01 Introduction To Directional Drilling

Quartz School fortoWell Site Supervisors 8.1. Introduction Directional Drilling Module – 8 Directional Drilling

Section – 1 Introduction to DD

C. Alvarez

Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1

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8.1. Introduction to Directional Drilling

Definition of Directional Drilling DD is the operational procedure followed for planning and deviating a well bore along the planned course to a subsurface target whose location is at a given lateral distance, vertical depth and direction from the origin at surface.

C. Alvarez

Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1

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8.1. Introduction to Directional Drilling

Applications of Directional Drilling

C. Alvarez

Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1

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8.1. Introduction to Directional Drilling Directional Drilling Applications

C. Alvarez

Sidetracks

Inaccessible Locations

Salt Dome Drilling

Fault Controlling

Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1

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8.1. Introduction to Directional Drilling Directional Drilling Applications

Relief Wells

Drainage C. Alvarez

Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1

Platform - Offshore

Multilaterals 5/39

8.1. Introduction to Directional Drilling Historical Background - the late 1920’s 1st application of oil well surveying using the acid bottle inclinometer - 1929 Directional inclinometer with magnetic needle. - the 1930’s 1st controlled directional well drilled (initially for unethical purposes, to cross property lines) - 1934 Controlled DD was used to kill a wild well. Beginning of controlled DD

C. Alvarez

Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1

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8.1. Introduction to Directional Drilling Significant Events: < 1950 Magnetic Single Shot 1960’s Mud Motor

(survey after drilling)

(versatile kick off tool)

1970’s Steering Tool (survey while drilling)

1980 MWD (mud pulse telemetry - no wireline)

1980’s Steerable Motor

1980’s LWD (log quality Data)

1988 Horizontal Drilling (drilling for drainage)

1990’s GeoSteering (geologic vs geometric steering)

1999 Rotary Steerable Drilling

200? Better Measurements/Data Rates, Multi-Laterals?……….?

C. Alvarez

Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1

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8.1. Introduction to Directional Drilling

Well Bore Deviation Methods

C. Alvarez

Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1

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8.1. Introduction to Directional Drilling Well Deviation with Rotary Assemblies All BHAs cause a side force at the bit, leading to change hole inclination
Positive side force-Build Inc.
Zero Net Side force-Hold Inc.
Negative Side force-Drop Inc.
Fulcrum Effect: Builds Inclination
Packed Effect: Holds Inclination
Pendulum Effect: Drops Inclination

C. Alvarez

Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1

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8.1. Introduction to Directional Drilling Well Deviation with Rotary Assemblies Three factors affecting bit side force are:
Mechanical characteristics of the BHA
The gauge and placement of stabilizers and other BHA components
The diameter, length and material of the BHA components
Bit type
Drilling parameters applied to the BHA
Weight on bit
Rotary Speed
Circulation or flow rate
Formation being drilled C. Alvarez

Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1

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8.1. Introduction to Directional Drilling Well Deviation with Rotary Assemblies Weight on Bit

Positive Side Force

With WOB we can induce Bit Tilt by moving the tangent closer to the bit and thus generate a Build Force (positive side force). If the Build Force is great enough it will become greater than the pendulum force and an increase in hole angle will result. Bit Tilt Hole Direction

C. Alvarez

Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1

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8.1. Introduction to Directional Drilling Well Deviation with Rotary Assemblies Negative bit side Force Forces acting on a bit in an inclined hole Side force with zero WOB

C. Alvarez

Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1

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8.1. Introduction to Directional Drilling Well Deviation with Rotary Assemblies

Build

Hold

Drop

Drop

Stabilizer Placement and resultant side forces C. Alvarez

Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1

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8.1. Introduction to Directional Drilling Well Bore Deviation by Jetting • Used in soft formations • One large bit nozzle oriented to the desired direction • Near Bit Stabilizer and limber assembly • Wash a “pocket” in the formation • Spud and rotate, wash, until angle is built • Continue building with rotary BHA • Azimuth corrections more difficult with > inclination

C. Alvarez

Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1

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8.1. Introduction to Directional Drilling Well Bore Deviation with Open Hole Whipstock • Used in medium to hard formations • Bit, NB Stab. pinned to whip and conveyed to bottom • Tool Face oriented • Whip is wedged on bottom and pin sheared • Undersized pilot hole is drilled • Only one joint drilled before POOH the BHA • Pilot hole opened up and process repeated

C. Alvarez

Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1

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8.1. Introduction to Directional Drilling Well Bore Deviation with Dynadrill in early 60’s • First commercial PDM • Hydraulic power to Mech. power driving the Bit • String kept stationary - only sliding • Bent sub above motor provides side force to the bit • Deflects the hole trajectory - kick-off from vertical, sidetrack, correction run, etc. • Very efficient when compared to contemporary deflection devices, (jetting, whipstocks ..)

C. Alvarez

Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1

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8.1. Introduction to Directional Drilling Well Bore Deviation with Steerable Motors in Late 80’s

Bent Sub Early 60’s

Steerable Motor Late 80’s

• Bend closer to the bit reduces bit offset for equivalent curvature. < bit offset = < component stress -Rotation possible without concern for component failure. • After kick-off, drill tangents, adjust trajectory without POOH. -Bit walk and build/drop tendencies not always predictable with rotary BHA’s. • Efficiency achieved with motor bits, multi-lobe power sections and wireless MWD.

C. Alvarez

Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1

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8.1. Introduction to Directional Drilling Well Bore Deviation with Steerable Motors in Late 80’s

PDM - Basic Components • Top Sub crosses over from Stator to drillstring. (also dump valve, flexed sub…..) • Power Section - Rotor/Stator • Transmission shaft transforms eccentric rotation to concentric rotation. • Bearing assembly • Drive Sub

C. Alvarez

Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1

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8.1. Introduction to Directional Drilling Well Bore Deviation with Steerable Motors – SLB PowerPack Motor

• 89 models from 2 1/8 in. to 11 1/4 in. • PowerPak XP & GT extended power sections • PowerPak XF & XC short radius drilling • Oil seal or mud lubricated bearings

C. Alvarez

Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1

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8.1. Introduction to Directional Drilling Well Bore Deviation with Steerable Motors SLB PowerPak Fleet performance ranges Size Range Hole Size -

2 3/8” - 26”

Lengths -

8.4’ - 32.02’

Flow Range Bit Speed Power Output Torque Range C. Alvarez

2 1/8” - 11 1/4”

20 gpm - 1700 gpm 45 rpm - 640 rpm 6.5 hp - 750 hp 90 ft.lbs - 1550 ft.lbs

Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1

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8.1. Introduction to Directional Drilling Well Bore Deviation with Steerable Motors • Hydraulic power to Mechanical for powering the Bit. • Versatility - flexible components, sensors added, variety of formations & conditions.

• Short & Medium radius curves possible • Reduction in: BHA component weight. –String rotation. –Casing wear. –String vibration. –

• Issues: Hole tortuosity. –Bit life, matching bits to motor/formation –Slide drilling –Stator strength (length & BHA response) –

C. Alvarez

Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1

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8.1. Introduction to Directional Drilling

Well Bore Deviation with Rotary Steering Systems (Last Generation of DD Tools developed in Late 90’s and 00’s)

C. Alvarez

Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1

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8.1. Introduction to Directional Drilling Well Bore Deviation with Rotary Steering Systems • Types of Rotary Steering Systems: • Point the Bit System • Uses one non rotating sleeve which performs geo stationary reference. • The motor axis is deflected while rotates. • The bit is so displaced laterally from its central axis, pointing in the desired direction. • Push the Bit System • Uses one non rotating sleeve with retractable pads • When a pad is out contact the wall of well bore and pushes the bit in the opposite direction.

C. Alvarez

Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1

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8.1. Introduction to Directional Drilling Baker Hughes Inteq Rotary Steering System • AutoTrak • Push the bit System • Requires continuous lateral contact with well bore

5.6m (18.4 ft)

V ibration

R es is ti vity 11.2m (36.8 ft)

G am m a r ay

6.6m (21.7 ft)

5.4m (17.7 ft)

4.0m (13.2 ft)

5.0m (16.4 ft)

Inc linatio n 0 .9 m (3 .0 ft)

C. Alvarez

Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1

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8.1. Introduction to Directional Drilling Halliburton Rotary Steering System • GeoPilot • Point the bit System • Requires lateral contact with well bore • Non rotating external component

C. Alvarez

Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1

•At-Bit Inclination 3 ft w/ azimuthal gamma ray •Outer housing rotates slowly •Anti-rotation wheels limit rotation •Maximum DLS reduced with redesign

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8.1. Introduction to Directional Drilling Precision Drilling Rotary Steering System –Revolution (Point the Bit)

Non Rotating Sleeve

Neutral Mode Drill Holding Angle Directional Mode Deviate hole Pistons located underneath the NRS Axis deflection by 72 pistons C. Alvarez

Deflects shaft with universal joint at each end to Lie to one side of non rotating housing

Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1

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8.1. Introduction to Directional Drilling GyroData Rotary Steering System WellGuide – Point the Bit System 20 feet long non rotating section Centralizer Mechanism Activate 6 3/4” 3/4” Tool Size available

C. Alvarez

Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1

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8.1. Introduction to Directional Drilling

100% Rotational Steering Systems

C. Alvarez

Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1

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8.1. Introduction to Directional Drilling Schlumberger Rotary Steering Systems All Rotational Tools – No stationary components • Power Drive Xtra • “Push the Bit” system • Power “V” • Automatic “Push the Bit” system • No Downlink required • Power Drive Xceed • “Point the Bit” system • Power Drive Vortex • Power Drive plus Down Hole Motor to increase bit rpm for Performance Drilling applications C. Alvarez

Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1

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8.1. Introduction to Directional Drilling Schlumberger Rotary Steering Systems Power Drive Xtra

• Directional tool that allows changes in direction and inclination of well bore performing directional control in 2 or 3 dimensions while the drilling string is continuously in rotational mode • All PD components rotate with the drill string • Directional control is performed in real time from surface by sending commands in form of flow rate variations to make adjusts both in direction and inclination • NO SLIDING IS REQUIRED!!!

C. Alvarez

Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1

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8.1. Introduction to Directional Drilling Schlumberger Rotary Steering Systems

PowerDrive = Schlumberger RSS •

A 3-D fully Steerable tool capable of changing both the inclination and azimuth of the well bore while maintaining continuous drill string rotation

•

All external components rotate with string RPM (Schlumberger only)

C. Alvarez

Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1

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8.1. Introduction to Directional Drilling Schlumberger Rotary Steering Systems Power Drive Xtra – Steering Principle

• Apply side force to the bit to initiate a side cutting action • Pads extend dynamically from the rotating housing (bias unit) • TF controlled by orientation of internal valve assembly • Defines at which point during its rotation that a pad will actuate • Dogleg is controlled by alternating between non-rotary and rotary control of the valve assembly relative to space C. Alvarez

Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1

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8.1. Introduction to Directional Drilling Schlumberger Rotary Steering Systems PowerDrive BHA – Controlling Factors

Control variables • Bit characteristics • Stabilizer gauge • Mud Hydraulics* • Flex characteristics

C. Alvarez

Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1

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8.1. Introduction to Directional Drilling Schlumberger Rotary Steering Systems PD Xceed ™ Rotary Steerable System

C. Alvarez

Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1

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8.1. Introduction to Directional Drilling Schlumberger Rotary Steering Systems

Push the Bit / Point the Bit Differences

C. Alvarez

Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1

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8.1. Introduction to Directional Drilling Schlumberger Rotary Steering Systems

C. Alvarez

Quartz School. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 1

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