Running”,64) ELSE Message(“Clarifier Status”,”Stopped”,64) END END
Use IF THEN ELSE using Cicode variables FUNCTION // set data types for variables in this function IF_Example2(INT iTag1, STRING sTitle, STRING sOnMessage, STRING sOffMessage) // If Tag1 is on then display ‘On’ popup IF iTag1 = 1 THEN Message(sTitle , sOnMessage ,64) ELSE // Tag is 0 – display ‘Off’ Popup Message(sTitle , sOffMessage ,64) // End of IF statement END // End of Function END
FOR Loop Execute statements a number of times Variable used as counter
Start Count Value
End Count Value
FOR variable = expression1 TO expression2 DO Statements ; END Exp1 + + ++ + + Exp2
Count
Statements
Sleep & SleepMS // Sleep for 1 second Sleep(1) // Sleep for 500 milliseconds SleepMS(500)
FOR Loop Execute statements a number of times FUNCTION IncrementLevel() // Counter is an Integer INT Counter ; // Set Counter to count 10 levels FOR Counter = 0 TO 9 DO // Add 1 to counter TagX = tagX + 1; Sleep(2); // End of FOR loop END END
FUNCTION FOR_ExampleX() INT Counter; INT iSP; INT iPV; iSP = LIC_Balance_SP; iPV = LIC_Balance_PV; Use sleep(1) to delay the loop
Increase LIC_Balance_PV
FUNCTION FOR_Example1() INT Counter; INT iSP; INT iPV; iSP = LIC_Balance_SP; iPV = LIC_Balance_PV; FOR Counter = iPV TO iSP - 1 DO LIC_Balance_PV = LIC_Balance_PV + 1; SleepMS(300); END END
Decrease LIC_Balance_PV
FUNCTION FOR_Example2() INT Counter; INT iSP; INT iPV; iSP = LIC_Balance_SP; iPV = LIC_Balance_PV; FOR Counter = iSP TO iPV - 1 DO LIC_Balance_PV = LIC_Balance_PV - 1; SleepMS(300); END END
FUNCTION FOR_Example3() INT Counter; INT iSP; INT iPV; iSP = LIC_Balance_SP; iPV = LIC_Balance_PV; IF LIC_Balance_PV > LIC_Balance_SP THEN FOR Counter = iSP TO iPV - 1 DO LIC_Balance_PV = LIC_Balance_PV - 1; SleepMS(300); END ELSE FOR Counter = iPV TO iSP-1 DO LIC_Balance_PV = LIC_Balance_PV + 1; SleepMS(300); END END END
WHILE Loop
Execute statements while condition is true WHILE Expression DO Statements ; END WHILE Trigger DO Count = Count + 1 ; Sleep(1) ; END
Decrement LIC_Balance_PV while Pump_Feed_CMD is true Set LIC_Balance_PV to 100 when Pump_Feed_CMD is false
FUNCTION WHILE_Example1() WHILE Pump_Feed_CMD = 1 AND LIC_Balance_PV > 20 DO LIC_Balance_PV = LIC_Balance_PV -1; SleepMS(500); END LIC_Balance_PV = 100 Pump_Feed_CMD = 0 !optional END
Select Case Statement
Executes one of a choice of statements
SELECT CASE Expression CASE CaseExpression1,CaseExpression2 Statements ; CASE CaseExpression3 TO CaseExpression4 Statements ; CASE IS > CaseExpression5 , IS < CaseExpression6 Statements ; CASE ELSE Statements ; ! nothing satisfied END SELECT
Case Expressions Case Keyword Description (none)
Example
Expression
6 iTestValue “Monday”
Multiple discrete matches
3, 5, 8 iTestValue, iTestValue1 “apples”, “oranges”
TO
Specifies inclusive range of values. Smaller value placed before TO keyword.
3 TO iTestValue “apples” TO “oranges” “Friday” TO “friday”
IS
Use with <,>,<=,>=,=,<>
IS <=14 IS > iTestValue IS < “cherries”
,
ELSE
‘Catcher’ for when no other Case clause matches
FUNCTION WhatDayIsIt() SELECT CASE Delivery_Day CASE 0 MISC2 = "SUNDAY"; CASE 1 MISC2 = "MONDAY"; CASE 2 MISC2 = "TUESDAY"; CASE 3 MISC2 = "WEDNESDAY"; CASE 4 MISC2 = "THURSDAY"; CASE 5 MISC2 = "FRIDAY"; CASE 6 MISC2 = "SATURDAY"; CASE ELSE Message(" Invalid ",“Not a valid number",64); END SELECT END
Chapter 6 - Summary Questions
What are the two formats of the IF statement?
Why is the FOR loop used?
Why is the WHILE loop used?
Which statement is used to execute one of several groups of statements, depending on the result of an expression?’
Conditional Executors Chapter Summary
IF statement FOR loop WHILE loop SELECT CASE statement
More Cicode Functions Chapter 7
More Cicode Functions Chapter Overview Return Functions Cicode Arrays Comments
Return Functions Return functions return data to calling function HowAreYou() RETURN(“I am fine”)
Return Functions Must declare the returning Data type Function Called
Evaluate Statements & store in memory
Result returned & Stored in Tag or Variable
Functions Returning Values Return Values
Return Values
Data Type returned
PUBLIC INT FUNCTION ReturnExample() Blah; Return(3); END
PUBLIC STRING FUNCTION CurrentRecipe() Blah; Return(“Full Cream Milk”); END
Create Function FUNCTION AverageEx1() TIC_P2_PV = (TIC_P1_PV + TIC_P4_PV) /2 END Return Function INT ! return data type is Integer FUNCTION AverageEx2() RETURN (TIC_P1_PV + TIC_P4_PV) /2 ! return expression END
Create Function – AverageEx3() INT FUNCTION AverageEx3(INT iTagX, INT iTagY) RETURN (iTagX + iTagY)/2 END
Change OperatorInput() to a Return function INT FUNCTION EnterTagValue() STRING sTag sTag=Input("ENTER","Enter a value",""); RETURN StrToInt(sTag); END
Bugs – Part 1 // Return the area of a circle into Pizza_Area given the // radius in Pizza_Size // Note the use of local variables and database variables FUNCTION AreaofPizza() rArea = pi()* POW(Pizza_Size,2); Pizza_Area = rArea; END
Bugs – Part 1, Answers // Return the area of a circle into Pizza_Area given the // radius in Pizza_Size // Note the use of local variables and database variables FUNCTION AreaofPizza() real rArea; rArea = pi()* POW(Pizza_Size,2); Pizza_Area = rArea; END
What about Pizza_Area & Pizza_Size? Probably a Variable tag or a global variable, judging by the usage
Bugs – Part 2 // This function will convert the diameter of the variable // tag from inches to centimetres // This is a RETURN function.
FUNCTION InchToCent(REAL a) REAL rCent rCent=a*2.54 END
Bugs – Part 2, Answers // This function will convert the diameter of the variable // tag from inches to centimetres // This is a RETURN function. REAL FUNCTION InchToCent(REAL a) REAL rCent; rCent=a*2.54; RETURN(rCENT) END
Bugs – Part 3 // Show the value of Pizza_Area on the prompt line. FUNCTION PromptPizza(REAL rRealValue) Prompt("The area of the Pizza is " + rRealValue); Sleep(3); Prompt(""); END
Bugs – Part 3, Answers // Show the value of Pizza_Area on the prompt line. FUNCTION PromptPizza(REAL rRealValue) Prompt("The area of the Pizza is " + RealToStr(rRealValue,6,3)); Sleep(3); Prompt(""); END Alternate: ...Pizza is " + rRealValue:##.###)
Arrays
Arrays hold equally-sized data elements, of the same data type. Individual elements are accessed by index using a consecutive range of integers
A
B
INT Apartment[4]
Unit Unit Unit Unit
A B C D
… … … …
Apartment[0] Apartment[1] Apartment[2] Apartment[3]
C
D
Index[0] Index[1] Index[2] Index[3]
Arrays INT MyArray[10] INT Count ; For Count = 0 to 9 do MyArray[Count]=Count+1 ; END
Initialising an Array STRING Array[5]=“This”,”is”,”a”,”string”,”array”;
Array is satisfied as: Array[0]=“This” Array[1]=“is” Array[2]=“a” Array[3]=“string” Array[4]=“array”
Array Dimensions Arrays can have more than one dimension INT MyArray[Dim1Size][Dim2Size][Dim3Size] = Values ; STRING StrArray[5] ; REAL Result[5][2] ; INT IntArray[4][3][2] ;
! List ! 2-D Table ! 3-D Table
Using Arrays Arrays are declared as Module or Global (cannot be declared locally) Placed at the beginning of a Cicode file Do not exceed the bounds of the array You cannot pass an entire array into a Cicode function
Assign text description to numeric Tag STRING sRecipeArray[5] = “Full Cream", “Lite", “Sport", “Skim", “High protein"; STRING FUNCTION RecipeSelection() END
STRING sRecipeArray[5] = “Full Cream", “Lite", “Sport", “Skim", “High protein"; STRING FUNCTION RecipeSelection() STRING sRecipe; INT iRecipe; sRecipe = Input("Recipe Number","Enter a number between 0 and 4",""); iRecipe = StrToInt(sRecipe); SELECT CASE iRecipe CASE 0 TO 4 RETURN sRecipeArray[iRecipe]; CASE ELSE Message("Error","Not a valid number",64); END SELECT END
Comments
Comment ,Comment and Comment again
! Single Line Comment Function() /* Multiple Line comments Can extend over several lines End comment block with a delimiter - Cannot be started on the same line as a statement */ Function2() // Another style of comment // Begin each line with forward slashes
Chapter 7 - Summary Questions
What does a return function do?
What is an Array?
Why should comments be included in all Cicode files?
More Cicode Functions Chapter Summary
Return functions Debugging code Arrays Comments
Cicode Debugger Chapter 8
Cicode Debugger Chapter Overview Starting the Debugger Debug Options Debug your Code
Citect Kernel Covered in Intermediate Course Core of the Vijeo Citect system Low-level diagnostic and debugging Use with extreme care Secure access – over-rides all other security measures Command Line interface
Cicode Editor in Debug Mode Open Debug Toolbar Right-Click on blank area of toolbar
Open and test Pizza page
Toggle Breakpoints
Find Errors
From
DevFind(hDev,sPizzaNumber,”NUMBER”) ;
To
DevFind(hDev,sPizzaNumber,”NUM”) ;
Advanced Stepping
Chapter 8 - Summary Questions
Explain debug mode.
There are three tools to control stepping through functions. What are they?
Cicode Debugger Chapter Summary Cicode editor environment Advanced stepping
Did we Achieve the Objectives? Good Understanding & Competent in Use of Cicode Be Able to Use Cicode in Commands and Expressions Apply Learning to Your Own Site or Project Be Able to Write Your Own Cicode Functions Know How to Debug Your Own Cicode Functions
SCADA Training Roadmap
Technical Skill Requirement
Customisation & Design
Networking & Architecture Upgrade & New Features
Cicode Programming
Vijeo Citect Configuration
End of Course
Questions Certificates CCSE Certification Course evaluation www.citect.com/evaluation
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