A Field Guide To The Birds Of Brazil

A FIELD GUIDE TO THE BIRDS OF BRAZIL

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A FIELD GUIDE TO THE

of Brazil BER VAN PERLO

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Birds

Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2009 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Perlo, Ber van.

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A field guide to the birds of Brazil / Ber van Perlo. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-19-530154-0; 978-0-19-530155-7 (pbk.) 1. Birds—Brazil—Identification. I. Title. QL689.B8P44 2009 598.0981—dc22 2008018823 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in China on acid-free paper

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Contents LIST OF PLATES PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS PARTS OF A BIRD INTRODUCTION

1 Brazil: The Area Covered 1.1 Country Profile 1.2 Biogeography 1.2.1 Climate 1.2.2 Geomorphology 1.2.3 Natural Vegetation 2 Brazil: The Birds 2.1 Classification and Names 2.2 Field Identification 2.2.1 Plates 2.2.2 Captions

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2.2.3 Distribution Maps 2.3 Endemism 2.4 Short Introduction to Selected Bird Groups and Families 2.4.1 Worldwide Families and Groups 2.4.2 Typical American Families and Groups SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND GLOSSARY SPECIES ACCOUNTS, PLATES, AND DISTRIBUTION MAPS PROTECTED AREAS OF BRAZIL NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY AND FURTHER REFERENCES APPENDIX 1: THE ENDEMICS OF BRAZIL APPENDIX 2: ENGLISH-PORTUGUESE DICTIONARY INDEX

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List of Plates 1. Diomedeidae (Albatrosses) 2. Diomedeidae (Albatrosses) & Procellariidae (Giant-petrels) 3. Procellariidae (Prions and Petrels) & Pelecanoididae (Diving-petrel) 4. Procellariidae (Shearwaters and Petrels) 5. Procellariidae (Shearwaters and Petrels) 6. Hydrobatidae (Tropicbirds)

(Storm-petrels)

&

Phaethontidae

7. Sulidae (Boobies) & Fregatidae (Frigatebirds) 8. Spheniscidae (Penguins) & Podicipedidae (Grebes) 9. Phalacrocoracidae (Cormorants), Anhingidae (Darter) & Threskiornithidae (Ibises) 10. Ardeidae (Herons) 11. Ardeidae (Herons) 12. Ardeidae (Herons), Threskiornithidae (Spoonbills)

Ciconiidae

(Storks)

&

13. Anhimidae (Screamers), Pelecanidae (Pelicans), Phoenicopteridae (Flamingos) & Anatidae (Swans) 12

14. Anatidae (Whistling-ducks, Goose, Ducks, Pochards, and Merganser) 15. Anatidae (Teals, Wigeon, Shoveler, Pintails, and Duck) 16. Cathartidae (New World Vultures and Condor) 17. Pandionidae (Osprey) & Accipitridae (Kites and Harriers) 18. Accipitridae (Kites) 19. Accipitridae (Kites and Hawks) 20. Accipitridae (Hawks) 21. Accipitridae (Hawks) 22. Accipitridae (Hawks) 23. Accipitridae (Eagles) 24. Falconidae (Kestrels, Falcons, and Caracaras) 25. Falconidae (Forest-falcons and Caracaras) 26. Rheidae (Rheas) & Tinamidae (Tinamous) 27. Tinamidae (Tinamous) 28. Tinamidae (Tinamous), Psophiidae (Trumpeters), Aramidae (Limpkin) & Opisthocomidae (Hoatzin) 29. Cracidae (Guans)

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30. Cracidae (Chachalacas), Odontophoridae (New World Quails), Cariamidae (Seriema) & Chionidae (Sheathbill) 31. Cracidae (Curassows), Phasianidae (Junglefowl) & Numididae (Guineafowl) 32. Rallidae (Crakes and Rails) & Jacanidae (Jacana) 33. Rallidae (Crakes and Rails) 34. Rallidae (Wood-Rails, Gallinules, and Moorhens) 35. Rallidae (Coots), Eurypygidae (Sunbittern), Heliornithidae (Sungrebe), Haematopodidae (Oystercatcher), Recurvirostridae (Stilt), Burhinidae (Thick-knee), Glareolidae (Pratincole) & Thinocoridae (Seedsnipe) 36. Scolopacidae (Dowitchers, Yellowlegs, and Willet)

Godwits,

Curlews,

37. Scolopacidae (Turnstone, Sandpipers, and Redshank) & Charadriidae (Plovers) 38. Charadriidae (Plovers) & Scolopacidae (Phala-ropes) 39. Charadriidae (Knot, Sanderling, and Sandpipers) & Scolopacidae (Ruff) 40. Rostratulidae (Painted-snipe), Scolopacidae (Snipes), Sternidae (Terns) & Rynchopidae (Skimmer) 41. Sternidae (Terns)

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42. Sternidae (Tern) & Laridae (Gulls) 43. Stercorariidae (Jaegers and Skuas) 44. Columbidae (Ground-doves and Quail-doves) 45. Columbidae (Doves and Pigeons) 46. Psittacidae (Pigeons and Macaws) 47. Psittacidae (Macaws and Parakeets) 48. Psittacidae (Parakeets) 49. Psittacidae (Parakeets) 50. Psittacidae (Parakeets and Parrots) 51. Psittacidae (Parrotlets) 52. Psittacidae (Parakeets and Parrots) 53. Psittacidae (Parrots) 54. Psittacidae (Parrots) 55. Cuculidae (Anis, Cuckoos, and Ground-cuckoos) 56. Cuculidae (Cuckoos) 57. Strigidae (Screech-owls and Pygmy-owls) 58. Strigidae (Owls)

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59. Strigidae (Owls), Tytonidae (Barn Owl), Nyctibiidae (Potoos) & Steatornithidae (Oil-bird) 60. Caprimulgidae (Nightjars and Nighthawks) 61. Caprimulgidae (Nighthawks, Pauraque, Poorwill, and Nightjars) 62. Caprimulgidae (Nightjars) & Apodidae (Swifts) 63. Apodidae (Swifts) 64. Trochilidae (Hermits) 65. Trochilidae (Hermits and Barbthroats) 66. Trochilidae (Hermit, Lancebill, Sabrewings, Violet-ears, and Mangos) 67. Trochilidae (Jacobins, Woodnymphs, Sapphires, and Emeralds) 68. Trochilidae (Awlbill, Coquettes, and Thorntail)

Plovercrest,

Hummingbird,

69. Trochilidae (Emeralds, Hummingbirds, Sapphire, and Goldenthroats) 70. Trochilidae (Topazes, Emeralds, Brilliants, Jewelfronts, Ruby, and Hummingbirds) 71. Trochilidae (Hummingbirds, Sungem, Starthroats, and Woodstar)

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Visorbearers,

Fairy,

72. Trogonidae (Quetzals, Trogons) 73. Momotidae (Motmots) & Alcedinidae (King-fishers) 74. Galbulidae (Jacamars) 75. Galbulidae (Jacamars) & Bucconidae (Nunlets) 76. Capitonidae (Barbets) & Bucconidae (Puffbirds and Monklet) 77. Bucconidae (Nunbirds and Puffbirds) 78. Bucconidae (Puffbirds) 79. Ramphastidae (Aracaris and Toucanet) 80. Ramphastidae (Toucanets and Toucans) 81. Picidae (Piculets) 82. Picidae (Piculets and Woodpeckers) 83. Picidae (Woodpeckers and Flicker) 84. Picidae (Woodpeckers) 85. Picidae (Woodpeckers) 86. Furnariidae (Woodcreepers) 87. Furnariidae (Woodcreepers) 88. Furnariidae (Woodcreepers) 17

89. Furnariidae (Woodcreepers and Scythebills) 90. Furnariidae (Tit-spinetails, Canasteros, and Spinetail) 91. Furnariidae (Miners, Cinclodes, and Horneros) 92. Furnariidae (Spinetails) 93. Furnariidae (Spinetails) 94. Furnariidae (Spinetails) 95. Furnariidae (Spinetail, Softtails, Groundcreeper, and Wren-spinetail)

Thornbirds,

96. Furnariidae (Rushbird, Reedhaunters, Firewood-gatherer, Brushrunner, Plushcrown, Barbtail, Graveteiro, Palmcreeper, and Foliage-gleaner) 97. Furnariidae (Cacholotes, Foliage-gleaners, Recurvebill, Hookbill, Woodhaunter, and Tree-hunter) 98. Furnariidae (Foliage-gleaners and Stream-creeper) 99. Furnariidae (Foliage-gleaners and Treehunter) 100. Furnariidae (Leaftossers and Xenops) 101. Thamnophilidae (Antshrikes) 102. Thamnophilidae (Antshrikes) 103. Thamnophilidae (Antshrikes)

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104. Thamnophilidae (Antshrikes) 105. Thamnophilidae (Bushbirds, Antvireos, and Antwrens) 106. Thamnophilidae (Antwrens) 107. Thamnophilidae (Antwrens) 108. Thamnophilidae (Antwrens and Antbirds) 109. Thamnophilidae (Antwrens) 110. Thamnophilidae (Antwrens) 111. Thamnophilidae (Antbirds and Fire-eyes) 112. Thamnophilidae (Antbirds) 113. Thamnophilidae (Antbirds) 114. Thamnophilidae (Antbirds) 115. Thamnophilidae (Antbirds) 116. Thamnophilidae (Antbirds and Bare-eyes) 117. Thamnophilidae (Antthrushes)

(Antbirds)

&

Formicariidae

118. Formicariidae (Antthrushes), Conopophagidae (Gnateaters) & Rhinocryptidae (Bamboowren) 119. Grallariidae (Antpittas)

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120. Rhinocryptidae (Tapaculos) (Crescent-chest, and Bristlefronts)

&

Melanopareiidae

121. Cotingidae (Cotingas and Cock-of-the-rock) 122. Cotingidae (Cotingas, Capuchinbird, and Bellbirds)

Fruiteater,

Umbrellabird,

123. Cotingidae (Fruitcrows) & Pipridae (Manakins) 124. Cotingidae (Plantcutter, Pihas, Calyptura, Cotinga and Berryeaters) & Oxyruncidae (Sharpbill) 125. Pipridae (Manakins) 126. Pipridae (Manakins) 127. Pipridae (Manakins, Tyrant-manakins, and Neopipo) 128. Pipridae (Piprites), Motacillidae (Pipits)

Tyrannidae

(Antpipits)

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129. Tityridae (Schiffornises, Mourner, Purpletufts, and Tityras) 130. Tityridae (Mourner, Xenopsaris, and Becards) 131. Tyrannidae (Tyrannulets and Elaenias) 132. Tyrannidae (Elaenias) 133. Tyrannidae (Elaenias, Tachurises, and Pygmy-tyrants)

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Flycatchers,

Tyrannulet,

134. Tyrannidae (Tyrannulets) 135. Tyrannidae (Doraditos, Wagtail-tyrants, Tyrannulets, and Bristle-tyrants) 136. Tyrannidae (Tyrannulets) 137. Tyrannidae (Flycatchers, Tyrannulets and Rush-tyrant) 138. Tyrannidae (Flycatchers, Tyrants, Tody-Tyrants, and Pygmy-tyrants) 139. Tyrannidae (Tody-tyrants and Pygmy-tyrant) 140. Tyrannidae (Pygmy-tyrants, Tyrant, and Twist-wings) 141. Tyrannidae Flycatchers)

(Tody-tyrant,

Tody-flycatchers,

142. Tyrannidae (Tody-flycatchers and Flycatchers) 143. Tyrannidae (Flatbills and Spadebills) 144. Tyrannidae (Flycatchers, Pewees, and Negrito) 145. Tyrannidae (Tyrants and Black-tyrants) 146. Tyrannidae (Tyrants and Monjitas) 147. Tyrannidae (Tyrants) 148. Tyrannidae (Flycatchers and Kiskadees) 149. Tyrannidae (Flycatchers and Kingbirds) 21

and

150. Tyrannidae (Mourners, Sirystes, Casiornises, and Flycatchers) 151. Tyrannidae (Flatbills, Flycatcher, and Attilas) 152. Parulidae (Parula, Chat, Redstart, Whitestarts, and Warblers) 153. Parulidae (Warblers and Waterthrush) 154. Parulidae (Warblers and Yellowthroat) & Vireonidae (Peppershrike and Vireos) 155. Vireonidae (Greenlets) 156. Hirundinidae (Swallows) 157. Hirundinidae (Martins and Swallows) 158. Donacobiidae (Donacobius) & Troglodytidae (Wrens) 159. Troglodytidae (Wrens) & Polioptilidae (Gnat-wrens) 160. Turdidae (Solitaire, Veery, and Thrushes) 161. Turdidae (Thrushes) & Mimidae (Mockingbirds) 162. Icteridae (Oropendolas and Caciques) 163. Icteridae (Blackbirds, Grackles, and Cowbirds) 164. Icteridae (Cowbird, Baywing, Blackbirds, Bobolink, and Meadowlarks)

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165. Icteridae (Orioles, Troupial, Blackbirds, and Marshbirds) 166. Thraupidae (Tanagers) 167. Thraupidae (Tanagers and Shrike-tanagers) 168. Thraupidae (Tanagers) 169. Thraupidae (Tanagers) 170. Thraupidae (Tanagers) 171. Thraupidae (Tanagers) 172. Thraupidae (Tanagers and Cardinals) 173. Thraupidae (Bananquit, Grassquits, Tanagers, and Ant-tanager) 174. Cardinalidae (Grosbeaks) 175. Cardinalidae (Saltators), Fringillidae (Goldfinch, and Greenfinch), Passeridae Old World Sparrow) & Estrildidae (Waxbill) 176. Thraupidae (Dacnises and Honeycreepers) Emberizidae (Bunting) 177. Thraupidae (Euphonias) 178. Thraupidae (Euphonias, Chlorophonia, Flower-piercers, and Conebills)

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179. Polioptilidae (Gnatcatchers) (Yellow-finches and Saffron-finch)

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Thraupidae

180. Corvidae (Jays) 181. Thraupidae (Seedeaters) 182. Thraupidae (Seedeaters) 183. Thraupidae (Seedeaters and Seed-finch) 184. Thraupidae (Seedeaters, Seed-Finches, Grassquit, and Finches) 185. Emberizidae (Finches, Grass-finches, and New World Sparrow), Thraupidae (Finches, Pampa-finches) & Cardinalidae (Finch) 186. Thraupidae (Warbling-finches) & Emberizidae (New World Sparrows and Dicksissel) 187. Emberizidae (Sparrows, Brush-finch, and Reed-finch) & Fringillidae (Siskins) Note: the plates in this book are mainly aimed at showing together similar-looking species or species from the same area or habitat, but are not based on an accepted sequence of species or a systematic classification in families. Yet it might be worthwile to mention that recently, based on DNA research, several genera were transported, for instance, from the familiy of Thraupidae to Cardinalidae, and from Emberizidae to Thraupidae. This is not yet reflected in the English names; therefore it might be possible that in the

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future, for example, the name of finches now placed in the family of the tanagers might be changed to “tanager-finches.”

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Preface and Acknowledgments This book should be treated as a field guide in which the information needed to identify a bird at the moment you observe it is given in a condensed form. The book’s low weight and compact size make it easy to carry around and consult in the field. Help in identifying difficult species can be found in more detailed regional bird books, which can be consulted at home or on the road. Sound recordings from commercial CDs and DVDs transferred to your iPod or other MP3 player can be an important supplementary aid in the field. To compose a work like this single-handedly, you need the support and help of dedicated friends. I was very lucky to find people willing to coach me through the process of composing the book, comment on its structure, supply basic and additional information about the avifauna and geography of Brazil, send hundreds of reference photos, both of living birds and museum specimens, point out important websites, and suggest improvements, corrections, and additions to plates, maps, and draft text. It is, however, not their responsibility but mine if the book contains errors. My heartfelt thanks go to Rasmus Bøgh in Denmark, my indefatigable supporter in every respect, who solved taxonomic puzzles, found difficult-to-trace articles, provided many photos, and supplied numerous contributions especially to the sections on identification features and habitats.

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I am also extremely thankful to my Brazilian friends: to Fabio Olmos, who helped revise this guide with the support of the Wetlands Trust/UK and the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP), for his prompt, authoritative comments on draft text and plates and for the many photos of museum specimens and Brazilian landscapes; and to Fernando C. Straube and Alberto Urben-Filho, who sorted out systematic riddles and gave extensive suggestions for improvement of text and plates. I thank Doug Stotz for his comments on my draft text and plates; Andy Foster, bird guide and owner of the Serra dos Tucanos lodge, who introduced me to the wonderful Brazilian bird world; Nicholas Locke, President of R.E.G.U.A. (Reserva Ecologica de Guapi Assu, which protects one of the last stands of tropical rainforest left in the severely depleted Atlantic Rainforest), whose help is greatly appreciated; and Bernard Geling, owner of the site www.birdsounds.nl, for his contributions. Research was done at the British Museum of Natural History in Tring, where the support and assistance of the staff, especially of Robert Prys-Jones and Katrina Cook, was very helpful. In going through the collection in Tring, Krys Kazmierczak, my old friend from A Fieldguide to the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent, lent me a hand; his help and his other contributions to this work are very much appreciated. I am also grateful to Peter J. Prescott, senior editor at Oxford University Press, who made the achievement of this work possible, and to Kaity Cheng, Alycia Somers, Tisse Takagi, editorial assistants, and to all the other people at Oxford

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University Press that I came into contact with for all their help and their patience with me. Eu sou muito grato a Sra. Sonia Silva Maia de Cachoeiras de Macacu pela ajuda com as traduções para o português. Last, but first in my heart, I thank Riet Nelen, my wife, who thought that—(now we have both retired) I would start working less, but who sees me doing more and yet endures with patience, support, and encouragement.

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Parts of a Bird

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A FIELD GUIDE TO THE BIRDS OF BRAZIL

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Introduction 1.1 Country Profile Brazil is a very large country—the world’s fifth in surface area (3.3 million square miles or 8.5 million square km)—with a population of probably greater than 190 million (sixth largest in the world). Most people live in the eastern parts of the country, especially in the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The federative republic of Brazil can be divided into five major regions (Sul, Centro-Oueste, Sudeste, Nordeste, and Norte) comprising 26 states and the Distrito Federal of Brasilia (figure 1).

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FIGURE 1 Overview of Brazil 1.2 Biogeography This paragraph gives a short overview of the factors that determine the presence and distribution of bird species in Brazil. 1.2.1 CLIMATE

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Based on temperature and rainfall (figure 2), it is possible to distinguish several regions in Brazil with different climatic conditions. Equatorial zone. In the equatorial zone in the north the annual average temperature lies between 24° and 27 ° C with little seasonal variation, while the annual average rainfall is high (> 3000 mm). In the eastern subregion (where the equator enters the country near Belém), the rainfall in the wet season (January–May) is 10 times higher (± 500 mm per month) than in the dry season (± 50 mm per month in September–November). In the western subregion (where the equator crosses the border with Columbia), the average rainfall per month is 275 mm throughout the year. Tropical zone. The parts of the Amazon basin south and north of the equatorial zone have a tropical climate with a similar annual average temperature as the equatorial zone, but a somewhat lower average annual rainfall of 1500–2500 mm. This rainfall is not evenly distributed over the year: south of the equatorial zone there is a dry season (May–October) during which the large rivers return to their beds, to rise again in the wet season (December–May) to about 10 m above the dry-season level, flooding the surrounding forests. In the tropical climate zone north of the equatorial zone at the border of Venezuela, the situation is different in that September–November is the dry season and April–June is the wet season.

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FIGURE 2 Climate in Brazil Pantanal. In Pantanal the annual rainfall is 1500–2000 mm, with a pronounced dry season from May to October. Central plateau. The central plateau can be subdivided in two parts: (a) the northeast, which is the driest area of the country, with annual rainfall less than 500 mm and temperatures that can rise above 40° C, (b) the grassy central area between the Pantanal and the dry northeast that has a dry “winter” from May to November with temperatures that are lower than those in the tropical zone and a wet, warm “summer” from November to March. Coastal belt. The coastal belt along the Atlantic Ocean has the same average annual rainfall as the Pantanal, but the rain is evenly spread over the year, and there is also less variation in the average annual temperature, which is about 22–23° C. Temperate zone. The Tropic of Capricorn crosses Brazil near São Paulo. The area south of this tropic lies in the temperate 38

zone, with a distinct summer–winter rhythm. In the winter (June–July) the temperature can drop below 0° C at night, and in the mountains it might even snow; in the summer (January–March) the temperature can rise to above 35° C. The average annual rainfall of about 2000 mm is more or less evenly dispersed over the year. 1.2.2 GEOMORPHOLOGY The topography of Brazil (figure 3) can be subdivided in two great plateaus and three plains. Plateau of Guyana. The plateau of Guyana, north of the Amazon basin, embraces a loose array of table mountains, also known as tepuis. They include the Pico da Neblina, which with an altitude of 3014 m forms the highest peak in Brazil. The tepuis, survivors of erosion, form the watershed between the Orinoco and the Amazon. Brazilian plateau. The Brazilian plateau, a tableland varying in altitude from 300 to 1500 m, is broken by low mountain ranges and cut by deep valleys. The edge of the plateau in the east rises steeply, forming an escarpment with several peaks of up to 2500 m or more.

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FIGURE 3 Topography of Brazil Amazon lowlands. The Amazon lowlands lie between the Guyanan and Brazilian plateaus. This is a landscape of gently undulating hills, rarely rising to more than 150 m above sea level, crossed by many water courses that converge in the Amazon. Some of these, like the Amazon itself, are white-water rivers, thus called because of the suspended pale-colored mud particles from the Andes and other mountainous areas, from where they originate. Others, like the Rio Negro, are known as black-water rivers after their color of weak tea, brought about by decaying organic matter from lowland forests. Parts of the Amazon lowlands along the rivers are called várzea (figure 4); they are annually flooded north of the Amazon from April onward and south of the river from December. The higher parts above flood level are called terra firme (“solid ground”). Other small habitat subtypes in the lowlands are oxbow lakes (cut off river meanders) and wetlands.

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FIGURE 4 Várzea and Terra Firme Pantanal. The Pantanal, is a very large, gently sloping wetland area (150,000 km2) that floods in the wet season, when eventually up to 80% is covered with water. After the wet season the Pantanal dries out, and only a few small puddles in the lowest lying areas remain. Coastal plain. The coastal plain, a belt along the Atlantic Ocean of up to 80 km wide in the south, widens to 200 km in the north and has a variety of habitat types such as lagoons with mangrove banks, protected from the ocean by sandstone and coral reefs, sand dunes, white-sand beaches, swamps, and restinga. This is however also the main area of settlement, containing Brazil’s two largest cities, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.

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FIGURE 5 Natural Vegetation in Brazil 1.2.3 NATURAL VEGETATION The natural vegetation of Brazil (figure 5) can be classified into 14 different types:

1. Amazon rainforest (figure 7C): various forest types united by high humidity and limited temperature variations. Exact timing of dry season varies. Large expanses remain but are being cleared rapidly. 2. Atlantic tropical rainforest: like the Amazon rainforest, but in a rather narrow belt along the Atlantic coast. 3. Atlantic tropical seasonal forest: occurs generally at elevations above 600 m. Seasonal forests are characterized by the loss of leaves by 10–60% of the tree species in the dry season. For both types of Atlantic forest, only 6% of the original range 42

4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

9. 10. 11. 12.

13. 14.

remains, mainly in national parks and other protected areas. Former araucaria forest (figure 6B): almost wiped out and replaced by high-altitude crops and farms. Cerrado (figure 8B): savanna; mosaic of grassland and woodland. Due to large-scale cutting of woodland, only parts of true cerrado remain. Caatinga (figure 8A): dry woodland with numerous succulents (e.g., cacti). Southern campos: grassy plains (often marshy) and hills with scattered bushes and trees. Campinaranas: forest (often thorny) and savanna mosaics growing on poor soils. The large Rio Negro and Rio Branco campinaranas are shown on the map. Smaller areas of campinaranas exist elsewhere in the Amazon but are not shown on the map. Savanna–rainforest mosaic. Savanna–rainforest–seasonal forest mosaic. Alpine campos: shrubby areas with low trees or bushes at high altitude above 1900 m. Vegetation types of sea coast and river borders: (a) Mangrove— main areas indicated on the map, but locally as far south as Santa Catarina and along various rivers in the Amazon. (b) Restinga (not shown on the map)—woodland and scrub found locally in a narrow strip along the entire Brazilian coast. Pantanal (figure 8C): Seasonal wetland (high-water season December–April). Tepuis (figure 6A): table mountains with slopes covered in humid cloud forest, while the higher parts mainly have low, shrubby vegetation.

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Some Notes Terra firme (figure 7D) is used to describe forests (mainly in the Amazon) that are never flooded. The trees are typically very high, forming a dense canopy 30–50 m up. Relatively little light penetrates the canopy, resulting in relatively less life at lower levels. This situation changes dramatically when an old tree falls, leaving a light gap that is rapidly utilized by new plants. Species diversity is generally very high, but the majority of birds are only infrequently found below the subcanopy, except at the forest edge. Terra firme is very diverse (both locally and regionally), and exact borders between this and várzea can rarely be drawn. An important subhabitat that is common in terra firme are bamboo thickets (figure 7C) of species such as Guadua. These thickets are of great importance for a wide range of birds such as the Peruvian Recurvebill, Dusky-cheeked Foliage-gleaner, Bamboo Antshrike, and Manu Antbird. Bamboo thickets are typically found near clearings, forest edges, or light gaps, but they can also be seen in the interior. Bamboo thickets are generally not found in extensively flooded várzea, but some can survive low flooding. Bamboo thickets are also found in a wide range of non-Amazonian habitats, where species such as the Purple-winged Ground-Dove, Blackish-blue Seedeater, and Buffy-fronted Seedeater are associated with them. Large patches of bamboo often flower simultaneously, leading to the sudden appearance of relatively rare bamboo-associated birds (especially certain seedeaters), but this is a mixed blessing as the bamboo typically dies shortly after flowering. FIGURE 6 (A) Tepui

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(B) Araucaria angustifolia

(C) Atlantic Forest

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FIGURE 7 (A) Cecropia

(B) Heliconia

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(C) Bamboo Thicket

(D) Terra Firme

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(E) Varzea (flooded)

FIGURE 8 TOP (A) Caatinga

MIDDLE

(B) Cerrado

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(C) Pantanal from the air

(D) Mauritia

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Várzea (figure 7E) is forest that is periodically flooded, typically by white water. “White water” is used to refer to water that contains a high level of sediments and nutrients, resulting in it being rather muddy and murky. Depending on the type of sediments, it may appear almost whitish in color (as suggested by its name). For comparison, forest that is flooded throughout the year by stationary black water is called igapó. Black water contains relatively few sediments, is relatively poor in nutrients, and therefore often appears clearer. However, as suggested by its name, it is often stained dark, almost tea-colored, by leaves. In addition to stationary water that lacks the movements to pick up sediments, black water can be found in rivers that flow through white-sands regions. An example of this is the Rio Negro (as also suggested by its name). The water in this river originates in far northwestern Brazil and adjacent parts of Colombia and Venezuela. The soils in these regions are often dominated by white sands where nutrients rapidly are washed out by the rain, leaving relatively few sediments a river could pick up. The extensive areas of nutrient-poor white sands is also one of the explanations behind the large Rio Negro and Rio 50

Branco campinaranas, as “typical” Amazonian trees are unable to grow on these soils. Várzea and igapó are generally not as species rich as terra firme, but a number of species are strictly found in these habitats. To minimize the risk of confusion, the term “várzea” in this book refers to any type of forest that is flooded. Mauritia spp. (Moriche palm trees, figure 8D) are commonly seen in várzea. They can also be seen in a wide range of other habitats (e.g., the cerrado). They are very important for many birds such as the Point-tailed Palmcreeper, Moriche Oriole, Sulphury Flycatcher, and Red-bellied Macaw. Numerous other genera of palms exist in Brazil, of which one species, Copernicia alba, is among the commonest trees in the Pantanal. Cecropia spp. (figure 7A) are distinctive trees with very large leaves. They are common along rivers and lakes in the Amazon (and in the Atlantic forest). They grow fast and are therefore also one of the first tall trees to emerge in the river island cycle (the first plants to dominate new river islands are dense grasses and bushes). Their large fruits are favored by many birds. Many Heliconia spp. (figure 7B) exist, and the vast majority have striking red, orange, or yellow leafy flowers. Many hermit hummingbirds are associated with Heliconia ssp. Several commonly grow together in stands near forest edge, with hermits buzzing by regularly. Most other hummingbirds with relatively long bills will also feed on heliconias, but they are not as strongly associated with them as some of the hermits are.

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2.1 Classification and Names Scientific and Portuguese names follow the first, second, and third list of the Lista das Aves do Brasil published by the Comitê Brasileiro de Registros Ornitológicos. Species on the second list (occurrence probable, but not yet sufficiently substantiated) are indicated in the text by placing their names in brackets, while species on the third list (occurrence suggested by various sources, but improbable) are preceded by a question mark. With a few exceptions (see, e.g., 126.9, 152.4, and 152.5), English names follow A Classification of the Bird Species of South America published by the SACC (South American Checklist Committee, list created by Sjoerd Mayer). Alternative English names are often mentioned. Sequence of families and species is more or less traditional, but adapted to include about 10 similar-looking species (sometimes from different families) in one plate. 2.2 Field Identification 2.2.1 PLATES The 187 plates, each with up to 10 (rarely 11 or 12) species, show the birds in a more or less standardized stance. If the birds had been painted in more varied stances, the artistic value of the plates might have been greater, but standardizing the stance makes it easier to compare similar species. In general, the birds on any given plate are painted to the same scale, except flight silhouettes, which are normally shown smaller. If males and females have different visual features such as coloring or dimensions of body parts (e.g., tail length), both are illustrated, unless

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the differences are small (e.g., a slightly duller color in the female). Juveniles, immatures, and/or first-winter plumages are shown when the birds are often seen in these plumages. Nonbreeding plumages are shown if the birds may be seen as such in Brazil; migrants such as waders and wood warblers, which are normally seen in nonbreeding plumage, are shown in this plumage on the foreground of the plates. If several subspecies of a species occur in Brazil that differ by distinctive features, these are in many (but not in all) cases illustrated. An effort has been made to show the birds in their typical “jizz”; what birders call jizz is a difficult-to-define combination of size, relative proportions, and body carriage of a bird. Part of a bird’s jizz can be, for example, its stance (the angle of its body to a horizontal line). 2.2.2 CAPTIONS The information for each species is given in this order:

1. 2. 3. 4.

The English name in bold capitals The Portuguese name in parentheses The scientific name in italics Length in inches and centimeters, measured from tip of bill to tip of tail (L) or between the tips of spread wings (W) 5. Identification notes with emphasis on the main features, or those that are not visible in the plates (e.g., the color pattern of opened wings) or those that are most important for distinguishing it from similar 53

species. Notes on behavior are sometimes added when important for identification. 6. Habitat (the preferred surroundings of a bird species) preceded by the symbol ♣; only simple terms are used, such as forest, woodland, marsh, plantations, savanna. There are, however, several habitats that are so specific that their identifying term could not been avoided; these are várzea, terra firme, caatinga, and cerrado (see section 1.2.3, “Natural Vegetation”). The habitat type “second growth” indicates a habitat that is developing at places where the original natural forest has disappeared. A “riverine belt” in this book is any growth along a river or stream that is richer in trees, bush, or other vegetation than its surroundings. The most lush form is tropical gallery forest, which resembles rainforest. 7. Voice, preceded by the symbol ; when possible, a distinction has been made between “call” and “song” as being the basic vocalizations of birds. “Call” is any short, probably unrestrainable sound given by a bird to indicate its presence to himself or other animals, and “song” is the modus in which a male (sometimes also a female) advertises its possession of a territory or its mood (anger, nervousness, contentment, togetherness). Only in a few cases is a further distinction, such as “flight call,” “loud song,” or “dawn song” given (many species sing only or mainly at or just before dawn, singly or in groups). The basic unit of a bird call or song in this book is called a “note” (so the transcription “wir-wir-wheer” has 3 notes). Attention is further paid to

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• Pitch, using a subjective scale (very low, low, mid-high, high, very high, very/extremely high, extremely high), wherein “very low” and “extremely high” indicate vocalizations that are just or partially audible and “mid-high” indicates the normal pitch of an average man’s voice if he uses his voice to try to imitate the vocalization • Loudness, described as soft, weak, loud, ringing, and so on. Parts of transcriptions written in capitals are (much) louder • Structure, described by terms such as accelerated, lowered, gliding, crescendo, and staccato • Quality, described in terms of harsh, shrieking, mewing, and so on • Length of a vocalization, which is given in seconds • Speed, expressed in the number of notes per time unit (that which can be measured by a speedometer) and described as very slow, slow, calm, rapid, hurried, fast, very fast • Tempo, which is defined by the “length” between the notes (i.e., what can be measured with a metronome) and indicated by terms such as almost-rattle, almost-trill, rattle, and trill and by the use of spaces (e.g., “peep peep peep” in which the notes are well separated), hyphens (e.g., “peep-peep-peep” in which the notes are almost connected, like when saying “red-billed”), or absence of spaces (e.g., “peeppeeppeep” in which the notes are uttered in one flow). An apostrope (as in the transcription “t’wooh” or “k’reeh”) is used to indicate a small but just audible separation between the foregoing and following consonant. Note that hyphens in nonword

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descriptors are mainly used to aid readability (e.g., “rih-tjew-tjew-tjuh”). • Transcriptions. Though transcriptions are kept as simple as possible, it should be borne in mind that different people will transcribe bird vocalizations using different vowels and consonants (compare, for example, the way that different bird guides transcribe the chirping of a house sparrow). It is also true that differences exist between written and spoken text in different languages (Portuguese speakers will transcribe a sound differently from Dutch or English speakers). To keep transcriptions short, use is made of the indication “-” (as in “tjee tjee tjee -”) when the foregoing note or group of notes is repeated 1–3 times. The indication “- -” within a transcription (as in “tjee tjee- - ronc-ronc”) or at the end (as in “vrivri - -”) means that the foregoing note or group of notes is repeated > 3 times; the indication “---” (without spaces, as in “tritritri---”) indicates repetitions that are given in a high tempo. The diacritic grave like in “rèh-rèh rèh” is used to indicate that the “e” sounds as the “e” in “red” and the “ò” sounds as the “o” in “pot”; an acute on a vowel like in “póor” indicates that that part of the vocalization is accented; capitalized parts are uttered (much) louder. Note: You cannot expect to identify a bird solely on the basis of the description of voice in this or any book, but your identification based on other features (visual, behavior, habitat) can be supported by the description of voice.

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For the description of voice in this book mainly use is made of tapes, CDs, DVDs, and of the voice recordings on the Web site http://www.xeno-canto.org/perc_map.php. For certain species voice is not described in the accounts if these sources did not provide sufficient information. For other species (such as migrants) it might contribute to identification to know that they are silent in Brazil; this is mentioned in the species accounts. 2.2.3 DISTRIBUTION MAPS Information about range, seasonality, and occurrence can be an important aid to identification. In the distribution maps attention is paid to these factors, expressed in the following key:

Map sources: • Handbook of the Birds of the World (del Hoyo et al., 1992–2007) 57

• The Birds of South America (Ridgely and Tudor, 1989, 1994), volumes 1 and 2 • The web site (http://www.xeno-canto.org/ perc_map.php) • The periodicals and journals Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia (formerly Nattereria), Atualidades Ornithológicas, The Auk, the Bulletin of the British Ornothological Club, and Cotinga • Data supplied by Rasmus Bøgh and found in various site reports. 2.3 Endemism An endemic is an organism that occurs only in an area with well-defined boundaries, such as a habitat, island, or country. So it is possible to distinguish the endemics of the Atlantic rainforest (a habitat type found in western Brazil, Northern Paraguay, and North Argentina) and the endemics of Brazil (a political unity). Among the bird species of Brazil there are 218 endemics in 30 families. These are listed in appendix 1, “The Endemics of Brazil,” and indicated in the plate captions by their names being set in a blue font and the addition “En.” 2.4 Short Introduction to Selected Bird Groups and Families Section 2.4.1 describes some bird families and groups that occur in most or all continents of the world, and section 2.4.2 presents families and groups that are totally or largely restricted to the American continents. Numbers in BOLDFACE refer to plate numbers. 2.4.1 Worldwide Families and Groups

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PETRELS,

1–6. Truly marine birds that only come to land to breed. Size between wingspans of > 3 m to < 40 cm. Most are soberly colored black, white, gray, and/or brown. Many but not all species follow ships. Often found at beach wrecks. TROPICBIRDS,

6. Graceful birds from tropical waters. Normally fly at heights of 10 m above sea surface from where they plungedive for food. BOOBIES AND GANNETS,

7. Seabirds with long pointed wings, tail, and bill. Perform spectacular plunge-dives. FRIGATEBIRDS,

7. Skilful flyers with very large wings and a relatively small body. They take food from other seabirds or catch flying fish. GREBES,

8. Waterbirds that only come to land to clamber to their nests. CORMORANTS,

9. Eat fish, which are caught under water. Often seen drying their outstretched wings. LARGE WADING BIRDS.

Ibises, 9, have a long decurved bill, used for probing in soft, wet ground for insects and crustaceans. Spoonbills, 12, have straight, spatulated bills that are swept to and fro through the water surface to catch small prey. Herons, 10–12, are long-necked and long-legged birds that fly with retracted neck. Storks, 12, are large birds that fly and soar with extended necks. Flamingos, 13, are characterized by their pink color and long, curved necks. PELICANS,

13. Very large birds, best known for their pouch, which is used for catching fish.

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DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS,

13–15. A varied group of birds, all with a broad bill and webbed feet. OSPREY,

17. A rather large, white and blackish bird that hovers and plunges to catch fish. RAPTORS.

A very diverse group of diurnal predators, all with a hooked bill and claws. Two families exist: hawklike raptors (Accaipitridae, 17–23, including, e.g., kites, harriers, buzzards, hawks, and eagles) and falcons and caracaras (Falconidae, 24–25, including falcons, forest falcons, and caracaras). RAILS AND COOTS,

32–35. Rails are secretive birds mainly of marsh and damp grass. Bodies are narrow and toes are long. Coots, 35, forage on the water surface or graze openly.

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GULLS AND TERNS.

Gulls, 42, are more robust and heavier billed than the more elegant, relatively longer-winged terns, 40–42. JAEGERS,

43. Strong seabirds, which predate other birds. Most species are characterized by a white flash in the wings. WADERS.

Include oystercatchers, 35 (noisy; long, heavy bills and legs), jacanas, 32 (extremely long toe nails), pratincoles, 35 (ploverlike on ground, ternlike in flight), godwits, curlews, and allies, 36 (waders with long legs and bills), plovers, 61

37–38 (stop-and-run birds of mud and sand plains), sandpipers, 39 (walk or run, probing “tic-tic-tic” for food), phalaropes, 38 (found at the coast or out on the sea). PIGEONS AND DOVES,

44–46. Heavy-bodied birds with small bills; arboreal or terrestrial; all with fast flight. PARROTS,

46–54. Highly varied: from the large, splendid macaws, 46–47, to the tiny, green parrotlets, 51. All have a strong, hooked bill, fly fast, and are very social. OWLS,

57–59. Birds of prey with forward-looking eyes. Normally, but not always, hunt at dusk or night. SWIFTS,

62. Aerial, generally somber-colored birds, with sickle-formed wings and tiny feet (like hummingbirds). Not related to swallows. TROGONS,

72. Sluggish, but very beautiful birds with a long tail and upright, hunched stance. KINGFISHERS,

73. Characterized by a very long, heavy bill.

BARBETS,

76. Shortish birds, often in pairs, with beautiful colored plumage and a heavy bill. WOODPECKERS,

81–85. Highly varied in size and coloring, but united by chisel-formed bill. Cling to bark, supporting themselves by the tail, except the tiny piculets, 81–82. PIPITS,

128. A group of very similar-looking species. Slender-bodied, long-tailed, and many with long nail to hind toe.

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SWALLOWS AND MARTINS,

156–157. Aerial insect-catchers with graceful, often buoyant flight; many with blue gloss above. THRUSHES,

160–161. Forage hopping on the ground, but sing from a high perch. JAYS,

180. Noisy, intelligent, lively, and social birds with smart plumage, often with a crest. SISKINS,

187. Small, striking yellow and black representatives in the Neotropics of a very large, worldwide group. INTRODUCED SPECIES,

175. House Sparrow, from the Old World, Goldfinch and Greenfinch, from Europe, Waxbill, from Africa.

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2.4.2 TYPICAL AMERICAN FAMILIES AND GROUPS Only a handful of species that can be seen in the Neotropics also occur elsewhere in the World, such as the Black-crowned Night-Heron, 10, Great Egret, 11, Peregrine, 24, some coastal waders, 35–39, a few ducks, 14–15, jaegers and skuas, 43, gulls and terns, 40–42, Barn Owl, 59, Barn Swallow, 156, Common Waxbill, 175, House Sparrow, 175, and a few other introduced species. In addition, there are many bird groups 64

that do not occur north of Mexico, such as tinamous, screamers, trumpeters, hoatzin, potoos, motmots, jacamars, puffbirds, toucans, ovenbirds, wood-creepers, antbirds, antthrushes, antpittas, tapaculos, cotingas, and manakins. Following is a survey of these groups, which are restricted to or have their main distribution in the Neotropics. In the text column, the (BOLDFACED) numbers indicate the plate numbers, the addition A indicates that the group or family occurs solely in America, and TA indicates that it only occurs in tropical America; the numbers in the thumbnail column refer to the numbers of the species on the plates. RHEA

(26, TA) Large, gray bird resembling an ostrich.

(26–28, TA) Shy, hunched, chickenlike, terrestrial birds; compactly built, almost tail-less with a rather long neck and small head. Vocal. TINAMOUS

(13, TA) Heavy-bodied birds with slightly webbed, large feet, small, crested heads on rather long necks and gray or blackish plumage. SCREAMERS

(16, A) Large birds, mainly black or black and white, eating carrion. NEW WORLD VULTURES

(24–25, 6, A) A group of long- and broad-winged raptors, seen alone or in groups. As group related to true falcons. CARACARAS

(29–31, TA) Long-tailed and long-necked birds with relatively heavy legs. Mainly in forest and woodland. Curassows, 31, are robust, mainly black or rufous forest birds GUANS

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with a swollen or otherwise accentuated bill base. The brownish to blackish guans, 29, have a vivid red, naked throat. Piping-guans, 29, are black with colorful dewlaps and white crests and wing-patches. The drab-brown chachalacas, 30, have rufous in the tail and are less susceptible to hunting than the larger curassows and guans. (28, TA) Beautiful, hunch-backed, terrestrial birds, mainly velvety black with iridescent neck feathers. Eat fallen fruits, large insects, small reptiles, and amphibians. Run fast. TRUMPETERS

(28, A) An ibislike bird with long legs and neck and long, relatively heavy bill. Eats snails, which it seeks in marshes. LIMPKIN

(30, TA) A terrestrial bird with long legs, long neck, and a frontal crest. Far-carrying call. SERIEMA

(30, TA) White, pigeonlike bird from southern areas, where it scavenges in mammal and penguin colonies. SHEATHBILL

(35, TA) A slim, long-billed, long-necked, and long-tailed bird that walks along forest streams. Unfolds a striking wing and tail pattern in flight or in display. SUNBITTERN

(35, TA) Gregarious, terrestrial bird with long, pointed wings and relatively short tail. Mainly Andean in distribution, with only a single record from Brazil. SEEDSNIPE

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(55–56). Medium to large birds with long tails. Generally furtive, with a notable exception being the Squirrel Cuckoo. NEW WORLD CUCKOOS

(55, A) Gregarious, long-tailed cuckoos, breeding and raising young communally. Not shy. ANIS

(55, TA) Long-tailed, crested cuckoos. The three ground-cukoos are terrestrial, but the Striped, Pavonine, and Pheasant Cuckoo are mainly found in dense growth. All are elusive and, except for Striped Cuckoo, are rare. The Pavonine, Pheasant, and Striped Cuckoos are the only parasitic cuckoos in the Americas. GROUND-CUCKOOS

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(28, TA) Peculiar bird with long, broad tail, long neck, and fierce, staring eyes. Lives in dense vegetation at water courses. Eats mainly leaves and shoots of mangroves. Noisy, rather tame; poor flyers. HOATZIN

(59, TA) Rufous-brown, nightjar-like bird, by day roosting and nesting in caves, at night feeding on fruits, sometimes very far from cave. OILBIRD

(59, TA) Nocturnal and solitary birds that by day perch upright at the end of a branch or stump and are therefore very difficult to detect. Produce memorable, spooky vocalizations at night. POTOOS

(60–62). There is not a sharp division between nightjars and nighthawks. Nighthawks tend to have longer, more pointed wings and catch insects in active pursuit in the evening, whereas nightjars have rounder wing tips, larger heads, and longer tails and sally from a perch to catch passing insects at night. Only the Common Nighthawk is a vagrant outside the Americas. NIGHTHAWKS (60–61, A) AND NIGHTJARS

(64–71, A) No similar group of birds in the world (the superficially similar sunbirds of the Old World are not related and rarely hover). Two subfamilies: hermits, 64–66, which are rather dull and congregate at loose leks, and typical hummingbirds, 66–71, most of which (but not all) are tiny and have brilliant, iridescent colors. Highly accomplished fliers with tiny feet. Solitary and often aggressive, but many may gather at hummingbird feeders. HUMMINGBIRDS

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(73, TA) Medium-sized, sluggish, bright-colored birds with a strong bill and a long tail, that often ends in raquets. May perch motionless for long periods in the forest subcanopy. MOTMOTS

(74–75, TA) Attractive, bee-eater–like birds with long, pointed bills. They sally from perches to catch flying insects. JACAMARS

(75–78, TA) Medium to small birds with relatively large heads and thick bills. Most are inactive, thickset, and with brownish or black-and-white plumage, but the more active and often gregarious nunbirds, 77, and Swallow-wing, 76, are mainly blackish. PUFFBIRDS

TOUCANETS, AND ARACARIS (79–80, TA) Medium to large bill with long tail. Not related to Old World hornbills. TOUCANS,

(81–82) Small, compact, mainly neotropical woodpeckers, which glean insects while clinging to and hopping over bark, twigs, and vines without support of their tail. PICULETS

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(TA) Three subfamilies: the terrestrial, short-tailed, brownish leaftossers, 100, and miners, 91, the typical ovenbirds, 90–100, with an highly variable nest structure, as, for instance the distinctive, vaguely ovenlike, mud nests made by the horneros, 91.9 (for which these birds, and ultimately the family, are named) and the woodcreepers, 86–89, a group of brownish, vaguely woodpecker-like birds. Bills of woodcreepers are often relatively long. Typically OVENBIRDS

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seen climbing on vertical tree-trunks using their long, pointed-tipped tails as support. Woodcreepers were previously placed in a family of their own. (101–117, TA) A large, diverse group of arboreal to terrestrial species. Most are brownish, grayish, and blackish with darkish wing-coverts often tipped pale. The sexes of many species differ. No fixed rules exist, but the groups are roughly divided based on size, with antshrikes, 101–104, typically being large and heavy-billed, antbirds, 111–117, being intermediate, and antwrens, 105–110, being the smallest. Some species are closely associated with swarming army ants. The two antpipits, 128, are in the family Tyrannidae. ANTBIRDS

(117–118, TA) Inconspicuous but vocal birds that walk (not hop) the forest floor. Short tails commonly held cocked. Previously, the antpittas were included in this family. ANTTHRUSHES

(119, TA) Erect, short-tailed birds which run, walk or hop the forest floor on long legs. As antthrushes inconspicuous, more heard than seen. ANTPITTAS

(118, TA) Small, roundish, long-legged birds, which feed on small insects. Found on or near the ground in densely vegetated areas in forest or woodland. Inconspicuous. (“Gnats” are a group of tiny to small insects, some of which with a painful bite.) GNATEATERS

(120, TA) Small, evasive, terrestrial birds, many with tail commonly held cocked. More heard than seen. Scytalopus- tapaculos, 120, run like mice through low, dense vegetation and are very difficult to detect. Taxonomy very TAPACULOS

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complex with several recently described species. The Bamboowren, 118, and bristle-fronts, 120, are tapaculos, but the Crescent-chest, 120, is now placed in its own family. (131–151, A) A huge, very diverse family, occurring in every possible habitat, except on water bodies. Dominating colors in most species are gray, brown, yellow, olive, or blackish, and many have spots, bars, or edging on wing-coverts. Most are fairly inconspicuous (with exceptions; e.g., kiskadees and kingbirds, 148, monjitas, 146, and Vermilion Flycatcher, 144), and identification using visual features can be difficult (voice often useful). The two antpipits (which are tyrants in the conventional sense of the word) are shown in plate 128 next to the true pipits. TYRANT FLYCATCHERS

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(121–124, TA) A very heterogenous group of extremely beautiful and/or bizarre-looking birds, though most females and in some cases both sexes are dull (e.g., the Screaming Piha, 124.2). Some are essentially silent, but others have remarkable voices. A few form leks. The plantcutters, 124.1, with their strange, serrated bill, are among the very few herbivorous birds. COTINGAS

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(123–127, TA) Small, basically olive-green, short-tailed birds; males of many species, however, are brilliantly colored, and a few have elongated tail feathers. The males of many species perform delightful, communal dances at fixed places in the forest. Unlike the “typical manakins,” the sexes are essentially identical in the tyrant-manakins, 127, which are further characterized by quiet, upright perched stance. Included are also the piprites, 128, thick-headed, large-eyed birds, often seen in mixed flocks. MANAKINS

(129–130, TA) A group of small- to medium-sized birds, previously spread over families Tyrannidae, Cotingidae, and Pipridae. Most are rather thickset. They are generally found at canopy level (Tityras, 129; Purpletufts, 129), the interior of forest (Schiffornis, 129; Elegant Mourner, 130), or both, including more open habitats (Becards, 130; Xenopsaris, 130). TITYRAS, BECARDS, AND ALLIES

VIREOS,

GREENLET,

PEPPERSHRIKE,

SHRIKE-VIREO

(154–155, A) Medium to small birds ranging from the warblerlike greenlets, 155, and vireos, 154, to the heavier-billed, thickset Peppershrike, 154.4, and Shrike-Vireo, 154.5. Except for the active greenlets, 155, the members of this family are generally fairly sluggish. Mainly from canopy to mid-level, although some species can be seen lower. (158, TA) A single highly distinctive species, previously considered a wren or a mockingbird but now placed in a family of its own. Found in marshy and wet grassy areas. In pairs of small family groups. Very vocal. DONACOBIUS

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(161, A) Slender, long-tailed, thrushlike birds with mainly grayish plumage. Behave boldly and are good songsters. MOCKINGBIRDS

(158–159, only one species in the Old World). A rather diverse group of birds, most with barred tail, wings, and /or under-parts, slender bills, and tail often held cocked. Many have very beautiful songs. WRENS

(179, A) Small, slender, long-tailed birds with predominantly gray plumage and often with tail held cocked. Active insect gleaners in middle and higher strata at forest borders. GNATCATCHERS

(159, TA) Found in the undergrowth. Resemble wrens without barring. GNATWRENS

(152–154, A) Attractive, small, lively birds of woodland or forest that forage in the canopy, lower strata, or on the ground. About half of the species in Brazil are migrants from North America. WOOD WARBLERS

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(166–173, A) A large group consisting of smallto medium-sized, colorful and/or strikingly patterned species. Some are duller, being overall blackish, olive, or brown. Almost all are poor songsters and feed on insects, fruits, and nectar. The flowerpiercers, 178, in Brazil are restricted to tepui highlands and have bills that are adapted to piercing flower bases to get at nectar. The dacnises, 176, conebills, 178, and long-billed honeycreepers, 176, also belong in this family, but the “tanagers” of the genera Piranga, 173, Habia, TANAGERS

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173, and Mitrospingus, 173, were recently transferred to the next group of grosbeaks and saltators. Additionally, the Bananaquit (173, previously in monotypic family), Paroaria cardinals, 172, and Tiaris grassquits (173, both previously in emberizine finches) are now considered members of the tanager family. (A wide range of other more or less finchlike birds, which traditionally are placed in the family of emberezine finches, 181–187, recently have been transferred to the tanager family. Therefore. it is possible that the English name will be changed to “Tanager-finches” in the future.) (173, A). The only representative of this family is the Yellow Cardinal, 173.10. Despite their names, the other cardinals, 172.6–10, belong to the family of the tanagers. CARDINAL

(175, TA) Bills relatively thick. They are mainly black, gray, brown, olive, or blue, but a few are primarily yellow or red. Heads often distinctly patterned. Include the “tanagers” of the genera Piranga, Habia, and Mitrospingus, which have more normal bills and are primarily red, yellowish, olive, or brown. SALTATORS

(177–178, TA) Small, stubby-billed and thickset birds that previously were considered tanagers. The euphonias are predominantly blue-black and yellow (males) or yellow-olive (females). Chloroponia, 178.4, is bright green, yellow, and blue. Generally fairly conspicuous. EUPHONIAS AND CHLOROPHONIA

(181–187, A) A large group, varying in size and coloring. Most have conical bills, adapted to eat EMBERIZINE FINCHES

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seeds. Most live in grasslands, a few in the understory of woodland and forest. (162–165, A) A group of birds with pointed bills and colors ranging from mainly black (often iridescent), over brown and olive, to pale gray-brown; many with yellow, orange, or red plumage parts. Some species are solitary, other colonial; many weave hanging, pouchlike nests for breeding, and others (163.5–7) are brood parasites. Many have distinctive voices. AMERICAN ORIOLES AND BLACKBIRDS

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79

2 BRAZIL: THE BIRDS

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1 BRAZIL: THE AREA COVERED

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Symbols, Abbreviations, and Glossary ♣

Habitat; a set of environmental factors that is preferred by a bird species (um conjunto de fatores ambientais, que é preferido por um pássaro) Vocalization (canto)

Basic The plumage of a bird outside the breeding period (plumage)(a plumagem usada por um pássaro fora do período produzindo) 1st W

First basic plumage; the plumage of a juvenile in the 1st winter after hatching (primeiro plumagem básica; a plumagem de um juvenil no primeiro inverno após chocar)

2nd W

Second basic plumage; the plumage of a species in its 2nd winter (segunda plumage básica; a plumagem de uma espécie em seu segundo inverno)

1st S

Plumage in 1st summer after hatching (a plumagem no primeiro verão após chocar)

Br.

Breeding (produzindo)

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N-br.

Nonbreeding (não-produzindo)

C

Central

cf.

Compare to (compare a)

En

Endemic; not occurring outside Brazil (não ocorrendo fora do Brasil)

esp.

Especially (especialmente)

extr.

Extreme, extremely (extremo, extremamente)

I

Introduced (introduzido)

Ad.

Adult (adulto)

Imm.

Immature (imaturo)

Incl.

Inclusive; including (inclusivo; incluir)

Juv.

Juvenile (juvenil)

L

Length in inches/centimeters (cumprimento no polegadas/centímetros)

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Male (macho) Males (machos) Female (fêmea) Females (fêmeas) N, E, S,North(ern), east(ern), south(ern), west(ern); also in W combinations (norte/do norte, leste, sul, oeste; também nas combinações) Nom.

Nominate; the race of a species that was the first one described (a raça de uma espécie que foi a primeira a ser descrita)

Pl.

Plate (gravura)

R

Rare (garo)

Ri.

River (rio)

sec

Seconds

SL

Sea level

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Ssp.

Subspecies (singular)

Sspp

Subspecies (plural)

V

Vagrant (nômade)

W

Wingspan in inches/centimeters (medida das asas abertas cumprimento no polegadas/centímetros)

Araucaria Large umbrella-shaped coniferous tree Caatinga Dry woodland with cacti and other succulents Cerrado Mosaic of grassland and woodland Escapees Cage and water birds that have escaped from captivity and sometimes settle in the wild (os pássaros da gaiola e de água que escaparam do captiveiro e estabelecem-se às vezes no selvagem) Forest A tall, multilayered habitat in which high trees dominate; the canopy is continuous and closed (um habitat multi-camadado em que árvores elevadas dominam e o dossel é contínuo e fechado) Jizz Typical silhouette and stance of a species (silhueta típica e postura de uma espécie) Lek Established place where males perform in ritual fights, dances, or/and in song contests to attract the attention of a female (lugar estabelecido onde os machos executam um 86

ritual de lutas ritual, danças ou/e em competições da cançãos para atrair a atenção de uma fêmea) Oxbow lake A cut-off meander of a river with stagnant water (um meandro de um rio com água estangada) Restinga Woodland and scrub patches at the coast Riverine belt Any growth along a river or stream that is higher and greener than the surroundings; a riverine belt that is dominated by trees is often called a gallery forest. (Qualquer crescimento ao longo de um rio ou córrego, que é mais elevado e mais verde do que dos arredors mais distantes) Rufescent Tinged with red or rufous color (ligeiramente colorindo com cor vermelha ou vermelha marronzada) Savanna In this book, any (large) area with a continuous cover of (high) grasses, interrupted by shrub and with a tree canopy of 5–30%. (qualquer área grande com uma cobertura contínua das gramas, interrompidas pelo arbusto e com um dossel da árvore pelo de 5–30%) Second growth New natural forest developing in places where the original forest has disappeared (nova floresta natural desenvolvendo-se em lugares onde a floresta original desapareceu) Speculum Patch of color on the wing contrasting with that of the rest of the wing (mancha na cor na asa que contrasta com a do resto da asa)

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Taxon/taxa Systematic group(s): families, genus, species, subspecies (grupo sistemático, por exemplo família, gênero, espécie, raça) Tepuis Mountains with flat tops (table mountains) at the border of Roraima with Venezuela Terra firme Area above the highest flood level of Amazon rivers Várzea Forest that is flooded in the Amazon wet season White-sands Infertile tropical soil composed mainly of quartz sand and supporting a distinctive vegetation, varying from open savanna to closed forest, and characterized by many hard-leaved tree and other plant species, low diversity, and high endemism (solos tropicais inférteis compostos principalmente da areia de quartzo e suportam uma vegetação peculiar que varia do savanna aberto à floresta fechada, muitos caracterizado por árvores de folhagem dura e por outra espécie da planta, pela diversidade baixa e pelo endemism elevado) Woodland A habitat in which trees dominate, but the canopy is not closed (um habitat em que as árvores dominam, mas o dossel não é fechado)

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Species Accounts, Distribution Maps

Plates,

and

Plate 1 1.1 WANDERING ALBATROSS (Albatroz-gigante) Diomedea exulans W 130 in./330 cm. All albatross species are difficult to identify for two reasons: they often closely resemble each other (e.g., 1.1–1.4) and they go through different color stages before attaining full Ad. plumage. 1.1 goes through at least 6 color stages, the last one often attained only after 16 years. In Brazil probably mainly Imms. are seen. Juv. is distinctively chocolate brown; in all other stages differs from 1.3 and 1.4 by lack of thin black line along cutting edge of bill. ♣ Offshore, accidentally at coast.

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1.2 TRISTAN ALBATROSS (Albatroz-gigante) Diomedea dabbenena (Albatroz-detrist o) W 130 in./330 cm. Can’t be reliably separated from 1.1 in the “field,” although the bill of some individuals can look positively shorter and stubbier compared to 1.1. Ad. differs from Ad. by more solid black upperwings and less blotched body plumage. Juv. as Juv. 1.1 but grayer. Imm. shows blotchy body plumage. All age stages differ (like 1.1) from 1.3 and 1.4 mainly by lack of thin black line along cutting edge of bill. ♣ Offshore.

1.3 NORTHERN ROYAL ALBATROSS (Albatroz-real-do-norte) Diomedea sanfordi W 130 in./330 cm. Not separable from 1.1 and 1.2 except by black line along cutting edge of bill. Head and underparts of Ad. as Ad. 1.4, but upperwings are mainly dark. There is no brown Juv. plumage as for 1.1 and 1.2. Molts directly into full Ad. plumage. Imm. plumage with some black on crown and with

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almost solid-black upperwings. ♣ Off coast, but keeps to shelf waters; follows ships. V.

1.4 SOUTHERN ROYAL ALBATROSS (Albatroz-real) Diomedea epomophora W 130 in./330 cm. Ad. head and underparts as 1.3, but upperwings extensive white. Head of Imm. without black on crown. Note white flashes on upperwings of Imm. ♣ Keeps to shelf waters; accidently at coast. Follows ships.

1.5 SHY ALBATROSS (Albatroz-arisco) Thalassarche cauta W 98 in./250 cm. Very similar to 1.6, but bill browner. Black underwing lining very narrow. Note diagnostic black patch where leading edge on underwing meets body. Imm. similar to Ad, except dark bill mark and some mottling to underwing. ♣ Offshore. V.

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1.6 BLACK-BROWED ALBATROSS (Albatroz-de-sobrancelha) Thalassarche melanophris (or melanophrys) W 90 in./225 cm. From 1.5 by broad under-wing lining, esp. along leading edge. Juvs. (seen far more than adults) have all-dark underwings. ♣ Fairly abundant at southern coast.

Albatrosses

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Plate 2 2.1 YELLOW-NOSED ALBATROSS (Albatroz-de-nariz-amarelo) Thalassarche chlororhynchos W 79 in./200 cm. Less hooded than slightly larger 2.2; also differing by narrower dark rims to underwing and lack of yellow edge to lower mandible. Note slender wings. Imm. shares all-black bill with Imm. 2.2 but always has white underwing as shown by adult. ♣ Offshore, normally not seen along the coast.

2.2 GRAY-HEADED ALBATROSS (Albatroz-de-cabeça-cinza) Thalassarche chrysostoma W 87 in./220 cm. Cf. 2.1. Distinctive gray hood and broad black margins to underwing diagnostic. Juv. shows more or less uniform black underwings, which become in immature stages progressively white, streaked with black. ♣ Offshore. V.

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2.3 LIGHT-MANTLED ALBATROSS (Piau-de-costas-claras) Phoebetria palpebrata W 85 in./215 cm. Unmistakable by elongated jizz, angled wings, and pale mantle. Also cf. 2.4. Flies fast on bended, angular wings. Pale stripe along lower mandible is pale bluish, but yellowish in 2.4 (only visible at very close range). ♣ Offshore. V.

2.4 SOOTY ALBATROSS (Piau-preto) Phoebetria fusca W 79 in./200 cm. Jizz as 2.3, but mantle always same color as wings; in Juv. stage and in worn plumage neck can become pale, but always distinctly separated from dark mantle. Juvs. of 2.3 and 2.4 lack white stripe on lower mandible and don’t have white primary shafts. ♣ Offshore. V.

2.5 SOUTHERN (or Antarctic) GIANT-PETREL (Petrel-gigante) Macronectes giganteus W 77 in./195 cm. Size of an albatross but with shorter, broader wings, massive bill, and different, characteristic hump-backed jizz. In most plumages resembles 2.6 and therefore often not safely 96

separable; only white-headed (a) and all-white (b) forms safely identifiable as Southern Giant-Petrel. Note difference in coloring of bill tip, greenish in this species and pinkish in following species, but this feature not always distinctive. Dark brown form exists. All-black Imm. (not separable from Imm. 2.6) becomes progressively paler blotched. Color of eyes varies, probably depending on age and on individual and/or geographical variation. As 2.6 with heavy flight on stiff wings in glides, interspersed with 4–5 flaps. ♣ Open sea, seashore, harbors. Follows ships. R.

2.6 NORTHERN (or Hall’s) GIANT-PETREL (Petrel-gigante-do-norte) Macronectes halli W 75 in./190 cm. Brown form (a) and pale form (b) shown. No pure white form known and normally not with distinctive white head as 2.5. ♣ As 2.5.

Albatrosses / Giant-Petrels

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Plate 3 3.1 BROAD-BILLED PRION (Faig o-de-bico-largo) Pachyptila vittata W 23.6 in./60 cm. Prions are very difficult to separate; bill width is not a reliable field mark. From 3.2–3.4 by massive head, steep forehead, broad bill; slightly darker than 3.2–3.4; flight slower and less erratic. ♣ Off-shore. V.

3.2 DOVE (or Antarctic) PRION (Faig o-rola) Pachyptila desolata W 23.6 in./60 cm. Bill width midway between that of 3.1 and 3.4. Flight fast, erratic, and high over water with glides and bursts of wing beats. ♣ Open sea. R.

3.3 SLENDER-BILLED PRION (Faig o-de-bico-fino) Pachyptila belcheri W 23.6 in./60 cm. Paler plumaged than 3.1, 3.2, and 4 with less distinct M-mark over wings (darkest part round scapulars and across rump). Sides of slender bill

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(when seen from above) bent inward. Gregarious. ♣ Open sea; occasional wrecks along most of Brazilian coast; has been found, for instance, on the beach at Marajó Island, mouth of the Amazon.

3.4 ? FAIRY PRION (Faig o-de-bico-corto) Pachyptila turtur W 22 in./55 cm. Note broad black tail band and restricted gray at breast sides. Flight low over sea with shallow wing beats. ♣ Open sea. (Probably not in Brazil.)

3.5 MAGELLANIC DIVING-PETREL (Petrel-mergul-hador-de-magalh es) Pelecanoides magellani W 13.8 in./35 cm. Vibrant flight low over sea, but normally seen swimming and diving, resembling small penguin. ♣ Offshore. V.

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3.6 CAPE (or Pintado) PETREL (Pomba-do-cabo) Daption capense W 33.5 in./85 cm. Unmistakable by pattern on upper-parts. ♣ Offshore. Follows ships.

3.7 KERGUELEN PETREL (Grazina-de-bico-curto) Lugensa (or Aphrodroma) brevirostris W 31.5 in./80 cm. Flies fast on narrow wings, may arch to great heights. Note silvery reflections on under-wing. Characteristically thick necked. ♣ Offshore. R.

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3.8 BLUE PETREL (Petrel-azul) Halobaena caerulea W 23.6 in./60 cm. From 3.1–3.4 by conspicuous white tip of tail and black marks on face. ♣ Offshore.

Prions / Petrels / Diving-Petrel

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Plate 4 4.1 GREATER SHEARWATER (Bobo-grande-de-sobre-branco) Puffinus gravis W 43 in./110 cm. Puffinus species (4.1–4.6) have long, thin, black bills. This species is distinctively marked by dark cap, pale horseshoe rim to uppertail coverts, and darkish belly patch. From 5.1 by more distinct underwing pattern and black bill. Strong flight with powerful slow wing beats and long glides, occasionally banking close to surface. ♣ May occur in large flocks along coast in spring and autumn; occasionally wrecks on coast from NE Brazil south to Paraná.

4.2 SOOTY SHEARWATER (Bobo-escuro) Puffinus griseus W 39 in./100 cm. Note slim posture and distinctive underwing pattern. Agile, fast flight; alternating long glides with strong wing beats. ♣ Occasionally in loose flocks during southern winter. R.

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4.3 SHORT-TAILED SHEARWATER (Bobo-de-cauda-curta) Puffinus tenuirostris W 37 in./95 cm. Very similar to 4.2, but bill generally shorter, forehead steeper, and head slightly more hooded. Underwing grayer, but much overlap with 4.2. ♣ In 2007 a beach-washed specimen was found in Bahia. (No map.) V. 4.4 MANX (or Common) SHEARWATER (Bobo-pequeno) Puffinus puffinus W 31.5 in./80 cm. From smaller 4.5 by more pointed wings, less narrow borders to underwing, uniform black upper-wings. Flies with stiff wing beats, alternating with long glides. ♣ Offshore in N winter.

4.5 [LITTLE SHEARWATER (Pardela-pequena) Puffinus assimilis] W 23.6 in./60 cm. May concern ssp. elegans from Tristan da Cunha group, accounting for some records off SE and S Brazil. This ssp. is quite distinctive and is considered as a full species in some taxonomic arrangements. It has silvery gray upperparts, white lower parts, cap reaching the eye. and white-edged upperwing coverts. Flight is characterized by more wing flapping in longer series than 4.4.

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4.6 AUDUBON’S SHEARWATER (Pardela-de-asa-larga) Puffinus lherminieri W 27.5 in./70 cm. Flight is with more glides than 4.4. Difficult to distinguish from larger 4.4, which has more pointed wings. Most (but not all) birds have dark vent and the cap reaches to the eye. Note also incomplete breast band. ♣ Nests on Fernando de Noronha; at sea there are records S to São Paulo and N Paraná. and croaking at colony.

Nervous twittering

4.7 [BULWER’S PETREL (Alma-negra) Bulweria bulwerii] W 25.5 in./65 cm. Note characteristic jizz with long wings held well forward. Striking wing bars. Buoyant flight, normally not higher than 2–3 m above sea surface. ♣ Off coast; generally does not follow ships.

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4.8 GRAY PETREL (Pardela-cinza) Procellaria cinerea W 47 in./120 cm. Procellaria-petrels (4.8–4.10) have mid-long, distinctively “fragmented” bills. Note uniform pale brown upper- and underwings and bulky jizz with relatively short wings. Flies with long, effortless glides, interspersed by a few shallow wing beats. ♣ Off coast. Follows ships. V.

4.9 WHITE-CHINNED PETREL (Pardela-preta) Procellaria aequinoctialis W 55 in./140 cm. White chin difficult to see. Large and bulky with long wings, uniform black with silvery reflections to underwings. Powerful flight, slowwing beats, alternating with long glides. ♣ Offshore, but might be seen closer to coast. Follows ships.

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4.10 SPECTACLED PETREL (Pardela-de-óculos) Procellaria conspicillata W 57 in./145 cm. From 4.9 by facial markings. Powerful flight interspersed with slow wing beats and glides. ♣ In flocks offshore, often over deeper and warmer waters than 4.9. Follows ships.

Shearwaters / Petrels

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Plate 5 5.1 CORY’S SHEARWATER (Bobo-grande) Calonectris diomedea W 45 in./115 cm. Probably concerns ssp. edwardsii Cape Verde Shearwater. Large, grayish brown jizz; long bill yellow-ochraceous with dark tip. Note scalloped pattern of upperparts, esp. of scapulars. Often soars rather high; also long glides close to water surface. ♣ Open sea, but occasionally near coast.

5.2 SOUTHERN FULMAR (Pardel o-prateado) Fulmarus glacialoides W 45 in./115 cm. From gulls by compact build, wing pattern (lacking black at wing tips), flight behavior (long glides on stiff, straight wings, interspersed by short series of rapid wing beats). ♣ Open sea. Follows trawlers.

5.3 HERALD PETREL (Grazina-de-trindade) Pterodroma arminjoniana W 37 in./95 cm. Underparts vary from dark (a) to pale (b). Note typical black bill, shared with 5.4–5.9. 110

Rather uniform brown above. Underwings with large white patch at base of primaries, normally extending to base of secondaries. Unlike most other sea-birds diurnal, hence easily observed near breeding grounds. Long glides interspersed with some calm, deep wing beats. Rarely follows ships. ♣ Breeds on Ilha Trindade. R.

5.4 GREAT-WINGED PETREL (Fura-bucho-de-cara-cinza) Pterodroma macroptera W 37 in./95 cm. Uniform brown with paler patch at base of primaries. From other all-dark petrels (except 5.3) by lack of white primary shafts on upperwings. ♣ Offshore. R.

5.5 WHITE-HEADED (or -hooded) PETREL (Grazina-de-cabeça-branca) Pterodroma lessonii W 43 in./ 110 cm. Unmistakable by size, white head and tail, M-mark across upperwings. Very strong flight. May inspect ships. ♣ Offshore. R.

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5.6 SOFT-PLUMAGED PETREL (Grazina-mole) Pterodroma mollis W 35.5 in./90 cm. Pale (a) and dark (b, even rarer than a) forms shown. Resembles 5.5 and prions (3.1–3.4), but with different tail coloring and paler M-mark across wings. Rather compact, with bulging forehead. ♣ Open sea. R.

5.7 [BLACK-CAPPED PETREL (Grazina-de-coroa-preta) Pterodroma hasitata] W 37 in./95 cm. Unmistakable by white collar and rump. Note underwing pattern. ♣ Offshore.

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5.8 KERMADEC PETREL (Petrel-de-kermadec) Pterodroma neglecta W 35.5 in./90 cm. Dark (a) and pale (b) forms shown, both characterized by white flash on upperwing formed by primary shafts. Head paler than mantle, often almost white. ♣ Offshore.

5.9 ATLANTIC (or Hooded) PETREL (Grazina-de-barriga-branca) Pterodroma incerta W 41 in./105 cm. Striking white belly, sharply demarcated from dark brown plumage parts. Wings uniform blackish brown. Strong and fast flight, often with 1–2 beats at peaks of glides. May follow ships ♣ Open sea. R.

Shearwaters / Petrels

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Plate 6 6.1 WILSON’S STORM-PETREL (Alma-de-mestre) Oceanites oceanicus L 6.7 in./17 cm. From similar dark-bellied 6.3 and 6.6 by less angled, more straightly held wings, more distinctive wing bars, and slightly protruding feet. Is capable of long, sustained glides on stiff, flat wings. ♣ Open sea, occasionally in flocks.

6.2 WHITE-FACED STORM-PETREL (Painho-de-ventre-branco) Pelagodroma marina L 7.9 in./20 cm. Unmistakable by facial pattern, rather pale plumage, rounded wings, and long dangling legs. Sails low over sea on stiff, flatwings. ♣ Offshore. R.

6.3 [BAND-RUMPED STORM-PETREL (Paínho-dailha-da-Madeira) Oceanodroma castro] L 7.9 in./ 20 cm. Most similar to 6.6, but tail less forked and shape of

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rump-patch different. Flies with sharp twists and short glides. ♣ Offshore.

6.4 BLACK-BELLIED STORM-PETREL (Painho-de-barriga-preta) Fregetta tropica L 7.9 in./20 cm. Normally with broad black band from breast over belly to vent (as shown); there is, however, much variation in underparts, which may vary between almost completely dark to almost all-white; ssp. melanoleuca (from island Cough in southern Atlantic; not shown) is all-white below. ♣ Offshore. V.

6.5 WHITE-BELLIED STORM-PETREL (Painho-de-barriga-branca) Fregetta grallaria L 7.9 in./20 cm. Not safely separable from ssp. melanoleuca of 6.4, but differing by nonprotruding feet and paler upperparts. Note absence of distinctive paler wing bar in 6.4 and 6.5. ♣ Open sea. Follows ships. R.

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6.6 LEACH’S STORM-PETREL (Painho-de-cauda-furcada) Oceanodroma leucorhoa L 7.9 in./20 cm. Note rather large size and long, arched wings. Strong flyer; powerful wing beats interspersed with short glides. ♣ Offshore, occasionally inshore.

6.7 RED-BILLED TROPICBIRD (Rabo-de-palha-de-bico-vermelho) Phaethon aethereus W 41 in./105 cm. Adults (6.7–6.9) unmistakable, Imms. differ in bill color and pattern of outerwings. ♣ Offshore over warm seas. Nests only on Fernando de Noronha and Abrolhos islets (Bahia); likely to be seen only near those islands.

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6.8 RED-TAILED TROPICBIRD Phaethon rubricauda W 41 in./105 cm. Cf. 6.7. ♣ Warm seas. Only one record from Abrolhos islets (southern Bahia). V.

6.9 WHITE-TAILED TROPICBIRD (Rabo-de-palha-de-bico-amarelo) Phaethon lepturus W 35.5 in./90 cm. Cf. 6.7. ♣ Offshore over warm seas. Nests mostly on Fernando de Noronha, only a few birds in Abrolhos.

Storm-Petrels / Tropicbirds

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Plate 7 7.1 AUSTRALASIAN GANNET (Atobá-australiano) Morus serrator W 67 in./170 cm. Very difficult to separate from 7.2, but Ad. and Imms. always show some white tail feathers, while black throat stripe is half as long as shown for 7.2. Juv. paler, esp. its head. ♣ Normally at open sea. V.

7.2 CAPE GANNET (Atobá-do-cabo) Morus capensis W 65 in./165 cm. Ad. and Imms. normally with black tail feathers. Throat stripe (see b) much longer than that of 7.1. Normally at open sea. V.

7.3 MASKED BOOBY (Atobá-grande) Sula dactylatra W 59 in./150 cm. From larger 7.1 and 7.2 by different wing pattern (black running from wing tip to body). Imm. with white neck collar. ♣ Open sea; approaches some capes and other coastal points.

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7.4 BROWN BOOBY (Atobá-pardo) Sula leucogaster W 55 in./140 cm. Ad. unmistakable by all-dark head and neck. Note in Imm. absence of white rump and uppertail coverts. ♣ Near islands, beaches, and rocks.

7.5 RED-FOOTED BOOBY (Atobá-de-pé-vermelho) Sula sula W 59 in./150 cm. White-tailed white form (a, uncommon) and white-tailed brown form (b, most common) shown. All-brown form and white-headed, white-tailed brown form (rare in Brazil) not shown. The dark-tailed, white form does not occur in Brazil. ♣ Offshore. Nests only on Fernando de Noronha.

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7.6 MAGNIFICENT FRIGATEBIRD (Tesour o) Fregata magnificens W 90 in./230 cm. Frigatebirds are difficult to identify. Most common (7.6) is largest species;

shows

all-dark upperwings; often with white freckling in armpit; Juv. normally without white running up into armpit. ♣ All along coast, but best seen near breeding colonies on Fernando de Noronha, Abrolhos, and several islands off Rio, São Paulo, and Paraná. Largest South Atlantic colony in Alcatrazes (São Paulo), with > 6.000 birds.

Nasal cackling at colony.

7.7 ? ASCENSION FRIGATEBIRD (Tesour o-de-ascens o) Fregata aquila W 79 in./200 cm.

in all-dark (a) and in

partly white (b) forms. and (b) not safely separable from 7.6. Young, normally with collar closed over breast, are quite variable and may have more rufous than pictured in the plate. Adults of both sexes have horn-colored bills, which are however very rosy on the sides. ♣ Rarely seen more than 150 km from Ascension. (Improbable record.)

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7.8 GREAT FRIGATEBIRD (Tesour o-grande) Fregata minor W 85 in./215 cm. Note pale wing bar of

; no white to

underparts. Note white chin of ; Juv. not safely separable from other frigate-birds. ♣ Now restricted to Ilha da Trindade, where extr. R.

7.9 LESSER FRIGATEBIRD (Teours o-pequeno) Fregata ariel W 73 in./185 cm.

with characteristic white bars in

armpits. not safely separable from 7.6 and 7.7; Juv. not separable from Juv. 7.8. ♣ Now restricted to Ilha da Trindade, where extr. R.

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Boobies / Frigatebirds

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Plate 8 8.1 KING PENGUIN (Pingüim-rei) Aptenodytes patagonicus L 37.5 in./95 cm. Unmistakable by size, bill shape, and head pattern. ♣ Found once on the beach. V.

8.2 MAGELLANIC PENGUIN (Pingüim-de-magalh es) Spheniscus magellanicus L 27.5 in./70 cm. Unmistakable by black and white bands across chest and upper breast. ♣ Incidentally found in flocks near coastline, even invading bays. R.

8.3 MACARONI PENGUIN (Pingüim-de-testa-amarela) Eudyptes chrysolophus L 27.5 in./70 cm. Plumes connected across forehead. Note white tail base. ♣ Occasional wanderer to coast. V.

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8.4 ROCKHOPPER PENGUIN (Pingüim-de-penacho-amarelo) Eudyptes chrysocome L 23.6 in./60 cm. Note yellow line over eyes and plumes sprouting from behind eyes. No white tail base. ♣ Occasionally found dead on the coast. V.

8.5 LEAST GREBE (Mergulh o-pequeno) Tachybaptus dominicus L 9.8 in./25 cm. Small and compact. Yellow eyes diagnostic. ♣ Any water body with floating vegetation, sheltered ponds, quiet rivers; often together with 8.7. Call: nasal gabbling in chorus; also occasionally a very or extr. high “fih.”

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8.6 WHITE-TUFTED GREBE (Mergulh o-de-orelha-branca) Rollandia rolland L 11.8 in./30 cm. Note white sides of face contrasting with black crown, throat, and neck, visible from long distance. Underparts and flanks rufous. ♣ Lakes, streams, marshes, ponds.

8.7 SILVERY GREBE (Mergulh o-de-orelha-amarela) Podiceps occipitalis L 9.8 in./25 cm. Small, red-eyed, and with silvery gray plumage. Black stripe through middle of nape visible from long distance. ♣ Open water, even at the sea coast. V.

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8.8 PIED-BILLED GREBE (Mergulh o-caçador) Podilymbus podiceps L 13.8 in./35 cm. Unmistakable by heavy bill. Note absence of bill ring in N-br plumage. ♣ Sheltered ponds of any size, lake margins with floating vegetation, quiet rivers. Usually silent; occasional nasal cackling in hurried series of low “weh” and “cah” notes.

8.9 GREAT GREBE (Mergulh o-grande) Podiceps major L 23.6 in./60 cm. Unmistakable by jizz with long thin neck. ♣ Any larger water body, in winter even in sea (surf line). Call: high “keh kah” in series.

Penguins / Grebes

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Plate 9

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9.1 ANHINGA (Biguatinga) Anhinga anhinga L 33.5 in./85 cm. Unmistakable by size, jizz, wing pattern, and plumes hanging from scapulars and back. ♣ Any calm water in woodland.

Call: varied; e.g., series of low, froglike grunts.

9.2 NEOTROPIC CORMORANT (Biguá) Phalacrocorax brasilianus L 25.6 in./65 cm. Unmistakable by jizz and overall blackish coloring. Note white line, accentuating beak corner. ♣ Any fresh or saline water. grunts at nest.

Generally silent; low

9.3 ANTARCTIC SHAG (Biguá-das-shetland) Phalacrocorax bransfieldensis L 29.5 in./75 cm. Marine. Unmistakable by color pattern. Larger than 9.2. ♣ Remains found once in Bahia. V.

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9.4 SCARLET IBIS (Guará) Eudocimus ruber L 23.6 in./60 cm. Unmistakable. Imm. also shown in flight. ♣ Mangroves and nearby mud flats. Usually silent; occasionally very low, nasal “orgh” or “ac-ac.”

9.5 BARE-FACED (or Whispering) IBIS (Tapicuru-de-cara-pelada) Phimosus infuscatus L 21.5 in./55 cm. Very slender jizz. From 9.6 in flight by legs not projecting beyond tail. ♣ Shallow water, marshes with nearby open habitats, incl. newly plowed fields. “wuh-wurup” in irregular series.

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Call: high

9.6 WHITE-FACED IBIS (Caraúna-de-cara-branca) Plegadis chihi L 21.5 in./55 cm. Wings with green reflections diagnostic. Legs project beyond tail in flight. White facial outline is not present outside Br season. ♣ Marshes and other habitats with shallow water such as ricefields. nasal, croaking “rèh-rèh rèh.”

Call: low,

9.7 SHARP-TAILED IBIS (Trombeteiro) Cercibis oxycerca L 27.5 in./70 cm. No other ibis with such long tail. ♣ Open grassy areas near rivers, marshes, lakes. Call: mid-high “tut tuterup tut tot tuterup” (as from toy trumpet) or, in flight, repeated, drawn-out “tuuut - -”

9.8 PLUMBEOUS IBIS (Maçarico-real) Theristicus caerulescens L 29.5 in./75 cm. Note large size, pale eyes, and shaggy neck feathers. ♣ Marshes. rapid, nasal “tututututut---”

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Call: often in duet; high,

9.9 BUFF-NECKED IBIS (Curicaca) Theristicus caudatus L 27.5 in./70 cm. Unmistakable. ♣ Dry open areas, including burnt ground and air fields. Very common in campos in Pantanal and southern Brazil. Call: falsetto “cree cree-cru” in flight; high, rapid, nasal/hoarse “crucrucru- -” in chorus at roost.

9.10 GREEN IBIS (Coró-coró) Mesembrinibis cayennensis L 21.5 in./55 cm. No other similar large black bird with down-curved bill in Brazil. Note striking manes and iridescent green neck feathers. ♣ Lagoons, forest streams, marshes, and muddy pools in and at woodland. hollow roaring as if starting a moped.

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Call: low,

Cormorants / Darter / Ibises

135

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Plate 10 10.1 LEAST BITTERN (Socoí-vermelho) Ixobrychus exilis L 11.8 in./30 cm. Unmistakable by small size and plumage pattern. From 10.2 by pattern of back and more extensive blackish crown. ♣ Freshwater marshes. “róar” or “póor.”

Call: low, soft

10.2 STRIPE-BACKED BITTERN (Socoí-amarelo) Ixobrychus involucris L 13.8 in./35 cm. Striping of back diagnostic. ♣ Reed beds, sedges, long grass. mid-high, nasal “who” and low “wow.”

Call:

10.3 PINNATED BITTERN (Socó-boi-baio) Botaurus pinnatus L 25.6 in./65 cm. Note rufous-streaked foreside of neck (not barred as Imm. 10.9 and 10.10) and contrasting dark flight feathers when flying. ♣ In tall vegetation in and at freshwater and brackish marshes, lagoons, inundated

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grassland, rice fields, ditches. Call /song: low “woo woo woo woo - -” in slightly irregular series (about 3 ×/2 sec).

10.4 ZIGZAG HERON (Socoí-zigue-zague) Zebrilus undulatus L 11.8 in./30 cm. From 10.9 and 10.10 by very small size and compact build. ♣ Dense vegetation under tree cover at streams, lagoons, and other water bodies. Call /song: high, forcefully exhaled “ooh” at 3- to 4-sec intervals.

10.5 BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT-HERON (Savacu) Nycticorax nycticorax L 23.6 in./60 cm. Ad. unmistakable; Imm. differs from Imm. 10.6 by shorter legs and yellower bill. ♣ Wooded edges of fresh waters, but also in mangrove. Call: high, rather barking “wuc-wur worc - -” in flight.

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10.6 YELLOW-CROWNED NIGHT-HERON (Savacu-de-coroa) Nyctanassa violacea L 23.6 in./60 cm. Unmistakable. Note long legs of Imm. ♣ Mainly at coastal waters, in mangrove, occasionally at fresh waters. hoarse, throaty “wur wur - -.”

Call:

10.7 BOAT-BILLED HERON (Arapapá) Cochlearius cochlearius L 19.7 in./50 cm. Unmistakable. Note large, dark eyes. ♣ Same habitat as 10.6. Call: accelerating and decelerating series of mid-high, froglike “rac-rac-rac---” notes.

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10.8 STRIATED HERON (Socozinho) Butorides striata L 15.7 in./40 cm. Unmistakable; mostly seen with retracted neck. Note streaking below of Imm. ♣ Near any water body with some fringing vegetation, but can also been seen on the open sea shore. Generally silent, but when flushed might utter, sharp, slightly hoarse “tjuw.”

10.9 FASCIATED TIGER-HERON (Socó-boi-escuro) Tigrisoma fasciatum L 25.6 in./65 cm. From 10.10 by distinctive barring of upperparts and rufous lower belly and vent. Imm. not safely separable from Imm. 10.10. ♣ Fishes from rocks in or at fast-running mountain streams.

10.10 RUFESCENT TIGER-HERON (Socó-boi) Tigrisoma lineatum L 27.5 in./70 cm. Ad. with no or little barring. ♣ In forest near streams, ponds, swamps. “wrof-wrof- -.” or “wuf.”

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Call: low, barking

Herons

141

142

Plate 11 11.1 WHISTLING HERON (Maria-faceira) Syrigma sibilatrix L 21.5 in./55 cm. Unmistakable; note red, black-tipped bill and golden finely streaked wing coverts. ♣ Grasslands, fields, rice plantations. high, reedy/fluted “tueeeh” notes.

Call: series of joined,

11.2 TRICOLORED HERON (Garça-tricolor) Egretta tricolor L 25.6 in./65 cm. Unmistakable by very slender jizz and striking white underparts. ♣ Mangrove and other wet habitats near coast. Generally silent, but might utter low, nasal, complaining “uuuh” notes in series.

11.3 LITTLE BLUE HERON (Garça-azul) Egretta caerulea L 25.6 in./65 cm. Ad. all darkish blue; white Imm. differs from other white herons by greenish legs and pinkish bill. ♣

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Any fresh and saline water with some fringing vegetation; also on tidal mud flats.

Generally silent.

11.4 SNOWY EGRET (Garça-branca-pequena) Egretta thula L 23.6 in./60 cm. Note full bushy crest and very yellow lores. Yellow of feet often runs up the backside of legs. ♣ Fresh and brackish waters, shores, coast, mud flats. but might utter low “gwa-gwa.”

Generally silent,

11.5 GREAT EGRET (Garça-branca-grande) Ardea alba L 37.5 in./95 cm. Note size. Black feet diagnostic. ♣ At marshes, lake edges, river margins, estuaries, mud flats. Call: may utter very low, belching “burr.”

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11.6 LITTLE EGRET Egretta garzetta (Garça-branca-pequena-européia) L 23.6 in./60 cm. Note bluish lore in N-br plumage. In Br plumage differs from slightly smaller 11.4 by thin plume (only two feathers). Forehead less steep than that of 11.4. ♣ Normally in swamps and marshes with some open water. V.

11.7 WESTERN REEF HERON Egretta gularis L 23.6 in./60 cm. Dark form (a) and head of white form (b) shown. White chin of dark form diagnostic. Note in white form heavy bill with yellowish lower mandible Rocky shores and reefs. All-white birds have been recorded in Fernando de Noronha. Generally silent. V.

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11.8 CATTLE EGRET (Garça-vaqueira) Bubulcus ibis L 19.7 in./50 cm. Br plumage unmistakable. Compacter build than other white herons. Feeds very characteristically at feet of cattle, catching the flushed insects. ♣ Normally associated with cattle.

Generally silent.

11.9 SQUACCO HERON (Garça-caranguejeira) Ardeola ralloides L 17.7 in./45 cm. Striking difference between white silhouette in flight and cryptic coloring when perched. ♣ Vagrant from Eurasia, where it occurs in reedy vegetation near water. Several records (including a number of birds together from Fernando de Noronha). V.

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11.10 CAPPED HERON (Garça-real) Pilherodius pileatus L 21.7 in./55 cm. Unmistakable by black cap. ♣ Near wood patches at shallow waters, marshes, river edges. silent.

Herons

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Generally

Plate 12

148

12.1 GREAT BLUE HERON (Garça-azul-grande) Ardea herodias L 47 in./120 cm. Dark (a) and white (b) forms shown. Intermediate forms (e.g., with only white head and neck) are possible. ♣ May be found at any type of fresh or saline water. In Brazil so far only seen in the Anavilhanas Archipelago.

Call: low, raucous “fraaah.” V.

12.2 GRAY HERON (Garça-real-européia) Ardea cinerea L 39 in./100 cm. From larger 12.1 by white, not rufous thighs. From 12.3 by purple-gray, not white, neck and white forehead and streak through crown. ♣ Vagrant from Europe, where seen in grasslands near water, in marshes, and in other open country.

Call: sudden, high “wrah.” V.

12.3 COCOI (or White-necked) HERON (Garça-moura) Ardea cocoi L 43 in./110 cm. White neck of Ad. diagnostic. Imm. shows striking resemblance with Ad. 12.2 but note white crown of Ad. 12.2. From Imm. 12.2 by blacker crown (but

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probably not safely separable). ♣ Marsh, river edges. deep “vrah” in flight.

Call:

12.4 PURPLE HERON (Garça-roxa) Ardea purpurea L 35 in./90 cm. Unmistakable by coloring, slender jizz, and secretive behavior. Note brownish-gray plumage of Imm. ♣ Vagrant from Europe, where occurs in large marshes. V.

12.5 AGAMI (or Chestnut-bellied) HERON (Garça-da-mata) Agamia agami L 29.5 in./75 cm. Ad. unmistakable by dark colors except striking white stripe down throat, broadening to breast. Note rufous stripe down throat of Imm. ♣ Forest streams and swamps. “wudrdrdr.”

Call: very low “wuh wuh -” and

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12.6 WOOD STORK (Cabeça-seca) Mycteria americana L 37.5 in./95 cm. Unmistakable by white plumage, bare gray head and neck, and heavy bill. Note black primaries and secondaries in flight. Gregarious. Perches in trees. ♣ Wooded marsh, mangrove.

Normally silent.

12.7 MAGUARI STORK (Maguari) Mycteria americana L 47 in./120 cm. Unmistakable by size, yellow eyes, and black-and-white plumage. ♣ Wet areas with tall vegetation.

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12.8 JABIRU (Tuiuiú) Jabiru mycteria L 51 in./130 cm. Unmistakable by red collar and large size. ♣ Open woodland at edges of rivers and lakes.

Normally silent.

12.9 ROSEATE SPOONBILL (Colhereiro) Platalea ajaja L 31.5 in./80 cm. Unmistakable by pink plumage and bill shape. ♣ Mangrove, wet woodland, muddy beaches. barking grunts.

Call: low,

12.10 EURASIAN SPOONBILL (Colhereiro-europeu) Platalea leucorodia L 33.5 in./85 cm. Unmistakable by shape and coloring of bill. ♣ Vagrant from Europe to Ilha Fernando de Noronha. V.

152

Herons / Storks / Spoonbills

153

Plate 13

154

13.1 ? AMERICAN WHITE PELICAN (Pelicano-branco) Pelecanus erythrorhynchos L 55 in./140 cm, W 270 cm. Unmistakable by white plumage with black flight feathers. Very large. ♣ Normally found at open, rather shallow water. (Improbable record.)

13.2 BROWN PELICAN (Pelicano-pardo) Pelecanus occidentalis L 49 in./125 cm, W 79 in./200 cm. Unmistakable by coloring and bill shape. ♣ River mouths. V.

13.3 GREATER FLAMINGO (Flamingo) Phoenicopterus ruber L 51 in./130 cm. Largest of the four flamingo species, differing from 13.4 by uniform pink legs and from 13.6 by larger, differently patterned bill. ♣ Wide, brackish shallow lakes and lagoons. gaggling in flight.

Low gabbling in groups when feeding;

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13.4 CHILEAN FLAMINGO (Flamingo-chileno) Phoenicopterus chilensis L 39 in./100 cm. Note the contrasting pink leg joints. ♣ Prefers brackish shallow lakes and lagoons. Can be found almost year-round in Lagoa do Peixe (Ri. Grande do Sul).

Call: very low “goorc.” R.

13.5 ANDEAN FLAMINGO (Flamingo-grande-dos-andes) Phoenicopterus andinus L 43 in./110 cm. Characterized by yellow legs and large black area, visible in folded wings. ♣ Rare winter visitor in brackish shallow waters. V.

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13.6 PUNA FLAMINGO Phoenicoparrus jamesi (flamingo-da-puna) L 35 in./90 cm. Note small size, black eyes, small bill, dark, uniform pink legs. ♣ High montane areas. There is only one record of this flamingo in Brazil, coming from Acre. Either an escapee or a very lost bird. V.

13.7 SOUTHERN SCREAMER (Tach ) Chauna torquata L 31.5 in./80 cm. Corpulent, large legs, fluffy plumage. Gregarious. Note white-and-black collar. As 13.8 with white underwing coverts. ♣ Grassland, wet savanna, marsh. Perches in trees. Call: very high or falsetto “we-weeér” (2nd part steeply upslurred); song: often in duet; loud, resounding, falsetto, drawn-up shrieks.

13.8 HORNED SCREAMER (Anhuma) Anhima cornuta L 31.5 in./80 cm. Unmistakable by general jizz and color pattern. Note thin quill. White underwing coverts. ♣ Marsh, wet savanna, swamps, and ponds in forest.

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Call: low

“ong!”; song: series of excited, hurried, muffled yet far-carrying “UH-who” vocalizations in excited duets.

13.9 COSCOROBA SWAN (Capororoca) Coscoroba coscoroba L 39 in./100 cm. Unmistakable by large size, white plumage, and pink bill. ♣ Lakes and lagoons. Call; high, nasal “wút wr-hawa”; may also be transcribed as “cósco-roba.”

13.10 BLACK-NECKED SWAN (Cisne-de-pescoço-preto) Cygnus melanocoryphus L 47 in./120 cm. Unmistakable. ♣ Shallow fresh and brackish marshes.

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Generally silent.

Screamers / Pelicans / Flamingos / Swans

159

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Plate 14 14.1 BLACK-BELLIED WHISTLING-DUCK (Asa-branca) Dendrocygna autumnalis L 19.7 in./50 cm. Whistling-ducks (14.1–14.3) are characterized by their upright stance. Sp. 14.1 unmistakable by pink bill and legs and by white in wings. Crepuscular. ♣ Open, shallow water, large marshes. Call: very high, fluted, mellow or sharp “tuweé” (2nd part stressed).

14.2 WHITE-FACED WHISTLING-DUCK (Irer ) Dendrocygna viduata L 17.7 in./45 cm. Unmistakable by head pattern. ♣ Marsh, flood plains. whistled “swée-wee-lee.”

Call: very high, thin,

14.3 FULVOUS WHISTLING- (or Tree-) DUCK (Marreca-caneleira) Dendrocygna bicolor L 19.7 in./50 cm. Distinctive by sickle-shaped flank feathers, barred back,

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white uppertail coverts, and black collar. ♣ Wet, low grassland, flood plains. Call: very high, sharp, whistled “feee-ih” and very high, musical, wheezy, twittering, like “pitpit-weeÉH-pitpit.”

14.4 ORINOCO GOOSE (Pato-corredor) Neochen jubata L 21.5 in./55 cm. Unmistakable by dark wings and whitish head and neck. ♣ Rocky beaches. Call: typical, gooselike gaggling “wukwuk-OOOR-OOOR-wuk wuk - -.” R.

14.5 MASKED DUCK (Marreca-de-bico-roxo) Nomonyx dominicus L 13.8 in./35 cm. This and 14.6 unmistakable by compact jizz, strong bill, and often—when swimming—by cocked tail. From 14.6 by back streaks, rufous hind-crown, and white wing speculum. ♣ Marsh, flood plains, secluded ponds.

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14.6 LAKE DUCK (Marreca-pé-na-bunda) Oxyura vittata L 15.7 in./40 cm. Cf. 14.5. ♣ Lakes; open water in marshes. Generally silent.

14.7 MUSCOVY DUCK (Pato-do-mato) Cairina moschata L 31.5 in./80 cm ( ), 25.5 in./65 cm ( ). Unmistakable. Escapees are “fatter,” heavier, have white at other places (head, neck, and/or underparts) than only at upper- and underwing and normally have more warts. Amount of white on wings of wild birds varies ( sometimes have no white, and Imms. never do). ♣ Any water (including marsh) in woodland or forest.

Generally silent.

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14.8

AMERICAN

COMB

DUCK

(Pato-de-crista)

Sarkidiornis sylvicola L 27.5 in./70 cm ( ), 24 in./60 cm ( ). Unmistakable, esp.

; as in 14.7 the

is significant smaller

than . ♣ Marshes in open or wooded country. Generally silent. Note: by SACC treated as ssp. of Comb Duck S. melanotos.

14.9 ROSY-BILLED POCHARD (Marrec o) Netta peposaca L 21.5 in./55 cm. unmistakable; note in peaked crown, dark cheeks, whitish vent. ♣ Well-vegetated lakes and marshes in open country.

Generally silent.

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14.10

SOUTHERN

POCHARD

(Paturi-preta)

Netta

erythrophthalma L 17.7 in./45 cm. Dark normally unmistakable, esp. if chestnut flanks and red eyes can be seen; note facial pattern of waters.

. ♣ Rather deep fresh and saline

Generally silent.

14.11 BRAZILIAN MERGANSER (Pato-mergulh o) Mergus octosetaceus L 21.5 in./55 cm. Unmistakable; differs from cormorants by white in wings. ♣ High-country rivers with rapids. Call: low (or mid-high), barking “wrah” in slow series. R.

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Whistling-Ducks / Goose / Ducks / Pochards / Merganser

166

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Plate 15 15.1 RINGED TEAL (Marreca-de-coleira) Callonetta leucophrys L 11.8 in./30 cm. Unmistakable by general color pattern and small size. Note pattern of

face sides. ♣

Marshes, ponds, lagoons in woodland, flooded forest. Generally silent.

15.2

BRAZILIAN

TEAL

(Pé-vermelho)

Amazonetta

brasiliensis L 15.7 in./40 cm. Unmistakable by red bill of and facial pattern. Note triangular white speculum at rear of wing in flight and characteristic spots on breast sides. ♣ Among vegetation in lakes, ponds, pools. Call: in flight, very high, sweet, fluted “fweé-tje” or “wu-wít” (stressed 2nd part much higher).

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15.3 CHILOE (or Southern) WIGEON (Marreca-oveira) Anas sibilatrix L 19.7 in./50 cm. Unmistakable by color pattern, size, white rump, and white forewing. ♣ Prefers open country with scattered lakes; also along streams and ponds in woodland. Call: very high, rather sharp babbling, like “wuut-wuut-wuutwut - -.”

15.4 BLUE-WINGED TEAL (Marreca-de-asa-azul) Anas discors L 15.7 in./40 cm.

is unmistakable by white crescent

in front of eyes; very similar to 15.5, but shows more distinct eye stripe and has less spatulated bill. ♣ Ponds, marshes, flood plains. Generally silent, but might utter very high, thin “fjit fjit - -” in flight. V.

15.5

CINNAMON

TEAL

cyanoptera L 15.7 in./40 cm.

(Marreca-colorada) unmistakable; for

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Anas cf. 15.4;

both have rather spatulated bill (similar to 15.6). ♣ Shallow water with emergent vegetation.

As 15.4. V.

15.6 RED SHOVELER (Marreca-colhereira) Anas platalea L 19.7 in./50 cm. Unmistakable by shape of bill. Note pale eye of . ♣ Lakes and marshes in open country. silent.

Generally

15.7 SPECKLED TEAL (Marreca-pardinha) Anas flavirostris L 15.7 in./40 cm. Like larger 15.10, but flanks hardly speckled. Wing pattern different, showing one buff and one white stripe. ♣ Marshes, lakes, ponds, streams, rivers. very high, clear, whistled “preep.”

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Call:

15.8 WHITE-CHEEKED PINTAIL (Marreca-toicinho) Anas bahamensis L 13.8 in./35 cm. Unmistakable by bicolored head and pointed white tail. ♣ Fresh and saline waters. Generally silent.

15.9 NORTHERN PINTAIL (Arrabio) Anas acuta L 23.6 in./ 60 cm ( ), 21.7 in./55 cm ( ). Note elegant, slender jizz. Br unmistakable, N-br Note unmarked head of

from

by gray, black-bordered bill.

. ♣ Ponds, lakes, marshes, estuaries.

Call: mid-high, nasal “uhh uh-uh-uh - -,” given by

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. V.

15.10 YELLOW-BILLED PINTAIL (Marreca-parda) Anas georgica L 23.6 in./60 cm. From smaller 15.7 by pointed, not rounded, tail feathers. ♣ Lakes, rivers, marshes, estuaries, coastal waters.

Call: sudden, very high “tjew!”

15.11 SILVER TEAL (Marreca-cricri) Anas versicolor L 15.7 in./40 cm. From smaller 15.7 by flank barring and bill color. ♣ Shallow pools and ponds in open country. mellow, hurried, fluted “wit t’weérwih.”

Call: high,

15.12 BLACK-HEADED DUCK (Marreca-de-cabeça-preta) Heteronetta atricapilla L 13.8 in./35 cm. Rather featureless, but with distinctive jizz (long body, thick neck); note pink spot at bill base of Br

. ♣ Lakes, marshes, pools with

fringing vegetation in open country.

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Generally silent.

Teals / Wigeon / Shoveler / Pintails / Duck

173

Plate 16

174

16.1 BLACK VULTURE (Urubu-de-cabeça-preta) Coragyps atratus W 57 in./145 cm. Characterized by gray, naked head and upright stance; 6 outer primaries mainly white. Flight on flat wings, steady, without rocking, in glides, interspersed by a few wing flaps. ♣ Any type of country (including towns and refuse dumps) except true forest.

Usually silent.

16.2 TURKEY VULTURE (Urubu-de-cabeça-vermelha) Cathartes aura W 75 in./190 cm. Stance more horizontal than 16.1; flight mainly gliding, rocking from side to side, the wings held in a shallow V shape. Coloring brown-black, naked skin of head red (this obscured in Imm.). ♣ More or less wooded country, rarely in forests.

Usually silent.

16.3 LESSER YELLOW-HEADED VULTURE (Urubu-de-cabeça-amarela) Cathartes burrovianus W 23.6 in./60 cm. Very similar to larger 16.2, but blacker with head mainly yellow, black stripe through eye, and in flight with

175

more distinct white shafts of primaries. Note that wings tips normally exceed tail length. Soars and glides on wings held in V shape. ♣ Wooded grassland, marsh, river margins. Usually silent.

16.4 GREATER YELLOW-HEADED VULTURE (Uru-bu-da-mata) Cathartes melambrotus W 83 in./210 cm. Very similar to distinctive smaller 16.3 with wing tips reaching tail tip. Soars on flat wings (unlike 16.3). Note the long tail and the diagnostic dark primaries, contrasting with paler secondaries in flight. Bluer face than 16.3 . ♣ Lowland forest with adjacent grassland.

Usually silent.

16.5 KING VULTURE (Urubu-rei) Sarcoramphus papa W 75 in./190 cm. Unmistakable by colorful head and black-and-white plumage. Note the short tail (of Ad. and Imm.), giving triangular flight silhouette. ♣ Prefers forest

176

away from settlements, but may wander to more open areas. Usually silent.

16.6 [ANDEAN CONDOR (Condor-dos-andes) Vultur gryphus] W 118 in./300 cm. Unmistakable by large size. Upperwing pattern of Ad. diagnostic. Juv. is brown, not black, with buff ruff; if Juv. is seen flying at a distance, it can be distinguished from 16.2, 16.3, and 16.4 by paler upperwing coverts and spread, shorter tail. Imms. are intermediate between Ad. and Juv., after each molt showing more white on upperwing, before reaching adulthood after 4–6 years. ♣ Hilly, wooded country with cliffs.

Usually silent. V.

New World Vultures / Condor

177

178

Plate 17 17.1 OSPREY (Águia-pescadora) Pandion haliaetus W 61 in./155 cm. Unmistakable by crisp black-and-white plumage and by habitat. In flight has characteristically kinked wings. Imm. differs from Ad. by narrow streaks on hindcrown and neck. ♣ Any type of clear, quiet, open water. Rather silent, but might give a rapid series of staccato “tjuw” notes and slower, faster, clear or squeaky variations thereof.

17.2 SWALLOW-TAILED KITE (Gavi o-tesoura) Elanoides forficatus W 47 in./120 cm. Unmistakable. Gregarious. ♣ Over forest. Call: occasionally a rapid, fluted series of “tuweét” notes and very high “see-see,” often together as “see-see-tuweet-tuweet-tuweet- -.”

17.3 WHITE-TAILED KITE (Gavi o-peneira) Elanus leucurus W 35.5 in./90 cm. Unmistakable by black shoulders

179

and underwing pattern. ♣ Open areas, fields, savanna, marsh. Generally silent, but might give a thin, hissing, rising “sweeeeeé.”

17.4 PEARL KITE (Gavi ozinho) Gampsonyx swainsonii W 22 in./55 cm. Unmistakable by size (hardly larger than a thrush) and by black stripe (or patch) to breast sides. N rufous-flanked ssp. leonae (a) shown and C and S Nom. (b, paler). ♣ Open woodland, palm groves, savanna. Rather silent, but in flight might give a very high, sharp, staccato “chip-chip - -.”

17.5 CINEREOUS HARRIER (Gavi o-cinza) Circus cinereus W 43 in./110 cm. Harriers (17.5 and 17.6) are identifiable by jizz (long and slender), flight (long, slender wings, bent at wrist, held in V shape) and by owl-like face mask. and differ from 17.6 by smaller size, shorter wings, and finely barred breast and belly; Imm. differs from 180

Imm. 17.6 mainly by different, shorter-winged jizz. ♣ Reed beds, marsh, pastures.

Usually silent.

17.6 LONG-WINGED HARRIER (Gavi o-do-banhado) Circus buffoni W 47 in./120 cm. Pale form (a, perched Imm.) shown and dark form (b, Ad. Pale

and

and

and Imm. in flight).

unmistakable by white breast and belly; dark

form by sooty black ( ) or dark brown ( ) underparts and underwings. Long-winged jizz of Imm. diagnostic. All Ad. forms have umber, seemingly dark eyes. In all plumages (incl. Imm.), base of bill has little or no visible yellow. Perches mainly on ground. ♣ Over marsh, wet savanna. silent.

Osprey / Kites / Harriers

181

Generally

182

Plate 18 18.1 SNAIL KITE (Gavi o-caramujeiro) Rostrhamus sociabilis W 43 in./110 cm. As 18.2 with very distinctive slender bill, but differing by red eyes, longer wings, and by tail pattern.

and

(unlike 18.2). Imm. as

have different plumages as shown but feathers of upperparts edged

paler. ♣ Marsh, wetlands. Call: series of 4–7 low, rapid, raspy notes, like “kurre-kurre-ki-ki.”

18.2 SLENDER-BILLED KITE (Gavi o-do-igapó) Helicolestes (or Rostrhamus) hamatus W 43 in./110 cm. Note yellow eyes and short tail and wings. Imm. shows narrow white tail bars.

and

have similar plumages. ♣ At shallow

waters in forest. Call: high, mewing “WÍ-eèuw” or “wirr-WÍ-èw-wirr-WÍ-èw.”

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18.3 DOUBLE-TOOTHED KITE (Gavi o-ripina) Harpagus bidentatus W 27.5 in./70 cm. Rufous restricted to breast and belly. Note the diagnostic median throat stripe of 18.3 and 18.4 (though this feature not always very evident); both species may be mistaken for an accipiter-hawk, but these are more slender, with longer legs, more fierce expression, shy behavior, and different hunting technique. Forages (catching insects and lizards) clambering and hopping at mid-levels and in canopy. ♣ Forest, tall second growth. Call: very high, inhaled, swiftlike “sueeé-eh” or very high, whistled “fju-oweé” (as if produced by someone wolf-whistling through his fingers).

18.4 RUFOUS-THIGHED KITE (Gavi o-bombachinha) Harpagus diodon W 29.5 in./75 cm. Rufous restricted to underwings and thighs. Resembles 19.7, which shows the typical accipiter-hawk features. ♣ Open forest, woodland. Call: reported to be a very high trisyllabic whistle.

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18.5 MISSISSIPPI KITE (Sauveiro-do-norte) Ictinia mississippiensis W 35.5 in./90 cm. As 18.6 with very long, narrow wings (widest at wrists). May show some rufous in primaries, but always far less than 18.6. Note white secondaries. Imm. differs from Imm. 18.6 by rufous-brown markings below. ♣ Migrates (normally in groups) over woodland. Call: very high, thin, steeply lowered “séee-juw” whistle. R.

18.6 PLUMBEOUS KITE (Sovi) Ictinia plumbea W 35.5 in./ 90 cm. Rufous in wings and barred tail diagnostic. ♣ All types of woodland (including mangrove), esp. near rivers, but may hunt over open country. Up to 2600 m. Call: generally silent, but might give a mid-high, drawn-out, mournful whistle.

Kites

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Plate 19 19.1 GRAY-HEADED KITE (Gavi o-de-cabeça-cinza) Leptodon cayanensis W 39 in./100 cm. Ad. distinctively patterned black and white with gray head. Note black underwing coverts in flight. Imm. variable with underparts white (a) or densely streaked (b); intermediates possible. Imm. a differs from larger Ad. 23.6 by unfeathered legs, yellow, not black, lores, and brown upperparts. ♣ Forest and adjacent areas, mangrove. Song: low, excited, hurried, level or ascending series of nasal “u-wic” notes (2–4 sec).

19.2 WHITE-COLLARED KITE (Gavi o-de-pescoço-branco) Leptodon forbesi W 39 in./100 cm. From Ad. 19.1 by white neck and chin and, in flight, by white underwing coverts; differs from pale Imm. 19.1 by different underwing and undertail pattern. ♣ Atlantic rainforest. E, R.

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19.3 HOOK-BILLED KITE (Caracoleiro) Chondrohierax uncinatus W 35.5 in./90 cm. Normal form (a) and uncommon blackish form (b) shown. Note heavy, conspicuously hooked bill, facial pattern, and pale, staring eyes. From 18.1 by yellow, not red, bare parts. ♣ Forest and woodland with marsh, ponds, streams. Song: high, sharp, shivering, rapid series of slightly lowered “wic” notes.

19.4 GRAY-BELLIED HAWK (Tauató-pintado) Accipiter poliogaster W 31.5 in./80 cm. Distinctively bicolored with extensively yellow, bare face parts. Cheeks black or gray, eyes yellow or orange; cf. forms a and b. Imm. differs from much larger Ad. 23.7 by unfeathered legs and lack of crest. ♣ Lowland forest, dense woodland, riverine belts.

19.5 TINY HAWK (Gavi o-miudinho) Accipiter (or Hieraspiza) superciliosus W 19.7 in./50 cm. Red eyes and fine barring below diagnostic. Imms. (finely barred below as

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adults) in several color forms, brown or rufous (b, shown). Catches even hummingbirds. ♣ Forest, tall second growth. Call: very high, rapid, sharp, and piercing series of whinnying “weet” notes.

19.6 SHARP-SHINNED HAWK (Gavi o-miúdo) Accipiter striatus W 19.7/60 cm. In SE Brazil ssp. erythronemius RUFOUS-THIGHED HAWK (a, with solid rufous flanks) and in W ssp. ventralis PLAIN-BREASTED HAWK, latter in different color forms; rare dark form (b) and rufous (c, in flight) form shown. Not shown is form with almost uniform creamy underparts. Extent of rufous on flanks is quite variable in same geographical area, but thighs always rufous, showing darker streaking. Imms. of this and 19.7C are only accipiter species in Brazil with streaked underparts. ♣ Woodland, second growth, plantations. Call of : very high, rapid series of staccato “tjew” notes, as “weéh-tjewtjew---tjuw”;

calls slightly higher “tictic---tic.”

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19.7 BICOLORED HAWK (Gavi o-bombachinha-grande) Accipiter bicolor W 27.5 in./70 cm. Cf. 18.4. Underparts unmarked or faintly barred, neck almost concolor with face sides. Shown are S ssp guttifer (a, with pale brown, faintly barred underparts and pale underwing coverts) and C ssp pileatus (b, gray below with rufous underwing coverts). Not shown is Nom., resembling b, but with white underwings. Imm. variable, from almost white and streaked below (c) to uniform buff (d). Note mottled crown of Imm.; thighs of Imm’s and adults variable from streaked to solid rufous. ♣ Edges and clearings of forest and tall second growth. Normally silent.

Kites / Hawks

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Plate 20 20.1 CRANE HAWK (Gavi o-pernilongo) Geranospiza caerulescens W 39 in./100 cm. Shown are widespread gracilis group (perched) and Amazonian Nom. (flying). Unmistakable by slender jizz, distinctive tail pattern and single (adult) or double (Imm.) wing band across underside of wings. Versatile in its hunting techniques; most spectacular might be the use of its double-jointed legs, with which it can feel around in tree hollows, hanging nests, or large bromeliads. ♣ Forest edge, swampy woodland, mangrove. Call: explosive, lowered “Wéeeuw.” Note: Almost certainly 2 species are involved, differing in saturation of gray body plumage and in color of pale tail bands (white in one, orange-rufous in other species).

20.2 SLATE-COLORED HAWK (Gavi o-azul) Leucopternis schistaceus W 39 in./100 cm. Ad. distinctive by all-gray feathering and white band across tail. Very similar to Snail Kite (18.1), but with shorter wings and less slender bill. ♣ Forested edges of rivers and lakes. drawn-out whistle, like “tjuuuuw.”

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Call: high, level,

20.3 BLACK-FACED HAWK (Gavi o-de-cara-preta) Leucopternis melanops W 39 in./100 cm. From 20.6 in same range by black mask, yellow cere, shorter wings, absence of white on rim of wings, and different tail pattern. Probably not in range of 20.4. ♣ Forest edge and clearings, mangrove. Call: very high, rather sharp, steeply descending “piuuuh.”

20.4 WHITE-BROWED HAWK (Gavi o-vaqueiro) Leucopternis kuhli W 39 in./100 cm. From 20.3 by dark crown and distinctive white eyebrow. ♣ Wet forest. very high, mournful “piuuuh.”

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Call:

20.5 WHITE-NECKED HAWK (Gavi o-pombo-pequeno) Leucopternis lacernulatus W 45 in./115 cm. Not in range of 20.6. From larger 20.7 by black subterminal band across tail and by less spotting and barring to mantle and scapulars. Usually seen in the understory; may come to the ground at army-ant swarms. ♣ Atlantic forest, woodland. En, R.

20.6 WHITE HAWK (Gavi o-branco) Leucopternis albicollis W 49 in./125 cm. No similar raptor in range, except 20.3 and Black-and-white Hawk Eagle (23.6), which differs by slender, long-tailed jizz, yellow cere, and black hindcrown. ♣ Forest and adjacent swamps. Call: very high, level, squeaky, slightly hoarse “wees wees wees.”

20.7 MANTLED HAWK (Gavi o-pombo-grande) Leucopternis polionotus W 49 in./125 cm. Note distinctive tail pattern (lacking black on underside and barred broadly white on upperside). Commonly seen fully exposed in the

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canopy. ♣ Atlantic forest, less in plantations. Call: long, very high, upslurred whistle, like “wueeeeeeh.” R.

Hawks

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Plate 21 21.1 GRAY (or Gray-lined) HAWK (Gavi o-pedr s) Buteo nitidus W 35.5 in./90 cm. Compact build and combination of gray plumage and distinctive tail pattern diagnostic. South American forms have yellow eyes as shown. Note white face sides of Imm. with distinctive moustache and chin stripe, and pearl-shaped dark spots on clean buff underparts. Perches well exposed in canopy. ♣ Normally near water (e.g., in riverine belts), but also in open woodland. Call: typical buteolike “Wéee-uh” whistle; song: “wéeuh-wéeuh-wéeuh -.”

21.2 BROAD-WINGED HAWK (Gavi o-de-asa-larga) Buteo platypterus W 33.5 in./85 cm. Compact buzzard with dark upper-parts, rufous-barred underparts (running together in more or less solid breast collar), and distinctive tail pattern. Perches in canopy as well as well-exposed. ♣ Forest edge, open woodland, plantations; often near water. high, thin, piercing “t’weeeéh.”

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Call: very

21.3 WHITE-RUMPED HAWK (Gavi o-de-sobre-branco) Percnohierax (or Buteo) leucorrhous W 33.5 in./85 cm. Rather narrow white band across rump diagnostic (both in Ad. and Imm.). Ad. unmistakable by color pattern, esp. of underparts, and by yellow eyes. Note tail pattern of Imm. if seen from below. ♣ Montane forest. Call: very/ extr. high, thin, nasal “p’tuuuh” or downslurred “féeeeuh.”

21.4 SHORT-TAILED HAWK (Gavi o-de-cauda-curta) Buteo brachyurus W 35.5 in./90 cm. Pale form unmistakable by blackish upperparts and all-white underparts. All-black form (a) difficult to distinguish from other all-dark buzzards if white forehead cannot be seen. Imm. as Ad. but head narrowly streaked and wing feathers scaled paler. All-dark Imm. densely streaked and blotched below. Most seen when soaring because normally concealed in foliage when perched. ♣ Forest, woodland, mangrove. Call: very high, downslurred, slightly sharp/nasal “niuuuuuh.”

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21.5 SWAINSON’S HAWK (Gavi o-papa-gafanhoto) Buteo swainsoni W 49 in./125 cm. Gregarious, N migrant, more Imms. than adults seen in Brazil. Note straight back, giving the species its characteristic jizz. Imms. of normal form (a) often have distinctive pale throat bordered by dark markings. Variable; some forms (b and c) shown. All forms long winged as 21.6, but with different tail pattern. ♣ Open country. Call: probably mid-high, descending, nasal “tithjoouw.”

21.6 WHITE-TAILED HAWK (Gavi o-de-rabo-branco) Buteo albicaudatus W 51 in./130 cm. Pale form (a) unmistakable by rufous scapulars; dark form (b) differs from dark 21.7 by darker plumage. Sub-Ad. (c, plumage in 2nd year before molting in full Ad. plumage) has black, not white, throat and blacker head and mantle. Note dark field on underwing, formed by darker inner primaries. ♣ Open and lightly wooded areas.

Call: high, squeaky “vree tuwee

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tuee” (each note “pushed out” and slightly upslurred); song: slightly ascending, rapid series, like “tuuh tuweh-tuweh-tuweh - -.”

21.7 [RED-BACKED HAWK (Aquilucho Común) Buteopolyosoma] W 45 in./115 cm. Highly variable (a, b, c, d). Birds with gray upperparts (a) or all-dark plumage (c) are normally

, forms with rufous mantle (b) or dark brown

mantle and underparts (d) are often . Note rounded wings (not attenuated to tip as 21.5 and 21.6, unless gliding; cf. flying c). Note lack of black patches at wrists, distinguishing this species from pale 21.5 and 21.6. ♣ From S and W South America. Prefers open, scarcely wooded country, but might be seen near river belts and forest edges. Normally silent, but might give a high, strong, rapid series of 4–9 ringing “keek” notes. (Records in coastal Rio de Janeiro [Cabo Frio] and possibly Mato Grosso do Sul.)

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Hawks

201

202

Plate 22 22.1 ZONE-TAILED HAWK (Gavi o-de-rabo-barrado) Buteo albonotatus W 51 in./130 cm. In flight very similar to 16.2, but differing by black-and-white tail pattern and fine barring at underside of flight feathers. Note white spots in plumage of Imm. and its different tail pattern. ♣ Open areas, but also in a great variety of other habitats, such as humid forest and overgrown marshes. Call: drawn-out “keeer”; song: very high, “sawing” series of slightly undulating, sharp “wee” notes (10 sec).

22.2 ROADSIDE HAWK (Gavi o-carijó) Rupornis (or Buteo) magnirostris W 29.5 in./75 cm. Several sspp.; N Nom. (a; gray with gray to rufescent barring below), SE magniplumis (b; brown-gray with rufescent barring below), saturatus (c; Pantanal region; with dark head and cinnamon barring below), and Juv. shown. Adults with yellow eyes, plain/ faintly streaked chest and rufous wing-patch. Juv. with brown eyes, streaked chest, barred/scaled underparts and reduced wing-patch. Note short wings with rufous panels, best seen in upperwings. Aptly named. ♣ Open forest, woodland, ranchland, fields, riverine belts. Normally seen perched on fence poles or power pylons. Call: high, descending, mewing, peevish-sounding “wée-yur.” 203

22.3 SAVANNA HAWK (Gavi o-caboclo) Heterospizias (or Buteogallus) meridionalis W 37 in./95 cm. Resembles 22.2 in its rufous tinges and habitat. Ad. unmistakable by rufous plumage and tail and, in flight, dark blotches on sides of chest and dark thighs. Imm. differs from Imm. of 22.6 by some rufescent coloring to wings and by wing tip reaching tail tip. ♣ Wooded savanna, marsh, mangrove. Often hunts walking on the ground. “mièèèh.”

Call: buteolike, very high, down-gliding

22.4 [COMMON BLACK-HAWK (Gavi o-carangue-jeiro-preto) Buteogallus anthracinus] W 45 in./ 115 cm. Very similar to Great Black Hawk (22.6), but smaller, relatively shorter legged, and with longer primary projection when perched. White flashes at base of outer primaries, seen from below in flight, diagnostic. Imm. differs from Imm. 22.6 by beard stripes and fewer tail bars. ♣ At large (sometimes smaller) water bodies near forest, woodland,

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wooded swamps, mangrove. Call: series, starting very high, then slowing down and descending “wuwuwée-wéek-week week wuh.”

22.5 RUFOUS CRAB-HAWK (Caranguejeiro) Buteogallus aequinoctialis W 35.5 in./90 cm. Ad. is darker above than 22.3 and has short tail. Imm. has large black patches on breast sides and is otherwise distinctively marked by black spots and streaks. Species strictly restricted to coast. ♣ All low-lying habitats at sea coast, such as mangrove. Hunts crabs on mud flats. Call: very high, pinched, “wee-chí-chee”; middle note highest.

nasal,

3-noted

22.6 GREAT BLACK-HAWK (Gavi o-preto) Buteogallus urubitinga W 49 in./125 cm. Large, thickset, all black except distinctively banded tail. Note wing pattern of perched Imm. ♣ Forest edge at water. “ueeeeeeeeeeee.”

Call: long, very high, sharp, fluted

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22.7 HARRIS’S (or Bay-winged) HAWK (Gavi o-asa-de-telha) Parabuteo unicinctus W 43 in./110 cm. Pale rufous wing-shoulder diagnostic. Note slender, long-tailed jizz and white tail base. ♣ Normally in dry but also in wet open areas with thorn scrub and scattered trees. prolonged, low, raucous “fraaaaah.”

Call:

22.8 BLACK-COLLARED HAWK (Gavi o-belo) Busarellus nigricollis W 49 in./125 cm. Unmistakable by white head and black patch to upper breast. ♣ Wetlands, mangrove. Call: very high, hoarse, fluted, falsetto, gull-like “w’reeeeee w’reeeeeeh-wrih.”

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Hawks

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Plate 23 23.1 BLACK-CHESTED BUZZARD-EAGLE (Águia-chilena) Buteo (or Geranoaetus) melanoleucus W 73 in./185 cm. S Nom. (a) and E ssp. australis (b, with thin barred underparts) shown. Bulky, small-headed jizz with long-pointed wings. Note distinctive upperwing pattern of Ad. and pale breast/upper belly of Imm. (see flight silhouette). Imm. longer-tailed than Ad. and therefore confusingly similar to some Imm. hawks on Pl. 22. ♣ Open, montane areas. Call: slow series of 3 well-separated, rising “weet weet weet” notes or high, rapid “kiu-kiu-kiu- -.”

23.2 CROWNED (Solitary-) EAGLE (Águia-cinzenta) Harpyhaliaetus coronatus W 75 in./190 cm. Ad. all gray with short, distinctively patterned tail. Note absence (or very indistinct) barring of flight feathers, both in Ad. and Imm. ♣ Open woodland, dry wooded grassland. Call: very high, drawn-out, nasal, double-fluted “fwuuuuh” or gull-like, almost falsetto “t’weeeeeeuh” (starting with “t’w” stepping up to very high “-euh”). R.

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23.3 CRESTED EAGLE (Uiraçu-falso) Morphnus guianensis W 73 in./185 cm. Pale (a) and dark (b) forms shown. Smaller than 23.4 with more slender bill and unmarked underwing coverts. ♣ Forest, riverine belts. Call: very high, loud, resounding “Wew-Wew-Wew - -.” R.

23.4 HARPY EAGLE (Gavi o-real) Harpia harpyja W 80 in./205 cm. Very large with huge talons. Note diagnostic black breast band. In flight, note black marks and patches on underwings. Imm. very pale, each year becoming darker, starting by acquiring black flight feathers after 1st molt, reaching full Ad. plumage in 4th year. ♣ Tall forest. Call: sharply fluted “tí-juww,” starting very high and gliding down. R.

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23.5 BLACK HAWK-EAGLE (Gavi o-pega-macaco) Spizaetus tyrannus W 55 in./140 cm. Unmistakable in its habitat. Note indistinct demarcation between black breast and white-speckled belly and the black streak through eyes of Imm. ♣ Fragmented habitat, forest edge and clearings, riverine belts, semiopen woodland. resounding “WEEuw.”

Call: high, loud,

23.6 BLACK-AND-WHITE HAWK-EAGLE (Gavi o-pato) Spizaetus (or Spizastur) melanoleucus W 51 in./130 cm. Unmistakable by plumage pattern and bright yellow eyes, cere, and feet. Indistinct crest, but black streak through crown. Imm. as Ad. but slightly browner and with more dark tail bars. ♣ Forest edge and clearings, esp. near rivers. Also in riverine belts.

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23.7 ORNATE HAWK-EAGLE (Gavi o-de-penacho) Spizaetus ornatus W 51 in./130 cm. Ad. unmistakable by color pattern. Imm. mostly whitish below with striped thighs and some mottling on underwing coverts. ♣ Prefers continuous forest. Call: high, ringing “Wéew”; song: high “wu-wúutwu-wu-wu- -” in unstructured series.

Eagles

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Plate 24 24.1 AMERICAN KESTREL (Quiriquiri) Falco sparverius L 9.8 in./25 cm. Unmistakable by small size, distinctive head pattern, and general coloring. ♣ Open landscape, savanna. Perches on poles and wires, but also hovers if breeze is strong enough. Not very vocal, but might give a rapid series of 5–10 “kli” notes as “kliklikliklikli---”

24.2 EURASIAN KESTREL Falco tinnunculus (Penei-reiro-de-dorso-malhado) L 13.8 in./35 cm. From smaller 24.1 by all-rufous wings of head pattern of

and

and less distinctive

. ♣ Open or lightly wooded country.

Might give a rapid series of 5–10 very high, loud, sharp “kli” notes as “kliklikliklikli---” (louder and sharper than 24.1). V.

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24.3 APLOMADO FALCON (Falc o-de-coleira) Falco femoralis L 15.7 in./40 cm. Very distinctive by pale eyebrow and long tail. Underwings not so black as in 24.4 and 24.5. May hover. ♣ Savanna, open areas in forest–grassland mosaics. Generally silent, but might give a sudden high, sharp “wic!” V.

24.4 ORANGE-BREASTED FALCON (Falc o-depeito-laranja) Falco deiroleucus L 13.8 in./35 cm. From smaller 24.5 by less compact, longer-tailed jizz. Rufous rim to black at neck sides and upper breast diagnostic. ♣ Open forest, esp. at water. notes.

Call: long string of very high “kip”

24.5 BAT FALCON (Cauré) Falco rufigularis L 9.8 in./25 cm. Small and compact. Normally with white breast and neck sides, but some birds do have rufous on chest, causing confusion with larger, less compactly built 24.4. ♣ Forest,

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woodland, riverine belts, wooded savanna, town parks. Call: long string of very high, weak, slightly shrill “wee” notes.

24.6 MERLIN (Esmerilh o) Falco columbarius L 9.8 in./25 cm. Small and compact. Hunts flying birds in fast flight. ♣ Vagrant from the N hemisphere, where found in open woodland.

Usually silent. V.

24.7 PEREGRINE FALCON (Falc o-peregrino) Falco peregrinus L 15.7 in./40 cm. Occurrence of at least 2 sspp. in Brazil possible: anatum (a, shown perched and in flight) and tundrius (b, with narrower stripe down eyes). ♣ Often near cliffs and outcrops in open woodland, savanna, rocky coasts, high buildings. Generally silent, though “kek” (single or in series) might be given.

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24.8 SPOT-WINGED FALCONET (Falc o-de-asa-pintada) Spiziapteryx circumcincta L 11.8 in./30 cm. Unmistakable by head pattern and, in flight, white rump. Note yellow eyes. ♣ Open, dry areas. Probably rather silent away from breeding grounds in Argentina and Bolivia. V. to São Pedro and São Paulo Archipelago.

24.9 LAUGHING FALCON (Acau ) Herpetotheres cachinnans L 19.7 in./50 cm. Unmistakable by large size, black mask, big-headed jizz, and buff-rufous in spread wings. ♣ Forest edge, riverine belts, large trees in savanna. Call: slow series of mid-high, nasal “wow” notes (1 ×/2–3 sec); song: very long, slow series of high, nasal “wah” notes, as “wah wah wah - -,” or strings of joined “who” notes (neither particularly laughing).

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24.10 BLACK CARACARA (Gavi o-de-anta) Daptrius ater W 35.5 in./90 cm. Forest dweller, living and foraging in groups in canopy, understory, and on ground. Not shy. Noisy. From larger 24.11 by lack of white in plumage. Note yellow bare skin at head of Imm. (shown in flight). ♣ Forest edge and clearings near rivers, riverine belts, mangrove. drawn-out, raucous, downslurred shriek.

Call: high,

24.11 RED-THROATED CARACARA (Gralh o) Ibycter americanus W 41 in./105 cm. White belly and vent diagnostic. ♣ Forest edge and adjacent areas. Call/ song: raucous, unnerving, loud, far-carrying “è’è’aaohw” in chorus.

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Kestrels / Falcons / Caracaras

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Plate 25 Infrequently seen, but often heard. Differ from Accipiter hawks by graduated tail with white bands (not squarish with pale gray bands), more extensive bare skin around the eyes, and, often, by eye color. FOREST-FALCONS:

25.1 BARRED FOREST-FALCON (Falc o-caburé) Micrastur ruficollis L 13.8 in./35 cm. The Amazonian ssp. concentricus only occurs in a gray form (a), while the SE Nom. (b) only occurs as brown form; a separable from 25.2 and 25.3 by brown, yellow, or ochre eyes, three white tail bars, and denser barring below, extending to vent. Imm. not safely separable from Imm. 25.2 (which may have white spots on uppertail coverts). ♣ Understory and middle levels of forest and second growth. Call/song: varies per region; may be a slow series of mid-high “tjew---” or “tjow---” notes (2 ×/3 sec).

25.2 LINED FOREST-FALCON (Falc o-mateiro) Micrastur gilvicollis L 13.8 in./35 cm. Note white eyes of adult, double tail bar and—in most cases—lack of barring to vent. Imm. may show white spots to uppertail coverts. No rufous form. ♣ Understorey of wet forest. Call/song: generally similar to 25.1; also series as “tooh tuh tuh.”

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25.3 CRYPTIC FOREST-FALCON (Falc o-críptico) Micraster mintoni L 13.8 in./35 cm. From 25.1–2 by single broad tail bar and restricted barring to underparts. Extent of barring below variable from almost absent to extending from chin to belly. Legs of 25.2 and 25.3 are pale yellow, not yellow or pink as shown. ♣ Forest. nasal “tjow,” single-noted or in series.

Call/song: mid-high,

25.4 COLLARED FOREST-FALCON (Falc o-relógio) Micrastur semitorquatus L 19.7 in./50 cm. Variable; three color forms (a, b, c) shown. Form a is very similar to 25.5 (which is smaller and has shorter legs). Scaling and barring of underparts of Imm. extend over belly to vent. ♣ Forest, dry woodland, riverine belts, mangrove. “owl.”

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Call: peacock-like

25.5 BUCKLEY’S (or Traylor’s) FOREST-FALCON (Falc o-de-buckley) Micraster buckleyi L 17.7 in./45 cm. Cf. 25.4. Ad. may have some white spots on secondaries; Imm. without markings on lower belly and vent. ♣ Forest and second growth. Call/song: “au-auw-auw.”

high,

slightly

nasal,

pitiful

25.6 SLATY-BACKED FOREST-FALCON (Tanatau) Micrastur mirandollei L 15.7 in./40 cm. Note dark eyes. Ad. without barring of underparts; Imm. scaled, not barred below. ♣ Forest and secondary growth near rivers, normally in understory. oh’aah.”

Call: high, nasal, mourning “aah-aa-haah- -

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25.7 CRESTED (Northern) CARACARA (Caracará-do-norte) Caracara (or Polyborus) cheriway W 51 in./130 cm. Imm. is browner than Ad. and lacks barring on chest. ♣ Ranchland, fields, savanna, plantations, marsh, fragmented forest. Generally silent.

25.8 SOUTHERN CARACARA (Caracará) Caracara (or Polyborus) plancus W 51 in./130 cm. From 25.7 by mainly brownish, often lightly barred scapulars and densely pale-barred lower back. ♣ Wooded open country, fields, pasture land, marsh.

Generally silent.

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25.9 YELLOW-HEADED CARACARA (Carrapateiro) Milvago chimachima W 37 in./95 cm. Unmistakable by creamy body and characteristic black line starting behind eye. In flight, notice conspicuous white panels in wings. Imm. differs from rather similar 25.10 by distinctive streaking, while 25.10 appears more or less uniform gray-brown. ♣ Savanna, fields, ranchland. Call; screechy, steeply downslurred shriek that starts very high, like “shréeeeeeah.”

25.10 CHIMANGO CARACARA (Chimango) Milvago chimango W 35.5 in./90 cm. Rather featureless when perched or walking but with white panel in wings when flying. From Imm. 25.9 by more uniform gray-brown underparts and nearly unbarred tail. ♣ Open areas, agricultural land, wetlands, beaches, developed areas. Call: screechy, rather thin, steeply downslurred shriek, that starts very high, like “kéeeeeeah.”

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Forest-Falcons / Caracaras

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Plate 26 26.1 GREATER RHEA (Ema) Rhea americana H 43 in./110 cm. Unmistakable. ♣ Savanna, dry scrubland.

Silent. R.

26.2 DWARF TINAMOU (Inhambu-carape) Taoniscus nanus L 5.9 in./15 cm. Coloring variable, whitish below, as shown, or deep buff. Very small, recalling small dove or Old World quail. ♣ Thorn-scrub, savanna, secondary forest. extr. high “tírri-tih - -” in irregular series. R.

Call/song:

26.3 GRAY TINAMOU (Azulona) Tinamus tao L 17.7 in./45 cm. Note large size, grayish plumage. and freckled-white stripes to sides of neck. ♣ Forest, second growth, riverine belts in scrubland. Song: often in duet; high, clear, level “whuuu” (at long intervals).

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26.4 GREAT TINAMOU (Inhambu-de-cabeça-vermelha) Tinamus major L 17.7 in./45 cm. Note large size and rufescent head ♣ Seasonally flooded forest. Song: varied, often a series of beautiful, clear, long, whistled notes that slightly rise and follow each other closely or with short intervals.

26.5 SOLITARY TINAMOU (Macuco) Tinamus solitarius L 17.7 in./45 cm. As 26.3 but brownish, not gray, and in different range. ♣ Forest, preferable without undergrowth. Song: series of about 4 long, clear, calmly descending, whistled notes, with a longer interval after the 1st note “whu whu-whu-whu” (3 sec). R.

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26.6 WHITE-THROATED TINAMOU (Inhambu-galinha) Tinamus guttatus L 13.8 in./35 cm. Note distinct spotting to wings, back, and rump. ♣ Terra firme. Song: a few slow, eerie, slightly descending, fluted notes at up to 2-sec intervals.

26.7 RED-WINGED TINAMOU (Perdiz) Rhynchotus rufescens L 15.7 in./40 cm. Unmistakable by general color pattern. Note long, curved bill. ♣ Humid habitats such as wet grassland; also in savanna woodland. Song: short, slightly descending series of high, fluted “wJWRjuh wir-ju-ju” (“JWR” transposed one octave higher).

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26.8 SPOTTED NOTHURA (Codorna-amarela) Nothura maculosa L 9.8 in./25 cm. Color highly variable between much darker than shown and much paler. Legs dull. Only nothura with both webs of flight feathers barred (inner webs uniformly dark in 26.9 and 26.10). ♣ Ranchland, savanna, scrubland. Song: high, crescendoing “wirrrrrrur” trill (4 sec), that might be followed by sharp, double-fluted “wíh wíh wíh - - tjutjutju tjuh.”

26.9 LESSER NOTHURA (Codorna-mineira) Nothura minor L 7.5 in./19 cm. Very similar to 26.8, but smaller and generally more rufescent coloring. ♣ Grassland and shrub at 700–1000 m. Generally avoids areas with short grasses (unlike 26.8). En, R.

26.10 WHITE-BELLIED NOTHURA (Codorna-do-nordeste) Nothura boraquira L 9.8 in./25 cm. Often with conspicuous whitish belly and dark crown. Bright yellow legs diagnostic.

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♣ Dry grassland, sparsely wooded savanna. Song: high, fluted “fuuu-wíh” (2nd part short and slightly higher).

Rheas / Tinamous

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Plate 27 27.1 CINEREOUS TINAMOU (Inhambu-preto) Crypturellus cinereus L 11.8 in./30 cm. Characterized by unmarked dark gray plumage with pinkish legs. May show some white speckling to throat. ♣ Forest, wooded savanna, plantations. Song: very calm series of single, high, very pure, fluted notes (2 birds may sing together at different pitches).

27.2 BLACK-CAPPED TINAMOU (Inhambu-de-coroa-preta) Crypturellus atrocapillus L 11.8 in./30 cm. No other tinamou with combination of densely barred plumage and pink-red legs in (restricted) range. ♣ Forest, flood plains in forest. Song: rather low, fluted, fast “wu’oh’wo” (“oh” higher, 1 ×/sec).

27.3 BROWN TINAMOU (Inhambuguaçu) Crypturellus obsoletus L 11.8 in./30 cm. From smaller 27.7 by grayish

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throat and barred vent (often not easily seen). Belly pale buff-gray in ssp. griseiventris (Santarém region) ♣ Humid forest, second growth. Up to 1800 m in SE, but in lowlands in Amazon. Where overlaps with 27.7 in E, restricted to highlands. Song: series of high, loud, vehement, fluted notes “TJUR-Tjur-WUtWUtWUtWUT” (last long phrase may be continued and upslurred).

27.4 UNDULATED TINAMOU (Jaó) Crypturellus undulatus L 11.8 in./30 cm. Several sspp.; W yapura (a) and undulatus (b; Pantanal region) shown; remaining sspp. most like a. Note whitish throat, faintly scaled vent, rather plain back (finely vermiculated if seen well), and lack of bright/contrasting head in a; b is only Crypturellus in range with conspicuously barred upperparts. ♣ Forest, riverine belts, dry scrub, forest remains. Song: sequence of three high, pure, fluted notes; last one slightly higher, like “fjuu fjuu-fjuu?”

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27.5 VARIEGATED TINAMOU (Inhambu-anhangá) Crypturellus variegatus L 11.8 in./30 cm. Characterized by blackish crown and face sides and by heavy, dark barring of upperparts. From 28.2 mainly by darker cap. ♣ Forest edge and clearings. Song: calm, slightly rising series of about 5–7 high, fluted notes, 1st one longest, the others rising or lilting up.

27.6 RED-LEGGED TINAMOU (Inhambu-de-perna-vermelha) Crypturellus erythropus L 11.8 in./30 cm. Overall dark rufous plumage with pale and dark barred upperparts, mouse-gray breast, and crimson legs. ♣ Open forest, open woodland, thorn scrub, slightly wooded grassland with some bush. Song: calm series of 3 low, slightly rising, fluted notes, last one shortest or missing.

27.7 LITTLE TINAMOU (Tururim) Crypturellus soui L 9.8 in./25 cm. Strength of colors variable; 236

of Amazon sspp.

generally duller than typical (as shown); both sexes of Atlantic ssp. intermediate. Note small size, gray head (dark-capped in N), whitish throat, and plain upper-parts. ♣ Forest, dense woodland. Mainly in humid regions, but locally extending into nearby drier areas. Song: high, fluted “fjuuu-wirrr” or “fjuuuwi-wurrrr”; last part always as tremolo.

27.8 YELLOW-LEGGED TINAMOU (Jaó-do-sul) Crypturellus noctivagus L 11.8 in./30 cm. No similar barred tinamou in range. Note distinctive pale eyebrow. ♣ Forest, wooded savanna, riverine belts, thorn scrub. Song: series of 4 low, mournful “wooh wuwúwu” notes. En, R.

27.9 GRAY-LEGGED TINAMOU (Inhambu-de-pe-cinza) Crypturellus duidae L 11.8 in./30 cm. Very restricted range and not in range of other pale-barred tinamous. ♣ Dense

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forest, woodland with bush. Song: mid-high, drawn-out and slightly rising, fluted “fuuuuuúh?”

27.10

BRAZILIAN

TINAMOU

(Inhambu-relogio)

Crypturellus strigulosus L 11.8 in./30 cm.

shows distinct

barring of tail and tail coverts. Pattern of

barring more

“wavy” than other tinamous. ♣ Dense humid forest. Song: 3 high, fluted notes, merging into each other, the 1st very long, 2nd long and higher, 3rd short (almost like the sound of a wet finger over the rim of a glass).

Tinamous

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Plate 28 28.1 RUSTY TINAMOU (Inhambu-carijo) Crypturellus brevirostris L 9.8 in./25 cm. Barring of wings coarser than on rest of body. ♣ Flood plains in dense forest.

28.2 BARTLETT’S TINAMOU (Inhambu-anhangai) Crypturellus bartletti L 9.8 in./25 cm. Overall browner plumage and fainter barring than other barred tinamous in range. ♣ Dense forest. Song: series of high, beautiful, short, fluted notes, which might rise 1 note after the 1st few.

28.3 SMALL-BILLED TINAMOU (Inhambu-chororo) Crypturellus parvirostris L 9 in./23 cm. Difficult to distinguish from slightly larger 28.4, but is overall browner with dark red, not purplish, legs and has different (softer) voice. No other tinamou with red bill but 28.4. ♣ Forest, scrubby grassland, riverine belts, open woodland.

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Song:

odd series, that starts with one or more high, sharp, stressed, well-separated, staccato “TRIH” notes, then rapidly accelerates in a descending almost-trill, to end in a few low “tjuuh” notes.

28.4 TATAUPA TINAMOU (Inhambu-chint ) Crypturellus tataupa L 9.8 in./25 cm. Cf. 28.3. ♣ Wet places at forest edge. Song: a very short version of 28.3 like “frrúh frrúhfruhfruhfru.”

28.5 ? BARRED TINAMOU Crypturellus casiquiare L 9.8 in./25 cm. Unmistakable by bright orange-rufous head and barred upperparts. ♣ Dense forest. Song: very long, slightly rising, then lowering and decelerating series of high, short, fluted notes, at the end again and again another note, long after you think the series has stopped. (Occurs just outside Brazil in Columbia and Venezuela.)

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28.6 GRAY-WINGED TRUMPETER (Jacamim-de-costas-cinzentas) Psophia crepitans L 19.7 in./ 50 cm. Jizz of trumpeters is unmistakable. Each species has its own range. This species differs from 28.7 and 28.8 by orange band across mantle. ♣ Dense, moist forest away from settlements. Alarm call: loud, harsh “GRAH” notes; song: very low humming, like “wuh-wuh-wuh wuh wuh - -.”

28.7 PALE-WINGED TRUMPETER (Jacamim-de-costas-brancas) Psophia leucoptera L 19.7 in./ 50 cm. CW Nom. (a, with white lower back) and NW ssp. ochroptera (b, with orange-buff lower back) shown. ♣ Dense, moist forest away from settlements. Alarm call: loud, harsh “KRETCH” notes; song: very low “wuh wuh wuh - -,” as from a dog giving warning growls.

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28.8 DARK-WINGED TRUMPETER (Jacamim-de-costas-verdes) Psophia viridis L 19.7 in./50 cm. The three sspp. C Nom. (a, with dusky back), green-backed C viridis (b), and all-black NE obscura (c) are to be split in separate species. ♣ Dense, moist forest away from settlements.

Call: high “Tsets” notes.

28.9 LIMPKIN (Car o) Aramus guarauna L 27.5 in./70 cm. From ibises by straight bill. ♣ Wooded, scrubby marsh, thick vegetation at edges of lakes in woodland. wailing, cranelike “wreeer wreeer wreeer.”

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Call: high,

28.10 HOATZIN (Cigana) Opisthocomus hoazin L 23.5 in./ 60 cm. Unmistakable by general jizz and color pattern. Clambers among branches near or over water, the Juvs. aided to do so by “prehistoric” claws at wing bend. ♣ Prefers tall vegetation (esp. the calla-lily–like Montrichardia arborescens) at the edge of lakes and rivers. Call: hoarse grunts, like “vruuh” or, in series, “w’vruh vrih wi-vruh.”

Tinamous / Trumpeters / Limpkin / Hoatzin

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Plate 29

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29.1 WHITE-CRESTED GUAN (Jacupiranga) Penelope pileata L 31.5 in./80 cm. Contrasting rich rufous below and dark brown above. Note that rufous extends to neck and crown. Not in range of 29.2–29.7. ♣ Dense forest. low, raucous yelping “EhUh” or “u’u’u’u’u.” En, R.

Call:

29.2 CHESTNUT-BELLIED GUAN (Jacu-de-barriga-castanha) Penelope ochrogaster L 27.5 in./ 70 cm. Less contrasting colors than 29.1, with neck brown, same as color of rest of upperparts. Not in range of 29.1 and 29.3–29.7. ♣ Wet spots in woodland, woodland at water and swamps, riverine belts. En, R.

29.3 WHITE-BROWED GUAN (Jacucaca) Penelope jacucaca L 25.6 in./65 cm. Overall dark with distinctive white eyebrow. Not in range of other guans. ♣ Dry woodland and forest patches. Call: low, harsh cackling; song: low, raucous, barking “wrah-wrah- -.” En, R.

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29.4 MARAIL GUAN (Jacumirim) Penelope marail L 25.6 in./65 cm. From 29.5A by different range. ♣ High dense forest, esp. near water. intervals.

Call: low, barked “wrah” at 1-sec

29.5 RUSTY-MARGINED GUAN (Jacupemba) Penelope superciliaris L 25.6 in./65 cm. Typically with narrow white eyebrow (b), but this greatly reduced in S (a), or rufous in NE (not shown). Diagnostic rusty edging of tertials sometimes worn off, but only Penelope guan without whitish edging to mantle or wing coverts. ♣ Often at edges of lakes and rivers in forest, woodland, riverine belts. “wruh-wruh- -.”

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Call: low, barked

29.6 SPIX’S GUAN (Jacu-de-spix) Penelope jacquacu L 27.5 in./70 cm. Resembles 29.2 but with less contrasting face sides. No other guan in range. ♣ Humid forest, forest edges, clearings, riverine belts. “orc orc - -.”

Call: very low, forcefully exhaled

29.7 DUSKY-LEGGED GUAN (Jacuaçu) Penelope obscura L 27.5 in./70 cm. Legs dusky. Typically with broad white forehead (shown), but this is reduced in S. Only Penelope guan in range with whitish edging to wing coverts and mantle. ♣ Tall forest, woodland and forest patches in grassland. Call: very high, fluted/yelping “wuut-wuut-wuut- -”; song: high, rapid, nasal “wee-wu wee-wu - -.”

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29.8 RED-THROATED PIPING-GUAN (Cujubi) Aburria (or Pipile) cujubi L 29.5 in./75 cm. NC Nom. (a) and S and W ssp. nattereri (b, with smaller dewlap and not uniform white crest) shown. Not in range of 29.10. Some hybridization with 29.9 where their ranges meet. (The evidence for the split is weak, and 29.8 and 29.9 are perhaps better treated as conspecific). ♣ Forest, riverine belts.

29.9 BLUE-THROATED PIPING-GUAN (Jacutinga-de-garganta-azul) Aburria (or Pipile) cumanensis L 25.5 in./65 cm. NW Nom. (a) and SW ssp. grayi (b, with mainly white dewlap) shown. ♣ Forest in steep, hilly country away from settlement; also in riverine belts. Song: calm series of up to 10 rising, clear, piped/whistled “peeé-peeé--peeé” notes.

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29.10 BLACK-FRONTED PIPING-GUAN (Jacutinga) Aburria (or Pipile) jacutinga L 27.5 in./70 cm. White eyering in black face sides diagnostic. ♣ Near streams and rivers in Atlantic forest. R.

Guans

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Plate 30 30.1 SPECKLED CHACHALACA (Aracu ) Ortalis guttata L 19.7 in./50 cm. W Nom. (a) and E ssp. araucuan (b, whitish below, head chestnut, dark legs) and heads of sspp. squamata (c, darkest), remota (d, only one specimen known) and subaffinis (e, as a, but with brown face sides) shown. Not in range of 30.2–30.4. ♣ Low woodland, palm groves, second growth, sometimes at forest edge. Dawn song: cacophony of communal cackling, based on “wírre-wò.”

30.2 VARIABLE CHACHALACA (Aracu -pequeno) Ortalis motmot L 19.7 in./50 cm. Note rufous color of head. Not in ranges of 30.1, 30.3, and 30.4. ♣ In dense undergrowth at edges of open spaces in forest and woodland. Voice as 30.1, but more vehement and more based on “wUrre-wò.” May also cackle like a frightened chicken or utter harsh “whut whut wruh-Wrah-WRAAH-WRAAh - -.”

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30.3 BUFF-BROWED CHACHALACA (Aracu -de-sobrancelhas) Ortalis superciliaris L 17.7 in./45 cm. Buff brow diagnostic. There is some N–S variation in this species: birds near the coast look lighter, esp. on the chest, which can be quite brownish gray. Not in range of 30.1, 30.2, and 30.4. ♣ Thickets. Dawn song: harsh, cackled, repeated “TJURRE-wruh.” En.

30.4 CHACO CHACHALACA (Aracu -do-pantanal) Ortalis canicollis L 21.5 in./55 cm. Head and neck slightly darker, but otherwise same color as rest of upperparts. Not in range of 30.1– 30.3. ♣ Swampy forest, riverine belts, dry, open woodland, second growth. Dawn song: hoarse, harsh cackling “fruh frudder’t’ Truh.”

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30.5 CRESTED BOBWHITE (Uru-do-campo) Colinus cristatus L 7.5 in./19 cm. Unmistakable by crest, rufous cheek spots, spotted underparts and (unlike 30.6–30.8) in open habitat. ♣ Savanna, agricultural land, roadsides, woodland edges. Song: 3 very high, rising, well-separated, nasal notes “uh uh u’Wéet,” (middle note often omitted, so that the remainder may sound as “bob White”).

30.6 MARBLED WOOD-QUAIL (Uru-corcovado) Odontophorus gujanensis L 9.8 in./25 cm. As other wood-quails a forest dweller, differing from tinamous by compact build and short legs. Note overall fine barring between rufous blotches. Normally with distinct, off-white patch behind eye (not shown). ♣ Tall forest floor, second growth. Song: sustained, fast, high, rolling, piped “toot-oh-wi-toot-oh-wi - - -” in duet (“wi” given by partner), after some time slightly losing in speed and pitch as if the birds get tired.

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30.7 SPOT-WINGED WOOD-QUAIL (Uru) Odontophorus capueira L 11.8 in./30 cm. Characterized by uniform gray underparts. ♣ Atlantic forest, second growth. piped, clear “wéer-wrur wéer-wrur - -.”

Song: high,

30.8 STARRED WOOD-QUAIL (Uru-de-topete) Odontophorus stellatus L 9.8 in./25 cm. Mainly rufous below. Pale rump accentuated by dark mantle and wings. Bare facial skin yellowish. ♣ Forest floor. “coo-currucoo” of pair.

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Song: high, piped, hurried

30.9 RED-LEGGED SERIEMA (Seriema) Cariama cristata L 35 in./90 cm. Unmistakable by size, jizz, and voice. Shy. ♣ More or less dry areas; open woodland, scrub, savanna. Song: calm series of nasal, well-separated, and accentuated “hah-hah” notes, lilting up and then down again.

30.10 SNOWY (or Pale-faced) SHEATHBILL (Pomba-antártica) Chionis albus L 15.7 in./40 cm. Unmistakable by white color and pigeonlike proportions. ♣ Patrols rocky and sandy shores, esp. near seabird colonies. V.

Chachalacas / New World Quails / Seriema / Sheathbill

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Plate 31 31.1 NOCTURNAL (or Rufous) CURASSOW (Urumutum) Nothocrax urumutum L 21.5 in./55 cm. No similar bird in range. Note black crest and pale tips of outer tail feathers. Sings at night. ♣ Moist or partially flooded forest. Song: very low, humming series of short “mum” notes, sustained for hours at night “mum mum-mum-mum mum-mum mum - -.”

31.2 ALAGOAS CURASSOW (Mutum-do-nordeste) Mitu mitu L 33.5 in./85 cm. Virtually extinct in the wild; remaining birds are in two private collections as part of a captive-breeding project under supervision of the Brazilian wildlife agency (IBAMA). Breeding has been successful and birds are to be spread among other collections soon (2007). Note bare skin around ear and pale brown tips of tail feathers. ♣ Forest. En.

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31.3 RAZOR-BILLED CURASSOW (Mutum-cavalo) Mitu tuberosum L 33.5 in./85 cm. Only curassow with all tail feathers tipped white. Note large bill. ♣ Forest, usually in lowlands. Song: very low, almost inaudible growled “wur-wur-wúr-wuhr-wuhr.”

31.4 CRESTLESS (or Lesser Razor-billed) CURASSOW (Mutum-do-norte) Mitu tomentosum L 31.5 in./80 cm. From other curassows by combination of chestnut belly and tail tips. ♣ Thick undergrowth in forest. Song: very low, almost inaudible, growled “wur-wur-wúr-wuhr-wuhr.”

31.5 BLACK CURASSOW (Mutum-poranga) Crax alector L 35 in./90 cm. In Brazil 2 sspp., yellow-billed NE Nom. (a) and orange-red-billed NW erythrognatha (b). From 31.8 by different range and all-black tail. ♣ Thick under-growth at forest edge, riverine belts. Song: very low, almost inaudible, hollow “wuuh wut-wut-wut.” 259

31.6 WATTLED CURASSOW (Mutum-de-fava) Crax globulosa L 33.5 in./85 cm. From other curly-crested curassows by different range and larger wattles at bill base ( ) or red and black bill ( ). ♣ Forest (often at wet places), riverine belts, forest patches in flood plains. Song: modest, descending whistle, starting very high “weeeeiuw” (1 sec). No low booming by this species known. R.

31.7 RED-BILLED CURASSOW (Mutum-de-bico-vermelho) Crax blumenbachii L 33.5 in./85 cm. Cf. 31.6. ♣ Undergrowth of tall forest near water and at edges and clearings.

Call: low “oop” notes. En, R.

260

31.8 BARE-FACED CURASSOW (Mutum-de-penacho) Crax fasciolata L 31.5 in./80 cm. Cf. 31.5 and 31.6. Note small white tips of outer tail feathers ( ). Two sspp., differing in , heavily barred Nom. (a) and thinly waved, critically endangered pinima (b, restricted to Pará and Maranhão east of the Tocantins R.). ♣ Forest, woodland, riverine belts. Song: low, hoarse “e-ur” notes of pair, like grunting of domestic pigs.

31.9 RED JUNGLEFOWL (Galinha-doméstica) Gallus gallus L 27.5 in./70 cm ( ), 17.7 in./45 cm ( ). Shown is original wild Junglefowl from Asia; birds seen walking about in rural areas are very variable, usually long-legged and long-necked. No established feral population in Brazil. ♣ Prefers edge of moist forest and second growth. (No map). I. 31.10 HELMETED GUINEAFOWL (Fraca-da-guiné) Numida meleagris L 21.5 in./55 cm. Ssp. galeata. 261

Unmistakable by jizz and spotting. ♣ Prefers dry natural and cultivated areas with tree and shrub cover. (No map.) I. Curassows / Junglefowl / Guineafowl

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Plate 32 32.1 SPECKLED RAIL (Pinto-d”água-carijó) Coturnicops notatus L 5.5 in./14 cm. Very dark overall, narrow pale area from chin to vent (32.8 and 33.3 are dark gray to black below, narrowly barred white). In flight, shows white wing patch formed by secondaries. ♣ Wet grassland, marsh, swamps, rice fields. Soft calls and song, barely audible from some distance.

32.2 OCELLATED CRAKE (Maxalalagá) Micropygia schomburgkii L 5.9 in./15 cm. Unmistakable by orange plumage with rows of black-margined white drop-shaped spots. ♣ More or less muddy areas in dense grassland with some scrub and tree cover. Call: high, wailing “uVéeeer” shriek. as from a crying baby.

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32.3 CHESTNUT-HEADED CRAKE (San -de-cabeça-castanha) Anurolimnas castaneiceps L 7.9 in./20 cm. From 32.4 and 32.5 by greenish yellow bill and legs. ♣ Forest, tall second growth, dense thickets. Song: in duet: one bird gives high, clear, two-syllable “ú-weet” note, the other cuts in with low “tée tr’rutter.” R.

32.4 RUSSET-CROWNED CRAKE (San Anurolimnas (or Laterallus) viridis L 6.7 in./17 black bill, red legs, buff streak through eyes, flanks. ♣ Dense vegetation at woodland,

-castanha) cm. Note unmarked roadsides,

cultivation; normally not in marsh. Song: beautiful yet strange, dry rattling like the sound of a seashell wind chime or someone going through a bead curtain.

32.5 BLACK-BANDED CRAKE (San -zebrada) Anurolimnas (or Laterallus) fasciatus L 7.5 in./19 cm. Black-barred, buff posterior underparts diagnostic. ♣ Tall

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vegetation in wet places. Song: in duet; two parallel running, long, very high, whinnying series of sharp, shivering notes, which gradually change to a descending trill.

32.6 RUFOUS-SIDED CRAKE (San -parda) Laterallus melanophaius L 6.3 in./16 cm. From 33.1 by dark olive crown, darker greenish bill, buff vent, and olive-brown legs and from 33.2 (with very restricted range) by uniform olive wings. ♣ Dense vegetation at marshes, tall wet grassland. Very varied vocalizations. Call: may be a very high “trrriuh”; song: 3–5 sec long, thin, gradually lowered, shivering series “sriririr--- riri” or series of low, toneless rasps “grrra-grrra-grrra- -.”

32.7 GRAY-BREASTED CRAKE (San -do-capim) Laterallus exilis L 5.9 in./15 cm. Unmistakable by head-neck color pattern. ♣ Tall to short grass at water edge, rice fields.

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Call: very high, angry “ti-tju-tju”; song: seemingly long, dry, downslurred rattle (2–4 sec).

32.8 BLACK RAIL (Açan -preta) Laterallus jamaicensis L 5.5 in./14 cm. Unmistakable by very dark color pattern. Not in range of 33.3. ♣ Fresh and saline marshes and grassland with scattered small pools. America. V.

Probably silent in South

32.9 UNIFORM CRAKE (Saracura-lisa) Amaurolimnas concolor L 7.9 in./20 cm. From 32.3 by brown forecrown, more extensive rufous underparts and by generally different range, from 32.4 by longer, green, not black, bill. ♣ Flooded forest, wooded swamps, edges of mangrove, dense thickets. Song: series of about 5–10, high, fluted, upslurred “tu-eeh” notes (last few slightly lower).

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32.10 WATTLED JACANA (Jaçan ) Jacana jacana L 9.8 in./25 cm. Unmistakable by very long toes and nails and by color pattern. ♣ Wetland with floating vegetation and adjacent grassland. Call: high, nasal chattering “wit-wit-wit-wee-wee-wit- -”; song: as call, but slower.

Crakes / Rails / Jacana

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Plate 33 33.1 RED-AND-WHITE CRAKE (San -vermelha) Laterallus leucopyrrhus L 5.9 in./15 cm. Cf. 33.2. ♣ Marshy areas, tussocky grassland with puddles.

33.2 RUFOUS-FACED CRAKE (San -de-cara-ruiva) Laterallus xenopterus L 5.5 in./14 cm. From 32.6 and 33.1 by extensive wing barring. ♣ Flooded, tussocky marsh areas. R.

33.3 DOT-WINGED CRAKE (San -cinza) Porzana spiloptera L 5.9 in./15 cm. Unmistakable in its range by very dark coloring. ♣ Fresh and salt marshes, wet to dry grassland. R.

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33.4 ASH-THROATED CRAKE (San -carijó) Porzana albicollis L 7.9 in./20 cm. From 33.6 by scalloped patterning of upper-parts and uniform greenish bill ♣ Drier parts of marshy areas, grassland, roadsides, second growth. Song: varied; e.g., series of mid-high, slightly descending “prrraauw.”

33.5 YELLOW-BREASTED CRAKE (San -amarela) Porzana flaviventer L 5.1 in./13 cm. Note very small size and distinctive head pattern. ♣ Marsh, lake edges, flood plains, rice fields.

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33.6 PAINT-BILLED CRAKE (Turu-turu) Neocrex erythrops L 7.5 in./19 cm. Red ring at base of pale green bill diagnostic. ♣ Tall vegetation in more or less wet places such as reed beds, marsh, pastures. Call: very low, muttered series of joined or disconnected “toc” notes, like “toctoctoc---toc.” Song: varied; e.g., series of repeated, high, fluted “tjúh tjuppetjup” notes; also very low “toc” notes that are gradually transformed into high, loud, sharp “KITS” notes.

33.7 CLAPPER RAIL (Saracura-matraca) Rallus longirostris L 13.8 in./35 cm. No other rail with similar barred rear parts with such a long, decurved, red bill. ♣ Prefers mangrove. Song: rapid series of scratchy, almost toneless “kreh” notes.

33.8 PLUMBEOUS RAIL (Saracura-do-banhado) Pardirallus sanguinolentus L 13.8 in./35 cm. Very similar to smaller 33.9 but differing by more pronounced dark feather centers of upperparts and by orange spot at base of bill. ♣ Wet

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places, ponds, ditches, often in agricultural surroundings. Song: not rail-like; slightly hoarse, almost thrushlike “tju-wéer” in a descending series of about 4–7 notes.

33.9 BLACKISH RAIL (Saracura-san ) Pardirallus nigricans L 11.8 in./30 cm. Cf. 33.8. ♣ Wet areas with dense vegetation. Song: series of steeply upslurred “rruweét” notes, often in duets, with added bouncing down “tit-titter-ur-ur-wu.”

33.10 SPOTTED RAIL (Saracura-carijó) Pardirallus maculatus L 9.8 in./25 cm. Ad. easily recognizable by overall striping, barring, and spotting in combination with long, orange-based bill. Imms. occur in pale and dark (shown) color form, the latter differs from larger adults (33.8 and 33.9) mainly by paler legs and by some sparse white spotting. ♣ Swamps, marsh, rice fields, wet grassland.

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Crakes / Rails

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Plate 34 275

34.1 LITTLE WOOD-RAIL (Saracura-do-mangue) Aramides mangle L 11.8 in./30 cm. From other wood-rails by all-gray head and neck, from larger 34.3 also by rufous breast and orange spot at base of bill. ♣ Mangrove, coastal and inland marsh. En.

34.2 RED-WINGED WOOD-RAIL (Saracura-de-asa-vermelha) Aramides calopterus L 11.8 in./ 30 cm. Note gray belly and reddish wing patch. From 34.4 by different range. ♣ Periodically inundated forest.

34.3 GRAY-NECKED WOOD-RAIL (Saracura-tr spotes) Aramides cajanea L 13.8 in./35 cm. Head and neck all gray except rufous hindcrown. ♣ At swamps, streams, and other wet places in forest, second growth, woodland, mangrove, rice fields. Song: laborious, nasal “áhák oh” in descending series, in duet or chorus, becoming a cacophony (some low notes sound like a baby sobbing).

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34.4 SLATY-BREASTED WOOD-RAIL (Saracura-do-mato) Aramides saracura L 13.8 in./35 cm. Only gray-bellied wood-rail in range. ♣ Prefers wet places at or near forest and woodland. Song: cacophonic chorus based on high, loud, fluted “WéehWéeh woh.”

34.5 GIANT WOOD-RAIL (Saracuruçu) Aramides ypecaha L 17.7 in./45 cm. From similar rufous-necked 34.2 (different range) and from 34.4 by rufous, not gray, belly. ♣ Wet, slightly wooded areas near water, such as swamps and riverine belts. Song: unstructured shrieking, based on “WRAAh-terrah” or “WRAAh-Tratah” in chorus.

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34.6 SPOT-FLANKED GALLINULE (Frango-d”água-carijó) Gallinula melanops L 9.8 in./25 cm. Unmistakable by green bill, black foreface, and by white flank spots. Differing from crakes, for example, by frequenting open areas (normally seen swimming at edge of water). ♣ Any water with floating vegetation, wet savanna, reed beds. wut - -.”

Call: soft, low “wut

34.7 LESSER MOORHEN Gallinula angulata (Frangod”água-menor) L 9.8 in./25 cm. From larger 34.8 by color pattern of bill and lack of reddish leg garters. ♣ Swamps and inundations with fringing and floating vegetation. V.

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34.8 COMMON (Moorhen or) GALLINULE (Frangod”água-comum) Gallinula chloropus L 13.8 in./35 cm. Unmistakable by white line along flanks and yellow-tipped red bill. ♣ At edges of any type of water with fringing vegetation. -.”

Call: low, snappy, nasal “wuh wuh -

34.9 AZURE GALLINULE (Frango-d”água-pequeno) Porphyrio flavirostris L 9.8 in./25 cm. Azure-blue wings and pale blue neck and head diagnostic. Imm. differs from Imm. 34.10 by white underparts and blue in wings. ♣ Well-vegetated marsh, rice fields, wet savanna, ponds with floating vegetation. Rather silent, occasionally uttering mid-high, nasal “u’wúr” notes in descending, slow series.

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34.10 PURPLE GALLINULE (Frango-d”água-azul) Porphyrio martinica L 11.8 in./30 cm. Unmistakable; no similar shining blue bird in Brazil. ♣ Well-vegetated wetlands, grassy swamps, water with floating and emergent plants.

Call: nasal chattering.

Wood-Rails / Gallinules / Moorhens

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Plate 35 281

35.1 RED-GARTERED COOT (Carqueja-de-bico-manchado) Fulica armillata L 17.7 in./45 cm. Bill pattern diagnostic. ♣ Waters with submerged and floating vegetation along edges. Call: high, quick “whit”; song: mid-high, nasal “wurt’t’wurt’t’wurt’t’wurt’the.”

35.2 RED-FRONTED COOT (Carqueja-de-escudo-vermelho) Fulica rufifrons L 15.7 in./40 cm. Bill pattern diagnostic. ♣ Among vegetation in lakes and marshes. Call: typical cootlike “kruh”; song: nasal, descending “pútput---pat-pat pa.”

35.3 WHITE-WINGED COOT (Carqueja-de-bico-amarelo) Fulica leucoptera L 15.7 in./40 cm. Lack of red in bill diagnostic. In flight, white seam to secondaries. ♣ Waters with submerged plants and short-grassed shores. Song: unstructured barks as from a small dog: “wit wu wu wit-wut wu - -.”

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35.4 SUNBITTERN (Pav ozinho-do-pará) Eurypyga helias L 17.7 in./45 cm. Unmistakable in its habitat. ♣ At forest rivers and streams. Song: high, level or lowered, whistled “fj’wooooh” or “fjuuuuu’wíh.”

35.5 SUNGREBE (Picaparra) Heliornis fulica L 11.8 in./30 cm. Unmistakable. Pumps head as it swims. ♣ Near and under overhanging vegetation at edges of forest rivers, streams, and lakes. Call: raucous, “wuhwuh-wroo-Wàh”; song: “oohke-oohke- -” (5–6×).

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barking, and snapping short, rapid series of

35.6 AMERICAN OYSTERCATCHER (Piru-piru) Hae-matopus palliatus L 17.7 in./45 cm. Unmistakable by general color pattern and long, red bill. ♣ Sandy and pebbled beaches, mud flats, salt marsh. Noisy. Call: very high, sharp, staccato “peet peet pit peet - -” or, in flight, “peet-peet-peereweet-peet- -.”

35.7 BLACK-NECKED STILT (Pernilongo-de-costasnegras) Himantopus mexicanus L 15.7 in./40 cm. Nom. (a) and white-crowned ssp. melanurus (b, White-backed Stilt [Pernilongo-de-costas-brancas]) shown. upperparts, which are shiny blue in Can be noisy. Call: “wew-wew-wew-witwit-wew- -.”

have brown

. ♣ Shallow water. high, mewing

35.8 DOUBLE-STRIPED THICK-KNEE (Téu-téu-da-savana) Burhinus bistriatus L 17.7 in./45 cm. Distinctive by high stance, yellow, staring eyes, and long tail 284

and wings. Note color pattern of wings in flight. Crepuscular. ♣ Open to sparsely wooded dry grassland. Call: quiet at day, noisy at night; loud, high, yelping “rrr rr wer-wer-were-wer-wer-wer- -,” cacophonic if in chorus.

35.9 COLLARED PRATINCOLE (Perdiz-do-mar) Glareola pratincola L 9.8 in./25 cm. Sternlike, but brown and with distinctive face pattern. Wings very dark underneath. ♣ Open fields and savanna, normally near water. Call: high, sharp, rather nasal “kerreu.” Recorded on Atol das Rocas. V.

35.10 [LEAST SEEDSNIPE (Agachadeira-mirim) Thinocorus rumicivorus] L 7 in./18 cm. Not unlike a quail or ground-dove. Note “waistcoat” as if buttoned over breast. Underwing coverts black. ( same size as , but is painted larger to show details). ♣ Open, dry, sparsely vegetated, stony areas.

Call: soft, high “wic-wic-wic.”

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Coots / Sunbittern / Sungrebe / Oystercatcher / Stilt / Thick-Knee / Pratincole / Seedsnipe

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Plate 36 36.1 ? LONG-BILLED DOWITCHER (Maçarico-de-bico-comprido) Limnodromus scol-opaceus L 11.8 in./30 cm. Not safely separable from 36.2 except by flight call. Bill length of both dowitchers variable (bill length of 36.1 might even be shorter than that of 36.2). Note color of legs, striping of flanks, and rather heavy bill. ♣ Mainly at freshwater sites, but also at salt marshes and mud flats. Call: in flight, very high, whinnying, rapid “wi-wi-wi” (1–5× “wi”). Erroneous record.

36.2 SHORT-BILLED (or Common) DOWITCHER (Maçarico-de-costas-brancas) Limnodromus griseus L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. Cf. 36.1. ♣ Mud flats near mangrove; also at pools in brackish marsh. Call (in flight or when flushed): high, rather sharp, rapid “tu-tu-tu” (2–3× “tu”).

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36.3 HUDSONIAN GODWIT (Maçarico-de-bico-virado) Limosa haemastica L 15.7 in./40 cm. Under- and upperwing pattern diagnostic. From 36.10 by pink-based bill. ♣ Shallow saline lakes and estuaries. Call: very high, nasal, thin “wut-wéet-wit” (last “wit” may be missing).

36.4 BAR-TAILED GODWIT (Fuselo) Limosa lapponica L 15.7 in./40 cm. From 36.3 and 36.5 in N-br plumage by patterned upperparts. Note tail barring and lack of wing bar. ♣ Normal winter habitat is wetlands close to sea coast. mid-high, loud, nasal “wut-wut wut-wut-wut.” V.

Call:

36.5 [MARBLED GODWIT (Maçarico-marmóreo) Limosa fedoa] L 17.7 in./45 cm. Cinnamon coloring of wings, esp. of unmarked underwing, diagnostic. Note upturned bill. ♣ Mainly coastal. Call: high, gull-like “weuh-weuh-weuh querre-querre-querre.”

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36.6 ESKIMO CURLEW (Maçarico-esquimó) Numenius borealis L 11.8 in./30 cm. Smaller than 36.7, with relatively thinner and shorter bill, buffier plumage, and less pronounced stripes on sides of crown. ♣ Pampa. R (probably extinct; worldwide no confirmed records since 1963).

36.7 WHIMBREL (Maçarico-galego) Numenius phaeopus L 17.7 in./45 cm. American ssp. haemastica (a) HUDSONIAN CURLEW (Maçarico-do-bico-torto) without white to rump and Eurasian Nom. (b), with white rump wedge, shown. ♣ Coastal beaches, mud flats, mangrove swamp. Call: high, level, rapid, liquid-sounding “bibibibi” (up to 7× “bi”).

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36.8 GREATER YELLOWLEGS (Maçarico-grande-de-perna-amarela) Tringa melanoleuca L 11.8 in./30 cm. Note yellow legs and thin bill, which is longer than head. Neck sides in N-br plumage more conspicuously streaked and head proportionally larger than 36.9. ♣ Coastal flats and lagoons, also in inland pastures and at streams and pools. Call: high, loud, nasal “tjeew-tjeew-tjeew - - -” or, in flight, high, nasal, falsetto “fjeet-fjee-wuh.”

36.9 LESSER YELLOWLEGS (Maçarico-de-perna-amarela) Tringa flavipes L 9.8 in./25 cm. From 36.8 by shorter bill (about length of head). Looks more elegant than 36.8. ♣ Normally on mud flats and lagoons, but may be seen inland. Call: high, staccato “tjew-tjew-tjew- -” or, in flight, high, slightly nasal “tiwtiwtiw.”

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36.10 WILLET (Maçarico-de-asa-branca) Tringa (or Catoptrophorus) semipalmata L 15.7 in./40 cm. From 36.3 by shorter, straight, heavier bill, rather plump jizz, and, in flight, by less black in tail pattern. ♣ Salt marshes, mud flats near mangrove. Call: very high, excited shrieks and screams, like “klee-li” or “willet,” often running together to very high, sharp, often falsetto “weer-wee-wee” or musical, ascending and descending “weedl-weedl-willet.”

Dowitchers / Godwits / Curlews / Yellowlegs / Willet

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Plate 37

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37.1 RUDDY TURNSTONE (Vira-pedras) Arenaria interpres L 9.8 in./25 cm. Dark crescents on breast sides diagnostic. Note drawn-in head and short legs. ♣ At sea coast on rocky shores, sandy beaches with seaweed heaps, exposed reefs. Flight call: high, rapid, staccato “djidjidji” or “tju-tjutjutju.”

37.2 UPLAND SANDPIPER (Maçarico-do-campo) Bartramia longicauda L 11.8 in./30 cm. Thin neck and long tail diagnostic. Resembles other buff-brown waders but differs by relatively short, pink-yellow bill and yellow legs. Note pale central part of wing. ♣ Open grassland, bare fields, burned areas. Call: high, rattling trill “wirrrrrrrrrr” or, in flight, high, fast, fluted “weetweet.”

37.3 SPOTTED SANDPIPER (Maçarico-pintado) Actitis (or Tringa) macularius L 7.5 in./19 cm. Tail protruding beyond tail. Note white indent before wing (when perched). ♣

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Vegetation at muddy or stony river edges, mangrove. hurried, clear “weét weét-weét-weét.”

Call:

37.4 SOLITARY SANDPIPER (Maçarico-solitário) Tringa solitaria L 7.9 in./20 cm. Note squarish head, distinct eyering, and greenish legs. Dark underwing diagnostic. ♣ Near streams and other small bodies of waters in savanna. Rare at coast. Call: very high, thin, soft “peet peet - -”; song: very high, sharp, slightly descending “Pit-pee-wee.”

37.5 TEREK SANDPIPER Xenus cinereus L 9.8 in./25 cm. Note characteristic upturned bill, dark V-mark on back (which is fainter in N-br plumage), and, in flight, white trailing edge to inner wings. ♣ Seashore, muddy lakes, creeks, and river edges. V.

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37.6 COMMON REDSHANK (Maçarico-de-perna-vermelha) Tringa totanus L 19.7 in./50 cm. Broad white trailing edge to wings in flight diagnostic. Note red legs and bill base, which are also shown by some ruffs, but these have normally pale base to shorter bill. ♣ Short grass at edge of water bodies. Call: high, clear “teúhuuh” or “túwee.”

37.7 PIED LAPWING (Batuíra-de-espor o) Vanellus cayanus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Note conspicuous black and white V on mantle and striking wing pattern. ♣ Open places at savanna ponds, forest rivers, sea coast. Call; mid-high, piped “wurt” (1–3×) together as angry-sounding, nasal, rapid “wurtwurtwurt.”

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37.8 SOUTHERN LAPWING (Quero-quero) Vanellus chilensis L 13.8 in./35 cm. Unmistakable. Note long, thin crest. ♣ Short-grazed ranchland, fields, wetlands, tidal flats. Flight call: high, nasal “éuw-éuw-éuw- -.”

37.9 AMERICAN GOLDEN-PLOVER (Batuiruçu) Plu-vialis dominica L 9.8 in./25 cm. From N-br 37.10 by smaller size, slimmer build, some golden speckling on upperparts, less distinct wing bar, more distinct white eyebrow, and unmarked armpits. ♣ Short-grazed ranchland, fields, wetlands, tidal flats. Call: very high, sharp, rising, fluted “t’tlueeét” (higher-pitched than 37.10).

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37.10 BLACK-BELLIED (or Gray) PLOVER (Batuiruçu-de-axila-preta) Pluvialis squatarola L 11.8 in./30 cm. Black armpits in N-br plumage diagnostic. Note white vent of Br plumage. ♣ Coastal mud flats and sandy beaches, also at inland waters. “plueeét.”

Call: very high, clear, rising

Turnstone / Sandpipers / Redshank / Plovers

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Plate 38 38.1 SEMIPALMATED PLOVER (Batuíra-de-bando) Charadrius semipalmatus L 7 in./18 cm. Note thin eyering, indistinct white eyebrow, starting behind eye, and rather narrow collar without bulges at breast sides. Differs little from slightly larger 38.2; best to distinguish by voice. Webbed (semipalmated) feet not visible in the field. ♣ Beaches and shores free from vegetation, sandbanks, mud flats.

Call: high, nasal “tuwée.”

38.2 ? COMMON RINGED PLOVER (Borrelho-grande-de-coleiro) Charadrius hiaticula L 6.3 in./ 16 cm. Cf. 38.1. ♣ Seashore, lake edges, river banks. Call: high “peep peep peep - -.” (Rare vagrant from Eurafrica to the Americas, not yet seen in Brazil.)

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38.3 PIPING PLOVER (Batuíra-melodiosa) Charadrius melodus L 7 in./18 cm. From 38.1 by much paler plumage and stockier build. ♣ Normally on sandy beaches. high “pip pip - -.” V.

Call:

38.4 WILSON’S (or Thick-billed) PLOVER (Batuíra-bicuda) Charadrius wilsonia L 7 in./18 cm. Note heavy bill and rosy legs. ♣ Barren sandy beaches of islands and lagoons. Breeds in Brazil; status of migrant population in country, if any, remains to be established. “kwirrit.”

Call: very high “kwit” or

38.5 COLLARED PLOVER (Batuíra-de-coleira) Charadrius collaris L 5.9 in./15 cm. Characterized by lack of hind collar, small size, and pink legs. ♣ Sandy beaches, estuaries, open, sandy savanna. -.”

Call: high, musical “pirrt pirrit kwit-kwit -

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38.6 TWO-BANDED PLOVER (Batuíra-de-coleira-dupla) Charadrius falklandicus L 7.5 in./19 cm. Rather large with black legs; normally with two breast bands as shown, but upper one sometimes not closed over breast. ♣ Sandy and stony seashores, wet savanna, gravel near streams and ponds. Flight call: “prit.”

38.7 RUFOUS-CHESTED DOTTEREL (or Plover) (Batuíra-de-peito-tijolo) Charadrius modestus L 7.5 in./19 cm. From other plovers by lack of any white to chin and throat in Br and N-br plumage. Note plain wings in flight. ♣ Flooded and eroded grassland, marsh, mud flats, rocky shores.

Call: slightly lowered “puwee.”

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38.8 TAWNY-THROATED DOTTEREL (Batuíra-de-papo-ferrugíneo) Oreopholus ruficollis L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. Unmistakable by color pattern and upright stance. ♣ Fields, grassland.

Usually silent.

38.9 WILSON’S PHALAROPE (Pisa-n’água) Phalaropus tricolor L 9.8 in./25 cm. Note long, thin bill, white rump without central stripe, and, in flight, uniform wings. Yellow legs (blackish in Br plumage) often visible because species forages more often on land than 38.10, which is normally seen swimming offshore. ♣ Coastal waters. Call: mid-high, muffled “wuh-wuh-wuh-wuh -” and low, muffled cackling.

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38.10 RED PHALAROPE (Falaropo-de-bico-grosso) Phalaropus fulicarius L 7.9 in./20 cm. Habitat and blackish ear streak (N-br plumage) diagnostic. ♣ Offshore, occasionally inshore. Call: low, nasal, and slightly scratchy “éuw éuw éuw - -.” V.

Plovers / Phalaropes

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Plate 39 39.1 RED KNOT (Maçarico-de-papo-vermelho) Calidris canutus L 9.8 in./25 cm. Rather large, short-legged, plump. In N-br plumage almost uniform gray with greenish legs. Note grayish (actually finely barred) rump and thin white wing stripe. Incomplete Br plumage shown (full Br plumage has more extensive rufous on sides of face). ♣ Beaches, mud flats. Usually silent.

39.2 SANDERLING (Maçarico-branco) Calidris alba L 7.9 in./20 cm. In N-br plumage distinctive pale gray (almost white) with dark wing shoulder. Striking white wing bar in flight. Runs along the water’s edge, being chased by each advancing wave. ♣ Sandy beach at the water line. very high, thin, hurried “tjuwtjuwtjuw---.”

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Call;

39.3 SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER (Maçarico-rasteirinho) Calidris pusilla L 5.5 in./14 cm. In N-br plumage more uniform gray than other small sandpipers. Note rather deep bill base. ♣ Mud flats, sandy beaches, occasionally in salt marsh.

Call: high “trí” and short twitters.

39.4 LEAST SANDPIPER (Maçariquinho) Calidris minutilla L 5.5 in./14 cm. From 39.3 and 39.5 by yellowish legs. Full breast band normally well defined. Thin bill slightly curved. ♣ Mainly freshwater mud flats with some low vegetation. Call: very high, thin “sree sree -sreesree - -.”

39.5 WHITE-RUMPED SANDPIPER (Maçarico-de-sobre-branco) Calidris fuscicollis L 6.7 in./17 cm. Note long wing projection, extending beyond tail at rest, and flesh-colored bill base. White rump in flight diagnostic. ♣ Open mud flats at inland and coastal waters.

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39.6 BAIRD’S SANDPIPER (Maçarico-de-bico-fino) Calidris bairdii L 6.3 in./16 cm. Wings project beyond tail. Legs blackish. Note the rather flattened body if seen from behind. Avoids wading. ♣ Dry mud flats, grassland, marsh. Call: very high, lonely-sounding “tueeh teeeh-teeeh?”

39.7 PECTORAL SANDPIPER (Maçarico-de-colete) Calidris melanotos L 7.9 in./20 cm. Note slender jizz, slightly decurved, flesh-colored base of bill, and pale yellowish legs. Striped breast and white belly sharply demarcated. ♣ Mainly at edges of freshwater lakes, flood plains, marsh. mid-high “churr churr -.”

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Call:

39.8 STILT SANDPIPER (Maçarico-pernilongo) Calidris himantopus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Note distinctive long, dull yellow legs, white rump and thin wing bar in flight. ♣ Freshand saltwater mud flats.

Usually silent.

39.9 BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER (Maçarico-acanelado) Tryngites subruficollis L 7.9 in./20 cm. Prefers dry terrain. Rather plump with thin, black bill, fine spotting on breast sides, sandy-buff plumage. ♣ Short grassland, flood plains. Usually silent. R.

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39.10 [RUFF (Combatente) Philomachus pugnax] L 11.8 in./ 30 cm ( ), 9.8 in./25 cm ( ). Normally seen in flocks with distinctly larger than

. Note plump body with rather

small head. esp. variable, even in N-br plumage (some variants of Br plumage shown). Often has pale ring at base of bill, as if smoking a black cigarette. ♣ Shallow water, wet grassland, marsh, flood plains.

Usually silent.

Knot / Sanderling / Sandpipers / Ruff

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Plate 40 40.1 SOUTH AMERICAN (or Magellan) SNIPE (Narceja-sul-americana) Gallinago paraguaiae L 11.8 in./30 cm. From 40.2 by yellowish legs and higher forehead. Variable; darker specimens than shown possible. In flight shows rufous in tail. ♣ Wet savanna. Call: low, rapid “tsjac-tsjac-tsjac”; song: produced in aerial dive by outer feathers of spread tail, sounds like “wh’wh’wh-wh-wh-wuh wuh wih-wih” (1st half as vibrating, toneless rattle).

40.2 GIANT SNIPE (Narcej o) Gallinago undulata L 17.7 in./45 cm. Note large size, gray legs, and broad base to bill ♣ Tall grass, marsh, flood plains. Call (display call in flight): as 40.1, but even lower-pitched, shorter, and without vibrations.

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40.3 SOUTH AMERICAN PAINTED-SNIPE (Narceja-de-bico-torto) Nycticryphes semicollaris L 7.9 in./20 cm. Unmistakable by dark plumage, contrasting with white “brazes,” wing spots, and belly. Note pale yellow, down-curved bill. ♣ Open marsh, rice fields, short grassland.

40.4 SOOTY TERN (Trinta-réis-das-rocas) Onychoprion fuscatus (or Sterna fuscata) L 15.7 in./40 cm. Unmistakable by pied pattern of Ad. and spotted plumage of Imm. ♣ Offshore islands.

40.5 BLACK TERN (Trinta-réis-negro) Chlidonias niger L 9.8 in./25 cm. Note in N-br and in Imm. plumages short, shallowly forked tail, compact, short-billed jizz, and dark smudge in front of folded wing. ♣ In winter mainly over coastal waters.

Call: very high, sharp “sreét.” V.

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40.6 LARGE-BILLED TERN (Trinta-réis-grande) Phaetusa simplex L 15.7 in./40 cm. Unmistakable by large size, heavy, yellow bill, and wing pattern. ♣ Beaches, mangrove, estuaries.

Call: mid-high, loud “mew.”

40.7 BROWN NODDY (Trinta-réis-escuro) Anous stolidus L 15.7 in./40 cm. From smaller 40.8 by less distinct division between white crown and dark neck, also by paler underwing and by contrasting bar over upperwing. ♣ Off-shore islands.

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40.8 BLACK (or Lesser) NODDY (Trinta-réis-preto) Anous minutus L 13.8 in./35 cm. Cf. 40.7. ♣ Offshore islands.

40.9 WHITE (or Fairy) TERN (Grazina) Gygis alba L 11.8 in./30 cm. Unmistakable by pure white plumage, seemingly large eyes, and short, pointed bill. ♣ Coral islands.

40.10 BLACK SKIMMER (Talha-mar) Rynchops niger L 17.7 in./45 cm. Unmistakable by bill shape and fishing method (ploughs, in fast flight, with lower mandible through surface of water, until it touches fish, upon which bill immediately snaps shut). ♣ Open coastal waters and rivers. Call: nasal cackling.

315

Painted-Snipe / Snipes / Terns / Skimmer

316

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Plate 41 41.1 ROYAL TERN (Trinta-réis-real) Thalasseus maximus (or Sterna maxima) L 19.7 in./50 cm. Large size and orange bill diagnostic. ♣ Coastal waters, estuaries. “trrreér” or “kree-ur.”

Call: very high

41.2 SANDWICH TERN (Trinta-réis-de-bando) Thalasseus (or Sterna) sandvicensis L 15.7 in./40 cm. Sspp. acutiflavida (b, N migrant with black, yellow-tipped bill) and eurygnatha Cayenne Tern (a, South American breeder with all-yellow bill). Bill color diagnostic but cf. 40.6. Cayenne Tern may have yellow (c) or black legs. ♣ Beaches, coral flats, estuaries.

Call: very high “kreejik.”

41.3 ROSEATE TERN (Trinta-réis-róseo) Sterna dougallii L 15.7 in./40 cm. Note pale color of upperparts. Bill color partly red (a) at start of breeding season, changing to black within a few weeks (b). The long tail with white outer rectrices is

318

diagnostic; 41.5 has the outer rectrices with gray edges. ♣ Coastal waters, estuaries.

Call: very high “kreee-er.” R.

41.4 SOUTH AMERICAN TERN (Trinta-réis-de-bicovermelho) Sterna hirundinacea L 15.7 in./ 40 cm. In all Ad. plumages has all-red bill (occasionally with small dark tip). From 41.5, by tail reaching beyond wingtips when perched; differs from 41.6 and 41.7 by more uniform gray upperwing, larger size, heavier bill, longer tail, and less pelagic habitat. ♣ Coastal waters, estuaries, harbors.

41.5 COMMON TERN (Trinta-réis-boreal) Sterna hirundo L 13.8 in./35 cm. Characteristic black tip to red bill in Br plumage. Tail not projecting. Strong dark accent to wing bend in N-br and Imm. plumage. Note wing pattern in 1st W with rather dark secondaries. ♣ Coastal and inland along large rivers.

Call; very high “kreeeeejur” (“jur” lower in pitch).

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41.6 ARCTIC TERN (Trinta-réis-ártico) Sterna paradisaea L 13.8 in./35 cm. From 41.5 by shorter legs, rounder head, shorter bill, and large translucent-looking areas at rear wing. S plumages of 41.6 and 41.7 (gray overall with narrow white cheek) unlikely to be seen in Brazil. W plumages of 41.6 (acquired in N winter) and 41.7 (in austral winter) not safely separable from each other, but fore-wing of 41.6 darker and bill slightly shorter. ♣ Offshore; rare near coast. 41.5, but even higher pitched.

Call: as

41.7 ANTARCTIC TERN (Trinta-réis-antártico) Sterna vittata L 13.8 in./35 cm. Cf. 41.6. Bill color variable, but all red (as shown) only for a short period, at beginning of Br season (May–June). Note differences in patterning of upperwing in Imms. 41.6 and 41.7. ♣ Mainly pelagic. high “bic-bic beec - -.” V.

320

Call:

41.8 SNOWY-CROWNED (or Trudeau’s) TERN (Trintaréis-de-coroa-branca) Sterna trudeaui L 13.8 in./35 cm. Rather large, stocky, and with heavy bill. Very pale gray with white head. Never shows a full cap, only a smear through eye. ♣ Fresh- and saltwater wetlands. May feed over fields.

41.9 LEAST TERN (Trinta-réis-miúdo) Sternula (or Sterna) antillarum L 9.8 in./25 cm. From similar small-sized 41.10 by smaller bill, which is black with yellow tip in Br plumage and all black in N-br plumage. Imm. differs from Imm. 41.10 by darker band across forewing and all-black bill. ♣ Water bodies close to the sea. “kreeh-kreeh-krih - -.”

321

Call: very high, nasal

41.10 YELLOW-BILLED TERN (Trinta-réis-an o) Sternula (or Sterna) superciliaris L 9.8 in./25 cm. Bill all yellow in all plumages. 1st 5 primaries are black, whereas 41.9 has only 1 or 2 primaries black. ♣ Coastal waters. mewing “tsip - -. “

Terns

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Call: very high,

323

Plate 42 42.1 GULL-BILLED TERN (Trinta-réis-de-bico-preto) Gelochelidon (or Sterna) nilotica L 15.7 in./40 cm. Very pale. Short, thick bill and long legs diagnostic. N-br and Imm. birds have little black behind eyes. Does not plungedive, but picks small insects and such from ground or water surface; often seen picking crabs from mud flats while in flight. ♣ Coastal waters (incl. nearby lakes/ marshes), estuaries. mewing, nasal “w’Wèt” or bleating “meh-eh-heh.”

Call:

42.2 OLROG’S GULL (Gaivota-de-Olorg) Larus atlanticus L 21.5 in./55 cm. In W with white, brown-freckled head; smaller than 42.3, with differently patterned bill. Head is darker in 1st W than head of 42.3 in 1st W. ♣ Sea coast, estuaries, river banks. R.

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42.3 KELP GULL (Gaivot o) Larus dominicanus L 23.6 in./ 60 cm. Black mantle and wings with characteristic pattern at wing tip diagnostic. Note barring of mantle in 1st W. 2nd W (perched) has extensive gray in mantle and wings and blackish subterminal tail band and white uppertail coverts. ♣ Coastal waters. Call: hoarse, slightly downslurred “wru’uh” or high, staccato, resounding, nasal “wic-wic-wir-wir- -.”

42.4 LESSER BLACK-BACKED GULL (Gaivota-deasa-escura) Larus fuscus L 19.7 in./ 50 cm. Three sspp. could wander to Brazil: Nom. (a, upperparts as black as those of 42.3 but with smaller white tips to primaries, thinner bill, yellow-orange legs, and more slender jizz), intermedius (b, with outer wing deeper black than inner wing), and graelsii (not shown, with gray upperparts). 2nd W differs from that of 42.3 (not shown in flight) by darker secondary coverts and little or no contrast between inner and outer primaries. ♣ Sea coast and estuaries. Call: very high, loud, raucous, descending “eeer-tjouw-tjouw- -.” V.

325

42.5 GRAY-HOODED (or -headed) GULL (Gaivotade-cabeça-cinza) Chroicocephalus (or Larus) cirrocephalus L 15.7 in./40 cm. Note pale eyes. Br head as gray as mantle. Perched W birds generally not unlike 42.6, but with completely different and diagnostic upper- and underwing pattern. ♣ Coastal and inland waters. mid-high, nasal shrieks, like “sruw” or “wreer.”

Call:

42.6 BROWN-HOODED GULL (Gaivota-maria-velha) Chroicocephalus (or Larus) maculipennis L 17.7 in./45 cm. White wedge on outerwing diagnostic. 1st W, like Ad. plumage, shows much white in outer area of upperwing. ♣ Coastal and inland waters, harbors. “aoch aoch aoch.”

326

Call: downslurred

42.7 LAUGHING GULL (Gaivota-alegre) Leucophaeus (or Larus) atricilla L 15.7 in./40 cm. Small white primary tips. Note black at wing tips merging gradually in dark gray upperwing and mantle. W plumage with gray wash from neck to flanks. 1st W differs from other Imm. gulls by grayish neck. ♣ Strictly coastal. Call/song: high, nasal “ka-weck” and “kakaka-kaka-ka-kèèf.”

42.8 FRANKLIN’S GULL (Gaivota-de-franklin) Leucophaeus (or Larus) pipixcan L 13.8 in./ 35 cm. White wing tip diagnostic. Note black and gray separated by white in wings; extensive dark hood in N-br and 1st W plumage. ♣ Coastal and inland waters, marshes, fields, grassland, refuse dumps. Call: very high, sharp, nasal, descending series of “naJaah Jaah - --.” V.

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42.9 RING-BILLED GULL (Gaivota-de-bico-manchado) Larus delawarensis L 19.7 in./50 cm. Bill pattern and pale eyes diagnostic. Note upperwing pattern without white between black wing tip and gray rest of wing. Imms. have pink, not yellow-green, bills; 1st W with gray mantle, 2nd W with row of black spots at end of tail. ♣ Coastal and inland waters, fields, grassland, refuse dumps. Call: very high, desperate-sounding “pieeew” (single or in descending series) or “puweeé.” V.

Tern / Gulls

328

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Plate 43 43.1 PARASITIC (or Arctic) JAEGER (Mandri oparasítico) Stercorarius parasiticus L 15.7 in./40 cm (excl. tail streamers). Pale (a) and dark (b) forms shown. Note pale spot between lore and bill base. Pointed tail feathers (shorter than 43.2) diagnostic. Neck sides solid gray (extending around upperbreast like a paler-colored collar), not speckled as in 43.3. Imm. rather rufous overall. ♣ Off-shore and coastal. Accidental inland along large rivers.

43.2 LONG-TAILED JAEGER (Mandri o-de-caudacomprida) Stercorarius longicaudus L 15.7 in./40 cm (excl. tail streamers). Ad. without white flash in wings; chest band weak or missing. Imm. cold gray and white wing flash small or missing. ♣ Offshore. Accidental near the coast. R.

330

43.3 POMARINE JAEGER (Mandri o-pomarino) Stercorarius pomarinus L 17.7 in./45 cm (excl. tail streamers). Normal (a) and dark (b) forms shown. Lengthened, twisted, blunt tail feathers diagnostic, but these often missing in worn plumage. Neck sides speckled. Bill pinkish. Note pattern of double white patch on outer underwing of Imm. ♣ Offshore. Accidental near the coast and inland along large rivers.

43.4 GREAT SKUA (Mandri o-grande) Stercorarius (or Catharacta) skua L 21.5 in./55 cm. Ad. distinctively striped overall with dark eye patches. Upperwing in flight (not shown) two-toned with blackish secondaries and primaries and much paler coverts. Overall warmer toned than 43.5. Pattern of darker eye patches retained in dark form, which has all-dark wings. Imm. rather rufous, with darker head (not with only dark cap as 43.6 Imm.). ♣ Offshore. Rarer near the coast. R.

331

43.5 SOUTH POLAR SKUA (Mandri o-do-sul) Stercorarius (or Catharacta) maccormicki L 21.5 in./55 cm. Pale (a) and dark (b) forms shown. Less warm toned than 43.4 and not striped below. Imm. dark steel-gray. ♣ Offshore. Rarer near coast.

43.6 CHILEAN SKUA (Mandri o-chileno) Stercorarius (or Catharacta) chilensis L 21.5 in./ 55 cm. Distinctively patterned and colored with dark cap and rufous cheeks. Note bicolored bill of adult. Imm. (not shown) as Ad. but mantle and wings barred, not striped. ♣ Offshore. Rarer near the coast.

43.7 BROWN (Southern or Falkland) SKUA (Mandri oantártico) Stercorarius (or Catharacta) antarcticus L 23.5 in./60 cm. Ssp. hamiltoni Tristan Skua (a, from Tristan da Cunha) and paler Nom. Falkland Skua (b, from Falkland Islands) shown. Not shown ssp. lonnbergi Subantarctic Skua (largest skua, dark brown, with irregular, pale blotching on 332

mantle and often some scattered white spots on forehead and crown). May resemble 43.4, but with less contrast in wings and without dark eye patches. ♣ Offshore. Rarer near the coast. Note: The variation in plumage, esp. among Imms. is much greater than can be shown or described.

Jaegers / Skuas

333

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Plate 44 44.1 COMMON GROUND-DOVE (Rolinha-cinzenta) Columbina passerina L 6.7 in./17 cm. From other Ground-Doves by scaling of chest and head. ♣ Virtually any open to semiopen habitat (even in towns). hollow, pushed-out “oowhò” in long series.

44.2

PLAIN-BREASTED

Song: mid-high,

GROUND-DOVE

(Rolinhade-asa-canela) Columbina minuta L 5.9 in./15 cm. with pink flush to chest and gray cap and rump. 44.3

resembles

. ♣ Arid areas with scrub, some trees, and bare

patches; savanna, fields. Song: long, monotonous series of mid-high, hollow “whoop” notes.

44.3 RUDDY GROUND-DOVE (Rolinha-roxa) Columbina talpacoti L 6.3 in./16 cm.

unmistakable by gray crown

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contrasting with vinaceous-rufous body.

differs from

smaller 44.2 by longer tail, browner plumage, rufescent rump, black underwing coverts (rufous in 44.1 and 44.2), and black wing spots (no violet iridescence). ♣ Semiopen habitats, incl. lightly wooded country, forest edge, savanna, riverine growth, scrubby areas, fields, towns. Prefers humid areas. Song: long, monotonous series of mid-high, hollow “whuc” notes or “t’t’wooh.”

44.4 PICUI GROUND-DOVE (Rolinha-picui) Columbina picui L 7 in./18 cm. Unmistakable by wing and tail pattern. ♣ Savanna, grassland, forest edge, towns. Mainly in arid areas. Song: series of about 5 “u’Loh” notes.

44.5 BLUE-EYED GROUND-DOVE (Rolinha-doplanalto) Columbina cyanopis L 6.3 in./16 cm. Sexes similar. From

336

44.3 by whitish vent and no gray on crown. ♣ Grassland within cerrado. Very rare, possibly extinct. En, R.

44.6

BLUE

GROUND-DOVE

pretiosa L 7.9 in./20 cm.

(Pararu-azul)

Claravis

with black outer rectrices and

wing spots (latter often forming bands). with chestnut wing-spots and rufous rump and central rectrices. ♣ In or near forest, woodland, scrubby areas. Song: slow series of 5–7 deep “oop” notes at 1-sec intervals.

44.7 PURPLE-WINGED GROUND-DOVE (Pararu-espelho) Claravis godefrida L 7.9 in./ 20 cm. differs from 44.6 by broader, blackish purple wing bars and white outer rectrices. differs from 44.6 by broader, darker wing bars and less rufescent central rectrices and rump. ♣ Humid forest, mainly in hilly areas. Associated with flowering bamboo. R.

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44.8 [SAPPHIRE QUAIL-DOVE (Juriti-safira) Geotrygon saphirina] L 9.8 in./25 cm. Unmistakable by contrasting head pattern and bluish rump. ♣ Terra firme. Song: long series of 2-noted “u-croó” (“u” hard to hear). Note: Not confirmed in Brazil, but likely to occur.

44.9 VIOLACEOUS QUAIL-DOVE (Juriti-vermelha) Geotrygon violacea L 9.8 in./25 cm. Bill red. Face whitish (no contrasting dark moustache). Creamy whitish underwing coverts diagnostic. ♣ Humid forest and nearby second growth/plantations. Rather arboreal. high, deep “pooo” notes.

338

Song: slow series of

44.10 RUDDY QUAIL-DOVE (Pariri) Geotrygon montana L 9.8 in./25 cm. From 44.9 by more distinct face pattern. Note violaceus wash to nape and neck. ♣ Humid forest and nearby second growth/plantations. Song: slow, very low monotonous series of deep, hollow “cooo” notes.

Ground-Doves / Quail-Doves

339

Plate 45

340

45.1 SCALED DOVE (Fogo-apagou) Columbina squammata L 7.9 in./20 cm. Unmistakable by scaling (reduced in Imm.), rufous flash in wings, and long, pointed tail. ♣ Dry savanna with scrub and some tree cover, cultivation, settlements, cities. series.

Call/song: very high, piped “whu papá” in long

45.2 LONG-TAILED GROUND-DOVE (Rolinha-vaqueira) Uropelia campestris L 6.7 in./ 17 cm. Unmistakable by black and white wing bars, yellow eyering, and long tail. ♣ Grassland, savanna, woodland edge. Mainly in drier regions.

45.3 EARED DOVE (Pomba-de-bando) Zenaida auriculata L 9.8 in./25 cm. Note wedge-shaped tail, black spots on wings, and two streaks on ear coverts. No rufous in wings. ♣ Wide range of open to semiopen habitats, incl. towns. Spreading due to deforestation. coocoo coo.”

Song: low, gloomy-sounding “whoo

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45.4 WHITE-TIPPED DOVE (Juriti-pupu) Leptotila verreauxi L 9.8 in./25 cm. Bill black. Crown to upper mantle tinged gray. Note broad white tips to tail (mainly visible from below) and extensive rufous in underwing. Cf. 45.5. ♣ Woodland, second growth, forest edge (avoids interior of humid forest), plantations. Prefers drier habitats than 45.5. Song: varies by region; e.g., mid-high, mournful, single “oooh” note, slightly gaining in strength, level or slightly lowered and rising.

45.5 GRAY-FRONTED DOVE (Juriti-gemedeira) Leptotila rufaxilla L 11.8 in./30 cm. Resembles 45.4, but with narrower white tips to tail, purplish tinge to upper mantle, and bluish gray central crown that contrasts clearly with hindcrown/ nape. ♣ Forest and nearby second growth. Generally avoids arid areas. Song: varies by region; e.g., mid-high, mournful, single “oooh” note, slightly gaining in strength at 4- to 5-sec intervals.

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45.6 ? EURASIAN TURTLE-DOVE (Rola-turca) Streptopelia decaocto L 11.8 in./30 cm. No other dove with black bar across neck. Long, slender, rather pale. ♣ Completely dependent on human surroundings. Call: nasal, high, querelous “kruuur”; song: high “coocoo cu” repeated at 0.5-sec intervals. 45.7 ROCK (Dove or) PIGEON (Pombo-doméstico) Columba livia L 13.8 in./35 cm. Ancestor from the Old World of all feral pigeons; in most of these the basic ancestral features such as bars across wings, white rump, terminal tail bar, and neck coloring retained. ♣ Towns, occasionally at cliffs. I.

45.8 PALE-VENTED PIGEON (Pomba-galega) Patagioenas cayennensis L 9.8 in./25 cm. Note vinaceous shoulder, grayish white belly, and gray rump. ♣ Edge of humid forest, woodland, tree stands in savanna. Often near rivers.

343

Song:

high, soft, cooing withoutintervals.

“óot-ke-toóh,”

repeated

6–7

×

45.9 PLUMBEOUS PIGEON (Pomba-amargosa) Patagioenas plumbea L 13.8 in./35 cm. From smaller 45.10 by grayer (less vinaceous) color, slightly longer bill and, in area of overlap, whitish eyes (Juv. and SE sspp. with reddish eyes). ♣ Canopy and borders of forest; also nearby second growth. Song: varies per region; might be a high, piped, slightly irregular “oot oot Oót coo-coór.”

45.10 RUDDY PIGEON (Pomba-botafogo) Patagioenas subvinacea L 11.8 in./30 cm. Iris reddish to pale yellowish, but from a distance eyes appear dark due to red eyering. Cf. 45.9. ♣ Canopy and borders of humid forest. mellow “oot wuoo-coocoo.”

344

Song: high,

Doves / Pigeons

345

346

Plate 46 46.1 SCALED PIGEON (Pomba-trocal) Patagioenas speciosa L 11.8 in./30 cm. Scaling diagnostic. Note yellow-tipped red bill and white vent contrasting with dark tail. ♣ Canopy and edge of forest, woodland. Will fly over open areas to reach suitable habitats. Song: very low “ooloúah ooh ooh” (only “lou” higher pitched).

46.2 PICAZURO PIGEON (Pomb o) Patagioenas picazuro L 13.8 in./35 cm. Scaly neck diagnostic, but this featutre is not always well developed. Note white rim along upperwing coverts and black terminal tail bar. ♣ Woodland, riverine belts, savanna, towns. Song: typical pigeonlike, high “oo Oó koo-kwoo,” repeated up to 6 × without intervals.

46.3 SPOT-WINGED PIGEON (Pomba-do-orvalho) Patagioenas maculosa L 13.8 in./ 35 cm. Extensive spotting

347

on wings diagnostic. Tail as 46.2. ♣ Dry open woodland, cultivation. Song: very low, hoarse, laborious “ucch uch-uch-uch-ucch uch-uch-uch ucch,” repeated 2–4 ×.

46.4 BAND-TAILED PIGEON (Pomba-de-coleirabranca) Patagioenas fasciata L 15.7 in./ 40 cm. Note neck pattern, pale gray terminal half of tail, and yellow legs and bill. ♣ Humid forest and shrubbery from 800 to 2000 m. Song: low, regular, deep, “pumped out” or sawing “ooh ooh - -,” up to 10 ×.

46.5 CHESTNUT-FRONTED MACAW (Maracan guaçu) Ara severus L 19.7 in./50 cm. Note white face, maroon frontlet, and lack of red on belly. Red under-wing diagnostic. ♣ Edge of humid forest (mainly várzea; infrequently flying over terra firme), riverine belts, second growth with scattered trees. Call: high, hoarse “WRAA-WRAAWRAA” or chattering “chew-chew-chiw-chew - -.” 348

46.6 RED-BELLIED MACAW (Maracanã-do-buriti) Orthopsittaca manilata L 19.7 in./ 50 cm. Note yellowish face, red on belly, and lack of red/maroon on forehead. Underwing yellowish as in 46.8 and 46.9. ♣ Clearings and borders of humid forest (will fly over dense forest), riverine belts, savanna, plantations. Associated with Mauritia palms. Call: high, muttering “wreh” and very high, shrieking “weer-eh-weer-wir.”

46.7 BLUE-HEADED MACAW (Maracan -de-cabeçaazul) Primolius (or Propyrrhura) couloni L 15.7 in./40 cm. Note gray facial skin and bicolored bill, but be aware of Imm. with white face and all-dark bill. No red/maroon on forehead or belly. ♣ Forest edge and clearings, esp. at rivers and streams. Call: nasal, clenched “wrèh-wrèh-wrèh.” R.

349

“tjèhtjèr,”

“wrrrèh”

or

46.8 BLUE-WINGED MACAW (Maracan -verdadeira) Primolius (or Propyrrhura) maracana L 15.7 in./40 cm. Resembles 46.6, but with red forehead and patch on lower back. Face yellowish or white. ♣ Forest edge, plam groves, and riverine belts in caatinga. “WÈH-WÈH-WÈH- -.” R.

Call: e.g., high, shrieking

46.9 YELLOW- (or Golden-) COLLARED MACAW (Maracan -de-colar) Primolius (or Propyrrhura) auricollis L 15.7 in./ 40 cm. Yellow collar diagnostic. Yellowish underwing as 46.6 and 46.8, but note lack of red on belly. ♣ More or less wooded savanna, cerrado. “WRUH-WRUH-WRUH- -.”

350

Loud, rasping

46.10 RED-SHOULDERED MACAW (Maracan -pequena) Diopsittaca nobilis L 11.8 in./30 cm. Three sspp.: cumanensis/longipennis (a, widespread S of Ri. Amazon; with pale upper mandible) and Nom. (b, N of Ri. Amazon; all-dark bill). Note red underwing coverts, white face, and lack of red on belly. Smallest macaw, easily mistaken for 48.1 or 48.2. ♣ Savanna and marsh with palm stands, riverine belts, woodland. Call: “WRUH-WRUH-WRUH.”

Pigeons / Macaws

351

loud,

rasping

“Urc”

or

Plate 47

352

47.1 HYACINTH MACAW (Arara-azul-grande) Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus L 39 in./100 cm. Largest macaw. Note narrow yellow lappet which stretches when bill is open. Not in range of 47.2 and 47.3. ♣ Near palm stands at forest edge, savanna, and open woodland. Call: rather low, rattling “AARRah- AARRah- -” in long series. R.

47.2 INDIGO (or Lear’s) MACAW (Arara-azul-de-lear) Anodorhynchus leari L 29.5 in./ 75 cm. Not in range of 47.1 and *47.3. Note large, roundish, yellow lappets at bill base. ♣ Caatinga with palms. Roosts and breeds on cliffs. rather low, raucous, slightly crowlike “wraah.” En, R.

Call:

47.3 GLAUCOUS MACAW (Arara-azul-pequena) Anodorhynchus glaucus L 27.5 in./70 cm. Not in range of bluer 47.1 and 47.2. ♣ Presumably open to semiopen areas with palms. Probably extinct. R.

353

47.4 SPIX’S (or Little Blue) MACAW (Ararinha-azul) Cyanopsitta spixii L 21.5 in./55 cm. Note pale head contrasting with bluish body. Facial skin gray; white in Imm. ♣ Gallery woodland in caatinga. Extinct in the wild; a captive population exists. En, R.

47.5 BLUE-AND-YELLOW MACAW (Arara-canindé) Ara ararauna L 33.5 in./85 cm. Unmistakable by color pattern. ♣ Várzea, riverine belts, woodland, savanna with scattered trees, cerrado. Call: mid-high, scraping “wrraah-wrraah-wrraah” and nasal “WREH-WRAH-Wreh wreh - -.”

354

47.6 SCARLET MACAW (Araracanga) Ara macao L 33.5 in./85 cm. From larger 47.7 by yellow bar across upperwing and less distinct red lines in white face. ♣ In or near humid forest, mainly terra firme. Locally also humid wooded savanna.

Call: nasal “E’Eèh,” “sraAAh,” or “wrEH.”

47.7 RED-AND-GREEN (or Green-winged) MACAW (Arara-vermelha-grande) Ara chloropterus L 37.5 in./95 cm. No yellow in wing. Virtually all red from below (as 47.6, but darker). ♣ Forest (mainly humid, but locally even caatinga), riverine belts, wooded savanna. Call: mid-high, groaning “ih-urre-urre,” “wireh,” “kraaAH” or “WRAAAH,” often changing to falsetto.

355

47.8 GOLDEN PARAKEET (Ararajuba) Guarouba guarouba L 13.8 in./35 cm. Note pale bill. ♣ Terra firme and clearings with scattered trees. Call: high, slightly hoarse, upslurred “kree-krree-kree-kree” or “krueh.” En, R.

47.9 SUN PARAKEET (Jandaia-amarela) Aratinga solstitialis L 11.8 in./30 cm. From 47.10 (note range) by more yellow and orange. Imm. with greenish head and mantle. ♣ Foothill forest. Will cross more open habitat (e.g., savanna) to reach other forested areas. Call: very high, loud, gull-like shrieking, “zeet-zeet-zeet- -.” (Introduced to Fernando de Noronha.) R.

356

47.10 SULFUR-BREASTED PARAKEET (Cacaué) Aratinga pintoi L 11.8 in./30 cm. Resembles 47.9, but suffused with green and with less orange; Imms. of the two spp. alike. A recently described species. ♣ Open to semi-open areas, gallery forest. “eeuwt-uht-uht.”

Call: sharp, very high shrieking, like

Macaws / Parakeets

357

358

Plate 48 48.1 BLUE-CROWNED PARAKEET (Aratinga-detesta-azul) Aratinga acuticaudata L 13.8 in./35 cm. Two sspp.; Nom. (a, in far SW; lower mandible black, crown and cheeks bluish) and widespread haemorrhous (b; all-pale bill and bluish crown). Note lack of red in plumage, except at base of undertail. ♣ Woodland, cerrado, open areas with scattered trees, cultivated areas. Call: magpie-like, shrieking “wrah” or “sreehsreeh” In flight more nasal “tjaw-tjaw” or gull-like “weeh-wéehweéh.”

48.2 WHITE-EYED PARAKEET (Periquit o-maracan ) Aratinga leucophthalma L 13.8 in./ 35 cm. Bill pale. Underwing primary coverts and random speckling on neck/ head red (lacking in Juv.). Note absence of blue. Cf. also 48.1, 46.10, and 49.2. ♣ Woodland, savannalike habitats, riverine belts, forest edge, várzea, mangrove. Will fly over terra firme to reach suitable habitats. Song/call: very high, nasal shrieking “r’teet-r’teet-tiw- -” or “sreet-sreet- -.”

359

48.3 JANDAYA PARAKEET (Jandaia-verdadeira) Aratinga jandaya L 11.8 in./30 cm. Note orange-yellow head (lightly suffused green in Imm.) unlike 48.4; hybrids occur in the limited area of overlap. No overlap with 47.9 and 47.10. Typical upperwing pattern (a) rather similar in 47.9 and 48.4–48.9. ♣ Forest edge, woodland, and pastures and fields with tree stands. En.

Call: very high, shrieking “uht-uht-uht- -.”

48.4 GOLDEN-CAPPED PARAKEET (Jandaia-detesta-vermelha) Aratinga auricapillus L 11.8 in./ 30 cm. Note orange/red belly (extend varies) and reddish ocular region and underwing coverts. May have yellow-tinged cheeks. Cf. 48.3 and 48.6. ♣ Mainly semideciduous forest. Also edge of humid forest and nearby secondary growth and agriculture.

Call: loud, shrieking “uht-uht tuw.” En, R.

360

48.5 DUSKY-HEADED PARAKEET (Periquito-decabeça-suja) Aratinga weddellii L 11.8 in./30 cm. Head gray. Chest green (not brownish olive as in 48.6–48.8). ♣ Borders and clearings of humid forest, incl. forest remnants surrounded by open habitats; also plantations. Call: high, shrieking “weet-weet wit-wit -,” less loud and piercing than other Aratinga parakeets.

48.6 PEACH-FRONTED PARAKEET (Periquito-rei) Aratinga aurea L 9.8 in./25 cm. Note yellow-orange forehead (smaller in Imm.) and lime-green belly. ♣ Semiopen to open habitats with trees (locally even in towns). Avoids dense humid forest. Call: rolling “vreet vreet-vreet-vreet-vreet,” irregularly breaking from low to very high pitched.

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48.7 BROWN-THROATED PARAKEET (Periquito-debochecha-parda) Aratinga pertinax L 9.8 in./25 cm. Three ssps: NW chrysogenys (a, crown greenish, sometimes tinged blue), chrysophrys (b, N Roraima; paler than a, and forehead yellowish-brown), and paraensis (c, S Pará; resembles b, but forehead bluish). Note brownish chest. Orange to mid-belly and yellow to ocular region often lacking. No overlap with 48.8. ♣ Dry and arid savanna with tree stands and woodland remains or mangrove, forest edge, cultivation. -.”

Call: shrill, very high “vrreeh vreevreeh vrivri -

48.8 CACTUS (or Caatinga) PARAKEET (Periquito-da-caatinga) Aratinga cactorum L 9.8 in./25 cm. From 48.6 by wing pattern, yellow/orange belly, and lack of orange in head. No overlap with 48.5 and 48.7. ♣ Caatinga, cerrado, and degraded pastures. Call: very high, hurried “vreevree---” or shrill “tu-tjeew-tjeew.” En.

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48.9 NANDAY (or Black-hooded) PARAKEET (Peri-quito-de-cabeça-preta) Nandayus nenday L 13.8 in./35 cm. Unmistakable by contrasting black hood and blue-black flight feathers. Chest tinged blue. ♣ Gallery forest, woodland, savanna. Call: Very high, shrieking “srree-srree-srree- -,” or “rruh rruh ruh.”

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“wri-uuh,”

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Plate 49 PARAKEETS: Long-tailed with upperside of primaries bluish. Chest scaly (except in 49.1 and 49.8) and belly maroon (reduced/lacking in Ad. 49.4 and 50.5–50.7 and in Juv. of all). Red rump in 49.1, 49.7–49.10, and 50.1–50.4. Noisy in flight, where typically close to the canopy or, when crossing open space, the ground. Generally silent and difficult to see when perched. Little or no overlap between most, but cf. Aratinga parakeets (Pl. 48). PYRRHURA

49.1 BLUE-THROATED (or Ochre-marked) PARAKEET (Tiriba-grande)Pyrrhura cruentata L 11.8 in./30 cm. Note distinctive facial pattern and blue chest. ♣ Canopy and edge of humid forest. Locally in shaded plantations and selectively logged forest. Up to 950 m. Call: nasal twittering “tr tr tjer-tjer-tjer- -” or “tjeh-tjeh- -.” En, R.

49.2 BLAZE-WINGED PARAKEET (Tiriba-fogo) Pyrrhura devillei L 9.8 in./25 cm. Note yellowish green uppertail and grayish brown crown. Red and yellow underwing coverts (reduced in Juv.), unlike other Pyrrhura parakeets in range (cf. 48.2). ♣ Riverine belts in Pantanal and adjacent areas. Call: very high, rather shrill “wreet-je,” or “sree-eh-sree-sree”-type notes.

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49.3 MAROON-BELLIED (or Reddish-bellied) PARAKEET (Tiriba-de-testa-vermelha) Pyrrhura frontalis L 9.8 in./25 cm. Forecrown greenish; usually with maroon frontlet. Two ssps.: N Nom. (a; uppertail green with maroon tip) and S chiripepe (b; uppertail yellowish green). ♣ Forest (incl. Araucaria), gallery woodland, city parks. Up to 2000 m. high, sharp, nasal “wuut-tjeet-tjeet,” “terrre-terre-tjurk-tjurk.”

Call: very “tirr,” or

49.4 PEARLY PARAKEET (Tiriba-pérola) Pyrrhura lepida L 9.8 in./25 cm. Nom ssp. lepida (a, with red underwing coverts and blue tinge to cheeks, chest, and thighs) and anerythra (b, W part of range; with less blue and no red in wing). Little or no red on belly. Cf. 50.1 (only other Pyrrhura in range) and Aratinga parakeets (Pl. 48). ♣ Canopy and edge of terra firme, second growth. Call: very high, nasal, “wih-chew” or chattering “wic-wic-wic- -.” En, R.

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49.5 CRIMSON-BELLIED PARAKEET (Tiriba-de-barriga-vermelha) Pyrrhura perlata; L 9.8 in./25 cm. Unmistakable by red underparts (reduced in Juv.). ♣ Canopy and edge of humid forest (locally in drier areas), second growth. Call: high, rapid “wrr’wur-wir-wir-wir.” Also a strange, slightly toy-trumpet–like “peeéh” at 1- to 3-sec intervals.

49.6 GREEN-CHEEKED PARAKEET (Tiriba-de-carasuja) Pyrrhura molinae L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. Uppertail maroon. Crown brownish-gray. A rare yellow form (a) exists. Cf. 48.2, 48.3, and 50.7. ♣ Woodland, forest (mainly deciduous), riverine belts. Call: very high, shrieking “sit-sit-sit- -,” “peer-wit” or “puhr-weet,” often with quality of a squeaky wheel.

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49.7 WHITE-EARED (or Maroon-faced) PARAKEET (Tiriba-de-orelha-branca) Pyrrhura leucotis L 9.8 in./25 cm. Note dark cheeks. Often includes 49.8–49.10 and 50.1–50.4 as sspp., but no overlap with 50.1–50.7. ♣ Humid forest and adjacent areas with tree stands. Sometimes in cocoa plantations. Up to 500 m. Call: very high, rather thin, rapid “wee-wee-wee- -” or “tic-tic-tic- -.” En, R.

49.8 MADEIRA PARAKEET Pyrrhura snethlageae (Tiriba-do-madeira) L 7.9 in./ 20 cm. Note pale chest with diagnostic narrow markings. Note: Should probably be considered a ssp. of 50.1 (intermediates are known). ♣ Humid forest and adjacent clearings, mainly in lowlands.

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49.9 GRAY-BREASTED PARAKEET Pyrrhura anaca (or griseipectus) (Tiriba-de-peitocinza) L 7.9 in./20 cm. Only Pyrrhura parakeet in its limited range. Often considered a ssp. of 49.7, but chest and neck-sides grayer (without green), and never shows blue in crown. ♣ Humid to semihumid forest and nearby clearings. Generally above 500 m. Call: piercing, fast, chattering “t’kreet-kreet-wih-kreet-krit.” En, R.

49.10 RED-CROWNED PARAKEET Pyrrhura roseifrons (Tiriba-de-cabeça-vermelha) L 7.9 in./20 cm. Facial color pattern distinctive. ♣ Humid forest and adjacent clearings, mainly in lowlands.

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Plate 50 50.1 SANTAREM (or Hellmayr’s) PARAKEET (Tiriba-de-hellmayr) Pyrrhura amazonum L 7.9 in./20 cm. Resembles 50.3 (limited area of contact), but blue in fore-crown narrower and little or no red in wing. Also cf. 49.8. ♣ Humid forest and adjacent clearings, mainly in lowlands. Call: very high, slightly rising, irregular “pic-pic-pic picpic - -.” En.

50.2 DEVILLE’S PARAKEET (Tiriba-de-deville) Pyrrhura lucianii L 7.9 in./20 cm. Note absence of pure red in head and wings. Not in range of 49.7, 49.9, 50.1, or 50.3–50.4. ♣ Humid forest and nearby clearings, mainly in lowlands. En.

50.3 PAINTED PARAKEET (Tiriba-de-testa-azul) Pyrrhura picta L 7.9 in./20 cm. Often includes 49.8, 49.10, and 50.1– 50.2 as sspp. (of these, limited contact with 50.1 only), but

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with extensive blue in forecrown and red in shoulder. ♣ Humid forest and nearby clearings with scattered trees. Mainly lowlands; rarely to 1800 m. twittering.

Call: rapid, nasal

50.4 PFRIMER’S PARAKEET (Tiriba-de-pfrimer) Pyrrhura pfrimeri L 9.8 in./25 cm. Note dark head. Only Pyrrhura parakeet in limited range and habitat. ♣ Exclusively in dry, deciduous forest. Call: “turreweét-weétweét.” En, R.

high,

nasal,

sharp

50.5 FIERY-SHOULDERED PARAKEET (Tiriba-de-cauda-roxa) Pyrrhura egregia L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. In limited range/habitat only parakeet with red and yellow under-wing coverts and leading edge of wing, but cf. 48.2. ♣ Humid forest on the tepuis at 700–1800 m.

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50.6 MAROON- (or Black-) TAILED PARAKEET (Tiriba-fura-mata) Pyrrhura melanura L 9.8 in./25 cm. Note dark maroon uppertail (base green) and red/yellow in primary coverts (often hard to see when perched). May have red in loral region. Cf. 50.5 and 50.7. ♣ Canopy and edge of humid forest, second growth. Mainly in lowlands. Call: very high, rather strident “tjuw wITwIT - -,” “ee-eh-uw,” “wut-wut,” or “kreEh-krEeh.”

50.7 BLACK-CAPPED (or Rock) PARAKEET (Tiribarupestre) Pyrrhura rupicola L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. Note red in wing (often difficult to see when perched), blackish gray crown, and green uppertail. ♣ Terra firme and várzea. Call: falsetto “weeh,” “wuh,” or “wureet-wureet”-type notes.

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50.8 MONK PARAKEET (Caturrita) Myiopsitta monachus L 11.8 in./30 cm. Note gray forehead, throat, and chest. ♣ Savanna, woodland, riverine belts, ranchland, towns. Large colonial stick nest placed in tree or on pylon. high, rasping “krrih krrih-krrih-krruh- -.”

Call: very

50.9 RED-FAN (or Hawk-headed) PARROT (Anac ) Deroptyus accipitrinus L 13.8 in./ 35 cm. S ssp. fuscifrons (a) and N Nom. (b) shown. Note erect stance with long tail, giving rather Accipiter hawk–like jizz. Neck feathers can be raised to spectacular fan. ♣ Terra firme, also in forest patches in savanna.

Call: high, slurred, nasal “tu-rút túwut tureét -.”

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50.10 BLUE- (or Purple-) BELLIED PARROT (Sabiácica) Triclaria malachitacea L 11.8 in./ 30 cm. All green with bluish belly

. Note pale bill and long tail. ♣ Atlantic forest.

Rarely plantations and parks. Up to 1000 m. Song: unparrotlike, almost thrushlike, very high, fluted “fiuw fi-fi fjew - -” (“fi-fi” staccato; “fjew” gliding down). R.

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Plate 51 PARROTLETS: Small, with short, slightly wedge-shaped tails (51.5 and 51.6), or clearly wedge-shaped tails (51.1–51.3); some illustrated with fanned tails to show patterns. Forpus parrotlets (51.7–51.9) have an undulating flight somewhat similar to certain Brotogeris parakeets (see 52.4–52.6), but unlike straighter flight of other parrotlets. 51.1 GREEN-RUMPED PARROTLET (Tuim-santo) Forpus passerinus L 5.1 in./13 cm. only parrotlet with blue in wings and a bright emerald rump (rump never pure blue as in 51.2 and 51.3 ). All-green very similar to 51.2a (no overlap with 51.2b), but with head yellower (a) in limited area of contact (head greener in Roraima). ♣ Various semiopen wooded areas, even mangrove and parks. Avoids interior of dense humid forest. Call: very/ extr. high, sharp, finchlike, staccato “Twéet” in series.

51.2 BLUE-WINGED PARROTLET (Tuim) Forpus xanthopterygius (or crassirostris) L 5.1 in./ 13 cm. Three ssp’s; of green-headed W crassirostris (a) and yellow-headed NE flavissimus (b) shown; not shown S Nom., which is intermediate. Note blue rump and bar over wing in

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. of all ssp’s lack blue. Cf. 51.1 and 51.3. ♣ Open to semi-open areas, incl. savanna, Caatinga, forest borders, riverine growth, parks. Avoids interior of dense humid forest. ♣ Riverine belts, forest edge and adjacent more open areas, including pastures and settlement. Call: very high, bickering “tsip-tsip-tsip- - -” and irregular chirping.

51.3 DUSKY-BILLED PARROTLET (Tuim-de-bicoescuro) Forpus modestus (or sclateri). L 5.1 in./13 cm. Mainly dark upper mandible diagnostic (bill all pale in 51.1 and 51.2). ♣ Várzea and other lowland forest, preferring edge and clearings. -.”

Call: very/extr. high, staccato “dzip-dzip-dzip-

51.4 TEPUI PARROTLET (Periquito-dos-tepuis) Nannopsittaca panychlora L 5.5 in./14 cm. Note small range. Yellow markings near eyes diagnostic. No pure blue in

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plumage. ♣ Humid forest up to 2200 m. high, soft chirping.

Call: very/extr.

51.5 AMAZONIAN PARROTLET (Periquito-daamazônia) Nannopsittaca dachilleae L 5.5 in./14 cm. Note small range. Overall green with pale blue fore-crown. ♣ Edge and clearings of humid forest, wooded areas. Mainly near rivers. Call: very high, sharp chirps. R.

51.6 SCARLET-SHOULDERED PARROTLET (Apuim-de-asa-vermelha) Touit huetii L 6.3 in./16 cm. Note blue to wing bend and red underwing coverts (the latter unlike other parrotlets [51.1–51.5]).

with black-tipped green

uppertail. ♣ Humid forest, mainly terra firme. high “tjoot-tjoot-tjoot- -” mixed with “tjer tjer -.”

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Call: very

51.7 SAPPHIRE-RUMPED PARROTLET (Apuim-de-costas-azuis) Touit purpuratus L 7 in./18 cm. Widespread Nom. (a) and ssp. viridiceps (b, upper Ri. Negro area; without or with reduced brown in crown). with narrow green subterminal band in tail. Note brown scapulars. No overlap with 51.8 and 51.9. ♣ Humid forest, locally to 1200 m. Call: mid-high or high, nasal “wec wec werrec werrec werc-werc-werc- -.”

51.8 BROWN-BACKED (or Black-eared) PARROTLET (Apuim-de-costas-pretas) Touit melanonotus L 5.9 in./15 cm. Brown back and reddish outer rectrices diagnostic. ♣ Humid forest. Mainly 500–1200 m, locally 0–1700 m. Call in flight: very high, liquid-sounding “wicwicwic- -” or chattering “bibibihihi---.” En, R.

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51.9 GOLDEN-TAILED PARROTLET (Apuim-de-cauda-amarela) Touit surdus L 6.3 in./16 cm. Note brownish-olive scapulars and yellow ( ) or greenish ( ) outer rectrices. Tail feathers of (a) yellowish with green tips and margins. No overlap with 51.6 and 51.7. ♣ Humid forest up to 1000 m. Call: falsetto “kree-kree-kree-kruh- -” or shrieking “k’reeéh.” En, R.

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Plate 52 52.1 PLAIN PARAKEET (Periquito-rico) Brotogeris tirica L 9.8 in./25 cm. Rather uniform green with brown tinge to shoulder. In flight note blue outer-wing from above. A rare pale bluish mutation exists. ♣ Forest edge and canopy, plantations, semiopen areas with scattered trees, incl. parks and city plazas.

Call very/extr. high, shrill “cricri.” En.

52.2 CANARY (or White) -WINGED PARAKEET (Periquito-de-asa-branca) Brotogeris versicolurus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Unmistakable by striking wing pattern. Normally some white visible in wing of perched birds. ♣ Várzea, river islands, secondary forest. “tjutju-tju-tju.”

Call: very high, nasal/piped

52.3 YELLOW-CHEVRONED PARAKEET (Periquito-de-encontro-amarelo) Brotogeris chiriri L 9.8 in./

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25 cm. From 52.2 by range and lack of white in wing. ♣ Savannalike habitats (e.g., cerrado), riverine belts in open country, woodland, caatinga, parks. “weeweet wee weewitwit -.”

Call: very high, shrill

NOTE:

The following parakeets (52.4–52.6) have rather short, wedge-shaped tails similar to smaller Forpus parrot-lets (Pl. 51.1–51.3).

52.4 COBALT-WINGED PARAKEET (Periquito-de-asa-azul) Brotogeris cyanoptera L 7 in./ 18 cm. Small orange chin spot. Frontlet (usually) tinged yellowish. Also differs from 52.5 and 52.6 by more blue in wing and bluish central tail. ♣ Canopy and edge of humid forest. Call: high, sharp phrases, like “teeweet teeweert,” and communal twittering.

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52.5 GOLDEN-WINGED PARAKEET (Periquito-de-asa-dourada) Brotogeris chrysoptera L 6.3 in./ 16 cm. Several sspp.; N Nom. (a, with dark frontlet and orange chin spot and wing band), tuipara (b, E part of range; as a, but frontlet orange), and chrysosema (c, SW part; resembles b, but only ssp. with yellow, not orange, wing band) shown. Wing band difficult to see when perched, and lacking in Juv. ♣ Humid forest, woodland, urban areas with trees. Call: very high, excited twittering and hurried, scratchy-sounding “vrit-vrit-vrit- -.”

52.6 TUI PARAKEET (Periquito-testinha) Brotogeris sanctithomae L 6.7 in./17 cm. Nom. (a, widespread in W) and takatsukae (b, E of Manaus). Note contrasting yellow forehead (also postocular streak in b), rather dark bill and lack of pure blue in upperwing (underwing primary coverts blue). ♣ Second growth, trees and scrub along rivers, edges of várzea. Call: very high, “tirwit tirwitwit - -”; also excited, level chattering and a raspy, rattlelike vocalization.

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NOTE:

Amazona Parrots: Fly with distinctive shallow wing strokes. Tails rather short and square (some illustrated with fanned tails to show patterns). Most species, except 52.10, 53.1, and 53.5–53.7, show a similar upperwing pattern. 52.7 ORANGE-WINGED PARROT (or Amazon) (Curica) Amazona amazonica L 11.8 in./30 cm. Distinguished by blue line through eye between yellow crown and cheeks. Extent of yellow on crown variable, sometimes fully replaced by pale blue (a). ♣ Lowland areas, from terra firme to town parks, wherever there are tall trees except in várzea. Call: very high, piercing “tjee-tjee tjee -” or “treer-treer - -,” often changing to falsetto.

52.8 KAWALL’S (or White-faced) PARROT (or Amazon) (Papagaio-dos-garbes) Amazona kawalli L 13.8 in./35 cm. From 52.9 by white at base of bill, gray eye ring, and no red at leading edge of wing. ♣ Humid forest; mainly near rivers

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and flooded areas. Call: high, mewing “tjewtjew-tjew-tjuw” or high, dry “tjaw-raw-ruw-rèh- -.” En.

52.9 MEALY PARROT (or Amazon) (Papagaio-moleiro) Amazona farinosa L 15.7 in./40 cm. Large with a distinctly bicolored tail and broad white eyering. Diagnostic powdery effect to nape/back can be difficult to see, as can the red on leading edge of wing. Small yellow crown-patch often missing. Cf. 52.8 and 53.9b. ♣ Canopy and borders of humid forest. Locally in plantations and gallery woodland. Call: extensive repertoire; very high, biting “tjee-tjee- jtjeewah-krr-krr-ronk-ronk.”

52.10 VINACEOUS (or - breasted) PARROT (or Amazon) (Papagaio-de-peito-roxo) Amazona vinacea L 11.8 in./30 cm. Note purple chest and red forehead, wing-speculum, and pale-tipped bill. Cf. 53.1 and 54.10. ♣ Prefers forest with Araucaria, but also other forest types (incl. secondary). Up to

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2000 m. Call: loud, high “wout-wout- -” or “wi-rout wi-rout.” R.

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Plate 53

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53.1 RED-SPECTACLED PARROT (or Amazon) (Papagaio-char o) Amazona pretrei L 11.8 in./30 cm. Note red on face and leading edge of wing. No wing speculum. ♣ Araucaria and other types of forest; breeds in open woodland. Call: mid-high and very high nasal communal cackling en route to and at roosts. Single birds may call nasal “tjertjer.” R.

53.2 RED-LORED (or Yellow-cheeked) PARROT (or Amazon) (Papagaio-diadema) Amazona autumnalis L 13.8 in./35 cm. Note red wing-speculum and large spot on lores. Crown and nape edged blue. Cf. 53.6. ♣ Gallery woodland; edge and clearings of humid forest. Locally also plantations. Call: very/extr. high notes, like “tjirc tjirc -,” “ti ercerc” (“ti” extr. high), “njec-njec- njec,” or “wrec-j’wreck.”

53.3 [BLUE-CHEEKED PARROT (or Amazon) (Papagaio-de-bochecha-azul) Amazona dufresniana] L 13.8 in./35 cm. Cheeks blue. Lores and wing speculum

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yellow-orange. ♣ Humid forest up to 1700 m. Call: salvos of “wrecwrec---” or very high “fwic-fwic - -” notes (each “fwic” upslurred).]

53.4 RED-BROWED PARROT (or Amazon) (Chauá) Amazona rhodocorytha L 13.8 in./ 35 cm. Cheeks blue. Lores and wing speculum yellow-orange. ♣ Humid forest up to 1700 m. Call: very high, hurried, nasal series of “tjuw” notes. En, R.

53.5 RED-TAILED PARROT (or Amazon) (Papagaiode-cara-roxa) Amazona brasiliensis L 13.8 in./35 cm. Note red fore-crown, bluish ear coverts, purple throat, and lack of wing speculum. More red in tail than 53.4 (best visible when tail is spread or when viewing from below). ♣ Coastal forest, mangrove. Mainly below 300 m. Call: very high, rather sharp, chattered “tièh-tjeh-tjeh-tjeh - -” and low grunts. En, R. 392

53.6 FESTIVE PARROT (or Amazon) (Papagaio-davárzea) Amazona festiva L 13.8 in./ 35 cm. Note narrow maroon frontal band, blue postocular patch, and lack of red in wings. Red rump diagnostic, but difficult to see when perched and reduced in Imm. Cf. 53.2 and 54.8. ♣ Forest and woodland at/ near water (rivers, flooded areas). Call: e.g., mid-high “rèh-rèh-rèh- -” (as barking of small dog), often changing to falsetto. Also, in flight, “wrah-wrah-wrah- -.”

53.7 YELLOW-FACED (Amazon or) PARROT (Papagaio-galego) Alipiopsitta (or Amazona) xanthops L 9.8 in./25 cm. Extent of yellow in head, underparts, and wings very variable (sometimes almost lacking). Note small size, bone-yellow bill (culmen usually dark), orange flanks (often only visible in flight), and lack of wing-speculum. ♣ Cerrado, caatinga, riverine belts. Call: very high, slightly mewed, sharp “pjee-peer-e’pjeer.” R.

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53.8 BLUE- (or Turquoise-) FRONTED PARROT (or Amazon) (Papagaio-verdadeiro) Amazona aestiva L 13.8 in./ 35 cm. Head pattern variable (two variants, a and b, shown), but with some yellow to ocular region and some blue to forecrown. Shoulder is yellow or red (often difficult to see when perched). Wing speculum red. ♣ Woodland, savannalike habitats, gallery forest, caatinga. Locally in wooded urban areas. Call: rather low “uw-uww- -,” higher “euw-euw-euw- -,” or “reuh-reuh- -.”

53.9 YELLOW-CROWNED PARROT (or Amazon) (Papagaio-campeiro) Amazona ochrocephala L 13.8 in./35 cm. Three sspp.: xantholaema (a, Ilha do Marajó; with extensive yellow to head) and widespread Nom/nattereri (b; with variable amount of yellow to crown); a is distinctive in its range, b differs from 52.9 by size, narrower white eye ring, red to the shoulder (often hard to see), and usually more yellow to crown. Also cf. 53.8. ♣ Canopy and borders of

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humid forest, wooded areas (even in towns), mangrove. Call: low, high, or very high, slow, often drawn-out “urr-urr-wurr” or “ur-re-wur.”

53.10 DUSKY PARROT (Maitaca-roxa) Pionus fuscus L 9.8 in./25 cm. Characterized by dark plumage with distinctive facial pattern and red vent. ♣ Humid forest, mainly terra firme. Call: high, shrieking, pushed-out “ERK” or “we-ERK.” In flight, “wu-erk -wu-erk- -.”

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Plate 54

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54.1 WHITE-BELLIED PARROT (Marianinha-de-cabeça-amarela) Pionites leucogaster L 9.8 in./25 cm. C ssp. xanthurus (a) and green-thighed E Nom. (b) shown; W xanthomeria (not shown) with green tail and yellow thighs. Note pale bill and lack of black (Imm. with black-tinged crown). ♣ Canopy and edge of humid forest. Locally in drier forest. Call: varied series of very high, loud shrieks, like “tweet-tweet-sreet,” “vrrruh,” or piped “pur-prur” or “weert-weert-pirr.”

54.2 BLACK-HEADED PARROT (Marianinha-decabeça-preta) Pionites melanocephalus L 9.8 in./25 cm. Virtually unmistakable. No overlap with 54.1. ♣ Canopy and edge of várzea and terra firme. Song: varied, mostly very high, repeated, shrill, squeaky, nasal (or even melodious) shrieks, most of these single, some repeated.

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54.3 RED-CAPPED (or Pileated) PARROT (Cuiú-cuiú) Pionopsitta pileata L 7.9 in./20 cm. Rather small and short-tailed, but larger and longer-tailed than Touit parrotlets. Faint brownish ear patch of

lacking in Imm. ♣ Humid

forest, incl. Araucaria and forest remnants. Up to 1500 m. Call: very high, piercing shrieks, like “tjeéreweét.” In flight, high “tjer-tjer’tjer- -.”

54.4 ORANGE-CHEEKED PARROT (Curica-de-bochecha-laranja) Pyrilia barrabandi L 9.8 in./25 cm. Nom. (a, N of Ri. Amazon, with yellow cheek and trousers) shown and ssp. aurantiigena (b, S of Ri. Amazon, with more orange in plumage). Both sspp. with red underwing coverts. ♣ Terra firme, less in várzea, also in woodland.

54.5 CAICA PARROT (Curica-caica) Pyrilia caica L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. Unmistakable by complete absence of red in plumage and by black head, bordered by golden, scalloped collar. ♣

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Mainly terra firme. Call: e.g., loud, nasal “scet scet scet-wetwet,” “pureét” or very high, sharp “wit.”

54.6 VULTURINE PARROT (Curica-urubu) Pyrilia vulturina L 9.8 in./25 cm. Unmistakable by color pattern of head. Juv. with feathered green head ♣ Várzea and terra firme. Call: calm, rather quiet, nasal or falsetto “u-weeét tjuw,” “seep,” and other sounds at any pitch, some of these gliding up or down. In flight, noisy “uh-ro-weét,” for example. En.

54.7 BALD (or Orange-headed) PARROT (Papagaio-de-cabeça-laranja) Pyrilia aurantiocephala L 9.8 in./25 cm. Unmistakable by bald, orange head. Juv. with feathered green head. ♣ Várzea and terra firme. En.

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54.8 SHORT-TAILED PARROT (Curica-verde) Gray-didascalus brachyurus L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. Note very short tail and large head. Lores dark and shoulder reddish-brown (often difficult to see). ♣ Tree stands near rivers/lakes (esp. river islands), várzea; locally also plantations and mangroves. Call: might be loud, rasping, rapid “ki-krikris-kree- -.”

54.9 BLUE-HEADED PARROT (Maitaca-de-cabeça-azul) Pionus menstruus L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. NE Nom. (a, with bicolored bill and green breast) shown and E. ssp. reichenowi (b, with pale bill and bluish breast, merging in green lower belly). Both unmistakable by blue head and red vent. ♣ Humid forest and woodland. Locally in plantations and drier woodland (incl. cerrado). Up to 1500 m. Call: e.g., rising “prrr-tjer-ti-TJEET.” In flight, “tjeet tjeet treet” or very high, sharp, loud “tjerre-tjer tjer-tjerre - -.”

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54.10 SCALY-HEADED PARROT (Maitaca-verde) Pionus maximiliani L 9.8 in./25 cm. Three sspp.: SE melanoblepharus (a, with dark cap) and NE Nom. (b, with white eyering and paler cap). SW siy (not shown) resembles a, but eyering white. Note bluish chest and red vent. ♣ Mainly dry to semihumid woodland and forest; also more humid forest in SE (incl. Araucaria). Up to 1600 m. cacophony of very high, shrill “teer-teer-teer- -.”

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Call:

Plate 55

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55.1 GREATER ANI (Anu-coroca) Crotophaga major L 17.7 in./45 cm. Larger, longer-billed, and glossier than 55.2. Eyes pale, but be aware of dark-eyed Imm. As 55.2 and 55.3, usually in groups. ♣ At wet forest edge and clearings, riverine belts, mangrove, tree stands, and thickets at marsh. Call: low, hollow “OH” or “tjork”; song: high, rapid, descending, gobbling “crocro-júww” in chorus, supported by growls, rattles, and hisses from other group members.

55.2 SMOOTH-BILLED ANI (Anu-preto) Crotophaga ani L 13.8 in./35 cm. Eyes dark. Bill stubbier than 55.1 and with less glossy plumage. ♣ Virtually any semiopen habitat with trees or thickets, incl. small-scale cultivation, woodland, mangrove, forest edge. Call: “jueeéh,” steeply ascending; song: varied; e.g., high, resounding, slow series of about 20 “ou” notes, each note emphasized, second half of series gradually descending, or slow series of very high, fluted trill (police whistle), mewing “tueét” and low “tsec” notes.

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55.3 GUIRA CUCKOO (Anu-branco) Guira guira L 13.8 in./ 35 cm. Note crest, orange-yellow bill, and white rump. Often in groups (unlike 55.4–55.6). ♣ Landscapes with tree stands, hedges, scrub, woodland, clearings in forests, ranchland. Call/song: slow series of 5–7 slightly piped double notes (“gee-rah”), calmly descending and changing into an indignant-sounding growl; also a long, very high, rather sharp, chattering rattle “bibibi---,” that rises or lowers slightly in pitch.

55.4 PAVONINE CUCKOO (Peixe-frito-pavonino) Dromococcyx pavoninus L 11.8 in./30 cm. Peculiar tail usually fanned as in 55.5, but note rufous-buff eyebrow and unmarked rufous throat and chest. Very secretive. ♣ Highand lowland forest with thick undergrowth. Song: high series of 5 clear, beautiful, fluted notes “wu-wee-pe’wiwi” (almost level, “wu” and “pe” slightly lower).

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55.5 PHEASANT CUCKOO (Peixe-frito-verdadeiro) Dromococcyx phasianellus L 13.8 in./35 cm. From 55.4 by buff-white eyebrow and speckled chest. Very secretive. ♣ Undergrowth of forest and dense woodland. slightly rising, melancholy “wu wi trrrih.”

Song: 3-noted,

55.6 STRIPED CUCKOO (Saci) Tapera naevia L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. Note narrow malar stripe and bold dark streaking on back and crest. ♣ Landscapes with tree stands, hedges, scrub, woodland, pastures, ranchland. fluted “wu wi” (2nd note higher).

Call/song: high, clear,

NOTE:

Ground-Cuckoos: Large, terrestrial cuckoos. Rare and inconspicuous. Sometimes at ant swarms, where bill-snaps are often loud. Limited area of overlap between species.

55.7 RUFOUS-VENTED GROUND-CUCKOO (Jacuestalo) Neomorphus geoffroyi L 19.7 in./ 50 cm. Note gray brown

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head and neck, distinctive black band across breast, and rufous vent. Nom. shown (S Amazon). Not shown, E ssp. maximiliani (as Nom., but tail purplish), SE dulcis (dark bluish wings and tail) and australis (may occur in far SW; resembles Nom.). ♣ Undisturbed humid forest. mid-high “wóuw.” Also castanetlike bill clapping.

Song:

55.8 SCALED GROUND-CUCKOO (Jacu-estaloescamoso) Neomorphus squamiger L 19.7 in./50 cm. From 55.7 by indistinct breast band. ♣ Undisturbed humid forest. En, R.

55.9 RUFOUS-WINGED GROUND-CUCKOO (Jacuestalo-de-asa-vermelha) Neomorphus rufipennis L 19.7 in./50 cm. Unmistakable by rufous wings and bluish-black head, chest and mantle. ♣ Undisturbed humid forest. Song: rather low, not loud, yet far carrying, lonely “wóuh” given at 5-sec intervals; also loud bill snapping.

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55.10 RED-BILLED GROUND-CUCKOO (Jacu-estalo-de-bico-vermelho) Neomorphus pucheranii L 19.7 in./50 cm. Note mainly red bill and black cap. ♣ Undisturbed humid forest.

Anis / Cuckoos / Ground-Cuckoos

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Plate 56 56.1 MANGROVE CUCKOO (Papa-lagarta-do-mangue) Coccyzus minor L 13.8 in./35 cm. From smaller 56.7 by heavier, bicolored bill. Note restricted range. ♣ Coastal habitats, esp. in mangrove, but also in dry scrub. Song: might be very low, rapid, didgeridoolike “è-è-è-è-è-o-o.”

56.2 YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO (Papa-lagarta-de-asa-vermelha) Coccyzus americanus L 11.8 in./30 cm. Extensive rufous in wing diagnostic. Note gray or yellow eyering, large white tips to tail, and black and yellow bill. ♣ Various shrubby and wooded habitats. South America.

Silent in

56.3 [DWARF CUCKOO (Papa-lagarta-de-papo-ferrugem) Coccycua pumila] L 7.9 in./ 20 cm. Small and relatively short tailed. Note contrasting rufous throat. ♣ Edge and clearings of

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forest, second growth, woodland, pastures with trees. ♣ Call: grating “trrr trrr trrr.”

56.4 ASH-COLORED CUCKOO (Papa-lagarta-cinzento) Microcoocyx cinereus L 9.8 in./25 cm. Note black bill, red eye ring, and squarish tail with grayish underside and narrow white spots at tip (be aware of new, still growing feathers). ♣ Woodland and scrubland, deciduous forest, riverine belts. Song: slightly descending series of up to 20 plaintive “cow” notes.

56.5 BLACK-BILLED CUCKOO (Papa-lagarta-de-bico-preto) Coccyzus erythropthalmus L 11.8 in./30 cm. Bill black, usually with gray base to lower mandible. Eyering red. Little or no rufous in wing. Graduated tail with grayish underside and narrow white tips. Imm. with yellow eye ring and browner throat. ♣ Varied habitats from

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forest to scrubland up to 2000 m. V.

Quiet in South America.

56.6 PEARLY-BREASTED CUCKOO (Papa-lagarta-de-euler) Coccyzus euleri L 11.8 in./ 30 cm. Resembles slightly larger 56.2, but no rufous in wing. ♣ Varied habitats from forest to scrubland up to 2000 m. Song: sustained, level series of downslurred, evenly spaced “úwl” notes.

56.7 DARK-BILLED CUCKOO (Papa-lagarta-acanelado) Coccyzus melacoryphus L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. Note deep buff underparts, black mask, gray neck sides, and black bill. Cf. 56.1. ♣ Varied; from deciduous forest, edge of humid forest and woodland to mangrove, ranchland and shrubbery. Song: low, rather weak, slightly hurried, and descending series of hollow “orl” or “cowl” notes.

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56.8 LITTLE CUCKOO (Chinco -pequeno) Coccycua (or Piaya) minuta L 9.8 in./25 cm. From larger 56.10 by shorter tail and darker, less contrasting, underparts. ♣ Edge of humid forest, woodland, shrubby growth. Mainly near water. Call: high, dry “wic”; song: mid-high, dry, almost rattle or “uuuh we-we-we-wih” (1st part drawn out and rising, 2nd part “we-we-we” a slightly rising almost-rattle, “wih” trailing off).

56.9 BLACK-BELLIED CUCKOO (Chinco -de-bicovermelho) Piaya melanogaster L 15.7 in./40 cm. Note gray cap and red bill. ♣ Humid forest. Occasionally in wooded savanna. ♣ Canopy of lowland forest, woodland, shrubby growth. Dry, cackling “wih tit-trrWIT.” Also might be a high, piped “puweéT-puw.”

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56.10 SQUIRREL CUCKOO (Alma-de-gato) Piaya cayana L 17.7 in./45 cm. Large and long tailed with pale gray chest and dull greenish yellow bill. ♣ Wide variety of wooded habitats from forest and woodland to areas with scattered trees (even in gardens and mangrove). Call: 2 well-separated “weét wèè” notes, 1st note very high, short, and strident, 2nd much lower and drawn out; song: slow series of up to 20 very high, short, fluted “weep” notes, slowly rising at start and lowering at end (15 sec).

Cuckoos

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Plate 57

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57.1 TROPICAL SCREECH-OWL (Corujinha-do-mato) Megascops (or Otus) choliba L 7.9 in./ 20 cm. Widespread. Gray (a) and rufous form (b) shown; a brown form and intermediates also occur. Nonreflective eyes yellow. Ear tufts smaller than in 57.2 and 57.6, but these can be lowered in all screech-owls. ♣ Wide variety of wooded habitats from savanna and city parks to forest. Prefers more open habitats than most other screech-owls. Up to 2500 m. Song: short, level or slightly ascending almost-trill, followed by 1–3 slower, higher “drrrrrrwc-wec” notes.

57.2 BLACK-CAPPED (or Variable) SCREECH-OWL (Corujinha-sapo) Megascops (or Otus) atricapilla L 9.8 in./25 cm. Gray (a) and rufous forms (b, most common) shown; a brown form also occurs. Nonreflective eyes dark brown or yellow. Crown more uniform dark than in 57.1 and 57.6. From 57.6 by range and by voice. ♣ In or near humid forest. Mainly below 600 m. Song: long, low, slow, level trill, gradually gaining in strength (up to 18 sec). Note: population found in higher elevation Atlantic forest in eastern Pernambuco and Alagoas may be an undescribed species. NOTE:

The SACC maintains the combination of the following two species (57.3 and 57.4) in one species, Tawny-bellied Screech-Owl Megascops (or Otus) watsonii.

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57.3 SOUTHERN TAWNY-BELLIED SCREECH-OWL (Corujinha-relógio) Megascops (or Otus) usta L 7.9 in./20 cm. Black facial rim less contrasting than in 57.1 and nonreflective eyes brownish to amber. From 57.4 by darker crown, heavier streaks to breast, and esp. by song. ♣ In or near humid forest up to 500 m. Song: long, slow, slightly rising series of mid-high “oo” notes, gaining in strength, at the end slightly lower (“ou” 3 ×/sec, total 16 sec).

57.4 NORTHERN TAWNY-BELLIED SCREECH-OWL (Corujinha-orelhuda) Megascops (or Otus) watsonii L 7.9 in./ 20 cm. Very similar to 57.3. Locally some overlap in ranges. ♣ Lower story of humid forest interior; also, but less so, at edge. Song: as 57.3, but much faster and not lowered at the end but somewhat undulating.

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57.5 VERMICULATED (or Roraima) SCREECH-OWL (Corujinha-de-roraima) Megascops (or Otus) guatemalae (or roraimae) L 7.9 in./20 cm. Brown form shown; also occurs in a rufous form. Very similar to 57.1, but with less distinct dark facial rim and vertical black lines in underpart pattern fewer and less distinct. No overlap with 57.2 and 57.6. ♣ Humid forest. Mainly at 500–1800 m. Song: short to long, high, fast, slightly lowered trill, like “rrrr---uw.”

57.6 LONG-TUFTED SCREECH-OWL (Corujinha-dosul) Megascops (or Otus) sanctae-catarinae L 9.8 in./25 cm. Brown form shown; also occurs in a rufous form. Nonreflective eyes yellow; occasionally brown. Larger than 57.1. ♣ Wooded areas (incl. Araucaria), forest edge. Generally avoids interior of dense forest. Mainly below 1000 m. Song: varied; e.g., a long series, which rises rather steeply before it is lowered at the end and stops suddenly,

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“rrrr---ruh!” (20 sec), or a very low, barking series of 3–5 sec, which gradually is lowered in pitch. NOTE:

Pygmy-owls show a “pseudo-face” on back of head, except in Imms. (and possibly Ad. 57.9). Active day or night. Small birds often respond aggressively to their calls.

57.7 AMAZONIAN (or Hardy’s) PYGMY-OWL (Caburé-da-amazônia) Glaucidium hardyi L 5.5 in./14 cm. Grayish head contrasts with browner back and chest markings. Note 3–4 visible white bars in tail (incl. tip) and spotted crown (sometimes plain). Cf. 57.10. ♣ Upperstory of humid forest. sec).

Song: high, lowered, shivering almost-trill (3

57.8 LEAST PYGMY-OWL (Caburé-miudinho) Glaucidium minutissimum L 5.5 in./ 14 cm. Resembles 57.7 (no overlap), but head slightly browner. Cf. 57.10. ♣ Canopy and edge of

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humid forest. Locally also in nearby brushy areas. mid-high, piped “tooh tooh.”

Song:

57.9 PERNAMBUCO PYGMY-OWL (Caburé-de-pernambuco) Glaucidium mooreorum L 5.5 in./14 cm. From 57.8 mainly by range and voice. ♣ Canopy and edge of humid forest. En, R.

57.10 FERRUGINOUS PYGMY-OWL (Caburé) Glaucidium brasilianum L 6.7 in./17 cm. Widespread. From 57.7–57.9 by streaked (not spotted) crown (occasionally plain) and longer tail with at least 5 (rarely 4) visible white tail-bars (incl. tip) in gray form (a) or no white in tail in rufous form (b). ♣ Cerrado, savanna, scrub, second growth, parks, woodland and forest (avoids interior of terra firme). Prefers deciduous to semihumid regions. Song: mid-high, hurried series of about 7–12 “hoot-hoot- -” notes.

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Screech-Owls / Pygmy-Owls

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Plate 58 58.1 BURROWING OWL (Coruja-buraqueira) Athene cunicularia L 7.9 in./20 cm. Long-legged terrestrial owl with barring below and spotting above. Juv. all white below. ♣ Dry open areas, savanna, ranchland, pastures, grassy areas (even in towns or airports). Rather social. Song: very high, rapid series of about 15–20 sharp “tjíp” notes, preceded by inhaled or sharp “tjuuch.”

58.2 BUFF-FRONTED OWL (Caburé-acanelado) Aegolius harrisii L 7.9 in./20 cm. Unmistakable small owl with rich buff underparts, cheeks, and forecrown. ♣ Humid forest and woodland. Locally also in wooded caatinga and cerrado. Song: low, often crescendoing, rolling “rrrrrrrur” (5–6 sec).

58.3 STRIPED OWL (Coruja-orelhuda) Rhinoptynx (or Pseudoscops) clamator L 13.8 in./ 35 cm. S ssp. midas

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shown; N and C Nom. has more tawny underparts. Note buffy-white face boldly bordered by black rim, streaked underparts, and long ear tufts. ♣ Forest, second growth, riverine belts, woodland to cerrado, caatinga, agricultural areas, suburbs, and plantations. Song: very high, descending, single-noted, nasal “pieeeuw” (1 sec).

58.4 STYGIAN OWL (Mocho-diabo) Asio stygius L 15.7 in./ 40 cm. Long, close-set ear tufts. Upperparts and face very dark (forehead pale). ♣ Woodland, open areas with trees, forest (avoids interior of dense humid lowland forest). Song: low, dull, far-carrying “hóow” at 40-sec intervals.

58.5 SHORT-EARED OWL (Mocho-dos-banhados) Asio flammeus L 13.8 in./35 cm. Note streaked underparts, tiny ear tufts (often not visible), and yellow eyes. ♣ Grassland, marshes, farmland, savanna, open woodland. Roosts on the

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ground. Diurnal and nocturnal. ♣ All types of open country. Generally silent.

58.6 GREAT HORNED OWL (Jacurutu) Bubo virginianus L 21.5 in./55 cm. Largest owl in Brazil. Note barred underparts and distinct ear tufts. ♣ Open forest (incl. Caatinga), woodland, savanna, open areas with wooded patches. Song: very low, hollow “oohóo,” muffled as if swallowing something.

58.7 RUSTY-BARRED OWL (Coruja-listrada) Strix hylophila L 13.8 in./35 cm. Lack of ear tufts, dark eyes, and barring below diagnostic. ♣ Forest and second growth. Song: high, exhaled “èèèèèuh,” like a car stopping abruptly (1 sec). R.

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58.8 MOTTLED OWL (Coruja-do-mato) Strix (or Ciccaba) virgata L 13.8 in./35 cm. Overall color rather variable; Amazonian type shown. Note dark nonreflective eyes and lack of ear tufts. Belly typically streaked as shown, but may appear more barred in N. Birds from the Atlantic forest are bigger, and the ground color of the belly is light rufous to dark buff; they also lack the white tail bars visible in N birds. ♣ Wide range of forest types, woodland, savanna, plantations; sometimes even in city parks. Song: surprised-sounding, steeply ascending and descending “ouuúuw.”

58.9 BLACK-BANDED OWL (Coruja-preta) Strix (or Ciccaba) huhula L 13.8 in./35 cm. Unmistakable by overall black and white barring. ♣ Humid forest (incl. Araucaria). Occasionally in plantations. Song: varied; e.g., short series of “oo” notes in 2 well-separated parts, 1st part a 3-noted, rapidly ascending, laughing “oo-oo-oo,” 2nd part low

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“oouw”; or “oo-oo Oow” (last syllable higher); or ascending “oouw” at 1-sec intervals.

58.10 CRESTED OWL (Coruja-de-crista) Lophostrix cristata L 15.7 in./40 cm. Unmistakable by long, white eyebrows. ♣ Humid forest (mainly in interior). Locally in dense tall second growth.

Song: extr. low, short “rooh” at 4-sec intervals.

Owls

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Plate 59 427

59.1 SPECTACLED OWL (Murucututu) Pulsatrix perspicillata L 19.7 in./50 cm. SE ssp. pulsatrix, Short-browed Owl (a, with yellowish amber eyes and broken breast band; likely to be considered a full species), and widespread Nom. (b, with yellow eyes and paler underparts) shown. Juv. has a black face set in further all-white head; eyes as adult. Cf. 59.2. ♣ Forest, open areas with scattered trees, riverine belts, plantations. Song: very low, rapid series of about 5–6 “oo” notes. Also low, rapid “wuc-wuc-ducd-t.”

59.2 TAWNY-BROWED OWL (Murucututu-de-barrigaamarela) Pulsatrix koeniswaldiana L 17.7 in./45 cm. From larger 59.1 by bare, not feathered, toes, creamy buff (not white) facial markings, and dark eyes. Juv. differs from Juv. 59.1 by brown face and dark eyes. ♣ Humid forest, Araucaria forest, woodland. ♣ Song: often duets, with one bird giving very low “wuwuwuwu,” answered by the other by the same series, but an octave higher.

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59.3 BARN OWL (Coruja-da-igreja) Tyto alba L 13.8 in./ 35 cm. Unmistakable by white to rich buff underparts and heart-shaped face. ♣ Wide variety of open to semiopen habitats (even in towns). squeaky “shru-eeeh.”

Call in flight: very high, hoarse/

NOTE:

Potoos: Feed nocturnally on flying insects caught by sallying out from perch. Difficult to spot during daytime, but easily identified as Potoos by upright manner of perching on top of tree stumps, for example. 59.4 WHITE-WINGED POTOO (Urutau-de-asabranca) Nyctibius leucopterus L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. Smaller than 59.6–59.8. Large white patch on wing coverts diagnostic. ♣ Canopy of terra firme. Call: high, slightly upslurred, mellow “wueet”; song: long, down-gliding, fluted, melancholy-sounding “fuuuu---u” (5 sec).

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59.5 RUFOUS POTOO (Urutau-ferrugem) Nyctibius bracteatus L 9.8 in./25 cm. Generally unmistakable by overall deep rufous color, but cf. larger 59.9. ♣ Terra firme and swampy palm forest. Song: high, rapid, bouncing-down series of “wup-wuwuwu---wu” notes (2–3 sec).

59.6 LONG-TAILED POTOO (M e-da-lua-parda) Nyctibius aethereus L 19.7 in./50 cm. Rather rufescent. Slender. Very long tail (ca. half total length) diagnostic. ♣ Lowland forest, mainly humid. Song: strange series; raucous at start, upslurred, and slightly lowered at end, together sounding as “ràooúuul.”

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59.7 COMMON (or Gray) POTOO (M e-da-lua) Nyctibius griseus L 15.7 in./40 cm. L 13.8 in./ 35 cm. Overall color varies from grayish (shown; most common) to rufescent. ♣ Savanna, woodland, forest edge, second growth. Song: strange, calm, mournful series of 3–6 piped/fluted, descending, eerie-sounding notes; 1st one normally longest.

59.8 GREAT POTOO (M e-da-lua-gigante) Nyctibius grandis L 19.7 in./50 cm. Large and bulky. Typically pale gray; occasionally browner. Overall vermiculated/ barred (not streaked). Eyes dark, but reflect orange-red in torch light as in other potoos. ♣ Forest, riverine belts in more open areas (incl. cerrado), tall second growth. Esp. at rivers or lakes. very low, hoarse, spooky-sounding “wòòòòuw.”

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Song:

59.9 OILBIRD (Guácharo) Steatornis caripensis L 17.7 in./ 45 cm. Virtually unmistakable. ♣ In or near humid forest up to 2600 m. Roosts and nests colonially in caves, but can be seen up to 150 km from these roosts during nocturnal foraging. Feeds exclusively on fruits taken in flight. Clicks (sounding as static on radio) for echolocation in cave; low “krèèh-krèèh-krèèh- -” as contact call.

Owls / Barn Owl / Potoos / Oilbird

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Plate 60

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60.1 SICKLE-WINGED NIGHTJAR (Curiango-dobanhado) Eleothreptus anomalus L 7.5 in./19 cm. Overall pale grayish brown. From other small nightjars in range (Pl. 61) by short tail, lack of a large throat patch/crescent (only a buff chin), and essentially no nuchal collar.

with long, white-tipped

primaries; with very rounded wings and barring near primary-tips. ♣ Grassland, savanna, woodland, and gallery forest. Often near water. “trrrrr trr-trr trr” trills. R.

Song: series of dry, twittered

60.2 WHITE-WINGED NIGHTJAR (Bacurau-de-rabobranco) Eleothreptes (or Caprimulgus) candicans L 7.9 in./20 cm. Small. Pale grayish brown overall. with extensive white in tail, underparts, and wing (almost all white from below); with barring almost reaching primary-tips. Both sexes with dark ocular area contrasting with broad whitish moustache and eyebrow; no nuchal collar (cf. 61.10 and 62.1). ♣ Open cerrado and grassland. Short, soft wing purr; also vocal sounds like short, undulating whistle. R.

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60.3 SCISSOR-TAILED NIGHTJAR (Bacurau-tesoura) Hydropsalis torquata (or brasiliensis) L 11.8 in./30 cm. (+ up to 13.8 in./35 cm of tail extensions in ). Overall buffy gray with a three-pointed tail tip (may appear forked when perched). From 60.5 by tawny (buff in S) nuchal collar, lack of white wing bars, and longer tail in . Also cf. 60.4 and 61.4 ♣ Lowland forest, woodland, savanna, grassland, parks. Song: calm series of very/extr. high, piercing, doublets “FEé-tje - -” without intervals.

60.4 LONG-TRAINED NIGHTJAR (Bacurau-tesouragigante) Macropsalis forcipata (or creagra) L 11.8 in./30 cm. (+ up to 24 in./60 cm of tail extensions in ). From smaller 60.3 by darker upperparts and forked tail; also differs by longer tail. ♣ Humid forest. Locally in woodland and second growth; 500–1800 m (to SL in S part of range).

Song: soft, rapid “pi-pi-t’pru” (“pi-pi” very high

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and thin, “t’pru” descending much lower) repeated once, followed by some low mumbled “pr” notes.

60.5 LADDER-TAILED NIGHTJAR (Acurana) Hydropsalis climacocerca L 9.8 in./25 cm.

pale grayish with extensive

white on undertail, belly, and wing band; buffier (incl. belly and wing band) without white in tail. Little or no nuchal collar. Note three-pointed tail tip (may appear forked when perched). Cf. 60.3, 61.4, and 61.9. ♣ Humid forest, woodland, second growth. Usually near rivers or lakes. Call/song: series of well- but irregularly spaced, very/extr. high “tjip” notes.

NOTE:

Nighthawks: Wings pointed (except in 60.10) and extending to or beyond tail tip when perched. Tails squarish, notched in center. Hunt insects in sustained flight. Crepuscular (61.1–61.3 more nocturnal).

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60.6 LEAST NIGHTHAWK (Bacurauzinho) Chordeiles pusillus L 6.7 in./17 cm. Resembles larger 60.9, but darker overall, wing band closer to wing tip and with distinctive white or buff trailing edge of wings (cf. 61.1 and 61.2 without white throat and wing bands). ♣ Grassy areas with trees and scrub, cerrado, caatinga. Roosts on ground or rarely lengthwise on branch. Song: rattling series of about 5–6 × “pu” or “djuk,” followed by suddenly upslurred “puwEE,” together as “pupupupupuwEE.”

60.7 SAND-COLORED NIGHTHAWK (Bacurau-da-praia) Chordeiles rupestris L 7.9 in./20 cm. Pale buff-gray with white throat and underparts (incl. most of underside of wings and tail). ♣ Near sandbars along rivers or oxbow lakes; less so on rocky river islands and marshy areas. Roosts on ground or low branches. Social. -.”

Song: raucous “tr-TRAAA TRAAA -

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60.8 LESSER NIGHTHAWK (Bacurau-de-asa-fina) Chordeiles acutipennis L 7.9 in./20 cm. Very similar to 60.9, but wing band closer to wing tip (and buff in ), barring on underwing extends to inner primaries and wings project almost to tail tip when perched. Also cf. 60.6. ♣ Wide variety of open to semiopen habitats, incl. grassland, farmland, savanna, shrubby areas, open woodland, towns. Rarer in marsh, mangrove, forest edge. Roosts on ground or lengthwise along branches. Sometimes in small groups. Song: level, toadlike trill, slightly increasing in strength (4–6 sec).

60.9 COMMON NIGHTHAWK (Bacurau-norteamericano) Chordeiles minor L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. Overall brownish gray with white subterminal band in undertail (lacking in ). White wing band intersects leading edge of wing about halfway between wing tip and wing bend (“wrist”). Wings often project beyond tail when perched. Cf. 60.6 and 60.8. ♣ Habitat and roosting behavior as 60.8, but usually flies higher and is commoner in humid habitats. America.

438

Silent in South

60.10 NACUNDA NIGHTHAWK (Coruc o) Podager nacunda L 11.8 in./30 cm. Contrasting white below, sharply demarcated from brown chest. Rounded wings with dark primaries and white band. ♣ Grassland, marshes, savanna. Locally also at forest edge, seashore, towns. Roosts on the ground. Often in groups. Call: soft “Wee?”; song: very low “roo-coo,” sometimes followed by much lower “do.”

Nightjars / Nighthawks

439

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Plate 61 61.1 BAHIAN (or Plain-tailed or Caatinga) NIGHTHAWK (Bacurau-do-s o-francisco) Nyctiprogne (or Chordeiles) vieillardi L 7 in./18 cm. Note small range. Overall rather dark chestnut (no white/buff in tail, on throat, or wing bar; cf. 60.6 and 60.8). ♣ Riverine woodland and brush. Roosts crosswise on low branches. Social.

Call: soft “weet-weet.” En, R.

61.2 BAND-TAILED NIGHTHAWK (Bacurau-de-caudabarrada) Nyctiprogne leucopyga L 7 in./ 18 cm. Dark brownish overall. No wing bands. Note white tail band (visible from below). No throat-patch, but often with a small spot on either side of lower throat. ♣ Forest, woodland, or areas with dense brush. Always near water. Perches crosswise on branches. Social. Song: mid-high, soft, mellow “tjow” or slightly guttural “wuc-wói wuc wuc.”

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61.3 SHORT-TAILED (or Semi-collared) NIGHTHAWK (Tuju) Lurocalis semitorquatus L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. Dark overall (no wing band or white in tail). Long wings extend well beyond very short tail when perched. ♣ Wide variety of habitats with trees; from forest to woodland and wooded savanna. Roosts lengthwise on canopy branches. varies per region; e.g., piped, lifted “tu-wút” or “tuit.”

Song:

61.4 COMMON PAURAQUE (Bacurau) Nyctidromus albicollis L 11.8 in./30 cm. Large, long-tailed nightjar with gray-brown (a) and rufous (b) forms. on outer rectrices (only near tip in

with extensive white ). Wing band white ( )

or whitish buff ( ). Note uniform chestnut cheeks and buff-edged black spots on scapulars. White crescent on lower throat often reduced. ♣ Virtually any habitat, but prefers wooded areas. Song: high “weé-ur,” sometimes as “weé-ur-wo” (“wo” low and weak).

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61.5 OCELLATED POORWILL (Bacurau-ocelado) Nyctiphrynus ocellatus L 7.9 in./20 cm. A rather uniform sooty brown ( ) or rufous ( ) nightjar with black spots on scapulars and white spots on belly. Outer rectrices broadly tipped white (mainly visible from below). ♣ Forest, mainly humid.

Song: clear, sweet, trilled “prrrír-uh” (“uh” lower).

NOTE:

Nightjars (incl. 60.1–60.5, 61.4, 61.5, and 61.6–61.10): Tails squarish or rounded (except in 60.3–60.5) and wings less pointed than in most nighthawks. Depending on species, tail extends well beyond or slightly past wing tips when perched. Roosts on or near the ground (e.g., on low branches or rocks), occasionally on roofs. Hunts insects by sallying out from ground or branch (60.1, 60.2, 61.9, and 61.10 will also hunt in low, sustained flight). More strictly nocturnal than nighthawks. 61.6 RUFOUS NIGHTJAR (Jo o-corta-pau) Caprimulgus rufus L 11.8 in./30 cm. Large and generally rufous-brown. Narrow whitish band on lower throat. with large white spots on inner webs of outer 3 rectrices (difficult to see when perched; buff from below). Both sexes with rufous tail corners. Faint buff nuchal collar. No wing bands, but barring to near primary tips. Cf. 61.7 and 61.4b. ♣ Wide variety of habitats, incl. forest, riverine belts, woodland, cerrado, second 443

growth, large gardens. Roosts on ground or low perch. Song: clear, rapid “tjuw-wutwut-wiúr.”

61.7 SILKY-TAILED NIGHTJAR (Bacurau-rabo-de-seda) Caprimulgus sericocaudatus L 9.8 in./25 cm. Resembles 61.6 (incl. wing pattern), but more blackish brown overall, chest blacker, and with white tail corner (both webs). ♣ Forest and densely wooded areas (mainly, but not exclusively, humid). Song: “tju-wú”wuír” (2nd half of 2nd part gliding up and forcefully exhaled).

61.8 BAND-WINGED NIGHTJAR (Bacurau-da-telha) Caprimulgus longirostris L 7.9 in./ 20 cm. Overall rather dark brownish gray. Nuchal collar rufous. Wing bands and crescent on throat white/ buff ( / ). has broad white tail corners (distinct when tail is spread or from below). ♣ Grassland, rocky and shrubby areas, woodland, forest edge,

444

cities. Mainly above 1000 m, but to SL in SE. Song: very/ extr. high, sharp “seeeuh-si” (1st part gliding down).

61.9 WHITE-TAILED NIGHTJAR (Bacurau-de-caudabranca) Caprimulgus cayennensis L 7.9 in./20 cm. overall pale gray-buff with white belly, throat, wing band, and in tail (tail almost all white from below). Darker and buffier lacks white in tail, has cinnamon wing band and buff throat usually speckled black. Both sexes with cinnamon nuchal collar and rather pointed corners to the squarish tail. ♣ Grassland, shrub, savanna, forest edge, pastures. Up to 1500 m. down-gliding “sjeeeuh.”

Song: very/extr. high,

61.10 SPOT-TAILED NIGHTJAR (Bacurau-de-rabomaculado) Caprimulgus maculicaudus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Small. Dark crown and face contrast with buff

445

eyebrow, malar, and throat. Nuchal collar cinnamon. Prominent spots on wing coverts and scapulars whitish buff. with white tail -corners; undertail with broad white tips and spots on basal half (a). Cf. 61.9, 62.1, 60.1 , and 60.2 . ♣ Savanna and grassland with scattered trees and thickets, but also along woodland edges. Lowlands. Song: very high, rather sharp “p’teét,” repeated every 3–4 sec.

Nighthawks / Pauraque / Poorwill / Nightjars

446

447

Plate 62 62.1 LITTLE NIGHTJAR (Bacurau-chint ) Caprimulgus parvulus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Small and stubby. Overall brownish gray. Nuchal collar cinnamon and throat white/whitish buff ( / ). has white wing band and spots on inner webs of all, except central tail-feather tips (distinct from below). From 62.2 also by less contrasting facial pattern (esp. eyebrow) and chest more barred (less spotted). ♣ Open wooded country, forest edge, savanna, thickets in grassland, pastures. Lowlands. Song: warbling “turéÉÉt-wruwruwruwru” (1st part rapidly upslurred from low to very high, 2nd part as a warbling, level twitter). Note: The N ssp. heterurus might be a seperate species, SANTA MARTA NIGHTJAR, separable (from S Nom.) by its more level-pitched song: “tjib-djub-djebdjebdjeb” (“djub slightly lower).

62.2 BLACKISH NIGHTJAR (Bacurau-de-lajeado) Caprimulgus nigrescens L 7.9 in./ 20 cm. Small, with wings almost reaching tail tip when perched. Overall dark with a white crescent on lower throat (often reduced to small white spots on either side of the lower throat). No nuchal collar. with white tail corners (mainly visible from below) and small wing bar. ♣ Clearings and edge of humid forest, esp. near

448

rocky outcrops. Up to 1200 m. Song: sudden scream, repeated every 3–6 sec, like “tréeuw.”

62.3 RORAIMAN NIGHTJAR (Bacurau-dos-tepuis) Caprimulgus whitelyi L 7.9 in./ 20 cm. Very similar to 62.2 (note altitude), but with whitish spots on wing coverts and both sexes with white on inner web of outer tail feathers (less in ; in both sexes mainly visible from below). From larger 61.8 by lack of nuchal collar, wings almost reaching tail tip when perched, and white to tail in both sexes. ♣ Densely vegetated clearings and edges of montane forest (1200–1800 m). R.

62.4 PYGMY NIGHTJAR (Bacurauzinho-da-caatinga) Caprimulgus hirundinaceus L 7 in./ 18 cm. Very small. Both sexes with white wing bars. with white tips to outer two tail-feathers. From 62.1 by overall paler, sandy color (except in darker ssp. villiardi from Espírito Santo) and no large 449

white/buff-edged black scapular spots. ♣ Caatinga and openings in deciduous woodland. Ssp. villiardi in rocky areas. Song: very high, mellow, fluted “wíew” or “wíuw”; also low “wúw”; all in series with 3- to 4-sec intervals. En.

62.5 [WHITE-CHINNED SWIFT (Taperuçu-de-mentobranco) Cypseloides cryptus] L 5.9 in./15 cm. Large, with short, squarish tail. Rather uniform blackish (whitish chin often hard to see); roosts and nests behind waterfalls. ♣ Forest on or near the tepuis. Calls: very high, hoarse twittering. Might also give staccato clicks.

62.6 [WHITE-CHESTED SWIFT (Taperuçu-de-peito-branco] Cypseloides lemosi] L 5.5 in./ 14 cm. Unmistakable by white chest mark (reduced, occasionally even lacking, in and Juv.) and shallowly forked tail. ♣ Secondary forest and scrub.

450

62.7 SOOTY SWIFT (Taperuçu-preto) Cypseloides fumigatus L 5.9 in./15 cm. From larger 62.8 by darker, blackish brown color without whitish tinge to head. ♣ Roosts and breeds near waterfalls. Feeds in small groups over nearby habitats, mainly humid forest, second growth.

62.8 GREAT DUSKY SWIFT (Taperuçu-velho) Cypseloides senex L 7 in./18 cm. Large. Overall brown with whitish tinge to head (esp. forehead). Cf. 62.7. ♣ Roosts and breeds near waterfalls. Feeds over nearby habitats, mainly forest. More gregarious than 62.7.

451

62.9 TEPUI SWIFT (Taperuçu-dos-tepuis) Streptoprocne phelpsi L 6.7 in./17 cm. Unmistakable by mainly orange head. ♣ Humid forest and grassland. Up to 2500 m. Call: rather low “tjip-tjip-tjip” or very high, scratchy “twui-twui-.”

62.10 WHITE-COLLARED SWIFT (Taperuçu-de-coleira-branca) Streptoprocne zonaris L 7.9 in./ 20 cm. Very large with shallowly forked tail. White collar diagnostic, but incomplete and/or scaly in Juv. ♣ Roosts and breeds in caves or near waterfalls (often with 62.8). Flies over a wide range of habitats (e.g., forest, savanna, towns). Up to 2500 m.

Call: very high, sharp “seep-seep- -.”

62.11 BISCUTATE SWIFT (Taperuçu-de-coleira-falha) Streptoprocne biscutata L 7.9 in./20 cm. Very large with shallowly forked tail. White collar diagnostic, but incomplete and/or scaly in Juv. ♣ Roosts and breeds in caves or near

452

waterfalls (often with 62.8). Flies over a wide range of habitats (e.g., forest, savanna, towns). Up to 2500 m. Call: as 62.10, but may be less sharp, more sounding like “weep-weep- -.”

Nightjars / Swifts

453

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Plate 63 63.1 BAND-RUMPED SWIFT (Andorinh o-de-sobrebranco) Chaetura spinicaudus L 4.3 in./ 11 cm. Small. Narrow and clearly defined whitish rump band diagnostic. Pale throat contrasts with dark chest and belly. ♣ Forest (mainly humid) and adjacent clearings. Up to 1000 m. “sreeuw sreeuw -.”

Song: extr. high, soft

63.2 PALE-RUMPED SWIFT (Taperá-de-gargantabranca) Chaetura egregia L 5.1 in./13 cm. Resembles smaller 63.3, but rump and uppertail coverts whitish, and pale throat contrasts with sooty chest and belly. ♣ Humid lowland forest and adjacent clearings. “siw-siwsiw-tjee-tjee- -.”

Call:

extr.

high

63.3 GRAY-RUMPED SWIFT (Andorinh o-de-sobrecinzento) Chaetura cinereiventris L 4.3 in./11 cm. 455

Gray (paler in E) rump and uppertail coverts contrast sharply with glossy blackish back, head, and wings. Gray underparts with dark vent and undertail. Smaller, less bulky, and grayer rump patch contrasts more than in 63.4–63.6 and 63.8. ♣ Humid forest and nearby clearings. Up to 1500 m. Call: very high, sharp, staccato “chi chi chi-chi chi - -” or “vrriuw vrriuw.”

63.4 [CHIMNEY SWIFT (Andorinh o-migrante) Chaetura pelagica] L 5.1 in./13 cm. Resembles 63.8 (note “opposite” season in area of possible overlap), but rump barely contrasts with back. ♣ Forest, second growth. Call: extr. high sharp “sreee” and “tji” notes (single or as trills).

63.5 CHAPMAN’S SWIFT (Andorinh o-de-chapman) Chaetura chapmani L 5.5 in./14 cm. L 5.1 in./13 cm. Rump and long uppertail coverts brownish gray; contrasting somewhat with glossy black upperparts. Lacks contrasting 456

pale throat of 63.4 and 63.8. From 63.6 only by range. ♣ Humid lowland forest and nearby surroundings. Call: rapid series of extr. high, piercing, almost chattering “tji” notes.

63.6 AMAZONIAN SWIFT Chaetura viridipennis (Andorinh o-da-amazônia) L 5.5 in./14 cm. Often considered a ssp. of similar 63.5. ♣ Humid lowland forest and nearby (incl. towns).

63.7 SHORT-TAILED SWIFT (Andorinh o-de-rabocurto) Chaetura brachyura L 3.9 in./ 10 cm. Pale vent, rump, and upper-tail coverts almost cover very short tail. Note bulging mid-wing, lack of pale throat, and floppy-winged flight. ♣ Forest (esp. in clearings and along rivers), woodland, towns, mangrove. Mainly in humid regions. Lowlands. mixture of very high twittering and rolls.

457

Call/song:

63.8 SICK’S (or Ashy-tailed or Ashy-throated) SWIFT (Andorinh o-do-temporal) Chaetura meridionalis L 5.5 in./ 14 cm. Rump and long uppertail coverts brownish gray; contrasts somewhat with sooty blackish brown back and head. Pale throat usually contrasts with dark brownish underparts. Cf. 63.3–63.6. ♣ Forest, savanna, second growth, towns. Virtually any habitat during migration. high twittering “tjit-tjit-tjuw-tjittjit- -.”

Calls: very/extr.

63.9 WHITE-TIPPED SWIFT (Andorinh o-serrano) Aeronautes montivagus L 5.1 in./ 13 cm. From 63.11 by white tail tips (lacking in ), shorter, shallowly forked tail (often appears square) and lack of white neck collar. ♣ Over forest, second growth, open slopes between 600 and 2000 m. Call/ song: sustained extr. high, undulating (in pitch and strength), fast rattling.

458

63.10 FORK-TAILED PALM-SWIFT (Andorinhão-do-buriti) Tachornis squamata L 5.1 in./ 13 cm. Unmistakable by long, deeply forked tail (often held together in a point) and extensive white to underparts. ♣ Various open to semiopen habitats (even towns) near palms. Up to 1000 m. Call: irregular series of extr. high, piercing, joined “zeeee” notes.

63.11 LESSER SWALLOW-TAILED SWIFT (Andorinh o-estofador) Panyptila cayennensis L 5.1 in./13 cm. Unmistakable by long, deeply forked tail (often held together in a point) and white neck collar. ♣ Mainly forest. Locally also woodland, cultivated areas, towns. Mainly in humid regions. Up to 1000 m. not heard.

Normally flies so high that voice is

459

Swifts

460

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Plate 64 64.1 EASTERN LONG-TAILED HERMIT (Rabo-branco-de-bigodes) Phaethornis superciliosus L 5.5 in./14 cm. Large. Chest pale grayish tinged buff; remaining underparts dull buff. Both sexes with whitish buff gular stripe. Cf. 64.2. ♣ Forest, second growth, riverine belts, plantations. Mainly in humid regions (extends into nearby semideciduous areas locally). Up to 1200 m. Call: high “wueetwueet- -” (without intervals) in flight; staccato, strong “tzic-tzic- -” at lek.

64.2 GREAT-BILLED HERMIT (Besour o-de-bicogrande) Phaethornis malaris L 5.9 in./15 cm. (6.3 in./16 cm in NE). NE Nom. (shown) only ssp. to overlap with 64.1, but larger, underparts darker, chest grayer (not clearly tinged buff), and gular stripe faint/absent in . Sspp. not shown: NW insolitus (as Nom), SW ochraceiventris (ochre below), and C bolivianus (buff below; cf. 64.10). ♣ Humid lowland forest and second growth. Call/song: single- or double sounding, upslurred, very high, sharp “t’sjic-t’sjic-t’ sjic- -.”

462

64.3 MARGARETTA’S HERMIT (Rabo-branco-de-margarette) Phaethornis margarettae L 5.9 in./15 cm. Only large hermit in range without dark scaling on throat (see 64.4) or contrasting rump patch (see 64.10). No overlap with 64.1 or 64.2. ♣ Humid lowland forest and nearby second growth. En.

64.4 SCALE-THROATED HERMIT (Rabo-branco-de-garganta-rajada) Phaethornis eurynome L 5.5 in./14 cm. Only large hermit with distinctly pale-scaled dark throat. Cf. 64.8. ♣ Forest, tall second growth. Prefers humid regions. Up to 2250 m; in N part of range mainly in highlands. Call at lek: very high, sharp “tsju.” Song: varied; may be very high, thin “fee-fjee tuh”(“tuh” lower).

463

64.5 WHITE-BEARDED HERMIT (Rabo-brancocinza) Phaethornis hispidus L 5.1 in./ 13 cm. Underparts and scaling to rump grayish. Distinct white gular stripe and malar. ♣ Várzea, swamp forest, riverine growth, forest edge, overgrown plantations. Up to 1000 m. “tju-tju- -” without intervals.

Call/song: very high

64.6 STRAIGHT-BILLED HERMIT (Rabo-branco-de-bico-reto) Phaethornis bourcieri L 5.1 in./ 13 cm. Bill almost straight (other Phaethornis hermits, except 64.7, have curved bills). Grayish below. ♣ Mainly terra firme; occasionally in várzea, thickets, plantations. Up to 1500 m. Call/song: insectlike, extr. high “tzee-tzee” notes.

464

64.7 NEEDLE-BILLED HERMIT (Rabo-branco-amarelo) Phaethornis philippii L 4.7 in./ 12 cm. Bill almost straight as in 64.6, but underparts orange-tawny. ♣ Humid lowland forest, plantations.

64.8 DUSKY-THROATED HERMIT (Rabo-brancopequeno) Phaethornis squalidus L 4.3 in./11 cm. From larger 64.4 by browner (less gray) chest, and throat appears more uniform dark (less scaled). From smaller 64.9 by longer tail and buffier underparts. ♣ Humid forest and dense second growth up to 2250 m. Call/song: at lek, may be a rhythmic, rapid melody, like “wít weet whutwhutwhut wit weet, zjew zjew” (fluted “wit” very high, “weet” slightly lower, nasal “wut” mid-high, reverberating “zjew” very low). En.

465

64.9 STREAK-THROATED (or Rupurumi) HERMIT (Rabo-branco-do-rupurumi) Phaethornis rupurumii L 4.3 in./ 11 cm. Medium-small. Dingy grayish below (sometimes tinged buff), throat mottled black (sometimes hard to see). ♣ Humid to semideciduous woodland and forest (esp. borders), riverine growth. Song: e.g., “feefee-t’tjuh” notes (1st part extr. high, “tjuh” much lower).

64.10 PLANALTO HERMIT (Rabo-branco-acanelado) Phaethornis pretrei L 5.5 in./14 cm. Large. Cinnamon-buff below. Contrasting orange-rufous rump. Tail broadly tipped white. Cf. 65. 2. ♣ Wide variety of semiopen habitats, incl. woodland, forest edge, caatinga, riverine growth, wooded areas in savanna, second growth, gardens. Up to 2250 m. Song: irregular series of very high “tsee” and “tseree” notes, with few or no intervals.

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Hermits

467

Plate 65 468

65.1 BUFF-BELLIED HERMIT (Rabo-branco-de-barriga-fulva) Phaethornis subochraceus L 4.7 in./12 cm. Lacks uniform contrasting rump patch of 64.10, 65.2, and 65.3. Tail broadly tipped white, and 2nd pair of rectrices elongated (as in 64.10, but unlike 64.2). ♣ Dry to semi-deciduous forest, woodland, shrub. “tjuwtjék” in rapid series.

Song (at lek):

65.2 CINNAMON-THROATED HERMIT (Besour ode-sobre-amarelo) Phaethornis nattereri L 3.9 in./10 cm. Resembles larger 64.10, but outer rectrices tipped buff. ♣ Semideciduous forest, riverine growth, caatinga, cerrado, second growth. Lowlands. Song (at lek):, series with notes as extr. high “tweettweet,” “tsjeeh,” and low “weeh-oh-wee.”

NOTE:

65.2 plumage as shown is now considered to be a separate species, MARANHAO HERMIT (Rabo-branco-do-maranh o) Phaethornis maranhaoensis. 469

Resembles 65.2

as shown, but with darker, richer throat

color and shorter tail. Cf. paler-throated 65. 3 woodland, second growth. Lowlands. En.

. ♣ Forest,

65.3 REDDISH HERMIT (Rabo-branco-rubro) Phaethornis ruber L 3.5 in./9cm. Tiny. Rump and underparts orange-rufous; chin whitish to pale ochre.

with black chest

patch (faint/absent in ). Tail rather wedge shaped; outer rectrices tipped rufous, color of central pair vary. ♣ Forest (humid to semideciduous), woodland (incl. cerrado), second growth, wooded savanna. Up to 1200 m. Song: irregular series of “fee,” “fjee,” and “fiuw” notes, all at extr. high but varying pitch.

65.4 GRAY-CHINNED HERMIT (Rabo-branco-de-garganta-cinza) Phaethornis griseogularis L 3.5 in./9 cm. Note small range. Very similar to 65. 3

470

, but

chin gray and lacks coppery tinge to green upperparts. ♣ Humid forest at 800–1800 m. Call/song: calm but slightly irregular series of extr. high “feeuh” notes.

65.5 MINUTE HERMIT (Rabo-branco-mirim) Phaethornis idaliae L 3.1 in./8 cm. Tiny. White-tipped tail rather wedge-shaped (longer in

). Underparts grayish. Throat dark

brown in (cf. 64.8), orange-rufous in (cf. 65.3 ). ♣ Humid forest, wooded areas near the coast, old second growth. Lowlands. Call: in flight, very/extr. high, ascending “tuh-wéeh tuh-wéeh.” En.

65.6 BROAD-TIPPED HERMIT (Rabo-branco-de-cauda-larga) Anopetia gounellei L 4.3 in./11 cm. Pale brownish buff below. Rump often tinged buff. Tail broadly tipped white, and 2nd pair of rectrices as long as central pair. Cf. Phaethornis hermits (Pl. 64 and 65). ♣

471

Caatinga, shrubby areas, semideciduous forest. Song: slow series of repeated, very high, downslurred, chirping “twut” notes. En.

65.7 RUFOUS-BREASTED (or Hairy) HERMIT (Balança-rabo-de-bico-torto) Glaucis hirsutus L 4.3 in./11 cm. Rounded tail rufous with dark subterminal band and white tips. Underparts brownish rufous. Cf. localized 65.10 and 66.4. ♣ Wide variety of shrubby and wooded habitats, incl. forest (mainly at edge; avoids interior of primary terra firme), woodland, riverine belts, thickets, overgrown plantations, mangrove. Up to 1000 m. Call in flight: very high “seep”; song: e.g., rapid “seep-seep-seep.”

65.8 SOOTY BARBTHROAT (Balança-rabo-escuro) Threnetes niger L 4.3 in./11 cm. Two sspp. Nom. (a, N Amapá; with all-dark tail and faint or no rufous throat collar) and ssp. loehkeni (b, Bronze-tailed Barbthroat, S and C

472

Amapá, with pale tip to tail and distinct rufous throat collar). Cf. 65.9. ♣ Edge of lowland forest (mainly humid) and second growth.

Call: extr. high “tsuw.”

65.9 PALE-TAILED BARBTHROAT (Balança-rabo-de-garganta-preta) Threnetes leucurus L 4.3 in./11 cm. Note distinct throat collar. Three sspp. (all sometimes considered sspp. of 65.8): widespread Nom. (a, with white in tail), W cervicauda (b, with buff in tail), and intermediate medianus (not shown, from S Pará). From 65.8b by tail pattern. ♣ Edge of forest (mainly humid), second growth, brushy pastures, overgrown plantations. Up to 1000 m.

Song: extr. high, hurried hissing (just audible).

65.10 HOOK-BILLED HERMIT (Balança-rabo-canela) Glaucis dohrnii L 5.1 in./13 cm. Resembles 65.7, but with white-tipped bronzy green tail and straighter bill. ♣ Humid lowland forest. En, R.

473

Hermits / Barbthroats

474

Plate 66

475

66.1 SAW-BILLED HERMIT (Beija-flor-rajado) Ramphodon naevius L 5.9 in./15 cm. Size, tail pattern, and broad streaks to breast (narrow on belly) diagnostic. ♣ Understory of Atlantic forest. Song: very high, chattering twitter. Also a sustained, rapid series of very high “bic” notes or a descending series of 3 slow, well-separated “seee” notes. En, R.

66.2 BLUE-FRONTED LANCEBILL (Bico-de-lança) Doryfera johannae L 4.3 in./11 cm. Note long, very slightly upcurved bill and coppery tinge to nape. ♣ Humid forest at 900–1800 m, locally lower.

66.3 GRAY-BREASTED SABREWING (Asa-de-sabrecinza) Campylopterus largipennis L 5.5 in./14 cm. Large with gray

476

underparts and broad white corners to rounded tail. Cf. 67.3 , 69.8, 71.2, and 71.9 . ♣ Humid forest (avoids interior of terra firme), second growth, thickets, plantations. Mainly lowlands, but at 1000–1500 m. in SE. “tjew” irregularly at 1 ×/sec.

Call: high, strong

66.4 RUFOUS-BREASTED SABREWING (Asa-desabre-canela) Campylopterus hyperythrus L 4.7 in./12 cm. Note rufous underparts and outer rectrices (tail appears all rufous from below). ♣ Edge of humid forest, shrub; 1200–2600 m. -.”

Call: in flight, high, nasal “wit wirrit wit -

66.5 BUFF-BREASTED SABREWING (Asa-de-sabre-de-peito-camurça) Campylopterus duidae L 4.7 in./12 cm. Tail pattern and wing shape diagnostic. ♣ At streams in humid Atlantic forest. Call: very high, nasal, irritated-sounding “tir tirre-tirre-trit.” 477

66.6 BROWN VIOLET-EAR (Beija-flor-marrom) Colibri delphinae L 4.7 in./12 cm. Unmistakable by overall dull grayish brown color, cinnamon tinge to rump, and violet-blue ears. ♣ Forest, woodland, second growth, shrubby areas; 700–2000 m. Call: very/extr. high, strident “zeep” notes in irregular series; song: series of very high “seep” notes, slightly irregular in tempo and pitch.

66.7 SPARKLING VIOLET-EAR (Beija-flor-violeta) Colibri coruscans L 5.5 in./14 cm. Unmistakable in small range (no overlap with 66.8) by violet-blue ears and central belly and by throat and breast pattern. Tail with dark subterminal band. ♣ Forest edge and clearings, woodland; 1200–2400 m. Song: short series of 4–7 extr. high, strident, staccato “tseet” notes.

478

66.8 WHITE-VENTED VIOLET-EAR (Beija-flor-de-orelha-violeta) Colibri serrirostris L 5.1 in./13 cm. Unmistakable by white vent and blue-violet ears. ♣ Wide range of semiopen habitats, incl. savanna, grassland, shrub, second growth, gardens, open forest. Up to 2700 m. high to very high, 2-noted, sharp “tí-tju tí-tju - -.”

Song:

66.9 GREEN-THROATED MANGO (Beija-flor-de-veste-verde) Anthracothorax viridigula L 4.7 in./12 cm. Resembles 66.10, but with green throat, while shows stronger coppery red tinge to upperparts (esp. rump) than 66.10

. Many (all?)

with white band on the lower

throat, clearly dividing black stripe in two. Juv. as 66.10 , but line below is green on the throat. ♣ Mangrove, forest (avoids interior of dense forest), woodland, savanna. Mainly near water. Lowlands. Song: very high, slightly descending trill, like “f’srrrrrrih-tjew tjuh.”

479

66.10 BLACK-THROATED MANGO (Beija-flor-de-veste-preta) Anthracothorax nigricollis L 4.7 in./12 cm. Note tail pattern and distinctive black stripe below (chest section often irregular and faint in and Imms.). Cf. 66.9 and 68.1. ♣ Wide variety of open to semiopen habitats (even in towns). Lowlands.

Call: very high “chip chip -.”

Hermit / Lancebill / Sabrewings / Violet-Ears / Mangos

480

Plate 67

481

67.1 WHITE-NECKED JACOBIN (Beija-flor-azul-de-rabo-branco) Florisuga mellivora L 4.7 in./12 cm. Note white nape, belly, and undertail in . variable; typically as shown (belly and scaling to throat and vent white) or similar, but with bluer throat and/or more white to tail, or -like. ♣ Forest, woodland, plantations, second growth, riverine belts. Mainly in humid regions. Up to 1500 m.

Call: extr. high, thin “fiw fiw -.”

67.2 BLACK JACOBIN (Beija-flor-preto) Florisuga fusca L 5.1 in./13 cm. Unmistakable by black and white pattern. Imm. (a) with rufous malar and less white to tail. ♣ Forest, woodland, gardens. Up to 1500 m.

67.3 FORK-TAILED WOODNYMPH (Beija-flor-tesoura-verde) Thalurania furcata L 3.9 in./ 10 cm ( ), 3.1 in./8 cm ( ). Glittering parts almost velvety. with blue underparts and green back (often with blue neck collar). 482

with whitish underparts and slightly forked tail; outer rectrices with greenish gray basal half, broad blue-black subterminal band and white tips (cf. 66.3, 67.5 , and 71.9 ). ♣ Forest, woodland, tall second growth, plantations, gardens. Up to 2000 m. Call: dry, toneless pistollike “tic” notes or very high “tjuw-tjuw- -.”

67.4 LONG-TAILED WOODNYMPH (Beija-flor-de-costas-violetas) Thalurania water-tonii L 5.1 in./13 cm. L 5.1 in./13 cm ( ), 3.9 in./10 cm ( ). from 67.3

differs

by longer tail, all-blue mantle, and more green to

underparts. as smaller 67.3 other wooded habitats. En.

, but note range. ♣ Forest and

67.5 VIOLET-CAPPED WOODNYMPH (Beija-flor-de-fronte-violeta) Thalurania glaucopis L 3.9 in./ 10 cm ( ), 3.1 in./ 8 cm ( ). 483

with diagnostic blue cap.

resembles 67.3 , but green usually extends more onto neck sides and flanks and greenish gray base of outer rectrices narrower. ♣ Forest (incl. edge), wooded areas, gardens, parks. Up to 850 m (rarely to 1500 m). ticking rattles.

Call/song: series of dry,

67.6 GOLDEN-TAILED SAPPHIRE (Beija-flor-de-cauda-dourada) Chrysuronia oenone L 3.9 in./ 10 cm. Note reddish base to lower mandible and goldish copper tail.

with blue hood. ♣ Humid forest (prefers edge),

tall second growth. Song: irregular series of joined, extr. high “tjeé” and very high “tjuw” notes.

67.7 RUFOUS-THROATED SAPPHIRE (Beija-flor-safira) Hylocharis sapphirina L 3.5 in./ 9 cm. Note violet-copper tail, rufous chin, and rufous/buff ( / ) vent. with black-tipped red bill as 70.9, but note blue throat. ♣ Canopy

484

and edge of lowland forest, woodland, wooded savanna, plantations.

67.8 WHITE-CHINNED SAPPHIRE (Beija-flor-roxo) Hylocharis cyanus L 3.5 in./9 cm. Several sspp.: E Nom. (a, ) and darker Amazonian viridiventris (b, Blue-black tail (white-tipped in rump.

and

) shown.

) contrasts with coppery

with black-tipped red bill (only base red in Imm.

)

and blue throat and forehead. whitish below with variable amount of green on flanks and blue throat-spots. ♣ Humid forest, gallery forest, woodland, second growth; 0–1200 m (0–500 m in SE). Song: sustained 2-noted series of joined, penetrating “feé” and “tju” notes like “fee-tjutjutju---.”

67.9 WHITE-CHESTED EMERALD (Beija-flor-de-bico-preto) Amazilia (or Agyrtria) brevirostris L 3.9 in./10 cm. Note small range. Bill all-black (base of

485

lower mandible fleshy red in 67.7 and 67.8 ) and rump and tail tinged coppery. ♣ Forest edge, second growth, riverine belts, scrub. Lowlands. Song: varied; may be a high chattering “pjuwpjuw---” or series of “pee-twtrrrr” notes (“pee” very high, “twtrrrr” a low twitter).

67.10 VERSICOLORED EMERALD (Beija-flor-de-banda-branca) Amazilia (or Agyrtria) versicolor L 3.5 in./9 cm. Crown green and throat green (d) to turquoise (b; white-scaled in ). Coastal SE Nom. (c; intermediates with b, d occur) and turquoise-crowned ssp. milleri (a, N of Ri. Amazon) have white throats. All with orange/pink base to lower mandible, white vent faintly spotted dusky green and coppery green tail with dusky blue subterminal band. ♣ Forest edge, riverine belts, cerrado, caatinga, shrub, gardens, parks, mangrove. Up to 1800 m. Song: extr. high (sometimes almost inaudible), sort of ticking “tuw tuw - -” (1 × “tuw”/sec).

486

Jacobins / Woodnymphs / Sapphires / Emeralds

487

Plate 68 68.1 FIERY-TAILED AWLBILL (Beija-flor-de-bico-virado) Avocettula recurvirostris L 3.5 in./9 cm. Resembles larger 66.9, but note upturned bill. ♣ Savannalike habitats, mainly near rocky outcrops. Sometimes also forest edge.

68.2 (Black-breasted) PLOVERCREST (Beija-flor-detopete) Stephanoxis lalandi L 3.5 in./ 9 cm. Small. Two sspp.: loddigesii (a) and Nom. (b, S part of range) shown. unmistakable; of the two sspp. similar, with pale gray underparts and white-tipped tail (mainly visible from below; cf. longer-billed

67.5). ♣ Forest, woodland, wooded shrub.

Prefers highlands in N part of range. Call/song: very high, slightly irregular, ticking “tjee-tjee-tjee- -.”

68.3

RUBY-TOPAZ

HUMMINGBIRD

(Beija-flor-

vermelho) Chrysolampis mosquitus L 3.5 in./9 cm. unmistakable. Note tail pattern of

488

. ♣ Wooded and shrubby

savanna, gardens, cultivation between SL and 1700 m. Call/song: very high, rather clear “tju-tju- -.”

NOTE:

COQUETTES and THORNTAILS: Small with distinctive pale rump-bands, leading to confusion with certain moths. Slow, weaving flight without the abrupt movements of most other hummingbirds. 68.4 DOT-EARED COQUETTE (Topetinho-do-brasil-central) Lophornis gouldii L 2.8 in./ 7 cm. Whiskers white. Limited contact with 68.6. ♣ Forest edge, savanna, cerrado.

68.5 TUFTED COQUETTE (Beija-flor-de-leque-canela) Lophornis ornatus L 2.8 in./7 cm. No overlap with 68.4 and 68.6. Note tawny-rufous whiskers in and rufous throat in . ♣ Forest edge, riverine belts, plantations, savanna. Up to 1000 m.

489

68.6 FRILLED COQUETTE (Topetinho-vermelho) Lophornis magnificus L 2.8 in./7 cm. Resembles 68.5, but “whiskers” in fan shaped and rufous at the base. with spotty effect to throat (sometimes reduced), resembling uniform rufous throat of cerrado.

68.5. ♣ Forest edge, plantations,

68.7 FESTIVE COQUETTE (Topetinho-verde) Lophornis chalybeus L 3.1 in./8 cm. Two sspp.: SE Nom. (a) and W verreauxii (b; not shown

is darker below than

a).

unmistakable. Underparts of grayish (often tinged buff) mottled dusky and with a dark spot on mid-throat (sometimes a 2nd on mid-chest), but lacks prominent flank patches and malar (if present) not clearly defined as in 68.9 and 68.10. ♣ Humid forest and second growth. Locally in cerrado. Up to 1000 m.

490

68.8 PEACOCK COQUETTE (Rabo-de-espinho) Lophornis pavoninus L 3.9 in./10 cm.

unmistakable by black-spotted

green whiskers. with whitish throat streaked blackish; chest and belly as throat or more uniform green. ♣ Humid forest and old second growth at 500–2000 m.

68.9

RACKET-TAILED

COQUETTE

Discosura longicaudus L 3.9 in./ 10 cm. resembles

(Bandeirinha) unmistakable.

68.10, but tail-base gray (not dusky) and

rump-band and belly buff-tinged. Also cf. and edge of humid forest, scrubby savanna.

491

68.7. ♣ Canopy

68.10 BLACK-BELLIED THORNTAIL espinho-de barriga-preta) Discosura (or langsdorffi L 5.1 in./ 13 cm.

(Rabo-dePopelairia)

unmistakable. Note white

malar and flanks in . Cf. 68.7 and 68.9. ♣ Mainly canopy and edge of humid forest; locally in wooded/shrubby habitats.

Awlbill / Plovercrest / Hummingbird / Coquettes / Thorntail

492

493

Plate 69 69.1 GLITTERING-THROATED EMERALD (Beija-flor-de-garganta-verde) Amazilia (or Polyerata) fimbriata L 3.5 in./ 9 cm (4.3 in./11 cm in SE). Resembles 67.10d, but base of lower mandible red (sometimes pinkish), vent all white (spotted N of Ri. Amazon), and tail bluish black with greener base. with white-scaled throat. ♣ Virtually any open to semiopen habitat, incl. forest (avoids interior of terra firme), riverine belts, woodland, savanna (incl. cerrado), caatinga, plantations, gardens, parks, mangrove. Song: series of almost toneless, very short, rattling trills, like “trr” (2 ×/sec).

69.2 SAPPHIRE-SPANGLED EMERALD (Beija-flor-de-peito-azul) Amazilia (or Polyerata) lactea L 3.9 in./10 cm. As 69.1, but throat violet-blue. ♣ Forest edge, riverine belts, cerrado, parks, gardens, plantations. Lowlands. Song: rapid series of a few extr. high “tzut” notes, like “tzut-tzut-tzut- -.”

494

69.3 PLAIN-BELLIED EMERALD (Beija-flor-de-barriga-branca) Amazilia (or Agyrtria) leucogaster L 3.9 in./10 cm. Median underparts white. Outer rectrices blue-black, central ones bronze-green. ♣ Mangrove, shrub, forest edge, gardens, parks, plantations. Near SL.

69.4 WHITE-BELLIED HUMMINGBIRD (Beija-flor-verde-e-branco) Amazilia (or Leucippus) chionogaster L 4.3 in./11 cm. Note small range. Median underparts white. Tail green, basal half (and sometimes tips) of inner webs of outer rectrices white (best visible from below). ♣ Cerrado, shrub, thickets. Song: series of soft, very high twitters and dry, toneless rattles.

495

69.5 COPPER-TAILED HUMMINGBIRD Amazilia (or Saucerottia) viridigaster (Beija-flor-de-barriga-verde) L 3.5 in./9 cm. Note small range. Chest and head green, turning bronzy copper toward rump and rufous on tail. ♣ Humid forest and shrub; 700–2000 m, occasionally lower.

69.6 BLUE-GREEN EMERALD Amazilia (or Agyrtria) rondoniae (Beija-flor-de-cabeça-azul) L 3.5 in./9 cm. Note small range. Probably a variant of 67.10, but with azure-blue crown. ♣ Lowland forest, riverine growth, cerrado.

496

69.7 BLUE-CHINNED SAPPHIRE (Beija-flor-de-garganta-azul) Chlorestes notata L 3.5 in./9 cm. Note red base to lower mandible and rather rounded blue-black tail.

with small blue chin. Median underparts of

whitish, throat variably spotted green. ♣ Edge and clearings of humid forest, woodland, plantations, gardens. Lowlands. -.”

Call/song: extr. high (barely audible) “zeet-zeet-

69.8 SOMBRE HUMMINGBIRD (Beija-flor-cinza) Aphantochroa cirrochloris L 4.7 in./ 12 cm. Fairly large and dull. Slightly curved black bill. Soot-gray below (faintly spotted green on throat) with white patch below legs. May show narrow white tail edging but not broad tips as in 66.3, 67.3–67.5, and 71.9. ♣ Forest (esp. edge), second growth, gardens, plantations. En.

497

69.9 WHITE-TAILED GOLDENTHROAT (Beija-flor-de-bico-curvo) Polytmus guainumbi L 3.9 in./10 cm. Note curved bill, white postocular streak and malar, golden green upperparts, green ( ) or buff-white ( ) underparts and tail with white tips and outer webs (only on outermost rectrix in ). Imm. as , but with no green below or spotting restricted to central throat. ♣ Savanna, cerrado, scrub, grassland, riverine growth. Often near water. Up to 1500 m. intervals.

Call: very high, ticking “twit,” given at irregular

69.10 GREEN-TAILED GOLDENTHROAT (Beija-flor-verde) Polytmus theresiae L 3.5 in./9 cm. Greener than 69.9. lacks white tail-tips; with white tail-corner and scaling below. Two sspp.: NE Nom. (a) and W leucorrhous (b,

shown;

with green-spotted white vent).

♣ Forest edge, várzea, scrub, savanna. Lowlands. Song: hurried, rising and descending twitter, like “tutu---títititu” (3 sec).

498

Emeralds / Hummingbirds / Sapphire / Goldenthroats

499

500

Plate 70 70.1 FIERY TOPAZ (Topázio-de-fogo) Topaza pyra L 7.9 in./20 cm ( , incl. tail), 5.5 in./14 cm ( ). Large. from

differs

70.2 by red nape and extensive rufous in tail.

(with

coppery rufous throat) differs from 70.2 by mainly rufous outer rectrices (distinct from below). ♣ Humid forest, esp. near small streams. Call: series of staccato “tic” notes as singles or as short, fast rattles.

70.2 CRIMSON TOPAZ (Beija-flor-brilho-de-fogo) Topaza pella L 7.9 in./20 cm ( , incl. tail), 5.5 in./14 cm ( ). Resembles 70.1, but lacks rufous in tail and with rufous-buff restricted to outer web of outermost tail feather. ♣ Humid forest, esp. near small streams.

Voice as 70.1.

70.3 BLUE-TAILED EMERALD (Esmeralda-de-cauda-azul) Chlorostilbon mellisugus L 3.1 in./ 8 cm.

resembles larger

69.7, but bill all black. Combination of white postocular 501

streak and all-black bill diagnostic in . ♣ Edge of humid forest (esp. near rivers), shrub, savanna, gardens. Up to 1800 m. Call in flight: nervous, short twitter; from perch, soft, dry “tit-twit.”

70.4 GLITTERING-BELLIED EMERALD (Besourinho-de-bico-vemelho) Chlorostilbon lucidus (or aureoventris) L 3.9 in./ 10 cm.

with forked all-blue tail and

black-tipped red bill. differs from smaller 70.3 by red base to bill. ♣ Virtually any open to semiopen habitat, incl. woodland, cerrado, caatinga, savanna, shrub, forest edge, grassland, gardens. Up to 2800 m. Call: high, almost toneless, rattling twitter; song: inhaled, hurried “tuit-tuit- -.”

70.5 VELVET-BROWED BRILLIANT (Brilhante- veludo) Heliodoxa xanthogonys L 4.3 in./11 cm. Bill almost straight, base of lower mandible often orange.

502

rather dark with

green frontlet and violet-blue central throat. with green-spotted white underparts and white tail-corners. ♣ Humid forest; 700–2000 m. Song: very/extr. high, hurried twitter, followed by “twit tuit,” together as “t’chwiwi twit tuit.”

70.6 BLACK-THROATED BRILLIANT (Brilhante-de-garganta-preta) Heliodoxa schreibersii L 4.7 in./12 cm. Rather dark. Bill slightly curved. Throat and belly black ( ) or sooty ( ). Lower throat violet. Obvious pale malar in . No overlap with 70.5. ♣ Humid lowland forest (mainly interior).

NOTE:

Not shown is PINK-THROATED BRILLIANT, Heliodoxa gularis, which probably does not occur in Brazil, but in NE Peru, NE Ecuador, and S Colombia. Bill almost straight, throat patch pink (smaller in

503

). White vent

diagnostic. ♣ Forest interior and scrub; up to 1000 m or higher. 70.7 GOULD’S JEWELFRONT (Beija-flor-estrela) Heliodoxa aurescens L 4.7 in./12 cm. Unmistakable by extensive rufous in tail and broad orange-rufous chest-band. ♣ Humid lowland forest (incl. borders). thin “feee” (1 ×/sec).

Song: exreme high,

70.8 BRAZILIAN RUBY (Beija-flor-rubi) Clytolaema rubricauda L 4.3 in./11 cm. Straight, black bill.

with ruby

throat and tail mainly bronzy rufous. with underparts and outer rectrices cinnamon. A melanistic form (a) occurs. ♣ Forest (incl. Araucaria), shrub, parks, plantations. Song: dry rattle, starting high pitched, changing from “ti” to “tu,” together as “tititi--- titutu” En.

504

70.9 GILDED (Sapphire or) HUMMINGBIRD (Beija-flor-dourado) Hylocharis chrysura L 3.5 in./9 cm. Resembles 67.7, but no blue to throat and conspicuously tinged golden throughout. ♣ Savannalike areas, grassland, forest (avoids interior of humid forest), gardens, plantations (incl. eucalyptus). Mainly below 1000 m. rattles, like “trru trr-trr-trr.”

Call: soft, dry

70.10 WHITE-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD (Beija-flor-de-papo-branco) Leucochloris albicollis L 4.3 in./ 11 cm. Unmistakable by white throat, belly, and tail corners. ♣ Canopy and edge of forest, gardens, parks, plantations. Mainly below 1300 m. -.”

Call: irregular, dry “tjek-tjek tjek-

Topazes / Emeralds / Brilliants / Jewelfronts / Ruby / Hummingbirds

505

506

Plate 71 71.1 SWALLOW-TAILED HUMMINGBIRD (Beija-flor-tesoura) Eupetomena macroura L 6.3 in./16 cm. No similar hummer in Brazil, but cf. 67.5. ♣ Forest, woodland, savannalike habitats, gardens, parks, plantations. Up to 1600 m. Call: e.g., in flight, mid-high, nasal “tjiw” in a slow or hurried series.

71.2 OLIVE-SPOTTED HUMMINGBIRD (Beija-flor-pintado) Leucippus chlorocercus L 4.7 in./12 cm. Note restricted range/habitat. Dull olive green above, whitish below. Tail dull greenish with pale grayish corners. Bill blackish. From

67.3 by duller upperparts and distinct white

postocular spot. Also cf. 67.10, 69.1, and

69.7. ♣ Semiopen

areas along large rivers (esp. on river islands). Song: extr. high “fee” followed by high “tju” or “tjutju,” together as “feé-tju.”

507

71.3 HOODED VISORBEARER (Beija-flor-de-gravata-vermelha) Augastes lumachella L 3.9 in./10 cm. Unmistakable in small range by head pattern and coppery red tail. ♣ Montane, rocky areas with cacti and low shrub; 900–2000 m. En, R.

Song: nasal, dry “tru tweé tru zee - -.”

71.4 HYACINTH VISORBEARER (Beija-flor-de-gravata-verde) Augastes scutatus L 3.5 in./ 9 cm. Unmistakable in small range by creamy white pectoral band and blue on sides of neck (also on belly in ). ♣ Open to semiopen shrubby areas, gallery forest, montane forest; 900–2000 m. Song: series of high, dry “tjic,” “whi,” “zuzu,” and other notes. En, R.

508

71.5 BLACK-EARED FAIRY (Beija-flor-de-bochecha-azul) Heliothryx auritus L 4.7 in./ 12 cm. Three sspp.: N Nom. (a, underparts all white), NW phainolata (b, with green throat) and S and C auriculata (not shown, with chin and throat sides green).

of all sspp. with white underparts (incl. throat)

and long tail. Cf. to 1300 m.

71.6

71.6. ♣ Humid forest, second growth. Up

Call: very high, dry “tju tji twu twi -” notes.

HORNED

SUNGEM

bilophus L 3.9 in./10 cm.

(Chifre-de-ouro) unmistakable.

Heliactin

differs from

larger 71.5 (note habitat and range) by more golden upperparts (incl. upper-tail), partial white collar, and tail pattern and /shape. ♣ Riverine belts, shrub, woodland, cerrado, grassland.

509

71.7 LONG-BILLED STARTHROAT (Bico-reto-cinzento) Heliomaster longirostris L 4.7 in./ 12 cm. Very long, almost straight bill. Throat patch pink in

, smaller, dusky, and often

faintly scaled in . Streak on back and tail-corners white. ♣ Forest edge, woodland, riverine belts, second growth. Up to 1200 m.

Call: high, strong, sharp “twictjic - -.”

71.8 STRIPE-BREASTED STARTHROAT (Bico-reto-de-banda-branca) Heliomaster squamosus L 4.7 in./12 cm. Resembles 71.7; more forked tail;

with broad green flanks and

with distinctly white-edged dark throat.

N-br. has throat like growth, parks. En.

. ♣ Forest, woodland, riverine

510

71.9 BLUE-TUFTED STARTHROAT (Bico-reto-azul) Heliomaster furcifer L 5.1 in./13 cm. Very long, almost straight bill. Br.

unmistakable.

with broad white tail tips

and underparts all whitish gray. N-br. as , but with longer, forked tail. ♣ Forest edge, woodland, savannalike areas, scrub.

71.10

AMETHYST

WOODSTAR

(Estrelinha-ametista)

Calliphlox amethystina L 2.4 in./ 6 cm. Small; unmistakable. No other hummingbird with dark smear through eye and tawny flanks. ♣ Canopy and edge of humid forest.

Call: low, very short rattle, like “trr.”

511

Hummingbirds / Visorbearers / Fairy / Sungem / Starthroats / Woodstar

512

513

Plate 72 72.1 PAVONINE QUETZAL (Surucuá-pav o) Pharomachrus pavoninus L 13.8 in./35 cm. Large, thickset, golden-emerald above. Note tail pattern of

. ♣ Middle and

upper strata of terra firme. Song: high, slightly chivering, forlorn “fhuuuh,” followed by low “tjup,” together as “fhuuuh tjup”; 1st part slightly falling in pitch, but gaining in strength.

72.2 COLLARED TROGON (Surucuá-de-coleira) Trogon collaris L 9.8 in./25 cm.

differs from

by broad tail-barring and narrower eye ring;

72.3 (note range) with paler face

and dusky culmen (bill all yellow in 72.3). ♣ Mid-levels of humid to semihumid forest, tall woodland. Up to 2000 m (generally at lower altitudes than 72.3 in area of overlap). Song: slightly descending series of 4–8 mid-high, fluted, yet nasal “jtuw” notes.

514

72.3 MASKED TROGON (Surucuá-mascarado) Trogon personatus L 9.8 in./25 cm. Cf. 72.2. ♣ In or near humid forest; 700–2000 m. notes.

Song: level series of 4–6 fluted “tjuw”

72.4 BLACK-THROATED TROGON (Surucuá-debarriga-amarela) Trogon rufus L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. N Nom. (a) shown and tails of W ssp. sulphureus (b, uppertail reddish) and SE chrysochlorus (c, uppertail as a, but barring below denser). Combination of yellow underparts and green ( ) or brown ( ) head diagnostic. ♣ Middle and lower levels of humid forest, tall second growth, dense woodland. Song: slow, level, or slightly descending series of 5–8 loud, fluted “woo” or “tjuw” notes.

72.5 BLACK-TAILED TROGON (Surucuá-de-caudapreta) Trogon melanurus L 11.8 in./ 30 cm. Dark undertail diagnostic. ♣ Upper or middle levels of humid lowland forest 515

and tall woodland. Call/song: rapid, yelping “wahwah-wah- -,” like barking of small dog or high, calm “wew-wew-wew- -.” Also fast “prupruprupru.”

72.6 (Amazonian) WHITE-TAILED TROGON (Surucuágrande-de-barriga-amarela) Trogon viridis L 11.8 in./30 cm. From smaller 72.9 by different tail pattern in and complete bluish white eye ring in both sexes (yellowish or white in 72.9). Also cf. 72.7b. ♣ Upper to middle levels of humid forest (also in drier areas in E), woodland, second growth, plantations. Song: slow or crescendoing “tjuwtjuwtjuw- -” (6–7 sec).

rapid,

high,

72.7 SURUCUA TROGON (Surucuá-variado) Trogon surrucura L 9.8 in./25 cm. Two sspp.: Nom. (a, N to Rio de Janeiro; shown; as b, but red below) and aurantius (b, S to São Paulo); a resembles 72.8; b differs from 72.6 by tail

516

pattern and complete yellow ( ) or partial white ( ) eye ring. These sspp. seem to show limited overlap, and even hybridization, in the Itatiaia area. ♣ Mid-levels of forest and woodland up to 2000 m. Call: short, high, dry rattling trill; song: high “tuw-tuw-tuw- -” (“tuw” 10–15 ×), level or ascending at the end.

72.8 BLUE-CROWNED TROGON (Surucuá-de-barriga-vermelha) Trogon curucui L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. From 72.7a (limited contact) by barring of undertail. Amount of white on chest and broadness of white tail tips variable. ♣ Forest (humid to dry), woodland, second growth, wooded savanna, scrub. Song: long, rapid series of “tju” notes, crescendoing and becoming more excited-sounding, at the end often downslurred in a slower chatter (up to 12 sec).

72.9 (Amazonian) VIOLACEOUS TROGON (Surucuápequeno) Trogon violaceus L 9.8 in./ 25 cm.

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Blue-headed with yellowish eye ring. Gray-headed with partial white eyering. Cf. 72.6. No overlap with 72.7. ♣ Upper levels of humid forest (esp. borders) and tall woodland. Song: slow series of up to 15 fluted/yelping “tjuw” notes, slowly rising in strength and pitch.

Quetzals / Trogons

518

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Plate 73 73.1 BROAD-BILLED MOTMOT (Udu-de-bico-largo) Electron platyrhynchum L 13.8 in./ 35 cm (incl. tail). From larger 73.2 by green chin, less rufous on underparts, and larger black central spot on breast. Often with racquets (like 73.2a) in W. ♣ Humid forest and second growth up to 1100 m.

Call: hoarse/pinched “Ouch” at 3- to 4-sec intervals.

73.2 RUFOUS MOTMOT (Juruva-ruiva) Baryphthengus martii L 17.7 in./45 cm (incl. tail). Note extensive rufous in underparts. With (a) or without tail rackets. ♣ Humid lowland forest and second growth. Song: high, muffled but resounding “óorúc” at 3-sec intervals.

73.3 RUFOUS-CAPPED MOTMOT (Juruva-verde) Baryphthengus ruficapillus L 15.7 in./ 40 cm (incl. tail). Note distinctive green head with rufous cap and lack of racquets. ♣

520

Humid forest, gallery forest, dense woodland. high, muffled trill, like “urrrrc.”

Song: short,

73.4 BLUE-CROWNED (or -diademed) MOTMOT (Udu-de-coroa-azul) Momotus momota L 15.7 in./40 cm (incl. tail). Head pattern diagnostic. ♣ Forest, woodland, second growth, plantations, gardens. Song: slow, owl-like, muffled, slightly descending trill (4 sec).

73.5 RINGED KINGFISHER (Martim-pescador-grande) Megaceryle torquata L 15.7 in./ 40 cm. Large size, bicolored bill, and gray coloring diagnostic. ♣ Open to semiopen areas near water (rivers, streams, lakes, marshes, lagoons, rocky coast, etc.). rattle.

Call in flight: sustained, toneless, loud, dry

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73.6 GREEN-AND-RUFOUS KINGFISHER (Martim-pescador-da-mata) Chloroceryle inda L 9.8 in./25 cm. All-rufous underparts diagnostic. ♣ Shaded perches at streams, swamps, mangrove.

Call in flight: short “shreew.”

73.7 AMAZON KINGFISHER (Martim-pescador-verde) Chloroceryle amazona L 11.8 in./ 30 cm. From smaller 73.9 by proportionally larger bill and streaking on flanks; flight-feathers only with white spotting to inner webs (not visible when perched). ♣ Open to semiopen area at rivers, lakes, larger ponds, lagoons, estuaries, mangrove. Call/ song: series of sharp, nasal “chaw” notes, dry rattles, descending “tewtewtew- -” and other notes.

522

73.8 AMERICAN PYGMY KINGFISHER (Martinho) Chloroceryle aenea L 5.1 in./13 cm. Note small size and rufous underparts with white central belly and vent. ♣ Densely vegetated areas at streams, pools, lagoons, swamps (incl. várzea), mangrove. Call: fast, descending, twittering trill or weak “weet” and other notes.

73.9 GREEN KINGFISHER (Martim-pescador-pequeno) Chloroceryle americana L 7.9 in./20 cm. Both webs of flight feathers spotted white (spots visible when perched).

with

green spotting on flanks; with two breast bands (lower often incomplete). Cf. 73.7. ♣ Open to semiopen areas at streams, lakes, ponds, swamps (incl. várzea), marsh, mangrove, rocky coast. “tictic.”

Call: dry, staccato, toneless

523

Motmots / Kingfishers

524

Plate 74 525

74.1 YELLOW-BILLED JACAMAR (Ariramba-debicoamarelo) Galbula albirostris L 7.5 in./ 19 cm. Note yellow bill and lack of green on chest. (lacking in

with white throat

). Cf. 74.2. ♣ Under-story of interior of humid

forest and dense woodland. Call: high, staccato “pinc” notes; possible song: a nice, ascending series, immediately followed by a few accentuated, lilting “ping” notes, the total sounding like “tutu - - tutu-tu ti ping ping ping ping.”

74.2 BLUE-CHEEKED (or-necked) JACAMAR (Ariramba-da-mata) Galbula cyanicollis L 7.9 in./20 cm. Resembles 74.1 (no overlap), but cheeks usually bluish. ♣ Understory of humid forest, gallery forest, and dense woodland. Call: very high, dry “kip-kip kipkip - -”; song: a rapidly accelerating and ascending series of “weep” notes, which at the end change into a very fast, dry, toneless rattle.

526

74.3 RUFOUS-TAILED JACAMAR (Ariramba-de-caudaruiva) Galbula ruficauda L 8.7 in./ 22 cm. From 74.8 and 74.9 by distinct white ( ) or rufous ( ) throat patch. Underside tail rufous as in 74.1, 74.2, 74.8, and 74.9, but unlike 74.10. ♣ Wide range of habitats from lower growth of forest to woodland, riverine belts, cerrado, caatinga, second growth, plantations. Song: very high, fluted, ascending series of “wu” notes, which in the 2nd half accelerates to a descending, chattering almost-trill.

74.4 GREAT JACAMAR (Jacamaraçu) Jacamerops aureus L 11.8 in./30 cm. Large and robust. Heavy, curved bill diagnostic. ♣ Mid-levels to subcanopy of humid forest, second growth; woodland, gallery forest. Song: strange series of 3 descending, fluted notes, each one drawn out, the 2nd and 3rd slightly trilled, the 1st loudest.

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74.5 PARADISE JACAMAR (Ariramba-do-paraíso) Galbula dea L 11.8 in./30 cm. Mainly dark blue-black. Very long central tail feathers diagnostic. ♣ Humid forest (locally in drier forest), gallery forest. Prefers the canopy, but to mid-levels at forest edge. Song: may be a descending series of 15–18 notes with increasing intervals, the 1st few rather nasal “djip” notes, then changing into level, more mournful “wheer” notes. Also series with even intervals between loud, ringing “weer” notes.

74.6 PURPLISH JACAMAR (Ariramba-violácea) Galbula chalcothorax L 7.9 in./20 cm. Rather dark. Note whitish ( ) or buff ( ) belly and lack of rufous in undertail. From smaller 74.7 by range and more purple (less rufous) reflections. ♣ Lower to mid-levels of terra firme and dense woodland. Often near rivers. Song: short series of nasal chattering with, e.g., querulous-sounding “treeeeeer.”

528

74.7 BRONZY JACAMAR (Ariramba-bronzeada) Galbula leucogastra L 7.9 in./20 cm. Cf. 74.6. ♣ Lower to mid-levels of humid forest, tall second growth, gallery forest, forest remnants in open regions. Song: varied series of musical, ascending, piping notes, like “pee-pee-peeh” (5–6 × and rising, ending suddenly) or nasal “vravravra” (3 ×, ending suddenly).

74.8 BLUISH-FRONTED JACAMAR (Ariramba-da-capoeira) Galbula cyanescens L 7.9 in./ 20 cm. White chin spot often lacking. Crown iridescent bluish to green. Cf. 74.3 and 74.9. ♣ Lower to mid-levels of humid forest, second growth. Often near rivers/streams. Song: very high, fluted “fuu-fuu-fuu-fuu-fuu-w”wdrrrrrur,” 1st part ascending, 2nd part trilling/bouncing-down.

74.9 WHITE-CHINNED JACAMAR (Ariramba-de-barba-branca) Galbula tombacea L 7.9 in./20

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cm. From 74.8 (limited overlap) by larger spot on chin and dusky brown crown (often bluer toward rear). ♣ Lower to mid-levels of humid forest, second growth. Often near rivers/ streams. Song: rising series of 2–8 accelerating, nasal shrieks, ending as downslurred, chattering trill.

74.10 GREEN-TAILED JACAMAR (Ariramba-de-cauda-verde) Galbula galbula L 7.9 in./ 20 cm. Tail green, duskier below (lacks rufous undertail of 74.1–74.3, 74.8, and 74.9). ♣ Lower to mid-levels of humid forest edge, riverine belts, woodland, plantations, mangrove. Song: rising series, starting very high of 2–8 accelerating shrieks, ending as downslurred, chattering trill, the total with piccolo-like quality.

Jacamars

530

531

Plate 75 75.1 WHITE-EARED JACAMAR (Ariramba-vermelha) Galbalcyrhynchus leucotis L 7.9 in./ 20 cm. Unmistakable; resembles a reddish chestnut kingfisher. From 75.2 by white ear coverts. ♣ Humid forest, esp. at edge near water. steeply lowered, fluted “péeeuh-péeeuh-péeeuh- -.”

Call:

75.2 PURUS JACAMAR (Sovela-vermelha) Galbalcyrhynchus purusianus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Cf. 75.1, which has different range. ♣ Humid forest, esp. at edge near water. Call: very high, sharp, slightly piped “tjeew”; song: series of very high, piercing, almost level “péeeu” (1 ×/sec).

75.3 BROWN JACAMAR (Ariramba-preta) Brachygalba lugubris L 6.3 in./16 cm. Several sspp.: NE Nom. (a, with all-dark bill) shown and C and S ssp. melanosterna (b, with yellow basal half of lower mandible). White belly sometimes

532

tinged buff. Cf. 75.5. ♣ Canopy and edge of forest, woodland, wooded savanna (esp. near rivers). Call: very/extr. high, piped upgliding “pueeeeét”; song: may be a duet with an ascending, slightly nasal, very fast twitter from one bird continued in extr. high, tinkling “seeseesee---,” combined with high “wheet-twheetthweet - -” from the other (though difficult to assess what comes from each of the 2 birds).

75.4 WHITE-THROATED JACAMAR (Agulha-de-garganta-branca) Brachygalba albogularis L 6.3 in./16 cm. Unmistakable by white throat and face (with remarkable blue eyes) and rufous belly. ♣ Near rivers in humid forest.

Call: very high “tuweet.”

75.5 THREE-TOED JACAMAR (Cuitel o) Jacamaralcyon tridactyla L 7 in./18 cm. From 75.3b (limited contact possible) by whitish underparts extending over chest, gray flanks (flanks and chest blackish brown in 75.3) and all-dark

533

bill. ♣ Forest edge and woodland (even small patches) near earth banks (e.g., rivers). Locally in eucalyptus woods. Alarm call: high, shivering/chattering rattle, undulating in sharpness and in strength; song: calm series of very high “tree,” “whu,” “whee,” fluted “weet,” and nasal “prrrèh” notes and similar single notes. En, R. *

75.6 RUSTY-BREASTED (or -throated) NUNLET (Macuru) Nonnula rubecula L 5.9 in./15 cm. Several ssps: E and SE Nom. (a; somewhat variable) and NE tap-anahoniensis (b) shown. Note white eye ring and belly. Chest cinnamon to rufous. Cf. 75.7. As other nunlets, it is inconspicuous and resembles a large-billed flycatcher. ♣ Lower and mid-levels of humid forest (also in drier areas in EC), riverine woodland. Song: a crescendoing series of high, fluted “wuw” notes, at the end falling in pitch and strength (20 × “wuw”/8 sec).

534

75.7 FULVOUS-CHINNED NUNLET (Freirinha-amarelada) Nonnula sclateri L 5.9 in./15 cm. From 75.6 by orange-red eye ring and buffier belly. ♣ Lower and mid-levels of humid forest, esp. near bamboo.

75.8 RUFOUS-CAPPED (or Gray-cheeked) NUNLET (Freirinha-de-coroa-castanha) Nonnula ruficapilla L 5.5 in./ 14 cm. Rufous cap diagnostic. ♣ Lower and mid-levels of humid forest and second growth, esp. near bamboo. Song: long, almost level series of very high, loud, resounding “tuw” notes (3 × “tuw”/sec) or short series of nasal “tjuwee” notes.

75.9 CHESTNUT-HEADED NUNLET (Freirinha-de-cabeça-castanha) Nonnula amaurocephala L 5.9 in./15 cm. Distinctively colored rufous and olive. ♣ Low levels in or near flooded forest. En.

535

Jacamars / Nunlets

536

537

Plate 76 76.1 SCARLET-CROWNED BARBET (Capit o-de-coroa) Capito aurovirens L 7.5 in./ 19 cm. Note orange chest and throat. Crown red ( ) or white ( ). ♣ Canopy and edge of humid lowland forest and woodland often near water. Song: e.g., low, rhytmic “roo-roo-roo- -” (about 7 ×).

76.2 BLACK-SPOTTED BARBET (Capitão-de-bigode-carijó) Capito niger L 7 in./18 cm. Note red throat and forehead. Cf. 76.3 in limited area of possible contact (N Roraima). ♣ Canopy and edge of humid lowland forest, woodland, plantations. Song: slow series of low, hollow double-notes “woo-hoo woo-hoo woo-hoo - -.”

76.3 GILDED BARBET (Capitão-de-fronte-dourada) Capito auratus L 7 in./18 cm. Variable; throat orange (S and NE part of range) to red (C and NW part); forehead buffy-orange to 538

golden reddish. ♣ Canopy and edge of humid lowland forest, woodland, plantations. Song: rapid series of mid-high, hollow double notes “tooroót” (accent on 2nd part, 2 ×/sec).

76.4 BROWN-CHESTED (or Cinnamon-breasted) BARBET (Capit o-de-peito-marrom) Capito brunneipectus L 7 in./18 cm. Note absence of red/orange in plumage. ♣ Canopy and edge of humid lowland forest. Song: mid-high, hollow accelerated trill, at the end running together as one downslurred note (3 sec). En.

76.5 BLACK-GIRDLED BARBET (Capitão-de-cinta) Capito dayi L 7 in./18 cm. Mainly black and white overall. Note red vent. ♣ Canopy and edge of humid lowland forest, woodland, plantations. Song: e.g., very low, accelerating series of “woo” notes, sometimes at the end bouncing down (5–6 sec).

539

76.6 LEMON-THROATED BARBET (Capit odebigode-lim o) Eubucco richardsoni L 5.9 in./15 cm. Three sspp.: NW nigriceps (a, ) and S auranticollis (b, and ; similar puruensis not shown). Virtually unmistakable by facial pattern, but cf.

76.7. ♣ Canopy and edge of humid lowland

forest (esp. várzea), dense second growth. almost-trill of “oop” notes.

76.7

SCARLET-HOODED

BARBET

Song:

(Capit

o-de-colar-amarelo) Eubucco tucinkae L 6.7 in./17 cm. unmistakable. differs from 76.6b by narrow yellow nuchal collar, narrow orange chest band and lack of red chin. ♣ Várzea, gallery forest, river islands.

540

76.8 COLLARED PUFFBIRD (Rapazinho-de-colar) Bucco capensis L 7.5 in./19 cm. Very roundish jizz. Note complete black collar. ♣ Terra firme. Locally in várzea. fluted “wuhweéh” in chorus.

Song: high,

76.9 SWALLOW-WINGED PUFFBIRD (Urubuzinho) Chelidoptera tenebrosa L 5.9 in./15 cm. Unmistakable by jizz, rufous belly (duller in SE) and white rump (a) and underwing coverts. ♣ Edge and clearings of forest, woodland, wooded savanna, tall second growth. Usually perches high on exposed branch. Nests on sandy bank. Song: very high, slightly descending, tinkling trill, like “srrrrrrri.”

541

76.10 LANCEOLATED MONKLET (Macuru-papa-mosca) Micromonacha lanceolata L 5.5 in./14 cm. Small. Note densely streaked underparts and rather uniform upperparts (may appear faintly scaled). Prominent whitish bill base. ♣ Humid forest and nearby second growth. ♣ Edge and clearings in primary forest and second growth. Song: very/ extr. high, accelerating series of up to 10 upslurred “fueeét” notes.

Barbets / Puffbirds / Monklet

542

543

Plate 77 77.1 BLACK-FRONTED NUNBIRD (Chora-chuva-preto) Monasa nigrifrons L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. Only red-billed nunbird without white. ♣ Várzea, gallery forest, woodland, palm groves. Usually near water. Call: dry, bouncing-down “tidrdrrrrrr”; song: sustained, hurried series of “tuweét-notes (10 sec).

77.2 BLACK NUNBIRD (Chora-chuva-de-asa-branca) Monasa atra L 9.8 in./25 cm. Note range. Only red-billed nunbird with white on wing. ♣ Humid forest (local inside terra firme), tall second growth. Often near water. song: repeated “tulút tirr,” 1st part ascending.

Call/

77.3 WHITE-FRONTED NUNBIRD (Chora-chuva-de-cara-branca) Monasa morphoeus L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. Unmistakable by white at bill base. ♣ Prefers higher

544

levels inside Atlantic forest or terra firme. Rarer in gallery forest, humid forest borders, tall second growth. Song: excited, unstructured, communal chattering, like “wur-wir-tchawawa- -.”

77.4 YELLOW-BILLED NUNBIRD (Chora-chuva-de-bico-amarelo) Monasa flavirostris L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. Unmistakable by yellow bill. ♣ Humid forest, second growth, clearings with scattered trees. stressed “Tjéeuw-wur” (1 ×/sec).

Song: series of high,

77.5 GUIANAN PUFFBIRD (Macuru-de-testa-branca) Notharchus macrorhynchos L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. Large and pied. Often considered conspecific with 77.6 (limited overlap possible), but with less white to forehead. ♣ Upper and mid-levels of forest (incl. clearings), tall second growth, woodland, plantations. Song: level, rapid series of high, loud, fluted “wuut” notes, slightly gaining in intensity.

545

77.6 WHITE-NECKED PUFFBIRD (Macuru-de-pescoçobranco) Notharchus hyperrhynchus L 9.8 in./25 cm. Cf. 77.5. ♣ As 77.5. Call: high, lonely-sounding “weeeeeh”; song: high, dry trill, like “wuirrrrrr” (3–6 sec).

77.7 BUFF-BELLIED PUFFBIRD (Macuru-de-barriga-castanha) Notharchus swainsoni L 9.8 in./25 cm. Unmistakable in range. ♣ Upper and mid-levels of humid forest and tall second growth.

546

77.8 BROWN-BANDED PUFFBIRD (Macuru-de-peito-marrom) Notharchus ordii L 7.9 in./20 cm. From 77.5 and 77.6 by brown mid-breast. ♣ Upper and mid-levels of humid forest (incl. clearings), tall second growth. Occasionally in drier forest near rocky outcrops. Song: high, fluted series, starting with “wú-wit” notes, that descend and change to “foo-li-lit” notes (7–8 sec).

77.9 PIED PUFFBIRD (Macuru-pintado) Notharchus tectus L 6.3 in./16 cm. From larger 77.5 and 77.6 by narrow white eyebrow, white scapulars, and lack of white neck-collar; also by white at base of tail and at tip (best seen from below). ♣ Upper and mid-levels of humid forest, tall second growth, woodland, mangrove, wooded savanna, plantations. Song: very high, slightly descending, sharp fluted, yet tinkling “tiritititi-wit-wit-wit-tuih-tuih-tuih.”

Nunbirds / Puffbirds

547

548

Plate 78 78.1 CHESTNUT-CAPPED PUFFBIRD (Rapazinho-de-boné-vermelho) Bucco macrodactylus L 5.9 in./15 cm. Note facial pattern with white eyebrow and orange-rufous nuchal collar. underparts faintly barred. Cf. 78.2. ♣ Mid-to lower levels of humid forest and woodland. Prefers shrubby areas near water.

78.2 SPOTTED PUFFBIRD (Rapazinho-carijó) Bucco tamatia L 7 in./18 cm. Note black cheeks, white malar, and orange-rufous throat. Underparts black-spotted (often forming a pectoral band). Cf. 78.1. ♣ Mid- to lower levels of várzea, borders of terra firme, mature second growth, woodland. Often near water. Song: varied; e.g., slighty rising, then lowering series of high, fluted “tuwereé,” changing to “tuweé” notes.

549

78.3 WHITE-EARED PUFFBIRD (Jo o-bobo) Nystalus chacuru L 7.9 in./20 cm. Note white ear coverts, black cheeks, and red bill. ♣ Dry to semihumid forest, second growth, woodland, savanna-like areas (e.g., cerrado), scrub, open areas with trees. Song: high, fluted, rapid “wuh-weehwuh-wirreeh-wuh-wirreeh” (“wuh” lower).

78.4 SPOT-BACKED (or -bellied) PUFFBIRD (Rapazinho-dos-velhos) Nystalus maculatus L 7.5 in./19 cm. Note bill coloring, orange-rufous chest, and spotted underparts. Cf. 78.5. ♣ Woodland, caatinga, savanna (incl. cerrado), second growth, palm groves. “tjurr-tjurre-truh.” En.

Song: high, fluted

78.5 STREAK-BELLIED (or Chaco) PUFFBIRD Nystalus striatipectus (Rapazinho-do-chaco) L 7.5 in./19 cm. Often considered a ssp. of 78.4 (limited contact possible), but underparts more streaked and chest-patch duller. ♣

550

Woodland, savanna, second growth, palm groves. high, fluted, slightly descending “wuuh-tju-tju.”

Song:

78.6 STRIOLATED PUFFBIRD (Rapazinho-estriado) Nystalus striolatus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Cheeks, chest, and flanks streaked. Bill yellowish dusky. ♣ Upper and mid-levels of humid forest, woodland. Song: high, fluted series of lonely-sounding “wruuuh-wruuuh” or “witwit-wuuuh wruuuh.”

78.7 CRESCENT-CHESTED PUFFBIRD (Barbudo-rajado) Malacoptila striata L 7.5 in./ 19 cm. Note multicolored breast band and streaky head and back. No overlap with 77.8 and 77.9. ♣ Lower and middle levels of humid forest (even small patches), second growth forest/woodland. Song: sustained series of joined, very high, loud, piercing “jeéew” notes (30 sec).

551

78.8 SEMICOLLARED PUFFBIRD (Barbudo-de-coleira) Malacoptila semicincta L 7.5 in./ 19 cm. From 78.9 by range and rufous nuchal collar. ♣ Lower and middle levels of humid forest (mainly terra firme).

78.9 WHITE-CHESTED PUFFBIRD (Barbudo-pardo) Malacoptila fusca L 7.5 in./19 cm. Overall streaked with dark-tipped orange bill. White chest band sometimes hidden. ♣ Lower and middle levels of humid forest (mainly terra firme).

Song: slightly dovelike “wút coocoó.”

552

78.10 RUFOUS-NECKED PUFFBIRD (Barbudo-de-pescoço-ferrugem) Malacoptila rufa L 7 in./18 cm. Two sspp.: brunnescens shown; W Nom. (not shown) has uniform rufous lores. Note grayish head and contrasting rufous cheeks and nuchal collar. ♣ Lower and middle levels of humid forest. Locally in nearby cerradolike areas. Song: very/extr. high, slightly undulating, thin trill (2–3 sec).

Puffbirds

553

554

Plate 79 79.1 LETTERED ARACARI (Araçari-miudinho-debico-riscado) Pteroglossus inscriptus L 13.8 in./35 cm. W ssp. humboldtii (a,

and

) and C and E Nom. (b,

shown;

with brown head). Letter pattern on sides of upper mandible diagnostic. Red restricted to rump. ♣ Humid lowland forest, tall second growth, plantations. Locally in cerrado (mainly near palm groves or gallery woodland). Call: low “chak-chak shrek chek - -.”

79.2 GREEN ARACARI (Araçari-miudinho) Pteroglossus viridis L 13.8 in./35 cm. Note bill pattern. ♣ Humid lowland forest, tall second growth, riverine woodland, plantations. Call: high, dry “srek srek srrek srek - -.”

555

79.3 RED-NECKED ARACARI (Araçari-de-pescoçovermelho) Pteroglossus bitorquatus L 15.7 in./40 cm. Three sspp.: sturmii (a; W part of range) and C reichenowi (b) shown. E Nom. resembles a, but bill pattern closer to b. Combination of bill pattern and red chest, nape, and mantle diagnostic. ♣ Humid lowland forest, tall second growth, riverine woodland. Call: exhaled “fu’ Wheét” in unhurried series. Also irregular “tek” and “tuc-tuc” notes.

79.4 IVORY-BILLED ARACARI (Araçari-de-bico-de-marfim) Pteroglossus azara L 15.7 in./ 40 cm. Two sspp.: Nom. (a, SE part of range) and flavirostris (b, NW part). Combination of bill pattern and double (red and black) chest band diagnostic, but cf. 79.6. ♣ Humid lowland forest, tall second growth, riverine woodland. slightly raucous “wekwuk” notes in chorus.

556

Call: low,

79.5 BLACK-NECKED ARACARI (Araçari-de-bicobranco) Pteroglossus aracari L 17.7 in./ 45 cm. Note bill pattern, single red band on underparts, and black head (often with small brown patch on the ear coverts). ♣ Humid forest, second growth, riverine woodland, plantations. Locally in cerrado.

79.6 BROWN-MANDIBLED (or Maria’s) ARACARI (Araçari-de-bico-marrom) Pteroglossus mariae L 15.7 in./40 cm. Resembles 79.4b, but with most of lower mandible brown. Often considered a ssp. of 79.4; hybrids between the two are known. ♣ Humid lowland forest, tall second growth, riverine woodland.

Song: falsetto “te-Swéer-swur.”

79.7 CHESTNUT-EARED ARACARI (Araçari-castanho) Pteroglossus castanotis L 17.7 in./ 45 cm. From 79.6 (limited overlap) by bill pattern, pale eyes, and extension of brown on

557

head. ♣ Várzea, second growth, woodland, cerrado, plantations.

Call: very/extr. high, piercing “SEúur.”

79.8 MANY-BANDED ARACARI (Araçari-de-cintadupla) Pteroglossus pluricinctus L 17.7 in./45 cm. Unmistakable by bill pattern, two bands across underparts, and pale eyes. ♣ Humid lowland forest (esp. terra firme) and nearby tall second growth. Call: high, crunching, almost staccato “wit wut wit-wit-wit tsing wut - -.”

79.9 CURL-CRESTED ARACARI (Araçari-mulato) Pteroglossus beauharnaesii L 17.7 in./ 45 cm. Unmistakable by whitish cheeks, bill pattern, and red mantle and belly band. Curly crown visible at close range. ♣ Humid lowland forest (esp. terra firme) and nearby tall second growth. raucous “cha-cha-cha cha wruh cha - -.”

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Call: low,

79.10 SAFFRON TOUCANET (Araçari-banana) Pteroglossus (or Baillonius) bailloni. L 13.8 in./35 cm. Unmistakable. ♣ Humid forest and nearby second growth. Up to 1600 m. R.

Aracaris / Toucanet

559

Plate 80 560

80.1 EMERALD (or Peruvian) TOUCANET (Tucaninho-de-nariz-amarelo) Aulacorhynchus prasinus (or atrugularis) L 13.8 in./ 35 cm. Unmistakable in its small range. ♣ Humid forest and nearby second growth. Call/ song: series of froglike croaks and high “wèh” notes (2–3 ×/ sec).

80.2 CHESTNUT-TIPPED TOUCANET (Tucaninho-verde) Aulacorhynchus derbianus L 13.8 in./35 cm. Unmistakable in its range. ♣ Humid forest and nearby second growth; 800–2400 m. Call/song: very long series of “wah” notes, given at low or high pitch (3 ×/2 sec; “wah” sometimes sounding like a low, hoarse “wrah”).

80.3 GUIANAN TOUCANET (Araçari-negro) Selenidera piperivora (or culik) L 13.8 in./ 35 cm. Unmistakable in its range by black and red bill. Note gray underparts of . ♣ Humid forest (esp. terra firme), riverine woodland. Up to 900

561

m. Call: toneless, dry rattle “krrru”; also may be a rather desperate sounding, high “euuuuúh.”

80.4 GOULD’S TOUCANET (Saripoca-de-gould) Selenidera gouldii L 13.8 in./35 cm. Resembles 80.5–80.7, but with different bill pattern and range. ♣ Humid forest (locally into drier forest) and nearby second growth, riverine woodland. Up to 700 m. “porc-porc-porc- -.”

Call/song:

very

low,

croaking

80.5 TAWNY-TUFTED TOUCANET (Saripoca-de-bico-castanho) Selenidera nattereri L 11.8 in./ 30 cm. Bill pattern diagnostic. Whitish markings on lower mandible sometimes lacking. ♣ Terra firme, white-sand forest. Call/song: “ah-woóh” (1st part toneless, croaking, 2nd part high-pitched).

562

80.6 GOLDEN-COLLARED TOUCANET (Saripoca-de-coleira) Selenidera reinwardtii L 13.8 in./35 cm. Only Selenidera toucanet in range. ♣ Humid lowland forest (esp. terra firme) and nearby second growth. Call: series of very low, pumped croaks, like “caooc,” at 3 ×/2 sec.

80.7 SPOT-BILLED TOUCANET (Araçari-poca) Selenidera maculirostris L 13.8 in./35 cm. Bill pattern diagnostic. Only Selenidera toucanet in range. ♣ Humid forest and nearby second growth, riverine woodland. Up to 1400 m. song: very low croaking “cock-cock-cock- -.”

563

Call/

80.8 CHANNEL-BILLED TOUCAN (Tucano-de-bicopreto) Ramphastos vitellinus L 19.7 in./ 50 cm. Three sspp.: W and C culminatus (a, Yellow-ridged Toucan), E ariel (b, Ariel Toucan) and NE vitellinus (c); b and c unmistakable by bill and chest pattern; a very similar to larger 80.9a, but bill shorter with a more keeled culmen. Intermediates between sspp. common where they meet, an example (d = a × b) shown. ♣ Humid forest and nearby second growth, riverine woodland, parks, plantations, forest patches in more open regions. Lowlands. Call/song: calm, almost level series of high, sharp, loud “Kéer” (or “Kéejr”) notes.

80.9 WHITE-THROATED TOUCAN (Tucano-grande-de-papo-branco) Ramphastos tucanus L 21.5 in./55 cm. Two sspp. (intermediates common where they meet): cuvieri (a, Cuvier’s Toucan, W part of range) and Nom. (b, Red-billed Toucan, E part of range); a resembles 80.8a; b unmistakable by brown tones in bill. ♣ Humid forest and nearby second growth, riverine woodland. Up to 1100 m. Call/song: mid/high, loud, clear “tu cléar,” given in series of 2 ×/3sec.

564

80.10 RED-BREASTED (or Green-billed) TOUCAN (Tucano-de-bico-verde) Ramphastos dicolorus L 19.7 in./50 cm. Unmistakable by color pattern of bill and extensive red in underparts. ♣ Prefers humid montane and submontane forest, but also in lowland forest, woodlots in more open regions, second growth, and plantations. Call/song: loud, raucous “WRèh” or “niuh,” given in series of 2 ×/3sec.

80.11 TOCO TOUCAN (Tucanuçu) Ramphastos toco L 23.6 in./60 cm. Unmistakable by color pattern of bill. ♣ Forest edge, woodland, tall second growth, palm groves, wooded savanna, plantations. Occasionally in gardens. Call/song: high, slightly raucous (gull-like) “wrreh” or low “wruh,” given in series of 2 ×/3sec.

565

Toucanets / Toucans

566

567

Plate 81 81.1 BAR-BREASTED (or Golden-fronted) PICULET (Pica-pau-an o-dourado) Picumnus aurifrons L 3.1 in./8 cm. Several sspp.: borbae (a, NC part of range), wallacii (b, SW part of range) and transfasciatus (c, E part of range) shown. Combination of barred chest and streaked/spotted lower flanks diagnostic in most of range, but cf. 81.6. ♣ Terra firme (esp. edge), also várzea and second growth. high, very thin “see-see-suw.”

Call: extr.

81.2 LAFRESNAYE’S PICULET (Pica-pau-an o-do-amazonas) Picumnus lafresnayi L 3.9 in./10 cm. Note barred underparts; nape of is black, dotted white. Cf. 81.3 and 81.4. ♣ Woodland, second growth, várzea, forest edge. Lowlands. “see-see.”

Normally silent, occasionally extr. high

568

81.3 ORINOCO PICULET (Pica-pau-an o-do-orinoco) Picumnus pumilus L 3.5 in./9 cm. From larger 81.2 (limited contact possible) by plain back, brown, yellow-dotted nape, and darker ear coverts. Also cf. 81.4. ♣ Edge of humid forest, gallery forest, riverine belts, thickets. Lowlands. Mainly up to 300 m.

81.4 GOLDEN-SPANGLED PICULET (Pica-pau-an ode-pintas-amarelas) Picumnus exilis L 3.9 in./10 cm. Note barred, yellowish white underparts, and scaled or spotted mantle. White spots on wing coverts sometimes reduced (esp. in Roraima). ♣ Humid forest, old second growth, riverine thickets, woodland. Up to 1900 m. “see see suw.”

Song: extr. high, thin

81.5 RUSTY-NECKED PICULET (Pica-pau-an ofusco) Picumnus fuscus L 3.9 in./ 10 cm. Very restricted range. Note

569

warm buff tone of neck and underparts, which may be faintly barred as shown. ♣ Várzea. R.

81.6 WHITE-BELLIED PICULET (Pica-pau-an o-de-pescoço-branco) Picumnus spilogaster L 3.5 in./9 cm. Throat barring and flank spotting often reduced, but no overlap with 82.6. From 81.1c (limited overlap) by whiter underparts, more spots (fewer streaks) on flanks, grayer upperparts, and red crown in

. ♣ Gallery forest, forest edge,

woodland, mangrove. Call/song: descending, shivering, slow trill (2 sec).

extr./very

high,

81.7 SPOTTED PICULET (Pica-pau-an o-pintado) Picumnus pygmaeus L 3.9 in./10 cm. Distinctively patterned and colored. ♣ Dry open woodland, caatinga. Call/song: very high, descending, fast, chivering trill “ttrrrruh” (2 sec). En.

570

81.8 VARZEA PICULET (Pica-pau-an o-da-várzea) Picumnus varzeae L 3.5 in./9 cm. Only piculet in its limited range with dark underparts. ♣ Várzea, river islands. En.

81.9 OCHRE-COLLARED PICULET (Pica-pau-an ode-coleira) Picumnus temminckii L 3.9 in./10 cm. Ochre neck and barred underparts diagnostic, but cf. 82.1 and 81.10. ♣ Forest, woodland, thickets. toneless trill “trrrrrruh” (1 sec).

571

Song/call: may be a dry,

81.10 WHITE-WEDGED (or -edged) PICULET (Picapau-an o-escamado) Picumnus albosquamatus L 4.3 in./11 cm. Two sspp.: Nom. (a, the Pantanal; with black-scaled underparts) and widespread guttifer (b; with black spot at center of breast feathers and white-spotted back). Only piculet in range without barring on chest. Hybrids with 81.9 and 82.1 are known. ♣ Dense parts of cerrado, riverine thickets, dry to semiarid forest, woodland. Song: extr. high, slightly undulating, tinkling trill “tititi. . . . titi” (5 sec).

81.11 FINE-BARRED PICULET Picumnus subtilis L 3.5 in./9 cm. Underparts distinctly differing from 81.1 and 82.2 (the only other piculets in this part of Acre); note absence of streaking below. ♣ Humid forest.

Piculets

572

573

Plate 82 82.1 WHITE-BARRED PICULET (Pica-pau-an obarrado) Picumnus cirratus L 3.9 in./ 10 cm. Note grayish brown upper-parts (faintly barred in Roraima) and black-and-white barred underparts. N sspp. lack white upper border to ear coverts. Hybrids with 81.9 common; with 81.8 or 81.10 rarer. ♣ Forest edge, woodland, riverine thickets, dense scrub, parks, gardens. Up to 2100 m. fast trill, like “trrrrriut.”

Call/song: extr. high, dry,

82.2 RUFOUS-BREASTED PICULET (Pica-pau-an overmelho) Picumnus rufiventris L 3.9 in./10 cm. Unmistakable by extensive rufous on underparts and head. No overlap with 82.3. ♣ Thick undergrowth (esp. with bamboo) of humid forest and woodland. audible) “tsit-tsit-tsit- -.”

574

Call/song: extr. high (just

82.3 TAWNY PICULET (Pica-pau-an o-canela) Picumnus fulvescens L 3.9 in./10 cm. Unmistakable by extensive tawny brown on underparts and head. No overlap with 81.5 or 82.2. ♣ Deciduous to semideciduous second growth forest, caatinga, scrub. Up to 950 m. “see-see-see -sisi-wi.” En, R.

Call/song: extr. high

82.4 OCHRACEOUS PICULET (Pica-pau-an o-da-caatinga) Picumnus limae L 3.9 in./ 10 cm. Unmistakable by whitish buff underparts. No overlap with 82.6. ♣ Semideciduous forest and nearby tall caatinga. Up to 1000 m. Call/ song: extr/very high, piercing “tee-tee-tee-titiwi.” En, R.

NOTE:

Piculets in southern Ceará look intermediate between 82.3 and 82.4 and quite confusing; variation from whitish to fulvous belly may be clinal.

575

82.5 MOTTLED PICULET (Pica-pau-an o-carijó) Picumnus nebulosus L 4.3 in./11 cm. Note buff-brown collar and streaking of belly and flanks. ♣ Humid forest, Araucaria forest, riverine woodland. Often in bamboo. Up to 1400 m. R.

82.6 PLAIN-BREASTED PICULET (Pica-pau-an ocreme) Picumnus castelnau L 3.5 in./ 9 cm. Only piculet with unmarked whitish underparts in its limited range. ♣ Várzea and other forest / woodland near rivers. R.

82.7 WHITE-THROATED WOODPECKER (Pica-pau-de-garganta-branca) Piculus leucolaemus L 7.9 in./ 20 cm. Note yellow facial stripe, white throat, and pattern of chest and belly. ♣ Humid lowland forest. Call/song: high, hoarse/hissing “sraa-sraa-sraa- -” or drawn-out, hissing, lowered “wheeeeee” (sounding from some distance like an imitation of the wind through willows).

576

82.8 WHITE- (or Yellow-) BROWED WOODPECKER (Pica-pau-dourado) Piculus aurulentus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Note whitish yellow supercilium and line from lores to side of neck. Throat yellow. ♣ Humid forest and nearby second growth; 750–2000 m, locally lower in S. hurried series of 7–15 high “wuh” notes. R.

Song: slow or

82.9 GOLDEN-OLIVE WOODPECKER (Pica-pau-oliváceo) Colaptes (or Piculus) rubiginosus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Only woodpecker in limited range with whitish face, plain golden-olive back, and barred underparts. Cf. 82.11, 83.8, and Veniliornis woodpeckers (83.1–83.7). ♣ Humid forest and second growth; 700–2200 m. angry, rattling trill (2–3 sec).

577

Song: e.g., high, sharp,

82.10 YELLOW-THROATED WOODPECKER (Pica-pau-bufador) Piculus flavigula L 7.9 in./20 cm. Three sspp.: magnus (a, S Amazon,

and

), E erythropis (b,

and Nom. (N Amazon, not shown; as a, but malar).

)

with red

with yellow ear coverts and face (also throat in

a); with yellow forecrown, face, and throat (not shown b usually with some red on throat). ♣ Humid lowland forest; locally in drier forest; drier caatinga. Song: series of 1–7 high, hoarse, angry-sounding “vraah” notes.

82.11 GOLDEN-GREEN WOODPECKER (Pica-pau-dourado-escuro) Piculus chrysochloros L 9.8 in./25 cm (7.9 in./20 cm in C). Several sspp.: N capistratus (a,

),

SE polyzonus (b, and ) and NE paraensis (c, and ) shown. Throat yellow (most of range), whitish (in W) or barred (in N). Combination of barred underparts, yellow line in face, and whitish blue eyes diagnostic. ♣ Humid forest, 578

caatinga, woodland (even small patches), riverine forest, palm groves. Song: series of 15 almost toneless, hoarse “schraah” notes, sounding like a hysterically crying baby.

Piculets / Woodpeckers

579

580

Plate 83 83.1 CHECKERED (or Chequered) WOODPECKER (Pica-pau-chor o) Veniliornis (or Piciodes) mixtus L 5.5 in./ 14 cm. Distinctively spotted/checkered blackish brown and white. Note dark mask. Small and without the yellow-green tones of 83.3 and 83.8 and 83.9. ♣ Woodland, gallery forest, savanna, cerrado. Call/song: high, sharp, almost level, rapidly twittered “wutwitwit---wih.”

83.2 LITTLE WOODPECKER (Picapauzinho-an o) Veniliornis passerinus L 5.9 in./15 cm. Several sspp.: S olivinus (a,

and

), E taenionotus (b,

), and W agilis (c,

) shown. All sspp., except c, with eyebrow faint or lacking. E and C sspp. may show faint red spots on back. From 83.4–83.7 by lack of yellow on head. Also cf. larger Piculus woodpeckers (82.7–82.11). ♣ Forest edge, woodland (incl. caatinga), savanna, second growth, mangrove, river islands, plantations, gardens. Call/song: sharp, chattered, almost-rattle of “wuwu---,” turning into “wiwi---” notes; 1st few notes rising.

581

83.3 WHITE-SPOTTED WOODPECKER (Picapauzinho-verde-carijó) Veniliornis spilogaster L 7 in./18 cm. Back barred dark olive-green and yellowish. Note long white eyebrow and malar. ♣ Forest (even small patches), woodland, shrub, parks. “dur” note lowered.

Call: e.g., “Tjup Tjiddur” notes;

83.4 RED-RUMPED WOODPECKER (Pica-pau-de-sobre-vermelho) Veniliornis kirkii L 6.3 in./16 cm. Note small distribution and altitudinal range. Red rump diagnostic, but often hard to see. ♣ Humid forest and nearby second growth; 1400–1750 m. Call: unstructured series of high, nasal “trut” or very high “twit” notes.

582

83.5 GOLDEN-COLLARED WOODPECKER (Pica-pau-de-colar-dourado) Veniliornis cassini L 6.3 in./16 cm. Note yellow nuchal collar. No overlap with 83.6 and 83.7, but cf. 83.2, 83.4, and Piculus woodpeckers (82.7–82.11). ♣ Canopy and edge of humid forest and nearby second growth. Up to 1500 m. rattling trill (3 sec).

Call: loud, upslurred,

83.6 RED-STAINED WOODPECKER (Picapauzinho-avermelhado) Veniliornis affinis L 6.7 in./17 cm. Cf. 83.5. Note yellow nuchal collar and faint red spotting on wing coverts (often hard to see). Cf. 83.2, 83.7, and Piculus woodpeckers (82.7–82.11). Shown is W ssp. hilaris; E Nom. (not shown) with no or reduced red stains on upperparts. ♣ Canopy and edge of humid lowland forest and nearby second growth, plantations. Call: high, sharp, slightly undulating, chattering rattle (5–7 sec).

583

83.7 YELLOW-EARED WOODPECKER (Picapauzinho-de-testa-pintada) Veniliornis maculifrons L 5.9 in./15 cm. Note yellow nuchal collar. No overlap with 83.4 and 83.5, but cf. 83.2, 83.6, and Piculus woodpeckers (82.7–82.11). ♣ Humid forest edge, secondary forest, parks. Lowlands and hilly country. Call/song: high, nasal, rising then slightly falling, chattering rattle (5–7 sec). En.

83.8 SPOT-BREASTED WOODPECKER (Pica-pau-de-peito-pontilhado) Colaptes punctigula L 7.9 in./ 20 cm. Note whitish face and spotted underparts. Cf. 83.9 and 82.9. ♣ Wide range of wooded habitats, incl. várzea (avoids interior of terra firme), woodland, second growth, wooded savanna, palm groves, mangrove. Call/song: may be a rapid, regular series of high, clear “wick” notes, like “wick-wickwick---” (3–4 sec).

584

83.9 GREEN-BARRED WOODPECKER (Pica-pau-verde-barrado) Colaptes melanochloros L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. Resembles smaller 83.8 (note range), but barring of upperparts pale yellowish (less bronze-green). There is much variation in the amount of spotting on the underparts. The back can be plain in some populations. Ssp. nattereri (not shown) from central Brazil is much smaller than the other forms. ♣ Forest, woodland, savannalike areas, open areas with some trees, second growth, caatinga, plantations, gardens, parks. Call: e.g., fast, nasal, staccato, descending “tidwurrr”; song: very high, short, clear, liquid “wikwikwik---” (about 10 × “wik,” 1st two and last two notes rising or falling) or slow series of 6–7 high “wir” notes.

83.10 CAMPO FLICKER (Pica-pau-do-campo) Colaptes campestris L 11.8 in./30 cm. Shows lots of individual variation in amount and shape of markings on back and underparts. Two sspp.: S white-throated campestroides (a,

585

FIELD FLICKER) and widespread black-throated Nom. (b). Unmistakable by orange-yellow collar and ear coverts. Rather terrestrial. ♣ Virtually any open to semiopen habitat, incl. grassland, farmland, savanna, woodland, forest edge, parks, gardens, second growth, shrub. Call: e.g., high, sharp, nasal “tih,” “tir,” or “wur”; song: e.g., rapid “wicwicwic---” (10–12 ×, 1st few rising, last few descending). Also a duet of high “wicwicwic,” immediately answered by low “wucwuc.”

Woodpeckers / Flicker

586

587

Plate 84 84.1 SCALY-BREASTED WOODPECKER (Picapauzinho-chocolate) Celeus grammicus L 9.8 in./25 cm. Three sspp.: SW latifasciatus (a), NW Nom. (b), and C subcervinus (not shown, intermediate between a and b). Barring rather faint to strong (chest may appear almost all black), but tail and rump always unbarred (cf. 84.2, 84.3, and 84.9). ♣ Upper levels of humid lowland forest; locally in nearby wooded savanna. Song: “fuweét-tjeeuh” (1st part loud and upswept, 2nd part soft and nasal).

84.2 WAVED WOODPECKER (Pica-pau-barrado) Celeus undatus L 9.8 in./25 cm. Clearly barred above and below; chest may appear almost all black (cf. 84.9). From 84.1b (limited contact possible in Roraima) by barred rump (often also tail, a) and paler head and underparts. ♣ Upper levels of humid lowland forest; locally in nearby wooded savanna. Song: high, nasal “fuweét-eeuh.”

588

84.3 CHESTNUT WOODPECKER (Pica-pau-choco-late) Celeus elegans L 11.8 in./30 cm. Two sspp.: pale-crested NE Nom. (a) and chestnut-headed W and C jumanus (b). Only Celeus woodpecker without a black chest or barring to back and underparts (be aware that 84.1b can appear uniform from afar). ♣ All levels of humid lowland forest; locally in nearby wooded savanna. Also riverine woodland, plantations. Song: may be a high, level, rapid, clear, piped “tjuuh-tjuuh-tjuuh-wuh.”

84.4 PALE-CRESTED WOODPECKER (Pica-pau-louro) Celeus lugubris L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. Rufescent-brown (a, N Nom.) to blackish brown below (b, S ssp. kerri). From 84.5 (also note range) by back pattern (mantle and wing coverts barred buff; flight feathers barred chestnut). ♣ Semideciduous forest, woodland, cerrado, palms groves. Song: may be a very high, slackening, fluted “twee-twee-tee-tee-tee.”

589

84.5 BLOND-CRESTED WOODPECKER (Pica-pau-de-cabeça-amarela) Celeus flavescens L 11.8 in./30 cm. Three races: SE Nom. (a), NE ochraceous (b), and EC intermedius (not shown; intermediate between a and b). Note mainly blackish underparts. ♣ Forest, woodland (incl. eucalyptus), second growth, cerrado, caatinga, parks, plantations. Song: e.g., loud, calm, ringing, piped “peep-peep-peep- -” (15 × “peep”), descending “weeh-weeh-weeh,” or very high, sharp “weeh-weeh.”

84.6 CREAM-COLORED WOODPECKER (Pica-pau-amarelo) Celeus flavus L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. Of three sspp., Amazonian Nom. (a, amount of brown in wing variable) and E subflavus (b) shown. Overall mainly creamy yellow. ♣ Humid forest, woodland, gallery forest; occasionally in mangrove or plantations. Song: high, calm “wrih-wrih-wrih-wruh” (3–4 × “wrih,” “wruh” lowered).

590

84.7 RUFOUS-HEADED WOODPECKER (Pica-pau-lindo) Celeus spectabilis L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. Unmistakable by contrasting rufous head and wings, but cf. 84.8. ♣ Lower and mid-levels of humid lowland forest and woodland, esp. near rivers and bamboo.

84.8 KAEMPFER’S (or Caatinga) WOODPECKER (Pica-pau-do-parnaíba) Celeus obrieni L 9.8 in./25 cm. Often considered a ssp. of larger 84.7 (no overlap), but with less black barring. ♣ Cerrado, palm groves. Associated with bamboo. En, R. Possibly extinct.

591

84.9 RINGED WOODPECKER (Pica-pau-de-coleira) Celeus torquatus L 11.8 in./30 cm. Three sspp.: NE Nom. (a), W and C occidentalis (b), and E tinnunculus (not shown; resembles b); a unmistakable by black collar and uniform cinnamon underparts; note barred tail and rump, black chest, and barred whitish buff belly in b. ♣ Humid lowland forest, riverine woodland. × “peeh”).

Song: high, clear, piped “peeh-peeh-peeh” (3–6

Woodpeckers

592

Plate 85

593

85.1 WHITE WOODPECKER (Pica-pau-branco) Melanerpes candidus L 9.8 in./25 cm. Unmistakable. Social. ♣ Dry to semihumid forest and woodland, savanna, scrub, cultivations, palm groves, eucalyptus woods. downslurred, ternlike “krreeerr.”

Call/song: very high,

85.2 YELLOW-FRONTED WOODPECKER (Benedito-de-testa-amarela) Melanerpes flavifrons L 6.7 in./ 17 cm. Note stripe of white streaks through middle of otherwise black mantle. Social. ♣ Humid forest, second growth, cane fields, palm groves, cultivation. Call/song: rapid, nasal, slightly descending “weeweeweewit.”

85.3 YELLOW-TUFTED WOODPECKER (Benedito-de-testa-vermelha) Melanerpes cruentatus L 7.5 in./19 cm. Two forms (a, b), both unmistakable. Note black back and white rump. Social. ♣ Canopy and edge of humid

594

forest, tall second growth, plantations. Call/song: very fast, rattling, almost level or slightly ascending “wutwut---.”

85.4 WHITE-FRONTED WOODPECKER (Pica-pau-de-testa-branca) Melanerpes cactorum L 6.7 in./17 cm. Virtually unmistakable. May have white throat (as shown in

). Social. ♣ Dry forest, gallery forest, woodland, savanna,

palm groves. Call: may be a very high, nasal “wut-weetwut,” repeated in a series in which “weetwut” is higher pitched each time.

85.5 HELMETED WOODPECKER (Pica-pau-de-caracanela) Dryocopus galeatus L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. From larger 85.7a by cinnamon face (no white line to bill) and creamy rump. Mantle always lacks white. ♣ Humid forest; sometimes also nearby forest patches and gallery forest. Up to 800 m. R.

595

85.6 ROBUST WOODPECKER (Pica-pau-rei) Campephilus robustus L 13.8 in./35 cm. Unmistakable by pattern. Note creamy mantle and rump. ♣ Tall humid forest, Araucaria stands. Up to 1000 m.

Call: high “kew.”

85.7 LINEATED WOODPECKER (Pica-pau-de-banda-branca) Dryocopus lineatus L 13.8 in./ 35 cm. Two sspp.: large SE erythrops (a) and widespread Nom. (b). Note white line from bill down sides of neck. White markings on scapulars (often missing in a as shown, cf. 85.5) never meet on lower back (cf. 85.9). ♣ Forest (usually avoids interior of humid forest), woodland, cerrado, riverine woodland, second growth, plantations (incl. eucalyptus), gardens. Up to 2100 m. Call: high “kip”; song: “kip-wjurrrrr,” 2nd part low, shivering, and fading out.

596

85.8 RED-NECKED WOODPECKER (Pica-pau-de-barriga-vermelha) Campephilus rubricollis L 11.8 in./30 cm. Three sspp.: N Nom. (a) and S trachelopyrus/ olallae (b). Unmistakable by rufous-cinnamon underparts (also wing panel in b) and lack of white on back. ♣ Humid forest and nearby second growth. Also riverine woodland. Up to 1800 m.

Call/song: low, nasal “ti’heeu.”

85.9 CRIMSON-CRESTED WOODPECKER (Pica-pau-de-topete-vermelho) Campephilus melanoleucos L 13.8 in./35 cm. White scapular lines meet on lower back, forming a V shape. : pale buff at bill. : black on front runs op to top of crown and white line on face broader than 85.7. ♣ Forest, woodland (incl. small patches, as long as tall trees are present), tall second growth, riverine woodland, palm groves, plantations. Up to 1600 m. “ti’wir” and “ti’d’wir.”

Song: short, nasal, shivering

597

85.10 CREAM-BACKED WOODPECKER (Pica-pau-de-barriga-preta) Campephilus leucopogon L 11.8 in./30 cm. Unmistakable by creamy back and black underparts. ♣ Woodland, savanna, groves. “tjuaw.”

Woodpeckers

598

Call: low, nasal

Plate 86

599

86.1 PLAIN-BROWN WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-pardo) Dendrocincla fuliginosa L 7.9 in./ 20 cm. Sspp. distinguished by how pale the throat is, by the presence or absence of a buff-cinnamon superciliary and of some streaking/dotting in the upper chest; N Nom. (a, with buff mark behind eye) and NW ssp. phaeochra (b, with plain face) shown. Only plain woodcreeper in most of range. Often at ant swarms. ♣ Middle and lower levels of terra firme, less often várzea and plantations. Call: extr. high, sweeping “sweeuh”; song: long series of sweeping “weekwee-kweek---” notes, slightly lowered and slowed at end. There are also various rattles, such as a sustained, very high, slightly undulating “bicbic---.”

86.2 THRUSH-LIKE (or Plain-winged) WOOD-CREEPER (Arapaçu-liso) Dendrocincla turdina L 7.9 in./20 cm. Only Dendrocincla woodcreeper in range. ♣ Middle and lower levels of humid forest, mature second growth, riverine belts. Song: series (60 sec and more) of very high “keepkeepkeep---” notes, slightly undulating, fading, and crescendoing at random.

600

86.3 WHITE-CHINNED WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-da-taoca) Dendrocincla merula L 7 in./ 18 cm. From 86.1 by plain face and clearly defined white throat. Eyes usually pale bluish in S and W, but dark brown in N ♣ Terra firme, occasionally riverine belts and edge of várzea. Usually at ant swarms. Call: series of very high “bic bic -” notes; song: simple, very high, twittering “titterit titterit -.”

86.4 LONG-TAILED WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-rabudo) Deconychura longicauda L 7 in./ 18 cm, 6.3 in./16 cm. Slender, with unmarked back. From very similar 86.5 by slightly larger size, longer bill, and more clearly spotted crown. ♣ Terra firme and várzea. Forest interior. Below 500 m. Song: varies geographically; N of Amazon, a high, distinctly descending, clear, rather plaintive “pee-pue-tue-tuh---” (7–8 notes).

601

86.5

SPOT-THROATED

WOODCREEPER

(Arapaçu-de-garganta-pintada) Deconychura stictolaema L 7 in./18 cm,

6.3 in./ 16 cm. Cf. 86.4. ♣ Interior and edge of

terra firme and várzea. Song: high, short, staccato rattle, slightly rising and trailing off.

86.6 OLIVACEOUS WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-verde) Sittasomus griseicapillus L 6.3 in./ 16 cm. Sspp. fall into three groups: Amazonian griseicapillus group (a), SE sylviellus group (b), and E reiseri (not shown; as b, but brighter cinnamon-rufous above). All sspp. characterized by small size, small bill, and unstreaked plumage. ♣ Virtually any habitat with trees. Call: high, sweeping “weet”; song: four distinctive vocal variations in Brazil; in SE very high, loud, descending “weet weet weet - -” (5–20 ×, each “weet” slightly upturned) or a high rattling trill (>20 sec); in NE a high, fast, slightly rising “weeweewee---” (6–20 notes).

602

86.7 WEDGE-BILLED WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-de-bico-de-cunha) Glyphorynchus spirurus L 5.9 in./15 cm. Note distinctive chisel-shaped bill. Several current sspp., varying in amount of white streaking on chest and in throat color. Nom. from Amapá and N Pará (not shown) has conspicuous whitish throat and looks bigger. ♣ Mainly in terra firme, but also in várzea, riverine belts, palm swamp. Call: nervous, sneezing “tseets tseets tseets-tseets -”; song: varies geographically; in SE 2-noted plaintive “weep-weep”; in N fast, ascending, sweeping series of 3 notes.

86.8 SCIMITAR-BILLED WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-platino) Drymornis bridgesii L 11.8 in./ 30 cm. Unmistakable by bill, densely streaked underparts, and facial pattern. ♣ Woodland, scrub, savanna, suburbs. Often forages on the ground. Song: very high, loud but thin “feetfeetfeet---tuit” (“feet” up to 8 × and level, “tuit” lower and descending)

603

86.9 LONG-BILLED WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-de-bico-comprido) Nasica longirostris L 13.8 in./35 cm. Unmistakable by long bill, small head, and long neck. ♣ Várzea, forested swamps, and nearby terra firme. Locally in river-ine belts in cerrado. Call: high, nasal “weetut” or “weeterweet”; song: loud melancholy-sounding, drawn-out calls “wuuuueet wuuueeet - “(3–4 ×), each slightly rising and thereafter trailing off.

86.10 CINNAMON-THROATED WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-galinha) Dendrexetastes rufigula L 9.8 in./25 cm. Stout, pale bill. Overall plain except for distinct “collar” of white streaks (in E part of range; shown), white streaks on chest and sides of neck (SC part of range), or faint white streaks, restricted to chest (W part of range). ♣ Humid forest, river islands. Often in palms at forest edge. Song: very high loud series of ringing notes, sounding almost like a trill (7–8 sec).

604

Woodcreepers

605

Plate 87 606

87.1 BAR-BELLIED WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-de-barriga-pintada) Hylexetastes stresemanni L 11.8 in./30 cm. Characterized by heavy, red bill and bold barring below. ♣ Humid forest.

87.2 UNIFORM WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-uniforme) Hylexetastes uniformis L 11.8 in./ 30 cm. Heavy red bill as in 87.1, 87.3, and 87.4, but no overlap in range. Cf. smaller 87.10b and 88.2b. ♣ Humid forest, esp. terra firme. Locally also semideciduous woodland. “Weeah weeah - - weeh” notes.

Song: loud series of about 6

87.3 BRIGIDA’S WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-deloro-cinza) Hylexetastes brigidai L 11.8 in./ 30 cm. Similar to 87.2, but lores pale. Larger and heavier-billed than 87.10b. ♣ Humid forest, mainly terra firme.

Song resembles that of 87.2. En.

607

87.4 RED-BILLED WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-de-bico-vermelho) Hylexetastes perrotii L 11.8 in./ 30 cm. Similar to 87.2 and 87.3, but with whitish throat and face. No overlap in range. ♣ Humid forest, esp. terra firme. Song resembles that of 87.2.

87.5 STRONG-BILLED WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-vermelho) Xiphocolaptes promeropi-rhynchus L 11.8 in./30 cm. Note large size, very large, pale, grayish horn-colored bill (dark in tepuis), pale lores, and streaked underparts. Dark malar not always visible. ♣ Mainly terra firme; sometimes várzea. Song: high, loud descending series of 5–7 paired “weetju weetju - -” notes.

608

87.6 CARAJÁS WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-do-cara-jás) Xiphocolaptes carajaensis L 11.8 in./ 30 cm. Often considered a ssp. of very similar but slightly larger 87.5. No overlap in range. ♣ Primarily terra firme. possibly slightly faster. En.

Song as 87.5, but

87.7 WHITE-THROATED WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-de-garganta-branca) Xiphocolaptes albicollis L 11.8 in./30 cm. Large with long, black bill. Dark malar between whitish throat and streak from lores to lower ear patch. Back plain. Cf. 88.3. Note: Two very distinctive forms from the hinterland forests of Bahia may well be full species with a very restricted range: the quite pale villanovae (only from Senhor do Bonfim) and bahiae (from Chapada Diamantina), the latter lacking ventral barring. ♣ Humid forest, second growth, riverine belts in cerrado. Song: slow, descending series of 4–6 high, sharp, double-noted whistles, like “witjuu witjuu - -.”

609

87.8 MOUSTACHED WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-do-nordeste) Xiphocolaptes falcirostris L 11.8 in./ 30 cm. No woodcreeper with similar face pattern in range. ♣ Deciduous forest (“mata seca”), tall arboreal caatinga, and gallery forest. Call: whining, drawn-out “wèèè-tuh” (last part high and dry); song: varied; series of 4–7 double-notes, like “wèèè-TJUH wèèè-TJUH - -” (“wèèè-TJUH” often gradually changing to ringing “Tu-Tjuh”). En, R.

87.9 GREAT RUFOUS WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-do-campo) Xiphocolaptes major L 11.8 in./ 30 cm. Unmistakable by large size, massive pale bill, and dark lores. Big ssp. remoratus (not shown) from Mato Grosso has a more extensively streaked chest and a barred belly. ♣ Dry forest, woodland, riverine belts; also in cerrado and wooded savanna. Song: slightly descending series of 5–8 double-noted whistles, like “wéettuck - -.”

610

87.10 AMAZONIAN BARRED-WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-barrado) Dendrocolaptes certhia L 10.6 in./27 cm. Sspp. radiolatus (a; in NW) shown and concolor (b, Concolor Woodcreeper, Ri. Madeira to Ri. Tocantins; may have faint barring); a and other sspp. (resembling a, but barring less distinct) unmistakable by scalloped barring below and lack of streaking; b differs from 88.1 and 88.2b by reddish bill. Also cf. 87.2. ♣ Humid forest, savanna forest, gallery forest, and mangrove. Often at ant swarms. Call: “tjiew,” accented at beginning, drawn-out at end; song: rapid, whinnying, run-together series of up to 12 notes, 1st rising than fading and falling off.

Woodcreepers

611

612

Plate 88 88.1 HOFFMANNS’S WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-marrom) Dendrocolaptes hoffmannsi L 11 in./28 cm. From 87.10 and 88.2b by black bill. ♣ Humid forest, tall second growth. Often at ant swarms. ×). En.

Song: level, rapid “wutwutwut---” (up to 20

88.2 BLACK-BANDED WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-meio-barrado) Dendrocolaptes picumnus L 10.6 in./ 27 cm. Several sspp.: N Nom. shown (a, with barred underparts), less marked pallescens (b, the Pantanal) and transfasciatus (c, with streaked breast and barred belly). Follows armyant swarms. Note: picumnus group (including Nom. and very similar validus from NW Amazon), pallescens-group, and ssp. transfasciatus may be full species. ♣ Terra firme and inundated várzea. Can also be seen in forested savanna and, rarely, in mangrove. Call: very high “tjieh”; song: rapid, descending series of sharp notes (SW); softer and less sharp in W Amazonia.

613

88.3 PLANALTO WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-grande) Dendrocolaptes platyrostris L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. From larger 87.7 by shorter bill, little or no dark malar and, in SE part of range, finely streaked back. Back plain in N and W part of range, unlike 88.2a. Belly and vent barred. Shown Nom. (a) and paler-headed ssp. intermedius (b). ♣ Humid forest, woodland, palm swamps, cerrado, and caatinga. Call: varied; may start with very high “i-i-i” continued with “weekweek---”; song: unmusical series of 5 or many more “tjuew” notes, well-separated or run together, normally slightly rising, then trailing off.

88.4 STRAIGHT-BILLED WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-de-bico-branco) Xiphorhynchus picus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Note plain back and whitish bill with straight or upturned culmen. Extensively marked white or buff head. ♣ Open habitats such as wooded savanna, riverine belts, swamps, mangrove, arid scrub, plantations, pastures with scattered

614

trees. Call: simple, very high “twit twit - -”; song: rapid, descending series of “peecpicpitpit---” notes (lasting 2 sec).

88.5 ZIMMER’S WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-ferrugem) Xiphorhynchus kienerii L 9.8 in./25 cm. Very similar to 88.4, but tail longer. ♣ Mainly in interior of várzea. high, fast, almost level series of “i” notes.

Song: very

88.6 STRIPED WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-riscado) Xiphorhynchus obsoletus L 7.9 in./ 20 cm. Dense whitish buff streaking above and below. Pale bill (often dark at base of upper mandible) with slightly curved culmen. ♣ Várzea and wooded swamps. Locally also terra firme and riverine belts in cerrado. Call: very high, indignant-sounding “tic,” often prolonged to a short twitter; song: very high, rising trill, like “wuhwuh---wihwih” (2–3 sec).

615

88.7 LESSER WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-rajado) Xiphorhynchus fuscus L 6.7 in./17 cm. NE ssp. atlanticus (a) and SE Nom. (b) shown. Slender, curved bill. From 89.4–89.6 by spotted (not streaked or plain) crown and less boldly marked underparts. From 89.4 and 89.5 also by streaking on mantle (sometimes faint) ♣ Humid forest, incl. Araucaria. Inland in drier wooded areas. Call: very high, sharp “fieet fieet - -”; song: fast, sharp rattle, stuttered at end and (in Nom.) at beginning (2–3 sec).

88.8 OCELLATED WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-ocelado) Xiphorhynchus ocellatus L 7.9 in./ 20 cm. Culmen/upper mandible dark; lower mandible pale. Mantle virtually plain (may be faintly streaked in NW). Breast spotted buff. ♣ Mainly in terra firme, sometimes várzea. Call: very high, fast “teettitteet”; song: short, fast, descending, rattling series of notes (up to 1 sec).

616

88.9 TSCHUDI’S WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-) Xiphorhynchus chunchotambo L 7.9 in./ 20 cm. Back finely streaked. From very similar overlapping ssp. of 88.11 by larger spots on breast. ♣ Humid forest. descending, whinnying series (2 sec).

Song: resounding,

88.10 SPIX’S WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-de-spix) Xiphorhynchus spixii L 7.9 in./20 cm. Very similar to 88.6, but voice different. Also cf. 88.8 and 89.2. ♣ Humid forest, incl. montane. Song: very high, very fast trill, descending at beginning, level at end, last note higher (as a sort of “full stop”). En.

617

88.11 ELEGANT WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-elegante) Xiphorhynchus elegans L 7.9 in./ 20 cm. (Includes ssp. juruaus JURUÁ WOODCREEPER from W Brazil, differing by voice.) Bill and markings below as 88.8, but back clearly streaked. Streaking above and below finer in SW (cf. 88.9). Also cf. 88.6 and 89.2. ♣ Mainly terra firme, but occasionally in várzea, second growth, riverine belts. Call: characteristic 3-noted “tjictjicwuuuw,” 1st 2 staccato, 3rd much lower and whining; song: descending series of “witwitwit---” notes; each note accentuated (3–5 sec and longer).

Woodcreepers

618

619

Plate 89 89.1 CHESTNUT-RUMPED WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-assobiador) Xiphorhynchus pardalotus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Bill black (only lowermost part of lower mandible pale). Throat and streaking fulvous. No overlap with most Xiphorhynchus woodcreepers, but cf. 89.2. ♣ Forest, mainly terra firme. Locally also in wooded savanna. unstructured series of chirps; song: level, “tjuptjup-tjuptjeetjee.”

Call: clicking

89.2 BUFF-THROATED WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-de-garganta-amarela) Xiphorhynchus guttatus L 9.8 in./25 cm. Variable; guttatoides group Lafresnaye’s Woodcreeper (a; W Amazon and Pantanal region; with buff streaking and throat and bill pale except for dark base to upper mandible), eytoni group Dusky-billed Woodcreeper (b; SE Amazon and Ceará; throat white and bill dark except for lowermost part of lower mandible), Nom. group (not shown; NE Amazon and E; as a, but upper mandible dark). Larger and heavier-billed than other Xiphorhynchus woodcreepers and lacks barring to vent and belly. ♣ Mainly humid forest. Locally in palm swamps, semideciduous forest, cerrado, and mangrove. Call: resounding, descending “weerweerwir” (3–6 notes); song: varies geographically; in W Amazonia:

620

loud, resounding, crescen-doing series of “wuut” notes, falling off at the end (3–6 sec); in Mato Grosso a very high, rising trill, decelerating and descending at the end.

89.3 NARROW-BILLED WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-de-Cerrado) Lepidocolaptes angustirostris L 7.9 in./20 cm. Several sspp.: angustirostris (a) and bahiae (b, with plain, buffish underparts) shown. Unmistakable by head pattern. ♣ Open woodland, palm swamps, savanna, wooded areas in towns. Call: 1–3 squeaky notes; song: basically a series of 6–8 loud “peep” notes, which may vary in tempo, pitch, and strength.

89.4 SCALED WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-escamado) Lepidocolaptes squamatus L 7.9 in./ 20 cm. Note plain mantle and nape and bold streaking below. No overlap with 89.5–89.8, but cf. 88.7b. ♣ Humid forest.

621

Call: “péeir”;

song: series of sharp, connected “pi” notes, slightly rising and slowing down and sharply falling off at end. En.

89.5 WAGLER’S WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-de-wagler) Lepidocolaptes wagleri L 7.5 in./ 19 cm. Often considered a ssp. of 89.4, but crown plainer and markings below less contrasting. No overlap with 89.4 or 89.6–89.8, but cf. 88.7. ♣ Woodland, dry to semideciduous forest. En.

89.6 SCALLOPED WOODCREEPER Arapaçu-escamado-do-sul) Lepidocolaptes falcinellus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Similar to 89.4, but nape streaked (sometimes extends faintly into mantle). No overlap with 89.4, 89.5, or 89.7 and 89.8, but cf. 88.7b. ♣ Humid forest, Araucaria forest. Occasionally in semideciduous forest.

622

89.7 STREAK-HEADED WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-listrado) Lepidocolaptes souleyetii L 7.9 in./20 cm. Similar to 89.8, but head more streaked. ♣ Forest, woodland. Song: short, very high, sharp, shivering, downslurred trill.

89.8 LINEATED WOODCREEPER (Arapaçu-de-listras-brancas) Lepidocolaptes albolineatus L 7 in./18 cm. Note slender, curved bill. Appears plain except for streaked underparts (b), but NE Nom. (a) has indistinct spots on crown and nape. ♣ Canopy of terra firme; less in várzea and riverine belts. Song: series of about 15 fluted notes, falling in pitch and accelerated.

623

89.9 CURVE-BILLED SCYTHEBILL (Arapaçu-de-bico-curvo) Campylorhamphus procurvoides L 9.8 in./25 cm. Two groups: multostriatus group (shown; streaks with narrow, dark edging; S of Ri. Amazon) and Nom. group (not shown; as 89.10, but mantle plain; N of Ri. Amazon). Both differ from 89.10 by slightly darker, more curved bill. ♣ Terra firme, bamboo stands. Song: varies per region; e.g., high fluted “wuuut wuuttttttt” (2nd “wuut” changing to level or rising trill).

89.10 RED-BILLED SCYTHEBILL (Arapaçu-beija-flor) Campylorhamphus trochilirostris L 9.8 in./25 cm. Only scythebill in most of range. Note pinkish red bill, slight streaking to mantle, and lack of dark edges to streaks. ♣ Woodland, cerrado, caatinga, scrub, riverine belts, várzea, bamboo stands. Call: very high, excited, upslurred trill (or almost-trill); song: individually and regionally varied; in NW a rapid, descending, musical, whinnying series of up to 25

624

notes; in NE a short series of fluted notes “wuut wuut wit-wit-triffit” (last part ascending).

89.11 BLACK-BILLED SCYTHEBILL (Arapaçu-de-bico-torto) Campylorhamphus falcularius L 9.8 in./25 cm. Note black bill. ♣ Atlantic forest, second growth, bamboo stands. Mainly in highlands in N part of range. Call: very high, piercing “pjeetpjeet” (2–3 ×); song: level or descending, raspy “sree-sree-sree- -” (up to 5–6 ×).

Woodcreepers / Scythebills

625

626

Plate 90 90.1 TUFTED TIT-SPINETAIL (Rabudinho) Leptasthenura platensis L 6.7 in./17 cm. Cf. 90.2. ♣ Woodland, shrub. Song: 2–3 extr. high notes ending in very short trill.

90.2 STRIOLATED TIT-SPINETAIL (Grimpeirinho) Leptasthenura striolata L 6.3 in./ 16 cm. From 90.1 by range, streaked mantle, and more extensive streaking below. ♣ Forest edge (incl. Araucaria), woodland, tall second growth; 500–1200 m. Song: level, short, hurried series of 2–5 very high, thin or full notes, last one often slightly lower. En.

90.3 ARAUCARIA TIT-SPINETAIL (Grimpeiro) Leptasthenura setaria L 7 in./18 cm. Unmistakable by streaked head, plain rufous mantle, and long tail. ♣ Canopy of Araucaria; 750–2000 m. Song: series (2–3 sec) of very high, thin notes changing in tempo between trill and rattle. R. 627

90.4 ITATIAIA (Thistletail or) SPINETAIL (Garrinchachorona) Oreophylax moreirae L 7.5 in./ 19 cm. Note rufous chin (reduced in Juv.) and long, pointed tail. No similar bird in range and habitat. ♣ Low levels in thickets, shrub, bamboo, and tall grass. Above 1850 m. Call: low “piuw”; song: accelerating series of extr. high, slightly rising notes “you-tee-wiwiwiwi.” En.

90.5 SHORT-BILLED CANASTERO (Lenheiro) Asthenes baeri L 5.9 in./15 cm. From 90.8 by shorter, heavier bill, grayer ear coverts and eyebrow, larger orange throat-patch, and shorter tail. ♣ Arid scrub and woodland. Up to 1300 m. Call: very high “weet weet - -.” Normally sings (as the other canastero species) from exposed perch atop a bush.

628

90.6 CIPO CANASTERO (Lenheiro-da-serra-do-cipó) Asthenes luizae L 6.7 in./17 cm. Unmistakable in range and habitat. ♣ Brushy and grassy areas with rocks; 900–1500 m. Call: high “tjip”; song: descending series of about 12 notes “tseeptseep---.” En, R.

90.7 HUDSON’S CANASTERO (Jo o-platino) Asthenes hudsoni L 7 in./18 cm. Note streaked flanks. Tail edged whitish. Throat usually white (shown), but sometimes with orange chin. Crown not rufous, unlike 95.10 and 96.4. ♣ Tall grass and sedges, esp. in marshy areas. Up to 950 m.

629

90.8 [SHARP-BILLED (or Lesser) CANASTERO (Jo o-de-rabo-comprido) Asthenes pyrrholeuca] L 5.9 in./15 cm. Cf. 90.5. ♣ Tall grass, marshy areas. Call: very high “weet weetweet - -.” Not yet confirmed in Brazil.

90.9 CHOTOY SPINETAIL (Bichoita) Schoeniophylax phryganophilus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Unmistakable by combination of long tail, yellow chin, rufous shoulder, and streaked back. ♣ Open areas with scattered trees and bushes, riverine belts. Call: hurried “sreepsreeptrrit”; song: low, descending, “chop-chop-chop---,” ending in a rattle.

Tit-Spinetails / Canasteros / Spinetail

630

631

Plate 91 91.1 CAMPO MINER (Andarilho) Geositta poeciloptera L 4.7 in./12 cm. Small. Note short tail, plain back, and rufous in wing (mainly in flight). No overlap with 91.2, but cf. 91.9 and pipits (Pl. 128). ♣ Open cerrado, grassland with scattered trees and bushes. Often in recently burned areas. Mainly terrestrial. Song (in display flight): high, level, hurried, rolling “turruturrut---” (15–20 sec). R.

91.2 COMMON MINER (Curriqueiro) Geositta cunicularia L 5.9 in./15 cm. Note dark-streaked chest, plain back, rather short tail, and rufous in wing (mainly in flight). Generally distinctive, but cf. 91.3 and 91.4 and pipits (Pl. 128). ♣ Open grassy areas, shrub. Often in sandy coastal habitats. Terrestrial. Call: very high, sharp “fweet”or “fwit”; song: in low flight display, series of shrill notes.

632

91.3 BAR-WINGED CINCLODES (Pedreiro-dos-andes) Cinclodes fuscus L 6.7 in./17 cm. Cf. 91.4. ♣ Grassland and other open habitats. Often near water. Terrestrial. Call: extr. high “tic” notes; song: given from perch (while flapping wings) or in flight, short, shrill, buzzing, like “srrrrrrih” or “srrrrruh.”

91.4 LONG-TAILED CINCLODES (Pedreiro) Cinclodes pabsti L 7.9 in./20 cm. From smaller 91.3 (no known overlap) by longer tail, and uniform chest (no faint scalloping) ♣ Grassland and other open habitats. Often near water; 750–1700 m. Terrestrial. Song: from perch or in flight, very high, short, sharp, crescendoing rattle/trill. En.

NOTE:

Horneros (91.5–91.9) are largely terrestrial. Except 91.9, all have bright rufescent backs and well-defined eyebrows. The large, rounded mud-nests, for which they have

633

received their name (hornero is Spanish for baker), is typically placed in a tree or other high structure. R. 91.5 LESSER HORNERO (Jo ozinho) Furnarius minor L 5.1 in./13 cm. Small. In most of range only hornero with gray (not pinkish) legs, but cf. 91.7. ♣ Low scrub on river islands. Call: sudden, mid-high “dzip”; song: high, very loud, resounding, harsh series “dipdipdip---,” 1st 6–7 notes slightly descending (up to 8 sec).

91.6 WING-BANDED (or Band-tailed) HORNERO (Casaca-de-couro-da-lama) Furnarius figulus L 6.3 in./16 cm. From 91.7 and 91.8 by dark-tipped inner webs of tail feathers (mainly visible from below), outer primaries with two (not one) rufous bands, and paler underparts contrasting less with white throat. ♣ Woodland, second growth, parks, gardens, semiopen areas. Often near water; often near humans. Call: e.g., harsh “djeep-djeep- -”; song: series of 3–20 high, very loud staccato notes “djipdjip- -,” sometimes run together. En.

634

91.7 PALE-LEGGED HORNERO (Casaca-de-couro-amarelo) Furnarius leucopus L 7 in./ 18 cm. Legs typically pinkish, but may be grayish in E. Tawny-ochraceous chest contrasts somewhat with white throat. ♣ Woodland, second growth, parks, gardens, semiopen areas. Often near water; often near humans. Song: slightly descending and slowing series of about 15 very loud staccato notes, the last 3–5 well accentuated.

91.8 PALE-BILLED HORNERO (Jo o-de-bico-pálido) Furnarius torridus L 6.3 in./16 cm. Resembles 91.7, but chest darker rich rufous-brown. Shy. ♣ Woodland and forest at rivers. Song: descending, hurried series of loud, fluted notes, ending in a tremolo (total 4–5 sec).

635

91.9 RUFOUS HORNERO (Jo o-de-barro) Furnarius rufus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Rather featureless. Note contrasting rufous tail. Wing band rarely visible when perched. ♣ Virtually any open to semiopen habitat. Often near humans. Song: often in duet; chattering, sharp notes in 7–8 sec series, hurried and slightly undulating at start, leveling and slowing down in second half.

Miners / Cinclodes / Horneros

636

Plate 92

637

92.1 PINTO’S SPINETAIL (Tatac) Synallaxis infuscata L 6.7 in./17 cm. Only Synallaxis spinetail in small range with all-rufous crown and tail. ♣ Dense undergrowth in lowland forest, woodland, second growth. Call/song: high, hurried, nasal “teh-tjeh teh-tjetjeh.” Song may also sound like a fast, short, dry trill. En, R.

92.2 RUFOUS-CAPPED SPINETAIL (Pichororé) Synallaxis ruficapilla L 5.9 in./15 cm. Only Synallaxis spinetail in range with rufous wings, tail, and cap. Note fine whitish eyebrow. ♣ Low levels of forest, woodland. Usually near bamboo. Up to 1400 m. Call: dry rattle, like “trrrrruh”; song: “tdrrrWit” (“Wit” much higher).

92.3 BAHIA SPINETAIL (Jo o-baiano) Synallaxis whitneyi L 6.3 in./16 cm. Only Synallaxis spinetail in small range with rufous wings, tail, and cap. ♣ Dense undergrowth of forest; 500–1000 m.

Call: high, dry “rutrut-.” En, R. 638

92.4 SOOTY-FRONTED SPINETAIL (Petrim) Synallaxis frontalis L 5.9 in./15 cm. From most other spinetails in range by rufous wings and tail. From 92.1–92.3 by gray frontlet, paler face, and inconspicuous black throat-patch. ♣ Undergrowth of deciduous forest, riverine belts, savanna, thickets, plantations. Call: varied; may be an irregular, high, nasal “tjip tjip tjipjip - -”; song: very high 2-noted “du-Twee” (2nd note much higher).

92.5 PALE-BREASTED SPINETAIL (Uí-pi) Synallaxis albescens L 5.9 in./15 cm. Note gray frontlet and dull brownish tail. Rufous in plummage restricted to crown and wing coverts. Note also pale underparts. ♣ Low levels in virtually any open or semiopen habitat with tall grasses and/or shrubs. Call: extr. high “tsweét”; song: unceasing, very high, shrill “zutsweet zutsweet - -.”

639

92.6 SPIX’S (or Chicli) SPINETAIL (Jo o-teneném) Synallaxis spixi L 6.7 in./17 cm. Note rufous crown and wing coverts. Black chin patch larger than in 92.5 and underparts darker. ♣ Undergrowth of shrub, cerrado, woodland edge, grassy areas with shrub. Up to 2050 m. 5-noted “wuh-wididit” (“wuh” lower).

Call/song: 4- or

92.7 DARK-BREASTED SPINETAIL (Jo o-de-peito-escuro) Synallaxis albigularis L 6.3 in./ 16 cm. No similar species in most of range, but in limited area of contact, cf. 92.5. From very similar 92.8 (note range) by slightly paler, spikier tail. ♣ Areas with tall grass and shrubs. Mainly near water. Lowlands. “Dit-drrrr” (“Dit” higher).

640

Song: high, sharp

92.8 CINEREOUS-BREASTED SPINETAIL (Jo o-grilo) Synallaxis hypospodia L 6.3 in./ 16 cm. Resembles 92.5, but under-parts grayer and wings (usually) more rufescent. Also cf. 92.7. ♣ Open areas with tall grass and shrub. Often near water. Lowlands. Song: high, sharp “tutDrrrrrrruh” (last part staccato and slightly descending).

92.9 MACCONNELL’S SPINETAIL (Jo o-escuro) Synallaxis macconnelli L 6.3 in./16 cm. No similar Synallaxis spinetail in range with all-rufous crown except paler 92.5. ♣ Dense forest undergrowth. Up to 1900 m. Call: short, dry rattle, like “drrrr”; song: dry rattle, ending in a higher pitched, full-stop “drrrrrh-Tic.”

641

92.10 CABANIS’S SPINETAIL (Jo o-do-norte) Synallaxis cabanisi L 6.7 in./17 cm. Darker than 92.5 and with all-rufous wings. ♣ Dense undergrowth in or near humid lowland forest. Call: low “zic”; song: hurried, chattered “tjetjetjetjet - -,” rather unstructured in pitch.

Spinetails

642

Plate 93 643

93.1 GRAY-BELLIED SPINETAIL (Pi-puí) Synallaxis cinerascens L 5.9 in./15 cm. Only spinetail in range with gray under-parts and no rufous on crown. ♣ Dense undergrowth in humid forest interior. Up to 1150 m. Song: very high, piercing “weeet-suweet” (1st note higher).

93.2 WHITE-BELLIED SPINETAIL (Jo o-de-barriga-branca) Synallaxis propinqua L 6.3 in./ 16 cm. From 93.3 by black throat-patch. ♣ Tall grass, thickets, and low bush at rivers. In lowlands. Song: strange, mechanical-sounding, scratchy shiver (5–6 sec).

93.3 PLAIN-CROWNED SPINETAIL (Jo o-teneném-becuá) Synallaxis gujanensis L 6.3 in./ 16 cm. From 93.4a (note range) by lack of contrasting white lores. Also cf. 93.2. ♣ Low levels in shrub, stands of cane, edge of forest and woodland. Near water. Lowlands. Song: varies geographically; in W Amazonia, “tjuh mcweet,” 1st part 644

slightly downslurred, “weet” much higher; in NE, 2 well-separated notes, 1st note high, sharp, explosive “Whip,” 2nd note lower “wuh,” together as “Whip wuh.”

93.4 WHITE-LORED SPINETAIL (Jo o-do-pantanal) Synallaxis albilora L 6.3 in./16 cm. Two sspp. (Nom. and simoni), often treated as full species: (a) WHITE-LORED SPINETAIL (João-dopantanal) Synallaxis albilora. Note distinct whitish lores; (b) ARAGUAIA SPINETAIL (João-do-araguaia) Synallaxis simoni; En. From a (no known overlap) by mostly white underparts and cinnamon-rufous back. ♣ Undergrowth of riverine belts. Up to 1000 m. Voices of the two ssspp. differ; albilora repeats sharp “keeew kiw-kweet” notes; simoni gives a series of evenly spaced “keeip” notes.

93.5 HOARY-THROATED SPINETAIL (Jo o-de-barba-grisalha) Synallaxis kollari L 6.3 in./16 cm. No

645

similar bird in its restricted range. ♣ Dense undergrowth of riverine belts. Song/call: double-noted “tuh-tíh,” second note higher. En, R.

93.6 OCHRE-CHEEKED SPINETAIL (Estrelinha-preta) Synallaxis scutata L 5.5 in./14 cm. Note distinctive eyebrow and small black throat-patch. ♣ Undergrowth of dense, low forest in cerrado and caatinga. Song: extr. high, thin “fweeet puh-wit,” 1st part upslurred, 2nd note lower pitched than 1st and 3rd. Constantly repeated at 1-sec intervals.

93.7 CHESTNUT-THROATED SPINETAIL (Puru-chém) Synallaxis cherriei L 5.5 in./ 14 cm. Resembles 93.8a, but wings not uniform and lacks black throat-patch. ♣ Dense undergrowth of humid lowland forest. Often in bamboo thickets. Song: “prruh-píh” (2nd note higher) in long series with short interruptions. R.

646

93.8 RUDDY SPINETAIL (Jo o -teneném-castanho) Synallaxis rutilans L 5.5 in./14 cm. Virtually all-rufous plumage combined with black throat-patch (a) diagnostic. Dark ssp. omissa (b; Juvs. of other sspp. similar) of far E has rufous wings. ♣ Undergrowth of humid lowland forest, mainly terra firme. Song: 2-noted “kéewoh” (2nd note lower), constantly repeated.

93.9 YELLOW-CHINNED SPINETAIL (Curutié) Certhiaxis cinnamomeus L 5.9 in./15 cm. Unmistakable in most of its range by bicolored plumage, but cf. 93.10, 94.6, and 94.10. Note whitish eyebrow. Diagnostic yellow chin lacking in Juv. ♣ Wetlands, marshes, mangrove, and other semiopen habitats near water. Alarm call: low “tjew”; song: loud rattle, like “t-t-trrrrrrr.” Note: An undescribed taxon with more uniform upperparts and chin lacking yellow occurs together with this species near Ri. Araguaia.

647

93.10 RED-AND-WHITE SPINETAIL (Jo o-da-canarana) Certhiaxis mustelinus L 5.9 in./15 cm. Conspicuously bicolored. From 93.9 by lacking an eyebrow and having a white chin. ♣ Marsh at rivers in forest. Call: dry “chuk chuk-chuk”; song: loud, dry, irregularly undulating rattle.

Spinetails

648

Plate 94

649

94.1 PALLID SPINETAIL (Arredio-pálido) Cranioleuca pallida L 5.9 in./15 cm. Combination of white eyebrow and rufous crown, wings, and tail diagnostic. Juv. resembles 94.4, but with all-rufous wings. ♣ Upper levels of forest, woodland, tall second growth; 700–2150 m. Song: extr. high, slightly descending series of about 5 “seetseet---tut” notes (often accelerated to a trill at the end). En.

94.2 TEPUI SPINETAIL (Jo o-do-tepui) Cranioleuca demissa L 5.9 in./15 cm. Note eyebrow and rufous crown, wings, and tail. No similar Cranioleuca in range, but cf. 92.9. ♣ Mid- to upper levels of forest and woodland above 1100 m. Call: high, short, dry rattle; song: fast, short series, starting extr. high, ending in a high rattle, like “zizi---zrr” (1–2 sec).

94.3 STRIPE-CROWNED SPINETAIL (Arredio) Cranioleuca pyrrhophia L 5.9 in./15 cm. Streaked crown bordered by white eyebrow diagnostic. Grayer (less buff)

650

below than 94.1 and 94.4. ♣ Deciduous forest, woodland, second growth. Call: “wrrru”; “tit-tit-srrrru,” downslurred at end.

song:

extr.

high

94.4 OLIVE SPINETAIL (Arredio-oliváceo) Cranioleuca obsoleta L 5.5 in./14 cm. Note dull brown crown and rufous wing coverts. Cf. 94.1 and 94.3. ♣ Mid-to upper levels of forest, second growth, Araucaria woodland. Up to 1000 m. Call: soft, dry, hurried trill; song: short series, at first extr. high and hesitant “tzit-tzit-tzit-,” and then a short trill ending in a very high “-sfeet-sfeet-sfeet.”

94.5 GRAY-HEADED SPINETAIL (Jo o-de-cabeça-cinza) Cranioleuca semicinerea L 5.9 in./ 15 cm. Unmistakable in range. ♣ Forest, woodland. Mainly in dry regions; locally at borders of humid forest; 500–850 m. Call: high “trwit”; song: extr. high “tsit-tsit-tsit-” then bouncing down as rattle. En. 651

94.6 RUSTY-BACKED SPINETAIL (Arredio-do-rio) Cranioleuca vulpina L 6.3 in./16 cm. Differs from 93.9 and 93.10 by pale (not black) lower mandible and gray-buff (less white) underparts. Cf. 94.10. ♣ Mid- to low levels of riverine belts, várzea, thick vegetation near water. Song: series of descending, scolding notes “scew-scew-scew- -” (2–3 sec).

94.7 SCALED SPINETAIL (Jo o-escamoso) Cranioleuca muelleri L 5.9 in./15 cm. Scalloped underparts diagnostic. ♣ Mid-levels to subcanopy of humid lowland forest. En.

652

94.8 SPECKLED SPINETAIL (Jo o-pintado) Cranioleuca gutturata L 5.5 in./14 cm. Speckled underparts diagnostic. ♣ Várzea and terra firme with dense vines. Below 400 m, occasionally much higher. Alarm call: short, low rattle; song: extr. high “sreet-steer - -” (almost inaudible).

94.9 SULPHUR-THROATED (or -bearded) SPINETAIL (Arredio-de-papo-manchado) Cranioleuca sulphurifera L 6.3 in./16 cm. Note habitat, wing-pattern, faintly streaked throat, and yellow chin. ♣ Marshes with tall grasses or reeds.

94.10 PARKER’S SPINETAIL (Arredio-de-peito-branco) Cranioleuca vulpecula L 5.5 in./14 cm. Differs from very similar 94.6 by paler chest and less distinct eyebrow. ♣ Shrub and woodland at rivers; esp. river islands. Song: high “tjuw-tjuw-tjerrr” (last note a trill, rapidly descending).

653

Spinetails

654

Plate 95

655

95.1 RED-SHOULDERED SPINETAIL (Jo o-chique-chique) Gyalophylax hellmayri L 7.5 in./19 cm. No similar bird in its range. ♣ Arid, scrubby woodland. call: high, shrill “quebéc.” En, R.

Alarm

95.2 STRIATED SOFTTAIL (Rabo-amarelo) Thripophaga macroura L 7.1 in./18 cm. Note extensive streaking and orange chin. Cf. larger 97.10. ♣ Mid- to lower levels of humid forest, esp. in dense vine tangles. Up to 1000 m. Song: unstructured mixture of short rattles, “tjew-tjew-tjew” notes, and sparrowlike chatters (often in duet). En, R.

95.3 PLAIN SOFTTAIL (Jo o-liso) Thripophaga fusciceps L 6.7 in./17 cm. Dark; no streaking. Note rufous wings and tail. ♣ Várzea. Mainly in dense vines. Song: very rhythmic chattering with rattles in tune, given in duet.

656

95.4 RUFOUS-FRONTED (or Common) THORNBIRD (Jo o-de-pau) Phacellodomus rufifrons L 6.7 in./17 cm. Rather featureless, but note rufous front. Shows contrasting rufous remiges in far NE. ♣ At low levels in a wide range of habitats with thickets, but generally avoids forest interior. Mainly below 1300 m. Call: extr. high, sharp “zipzipzip-zip-”; song: rather unstructured series of very high, mewing “tsjew” notes, rising, falling, and repeating.

95.5 FRECKLE-BREASTED THORNBIRD (Tio-tio) Phacellodomus striaticollis L 7.1 in./ 18 cm. Note freckled breast and pale eyes. Wings and tail brownish rufous. ♣ Near water in riverine belts, lowland scrub, and marsh. Up to 700 m. Song: series of about 8–10 well-spaced notes, 1st 3–4 mid-high and nasal, last 5–6 high, sharp and loud.

657

95.6 GREATER THORNBIRD (Graveteiro) Phacellodomus ruber L 7.9 in./20 cm. Note yellow (not white) eyes and contrasting rufous wings and cap. Cf. 95.5 and 99.9. ♣ Undergrowth of riverine belts, marshes, woodland, and shrub near water. Up to 1100 m. Call: loud, high “djeub-djebdjebdjed”; song: series of up to 20 loud, sharp, resounding notes, starting very high and explosive, thereafter slightly accelerating and gradually descending.

95.7 ORANGE-EYED THORNBIRD (Jo o-botina-da-mata) Phacellodomus erythrophthalmus L 6.7 in./17 cm. Dark with contrasting rufous throat and fore-crown. Eyes orange, which may seem black when seen in shadow. ♣ Undergrowth of humid forest. Song: slow, descending series of up to 15 sharp, ringing notes. En.

658

95.8 RED-EYED THORNBIRD (Jo o-botina-do-brejo) Phacellodomus ferrugineigula L 6.7 in./ 17 cm. Differs from 95.7 by larger rufous areas on forecrown and breast, duller and darker central tail, and duller reddish eyes. ♣ Undergrowth of forest, woodland, second growth, marsh. Song: as 95.7, but less sharp, sounding more like “tjirp tjirp tjirp - -.”

95.9 CANEBRAKE GROUNDCREEPER (Cisqueiro) Clibanornis dendrocolaptoides L 8.7 in./ 22 cm. Note white throat and scalloping between cheeks and chin. ♣ Bamboo and other dense undergrowth of forest. Often near streams. Up to 1200 m. Short to long series of loud, staccato “chet” notes, often interspersed with harsh chatters. R.

659

95.10 BAY-CAPPED WREN-SPINETAIL (Boininha) Spartonoica maluroides L 5.1 in./ 13 cm. Note small size, rufous crown, and streaked back. Cf. 94.9, 90.7, and 96.4. ♣ Marshes and other wet areas with tall grasses. dry trill (2–3 sec). R.

Song: very

Spinetail / Softtails / Thornbirds / Groundcreeper / Wren-Spinetail

660

661

Plate 96 96.1 WREN-LIKE RUSHBIRD (Bate-bico) Phleocryptes melanops L 5.5 in./14 cm. Note white throat and boldly patterned wimp and face sides. ♣ Bamboo and other dense undergrowth of forest; often near streams. Up to 1200 m. Song: curious mechanical-sounding series of tics (sounds like an idling motor, with the throttle occasionally opened), sustained for long periods.

96.2 CURVE-BILLED REEDHAUNTER (Junqueiro-de-bico-curvo) Limnornis curvirostris L 6.3 in./16 cm. Curved bill diagnostic. ♣ Marshes with tall grasses or reeds. Up to 1100 m. Song: fast rising and thereafter descending series, reminiscent of guineafowl cackling; also a very long rattle, abruptly changing in pitch.

662

96.3 STRAIGHT-BILLED REEDHAUNTER (Junqueirode-bico-reto) Limnoctites rectirostris L 6.7 in./17 cm. Note habitat and long bill. Note virtually straight bill, gray-tinged crown, and spikier tail. ♣ Marshes and other wet areas with spiny Eryngos (Eryngium spp). Song: long series, alternating between a low, slightly undulating trill and a very high rattle. R.

96.4 FIREWOOD-GATHERER (Cochicho) Anumbius annumbi L 7.5 in./19 cm. Note rufous frontlet, white throat edged by black-spotted malars, and broadly white-tipped tail (mainly visible from below). ♣ Grassland, shrub, lightly wooded areas, tree-stands near farms. Song: strong, very high series of 2–3 hurried, staccato notes, followed by short, slightly descending rattle, like “djip-djipdrrrr.”

96.5 LARK-LIKE BRUSHRUNNER (Corredor-crestudo) Coryphistera alaudina L 6.3 in./16 cm. Note crest. Virtually

663

unmistakable. ♣ Open woodland, semiopen areas with shrub and scattered trees. Varied vocalizations, e.g., very high “sreeh” and descending “sreeweewee.”

96.6 ORANGE-FRONTED PLUSHCROWN (Jo o-folheiro) Metopothrix aurantiaca L 4.3 in./11 cm. Virtually unmistakable. Juv. lacks orange crown. Note orange legs. ♣ Woodland, second growth, várzea, edge of terra firme. Song: slightly descending series of 3–5 high, thin notes (2 sec).

96.7 RORAIMAN BARBTAIL (Jo o-de-roraima) Roraimia adusta L 5.9 in./15 cm. No similar bird in its range. ♣ Humid forest; 1200–2500 m.

Call: very high, inquiring “whit?”

664

96.8 PINK-LEGGED GRAVETEIRO (Acrobata) Acrobatornis fonsecai L 5.5 in./14 cm. Unmistakable by combination of gray plumage and pink legs. Juv. differs from Ad. by the gray plumage parts being brownish. ♣ Cacao plantations shaded by taller trees. twittering. En, R.

Song: extr. high, excited

96.9 POINT-TAILED PALMCREEPER (Limpa-folha-do-buriti) Berlepschia rikeri L 7.9 in./ 20 cm. Unmistakable. ♣ Palm groves (mainly Mauritia) in forest, swamp, or savanna. Song: very high, loud series of 12–15 “weetweetwitwitwit---” notes, up to 5 sec, rising, getting sharper, and falling off at the end.

665

96.10 WHITE-BROWED FOLIAGE-GLEANER (Limpa-folha-miúdo) Anabacerthia amaurotis L 6.3 in./16 cm. Throat and broad eyebrow creamy white. Back plain. Cf. 97.4. ♣ Understory of forest, tall second growth. Mainly at 600–1500 m; locally lower. Call: extr. high, thin “tseep tseep seepseep -”; song: e.g., a short, accelerated, ascending and descending series of very/extr. high “seep” notes. R.

Rushbird / Reedhaunters / Firewood-Gatherer / Brushrunner / Plushcrown / Barbtail / Graveteiro / Palm-Creeper / Foliage-Gleaner

666

667

Plate 97 97.1 CAATINGA CACHOLOTE (Casaca-de-couro-da-caatinga) Pseudoseisura cristata L 9.8 in./25 cm. Large and mostly rufous. Note crest. No overlap with 97.2 and 97.3. ♣ Caatinga, deciduous forest. Often near humans. Duets in which one bird gives a long series of well-spaced, very loud, piercing “tjew” notes, the other intermixes with 1-sec rattles. En.

97.2 BROWN CACHOLOTE (Coperete) Pseudoseisura lophotes L 9.8 in./25 cm. Unmistakable in its range. ♣ Deciduous forest, woodland, shrub, gardens. Unmusical duet of well-spaced, grating notes, intermixed with soft, descending “tjew” notes.

97.3 RUFOUS (or Gray-crested) CACHOLOTE (Casaca-de-couro-de-crista-cinza) Pseudoseisura unirufa L

668

7.9 in./20 cm. Very similar to 97.1 (no overlap in range), but often with grayer crown. ♣ Flood plains, riverine belts, woodland. Often near humans. Duet of sustained, loud, accelerating, slightly descending “chew” notes mixed with chattering and rattles, finishing with combined cackling.

97.4 BUFF-BROWED FOLIAGE-GLEANER (Trepadorquiete) Syndactyla rufosuperciliata L 7.1 in./18 cm. Differs from 97.10 by narrower buff eyebrow and more olive (less rufescent) mantle. ♣ Lowland forest, riverine belts, second growth up to 2000 m. Call: very high, sharp, snarling “tsjeep tsjeep -”; song: short series of high-pitched, loud, sharp notes, slightly ascending, then bouncing down “dzeepdzeep---.”

97.5 PERUVIAN RECURVEBILL (Limpa-folha-de-bico-virado) Simoxenops ucayalae L 7.9 in./ 20 cm. Unmistakable by dark rufous-brown plumage and by

669

bill shape. ♣ Low levels in bamboo thickets in humid forest. Song: short, loud, harsh, ascending rattle (2–3 sec), last note(s) sometimes lowered. R.

97.6 CHESTNUT-WINGED HOOKBILL (Limpa-folha-picanço) Ancistrops strigilatus L 7.1 in./18 cm. Unmistakable by strongly contrasting rufous wings and densely streaked underparts and mantle. Cf. 97.7 and foliage-gleaners (Pl. 98–99). ♣ Mainly in upper levels of terra firme; locally in várzea. Call: “teetjuw” (second part often lower); song: sustained, gently undulating, slightly angry-sounding rattle (up to 35 sec).

97.7 EASTERN STRIPED WOODHAUNTER (Limpa-folha-riscado) Hyloctistes subulatus L 7.1 in./18 cm. Differs from foliage-gleaners in range (Pl. 98–99) by blurry streaking of underparts and mantle. Eyering less distinct than in 99.2. ♣ Low to mid-levels of humid forest, old second

670

growth. Call: high, sharp “kreeut”; song: monotone, nasal “tjeutjeu tjeutjeutjeu” or undulating or descending “djepdjep---” (up to 8 sec).

97.8 WHITE-COLLARED FOLIAGE-GLEANER (Trepador-coleira) Anabazenops fuscus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Relatively large. Note white collar. Wings brown, not rufous. ♣ Forest and second growth with extensive bamboo; 350–1200 m. Call: high, nasal, hurried “wjew-wjew---” (up to 8 ×); song: high, musical, slightly lowered “djepdjep---” (up to 11 ×; sometimes some notes doubled). En.

97.9

DUSKY-CHEEKED (Bamboo or Crested) (Barranqueiro-de-topete) Anabazenops dorsalis L 7.5 in./ 19 cm. As 99.2, but underparts grayer, upperparts more rufescent, and eyebrow more prominent. ♣ Mid- and low levels in humid forest, second growth; Esp. esp. FOLIAGE-GLEANER

near water and/or bamboo. Up to 1000 m.

671

Song: series of

about 7–8 well-separated, slightly accelerated, nasal “tjew” notes.

97.10 PALE-BROWED TREEHUNTER (Trepador-sobrancelha) Cichlocolaptes leucophrus L 8.7 in./ 22 cm (N part of range), 7.1 in./18 cm (S part of range). Relatively large. Note strong streaking below and less distinct streaking of back. Tail rufous (shown; S part of range) or cinnamon (N part). Lacks orange chin of 95.2. ♣ Humid montane and lowland forest. Call: very high, sharp, grating “shreew”; song: loud, sweeping “wip wip - -” or “sreep sreep - -” (up to 6–7 ×), sometimes interspersed by some chattering. En.

Cacholotes / Foliage-Gleaners / Recurvebill / Hookbill / Woodhaunter / Treehunter

672

Plate 98 673

98.1 RUFOUS-TAILED FOLIAGE-GLEANER (Limpa-folha-de-cauda-ruiva) Philydor ruficaudatum L 6.7 in./17 cm. Smaller, slenderer, and with finer bill than Automolus foliage-gleaners. Note faint streaking to breast and vent. Cf. 99.1. Also cf. 98.2. ♣ Mid- to upper levels of terra firme; locally also várzea. Up to 900 m. Call: dry, very short rattle, like “krrreh”; song: high, staccato “wicwicwic---,” lowered at the end (up to 2 sec).

98.2 CINNAMON-RUMPED FOLIAGE-GLEANER (Limpa-folha-vermelho) Philydor pyrrhodes L 5.9 in./15 cm. Unmistakable by contrasting dark wings and crown. ♣ Understory of humid forest; often near palms. Up to 500 m. Call: fast “tjaktjaktjak”; song: low or very high, long, dry, gradually rising trill, ending with a full stop.

98.3 RUSSET-MANTLED (or Planalto) FOLIAGE-GLEANER (Limpa-folha-do-brejo) Syndactyla dimidiata L 6.7 in./17 cm.

674

Rather uniform rufescent color overall. Cf. 98.4 with paler under-parts and gray-tinged crown. Also cf. 98.6. ♣ Low to mid-level of forest and woodland; up to 1200 m. Song: rather short or very long series of “tsjek” notes, ascending, starting and ending with some stuttering (the total reminiscent of a small, slowly starting motorbike).

98.4 RUFOUS-RUMPED FOLIAGE-GLEANER (Limpa-folha-de-sobre-ruivo) Philydor erythrocercum L 6.7 in./17 cm. From 98.1 by rufous rump and lack of even faint streaking. ♣ Mid- to upper levels of terra firme; locally also várzea; up to 1300 m. high, piercing notes.

Song: hurried series of 4–5 very

98.5 CHESTNUT-WINGED FOLIAGE-GLEANER (Limpa-folha-de-asa-castanha) Philydor erythropterum L 7.1 in./ 18 cm. Note contrasting rufous wings and ochre-orange chin and lores. Lacks streaking of 97.6. ♣ Mid- to upper

675

levels of terra firme; locally also várzea. Up to 500 m; locally higher. Song: very high, ringing, buzzing trill, slightly rising and falling.

98.6 OCHRE-BREASTED FOLIAGE-GLEANER (Limpa-folha-ocráceo) Philydor lichtensteini L 6.3 in./16 cm. Note gray-brown crown and ochraceous underparts. ♣ Mid- to upper levels of forest, tall second growth. Up to 800 m. Call: short, very high, inhaled trill; song: series of up to 10 extr. high, piercing “zipzip---” notes.

98.7 BUFF-FRONTED FOLIAGE-GLEANER (Limpa-folha-de-testa-baia) Philydor rufum L 7.5 in./19 cm. Buff forehead diagnostic. ♣ Mid- to upper levels of forest, second growth. Up to 1200 m; locally higher.

676

98.8 BLACK-CAPPED FOLIAGE-GLEANER (Limpa-folha-coroado) Philydor atricapillus L 6.7 in./17 cm. Unmistakable by facial pattern. ♣ Forest, tall second growth; up to 1000 m. Call: very high, metallic-sounding “zic - -”; song: rapid series of 6–8 very high notes, the 1st 2 lower (as if taking a run-up), the last 2 slightly lower still.

98.9 ALAGOAS FOLIAGE-GLEANER (Limpa-folha-do-nordeste) Philydor novaesi L 7.1 in./ 18 cm. Unmistakable in its tiny range. ♣ Humid forest, old second growth. En, R.

677

98.10 SHARP-TAILED STREAMCREEPER (Jo o-porca) Lochmias nematura L 5.5 in./ 14 cm. Unmistakable by scaling below. ♣ Woodland, forest. Always near streams or small rivers. Mainly in highlands; also in lowlands in S. Call: extr. high, sharp, indignant “tsiterit” or “tsitit”; song: series of extr. high, loud, piercing notes, slightly stuttering at first, then accelerating and slightly rising.

Foliage-Gleaners / Streamcreeper

678

Plate 99

679

99.1 BUFF-THROATED FOLIAGE-GLEANER (Barranqueiro-camurça) Automolus ochrolaemus L 7.5 in./19 cm. Note faintly flammulated breast, distinct broad eyering, relatively faint eyebrow, and buff throat. ♣ Mid- and low levels in humid forest, second growth, plantations. Up to 1000 m. Call: downslurred, dry “krèeh”; song: series of 3–4 well-separated, descending “keh-keh-keh-kreh” notes.

99.2 OLIVE-BACKED FOLIAGE-GLEANER (Barranqueiro-pardo) Automolus infuscatus L 7.5 in./19 cm. Note brown-olive face sides and upperparts. White throat often puffed out. ♣ Undergrowth of lowland forest. Up to 700 m. Call: high, sharp, decisive “tjíwah”; song: short, descending trill “terrrruh.”

99.3 PARA FOLIAGE-GLEANER (Barranqueiro-do-pará) Automolus paraensis. L 7.5 in./ 19 cm. Differs from 99.2 by broader dark margins to feathers of crown and cheeks. ♣

680

Mainly Terra firme, also in várzea. Up to 700 m. Nasal “wheet wheet - -”; song: very high, penetrating, sharp “kreet-kreetkrititit,” slightly descending. En.

99.4 WHITE-EYED FOLIAGE-GLEANER (Barranqueiro-de-olho-branco) Automolus leucophthalmus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Virtually unmistakable in range and habitat. Note white (not yellow) eyes. ♣ Low to mid-levels of forest, tall second growth. Mainly up to 1000 m; locally higher. Call: high, sharp, nasal “itiew”; song: fast, rhythmic, liquid or grating “tlewtlew---.”

99.5 WHITE-THROATED (or Tepui) FOLIAGE-GLEANER (Barranqueiro-de-roraima) Automolus roraimae L 7.1 in./18 cm. Characterized by contrasting white throat and eyebrows. ♣ Montane forest, merging in wind-clipped woodland; 1100–2500 m. Song: short, very dry, upslurred rattle (almost like bleating of a goat). 681

99.6 BROWN-RUMPED FOLIAGE-GLEANER (Barranqueiro-escuro) Automolus melanopezus L 6.7 in./17 cm. Note pale ochre-orange throat and reddish-orange eyes. Also cf. 99.7. ♣ Undergrowth of várzea, esp. with bamboo. Up to 500 m. Song: short series in 3 parts, starting with “wet weet,” continued with fast, liquid “wiwiwiwi,” and ending with lower dry rattle.

99.7 RUDDY FOLIAGE-GLEANER (Barranqueiro-ferrugem) Automolus rubiginosus L 7.1 in./18 cm. Dark. Deep rufous throat and chest. ♣ Undergrowth of humid lowland forest. Song: varies geographically; in N, 2-noted “tutwuuh” (2nd note higher), in W, a mournful, upslurred “ttweuuuh.”

682

99.8 CHESTNUT-CROWNED FOLIAGE-GLEANER (Barranqueiro-de-coroa-castanha) Automolus rufipileatus L 7.5 in./19 cm. Note yellow-orange eyes. Crown slightly more chestnut than remaining upperparts. ♣ Low levels in várzea; less so in terra firme. Often near bamboo. Up to 500 m; locally higher. Call: grating “krih-krih- -”; song: short, shivering, staccato trill “kriiiiiiih” (1.5 sec).

99.9 CHESTNUT-CAPPED FOLIAGE-GLEANER (Furabarreira) Hylocryptus rectirostris L 7.9 in./20 cm. Note yellowish eyes. Crown and wings contrast less with mantle and with less white to central underparts than in shorter-billed and longer-tailed 95.6. ♣ Riverine belts, woodland, up to 1000 m. Call: dry, cackling “kjep -kjep - -”; song: as call, but accelerating to a rattle, in total lasting 2–3 sec.

683

99.10 SHARP-BILLED TREEHUNTER (Trepadorzinho) Heliobletus contaminatus L 5.1 in./13 cm. Small. Differs from 96.10 by buff (not whitish) eyebrow, throat, and cheeks. Streaked upper back from São Paulo southward. Also cf. 97.4. ♣ Mid- to upper levels of forest, incl. Araucaria. Mainly in highlands in N part of range. Song: extr. high, twittering rattle, 1st 3–4 notes lower, then upslurred. Note: An undescribed Heliobletus sp. occurs in SE Bahia.

Foliage-Gleaners / Treehunter

684

Plate 100 685

100.1 TAWNY-THROATED LEAFTOSSER (Vira-folha-de-peito-vermelho) Sclerurus mexicanus L 6.3 in./16 cm. Differs from other leaftossers by tawny-rufous throat. Note long, curved bill. ♣ Humid forest. Up to 1100 m. Call: very high, simple “tsik”; song: very high, piercing series of 4–6 descending “tess-tsee-tsee---tsee” notes (last “tsee” often back to level of 1st note).

100.2 SHORT-BILLED LEAFTOSSER (Vira-folha-de-bico-curto) Sclerurus rufigularis L 6.3 in./16 cm. From 100.1 by shorter bill and paler throat. ♣ Terra firme up to 500 m. Call; extr. high “siew siew -”; song: short, descending series of 4–5 very high, piercing notes, preceded by 2–4 × “tjup.”

100.3 GRAY-THROATED LEAFTOSSER (Vira-folha-de-garganta-cinza) Sclerurus albigularis L 6.7 in./17 cm. Whitish gray throat contrasts with rufous chest. Cf.

686

100.4; no overlap with 100.5. ♣ Humid lowland forest. Song: series of 2–5 level or rising notes, often followed by level, lower “tjutjut-” (2–3 × “tjut).

100.4 BLACK-TAILED LEAFTOSSER (Vira-folha-pardo) Sclerurus caudacutus L 6.7 in./ 17 cm. Two groups; NE Amazonian insignis group (a) and widespread brunneus group (b). Note whitish chin in a and whitish chin with faint scaling in b. Lacks contrasting rufous chest and rump of 100.5. ♣ Terra firme. Mainly in lowlands; to 1100 m in tepuis. Song: loud series of hurried, descending, clear notes (2–3 sec), often ending in a rising double note or a short canarylike roll.

100.5 RUFOUS-BREASTED LEAFTOSSER (Vira-folha) Sclerurus scansor L 7.5 in./ 19 cm. NE ssp. cearensis (a; with white throat) and widespread Nom. (b; faintly scaled throat). ♣ Forest, tall second growth. Up to 1500 m. ♣ Terra firme.

687

Mainly in lowlands; to 1100 m in tepuis. Call: very high, thin “títs”; song: varied; e.g., a very high, slightly descending, sharp trill, like “vrrrrr-tri-trit” (3 sec).

100.6 RUFOUS-TAILED XENOPS (Bico-virado-da-copa) Xenops milleri L 4.3 in./11 cm. Differs from 100.7–100.9 by lack of white malar and all-rufous tail. Note straight bill. ♣ Mainly canopy and subcanopy of terra firme, but also várzea. Up to 600 m.

Song: rising and descending trill (2 sec).

100.7 SLENDER-BILLED XENOPS (Bico-virado-fino) Xenops tenuirostris L 3.9 in./10 cm. Differs from 100.9 by less streaking below and black extending to outer webs of some tail feathers. ♣ Canopy and subcanopy of humid forest. Up to 600 m. “tseep---” (4–6 ×).

Song: very high, level, fast, lashing

688

100.8 PLAIN XENOPS (Bico-virado-miúdo) Xenops minutus L 4.7 in./12 cm. Plumage not streaked. Wing pattern as other xenops. ♣ Humid forest; locally also deciduous and gallery forest. Up to 1500 m. Call: very high, upslurred “sweep”; song: extr. high, hurried series of 5–10 × “seep---.”

100.9 STREAKED XENOPS (Bico-virado-carijó) Xenops rutilans L 4.7 in./12 cm. Note upturned bill, streaking below, and white malar. Only inner web of 3rd feather from outer tail feathers is black. ♣ Forest, woodland. Up to 2400 m. Song: hurried series of 5–8 extr. high notes, 1st and last lower pitched.

689

100.10 GREAT XENOPS (Bico-virado-da-caatinga) Megaxenops parnaguae L 6.3 in./ 16 cm. Unmistakable by bill shape and bright rufous plumage. ♣ Caatinga and semihumid woodland; up to 1100 m. Song: long, very high, loud, nervous, unstructured series of chattering or liquid “toc-toc-” and “Wicwic-” notes, rising and falling with sudden crescendos. En, R.

Leaftossers / Xenops

690

Plate 101 691

101.1 FASCIATED ANTSHRIKE (Papa-formiga-barrado) Cymbilaimus lineatus L 7.1 in./ 18 cm. Note heavy bill and red eyes.

crown rufous. ♣ Dense parts of mid-level humid

forest. Up to 1200 m. Song: simple, slow series of about 4–5 high, evenly spaced “weh” notes, increasing in strength.

101.2 BAMBOO ANTSHRIKE (Choca-do-bambu) Cymbilaimus sanctaemariae L 6.7 in./ 17 cm. Differs from 101.1 by dark eyes, longer crest (often held flat); also by black rear-crown and deeper buff underparts with less barring. ♣ Extensive bamboo stands in humid lowland forest. Song: simple series of 8–10 very high, well-spaced chipping notes.

101.3 SPOT-BACKED ANTSHRIKE (Choc o-carijó) Hypoedaleus guttatus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Unmistakable in range. Often whiter below than shown. ♣ Dense vines in upper strata

692

of humid lowland forest. Song: very high, slow, at first rising then descending, shivering rattle (4–5 sec).

101.4 GIANT ANTSHRIKE (Matrac o) Batara cinerea L 11.8 in./30 cm. Unmistakable. ♣ Dense understory of humid forest, esp. near bamboo. Up to 2200 m. Song: series that starts with a short trill and continues with a fast series of notes that increase in strength and pitch, leveling out and decelerating at the end.

101.5 TUFTED ANTSHRIKE (Borralhara) Mackenziaena severa L 7.9 in./20 cm. Cf. 101.6. Not in range of 101.7. ♣ Dense undergrowth of forest, esp. near bamboo. Locally in overgrown plantations. Up to 1400 m. Call: sudden rising shriek, like “sreeew”; song: short, slow, slightly accelerating series of 6–8 very high, slightly rising, strident “sreek” notes.

693

101.6 LARGE-TAILED ANTSHRIKE (Borralhara-asso-biadora) Mackenziaena leachii L 9.8 in./25 cm. unmistakable. from 101.5 by spotted back and lack of uniform rufous crest. ♣ Dense understory of humid forest, esp. near bamboo. Up to 2200 m. Call: downslurred, sharp “sreee”; song: hurried, slightly slowing down, at first rising then descending series of about 15 very high, strident “sweep” notes (4 sec).

101.7 BLACK-THROATED ANTSHRIKE (Borralhara-do-norte) Frederickena viridis L 7.9 in./20 cm. Large, with heavy bill and red eyes. Note black head and chest of . unmistakable in range by rufous upperparts and densely barred underparts. ♣ Dense understory of lowland forests. Song: slow series of 10–15 first rising, then leveling out, fluted “tuh” notes (6–7 sec).

694

101.8 UNDULATED ANTSHRIKE (Borralhara-ondulada) Frederickena unduligera L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. Large and essentially dark ( ) or rufous ( ). SW pallida (a) and NW Nom. (b) shown. ♣ Dense undergrowth of humid lowland forest. Call: long, suddenly starting, gliding-down “Weeeew”; song: short series of 8–13 directly connected “wuiw” notes, increasing in strength and pitch. Birds in SW Amazonia may sing differently.

101.9 GREAT ANTSHRIKE (Choró-boi) Taraba major L 7.9 in./20 cm. Unmistakable by color pattern and red eyes. ♣ Undergrowth of virtually any habitat with thickets. Song: low, accelerating series of nasal notes, running up to the end or up to halfway, often ending in one (or regionally in a repeated) snarl.

695

Antshrikes

696

697

Plate 102 102.1 BLACK-CRESTED ANTSHRIKE (Chorá-boi) Sakesphorus canadensis L 5.9 in./15 cm. Far N ssp. fumosa (a) and widespread loretoyacuensis (b) shown. Distinctive in range.

a superficially similar to

103.5. ♣ Low to

mid-levels of woodland, várzea, riverine belts. Song: accelerating series of level or ascending, bouncing, nasal notes (3–4 sec).

102.2 SILVERY-CHEEKED ANTSHRIKE (Choca-do-nordeste) Sakesphorus cristatus L 5.5 in./ 14 cm. unmistakable in range. with all-brown tail and no white on scapulars. ♣ Lower levels of deciduous forest, woodland, caatinga. Song: short series of chopped, nasal notes, accelerating and trailing off to a growling sound (3–4 sec). En.

698

102.3 GLOSSY ANTSHRIKE (Choca-d”água) Sakesphorus luctuosus L 6.7 in./17 cm. Note crest (rufous in ) and white tail-tips. ♣ Low to mid-levels of várzea, woodland and shrub near rivers. Song: short, accelerating series of 10–15 high, nasal “ah” notes. En.

102.4

WHITE-BEARDED

ANTSHRIKE

(Papo-branco)

Biatas nigropectus L 7.1 in./18 cm. unmistakable. with rufous wings. ♣ Extensive bamboo in forest and second growth between 500 and 1200 m. Song: slow series of 6–8 mournful, yet melodious notes, first rising, then lowering in pitch at the end. R.

102.5 PEARLY ANTSHRIKE (Choca-pintada) Megastictus margaritatus L 5.1 in./13 cm. Unmistakable by large spots on wings, incl. tertials. ♣ Lower levels of humid forest, woodland. Up to 1200 m.

Call: very high “wit-wit- -,” 1st

699

“wit” stressed; song: probably a duet, starting with 2–3 “wuit” notes

from

,

answered

“wr-wr-wr-wred” from

102.6

SATURNINE

by

low,

rapid,

grating

.

ANTSHRIKE

Thamnomanes saturninus L 5.5 in./ 14 cm. black throat and upper chest. throat (note range). Also cf.

from

(Uirapuru-selado) with diagnostic 102.7 by whiter

102.8. ♣ Understory of humid

forest; esp. terra firme. Song: accelerated, ascending series of notes, at first grating, then gradually changing to sharp and piercing.

102.7 DUSKY-THROATED ANTSHRIKE (Uirapuru-de-garganta-preta) Thamnomanes ardesiacus L 5.5 in./14 cm. cf.

with small/no black throat-patch; when lacking

102.8, 103.7, and 103.8.

700

paler below than

102.8b; also cf.

102.6. ♣ Understory of humid forest; esp.

terra firme. Song: very high, sometimes slow series of about 10–12 rising, fluted notes, often accelerated at the end.

102.8 CINEREOUS ANTSHRIKE (Ipecuá) Thamnomanes caesius L 5.5 in./14 cm.

always lacks black to throat; from

102.7 by more erect posture and longer tail. Also cf. 102.9, 103.7, and 103.8. variable; E Nom. (a, only vent cinnamon) and N Amazonian glaucus (b; underparts rich tawny-rufous; SC sspp. similar) shown; SE Amazon hoffmannsi paler below (not shown). ♣ Low to mid-levels of humid forest. Song: series, starting with some slow, sharply rising notes, then descending as a short rattle.

102.9

BLUISH-SLATE

ANTSHRIKE

Thamnomanes schistogynus L 5.5 in./ 14 cm. (note range).

(Uirapuruazul) as

102.8

unmistakable by contrasting underparts. ♣ 701

Low to mid-levels of humid forest. Song: hurried series of a few very high, fluted notes, then accelerating to a rather long, downslurred rattle.

102.10 SPOT-WINGED ANTSHRIKE (Choca-canta-dora) Pygiptila stellaris L 5.1 in./ 13 cm. Stocky with short, plain tail.

with white-spotted wings.

unmistakable. ♣ Mid- to

upper levels of humid forest. Up to 700 m. Song: short, dry rattle, ending in high “tuw,” together as “tdrrrrTiúw.”

Antshrikes

702

Plate 103 703

103.1 BAND-TAILED ANTSHRIKE (Choca-de-cauda-pintada) Thamnophilus (or Sakesphorus) melanothorax L 6.7 in./17 cm. Note broad white tail-tip in

.

unmistakable. ♣ Dense tangled vegetation in forest understory, dense thickets at rivers and in swampy places. Song: slow, slightly accelerating series of 7–9 low, hollow “ah” notes.

103.2 BARRED ANTSHRIKE (Choca-barrada) Thamnophilus doliatus L 6.3 in./16 cm. Unmistakable by pale eyes and overall barred plumage ( ) or streaked face ( ). ♣ Low to mid-levels of woodland, second growth, shrub, riverine belts. Song: high, bouncing down series of 10–15 nasal notes, ending in emphatic “tjaw.”

103.3 CHESTNUT-BACKED ANTSHRIKE (Choca-listrada) Thamnophilus palliatus L 6.7 in./17 cm. Both sexes with pale

704

eyes, barred underparts, and rufous back (also rufous crown in ). ♣ Forest edge, várzea, woodland, second growth, shrub (even in gardens and parks), overgrown plantations. Up to 1000 m. Song: high, accelerating, descending series of 10–15 nasal notes, ending in emphatic “tjaw” (slightly higher and shorter than 103.2).

103.4 CAATINGA BARRED ANTSHRIKE Thamnophilus capistratus L 6.7 in./17 cm. Differs from 103.2 by reddish eyes, blacker crown in , and faint barring to chest in . ♣ Caatinga, restinga, sometimes in forest edge. Note: This species was recently split from 103.1; the English name was in 2008 not yet official. En.

103.5 BLACKISH-GRAY ANTSHRIKE (Choca-preta-e-cinza) Thamnophilus nigrocinereus L 6.7 in./ 17 cm. Several sspp.: tschudii (a; Ri. Madeira) and cinereoniger (b; in NW) shown. 705

of E. sspp. as

a, but

somewhat paler below;

as

b, but darker above. Note

white-edged (not spotted) wing coverts of

.

distinctive,

but cf. 114.5 and 114.6 with cinnamon wing spots and finer bill. ♣ Mid- to lower levels of várzea, woodland and shrubby growth near rivers, mangrove. Up to 350 m. series of about 10 low, descending, hooted notes.

103.6

CASTELNAU’S

ANTSHRIKE

Song:

(Choca-selada)

Thamnophilus cryptoleucus L 6.7 in./ 17 cm.

from

103.5a by more uniform black plumage. lacks white on wing coverts and does not have blue eyering. ♣ Mid- to lower levels of várzea, woodland, and tall second growth near rivers. Song: series of about 10 low, descending, hooted notes (as 103.3, but even lower and notes more barked).

103.7 WHITE-SHOULDERED ANTSHRIKE (Choca-lisa) Thamnophilus aethiops L 6.3 in./ 16 cm. 706

from

103.8 by

small, white shoulder spots and black/ dusky crown. Plumage varies; E of Ri. Tocantins (a) crown gray and wing spots (often difficult to see); cf. smaller and finer-billed Also cf.

102.8.

102.10, 114.2, 114.5–114.7, and 115.7. Rufous

distinctive. ♣ Undergrowth of humid forest; up to 900 m. Song: slow series of about 6 evenly spaced, almost level hooted notes.

103.8 PLAIN-WINGED ANTSHRIKE (Choca-de-oho-vermelho) Thamnophilus schistaceus L 5.5 in./14 cm.

from

102.8 by heavier bill with most of lower

mandible gray (not blackish). Wings not spotted as and 103.9.

103.7

olive-brown or rufous-brown with contrasting

rufous crown. ♣ Mid-levels of humid forest; up to 900 m. Song: hurried, accelerating series of high hooted “tjaw” notes.

707

103.9 MOUSE-COLORED ANTSHRIKE (Chocamurina) Thamnophilus murinus L 5.5 in./14 cm. Eyes pale grayish (not reddish as in 103.8). NE ssp. cayennensis (a; wings brown), S canipennis (b; wings with narrow white edging), and NW Nom. (not shown; wings intermediate between a and b). of all sspp. dull with rufescent crown. ♣ Mid-levels of humid forest; mainly terra firme and white-sand forests. Up to 1300 m. Song: high, slow, simple series “tja tja tja ta-tjow”; “tjow” lower.

103.10 STREAK-BACKED ANTSHRIKE (Choca-de-roraima) Thamnophilus insignis L 6.7 in./17 cm. White nape diagnostic. Also note rufous crown of . ♣ Low to mid-levels of humid forest, woodland, dense shrub; above 900 m. Song: slightly rising, accelerating series of nasal “ahn” notes, ending in upslurred “tonight.”

Antshrikes 708

709

Plate 104 104.1 AMAZONIAN ANTSHRIKE (Choca-canela) Thamnophilus amazonicus L 5.5 in./ 14 cm. Sspp. cinereiceps (a; NW part of range, crown gray) and obscurus (b; Ri. Tapajós–Ri. Tocantins; back almost all-black) shown. other sspp. inseparable from

of

104.6 and 104.7.

Orange-headed of all sspp. unmistakable (belly often more orange than shown). ♣ Low to mid-levels of humid lowland forest, dense second growth. In S often near bamboo; in NE also in savanna woodland. Song: rapid, at first slightly rising, then descending series of chattering notes.

104.2 ACRE ANTSHRIKE (Choca-de-acre) Thamnophilus divisorius 5.9 in./15 cm. Note hooded appearance and lack of white shoulder spots. unmistakable. ♣ Low levels of stunted forest at ca. 500 m.

710

104.3 RUFOUS-CAPPED ANTSHRIKE (Choca-de-chapéu-vermelho) Thamnophilus ruficapillus L 6.3 in./16 cm. Note barred chest and rufous cap of like

.

very

104.4 (note range), but wings duller. ♣ Understory of

thickets, woodland, shrub, second growth; up to 2400 m. Song: slightly accelerating series of 12–15 “tjew” notes.

104.4 RUFOUS-WINGED ANTSHRIKE (Choca-de-asa-vermelha) Thamnophilus torquatus L 5.5 in./ 14 cm. Note black crest of . resembles 104.3. ♣ Under-story of semideciduous woodland, cerrado, thickets, second growth; up to 1750 m. the end more bouncing down.

104.5

VARIABLE

Song as 104.2, but notes at

ANTSHRIKE

(Choca-da-mata)

Thamnophilus caerulescens L 5.9 in./ 15 cm. Typical (a),

and

S gilvigaster (b; lower underparts washed 711

ochre-cinnamon),

NE cearensis (c; with narrow or no wing

bars), and C ochraceiventer (d; crown blackish) shown. From 104.8–104.10 (no overlap with 104.1 or 104.6–104.7) by narrow gray-white ( ) or buff ( ) edge on outer webs of tertials (broad white edge in both sexes of 104.6–104.10); also differs from these species by rich ochre-cinnamon lower underparts and dusky/dull dark brown (not rufescent) tail. Also cf. 102.2 and 103.5. ♣ Low to mid-levels of forest, woodland, second growth, riverine belts. Avoids arid habitats. Up to 1500 m; locally higher. Song: high, hurried series of 4–5 notes “au-au-au-au,” last one slightly lower.

104.6 NORTHERN (Guianan or Eastern) SLATYANTSHRIKE (Choca-bate-cabo) Thamnophilus punctatus L 5.5 in./ 14 cm. No overlap in range with 104.5, 104.7, or 104.8, but cf. 104.1. unmistakable in range by wing pattern and rufous crown. ♣ Low to mid-levels of white-sand forest, edge of other forest types, woodland, old second growth. Up to 1200 m. Song: series of 9–10 nasal notes, starting very slowly, but accelerating and rising very sharply.

712

104.7 NATTERER’S SLATY-ANTSHRIKE (Choca-de-natterer) Thamnophilus stictocephalus L 5.9 in./15 cm. For

cf. 104.1.

generally unmistakable. Differs from

104.8 and 104.9 by less white ( ) or less buff ( )underparts. ♣ Low to mid-levels of white-sand forest, semideciduous forest, edge of other forest-types, woodland. Up to 700 m. Song: series of level, nasal notes, starting slowly, but accelerating to a level, bouncing rattle (3–4 sec).

104.8 BOLIVIAN SLATY-ANTSHRIKE (Choca-da-bolívia) Thamnophilus sticturus L 5.5 in./14 cm. Eyes usually pale. See 104.5. Also cf. 104.7 and 104.9. ♣ Low to mid-levels of semideciduous forest, riverine woodland, second growth. Up to 600 m. Song: series of level, nasal notes, starting low, but accelerating and sharply rising to a very high, sharp rattle.

713

104.9 PLANALTO SLATY-ANTSHRIKE (Choca-do-planalto) Thamnophilus pelzelni L 5.5 in./14 cm. Cf. 104.5. Belly of

whiter than that of

104.7 and

104.10 and eyes usually darker than 104.8. Mantle of

more

rufescent than in 14.8 and 104.10. ♣ Low to mid-levels of deciduous and semideciduous forest, edge of humid forest, riverine belts. Up to 1100 m. Call: downslurred, cackling “krrrruh”; song: short, rising, cackling series, finishing as rattle, the last note lower pitched (2–3 sec). En.

104.10 SOORETAMA SLATY-ANTSHRIKE (Choca-de-sooretama) Thamnophilus ambiguus L 5.9 in./15 cm. Cf. 104.5 and 104.9. ♣ Low to mid-levels of forest, woodland, second growth. Up to 700 m. Call: level, high, cackling “witwitwit” or “witrrr”; song: cackling series, starting high and rising, then finishing as a short, sometimes descending rattle (3 sec). En.

714

Antshrikes

715

716

Plate 105 105.1 BLACK BUSHBIRD (Choca-preta) Neoctantes niger L 6.3 in./16 cm. Stocky with short, plain tail.

unmistakable. ♣

Mid- to upper levels of humid forest. Up to 700 m. Song: rhythmic series of high, even-pitched, pumped “wuúh” notes, sustained at least for 10–15 sec.

105.2 RONDONIA BUSHBIRD (Choca-de-gargantapreta) Clytoctantes atrogularis L 6.7 in./ 17 cm. unmistakable. with black tip, unlike 97.5. ♣ Dense undergrowth in humid forest. En, R.

105.3 SPOT-BREASTED ANTVIREO (Choquinha-de-peito-pintado) Dysithamnus stictothorax L 4.7 in./12 cm. from

distinctive by spotted underparts and face sides. 105.4 by spotted face sides. ♣ At edges of lower

717

levels of forest up to 1250 m. Call: low “churr”; song: rather hurried series of some 20 mellow, slightly staccato, rising and falling notes, the last 3–5 accelerated. R.

105.4 PLAIN ANTVIREO (Choquinha-lisa) Dysithamnus mentalis L 4.7 in./12 cm. 4 sspp.: shown is EC and SE Nom. (a; NE emiliae similar) and C ssp. affinis (b; N spodoniatus similar). Small and short-tailed with dark face ( ) or rufous crown and white eyering ( ). ♣ Undergrowth of forest, woodland. Up to 2500 m. Call: high “tjuw”; song: series of 4 high, staccato notes, followed by a short, downslurred roll.

105.5 RUFOUS-BACKED ANTVIREO (Choquinha-de-asa-ferrugem) Dysithamnus xanthopterus L 4.7 in./12 cm. Unmistakable by rich rufous back. ♣ Mid- to upper levels of humid forest; 750–1700 m.

718

Song: very

high, rapid series of a descending, shivering, whistled rattle. En.

105.6 PLUMBEOUS ANTVIREO (Choquinha-chumbo) Dysithamnus plumbeus L 5.1 in./ 13 cm. Note size and wing spots. ♣ Understory of humid lowland forest. Song: slow series of 6–8 evenly spaced, rising and falling, sad-sounding notes. En, R.

105.7 PYGMY ANTWREN (Choquinha-miúda) Myrmotherula brachyura L 3.1 in./8 cm. Both sexes have yellow belly. Throat white ( ) or buff-tinged white ( ). ♣ Mid- to upper levels of humid forest, woodland; esp. at edge. Up to 900 m. Call: e.g., high, falling “mew”; song: short, rising, accelerating series of very high, sharp notes, at start well separated and gradually changing to a descending rattle/ trill (3–4 sec).

719

105.8 MOUSTACHED (or Short-billed) ANTWREN (Choquinha-de-bico-curto) Myrmotherula (ignota) obscura L 3.1 in./ 8 cm. Resembles 105.7, but malar broader and upperparts blacker. ♣ Upper levels of humid lowland forest. Call: high “tjew”; song: rapid, level series of staccato notes, accelerated and downslurred at the end (3–4 sec).

105.9 SCLATER’S ANTWREN (Choquiha-de-garganta-amarela) Myrmotherula sclateri L 3.1 in./8 cm. Resembles 105.7 and 105.8, but both sexes yellow-throated, with yellow face and with streaking extending more onto chest. ♣ Canopy in interior of humid lowland forest. Song: short, slow series of 4–6 well-separated “peuw” notes.

720

105.10 YELLOW-THROATED ANTWREN (Choquinha-de-coroa-listrada) Myrmotherula ambigua L 3.1 in./8 cm. from 105.4 by yellow throat; inseparable from 105.7. ♣ Mid- to upper levels of lowland forest; esp. in white-sand areas. Song: monotone, slow, very high “pew-pew- -” (5–7 ×).h

Bushbirds / Antvireos / Antwrens

721

722

Plate 106 106.1

KLAGES’S

ANTWREN

(Choquinha-do-tapajós)

Myrmotherula klagesi L 3.9 in./ 10 cm. as

resembles

106.2.

106.4, but less extensive streaking below. ♣ Upper

levels of várzea and other forests near rivers. Call: high, dry “tzik-tzik tzik -”; song: short series of double notes “teWíc - -” notes (5–7 ×). En, R.

106.2 AMAZONIAN STREAKED (Choquinha-estriada-da-amazônia) multostriata L 3.9 in./ 10 cm.

ANTWREN Myrmotherula

with semiconcealed white

interscapular patch, unlike 106.1 and 106.4. with rich-ochre head and white belly. Differs from 106.3 mainly by range. ♣ Low to mid-levels of várzea, shrubby areas near rivers. Call: funny-sounding, repeated series of about 6 fluted notes, 1st 3 stepping up, 3rd and 4th level, 4th–6th stepping down; song: short, musical, at start slightly rising rattle (4–5 sec).

723

106.3 GUIANAN STREAKED ANTWREN (Choquinha-estriada) Myrmotherula surinamensis L 3.9 in./ 10 cm. Cf. 106.2. ♣ Low to mid-levels of várzea, shrubby areas near rivers, mangrove. Call: dry “mew” or “mew-kjew”; song: short, sharp, level trill “d-rrrrr,” “d-” slightly lower.

106.4 CHERRIE’S ANTWREN (Choquinha-de-peitoriscado) Myrmotherula cherriei L 3.9 in./10 cm. from 106.1–106.3 by black (not pale gray) lower mandible and thicker black streaking below. from 106.2 and 106.3 by buff head and belly. ♣ Low to mid-levels in várzea, low shrubby forest in white-sand areas, shrubby areas near rivers. Lowlands. Call: high, nasal “tjeew” or “teetjuw”; song: short, very high, sharp, rattling trill, slightly rising at start.

724

106.5 PLAIN-THROATED ANTWREN (Choquinha-de-garganta-clara) Myrmotherula hauxwelli L 3.5 in./9 cm. Note tiny size, very short tail, and distinct tertial spots. No overlap with 106.6. ♣ Low levels in humid lowland forest, esp. terra firme. Call: very high, strident “wic”; song: series of very high, crescendoing, slightly accelerating “weec” notes (8–11 sec).

106.6 RUFOUS-BELLIED ANTWREN (Choquinha-de-barriga-ruiva) Myrmotherula guttata L 3.5 in./9 cm. Note tiny size, very short tail, and distinct tertial spots. ♣ Low levels in humid lowland forest; esp. terra firme. Alarm call: low, rattling “trru”; song: very/extr. high, almost level series of 15–20 piercing, well-separated “tzeet” notes, first few slightly drawn out.

725

106.7 STAR-THROATED ANTWREN (Choquinha-de-garganta-pintada) Myrmotherula gularis L 3.5 in./9 cm. No similar species in its range. ♣ Dense under-story of humid forest up to 1550 m. Call: low “tzeet-tzeet -”; song: extr. high, slightly lowered “tzew-tzew - -,” (“tzew” about 6 ×). En.

106.8 BROWN-BELLIED ANTWREN (Choquinha-de-barriga-parda) Epinecrophylla (or Myrmotherula) gutturalis L 3.9 in./ 10 cm.

unmistakable

by throat pattern in most of range (cf. rufous-backed 106.10 in small area of contact). Dull

with buff-dotted

wing coverts. ♣ Under-story of humid forest up to 1000 m. Song: extr. high, thin, shivering, descending “t-srrrrrruw.”

726

106.9 WHITE-EYED ANTWREN (Choquinha-de-olho-branco) Epinecrophylla (or Myrmotherula) leucophthalma L 3.9 in./ 10 cm. As in 106.8 and 106.10, eye color variable, but usually rather pale. Lacks rufous back of 106.10, except in ssp. phaeonota (not shown; Ri. Madeira–Ri. Tapajós), where separated by more edged (less spotted) wing coverts, less crisp throat pattern in plain throat in

. Cf.

, and

107.1b. ♣ Undergrowth of humid

lowland forest. Song: very high, very thin, slightly descending “tsitsitsituw.”

106.10 STIPPLE-THROATED ANTWREN (Choquinha-de-garganta-carijó) Epinecrophylla (or Myrmotherula) haematonota L 3.9 in./10 cm. Note rufous mantle. with flammulated throat (shown), except in NW. Cf. 106.9 and 107.1. ♣ Undergrowth of humid lowland forest,

727

esp. terra firme. Song: extr. high, very thin, descending, rapid shiver “tsititi---” (2–3 sec).

Antwrens

728

Plate 107 107.1 ORNATE ANTWREN (Choquinha-ornada) Epinecrophylla (or Myrmotherula) ornata L 3.9 in./10 cm. W 729

ssp. meridionalis (a) and C and E Nom. (b) shown. Note small throat-patch in . a distinctive, but cf. 106.10. b from ssp. phaeonota of 106.9 by gray-brown (not rufescent-brown) tail and more spotted (less edged) wing coverts. ♣ Low to mid-levels of humid forest up to 900 m. Call: grating “zee-zee-zee-”; song: extr. high, thin, rattling trill (2 sec).

107.2 RUFOUS-TAILED ANTWREN (Choquinha-de-cauda-ruiva) Epinecrophylla (or Myrmotherula) erythrura L 4.3 in./11 cm. Rufous tail diagnostic. Black spots on throat of

indistinct or lacking. ♣

Mainly terra firme but also in várzea; up to 600 m. Call: very/extr. high, ascending and descending, slow rattle; song: unmusical, extr. high, slightly descending “seep-seep-seep- -” (up to 10 ×).

730

107.3 WHITE-FLANKED ANTWREN (Choquinha-de-flanco-branco) Myrmotherula axillaris L 3.9 in./10 cm. NW melaena (a) and E luctuosa (b) shown. remaining sspp. resemble as

of

b with more white to flanks;

a. Regularly flicks wings, revealing diagnostic whitish

flanks. ♣ Low to mid-levels of humid forest; up to 1200 m. Song: high, nasal series of “Iew” notes at irregular intervals.

107.4 RIO DE JANEIRO ANTWREN (Choquinha-fluminense) Myrmotherula fluminensis L 3.9 in./ 10 cm.

lacks whitish flanks of

more black than those of

107.3b; underparts much

107.7. Very rare:

unknown. ♣

Possibly forest or woodland at low elevations. En, R, possibly extinct.

Not known.

107.5

RIO

SUNO

ANTWREN

(Choquinha-do-oeste)

Myrmotherula sunensis L 3.5 in./9 cm. Small range. 731

darker, shorter tailed, and with smaller wing spots than 107.6.

less gray above than

107.6b and

108.3a ♣ Low

to mid-levels of humid lowland forest. Song: very/extr. high, nasal, slightly descending “swee-swee-swee.”

107.6 LONG-WINGED ANTWREN (Choquinha-de-asa-comprida) Myrmotherula longipennis L 3.9 in./10 cm. In range, white scapulars (often hard to see) distinguish it from all but pale-flanked 107.3. variable: N Nom. (a; white belly diagnostic), SW garbei (b; upper-parts grayer than

107.5, but less gray than in

108.4a), SC ochrogyna (c; cf.

108.4b), and SE paraensis

(d; face sides buffier than 108.4c). SC transitiva (not shown) resembles c. Flick wings, but does not wag tail sideways as do 107.8 and 107.9. ♣ Mainly in understory of terra firme, but also in várzea. Song: varied; e.g., slow series of high, nasal “suee” notes or very high, rising “tui-tui-” (5–6 × “tui”).

732

107.7 SALVADORI’S ANTWREN (Choquinha-pequena) Myrmotherula minor L 3.5 in./9 cm. Short tailed. Lacks whitish flanks and, in

, less extensive black bib than 107.3b.

with gray crown, unlike

107.9. Also cf. 108.2. ♣ Low to

mid-levels of forest and old woodland; up to 900 m. Song: short twittering, starting extr. high, completed by liquid “tyweet-tweet-tueet.” En, R.

107.8

IHERING’S

ANTWREN

(Choquinha-de-ihering)

Myrmotherula iheringi L 3.5 in./ 9 cm.

from

107.6 by

black bib extending onto malar, and lack of white tail-tip. with distinctive

-like wing- pattern. ♣ Low to mid-levels of

humid lowland forest. Song: resounding series of slightly rising, evenly spaced “peep” notes (5–25).

733

107.9 UNICOLORED ANTWREN (Choquinha-cinzenta) Myrmotherula unicolor L 3.9 in./ 10 cm. Plain-winged unmistakable in range.

from

most a gray tinged crown. Also cf.

107.7 by shorter tail and at 107.3b. ♣ Mid-to lower

levels of lowland forest, old woodland. Song: irregular series of very high, sharp, drawn-out, well-separated “Seeep” notes. En, R.

107.10 ALAGOAS ANTWREN (Choquinha-de-alagoas) Myrmotherula snowi L 3.9 in./10 cm. Virtually unmistakable in tiny range (cf. 107.3b; often found in same flocks). ♣ Midto lower levels of semihumid forest; 400–550 m. Song: irregular series of very high, sharp, drawn-out, well-separated “seeup” notes, each “seeup” descending. En, R.

734

Antwrens

735

Plate 108

736

108.1

LEADEN

ANTWREN

(Choquinha-da-várzea)

Myrmotherula assimilis L 3.9 in./ 10 cm.

with diagnostic

gray (no black) wing coverts edged white. semiconcealed white dorsal patch, unlike bars in

with

108.4. Note buff

. ♣ Low to mid-levels of várzea, forest and shrub

near rivers. Song: short, melodious series starting with two stuttered notes, followed by slightly rising rattle, which changes into a desending trill (4–5 sec).

108.2 PLAIN-WINGED ANTWREN (Choquinha-de-asa-lisa) Myrmotherula behni L 3.5 in./ 9 cm. Plain-winged

unmistakable in range. Dull

lacks whitish

belly of

107.6a, whitish flanks of

107.3a, and grayish

back of

108.4a. ♣ Low to mid-levels of humid forest;

1000–1800 m. Song: series of high, simple, slightly downslurred “tiuw” notes.

737

108.3 BAND-TAILED ANTWREN (Choquinha-de-ra-bo-cintado) Myrmotherula urosticta L 3.9 in./10 cm. Broad white tail-tip diagnostic, but cf. 107.3b with narrow tip, larger black bib, and whitish flanks. ♣ Low to mid-levels of lowland forest. Song: short series of 4–5 very high, nasal, well-separated, sharply upslurred “tjeuwi” notes. En, R.

108.4 GRAY ANTWREN (Choquinha-de-garganta-cinza) Myrmotherula menetriesii L 3.5 in./9 cm. Short-tailed. with throat black (a; in SW and SC part of range) or plain (b; N and E range). with gray (a; W range), grayish olive (b; E range) or rufescent (c; Ri. Madeira–Ri. Tapajós) back. Cf. 106.5 and 107.6. ♣ Mid- to upper levels of humid forest up to 1000 m. Song: ascending series of 6–8 eerie, two-syllabled “wueeih” notes.

738

108.5 BANDED ANTBIRD (Tovaquinha) Dichrozona cincta L 3.9 in./10 cm. Lower wing bar and white/buff ( / ) rump form unique band. ♣ Low levels of terra firme up to 800 m. Rather terrestrial. Song: slow, gradually rising series of about 15–20 drawn-out, loud, very sharp “tueét” notes.

108.6 STRIPE-BACKED ANTBIRD (Piu-piu) Myrmorchilus strigilatus L 6.3 in./16 cm. Recognizable by terrestrial behavior and streaked mantle. ♣ Low levels in woodland and scrub; up to 1100 m. Very/extr. high, sharp “sreetsoweét,” sometimes immediately followed by strident, slightly descending “sreet-sreet-sreet-sruw-sruw.”

108.7 DOT-WINGED ANTWREN (Papa-formiga-de-bando) Microrhopias quixensis L 4.7 in./12 cm. Black of all sspp. with white wing markings and long tail with large white tips (may appear all-white from below).

739

unmistakable; C

bicolor (a; W and NE sspp. similar, but with blacker upperparts) and SE emiliae (b) shown. ♣ Mid- to lower levels of humid lowland forest. Song: may vary according to ssp. and even to sex; e.g., very high, sharp “tu-TwéeTwée-tdrrr” (2nd part much higher and louder) or very high, loud “tutweetwee-tdrrrrr,” 1st part slow and descending, followed by rattling 2nd part, which is longer and higher.

108.8 STREAK-CAPPED ANTWREN (Zided ) Terenura maculata L 3.9 in./10 cm. Virtually unmistakable in range, but cf.

109.9. ♣ Upperstory of Atlantic forest and second

growth. Up to 1250 m. Call: very high, sharp, hurried “pichée-pichée- -” (3–4 ×); song: high, sharp, ringing rattle, like “trrrrr” (3 sec).

108.9 ORANGE-BELLIED (or Alagoas) ANTWREN (Zidid -do-nordeste) Terenura sicki L 3.9 in./10 cm. Unmistakable in tiny range. ♣ High levels of semi-humid forest; 200–700 m.

740

Song: e.g., very high, very sharp “tewéetuwée-tititititi,” diminishing in strength, or very/extr. high “srrrr” (3 sec). En, R.

108.10 CHESTNUT-SHOULDERED ANTWREN (Zided -de-encontro) Terenura humeralis L 3.9 in./10 cm. Virtually unmistakable in range. ♣ Canopy of humid lowland forest, esp. terra firme. Song: very high, thin, slightly descending, gradually accelerating to a “fuh-fuh-weetweet-d-rrrr” rattle.

108.11 ASH-WINGED ANTWREN (Zided -de-asa-cinza) Terenura spodioptila L 3.9 in./ 10 cm. ♣ Virtually unmistakable. Vaguely similar to some Myrmotherula antwrens (Pl. 107 and 108). ♣ Canopy of humid forest, esp. terra firme. Up to 1100 m. Song: very high, thin, bouncing, descending, trilled rattle ending in 3 well-separated notes, like “tsee-tsee-tsee-tsititrtrtr-tuut-tuut-tuut.”

741

Antwrens / Antbirds

742

Plate 109 743

109.1 BAHIA (or Pileated) ANTWREN (Corozinho-de-boné) Herpsilochmus pileatus L 4.3 in./ 11 cm. is

virtually

inseparable from

109.2 (note range).

-like with less

buff below than

109.2. ♣ Mid- to upper levels of coastal

woodland. Song: fast series of very high, rising “toot” notes, accelerating to a rattle (2–3 sec). En, R.

109.2 BLACK-CAPPED ANTWREN (Chorozinho-de-chapéu-preto) Herpsilochmus atricapillus L 4.7 in./12 cm. Cf. 109.1. ♣ Middle and lower forest strata, riverine belts, caatinga woodland, normally below 800 m. Song: very high, slightly rising, “tuh-wrrrrrrrih,” 1st note almost inaudible, 2nd part descending at the end.

109.3 SPOT-TAILED ANTWREN (Chorozinho-de-cauda-pintada) Herpsilochmus sticturus L 3.9 in./10 cm.

with all-black crown.

744

with rufous streaks

on crown (not easily seen). Cf. 109.4. ♣ Mid- to upper levels of humid forest; esp. near water. Up to 550 m. Song: short, very high, staccato series changing to a rattle (1st 2–4 notes slightly rising).

109.4 TODD’S ANTWREN (Chorozinho-de-cabeça-pintada) Herpsilochmus stictocephalus L 4.3 in./11 cm.

from very

similar 109.3 by tiny white spots on forehead; from 109.3 by white streaks on crown and buff chest (at most a faint tinge in

109.3). ♣ Canopy of humid forest up to 700

m. Song: short, high, rapid series of about 12 notes, which descend and slow down at the end.

109.5 SPOT-BACKED ANTWREN (Chorozinho-de-costas-manchadas) Herpsilochmus dorsimaculatus L 4.7 in./12 cm. No similar species in range and habitat. Resembles 109.4, but back blacker and

745

with

deeper, more extensive buff. ♣ Mid- and upper levels of humid forest. Up to 600 m. Song: very high, fast, slightly rising, then descending and fading, trilling “wiwiwurrrrrrr” series (2 sec).

109.6 RORAIMAN ANTWREN (Chorozinho-de-ro-raima) Herpsilochmus roraimae L 5.1 in./13 cm. Crown unspotted. Note tail pattern. Resembles 109.4, but tail longer and with more spots. ♣ Mid- to upper levels of humid forest; 700–2000 m. Song: very high, loud, fast, chipping series of about 12 notes, the last 3–4 descending and decelerating.

109.7 PECTORAL ANTWREN (Chorozinho-de-papo-preto) Herpsilochmus pectoralis L 4.7 in./12 cm.

with diagnostic

black spot on chest. duller and smaller than 109.8 (note range). ♣ Deciduous forest, woodland, caatinga, riverine growth. Up to 850 m.

Song: high, very fast chattering

746

series of “tututjdrrrrrr” notes, which rise rather sharply at the start and may finish slightly falling-off to an abrupt ending (2–3 sec). En, R.

109.8 LARGE-BILLED ANTWREN (Chorozinho-de-bico-comprido) Herpsilochmus longirostris L 5.1 in./13 cm. Large with relatively heavy bill. with diagnostic faint gray spots on under-parts, esp. chest. Bright distinctive. ♣ Dry to deciduous forest, palm groves. Up to 1100 m.

Song: high, fast, chattering series, rising at start,

descending and decelerating at end, given by echoed by

, immediately

.

109.9 RUFOUS-WINGED ANTWREN (Chorozinho-de-asa-vermelha) Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus L 4.7 in./12 cm. SE Nom. (a) and widespread frater/ scapularis (b) shown. Rufous wing-patch diagnostic. ♣ Mid-

747

to upper levels of forest, woodland. Up to 1500 m. Song: high, descending series of “jupjup” notes, replaced in the middle by a rattling “jup-jup-jrrrr-jup-jup” trill. Other chattering variations include one in which the rattle in the middle is sharply raised and the last part is shortened to 1 note.

109.10 CAATINGA ANTWREN (Chorozinho-da-caatinga) Herpsilochmus sellowi L 4.3 in./ 11 cm.

resembles

109.2, but cheek cleaner. with faintly buff-mottled crown. ♣ Mid- to upper levels of caatinga (absent from the driest parts), semideciduous forest, woodland. Up to 1100 m. Song: very high, short, fast rattle, like “wrrrrrru”; somewhat rising at start and lowered at end. En, R.

Antwrens

748

Plate 110 749

110.1 NARROW-BILLED ANTWREN (Formigueiro-do-nordeste) Formicivora iheringi L 4.7 in./12 cm. Virtually unmistakable, but cf. short-tailed 107.3b. ♣ Low to mid-levels of deciduous forest; 250–1100 m. Song: series of very high, loud “tiúw” notes (2/sec over 8 sec). En, R.

110.2 WHITE-FRINGED ANTWREN (Papa-formiga-pardo) Formicivora grisea L 5.1 in./ 13 cm.

from

110.3 by

narrower white eyebrow and broader white flanks. distinctive. ♣ Woodland, caatinga, second growth, shrub. Up to 1000 m. Song: crescendoing series of high, harsh “piuw” notes (3/sec over 8 sec).

110.3 BLACK-BELLIED ANTWREN (Formigueiro-de-barriga-preta) Formicivora melanogaster L 5.1 in./13 cm.

resembles

110.2.

750

distinctive in range. ♣

Low to mid-levels of deciduous forest, woodland, caatinga, tall shrub. Up to 1050 m. Song: slow series of high, nasal “tjew” notes (2/sec over 8 sec).

110.4 SERRA ANTWREN (Formigueiro-da-serra) Formicivora serrana L 5.1 in./13 cm. Nom. (a, N part of range) and S ssp. interposita (b) shown. Not in range of 110.3 and 110.5. ♣ Low levels at edge of semihumid forest, woodland, shrub, eucalyptus plantations. Up to 1550 m. Song: rapid series of high, dry notes (3–4/sec over 3–4 sec). En.

110.5 RESTINGA ANTWREN (Formigueiro-do-litoral) Formicivora littoralis L 5.5 in./14 cm. Unmistakable in range and habitat. ♣ Low levels in coastal shrub and thickets. Song: low, rattling, level series of “tjatjatja---”notes (2 sec). En, R.

751

110.6 BLACK-HOODED ANTWREN (Formigueiro-de-cabeça-negra) Formicivora erythronotos L 4.3 in./11 cm. Unmistakable in restricted range. ♣ Undergrowth of secondary forest, shrub, and abandoned banana plantations near the coast. rattling “tjotjotjo---” (2–3 sec). En, R.

Song: high, level,

110.7 RUSTY-BACKED ANTWREN (Papa-formiga-vermelho) Formicivora rufa L 5.1 in./ 13 cm. Note rusty upperparts and ochre-buff flanks. ♣ Undergrowth of cerrado, savanna with scattered trees and shrub, open forest, wet grassland, scrub. nervous-sounding rattles and trills.

752

Song:

high,

nasal,

110.8 SINCORÁ ANTWREN (Papa-formiga-do-sincorá) Formicivora grantsaui L 5.1 in./13 cm. Differs from 110.7 by less rufes-cent upperparts, brown flanks, and gray-and-white (not plain white) underwing coverts. ♣ Low scrub in eroded areas at rocky slopes and ridges above 800 m. Song: slow (2 notes/sec) series of very short, very high “tjew” notes. En.

110.9 PARANA ANTWREN (or Long-billed or Marsh Antbird) (Bicudinho-do-brejo) Stymphalornis (or Formicivora) acutirostris L 5.5 in./14 cm. Unmistakable in small range. ♣ Marsh with tall grasses and shrub, wet fields, mangrove swamps. Song: slow, leisurely series of 2–4 high “tjew” notes or slow series of high, double-noted “kreTif- -” notes (5–6 ×). En, R.

753

110.10 SAO PAULO ANTWREN (Bicudinho-do-brejo-paulista) L 5.5 in./14 cm. Unmistakable in small range. ♣ Marsh with tall grasses and shrub. Note: Recently discovered; still undescribed. En.

Antwrens

754

Plate 111

755

111.1 FERRUGINOUS ANTBIRD (Trovoada) Drymophila ferruginea L 5.1 in./13 cm. from 111.2 by blacker back and darker rufous underparts, extending farther down (only lower belly and vent paler and browner).

with

pale-streaked black crown (all brown in 111.2). ♣ Bamboo stands in/near humid forest, woodland. Up to 1200 m (infrequently to 1600 m). Song: very high, loud, sharp “tit-tuweéh” (1 × or 3 × without interval). En.

111.2 BERTONI’S ANTBIRD (Trovoada-de-bertoni) Drymophila rubricollis L 5.1 in./13 cm. Cf. 111.1. ♣ Bamboo stands in/near humid forest. Up to 2000 m, in N only above 900 m. Song: series of about 6–10 thin, sharp notes, starting very high, descending steeply, and accelerating to drawn-out last two notes.

111.3 RUFOUS-TAILED ANTBIRD (Choquinha-da-serra) Drymophila genei L 5.5 in./ 14 cm. Rufous tail diagnostic. ♣ 756

Bamboo stands in/near humid forest; 800–2200 m. Song: series of 6–7 notes, starting with very high “sih,” then jumping to lower nasal “theèh” notes, the total as “síhtjeèh-tjeèh-tjeèh.” En, R.

111.4 OCHRE-RUMPED ANTBIRD (Choquinha-de-dorso-vermelho) Drymophila ochropyga L 5.1 in./13 cm. Combination of streaked chest, ochre-rufous lower underparts, and mainly black tail diagnostic. ♣ Bamboo and vines in montane forest; 300–1950 m. Song: 2-noted “Tízzzzèh,” 1st note very high and sharp, 2nd drawn-out and hoarse. En, R.

111.5 STRIATED ANTBIRD (Trovoada-listrada) Drymophila devillei L 5.5 in./14 cm. Two sspp.: W Nom. (a; shown) and E subochracea Xingu Antbird (b; as a, but underparts virtually un-streaked ochre-buff). No relatives in range, but cf. 113.6. ♣ Bamboo thickets in forest; up to

757

1000 m. Song: very high, strident ““wic-Wic-Wictidrrrrn,” last part bouncing down.

111.6 DUSKY-TAILED ANTBIRD (Choquinha-carijó) Drymophila malura L 5.5 in./14 cm. Note uniform gray/ brown ( / ) tail and faint eyebrow. ♣ Dense undergrowth of humid forest and woodland. Up to 1400 m, locally to 1900 m. Song: very high series starting with “tsip tsip”, then accelerating and slightly descending to a rattling trill (4 sec). may chime-in with similar but weaker song.

111.7 SCALED ANTBIRD (Pintadinho) Drymophila squamata L 5.1 in./13 cm. Spotted pattern and tail barring distinctive. ♣ Dense undergrowth of forest and woodland up to 1100 m. Extr. high, calm series of 4–7 sharp, pushed-out, descending notes. En.

758

111.8 WHITE-BACKED FIRE-EYE (Papa-taoca) Pyriglena leuconota L 6.7 in./17 cm. variable; typical form (a) and sspp. maura (b; Pantanal region) and similis (c; SC Amazon) shown. Note bright red eyes of all sspp. No overlap with 111.9, 111.10, or 115.8. ♣ Understory of forest, woodland, riverine belts. Up to 900 m. Call: nasal “tjewtjew”; song: rapid, slightly rising, then descending series of very high, staccato “weet---” notes (2 sec).

111.9 WHITE-SHOULDERED FIRE-EYE (Papa-taoca-do-sul) Pyriglena leucoptera L 6.7 in./ 17 cm. Unmistakable in range. 2nd white wing bar near shoulder of often concealed (as shown). ♣ Understory of forest, old second growth, plantations. Often near bamboo. Up to 1300 m. Call: very high, chipping “tjew tjew -”; song: slow, short series of about 5 descending, fluted notes.

759

111.10 FRINGE-BACKED FIRE-EYE (Papa-taoca-da-bahia) Pyriglena atra L 6.7 in./17 cm. Unmistakable in small range. ♣ Understory of forest edge, tall second growth. Call: very high, piped “peek”; song: hurried, descending series of about 6 “peeh---” notes. En, R.

Antbirds / Fire-Eyes

760

Plate 112 761

112.1 GRAY ANTBIRD (Chororó-pocuá) Cercomacra cinerascens L 5.5 in./14 cm. Gray/ rather dull ( / ) with broad white tail-tips. Faint or no wing spots in N. ♣ Subcanopy with understory vine tangles in humid lowland forest, tall second growth. Song: strange, rather toneless, froglike “krísh-wruh” or “wruh-krísh” (3 ×).

112.2 RIO DE JANEIRO ANTBIRD (Chororó-cinzento) Cercomacra brasiliana L 5.5 in./14 cm. Only Cercomacra antbird in range.♣ Thick undergrowth of forest, second growth. Up to 950 m. En, R.

Song: low, soft “crunk - -” (4 –6 ×).

112.3 DUSKY ANTBIRD (Chororá-escuro) Cercomacra tyrannina L 5.5 in./14 cm. Two sspp.; W Nom. shown. In E saturatior,

usually with a few white bars to vent;

ear-patch chestnut-rufous (not olive-gray). In dark gray

762

with

of both sspp., note narrow white wing edging and tail tip (latter sometimes worn off). Cf. 112.1, 112.4, and 112.10. ♣ Thick undergrowth of humid forest; esp. at edge; up to 1200 m. Song: very high, rapid series of rather liquid notes, the 1st 1–2 lower, the last 3–5 bouncing down.

112.4 BLACKISH ANTBIRD (Chororó-negro) Cercomacra nigrescens L 5.9 in./15 cm.

dark gray with plain tail and

narrow white wing edging. with rich rufous underparts and forecrown. Cf. 112.1, 112.3, 112.6, and 112.10. ♣ Thick undergrowth of humid forest, woodland, thickets. Up to 900 m.

Song of

: musical “pur-tidrrrr,” 2nd part bouncing and

much higher, often answered by steeply rising notes.

with series of 8–10 sharp,

112.5 BANANAL ANTBIRD (Chororó-de-goiás) Cercomacra ferdinandi L 6.3 in./16 cm. No similar species in

763

small range. Broad white tail tips. with faint white streaks on throat and chest. ♣ Mid-to low levels of humid forest and woodland near water. Call: very fast, very high “wididi”; song: hurried, squeaky “tudr-tudr-tudr” randomly combined with call. En.

112.6 BLACK ANTBIRD (Chororó-preto) Cercomacra serva L 5.5 in./14 cm.

blacker (esp. chest) than

112.4. Tail

plain. from 112.4 by lack of broad rufous forecrown. ♣ Dense undergrowth of humid lowland forests, second growth. Song: slow series of 8–10 well-spaced, slightly accelerating, rising “wrut wrut wrut-writ-writwit-reetreet” notes (the last two at same pitch).

112.7 RIO BRANCO ANTBIRD (Chororó-do-rio-branco) Cercomacra carbonaria L 5.9 in./15 cm. Unmistakable in small range. ♣ Low to mid-levels of thickets in forest,

764

woodland, second growth. Always near rivers. Song: low, slow, short series of 4–5 pairs of mewing double “kurih-kurih- -” notes (with “ku” sounding as clicking pebbles). R.

112.8 MANU ANTBIRD (Chororó-de-manu) Cercomacra manu L 5.9 in./15 cm. Unmistakable in small range. ♣ Low to mid-levels of thickets in forest, woodland, second growth. Always near rivers. Song: low, short series of 2–4 rather laborious, cackled double notes, often together with slightly higher-pitched, unsynchronized counter-song of

.

112.9 MATO GROSSO ANTBIRD (Chororó-do-pantanal) Cercomacra melanaria L 6.3 in./ 16 cm. Virtually unmistakable in range. Note rather long, white-tipped tail. ♣ Dense undergrowth of deciduous forest, gallery forest, woodland. Often near water. Lowlands.

765

Song: Very low,

very dry, froglike “krokreééh-tjow,” often together with high, strident “chip-chip- -” of

.

112.10 WILLIS’S ANTBIRD (Chororó-didi) Cercomacra laeta L 5.5 in./14 cm. Three sspp.: waimiri (a; W part of range), sabinoi (b; E part) and Nom. (not shown; C part). of b and Nom. have narrow white tail tips and are virtually unmistakable in range (cf. 112.1). a from very similar 112.4 by broader white wing edging. Lacks narrow white tail tip and edging to vent of overlapping ssp. of 112.3. a with diagnostic dark-gray wing coverts with distinct cinnamon-brown edge. ♣ Dense undergrowth of humid lowland forest, woodland, second growth. Overlaps with 112.3, esp. in shrubby, wet section of white-sand woodland. Song: very high, short, “puh-wéedi-wéedi-wéedih” (“wéedi” 2–5 ×).

766

very

sharp

Antbirds

Plate 113

767

113.1 SLENDER ANTBIRD (Gravatazeiro) Rhopornis ardesiaca L 7.5 in./19 cm. Unmistakable in small range. Note long tail. ♣ Low in dense, dry forest near patches of terrestrial bromeliads. At 100–1000 m. Very high, loud, increasing series of 7–9 rather sharp “peer” notes without intervals. En, R.

113.2 [BLACK-TAILED ANTBIRD (Formigueiro-de-rabo-preto) Myrmoborus melanurus] L 5.1 in./13 cm.

is dark gray with slightly blacker head. Note

dusky mask of . ♣ Várzea. Song: descending, accelerating series of loud, resounding notes, which bounce down (3 sec).

113.3 WHITE-BROWED ANTBIRD (Papa-formiga-de-sobrancelha) Myrmoborus leucophrys L 5.1 in./13 cm. Eyebrow distinct. Wings plain ( ) or only faintly

768

marked ( ). ♣ Low levels of humid forest edge, várzea, thickets. Up to 1000 m. Song: very high, loud, slightly descending, hurried series of ringing notes (3 sec).

113.4

ASH-BREASTED

ANTBIRD

(Formigueiro-liso)

Myrmoborus lugubris L 5.1 in./13 cm. variable; E Nom. (a; with strong contrast between white underparts and brown upperparts), W ssp. berlepschi (b, with pale gray belly), and C stictopterus/femininus (c). ♣ Dense undergrowth of humid lowland forest near rivers; mainly on river islands. as 113.3, but slower (notes countable) (4–5 sec).

Song:

113.5 BLACK-FACED ANTBIRD (Formigueiro-de-cara-preta) Myrmoborus myotherinus L 5.1 in./13 cm. Several sspp., all with wing bars, black mask, and red eyes, varying in color of underparts; E ochrolaema (a) and C ardesiacus (b) shown. ♣ Dense undergrowth of humid forest (mainly terra firme) and nearby habitats. Up to 900 m. 769

Song: short, slow, descending series of 5 rather sharp, evenly spaced “zree-zree-zree-zrut-zrut” notes.

113.6 WARBLING ANTBIRD (Papa-formiga-cantador) Hypocnemis cantator L 4.7 in./12 cm. Plain tail far shorter than superficially similar 111.5. ♣ Dense unde-growth of lowland forest and woodland.

NOTE:

113.6 is recently split on voice and plumage features into 6 species (no overlap between species, except c and d): 113.6a: GUIANAN WARBLING ANTBIRD Hypocnemis cantator, shown. 113.6b: IMERI WARBLING ANTBIRD Hypocnemis flavescens, not shown; as a, but pale yellowish below. 113.6c: PERUVIAN WARBLING ANTBIRD Hypocnemis peruviana, not shown; as a, but with stronger black markings in both sexes. 113.6d : YELLOW-BREASTED WARBLING ANTBIRD Hypocnemis subflava,

shown;

770

with more olive back and

buffier wing spots. 113.6E: RONDONIA WARBLING ANTBIRD Hypocnemis ochrogyna, not shown; resembles a. 113.6F: SPIX’S WARBLING ANTBIRD Hypocnemis striata En, not shown; resembles a. 113.7 YELLOW-BROWED ANTBIRD (Cantador-ama-relo) Hypocnemis hypoxantha L 4.7 in./ 12 cm. W Nom. (a) and E ssp. ochraceiventris (b). Note in both yellow (not white) eyebrow and rather plain back. ♣ Dense undergrowth of lowland forest and nearby shrub. Song: descending, decelerating series of about 5–8 notes, fluted at first, but gradually becoming more scratchy; slower and starting higher pitched than that of 113.6.

113.8 BLACK-CHINNED ANTBIRD (Solta-asa-do-norte) Hypocnemoides melanopogon L 4.7 in./12 cm. Cf. 113.9 ♣ As 113.9. Song: series of 8–12 high, accentuated “few” notes, 1st 2–3 evenly -spaced and rising, then as “djew” notes accelerating and bouncing down.

771

113.9 BAND-TAILED ANTBIRD (Solta-asa) Hypocnemoides maculicauda L 4.7 in./12 cm. Very similar to 113.8 (note range), but white tail tip slightly broader and semiconcealed white interscapular patch. Superficially similar ant-wrens (Pl. 105–108) smaller, lack pale gray eyes, and have narrower white tail tip. ♣ Undergrowth of várzea, swamps, forest and woodland near water. Lowlands. Song: strong, accelerating series of loud raspy notes, rising in strength and pitch to a sharp rattle, then falling and decelerating (5–6 sec).

113.10 BLACK-AND-WHITE ANTBIRD (Formigueiro-preto-e-branco) Myrmochanes hemileucus L 4.3 in./11 cm. Small and almost unmistakable, but cf. seed-eaters (Pl. 181 and 182). ♣ Low levels of thickets, shrub and woodland edge on river islands. “tiderrru,” bouncing down.

772

Song: very short

Antbirds

773

Plate 114

774

114.1 SILVERED ANTBIRD (Papa-formiga-do-igarapé) Sclateria naevia L 5.9 in./15 cm. Legs pinkish. Three sspp.: W argentata (a), NE Nom. (b), and SE toddi (not shown; ´intermediate between a and b, below).

a resembles

115.4.

as

a, but less white

a and ssp. toddi paler

below (esp. on throat and mid-belly) than 114.6A. ♣ At edges and in thickets of streams and rivers in várzea, esp. under overhanging vines; also in marsh, swampy areas. Song: very high, rapid series of “jip---” notes, after a short stutter lowered in pitch, then rising in pitch and strength, trailing off at the end (4–5 sec).

114.2 SLATE-COLORED ANTBIRD (Formigueiro-cinza) Schistocichla (or Percnostola) schistacea L 5.5 in./14 cm. from 114.6A ssp. subplumbea by gray (not brown) eyes and black (not gray) lower mandible. Differs from 114.6B by gray legs and rufous ear coverts in

. ♣ Under-story of terra

firme. Song: slow, short series of high, loud, piercing “teew” notes, increasing in strength and slightly in pitch.

775

114.3 AMAZONAS ANTBIRD (Formigueiro-de-pelzeln) Percnostola minor L 5.5 in./14 cm. Often includes 114.4 as a ssp., but eyes gray (not reddish). Note wing edging (not spotting), black crown of

and rufous head of

Undergrowth of lowland forest, old woodland. 114.4, but slightly faster.

. ♣

Song: as

114.4 BLACK-HEADED ANTBIRD Schistocichla (or Percnostola) rufifrons (Formigueirode-cabeça-preta) L 5.5 in./14 cm. slight crest.

from from

114.3 by red, not gray, eyes. May show 114.3 by red eyes. ♣ Low forest with

dense undergrowth. Song: high, calm, decelerating series of loud sharp “tieew” notes.

776

114.5 CAURA ANTBIRD (Formigueiro-do-caura) Schistocichla (or Percnostola) caurensis L 7.5 in./19 cm. Larger and less dark than 114.7. ♣ Open understory and floor of humid forest up to 1500 m. Song: very high, loud, descending series of about 10 piercing, lilting, descending “sreek” notes.

114.6A SPOT-WINGED ANTBIRD (Formigueiro-de-asa-pintada) Schistocichla (or Percnostola) leucostigma L 5.9 in./15 cm. Three sspp.: NE Nom. (a, legs pinkish), NW infuscata (b, legs gray), and SW subplumbea (not shown; as a, but legs gray and wing spots of

smaller).

Note white/ cinnamon ( / ) spots (not edging) on wings. Cf. 114.2, 114.5, 114.6B, 114.7. ♣ Understory of humid forest, esp. terra firme; up to 700 m. Note: Traditionally 114.6B, 114.6C, and 114.7 included as sspp. Song: in SW, series of rather sharp “chi---” notes, 1st 2–3 level and very high, then

777

gradually shivering-down (2–3 sec); in NE, very high, level, powerful, sharp almost-rattle (4 sec).

Schistocichla (or Percnostola) humaythae L 5.9 in./15 cm. Contact with 114.6A possibly in Ri. Javarí region. Note pink (not gray) legs, unlike 114.2 and 114.6B HUMAITA ANTBIRD

W sspp. of 114.6A.

lacks whitish throat and central

underparts of 114.1a. ♣ Understory of humid lowland forest, esp. terra firme. RUFOUS-FACED ANTBIRD Schistocichla (or Percnostola) rufifacies L 5.9 in./15 cm. Note pinkish (not 114.6C

gray) legs.

as

114.6B, but no overlap in range.

lacks

white throat and central belly of 114.1 ssp. toddy. ♣ Understory of humid lowland forest, esp. terra firme. En. 114.7 RORAIMAN ANTBIRD Schistocichla (or Percnostola) saturata (Formigueiro-de-ro-raima) L 5.9 in./15 cm. Resembles 114.6Ab (note altitude), but dark and

more uniform

darker overall with grayer ear patch. ♣

Understory of humid lowland forest above 700 m. Song: series of slowly starting, accelerating notes, sharply lowered in pitch at end.

778

114.8 WHITE-LINED ANTBIRD (Formigueiro-do-bambu) Percnostola lophotes L 5.5 in./ 14 cm. Both sexes with conspicuous crest. ♣ At low levels of bamboo thickets near rivers or forest edge. Occasionally in other dense thickets near rivers. Song: descending series of “toot” notes, starting very high and hesitantly, but then accelerating and going down. R.

114.9 WHITE-PLUMED ANTBIRD (Papa-formiga-de-topete) Pithys albifrons L 4.7 in./ 12 cm. Unmistakable. ♣ At ant swarms in humid forest; up to 1350 m. Call: a low, very high, or extr. high, grating “sreew”; song, very high “tjeeeew,” dropping in pitch (1/4 sec).

779

114.10 PALE-FACED (Bare-eye or) ANTBIRD (M ede-taoca-dourada) Skutchia borbae L 6.7 in./17 cm. Unmistakable by facial pattern. ♣ At ant swarms in under-story of humid lowland forest, esp. terra firme. Song: 2–3 very high, long, slightly descending notes, the last one esp. rather mournful. En.

Antbirds

780

781

Plate 115 115.1 WHITE-BELLIED ANTBIRD (Formigueiro-de-barriga-branca) Myrmeciza longipes L 5.9 in./15 cm. Virtually unmistakable. Note small dark (not pale) wing spots of . ♣ Ground and lowest levels in woodland, riverine belts, shrubby forest borders; normally below 700 m. Song: rapid, compact, descending series of shivering, rather sharp “weew---” notes, decelerating at the end (3–4 sec).

115.2 WHITE-BIBBED ANTBIRD (Formigueiro-asso-biador) Myrmeciza loricata L 5.9 in./ 15 cm.

unmistakable by color pattern; note buff throat of

.♣

Floor of humid forest and tall second growth; 700–1300 m. Call: very/ extr. high, very fast “tritititi”; song: extr. high, descending, rapid series of 3–5 whispered, sawing double “siweesiweesee” notes. En.

782

115.3 SQUAMATE ANTBIRD (Papa-formiga-de-grota) Myrmeciza squamosa L 5.9 in./15 cm. Differs from 115.2 by narrower eyebrow, white wing spots, lack of large white chest-patch in , and faintly scaled whitish underparts of . ♣ Floor of humid forest, woodland (locally also drier). Up to 1000 m. Song: like that of 115.2, but even higher pitched and faster. En.

115.4 YAPACANA ANTBIRD (Formigueiro-de-yapacana) Myrmeciza disjuncta L 5.1 in./ 13 cm. Note range. Legs pinkish gray.

from larger

114.1 by pale lower mandible.

with very narrow white tail tips. ♣ Undergrowth of stunted woodland. Lowlands. Song: curious, rapid sequence of 1 or 2 almost toneless, rising gratings, immediately followed by very high “pipip” or “pi,” the total as “grrrrrr-pipip-grrrrrr-pi.”

783

115.5 GRAY-BELLIED ANTBIRD (Formigueiro-de-barriga-cinza) Myrmeciza pelzelni L 5.5 in./ 14 cm. Note range. resembles 116.1. unmistakable by pattern below. ♣ Low levels of white-sand forest and woodland. Lowlands. Song: level series of about 15 very/ extr. high “sree” notes without intervals.

115.6 SOUTHERN CHESTNUT-TAILED ANTBIRD (Formigueiro-de-cauda-castanha) Myrmeciza hemimelaena L 4.7 in./ 12 cm. Note gray legs, grayish head, and rufescent upperparts and tail. Cf. 116.1 and 114.6. ♣ Undergrowth of humid forest and nearby overgrown clearings. Up to 900 m. Song: short, rapid series of loud rather sharp “tee” notes, the 1st 2 level pitched, then rapidly descending (1–1.5 sec).

784

115.7 PLUMBEOUS ANTBIRD (Formigueiro-chumbo) Myrmeciza hyperythra L 6.7 in./ 17 cm. Combination of wing spots and blue eyering diagnostic. ♣ Low levels of humid lowland forest, esp. várzea. Song: at first rising, then leveling-out series of rattling “wee---” notes (2–3 sec).

115.8 WHITE-SHOULDERED ANTBIRD (Formigueirogrande) Myrmeciza melanoceps L 6.7 in./17 cm. from

115.10 by blacker plumage, narrower blue eyering,

and white shoulder (often not easily seen).

Unmistakable.

♣ Low levels of várzea, forest edge. Mainly near water. Call: short, very high, rather liquid twitter; song: loud, musical series of about 6–8 pure notes, the 1st 2 as mid-high, hurried “fewfew,” the last 4–6 high, decelerating, and sounding like “fíuw - -.”

785

115.9 GOELDI’S ANTBIRD (Formigueiro-de-goeldi) Myrmeciza goeldii L 6.7 in./17 cm. No similar species in range with red eyes.

with semiconcealed white

interscapular patch. shorter tailed than 111.8 (note range). ♣ Low levels of várzea, forest edge, second growth woodland, bamboo hickets. Lowlands. Song: high, level, fluted series of about 10 loud notes, starting as stuttered “drd,” followed by slightly decelerating “yuh - -”, together as “drd-yuh-yuh - -.”

115.10

SOOTY

ANTBIRD

(Formigueiro-de-taoca)

Myrmeciza fortis L 6.7 in./17 cm. distinctive; sooty black with white along wing edge (often hard to see). Cf. 115.8. ♣ Low levels of humid lowland forest, mainly terra firme. Song: very high, level series of 8–10 loud “tjuh” notes, which increase slightly in strength (3 sec).

786

Antbirds

787

Plate 116 116.1 BLACK-THROATED ANTBIRD (Formigueiro-de-peito-preto) Myrmeciza atrothorax L 5.5 in./ 14 cm. Legs gray, tail black, and upperparts rather dull. 788

Typically (a; often lacks faint white chest-spotting; in SW black on underparts more extensive) with fine wing spots, but dark NW tenebrosa (b) with all black/rufescent underparts ( / ) and wing spots barely visible. ♣ Understory of humid forest, woodland. Up to 1200 m. Song: very high, slightly decelerating series of 4–8 very sharp “chee” notes, starting with a stuttered “tutu,” then slightly rising in strength and in pitch, together as “tutu-chee-cheé- -.”

116.2 FERRUGINOUS-BACKED ANTBIRD (Formigueiro-ferrugem) Myrmeciza ferruginea L 5.9 in./15 cm. Unmistakable. ♣ Floor of humid lowland forest (esp. terra firme) and woodland. Song: short, very high, increasing, decelerating “tjutju-tee-tee-teeh,” level pitched after “tjutju.”

789

116.3 SCALLOPED ANTBIRD (Formigueiro-de-caudaruiva) Myrmeciza ruficauda L 5.9 in./15 cm. Differs from 115.3 by buff (not white), indistinct eyebrow. ♣ Floor of humid to semihumid forest and woodland. Up to 950 m. high, sharp, almost level, rattling trill. En, R.

Song: very

116.4 RUFOUS-THROATED ANTBIRD (M e-de-taoca-de-garganta-vermelha) Gymnopithys rufigula L 4.7 in./12 cm. Unmistakable. Note bright rufous throat and bold bare eyering. ♣ At ant swarms in understory of humid forest, esp. terra firme. Up to 900 m. Song: complicated; starts with some very high, level, fluted “weee” notes, which accelerate and descend, becoming a short rattle before leveling-out and decelerating as low grating “sree-sree-sree” notes (5 sec).

116.5 WHITE-THROATED ANTBIRD (M e-de-taoca-de-cauda-barrada) Gymnopithys salvini L 5.1 in./

790

13 cm. Unmistakable. Note barred tail in both sexes and black-barred back of

. ♣ At ant swarms in understory of

humid forest. Up to 450 m. Song: slow, resounding series of 3–4 descending, long, upslurred “weeih” notes.

116.6 DOT-BACKED ANTBIRD (Guarda-várzea) Hylophylax punctulatus L 3.9 in./10 cm. Differs from 116.7 by partly whitish cheeks, spotted (not plain) rump, and gray (not pinkish) legs. ♣ Understory of várzea; dense vegetation at water. Song: very high, sharp “sreébeer” or “sree-Beér,” constantly repeated (1 ×/2 sec).

116.7

SPOT-BACKED

ANTBIRD

(Guarda-floresta)

Hylophylax naevius L 4.3 in./11 cm. Cf. 116.6. with gray crown in S. ♣ Undergrowth of humid forest and nearby second growth. Up to 1300 m. Very/extr. high, slightly descending series of 10–12 strident, run together “tjuwit-”

791

notes; depending on region, “tjuwit” sounding as double note or reduced to “tWít---.”

116.8 SCALE-BACKED ANTBIRD (Rendadinho) Dichropogon (or Hylophylax) poecilinotus L 5.1 in./13 cm. Several sspp.: NW duidae (a; nigrigula (c), far E vidua (d; griseiventris (e; as

c,

as

as a).

as

b), NE Nom. (b), SE as

c), SW and SC

c) and WC gutturalis (not shown; of all sspp. and

of most sspp,

with diagnostic scaly back. Plain-backed (c, d, e) with diagnostic contrasting brown upperparts and gray underparts. ♣ Understory of terra firme up to 1350 m. Locally also in várzea. Song: very high, sharp series of about 10 “tweeh” notes with little intervals, each note and total series slightly increasing in pitch and speed.

792

116.9 BLACK-SPOTTED BARE-EYE (M e-de-taoca) Phlegopsis nigromaculata L 6.7 in./17 cm. Unmistakable. ♣ At low levels near ant swarms in humid lowland forest. Call: starlinglike, downslurred “sriuuw”; song: 3–4 leisurely “tieuw srew - -” (2nd and 3rd or 4th notes slightly lower pitched).

116.10 REDDISH-WINGED BARE-EYE (M e-de-taoca-avermelhada) Phlegopsis erythroptera L 7.1 in./18 cm. Unmistakable. ♣ At low levels near ant swarms in humid lowland forest. Song: series of 4–7 descending, well-separated, shrill notes.

Antbirds / Bare-Eyes

793

Plate 117

794

117.1 WING-BANDED ANTBIRD (Pinto-do-mato-carijó) Myrmornis torquata L 5.9 in./15 cm. Unmistakable. ♣ Floor of humid forest up to 900 m. Song: series of 2–30 gradually rising, stressed, ringing “weew” notes.

117.2 BICOLORED (or White-cheeked) ANTBIRD (M e-de-taoca-bochechuda) Gymnopithys leucaspis L 5.5 in./14 cm. Unmistakable by bicolored plumage, bold bare eyering, and black from ear patch to upper flanks. ♣ At ant swarms in understory of humid lowland forest and old woodland. Song: hurried series starting with very high, fluted “weeh weeh” notes, becoming sharp and higher before hurrying down to a few low snarls 3–4 sec).

117.3 HARLEQUIN ANTBIRD (M e-de-taoca-arlequim) Rhegmatorhina berlepschi L 5.9 in./15 cm. No similar bird in range. ♣ At ant swarms in understory of humid lowland forest, esp. terra firme.

Song: very high, slightly 795

descending series of loud, sharp notes, the 1st drawn out, the rest becoming shorter. En. Note: Insert (a) shows a form of unclear affinities known from SW Pará.

117.4 CHESTNUT-CRESTED ANTBIRD (M e-de-taoca-cristada) Rhegmatorhina cristata L 5.9 in./15 cm. Unmistakable by overall rufous color and bold bare eyering. ♣ At ant swarms in under-story of humid lowland forest, esp. terra firme. Song: slow, slightly accelerating series of 8–10 fluted notes, the 1st slightly lower, the following higher and drawn out, then calmly descending.

117.5 HAIRY-CRESTED ANTBIRD (M e-de-taoca-cabeçuda) Rhegmatorhina melanosticta L 5.9 in./ 15 cm. Unmistakable by pale crown and bold bare eyering. ♣ At ant swarms in understory of humid lowland forest, esp. terra firme.

Song: slow series, starting with a few very

796

high, sharp, fluted notes, then descending to a few drawn-out, grating notes.

117.6 WHITE-BREASTED ANTBIRD (M e-de-taoca-papuda) Rhegmatorhina hoffmannsi L 5.9 in./15 cm. Unmistakable. Note white extending over breast (unlike 117.3a). ♣ At ant swarms in under-story of humid lowland forest, esp. terra firme. Song: much as 117.5, but may be less sharp and slightly faster. En.

117.7 BARE-EYED (or Santarem) ANTBIRD (M e-de-taoca-de-cara-branca) Rhegmatorhina gymnops L 5.5 in./ 14 cm. Unmistakable by color and bold bare eyering. ♣ At ant swarms in understory of humid lowland forest, esp. terra firme. Song: 4–5 very high, descending notes, each one drawn out. En.

797

117.8 RUFOUS-CAPPED ANTTHRUSH (Galinha-do-mato) Formicarius colma L 7.1 in./18 cm. Two forms, a with rufous forehead and b (in N and W) with black forehead. Color pattern of head with bright rufous reaching mantle diagnostic. ♣ On ground in terra firme, locally in várzea. Up to 1100 m. Call: very high, decisive “tjew”; song: rapid series of high, musical, run-together notes, 1st slightly descending, then ascending (4–5 sec).

117.9 BLACK-FACED ANTTHRUSH (Pinto-do-mato-de-cara-preta) Formicarius analis L 6.7 in./17 cm. Note black throat sharply demarcated from gray breast. ♣ On ground in humid forest up to 1000 m. Call: very high, ascending “twuh”; song: melodious “tjuh tidididi-tududu” (1st and 2nd part well separated, middle part one note higher pitched).

798

117.10 RUFOUS-FRONTED ANTTHRUSH (Pinto-domato-de-fronte-ruiva) Formicarius rufifrons L 7.1 in./18 cm. Differs from 117.8 by olive crown and nape. ♣ Thickets and bamboo at edges of swampy forest. Song: series of high, melodious, evenly spaced notes, the middle part 1 note higher pitched, the the last part falling off at the end. R.

Antbirds / Antthrushes

799

800

Plate 118 118.1 SHORT-TAILED ANTTHRUSH (Tovaca-campainha) Chamaeza campanisona L 7.9 in./20 cm. Note olive-brown back, dark-marked rich-buff vent and tail with dark subterminal band, and narrow (often not visible) buff-white tip. Faint spots on throat diagnostic (118.3 and 118.4 may have spots on malar). ♣ On ground in forest and woodland. Up to 1000 m; mainly below 118.3 and 118.4 in area of overlap. In tepuis up to 1500 m. Call: high, liquid “wic”; song: hurried series of melodious fluted notes, slightly rising and descending, and ending in some liquid or bubbling notes (also sounding like cackling laughter or like a cymbal roll).

118.2 STRIATED (or Noble) ANTTHRUSH (Tovaca-estriada) Chamaeza nobilis L 8.7 in./22 cm. Only Chamaeza antthrush in range. ♣ On ground in humid lowland forest; esp. terra firme with sparse undergrowth. Call: long, accelerating, slightly descending series of low, hollow “hoot” notes, ending in 3–4 lazy barks.

801

118.3 SUCH’S (or Cryptic) ANTTHRUSH (Tovaca-cantadora) Chamaeza meruloides L 7.5 in./19 cm. Resembles larger 118.1, but tail-tip buff (often not visible) and throat and vent essentially unmarked. ♣ On ground in humid forest. Up to 1500 m. Song: very beautiful, exceptionally long series of well-accentuated, rising, increasing notes (30 sec). En.

118.4 RUFOUS-TAILED (or Brazilian) ANTTHRUSH (Tovaca-de-rabo-vermelho) Chamaeza ruficauda L 7.5 in./19 cm. Resembles 118.1, but back rufous-brown, tail all-brown, and throat unspotted. ♣ On ground in humid forest and woodland at 600–2200 m. Mainly above 118.1 and 118.3 in area of overlap. faster (6 sec).

Song: exactly as that of 118.3, but much

802

118.5 RUFOUS GNATEATER (Chupa-dente) Conopophaga lineata L 4.7 in./12 cm. 3 sspp. Shown are of EC and NE Nom. (a; white chest-patch often not visible; SE ssp. vulgaris similar) and of cearae, CEARÁ GNATEATER (b). Cf. 118.9 (only other gnateater in range). ♣ Undergrowth of humid to semihumid forest, woodland. 300–2400 m. Call: sharp, thin “tsiew”; song: simple almost-rattle of about 10 notes, the last 2–5 higher pitched.

118.6 CHESTNUT-BELTED (or -bellied) GNATEATER (Chupa-dente-de-cinta) Conopophaga aurita L 4.7 in./12 cm. Two groups: Nom. group (a; N and W part of range; belly often buffier;

as

b) and snethlageae

group

SNETHLAGE’S GNATEATER (b). from 118.8 by absence of spots on wings. ♣ Dense undergrowth of terra firme. Up to 700 m. sharp rattle.

Song: a short, extr./very high, very

803

118.7 HOODED GNATEATER (Chupa-dente-de-capuz) Conopophaga roberti L 4.7 in./12 cm. Unmistakable in range. ♣ Undergrowth of lowland forest, woodland.

Song: a short,

very high, ascending rattle. Song: short, high, musical almost-rattle, upslurred at the end (2 sec). En.

118.8 ASH-THROATED GNATEATER (Chupa-dente-do-peru) Conopophaga peruviana L 4.7 in./12 cm. Wing spotting diagnostic in range. ♣ Undergrowth of terra firme.

804

118.9 BLACK-CHEEKED GNATEATER (Cuspidor-de-máscara-preta) Conopophaga melanops L 4.3 in./11 cm. unmistakable. from 118.5 by all-black bill (no pale lower mandible), spots on wings, and whitish chin. ♣ Undergrowth of mainly, but not exclusively, humid forest. Up to 800 m. Call: very sharp “tsitsit”; song: very high, musical, hurried trill (2 sec). En.

118.10 BLACK-BELLIED GNATEATER (Chupa-dente-grande) Conopophaga melanogaster L 5.9 in./ 15 cm. Unmistakable in range. ♣ Dense undergrowth of humid lowland forest. Call: angry-sounding low grunts and short rattles; song: slow series of up to 5 high, dry, well-separated, short rattles (1 rattle/sec). En.

118.11 SPOTTED BAMBOOWREN (Tapaculo-pintado) Psilorhamphus guttatus L 5.1 in./13 cm. Distinctively patterned and spotted. ♣ Low levels in extensive bamboo at

805

edge of humid forest and woodland, esp. in vines; 600–1000 m. Song: a hurried, level (or slightly rising) soft series of mid-high, hooted “to-to---” notes (8–15 sec). R.

Antthrushes / Gnateaters / Bamboowren

806

807

Plate 119 119.1 VARIEGATED ANTPITTA (Tovacuçu) Grallaria varia L 7.5 in./19 cm. SE imperator (a) and NE Nom. (b) shown. Unmistakable in most of range, but cf. 119.3. ♣ On ground in humid forest, woodland. Up to 650 m in most of range; up to 1400 in SE. Song: 3-part series of low-pitched, mournful notes, middle 4–6 pitched 1 note higher and slightly faster than 1st 6 and last 2 notes.

119.2 ELUSIVE ANTPITTA (Tovacuçu-xodó) Grallaria eludens L 7.5 in./19 cm. Unmistakable in range by broad black streaks below. ♣ On ground in terra firme. Song: low 3-noted series of “Tuuh tju-eh” notes (2nd note begins with an abrupt rise).

119.3 ? SCALED ANTPITTA (Tovacuçu-corujinha) Grallaria guatimalensis L 6.7 in./17 cm. Note range and habitat. Differs

808

from 119.1 by more crescentlike (sometimes reduced) patch on lower throat, lack of narrow, pale shaft-streaks on back, and, in E part of range, darker underparts. ♣ On ground in humid forest above 650 m. Song: low, hollow, hurried series, increasing in volume and pitch, the last 2 notes slightly falling off (length about 15–30 notes). (Record is probably based on wrong identification.)

119.4 SPOTTED ANTPITTA (Torom-carijó) Hylopezus macularius L 5.5 in./14 cm. Note head pattern with diagnostic buff eyering. ♣ Dense undergrowth of lowland forest. Song: low, laborious “whoak-whoak-whoak-who-who” (the last 2 notes falling off).

119.5 AMAZONIAN ANTPITTA (Torom-torom) Hylopezus berlepschi L 5.9 in./15 cm. Note rather plain sides of face and streaking of breast. ♣ Dense undergrowth of lowland forest.

809

Song: 3 (or 4) mid- to high, well-separated, hollow “Uh” notes.

119.6 WHITE-BROWED ANTPITTA (Torom-do-nordeste) Hylopezus ochroleucus L 5.5 in./14 cm. Unmistakable in range. ♣ On ground in woodland, caatinga; esp. in dense growth. Song: series in 3 parts, 1st ascending, 2nd with double-noted notes, last 3-noted, sounding like “piupiu-piupiu tetju tetju tetju tetjutu.” En, R.

119.7 SPECKLE-BREASTED ANTPITTA (Pinto-do-mato) Hylopezus nattereri L 5.5 in./14 cm. Unmistakable in range. ♣ On ground in humid forest, woodland; esp. in dense growth. Song: short, fairly fast, beautiful, fluted series of about 10 notes increasing in volume and pitch.

810

119.8 TEPUI ANTPITTA (Torom-de-peito-pardo) Myrmothera simplex L 6.3 in./16 cm. Differs from 119.9 by absence of streaks on breast. ♣ Thick undergrowth in dense forest and woodland; 600–2400 m. Song: rather slow series of 7–10 well-accentuated, low notes, level at first, last 2–4 somewhat rising.

119.9 THRUSH-LIKE ANTPITTA (Tovaca-patinho) Myrmothera campanisona L 5.9 in./15 cm. Brownish chest faintly streaked whitish. ♣ Thick undergrowth of humid forest up to 800 m. hollow notes.

Song: often level series of up to 6–7 low,

811

Antpittas

812

813

Plate 120 120.1 RUSTY-BELTED (or -bellied) TAPACULO (Corneteiro-da-mata) Liosceles thoracicus L 7.5 in./19 cm. Unmistakable. Ssp. dugandi of far NW (a) and widespread Nom. (b) shown. ♣ On ground in terra firme. Low, descending, at the end slightly accelerating, leisurely series of about 7–15 mellow, hooted notes (5 sec).

NOTE:

Scytalopus tapaculos: inconspicuous but vocal. Little or no overlap in range of most species. Juv. brownish overall; often with some dark scaling; Imm. with brownish, often dark-scaled rear parts and faint edging to wing coverts. Taxonomy very complex. 120.2 SERRA DO MAR (or Mouse-colored) TAPACULO. (Tapaculo-do-espinhaço) Scytalopus speluncae (or notorius) L 3.9 in./10 cm. Note dark gray underparts of both sexes; with dark, brown-barred lower flanks. ♣ Dense undergrowth of humid forest; often in bamboo stands; 1000–2500 m. Call: sharp, nasal, hurried “jepjepjep”; song: a long, rapid series of “tjep” notes, sustained for 6–30 sec. En.

814

120.3 PLANALTO TAPACULO Scytalopus pachecoi (Tapaculo-ferreirinho) L 3.9 in./10 cm. Medium gray below. Both sexes with dark-barred lower flanks; (not shown) browner above. ♣ Dense undergrowth of forest, incl. Araucaria. Up to 1500 m.

NOTE:

Next to 120.2 and 120.3 there might be a third species involved: ESPINHAÇO TAPACULO, with plumage and song very similar to 120.2, and occurring in Espinhaço Mts. in Minas Gerais. It may be an undescribed species, or, possibly, correctly labeled according to systematic rules, Scytalopus speluncae, in which case 120.2 becomes notorius.

815

120.4 MARSH (or Tall-grass Wetland) TAPACULO (Macuquinho-da-várzea) Scytalopus iraiensis L 3.9 in./10 cm. Unbarred flanks. Note habitat. ♣ Treeless wet places with rushes and grass between 750 and 950 m. Song: long series of high, hooted, chipped notes, starting slowly and hesitantly, then gradually accelerating and and rising with a more staccato quality (may last for > 30 sec). En, R.

120.5 DIAMANTINA TAPACULO (Tapaculo-da-chapada-diamanina) Scytalopus diamantinensis L 4.3 in./11 cm. Restricted to the Chapada Diamantina. Not in range of 120.2 and 120.3. Differs from 120.4 by rufous, black-barred underparts. ♣ Forest and second growth with dense layers of dead leaves, fallen stems, ferns, and bamboo; 850–1600 m. En.

816

120.6 BAHIA (or Chestnut-sided) TAPACULO (Macuquinho-baiano) Scytalopus psychopompus L 4.3 in./11 cm. Differs from 120.7 by range and unbarred flanks. ♣ Thick vegetation in lowland forest. possibly extinct.

Voice unknown. En, R,

120.7 WHITE-BREASTED TAPACULO (Macuquinho) Scytalopus indigoticus L 4.3 in./11 cm. Note extensive white underparts. Sexes alike. ♣ Dense undergrowth of humid forest. Up to 1500 m; mainly in highlands in far N part of range. Song: low, soft, short, upslurred, froglike roll (3 sec). En, R.

817

120.8 BRASILIA TAPACULO (Tapaculo-de-brasília) Scytalopus novacapitalis L 4.3 in./11 cm. Resembles 120.6 and 120.7, but underparts whitish gray. ♣ Undergrowth of forest and woodland near water; 800–1000 m. Song: simple, calm, sustained series of well-separated staccato “chip” or “chet” notes (about 1 × “chip”/sec). En, R.

120.9 COLLARED CRESCENT-CHEST (Tapaculo-de-colarinho) Melanopareia torquata L 5.5 in./14 cm. Unmistakable. ♣ Stony cerrado with scattered bush and low trees. Song: simple repitition of single high, sharp “tuw” note (1 ×/sec, up to 30 sec).

818

120.10 SLATY BRISTLEFRONT (Entufado) Merulaxis ater L 7.1 in./18 cm. Plumes diagnostic. Virtually unmistakable, but cf. 120.11. ♣ Mainly in undergrowth of montane forest and second growth; 400–1800 m, locally down to 100 m. Song: starting with a slow series of very high, sharp, stressed “click” notes (1 ×/sec), followed by a long, chattering laugh, which starts very high, bounces down, and glides up and down at the end (10 sec). En, R.

120.11 STRESEMANN’S BRISTLEFRONT (Entufado-baiano) Merulaxis stresemanni L 7.5 in./19 cm. Restricted range. plumage;

from

120.10 by lack of brown tones in

brighter chestnut-brown below. ♣ Undergrowth

of humid lowland forest. pitched. En, R.

Song: as 120.10, but lower

819

Tapaculos / Crescent-Chest / Bristlefronts

820

821

Plate 121 121.1 WHITE-WINGED COTINGA (Anambé-de-asa-branca) Xipholena atropurpurea L 7.5 in./19 cm. Not in range of 121.2 and 121.3. ♣ Humid forest; also in low, often scrubby woodland. Up to 900 m. Call: high, barking “weh”; does not sing, but wing-whirs. En, R.

121.2 WHITE-TAILED COTINGA (Anambé-de-rabo-branco) Xipholena lamellipennis L 7.9 in./ 20 cm.

unmistakable by white tail;

separable from forest up to 400 m.

121.3

probably not

121.3 (note range). ♣ Canopy of humid Call: high “wic.” En.

POMPADOUR

COTINGA

(Anambé-pompadora)

Xipholena punicea L 7.9 in./20 cm.

822

with dark tail

unmistakable in range.

rather uniform, unmottled gray

below. ♣ Canopy of humid forest up to 1300 m. high, staccato “weh.”

Call/song:

121.4 SPANGLED COTINGA (Anambé-azul) Cotinga cayana L 7.9 in./20 cm. Dark eyes and black wings distinctive.

as

121.5, but eyes always dark and with less

ochre below. ♣ Canopy of humid forest up to 600 m. Silent.

121.5

PLUM-THROATED

COTINGA

(Cotinga-azul)

Cotinga maynana L 7.5 in./19 cm. Cf. 121.4. dark eyes. ♣ Canopy of forest, esp. várzea.

823

may have

Silent.

121.6

PURPLE-BREASTED

COTINGA

(Anambé-de-peito-roxo) Cotinga cotinga L 7.1 in./18 cm. unmistakable by dark cobalt blue color, from 121.4 and 121.5 by distinct scaling and spotting below. ♣ Canopy of humid forest up to 800 m.

Silent.

121.7 PURPLE-THROATED (Cotinga-de-garganta-encarnada) porphyrolaema L 7.1 in./18 cm.

COTINGA Porphyrolaema

unmistakable,

distinct barring below. ♣ Humid forest up to 400 m.

824

with Silent.

121.8 BANDED COTINGA (Crejoá) Cotinga maculata L 7.9 in./20 cm. Unmistakable; not in range of 121.4–121.6. ♣ Canopy of humid forest up to 200 m. Occasionally also in second growth.

Silent. En, R.

121.9 BLACK-FACED COTINGA (Anambé-de-carapreta) Conioptilon mcilhennyi L 9.8 in./25 cm. Unmistakable by white-rimmed, black face sides. ♣ Várzea and swampy forest at lake and river margins. Song: short, surprised-sounding “wuèèèèh,” gliding up to three notes higher.

121.10 GUIANAN COCK-OF-THE-ROCK (Galo-da-serra) Rupicola rupicola L 11.8 in./30 cm. Unmistakable. ♣ Near rocky outcrops in humid forest up to 1200 m, occasionally much higher. Call: at lek, downslurred, aggressive “Wèh” and other hoarse sounds, such as a laborious “èh-uh”; song: peacocklike “wèèhow,” 1st part upslurred, 2nd shorter and lower.

825

Cotingas / Cock-of-the-Rock

826

827

Plate 122 122.1 BLACK-NECKED RED-COTINGA (Saurá-de-pescoço-preto) Phoenicircus nigricollis L 7.9 in./ 20 cm.

with blackish throat and upperparts unmistakable.

from 122.2 (note range) by redder underparts “Sings” at lek, along with 5–20 other males, by uttering at intervals a sneezing “twèh”; also produces cricketlike trill with its wings.

122.2 GUIANAN RED-COTINGA (Saurá) Phoenicircus carnifex L 7.9 in./20 cm. Brown, not black, mantle and dark red wings.

less bright orange below than

122.1. ♣

Humid forest up to 600 m. Call at dawn: described as “pee-chew-eet.” At lek, produces mechanical trill produced by wing whirring.

828

122.3 BLACK-AND-GOLD COTINGA (Saudade) Tijuca atra L 9.8 in./25 cm.

unmistakable.

resembles 122.4. ♣

Forest; 1200–2000 m. Song: curious high, sharp, eerie “suuuuuwíii,” increasing in strength, upslurred midway (4 sec). En, R.

122.4 GRAY-WINGED COTINGA (Saudade-de-asacinza) Tijuca condita L 9.8 in./25 cm. Brighter below and grayer face and wings than

122.3. ♣ Forest, woodland; 1350–2000

m. Song: very/extr. high, sharp, slow “tue-twée” or “t-twée-tee-deedeé.” En, R.

122.5 [RED-BANDED FRUITEATER (Anambé-de-whitely) Pipreola whitelyi] L 6.7 in./17 cm. Unmistakable. ♣ Mossy forest and dense stunted woodland; 1300–2250 m. Extr. high (just within ear reach), upslurred, slightly lowered and

829

rising “seeeeeh” as one note or slow trill. Not confirmed in Brazil, but likely to occur.

122.6 AMAZONIAN UMBRELLABIRD (Anambé-preto) Cephalopterus ornatus L 19.7 in./50 cm ( ), 15.7 in./40 cm ( ). Unmistakable. ♣ Várzea, humid forest and woodland along rivers. Often near Cecropia trees. Up to 300 m. Song: strange, very low, exhaled “boooh,” as if from a didgeridoo.

122.7 CAPUCHINBIRD (Maú) Perissocephalus tricolor L 13.8 in./35 cm. Unmistakable. ♣ Mid- to upper levels of humid forest up to 600 m. Song: at lek: series of 3 very low notes, starting with a long, inhaled, toneless, growling, “frrrroh,” then an exhaled, drawn-out, bleating “waòòòòòòw,” and a short, lower “woh” (the total as the weirdest sound you will ever hear coming from a bird).

830

122.8

WHITE

BELLBIRD

Procnias alba L 11.8 in./30 cm. crown of

(Araponga-da-amazônia) is unmistakable. Note that

is the same color as mantle and throat, streaked

olive. ♣ Canopy of humid forest up to 1250 m. 2-noted, resounding “dzong-dzíng,” (“dzing” reminiscent of a gong or the closing of an iron gate.

122.9

BEARDED

Song: higher)

BELLBIRD

(Araponga-do-nordeste)

Procnias averano L 11.8 in./30 cm.

virtually unmistakable,

but cf. 122.10.

with dusky crown. ♣ Canopy of forest,

woodland. Up to 1900 m. “kRuh.”

Song: 1-noted, low, loud, sudden

831

122.10

BARE-THROATED

BELLBIRD

Procnias nudicollis L 11.8 in./30 cm.

(Araponga)

unmistakable.

with blackish crown. ♣ Canopy of forest up to 1000 m. Song: 1-noted, high, loud, sudden “kríh,” with the same quality as described for 122.8. R.

Cotingas / Fruiteater / Umbrellabird / Capuchinbird / Bellbirds

832

833

Plate 123 123.1 BARE-NECKED FRUITCROW (Anambé-pombo) Gymnoderus foetidus L 9.8 in./25 cm. Unmistakable. ♣ Canopy of várzea and humid lowland forest along rivers/ lakes.

Silent.

123.2 PURPLE-THROATED FRUITCROW (Anambé-uma) Querula purpurata L 11.8 in./30 cm. Note pale, stumpy bill and short legs. No overlap with 123.4. ♣ Humid forest and second growth up to 750 m.

123.3 CRIMSON FRUITCROW (Anambé-militar) Haematoderus militaris L 13.8 in./35 cm. Unmistakable. ♣ Canopy of humid forest up to 200 m. high, mellow, nasal, repeated “tjiward.”

834

Call/song: noisy,

123.4 RED-RUFFED FRUITCROW (Pavó) Pyroderus scutatus L 17.7 in./45 cm ( ), 15.7 in./40 cm ( ). Unmistakable.

has darker bill. ♣ Humid forest (incl.

Araucaria), woodland. Up to 1900 m. Song at lek: very low, pumped-out “voovooh,” as from didgeridoo.

123.5 HELMETED MANAKIN (Soldadinho) Antilophia galeata L 5.5 in./14 cm. Unmistakable. Note enlarged frontlet and long tail of

. ♣ Low levels in river-ine belts, palm

groves, woodland; 500–1000 m. Call/song: high, “whueEE-pur” (“whueEE” exhaled and gliding-up to a very high pitch) or nervous, very fast “wudr-wudr-weéte-hweét,” last part rising very steeply.

835

123.6 ARARIPE MANAKIN (Soldadinho-do-araripe) Antilophia bokermanni L 5.9 in./15 cm. Unmistakable. Differs from 123.5 by small and different range. ♣ Low levels in tall, second growth forest at ca. 800 m. Prefers humid areas. Call: slightly different from 123.5; “widr weéteh-weét” (1st and 2nd part well separated). En, R.

123.7 PIN-TAILED MANAKIN (Tangarazinho) Ilicura militaris L 5.1 in./13 cm. Note gray face, dull orange eyes, and elongated central tail feathers in . ♣ Humid forest and second growth up to 1400 m; in N part of range not in lowlands. Call: extr. high, thin, hurried “see-see- -” (“see” 4–6 ×). En.

836

123.8

FLAME-CROWNED

(or–crested)

MANAKIN

(Coroa-de-fogo) Heterocercus linteatus L 5.5 in./14 cm. unmistakable in range. resembles Low levels of humid lowland forest.

125.9, which see. ♣

123.9 YELLOW-CROWNED (or -crested) MANAKIN (Dançarino-de-crista-amarela) Heterocercus flavivertex L 5.5 in./14 cm. Both sexes with more contrasting gray cheeks than respective sexes of 123.8 (no overlap), but barely separable. ♣ Low to mid-levels of várzea and other forests/ woodlands near rivers. Call: 3 parts; extr. high, long, upslurred “seeee,” exploding “tSIT,” and drawn-out, gliding-down “seeh,” together as “seeee-tSITseeh.”

837

123.10 [ORANGE-CROWNED MANAKIN (Dançarino-de-crista-laranja) Heterocercus aurantiivertex] L 5.5 in./14 cm. Very similar to 123.9 (no overlap), but cf. 123.8. ♣ Middle and lower levels in várzea. high, slightly falling and rising trill (2–3 sec).

Fruitcrows / Manakins

838

Song: very

839

Plate 124 124.1 WHITE-TIPPED PLANTCUTTER (Corta-ramos) Phytotoma rutila L 7.5 in./19 cm. Unmistakable. Note bill shape. ♣ Accidental in Brazil. Song: strange, toneless series of 1–5 long “creee” sounds, stressed in the middle (as if dragging a fingernail over a comb). V.

124.2 SCREAMING PIHA (Cricrió) Lipaugus vociferans L 9.8 in./25 cm. Rather uniform gray. Note upright stance. Cf. very similar 150.1. ♣ Humid forest up to 500 m. Song: very characteristic, loud, far-carrying, explosive, lashing sound, like “Wít-wítjuh” (“tjuh” low-pitched).

124.3 CINNAMON-VENTED PIHA (Tropeiro-da-serra) Lipaugus lanioides L 9.8 in./25 cm. As 124.2, but wings, tail, and vent browner. ♣ Montane humid forest between 500 and

840

1000 m, locally higher. Song: low, calm, nasal, staccato “tu-téhtjuh” or “tutu-téhtjutju”; middle-note higher. En, R.

124.4 ROSE-COLLARED PIHA (Cricrió-de-cinta-vermelha) Lipaugus streptophorus L 7.9 in./20 cm. chestnut vent of

unmistakable,

diagnostic. ♣ Humid forest; 1000–1800 m.

124.5 KINGLET CALYPTURA (Tiet -de-coroa) Calyptura cristata L 3.1 in./8 cm. Unmistakable by color pattern and very small size. ♣ Humid forest and second growth up to 900 m. Virtually unknown. Only a single confirmed recent record. En, R.

841

124.6 SWALLOW-TAILED COTINGA (Tesourinha-da-mata) Phibalura flavirostris L 7.9 in./20 cm. Unmistakable by long, forked tail. (not shown) as , but with lower underparts scaled, not spotted. ♣ Forest borders, lightly wooded areas, gardens; SL–2000 m. R.

Usually silent.

124.7 SHARPBILL (Araponga-do-horto) Oxyruncus cristatus L 6.7 in./17 cm. Unmistakable by pointed bill, general coloring, and spotting below. ♣ Upper levels of humid forest; SL–1100 m. Song: long, calm “fiuuuu--uh,” just audible at the beginning, then gliding down almost 5 notes.

842

124.8 HOODED BERRYEATER (Corocochó) Carpornis cucullata L 9.8 in./25 cm. Unmistakable by color pattern. Note brown back. ♣ Mid-levels to subcanopy of humid forest, palm groves; 400–1600 m. what-now.” En, R.

Song: soft, mellow “wrat?

124.9 BLACK-HEADED BERRYEATER (Sabiá-pimenta) Carpornis melanocephala L 7.9 in./20 cm. Differs from 124.8 (which occurs at higher altitudes) by red eyes and plain olive-green upper-parts. ♣ Mid-levels to subcanopy of humid forest up to 500 m. Song: high, gliding-down, indignant-sounding “njauow.” En, R.

843

Plantcutter / Pihas / Calyptura / Cotinga / Berryeaters / Sharpbill

844

845

Plate 125 125.1 CRIMSON-HOODED MANAKIN (Uirapuru-vermelho) Pipra aureola L 4.3 in./11 cm. Note black flanks in

.

with pale eyes and yellow throat and

belly; inseparable from 125.2 (note range). ♣ Low levels of várzea, woodland, second growth, mangrove. Below 300 m. Call: plaintive, gliding-down “eeeuw.”

125.2 BAND-TAILED MANAKIN (Uirapuru-laranja) Pipra fasciicauda L 4.3 in./11 cm. unmistakable. Note white in tail. Cf. 125.1. ♣ Low levels of forest, gallery woodland. Up to 600 m.

Song: downslurred, slightly sharp “wieeèr.”

125.3 WIRE-TAILED MANAKIN (Rabo-de-arame) Pipra filicauda L 4.7 in./12 cm. and unmistakable by tail wires. ♣ Low levels in riverine belts, streams in open

846

woodland. Below 300 m. “wieeèr.”

Song: downslurred, thin

125.4 GOLDEN-HEADED MANAKIN (Cabeça-de-ouro) Pipra erythrocephala L 3.5 in./9 cm. unmistakable. as 125.5 (no overlap), but bill usually paler. ♣ Low levels in humid forest, second growth. Call: e.g., “Tíew” note; song: series of 6 notes with distinct pause after 4th, like “Pééterru-tjip prrrtip” (“Péé” higher and stressed).

125.5 RED-HEADED MANAKIN (Cabeça-encarnada) Pipra rubrocapilla L 3.9 in./10 cm. unmistakable. Small dull olive overall with very short tail. No overlap with 125.4, but cf. 125.6. “krits.”

Call/song: hoarse, nasal, level “gekker” or

847

125.6 ROUND-TAILED MANAKIN (Dançador-de-cauda-graduada) Pipra chloromeros L 4.3 in./ 11 cm. Very like 125.5, but tail rounded, not square, and with yellow, not red, thighs. ♣ Low levels in humid lowland forest. Song: high, very hurried “Teeh-tje-Zwee-wir-wur” or other hurried combinations of these notes.

125.7

SCARLET-HORNED

MANAKIN

(Dançador-de-crista) Pipra cornuta L 4.7 in./12 cm. unmistakable.

dull, rather long tailed, with slight crest and

flesh-brown legs; cf. 123.10. Song: short combinations of shrill “sreet,” run-together “titjurrr,” and toneless, grating “kreekree” in fast series of 4–7 notes.

848

125.8 WHITE-BEARDED MANAKIN (Rendeira) Manacus manacus L 4.3 in./11 cm. pinkish) legs of

unmistakable. Bright orange (not

diagnostic. ♣ Undergrowth of forest,

second growth. Up to 1000 m. Call: very high, rather dry “kirrp” (repeated with irregular intervals).

125.9 FIERY-CAPPED MANAKIN (Uirapuru-cigarra) Machaeropterus pyrocephalus L 3.5 in./9 cm. Color of crown and back diagnostic in . with purplish legs and blurry streaking below. ♣ Low levels of humid lowland forest, woodland. Call: very high, sharp, lonely-sounding “plee” with rather long intervals.

849

125.10 OLIVE MANAKIN (Dançarino-oliváceo) Xenopipo uniformis L 5.1 in./13 cm. Slightly similar to 123.9 (no overlap), but cf. 123.8. ♣ Low levels of shrubby forest (incl. várzea), woodland. Up to 1200 m. Call: extr. high, gliding-up “wseeeeeé” (< 1 sec).

125.11 BLACK MANAKIN (Pretinho) Xenopipo atronitens L 5.1 in./13 cm. with stubbier bill.

resembles

135.3, but more thickset and

virtually inseparable from 125.10.

♣Woodland, stunted forest on sandy soils, riverine belts. Calls: varied; e.g., very high, chirping “writ wit wit,” varying in pitch.

850

Manakins

851

852

Plate 126 126.1 WHITE-CROWNED MANAKIN (Cabeça-branca) Dixiphia (or Pipra) pipra L 3.9 in./10 cm. Ad. unmistakable. Note red eyes and grayish face of

. ♣ Low

levels in humid forest, second growth. Up to 1500 m. low, downslurred, nasal “njew.”

Call:

126.2 BLUE-CROWNED MANAKIN (Uirapuru-de-chapéu-azul) Lepidothrix coronata L 3.5 in./9 cm. NW ssp. carbonate (a) and SW caelestipileata (b; a) shown.

as

unmistakable in range. Note bright green of

. ♣ Humid forest, second growth, normally below 1000 m. Call: 2-noted “piRééh,” with toneless or sharp “pi” merged in “R.”

853

126.3 WHITE-FRONTED MANAKIN (Uirapuru-estrela) Lepidothrix (or Pipra) serena L 3.5 in./9 cm. Both sexes resemble 126.4. ♣ Low levels in interior and at edge of humid forest. Up to 500 m.

Call: high, fluted “wuéew.”

126.4 ORANGE-BELLIED (or Tepui) MANAKIN (Dançador-do-tepui) Lepidothrix (or Pipra) suavissima L 3.5 in./9 cm.

from

black breast.

126.3 by range and no yellow patch on from

126.2 (little overlap) by bluish

frontlet. ♣ Low levels of humid forest up to 1800 m. high, slightly nasal, short “wíh.”

Call:

126.5 OPAL-CROWNED MANAKIN (Cabeça-de-prata) Lepidothrix (or Pipra) iris L 3.5 in./9 cm. Bright green with yellow belly and pale eyes. Crown bluish in

; pure green (as

shown; W part of range) or blue-tinged (E part of range) in . No overlap with 126.2, 126.6, and 126.7, but cf. 126.1. ♣

854

Low levels of humid lowland forest (esp. terra firme), second growth. Call: very (almost extr.) high upslurred “feer,” repeated with short intervals. En.

126.6 GOLDEN-CROWNED (Dançador-de-coroa-dourada) Lepidothrix

MANAKIN (or Pipra)

vilasboasi L 3.5 in./9 cm. Note tiny range. Crown yellow ( ) or pure green ( ). ♣ Low levels of humid lowland forest. En, R.

126.7 SNOW-CAPPED (or -crowned) MANAKIN (Uirapuru-de-chapéu-branco) Lepidothrix (or Pipra) nattereri L 3.5 in./9 cm. with white crown and rump. Crown of pure green (N part of range) or blue-tinged (S part of range; shown). No overlap with 126.5 and 126.6, but cf. 126.1. ♣ Low levels of humid lowland forest; esp. terra firme. high, slightly grating, steeply ascending “tuWeét.”

855

Call:

126.8

BLUE-BACKED

MANAKIN

(Tangará-falso)

Chiroxiphia pareola L 4.7 in./12 cm. Crown of yellow in far W ssp. regina (a).

red (b), but

relatively large with

orange-pink legs (cf. 125.8). Imm. as , but crown red/ yellow. ♣ Undergrowth of humid lowland forest and second growth. Call/song: varied; e.g., low, strong “tjowtjow---” (3–5 × “tjow”).

126.9 BLUE (or Swallow-tailed) MANAKIN (Tangará) Chiroxiphia caudata L 5.9 in./15 cm. Unmistakable. Note elongated central tail feathers in both sexes. Imm.

(not

shown) as , but crown red. ♣ Undergrowth of humid forest and woodland up to 1900 m; only above 500 m in N part of range. Call: high, short, descending “tjeow” or high, loud, scratchy “iewiew.”

856

126.10 WHITE-THROATED MANAKIN (Dançarino-de-garganta-branca) Corapipo gutturalis L 3.5 in./9 cm. unmistakable. Note pale chin and belly of . ♣ Low levels in humid forest up to 1100 m. ♣ Humid forest in hilly areas.

Call: extr. high, thin, drawn-out “seee-o-see.”

Manakins

857

858

Plate 127 127.1 EASTERN STRIPED MANAKIN (Tangará-rajado) Machaeropterus regulus L 3.5 in./9 cm. Note faint streaking below. No overlap with 125.9 or 127.2. ♣ Low levels of humid lowland forest. En.

Call; mid-high, short, catlike “tjew.”

127.2 WESTERN STRIPED MANAKIN Machaeropterus striolatus (Tangará-riscado) L 3.5 in./9 cm. in range.

resembles

unmistakable

125.9, but sides of chest reddish

brown. ♣ Low levels of humid lowland forest. high, 2-noted “i-tjúw.”

NOTE:

Call: very

Neopelma Tyrant-Manakins: inconspicuous at low to mid-levels. Little or no overlap between species, but cf. 131.10 with stronger wing edging and facial pattern. Eye colors variable and yellow crown streak often not visible. 859

127.3 SAFFRON-CRESTED TYRANT-MANAKIN (Fruxu-do-carrasco) Neopelma chrysocephalum L 5.1 in./13 cm. Not in range of 127.4–127.7. ♣ Woodland, stunted forest. Up to 700 m. Call: low, nasal “tjew”; song: strange, low, hurried, accelerating, nasal “tjuut tjuut-tootoo” (as if blowing on paper over a comb).

127.4 SULPHUR -BELLIED TYRANT-MANAKIN (Fruxu-de-barriga-amarela) Neopelma sulphureiventer L 5.1 in./13 cm. Limited contact with whitish-bellied 127.5. ♣ Humid forest, riverine belts with bamboo thickets. Call: high, slightly nasal “weét”; song: hoarse, 2-noted “vrít-je.”

127.5 PALE-BELLIED TYRANT-MANAKIN (Fruxu-do-cerrad o) Neopelma pallescens L 5.5 in./14 cm. Only Neopelma with creamy white (not clearly yellowish) belly. ♣ Woodland, riverine belts. Up to 700 m.

860

Call:

hurried “rutrut---,” “rut 1–7 ×, each upslurred: song: series of 1 long and 2 short hoarse, froglike “wreh-wrawra” notes.

127.6 WIED’S TYRANT-MANAKIN (Fruxu-baiano) Neopelma aurifrons L 5.1 in./13 cm. Differs from 127.7 (note range and habitat) by shorter tail and less conspicuous crown streak. ♣ Interior of humid forest; occasionally at edge. Up to 1000 m. Song: yodeling “yo-deé-wo-dée,” 1st “dee” (or “tjiw”) much higher, 2nd slightly higher. En, R.

127.7 SERRA DO MAR TYRANT-MANAKIN (Fruxu) Neopelma chrysolophum L 5.1 in./13 cm. Cf. 127.6. ♣ Second growth, denser woodland, forest edge. Avoids forest interior; 1150–1800 m. Song: series of random, of well-separated notes, such as a slow, staccato “rih-tjew-tjew-tjuh,” “rrítju” (“rr” stressed), “tjuwtju,”or “vrrrrrú.” En.

861

127.8 CINNAMON (Neopipo or) MANAKIN-TYRANT (Enferrujadinho) Neopipo cinnamomea L 3.5 in./9 cm. From 141.10 by gray legs, shorter tail, and crown-patch (often not visible). ♣ Terra firme up to 1000 m. Call: very high, thin, gliding-down “seeeu”; song: long series of extr. high “fee” notes, 1st few notes slightly rising in pitch and strength, then gradually descending (5–7 sec).

127.9 DWARF TYRANT-MANAKIN (Uirapuruzinho) Tyranneutes stolzmanni L 3.5 in./9 cm. Tiny, dull, with very short tail and pale eyes. Cf. 127.10 and manakins on Pl. 125 and 126. ♣ Low to mid-levels of humid lowland forest, mainly interior of terra firme. Call: very high, hurried “prutrut---” (3–6 × “rut”); song: curt “zweeh-wít” (“wít” much higher) or “zweeh-dewít.”

862

127.10 TINY TYRANT-MANAKIN (Uirapuruzinho-do-norte) Tyranneutes virescens L 3.1 in./8 cm. Very like 127.9 (limited contact), but eyes brown, even shorter tailed and with yellow crown-patch. Cf. manakins on Pl. 125 and 126. ♣ Low to mid-levels of humid lowland forest, mainly interior of terra firme. Call/song: high, short, nasal shiver “wee-de-weet” or quick “better delete.”

Manakins / Tyrant-Manakins / Neopipo

863

Plate 128

864

128.1 BLACK-CAPPED (Manakin or) PIPRITES (Caneleirinho-de-chapéu-preto) Piprites pileata L 4.7 in./12 cm. Unmistakable. ♣ Atlantic forest; often Araucaria; 900–2000 m. Call: very high, nasal “tjew” or low grumbling “tut tut - -”; song: series starting with slow, short “tjew,” then high, ringing, hurried “tjeetjee--tju-uh” (“tjee” 4–5 ×, “tju” lower, weak “uh” slightly higher again). R.

128.2 WING-BARRED PIPRITES (Papinho-amarelo) Piprites chloris L 5.1 in./13 cm. Several sspp.: W tshudii (a) and NE clorion (b) shown. No yellow lores or eyering in SE. Note manakinlike shape, yellow throat, wing pattern, and grayish ear coverts. ♣ Dense undergrowth of humid forest and second growth. Up to 1000 m; locally to 1700 m. Song: low, smooth series of “hoot” notes, after 4–5 hoots interupted by slightly ascending “diderick,” together as “hoot-hoot--diderick-hoot-hoot.”

865

128.3 RINGED ANTPIPIT (Estalador-do-norte) Corythopis torquatus L 5.5 in./14 cm. Unmistakable in most of range by jizz and black (brown in Juv.) chest, but cf. 128.4 (limited contact) with more olive ear coverts and back slightly browner. ♣ On or near the ground in humid forest to 1400 m. Song: very high, calm “tueet tueet,” each “tueet” slightly downslurred.

128.4 SOUTHERN ANTPIPIT (Estalador) Corythopis delalandi L 5.5 in./14 cm. Cf. 128.3. ♣ On or near the ground in forest, woodland up to 1000 m. Song: very high, short, calm, sweet series “weeh-rrrwee-wurr-wiwi” (“rrr” very short, canarylike trills).

128.5 CORRENDERA PIPIT (Caminheiro-de-espora) Anthus correndera L 5.9 in./15 cm. Note strong streaking of chest and flanks and bold pair of whitish streaks on back. ♣ Pastures, fields, wetlands, grassy roadsides.

866

Song: in

hovering flight, cheerful, unstructured series of twittering, like “fitfit-wrrrruh,” “fit-frit-oh-frút,” and “fit-fritoh-wrrrrruh---” (“wrrruh” as toneless, nasal trill).

128.6 SHORT-BILLED PIPIT (Caminheiro-de-unha-curta) Anthus furcatus L 5.5 in./14 cm. Differs from 128.7 by scalier (less streaky) mantle, virtual lack of streaks on flanks, stronger malar, and strongly spotted breast contrasting with whitish belly. ♣ Open areas with short grass. Song: in flight, very high, slightly varied “writ tjitji-vrrrrruh-tjuwtjuw--” (“writ” separated from subsequent notes).

128.7 HELLMAYR’S PIPIT (Caminheiro-de-barriga-acanelada) Anthus hellmayri L 5.5 in./14 cm. Finest breast streaking of all pipits. Note sparse streaks on flank and buff-tinged belly. ♣ Dry, rocky areas, pastures, fields. Up to 2200 m.

867

Song: from post or in flight,

e.g., very/extr. high, short, hurried twitter ending in a nasal drawn-out note, together as “tritfitwitweét-tritfitwit-srèèh,” given in 2–3 sec intervals.

128.8 YELLOWISH PIPIT (Caminheiro-zumbidor) Anthus lutescens L 5.1 in./13 cm. Only pipit in most of its range. Small with diagnostic yellow-tinged underparts. Streaking on underparts mostly restricted to chest; buff streaks on back. ♣ Prefers very short grass in hot open country, lakesides and riversides, agricultural land. Song: in flight, during ascend silent, when gliding back to ground, nasal, slightly cross-sounding, “sjiieeuuw,” starting very high and thin, lowered and becoming nasal.

128.9 OCHRE-BREASTED PIPIT (Caminheiro-grande) Anthus nattereri L 5.5 in./14 cm. Rich ochre breast contrasting with whitish belly diagnostic. ♣ Open areas, grassland, fields, pastures. Up to 900 m; locally higher.

868

Song: in flight, very high, sharp, twittering series in 3–6 slightly lowered groups of notes without intervals, ending in a gliding-down “èèèh-èèèh-èèèh.” R.

Piprites / Antpipits / Pipits

869

Plate 129 870

129.1 VARZEA (or Greater) (Mourner or) SCHIFFORNIS (Flautim-ruivo) Schiffornis major L 5.9 in./15 cm. Amount of gray in face varyies. More thickset, shorter billed, and less upright stance than Atillas (Pl. 151). ♣ Várzea up to 300 m. Song: high, slow, fluted “pjúh puéet,” like a wolf whistle.

129.2 THRUSH-LIKE (Mourner or) SCHIFFORNIS (Flautim-marrom) Schiffornis turdina L 6.3 in./16 cm. Rather featureless; mainly detected by voice. Note large eye. Resembles a large, long-tailed, brownish olive manakin. Cf. 123.10, 125.10, and 129.3. ♣ Low levels in interior of humid forest. Up to 1000 m. Note: A recent study shows that in Brazil, 3 very similar species of Schiffornis are involved, differing mainly in voice: S. veraepacis (NW Brazil), S. amazona (W Amazonia, song: slow, drawn-out “tiuuh-tuweet,” 1st part gliding down, 2nd part 2-toned with “weet” much higher and stressed), and S. turdina (SE Amazonia and E Brazil).

871

129.3 GREENISH (Mourner or) SCHIFFORNIS (Flautim) Schiffornis virescens L 5.9 in./15 cm. Note contrasting rufescent wings and tail, unlike 126.9 and 129.2; at higher elevation of 129.2 in area of contact. ♣ Low levels of humid forest, second growth, riverine belt. Up to 1200 m. Song: variations of very high, thin “tjuuh-witwée” (1st part low and drawn out; 2nd part with 2 decisive, short notes; last one highest).

129.4 CINEREOUS MOURNER (Chorona-cinza) Laniocera hypopyrra L 7.9 in./20 cm. Note yellow eye rim. Wing spots diagnostic. May have yellow or orange tufts on sides of breast. ♣ Lower levels of humid forest and woodland Song: very high, sharp, repeated “usjowée”; “jo” sounding like a short grace note, “wée” rising as if forcefully exhaled.

129.5 BUFF-THROATED PURPLETUFT (Anambezinho) Iodopleura pipra L 3.5 in./9 cm. Unmistakable by coloring

872

and size. Often perches on tree tops (as do 129.6 and 129.7). ♣ Canopy of humid forest, second growth, plantations. Up to 1000 m. Song: extr. high “weeh-zwee,” 1st note slightly higher and longer. En, R.

129.6 DUSKY PURPLETUFT (Anambé-fusco) Iodopleura fusca L 4.3 in./11 cm. Note white rump band, vent, and central streak from breast to belly. Cf. 76.9. ♣ Canopy of humid lowland forest. Often in tops of bare trees. probably as 129.7.

Voice

129.7 WHITE-BROWED PURPLETUFT (Anambé-de-coroa) Iodopleura isabellae L 4.7 in./12 cm. Dark with white rump band and stripe on central underparts. Cf. 76.9. ♣ Canopy of humid lowland forest. Often in tops of bare trees. “see.”

Song: extr. high, upslurred “seewee” or single

873

129.8 BLACK-TAILED TITYRA (Anambé-brancao-de-rabo-preto) Tityra cayana L 7.9 in./20 cm. Two sspp.: N and W Nom. (a,

shown;

as

b) and

widespread braziliensis (b, , ). Cf. 129.9. ♣ Canopy of forest, woodland, second growth, plantations. Up to 1100 m. Call: curious, dry, toneless series of 1–3 minirattles, like “rrru.”

129.9 MASKED TITYRA (Anambé-branco-de-máscara-negra) Tityra semifasciata L 7.9 in./20 cm. head.

from

129.8 by white tail tip and less black

lacks streaking. ♣ Canopy of forest, woodland,

second growth, plantations. minirattles, like “rrri.”

874

Lowlands.

Call:

dry

129.10 BLACK-CROWNED TITYRA (Anambé-branco-de-bochecha-parda) Tityra inquisitor L 7.9 in./20 cm. Lack of red to bill diagnostic. Note cinnamon face of

. ♣ Canopy of humid forest at edge and clearings, várzea,

plantations.

Call: dry minirattles, like “krrru.”

Schiffornises / Mourner / Purpletufts / Tityras

875

Plate 130

876

130.1 SHRIKE-LIKE COTINGA (or Elegant Mourner) (Chibante) Laniisoma elegans L 7.1 in./18 cm. Basically unmistakable by black-scalloped yellow underparts. Note black cap of

. ♣ Humid forest, mature second growth;

100–900 m. Song: extr. high, downslurred “piiiieh,” repeated with slightly varying pitch and intervals. R.

130.2 WHITE-NAPED XENOPSARIS (Tijerila) Xenopsaris albinucha L 5.1 in./13 cm. Differs from 130.8 (note range) by more slender jizz, whiter underparts, and, often, brown-tinged wings. ♣ Caatinga, dry riverine belts, open areas with scattered trees. Up to 550 m. Song: extr. high, thin, short, drawn-out, partly trilled twittering.

130.3 GREEN-BACKED BECARD (Caneleiro-verde) Pachyramphus viridis L 5.9 in./15 cm. N ssp. griseigularis (a, and

without yellow collar) and Nom. (b, rest of range in

877

Brazil). Virtually unmistakable, but cf. 154.4. ♣ Humid forest, woodland, riverine belts, areas with scattered trees. Up to 1000 m. Song: starting abruptly and hurried, then ascending and slightly decelerating series of 10–15 “dee-dee---” notes or series of ascending “jeh-weé - -” (6–20 ×).

130.4 CHESTNUT-CROWNED BECARD (Caneleiro) Pachyramphus castaneus L 5.5 in./14 cm. Gray band from eye to nape diagnostic ♣ Forest, woodland, riverine belts, plantations. Up to 1000 m, locally higher. Call: extr. high, slightly gliding up and down “tuuit” notes; song: simple series of 4–5 very high “weeu---” notes without intervals.

130.5 WHITE-WINGED BECARD (Caneleiro-preto) Pachyramphus polychopterus L 5.9 in./15 cm. Two groups: Amazonian nigriventris group (a; wing-pattern as b in most of range) and E and S Nom. group (b). Note black back,

878

white tail tips, and gray not extending clearly above eye in

.

with rufescent tail tips and wing edging. Cf. 130.6 and antshrikes (Pl. 104) with less black crown and different behavior. ♣ Rather open woodland, borders of lowland forest, second growth, riverine belts, mangrove. Normally below 1500 m, but sometimes higher. Song: high, mellow, waderlike “tih ti-ti-tjuh” (ti-ti-” higher) or “tjew-tjew-tjew-tjeé.”

130.6 BLACK-CAPPED BECARD (Caneleiro-bordado) Pachyramphus marginatus L 5.5 in./14 cm. from 130.5b by gray extending over eyes as supraloral and mantle usually mottled (rarely all black).

from

130.5 by rufous crown

(at most tinged brown in

130.5). ♣ Canopy in interior of

humid forest and second growth. Up to 1000 m. Song: clear “wuh-weet-ohweé”; “weet” slightly higher and “weé” much higher and stressed.

879

130.7 GLOSSY-BACKED BECARD (Caneleiro-da-guiana) Pachyramphus surinamus L 5.1 in./13 cm. Bicolored rufous-winged and -crowned

and

unmistakable. ♣ Canopy of

forest and adjacent clearings. Up to 300 m. Song: very high, rather sharp “wuh-wheéé-wuwuweé”; “wheéé” stressed at end and “wu” voiced 3–6 ×.

130.8

CINEREOUS

BECARD

(Caneleiro-cinzento)

Pachyramphus rufus L 5.1 in./13 cm. resembles 130.2. distinctive, but cf. 129.1 and Atillas (Pl. 151). ♣ Forest borders, woodland, semiopen areas with scattered trees. Song: very high series of “tu” notes as a sharp, descending almost-trill, ending in rising, stressed “tuwít” (2 sec).

130.9 PINK-THROATED BECARD (Caneleiro-pequeno) Pachyramphus minor L 6.7 in./17 cm.

distinctive;

from

130.10 by grayish mantle. ♣ Upperstory of terra firme; 880

occasionally also in várzea. Up to 800 m. Call: very/extr. high “pweep” and other nasal notes, like “tju-tjuw” (1st “tju” higher, 2nd lower); song: very high, fast, descending, dry “prrrruh” trill.

130.10 CRESTED (or Plain) BECARD (Caneleiro-de-chapéu-preto) Pachyramphus validus L 7.1 in./ 18 cm.

large and 2-toned;

has rufous back. ♣ Woodland,

forest borders, plantations. Up to 2000 m. Song: rather silent; sometimes unstructured series of extr./very high, sharp rolling and strident “see” notes.

Mourner / Xenopsaris / Becards

881

Plate 131 882

131.1 PLANALTO TYRANNULET (Piolhinho) Phyllomyias fasciatus L 4.3 in./11 cm. Three sspp.: Nom. (a; C part of range), brevirostris (b; SE part of range) and cearae (not shown; N part of range; resembles a, but duller). Note short, stubby, all-black bill (131.2–131.4 have base of lower mandible pale). Crown duskier or grayer than mantle. ♣ Humid forest, woodland, riverine belts; SL–1800 m, most frequent at 500–800 m. Song: differs regionally; in SE a slow series of 3–4 slightly descending, plaintive “puh-puh- -” minor-key notes; elsewhere slightly higher-pitched and more distinctly descending series of 3 more major-keyed notes.

131.2 ROUGH-LEGGED TYRANNULET (Piolhinho-chiador) Phyllomyias burmeisteri L 4.3 in./11 cm. Relatively thick, short bill with at least base of lower mandible pale. Crown slightly duller olive than back. Cf. 131.1 and 131.4. ♣ Humid forest, mainly montane. Call/ song: very/extr. high, sharp “tu-weet” or level/slightly descending “tweet-tweet- -” (up to 9 ×, 3 × “tweet”/sec).

883

131.3 REISER’S TYRANNULET (Piolhinho-do-grot o) Phyllomyias reiseri L 4.3 in./11 cm. Note yellow ear coverts and gray-tinged crown. Bill as in 131.4. ♣ Dry forest, riverine belts.

131.4 GREENISH TYRANNULET (Piolhinho-verdoso) Phyllomyias virescens L 4.7 in./12 cm. Short, stubby bill with pale base to lower mandible. Very like 131.3 (note range), but crown and ear coverts olive. Wing bars bolder than in 131.1 and 131.2; chest also less olive than in 131.2. ♣ Humid forest and second growth up to 1000 m. Song: high, sharp, very short, nervous, twittering almost-trill (level, slightly rising or lowering, then rising); also low, chattered, fast “piurrr.”

884

131.5 GRAY-CAPPED TYRANNULET (Piolhinho-serrano) Phyllomyias griseocapilla L 4.3 in./11 cm. Note gray head and yellow flanks. ♣ Humid forest and second growth; 750–1850 m, locally down to sea level. Call: high, clear, drawn-out, rising “weeeew”; song: short series of 1–4 high, clear, whistled “weew- -” notes. En, R.

131.6 SOOTY-HEADED TYRANNULET (Piolhinho-de-cabeça-cinza) Phyllomyias griseiceps L 3.9 in./ 10 cm. Dark sooty crown. Note wing pattern with white restricted to edges of tertials and secondaries. ♣ Edge and clearings of lowland forest. Song: very high, short, slightly descending, hurried “wit wit-didurip” (1st “wit” slightly higher and distinctly separated).

885

131.7

FOREST

ELAENIA

(Maria-pechim)

Myiopagis

gaimardii L 4.7 in./12 cm. Differs from 131.8 by olive face sides and neck. Note horizontal stance. ♣ Forest, riverine belts, woodland. Up to 1000 m or higher. varied; e.g., very high, upslurred “pssweeét.”

Call/song:

131.8 GRAY ELAENIA (Guaracava-cinzenta) Myiopagis caniceps L 4.7 in./12 cm. Stance like 131.1. Two sspp.: W cinerea (a, E Nom. (b, distinctive.

,

shown; shown;

often with olive back) and S and resembles

a).

of both sspp.

resembles 131.7. ♣ Várzea and terra firme up

to 1200 m. Song: series of varying length, starting with 2–4 single/extr. high notes, then gliding down and accelerating to a long trill, slowing down and often finishing with some up-and-down, lilting notes (3–9 sec).

886

131.9 YELLOW-CROWNED ELAENIA (Guaracava-de-penacho-amarelo) Myiopagis flavivertex L 5.1 in./13 cm. Differs from 131.10 by yellowish wing bars. ♣ Lower levels in várzea up to 300 m. Song: very high, sometimes fast, loud series, starting with a very high, sweeping note, followed by a short downslurred shiver (“srrr”), then decelerating to “wee-tju,” the total as “chee srrrr-wee-tju.”

131.10 GREENISH ELAENIA (Guaracava-de-crista-alaranjada) Myiopagis viridicata L 5.1 in./13 cm. Note lack of wing bars. ♣ Woodland, esp. near streams and clearings, riverine belts, plantations; occasionally in humid forest; SL–1100 m or higher. Song: simple series of 4–5 very high “feé-oh-weé wit” notes, last one lower pitched (and missing in call).

887

Tyrannulets / Elaenias

888

Plate 132

889

132.1 YELLOW-BELLIED ELAENIA (Guaracava-de-barriga-amarela) Elaenia flavogaster L 6.7 in./ 17 cm. Striking bushy crest often divided in middle, revealing white. Belly bright or dull yellow. Cf. similar-sized 132.2 and smaller 132.8 and 132.10. ♣ Open woodland, second growth, savanna, scrubby river edges. Up to 1500 m. Noisy. Call: shrieking “sreeuw”; song: long, hurried series with rather unstructured and repetitive notes, such as “wiwí-pèèè- -”; 1st part rather sharp, last part nasal and lower.

132.2 LARGE ELAENIA (Guaracava-grande) Elaenia spectabilis L 7.1 in./18 cm. Differs from 132.1 by 3rd wing bar and by smaller crest without white. ♣ Clearings and edges of forest, riverine belts, thickets. Call: loud, downslurred “Piuw”; song: high, rapid “t-Wrí-oh-wri” (“Wri” higher and stressed).

890

132.3 NORONHA ELAENIA (Cocoruta) Elaenia ridleyana L 6.7 in./17 cm. No similar bird on Noronha. ♣ Scrub, woodland, gardens. Call: varied; e.g., high, descending “tUuuw” in series with 1.5-sec intervals. En, R.

132.4 WHITE-CRESTED ELAENIA (Guaracava-de-crista-branca) Elaenia albiceps L 5.9 in./15 cm. Not safely separable from 132.5. ♣ Scrub, woodland, gardens. Call: strong, very high, “Wiuuw” or Wijuuw” (1st part stressed and higher). Generally silent in Brazil.

132.5 SMALL-BILLED ELAENIA (Guaracava-de-bico-curto) Elaenia parvirostris L 5.9 in./15 cm. Similar to 132.4. Both have whitish (not yellowish) mid-belly, grayish chest often tinged olive, bold whitish eyering, and little or no crest. Sp. 132.4 usually has two wing bars and white streak on crown visible; 132.5 usually has three wing bars and crown streak often hidden, but these

891

variable in both. Cf. 132.6. ♣ Clearings and edges of forest and woodland. Also in suburbs. Mainly in lowlands. Call: varied; dry “tjip” or chipping “Tjuw” or “ti-sjuw”; song: hurried, strong “Wee-dr-dee-wuh”note, for example (2nd note a roll; “Wee” much higher and “wuh” slightly higher).

132.6 OLIVACEOUS ELAENIA (Tuque) Elaenia mesoleuca L 5.9 in./15 cm. No white crown stripe, unlike 132.4 and 132.5. Unlike 132.4 and 132.5, breast more olive than gray. ♣ Interior and borders of humid forest, second growth, woodland; SL–2000 m. Call/song: clapping “Vrih” or “Vri-der,” single or in series.

132.7 BROWNISH ELAENIA (Guaracava-do-rio) Elaenia pelzelni L 7.1 in./18 cm. Browner and with less distinct wing bars than 132.2 ♣ Tall tree stands along rivers. Up to 200 m.

892

132.8 PLAIN-CRESTED ELAENIA (Guaracava-de-topete-uniforme) Elaenia cristata L 5.9 in./15 cm. High crest (without white) often erect. Not found outside savanna habitat. ♣ Scrub, open woodland, cerrado. Up to 1500 m. Call: downslurred “zèr”; song: raspy “zree-zree-zuzu” or “zreeeh dudu” and variations thereof.

132.9 RUFOUS-CROWNED ELAENIA (Guaracava-de-topete-vermelho) Elaenia ruficeps L 5.9 in./15 cm. Note small rufous patch on hindcrown and streaking below. ♣ Stunted forest, savanna with sparse palms and bush, riverine belts, cerrado. Up to 1000 m and higher. Call: energetic, rapid “tji-tji-rrrrr” and other rattles and trills as main part of series that often start with downslurred “Wée-of-.”

893

132.10 LESSER ELAENIA (Chibum) Elaenia chiriquensis L 5.5 in./14 cm. Similar to 132.1, but smaller, belly always dull yellowish, and undivided crest shorter (often held flat, causing a squared-off hindcrown where white is hidden). Also cf. 132.8. ♣ Dry scrub, cerrado, riverine belts, plantations, cultivated areas. Up to 2000 m. Call:e.g., very high “wíew” or “tjinéw”; song: very high, sharp, hurried “tju-wee tju-weederwee” (all “wee” notes higher).

Elaenias

894

Plate 133 895

133.1 HIGHLAND ELAENIA (Tuc o) Elaenia obscura L 6.3 in./16 cm. Note short, stubby bill and round head. Differs from 132.2 by more olive, less grayish underparts. ♣ Undergrowth of humid forest and forest patches, second growth; SL–2000 m. Call: nasal “rrree”; song: high, melodious “the-weedrrr-wee-der-weé”; most prominent is the short roll “drrr” and the higher pitched “wee” at the end.

133.2 SIERRAN ELAENIA (Guaracava-serrana) Elaenia pallatangae L 5.9 in./15 cm. Note narrow white streak on crown. Differs from 132.4 by rather uniform yellow underparts. ♣ Clearings and edge of humid forest, second growth, stunted scrub at exposed spots; 1500–3000 m. Call: very/extr. high “sreeh.”

133.3 GREAT ELAENIA (Guaracava-gigante) Elaenia dayi L 7.9 in./20 cm. Dark; largest elaenia; note round head. ♣

896

Montane humid forest, woodland, and scrub. No map shown; common at top of Mt. Roraima.

133.4 SUIRIRI FLYCATCHER (Suiriri-cinzento) Suiriri suiriri L 6.3 in./16 cm. Three sspp.: white-bellied S Nom. Chaco Suiriri (a), yellow-bellied E and C affinis Campo Suiriri (b), and NE bahiae (not shown; as b, but rump not pale). Note stubby all-black bill and gray head. Cf. 133.5 and smaller 134.7–134.9. ♣ Open woodland, cerrado, dry savanna with some tall scrub. Call: sharp, nasal “tjef -tjef- -”; song: excited chattering in duet, based on low “chet” notes and high “tjuw” notes.

133.5 CHAPADA FLYCATCHER (Suiriri-da-chapada) Suiriri islerorum L 6.3 in./16 cm. Differs from 133.4b by much broader, pale tail tip and shorter bill. Pairs lift wings during display (unlike 133.4). ♣ Cerrado and areas with tall

897

grass. Up to 750 m. Song: duet, based on high, nasal “tu-reét” notes and very high “mew” notes.

133.6 YELLOW TYRANNULET (Marianinha-amarela) Capsiempis flaveola L 4.3 in./11 cm. Looks yellow overall, but in NW Brazil with white throat. ♣ Dense thickets and bamboo at edges and in clearings of forest, woodland, lake-sides, overgrown pastures, plantations, mangrove. Up to 1500 m. Song: high, level or slightly upslurred “trrrrri” trill (1–2 sec); also excited cackling, often in duet.

133.7

BEARDED

TACHURI

Polystictus pectoralis L 3.5 in./9 cm. from

(Papa-moscas-canela) distinctly marked.

(133.10) by shorter bill and less contrasting throat. ♣

Dry open areas, savanna with some scrub, cerrado. Song: perched or in display flight, very high, thin series of about 3

898

“see sisi” notes, ending in an odd, low, toneless, very short “krrak,” together as “see sisi-krrak.” R.

133.8 GRAY-BACKED TACHURI (Papa-moscas-de-costas-cinzentas) Polystictus superciliaris L 3.9 in./10 cm. Distinct color pattern. ♣ Rocky, shrubby grassland, deserted pastures; 900–2300 m. Call: series of thin, compact “eeh-uk”; song: nervous, sustained “tititi---” interrupted by toneless “purrrrrr” trill. En, R.

133.9 TAWNY-CROWNED PYGMY-TYRANT (Barulhento) Euscarthmus meloryphus L 3.9 in./10 cm. Rather plain, but crown coloring diagnostic. ♣ Arid scrub, thickets, woodland edges. Mostly from SL–1500 m, sometimes higher. Call: sharp, very fast “widereet” or explosive “tiwt,” frequently repeated.

899

133.10 RUFOUS-SIDED PYGMY-TYRANT (Maria-corruíra) Euscarthmus rufomarginatus L 4.3 in./11 cm. White throat contrasts with rufous flanks and yellowish central belly. ♣ Cerrado and open savanna up to 1000 m. Call/song: sustained, toneless, fast, dry rattling “pe-títrrrut - -” or “tit-tit-tit-rrrut” (“tit-tit” staccato). R.

Elaenias / Flycatchers / Tyrannulet / Tachurises / Pygmy-Tyrants

900

901

Plate 134 134.1 YELLOW-CROWNED TYRANNULET (Maria-teviu) Tyrannulus elatus L 4.3 in./11 cm. Note gray head (incl. cheeks) and stubby all-black bill. ♣ Humid forest, second growth, woodland, plantations, suburbs. Up to 1200 m. Song: 2-noted, clear, plaintive “wih-weér” (or “free beer”), 2nd note higher, shorter, and stressed.

134.2 WHITE-LORED TYRANNULET (Poiaeiro-de-sobrancelha) Ornithion inerme L 3.1 in./8 cm. Striking white wing bars composed of drop -shaped spots. ♣ Several types of humid forest, including várzea between SL and 1000 m. Call/song: varied; e.g., very high, level, accelerating series of 4–7 thin “wit” notes, or a descending “widirrruh” trill.

902

134.3 SOUTHERN BEARDLESS-TYRANNULET (Risadinha) Camptostoma obsoletum L 3.9 in./10 cm. Small and active. Four sspp.: widespread Nom/cinerascens (a, with head grayer than back, whitish yellow underparts and cinnamon to yellowish white wing bars) and N and W olivaceum/napaeum (b, little or no contrast between head and back, yellow underparts and yellow to white wing bars). Bill rather thick with at least base of lower mandible pale. Bushy crest usually raised and tail often cocked. ♣ Wide variety of open habitats, incl. woodland and towns. Usually avoids interior of forest. Up to 2000 m. Song: varied; e.g., a very high, rapid, slightly descending series of “slee” notes as “slee-slee---” (2 sec).

134.4 WHITE-THROATED TYRANNULET (Alegrinho-de-garganta-branca) Mecocerculus leucophrys L 4.7 in./12 cm. Characteristic vertical stance with long tail. Note wing pattern. ♣ Montane forest and shrub, mainly above 1300 m. Song: hurried, very short rattles and “pit” notes, normally in unstructured series.

903

134.5 SOOTY TYRANNULET (Jo o-pobre) Serpophaga nigricans L 4.7 in./12 cm. No similar tyrannulet in its range. Appears rather uniform grayish, browner above. Often pumps tail. ♣ At low levels in various open habitats, mainly near water. Song: dry trill, preceded by “tú-wut” or very high, strident “Weet-tutdrr” (“Weet” forcefully descending).

134.6 RIVER TYRANNULET (Alegrio-do-rio) Serpophaga hypoleuca L 4.3 in./11 cm. As 134.5, but lores white and underparts paler; no overlap in ranges. ♣ Low scrub along rivers and in flood plains. Up to 200 m, locally higher. Song: series of very high, strong, hurried, happy-sounding twitters.

904

134.7 WHITE-CRESTED TYRANNULET (Alegrinho) Serpophaga subcristata L 4.3 in./11 cm. Belly pale yellow. Normally shows some white between black stripes on crown. ♣ Edges of lowland forest, woodland, riverine belts, cerrado, plantations, pastures; SL–2000 m. Song: very high, thin, up-and-down series of “teh “notes separating short “tdrrr” rolls; also very high, slightly meandering rattles (4–5 sec).

134.8 WHITE-BELLIED TYRANNULET (Alegrinho-de-barriga-branca) Serpophaga munda L 4.3 in./ 11 cm. Similar to 134.7, but belly white. Compare 137.7. ♣ Scrub and woodland, agricultural land. Up to 2800 m in Br season, in N-br season in lowlands. Song: rapid, dry, staccato, slightly up-and-down series of “dzip”-, “sit”- and “djup” notes, often with bouncing quality.

905

134.9 GRAY-CROWNED TYRANNULET (Alegrinho-trinador) Serpophaga/Inezia sp. L 4.3 in./11 cm. Extr. similar to 134.7, but with less white and black on crown (this is often hidden in both species). ♣ Woodland, shrub. Note: Often referred to as Serpophaga griseiceps, but actually represents an undescribed species (2007). R.

134.10 MOUSE-COLORED TYRANNULET (Bagageiro) Phaeomyias murina L 4.7 in./12 cm. Inconspicuous. Resembles smaller 134.3a, but lacks crest; eyebrow more prominent (cf. 142.10) and upperparts browner. Pale base to lower mandible, unlike 133.4 and 137.5. ♣ Arid scrub, cerrado, woodland, riverine belts, suburbs, mangrove. Song: varied; e.g., very high, strident, sweeping “tuWEEt” (“WEEt” often without “tu”; ascending several pitches).

906

Tyrannulets

907

908

Plate 135 135.1 CRESTED DORADITO (Tricolino) Pseudocolopteryx sclateri L 4.3 in./11 cm. Three wing bars and white streak through bushy crest. ♣ Reeds and other tall vegetation at water up to 500 m. Call: mellow “wik wik”; song: very high, liquid “wic-wic-wic- -.”

135.2 WARBLING DORADITO (Amarelinho-do-junco) Pseudocolopteryx flaviventris L 4.3 in./11 cm. Note rufous tinge to crown. ♣ Marshes with reed beds. On migration also in other tall, weedy vegetation. Call: unstructured series of low, nasal, squeaky “cu-bic cu-wik - -” notes.

135.3 SUBTROPICAL DORADITO (Tricolino-oliváceo) Pseudocolopteryx acutipennis L 4.7 in./12 cm. Brighter green than 135.2 and 135.4 and in different range. ♣ Reeds, marsh,

909

riverine shrub, fields, pastures. Below 700 m outside breeding season. V.

135.4 DINELLI’S DORADITO (Tricolino-pardo) Pseudocolopteryx dinelliana L 4.7 in./12 cm. Very similar to 135.2, but differs by more uniform brownish upperparts. ♣ Marsh and shrub up to 500 m. Song: low, soft “tideritzit tiderit-zit - -” sounding like a wooden rattle, except last extr. high “zit.” V.

135.5 LESSER WAGTAIL-TYRANT (Papa-moscas-do-sert o) Stigmatura napensis L 5.1 in./13 cm. NW Nom. shown (a) and smaller NE ssp. bahiae (b, with reduced white at tail tips). Differs from similar 135.6 by size, white (not dark) base of undertail, browner (less gray) upper-parts and duller, more buffy yellow underparts. ♣ Grassy and brushy areas near rivers, mainly river islands. Form b in NE in arid scrub. Up to

910

500 m. Call: high, sharp “Peeh”; song: often in duet; tjilping “Pée-tjer-tjírp,” repeated in rapid series.

135.6 GREATER WAGTAIL-TYRANT (Alegrinho-balança-rabo) Stigmatura budytoides L 5.9 in./15 cm. Very similar to 135.5, which see. ♣ Arid scrub, woodland, riverine belts. Up to 1000 m. Song: often given in duet; high, liquid series of “Wee-tjer- -” from one bird and “tidrrr- -” from the other.

135.7 SLENDER-FOOTED TYRANNULET (Poiaeiro-de-pata-fina) Zimmerius gracilipes L 3.9 in./10 cm. Note pale eyes, grayish crown, and crisp yellow edging of wing feathers (not wing bars). Often with cocked tail. ♣ Edge, clearings, and interior of humid forest. Up to 500 m, occasionally higher. Call: very high, decisive “tjev”; song: very high, fast, strident “tu-rrrit” (“rrrit” jumping up).

911

135.8 CHAPMAN’S BRISTLE-TYRANT (Barbudinho-do-tepui) Phylloscartes chapmani L 4.7 in./12 cm. No similar bird in its restricted range. Note upright stance. ♣ Wet montane forest between 1000 and 2000 m.

135.9 SOUTHERN BRISTLE-TYRANT Phylloscartes eximius L 4.3 in./11 cm. Note pattern. From 140.1 by relatively longer tail. stance as 135.8. ♣ Borders and interior of

(Barbudinho) distinct facial Same upright humid forest

including Araucaria woodland. Up to 600 m. Song: extr. high, energetic, strident, rattling “vrrrrrjeh” trill (1–2 sec). R.

912

135.10 MINAS GERAIS TYRANNULET (Cara-dourada) Phylloscartes roquettei L 4.7 in./12 cm. No similar bird in its restricted range. Rufous lores difficult to see. ♣ Dry forest, tall trees in scrub, riverine belts. Song: low, rattling “tjuddrrr-twit” (1st part slightly descending, 2nd part as a sort of full stop). En, R.

Doraditos / Wagtail-Tyrants Bristle-Tyrants

913

/

Tyrannulets

/

Plate 136

914

136.1 SAO PAULO TYRANNULET (N o-pode-parar) Phylloscartes paulista L 3.9 in./10 cm. Wing bars more distinct than in 136.2 and only rarely cocks tail. ♣ Borders and interior of humid forest up to 500 m, locally up to 1000 m. Song: very/extr. high, strident “tits” or “ti-tseet” (repeated). R.

136.2 OUSTALET’S TYRANNULET (Papa-moscas-de-olheiras) Phylloscartes oustaleti L 4.7 in./ 12 cm. Differs from smaller 135.9 by conspicuous yellow eyerings. ♣ Interior of humid forest, mainly 500–900 m. Call: short “trrrrri,” trill small “tek” notes; song: energetic, high, nasal “tjeu-wí-tjeu-wítja.” En, R.

136.3 SERRA DO MAR TYRANNULET (Estalinho) Phylloscartes difficilis L 4.3 in./11 cm. Unmistakable by green-olive upper-parts strongly contrasting with whitish gray underparts. ♣ Humid forest between 950 and 2150 m.

915

Song: unstructured, slow series of low “djuw” notes. Song: very high, sharp yet hoarse, 3-noted “wé-do-die,” so fast that 2nd and 3rd note merge if heard from some distance. En, R.

136.4 ALAGOAS (or Long-tailed) TYRANNULET (Cara-pintada) Phylloscartes ceciliae L 4.7 in./12 cm. Note long, regularly cocked tail and two wing bars. Only Phylloscartes tyrannulet in its tiny range. ♣ Atlantic forest and second growth; 400–550 m. En, R.

136.5 MOTTLE-CHEEKED TYRANNULET (Borboletinha-do-mato) Phylloscartes ventralis L 4.7 in./12 cm. Chin and supraloral whitish. Note horizontal stance and long, regularly cocked tail like other members of the genus, but unlike 131.1, 131.2, and 131.4. ♣ Mainly montane forest, incl. Araucaria, second growth, riverine belts. Up to 1500 m, locally higher.

Song: very high, mainly level pitched,

916

twittering trill, which starts hesitantly, accelerates, then slows down at the end with some very sharp, very high notes.

136.6 RESTINGA TYRANNULET (Maria-da-restinga) Phylloscartes kronei L 4.7 in./12 cm. Note clear wing bars, lack of contrasting blackish auricular-patch (cf. 136.1), and yellowish face (cf. 136.5, which occurs at higher altitudes in range of this species). Restricted to lowlands in its small range. ♣ Coastal woodland, second growth, and riverine belts at sea level. Call: very high “swee”; song: very high, fast, twittering series. En, R.

136.7 BAHIA TYRANNULET (Borboletinha-baiana) Phylloscartes beckeri L 4.7 in./12 cm. Sides of face pale buff. ♣ Montane forest; 750–1200 m. En, R.

917

136.8 OLIVE-GREEN TYRANNULET (Borboletinha-guianense) Phylloscartes virescens L 4.7 in./12 cm. No eye stripe, only black lore. ♣ Canopy of humid forest up to 500 m.

136.9 BLACK-FRONTED TYRANNULET (Maria-de-testa-preta) Phylloscartes nigrifrons L 4.7 in./12 cm. Color pattern and horizontal posture distinctive. ♣ Humid montane forest and tall second growth; 800–1800 m. Song: series of soft, very high “tji,” followed by short dry trill, like “tjítrrrrr” (1 sec).

918

136.10 BAY-RINGED TYRANNULET (Maria-pequena) Phylloscartes sylviolus L 4.7 in./12 cm. White eye and buff ocular area diagnostic (the latter sometimes reduced). ♣ Edge and interior of lowland forest up to 600 m. Song: rapid, almost level twittering, sounding (simplified) like “twitwi--twididirit-tjutju”; liquid “twi” tones extr. high; descending “tjutju” low pitched. R.

Tyrannulets

919

Plate 137 137.1 OCHRE-BELLIED FLYCATCHER (Abre-asa) Mionectes oleagineus L 5.1 in./13 cm. Differs from 137.2 by presence of wing bars and pale edges of tertials. Like 137.2

920

and 137.3, it often flicks one wing. ♣ Lower levels in várzea and terra firme, second growth, riverine belts, gardens. Up to 1800 m. Song at dispersed leks: very high, slightly rolling and ascending “preet,” repeated and alternated with series of 5–7 low, nasal “tjuw” notes.

137.2 MACCONNELL’S FLYCATCHER (Abre-asa-da-mata) Mionectes macconnelli L 5.5 in./14 cm. Differs from 137.1 by plain wings. ♣ Understory of forest, mainly terra firme, less in várzea. Mainly lowlands, but to 2000 m on the tepuis. Song: unstructured, meandering series of “wrib” notes with inclusions of rattling “tjuw-uhuhuhuhuh” sounds (a bit like a toy trumpet).

137.3 GRAY-HOODED FLYCATCHER (Abre-asa-de-cabeça-cinza) Mionectes rufiventris L 5.5 in./14 cm. Note gray hood and olive back. ♣ Understory of humid forest and second growth up to 1000 m. 921

Song: slightly

descending and accelerating, at the end slightly rising and slowing down series of nasal “tjew” notes.

137.4 SEPIA-CAPPED FLYCATCHER (Cabeçudo) Leptopogon amaurocephalus L 5.5 in./14 cm. Note dark auricular patch and brown-tinged crown. Regularly lifts one wing. ♣ Forest and woodland. Up to 1100 m. Call: angry-sounding, slightly rising (or descending) trill; song: very high, nasal trill, at the end bouncing down (2 sec).

137.5 SOUTHERN SCRUB-FLYCATCHER (Guaracava-modesta) Sublegatus modestus L 5.1 in./13 cm. Cf. 137.6. ♣ Dry to arid habitats with trees and scrub. Call: very high, thin, nasal “tjíew” or “tjíe-wu”; song: very high, short, strong, sharp warbling series, incorporating call, like “tí-tjuw.”

922

137.6 AMAZONIAN (or Todd’s) SCRUB-FLYCATCHER (Sertanejo-escuro) Sublegatus obscurior L 5.5 in./14 cm. Differs from 137.5 by slightly longer bill (but still very short and all-black) and more contrasting underparts. ♣ Scrubby clearings, woodland, forest edge; SL–450 m. Call: upslurred “chuweé”; song: e.g., “Weéh wiwi rru-rru-rru-dru-dru” (1st 2 notes very high and shreeking; “rru” and “dru” in a low, calm tempo).

137.7 PLAIN TYRANNULET (Alegrinho-do-chaco) Inezia inornata L 3.9 in./10 cm. Very similar to larger 134.7 and 134.8, but crown plain and base of lower mandible sometimes pale. ♣ Woodland, forest borders, shrubby vegetation at rivers and lakes. Song: very/extr. high note with stuttering start, rising in strength and pitch, then descending, like “srrreeeeeh.”

923

137.8 AMAZONIAN (Inezia or) TYRANNULET (Amarelinho) Inezia subflava L 4.7 in./12 cm. Note prominent and strongly contrasting white “spectacles.” Eyes whitish, dark in Imm. (a). Lacks gray on chest, unlike 134.7–134.9, 137.4, 137.5, and 137.7. Also cf. 137.9. ♣ Shrubby vegetation near water, várzea, swampy forest. Up to 200 m. Song: varied; e.g., very high, strident, or clear “teweét” notes in very long series or a stream of fluted “tíh-tjuw” (“tíh,”–dry and sometimes doubled; ad “tjuw” fluted).

137.9 PALE-TIPPED (Inezia or) TYRANNULET (Amarelinho-da-amazônia) Inezia caudata L 4.7 in./12 cm. Ad. and Imm. virtually identical to 137.8, but note range. ♣ Woodland, riverine belts, várzea, mangrove. Up to 400 m. Song: starts with a very short, crumpled roll and continues with 6–10 very high, descending, loud, sharp “teeuw” notes, each one downslurred.

924

137.10 MANY-COLORED RUSH-TYRANT (Papa-piri) Tachuris rubrigastra L 4.3 in./11 cm. Unmistakable in its habitat by color pattern. ♣ Reed beds; SL–2500 m and higher. Call: high “urk” repeated at 1 ×/sec; song: “wéetj’urr-wéetjuwéetj’urrr,” almost double-voiced, with “urr” as a gurgling lower voice.

Flycatchers / Tyrannulets / Rush-Tyrant

925

926

Plate 138 138.1 RORAIMAN FLYCATCHER (Felipe-do-tepui) Myiophobus roraimae L 5.5 in./14 cm. Forest dweller. Note distinctive rufous wing bars. ♣ Lower levels of humid forest on mountain slopes; 500–2000 m.

138.2 BRAN-COLORED FLYCATCHER (Filipe) Myiophobus fasciatus L 5.1 in./13 cm. Chest and flanks streaked. black-tyrants (Pl. 145) with streaked underparts have rufous inner webs of tail feathers (undertail mainly rufous, not dusky) and stronger contrast between rump and back. ♣ Thick vegetatation at forest edge, brushy savanna, pastures with scattered bush, riverine belts; SL–1500 m. Call: fast “peéh-wdrrrrr” (0.5 sec) or with 2nd part drawn out to slow rattle (4 sec); song: sparrow-like “tjur” (1 ×/sec).

927

138.3 SHARP-TAILED (Grass-) TYRANT (Papa-moscas-do-campo) Culicivora caudacuta L 3.9 in./10 cm. No other bird with same general color pattern and long thin tail in its habitat. ♣ Dry savanna, cerrado, often at marsh and streams. Up to 1400 m. Call/song: very high, nasal twittering trill in duet with series of nasal, almost toneless, pumped-out “sree” notes, which gradually gain in strength. R.

NOTE:

Hemitriccus Tody-Tyrants (Pl. 138 and 139) have bristles and also flat bills, not unlike Todirostrum. 138.4 SNETHLAGE’S (or Tiny) TODY-TYRANT (Maria-sebinha) Hemitriccus minor L 3.9 in./10 cm. Note long crown feathers. Can have quite yellowish underparts, perhaps associated with different sspp. Nom. is more grayish (esp. on breast); snethlageae and minima are more yellow. Wing bars less distinct than in very similar 138.9, 138.10, and 139.10. Streaks on throat less dusky than in 138.10 and lores darker than in 138.9. ♣ Dense vegetation in terra firme and second growth. In W mainly in Igapo. gravelly, downslurred “drrru” trill.

928

Call/song: short,

138.5 BOAT-BILLED TODY-TYRANT (Maria-bicudinha) Hemitriccus josephinae L 4.3 in./11 cm. No wing bars; breast tinged olive. ♣ In vines at edge and clearings of humid forest. Call/song: high, falling, slightly nasal “pic-pic---” (2–3 × “pic”).

138.6 FLAMMULATED PYGMY- (or Bamboo-) TYRANT (Maria-de-peito-machetado) Hemitriccus flammulatus L 4.3 in./11 cm. Like 138.7 and 138.8, confined to bamboo, but not in same range. Note drab buff-brown breast. ♣ Bamboo in terra firme and second growth. Call/song: high, dry “krru” or “krik” with irregular intervals.

929

138.7 DRAB-BREASTED PYGMY- (or Bamboo-) TYRANT (Olho-falso) Hemitriccus diops L 4.3 in./11 cm. Differs from 138.8 by distinct white loral spot. Shows indistinct whitish crescent between buffy throat and breast. ♣ Bamboo at edge and in interior of humid forest and second growth up to 1300 m. Call/song: very high, upslurred, scratchy “krrru,” like a mini-rattle.

138.8

BROWN-BREASTED PYGMY- (or Bamboo-) (Catraca) Hemitriccus obsoletus L 4.3 in./11 cm. Loral spot is buff, not white. ♣ Bamboo patches in humid forest and second growth; 1200–2300 m, occasionally lower. TYRANT

Call/song: irregular series of very high “tic” notes.

930

138.9 WHITE-EYED TODY-TYRANT (Maria-de-olho-branco) Hemitriccus zosterops L 4.3 in./11 cm. Very like 138.4. Belly yellow, unlike 139.10 and clear yellow edging to the primaries, unlike 138.10. ♣ Terra firme in hilly country up to 850 m. Call: very high, sharp, dry “pic”; song: very high, short, very dry, sharp, slightly slowing and descending rattling trill.

138.10 ZIMMER’S TODY-TYRANT (Maria-mirim) Hemitriccus minimus L 3.9 in./10 cm. Differs from 138.4 by crisper streaks on breast and distinct wing bars. Broad yellow edges of inner wing feathers and darker edge of outer wing feathers causes 2-toned effect on wing, unlike 138.4, 138.9, 138.10. ♣ Stunted forest on poor soil. Up to 450 m. Song: simple, high, rather sharp “wtttti” trill (fast, upslurred “w” colliding with 1st “t”).

931

Flycatchers / Tyrants / Tody-Tyrants / Pygmy-Tyrants

932

Plate 139

933

139.1 EYE-RINGED TODY-TYRANT (Tiririzinho-do-mato) Hemitriccus orbitatus L 4.7 in./12 cm. Note distinct face and wing pattern. ♣ Humid forest and second growth between SL and 600 m, occasionally higher. lowered, “drrrih.” En, R.

Song: very high, slightly

139.2 JOHANNES’S TODY-TYRANT (Maria-peruviana) Hemitriccus iohannis L 4.3 in./11 cm. Similar to 139.3, but no white eyering, streaking below less distinct, and markings on wing more prominent. Song: high, brisk “tjudrrrri” (“tju” colliding with “d”; “drrrri” rising).

139.3 STRIPE-NECKED TODY-TYRANT (Sebinho-rajado-amarelo) Hemitriccus striaticollis L 4.3 in./ 11 cm. Little overlap in range with 139.2. Differs from 142.1 by white eyering and indistinct pattern on wing coverts. ♣ Thickets and bamboo in riverine belts and second growth. Up

934

to 700 m. Song: very high, fast, liquid, yet sharp “Didrdr,” “Wic,” or sweeping “Wheet.”

139.4 HANGNEST TODY-TYRANT (Tachuri-campainha) Hemitriccus nidipendulus L 3.9 in./10 cm. Rather plain, greenish above, whitish below, indistinct wing bars. ♣ Woodland and bracken thickets; SL–900 m. high, fast, rolling “tidr-de-tidr-de-dir.” En.

Song: very

139.5 PEARLY-VENTED TODY-TYRANT (Sebinho-de-olho-de-ouro) Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer L 3.9 in./10 cm. Nom. (a) and ssp. wuchereri (b, with white, more striking wing bars) shown. Cf. 139.6. ♣ Arid scrub, undergrowth of tall woodland, shrubby pastures, occasionally in riverine belts; SL–1000, locally much higher. Song: modest, soft yet emphasized series of 6 stepping-down notes, 2nd highest pitched, like “tuc-tíc-tuc-tuc-tuc-tuc.”

935

139.6 PELZELN’S TODY-TYRANT (Maria-da-campina) Hemitriccus inornatus L 3.5 in./9 cm. As 139.5b, but not in same range. Note streaks on throat continue over breast. ♣ Stunted woodland. Song: rather low, modest series of 7–10 well-separated notes, rising at the end and accelerating to a short, upslurred trill.

139.7 BUFF-BREASTED TODY-TYRANT (Maria-do-nordeste) Hemitriccus mirandae L 3.9 in./10 cm. Resembles 139.8, but unique in range. ♣ Highland forest and second growth, at slopes between 600 and 1000 m. Song: short series of 7–8 sharp, well-accentuated notes, slightly accelerating and ascending. En, R.

936

139.8 KAEMPFER’S TODY-TYRANT (Maria-catarinense) Hemitriccus kaempferi L 3.9 in./10 cm. Note pale edge of tertials and buffy face. No overlap with 139.7. ♣ Thick undergrowth of lowland forest and second growth. Song: short, level series of 2–6 short, very high, accentuated, nasal notes. En, R.

139.9 FORK-TAILED PYGMY- (or Tody-) TYRANT (Papa-moscas-estrela) Hemitriccus furcatus L 4.3 in./11 cm. Unmistakable by face and tail pattern. ♣ Edge of humid forest, often near bamboo. Below 1200 m. Song: short, dry, hurried, temperamental-sounding rattle, like “t-drrrir” (“t” lower). En, R.

937

139.10 WHITE-BELLIED TODY-TYRANT (Maria-de-barriga-branca) Hemitriccus griseipectus L 4.3 in./ 11 cm. As 138.9, but with white belly and different range. Cf. 138.4 and 138.10. ♣ Terra firme in low and hilly country. Song: very high, cheerful, sharp but full “Hi Louis.”

Tody-Tyrants / Pygmy-Tyrant

938

Plate 140

939

140.1 EARED PYGMY-TYRANT (Miudinho) Myiornis auricularis L 2.8 in./7 cm. Unmistakable by tiny size and face pattern. ♣ Shrubby growth at edge of humid forest up to 1250 m. Call: high stressed “pic” notes; song: very high, short, clear trill, often preceded by lower, short “wit,” together as “wit-trrruh.” Note: Pernambuco population might be an undescribed species.

140.2 SHORT-TAILED PYGMY-TYRANT (Caçula) Myiornis ecaudatus L 2.4 in./6 cm. Unmistakable by tiny size, very short tail, and head color and patterning. ♣ Edge and clearings of humid forest and second growth up to 950 m. Call: very high, slightly rasping, yet clear “srreeh-srruw” (last part lower).

140.3 ? SCALE-CRESTED PYGMY-TYRANT (?) Lophotriccus pileatus L 3.9 in./10 cm. Should be unmistakable by rufous-with-black crest. ♣ Bamboo stands in

940

forest and second growth; 300 m and higher. unstructured series of high, “pruk” notes.

Call:

140.4 DOUBLE-BANDED PYGMY-TYRANT (Maria-fiteira) Lophotriccus vitiosus L 3.9 in./10 cm. Two yellowish wing bars and edging of wing. Edging of crest feathers yellowish in W, gray in NE. ♣ Interior and edge of terra firme and várzea, second growth. Up to 800 m. downslurred, raspy “srrruh.”

Call:

140.5 LONG-CRESTED PYGMY-TYRANT (Maria-topetuda) Lophotriccus eulophotes L 3.9 in./10 cm. Differs from 140.4 by long, different-colored crest, indistinct wing bars, and range. ♣ Bamboo-rich undergrowth of swampy riverine belts and forest edges up to 400 m. Call: very high, sharp, soft twitter (about 5–6 descending “tic” notes, last one higher).

941

140.6 HELMETED PYGMY-TYRANT (Caga-sebinho-de-penacho) Lophotriccus galeatus L 3.9 in./ 10 cm. Shorter crest and paler wing bars than 140.4. ♣ Terra firme and várzea, second growth, savanna woodland. Up to 1100 m.

Call: series of high, staccato “pic” notes.

140.7 PALE-EYED PYGMY-TYRANT (Maria-de-olho-claro) Atalotriccus pilaris L 3.9 in./10 cm. Differs from 139.5 by greener upperparts and yellowish wash to lower underparts. ♣ Savanna with boulders, woodland, dry forest. Lowlands. Call: very high, slightly descending, dry “prruh” trill; song: variations of raspy, twittering “prruc-príc-príc-rin.”

942

140.8 BLACK-CHESTED TYRANT (Maria-bonita) Taeniotriccus andrei L 4.7 in./12 cm. Unmistakable by coloring of head and wing pattern. ♣ Low levels of terra firme with bamboo or Cecropia. Also in várzea. Call: series of well-spaced, low, emphasized, nasal “tjuw” notes; song: series of widely spaced, alternating “tjuw” and higher “tuweet-tuweet” notes.

140.9

BROWNISH

(Flycatcher

or)

TWISTWING

(Flautim-pardo) Cnipodectes subbrunneus L ( ) 6.3 in./16 cm, ( ) L 5.5 in./14 cm. Grayish crown without crest. ♣ Understory with dense vines and tangles of humid lowland forest. Song: loud, ringing “tjeuw-tjeuw,” each note downslurred.

943

140.10 RUFOUS TWISTWING (Flautim-rufo) Cnipodectes superrufus L ( ) 8.7 in./22 cm, ( ) 7.9 in./20 cm. Bright rufous overall, without the paler belly of smaller 150.4. Also cf. Attilas (Pl. 151), with different bills. ♣ Bamboo thickets in or near humid forest.

Pygmy-Tyrants / Tyrant / Twistwings

944

945

Plate 141 141.1 BLACK-AND-WHITE TODY-TYRANT (Maria-picaça) Poecilotriccus capitalis L 3.5 in./9 cm. Unmistakable. Note white edges of tertials in

. ♣ Scrubby

growth, tangled vine, and, often, bamboo at forest edges. Song: high to very high, hurried, unstructured, rather nasal twittering, often with repetitions of short phrases.

141.2 BUFF-CHEEKED TODY-FLYCATCHER (Maria-do-madeira) Poecillotriccus senex L 3.5 in./9 cm. Differs from 141.5 and 141.6 by darker grayish head and more distinct breast streaks. ♣ Low-stature humid forest near rivers and white-sand woodland.

Voice unknown. En.

141.3 RUDDY TODY-FLYCATCHER (Ferreirinho-ferrugem) Poecillotriccus russatus L 3.9 in./10 cm. Unmistakable by warm buff face and breast. ♣ Dense 946

thickets at edge of humid forest and second growth at 1200–2500 m. Song: high, quick, quiet “tid-tdrrrrr,” last part as a fast, descending, rattled trill.

141.4 OCHRE-FACED TODY-FLYCATCHER (Tororó) Poecillotriccus plumbeiceps L 3.5 in./9 cm. No similar bird in its range. Note face pattern and color. ♣ Dense vegetation including bamboo and bracken at edge of forest and in second growth; 750–2750 m. Call/song: very fast “prrrrrur” rattle (1 or 2 ×, 2nd time slightly lower).

141.5 RUSTY-FRONTED TODY-FLYCATCHER (Ferreirinho-de-cara-parda) Poecillotriccus latirostris L 3.5 in./9 cm. Similar to 141.6, but with rusty-buff ocular area, ochre wing bars, and whitish belly. ♣ Dense shrubby growth at edge of second growth, neglected pastures, along forest edge and at rivers. Up to 1100 m. Song: short, descending “tdrrrur” rattle, preceded by some “tic” notes. 947

141.6 SMOKY-FRONTED TODY-FLYCATCHER (Ferreirinho-de-testa-parda) Poecillotriccus fumifrons L 3.5 in./9 cm. Characterized by pale yellow belly and wing bars and by buffy lore. ♣ Dense shrubby vegetation at forest edge and at neglected agricultural land, bush patches in savanna. Up to 400 m.

Song: as 141.5, but slightly higher pitched.

141.7 SLATE-HEADED TODY-FLYCATCHER (Ferreirinho-da-capoeira) Poecillotriccus sylvia L 3.9 in./10 cm. Note white supraloral and eyering, contrasting with gray crown. Eye color variable. ♣ Shrubby forest edges, overgrown agricultural land, understory of riverine belts. Up to 1100 m. Song: unstructured series of well-spaced “tic” notes and low, level, rather froglike “prruh-prruh.”

948

141.8 ATLANTIC ROYAL FLYCATCHER (Maria-leque-do-sudeste) Onychorhynchus swainsoni L 6.3 in./16 cm. Brighter below than 141.9, but no overlap in range. ♣ Humid forest; SL–800 m.

Voice as 141.9. En, R.

141.9 AMAZON ROYAL FLYCATCHER (Maria-leque) Onychorhynchus coronatus L 6.3 in./16 cm. Note rufous tail and hammerhead jizz. Rarely (crosswise) fanned crest, orange in

. Not in range of 141.8. ♣ Humid forest and woodland,

mainly near water. Up to 1000 m. 2-noted “ée-uh”; mostly silent.

949

Call: loud, repeated,

141.10 RUDDY-TAILED FLYCATCHER (Papa-moscas-uirapuru) Terenotriccus erythrurus L 3.9 in./10 cm. Differs from 127.8 by pinkish legs, presence of whiskers, and longer tail. ♣ Lower levels of várzea, terra firme, and second growth up to 1200 m. Call/song: extr. high “fiuw-Fí” (“fiuw” gliding-down, “Fí” emphasized and higher).

Tody-Tyrant / Tody-Flycatchers / Flycatchers

950

Plate 142 951

142.1 SPOTTED TODY-FLYCATCHER (Ferreirinho-estriado) Todirostrum maculatum L 3.9 in./10 cm. Differs from 139.3 by distinct yellow edging on wing coverts and lack of white eyering. ♣ Dense shrubby vegetation, mainly near water. Also light woodland and gardens. Song: extr. high, slow, staccato series of evenly spaced, slightly descending notes, often each note doubled in duet; also extr. high, short, dry trills and twitters.

142.2 GRAY-HEADED (or Yellow-lored) TODY-FLYCATCHER (Teque-teque) Todirostrum poliocephalum L 3.9 in./10 cm. Note striking yellow lores. Differs from 142.3a by more extensive lores and lack of white tipping to undertail. ♣ Shrubby edge of humid forest and second growth. Up to 1200 m. Song extr. high, weak “twit,” followed by even higher, energetic “witwit---” (“wit” 4–6 ×). En.

952

142.3 COMMON TODY-FLYCATCHER (Ferreirinho-relógio) Todirostrum cinereum L 3.9 in./10 cm. Dark head. Some individuals have pale yellow lores (a). Mantle gray in N. Eyes dark in Juv. ♣ Wide variety of wooded habitats, incl. mangrove. Avoids densely forested regions. Up to 2000 m. Call/song: series of low, short, dry “trrr-trrr---” trills; a variety of high/very high, single, double, and triple “tic” notes and extr. high “weet-widiwi” (last part as almost-trill).

142.4 PAINTED TODY-FLYCATCHER (Ferreirinho-de-sobrancelha) Todirostrum pictum L 3.9 in./10 cm. With yellow or dark (a) eye. Note white supraloral and throat. ♣ Canopy and borders of várzea, terra firme, and other types of forest, second growth, and plantations up to 400 m. Call/song: sequences of irregularly spaced, extr. high “tsit” notes.

953

142.5 YELLOW-BROWED TODY-FLYCATCHER (Ferreirinho-pintado) Todirostrum chrysocrotaphum L 3.9 in./ 10 cm. Eyes dark or (rarely) pale. In Brazil, 5 sspp., all differ from other tody-tyrants in mainly black head with yellow eyebrow/eye stripe. Shown are NW guttatum (a), NE illegeri (b), and SW neglectum (c). Sspp. similis (not shown, local in Pará) and chrysocrotaphum (not shown, in W) resemble a, but black markings on throat reduced or absent. ♣ Canopy of várzea, terra firme, and second growth. Up to 1400 m. Call/song: unstructured, extr. high series of “pic” notes.

142.6 WHISKERED FLYCATCHER (Assanhadinho) Myiobius barbatus L 5.1 in./13 cm. Several sspp.: SE mastacalis (a) and N and W Nom. (b, with dull grayish-olive chest) shown; not shown NE insignis and C amazonicus, both of which resemble b. Cf. 142.7. ♣ Understory of humid forest and second growth. In Amazonia mainly in terra firme. Up to 1000 m. intervals.

Call: extr. high “tic” notes, given at uneven

954

142.7 BLACK-TAILED FLYCATCHER (Assadinho-de-cauda-preta) Myiobius atricaudus L 5.1 in./13 cm. Several sspp.: C and NE connectens (a), coastal NE snethlagei (b), and SE ridgewayi (c) shown; not shown is W ssp. adjacens, resembling a. Ssps. snethlagei and ridgewayi rather uniform below, unlike 142.7. Sspp. connectens and adjacens with chest brownish buff; color often extending slightly onto flanks, unlike overlapping sspp. of 142.7. ♣ Undergrowth of forest, woodland, second growth. Not usually in terra firme in Amazonia. Up to 1000 m. Song: series of very/extr. high “see” notes; may be given in a slow, descending series of 4 notes or in a fast, meandering, downslurred series during 2 sec.

142.8 CLIFF FLYCATCHER (Gib o-de-couro) Hirundinea ferruginea L 6.7 in./17 cm. Nom. (NW, with all-dark upperparts and restricted red in wings) and ssp. bellicosa (Swallow Flycatcher, S and E) shown. Unmistakable by

955

shape, posture, and habitat. ♣ At cliffs and other rocky places near tall forest, wooded slopes, fronts of buildings; SL–2000 m. Call/song: high, very high, or extr. high “Wée-didrrrr” and variations thereof.

142.9 FUSCOUS FLYCATCHER (Guaracavuçu) Cnemotriccus fuscatus L 5.5 in./14 cm. Belly white (in E and SC ssp. bimaculatus) to yellowish (in SE Nom. and Amazonian duidae, fuscatior, and fumosus). Lower mandible mainly/all black, except in NW duidae, where it is all yellow. All sspp. with pale eyebrow (cf. 134.10) and two clearly defined cinnamon-buff wing bars. Bill and tail rather long. ♣ Thick undergrowth of forest and woodland, often near water, riverine belts. Below 500 m, occasionally much higher. Call: e.g., loud, fluted “Weeeuw” or melodious “tee-Tjúw” (2nd note higher pitched and emphasized); song: unstructured but musical, high twittering with characteristic, rapid, slightly descending “wítititit” and slightly nasal “srree.”

956

142.10 EULER’S FLYCATCHER (Enferrujado) Lathrotriccus euleri L 5.1 in./13 cm. Belly yellowish or white. Lacks eyebrow of 142.10, and lower mandible always pale. Upperparts browner and wing bars deeper cinnamon-buff than in 144.7 and 144.8, and perches more upright than 144.3 and 144.4. ♣ Open undergrowth and borders of humid forest and second growth up to 1500 m. Song: varied series of 2–5 notes, 1st one normally stressed and slightly longer than slightly descending notes; thereafter “Tjeew-tjuh” or “Tjeew-terduh.”

Tody-Flycatchers / Flycatchers

957

958

Plate 143 143.1 OLIVACEOUS FLATBILL (Bico-chato-grande) Rhynchocyclus olivaceus L 5.9 in./15 cm. Note yellowish edging of wings and broad bill with pale lower mandible. ♣ Lower levels of humid forest and second growth up to 500 m. Call: short, very hurried “twee-wi-wi”; song: soft, slightly nasal, cheerful, repeating “wéé-wewee-tewee-wée.”

143.2 YELLOW-OLIVE (Flatbill or) FLYCATCHER (Bico-chato-de-orelha-preta) Tolmomyias sulphurescens L 5.5 in./14 cm. Note broad bill with pale lower mandible (very tip sometimes dark). Gray-crowned SE Nom. (a) has dusky auricular patch, unlike 143.4. Remaining sspp. have olive crown (b; undescribed EC taxon shown, cf. 143.5) or resemble smaller 143.3 (c, cherrei from Amapá and Roraima shown), but without pale panel at base of primaries. Eyes usually pale in far N. ♣ Wide range of wooded habitats, from humid forest to woodland, plantations, riverine belts. Not usually inside terra firme in area of overlap with 143.3 and 143.4. ♣ Wide variety of wooded habitats, from humid forest to woodland; plantations, riverine belts. Not usually inside terra firme in area of overlap with 143.3 and 143.4. Call: very high, short whistle; song: extr. high, thin “zee zee.”

959

143.3 YELLOW-MARGINED (or Zimmer’s Flatbill or) FLYCATCHER (Bico-chato-da-copa) Tolmomyias assimilis L 5.5 in./14 cm. Note broad bill with pale lower mandible, dark eyes, and gray crown. May show pale panel at base of primaries. Cf. 143.2 and 143.4. ♣ Upperstories of várzea and terra firme, second growth, plantations up to 1000 m or higher.

Call: high, nasal, scratchy “zweeh zweeh - -.”

143.4 GRAY-CROWNED (Flatbill or) FLYCATCHER (Bico-chato-de-cabeça-cinza) Tolmomyias poliocephalus L 4.7 in./12 cm. Resembles larger 143.3, but faint or no pale panel at base of primaries, eyes usually pale, and only base of lower mandible pale. ♣ Canopy and edge of humid forest. Call: very high, gliding-down “fwéeeeh”; song: unstructured series of well-spaced “feeh” notes.

960

143.5 YELLOW-BREASTED (Flatbill or) FLYCATCHER (Bico-chato-amarelo) Tolmomyias flaviventris L 5.1 in./13 cm. Two groups: E Nom. group Ochre-lored Flycatcher (a, rather yellow overall with ochre-yellow supraloral and eyering) and W viridiceps group Olive-faced Flycatcher (b, more olive overall with yellowish supraloral and eyering). Note broad bill and lack of gray to head. Cf. 143.2b with whitish supraloral and eyering. ♣ Mainly in várzea and riverine belts, but also in terra firme. Up to 1000 m. Call: extr. high “fweeeh”; song: mid-high, short “fddddddddit” rattle.

143.6 CINNAMON-CRESTED SPADEBILL (Patinho-escuro) Platyrinchus saturatus L 3.5 in./9 cm. As all spadebills, has very broad bill base. Note absence of facial pattern. ♣ Brushy Undergrowth of terra firme up to 900 m. Call: high, sharp “whit” or “whit-it.”

961

143.7 WHITE-THROATED SPADEBILL (Patinho) Platyrinchus mystaceus L 3.9 in./10 cm. Some sspp. have pale bill base. Differs from 143.8 by semiconcealed crown patch (smaller or absent in

). ♣ Undergrowth of forest,

woodland, and riverine belts. Call: high, sharp “wheet”; song: descending trill; last “whit” note much higher (3 sec).

143.8 GOLDEN-CROWNED SPADEBILL (Patinho-de-coroa-dourada) Platyrinchus coronatus L 3.5 in./9 cm. Differs from 143.7 by larger crown patch bordered by black line on either side. ♣ Understory of humid forest and second growth. Up to 1000 m, locally higher. Song: extr. high, slightly lowered, then raised cicadalike trill (2 sec).

962

143.9 WHITE-CRESTED SPADEBILL (Patinho-de-coroa-branca) Platyrinchus platyrhynchos L 4.3 in./11 cm. Richly colored below. Note absence of facial pattern. ♣ Open understory of terra firme up to 500 m. Call: very high “skuw”; song: buzzing, rising, and descending trill, interrupted in the middle.

143.10 RUSSET-WINGED SPADEBILL (Patinho-gigante) Platyrinchus leucoryphus L 4.7 in./12 cm. Differs from 143.7 by largely rufous wings and longer tail. ♣ Undergrowth of humid Atlantic forest. Up to 1000 m. angry-sounding “tjuw.” R.

963

Call: high,

Flatbills / Spadebills

964

Plate 144

965

144.1 OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER (Piui-boreal) Contopus cooperi (or borealis) L 7.5 in./19 cm. Note vest, formed by streaked flanks, which almost touches over breast. ♣ Open forest between 400 and 2500 m. Long sallies from favorite perch. Call: series of high, run-together “wic” notes with slight accelerations.

144.2 SMOKE-COLORED PEWEE (Piui-de-topete) Contopus fumigatus L 6.7 in./17 cm. Note uniform dark color and pointed crest. ♣ Interior, clearings, and edges of montane humid forest between 1000 and 2500 m. Call: calm series of high, stressed “wic” notes; song: very hgh, slightly gliding-down “wéeuw,” often followed by ascending “weer-rút” notes.

144.3 EASTERN WOOD-PEWEE (Piui-verdadeiro) Contopus virens L 5.5 in./14 cm. Primary projection longer than in 144.4, 144.7, and 148.8. Faint or no eyering. Perches

966

more upright, wing bars less distinct and more crested than 144.7 and 144.8. ♣ Forest, second growth, riverine belts, usually below 1500 m. Call: very high, ascending, mellow “pee-wee” (as in its name).

144.4 TROPICAL PEWEE (Papa-moscas-cinzento) Contopus cinereus L 5.5 in./14 cm. Differs from 144.3 by shorter primary projection (1/3 or less of the total tail length), indistinct or absent wing bars, and pale lores (sometimes indistinct). SE Nom. much darker with pale lores often missing. Call: descending “tjeuuw” or very high, staccato “wic wic -.”

144.5 BLACKISH PEWEE (Piui-preto) Contopus nigrescens L 5.1 in./13 cm. Uniform dark with slight crest. No overlap with 144.2. ♣ Canopy or edge of humid foothill forest. Call: very high, sharp “wic-wic- -”; song: “tjí-juww,” lowered in pitch and strength.

967

144.6 WHITE-THROATED PEWEE (Piui-queixado) Contopus albogularis L 5.1 in./13 cm. Differs from 144.5 by white chin. ♣ Edge of humid forest and second growth between 400 and 700 m.

Call: high, dry “wic-wic- -.”

144.7 ALDER FLYCATCHER (Papa-moscas-de-alder) Empidonax alnorum L 5.9 in./15 cm. Differs from 144.8 only by voice. Two well-marked whitish wing bars. Whitish eyering (sometimes lacking). Primaries only extend slightly past uppertail coverts. Often flicks tail downward. Cf. 144.3. ♣ Lower levels with dense growth at forest edge and second growth at water. Up to 1100 m. Call: high, well-separated “tic” notes; song (may sing in Brazil): “vreé-zir” (2nd part higher).

968

144.8 WILLOW (or Traill’s) FLYCATCHER (Maria-fibiu) Empidonax traillii L 5.9 in./15 cm. Cf. longer-winged 144.7. ♣ Wide variety of closed and open habitats, mainly at water. From forest edge to cultivated areas. Normally below 100 m. Call: upslurred “wic”; song: very high, sharp “Wíc-bew,” (2nd part lower). R.

144.9 VERMILION FLYCATCHER (Príncipe) Pyrocephalus rubinus L 5.5 in./14 cm. Shown are

and

most of Brazil during N-br. season) and (b). Gray-brown

of S Nom. (a, in of N ssp. saturatus

lack clear wing bars (but often show

edging) and contrasting rump-patch of black-tyrants, but cf. 145.6b. ♣ Open habitats often near water, from open woodland and desert scrub to agricultural land. Call: extr. high “psi”; song: extr. high “tic-tic-psiiieh” (last part may be sharply upslurred).

969

144.10

AUSTRAL (Patagonian) (or Rufous-backed) NEGRITO (Colegial) Lessonia rufa L 4.7 in./12 cm. Unmistakable by color pattern and terrestrial behavior. ♣ Open areas with short grass up to 1000 m or higher. Usually silent.

Flycatchers / Pewees / Negrito

970

Plate 145

971

145.1 CINEREOUS TYRANT (Maria-preta-acinzentada) Knipolegus striaticeps L 5.1 in./13 cm. from other black-tyrants by dark gray body and darker blackish hood. No white in open wing. Note contrasting rufous crown of

.♣

Woodland and dense forest up to 1000 m or higher. Call: extr. high: “tuweet” or “tsic.” V. Note: all Knipolegus-tyrants are mostly silent.

145.2 HUDSON’S BLACK-TYRANT (Maria-preta-do-sul) Knipolegus hudsoni L 5.9 in./15 cm. shows conspicuous white flashes in open wing. Differs from 145.7 by smaller size and inconspicuous white spots on lower flank (often hidden). eyes of

lacks contrasting crown of 145.4. Also cf. 138.2 and

145.1 and bright red 144.9. ♣ Low

woodland, scrub, savanna, gardens. Up to 500 m. song: irregular series of “tic” notes. V.

972

Call/

145.3 AMAZONIAN BLACK-TYRANT (Pretinho-do-igapó) Knipolegus poecilocercus L 5.1 in./13 cm. from larger 145.6 (only other black-tyrant in range) by glossy blue-black (not dull black) plumage. Also cf.

125.11.

distinctive in

range, but cf. 145.6b, 138.2, and 144.9. Compare Black Manakin (125.11). ♣ Vines and thickets in várzea up to 350 m.

Call: high “tjue” or very high “pjéeh.”

145.4 BLUE-BILLED BLACK-TYRANT (Maria-preta-de-bico-azulado) Knipolegus cyanirostris L 5.9 in./15 cm. Note fierce red eyes of both sexes.

only

black-tyrant in range without white in open wing.

with

stronger, more extensive barring to underparts than and 145.8. Also cf. 138.2 and

144.9. ♣ Borders of humid

forest and riverine belts up to 2200 m. staccato “whic.”

973

145.2

Call: extr. high,

145.5 RUFOUS-TAILED TYRANT (Maria-preta-de-cauda-ruiva) Knipolegus poecilurus L 5.9 in./ 15 cm. Only Knipolegus tyrant in range and habitat. Differs from pewees (144.1–144.6) by paler eyes and all-black bill. ♣ Borders of humid forest and second growth, pastures with some trees. Between 500 and 2500 m. Call: very/extr. high, soft, raspy “zeet-zeet,” repeated at 0.5-sec intervals.

145.6

RIVERSIDE

TYRANT

(Maria-preta-ribeirinha)

Knipolegus orenocensis L 5.9 in./15 cm.

resembles

145.3. shown of ssp. xinguensis (a, SE part of range) and more widespread sclateri (b); a unmistakable in range and habitat, b lacks wing bars of 145.3 (also cf. 144.9). ♣ Semiopen brushy areas at rivers or lakes, with a preference for river islands. Up to 300 m. “bic.”

974

Call: very high, stressed

145.7 CAATINGA (or Brazilian) BLACK-TYRANT (Maria-preta-do-nordeste) Knipolegus franciscanus L 6.3 in./ 16 cm. No similar black-tyrant in range. ♣ Dry forest. Mainly near rocky out-crops. En.

145.8 [WHITE-WINGED BLACK-TYRANT (Maria-preta-bate-rabo) Knipolegus aterrimus] L 7.1 in./18 cm.

(not shown) as

145.7. No similar black-tyrant in

range. ♣ Woodland, open scrub, and forest borders. very/ extr. high, upslurred “sereéh.”

Song:

145.9 CRESTED BLACK-TYRANT (Maria-preta-de-penacho) Knipolegus lophotes L 7.9 in./20 cm. Unmistakable by long, thin crest. ♣ Open grassy areas with some tree stands. Up to 1100 cm. Usually silent; flight song very high “téetwee-twee-tweé” (middle “-twee-” lowest pitched).

975

145.10 VELVETY BLACK-TYRANT (Maria-preta-de-garganta-vermelha) Knipolegus nigerrimus L 7.1 in./18 cm. Differs from 145.4 by white wing band in flight. Note unique throat coloring of . ♣ Open montane areas with some trees and shrub; 1800–2700 m, locally lower. En.

Tyrants / Black-Tyrants

976

Plate 146

977

146.1 SPECTACLED TYRANT (Viuvinha-deóculos) Hymenops perspicillatus L 5.9 in./15 cm. Eye wattle and white in wing diagnostic. ♣ Marsh, natural and cultivated open areas at water; SL–2000 m. buzzes when displaying.

Generally silent; wing

146.2 DRAB WATER-TYRANT (Maria-da-praia) Ochthornis littoralis L 5.1 in./13 cm. Cf. 146.4. Note pale eyebrow and rather uniform underparts. ♣ Perches low, always at water, esp. at rivers; SL–600 m. occasionally a very high, weak “sweeeh.”

Quiet;

146.3 YELLOW-BROWED TYRANT (Suiriri-pequeno) Satrapa icterophrys L 6.3 in./16 cm. Unmistakable by unique yellow eyebrow, combined with wing pattern. Often in upright stance, like 150.1–150.9. ♣ Edge of forest, lakes, fields, marsh. Up to 2000 m. Song: short, fast, nervous, ascending series of 4–5 “wub-wub-weh-weéteet” notes.

978

146.4 LITTLE GROUND-TYRANT (Gaúcha-d”água) Muscisaxicola fluviatilis L 5.5 in./14 cm. Note slight contrast between belly and chest and white-edged black tail. Cf. 146.2. ♣ Stands erect between bursts of running in open spots in vegetation near water. Up to 800 m.

Usually silent.

146.5 GRAY MONJITA (Primavera) Xolmis cinereus L 9.8 in./25 cm. Unmistakable by red eye and dark malar; as other monjitas perches exposed and shows white flashes in open wings. ♣ Grassland and cerrado, occasionally around settlement. Up to 1200 m. Call: very high, thin “weéh”; song: very high, soft “weeh-tjuh-teeh.”

979

146.6 BLACK-CROWNED MONJITA (Noivinha-coroada) Xolmis coronatus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Characterized by black cap. ♣ Open areas with scattered bush and trees. Up to 1500 m.

146.7

WHITE-RUMPED

MONJITA

(Noivinha-branca)

Xolmis velatus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Not in range of 146.6; from 146.9 by wing pattern and lack of white scapulars. ♣ Open areas with scattered bush and trees, usually near water, occasionally near buildings. Up to 1000 m. Song: nasal, downslurred “njeh,” repeated at 1-sec intervals.

980

146.8 WHITE MONJITA (Noivinha) Xolmis irupero L 7.1 in./18 cm. Unmistakable. ♣ Open areas with scattered bush and trees, usually near marsh or open water. Up to 1000 m. Song: nasal, downslurred “njieh,” repeated at 1-sec intervals.

146.9 BLACK-AND-WHITE MONJITA (Noivinha-de-rabo-preto) Xolmis dominicanus L 7.9 in./20 cm. from 146.8 by wing pattern; has contrasting white scapulars. ♣ Marshes and nearby grasslands. Locally in coastal sand dunes. Up to 500 m, occasionally much higher. Silent. R.

146.10 CHOCOLATE-VENTED TYRANT (Gaúcho-chocolate) Neoxolmis rufiventris L 7.9 in./20 cm. Unmistakable ground dweller. ♣ Grassland and open savanna with some shrub. Also in agricultural areas. Up to 500 m, occasionally much higher. V.

981

Tyrants / Monjitas

982

Plate 147 983

147.1 STREAMER-TAILED TYRANT (Tesoura-do-brejo) Gubernetes yetapa L 13.8 in./35 cm (excl. tail streamers). Unmistakable by size and coloring. ♣ Palm groves, open grassy and marshy areas with some scrub. Up to 1000 m. Call: nasal “dzz.”

147.2 SHEAR-TAILED GRAY TYRANT (Tesoura-cinzenta) Muscipipra vetula L 7.9 in./20 cm. Note long, slender tail. ♣ At borders of humid forest and second growth, mainly between 1000 and 2200 m.

Call: low “duh-djúp.”

147.3 PIED WATER-TYRANT (Lavadeira-do-norte) Fluvicola pica L 5.1 in./13 cm. No similar bird in its habitat and range. ♣ At edges of marsh, ponds, lakes; below 450 m, sometimes much higher.

Call: high, very short “wic.”

984

147.4 BLACK-BACKED WATER-TYRANT (Lavadeira-de-cara-branca) Fluvicola albiventer L 5.5 in./14 cm. Differs from 147.3 by all black mantle. ♣ Marsh, shrub at rivers and other water. Up to 1000 m. short “wic.”

Call: high, dry, very

147.5 MASKED WATER-TYRANT (Lavadeira-mascarada) Fluvicola nengeta L 5.9 in./15 cm. Distinctly marked. ♣ Marsh, rice fields, shrub at rivers and other water. Up to 300 m, occasionally much higher.

Call: high, sharp “peep.”

985

147.6 WHITE-HEADED MARSH-TYRANT (Freirinha) Arundinicola leucocephala L 5.1 in./13 cm. Distinctly marked. Note dark wings and tail of areas along water. Up to 500 m. “seet.”

. ♣ Marsh and grassy

Call: very/extr. high, sharp

147.7 STRANGE-TAILED TYRANT (Tesoura-do-campo) Alectrurus risora L 7.9 in./20 cm (excl.

tail streamers).

unmistakable (throat is white in N-br plumage); from 147.8 by complete breast band. ♣ Grassy areas, marsh, shrub. Up to 500 m.

Probably silent. R.

147.8 COCK-TAILED TYRANT (Galito) Alectrurus tricolor L 4.7 in./12 cm (excl. tail streamers). unmistakable; has interrupted breast band. ♣ Open, grassy areas, cerrado, humid savanna. Up to 1100 m. notes in flight. R. 986

Mostly silent; soft “tic”

147.9 LONG-TAILED TYRANT (Viuvinha) Colonia colonus L 5.5 in./14 cm (excl. tail streamers). Unmistakable by pied pattern. ♣ Borders of humid forest, second growth, and riverine belts. Also in plantations. Up to 1200 m, sometimes higher. Call: e.g., slightly rising, then gliding-down “weé-uw”; song: energetic “freéh-rururu” (2nd part as almost-trill).

147.10 CATTLE TYRANT (Suiriri-cavaleiro) Machetornis rixosa L 7.9 in./20 cm. Terrestrial behavior and yellow underparts diagnostic. ♣ Open grassy areas with some bush and trees. Up to 300 m, sometimes much higher. Call: very/extr. high “sreep,” single or several joined in fast series and trills.

987

Tyrants

988

Plate 148 148.1 PIRATIC FLYCATCHER (Bem-te-vi-pirata) Legatus leucophaius L 6.3 in./16 cm. Differs from 149.4 by rather

989

uniform back, olive rump, and less distinct white wing edging. Also cf. 149.5. ♣ Forest borders, tall second growth, woodland, riverine belts, cultivation. Mainly below 1000 m. Call: very high, rapid “wit-tit-di-do”; also very high, drawn-out “feeeeh,” repeated irregularly.

148.2 GRAY-CAPPED FLYCATCHER (Bem-te-vi-de-cabeça-cinza) Myiozetetes granadensis L 6.7 in./17 cm. Crown and nape gray. Note short eyebrow. ♣ Variety of humid habitats with trees and shrub in cultivation, at forest edge, near settlements, esp. near water. Lowlands up to 1100 m. Call: mewing “kew” in long series; song: high “tip-tooh-tetjíw?”

148.3 DUSKY-CHESTED FLYCATCHER (Bem-te-vi-barulhento) Myiozetetes luteiventris L 5.9 in./15 cm. Small with rather plain uniform brownish head. ♣ Canopy and edge of várzea and terra firme and nearby

990

scrubby clearings. Up to 600 m. Call: very high, strong “ti-keew”; song: mewing “tjew tjew tí-tí-tjew.”

148.4 RUSTY-MARGINED FLYCATCHER (Bentevizinho-de-asa-ferrugínea) Myiozetetes cayanensis L 6.7 in./17 cm. Note rufous edging of wing feathers. Differs from 148.5 by yellow, not red, crown-patch and narrower face mask. ♣ Forest borders, riverine belts, shrubby areas, suburbs. Up to 1000 m, locally higher. nasal “wheeeee.”

Call: very high, drawn-out,

148.5 SOCIAL FLYCATCHER (Bentevizinho-de-penacho-vermelho) Myiozetetes similis L 6.7 in./17 cm. Differs from 148.4 by duller (less black) mask, more olive (less brown) back, orange-red (not orange-yellow) crown-patch (often concealed), and lack of rufous edging on flight feathers. Juv. with rufous edging on flight feathers, but distinct edging to wing coverts dull and pale (unlike 148.4). ♣

991

Various open to semiopen habitats with some trees, incl. edge of forest and gardens. Up to 1000 m, occasionally much higher. Song: very high, sharp, far-carrying “Wéeuw-Wéeer” and similar variations; also “sjeeuw-sjeeuw” or explosive “TFéeuw.”

148.6 LESSER KISKADEE (Bentevizinho-do-brejo) Philohydor (or Pitangus) lictor L 6.7 in./17 cm. Note long, slender bill. Cf. larger 148.7. ♣ Shrubs and trees near water, occasionally at mangrove edge. Up to 500 m, locally may be higher. Call: “Wréeh-wrée-wruh.”

loud,

squeaky,

descending

148.7 GREAT KISKADEE (Bem-te-vi) Pitangus sulphuratus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Note large size and long, straight bill. Cf. 148.10. ♣ Any open or semiopen habitat, incl. towns and borders of forest. Up to 1600 m.

992

Call: loud, plaintive, nasal

“Weéeuw”; song: “Kís-ka-dee” (species named after its song).

148.8 YELLOW-THROATED FLYCATCHER (Bem-te-vi-da-copa) Conopias parvus L 6.3 in./16 cm. Note yellow throat. Differs from smaller 148.9 by blacker crown, yellow coronal patch (often concealed), and less contrast between wings and mantle. ♣ Humid forest. Also in tall trees in adjacent areas. Up to 1300 m. Call/song: high, liquid, musical almost-trill, like “Wee-re-re,” diminishing in strength.

148.9 THREE-STRIPED FLYCATCHER (Bem-te-vi-pequeno) Conopias trivirgatus L 5.5 in./14 cm. Note yellow throat and lack of coronal patch. Cf. 148.8. ♣ Canopy and borders of humid forest. Up to 300 m. Call/ song: high, loud, grating “zeeuw,” repeated in irregular series. In SE Brazil, irregular series of “chew-chew-” notes.

993

148.10 BOAT-BILLED FLYCATCHER (Neinei) Megarynchus pitangua L 7.9-9.8 in./20–25 cm. Differs from 148.7 by hefty bill with strongly curved culmen and broad base. ♣ Canopy of várzea at rivers and lakes. Also in a range of other habitats with varying density of trees, including woodland, savanna, plantations. Up to 1500 m. Call (in two voices by the same bird): high, rapid “er-er-er-wuh” with very low/toneless “zzzzzzzzzr,” Also different vocalizations, such as a high, nasal “Wéet-dr-reet.”

Flycatchers / Kiskadees

994

Plate 149

995

149.1 STREAKED FLYCATCHER (Bem-te-vi-rajado) Myiodynastes maculatus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Ssp. solitarius (a) shown and warmer tawny brown Nom. (b). Differs from 149.2 by white chin. Also cf. 149.4. ♣ Forest, woodland, riverine belts, mangrove, caatinga, settlements. Up to 1500 m. Can be very noisy, giving harsh, nasal calls, like “Wit Wit - -”; dawn song: e.g., strident “Weeh-Weewit.”

149.2 SULPHUR -BELLIED FLYCATCHER (Bem-te-vi-de-barriga-sulfúrea) Myiodynastes luteiventris L 7.9 in./20 cm. Dark malar stripes meet over chin. underparts pale yellow. ♣ Canopy and borders of humid forest and secondary woodland. Up to 1000 m. Call: short, squeaky “wirít-jeh”; otherwise silent in South America. V.

149.3 SULPHURY FLYCATCHER (Suiriri-de-garganta-rajada) Tyrannopsis sulphurea L 7.9 in./ 20 cm. Differs from 149.9 by shorter bill, shorter, squarish

996

tail, olive-streaked chest sides, and browner wings. ♣ Often (but not always) in palms in borders of forest, savanna, cultivation, towns. Up to 400 m. Song: mid-high, descending, scratchy, nasal, well-separated “sue sweh tjetjeh” notes, or high, grating “flee ti-tjer-wer” (“flee” very/extr. high and well separated from 2nd part).

149.4 VARIEGATED FLYCATCHER (Peitica) Empidonomus varius L 7.5 in./19 cm. Prominent white wing edging and rufous tail edging and rump. Smaller billed and less crisply streaked below than 149.1. ♣ Borders and clearings of forest, woodland, riverine belts, savanna with some trees and bushes, suburbs. Occasionally in terra firme. Up to 1200 m.

Call: very/extr. high, thin “feeee-i.”

149.5 CROWNED SLATY FLYCATCHER (Peitica-de-chapéu-preto) Griseotyrannus (or Empidonomus) aurantiocristatus L 7.1 in./18 cm. Note flat, distinct black

997

crown with semiconcealed yellow patch. ♣ Canopy of humid forest and woodland, open savanna with some tall trees, edges of lowland forest. Up to 1200 m, occasionally higher. Call/ song: extr. high, weak “tseeee” when breeding, otherwise silent.

149.6 EASTERN KINGBIRD (Suiriri-valente) Tyrannus tyrannus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Broad white tail tip diagnostic (less broad in Juv.). ♣ Wide variety of forested and wooded habitats, incl. towns. Not usually in forest interior. Up to 800 m, locally much higher.

Normally silent in South America.

149.7 [GRAY KINGBIRD (Suiriri-cinza) Tyrannus dominicensis] L 7.9 in./20 cm. Note large bill and white underparts. ♣ Canopy and borders of humid forest, savanna, and mangroves.

Call: very high, sharp “pe-Téer.”

998

149.8 WHITE-THROATED KINGBIRD (Suiriri-de-garganta-branca) Tyrannus albogularis L 7.9 in./ 20 cm. Differs from 149.9 by paler head, which contrasts strongly with the dark mask and white throat. Slight olive cast to chest. ♣ Various open habitats near water, esp. cerrado, open savanna, and riverine woodland. Also near towns in N-br. season. Up to 1000 m. higher and thinner.

Voice as 149.4, but even

149.9 TROPICAL KINGBIRD (Suiriri) Tyrannus melancholicus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Chest olive. Tail forked as in other kingbirds, but unlike 149.3 and 147.10. ♣ Can be seen anywhere, except inside forest, often near water. Up to 1850 m. Call: very high, sharp, slightly descending “seedrr,” directly continued with sharp, warbling “jtutju---” and similar variations.

999

149.10 FORK-TAILED FLYCATCHER (Tesourinha) Tyrannus savana L 7.5 in./19 cm (excl. tail streamers). Unmistakable. No white in tail when streamers have broken off. ♣ Open areas with scattered trees and bushes, including gardens, mangrove, reed beds. Up to 1000 m. high, weak “tic.”

Flycatchers / Kingbirds

1000

Call: extr.

1001

Plate 150 150.1 GRAYISH MOURNER (Vissiá) Rhytipterna simplex L 7.9 in./20 cm. Differs from very similar 124.2 by slightly more reddish eyes, often some pink at base of bill, and yellowish cast to the belly. ♣ Upperstory of terra firme, up to 800 m or higher. Song: varied, esp. in tempo; normally a rising series of sharp “ih” notes, ending in some loud, explosive “Itch” notes. Notes may be well-separated, run-together as a rattle, or decelerating. Last explosive note may be omitted.

150.2 PALE-BELLIED MOURNER (Vissiá-cantor) Rhytipterna immunda L 7.5 in./19 cm. Differs from 150.6–150.9 by flanks tinged rusty-buff and grayer, more rounded head (no crest). ♣ Wooded savanna, low várzea. Below 300 m. Song: 2 well-separated “Réet-je” notes (“Réet” much higher).

1002

150.3 SIRYSTES (Gritador) Sirystes sibilator L 7.1 in./18 cm. Sspp. form two groups: widespread white-rumped group (a, sspp. albocinereus and subcanescens) and E and SE gray-rumped group (b, Nom. and atimastus, note clear edging of wing coverts). ♣ Canopy of forest and woodland. Up to 1000 m. Call: slightly descending “weeuw-weeuw-weeuw”; song: short, rapid series of 4–7, slightly ascending, fluted “wuh-wíwi-wuh” notes, the last note lowered.

150.4 RUFOUS CASIORNIS (Caneleiro) Casiornis rufus L 7.1 in./18 cm. Resembles some Attilas (Pl. 151) but differently shaped, black bill with pink base. Also cf. Rufous Twistwing (140.10). ♣ Woodland, wooded cerrado, riverine belts up to 1500 m.

Call: Very high, downslurred “feeeèh.”

150.5 ASH-THROATED CASIORNIS (Caneleiro-enxofre) Casiornis fuscus L 7.1 in./18 cm. Less uniform rufous, esp.

1003

on upperparts, than 150.4. ♣ Caatinga, wooded cerrado. Up to 500 m.

Call: Very high, downslurred “tjef.” En.

150.6 DUSKY-CAPPED FLYCATCHER (Maria-cavaleira-pequena) Myiarchus tuberculifer L 6.3 in./ 16 cm. Note small size and blackish bill. Cap slightly darker than rest of upperparts. ♣ Interior and clearings of all types of forest, second growth, plantations. Up to 1300 m. high, plaintive “féeeuw” whistle.

Song:

150.7 SWAINSON’S FLYCATCHER (Irré) Myiarchus swainsoni L 7.9 in./20 cm. Shown is SE Nom. (a, migrates N to NE) and ssp. phaeonotus (b, only in extr. N, with all-black bill). Both sspp. very similar to 150.9, but b with at least base of lower mandible pale, and localized a with paler belly than 150.9a. ♣ Cerrado, riverine belts, mangrove, and forest. Up to 1800 m. Call: rasping “srruh”; song: impatient-sounding “put-it-here” (“here” much lower) and variations thereof. 1004

150.8 BROWN-CRESTED FLYCATCHER (Maria-cavaleira-de-rabo-enferrujado) Myiarchus tyrannulus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Note rufous in wing and tail (best seen from below). ♣ Dense and open woodland, riverine belts, cerrado. Up to 300 m. Call/song:e.g., very high short “weert” or a fast, nasal, toneless chatter, like “ée-hè-hè.”

150.9 SHORT-CRESTED FLYCATCHER (Maria-cavaleira) Myiarchus ferox L 7.1 in./18 cm. Dark Nom. (a) and brown ssp. australis (b, with rufous rump and edges of tail and wing feathers) shown. Note all-black bill. ♣ Clearings and borders of forest, woodland, and agricultural areas. short, fine “prrrrih” trill.

1005

Call/song:

Mourners / Sirystes / Casiornises / Flycatchers

1006

1007

Plate 151 151.1 LARGE-HEADED (or Bamboo) FLATBILL (Maria-cabeçuda) Ramphotrigon megacephalum L 5.1 in./13 cm. Note habitat and two tawny wing bars. Differs from larger 151.2 by distinct eyebrow. ♣ Interior or edge of humid forest with bamboo. Song: varied; mournful, slightly lowered “wéeuw” (lowland), 2-noted “wéeh wuw” (distinctly separated), or “wéejuw,” 1st note higher, repeated at 1-sec intervals.

151.2 DUSKY-TAILED FLATBILL (Maria-de-cauca-escura) Ramphotrigon fuscicauda L 6.3 in./16 cm. Resembles smaller 151.1, but supraloral indistinct. ♣ Dense undergrowth and bamboo of terra firme and várzea, second growth. Up to 900 m. Call: slow, fluted “tjuuw-weh” (“tjuuw” gliding down, short “weh” jumping up) or melodious, fluted “pjéeuw pjeé-pjeé-pjuw” (“pjéeuw” lower pitched and descending; last 3 notes higher).

1008

151.3 RUFOUS-TAILED FLATBILL (Bico-chato-de-rabo-vermelho) Ramphotrigon ruficauda L 6.3 in./16 cm. Note rufous wing and tail. ♣ Lower levels of várzea and terra firme. Also in wooded savanna. Up to 600 m. Song: high, slow, mournful “weaeaea-wur.”

151.4 BRIGHT-RUMPED ATTILA (Capit o-de-saíra-amarelo) Attila spadiceus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Note streaked breast, and bright rump, which is normally paler than occasional bright rump of 151.5–151.9. Eyes dark to yellow (rarely white as in 151.9). Shown are normal (a) and rufous (b) forms. Latter together with gray form (like a, but gray head and chest instead of olive) and intermediates form ca. 5% of population. ♣ Clearings and edge of humid forest, second growth, plantations, woodland, bushy savanna, riverine belts. Up to 1500 m, occasionally higher. Song: loud, resounding series of about 6 whistled, doubled

1009

(sometimes tripled) “weéh-duw - -” notes, gaining in strength and pitch.

151.5 GRAY-HOODED ATTILA (Capit o-de-saíra) Attila rufus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Two sspp.: Nom. (a) and hellmayri (b, in Bahia). Ssp. a distinctive; b from 151.6 and 151.7 by small, white chin. ♣ Humid forest up to 1500 m. Song: slow series of 4–7 emphasized, fluted “whee” notes, which gradually rise in pitch and strength before the last one, which fades out. En.

151.6 RUFOUS-TAILED ATTILA (Capit o-castanho) Attila phoenicurus L 7.1 in./18 cm. Gray hood more sharply demarcated than in 151.7. ♣ Humid forest (including Araucaria) and scrub. Up to 1500 m. Song: short, quick series of 4 fluted “fee-fee-fífi” notes, the 1st 3 rising in pitch, the 4th falling off.

1010

151.7 CITRON-BELLIED ATTILA (Tinguaçu-de-barriga-amarela) Attila citriniventris L 7.1 in./ 18 cm. See brighter 151.6. ♣ Interior and edge of humid terra firme up to 500 m. Song: series of 3–8 fluted, more or less staccato notes, which gradually rise until the last one, which falls off, like “piu-piu- - piútwoh.”

151.8 CINNAMON ATTILA (Tinguaçu-ferrugem) Attila cinnamomeus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Unmistakable by large pale eye. ♣ Várzea and other types of swamp forest. Also in plantations and mangrove. At rivers and streams. Up to 500 m. Song: melancholy “pu-peéeeuw” and other similar notes, given in unstructured, calm series.

1011

151.9 DULL-CAPPED (or White-eyed) ATTILA (Bate-pára) Attila bolivianus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Note large whitish eye. ♣ Riverine belts, várzea, and other types of swamp forest at rivers and streams. Up to 500 m. Song: slow, rising series of about 10–15 fluted notes, which level out in the 2nd half.

Flatbills / Flycatcher / Attilas

1012

1013

Plate 152 152.1 TROPICAL PARULA (Mariquita) Parula pitiayumi L 4.3 in./11 cm. Note small size and blue-gray upperparts. ♣ Forest edge, woodland, riverine belts. Up to 2500 m. Song: variations of very/extr. high, almost-trill, like “zizizizizsisisi-tuh” or “si-si-si-wrrrr-teweh.”

152.2 ROSE-BREASTED CHAT (Polícia-do-mato) Granatellus pelzelni L 4.7 in./12 cm. Nom. (a) and ssp. paraensis (b, with less white on flanks and black restricted to forehead) shown.

has pink vent. ♣ Canopy and borders of

forest and dense woodland. Up to 850 m. Call: high, slightly nasal “zjuw”; song: rather hurried series of 5–6 evenly spaced “uweet-uweet- -” notes, often heard in combination.

1014

152.3 AMERICAN REDSTART (Mariquita-de-rabo-vermelho) Setophaga ruticilla L 4.7 in./ 12 cm. Unmistakable by color and pattern of often fanned tail. ♣ Forest edge, woodland, shrubby areas, mangrove. Up to 1500 m, occasionally much higher. South America. V.

Normally silent in

152.4 SLATE-THROATED (Redstart or) WHITESTART (Mariquita-cinza) Myioborus miniatus L 5.1 in./13 cm. Unmistakable by often fanned, white-edged tail and all-dark (brown-crowned) head. ♣ Montane forest and woodland; 600–2000 m. Song: very high, thin “ti-ti-tju-tju-tjuw” (sometimes restricted to 1st 2 notes).

152.5 TEPUI (Redstart or) WHITESTART (Mariquita-de-cabeça-parda) Myioborus castaneocapillus L 5.1 in./13 cm. Ssp. duidae (a) and Nom. (b, with yellow underparts) shown. Tail like 152.4. ♣ Forest, second growth,

1015

woodland; 1200–2200 m. Song: thin, accelerating, descending chipping, starting extr. high.

152.6 YELLOW WARBLER (Mariquita-amarela) Dendroica petechia (aestiva) L 5.1 in./13 cm. from 152.8, and 154.1, by yellowish undertail. ♣ Semiopen habitats, esp. near water. Up to 1000 m, occasionally higher. Call: extr. high, dry “chip,” but species is probably silent in Brazil.

152.7 BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER (Mariquita-papo-de-fogo) Dendroica fusca L 5.1 in./13 cm. In note distinct facial pattern, yellow-tinged throat, and extensive white of undertail. ♣ Forest, woodland, and clearings with scattered trees. Mainly above 1000 m. Probably silent in Brazil. R.

1016

152.8 BLACKPOLL WARBLER (Mariquita-de-perna-clara) Dendroica striata L 5.5 in./14 cm. Shown are Ad.

, 1st

basic (a) and 1st W (b); a and b rather nondescript, but note wing bars and large white patch on undertail. ♣ Forest borders, clearings with scattered trees, woodland; 500–2500 m.

Probably silent in Brazil.

152.9 [CERULEAN WARBLER (Mariquita-azul) Dendroica cerulea] L 4.7 in./12 cm. In note distinct wing bars, blue-green upperparts, and white patch on undertail. ♣ Canopy of forest and woodland; 500–2000 m. silent in South America.

1017

Probably

152.10 [BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER (Mariquita-de-garganta-preta) Dendroica virens] L 5.1 in./13 cm. visitor.

from

152.7 by blackish breast sides. Accidental

Probably silent in South America.

Parula / Chat / Redstart / Whitestarts / Warblers

1018

1019

Plate 153 153.1 CONNECTICUT WARBLER (Mariquita-de-connecticut) Oporornis agilis L 5.5 in./14 cm. Complete white eyering diagnostic. ♣ Forest borders and clearings, woodland. Up to 2000 m. America. V.

Silent in South

153.2 NORTHERN WATERTHRUSH (Mariquita-boreal) Seiurus noveboracensis L 5.9 in./15 cm. Unmistakable by jizz, habitat, and streaking below. Bobs rear end when walking. ♣ Mangrove, woodland near water. Up to 2000 m. Call: very high, metallic “tsic” notes in series of 1 ×/sec. V.

153.3 TWO-BANDED (or Roraima) WARBLER (Pula-pula-de-duas-fitas) Basileuterus bivittatus L 5.5 in./14 cm. From 153.4 by greener face sides. ♣ Shrubby edges and undergrowth of humid forest and second growth; 700–1800

1020

m. Song: extr. high, slightly descending and ascending series, starting with a few stuttered notes, which gradually accelerate via a trill to a hoarse hiss (2–3 sec).

153.4 GOLDEN-CROWNED WARBLER (Pula-pula) Basileuterus culicivorus L 5.5 in./14 cm. Note pale gray eyebrow and yellow underparts. ♣ Understories of humid forest and second growth. Shaded plantations. Up to 1800 m. Song: varies regionally; in E Brazil, very high “tu-tu-twit-twit” (2nd “tu” slightly lower); in N Brazil, very high, slightly descending, thin “wit-wit-wit-witwit.”

153.5 WHITE-BELLIED WARBLER (Pula-pula-debarriga-branca) Basileuterus hypoleucus L 5.5 in./14 cm. Note whitish belly and rufous crown. ♣ Woodland, riverine belts, shrubby foest edges. “seeh-seeh swuh.”

1021

Song: very/extr. high

153.6 WHITE-BROWED (or -rimmed) WARBLER (Pula-pula-assobiador) Basileuterus leucoblepharus L 5.5 in./ 14 cm. Note white supraloral and partial eyering. Underparts gray and white. ♣ Forest undergrowth, second growth. Often near water. Up to 1600 m. Song: fairly long series of thin “fee” notes, which start at extr. high level and then descend very steeply to 5 notes lower (5–6 sec).

153.7 WHITE-STRIPED WARBLER (Pla-pula-de-sobrancelhau) Basileuterus leucophrys L 5.5 in./ 14 cm. Note white supral-oral and partial eyering. Underparts gray and white. ♣ Undergrowth at water in riverine belts. Up to 1000 m. Call: extr. high tinkling; song: series of pure, fluted notes, some of these as double notes or short trill “fufu-fuhfuh-prrrr-pruh” and similar series, with notes varying in sequence and pitch. En.

1022

153.8 FLAVESCENT WARBLER (Canário-do-mato) Basileuterus flaveolus L 5.5 in./14 cm. Note striking yellow eyebrow. Cf.

154.2. ♣ On and near ground in riverine belts

and shrubby clearings. Up to 1000 m. Song: double-voiced series, basically an extr. high series of 5–6 notes of “fífifi-fífifi- -” notes; after the 1st two notes, mid-high “tjeh-tjeh-tjeh-tjeh” is interwoven.

153.9 (Neotropical) RIVERBANK WARBLER (Pula-pula-ribeirinho) Phaeothlypis rivularis L 5.5 in./14 cm. ♣ N ssp. mesoleuca (a) and SE Nom. (b) shown. Both have whitish buff underparts. ♣ Near rivers, streams, or swampy areas in forest. Song: starting very high and descending series of “feew” notes; after the 1st 5–7 notes transformed into forceful, very loud, level, rattled “tjehtjeh---” (about 7 × “tjeh”).

1023

153.10 BUFF-RUMPED WARBLER (Pula-pula-de-cauda-avermelhada) Phaeothlypis fulvicauda L 5.5 in./14 cm. Tail pattern diagnostic. ♣ Near streams and rivers in forest. Up to 1000 m. Song: starts with 1–4 slow or fast introductory notes, then changes into a series of 10–15 strong, level “tjewtjew---” notes.

Warblers / Waterthrush

1024

Plate 154 154.1 [PROTHONOTARY WARBLER (Mariquita-protonotária) Protonotaria citrea] L 5.5 in./14 cm. 1025

Note blue-gray wings and tail. Basal half of undertail with a white patch, unlike in America.

152.6.

Probably silent in South

154.2 MASKED YELLOWTHROAT (Pia-cobra) Geothlypis aequinoctialis L 5.5 in./14 cm. Note eyering and indistinct supral-oral of . Gray tinge to head of often absent. ♣ Bushy and grassy fields, marshes, borders of woodland. Often near water. Up to 1500 m. Song: high, sweet, almost level series, starting with two slow introductory “swee swee” notes, followed by 2–3 short, lilting “feedeweet -” notes, and ending in a distinct flourish, like “wu-wutweet,” together as “swee swee feedeweet-feedeweet-wu-wutweet,” or variations thereof (e.g., one note is more warbled).

154.3 [CANADA WARBLER (Mariquita-do-canadá) Wilsonia canadensis] L 5.1 in./13 cm. Note eyering and gray

1026

upperparts. ♣ Forest undergrowth, second growth; 1000–2000 m.

Probably silent in South America.

154.4 RUFOUS-BROWED PEPPERSHRIKE (Pitiguari) Cyclarhis gujanensis L 5.9 in./15 cm. Unmistakable by stout bill and rufous eyebrow in most sspp. (a), but rufous restricted to supral-oral in SE ssp. ochrocephala (b). ♣ Wide variety of wooded and semiopen habitats. Not usually inside dense humid forest. Up to 1500 m. Song: high, rich, melodious series, like “tjirre-tjú-wu” or rhythmic “Tjú-titi-Tjú- -,” each series repeated for several minutes before changing to another.

154.5 SLATY-CAPPED SHRIKE-VIREO (Assobiador-do-castanhal) Vireolanius leucotis L 5.5 in./14 cm. Unmistakable by pale eyes and facial pattern. ♣ Canopy of humid forest. Up to 1800 m. Song: fluted, gliding-down “téuuw,” constantly repeated at 1 ×/sec.

1027

154.6 RED-EYED (or Chivi) VIREO (Juruviara) Vireo olivaceus L 5.9 in./15 cm. Note black lines bordering eyebrow. N migrant Nom. (a, eyes red and vent white; Juv. as b) and resident/local migrant chivi group (b, eyes brown and vent yellow) shown. Cf. 154.7 and 154.8. ♣ Forest edge, woodland, shrubby clearings, gardens with tall trees. Up to 1500 m, occasionally much higher. Song (local race): high, chirped “chrrit” or “cheche,” constantly repeated 1 ×/1.5 sec; migrant Nom. is silent in South America.

154.7 YELLOW-GREEN VIREO (Juruviara-verde-amarelada) Vireo flavoviridis L 5.9 in./15 cm. Not always safely separable from 154.6, but flanks are normally richer yellow and less or no black borders around eyebrow. ♣ Canopy and edge of forest and woodland. Up to 1500 m.

Silent in Brazil. R.

1028

154.8 BLACK- (or Brown-) WHISKERED VIREO (Juruviara-barbuda) Vireo altiloquus L 5.9 in./15 cm. From 154.6 and 154.7 by narrow dark malar streak, but this is often difficult to see. ♣ Edge and clearings of forest and second growth. Up to 1000 m.

Silent in South America.

154.9 NORONHA VIREO (Juruviara-de-noronha) Vireo gracilirostris L 5.5 in./14 cm. Only vireo on Isla de Noronha. Note long, thin bill and dark eye. ♣ In any habitat on Noronha.

Song: short, chirped “tetjúr.” En, R.

1029

Warblers / Yellowthroat / Peppershrike / Vireos

Plate 155 1030

155.1 RUFOUS-CROWNED GREENLET (Verdinho-coroado) Hylophilus poicilotis L 5.1 in./13 cm. Note rufous crown. From 155.4 by distinct dusky ear coverts. ♣ Forest, second growth, woodland, scrub. Up to 1800 m. Song: rapid, high “teweét-teweét- -” (3–6 ×) or rapid “swee-swee- -” (4–5 ×).

155.2 GRAY-CHESTED GREENLET (Verdinho-da-várzea) Hylophilus semicinereus L 4.7 in./12 cm. Differs from 155.3 by gray, not yellow, breast. ♣ Upperstories and edge of humid forest and clearings up to 400 m. Song: very high, hurried “wee-wee-wee---” (about 8–20 ×, but often too fast to count).

155.3 LEMON-CHESTED GREENLET (Vite-vite) Hylophilus thoracicus L 4.7 in./12 cm. Two groups: SE Nom. (a, Rio de Janeiro Greenlet) and W and N griseiventris group (b); a unique in range, b from 155.5 by gray restricted to hindcrown. ♣ In higher levels of the interior and edges of

1031

humid forest; a also in woodland. Mainly below 600 m. Song: very high, rapid series of 10–15 × upslurred “tu-Weét -” notes.

155.4 GRAY-EYED GREENLET (Vite-vite-de-olho-cinza) Hylophilus amaurocephalus L 5.1 in./13 cm. Ear-patches less distinct than in 155.1. ♣ Forest, woodland, caatinga, scrub. Up to 1800 m. Song: high, rather harsh “see-see” or “teTeé-teTeé-teTeé,” and many other variations. En.

155.5 ASHY-HEADED GREENLET (Vite-vite-de-cabeça-cinza) Hylophilus pectoralis L 4.7 in./12 cm. Note all-gray head and dark eye. ♣ Woodland, riverine belts, gardens. Up to 400 m. Song: high, hurried “Wéetje-Wéetje-Wéetje-,” rapid “tutjeweé-tutjeweé-tutjeweé,” or loud, sharp “WúTjirrrr.”

1032

155.6 TEPUI GREENLET (Vite-vite-do-tepui) Hylophilus sclateri L 4.7 in./12 cm. Gray wings and tail diagnostic. ♣ Interior and edge of humid forest; 600–2000 m. Song: Very high, simple “suwí-tu-èr,” (“suwi” sharp and upslurred, “tu-èr” lower, but also ascending) or “suuih tuh” (“suuih” very high, piercing, and gliding down, “tuh” as a low, well-separated full stop).

155.7 BUFF-CHEEKED (or -breasted) GREENLET (Vite-vite-camurça) Hylophilus muscicapinus L 4.7 in./12 cm. Buff face sides and breast diagnostic. ♣ Forest on poor soils. Up to 600 m.

Song: high, warbling “weet-oh-weeréet.”

1033

155.8 BROWN-HEADED GREENLET (Vite-vite-de-cabeça-marrom) Hylophilus brunneiceps L 4.7 in./12 cm. From 155.10 by grayish (not yellow) underparts. ♣ Sandy-belt forest, edge of várzea, and savanna woodland. Up to 400 m. Song: series of steeply gliding down, joined “tiiiiuw- -” notes (about 10 ×).

155.9 TAWNY-CROWNED GREENLET (Vite-vite-uirapuru) Hylophilus ochraceiceps L 4.7 in./12 cm. W and C Nom. group (a, pale eyes and distinct tawny fore-crown) and NE rubrifrons group (b, brown eyes and less distinctly tawny forecrown) shown. Both are brownish olive above with browner tail. ♣ Undergrowth in interior of humid forest and second growth. Up to 800 m, occasionally much higher. Song: calm series of well-separated, slightly lowered, drawn-out, penetrating “tieeeh” notes.

1034

155.10 DUSKY-CAPPED GREENLET (Vite-vite-de-barriga-marela) Hylophilus hypoxanthus L 4.7 in./12 cm. Note brownish head and dull yellowish underparts. ♣ Upperstory of terra firme. Up to 500 m. cheerful “is-it-so-wit” or “pichí-soweér.”

Greenlets

1035

Song: very high,

Plate 156

1036

156.1 WHITE-WINGED SWALLOW (Andorinha-do-rio) Tachycineta albiventer L 5.5 in./14 cm. White in wing diagnostic. ♣ Areas near water, incl. rivers, lakes, pastures, beaches. Up to 500 m. or “wrch.”

Call: toneless, slightly rising “krch”

156.2 WHITE-RUMPED SWALLOW (Andorinha-de-sobre-branco) Tachycineta leucorrhoa L 5.1 in./13 cm. White eyebrow difficult to see and therefore not always safely separable from 156.3. ♣ Open and semiopen areas, often near water. Up to 1000 m. Call: toneless, short “zzt”; song: jumble of “zzt” and “zr” notes and gurgling, rapidly descending “pri-ri-ri-row.”

156.3 CHILEAN SWALLOW (Andorinha-chilena) Tachycineta meyeni L 4.7 in./12 cm. Occasionally with short white eyebrow, which never extends over bill. ♣ Open and semiopen areas, often near water. 1037

Call: “pripri.”

156.4 BLUE-AND-WHITE SWALLOW (Andorinha-pequena-de-casa) Pygochelidon (or Notiochelidon) cyanoleuca L 5.1 in./13 cm. Note dark rump and vent (S migrant ssp. patagonica has white of belly extending into black vent). ♣ Open areas in woodland, savanna, forest clearings, towns. Up to 3000 m. Call: very/ extr. high “see,” very high, downslurred “tjeuw,” and short twitters.

156.5 WHITE-BANDED SWALLOW (Peitoril) Atticora fasciata L 5.9 in./15 cm. Unmistakable. ♣ At rivers in forest. Rarely at lakes and forest clearings. Up to 1000 m. Call: high “trr”; song: unstructured series of low “prr” notes, or “tetju.”

1038

156.6 BLACK-COLLARED SWALLOW (Andoriha-de-coleira) Pygochelidon (or Atticora) melanoleuca L 5.5 in./14 cm. Note dark chest band, rump, and vent. ♣ Near rivers, mainly areas with water rapids. Call/song: unstructured series of “zt” notes.

156.7 BARN SWALLOW (Andorinha-de-bando) Hirundo rustica L 7.1 in./18 cm. Forked tail with long streamers (often missing). White spots (usually look like a complete band) in tail diagnostic. ♣ Any habitat, except forest interior and heavy woodland.

Mostly silent in South America.

1039

156.8 CLIFF SWALLOW (Andorinha-de-dorso-acanelado) Pterochelidon pyrrhonota L 5.5 in./14 cm. Only swallow with pale buff rump, combined with tawny throat. ♣ Open areas near water in woodland, savanna, forest clearings, towns. Up to 2750 m.

Generally silent in South America.

Swallows

1040

Plate 157

1041

157.1 PURPLE MARTIN (Andorinha-azul) Progne subis L 7.5 in./19 cm.

not safely separable from

157.3. Note,

however, the presence of the two spp. in opposite seasons. from 157.2 and 157.3 by grayish nuchal collar and forehead. ♣ Wide variety of open and semiopen areas. Often in towns.

Mostly silent in South America.

157.2 GRAY-BREASTED MARTIN (Andorinha-doméstica-grande) Progne chalybea L 6.7 in./17 cm. less glossy blue than . Neck same color as rest of upperparts. Underparts white, chest and throat gray-brown (sometimes bluish). ♣ Open areas in woodland, savanna, forest clearings, towns. Up to 2000 m. Calls: varied; e.g., “prrrt-prrrt,” nasal “tjurt,” or gurgling “tjurrt”; song: very/ extr. high, scratchy chirping.

1042

157.3 SOUTHERN MARTIN (Andorinha-do-sul) Progne elegans L 6.7 in./17 cm. Underparts of dusky brown with scaly white edging (esp. on lower underparts). Forehead rarely grayish. ♣ Open and semiopen areas. Also in forest clearings. Up to 2500 m.

157.4 BANK SWALLOW (or Sand Martin) (Andorinha-do-barranco) Riparia riparia L 4.7 in./12 cm. Resembles 157.5, but much smaller. Note distinctive erratic and fluttering flight. ♣ Open areas near water. Breeds in freshly cut cliffs, sleeps in reed beds. “zirrit.”

Call: toneless “zrt” or

157.5 BROWN-CHESTED MARTIN (Andorinha-do-campo) Progne tapera L 6.3 in./16 cm. Large, with brownish upperparts. Note white throat. ♣ Open and semiopen country with trees, including towns. “zrit-zrit.” 1043

Call: very high, sharp, dry

157.6 WHITE-THIGHED SWALLOW (Calcinha-branca) Atticora (or Neochelidon) tibialis L 4.7 in./12 cm. Overall dusky with inconspicuous white socks. ♣ Clearings and edge of forest, riverine belts. Up to 1000 m, locally higher. very high, weak “zip” or “trrrp tiptip.”

Call:

157.7 TAWNY-HEADED SWALLOW (Andorinha-morena) Alopochelidon fucata L 4.7 in./12 cm. Tawny head diagnostic. ♣ Open areas, esp. grassland near water. Up to 1600 m.

Call: extr. high “tjup tjuptup.”

1044

157.8 SOUTHERN ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW (Andorinha-serradora) Stelgidopteryx ruficollis L 5.1 in./13 cm. Uniform brownish above with tawny throat. ♣ Open country near water, also in forest clearings. Up to 1000 m, occasionally much higher. Call: rich, gurgled “wrir,” “wirre-wirre-wir,” or “zirre-zitzit.”

Martins / Swallows

1045

Plate 158

1046

158.1 BLACK-CAPPED DONACOBIUS (Japacanim) Donacobius atricapilla L 7.9 in./20 cm. Two sspp.: widespread Nom. (a; Juv. resembles b) and albovittatus (b, far SW). Unmistakable by yellow eye, buff underparts, and black-and-white tail. Skin on sides of throat inflatable (b). Rich repertoire, including high, liquid, rapid “wicwicwic,” low, calm “woí-woí-woí,” and nasal, mewing “wrèh-wrèh-wrèh.” Also duets in two-voiced, liquid “woi-woi-woi” together with toneless scratching, like “zzeh-zzeh-zzeh.”

158.2 BICOLORED WREN (Garrincha-dos-lhanos) Campylorhynchus griseus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Unmistakable by broad white sub-terminal tail band (distinct from below) and white (pale gray or buff-tinged in Juv.) underparts and eyebrow. Bold. ♣ Semiarid woodland and scrub (even in towns). Also palm groves. Song: basically vocalizes in duet, such as very low, guttural, chattering, mid-high, liquid “wit-tur-trit-” or low, guttural, chattering “wraf-wratter-vraf-wràh- -.”

1047

158.3 THRUSH-LIKE WREN (Catatau) Campylorhynchus turdinus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Three sspp.: unicolor (a, Pantanal region), Amazonian hypostictus (b), and E Nom. (not shown, intermediate between a and b). Note large size, relatively long bill, pale eyebrow, and rather uniform (a) or conspicuously dark-spotted (b) underparts. ♣ Canopy and edge of humid lowland forest and nearby second growth. Also gallery forest, palm groves, parks. Call: “kets kets kets-kets,” sounding like 2 pebbles struck together; song: low “tjow tjów-tjow-tjow” (2nd part also with 2 × “tjow”), given in duet.

158.4 TOOTH-BILLED WREN (Cambaxirra-cinzenta) Odontorchilus cinereus L 4.7 in./12 cm. Gnatcatcherlike (Pl. 179), but note barred tail and brownish tinge to crown. ♣ Canopy of humid forest (esp. terra firme). Up to 500 m. Song: very high, rattling trill (1 sec) or very/extr. high joined series of 4 “jee” notes.

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158.5 SEDGE (or Grass) WREN (Corruíra-do-campo) Cistothorus platensis L 3.9 in./10 cm. Small. Streaked back diagnostic. ♣ Cerrado, grassland, marshes. Song: partitioned or continuous series of short, very/extr. high notes such as high rattles, sharp trills, sparrowlike “tr-tr-tr-tr,” and nasal “zèzèzèzè.”

158.6 MOUSTACHED WREN (Garrinch o-pai-avô) Thryothorus genibarbis L 6.3 in./16 cm. From 158.7 by more white on face and black-bordered white malar. Differs from 158.8–158.10 by stronger facial markings and plain wings. ♣ Undergrowth of forest, dense vegetation at rivers or lakes, caatinga, palm groves. Call: nasal, irritated “teeyr”; song: rapid, varied series–(often in duet) with repetitive notes, most notes ending with low “tjow-tjow” or “tjow-tjow-tjow”; also may be “Eeh-wi-tjow-tjow” (3–5 ×) or “fuWeeuh-tjow-tjow” notes.

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158.7 CORAYA WREN (Garrinch o-coraia) Thryothorus coraya L 5.9 in./15 cm. Black sides of face (usually with faint white streaks) diagnostic. Chest gray in W. ♣ Undergrowth of humid forest and second growth. Up to 1850 m. Vocalizations varied. Call: e.g., short, strong rattle; song: strong, rich, continuous series with notes such as characteristic gliding “tuweeit” and short rattles like low, high, or very high “djipdjip---” or “tjiptjiptjip” notes.

158.8 BUFF-BREASTED WREN (Garrinch o-de-barriga-vermelha) Thryothorus leucotis L 5.5 in./14 cm. Note barred wings, distinct white eyebrow, and faintly black-streaked white cheeks. C ssp. rufiventris shown; N sspp. less rufescent above. Cf. 158.6, 158.9, and 158.10. ♣ Undergrowth of forest (avoids interior of terra firme), woodland, second growth, mangrove. Prefers areas near water. Up to 950 m.

Call: “fju-djEw” (“fju” high, inhaled);

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song: continuous, vigorous series of 4–6 × repeated, high, strong, melodious notes, like “Tjer-oh-werrr” or “wur-Tjer.”

158.9 FAWN-BREASTED WREN (Garrincha-do-oeste) Thryothorus guarayanus L 5.5 in./14 cm. Differs from very similar 158.8 (limited contact possible) by stronger marked cheeks, buffier throat, and less rufescent upperparts. ♣ Undergrowth of forest (várzea, semiarid, dry, or riverine), second growth. Prefers areas near water. Up to 400 m. Song: 3-stepped, calm “tseew tjew tjew” series (1st thin step highest).

158.10 LONG-BILLED WREN (Garrinch o-de-bico-grande) Thryothorus longirostris L 5.9 in./15 cm. Resembles 158.8 (limited contact possible), but bill longer. No overlap with 158.9. ♣ Undergrowth of forest, dense woodland, mangrove, dense shrub. Up to 900 m.

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Call:e.g., high, melodious

“turrut”; song: calm series of melodious, repeated (2–8 ×) notes, like “Tée-tjur” or “Wée-wit-wudr.” En.

Donacobius / Wrens

1052

Plate 159

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159.1 GRAY WREN (Garrincha-cinza) Thryothorus griseus L 4.7 in./12 cm. Distinctively short tailed and gray. ♣ Tangled undergrowth in clearings and at edge of várzea and woodland. Up to 200 m. En.

159.2 (Southern) HOUSE WREN (Corruíra) Troglodytes (aedon) musculus L 4.7 in./12 cm. Small. No distinctive features, but note faint grayish buff eyebrow and barred wings and tail. ♣ Virtually any open to semiopen habitat. Often near humans. Song: highly varied; e.g., short series, often starting with some soft, mumbled, run-together notes, finishing with a short, powerful rattle, like nasal “tju-ru-che-che-WuDDDDR.”

159.3 TEPUI WREN (Corruíra-do-tepui) Troglodytes rufulus L 4.7 in./12 cm. Gray-throated and gray-breasted ssp. wetmorei (a, SW part of range) and all-rufous Nom. (b, NE

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part of range) shown. Resembles 159.2, but more chestnut. ♣ Undergrowth of forest and brushy areas; 1000–2800 m.

159.4 WHITE-BREASTED WOOD-WREN (Uirapuru-de-peito-branco) Henicorhina leucosticta L 4.3 in./ 11 cm. Distinctive facial pattern and short tail. Not in range of larger, longer-tailed 158.6. ♣ Undergrowth and borders of humid forest; second growth. Up to 1100 m. Song: short, rapid, powerful, rich series of 2–4 × repeated notes, like high, rapid “fífifi-wruh” (1st part higher) or staccato “wéeh-wéeh-wéeh.”

159.5 SCALY-BREASTED NIGHTINGALE (or Southern Nightingale) WREN (Wren) (Uirapuru-veado) Microcerculus marginatus L 4.3 in./11 cm. Contrasting dark brown above, white below with scaled, mottled brown flanks. ♣ Low levels in humid lowland forest. Song: very beautiful, calm, fluted melody of single, pure notes, as if sung from sheet music.

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159.6 FLUTIST WREN (Flautista-do-tepui) Microcerculus ustulatus L 4.7 in./12 cm. Uniform dark rufous brown with very short tail. Cf. leaftossers (Pl. 100). ♣ Low levels in humid forest; 850–2100 m. Song: as 159.5; an unbelievable songster, fluting as if calmly varying on an existing song.

159.7 WING-BANDED WREN (Uirapuru-de-asa-branca) Microcerculus bambla L 4.7 in./12 cm. Generally unmistakable by wing bands. Cf.

108.5. ♣ Low levels in

humid forest. Up to 1500 m. Song: e.g., a rapid series of 5–7, level-pitched, very beautifully fluted notes, long pause, one beautiful note, long pause, then a rapid series of fluted notes.

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159.8 MUSICIAN WREN (Uirapuru-verdadeiro) Cyphorhinus arada L 5.1 in./13 cm. Three groups: W modulator group (a, with rufous breast, throat, forecrown, and eyebrow), NE Nom. group (b, with white eyebrow and distinctive black-and-white collar) and C ssp. griseolateralis (c, rather intermediate between a and b, but grayer below). Note barring to wings, unlike leaftossers (Pl. 100) and various Antbirds. ♣ Low levels in humid forest. Up to 1000 m. Song: jumble of low, almost toneless gobbles and much higher series of 4–6 clear, different-pitched, fluted notes.

NOTE:

the following 2 species are not members of the wren family, but belong to the gnatcatcher family (Pl. 179). 159.9 COLLARED GNATWREN (Bico-assovelado-de-coleira) Microbates collaris L 4.3 in./11 cm. Unmistakable by facial pattern and very long bill. ♣ Undergrowth of terra firme. Up to 500 m.

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Call/song: very

high, loud, sharp, gliding-down “péeeee”; also “tjeu-tjeu pueéh-pueéh.”

159.10 LONG- (or Straight-) BILLED GNATWREN (Bico-assovelado) Ramphocaenus mela nurus L 4.7 in./12 cm. Very long bill. No barring on tail or wings. ♣ Undergrowth of humid forest, woodland, forest borders. Up to 1500 m. Song: “tu-tututututu---” trill.

loud,

Wrens / Gnatwrens

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often

shrill,

rattling

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Plate 160 160.1 RUFOUS-BROWN SOLITAIRE (Sabiá-castanho) Cichlopsis leucogenys L 7.9 in./20 cm. Overall rufous-brown with cinnamon throat and buff vent. Upper mandible black; lower mandible yellow-orange. ♣ Arboreal in humid forest at elevations around 800 m in E; higher in the tepuis. Song: rapid sequences of inhaled “fff,” single “tjuw” and “tjeeh” notes, extr. high “see,” and trills and rattles, each sequence 2–3 sec; completely different sequences starting at intervals of 1–1.5 sec. R.

160.2 VEERY (Sabiá-norte-americano) Catharus fuscescens L 7.1 in./18 cm. Differs from 160.3 and 160.4 by more rufescent color and less distinct spotting below. ♣ Undergrowth of forest, secondary woodland; occasionally cerrado. Shy. Call: loud, downslurred “weuw.” Does not sing in South America.

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160.3 GRAY-CHEEKED THRUSH (Sabiá-de-cara-cinza) Catharus minimus L 7.1 in./18 cm. Cf. 106.4. ♣ Undergrowth of forest and second growth. Shy. Call: very/extr. high, thin, slightly raspy “veer.” Does not sing in South America.

160.4 SWAINSON’S THRUSH (Sabiá-de-óculos) Catharus ustulatus L 7.1 in./18 cm. Differs from 160.3 by bold buff eyering and lores (“spectacles”) and brownish (not grayish) cheeks, but has similar distinct spots on chest. As 160.2 and 160.3, has pale bar (a) across underside of wing. ♣ Mid- to lower levels of forest (esp. near edge), second growth. Shy. Call: high liquid “wic”; song: e.g., very high, liquid “wir-oh-wir-sreeh-sreeh” and variations.

160.5 YELLOW-LEGGED THRUSH (Sabiá-una) Turdus (or Platycichla) flavipes L 7.9 in./20 cm. unmistakable. with plain olive-brown upperparts, faintly streaked throat, and yellow eyering. ♣ Mainly arboreal in humid forest, woodland,

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and shaded plantations. Up to 2000 m (only above 1000 m in N). Song: short series (2–8 notes) at 1-sec intervals, like “wioh-wir wee” or “fee-tje-wee fee-tje-wee,” many with sharp, extr. high “sjee” overtones; all series loud and energetic, but often rather squeaky.

160.6 PALE-EYED THRUSH (Sabiá-preto) Turdus (or Platycichla) leucops L 7.9 in./20 cm.

unmistakable.

resembles 160.5, but iris pale gray (or light brown: juv?) and lacks eyering, streaks on throat, and olive tinge above. Also cf.

160.8. ♣ Mainly arboreal in humid forest and

woodland; 1000–1800 m. Song: very/extr. high, short series at 1- to 2-sec intervals; each series mainly as a twittered sizzle, occasionally mixed with some lower notes.

160.7 EASTERN SLATY-THRUSH (Sabiá-ferreiro) Turdus (nigriceps) subalaris L 7.9 in./20 cm.

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gray (sometimes

tinged olive); throat distinctly streaked and with white crescent below. resembles 161.1 (no overlap), but with narrow yellow eyering and bill yellowish brown. Also cf. 161.7b. ♣ Arboreal in forest (incl. Araucaria), tall woodland, high trees in gardens, plantations. Mainly below 1000 m. Call: e.g., high, slightly upslurred “tweet”; song: short series of 2–6 descending, weak, squeaky notes, given at 5- to 6-sec intervals, like “twee twee sri-sri-sri” or “turrit-twee-twee-twee.”

160.8 BLACK-HOODED THRUSH (Sabiá-de-cabeça-preta) Turdus olivater L 9.8 in./25 cm. distinctive. as 160.5, but underparts uniform (belly not paler). ♣ Humid forest, second growth; 900–2600 m. Call: high, short “twec”; song: double notes like extr. high “seesee” or high, slightly nasal “wecwec” at intervals of 1 sec.

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160.9 RUFOUS-BELLIED THRUSH (Sabiá-laranjeira) Turdus rufiventris L 9.8 in./25 cm. Unmistakable by rufous belly. ♣ Woodland, savanna, second growth, forest edge, shrub, riverine growth, parks, gardens, agricultural areas. Up to 2200 m. Song: rather long, calm series of fluted notes (like “tju-tju-tjeé tjutu- -,” 7–18 sec) at intervals of 2–5 sec. Note: This species is the national bird of Brazil.

160.10 PALE-BREASTED THRUSH (Sabiá-barranco) Turdus leucomelas L 9.8 in./25 cm. Grayish head contrasting with olive-brown back diagnostic, but some without or little gray to head (a). ♣ Woodland, second growth, wooded savanna, forest edge, shrub, riverine growth, palm groves, plantations, parks, gardens. Up to 1500 m, locally higher. Song: as 160.9, but most notes repeated two or three times.

Solitaire / Veery / Thrushes

1064

Plate 161

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161.1 BLACK-BILLED THRUSH (Caraxué-de-bico-preto) Turdus ignobilis L 7.9 in./20 cm. Dull olive-brown with faintly streaked throat, blackish bill, and no yellow eyering. Cf. 160.7, 161.2, and 161.7b. ♣ Forest edge, woodland, wooded areas in savanna, plantations, parks, gardens. Up to 2000 m. Call: soft “wuc” or “wic”; song: loud, shrill, hurried “turre,” “tu-re-weét” and similar phrases in series lasting 3–25 sec.

161.2 CREAMY-BELLIED THRUSH (Sabiá-poca) Turdus amaurochalinus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Dull olive-brown with diagnostic dark lores. Throat strongly streaked with white crescent below. Bill yellow (a) to dusky (b). ♣ Woodland, savanna, second growth, forest edge, shrub, parks, gardens, agricultural areas. Mainly in lowlands. Song: simple, little varied, yet musical series with short notes, like “tjurre,” “wurr,” “tjeeh,” and “tjut-tjeé.”

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161.3 LAWRENCE’S THRUSH (Caraxué-de-bico-amarelo) Turdus lawrencii L 7.9 in./20 cm. Resembles 161.5, but darker and with yellow eyering and bill (bill dusky in ). ♣ Mainly arboreal in humid forest. Inconspicuous. Up to 800 m. Song: loud, calm, melodious, richly varied series of short and longer notes, mainly perfect imitations of other bird species. May sing for many hours.

161.4 COCOA THRUSH (Sabiá-da-mata) Turdus fumigatus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Rich rufous overall with faintly streaked throat, dusky bill, and no eyering. ♣ Humid forest, woodland, shaded plantations, gardens. Inconspicuous. Up to 1000 m. Song: very long series of short, musical but little-varied, yodeling notes like “tju-you-widuh,” without intervals.

161.5 HAUXWELL’S THRUSH (Sabiá-bicolor) Turdus hauxwelli L 7.9 in./20 cm. Very similar to 161.4 (limited overlap), but less rufescent overall, and vent and belly usually 1067

whiter. Also cf. 161.3. ♣ Humid forest and woodland. Inconspicuous. Up to 800 m. Song: long series of simple, one- or two-noted fluted notes and trills, like “yuyu,” “wheét” and “bee-bíh,” with very short intervals.

161.6 SPECTACLED (or bare- or yellow- eyed-) THRUSH (Caraxué) Turdus nudigenis L 7.9 in./20 cm. Unmistakable by broad yellow eyering. ♣ Forest edge, woodland, open areas with scattered woods, plantations, gardens. Up to 1000 m. Call: squeaky, stepping-up “wur-hèh”; song: series of little-varied notes, like “tjuwur-wirwur” (2nd part higher), given in groups of three.

161.7 WHITE-NECKED THRUSH (Sabiá-coleira) Turdus albicollis L 7.9 in./20 cm. Two groups: S and E Nom. group (a, with at least lower mandible yellow and flanks rufous; tawny in NE) and Amazonian phaeopygus group (b, with dusky bill and gray chest/flanks contrasting with brown

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upperparts). Both with strongly streaked throat with white crescent below and yellow or orange eyering. ♣ Low levels in forest, woodland, second growth. Up to 1500 m. Song: listless series of hardly varied “wuhuh tíuh” (“tíuh” higher pitched).

161.8 TROPICAL MOCKINGBIRD (Sabiá-da-praia) Mimus gilvus L 9.8 in./25 cm. Upperparts uniform pale gray. ♣ Semi-open country, savanna, scrub, towns. Mainly near the coast, but up to 1300 m in Roraima. Call: high, sharp, staccato “tjiptjip”; song: series of short, hurried, 4–6-noted, 2–4 × repeated phrases, like “t’peet-t’peet,” “peétje-durr,” or “peepeepee-pirreép.”

161.9 CHALK-BROWED MOCKINGBIRD (Sabiá-do-campo) Mimus saturninus L 9.8 in./25 cm. Browner, more mottled than 161.8 and with distinct blackish postocular streak. Often brownish buff below. ♣ Open areas

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with trees, scrub, towns. Up to 1000 m. Call: slightly upslurred “tjer”; song: slow series of high, one-noted to much longer notes, like “wir,” “kruts,” “wrrrir-wrrrir-wrrrir,” “drip-drip,” and “uche-uche-uche” at 0.5- to 1-sec intervals.

161.10 WHITE-BANDED MOCKINGBIRD (Calhandra-de-tr s-rabos) Mimus triurus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Note wing pattern and rufes-cent rump. ♣ Open woodland, open country with scattered trees and bush, settlements. Up to 500 m. Sustained, leisurely series of upslurred “wrrrh” notes, almost-rattles, squeaks, like “èèèh,” shrieks, short rolls, like “trrrr,” loud “wééééh” notes, nasal “wèh” notes, and very high “wééh-wééh” notes.

Thrushes / Mockingbirds

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Plate 162 NOTE:

Oropendolas and Caciques: nests distinctive and pendulous. All except 162.7 and 162.9 are colonial. Note yellow in tail of the oropendolas (most distinctive from below and in flight). 162.1 GREEN OROPENDOLA (Japu-verde) Psarocolius viridis L 19.7 in./50 cm ( ), 13.8 in./35 cm ( ). Mainly yellowish olive with pale bill. ♣ Canopy of humid forest. Up to 500 m. Call: varied; e.g., “tjak tjaktjak” notes; song: fast, rising, gobbling “rrrrrrrrrúh,” ending in gurgling “ronc-ronc-ronc-ronc.”

162.2

BAND-TAILED

OROPENDOLA

(Japu-de-rabo-verde) Cacicus latirostris L 13.8 in./35 cm ( ), 9.8 in./25 cm ( ). Note black terminal band on tail and brown nape. Some birds lack gray on the upper mandible. ♣ River islands and várzea. Up to 300 m.

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162.3 RUSSET-BACKED OROPENDOLA (Japu-pardo) Psarocolius angustifrons L 17.7 in./45 cm ( ), 13.8 in./35 cm ( ). Dark brownish olive. Note black bill. ♣ Interior and clearings of humid forest, esp. along rivers. Up to 800 m. Song: short, rapid series of 4 ascending liquid notes “oup-op-pup-póp” (like dripping water).

162.4

CASQUED

OROPENDOLA

(Japu-de-capacete)

Cacicus oseryi L 13.8 in./35 cm ( ), 11.8 in./30 cm ( ). Uniform chestnut upperparts. Note swollen pale bill. ♣ Mainly in canopy of terra firme, less so in várzea. Up to 400 m. Call: varied; e.g., “ugh,” like a hoarse, barking dog or a chicken in distress, or parrotlike shrieks, starting very high, then lowered, like “sree-eh” or a liquid “clokclok-wít-je-wèr.”

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162.5

CRESTED

OROPENDOLA

(Japu)

Psarocolius

decumanus L 17.7 in./45 cm ( ), 13.8 in./35 cm ( ). Large. Very dark with contrasting pale bill and yellow tail, esp. in flight. ♣ Humid forest, woodland, agricultural land with scattered trees. Up to 1200 m. Song: very complex, including very high, rapid, staccato flutes and liquid curls. Also “blobblob-Tjée-ow” (1st part deeply gobbled).

162.6 OLIVE (or Amazonian) OROPENDOLA (Japuaçu) Psarocolius bifasciatus L 19.7 in./50 cm ( ), 15.7 in./40 cm ( ). Three sspp.: yuracares (a, widespread) and Nom. Pará Oropendola (b, near Belém) shown. Not shown ssp. neivae (Río Tocantins area) intermediate. Note orange-tipped dark bill and pink cheeks. ♣ Canopy and edge of humid forest, mainly terra firme. Up to 500 m. Call: liquid, hiccupping “wec”; song: rapid, liquid “wdrdrdr-di-drrów” (1st part esp. hard to describe; soft, very short “di” slightly lower).

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162.7 SOLITARY BLACK CACIQUE (Iraúna-de-bico-branco) Procacicus (or Cacicus) solitarius L 9.8 in./25 cm. Dark eyes diagnostic. ♣ Dense vegetation at lower levels of edges of forest and woodland, esp. along rivers and lakes. Up to 500 m. Call: high, sudden “wrèèew”; also short, hoarse rattles; song: series of short, incoherent rattles and very high, squeaky “tjew-tjew-tjee-tjow-tjeh- -.”

162.8

RED-RUMPED

CACIQUE

(Guaxe)

Cacicus

haemorrhous L 11.8 in./30 cm ( ), 7.1 in./25 cm ( ). cm. Note bluish eyes (brown in Imm.) and red rump (often difficult to see when perched). ♣ Forest canopy and borders, woodland. Up to 1000 m. Call/song: unstructured series of high, hoarse “sreek sreek -” notes (not unlike barking of small dog).

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162.9 GOLDEN-WINGED CACIQUE (Tecel o) Cacicus chrysopterus L 7.9 in./20 cm ( ), 7.1 in./18 cm ( ). Limited overlap with 162.10, which has yellow vent and blue eyes. Also cf. 165.1. ♣ Woodland, riverine belts, humid forest. Up to 2000 m. Call: varied; e.g., mewing “èyeh” or thin, slightly upslurred “whee”; song: short series of liquid single and double notes, often completed by a very high, sharp “sheeshee.”

162.10 YELLOW-RUMPED CACIQUE (Xexéu) Cacicus cela L 11.8 in./30 cm ( ), 7.1 in./25 cm ( ). Note yellow vent and basal third of tail. ♣ Forest borders (esp. várzea), woodland, and areas with scattered trees (incl. towns). Up to 900 m. Song: unstructured series of single or double croaks and parrotlike chatters.

1076

Oropendolas / Caciques

1077

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Plate 163 163.1 FORBES’S BLACKBIRD (Anumará) Curaeus forbesi L 9.8 in./25 cm. Differs from slightly more glossy 163.2 by straighter, longer bill without groove. ♣ Forest edge, marshes, and sugarcane plantations up to 600 m. Noisy. Call / song: short, dry rattles and series of chattering “twets” notes, often sounding like clicking pebbles. En, R.

163.2 CHOPI BLACKBIRD (Graúna) Gnorimopsar chopi L 9.8 in./25 cm. Like 163.1 with lanceolated feathers on nape and slightly curved bill with groove in lower mandible. ♣ Cultivation, pastures, fields, marsh. Up to 1000 m. Call/ song: loud, explosive “tjouw,” single or in unstructured series at varying pitch.

163.3 VELVET-FRONTED GRACKLE (Iraúna-velada) Lampropsar tanagrinus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Black with slight

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bluish gloss above. Tail rather long. Note range and habitat. ♣ Várzea, marshy lake edges. Up to 400 m. Call: dry croaks and “tjew” notes; song: repetitions and variations of very high, rather sharp, yet liquid “tjuw wutwut-tjuweét.”

163.4 MOUNTAIN (or Golden-tufted) GRACKLE (Iraúna-da-guiana) Macroagelaius imthurni L 11.8 in./30 cm ( ), 9.8 in./25 cm ( ). Note long tail. Tufts diagnostic (often hidden when perched). ♣ Canopy and edge of humid forest on the tepuis. Song: high, ascending, gurgling, flowing “tjirrder-t1eh-de-Wúr.”

163.5 SCREAMING COWBIRD (Vira-bosta-picum ) Molothrus rufoaxillaris L 7.5 in./19 cm. Sexes similar. Very like

163.6, but less glossy and bill shorter. Juv. as 164.1. ♣

Shrubby areas, pastures, towns. Up to 1000 m.

1080

Call: nasal

“chat” or very high “scree”; song: “pruk si-sleé” (1st part low-pitched).

163.6 SHINY COWBIRD (Vira-bosta) Molothrus bonariensis L 7.9 in./20 cm. Usually in groups that contain both the strongly violet-glossed gray (rarely black)

and the dull brownish

. If seen singly (infrequent), cf.

163.2, 163.3, 163.5, and

to

Tachyphonus Tanagers (Pl. 169);

cf. to 164.9. ♣ Wide variety of semiopen and open habitats, incl. towns. Spreading with forest clearance. Up to 2000 m. Song: unstructured, rather quiet series of soft bubbling and very high “sree” notes in hurried phrases.

163.7

GIANT

COWBIRD

(Iraúna-grande)

Molothrus

oryzivorus L 15.7 in./40 cm ( ), 11.8 in./30 cm ( ). Large size and thick-necked jizz diagnostic. Eyes pale yellow (a) or dark red (b). ♣ Wide variety of wooded and forested habitats.

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Often at river banks. Associated with oropendola and cacique ssp., which it parasitizes. Song: generally silent, occasionally series of low notes, often transposed in extr. high, loud, chattering “wèh wèhwèh tsjeéptsjeép,” or very high, rhythmic, piped “peeeeh pee-dee-pih.”

163.8 CARIB

GRACKLE

(Iraúna-do-norte)

Quiscalus

lugubris L 9.8 in./25 cm. ( ), 7.9 in./20 cm. ( ). Unmistakable by wedge-shaped tail. Juv. with dark eyes. ♣ Semiopen areas near the coast, incl. mangrove and towns. Up to 300 m. Song: very high, gliding-down, partly mewing “tjeeuw” notes, often in “tjeeuw-tjewtjewtjew” series.

163.9 YELLOW-WINGED BLACKBIRD (Sargento) Agelasticus (or Chrysomus) thilius L 7.1 in./18 cm. Yellow shoulder of

diagnostic (no overlap with similar sspp. of

165.1), but yellow area often small and inconspicuous.

1082

heavily streaked. ♣ Reed beds at marshes and lakes. Song: varied; short, nasal, hurried phrases, like “titi-tjeuh” or “tiwi-tjew.”

163.10 UNICOLORED BLACKBIRD (Carret o) Agelasticus (or Chrysomus) cyanopus L 7.5 in./19 cm. Note long, straight bill. uniform glossy black (all races). variable; SC Nom. (a, yellowish below, upperparts black and rufous), NE ssp. xenicus (b, dark brownish black. Imm. male similar), and SE atroolivaceus (c, brownish with yellow-buff throat). from other blackbirds and grackles by bill shape and habitat. distinctive; amount of dusky streaking below of Nom. variable between none and more dense than shown. ♣ Reed beds. Up to 500 m. notes.

Song: calm or hurried series of “chew”

Blackbirds / Grackles / Cowbirds

1083

1084

Plate 164 164.1 BAY-WINGED COWBIRD (Asa-de-telha) Agelaioides badius L 7.5 in./19 cm. Generally unmistakable, but Juv. 163.5 very similar. No overlap with 164.2. ♣ Scrubby areas, pastures, open woodland. Call: high, sharp “wits”; song: 4–5 sec series of very high twittering, interspersed with short, inhaled trills. En.

164.2 PALE BAYWING (Asa-de-telha-pálido) Agelaioides fringillarius L 7.5 in./19 cm. Often considered a ssp. of 164.1 (no overlap), but paler. ♣ Caatinga forest and woodland, scrubby areas.

Call: sharp “ritz” (as 164.5). En.

164.3 RED-BREASTED BLACKBIRD (Polícia-inglesa-do-norte) Sturnella militaris L 7.5 in./19 cm. Cf. 164.4. ♣ Grassland, pastures, rice fields. Spreading with forest clearance. Up to 1200 m. 1085

Voice similar to 164.12.

164.4 WHITE-BROWED BLACKBIRD (Polícia-inglesa-do-sul) Sturnella superciliaris L 7.1 in./18 cm. from 164.3 by white eye-stripe. resembles a large, streaked sparrow with barred tail and reddish tinge below; not reliably separable from 164.3. Compare 164.6 and 164.7. ♣ Grasslands, usually damp. Spreading with forest clearance. Up to 2000 m. Song: normally starting with “t-zeeeeeee,” followed by loose assemblages of soft yet emphasized nasal “thit” and “tjew” notes, toneless, inhaled hisses, and extr. high “seet” notes.

164.5 EASTERN MEADOWLARK (Pedro-ceroulo) Sturnella magna L 7.9 in./20 cm. Unmistakable by jizz and general color pattern. ♣ Open areas, mainly grassland. Call: soft, almost toneless “wwwwrwttttu-tjew” trill; song: very high, descending, soft “fee-fee-tju-wuw” and variations.

1086

164.6 PAMPAS (or Lesser Red-breasted) MEADOWLARK (Peito-vermelho-grande) Sturnella defilippii L 7.9 in./20 cm. Note long bill and red underparts (less in susceptible to overgrazing. Up to 500 m.

). ♣ Grassland,

164.7 BOBOLINK (Triste-pia) Dolichonyx oryzivorus L 7.1 in./18 cm. arrive in Brazil in N-br plumage, but moult into Br plumage during northbound migration from March onward. differ from 164.3 and 164.4 by unbarred tails. Note sharp points of tail feathers in all plumages. ♣ Marsh, rice fields, tall grass. Up to 2500 m, normally lower. Call: metallic-sounding “pink.”

1087

164.8 YELLOW-HOODED BLACKBIRD (Iratauá-pequeno) Chrysomus icterocephalus L 7.1 in./18 cm.

unmistakable;

has diagnostic yellow throat. ♣ Marsh and tall grass at or near rivers. Up to 400 m and above. Call: low or high “shit”; song: high to extr. high, scratchy or shrill, partly inhaled or nasal phrases, like “sreeeeet-tuituitui.”

164.9

CHESTNUT-CAPPED

BLACKBIRD

Chrysomus ruficapillus L 7.5 in./19 cm.

(Garibaldi)

unmistakable.

nondescript, but note ochre-buff throat, unlike

163.6. ♣

Marshes, reed beds, rice fields. Up to 850 m. Call: “chew” and slow chatter; song: “tip-tip cheeeeeeer” (1st part soft and low, 2nd descending part very/extr. high).

1088

164.10 SCARLET-HEADED BLACKBIRD (Cardeal-do-banhado) Amblyramphus holosericeus L 9.8 in./ 25 cm. Unmistakable by color pattern. ♣ Extensive reed beds. Call: soft “cheh cheh -”; song: short phrases like “viti-tju viddertjuuh” (“vi” extr. high and sharp, “tju” slightly nasal).

Cowbird / Baywing Meadowlarks

/

Blackbirds

1089

/

Bobolink

/

Plate 165 1090

165.1 EPAULET ORIOLE (Encontro) Icterus cayanensis L 7.9 in./20 cm. Five sspp.: Amazonian Nom. (a), E tibialis (b), and interior SE valenciobuensi (c) shown; not shown are S pyrrhopterus and periporphyrus, which resemble c. Bill blackish, unlike in caciques (Pl. 162). Rufous-brown shoulder of c often inconspicuous. ♣ Forest edge, woodland, and riverine belts up to 900 m. Call varied, often harsh “sreeh” or very high “tue”; song: slow series of single notes, like “tjeeuw,” “tih,” “tjeu,” “swee,” or “prrru,” continuous or organized in 5- to 8-noted groups, given at 1–2 sec intervals.

165.2 MORICHE ORIOLE (Rouxinol-do-rio-negro) Icterus chrysocephalus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Unmistakable by color pattern. Occasional hybrids with 165.1 occur. ♣ Woodland, forest borders, riverine belts. Associated with palm trees. Up to 900 m. Song: slow series of often repeated phrases with joined, high/very high “tju,” “tutwee,” or “wuut” notes.

1091

165.3 YELLOW ORIOLE (Jo o-pinto-amarelo) Icterus nigrogularis L 7.9 in./20 cm. Unmistakable by color pattern. ♣ Arid scrub, woodland, riverine belts, edge of mangrove. Up to 500 m. Song: melodious series of any length with high to extr. high, fluted notes, joined together or separately emphasized.

165.4

BALTIMORE

ORIOLE

Icterus galbula L 7.9 in./20 cm.

(Corrupião-de-baltimore) with olive upperparts and

striking white wing bars. ♣ Accidental visitor. Call: high, decisive “wíc!” or dry rattle. Does not or hardly sings in South America. V.

165.5 CAMPO TROUPIAL (Corrupi o) Icterus jamacaii L 9.8 in./25 cm. Differs from 165.6 by black (not orange) crown. Note pale eye and white wing-patch. ♣ Forest edge and borders, caatinga woodland.

1092

Call: “prru”; song: long,

slightly out-of-tune series of beautifully fluted, high to very high single notes, sometimes in short, rapid crescendos. En.

165.6 ORANGE-BACKED TROUPIAL (Jo o-pinto) Icterus croconotus L 9.8 in./25 cm. Note black scapulars and orange crown, nape, and mantle. ♣ Várzea, swamps and other areas near water. In SC also in woodland, even far from water. Up to 500 m.

165.7 SAFFRON-COWLED BLACKBIRD (Veste-amarela) Xanthopsar flavus L 7.5 in./19 cm.

unmistakable. Note

yellowish underparts, eyebrow, and shoulder of

. ♣ Open

marsh and grassland, pastures, fields. Up to 1000 m. Call: soft, muttered “chuk chukchuk - -”; song: high, unobtrusive, 3-noted phrases, like “t”jee-ohwee.” R.

1093

165.8 ORIOLE BLACKBIRD (Iratauá-grande) Gymnomystax mexicanus L 11.8 in./30 cm ( ), 9.8 in./25 cm ( ). Unmistakable by size and color pattern. ♣ Marshes and semiopen areas near rivers (incl. river islands). Up to 1000 m. Call: decisive “tsick”; song: unstructured scratchy, drawn-out, rising screeches.

165.9 YELLOW-RUMPED MARSHBIRD (Chopim-do-brejo) Pseudoleistes guirahuro L 9.8 in./25 cm. Differs from 165.10 by all-yellow flanks and rump. ♣ Marsh and grassland up to 1100 m. Song: short series of alternating loud “wheeet,” nasal “tjuh” notes, and short trills.

1094

165.10 BROWN-AND-YELLOW MARSHBIRD (Drag o) Pseudoleistes virescens L 9.8 in./25 cm. Underparts yellow with broad brown flanks. No rump-patch, unlike 165.1. ♣ Marsh, moist grassland, fields. Up to 300 m. soft, muttering “pup-purrít-pup-purrít- -.”

Orioles / Troupial / Blackbirds / Marshbirds

1095

Call: low,

1096

Plate 166 166.1 BROWN TANAGER (Sanhaçu-pardo) Orchesticus abeillei L 7.1 in./18 cm. Unusually colored for a tanager. Differs from 98.7 by stubby bill. ♣ Upperstory of humid forest. Sometimes in tall garden trees; 750–1600 m. Call: “tsit”; song: extr. high, twittering, like “tittsi-tseeh.” En, R.

166.2 CINNAMON TANAGER (Bico-de-veludo) Schistochlamys ruficapillus L 7.1 in./18 cm. Unmistakable by color pattern and black mask. ♣ Scrub in caatinga and cerrado, edge of woodland patches, gardens. Up to 1100 m. Call: nasal “njè”; song: high, simple, fluted “weét-weé-we weét-weé-we - -” (“we” lower).

166.3 BLACK-FACED TANAGER (Sanhaçu-de-coleira) Schistochlamys melanopis L 7.1 in./18 cm. Ad. unmistakable. Imm. (a) has yellow belly and partial eyering. ♣ Semiopen

1097

areas with scattered trees and bush, cerrado, woodland borders. Up to 1500 m. Song: high, simple “Weeé wewéetju-wi-wéetju - -” (not always starting with much higher, strong “Weeé”).

166.4 WHITE-BANDED TANAGER (Cigarra-do-campo) Neothraupis fasciata L 6.3 in./16 cm. Ad. unmistakable. Imm. (a, shown at smaller scale) brown above, yellowish buff below. ♣ Cerrado between 500 and 1100 m. Call: extr. high, excited but soft “chip” notes given by groups; song: simple, cheerful, very high, fluted series including “- ti-wi-wur - -.” R.

166.5 BLACK-GOGGLED TANAGER (Ti -de-topete) Trichothraupis melanops L 6.3 in./16 cm. Unmistakable by color pattern. ♣ Undergrowth of forest, second growth, and riverine belts. Below 1200 m. Call: extr. high, sharp, emphasized “tcip” or upslurred “pseee”; song: “tseee 1098

wer-sit-je” (1st part extr. high, 2nd part mid-high; each note emphasized). Also very long series with buzzes, whistles, short “ps” notes; the same note often repeated many times.

166.6 WHITE-RUMPED TANAGER (Bandoleta) Cypsnagra hirundinacea L 6.3 in./16 cm. Paler SW ssp. pallidigula (a, with short eyebrow) and C rufous-throated Nom. (b) shown. ♣ Cerrado and grassland with scattered low trees. Up to 1200 m. Call: very high, staccato “tchut”; song: excited duets of slightly nasal “tu-Tjúw” from one and a slow rattle from the other bird of a pair.

166.7 MAGPIE TANAGER (Tietinga) Cissopis leverianus L 11.8 in./30 cm. Unmistakable by size and pattern. SE ssp. major (not shown) has more black on back. ♣ Forest edge and clearings. Up to 1400 m. Call: sweeping “Péet”; song: e.g., very/extr. high “tsee-ter-tsee-tseet- -,” as repeated series.

1099

166.8

BLACK-AND-WHITE

TANAGER

(Ti

-preto-e-branco) Conothraupis speculigera L 6.3 in./16 cm. with gray rump and flanks. Differs from smaller

182.1 by

bill shape. rather nondescript with pale yellow underparts and faintly streaked breast. ♣ Woodland, forest edge. Up to 1400 m. Song: series of stressed “chic-up” notes and “sree-sree” double notes. R.

166.9

CONE-BILLED

TANAGER

Conothraupis mesoleuca L 5.5 in./14 cm. range, black flanks, and gray-white bill.

(Ti -bicudo) from

166.8 by

Uniform dark

brown with heavy bill. ♣ Gallery woodland, cerrado. Voice: insufficient information; recording withheld to avoid luring this critically endangered species by playback. En, R.

1100

166.10 RED-BILLED PIED TANAGER (Pipira-de-bico-vermelho) Lamprospiza melanoleuca L 6.7 in./17 cm. Unmistakable by pied pattern and red bill (dusky in Juv.) ♣ Canopy and borders of várzea up to 600 m. Call: e.g., very high “zeezee” or “zeezee-tju” (much lower “tju” probably the answer of the bird’s mate).

Tanagers

1101

Plate 167

1102

167.1 ORANGE-HEADED TANAGER (Saí-canário) Thlypopsis sordida L 5.1 in./13 cm. Note orange head and gray upperparts. Underparts gray in W. ♣ Riverine belts, woodland, cerrado. Up to 800 m. Song: e.g., slow, slightly descending series of “chif chef chif chef chih” notes.

167.2 SCARLET-THROATED TANAGER (Carret o) Compsothraupis loricata L 7.9 in./20 cm. Differs from blackbirds (Pl. 163–165) by bill shape. ♣ Caatinga, riverine belts, semiopen areas near water. Up to 700 m. Call/song: slow, unstructured series of harsh “tchaw” notes, given by group. En.

167.3 CHESTNUT-HEADED TANAGER (Cabecinha-castanha) Pyrrhocoma ruficeps L 5.5 in./14 cm. unmistakable.

olivaceous above with cinnamon-rufous

head. ♣ Undergrowth of forest. Up to 1100 m.

1103

Call: extr.

high, thin “sit”; song: extr. high, slightly descending “tsee-tsee-tsee-sui-sui.”

167.4

HOODED

TANAGER

Nemosia pileata L 5.1 in./13 cm.

(Saíra-de-chapéu-preto) unmistakable. Note

bicolored bill and pale lores of . ♣ Open woodland, riverine belts, clearings with scattered trees, plantations. Up to 600 m. Call: extr. high, thin “tsi”; dawn song: short, very high, thin, rapidly descending “ti-ti-ti-si-sui-sui-seeh.”

167.5 CHERRY-THROATED TANAGER (Saíra-apunhalada) Nemosia rourei L 5.5 in./14 cm. Unmistakable. ♣ Canopy of humid forest. En, R.

1104

167.6

GUIRA

TANAGER

(Saíra-de-papo-preto)

Hemithraupis guira L 5.1 in./13 cm.

unmistakable. Note

faint yellow eyering of ; not safely separable from 167.7.♣ Borders of humid forest, woodland, riverine belts. Up to 1500 m, locally higher. Song: very high, sharp, rapidly descending series of “feet” notes, at the end slowing down to a level “tju-tju-tju.”

167.7 RUFOUS-HEADED TANAGER (Saíra-ferrugem) Hemithraupis ruficapilla L 5.1 in./13 cm. similar to

unmistakable.

166.6. ♣ Forest borders, open woodland, second

growth. Up to 1100 m. Call: very high, dry “zip”; song: very high, level, hurried series of “sisi---” notes, slowing down slightly at the end. En.

1105

167.8

YELLOW-BACKED

TANAGER

(Saíra-galega)

Hemithraupis flavicollis L 5.1 in./13 cm. with varying amount of blackish mottling to breast and flank sides unmistakable. from 166.6 and 166.7 by yellower underparts and yellow edging of wing feathers. ♣ Forested mountain slopes; 900–1800 m. Call/song: single or series of nasal, upslurred “sreeeh” notes.

167.9 FULVOUS SHRIKE-TANAGER (Pipira-parda) Lanio fulvus L 7.1 in./18 cm.

unmistakable.

most likely

confused with Tachyphonus tanagers (Pl. 169). No overlap with 167.10. ♣ Humid forest, mainly terra firme. Up to 1300 m.

Call: descending “tieuw” or “ti-tieuw.”

1106

167.10

WHITE-WINGED

SHRIKE-TANAGER

(Pipira-de-asa-branca) Lanio versicolor L 6.3 in./16 cm. unmistakable. resembles various Tachyphonus tanagers (Pl. 169). No overlap with 167.9. ♣ High levels of terra firme. Up to 900 m. Call: extr. high “sweéh”; song: very high “tjee-tje-wit-je-neet?”

Tanagers / Shrike-Tanagers

1107

1108

Plate 168 168.1 OLIVE-GREEN TANAGER (Catirumbava) Orthogonys chloricterus L 7.1 in./18 cm. Rather large; uniform olive above, yellow below. ♣ Atlantic forest up to 1400 m. Call: short “tríp” or very high “sreee”; song: short, sometimes prolonged, rapid, mid-high twitter, like “wititi---.” En.

168.2 GRAY-HEADED TANAGER (Pipira-da-taoca) Eucometis penicillata L 7.1 in./18 cm. Twosspp.: SC albicollis (shown) and Amazonian Nom., with grayer throat and darker bill. Differs from smaller 169.5 by crest. ♣ Undergrowth of várzea, woodland, riverine belts. Usually near water. Mainly below 600 m. Call: soft, snappy “bits” notes; song: short, high, musical “wic vri-oh-vri-oh” or longer series of nasal “fuh-tjutju-weeh-te-tju-tetrit- -” notes.

1109

168.3 MASKED CRIMSON TANAGER (Pipira-de-máscara) Ramphocelus nigrogularis L 7.1 in./18 cm. Unmistakable. slightly duller than

. ♣ Várzea, shrubby areas. Mainly near

water. Call: sharp, thin “dzu”; song: high, happy-sounding “tja-tjowee-tja.”

168.4 SILVER-BEAKED TANAGER (Pipira-de-máscara) Ramphocelus carbo L 6.7 in./17 cm.

unmistakable; throat

of browner than 168.5 and darker than 173.9. ♣ Forest borders and clearings, towns. Often near water. Up to 1000 m. Call: high, snappy “chink”; song: very high, hurried, nasal “wutjeweét-tju-tjutju,” immediately repeated.

168.5 BRAZILIAN TANAGER (Ti -sangue) Ramphocelus bresilius L 7.1 in./18 cm. unmistakable. differs from 168.4 by grayer throat. ♣ Forest borders and clearings (esp.

1110

near water), towns. Up to 1000 m. single or in series.

Call: staccato “tju,”

168.6 BLUE-GRAY TANAGER (Sanhaçu-da-amazônia) Thraupis episcopus L 6.3 in./16 cm. N Nom. (a) and C ssp. coelestis (b) shown; a unique in range; b differs-from 168.7 by whitish shoulder. ♣ Semiopen areas, second growth, forest borders, savanna, towns. Up to 1500 m, occasionally highrer. Call: partly inhaled, extr. high and nasal notes, like “fuee,” “fui-tji” or “tjuw”; song: rapid, nasal twittering, like “tji-the-fu-the-feeéééh-tje-tju.”

168.7 SAYACA TANAGER (Sanhaçu-cinzento) Thraupis sayaca L 6.7 in./17 cm. Grayish blue with greenish blue flight-feathers. Cf. 168.6b and 168.8. ♣ Open woodland, cultivated areas, towns. Up to 2000 m. Song: unstructured series of very diverse quality, length, and pitch.

1111

168.8 AZURE-SHOULDERED TANAGER (Sanhaçu-de-encontro-azul) Thraupis cyanoptera L 7.1 in./18 cm. Bill relatively heavy. Not in range of 168.6. Differs from 168.7 by deep blue shoulder (often concealed), dusky lores, generally bluer above (incl. flight feathers), and turquoise tinge to flanks. ♣ Humid forest and nearby clearings. Up to 1600 m. Song: e.g., fluted “tweetwee,” as a rhythmic interruption of long series of very high, soft twittering. Also slow medleys of “see” and other notes of varying pitch. En, R.

168.9 GOLDEN-CHEVRONED TANAGER (Sanhaçu-de-encontro-amarelo) Thraupis ornata L 7.1 in./18 cm. Yellow shoulders diagnostic. ♣ Humid forest and nearby clearings, gardens. Up to 1750 m. Song: very/extr. high bursts of short, nervous twittering. En.

1112

168.10 PALM TANAGER (Sanhaçu-do-coqueiro) Thraupis palmarum L 6.7 in./17 cm. Wing pattern with dark flight feathers diagnostic. ♣ Forest, open woodland, second growth, esp. where there are palm trees, towns. Up to 1200 m, locally higher.

Song: bursts of extr. high twittering.

Tanagers

1113

Plate 169 1114

169.1

FLAME-CRESTED

TANAGER

Tachyphonus cristatus L 6.3 in./16 cm. orange-red crest and small throat-patch.

(Ti -galo)

unmistakable by buffy ochre below

with whiter throat. Resembles larger 167.9 and 168.1, but smaller billed and belly less yellowish. ♣ Middle and upperlevels of terra firme and várzea. Also nearby clearings. Up to 800 m. Call: extr. high “tee-tee-tee” or “see-see”; song: very/extr. high “see-see-see-turrr-tirr” series.

169.2 NATTERER’S TANAGER (Pipira-de-natterer) Tachyphonus nattereri L 5.9 in./15 cm. To date (2007) only known from two male specimens. Probably a variant of 169.1, but white shoulder-patch larger and throat black. ♣ Unknown. En.

169.3 YELLOW-CRESTED TANAGER (Tem-tem-de-crista-amarela) Tachyphonus rufiventer L 5.9

1115

in./15 cm.

Unmistakable. Dark chest band sometimes

missing. Note ochre-yellow underparts and tawny rump of . ♣ Middle and upperstories of terra firme and várzea. Up to 1200 m.

169.4 FULVOUS-CRESTED TANAGER (Tem-tem-de-topete-ferrugíneo) Tachyphonus surinamus L 6.3 in./16 cm. Crest of often concealed. has conspicuous broken eyering and gray head. ♣ Lower and middle strata of humid forest. Also adjacent clearings. Up to 900 m. low “turr-turr tjudr truit” and similar notes.

Call:

169.5 WHITE-SHOULDERED TANAGER (Tem-tem-de-dragona-branca) Tachyphonus luctuosus L 5.5 in./14 cm. unmistakable by conspicuous white shoulder. has yellow underparts and gray hood. Cf. larger 168.2. ♣ Middle and higher levels of terra firme and várzea, second

1116

growth, clearings with scattered trees. Up to 1100 m. Call/ song: extr. high “sfeesfeesfee” and very/extr. high, nasal “wheer wheer - -weersrup - -.”

169.6 RUBY-CROWNED TANAGER (Ti -preto) Tachyphonus coronatus L 6.3 in./16 cm. Note bicolored bill. Ruby crown of rarely visible. White underwings show in flight. Note relatively dull head and inconspicuous breast streaks of

. ♣ Open woodland, dense second growth,

plantations, suburbs. Up to 1200 m. Call: high, bouncing “trit-trit trit- -”; song: simple, high chirping “tjur wdit tjur -.”

169.7

WHITE-LINED

TANAGER

Tachyphonus rufus L 6.7 in./17 cm. no crown-patch;

similar to

(Pipira-preta) 169.6, but

is uniform rufous. ♣ Semi-open areas with

thickets, shrub, and scattered trees. Lowlands–1500 m. 1117

Call: high, sharp “chik”; song: slow, high, sharp “tju-tjed-tju-.”

169.8 RED-SHOULDERED TANAGER (Tem-tem-de-dragona-vermelha) Tachyphonus phoeniceus L 5.9 in./15 cm.

similar to

169.7, but with red spot on

shoulder (usually concealed); gray (back often browner) with whitish throat. ♣ Savanna, open woodland, riverine belts. Up to 400 m, locally much higher. staccato “tuh teh tuh - -.”

Call: low, soft, yet

169.9 BLUE-AND-YELLOW TANAGER (Sanhaçu-papa-laranja) Thraupis bonariensis L 6.3 in./16 cm. unmistakable; has stubby, bicolored bill, dull ochre-olive underparts, and faint bluish tinge to crown. ♣ Woodland, riverine belts, savanna, agricultural land, towns.

1118

Up to 2000 m. “tut-trrit-tut-trree-trut-trrit.”

Song:

very

high,

weak

169.10 BLUE-BACKED TANAGER (Pipira-azul) Cyanicterus cyanicterus L 6.7 in./17 cm. Unmistakable by color pattern. ♣ Canopy and edge of humid forest. Occasionally in savanna woodland. Up to 500 m. very high, sharp “feet-feet” or “feet-feet-feet.”

Tanagers

1119

Call:

Plate 170 1120

170.1 BLACK-BACKED TANAGER (Saíra-sapucaia) Tangara peruviana L 5.9 in./15 cm. Differs from 170.2 by black mantle.

not safely separable from

170.2. ♣ Coastal

forest, woodland, and scrub. Up to 700 m. “si.” En, R.

Call: extr. high

170.2 CHESTNUT-BACKED TANAGER (Saíra-preciosa) Tangara preciosa L 5.9 in./15 cm. dusky lores of

unmistakable; note

170.1 and 170.2. ♣ Forest (often with

Araucaria), second growth. Up to 1000 m. Call: extr. high “seeee”; song: very/extr. high “tututututu---tsrrrr,” starting as fast stutter and changing to rattled, slightly downslurred trill.

170.3 BURNISHED-BUFF TANAGER (Saíra-amarela) Tangara cayana L 5.5 in./14 cm. Two main groups; flava group (a, widespread) and Nom. group (b, N of Ri. Amazonas).

duller and lack black of

1121

. ♣ Cerrado,

with scattered trees, riverine belts, forest borders, gardens. Up to 1800 m. Call: extr. high, down-gliding “seeee”; song: “trup tree see-si-si---,” accelerating to an almost-trill.

170.4 BRASSY-BREASTED TANAGER (Saíra-lagarta) Tangara desmaresti L 5.1 in./13 cm. Unmistakable by green coloring of upperparts and by brassy breast. ♣ Humid Atlantic forest, second growth. Mainly 500–1800 m. “feefee-wi”; song: extr. high “iiiiiiiii.” En.

Call: extr. high

170.5 GILT-EDGED TANAGER (Saíra-douradinha) Tangara cyanoventris L 5.1 in./13 cm. Unmistakable by yellow head and turquoise-blue breast. ♣ Humid Atlantic forest, second growth; 400–1000 m. and soft twittering. En.

1122

Call: extr. high “tseé”

170.6 GREEN-AND-GOLD TANAGER (Saíra-ouro) Tangara schrankii L 4.7 in./12 cm. Distinctly patterned and colored. Note complicated face mask. ♣ Canopy and borders of terra firme and várzea; also in adjacent clearings. Up to 900 m. Call: extr. high “zit”; song: series of “zit” notes, occasionally changing in tempo.

170.7 YELLOW-BELLIED TANAGER (Saíra-de-barriga-amarela) Tangara xanthogastra L 4.7 in./12 cm. Note yellow belly and overall spotting. ♣ Canopy and borders of terra firme and várzea; also in adjacent clearings. Up to 1000 m.

Call: extr. high “sit-sit- -.”

1123

170.8 SPOTTED TANAGER (Saíra-negaça) Tangara punctata L 4.7 in./12 cm. Differs from 170.7 by whitish belly. Differs from 170.9 by bluish white ocular area. ♣ Canopy and borders of terra firme and várzea; also in adjacent clearings; 500–1500 m.

Call: extr. high “tip.”

170.9 SPECKLED TANAGER (Saíra-pintada) Tangara guttata L 4.7 in./12 cm. Note uniform turquoise wing edging and yellow head. ♣ Canopy and borders of terra firme and várzea; also in adjacent clearings. Mainly 700–1700 m. Call: extr. high (just audible) “tic” notes and short trills.

1124

170.10 DOTTED TANAGER (Saíra-carijó) Tangara varia L 4.3 in./11 cm. Small.

has bluish wings and faint spots on

chest. uniformly green with slightly yellow-tinged belly. Juv. 170.7 has yellower underparts, and Juvs. 170.8 and 1790.9 have paler underparts (esp. chest). Also cf. 176.5. ♣ Canopy and borders of terra firme and várzea; also in adjacent clearings. Up to 300 m. Call: extr. high (just within ear reach) “tic” notes and “sisisi.”

Tanagers

1125

Plate 171

1126

171.1 BLACK-HEADED TANAGER (Saíra-de-cabeçapreta) Tangara cyanoptera (whitelyi) L 5.1 in./13 cm.

distinctly

patterned; with gray streaks on throat and breast. ♣ Forest borders, clearings with scattered trees, second growth, plantations; 700–2300 m. descending “pic-pic-pic.”

Call: extr. high, rapid,

171.2 BLUE-NECKED TANAGER (Saíra-de-cabeça-azul) Tangara cyanicollis L 5.1 in./13 cm. Unmistakable by color pattern. ♣ Woodland, gardens, cultivations. Up to 2000 m. Call: extr. high “tsee tsee-tsee - -” at varying speed.

171.3 MASKED TANAGER (Saíra-mascarada) Tangara nigrocincta L 4.7 in./12 cm. Unmistakable by color pattern. ♣ Forest borders, shrubby clearings. Up to 900 m. high “tic tic - -.”

1127

Call: extr.

171.4 OPAL-RUMPED TANAGER (Saíra-diamante) Tangara velia L 5.1 in./13 cm. NE Nom. (a, with dark underparts) and SE ssp. cyanomelas Silvery-breasted Tanager (b, with straw-yellow front and pale blue underparts). Rufous belly diagnostic. ♣ Canopy and borders of humid forest. Also in nearby clearings. Up to 500 m, rarely higher. high, fine “tic tic - -.”

Call: extr.

171.5 OPAL-CROWNED TANAGER (Saíra-opala) Tangara callophrys L 5.5 in./14 cm. Unmistakable by pale front, eyebrow, and rump. ♣ Canopy and borders of terra firme and várzea; also in adjacent clearings. Up to 500 m.

1128

171.6 PARADISE TANAGER (Sete-cores-da-amazônia) Tangara chilensis L 5.1 in./13 cm. NE ssp. paradisea (a, NW coelicolor similar) and W Nom. (b, with all-red rump) shown. ♣ Canopy and borders of terra firme and várzea; also in adjacent clearings. Up to 1500 m. Call: extr. high, slighly rising, inhaled “feeee”; also communal chirping.

171.7 SEVEN-COLORED TANAGER (Pintor-verdadeiro) Tangara fastuosa L 5.1 in./13 cm. Unmistakable in its small range. ♣ Humid forest up to 550 m. and chattering in duet. En, R.

1129

Call: high, nasal “tjeu”

171.8 GREEN-HEADED TANAGER (Saíra-sete-cores) Tangara seledon L 5.1 in./13 cm. Unmistakable in its range. ♣ Humid forest interior and borders, second growth, gardens. Up to 1300 m. contact calls.

Call: soft, extr. high twittering; also nasal

171.9 RED-NECKED TANAGER (Saíra-militar) Tangara cyanocephala L 5.1 in./13 cm. Unmistakable by red neck. Nom. (a) and isolated ssp. cearensis (b, smaller, with dark throat-patch and blue uppertail coverts) shown. ♣ Humid forest and forest borders. Mainly 400–1000 m. Call: extr. high, sharp twittering, sometimes developing into a short, rolling song.

171.10 SWALLOW TANAGER (Saí-andorinha) Tersina viridis L 5.9 in./15 cm. and unmistakable by general color pattern and by flank barring. Erratic, sometimes numerous but may be absent for more than a year. ♣ Humid 1130

forest borders, woodland. Up to 1500 m, occasionally higher. Call: extr. high, slightly rising “sreee” or “t’sreee”; song: rapid series of alternating, extr. high “fee” and low, dry “teh.”

Tanagers

1131

Plate 172

1132

172.1 DIADEMED TANAGER (Sanhaçu-frade) Stephanophorus diadematus L 7.5 in./19 cm. Unmistakable by small red crest in front of white cap. ♣ Borders of montane forest, woodland, gardens, tall bush in marsh. Up to 2400 m. Call: dry “witch”; song: high, rich, slightly hurried, short series with notes of varying pitch, in which “tjú-o”Weét” is frequently used, esp. as ending (4–5 sec).

172.2 FAWN-BREASTED TANAGER (Saíra-viúva) Pipraeidea melanonota L 5.5 in./14 cm. Distinctly colored and patterned. Note all-buff underparts. ♣ Forest, woodland, riverine belts, bushy pastures. Up to 2050 m. high, rather slow series of “si” notes (2–3 sec).

Song: extr.

172.3 TURQUOISE TANAGER (Saíra-de-bando) Tangara mexicana L 5.5 in./14 cm. Unmistakable by yellow to creamy yellow underparts. ♣ Forest borders and clearings, woodland,

1133

gardens, plantations. Up to 500 m, higher in the tepuis. Call: extr. high, almost inaudible “si” at about 1-sec intervals.

172.4 WHITE-BELLIED TANAGER (Cambada-de-chaves) Tangara brasiliensis L 5.5 in./14 cm. Unmistakable. Often considered a ssp. of 172.3 (no overlap), but underparts whitish. ♣ Forest borders and clearings, woodland, gardens, plantations. Up to 500 m. 1-sec intervals.

Call: extr. high “stri” at about

172.5 BAY-HEADED TANAGER (Saíra-de-cabeça-castanha) Tangara gyrola L 4.7 in./12 cm. NE Nom. (a; W S sspp. rather similar) and C ssp. albertinae (b) shown. Essentially unmistakable. ♣ Canopy and borders of humid forest, clearings, and gardens with tall trees. Up to 1600 m. Call: soft “tjeu” or rapid “trip-trip-trip”; song: rapid “tictictic-tjùw.”

1134

172.6 RED-CRESTED CARDINAL (Cardeal) Paroaria coronata L 7.5 in./19 cm. Note crest and gray back. ♣ Semiopen areas with scrub and scattered trees. Often near water. Up to 500 m. Song: slow series of repeated and varied “tuweet you tutju-ru-ru” (intervals of about 1 sec within and between notes).

172.7 RED-CAPPED CARDINAL (Cardeal-da-amazônia) Paroaria gularis L 6.7 in./17 cm. Note bicolored bill. C ssp. cervicalis (not shown) as a, but lacks black around the eyes. Juv. (b) with dark bill, browner back, and buffy brown face and throat. ♣ Open and semiopen areas near water. Up to 400 m.

Dawn song: “weé-tju.”

1135

172.8 RED-COWLED CARDINAL (Cardeal-do-nordeste) Paroaria dominicana L 7.1 in./18 cm. Only cardinal in its range. Note pied pattern on back and wings. Juv. as Juv. 172.7, but with paler bill. ♣ Caatinga woodland and scrubby areas. Up to 1200 m. Song: series of high, strong, clear “tju, weetju” notes and short almost-rolls. En (also introduced to Fernando de Noronha).

172.9 YELLOW-BILLED CARDINAL (Cavalaria) Paroaria capitata L 6.7 in./17 cm. Note pinkish orange bill and legs and near-complete white collar. Juv. resembles Juv. 172.7. ♣ Marsh, flooded grassland, lake shores, river edges. Up to 500 m. Very high, “tju-weé-tju-tju-weé-tju-tju-weé-tju.”

1136

continuous

172.10 CRIMSON-FRONTED CARDINAL (Cardealde-goiás) Paroaria baeri L 6.7 in./17 cm. Nom. (a) and black-throated ssp. exinguensis (b) shown. Sides of neck lack white. Red in head pattern rather obscure. ♣ Open and semiopen areas near water. Up to 400 m. En.

Tanagers / Cardinals

1137

1138

Plate 173 173.1 BANANQUIT (Cambacica) Coereba flaveola L 4.3 in./ 11 cm. Note pronounced eyebrow and down-curved bill. ♣ Any habitat with trees (incl. towns). Avoids interior of dense humid forest. Up to 2000 m. Song: very/extr. high, rapid twittering with a lot of inhaled and nasal notes.

173.2 DULL-COLORED GRASSQUIT (Cigarra-parda) Tiaris obscurus L 4.3 in./11 cm. Sexes alike. Resembles 173.3, but paler grayish brown and bill usually bicolored (dark above, yellowish below). Does not usually associate with seedeaters; look for groups or pairs that only contain -plumaged individuals. ♣ Shrubby clearings and borders of woodland. Song: simple, very/extr. high, hurried “seesee-fili-sree.” R.

1139

173.3 SOOTY GRASSQUIT (Cigarra-do-coqueiro) Tiaris fuliginosus L 4.7 in./12 cm. Sooty, not glossy black; dull olive-brown with whitish belly; bill slender and conical (compared to Sporophila seedeaters) and usually dark, occasionally bicolored. Cf. 173.2. ♣ Shrubby or grassy clearings of woodland and forest. Up to 1500 m. Song: simple, extr. high, fast variations on “zizi-tsuur-sjree.”

173.4 OLIVE-BACKED TANAGER (Pipira-olivácea) Mitrospingus oleagineus L 7.5 in./19 cm. No similar bird in its range. Note gray extending over bill. ♣ Humid forest on the tepuis; 900–1800 m. Call/song: single notes or series of nasal, upslurred “sreeeh” notes.

173.5 HEPATIC TANAGER (Sanhaçu-de-fogo) Piranga flava L 7.1 in./18 cm. Widespread flava group Lowland Hepatic Tanager shown. Not shown darker lutea group Highland Hepatic Tanager (NW Roraima and N Amazonas) 1140

with clear, dark lores. Note bicolored bill (blackish above, bone-gray below). ♣ Open forest, woodland, open areas with scattered trees, cerrado. Up to 2000 m. Voice varies geographically; call: in N, “chuh” or rapid, descending, dry “chu-tr-ti-tr-ti”; in rest of Brazil is soft “tjeh”; song: slow, unstructured series of “tjuw,” “tjep,” and “weeh” notes.

173.6 SUMMER TANAGER (Sanhaçu-vermelho) Piranga rubra L 7.1 in./18 cm. Differs from 173.5 by longer, dusky horn-colored bill. Lacks dark lores of highland form of 173.5. Often recorded 1st year male (a) shown. ♣ Open woodland, tall second growth, riverine belts, suburbs, parks. Lower mountain slopes. Call: descending, dry, almost-rattle, like “pi-tri-chi-chu-chuh.”

173.7 SCARLET TANAGER (Sanhaçu-escarlate) Piranga olivacea L 6.7 in./17 cm.

changes from N-br (a) to red Br

plumage between January and April. 1141

from

173.5 and

173.6 by dusky wings. ♣ Woodlands, suburbs, orchards. Up to 2200 m. Call: “chi-ding” (1st part toneless, 2nd part high with sound quality of two softly colliding bottles).

173.8 WHITE-WINGED TANAGER (Sanhaçu-de-asa-branca) Piranga leucoptera L 4.7 in./12 cm. Unmistakable by wing bars. ♣ Canopy and edge of forest, woodland, clearings with scattered trees; 1000–2000. Call: e.g., “wutsweeét” note (1st part almost toneless, 2nd part much higher); song: slow series of extr. high “seeet” notes.

173.9 RED-CROWNED ANT-TANAGER (Ti -do-mato-grosso) Habia rubica L 7.1 in./18 cm. Shown are brick-red , C ssp. hesterna (a), and E Nom. group (b). Note orange crown-patch (sometimes hidden) and whitish underparts in

a (underparts buffier in NW rhodinolaema,

dingy olive-brown in SW peruviana).

1142

b lacks whitish

throat of

169.1 and streaked chest of

169.6. ♣

Undergrowth and borders of humid forest. Up to 900 m. Call: “chatchat,” given singly or in fast series; dawn song: slow series of alternating high “wi” notes and low “wu” notes (each note single or doubled, or long series of low “wu” notes).

173.10 YELLOW CARDINAL (Cardeal-amarelo) Gubernatrix cristata L 7.9 in./20 cm. Unmistakable by crest. ♣ Open woodland, semiopen scrub. Up to 700 m. Song: slow, loud series of high “weé-tjou” and “tou-weé-tjou.” R.

Bananquit / Grassquits / Tanagers / Ant-Tanager

1143

1144

Plate 174 174.1 BLACK-BACKED GROSBEAK (Rei-do-bosque) Pheucticus aureoventris L 7.9 in./20 cm. Unmistakable by general color pattern. ♣ Areas with scattered trees and scrub and woodland. Up to 2000 m and higher. Call: high, slightly hoarse “djip”; song: high, lilting “weé-de-weét wir weé-oh-wír” and variations. V.

174.2 YELLOW-GREEN GROSBEAK (Furriel) Caryothraustes canadensis L 7.1 in./18 cm. Black-fronted ssp. frontalis (a) and yellow-fronted brasiliensis (b) shown. Unmistakable by small face mask. ♣ Upperstory of humid forest. Up to 900 m. Call: high, slightly nasal “tjew-tjew” or “njew”; song: high, level, nasal “weetje-weetju.”

174.3 YELLOW-SHOULDERED GROSBEAK (Furriel-de-encontro) Parkerthraustes humeralis L 6.3 in./16

1145

cm. Unmistakable by head pattern and yellow shoulder. ♣ Canopy and edge of humid forest; 200–1000 m. high, thin “feetjuh.”

Call: extr.

174.4 RED-AND-BLACK GROSBEAK (Bicudo-encarnado) Periporphyrus erythromelas L 7.9 in./20 cm. Note black hood. ♣ Lower levels of humid forest. Up to 1000 m. Song: mid-high, rich, fluted “tuweé-tjuh-tejèh-tjuh” (“weé” and “jèh” emphasized and drawn out).

174.5 SLATE-COLORED GROSBEAK (Bico-encarnado) Saltator grossus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Unmistakable by combination of white bib and red bill. ♣ Mainly upperstory in interior of humid forest. Up to 1200 m. Song: “weetju-weetju-tjuwí” (1st “weetju” higher, “tjuwí” drawn up) or “weetju-Witwuh.”

1146

174.6 BLACK-THROATED GROSBEAK (Piment o) Saltator fuliginosus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Differs from 174.5 by black throat and different range. ♣ Mainly upperstory of humid Atlantic forest. Up to 1200 m. Song: often in two parts with long interval, “Weétju-pjerur tjur -wur wír” (“Weét” in 1st and “wír” in 2nd part highest).

174.7 GLAUCOUS-BLUE (or Indigo) GROSBEAK (Azulinho) Cyanoloxia glaucocaerulea L 5.5 in./14 cm. Note short bill. Note male plumage suffused with gray and stubby bill.

from

174.9 and

184.1 by bill shape. ♣ Forest

borders, second growth. Up to 900 m. short, hurried warbling (2–4 sec).

1147

Song: very high,

174.8 BLUE-BLACK GROSBEAK (Azul o-da-amazônia) Cyanocompsa cyanoides L 6.3 in./16 cm. Note habitat. from

183.7 by slightly heavier bill and straighter culmen.

uniform chocolate brown. Cf. 184.2 and 184.4. ♣ Undergrowth of humid forest and woodland. Up to 1000 m. Call: dry, short “bits”; song: descending series, starting very high with some piercing notes, changing to fluted notes, and ending in a short warble, together as “fee-fee-feet-witwit-witwit-sifsif-tji-rèr.”

174.9

ULTRAMARINE

GROSBEAK

Cyanocompsa brissonii L 6.3 in./16 cm. from

very like

174.7 by bill shape and from

(Azul o) 174.8.

174.8 by paler

fulvous-brown underparts. Also cf.

184.4. ♣ Semiarid

woodland and scrub. Up to 1500 m.

Call: nasal “tjiw”;

1148

song: very high, level at first or gradually descending, melodious, warbling series, with “tju-sweét” note.

Grosbeaks

1149

1150

Plate 175 175.1 GRAYISH SALTATOR (Sabiá-congá) Saltator coerulescens L 7.9 in./20 cm. Several S and C sspp. (a) and N sspp. (b). Differs from other saltators by short eyebrow and gray upperparts. ♣ Dry woodland, pastures with scattered trees, riverine belts, second growth. Up to 1000 m. Song: beautiful and very varied phrases of about 4–8 strong, clear notes given at 10-sec intervals, like “tjuw-tjuw-tjuw-wú” (repeated “tjuw” characteristic).

175.2 BUFF-THROATED SALTATOR (Tempera-viola) Saltator maximus L 7.9 in./20 cm. Differs from 175.4 by short eyebrow. ♣ Forest borders and canopy, scrubby clearings, second growth. Up to 1200 m. Song: long series of variations on high “tjúrewur wutjewúr.”

1151

175.3 GOLDEN-BILLED SALTATOR (Bico-duro) Saltator aurantiirostris L 7.9 in./20 cm. White eyebrow starts just above eye. ♣ Dry woodland and scrub. Up to 1500 m. Song: very high “witjer-Weétjer” and slight variations thereof.

175.4 GREEN-WINGED SALTATOR (Trinca-ferro-verdadeiro) Saltator similis L 7.9 in./20 cm. Less brilliant green above than 175.2. Differs from 175.2 by long eyebrow. Also cf.

175.5. ♣ Woodland; forest borders,

and clearings. Up to 1200 m. Song: loud “djeu-TjewTjew-Tjéu” and variations, some notes with nasal quality.

175.5 THICK-BILLED SALTATOR (Bico-grosso) Saltator maxillosus L 7.9 in./20 cm. From 175.4 by buff (not white) throat, greener ear coverts, and heavier bill. ♣ Canopy and borders of humid forest and woodland. Up to 2200 m. Rare in 1152

lowlands. Call: high, quiet “wicwic”; song: high, clear “wir-te-Jú-wir-tjuh-Wír” (ending abruptly).

175.6 BLACK-THROATED SALTATOR (Bico-de-pimenta) Saltator atricollis L 7.9 in./20 cm. No other bird with its pattern in range. ♣ Cerrado and caatinga; 700–1300 m. Call: high “bits,” sounding like as clicking pebbles; song: very high, hurried, mellow warbling “weet-jewir-p-weetjewir -” (the total 3 sec).

175.7 EUROPEAN GOLDFINCH (Pintassilgo-europeu) Carduelis carduelis L 5.1 in./13 cm. Unmistakable by pattern and voice. ♣ Gardens, agricultural areas with scattered trees and shrub. I.

Song: high, fast, very liquid, mellow warbling.

1153

175.8 [EUROPEAN GREENFINCH (Verdilhão-comum) Carduelis chloris] L 5.9 in./15 cm. Bulky appearance and striking yellow wingstripe in flight diagnostic. ♣ Agricultural areas with woodland and tree patches, gardens. hoarse “sreeeeeh.” I.

Call:

175.9 HOUSE SPARROW (Pardal) Passer domesticus L 5.9 in./15 cm. Urban areas.

unmistakable. Note long, pale eyebrow of Call/song: well-known chirping “ching.” I.

1154

.♣

175.10 COMMON WAXBILL (Bico-de-lacre) Estrilda astrild L 4.7 in./12 cm. Unmistakable by small size and color pattern. ♣ Urban areas. I.

Saltators / Goldfinch / Greenfinch / Old World Sparrow / Waxbill

1155

1156

Plate 176 176.1 WHITE-BELLIED DACNIS (Saí-de-barriga-branca) Dacnis albiventris L 4.3 in./11 cm. Yellow-eyed

darker

blue than 176.2 and with edged wing feathers. from 176.2 by pale brownish eyes, greener upperparts, and yellower underparts. ♣ Canopy and borders of humid forest. Up to 400 m. twittering.

Call/song: probably extr. high, very fine

176.2 BLACK-FACED DACNIS (Saí-de-máscara-preta) Dacnis lineata L 4.3 in./11 cm. Note yellow eyes. unmistakable by black nape and white mid-belly. brownish above with buff-white to white belly. ♣ Canopy and edge of humid forest, clearings with scattered trees, woodland. Up to 1400 m.

1157

176.3 YELLOW-BELLIED DACNIS (Saí-amarela) Dacnis flaviventer L 4.7 in./12 cm.

unmistakable; note breast

mottling and red eye of . ♣ Canopy and borders of terra firme and várzea; also in adjacent clearings with scattered trees. Up to 500 m, sometimes higher. loud, upslurred “weéh.”

Call: high, rather

176.4 BLACK-LEGGED DACNIS (Saí-de-pernas-pretas) Dacnis nigripes L 4.3 in./11 cm.

from

176.5 by more

solid blue in wings and by dusky legs. unmistakable in range. ♣ Humid forest and woodland. Up to 1700 m. En, R.

176.5 BLUE DACNIS (Saí-azul) Dacnis cayana L 4.7 in./12 cm. Note pinkish legs. Broad blue edging to wing feathers of .

green with bluish head. ♣ Forest borders, second

growth, woodland, riverine belts. Up to 1400 m. “tjit.” 1158

Call: high

176.6 GREEN HONEYCREEPER (Saí-verde) Chlorophanes spiza L 5.1 in./13 cm. unmistakable. green with bicolored bill. ♣ Canopy and borders of terra firme and várzea, second growth. Up to 1500 m. mid-high twittering “tit” or “tit-wut.”

Call: high to

176.7 SHORT-BILLED HONEYCREEPER (Saí-de-bico-curto) Cyanerpes nitidus L 3.5 in./9 cm. Legs reddish. with blue mantle and black “beard.” from 176.8 by dark lores and blue supral-oral. ♣ Canopy and borders of terra firme and várzea; also in adjacent clearings with scattered trees. Up to 400 m.

1159

176.8 PURPLE HONEYCREEPER (Saí-de-perna-amarela) Cyanerpes caeruleus L 4.3 in./11 cm. Yellowish legs diagnostic; note blue moustache of . ♣ Canopy and borders of terra firme and várzea; also in adjacent clearings with scattered trees. Up to 1200 m.

Call: extr. high “zrree.”

176.9 RED-LEGGED HONEYCREEPER (Saíra-beija-flor) Cyanerpes cyaneus L 4.7 in./12 cm. Yellow underwings diagnostic. shows blue throat and contrasting cap. has no blue or buff on head. ♣ Forest borders, second growth, clearings with scattered trees, shaded plantations, gardens. Up to 2000 m.

Call/song: high, nasal, slightly lowered “tjew.”

1160

Dacnises / Honeycreepers / Bunting

1161

Plate 177 1162

177.1 PLUMBEOUS EUPHONIA (Gaturamo-an o) Euphonia plumbea L 3.5 in./9 cm. Small. More gray than blue, not cobalt blue as 177.10. ♣ Savanna woodland, forest edge. Up to 1000 m. Call: very high “swee-swee”; song: series of “swee-swee,” alternating with short jumbles of rapid, rich twitters.

177.2

PURPLE-THROATED

EUPHONIA

(Fim-fim)

Euphonia chlorotica L 3.9 in./10 cm. with yellow underparts and crown-patch extending back to rear edge of eye. Nom. (a) has yellow forehead and grayish underparts with yellowish flanks and vent. Nape/crown often tinged gray. ssp. cyanophora (b; far NW) with less white below. ♣ Forest edge, second growth, riverine belts, caatinga, scrub. Up to 1200 m, locally much higher. drawn-out high, clear “feebee.”

1163

Call/song: rapid or

177.3 FINSCH’S EUPHONIA (Gaturamo-capim) Euphonia finschi L 3.9 in./10 cm. white in tail.

has yellow up to above eye and no

with yellow-tinged forehead, unlike

♣ Forest interior and borders. Up to 1200 m. high, clear “fee-bee-bee.”

177.4.

Song: very

177.4 VIOLACEOUS EUPHONIA (Gaturamo-verdadeiro) Euphonia violacea L 4.3 in./11 cm. white in undertail. Cf.

177.5.

with yellow throat and not safely separable from

177.5, but thicker-billed than 177.2b and 177.3. ♣ Forest borders, riverine belts, gardens. Seldom in open, arid areas. Up to 1000 m. Call: very high, sharp “tweet”; song: varied; e.g., very high, sharp “fee-fee-fee-fee”; also high, rapid twittering with nasal “tjew” and short trills and rattles.

177.5 THICK-BILLED EUPHONIA (Gaturamo-de-bico-grosso) Euphonia laniirostris L 4.3 in./11 1164

cm. Note yellow throat. SC Nom. (a, undertail like 177.4) and W and NC ssp. melanura (b, with all-dark undertail and richer yellow underparts) shown. Both with cap that extends farther back (past the eye) than in

177.4.

of the two

sspp. not reliably separable from 177.4. ♣ Humid and arid areas. Forest borders, woodland, gardens, agricultural areas with scattered trees. Up to 1200 m, occasionally higher. Call: sudden, sharp “wit”; song: series of staccato “wic” rattles and other rapid sequences of “wuc” and “wee” notes.

177.6

GREEN-THROATED

(or

-chinned)

EUPHONIA

(Cais-cais) Euphonia chalybea L 4.3 in./11 cm. with dark chin, yellow throat, and small yellow forehead patch. Note thick bill, gray from ear patch to belly, and olive-yellow chin, flanks, and vent in

. ♣ Forest borders and clearings with tall

trees. Up to 500 m. Call: mid-high, dry, rapid “ditditditdit”; song: short, simple warble with partly inhaled “tif” notes. R.

1165

177.7 GOLDEN-RUMPED EUPHONIA (Gaturamo-rei) Euphonia cyanocephala L 4.3 in./11 cm. Unmistakable by blue crown. ♣ Forest borders and clearings with tall trees, gardens; 500–2800 m, occasionally lower. Call: very high “teeuw” or low, nasal “tjur”; song: level series of “tjur,” mixed with and alternating with very high twittering.

177.8 WHITE-VENTED EUPHONIA (Gaturamo-de-barriga-branca) Euphonia minuta L 3.5 in./9 cm. White vent diagnostic. Yellow on forehead stops just before eye. with complete yellow chest band and white throat and vent. ♣ Canopy and borders of terra firme and várzea; also in adjacent clearings. Up to 1000 m. Song: short, very high, rich “tuweét-ver-ver” or “weet-weet-vr.”

177.9 ORANGE-BELLIED EUPHONIA (Fim-fim-grande) Euphonia xanthogaster L 4.3 in./11 cm.

1166

with orange-tinged

underparts and forecrown patch extending past eyes. Note buff-yellow vent, gray nape and orange cast to forehead of ♣ Humid forest, second growth. Up to 2000. rapid, nasal “wutwutwutwut” or “djeu-djeu.”

177.10

RUFOUS-BELLIED

.

Call/song:

EUPHONIA

(Gaturamo-do-norte) Euphonia rufiventris L 4.3 in./11 cm. with yellow-orange underparts and no forehead patch. Note tawny vent of

. ♣ Canopy and borders of terra firme and

várzea. Up to 1100 m. “scree-scree-scree.”

Call: very high, rapid, dry, scratchy

Euphonias

1167

Plate 178 1168

178.1 GOLDEN-BELLIED (or White-lored) EUPHONIA (Gaturamo-verde) Euphonia chrysopasta L 4.3 in./11 cm. Unmistakable by white lores, which make bill look heavier. ♣ Canopy and borders of terra firme and várzea; also in adjacent clearings. Up to 900 m. Call: very high, sharp “wits”; song: e.g., high, mellow, rapid “wiwi-ju-wer-wur-wur” or explosive “tjú-wer-whé-wer.”

178.2 GOLDEN-SIDED EUPHONIA (Gaturamo-preto) Euphonia cayennensis L 4.3 in./11 cm. Unmistakable by yellow flanks, contrasting with remaining all-black plumage. with pale grayish central underparts incl. vent. ♣ Canopy and borders of humid forest. Up to 600 m. Call: dry, rattling “sree-sree” or slightly rising, rapid “wuh-wuh-wuh-wú.”

178.3 CHESTNUT-BELLIED EUPHONIA (Ferro-velho) Euphonia pectoralis L 4.3 in./11 cm. Unmistakable by rufous 1169

underparts of

and tawny vent of

of forest. Up to 1300 m. “wru-wru-wru-wru-wru.”

. ♣ Canopy and borders

Call: low, rattling, scratchy

178.4 BLUE-NAPED CHLOROPHONIA (Bandeirinha) Chlorophonia cyanea L 4.7 in./12 cm. Nom. (a) and green-fronted ssp. cyanea (b) shown. Unmistakable by thickset jizz and color pattern. ♣ Canopy and borders of humid forest; also in adjacent clearings; 500–2000 m. high, plaintive “pweeeh.”

Call:

178.5 GREATER FLOWER-PIERCER (Fura-flor-grande) Diglossa major L 6.7 in./17 cm. No similar bird in range. Note rufous vent. ♣ Humid forest and shrubby clearings in the tepuis; 1300–2800 m. Call: extr. high, fine “fi”; song: duet; one bird giving low, scratchy notes, the other giving high, tinkling notes.

1170

178.6 SCALED FLOWER-PIERCER (Fura-flor-escamado) Diglossa duidae L 5.5 in./14 cm. No similar bird in range; note bill shape. ♣ Humid forest and shrubby clearings in the tepuis; 1400–2300 m.

178.7 CHESTNUT-VENTED CONEBILL (Figuinha-de-rabo-castanho) Conirostrum speciosum L 4.3 in./11 cm.

of S and E Nom. (a) and N ssp. amazonum (b)

shown. Chestnut vent of diagnostic. with olivaceous back and grayish head. ♣ Open woodland, riverine belts, várzea. Up to 1000 m.

Call/song: soft “sru-tee-sru-tee - -.”

1171

178.8 BICOLORED CONEBILL (Figuinha-do-mangue) Conirostrum bicolor L 4.7 in./12 cm. Bluer above than 178.9 and with buff cast to underparts. Juv. (not shown) resembles 154.1, but duller and without white undertail patch. Also cf.

152.6. ♣ Mangrove, open woodland, shrub at rivers. Up

to 200 m. Call: high “bits”; song: unstructured twittering, including “- -fjeu tjeuw - -.”

178.9 PEARLY-BREASTED CONEBILL (Figuinha-amazônica) Conirostrum margaritae L 4.7 in./12 cm. Underparts pure gray. ♣ Woodland and scrub near rivers. Up to 100 m.

Euphonias / Chlorophonia / Flower-Piercers / Conebills

1172

Plate 179

1173

179.1 TROPICAL GNATCATCHER (Balança-rabo-de-chapéu-preto) Polioptila plumbea L 4.7 in./ 12 cm.

unmistakable by cap and slender jizz.

of NE ssp.

atricapilla (not shown) very like 179.6. Differs from 179.2 by different range. ♣ Open woodland, forest borders, clearings with scattered trees, mangrove. Up to 1200 m. Call: mewing “neuh”; song: varies by region; e.g., very high, hurried series of sharp “seep” notes (sometimes less rapid and slightly descending at the end).

179.2 CREAMY-BELLIED GNATCATCHER (Balança-rabo-leitoso) Polioptila lactea L 4.7 in./12 cm. Not in range of 179.1 ♣ Canopy and borders of forest and woodland. Up to 500 m. Call: nasal, slightly lowered “njeuh”; song: series of 6–7 thin “weet” notes. R.

NOTE:

The following three species (179.3–179.5) were considered conspecific until 2007. Note lack of white in wing. 1174

No overlap in ranges. ♣ Canopy and edge of humid forest up to 500 m. 179.3 GUIANAN GNATCATCHER Polioptila guianensis L 4.3 in./11 cm. Distinct eyering, contrasting gray breast, and all-white outer tail feathers. ♣ Canopy and edge of humid forest up to 500 m.

179.4 PARÀ GNATCATCHER Polioptila paraensis L 4.3 in./11 cm. Very pale overall, indistinct eyering, breast and throat white, inner webs of outer two pair of tail feathers black at base. ♣ Canopy and edge of humid forest up to 500 m.

Call: “wheet” or “wheet’r.”

179.5 RIO NEGRO GNATCATCHER Polioptila facilis L 4.3 in./11 cm. No eyering, pale gray throat, partly black outer tail feathers. ♣ Canopy and edge of humid forest up to 500 m.

1175

179.6 MASKED GNATCATCHER (Balança-rabo-de-máscara) Polioptila dumicola L 5.1 in./13 cm. Two sspp.: S Nom. (a) and C ssp. berlepschi (b, shown). unmistakable by black mask. from 179.1 ssp. atricapilla by white lores and supraloral. ♣ Cerrado, open woodland, riverine belts. Up to 2400 m. Song: varied; e.g., very/ extr. high, almost level, rapid “fu-fu-fu-fu-fi-fi-” or slower “fee-fee-fee- -.”

179.7 ORANGE-FRONTED YELLOW-FINCH (Canário-do-amazonas) Sicalis columbiana L 4.7 in./12 cm. Two sspp. in Brazil: EC leopoldinae (a) and Amazonian goeldii (b). Differs from 179.11 by size, dusky lores, and virtual lack of streaking (even in

and Imms.). ♣ Riverine

belts, settlements. Forages on ground. Up to 300 m. high, nasal “sjirp,” “tjirip,” or very high, clear “tjic.”

1176

Call:

179.8 STRIPE-TAILED YELLOW-FINCH (Canário-rasteiro) Sicalis citrina L 4.7 in./12 cm. White patches in undertail of both sexes diagnostic. Note un-streaked yellow crown of

.

with yellowish underparts

and streaks on chest and flanks. Juv. similar to , but yellow only on central underparts. ♣ Savanna, grassland, and open farmland. Up to 3000 m. Song: hurried, slightly nasal series in two parts; 1st very high, sharp “tseeptseep- -” (3–5 ×), 2nd lower-pitched, clearer “tue-tue- -” (4–8 ×).

179.9 GRASSLAND YELLOW-FINCH (Tipio) Sicalis luteola L 4.7 in./12 cm. Very like 179.10, but chest more olive and no overlap in range. ♣ Grassland, edge of marshes, fields. Mainly near sea level, but up to 2000 m in far NW. Song: simple, very high, decelerating series of 7–9 “teuw” notes, starting as almost-trill.

1177

179.10 MISTO YELLOW-FINCH Sicalis luteiventris L 5.1 in./13 cm.

with finely streaked crown and yellow

supraloral and ocular region. Differs from 179.7 (which is often considered a ssp.) by distribution and by more distinct grayish olive tinge to chest. Also cf.

179.8.

with

streaked upperparts and plain underparts; similar to ♣ Open to semiopen areas with grass. Up to 2500 m.

179.9.

179.11 SAFFRON FINCH (Canário-da-terra-verdadeiro) Sicalis flaveola L 5.5 in./14 cm. Relatively large. Two sspp: E brasiliensis (a,

shown;

is duller and has no orange on

crown) and SE and SC ssp. pelzelni (b, and ). In b, note whitish underparts with streaked chest and flanks. Juv. of both sspp. resemble b. Imm. with yellow collar. ♣ Semiopen areas with scattered bush and trees, agricultural land, suburbs, cities. Up to 1000 m, locally higher. Song: calm, simple series of single and double notes with an 1178

occasional short trill, “tjuw-tjew-witju-zree-u”u-wèh-djuw- -.”

Gnatcatchers / Yellow-Finches / Saffron-Finch

1179

like

1180

Plate 180 180.1 PURPLISH JAY (Gralha-do-pantanal) Cyanocorax cyanomelas L 15.7 in./40 cm. Dull purplish (often appears all dark). ♣ Woodland, riverine belts, scrub. Up to 1000 m. Call: series of mid-high, raucous “wreh-wreh” (“wreh” up to 4 ×/phrase).

180.2 AZURE JAY (Gralha-azul) Cyanocorax caeruleus L 15.7 in./40 cm. Shiny azure-blue (sometimes greener). ♣ Humid forest, often with Araucaria. Up to 1000 m. Call: noisy, high “eur eur eur tjef-tjef-tjef- -,” “tjef” much higher.” R.

180.3 VIOLACEOUS JAY (Gralha-violácea) Cyanocorax violaceus L 15.7 in./40 cm. Note whitish nape. No similar jay in range. ♣ Várzea, mainly at edges and in clearings with tree

1181

stands, often along rivers and lakes. Up to 1000 m. Call: very high, loud, ringing, lowered “djeeuw-djeeuw-djeeuw.”

180.4 AZURE-NAPED JAY (Gralha-de-nuca-azul) Cyanocorax heilprini L 13.8 in./35 cm. Note white tail tips. ♣ Forest edge, second growth, woodland, wooded savanna. Up to 250 m. pitched.

Call as 180.3, but might be slightly higher

180.5 CURL-CRESTED JAY (Gralha-do-campo) Cyanocorax cristatellus L 13.8 in./35 cm. Note dark eye and stiff crest. ♣ Cerrado, riverine belts, savanna with low trees. Up to 1100 m.

Call; loud, descending “wèèèèuh” shrieks.

1182

180.6 CAYENNE JAY (Gralha-da-guiana) Cyanocorax cayanus L 13.8 in./35 cm. Not in range of 180.7 and 180.8. ♣ Wooded savanna, humid forest. Up to 1100 m. Call: high, loud, slightly downslurred “tjuwtjuw tjuwtjuw -.”

180.7 PLUSH-CRESTED JAY (Gralha-picaça) Cyanocorax chrysops L 13.8 in./35 cm. Nom. (a) and dark-necked ssp. diesingii (b) shown. Note crest on hind crown, esp. large in b. ♣ Woodland and nearby scrub, forest. Up to 1100 m. very high “tjuw?” or bouncing, rapid “rututut.”

1183

Call:

180.8 WHITE-NAPED JAY (Gralha-canc ) Cyanocorax cyanopogon L 13.8 in./35 cm. No overlap with 180.6. Differs from 180.7 by duller upperparts and whiter nape. ♣ Woodland, scrub, riverine belts or patches. Up to 1100 m. Call: e.g., series of a high “creucreu” notes. En.

Jays

1184

1185

Plate 181 NOTE:

of most Sporophila species in full

plumage are

normally outnumbered by individuals that look like is because

; this

attain full Ad. plumage only after 2–3 years,

but it might also be possible that some plumage for life.

keep the

181.1 BUFFY-FRONTED SEEDEATER (Pixoxó) Sporophila frontalis L 5.1 in./13 cm. Large with indistinct wing bars in both sexes. Lower mandible significantly higher than upper mandible. Imm. lacks white forehead of Ad. . ♣ Forest and adjacent second growth, mainly with bamboo. Up to 1500 m.

Song: loud, fast, staccato “tje-te-tetrrít.” R.

181.2 TEMMINCK’S SEEDEATER (Cigarra-verdadeira) Sporophila falcirostris L 4.3 in./11 cm. Both sexes very like 181.3 (no overlap), but

usually without malar. Differs from

181.5a by bill shape and less distinct wing markings in . ♣ Forest edge and second growth, often with bamboo. Up to 1200 m. Song: very/extr. high, buzzing “t’tsrrrrrr” trill (1–1.5 sec). R.

1186

181.3 SLATE-COLORED SEEDEATER (Cigarrinha-donorte) Sporophila schistacea L 4.3 in./11 cm. Lower mandible twice as high as upper. Culmen slightly curved or straight.

with rich yellow bill and (usually) a

white malar and single wing bar. with blackish bill and whitish buff belly. Cf. 181.4 and 181.5. ♣ Woodland, forest edge and clearings, often with bamboo or seeding grasses. Up to 1500 m. Song: extr. high almost-rattle, like “wseeef-sisisisitititititeh.”

181.4 GRAY SEEDEATER (Papa-capim-cinza) Sporophila intermedia L 4.3 in./11 cm. Culmen strongly curved. with yellow or flesh-colored bill. Rarely with white malar, but never shows wing bar. with blackish bill and whitish-buff belly. Cf. 181.3 and 181.5. ♣ Open grassy and bushy habitats, less at forest borders and in clearings. Up to 500 m. Song: continuous, rapid, very high warbling in which every note is

1187

repeated 3–4 × (e.g., “tjitjitji” or “weetweetweet”) or replaced by short trills.

181.5 PLUMBEOUS SEEDEATER (Patativa) Sporophila plumbea L 4.3 in./11 cm.

with black bill (often yellow in

SE, a) and white chin. with dark bill (lower mandible often paler) and whitish buff belly. Cf. 181.2–181.4. ♣ Savanna, edge of riverine forest. Mainly near water. Up to 1400 m. Song: very high warbling in short series including 2–3 repeated notes such as “tjeutjeu,” “kuwerber,” “sisisi,” or “witje-witje.”

181.6 CAQUETA SEEDEATER (Papa-capim-de-caquetá) Sporophila murallae L 4.3 in./11 cm. faint wing bars and range.

like

from

181.7 by

181.7. ♣ Grassy and

shrubby areas, forest borders, river islands. Up to 400 m.

1188

Song: very high, up-and-down series of single, slightly hurried, nasal “tju”, “tji”, “wir,” and “sir” notes.

181.7

WING-BARRED

SEEDEATER

(Coleiro-do-norte)

Sporophila americana L 4.3 in./11 cm. with broad upper wing bar and narrow, faint lower wing bar. Black collar often incomplete. Cf. 181.6 and 183.8. resembles 182.2, but darker and belly whitish buff. ♣ Grassy and shrubby areas, fields, towns. Up to 400 m.

Voice as 181.6.

181.8 RUSTY-COLLARED SEEDEATER (Coleiro-dobrejo) Sporophila collaris L 4.7 in./12 cm. Nom. (a) and ssp. malanocephalo (b) shown. Unmistakable by general color pattern and black pectoral band. with two wing bars, whitish wing speculum, and contrasting whitish throat. ♣ Grassy and shrubby areas near water. Rarely on the ground.

1189

Up to 500 m. Song: rather slow series of nasal “tjer,” “tjih,” and “tjuw” notes.

181.9

LESSON’S

SEEDEATER

Sporophila bouvronides L 4.3 in./11 cm.

(Estrela-do-norte) as

181.10, but

no white in crown and upper chest often mottled black.

as

181.10. ♣ Grassy and shrubby places, esp. at water. Up to 800 m. Song: high, slightly accelerating “tjetjetuter’r’rr,” trill but might be silent in Brazil.

181.10 LINED SEEDEATER (Bigodinho) Sporophila lineola L 4.3 in./11 cm. with white cheeks and crown stripe. with yellowish bill (upper mandible usually darker) and contrasting whitish belly; from season. Also cf.

181.9 only by range/

182.5. ♣ Grassy and shrubby areas, often

near water. Up to 1200 m

Song: rapid descending series,

1190

starting very high, “tweettweet-tititi’tw’tirrr.”

the

Seedeaters

1191

total

sounding

as

Plate 182 182.1 BLACK-AND-WHITE SEEDEATER (Papa-capimpreto-e-branco) Sporophila luctuosa L 4.3 in./11 1192

cm.

black above with white wing speculum and spot below

eye. Cf.

182.2 and 166.8.

like

182.2. ♣ Grassy and

shrubby areas. Song: e.g., “wreu-chi-checheche” (1st part raspy, 2nd part soft and modest).

182.2

YELLOW-BELLIED

SEEDEATER

(Baiano)

Sporophila nigricollis L 4.3 in./11 cm. with yellowish-white underparts, black hood, and olive back. Cf. 182.3 and 182.4.

(with dark bill and yellowish buff

belly) inseparable from 182.1 and 182.3. Song: short, descending series of 5–7 notes in a sort of up-and-down cadence, starting very high, like “wheeét-jtutju-wír tjutju-wírwirr” (last “wirr” characteristically low).

182.3 DUBOIS’S SEEDEATER (Papa-capim-de-costascinzas) Sporophila ardesiaca L 4.3 in./ 11 cm.

from

182.2 by gray back and white belly; 1193

of

the two inseparable. ♣ Shrubby and grassy places, roadsides. Up to 800 m. En.

182.4 HOODED SEEDEATER (Papa-capim-do-bananal) Sporophila melanops L 4.3 in./11 cm.

from

182.2 by

black hood not extending to chest. unknown. ♣ Unknown. Note: Only known from a single specimen; possibly a hybrid or a variant of 182.2. En, possibly extinct.

182.5 DOUBLE-COLLARED SEEDEATER (Coleirinho) Sporophila caerulescens L 4.3 in./11 cm. with bicolored bill (dusky above, yellowish below) and whitish buff belly. Cf. 181.10 and 173.3. ♣ Semiopen and shrubby areas, agricultural land. Rare in extensive grassland. Up to 1200 m. Song: short, rapid, very high warble, occasionally with an inhaled rattle.

1194

182.6

WHITE-THROATED

SEEDEATER

Sporophila albogularis L 4.3 in./11 cm. and black collar.

(Golinho)

with white throat

with dark bill and whitish belly. ♣

Caatinga, shrubby woodland borders. Up to 1200 m. Song: high, short series of “tuteé,” “tjif,” and “tjew” notes. En.

182.7 BLACK-AND-TAWNY SEEDEATER (Caboclinho-do-sert o) Sporophila nigrorufa L 3.9 in./10 cm. distinctly bicolored.

similar to

182.10, but bill slightly

heavier. ♣ Grassy areas, mainly near water. Lowlands. Song: slow phrases of 1–7 notes, like high “tjuuuh,” “tjiwtjiwtjiw,” “fjeeh,” and “tjuh-tureeh.” R.

1195

182.8 WHITE-BELLIED SEEDEATER (Chor o) Sporophila leucoptera L 4.7 in./12 cm. Nom. (a) and gray-flanked ssp. cinereola (b) shown. Rather large.

distinctly bicolored with

a yellow to pink bill. with heavy, dark bill and whitish belly. ♣ Grassy areas with scattered bush. Mainly near water. Up to 800 m. “tuweét” notes.

182.9

Song: long series of drawn-out, gliding-up

RUDDY-BREASTED

SEEDEATER

(Caboclinholindo) Sporophila minuta L 3.9 in./10 cm. from

182.10 and 183.5 by lack of wing speculum, gray

extending over ear coverts, and range. with yellowish brown bill and no wing speculum. Cf. 183.4. ♣ Open grassy fields, savanna, roadsides. Up to 1600 m. of very high, variable “weelee-weelee-diterleeweelee.”

1196

Song: short series notes, like

182.10 TAWNY-BELLIED SEEDEATER (Caboclinho-de-barriga-vermelha) Sporophila hypoxantha L 3.9 in./10 cm.

with rufous-tawny underparts and rump;

paler than 183.5. with buff underparts, white wing speculum, and yellowish dusky bill; virtually inseparable from

183.1, 183.2, 183.4, 183.6, and 183.8. ♣ Tall grass,

roadsides, marsh. Up to 1100 m. Call: varied; e.g., “ziu,” tsee,” or “zreee” notes; song: short, calm series of 6–9 varied, high to very high, raspy “weetju wee-tzju sher-tju-sisi” notes.

Seedeaters

1197

1198

Plate 183 183.1 DARK-THROATED SEEDEATER (Caboclinho-de-papo-escuro) Sporophila ruficollis L 4.3 in./ 11 cm. unmistakable by dark throat. like 182.10. ♣ Tall grass, open shrubby areas. Often near water. Up to 1200 m. R.

183.2 MARSH SEEDEATER (Caboclinho-de-papobranco) Sporophila palustris L 3.9 in./10 cm. white throat.

like

unmistakable by

182.10. ♣ Tall grass near marsh. Up to

1100 m. Song: short series of varied, very high notes, like “sjee wee-tju-wee-tju.” R.

183.3 [NAROSKY’S SEEDEATER (Caboclinho-de-coleira-branca) Sporophila zelichi] L 3.9 in./

1199

10 cm. Resembles 183.2, but mantle and edges of wing feathers rufous. ♣ Grassland at water.

183.4 CHESTNUT-BELLIED SEEDEATER (Caboclinho-de-peito-castanho) Sporophila castaneiventris L 3.9 in./10 cm.

with median underparts rufous.

resembles

182.9. ♣ Grassy and bushy clearings, marsh, lawns. Up to 500 m. Song: rapid, rather long, varied series, starting with very high, clear warbling, then slightly descending to more nasal twittering.

183.5

RUFOUS-RUMPED (or Gray-and-chestnut) SEEDEATER (Caboclinho-de-sobreferrugem) Sporophila hypochroma L 3.9 in./10 cm.

mainly chestnut; from

183.9b by gray cap. like 182.10. ♣ Tall grassland and savanna, mainly near water. Up to 1100 m. ♣ Tall grass near

1200

marsh. Up to 1100 m. Song: series of very high, varied, clear notes, like “teetje wee-wir tee-tji-wee.” R.

183.6

CHESTNUT

SEEDEATER

(Caboclinho-de-

chapéucinzento) Sporophila cinnamomea L 3.9 in./10 cm. mainly chestnut; from 183.9b by gray cap. 182.10. ♣ Tall grass near marsh. Up to 1100 m. R.

like

183.7 BLACK-BELLIED SEEDEATER (Caboclinho-de-barriga-preta) Sporophila melanogaster L 3.9 in./10 cm. Unmistakable by coloring of underparts. like 182.10. ♣ Tall grassland (incl. marshes) and scrub. Up to 1100 m. Call: “see-u”; song: very high twittering, interspersed with “see-u” call. En, R.

1201

183.8 WHITE-NAPED SEEDEATER (Papa-capim-decoleira) Dolospingus fringilloides L 5.5 in./14 cm. Large. Pointed and conical bill pale in

, dark in

. Cf.

181.7. ♣ Open scrubby forest and nearby savanna. Up to 250 m. Song: rapid strings of double or triplet notes, like “wee-wee-wee-sree-sree-sree-tuweé-tuweé-tuweé.”

183.9 CAPPED SEEDEATER (Caboclinho) Sporophila bouvreuil L 3.9 in./10 cm. range from whitish to rufous according to age and race, but note black cap. Shown are Imm. like

ssp. pileata (a, in S) and Ad. Nom. (b, in E and N). 182.10. ♣ Savanna with tall grass, open cerrado. Up

to 1100 m. Song: calm series of mostly double notes with distinct intervals, like “wree-wree wru-wru tjee-tju surr tjer-tjer- -.”

1202

183.10 CHESTNUT-BELLIED (or Lesser) SEED-FINCH (Curió) Sporophila (or Oryzoborus) angolensis L 5.1 in./13 cm.

unmistakable.

with less heavy bill than

184.1

and 184.3 and upperparts tinged olive, unlike 184.1, 174.7, and 174.9. ♣ Scrubby and grassy clearings and edge of forest or woodland. Up to 1500 m. based on strong “- - tjeu-tjeu-tjeu - -.”

Seedeaters / Seed-Finch

1203

Song: series mainly

Plate 184 1204

184.1 BLACKISH-BLUE SEEDEATER (Negrinho-do-mato) Amaurospiza moesta L 5.1 in./13 cm. Bill rather conical. slaty blue; cf. 184.5. warm tawny-brown; cf. 183.10 and 174.7. ♣ Undergrowth of forest and woodland, mainly with bamboo. Up to 1600 m. like “tjeu-tjeu-wi-tutju.” R.

Song: short, rapid warble,

184.2 LARGE-BILLED SEED-FINCH (Bicudinho) Sporophila (or Oryzoborus) crassirostris L 5.5 in./14 cm. Very similar to larger 184.4. ♣ Tall grassland and scrub, incl. forest borders. Often near water. Up to 500 m. Song: short, animated series of rather nasal twittering, often introduced by a few “fjeu- -” notes.

184.3 PARAMO SEEDEATER (Patativa-da-amazônia) Catamenia homochroa L 5.5 in./14 cm. Note rufous vent in both sexes.

slaty gray,

streaked above (also below in

1205

imm.). ♣ Low stunted forest and scrubby growth; 1600–2500 m. Song: calm, peculiar series of 2–6 very long, fluted “puuuh-piiiih- -” notes, level or very differently pitched.

184.4

GREAT-BILLED (or Greater Large-billed) SEED-FINCH (Bicudo) Sporophila (or Oryzoborus) maximiliani L 6.3 in./16 cm. Bill enormous. Very similar to 184.2, but slightly larger bill with a dull, bony texture (not shiny smooth). and 174.9. Also cf.

with olive tinge above, unlike

174.8

183.10. ♣ Tall grass and scrub in damp

or wet places. Up to 1100 m. Song: calm series of very high, varied notes, trills, and rattles. R.

184.5

BLUE-BLACK

GRASSQUIT

(Tiziu)

Volatinia

jacarina L 4.3 in./11 cm. Note pointed bill. glossy blue-black with white underwing often evident in flight; cf. 184.1, 173.3, and larger Tachyphonus tanagers (Pl. 169).

1206

Sub-Ad.

(a) variably speckled.

flanks; cf.

with streaked chest and

185.2 and 185.3. ♣ Various open to semiopen

habitats, incl. towns. Up to 2000 m. “zeé-dji,” repeated constantly.

Song: simple, 2-noted

184.6 COAL-CRESTED FINCH (Mineirinho) Charitospiza eucosma

L

4.7

in./12

cm.

unmistakable.

cinnamon-buff underparts and laid-back crest in

Note

. ♣ Cerrado

up to 1200 m. Song: simple, very high, hurried, warbled “sree-o-wee,” repeated at 1-sec intervals. R.

184.7 (Gray) PILEATED FINCH (Tico-tico-rei-cinza) Coryphospingus pileatus L 5.1 in./13 cm. Note striking eyering and gray coloring above. ♣ Dry scrub, woodland, forest borders, roadsides; 1000 m. Song: calm, 2-noted phrase, 1st part extr. high, fast gliding-up “sweéf,” 2nd part

1207

mid-high “trru” or “tudu,” together as “sweéf-trru,” repeated 8–10 ×.

184.8 RED-CRESTED FINCH (Tico-tico-rei) Coryphospingus cucullatus L 5.5 in./14 cm. Eyering and reddish overall coloring diagnostic. ♣ Arid scrub, dry woodland, agricultural land. Up to 1500 m. Song: structure as 184.7, but 1st part much lower pitched and 2nd part more sounding like a short “turr” trill

184.9 MOURNING SIERRA-FINCH (Canário-andino-negro) Phrygilus fruticeti L 7.1 in./18 cm. Unmistakable by size, color pattern, and striking wing bars. Note rufescent ear coverts of . ♣ Arid scrub. Song: simple series of 3–6 “t’weet-nrrr-t’weet-ehhh-uch-trr” notes (“t’weet” very high, fluted; “nrrr” and “ehhh” with peculiar nasal quality). V.

1208

Seedeaters / Seed-Finches / Grassquit / Finches

1209

1210

Plate 185 185.1 BLACK-MASKED FINCH (Tico-tico-de-máscara-negra) Coryphaspiza melanotis L 5.5 in./14 cm. unmistakable. with yellow shoulder and white-tipped tail (easily visible from below). ♣ Tall grassland, often with bushes. Up to 1200 m. Song: simple, hurried “witwit-sre-sreésreéje” (“witwit” high, rest extr. high). R.

185.2 UNIFORM FINCH (Cigarra-bambu) Haplospiza unicolor L 5.1 in./13 cm. Note habitat. Uniform gray unique. from 184.5 by more conical bill and streaked throat.♣ Bamboo-rich undergrowth of humid forest. Up to 1400 m.

Song: extr. high, 2-noted, rapid “swee-wee.”

185.3 BLUE (or Yellow-billed Blue) FINCH (Campainhaazul) Porphyrospiza caerulescens L 5.1 in./13 cm.

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unmistakable.

Note yellowish bill (culmen dusky), rufes-cent back and streaked underparts of . ♣ Open cerrado. Up to 1100 m. Song: simple but pleasant, calm, very high “feét-feétteu feét-feét-teu” (“teu” lower pitched). R.

185.4 COMMON DIUCA-FINCH (Diuca) Diuca diuca L 6.7 in./17 cm. Unmistakable by general pattern.

slightly more

brown than . ♣ Shrub, cultivation, gardens. Song: calm, high, slightly rising, fluted “tuit weet weet-tui”; each note emphasized. V.

185.5 WEDGE-TAILED GRASS-FINCH Canário-do-campo Emberizoides herbicola L 7.9 in./20 cm. From 185.7 and 185.8 by strongly pointed tail feathers, buffier underparts, and yellower (less orange) bill. Compare 185.6. ♣ Areas with tall grass and some scattered bush. Up to 1500 m. Song: simple, varied, clear series of 2–4 very high level, upslurred, or lowered “teet-weer” or “zt-toweeé” notes. 1212

185.6 LESSER (or Gray-cheeked) GRASS-FINCH Canário-do-brejo Emberizoides ypiranganus L 7.1 in./18 cm. Resembles 185.5, but grayer cheeks contrast with white throat. ♣ Marsh and wet grassland. Up to 900 m. Song: mid-high, raspy, rapid “ch-ch-ch-ch- -” (about 10 × “ch”; the total slightly lowered at the end).

185.7 GREAT PAMPA-FINCH (Sabiá-do-banhado) Embernagra platensis L 8.7 in./22 cm. Note dusky face. ♣ Tall grassland, often with bushes. Song: 2-noted series of soft “tut” notes, followed by very high, slightly descending “tjeeert” or “tut-téer-téer.”

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185.8 PALE- (or Buff-) THROATED PAMPA- (or Serra-) FINCH (Rabo-mole-da-serra) Embernagra longicauda L 8.7 in./22 cm. From 185.7 by white partial eyering and supraloral. Also cf. 185.5. ♣ Dry scrub, lightly wooded areas, agricultural land with scattered palms. Often in rocky areas; 700–1300 m. Song: 2-noted, strong “tut-twieer” (“tut” soft, “twieer” higher and upslurred). En, R.

185.9 RUFOUS-COLLARED SPARROW (Tico-tico) Zonotrichia capensis L 5.9 in./15 cm. Rufous collar diagnostic, but lacking in Imm., which has spotted chest. ♣ Any open to semiopen habitat, incl. towns. Up to 3000 m. Call: high “tjip”; song: calm, very high series of 4–6 notes, like “tu-tjeé-tuwu-weé” or “tju-weeét tjutju.”

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Finches / Grass-Finches / New World Sparrow / Pampa-Finches

1215

Plate 186

1216

186.1 BLACK-AND-RUFOUS WARBLING-FINCH (Quem-te-vestiu) Poospiza nigrorufa L 5.9 in./15 cm. Note mainly rufous underparts and long eyebrow. No overlap with 186.2a. ♣ Usually near water in open woodland; also in gardens. Up to 900 m. Song: “sweet-sweet-je sweet-sweet-je sweet-sweet-je” (“sweet” extr. high and sharp).

186.2 RED-RUMPED WARBLING-FINCH (Quete) Poospiza lateralis L 5.9 in./15 cm. Two sspp.: Nom. Buff-throated Warbling-Finch (a; N part of range; supraloral often faint) and ssp. cabanisi, Gray-throated Warbling-Finch (b; N to São Paulo). Red rump diagnostic. Imm. b (shown) with yellow throat and eyebrow. ♣ Forest borders, open woodland. Up to 1800 m; Nom. not in lowlands. very high chirping, like “tseep-típ-teh-tsíp- -.”

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Song:

186.3 BLACK-CAPPED WARBLING-FINCH (Capacetinho) Poospiza melanoleuca L 5.1 in./13 cm. Unmistakable in range. Imm. resembles 186.4, best distinguished by range. ♣ Dry woodland and shrub, often near water. “tweet treet weet treet - -” chirping.

Song: simple

186.4 CINEREOUS WARBLING-FINCH (Capacetinho-do-oco-do-pau) Poospiza cinerea L 5.1 in./13 cm. Note small, dark mask. Cf. woodland, cerrado; 600–1100 m. “tip-chik-chik-tip-chik- -.” En, R.

179.6. ♣ Deciduous Song: very high

186.5 BAY-CHESTED WARBLING-FINCH (Peitopinh o) Poospiza thoracica L 5.5 in./14 cm. From 186.2 by different facial pattern and gray rump. ♣ Montane forest, esp. at edges and clearings with scattered trees and bush; 800–1500 m. Call: extr. high, weak “tsic tsic - -” at irregular intervals. En.

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186.6 GRASSLAND SPARROW (Tico-tico-do-campo) Ammodramus humeralis L 5.1 in./13 cm. Eyering and yellow supral-oral diagnostic. ♣ Tall grassy savanna, cerrado. Up to 1700 m. Song: variable; 1 or 2 drawn-out, nasal, fluted notes at 2-sec intervals, sometimes followed by a short, tinkling trill.

186.7 YELLOW-BROWED SPARROW (Cigarrinha-do-campo) Ammodramus aurifrons L 5.5 in./14 cm. From 186.6 by extensive yellow of face and no white eyering. ♣ Open grassy habitats, roadsides, large clearings. Up to 1000 m, locally higher. “zrrr-zrrrr” trill.

Song: soft, toneless, buzzing

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186.8 DICKCISSEL (Papa-capim-americano) Spiza americana L 5.9 in./15 cm. Sparrow-like, esp. in 1st basic plumage (a, note indistinct streaks on chest), but yellow eyebrow in all plumages. Note rusty shoulder of adults (less in

). Black bib reduced or lacking in N-br.

areas up to 1000 m.

. ♣ Grassy

Call: raspy “drrt” or “bzzt.” V.

Warbling-Finches / New World Sparrows / Dicksissel

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Plate 187 187.1 BLACK-STRIPED SPARROW (Tico-tico-cantor) Arremonops conirostris L 6.7 in./17 cm. Unmistakable by head patttern. ♣ Dense undergrowth of humid woodland,

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weedy fields, shaded plantations. Up to 1500 m. Song: nice, musical, fluted series, starting with “weét tjuw -,” followed by several “weét-trill” and “weét-tjuwtjuwtjuw” notes.

187.2 TEPUI BRUSH-FINCH (Tico-tico-do-tepui) Atlapetes personatus L 7.1 in./18 cm. Distinctive in range. Nom. (shown) only ssp. confirmed in Brazil, but rufous-throated and rufous-chested jugularis may occur in extr. N Amazonas. ♣ Mainly at forest borders and in clearings; 1000–2500 m. Song: very high “Tjiu-chachacha” (“cha” rapid, 2–4 ×) or “Tjuw-sisisisi”; these and other vocalisations often as duet.

187.3 YELLOW-FACED SISKIN (Pintassilgo-do-nordeste) Carduelis yarrellii L 3.9 in./10 cm. From 187.4 by smaller black area on head; by yellower underparts and more uniform greenish head. ♣ Caatinga, second growth, forest

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edge, plantations, towns. Up to 550 m. Song: low, hurried, nasal warbling with chatters, soft rattles, and trills (3–20 sec). En, R.

187.4 HOODED SISKIN (Pintassilgo) Carduelis magellanica L 4.3 in./11 cm. Cf. 187.3. More extensive range. ♣ Woodland, grassland with scattered trees, towns. Up to 2500 m. Song: long series of rather low, hurried, chattered warbling, like(“wur-wirre-tsjetsje- -.”

187.5 LONG-TAILED REED-FINCH (Tico-tico-do-banhado) Donacospiza albifrons L 5.9 in./15 cm. Note facial pattern and long tail. shows slightly more distinct streaks on mantle. ♣ Reed beds and scrubby areas near water. Up to 900 m.

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187.6 SAFFRON-BILLED SPARROW (Tico-tico-de-bico-amarelo) Arremon flavirostris L 6.3 in./16 cm. Combination of black chest band and orange-yellow bill with black culmen diagnostic. Nom. (a, N part of range), SE ssp. polionotus (b) and ssp. devillei (c, SW part of range) shown. ♣ Dry woodland and shrub. Up to 1400 m. extr. high, rapid “tjew sjew-sjew-sjew-sjew.”

Song:

187.7 PECTORAL SPARROW (Tico-tico-de-bico-preto) Arremon taciturnus L 5.9 in./15 cm. All-black bill diagnostic. Yellow shoulder-patch relatively large. ♣ Undergrowth of humid forest and second growth. Up to 1500 m; mainly in lowlands in area of overlap with 187.9. hissed “ssee-ssee-ssee.”

1224

Song: extr. high,

187.8 HALF-COLLARED SPARROW (Tico-tico-do-mato) Arremon semitorquatus L 5.9 in./15 cm. Upper mandible black, lower mandible yellow. From 187.9 also by grayer flanks and larger black spots on sides of chest. ♣ Undergrowth of humid forest and second growth. Up to 1200 m; usually not in lowlands in area of overlap with 187.8. Song: very to extr. high “zui-zee” and variations. En.

187.9 SAO FRANCISCO SPARROW (Tico-tico-do-s o-francisco) Arremon franciscanus L 5.9 in./15 cm. Bill yellow with black culmen. Cf. 187.8. ♣ Thick scrub in caatinga. Song: extr. high “tsutititi---” (“tititi---” as almost-trill). En, R.

1225

Sparrows / Brush-Finch / Reed-Finch / Siskins

1226

1227

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Protected Areas of Brazil The protected areas of Brazil are organized into a system of about 60 national parks, 23 biological reserves, 7 ecological reserves, 21 ecological stations, 19 environmental protection areas, and 48 national forests (as of July 2007). The map indicates the national parks (NPs); a list of the other categories of protected areas can be found on the Internet (http://www.parks.it/world/BR/Eindex.html). A survey of National Parks and Nature Reserves, that is regularly updated, can be found on the Web site http://www.nationalparks-worldwide.info/brazil.htm. You might also want to check Arthur Grosset’s Web site (http://www.arthurgrosset.com/sitenotes/brazil.html), which gives site notes for Brazil.

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Abrolhos Marine NP Amazônia NP Aparados da Serra NP Araguaia NP Araucárias NP Brasília NP Cabo Orange NP Campos Gerais NP Caparaó NP Cavernas do Peruaçu NP

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11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43.

Chapada das Mesas NP Chapada Diamantina NP Chapada dos Guimarães NP Chapada dos Veadeiros NP Descobrimento NP Emas NP Fernado de Noronha Marine NP Grande Sertão Veredas NP Iguaçu NP Ilha Grande NP Itatiaia NP Jaú NP Jericoacoara NP Lagoa do Peixe NP Lençóis Maranhenses NP Monte Pascoal NP Monte Roraima NP Nascentes do Rio Parnaíba NP Pacaás Novos NP Pantanal Matogrossense NP Pau Brasil NP Pedra Azul NP Pico da Neblina NP Pontões Capixabas NP Restinga de Jurubatiba NP Saint-Hilaire/Lange NP São Joaquim NP Sempre Vivas NP Serra da Bocaina NP Serra da Bodoquena NP Serra da Canastra NP Serra da Capivara NP Serra da Cutia NP 1231

44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.

Serra da Mocidade NP Serra das Confusões NP Serra de Itabaiana NP Serra do Cipó NP Serra do Divisor NP Serra do Itajaí NP Serra do Pardo NP Serra dos Órgãos NP Serra Geral NP Sete Cidades NP Superagüi NP Tijuca NP Tumucumaque NP Ubajara NP Vale do Catimbau NP Viruá NP Xingu NP

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National & Organizations

International

Sociedade Brasileira de Ornitologia (SBO) (http://www.ararajuba.org.br/sbo_eng/index_eng.htm) The Brazilian Ornithological Society (SBO) was founded in 1987, with the mission of promoting the scientific study and conservation of Brazilian birds. The society is open to the participation of anyone, in Brazil or abroad, interested in Brazilian birds. The SBO publishes the periodical Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia (The Brazilian Journal of Ornithology), every 6 months. It is a scientific journal committed exclusively to articles and notes on aspects of the biology of Brazilian birds. The journal is intended to promote the flow of information among the members. Comitê Brasileiro de Registros Ornitológicos (CBRO) (http://www.cbro.org.br/CBRO/map.htm) The Brazilian Ornithological Records Committee (CBRO) was created as a forum to discuss and publish data related to the distribution of birds in Brazil. The CBRO reviews and updates available information about avian distribution in Brazil and consolidates and publishes its conclusions on the Internet in the form of a checklist. There is no need to join the CBRO formally. Anyone can take part in the CBRO’s work as a collaborator, joining in the discussions of the matters on the agenda, publicizing the work of the committee, writing notes for publication, and carrying out the CBRO’s recommendations. 1234

Museums in Brazil The following museums have very large and important collections of bird skins: • Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP) (http://www.usp.br/prc/catalogomuseus/ english/mz_apresentacao.htm) • Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi (http://www.museu-goeldi.br/) • Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro (http://www.museum.com/jb/museum?id=23121) Sociedade para a Conservação das Aves do Brasil—SAVE Brasil (www.savebrasil.org.br) Sociedade para a Conservação das Aves do Brasil—SAVE Brasil—is a not-for-profit civil society, based in São Paulo, with special emphasis on the conservation of birds in Brazil. SAVE Brasil is part of the BirdLife International alliance, present in more than 100 countries and territories worldwide. Following BirdLife International principles, SAVE Brasil works through a participatory approach and develops and implements conservation strategies and actions involving scientific research, raising awareness, environmental education, sustainable development, and public policies, especially related to the creation of protected areas. In 2006 SAVE Brasil published the book Important Bird Areas in Brazil: Part I, Atlantic Forest Region, which describes the 163 most important sites for birds (IBAs) along 15 Brazilian states within the Atlantic Forest Domain. Eighty-three percent of Brazilian threatened species occur in these states. BirdLife/

1235

SAVE Brasil identified 16 priority areas for immediate action because they hold significant numbers of one or more species at risk of extinction. Current efforts brought a renewed attention to some of these areas and the hope of survival for some of the most threatened species in the world. BirdLife International (http://www.birdlife.org/) Birdlife International is a global partnership of conservation organizations that strives to conserve birds, their habitats, and global biodiversity, working with people toward sustainable use of natural resources. BirdLife partners operate in more than 100 countries and territories worldwide The American Ornithologists’ (http://www.aou.org/)

Union

(AOU)

Founded in 1883, the American Ornithologists’ Union is the oldest and largest organization in the New World devoted to the scientific study of birds. Although the AOU primarily is a professional organization, its membership of about 4,000 includes many amateurs dedicated to the advancement of ornithology. AOU publishes The Auk, a quarterly journal of ornithology that presents articles dealing with ornithological research. South American Classification Committee, American Ornithologists’ Union (http://www.museum.lsu.edu:80/ ~Remsen/SACCBaseline.html) The South American Classification Committee is an official committee of the American Ornithologists’ Union, whose mission is to create a standard classification, with English 1236

names, for the bird species of South America. This classification is subject to constant revision by the proposal system to allow incorporation of new data. Neotropical Bird (www.neotropicalbirdclub.org)

Club

(NBC)

The NBC aims to • Foster an interest in the birds of the Neotropics among birdwatchers throughout the world • Increase awareness of the importance of support for conservation in the Neotropics • Mobilize the increasing number of enthusiastic birdwatchers active in the region to contribute to the conservation of Neotropical birds • Provide a forum for the publication of articles and notes about Neotropical birds, their identification, and their conservation and thus enhance information exchange • Channel efforts toward priority species and sites, drawing attention to conservation needs • Publicize the activities of local groups and individuals and improve liaison and collaboration between these people and other birdwatchers.

The journal Cotinga features news, notices, recent publications, expedition results, reviews, and preliminary or interim publication of studies on Neotropical birds by contributors from all parts of the world in English, Spanish, and Portuguese. The NBC also publishes an annual birding

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magazine, Neotropical Birding, which includes articles on identification and good birding sites across the region. The NBC is open to all, and the club welcomes new members. Further details can be obtained from the secretary at [email protected]. NatureServe (http://www.natureserve.org/index.jsp) NatureServe is an organization that provides, on a nonprofit basis, scientific information for conservation action in the United States, Canada, Latin America, and the Caribbean.

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Bibliography and Further References FIELD GUIDES

Robert S. Ridgely, Guy Tudor. The Birds of South America (New York: Oxford University Press) Volume I, Jays – Finches (1989) Volume II, Ovenbirds – Cotingas (1994) Tomas Sigrist. Aves do Brasil (AvisBrasilis, 2006) Deodato Souza. All the Birds of Brazil (Dall, 2002) FIELD GUIDES FOR ADJACENT REGIONS

James F. Clements, Naom Shany, Dana Gardner, and Eustace Barnes. A Field Guide to the Birds of Peru (Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 2001) Steven L. Hilty, William L. Brown, Guy Tudor. A Guide to the Birds of Colombia (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986) Steven L. Hilty, John A. Gwynne, Guy Tudor. Birds of Venezuela (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003) Alvaro Jaramillo, Peter Burke, and David Beadle. Birds of Chile (London: Christopher Helm, 2003)

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Tito Narosky and Dario Yzurieta. Birds of Argentina & Uruguay, A Field Guide (Buenos Aires: Vazquez Mazzini, 2003) Robert S. Ridgely, Paul J. Greenfield. The Birds of Ecuador (London: Christopher Helm, 2001) Homas S. Schulenberg, Douglas F. Stotz, Daniel F. Lane, John P. O’Neill, Theodore A. Parker III: Birds of Peru (London: Christopher Helm, 2007) David Sibley. The North American Bird Guide (Kent, UK: Pica Press, 2000) HANDBOOKS

J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. Christie, eds. Handbook of the Birds of the World (Barcelona: Lynx Edicions) Vol. 1, Ostrich – Ducks (1992) Vol. 2, New World Vultures – Guineafowl (1994) Vol. 3, Hoatzin – Auks (1996) Vol. 4, Barn-owls – Hummingbirds (1997) Vol. 5, Sandgrouse – Cuckoos (1999) Vol. 6, Mousebirds – Hornbills (2001) Vol. 7, Jacamars – Woodpeckers (2002)

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Vol. 8, Broadbills – Tapaculos (2003) Vol. 9, Cotingas – Pipits and Wagtails (2004) Vol. 10, Cuckoo-shrikes – Thrushes (2005) Vol. 11, Old World Flydatchers – Old World Warblers (2006) Vol. 12, Picathartes – Tits and Chickadees (2007) (Other volumes yet to be published.) Helmut Sick. Birds in Brazil (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993) BOOKS ON BIRD GROUPS

David Brewer, Barry Kent MacKay. Wrens, Dippers and Thrashers (London: Christopher Helm, 2001) Michael Brooke, John Cox. Albatrosses and Petrels across the World (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004) C. Byers, U. Olsson, and J. Curson. Buntings and Sparrows (Kent, UK: Pica Press, 1995) P. Chantler and G. Driessens. Swifts (Kent, UK: Pica Press, 1995) N. Cleere and D. Nurney. Nightjars (Kent, UK: Pica Press, 1998)

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P. Clement, A. Harris, and J. Davis, Finches and Sparrows (London: Christopher Helm, 1993) Peter Clement and Ren Hathway. Thrushes (Helm, 2000) Jon Curson, David Quinn, and David Beadle. New World Warblers (London: Christopher Helm, 1995) James Ferguson-Lees and David A. Christie. Raptors of the World (London: Christopher Helm, 2001) C. H. Fry, K. Fry, and A. Harris. Kingfishers, Bee-eaters and Rollers (London: Christopher Helm, 1992) David Gibbs, Eustace Barnes, and John Cox, Pigeons and Doves (Kent, UK: Pica Press, 2001) Rolf Grantsau, Die Kolibris Brasiliens (Espressão e cultura, 1988) J. Hancock and J. Kushlan. The Herons Handbook (London: Croom Helm, 1984) S. Harrap and D. Quinn. Tits, Nuthatches & Treecreepers (London: Christopher Helm, 1996) P. Harrison. Seabirds (London: Croom Helm, 1983) P. Hayman, J. Marchant, and T. Prater. Shorebirds (London: Christopher Helm, 1986) Morton L. Isler and Phyllis R. Isler. Tanagers (London: Christopher Helm, 1999)

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Alvaro Jaramillo and Peter Burke. New World Blackbirds (London: Christopher Helm, 1999) Tony Jupiter and Mike Parr. Parrots (Kent, UK: Pica Press, 1998) Claus König, Friedhelm Weick, and Jan-Hendrik Becking. Owls (Kent, UK: Pica Press, 1999) S. Madge and H. Burn. Wildfowl (London: Christopher Helm, 1988) S. Madge and H. Burn. Crows and Jays (London: Christopher Helm, 1999) K. M. Olsen and H. Larsson. Skuas and Jaegers (Kent, UK: Pica Press, 1997) Lester Short, Jennifer Horne, and Albert E. Gilbert. Toucans, Barbets and Honeyguides (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001) B. Taylor and B. van Perlo. Rails (Kent, UK: Pica Press, 1998) Angela Turner and C. Rose, Swallows and Martins (London: Christopher Helm, 1998) H. Winkler, D. A. Christie, and D. Nurney. Woodpeckers (Kent, UK: Pica Press, 1995) BIRD SOUNDS

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Peter Boesman. Birds of Brazil MP3 Sound Collection (Westernieland: Birdsounds.nl, 2006. MP3-CD) Peter Boesman. Birds of Venezuela MP3 Sound Collection (Westernieland: Birdsounds.nl, 2006. MP3-CD) Niels Krabbe and Jonas Nilsson. Birds of Ecuador (Westernieland: Birdsongs BV, 2003. DVD-ROM) Curtis A. Marantz and Kevin J. Zimmer. Bird Voices of Alta Floresta and Southeastern Amazonian Brazil (Ithaca NY: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, 2006.S. Set of 6 CDs) Sjoerd Mayer. Birds of Bolivia 2.0 (Westernieland: Birdsongs BV, 2000. CD-ROM) John V. Moore, Paul Coopmans, Robert S. Ridgely, and Mitch Lysinger. The Birds of Northwest Ecuador, Vol. 1: The Upper Foothills and Subtropics (San Jose CA: John V. Moore Nature Recordings, 1999. Set of 3 CDs) Houghton Mifflin and the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology/ Interactive Audio: Peterson Field Guides, Westen Bird Songs (Ithaca NY: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, 1990. Set of 2 CD’s) Heinz Remold. The Land Birds of Southeast Brazil, Disc 2: Furnarids – Sharpbill (Brookline NY: Heinz Remold, 2001. CD-ROM) Heinz Remold. The Land Birds of Southeast Brazil, Disc 3: Swallows – Icterids with the Pigeons, Parrots and

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Woodpeckers CD-ROM)

(Brookline

NY:

Heinz

Remold,

2006.

Thomas S. Schulenberg, Curtis A. Marantz, and Peter H. English. Voices of Amazonian Birds; Birds of the Rainforest of Southern Peru and Northern Bolivia, Vol. 1: Tinamous through Barbets (Ithaca NY: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, 2000. CD) Thomas S. Schulenberg, Curtis A. Marantz, and Peter H. English. Voices of Amazonian Birds; Birds of the Rainforest of Southern Peru and Northern Bolivia, Vol. 2: Toucans through Antbirds (Ithaca NY: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, 2000. CD) Thomas S. Schulenberg, Curtis A. Marantz, and Peter H. English. Voices of Amazonian Birds; Birds of the Rainforest of Southern Peru and Northern Bolivia, Vol. 3: Ground Antbirds through Jays (Ithaca NY: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, 2000. CD) THE INTERNET

Arthur Grosset’s Web page. http://www.arthurgrosset.com/ (photos of neotropical and other birds) Atualidades Ornithologicas. http://www.ao.com.br/ (Brazilian Ornithological Web Site) Checklist of the Birds of Brazil. Comitê Brasileiro de Registros Ornitológicos. http://www.cbro.org.br/CBRO/ map.htm

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Classification of the bird species of South America. South American Classification Committee, American Ornithologists’ Union. Composite species list with Scientific and English names created by Sjoerd Mayer. Updated November 16, 2008. http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/ SACCList.html Fatbirder. http://www.fatbirder.com/links_geo/america_south/ brazil.html (birding in Brazil) Handbook of Birds of the World, Lynx Edicions. http://www.hbw.com/ibc/ (video clips of birds worldwide) Mango Verde. http://www.mangoverde.com/birdsound/ index.html (photos of birds worldwide) NatureServe. http://www.natureserve.org/infonatura/ (distribution maps of neotropical birds) Xeno-Canto America. http://www.xeno-canto.org/ perc_map.php (voice recordings of neotropical birds) Information and photos of almost every bird species can also be found on the Internet by typing its English, Portuguese, or scientific name in the dialog window of any search engine.

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APPENDIX 1 The Endemics of Brazil TINAMOUS

27.8 Yellow-legged Tinamou (Crypturellus noctivagus) 26.9 Lesser Nothura (Nothura minor) CURRASOW & GUANS

30.3

Buff-browed Chachalaca (Ortalis superciliaris)

29.1

White-crested Guan (Penelope pileata)

29.2

Chestnut-bellied Guan (Penelope ochrogaster)

29.3

White-browed Guan (Penelope jacucaca)

31.2

Alagoas Curassow (Mitu mitu)

31.7

Red-billed Curassow (Crax blumenbachii)

EAGLES, HAWKS & ALLIES

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19.2

White-collared Kite (Leptodon forbesi)

20.5

White-necked Hawk (Leucopternis lacernulatus)

RAILS

34.1

Little Wood-Rail (Aramides mangle)

PIGEONS & DOVES

44.5

Blue-eyed Ground-Dove (Columbina cyanopis)

PARROTS

47.2

Indigo Macaw (Anodorhynchus leari)

47.4

Spix’s Macaw (Cyanopsitta spixii)

47.8

Golden Parakeet (Guarouba guarouba)

48.3

Jandaya Parakeet (Aratinga jandaya)

48.4

Golden-capped Parakeet (Aratinga auricapillus)

48.8

Cactus Parakeet (Aratinga cactorum)

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49.1

Blue-throated Parakeet (Pyrrhura cruentata)

49.4

Pearly Parakeet (Pyrrhura lepida)

49.7

White-eared Parakeet (Pyrrhura leucotis)

49.9

Gray-breasted Parakeet (Pyrrhura griseipectus)

50.1

Hellmayr’s Parakeet (Pyrrhura amazonum)

50.2

Deville’s Parakeet (Pyrrhura lucianii)

50.4

Pfrimer’s Parakeet (Pyrrhura pfrimeri)

51.8

Brown-backed Parrotlet (Touit melanonota)

51.9

Golden-tailed Parrotlet (Touit surdus)

52.1

Plain Parakeet (Brotogeris tirica)

54.6

Vulturine Parrot (Gypopsitta vulturina)

54.7

Bald Parrot (Gypopsitta aurantiocephala)

53.4

Red-browed Parrot (Amazona rhodocorytha)

1251

53.5

Red-tailed Parrot (Amazona brasiliensis)

52.8

Kawall’s Parrot (Amazona kawalli)

CUCKOOS

55.8

Scaled Ground-Cuckoo (Neomorphus squamiger)

OWLS

57.9 Pernambuco Pygmy-Owl (Glaucidium mooreorum) NIGHTJARS

61.1

Bahian Nighthawk (Nyctiprogne vielliardi)

62.4

Pygmy Nightjar (Caprimulgus hirundinaceus)

HUMMINGBIRDS

64.3

Margaretta’s Hermit (Phaethornis margarettae)

64.8

Dusky-throated Hermit (Phaethornis squalidus)

65.2.2 Maranhão Hermit (Phaethornis maranhaoensis)

1252

65.5

Minute Hermit (Phaethornis idaliae)

65.6

Broad-tipped Hermit (Anopetia gounellei)

65.10

Hook-billed Hermit (Glaucis dohrnii)

66.1

Saw-billed Hermit (Ramphodon naevius)

67.4

Long-tailed Woodnymph (Thalurania watertonii)

69.8

Sombre Hummingbird (Aphantochroa cirrochloris)

70.8

Brazilian Ruby (Clytolaema rubricauda)

71.3

Hooded Visorbearer (Augastes lumachella)

71.4

Hyacinth Visorbearer (Augastes scutatus)

71.8

Stripe-breasted Starthroat (Heliomaster squamosus)

JACAMARS

75.5

Three-toed Jacamar (Jacamaralcyon tridactyla)

NEW WORLD BARBETS

1253

76.4

Brown-chested Barbet (Capito brunneipectus)

PUFFBIRDS

75.9 Chestnut-headed Nunlet (Nonnula amaurocephala) 78.4 Spot-backed Puffbird (Nystalus maculates) 78.7 Crescent-chested Puffbird (Malacoptila striata) WOODPECKERS

81.7 Spotted Piculet (Picumnus pygmaeus) 81.8 Varzea Piculet (Picumnus varzeae) 82.3 Tawny Piculet (Picumnus fulvescens) 82.4 Ochraceous Piculet (Picumnus limae) 83.7 Yellow-eared Woodpecker (Veniliornis maculifrons) 84.8 Kaempfer’s Woodpecker (Celeus obrieni) OVENBIRDS (INCL. WOODCREEPERS)

1254

87.3

Brigida’s Woodcreeper (Hylexetastes brigidai)

87.6

Carajás Woodcreeper (Xiphocolaptes carajaensis)

87.8

Moustached falcirostris)

88.1

Hoffmann’s hoffmannsi)

88.10

Spix’s Woodcreeper (Xiphorhynchus spixii)

89.4

Scaled Woodcreeper (Lepidocolaptes squamatus)

89.5

Wagler’s Woodcreeper (Lepidocolaptes wagleri)

90.2

Striolated Tit-spinetail (Leptasthenura striolata)

90.4

Itatiaia Spinetail (Oreophylax moreirae)

90.6

Cipo Canastero (Asthenes luizae)

91.4

Long-tailed Cinclodes (Cinclodes pabsti)

91.6

Wing-banded Hornero (Furnarius figulus)

Woodcreeper

Woodcreeper

1255

(Xiphocolaptes

(Dendrocolaptes

92.1

Pinto’s Spinetail (Synallaxis infuscata)

92.3

Bahia Spinetail (Synallaxis whitneyi)

93.4b

Araguaia Spinetail (Synallaxis simoni)

94.1

Pallid Spinetail (Cranioleuca pallida)

94.5

Gray-headed Spinetail (Cranioleuca semicinerea)

94.7

Scaled Spinetail (Cranioleuca muelleri)

95.1

Red-shouldered Spinetail (Gyalophylax hellmayri)

95.2

Striated Softtail (Thripophaga macroura)

95.7

Orange-eyed Thornbird erythrophthalmus)

96.8

Pink-legged Graveteiro (Acrobatornisfonsecai)

97.1

Caatinga Cachalote (Pseudoseisura cristata)

97.8

White-collared fuscus)

Foliage-gleaner

1256

(Phacellodomus

(Anabazenops

97.10

Pale-browed Treehunter (Cichlocolaptes leucophrus)

98.9

Alagoas Foliage-gleaner (Philydor novaesi)

99.3

Pará Foliage-gleaner (Automolus paraensis)

100.10 Great Xenops (Megaxenops parnaguae) ANTBIRDS

102.2

Silvery-cheeked Antshrike (Sakesphorus cristatus)

102.3

Glossy Antshrike (Sakesphorus luctuosus)

103.3

Caatinga Barred capistratus)

104.9

Planalto Slaty Antshrike (Thamnophilus pelzelni)

104.10 Sooretama ambiguus)

Slaty

Antshrike

Antshrike

(Thamnophilus

(Thamnophilus

105.2

Rondonia Bushbird (Clytoctantes atrogularis)

105.5

Rufous-backed xanthopterus)

Antvireo

1257

(Dysithamnus

105.6

Plumbeous Antvireo (Dysithamnus plumbeus)

106.1

Klages’s Antwren (Myrmotherula klagesi)

106.7

Star-throated Antwren (Myrmotherula gularis)

107.4

Rio de Janeiro Antwren (Myrmotherula fluminensis)

107.7

Salvadori’s Antwren (Myrmotherula minor)

107.9

Unicolored Antwren (Myrmotherula unicolor)

107.10 Alagoas Antwren (Myrmotherula snowi) 108.3

Band-tailed Antwren (Myrmotherula urosticta)

108.9

Orange-bellied Antwren (Terenura sicki)

109.1

Bahia Antwren (Herpsilochmus pileatus)

109.7

Pectoral Antwren (Herpsilochmus pectoralis)

109.10 Caatinga Antwren (Herpsilochmus sellowi) 110.1

Narrow-billed Antwren (Formicivora iheringi)

1258

110.4

Serra Antwren (Formicivora serrana)

110.5

Restinga Antwren (Formicivora littoralis)

110.6

Black-hooded Antwren (Formicivora erythronotos)

110.8

Sincorá Antwren (Formicivora grantsaui)

110.9

Paraná Antwren (Stymphalornis acutirostris)

110.10 São Paulo Antwren (Stymphalornis sp.) 111.1

Ferruginous Antbird (Drymophila ferruginea)

111.3

Rufous-tailed Antbird (Drymophila genei)

111.4

Ochre-rumped Antbird (Drymophila ochropyga)

111.7

Scaled Antbird (Drymophila squamata)

111.10 Fringe-backed Fire-eye (Pyriglena atra) 112.2

Rio de Janeiro Antbird (Cercomacra brasiliana)

112.5

Bananal Antbird (Cercomacra ferdinandi)

1259

113.1

Slender Antbird (Rhopornis ardesiacus)

113.6f Spix’s Warbling Antbird (Hypocnemis striata) 114.6c Rufous-faced Antbird (Schistocichla rufifascies) 114.10 Pale-faced Antbird (Skutchia borbae) 115.2

White-bibbed Antbird (Myrmeciza loricata)

115.3

Squamate Antbird (Myrmeciza squamosa)

116.3

Scalloped Antbird (Myrmeciza ruficauda)

117.3

Harlequin Antbird (Rhegmatorhina berlepschi)

117.6

White-breasted Antbird (Rhegmatorhina hoffmannsi)

117.7

Bare-eyed Antbird (Rhegmatorhina gymnops)

ANTPITTAS

118.3

Such’s Antthrush (Chamaeza meruloides)

119.6

White-browed Antpitta (Hylopezus ochroleucus)

1260

GNATEATERS

118.7

Hooded Gnateater (Conopophaga roberti)

118.9

Black-cheeked Gnateater (Conopophaga melanops)

118.10 Black-bellied melanogaster)

Gnateater

(Conopophaga

TAPACULOS

120.2

Serra do Mar Tapaculo (Scytalopus speluncae)

120.4

Marsh Tapaculo (Scytalopus iraiensis)

120.5

Diamantina Tapaculo (Scytalopus diamantinensis)

120.6

Bahia Tapaculo (Scytalopus psychopompus)

120.7

White-breasted Tapaculo (Scytalopus indigoticus)

120.8

Brasilia Tapaculo (Scytalopus novacapitalis)

120.10 Slaty Bristlefront (Merulaxis ater) 120.11 Stresemann’s Bristlefront (Merulaxis stresemanni)

1261

COTINGAS

121.1 White-winged Cotinga (Xipholena atropurpurea) 121.2 White-tailed Cotinga (Xipholena lamellipennis) 121.8 Banded Cotinga (Cotinga maculata) 122.3 Black-and-gold Cotinga (Tijuca atra) 122.4 Gray-winged Cotinga (Tijuca condita) 124.3 Cinnamon-vented Piha (Lipaugus lanioides) 124.5 Kinglet Calyptura (Calyptura cristata) 124.8 Hooded Berryeater (Carpornis cucullata) 124.9 Black-headed Berryeater (Carpornis melanocephala) 129.5 Buff-throated Purpletuft (Iodopleura pipra) MANAKINS

123.6 Araripe Manakin (Antilophia bokermanni)

1262

123.7 Pin-tailed Manakin (Ilicura militaris) 126.5 Opal-crowned Manakin (Lepidothrix iris) 126.6 Golden-crowned Manakin (Lepidothrix vilasboasi) 127.1 Eastern Striped Manakin (Machaeropterus regulus) 127.6 Wied’s Tyrant-Manakin (Neopelma aurifrons) 127.7 Serra do Mar chrysolophum)

Tyrant-Manakin

(Neopelma

TYRANT-FLYCATCHERS

131.5

Gray-capped Tyrannulet (Phyllomyias griseocapilla)

132.3

Noronha Elaenia (Elaenia ridleyana)

133.8

Gray-backed Tachuri (Polystictus superciliaris)

135.10 Minas Gerais Tyrannulet (Phylloscartes roquettei) 136.2

Oustalet’s Tyrannulet (Phylloscartes oustaleti)

136.3

Serra do Mar Tyrannulet (Phylloscartes difficilis)

1263

136.4

Alagoas Tyrannulet (Phylloscartes ceciliae)

136.6

Restinga Tyrannulet (Phylloscartes kronei)

136.7

Bahia Tyrannulet (Phylloscartes beckeri)

139.1

Eye-ringed Tody-Tyrant (Hemitriccus orbitatus)

139.4

Hangnest Tody-Tyrant (Hemitriccus nidipendulus)

139.7

Buff-breasted Tody-Tyrant (Hemitriccus mirandae)

139.8

Kaempfer’s Tody-Tyrant (Hemitriccus kaempferi)

139.9

Fork-tailed Pygmy-Tyrant (Hemitriccus furcatus)

141.2

Buff-cheeked senex)

141.8

Atlantic Royal swainsoni)

142.2

Yellow-lored poliocephalum)

145.7

Caatinga Black-Tyrant (Knipolegus franciscanus)

Tody-Flycatcher

Flycatcher

Tody-Flycatcher

1264

(Poecilotriccus

(Onychorhynchus

(Todirostrum

145.9

Velvety Black-Tyrant (Knipolegus nigerrimus)

150.5

Ash-throated Casiornis (Casiornis fuscus)

151.5

Gray-hooded Attila (Attila rufus)

NEW WORLD WARBLERS

153.7

White-striped Warbler (Basileuterus leucophrys)

VIREOS & ALLIES

154.9 Noronha Vireo (Vireo gracilirostris) 155.4 Gray-eyed Greenlet (Hylophilus amaurocephalus) WRENS

158.10

Long-billed Wren (Thryothorus longirostris)

159.1

Gray Wren (Thryothorus griseus)

NEW WORLD BLACKBIRDS

163.1

Forbes’ Blackbird (Curaeus forbesi)

1265

164.1

Pale Baywing (Agelaioides fringillarius)

165.5

Campo Troupial (Icterus jamacaii)

TANAGERS

166.1

Brown Tanager (Orchesticus abeillei)

166.9

Cone-billed Tanager (Conothraupis mesoleuca)

167.2

Scarlet-throated Tanager (Compsothraupis loricata)

167.5

Cherry-throated Tanager (Nemosia rourei)

167.7

Rufous-headed Tanager (Hemithraupis ruficapilla)

168.1

Olive-green Tanager (Orthogonys chloricterus)

168.8

Azure-shouldered Tanager (Thraupis cyanoptera)

169.2

Natterer’s Tanager (Tachyphonus nattereri)

170.1

Black-backed Tanager (Tangara peruviana)

170.4

Brassy-breasted Tanager (Tangara desmaresti)

1266

170.5

Gilt-edged Tanager (Tangara cyanoventris)

171.7

Seven-colored Tanager (Tangara fastuosa)

172.4

White-bellied Tanager (Tangara brasiliensis)

172.8

Red-cowled Cardinal (Paroaria dominicana)

172.10 Crimson-fronted Cardinal (Paroaria baeri) 176.4

Black-legged Dacnis (Dacnis nigripes)

CROWS & ALLIES

180.8

White-naped Jay (Cyanocorax cyanopogon)

BUNTINGS & NEW WORLD SPARROWS

182.3 Dubois’s Seedeater (Sporophila ardesiaca) 182.4 Hooded Seedeater (Sporophila melanops) 182.6 White-throated Seedeater (Sporophila albogularis)

1267

183.7 Black-bellied Seedeater (Sporophila melanogaster) 185.8 Pale-throated Pampa-Finch (Embernagra longicauda) 186.4 Cinereous Warbling-Finch (Poospiza cinerea) 186.5 Bay-chested Warbling-Finch (Poospiza thoracica) 187.8 Half-collared Sparrow (Arremon semitorquatus) 187.9 São Francisco Sparrow (Arremon franciscanus) FINCHES

187.3

Yellow-faced Siskin (Carduelis yarrellii)

1268

1269

APPENDIX 2 English-Portuguese Dictionary See also • • • •

The Portuguese names in the species accounts The key to the distribution maps (p. 15) “Parts of a Bird” (p. xiii) “Symbols. Abbreviations, and Glossary” (p. 25)

The following is a small collection of the main terms and words used in the captions for features and habitat. Note that the basic form of the words is presented with addition of the most frequent suffixes or endings in parentheses. (Inglês–Português) Veja também • • • •

os nomes do português das espécies descritas a chave dos mapas de distribuição (p. 15) ‘partes de um pássaro’ (p. xiii) ‘símbolos e abreviaturas’ (p. 25)

O seguinte é uma relação dos termos e das palavras principais usados nos subtítulos de cada espécie, suas características e habitat. Note que a relação de palavras básicas está seguida dos sufixos mais freqüentes entre parênteses. above

acima de

1270

absence/absent

ausência

abundant

abundante

accent(uate, ed)

ênfase, acentuado

accident(al, ally)

acidente

active

ativo

adjacent

adjacente

age

idade

always

sempre

amber

âmbar

among

entre

ant

formiga

any

alguns

appear(s, ance)

aparecer

1271

arid

árido

army ants

grupo grande formigas

around

em torno

attain(ed, ing)

alcancar

average

média

avoid(s)

evitar

away

afastado

azure

azul

backside

parte traseira

band(s)

faixa

bar(s, red, ring)

barra

bare

descoberto

beach(es)

praia

1272

beat(s)

batida

because

porque

become(s)

tornar-se

before

antes

begin(ning)

comecar

behavior

comportamento

behind

atrás de

below

abaixo

belt(s)

correia

bend

curvatura

between

entre

beware

cuidado

beyond

além de

1273

bill(s, ed)

bico

bird(s)

pássaro

bit

pedacinho

black(ish, er, est)

preto

blotch(es, ed)

mancha

blue/bluish

azul

blurry

desfocado

body

corpo

bold(er)

bem definido

bordered

limitado

border(s)

margem

both

ambos

brackish

água suavemente salgada

1274

branch

filial

brassy

amarelo metálico

breed(s, er, ing)

raça

bright(er, est)

claro

brilliant

brilhante

broad(er, est, ly)

largo

broken

quebrado

brown(er, est, ish)

marrom

brush(y)

arbusto baixo denso

buff(ier, iest, y, ish)

lustre

build

configuração

bulky

volumoso

burned

queimado

1275

bush(es, y)

arbusto

call(s)

atendimento

calm

calma

canopy

dossel

cap

topo da cabeça

case(s)

caso

cast

molde

cattle

gado

caused

causado

change/changing

mudar

characterize(d)

caracterizar

chestnut

castanha

chocolate

chocolate

1276

cinnamon

canela

city/cities)

cidade

clean

limpo

clearing(s)

clareiro

cliff(s)

penhasco

close (r, st,ly)

próximo

coast(al)

costa

cocked

?

collar

colar

colony/colonies/colonial

colônia

color(s, ed, ing)

cor

common(er, est, ly)

comum

compact

compacto

1277

compare(d)

comparar com

complete(ly)

completo

complicate(d)

complicado

conceal(ed)

escondir

consider(ed)

considerar

conspicuous

conspìcuo

contrast(s, ing)

contraste

coppery

cúprico

corner(s)

esquina

correct(ly)

correto

country

paìs

cover

tampa

crescent(s)

crescente

1278

crosswise

transversalmente

crown(ed)

coroa

cryptic

enigmático

cultivation(s)

cultivo

curve(d)

curva

cut(ting)

corte

dark(er, est, ish)

escuro

dead

morto

deep(er)

profundo

dense (r, ly)

denso

depict(ed)

descrever

differ(s, ent, ently, ing, ence)

difirir

direct(ly)

direto

1279

discover(ed)

descobrir

distance

distância

distinct(ly, ive, ively)

distinto

ditch(es)

valeta

dot(ted)

pintas

double

dobro

doubtful(ly)

duvidoso

down

para baixo

drop(s)

gota

dry/drier/driest

seco

due

esperado

dull(er, est)

sem graça

dusky/duskier/duskiest

meio escuro

1280

dweller

morador

e.g.

por exemplo

each

cada um

earth

terra

easy/easily

fácil

edge,(s, ed)/edging

borda

elegant

elegante

emerald

verde esmeralda

entire

inteiro

erect

ereto

eroded

erosão

even

uniforme

example(s)

exemplo

1281

exclusive(ly)

exclusivo

expose(d)

exposto

extend(s, ing)

estender

extension(s)

extensão

extensive(ly)

extensivo

face/facial

cara

fact

fato

faint(ly)

fraco

fair(ly)

razoável

fall(en)

queda

fan(ned)

leque

far

distante

farmland

terra de cultivo

1282

fast

rápido

feather(s, ing)

pena

featureless

sem caracterìsticas

feed(s, ing)

alimentação

feel

sentir

feet

pés

fern(s)

samambaia

few(er)

poucos

field(s)

campo

fierce

feroz

find/found

encontrar

fine(ly)

delicado

fish(es, ing)

peixes

1283

flash(es)

claráo

flat(ter, est)

plano

flesh

pele

fly(ing)/flies

voar

flight

vôo

flooded

inundado

flood plains

alagado

floor

fundo

fold(ed)

dobra

foliage

folhagem

follow(s)

seguir

foreside

fachada

forest(s, ed)

floresta

1284

fork(ed)

bifurcação

form(s, ed, ing)

forma

frequent

freqüente

fresh

fresco

fringe/fringing

franja

from/by

de/par

front

parte dianteira

full(y)

completo

gallery

galeria

garden(s)

jardim

general(ly)

geralmente

give/giving

dar

glide(s)/gliding

deslizar

1285

glossy/glossier

lustroso

golden

dourado

grass(es, y, land)

grama/campo

gray(er, est, ish)

cinzento

green(er, est)

verde

groove(s)

ranhura

ground(s)

chão

group(s)

grupo

grove(s)

bosque

grow(th)

crescer

half

meio

halfway

na metade

hang(s, ing)

pendurar

1286

harbor(s)

porto

hard(ly)

duro

head(s)

cabeça

hear(s, d)

ouvir

heavy/heavier/heaviest)

pesado

hedge(s)

cerca viva

hence

por isso

hidden

escondido

high(er, est)

elevado

highlands

paises montanhosos

hind

traseiro

hold/held

segurar

hood

capa

1287

humid

úmido

hunt(s, ing)

caçar

hybrid(s)

híbrido

illustrated

ilustrado

immediate(ly)

imediatamente

include(s)/including

Incluir, inclusive

incomplete

incompleto

inconspicuous

discreto

inland

interior

inner

interno

insect(s)

inseto

inseparable

inseparável

inspect

inspecionar

1288

intersect(s)

cruzar-se

involve(d)

envolver

island(s)

ilha

joint(ed)

conjunto

just

somente

keel(ed)

quilha

keep(s, ing)

deter

know(n)

saber

labeled

etiquetado

lack(s, ing)

faltar

lagoon(s)

lagoa

lake(s)

lago

land

terra

1289

landscape(s)

paisagem

large(r, st)

grande

last/latter

último

layer(s)

camada

lead(s, ing)

na frente

least

menos

leave(s)

deixar

leg(s)

perna

lengthwise

longitudinalmente

less

menos

level(s)

nível

life

vida

light(er, est, ly)

claro

1290

like

como

limit(ed)

limitar

line(s)/lining

linha

little

pouco

local(ly)

local

localize(d)

localizado

long(er, est)

longo

look(s, ing)

olhar

low(er, est, ed)

baixo

lowland(s)

planície

main(ly)

principal

margin(s)

margem

mark(ing, ings)

marca

1291

maroon

marrom

marsh(es, y)

pântano

mask

máscara

may

pode ser que

medium

mediano

meet(s)

encontrar

method

método

mid-

no meio de

middle

médio

might

poder (possibilidade)

migrate(s)

migrar

miss(ing)

perder

moist

úmido

1292

montane

montanha

more

mais

most(ly)

a maioria

mottle(d)/mottling

cores misturadas

moult(s, ing)

mudar de penas

mountain(s)

montanha

much

muito

mud

lama

mud flat

planìcie enlameada

narrow(er, est, ly)

estreito

near(ly, by)

perto

nest(s)

ninho

never

nunca

1293

night

noite

nocturnal

noturno

notched

entalhado

number

número

obvious

óbvio

occur(s)

ocorrer

ochraceous

alaranjado

ochre

cor de ocre

ocular

ocular

offshore

sobre o mar

often

frequentemente

old(er, est)

velho

olive

verde-oliva

1294

only

somente

open

aberto

orange

laranja

other(wise)

se não

out

fora de

outcrop(s)

saliencia

outer(most)

exterior

outnumber(ed)

exceder em número

outside

fora

over

sobre

overall

total

overgrown

coberto de vegetação

overhanging

pender sobre

1295

overlap

sobreposto

paint(ed)

pintura

pair

par

pale(r, st)

pálido

palm(s)

palmito

panel

painel

park(s)

parque

part(s)

parte

partial

parcial

partly

em parte

pasture(s)

pasto

patch(es)

manchas

patrol(s)

patrulha

1296

pattern(s, ed, ing)

desenho

peak(s)

pico

pearl

pérola

perch(es, ed)

poleiro

pied

multicor

pink(ish)

cor-de-rosa

plac(s, d)

lugar

plain

liso

plantation(s)

plantação

plant(s)

planta

point(ed)

ponto

pond(s)

lagoa

pool(s)

poça

1297

poor

deficiente

positive(ly)

positivo

possible/possibly

possível

prefer(s, ring)

prefirir

probable/probably

provável

project(s, ing)

projetar

pump(ing)

bomba

purple/purplish

roxo

quite

quase

raise(d)

levantar

ranch(land)

rancho

range(s)

área

rapid

rápido

1298

rare(r, st, ly)

raro

rather

um tanto

reach(es, ing)

alcançar

rear

parte traseira

reason(s)

razão

recall(ing)

recordar

record(s, ing)

gravar

red(der, dest, dish)

vermelho

reduce(d)

reduzir

reed beds

habitat com juncos

reed(s, y)

junco

reef(s)

recife

region(s)

região

1299

relative(ly)

relativo

reliable/reliably)

confiável

remarkable

notável

replace(d)

substituir

resemble(s, ing)

parecer com

respond

responder

retain(ed)

reter

retract(ed)

retratar

rich(er, est, ly)

rico

ridge(s)

cume

rim(s, med)

borda

ring(ed)

anel

river(s)

rio

1300

riverine

vale

roadside(s)

beira da estrada

rock(s, y)

rocha

roof(s)

telhado

roost(s, ing)

pernoitar

round(er, est, ed)

redondo

Rufous, rufescent

vermelho marronzado

run(s, ning)

correr

rush(es)

junco

rusty

oxidado

safe(ly)

seguro

saline

salgado

sally(ing)

voar com objetivo

1301

salty

salgada

same

mesmo

sand(y)

areia

sandbar(s)

banco de areia

scale(d)/scaling

pintadinho

scallop(ed, ing)

tipo de marcação

scarce(ly)

escasso

scatter(ed)

dispersar

scrub(bed, by)

cerrado

sea

mar

seam

emenda

season

estação

second(ly)

segundo

1302

secretive

meio escondido

sedge(s)

junco

see(s, n)

ver

seed(ing)

semente

seem(s, ingly)

parecer

settlement(s)

estabelecimento

several

diversos

shade(d)

máscara

shadow

sombra

shaft(s)

haste

shallow

raso

shape(d)

forma

share(s, d)

dividir

1303

sharp(ly)

afiado

shelf

prateleira

shiny

brilhante

ship(s)

barco

shore(s)

costa

short(er, est)

curto

should

deve

shoulder

ombro

show(s, n, ing)

mostrar

shrub(by)

arbusto

shrubbery

moite de arbustos

shut

fechado

shy

tímido

1304

side(s)

lado

similar

semelhante a

single

solteiro

size(s, d)

tamanho

skin

pele

slender

delgado

slight(ly)

um pouco

slope(s)

inclinação

small(er, est)

pequeno

smear/smudge

mancha

soar(s, ing)

pairar

soil(s)

terra

solid

sólido

1305

some

alguns

sometimes

às vezes

somewhat

um tanto

song

canção

sooty

sooty

space(s)

espaço

sparse(ly)

escasso

species

espécie

speckle(s, d)

salpico

spectacles

óculos

spot(s, ted, ting, ty)

pintadinho

spread(s, ing)

espelhar

square/squarish

quadrado

1306

stage(s)

estágio

stance

postura

stand(s)

posição

staring

olhar fixamente

start(s, ing)

começar

status

categoria

steep

íngreme

stem(s)

caule

stiff

duro

still

ainda

stony

pedregoso

(upper-, under-)story/stories

andar

straight(er, est)

em linha reta

1307

strat(um, a)

camada

straw

palha

streak(s, ed, ing, y)

listras

stream(s)

córrego

strict(ly)

estrito

striking

impressionante

stripe(s, ing)

listra

strong(ly)

forte

stubb(y, ier, iest)

pequeno

stunted

atrofiado

subterminal

subterminal

surface

superfìcie

surrounding(s)

arredores

1308

sustain(ed)

sustentar

swamp(s, y)

pãntano

swarm(s)

enxame

swim(s)

nadar

tail(s, ed)

cauda

tall(er, est)

alto

tangle(s, d)

emaranhado

tawny

tipo de marrom

thick

densamente

thicket(s)

grosso

thickset

troncudo

thigh(s)

coxa

thin

fino

1309

throat(s, ed)

garganta

through

através

throughout

durante todo

tidal

movimento das marés

tinge(d)

matiz

tiny

minúsculo

tip(s, ped)

ponta

together

junto

tone(s, d)

tom

touch(es)

tocar

town(s)

cidade

trail(ing)

arrastar

translucent

translúcido

1310

trawler(s)

traineira

tree(s)

árvore

treeless

sem árvores

tuft(s)

tufo

turquoise

turquesa

twice

duas vezes

type(s)

tipo

typical(ly)

típico

un-

des-/in-

under-

sob-

undergrowth

plantas baixas

underneath

debaixo de

underside

lado de baixo

1311

undulating

ondulante

unless

a menos que

unlike(ly)

desigual/diferente

unmistakable

inconfundível

upper

superior

upright

ereto

upturned

virado para cima

urban

urbano

use

usar

vagrant

visitante

variable

variável

variation

variação

variety

variedade

1312

vary/varies/varying

variar

very

muito

vinaceous

cor de vinho

vine(s)

planta trepadeira

violet

violeta

virtually

praticamente

visible

visível

visitor

visitante

voice

voz

walk(s, ing)

andar

warm

morno

wash/thin layer of color

revestimento fino

water(s)

água

1313

web(s) of feather

vexilo

wedge

cunha

well

bem

wet

molhado

wetlands

pantanais

whereas

visto que

which

qual

while

enquanto

whisker(s)

bigodes

white, (r, st)/whitish)

branco

wide

largamente

widespread

espalhado

window(s)

janela

1314

wing(s, ed)

asa

wire(s)

fio

wood(s, ed)

madeira/bosque

woodland

mata

world

mundo

wrist(s)

pulso

year(s)

ano

yellow(er, est, ish)

amarelo

1315

1316

Index The first part of a number refers to the plate number, and the second part to the number of a species on that plate. The names are printed as in the captions, with English names in bold capitals, Portuguese in regular type, and scientific names in italics. abeillei, Orchesticus 166.1 Abre-asa 137.1 Abre-asa-da-mata 137.2 Abre-asa-de-cabeça-cinza 137.3 Aburria 29 Açan -preta 32.8 Acau 24.9 Accipiter 19 accipitrinus, Deroptyus 50.9 Acrobata 96.8 Acrobatornis 96 Actitis 37

1317

Acurana 60.5 acuta, Anas 15.9 acuticaudata, Aratinga 48.1 acutipennis, Chordeiles 60.8 acutipennis, Pseudocolopteryx 135.3 acutirostris, Stymphalornis 110.9 adusta, Roraimia 96.7 Aegolius 58 aenea, Chloroceryle 73.8 aequinoctialis, Buteogallus 22.5 aequinoctialis, Geothlypis 154.2 aequinoctialis, Procellaria 4.9 Aeronautes 63 aestiva, Amazona 53.8 aethereus, Nyctibius 59.6 aethereus, Phaethon 6.7 aethiops, Thamnophilus 103.7

1318

affinis, Veniliornis 83.6 Agachadeira-mirim 35.10 agami, Agamia 12.5 Agamia 12 Agelaioides 164 agilis, Oporornis 153.1 Águia-chilena 23.1 Águia-cinzenta 23.2 Águia-pescadora 17.1 Agulha-de-garganta-branca 75.4 ajaja, Platalea 12.9 alaudina, Coryphistera 96.5 alba, Ardea 11.5 alba, Calidris 39.2 alba, Gygis 40.9 alba, Procnias 122.8 alba, Tyto 59.3

1319

ALBATROSS, BLACK-BROWED 1.6 GRAY-HEADED 2.2 LIGHT-MANTLED 2.3 NORTHERN ROYAL 1.3 SHY 1.5 SOOTY 2.4 SOUTHERN ROYAL 1.4 TRISTAN 1.2 WANDERING 1.1 YELLOW-NOSED 2.1 Albatroz-arisco 1.5 Albatroz-de-cabeça-cinza 2.2 Albatroz-de-nariz-amarelo 2.1 Albatroz-de-sobrancelha 1.6 Albatroz-gigante 1.1 Albatroz-gigante 1.2 Albatroz-real 1.4

1320

Albatroz-real-do-norte 1.3 albescens, Synallaxis 92.5 albicaudatus, Buteo 21.6 albiceps, Elaenia 132.4 albicollis, Leucochloris 70.10 albicollis, Leucopternis 20.6 albicollis, Nyctidromus 61.4 albicollis, Porzana 33.4 albicollis, Turdus 161.7 albicollis, Xiphocolaptes 87.7 albifrons, Donacospiza 187.5 albifrons, Pithys 114.9 albigularis, Sclerurus 100.3 albigularis, Synallaxis 92.7 albilora, Synallaxis 93.4 albilora, Synallaxis 93.4a albinucha, Xenopsaris 130.2

1321

albirostris, Galbula 74.1 albiventer, Fluvicola 147.4 albiventer, Tachycineta 156.1 albiventris, Dacnis 176.1 albogularis, Brachygalba 75.4 albogularis, Contopus 144.6 albogularis, Sporophila 182.6 albogularis, Tyrannus 149.8 albolineatus, Lepidocolaptes 89.8 albonotatus, Buteo 22.1 albosquamatus, Picumnus 81.10 albus, Chionis 30.10 alector, Crax 31.5 Alectrurus 147 Alegrinho 134.7 Alegrinho-balança-rabo 135.6 Alegrinho-de-barriga-branca 134.8

1322

Alegrinho-de-garganta-branca 134.4 Alegrinho-do-chaco 137.7 Alegrinho-trinador 134.9 Alegrio-do-rio 134.6 Alipiopsitta 53 Alma-de-gato 56.10 Alma-de-mestre 6.1 Alma-negra 4.7 alnorum, Empidonax 144.7 Alopochelidon 157 altiloquus, Vireo 154.8 Amarelinho 137.8 Amarelinho-da-amazônia 137.9 Amarelinho-do-junco 135.2 amaurocephala, Nonnula 75.9 amaurocephalus, Hylophilus 155.4 amaurocephalus, Leptopogon 137.4

1323

amaurochalinus, Turdus 161.2 Amaurolimnas 32 Amaurospiza 184 amaurotis, Anabacerthia 96.10 Amazilia 67–69 Amazona 52–53 amazona, Chloroceryle 73.7 Amazonetta 15 amazonica, Amazona 52.7 amazonicus, Thamnophilus 104.1 amazonum, Pyrrhura 50.1 ambigua, Myrmotherula 105.10 ambiguus, Thamnophilus 104.10 Amblyramphus 164 americana, Chloroceryle 73.9 americana, Mycteria 12.6 americana, Rhea 26.1

1324

americana, Spiza 186.8 americana, Sporophila 181.7 americanus, Coccyzus 56.2 americanus, Ibycter 24.11 amethystina, Calliphlox 71.10 Ammodramus 186 Anabacerthia 96 Anabazenops 97 Anac 50.9 anaca, Pyrrhura 49.9 analis, Formicarius 117.9 Anambé-azul 121.4 Anambé-brancao-de-rabo-preto 129.8 Anambé-branco-de-bochecha-parda 129.10 Anambé-branco-de-máscara-negra 129.9 Anambé-de-asa-branca 121.1 Anambé-de-cara-preta 121.9

1325

Anambé-de-coroa 129.7 Anambé-de-peito-roxo 121.6 Anambé-de-rabo-branco 121.2 Anambé-de-whitely 122.5 Anambé-fusco 129.6 Anambé-militar 123.3 Anambé-pombo 123.1 Anambé-pompadora 121.3 Anambé-preto 122.6 Anambé-uma 123.2 Anambezinho 129.5 Anas 15 Ancistrops 97 Andarilho 91.1 andinus, Phoenicopterus 13.5 Andoriha-de-coleira 156.6 Andorinha-azul 157.1

1326

Andorinha-chilena 156.3 Andorinha-de-bando 156.7 Andorinha-de-dorso-acanelado 156.8 Andorinha-de-sobre-branco 156.2 Andorinha-do-barranco 157.4 Andorinha-do-campo 157.5 Andorinha-doméstica-grande 157.2 Andorinha-do-rio 156.1 Andorinha-do-sul 157.3 Andorinha-morena 157.7 Andorinh o-da-amazônia 63.6 Andorinh o-de-chapman 63.5 Andorinh o-de-rabo-curto 63.7 Andorinh o-de-sobre-branco 63.1 Andorinhão-de-sobre-cinzento 63.3 Andorinh o-do-temporal 63.8 Andorinh o-estofador 63.11

1327

Andorinh o-migrante 63.4 Andorinh o-serrano 63.9 Andorinha-pequena-de-casa 156.4 Andorinha-serradora 157.8 andrei, Taeniotriccus 140.8 angolensis, Sporophila 183.10 angulata, Gallinula 34.7 angustifrons, Psarocolius 162.3 angustirostris, Lepidocolaptes 89.3 Anhima 13 Anhinga 9 ANHINGA 9.1 anhinga, Anhinga 9.1 Anhuma 13.8 ani, Crotophaga 55.2 ANI, GREATER 55.1 SMOOTH-BILLED 55.2

1328

annumbi, Anumbius 96.4 Anodorhynchus 47 anomalus, Eleothreptus 60.1 Anopetia 65 Anous 40 antarcticus, Stercorarius 43.7 ANTBIRD, AMAZONAS 114.3 ASH-BREASTED 113.4 BANANAL 112.5 BANDED 108.5 BAND-TAILED 113.9 BARE-EYED 117.7 BERTONI’S 111.2 BICOLORED 117.2 BLACK 112.6 BLACK-AND-WHITE 113.10 BLACK-CHINNED 113.8

1329

BLACK-FACED 113.5 BLACK-HEADED 114.4 BLACKISH 112.4 BLACK-TAILED 113.2 BLACK-THROATED 116.1 CAURA 114.5 CHESTNUT-CRESTED 117.4 DOT-BACKED 116.6 DUSKY 112.3 DUSKY-TAILED 111.6 FERRUGINOUS 111.1 FERRUGINOUS-BACKED 116.2 GOELDI’S 115.9 GRAY 112.1 GRAY-BELLIED 115.5 GUIANAN WARBLING 113.6a HAIRY-CRESTED 117.5

1330

HARLEQUIN 117.3 HUMAITA 114.6B IMERI WARBLING 113.6b MANU 112.8 MATO GROSSO 112.9 OCHRE-RUMPED 111.4 PALE-FACED 114.10 PERUVIAN WARBLING 113.6c PLUMBEOUS 115.7 RIO BRANCO 112.7 RIO DE JANEIRO 112.2 RONDONIA WARBLING 113.6e RORAIMAN 114.7 RUFOUS-FACED 114.6C RUFOUS-TAILED 111.3 RUFOUS-THROATED 116.4 SCALE-BACKED 116.8

1331

SCALED 111.7 SCALLOPED 116.3 SILVERED 114.1 SLATE-COLORED 114.2 SLENDER 113.1 SOOTY 115.10 SOUTHERN CHESTNUT-TAILED 115.6 SPIX’S WARBLING 113.6f SPOT-BACKED 116.7 SPOT-WINGED 114.6A SQUAMATE 115.3 STRIATED 111.5 STRIPE-BACKED 108.6 WARBLING 113.6 WHITE-BELLIED 115.1 WHITE-BIBBED 115.2 WHITE-BREASTED 117.6

1332

WHITE-BROWED 113.3 WHITE-LINED 114.8 WHITE-PLUMED 114.9 WHITE-SHOULDERED 115.8 WHITE-THROATED 116.5 WILLIS’S 112.10 WING-BANDED 117.1 YAPACANA 115.4 YELLOW-BREASTED WARBLING 113.6d YELLOW-BROWED 113.7 anthracinus, Buteogallus 22.4 Anthus 128 antillarum, Sternula 41.9 Antilophia 123 ANTPIPIT, RINGED 128.3 SOUTHERN 128.4 ANTPITTA, AMAZONIAN 119.5

1333

ELUSIVE 119.2 SCALED 119.3 SPECKLE-BREASTED 119.7 SPOTTED 119.4 TEPUI 119.8 THRUSH-LIKE 119.9 VARIEGATED 119.1 WHITE-BROWED 119.6 ANTSHRIKE, ACRE 104.2 AMAZONIAN 104.1 BAMBOO 101.2 BAND-TAILED 103.1 BARRED 103.2 BLACK-CRESTED 102.1 BLACKISH-GRAY 103.5 BLACK-THROATED 101.7 BLUISH-SLATE 102.9

1334

CAATINGA BARRED 103.4 CASTELNAU’S 103.6 CHESTNUT-BACKED 103.3 CINEREOUS 102.8 DUSKY-THROATED 102.7 FASCIATED 101.1 GIANT 101.4 GLOSSY 102.3 GREAT 101.9 LARGE-TAILED 101.6 MOUSE-COLORED 103.9 PEARLY 102.5 PLAIN-WINGED 103.8 RUFOUS-CAPPED 104.3 RUFOUS-WINGED 104.4 SATURNINE 102.6 SILVERY-CHEEKED 102.2

1335

SPOT-BACKED 101.3 SPOT-WINGED 102.10 STREAK-BACKED 103.10 TUFTED 101.5 UNDULATED 101.8 VARIABLE 104.5 WHITE-BEARDED 102.4 WHITE-SHOULDERED 103.7 ANT-TANAGER, RED-CROWNED 173.9 ANTTHRUSH, BLACK-FACED 117.9 RUFOUS-CAPPED 117.8 RUFOUS-FRONTED 117.10 RUFOUS-TAILED 118.4 SHORT-TAILED 118.1 STRIATED 118.2 SUCH’S 118.3 ANTVIREO, PLAIN 105.4

1336

PLUMBEOUS 105.6 RUFOUS-BACKED 105.5 SPOT-BREASTED 105.3 ANTWREN, ALAGOAS 107.10 AMAZONIAN STREAKED 106.2 ASH-WINGED 108.11 BAHIA 109.1 BAND-TAILED 108.3 BLACK-BELLIED 110.3 BLACK-CAPPED 109.2 BLACK-HOODED 110.6 BROWN-BELLIED 106.8 CAATINGA 109.10 CHERRIE’S 106.4 CHESTNUT-SHOULDERED 108.10 DOT-WINGED 108.7 GRAY 108.4

1337

GUIANAN STREAKED 106.3 IHERING’S 107.8 KLAGES’S 106.1 LARGE-BILLED 109.8 LEADEN 108.1 LONG-WINGED 107.6 MOUSTACHED 105.8 NARROW-BILLED 110.1 ORANGE-BELLIED 108.9 ORNATE 107.1 PARANA 110.9 PECTORAL 109.7 PLAIN-THROATED 106.5 PLAIN-WINGED 108.2 PYGMY 105.7 RESTINGA 110.5 RIO DE JANEIRO 107.4

1338

RIO SUNO 107.5 RORAIMAN 109.6 RUFOUS-BELLIED 106.6 RUFOUS-TAILED 107.2 RUFOUS-WINGED 109.9 RUSTY-BACKED 110.7 SALVADORI’S 107.7 SAO PAULO 110.10 SCLATER’S 105.9 SERRA 110.4 SINCORÁ 110.8 SPOT-BACKED 109.5 SPOT-TAILED 109.3 STAR-THROATED 106.7 STIPPLE-THROATED 106.10 STREAK-CAPPED 108.8 TODD’S 109.4

1339

UNICOLORED 107.9 WHITE-EYED 106.9 WHITE-FLANKED 107.3 WHITE-FRINGED 110.2 YELLOW-THROATED 105.10 Anu-branco 55.3 Anu-coroca 55.1 Anumará 163.1 Anumbius 96 Anu-preto 55.2 Anurolimnas 32 Aphantochroa 69 Aptenodytes 8 Apuim-de-asa-vermelha 51.6 Apuim-de-cauda-amarela 51.9 Apuim-de-costas-azuis 51.7 Apuim-de-costas-pretas 51.8

1340

aquila, Fregata 7.7 Aquilucho Común 21.7 Ara 46–47 ARACARI, BLACK-NECKED 79.5 BROWN-MANDIBLED 79.6 CHESTNUT-EARED 79.7 CURL-CRESTED 79.9 GREEN 79.2 IVORY-BILLED 79.4 LETTERED 79.1 MANY-BANDED 79.8 RED-NECKED 79.3 aracari, Pteroglossus 79.5 Araçari-banana 79.10 Araçari-castanho 79.7 Araçari-de-bico-branco 79.5 Araçari-de-bico-de-marfim 79.4

1341

Araçari-de-bico-marrom 79.6 Araçari-de-cinta-dupla 79.8 Araçari-de-pescoço-vermelho 79.3 Araçari-miudinho 79.2 Araçari-miudinho-de-bico-riscado 79.1 Araçari-mulato 79.9 Araçari-negro 80.3 Araçari-poca 80.7 Aracu 30.1 Aracu -de-sobrancelhas 30.3 Aracu -do-pantanal 30.4 Aracu -pequeno 30.2 arada, Cyphorhinus 159.8 Aramides 34 Aramus 28 Arapaçu- 88.9 Arapaçu-assobiador 89.1

1342

Arapaçu-barrado 87.10 Arapaçu-beija-flor 89.10 Arapaçu-da-taoca 86.3 Arapaçu-de-barriga-pintada 87.1 Arapaçu-de-bico-branco 88.4 Arapaçu-de-bico-comprido 86.9 Arapaçu-de-bico-curvo 89.9 Arapaçu-de-bico-de-cunha 86.7 Arapaçu-de-bico-torto 89.11 Arapaçu-de-bico-vermelho 87.4 Arapaçu-de-Cerrado 89.3 Arapaçu-de-garganta-amarela 89.2 Arapaçu-de-garganta-branca 87.7 Arapaçu-de-garganta-pintada 86.5 Arapaçu-de-listras-brancas 89.8 Arapaçu-deloro-cinza 87.3 Arapaçu-de-spix 88.10

1343

Arapaçu-de-wagler 89.5 Arapaçu-do-campo 87.9 Arapaçu-do-carajás 87.6 Arapaçu-do-nordeste 87.8 Arapaçu-elegante 88.11 Arapaçu-escamado 89.4 Arapaçu-escamado-do-sul 89.6 Arapaçu-ferrugem 88.5 Arapaçu-galinha 86.10 Arapaçu-grande 88.3 Arapaçu-liso 86.2 Arapaçu-listrado 89.7 Arapaçu-marrom 88.1 Arapaçu-meio-barrado 88.2 Arapaçu-ocelado 88.8 Arapaçu-pardo 86.1 Arapaçu-platino 86.8

1344

Arapaçu-rabudo 86.4 Arapaçu-rajado 88.7 Arapaçu-riscado 88.6 Arapaçu-uniforme 87.2 Arapaçu-verde 86.6 Arapaçu-vermelho 87.5 Arapapá 10.7 Araponga 122.10 Araponga-da-amazônia 122.8 Araponga-do-horto 124.7 Araponga-do-nordeste 122.9 Arara-azul-de-lear 47.2 Arara-azul-grande 47.1 Arara-azul-pequena 47.3 Araracanga 47.6 Arara-canindé 47.5 Ararajuba 47.8

1345

ararauna, Ara 47.5 Arara-vermelha-grande 47.7 Ararinha-azul 47.4 Aratinga 47–48 Aratinga-de-testa-azul 48.1 Ardea 11–12 Ardeola 11 ardesiaca, Rhopornis 113.1 ardesiaca, Sporophila 182.3 ardesiacus, Thamnomanes 102.7 Arenaria 37 ariel, Fregata 7.9 Ariramba-bronzeada 74.7 Ariramba-da-capoeira 74.8 Ariramba-da-mata 74.2 Ariramba-de-barba-branca 74.9 Ariramba-de-bico-amarelo 74.1

1346

Ariramba-de-cauda-ruiva 74.3 Ariramba-de-cauda-verde 74.10 Ariramba-do-paraíso 74.5 Ariramba-preta 75.3 Ariramba-vermelha 75.1 Ariramba-violácea 74.6 armillata, Fulica 35.1 arminjoniana, Pterodroma 5.3 Arrabio 15.9 Arredio 94.3 Arredio-de-papo-manchado 94.9 Arredio-de-peito-branco 94.10 Arredio-do-rio 94.6 Arredio-oliváceo 94.4 Arredio-pálido 94.1 Arremon 187 Arremonops 187

1347

Arundinicola 147 Asa-branca 14.1 Asa-de-sabre-canela 66.4 Asa-de-sabre-cinza 66.3 Asa-de-sabre-de-peito-camurça 66.5 Asa-de-telha 164.1 Asa-de-telha-pálido 164.2 Asio 58 Assadinho-de-cauda-preta 142.7 Assanhadinho 142.6 assimilis, Myrmotherula 108.1 assimilis, Puffinus 4.5 assimilis, Tolmomyias 143.3 Assobiador-do-castanhal 154.5 Asthenes 90 astrild, Estrilda 175.10 Atalotriccus 140

1348

ater, Daptrius 24.10 ater, Merulaxis 120.10 aterrimus, Knipolegus 145.8 Athene 58 atlanticus, Larus 42.2 Atlapetes 187 Atobá-australiano 7.1 Atobá-de-pé-vermelho 7.5 Atobá-do-cabo 7.2 Atobá-grande 7.3 Atobá-pardo 7.4 atra, Monasa 77.2 atra, Pyriglena 111.10 atra, Tijuca 122.3 atratus, Coragyps 16.1 atricapilla, Donacobius 158.1 atricapilla, Heteronetta 15.12

1349

atricapilla, Megascops 57.2 atricapillus, Herpsilochmus 109.2 atricapillus, Philydor 98.8 atricaudus, Myiobius 142.7 atricilla, Leucophaeus 42.7 atricollis, Saltator 175.6 atrocapillus, Crypturellus 27.2 atrogularis, Clytoctantes 105.2 atronitens, Xenopipo 125.11 atropurpurea, Xipholena 121.1 atrothorax, Myrmeciza 116.1 Atticora 156–157 Attila 151 ATTILA, BRIGHT-RUMPED 151.4 CINNAMON 151.8 CITRON-BELLIED 151.7 DULL-CAPPED 151.9

1350

GRAY-HOODED 151.5 RUFOUS-TAILED 151.6 Augastes 71 Aulacorhynchus 80 aura, Cathartes 16.2 aurantiaca, Metopothrix 96.6 aurantiirostris, Saltator 175.3 aurantiivertex, Heterocercus 123.10 aurantiocephala, Gypopsitta 54.7 aurantiocristatus, Griseotyrannus 149.5 auratus, Capito 76.3 aurea, Aratinga 48.6 aureola, Pipra 125.1 aurescens, Heliodoxa 70.7 aureus, Jacamerops 74.4 auricapillus, Aratinga 48.4 auricollis, Primolius 46.9

1351

auricularis, Myiornis 140.1 auriculata, Zenaida 45.3 aurifrons, Ammodramus 186.7 aurifrons, Neopelma 127.6 aurifrons, Picumnus 81.1 aurita, Conopophaga 118.6 auritus, Heliothryx 71.5 aurovirens, Capito 76.1 aurulentus, Piculus 82.8 Automolus 99 autumnalis, Amazona 53.2 autumnalis, Dendrocygna 14.1 averano, Procnias 122.9 Avocettula 68 AWLBILL, FIERY-TAILED 68.1 axillaris, Myrmotherula 107.3 azara, Pteroglossus 79.4

1352

Azul o 174.9 Azul o-da-amazônia 174.8 Azulinho 174.7 Azulona 26.3 Bacurau 61.4 Bacurau-chint 62.1 Bacurau-da-praia 60.7 Bacurau-da-telha 61.8 Bacurau-de-asa-fina 60.8 Bacurau-de-cauda-barrada 61.2 Bacurau-de-cauda-branca 61.9 Bacurau-de-lajeado 62.2 Bacurau-de-rabo-branco 60.2 Bacurau-de-rabo-maculado 61.10 Bacurau-do-s o-francisco 61.1 Bacurau-dos-tepuis 62.3 Bacurau-norte-americano 60.9

1353

Bacurau-ocelado 61.5 Bacurau-rabo-de-seda 61.7 Bacurau-tesoura 60.3 Bacurau-tesoura-gigante 60.4 Bacurauzinho 60.6 Bacurauzinho-da-caatinga 62.4 badius, Agelaioides 164.1 baeri, Asthenes 90.5 baeri, Paroaria 172.10 Bagageiro 134.10 bahamensis, Anas 15.8 Baiano 182.2 bailloni, Pteroglossus 79.10 bairdii, Calidris 39.6 Balança-rabo-canela 65.10 Balança-rabo-de-bico-torto 65.7 Balança-rabo-de-chapéu-preto 179.1

1354

Balança-rabo-de-garganta-preta 65.9 Balança-rabo-de-máscara 179.6 Balança-rabo-do-rio-negro 179.5 Balança-rabo-escuro 65.8 Balança-rabo-guianense 179.3 Balança-rabo-leitoso 179.2 Balança-rabo-paraense 179.4 bambla, Microcerculus 159.7 BAMBOOWREN, SPOTTED 118.11 BANANAQUIT 173.1 Bandeirinha 178.4 Bandeirinha 68.9 Bandoleta 166.6 barbatus, Myiobius 142.6 BARBET, BLACK-GIRDLED 76.5 BLACK-SPOTTED 76.2 BROWN-CHESTED 76.4

1355

GILDED 76.3 LEMON-THROATED 76.6 SCARLET-CROWNED 76.1 SCARLET-HOODED 76.7 BARBTAIL, RORAIMAN 96.7 BARBTHROAT, PALE-TAILED 65.9 SOOTY 65.8 Barbudinho 135.9 Barbudinho-do-tepui 135.8 Barbudo-de-coleira 78.8 Barbudo-de-pescoço-ferrugem 78.10 Barbudo-pardo 78.9 Barbudo-rajado 78.7 BARE-EYE, BLACK-SPOTTED 116.9 REDDISH-WINGED 116.10 barrabandi, Gypopsitta 54.4 Barranqueiro-camurça 99.1

1356

Barranqueiro-de-coroa-castanha 99.8 Barranqueiro-de-olho-branco 99.4 Barranqueiro-de-roraima 99.5 Barranqueiro-de-topete 97.9 Barranqueiro-do-pará 99.3 Barranqueiro-escuro 99.6 Barranqueiro-ferrugem 99.7 Barranqueiro-pardo 99.2 bartletti, Crypturellus 28.2 Bartramia 37 Barulhento 133.9 Baryphthengus 73 Basileuterus 153 Batara101 Bate-bico 96.1 Bate-pára 151.9 Batuíra-bicuda 38.4

1357

Batuíra-de-bando 38.1 Batuíra-de-coleira 38.5 Batuíra-de-coleira-dupla 38.6 Batuíra-de-espor o 37.7 Batuíra-de-papo-ferrugíneo 38.8 Batuíra-de-peito-tijolo 38.7 Batuíra-melodiosa 38.3 Batuiruçu 37.9 Batuiruçu-de-axila-preta 37.10 BAYWING, PALE 164.2 beauharnaesii, Pteroglossus 79.9 BECARD, BLACK-CAPPED 130.6 CHESTNUT-CROWNED 130.4 CINEREOUS 130.8 CRESTED 130.10 GLOSSY-BACKED 130.7 GREEN-BACKED 130.3

1358

PINK-THROATED 130.9 WHITE-WINGED 130.5 beckeri, Phylloscartes 136.7 behni, Myrmotherula 108.2 Beija-flor-azul-de-rabo-branco 67.1 Beija-flor-brilho-de-fogo 70.2 Beija-flor-cinza 69.8 Beija-flor-de-banda-branca 67.10 Beija-flor-de-barriga-branca 69.3 Beija-flor-de-barriga-verde 69.5 Beija-flor-de-bico-curvo 69.9 Beija-flor-de-bico-preto 67.9 Beija-flor-de-bico-virado 68.1 Beija-flor-de-bochecha-azul 71.5 Beija-flor-de-cabeça-azul 69.6 Beija-flor-de-cauda-dourada 67.6 Beija-flor-de-costas-violetas 67.4

1359

Beija-flor-de-fronte-violeta 67.5 Beija-flor-de-garganta-azul 69.7 Beija-flor-de-garganta-verde 69.1 Beija-flor-de-gravata-verde 71.4 Beija-flor-de-gravata-vermelha 71.3 Beija-flor-de-leque-canela 68.4 Beija-flor-de-orelha-violeta 66.8 Beija-flor-de-papo-branco 70.10 Beija-flor-de-peito-azul 69.2 Beija-flor-de-topete 68.2 Beija-flor-de-veste-preta 66.10 Beija-flor-de-veste-verde 66.9 Beija-flor-dourado 70.9 Beija-flor-estrela 70.7 Beija-flor-marrom 66.6 Beija-flor-pintado 71.2 Beija-flor-preto 67.2

1360

Beija-flor-rajado 66.1 Beija-flor-roxo 67.8 Beija-flor-rubi 70.8 Beija-flor-safira 67.7 Beija-flor-tesoura 71.1 Beija-flor-tesoura-verde 67.3 Beija-flor-verde 69.10 Beija-flor-verde-e-branco 69.4 Beija-flor-vermelho 68.3 Beija-flor-violeta 66.7 belcheri, Pachyptila 3.3 BELLBIRD, BARE-THROATED 122.10 BEARDED 122.9 WHITE 122.8 Bem-te-vi 148.7 Bem-te-vi-barulhento 148.3 Bem-te-vi-da-copa 148.8

1361

Bem-te-vi-de-barriga-sulfúrea 149.2 Bem-te-vi-de-cabeça-cinza 148.2 Bem-te-vi-pequeno 148.9 Bem-te-vi-pirata 148.1 Bem-te-vi-rajado 149.1 Benedito-de-testa-amarela 85.2 Benedito-de-testa-vermelha 85.3 Bentevizinho-de-asa-ferrugínea 148.4 Bentevizinho-de-penacho-vermelho 148.5 Bentevizinho-do-brejo 148.6 berlepschi, Hylopezus 119.5 berlepschi, Rhegmatorhina 117.3 Berlepschia 96 BERRYEATER, BLACK-HEADED 124.9 HOODED 124.8 Besour o-de-bico-grande 64.2 Besour o-de-sobre-amarelo 65.2

1362

Besourinho-de-bico-vemelho 70.4 Biatas 102 Bichoita 90.9 Bico-assovelado 159.10 Bico-assovelado-de-coleira 159.9 Bico-chato-amarelo 143.5 Bico-chato-da-copa 143.3 Bico-chato-de-cabeça-cinza 143.4 Bico-chato-de-orelha-preta 143.2 Bico-chato-de-rabo-vermelho 151.3 Bico-chato-grande 143.1 Bico-de-lacre 175.10 Bico-de-lança 66.2 Bico-de-pimenta 175.6 Bico-de-veludo 166.2 Bico-duro 175.3 Bico-encarnado 174.5

1363

Bico-grosso 175.5 bicolor, Accipiter 19.7 bicolor, Conirostrum 178.8 bicolor, Dendrocygna 14.3 Bico-reto-azul 71.9 Bico-reto-cinzento 71.7 Bico-reto-de-banda-branca 71.8 Bico-virado-carijó 100.9 Bico-virado-da-caatinga 100.10 Bico-virado-da-copa 100.6 Bico-virado-fino 100.7 Bico-virado-miúdo 100.8 Bicudinho 184.2 Bicudinho-do-brejo 110.9 Bicudinho-do-brejo-paulista 110.10 Bicudo 184.4 Bicudo-encarnado 174.4

1364

bidentatus, Harpagus 18.3 bifasciatus, Psarocolius 162.6 Bigodinho 181.10 Biguá 9.2 Biguá-das-shetland 9.3 Biguatinga 9.1 bilophus, Heliactin 71.6 biscutata, Streptoprocne 62.11 bistriatus, Burhinus 35.8 bitorquatus, Pteroglossus 79.3 BITTERN, LEAST 10.1 PINNATED 10.3 STRIPE-BACKED 10.2 bivittatus, Basileuterus 153.3 BLACKBIRD, CHESTNUT-CAPPED 164.9 CHOPI 163.2 FORBES’S 163.1

1365

ORIOLE 165.8 RED-BREASTED 164.3 SAFFRON-COWLED 165.7 SCARLET-HEADED 164.10 UNICOLORED 163.10 WHITE-BROWED 164.4 YELLOW-HOODED 164.8 YELLOW-WINGED 163.9 BLACK-TYRANT, AMAZONIAN 145.3 BLUE-BILLED 145.4 CAATINGA 145.7 CRESTED 145.9 HUDSON’S 145.2 VELVETY 145.10 WHITE-WINGED 145.8 blumenbachii, Crax 31.7 bobo-de-cauda-curta 4.3

1366

Bobo-escuro 4.2 Bobo-grande 5.1 Bobo-grande-de-sobre-branco 4.1 BOBOLINK 164.7 Bobo-pequeno 4.4 BOBWHITE, CRESTED 30.5 Boininha 95.10 bokermanni, Antilophia 123.6 bolivianus, Attila 151.9 bonariensis, Molothrus 163.6 bonariensis, Thraupis 169.9 BOOBY, BROWN 7.4 MASKED 7.3 RED-FOOTED 7.5 boraquira, Nothura 26.10 borbae, Skutchia 114.10 Borboletinha-baiana 136.7

1367

Borboletinha-do-mato 136.5 Borboletinha-guianense 136.8 borealis, Numenius 36.6 Borralhara 101.5 Borralhara-assobiadora 101.6 Borralhara-do-norte 101.7 Borralhara-ondulada 101.8 Borrelho-grande-de-coleiro 38.2 Botaurus 10 bourcieri, Phaethornis 64.6 bouvreuil, Sporophila 183.9 bouvronides, Sporophila 181.9 Brachygalba 75 brachyura, Chaetura 63.7 brachyura, Myrmotherula 105.7 brachyurus, Buteo 21.4 brachyurus, Graydidascalus 54.8

1368

bracteatus, Nyctibius 59.5 bransfieldensis, Phalacrocorax 9.3 brasiliana, Cercomacra 112.2 brasilianum, Glaucidium 57.10 brasilianus, Phalacrocorax 9.2 brasiliensis, Amazona 53.5 brasiliensis, Amazonetta 15.2 brasiliensis, Tangara 172.4 bresilius, Ramphocelus 168.5 brevirostris, Amazilia 67.9 brevirostris, Crypturellus 28.1 brevirostris, Lugensa 3.7 bridgesii, Drymornis 86.8 brigidai, Hylexetastes 87.3 Brilhante-de-garganta-preta 70.6 Brilhante-veludo 70.5 BRILLIANT, BLACK-THROATED 70.6

1369

VELVET-BROWED 70.5 brissonii, Cyanocompsa 174.9 BRISTLEFRONT, SLATY 120.10 STRESEMANN’S 120.11 BRISTLE-TYRANT, CHAPMAN’S 135.8 SOUTHERN 135.9 Brotogeris 52 brunneiceps, Hylophilus 155.8 brunneipectus, Capito 76.4 BRUSH-FINCH, TEPUI 187.2 BRUSHRUNNER, LARK-LIKE 96.5 Bubo 58 Bubulcus 11 Bucco 76–78 buckleyi, Micraster 25.5 budytoides, Stigmatura 135.6 buffoni, Circus 17.6

1370

Bulweria 4 bulwerii, Bulweria 4.7 Burhinus 35 burmeisteri, Phyllomyias 131.2 burrovianus, Cathartes 16.3 Busarellus 22 BUSHBIRD, BLACK 105.1 RONDONIA 105.2 Buteo 21–24 Buteogallus 22 Butorides 10 BUZZARD-EAGLE, BLACK-CHESTED 23.1 cabanisi, Synallaxis 92.10 Cabeça-branca 126.1 Cabeça-de-ouro 125.4 Cabeça-de-prata 126.5 Cabeça-encarnada 125.5

1371

Cabeça-seca 12.6 Cabecinha-castanha 167.3 Cabeçudo 137.4 Caboclinho 183.9 Caboclinho-de-barriga-preta 183.7 Caboclinho-de-barriga-vermelha 182.10 Caboclinho-de-chapéu-cinzento 183.6 Caboclinho-de-coleira-branca 183.3 Caboclinho-de-papo-branco 183.2 Caboclinho-de-papo-escuro 183.1 Caboclinho-de-peito-castanho 183.4 Caboclinho-de-sobre-ferrugem 183.5 Caboclinho-do-sert o 182.7 Caboclinho-lindo 182.9 Caburé 57.10 Caburé-acanelado 58.2 Caburé-da-amazônia 57.7

1372

Caburé-de-pernambuco 57.9 Caburé-miudinho 57.8 Cacaué 47.10 cachinnans, Herpetotheres 24.9 CACHOLOTE, BROWN 97.2 CAATINGA 97.1 RUFOUS 97.3 Cacicus 162 CACIQUE, GOLDEN-WINGED 162.9 RED-RUMPED 162.8 SOLITARY BLACK 162.7 YELLOW-RUMPED 162.10 cactorum, Aratinga 48.8 cactorum, Melanerpes 85.4 Caçula 140.2 caerulea, Egretta 11.3 caerulea, Halobaena 3.8

1373

caerulescens, Geranospiza 20.1 caerulescens, Porphyrospiza 185.3 caerulescens, Sporophila 182.5 caerulescens, Thamnophilus 104.5 caerulescens, Theristicus 9.8 caeruleus, Cyanerpes 176.8 caeruleus, Cyanocorax 180.2 Caga-sebinho-de-penacho 140.6 caica, Gypopsitta 54.5 Cairina 14 Cais-cais 177.6 cajanea, Aramides 34.3 Calcinha-branca 157.6 Calhandra-de-tr s-rabos 161.10 Calidris 39 Calliphlox 71 Callonetta 15

1374

callophrys, Tangara 171.5 Calonectris 5 calopterus, Aramides 34.2 Calyptura 124 CALYPTURA, KINGLET 124.5 Cambacica 173.1 Cambada-de-chaves 172.4 Cambaxirra-cinzenta 158.4 Caminheiro-de-barriga-acanelada 128.7 Caminheiro-de-espora 128.5 Caminheiro-de-unha-curta 128.6 Caminheiro-grande 128.9 Caminheiro-zumbidor 128.8 Campainha-azul 185.3 campanisona, Chamaeza 118.1 campanisona, Myrmothera 119.9 Campephilus 85

1375

campestris, Colaptes 83.10 campestris, Uropelia 45.2 Camptostoma 134 Campylopterus 66 Campylorhamphus 89 Campylorhynchus 158 canadensis, Caryothraustes 174.2 canadensis, Sakesphorus 102.1 canadensis, Wilsonia 154.3 Canário-andino-negro 184.9 Canário-da-terra-verdadeiro 179.11 Canário-do-amazonas 179.7 Canário-do-brejo 185.6 Canário-do-campo 185.5 Canário-do-mato 153.8 Canário-rasteiro 179.8 CANASTERO, CIPO 90.6

1376

HUDSON’S 90.7 SHARP-BILLED 90.8 SHORT-BILLED 90.5 candicans, Eleothreptes 60.2 candidus, Melanerpes 85.1 Caneleirinho-de-chapéu-preto 128.1 Caneleiro 130.4 Caneleiro 150.4 Caneleiro-bordado 130.6 Caneleiro-cinzento 130.8 Caneleiro-da-guiana 130.7 Caneleiro-de-chapéu-preto 130.10 Caneleiro-enxofre 150.5 Caneleiro-pequeno 130.9 Caneleiro-preto 130.5 Caneleiro-verde 130.3 caniceps, Myiopagis 131.8

1377

canicollis, Ortalis 30.4 Cantador-amarelo 113.7 cantator, Hypocnemis 113.6, 113.6a canutus, Calidris 39.1 Capacetinho 186.3 Capacetinho-do-oco-do-pau 186.4 capense, Daption 3.6 capensis, Bucco 76.8 capensis, Morus 7.2 capensis, Zonotrichia 185.9 capistratus, Thamnophilus 103.3 capitalis, Poecilotriccus 141.1 Capit o-castanho 151.6 Capitão-de-bigode-carijó 76.2 Capit ode-bigode-lim o 76.6 Capitão-de-cinta 76.5 Capit o-de-colar-amarelo 76.7

1378

Capit o-de-coroa 76.1 Capitão-de-fronte-dourada 76.3 Capit o-de-peito-marrom 76.4 Capit o-de-saíra 151.5 Capit o-de-saíra-amarelo 151.4 capitata, Paroaria 172.9 Capito 76 Capororoca 13.9 Caprimulgus 61–62 Capsiempis 133 CAPUCHINBIRD 122.7 capueira, Odontophorus 30.7 Caracara 25 Caracará 25.8 CARACARA, BLACK 24.10 CHIMANGO 25.10 CRESTED 25.7

1379

RED-THROATED 24.11 SOUTHERN 25.8 YELLOW-HEADED 25.9 Caracará-do-norte 25.7 Caracoleiro 19.3 Cara-dourada 135.10 carajaensis, Xiphocolaptes 87.6 Caranguejeiro 22.5 Car o 28.9 Cara-pintada 136.4 Caraúna-de-cara-branca 9.6 Caraxué 161.6 Caraxué-de-bico-amarelo 161.3 Caraxué-de-bico-preto 161.1 carbo, Ramphocelus 168.4 carbonaria, Cercomacra 112.7 Cardeal 172.6

1380

Cardeal-amarelo 173.10 Cardeal-da-amazônia 172.7 Cardeal-de-goiás 172.10 Cardeal-do-banhado 164.10 Cardeal-do-nordeste 172.8 CARDINAL, CRIMSON-FRONTED 172.10 RED-CAPPED 172.7 RED-COWLED 172.8 RED-CRESTED 172.6 YELLOW 173.10 YELLOW-BILLED 172.9 Carduelis 175, 187 carduelis, Carduelis 175.7 Cariama 30 caripensis, Steatornis 59.9 carnifex, Phoenicircus 122.2 Carpornis 124

1381

Carqueja-de-bico-amarelo 35.3 Carqueja-de-bico-manchado 35.1 Carqueja-de-escudo-vermelho 35.2 Carrapateiro 25.9 Carret o 163.10, 167.2 Caryothraustes 174 Casaca-de-couro-amarelo 91.7 Casaca-de-couro-da-caatinga 97.1 Casaca-de-couro-da-lama 91.6 Casaca-de-couro-de-crista-cinza 97.3 Casiornis 150 CASIORNIS, ASH-THROATED 150.5 RUFOUS 150.4 casiquiare, Crypturellus 28.5 cassini, Veniliornis 83.5 castaneiceps, Anurolimnas 32.3 castaneiventris, Sporophila 183.4

1382

castaneocapillus, Myioborus 152.5 castaneus, Pachyramphus 130.4 castanotis, Pteroglossus 79.7 castelnau, Picumnus 82.6 castro, Oceanodroma 6.3 Catamenia 184 Catatau 158.3 Cathartes 16 Catharus 160 Catirumbava 168.1 Catraca 138.8 Caturrita 50.8 caudacuta, Culicivora 138.3 caudacutus, Sclerurus 100.4 caudata, Chiroxiphia 126.9 caudata, Inezia 137.9 caudatus, Theristicus 9.9

1383

Cauré 24.5 caurensis, Schistocichla 114.5 cauta, Thalassarche 1.5 Cavalaria 172.9 cayana, Cotinga 121.4 cayana, Dacnis 176.5 cayana, Piaya 56.10 cayana, Tangara 170.3 cayana, Tityra 129.8 cayanensis, Icterus 165.1 cayanensis, Leptodon 19.1 cayanensis, Myiozetetes 148.4 cayanus, Cyanocorax 180.6 cayanus, Vanellus 37.7 cayennensis, Caprimulgus 61.9 cayennensis, Euphonia 178.2 cayennensis, Mesembrinibis 9.10

1384

cayennensis, Panyptila 63.11 cayennensis, Patagioenas 45.8 ceciliae, Phylloscartes 136.4 cela, Cacicus 162.10 Celeus 84 Cephalopterus 122 Cercibis 9 Cercomacra 112 certhia, Dendrocolaptes 87.10 Certhiaxis 93 cerulea, Dendroica 152.9 CHACHALACA, BUFF-BROWED 30.3 CHACO 30.4 SPECKLED 30.1 VARIABLE 30.2 chacuru, Nystalus 78.3 Chaetura 63

1385

chalcothorax, Galbula 74.6 chalybea, Euphonia 177.6 chalybea, Progne 157.2 chalybeus, Lophornis 68.7 Chamaeza 118 chapmani, Chaetura 63.5 chapmani, Phylloscartes 135.8 Charadrius 38 Charitospiza 184 CHAT, ROSE-BREASTED 152.2 Chauá 53.4 Chauna 13 Chelidoptera 76 cheriway, Caracara 25.7 cherriei, Myrmotherula 106.4 cherriei, Synallaxis 93.7 Chibum 132.10

1386

Chifre-de-ouro 71.6 chihi, Plegadis 9.6 chilensis, Phoenicopterus 13.4 chilensis, Stercorarius 43.6 chilensis, Tangara 171.6 chilensis, Vanellus 37.8 chimachima, Milvago 25.9 Chimango 25.10 chimango, Milvago 25.10 Chinco -de-bico-vermelho 56.9 Chinco -pequeno 56.8 Chionis 30 chionogaster, Amazilia 69.4 chiriquensis, Elaenia 132.10 chiriri, Brotogeris 52.3 Chiroxiphia 126 Chlidonias 40

1387

Chlorestes 69 chloricterus, Orthogonys 168.1 chloris, Carduelis 175.8 chloris, Piprites 128.2 chlorocercus, Leucippus 71.2 Chloroceryle 73 chloromeros, Pipra 125.6 Chlorophanes 176 Chlorophonia 178 CHLOROPHONIA, BLUE-NAPED 178.4 chloropterus, Ara 47.7 chloropus, Gallinula 34.8 chlororhynchos, Thalassarche 2.1 Chlorostilbon 70 chlorotica, Euphonia 177.2 Choca-barrada 103.2 Choca-bate-cabo 104.6

1388

Choca-canela 104.1 Choca-cantadora 102.10 Choca-da-bolívia 104.8 Choca-d’água 102.3 Choca-da-mata 104.5 Choca-de-acre 104.2 Choca-de-asa-vermelha 104.4 Choca-de-cauda-pintada 103.1 Choca-de-chapéu-vermelho 104.3 Choca-de-garganta-preta 105.2 Choca-de-natterer 104.7 Choca-de-oho-vermelho 103.8 Choca-de-roraima 103.10 Choca-de-sooretama 104.10 Choca-do-bambu 101.2 Choca-do-nordeste 102.2 Choca-do-planalto 104.9

1389

Choca-lisa 103.7 Choca-listrada 103.4 Choca-murina 103.9 Choc o-carijó 101.3 Choca-pintada 102.5 Choca-preta 105.1 Choca-preta-e-cinza 103.5 Choca-selada 103.6 choliba, Megascops 57.1 Chondrohierax 19 chopi, Gnorimopsar 163.2 Chopim-do-brejo 165.9 Choquiha-de-garganta-amarela 105.9 Choquinha-carijó 111.6 Choquinha-chumbo 105.6 Choquinha-cinzenta 107.9 Choquinha-da-serra 111.3

1390

Choquinha-da-várzea 108.1 Choquinha-de-alagoas 107.10 Choquinha-de-asa-comprida 107.6 Choquinha-de-asa-ferrugem 105.5 Choquinha-de-asa-lisa 108.2 Choquinha-de-barriga-parda 106.8 Choquinha-de-barriga-ruiva 106.6 Choquinha-de-bico-curto 105.8 Choquinha-de-cauda-ruiva 107.2 Choquinha-de-coroa-listrada 105.10 Choquinha-de-dorso-vermelho 111.4 Choquinha-de-flanco-branco 107.3 Choquinha-de-garganta-carijó 106.10 Choquinha-de-garganta-cinza 108.4 Choquinha-de-garganta-clara 106.5 Choquinha-de-garganta-pintada 106.7 Choquinha-de-ihering 107.8

1391

Choquinha-de-olho-branco 106.9 Choquinha-de-peito-pintado 105.3 Choquinha-de-peito-riscado 106.4 Choquinha-de-rabo-cintado 108.3 Choquinha-do-oeste 107.5 Choquinha-do-tapajós 106.1 Choquinha-estriada 106.3 Choquinha-estriada-da-amazônia 106.2 Choquinha-fluminense 107.4 Choquinha-lisa 105.4 Choquinha-miúda 105.7 Choquinha-ornada 107.1 Choquinha-pequena 107.7 Chorá-boi 102.1 Chora-chuva-de-asa-branca 77.2 Chora-chuva-de-bico-amarelo 77.4 Chora-chuva-de-cara-branca 77.3

1392

Chora-chuva-preto 77.1 Chor o 182.8 Chordeiles 60 Choró-boi 101.9 Chorona-cinza 129.4 Chororá-escuro 112.3 Chororó-cinzento 112.2 Chororó-de-goiás 112.5 Chororó-de-manu 112.8 Chororó-didi 112.10 Chororó-do-pantanal 112.9 Chororó-do-rio-branco 112.7 Chororó-negro 112.4 Chororó-pocuá 112.1 Chororó-preto 112.6 Chorozinho-da-caatinga 109.10 Chorozinho-de-asa-vermelha 109.9

1393

Chorozinho-de-bico-comprido 109.8 Chorozinho-de-cabeça-pintada 109.4 Chorozinho-de-cauda-pintada 109.3 Chorozinho-de-chapéu-preto 109.2 Chorozinho-de-costas-manchadas 109.5 Chorozinho-de-papo-preto 109.7 Chorozinho-de-roraima 109.6 Chroicocephalus 42 chrysocephalum, Neopelma 127.3 chrysocephalus, Icterus 165.2 chrysochloros, Piculus 82.11 chrysocome, Eudyptes 8.4 chrysocrotaphum, Todirostrum 142.5 Chrysolampis 68 chrysolophum, Neopelma 127.7 chrysolophus, Eudyptes 8.3 Chrysomus 164

1394

chrysopasta, Euphonia 178.1 chrysops, Cyanocorax 180.7 chrysoptera, Brotogeris 52.5 chrysopterus, Cacicus 162.9 chrysostoma, Thalassarche 2.2 chrysura, Hylocharis 70.9 Chrysuronia 67 chunchotambo, Xiphorhynchus 88.9 Chupa-dente 118.5 Chupa-dente-de-capuz 118.7 Chupa-dente-de-cinta 118.6 Chupa-dente-do-peru 118.8 Chupa-dente-grande 118.10 Cichlocolaptes 97 Cichlopsis 160 Ciconia 12 Cigana 28.10

1395

Cigarra-bambu 185.2 Cigarra-do-campo 166.4 Cigarra-do-coqueiro 173.3 Cigarra-parda 173.2 Cigarra-verdadeira 181.2 Cigarrinha-do-campo 186.7 Cigarrinha-do-norte 181.3 Cinclodes 91 CINCLODES, BAR-WINGED 91.3 LONG-TAILED 91.4 cincta, Dichrozona 108.5 cinerascens, Cercomacra 112.1 cinerascens, Synallaxis 93.1 cinerea, Ardea 12.2 cinerea, Batara 101.4 cinerea, Poospiza 186.4 cinerea, Procellaria 4.8

1396

cinereiventris, Chaetura 63.3 cinereum, Todirostrum 142.3 cinereus, Circus 17.5 cinereus, Micrococyx 56.4 cinereus, Contopus 144.4 cinereus, Crypturellus 27.1 cinereus, Odontorchilus 158.4 cinereus, Xenus 37.5 cinereus, Xolmis 146.5 cinnamomea, Neopipo 127.8 cinnamomea, Sporophila 183.6 cinnamomeus, Attila 151.8 cinnamomeus, Certhiaxis 93.9 circumcincta, Spiziapteryx 24.8 Circus 17 cirratus, Picumnus 82.1 cirrocephalus, Chroicocephalus 42.5

1397

cirrochloris, Aphantochroa 69.8 Cisne-de-pescoço-preto 13.10 Cisqueiro 95.9 Cissopis 166 Cistothorus 158 citrea, Protonotaria 154.1 citrina, Sicalis 179.8 citriniventris, Attila 151.7 clamator, Rhinoptynx 58.3 Claravis 44 Clibanornis 95 climacocerca, Hydropsalis 60.5 Clytoctantes 105 Clytolaema 70 Cnemotriccus 142 Cnipodectes 140 Coccycua 56

1398

Cochicho 96.4 Cochlearius 10 cochlearius, Cochlearius 10.7 COCK-OF-THE-ROCK, GUIANAN 121.10 cocoi, Ardea 12.3 Cocoruta 132.3 Codorna-amarela 26.8 Codorna-do-nordeste 26.10 Codorna-mineira 26.9 Coereba 173 coerulescens, Saltator 175.1 Colaptes 82 Colegial 144.10 Coleirinho 182.5 Coleiro-do-brejo 181.8 Coleiro-do-norte 181.7 Colhereiro 12.9

1399

Colhereiro-europeu 12.10 Colibri 66 Colinus 30 collaris, Charadrius 38.5 collaris, Microbates 159.9 collaris, Sporophila 181.8 collaris, Trogon 72.2 colma, Formicarius 117.8 Colonia 147 colonus, Colonia 147.9 Columba 45 columbarius, Falco 24.6 columbiana, Sicalis 179.7 Columbina 44–45 Combatente 39.10 Compsothraupis 167 concolor, Amaurolimnas 32.9

1400

condita, Tijuca 122.4 CONDOR, ANDEAN 16.6 Condor-dos-andes 16.6 CONEBILL, BICOLORED 178.8 CHESTNUT-VENTED 178.7 PEARLY-BREASTED 178.9 Conioptilon 121 conirostris, Arremonops 187.1 Conirostrum 178 Conopias 148 Conopophaga 118 Conothraupis 166 conspicillata, Procellaria 4.10 contaminatus, Heliobletus 99.10 Contopus 144 cooperi, Contopus 144.1 COOT, RED-FRONTED 35.2

1401

RED-GARTERED 35.1 WHITE-WINGED 35.3 Coperete 97.2 COQUETTE, DOT-EARED 68.5 FESTIVE 68.7 FRILLED 68.6 PEACOCK 68.8 RACKET-TAILED 68.9 TUFTED 68.4 Coragyps 16 Corapipo 126 coraya, Thryothorus 158.7 CORMORANT, NEOTROPIC 9.2 Corneteiro-da-mata 120.1 cornuta, Anhima 13.8 cornuta, Pipra 125.7 Coroa-de-fogo 123.8

1402

Corocochó 124.8 Coró-coró 9.10 coronata, Lepidothrix 126.2 coronata, Paroaria 172.6 coronatus, Harpyhaliaetus 23.2 coronatus, Onychorhynchus 141.9 coronatus, Platyrinchus 143.8 coronatus, Tachyphonus 169.6 coronatus, Xolmis 146.6 Corozinho-de-boné 109.1 Corredor-crestudo 96.5 correndera, Anthus 128.5 Corruíra 159.2 Corruíra-do-campo 158.5 Corruíra-do-tepui 159.3 Corrupi o 165.5 Corrupião-de-baltimore 165.4

1403

Corta-ramos 124.1 Coruc o 60.10 Coruja-buraqueira 58.1 Coruja-da-igreja 59.3 Coruja-de-crista 58.10 Coruja-do-mato 58.8 Coruja-orelhuda 58.3 Coruja-preta 58.9 Corujinha-de-roraima 57.5 Corujinha-do-mato 57.1 Corujinha-do-sul 57.6 Corujinha-orelhuda 57.4 Corujinha-relógio 57.3 Corujinha-sapo 57.2 coruscans, Colibri 66.7 Coryphaspiza 185 Coryphistera 96

1404

Coryphospingus 184 Corythopis 128 Coscoroba 13 coscoroba, Coscoroba 13.9 Cotinga 121 COTINGA, BANDED 121.8 BLACK-AND-GOLD 122.3 BLACK-FACED 121.9 GRAY-WINGED 122.4 PLUM-THROATED 121.5 POMPADOUR 121.3 PURPLE-BREASTED 121.6 PURPLE-THROATED 121.7 SHRIKE-LIKE 130.1 SPANGLED 121.4 SWALLOW-TAILED 124.6 WHITE-TAILED 121.2 1405

WHITE-WINGED 121.1 cotinga, Cotinga 121.6 Cotinga-azul 121.5 Cotinga-de-garganta-encarnada 121.7 Coturnicops 32 couloni, Primolius 46.7 COWBIRD, BAY-WINGED 164.1 GIANT 163.7 SCREAMING 163.5 SHINY 163.6 CRAKE, ASH-THROATED 33.4 BLACK-BANDED 32.5 CHESTNUT-HEADED 32.3 DOT-WINGED 33.3 GRAY-BREASTED 32.7 OCELLATED 32.2 PAINT-BILLED 33.6

1406

RED-AND-WHITE 33.1 RUFOUS-FACED 33.2 RUFOUS-SIDED 32.6 RUSSET-CROWNED 32.4 UNIFORM 32.9 YELLOW-BREASTED 33.5 Cranioleuca 94 crassirostris, Sporophila 184.2 Crax 31 Crejoá 121.8 crepitans, Psophia 28.6 CRESCENT-CHEST, COLLARED 120.9 Cricrió 124.2 Cricrió-de-cinta-vermelha 124.4 cristata, Calyptura 124.5 cristata, Cariama 30.9 cristata, Elaenia 132.8

1407

cristata, Gubernatrix 173.10 cristata, Lophostrix 58.10 cristata, Pseudoseisura 97.1 cristata, Rhegmatorhina 117.4 cristatellus, Cyanocorax 180.5 cristatus, Colinus 30.5 cristatus, Oxyruncus 124.7 cristatus, Sakesphorus 102.2 cristatus, Tachyphonus 169.1 croconotus, Icterus 165.6 Crotophaga 55 cruentata, Pyrrhura 49.1 cruentatus, Melanerpes 85.3 cryptoleucus, Thamnophilus 103.6 Crypturellus 27–28 cryptus, Cypseloides 62.5 CUCKOO, ASH-COLORED 56.4

1408

BLACK-BELLIED 56.9 BLACK-BILLED 56.5 DARK-BILLED 56.7 DWARF 56.3 GUIRA 55.3 LITTLE 56.8 MANGROVE 56.1 PAVONINE 55.4 PEARLY-BREASTED 56.6 PHEASANT 55.5 SQUIRREL 56.10 STRIPED 55.6 YELLOW-BILLED 56.2 cucullata, Carpornis 124.8 cucullatus, Coryphospingus 184.8 Cuitel o 75.5 Cuiú-cuiú 54.3

1409

Cujubi 29.8 cujubi, Aburria 29.8 Culicivora 138 culicivorus, Basileuterus 153.4 cumanensis, Aburria 29.9 cunicularia, Athene 58.1 cunicularia, Geositta 91.2 Curaeus 163 CURASSOW, ALAGOAS 31.2 BARE-FACED 31.8 BLACK 31.5 CRESTLESS 31.4 NOCTURNAL 31.1 RAZOR-BILLED 31.3 RED-BILLED 31.7 WATTLED 31.6 Curiango-do-banhado 60.1

1410

Curica 52.7 Curicaca 9.9 Curica-caica 54.5 Curica-de-bochecha-laranja 54.4 Curica-urubu 54.6 Curica-verde 54.8 Curió 183.10 CURLEW, ESKIMO 36.6 Curriqueiro 91.2 curucui, Trogon 72.8 Curutié 93.9 curvirostris, Limnornis 96.2 Cuspidor-de-máscara-preta 118.9 cyanea, Chlorophonia 178.4 Cyanerpes 176 cyanescens, Galbula 74.8 cyaneus, Cyanerpes 176.9

1411

cyanicollis, Galbula 74.2 cyanicollis, Tangara 171.2 Cyanicterus 169 cyanicterus, Cyanicterus 169.10 cyanirostris, Knipolegus 145.4 cyanocephala, Euphonia 177.7 cyanocephala, Tangara 171.9 Cyanocompsa 174 Cyanocorax 180 cyanoides, Cyanocompsa 174.8 cyanoleuca Pygochelidon 156.4 Cyanoloxia 174 cyanomelas, Cyanocorax 180.1 cyanopis, Columbina 44.5 cyanopogon, Cyanocorax 180.8 Cyanopsitta 47 cyanoptera, Anas 15.5

1412

cyanoptera, Brotogeris 52.4 cyanoptera, Tangara 171.1 cyanoptera, Thraupis 168.8 cyanopus, Agelasticus 163.10 cyanoventris, Tangara 170.5 cyanus, Hylocharis 67.8 Cyclarhis 154 Cygnus 13 Cymbilaimus 101 Cyphorhinus 159 Cypseloides 62 Cypsnagra 166 dabbenena, Diomedea 1.2 dachilleae, Nannopsittaca 51.5 Dacnis 176 DACNIS, BLACK-FACED 176.2 BLACK-LEGGED 176.4

1413

BLUE 176.5 WHITE-BELLIED 176.1 YELLOW-BELLIED 176.3 dactylatra, Sula 7.3 Dançador-de-cauda-graduada 125.6 Dançador-de-coroa-dourada 126.6 Dançador-de-crista 125.7 Dançador-do-tepui 126.4 Dançarino-de-crista-amarela 123.9 Dançarino-de-crista-laranja 123.10 Dançarino-de-garganta-branca 126.10 Dançarino-oliváceo 125.10 Daption 3 Daptrius 24 dayi, Capito 76.5 dayi, Elaenia 133.3 dea, Galbula 74.5

1414

decaocto, Streptopelia 45.6 Deconychura 86 decumanus, Psarocolius 162.5 defilippii, Sturnella 164.6 deiroleucus, Falco 24.4 delalandi, Corythopis 128.4 delawarensis, Larus 42.9 delphinae, Colibri 66.6 demissa, Cranioleuca 94.2 Dendrexetastes 86 Dendrocincla 86 Dendrocolaptes 87–88 dendrocolaptoides, Clibanornis 95.9 Dendrocygna 14 Dendroica 152 derbianus, Aulacorhynchus 80.2 Deroptyus 50

1415

desmaresti, Tangara 170.4 desolata, Pachyptila 3.2 devillei, Drymophila 111.5 devillei, Pyrrhura 49.2 diadematus, Stephanophorus 172.1 diamantinensis, Scytalopus 120.5 Dichropogon 116 Dichrozona 108 DICKCISSEL 186.8 dicolorus, Ramphastos 80.11 difficilis, Phylloscartes 136.3 Diglossa 178 dimidiata, Syndactyla 98.3 dinelliana, Pseudocolopteryx 135.4 diodon, Harpagus 18.4 Diomedea 1 diomedea, Calonectris 5.1

1416

diops, Hemitriccus 138.7 Diopsittaca 46 discors, Anas 15.4 Discosura 68 disjuncta, Myrmeciza 115.4 Diuca 185 Diuca 185.4 diuca, Diuca 185.4 DIUCA-FINCH, COMMON 185.4 DIVING-PETREL, MAGELLANIC 3.5 divisorius, Thamnophilus 104.2 Dixiphia 126 dohrnii, Glaucis 65.10 doliatus, Thamnophilus 103.2 Dolichonyx 164 Dolospingus 183 domesticus, Passer 175.9

1417

dominica, Pluvialis 37.9 dominicana, Paroaria 172.8 dominicanus, Larus 42.3 dominicanus, Xolmis 146.9 dominicensis, Tyrannus 149.7 dominicus, Nomonyx 14.5 dominicus, Tachybaptus 8.5 Donacobius 158 DONACOBIUS, BLACK-CAPPED 158.1 Donacospiza 187 DORADITO, CRESTED 135.1 DINELLI’S 135.4 SUBTROPICAL 135.3 WARBLING 135.2 dorsalis, Anabazenops 97.9 dorsimaculatus, Herpsilochmus 109.5 Doryfera 66

1418

DOTTEREL, RUFOUS-CHESTED 38.7 TAWNY-THROATED 38.8 dougallii, Sterna 41.3 DOVE, EARED 45.3 GRAY-FRONTED 45.5 SCALED 45.1 WHITE-TIPPED 45.4 DOWITCHER, LONG-BILLED 36.1 SHORT-BILLED 36.2 Drag o 165.10 Dromococcyx 55 Drymophila 111 Drymornis 86 Dryocopus 85 DUCK, AMERICAN COMB 14.8 BLACK-HEADED 15.12 LAKE 14.6

1419

MASKED 14.5 MUSCOVY 14.7 dufresniana, Amazona 53.3 duidae, Campylopterus 66.5 duidae, Crypturellus 27.9 duidae, Diglossa 178.6 dumicola, Polioptila 179.6 Dysithamnus 105 EAGLE, CRESTED 23.3 CROWNED 23.2 HARPY 23.4 ecaudatus, Myiornis 140.2 egregia, Chaetura 63.2 egregia, Pyrrhura 50.5 EGRET, CATTLE 11.8 GREAT 11.5 LITTLE 11.6

1420

SNOWY 11.4 Egretta 11 Elaenia 132–133 ELAENIA, BROWNISH 132.7 FOREST 131.7 GRAY 131.8 GREAT 133.3 GREENISH 131.10 HIGHLAND 133.1 LARGE 132.2 LESSER 132.10 NORONHA 132.3 OLIVACEOUS 132.6 PLAIN-CRESTED 132.8 RUFOUS-CROWNED 132.9 SIERRAN 133.2 SMALL-BILLED 132.5

1421

WHITE-CRESTED 132.4 YELLOW-BELLIED 132.1 YELLOW-CROWNED 131.9 Elanoides 17 Elanus 17 elatus, Tyrannulus 134.1 Electron 73 elegans, Celeus 84.3 elegans, Laniisoma 130.1 elegans, Progne 157.3 elegans, Xiphorhynchus 88.11 Eleothreptes 60 eludens, Grallaria 119.2 Ema 26.1 Emberizoides 185 Embernagra 185 EMERALD, BLUE-GREEN 69.6

1422

BLUE-TAILED 70.3 GLITTERING-BELLIED 70.4 GLITTERING-THROATED 69.1 PLAIN-BELLIED 69.3 SAPPHIRE-SPANGLED 69.2 VERSICOLORED 67.10 WHITE-CHESTED 67.9 Empidonax 144 Empidonomus 149 Encontro 165.1 Enferrujadinho 127.8 Enferrujado 142.9 Entufado 120.10 Entufado-baiano 120.11 Epinecrophylla 106–107 episcopus, Thraupis 168.6 epomophora, Diomedea 1.4

1423

erythrocephala, Pipra 125.4 erythrocercum, Philydor 98.4 erythromelas, Periporphyrus 174.4 erythronotos, Formicivora 110.6 erythrophthalma, Netta 14.10 erythrophthalmus, Phacellodomus 95.7 erythrops, Neocrex 33.6 erythroptera, Phlegopsis 116.10 erythropterum, Philydor 98.5 erythropthalmus, Coccyzus 56.5 erythropus, Crypturellus 27.6 erythrorhynchos, Pelecanus 13.1 erythrura, Epinecrophylla 107.2 erythrurus, Terenotriccus 141.10 Esmeralda-de-cauda-azul 70.3 Esmerilh o 24.6 Estalador 128.4

1424

Estalador-do-norte 128.3 Estalinho 136.3 Estrela-do-norte 181.9 Estrelinha-ametista 71.10 Estrelinha-preta 93.6 Estrilda 175 Eubucco 76 Eucometis 168 eucosma, Charitospiza 184.6 Eudocimus 9 Eudyptes 8 euleri, Coccyzus 56.6 euleri, Lathrotriccus 142.9 eulophotes, Lophotriccus 140.5 Eupetomena 71 Euphonia 177–178 EUPHONIA, CHESTNUT-BELLIED 178.3

1425

FINSCH’S 177.3 GOLDEN-BELLIED 178.1 GOLDEN-RUMPED 177.7 GOLDEN-SIDED 178.2 GREEN-THROATED 177.6 ORANGE-BELLIED 177.9 PLUMBEOUS 177.1 PURPLE-THROATED 177.2 RUFOUS-BELLIED 177.10 THICK-BILLED 177.5 VIOLACEOUS 177.4 WHITE-VENTED 177.8 eurynome, Phaethornis 64.4 Eurypyga 35 Euscarthmus 133 exilis, Ixobrychus 10.1 exilis, Laterallus 32.7

1426

exilis, Picumnus 81.4 eximius, Phylloscartes 135.9 exulans, Diomedea 1.1 facilis, Polioptila 179.5 Faig o-de-bico-corto 3.4 Faig o-de-bico-fino 3.3 Faig o-de-bico-largo 3.1 Faig o-rola 3.2 FAIRY, BLACK-EARED 71.5 Falaropo-de-bico-grosso 38.10 Falc o-caburé 25.1 Falc o-críptico 25.3 Falc o-de-asa-pintada 24.8 Falc o-de-buckley 25.5 Falc o-de-coleira 24.3 Falc o-de-peito-laranja 24.4 Falc o-mateiro 25.2

1427

Falc o-peregrino 24.7 Falc o-relógio 25.4 falcinellus, Lepidocolaptes 89.6 falcirostris, Sporophila 181.2 falcirostris, Xiphocolaptes 87.8 Falco 24 FALCON, APLOMADO 24.3 BAT 24.5 LAUGHING 24.9 ORANGE-BREASTED 24.4 PEREGRINE 24.7 FALCONET, SPOT-WINGED 24.8 falcularius, Campylorhamphus 89.11 falklandicus, Charadrius 38.6 farinosa, Amazona 52.9 fasciata, Atticora 156.5 fasciata, Neothraupis 166.4

1428

fasciata, Patagioenas 46.4 fasciatum, Tigrisoma 10.9 fasciatus, Anurolimnas 32.5 fasciatus, Myiophabus 138.2 fasciatus, Phyllomyias 131.1 fasciicauda, Pipra 125.2 fasciolata, Crax 31.8 fastuosa, Tangara 171.7 fedoa, Limosa 36.5 Felipe-do-tepui 138.1 femoralis, Falco 24.3 ferdinandi, Cercomacra 112.5 ferox, Myiarchus 150.9 Ferreirinho-da-capoeira 141.7 Ferreirinho-de-cara-parda 141.5 Ferreirinho-de-sobrancelha 142.4 Ferreirinho-de-testa-parda 141.6

1429

Ferreirinho-estriado 142.1 Ferreirinho-ferrugem 141.3 Ferreirinho-pintado 142.5 Ferreirinho-relógio 142.3 Ferro-velho 178.3 ferruginea, Drymophila 111.1 ferruginea, Hirundinea 142.8 ferruginea, Myrmeciza 116.2 ferrugineigula, Phacellodomus 95.8 festiva, Amazona 53.6 Figuinha-amazônica 178.9 Figuinha-de-rabo-castanho 178.7 Figuinha-do-mangue 178.8 figulus, Furnarius 91.6 filicauda, Pipra 125.3 Filipe 138.2 fimbriata, Amazilia 69.1

1430

Fim-fim 177.2 Fim-fim-grande 177.9 FINCH, BLACK-MASKED 185.1 BLUE 185.3 COAL-CRESTED 184.6 PILEATED 184.7 RED-CRESTED 184.8 SAFFRON 179.11 UNIFORM 185.2 finschi, Euphonia 177.3 FIRE-EYE, FRINGEBACKED 111.10 WHITE-BACKED 111.8 WHITE-SHOULDERED 111.9 FIREWOOD-GATHERER 96.4 Flamingo 13.3 FLAMINGO, ANDEAN 13.5

1431

CHILEAN 13.4 GREATER 13.3 PUNA 13.6 Flamingo-chileno 13.4 Flamingo-da-puna 13.6 Flamingo-grande-dos-andes 13.5 flammeus, Asio 58.5 flammulatus, Hemitriccus 138.6 FLATBILL, DUSKY-TAILED 151.2 LARGE-HEADED 151.1 OLIVACEOUS 143.1 RUFOUS-TAILED 151.3 Flautim 129.3 Flautim-marrom 129.2 Flautim-pardo 140.9 Flautim-rufo 140.10 Flautim-ruivo 129.1

1432

Flautista-do-tepui 159.6 flava, Piranga 173.5 flaveola, Capsiempis 133.6 flaveola, Coereba 173.1 flaveola, Sicalis 179.11 flaveolus, Basileuterus 153.8 flavescens, Celeus 84.5 flavescens, Hypocnemis 113.6b flavicollis, Hemithraupis 167.8 flavifrons, Melanerpes 85.2 flavigula, Piculus 82.10 flavipes, Tringa 36.9 flavipes, Turdus 160.5 flavirostris, Anas 15.7 flavirostris, Arremon 187.6 flavirostris, Manasa 77.4 flavirostris, Phibalura 124.6

1433

flavirostris, Porphyrio. 34.9 flaviventer, Dacnis 176.3 flaviventer, Porzana 33.5 flaviventris, Pseudocolopteryx 135.2 flaviventris, Tolmomyias 143.5 flavivertex, Heterocercus 123.9 flavivertex, Myiopagis 131.9 flavogaster, Elaenia 132.1 flavoviridis, Vireo 154.7 flavus, Celeus 84.6 flavus, Xanthopsar 165.7 FLICKER, CAMPO 83.10 Florisuga 67 FLOWER-PIERCER, GREATER 178.5 SCALED 178.6 fluminensis, Myrmotherula 107.4 fluviatilis, Muscisaxicola 146.4

1434

Fluvicola 147 FLYCATCHER, ALDER 144.7 AMAZON ROYAL 141.9 ATLANTIC ROYAL 141.8 BLACK-TAILED 142.7 BOAT-BILLED 148.10 BRAN-COLORED 138.2 BROWN-CRESTED 150.8 CHAPADA 133.5 CLIFF 142.8 CROWNED SLATY 149.5 DUSKY-CAPPED 150.6 DUSKY-CHESTED 148.3 EULER’S 142.10 FORK-TAILED 149.10 FUSCOUS 142.9 GRAY-CAPPED 148.2

1435

GRAY-HOODED 137.3 MACCONNELL’S 137.2 OCHRE-BELLIED 137.1 OLIVE-SIDED 144.1 PIRATIC 148.1 RORAIMAN 138.1 RUDDY-TAILED 141.10 RUSTY-MARGINED 148.4 SEPIA-CAPPED 137.4 SHORT-CRESTED 150.9 SOCIAL 148.5 STREAKED 149.1 SUIRIRI 133.4 SULPHUR-BELLIED 149.2 SULPHURY 149.3 SWAINSON’S 150.7 THREE-STRIPED 148.9

1436

VARIEGATED 149.4 VERMILION 144.9 WHISKERED 142.6 WILLOW 144.8 YELLOW-THROATED 148.8 foetidus, Gymnoderus 123.1 Fogo-apagou 45.1 FOLIAGE-GLEANER, ALAGOAS 98.9 BLACK-CAPPED 98.8 BROWN-RUMPED 99.6 BUFF-BROWED 97.4 BUFF-FRONTED 98.7 BUFF-THROATED 99.1 CHESTNUT-CAPPED 99.9 CHESTNUT-CROWNED 99.8 CHESTNUT-WINGED 98.5 CINNAMON-RUMPED 98.2

1437

DUSKY-CHEEKED 97.9 GRAY-CROWNED 143.4 OCHRE-BREASTED 98.6 OLIVE-BACKED 99.2 PARA 99.3 RUDDY 99.7 RUFOUS-RUMPED 98.4 RUFOUS-TAILED 98.1 RUSSET-MANTLED 98.3 WHITE-BROWED 96.10 WHITE-COLLARED 97.8 WHITE-EYED 99.4 WHITE-THROATED 99.5 YELLOW-BREASTED 143.5 YELLOW-MARGINED 143.3 YELLOW-OLIVE 143.2 fonsecai, Acrobatornis 96.8

1438

For migueiro-cinza 114.2 forbesi, Curaeus 163.1 forbesi, Leptodon 19.2 forcipata, Macropsalis 60.4 FOREST-FALCON, BARRED 25.1 BUCKLEY’S 25.5 COLLARED 25.4 CRYPTIC 25.3 LINED 25.2 SLATY-BACKED 25.6 forficatus, Elanoides 17.2 Formicarius 117 Formicivora 110 Formigueiro-assobiador 115.2 Formigueiro-chumbo 115.7 Formigueiro-da-serra 110.4 Formigueiro-de-asa-pintada 114.6A

1439

Formigueiro-de-barriga-branca 115.1 Formigueiro-de-barriga-cinza 115.5 Formigueiro-de-barriga-preta 110.3 Formigueiro-de-cabeça-negra 110.6 Formigueiro-de-cabeça-preta 114.4 Formigueiro-de-cara-preta 113.5 Formigueiro-de-cauda-castanha 115.6 Formigueiro-de-cauda-ruiva 116.3 Formigueiro-de-goeldi 115.9 Formigueiro-de-peito-preto 116.1 Formigueiro-de-pelzeln 114.3 Formigueiro-de-rabo-preto 113.2 Formigueiro-de-roraima 114.7 Formigueiro-de-taoca 115.10 Formigueiro-de-yapacana 115.4 Formigueiro-do-bambu 114.8 Formigueiro-do-caura 114.5

1440

Formigueiro-do-litoral 110.5 Formigueiro-do-nordeste 110.1 Formigueiro-ferrugem 116.2 Formigueiro-grande 115.8 Formigueiro-liso 113.4 Formigueiro-preto-e-branco 113.10 Forpus 51 fortis, Myrmeciza 115.10 Fraca-da-guiné 31.10 franciscanus, Arremon 187.9 franciscanus, Knipolegus 145.7 Frango-d’água-menor 34.7 Frango-d’água-azul 34.10 Frango-d’água-carijó 34.6 Frango-d’água-comum 34.8

1441

Frango-d’água-pequeno 34.9 Frederickena 101 Fregata 7 Freirinha 147.6 Freirinha-amarelada 75.7 Freirinha-de-cabeça-castanha 75.9 Freirinha-de-coroa-castanha 75.8 FRIGATEBIRD, ASCENSION 7.7 GREAT 7.8 LESSER 7.9 MAGNIFICENT 7.6 fringillarius, Agelaioides 164.2 fringilloides, Dolospingus 183.8 frontalis Pyrrhura 49.3 frontalis, Sporophila 181.1 frontalis, Synallaxis 92.4 FRUITCROW, BARE-NECKED 123.1

1442

CRIMSON 123.3 PURPLE-THROATED 123.2 RED-RUFFED 123.4 FRUITEATER, RED-BANDED 122.5 fruticeti, Phrygilus 184.9 Fruxu 127.7 Fruxu-baiano 127.6 Fruxu-de-barriga-amarela 127.4 Fruxu-do-carrasco 127.3 Fruxu-do-cerrad o 127.5 fucata, Alopochelidon 157.7 Fulica 35 fulica, Heliornis 35.5 fulicarius, Phalaropus 38.10 fuliginosa, Dendrocincla 86.1 fuliginosus, Saltator 174.6 fuliginosus, Tiaris 173.3

1443

FULMAR, SOUTHERN 5.2 Fulmarus 5 fulvescens, Picumnus 82.3 fulvicauda, Phaeothlypis 153.9 fulvus, Lanio 167.9 fumifrons, Poecillotriccus 141.6 fumigatus, Contopus 144.2 fumigatus, Cypseloides 62.7 fumigatus, Turdus 161.4 Fura-barreira 99.9 Fura-bucho-de-cara-cinza 5.4 Fura-flor-escamado 178.6 Fura-flor-grande 178.5 furcata, Thalurania 67.3 furcatus, Anthus 128.6 furcatus, Hemitriccus 139.9 furcifer, Heliomaster 71.9

1444

Furnarius 91 Furriel 174.2 Furriel-de-encontro 174.3 fusca, Dendroica 152.7 fusca, Florisuga 67.2 fusca, Iodopleura 129.6 fusca, Malacoptila 78.9 fusca, Phoebetria 2.4 fuscatus, Cnemotriccus 142.10 fuscatus, Onychoprion 40.4 fuscescens, Catharus 160.2 fuscicauda, Ramphotrigon 151.2 fusciceps, Thripophaga 95.3 fuscicollis, Calidris 39.5 fuscus, Anabazenops 97.8 fuscus, Casiornis 150.5 fuscus, Cinclodes 91.3

1445

fuscus, Larus 42.4 fuscus, Picumnus 81.5 fuscus, Pionus 53.10 fuscus, Xiphorhynchus 88.7 Fuselo 36.4 gaimardii, Myiopagis 131.7 Gaivota-alegre 42.7 Gaivota-de-asa-escura 42.4 Gaivota-de-bico-manchado 42.9 Gaivota-de-cabeça-cinza 42.5 Gaivota-de-franklin 42.8 Gaivota-de-Olorg 42.2 Gaivota-maria-velha 42.6 Gaivot o 42.3 Galbalcyrhynchus 75 Galbula 74 galbula, Galbula 74.10

1446

galbula, Icterus 165.4 galeata, Antilophia 123.5 galeatus, Dryocopus 85.5 galeatus, Lophotriccus 140.6 Galinha-do-mato 117.8 Galinha-doméstica 31.9 Galito 147.8 Gallinago 40 Gallinula 34 GALLINULE, AZURE 34.9 COMMON 34.8 PURPLE 34.10 SPOT-FLANKED 34.6 Gallus 31 gallus, Gallus 31.9 Galo-da-serra 121.10 Gampsonyx 17

1447

GANNET, AUSTRALASIAN 7.1 CAPE 7.2 Garça-azul 11.3 Garça-azul-grande 12.1 Garça-branca-grande 11.5 Garça-branca-pequena 11.4 Garça-branca-pequena-européia 11.6 Garça-caranguejeira 11.9 Garça-da-mata 12.5 Garça-moura 12.3 Garça-negra 11.7 Garça-real 11.10 Garça-real-européia 12.2 Garça-roxa 12.4 Garça-tricolor 11.2 Garça-vaqueira 11.8 Garibaldi 164.9

1448

Garrincha-chorona 90.4 Garrincha-cinza 159.1 Garrincha-do-oeste 158.9 Garrincha-dos-lhanos 158.2 Garrinch o-coraia 158.7 Garrinch o-de-barriga-vermelha 158.8 Garrinch o-de-bico-grande 158.10 Garrinch o-pai-avô 158.6 garzetta, Egretta 11.6 Gaturamo-an o 177.1 Gaturamo-capim 177.3 Gaturamo-de-barriga-branca 177.8 Gaturamo-de-bico-grosso 177.5 Gaturamo-do-norte 177.10 Gaturamo-preto 178.2 Gaturamo-rei 177.7 Gaturamo-verdadeiro 177.4

1449

Gaturamo-verde 178.1 Gaúcha-d’água 146.4 Gaúcho-chocolate 146.10 Gavi o-asa-de-telha 22.7 Gavi o-azul 20.2 Gavi o-belo 22.8 Gavi o-bombachinha 18.4 Gavi o-bombachinha-grande 19.7 Gavi o-branco 20.6 Gavi o-caboclo 22.3 Gavi o-caramujeiro 18.1 Gavi o-caranguejeiro-preto 22.4 Gavi o-carijó 22.2 Gavi o-cinza 17.5 Gavi o-de-anta 24.10 Gavi o-de-asa-larga 21.2 Gavi o-de-cabeça-cinza 19.1 1450

Gavi o-de-cara-preta 20.3 Gavi o-de-cauda-curta 21.4 Gavi o-de-penacho 23.7 Gavi o-de-pescoço-branco 19.2 Gavi o-de-rabo-barrado 22.1 Gavi o-de-rabo-branco 21.6 Gavi o-de-sobre-branco 21.3 Gavi o-do-banhado 17.6 Gavi o-do-igapó 18.2 Gavi o-miudinho 19.5 Gavi o-miúdo 19.6 Gavi o-papa-gafanhoto 21.5 Gavi o-pato 23.6 Gavi o-pedr s 21.1 Gavi o-pega-macaco 23.5 Gavi o-peneira 17.3 Gavi o-pernilongo 20.1 1451

Gavi o-pombo-grande 20.7 Gavi o-pombo-pequeno 20.5 Gavi o-preto 22.6 Gavi o-real 23.4 Gavi o-ripina 18.3 Gavi o-tesoura 17.2 Gavi o-vaqueiro 20.4 Gavi ozinho 17.4 Gelochelidon 42 genei, Drymophila 111.3 genibarbis, Thryothorus 158.6 geoffroyi, Neomorphus 55.7 georgica, Anas 15.10 Geositta 91 Geothlypis 154 Geotrygon 44 Geranospiza 20

1452

GIANT-PETREL, NORTHERN 2.6 SOUTHERN 2.5 Gib o-de-couro 142.8 giganteus, Macronectes 2.5 gilvicollis, Micrastur 25.2 gilvus, Mimus 161.8 glacialoides, Fulmarus 5.2 Glareola 35 Glaucidium 57 Glaucis 65 glaucocaerulea, Cyanoloxia 174.7 glaucopis, Thalurania 67.5 glaucus, Anodorhynchus 47.3 globulosa, Crax 31.6 Glyphorynchus 86 GNATCATCHER, CREAMY-BELLIED 179.2 GUIANAN 179.3

1453

MASKED 179.6 PARÀ 179.4 RIO NEGRO 179.5 TROPICAL 179.1 GNATEATER, ASH-THROATED 118.8 BLACK-BELLIED 118.10 BLACK-CHEEKED 118.9 CHESTNUT-BELTED 118.6 HOODED 118.7 RUFOUS 118.5 GNATWREN, COLLARED 159.9 LONG-BILLED 159.10 Gnorimopsar 163 godefrida, Claravis 44.7 GODWIT, BAR-TAILED 36.4 HUDSONIAN 36.3 MARBLED 36.5

1454

goeldii, Myrmeciza 115.9 GOLDEN-PLOVER, AMERICAN 37.9 GOLDENTHROAT, GREEN-TAILED 69.10 WHITE-TAILED 69.9 GOLDFINCH, EUROPEAN 175.7 Golinho 182.6 GOOSE, ORINOCO 14.4 gouldii, Lophornis 68.5 gouldii, Selenidera 80.4 gounellei, Anopetia 65.6 gracilipes, Zimmerius 135.7 gracilirostris, Vireo 154.9 GRACKLE, CARIB 163.8 MOUNTAIN 163.4 VELVET-FRONTED 163.3 Gralha-azul 180.2 Gralha-canc 180.8

1455

Gralha-da-guiana 180.6 Gralha-de-nuca-azul 180.4 Gralha-do-campo 180.5 Gralha-do-pantanal 180.1 Gralh o 24.11 Gralha-picaça 180.7 Gralha-violácea 180.3 Grallaria 119 grallaria, Fregetta 6.5 grammicus, Celeus 84.1 granadensis, Myiozetetes 148.2 Granatellus 152 grandis, Nyctibius 59.8 grantsaui, Formicivora 110.8 GRASS-FINCH, LESSER 185.6 WEDGE-TAILED 185.5 GRASSQUIT, BLUE-BLACK 184.5

1456

DULL-COLORED 173.2 SOOTY 173.3 Graúna 163.2 Gravatazeiro 113.1 Graveteiro 95.6 GRAVETEIRO, PINKLEGGED 96.8 gravis, Puffinus 4.1 Graydidascalus 54 Grazina 40.9 Grazina-de-barriga-branca 5.9 Grazina-de-bico-curto 3.7 Grazina-de-cabeça-branca 5.5 Grazina-de-coroa-preta 5.7 Grazina-de-trindade 5.3 Grazina-mole 5.6 GREBE, GREAT 8.9

1457

LEAST 8.5 PIED-BILLED 8.8 SILVERY 8.7 WHITE-TUFTED 8.6 GREENFINCH, EUROPEAN 175.8 GREENLET, ASHY-HEADED 155.5 BROWN-HEADED 155.8 BUFF-CHEEKED 155.7 DUSKY-CAPPED 155.10 GRAY-CHESTED 155.2 GRAY-EYED 155.4 LEMON-CHESTED 155.3 RUFOUS-CROWNED 155.1 TAWNY-CROWNED 155.9 TEPUI 155.6 Grimpeirinho 90.2 Grimpeiro 90.3

1458

grisea, Formicivora 110.2 griseicapillus, Sittasomus 86.6 griseiceps, Phyllomyias 131.6 griseipectus, Hemitriccus 139.10 griseocapilla, Phyllomyias 131.5 griseogularis, Phaethornis 65.4 Griseotyrannus 149 griseus, Campylorhynchus 158.2 griseus, Limnodromus 36.2 griseus, Nyctibius 59.7 griseus, Puffinus 4.2 griseus, Thryothorus 159.1 Gritador 150.3 GROSBEAK, BLACK-BACKED 174.1 BLACK-THROATED 174.6 BLUE-BLACK 174.8 GLAUCOUS-BLUE 174.7 1459

RED-AND-BLACK 174.4 SLATE-COLORED 174.5 ULTRAMARINE 174.9 YELLOW-GREEN 174.2 YELLOW-SHOULDERED 174.3 grossus, Saltator 174.5 GROUNDCREEPER, CANEBRAKE 95.9 GROUND-CUCKOO, REDBILLED 55.10 RUFOUS-VENTED 55.7 RUFOUS-WINGED 55.9 SCALED 55.8 GROUND-DOVE, BLUE 44.6 BLUE-EYED 44.5 COMMON 44.1 LONG-TAILED 45.2 PICUI 44.4 PLAIN-BREASTED 44.2

1460

PURPLE-WINGED 44.7 RUDDY 44.3 GROUND-TYRANT, LITTLE 146.4 gryphus, Vultur 16.6 Guácharo 59.9 guainumbi, Polytmus 69.9 GUAN, CHESTNUT-BELLIED 29.2 DUSKY-LEGGED 29.7 MARAIL 29.4 RUSTY-MARGINED 29.5 SPIX’S 29.6 WHITE-BROWED 29.3 WHITE-CRESTED 29.1 Guará 9.4 Guaracava-cinzenta 131.8 Guaracava-de-barriga-amarela 132.1 Guaracava-de-bico-curto 132.5

1461

Guaracava-de-crista-alaranjada 131.10 Guaracava-de-crista-branca 132.4 Guaracava-de-penacho-amarelo 131.9 Guaracava-de-topete-uniforme 132.8 Guaracava-de-topete-vermelho 132.9 Guaracava-do-rio 132.7 Guaracava-gigante 133.3 Guaracava-grande 132.2 Guaracava-modesta 137.5 Guaracava-serrana 133.2 Guaracavuçu 142.10 guarauna, Aramus 28.9 guarayanus, Thryothorus 158.9 Guarda-floresta 116.8 Guarda-várzea 116.6 Guarouba 47 guarouba, Guarouba 47.8

1462

guatemalae, Megascops 57.5 guatimalensis, Grallaria 119.3 Guaxe 162.8 Gubernatrix 173 Gubernetes 147 guianensis, Morphnus 23.3 guianensis, Polioptila 179.3 GUINEAFOWL, HELMETED 31.10 Guira 55 guira, Guira 55.3 guira, Hemithraupis 167.6 guirahuro, Pseudoleistes 165.9 gujanensis, Cyclarhis 154.4 gujanensis, Odontophorus 30.6 gujanensis, Synallaxis 93.3 gularis, Egretta 11.7 gularis, Myrmotherula 106.7

1463

gularis, Paroaria 172.7 GULL, BROWN-HEADED 42.6 FRANKLIN’S 42.8 GRAY-HEADED 42.5 KELP 42.3 LAUGHING 42.7 LESSER BLACK-BACKED 42.4 OLROG’S 42.2 RING-BILLED 42.9 guttata, Myrmotherula 106.6 guttata, Ortalis 30.1 guttata, Tangara 170.9 guttatus, Hypoedaleus 101.3 guttatus, Psilorhamphus 118.11 guttatus, Tinamus 26.6 guttatus, Xiphorhynchus 89.2 gutturalis, Corapipo 126.10

1464

gutturalis, Epinecrophylla 106.8 gutturata, Cranioleuca 94.8 Gyalophylax 95 Gygis 40 Gymnoderus 123 Gymnomystax 165 Gymnopithys 116–117 gymnops, Rhegmatorhina 117.7 Gypopsitta 54 gyrola, Tangara 172.5 Habia 173 haemastica, Limosa 36.3 Haematoderus 123 haematonota, Epinecrophylla 106.10 Haematopus 35 haemorrhous, Cacicus 162.8 haliaetus, Pandion 17.1

1465

halli, Macronectes 2.6 Halobaena 3 hamatus, Helicolestes 18.2 Haplospiza 185 hardyi, Glaucidium 57.7 Harpagus 18 Harpia 23 Harpyhaliaetus 23 harpyja, Harpia 23.4 HARRIER, CINEREOUS 17.5 LONG-WINGED 17.6 harrisii, Aegolius 58.2 hasitata, Pterodroma 5.7 hauxwelli, Myrmotherula 106.5 hauxwelli, Turdus 161.5 HAWK, BICOLORED 19.7 BLACK-COLLARED 22.8

1466

BLACK-FACED 20.3 BROAD-WINGED 21.2 COMMON BLACK- 22.4 CRANE 20.1 GRAY 21.1 GRAY-BELLIED 19.4 GREAT BLACK- 22.6 HARRIS’S 22.7 MANTLED 20.7 RED-BACKED 21.7 ROADSIDE 22.2 RUFOUS CRAB 22.5 SAVANNA 22.3 SHARP-SHINNED 19.6 SHORT-TAILED 21.4 SLATE-COLORED 20.2 SWAINSON’S 21.5

1467

TINY 19.5 WHITE 20.6 WHITE-BROWED 20.4 WHITE-NECKED 20.5 WHITE-RUMPED 21.3 WHITE-TAILED 21.6 ZONE-TAILED 22.1 HAWK-EAGLE, BLACK 23.5 BLACK-AND-WHITE 23.6 ORNATE 23.7 heilprini, Cyanocorax 180.4 Heliactin 71 hellas, Eurypyga 35.4 Helicolestes 18 Heliobletus 99 Heliodoxa 70 Heliomaster 71

1468

Heliornis 35 Heliothryx 71 hellmayri, Anthus 128.7 hellmayri, Gyalophylax 95.1 hemileucus, Myrmochanes 113.10 hemimelaena, Myrmeciza 115.6 Hemithraupis 167 Hemitriccus 138–139 Henicorhina 159 herbicola, Emberizoides 185.5 HERMIT, BROAD-TIPPED 65.6 BUFF-BELLIED 65.1 CINNAMON-THROATED 65.2 DUSKY-THROATED 64.8 EASTERN LONG-TAILED 64.1 GRAY-CHINNED 65.4 GREAT-BILLED 64.2

1469

HOOK-BILLED 65.10 MARANHAO 65.2 MARGARETTA’S 64.3 MINUTE 65.5 NEEDLE-BILLED 64.7 PLANALTO 64.10 REDDISH 65.3 RUFOUS-BREASTED 65.7 SAW-BILLED 66.1 SCALE-THROATED 64.4 STRAIGHT-BILLED 64.6 STREAK-THROATED 64.9 WHITE-BEARDED 64.5 herodias, Ardea 12.1 HERON, AGAMI 12.5 BOAT-BILLED 10.7 CAPPED 11.10

1470

COCOI 12.3 GRAY 12.2 GREAT BLUE 12.1 LITTLE BLUE 11.3 PURPLE 12.4 SQUACCO 11.9 STRIATED 10.8 TRICOLORED 11.2 WESTERN REEF 11.7 WHISTLING 11.1 ZIGZAG 10.4 Herpetotheres 24 Herpsilochmus 109 Heterocercus 123 Heteronetta 15 Heterospizias 22 heterurus, Caprimulgus 62.1

1471

hiaticula, Charadrius 38.2 Himantopus 35 himantopus, Calidris 39.8 hirsutus, Glaucis 65.7 hirundinacea, Cypsnagra 166.6 hirundinacea, Sterna 41.4 hirundinaceus, Caprimulgus 62.4 Hirundinea 142 Hirundo 156 hirundo, Sterna 41.5 hispidus, Phaethornis 64.5 HOATZIN 28.10 hoazin, Opisthocomus 28.10 hoffmannsi, Dendrocolaptes 88.1 hoffmannsi, Rhegmatorhina 117.6 holosericeus, Amblyramphus 164.10 homochroa, Catamenia 184.3

1472

HONEYCREEPER, RED-LEGGED 176.9 GREEN 176.6 PURPLE 176.8 SHORT-BILLED 176.7 HOOKBILL, CHESTNUTWINGED 97.6 HORNERO, LESSER 91.5 PALE-BILLED 91.8 PALE-LEGGED 91.7 RUFOUS 91.9 WING-BANDED 91.6 hudsoni, Asthenes 90.7 hudsoni, Knipolegus 145.2 huetii, Touit 51.6 huhula, Strix 58.9 humaythae, Schistocichla 114.6B humeralis, Ammodramus 186.6

1473

humeralis, Parkerthraustes 174.3 humeralis, Terenura 108.10 HUMMINGBIRD, COPPER-TAILED 69.5 GILDED 70.9 OLIVE-SPOTTED 71.2 RUBY-TOPAZ 68.3 SOMBRE 69.8 SWALLOW-TAILED 71.1 WHITE-BELLIED 69.4 WHITE-THROATED 70.10 hyacinthinus, Anodorhynchus 47.1 Hydropsalis 60 Hylexetastes 87 Hylocharis 67&70 Hylocryptus 99 Hyloctistes 97 Hylopezus 119

1474

Hylophilus 155 Hylophylax 116 Hymenops 146 hyperrhynchus, Notharchus 77.6 hyperythra, Myrmeciza 115.7 hyperythrus, Campylopterus 66.4 hypochroma, Sporophila 183.5 Hypocnemis 113 Hypocnemoides 113 Hypoedaleus 101 hypoleuca, Serpophaga 134.6 hypoleucus, Basileuterus 153.5 hypopyrra, Laniocera 129.4 hypospodia, Synallaxis 92.8 hypoxantha, Hypocnemis 113.7 hypoxantha, Sporophila 182.10 hypoxanthus, Hylophilus 155.10

1475

ibis, Bubulcus 11.8 IBIS, BARE-FACED 9.5 BUFF-NECKED 9.9 GREEN 9.10 PLUMBEOUS 9.8 SCARLET 9.4 SHARP-TAILED 9.7 WHITE-FACED 9.6 Ibycter 24 icterocephalus, Chrysomus 164.8 icterophrys, Satrapa 146.3 Icterus 165 Ictinia 18 idaliae, Phaethornis 65.5 ignobilis, Turdus 161.1 iheringi, Formicivora 110.1 iheringi, Myrmotherula 107.8

1476

Ilicura 123 immunda, Rhytipterna 150.2 imthurni, Macroagelaius 163.4 incerta, Pterodroma 5.9 inda, Chloroceryle 73.6 indigoticus, Scytalopus 120.7 inerme, Ornithion 134.2 Inezia 137 infuscata, Synallaxis 92.1 infuscatus, Automolus 99.2 infuscatus, Phimosus 9.5 Inhambu-anhangá 27.5 Inhambu-anhangai 28.2 Inhambu-carape 26.2 Inhambu-carijo 28.1 Inhambu-chint 28.4 Inhambu-chororo 28.3

1477

Inhambu-de-cabeça-vermelha 26.4 Inhambu-de-coroa-preta 27.2 Inhambu-de-pe-cinza 27.9 Inhambu-de-perna-vermelha 27.6 Inhambu-galinha 26.6 Inhambuguaçu 27.3 Inhambu-preto 27.1 Inhambu-relogio 27.10 inornata, Inezia 137.7 inornatus, Hemitriccus 139.6 inquisitor, Tityra 129.10 inscriptus, Pteroglossus 79.1 insignis, Thamnophilus 103.10 intermedia, Sporophila 181.4 interpres, Arenaria 37.1 involucris, Ixobrychus 10.2 Iodopleura 129

1478

iohannis, Hemitriccus 139.2 Ipecuá 102.8 iraiensis, Scytalopus 120.4 Iratauá-grande 165.8 Iratauá-pequeno 164.8 Iraúna-da-guiana 163.4 Iraúna-de-bico-branco 162.7 Iraúna-do-norte 163.8 Iraúna-grande 163.7 Iraúna-velada 163.3 Irer 14.2 iris, Lepidothrix 126.5 Irré 150.7 irupero, Xolmis 146.8 isabellae, Iodopleura 129.7 islerorum, Suiriri 133.5 Ixobrychus 10

1479

Jabiru 12 JABIRU 12.8 JACAMAR, BLUE-CHEEKED 74.2 BLUISH-FRONTED 74.8 BRONZY 74.7 BROWN 75.3 GREAT 74.4 GREEN-TAILED 74.10 PARADISE 74.5 PURPLISH 74.6 PURUS 75.2 RUFOUS-TAILED 74.3 THREE-TOED 75.5 WHITE-CHINNED 74.9 WHITE-EARED 75.1 WHITE-THROATED 75.4 YELLOW-BILLED 74.1

1480

Jacamaraçu 74.4 Jacamaralcyon 75 Jacamerops 74 Jacamim-de-costas-brancas 28.7 Jacamim-de-costas-cinzentas 28.6 Jacamim-de-costas-verdes 28.8 Jacana 32 Jaçan 32.10 jacana, Jacana 32.10 JACANA, WATTLED 32.10 jacarina, Volatinia 184.5 JACOBIN, BLACK 67.2 WHITE-NECKED 67.1 jacquacu, Penelope 29.6 Jacuaçu 29.7 Jacucaca 29.3 jacucaca, Penelope 29.3

1481

Jacu-de-barriga-castanha 29.2 Jacu-de-spix 29.6 Jacu-estalo 55.7 Jacu-estalo-de-asa-vermelha 55.9 Jacu-estalo-de-bico-vermelho 55.10 Jacu-estalo-escamoso 55.8 Jacumirim 29.4 Jacupemba 29.5 Jacupiranga 29.1 Jacurutu 58.6 Jacutinga 29.10 jacutinga, Aburria 29.10 Jacutinga-de-garganta-azul 29.9 JAEGER, LONG-TAILED 43.2 PARASITIC 43.1 POMARINE 43.3 jamacaii, Icterus 165.5

1482

jamaicensis, Laterallus 32.8 jamesi, Phoenicoparrus 13.6 Jandaia-amarela 47.9 Jandaia-de-testa-vermelha 48.4 Jandaia-verdadeira 48.3 jandaya, Aratinga 48.3 Jaó 27.4 Jaó-do-sul 27.8 Japacanim 158.1 Japu 162.5 Japuaçu 162.6 Japu-de-capacete 162.4 Japu-de-rabo-verde 162.2 Japu-pardo 162.3 Japu-verde 162.1 JAY, AZURE 180.2 AZURE-NAPED 180.4

1483

CAYENNE 180.6 CURL-CRESTED 180.5 PLUSH-CRESTED 180.7 PURPLISH 180.1 VIOLACEOUS 180.3 WHITE-NAPED 180.8 JEWELFRONT, GOULD’S 70.7 Jo o-baiano 92.3 Jo o-bobo 78.3 Jo o-botina-da-mata 95.7 Jo o-botina-do-brejo 95.8 Jo o-chique-chique 95.1 Jo o-corta-pau 61.6 Jo o-da-canarana 93.10 Jo o-de-barba-grisalha 93.5 Jo o-de-barriga-branca 93.2 Jo o-de-barro 91.9

1484

Jo o-de-bico-pálido 91.8 Jo o-de-cabeça-cinza 94.5 Jo o-de-pau 95.4 Jo o-de-peito-escuro 92.7 Jo o-de-rabo-comprido 90.8 Jo o-de-roraima 96.7 Jo o-do-araguaia 93.4b Jo o-do-norte 92.10 Jo o-do-pantanal 93.4 Jo o-do-pantanal 93.4a Jo o-do-tepui 94.2 Jo o-escamoso 94.7 Jo o-escuro 92.9 Jo o-folheiro 96.6 Jo o-grilo 92.8 Jo o-liso 95.3 Jo o-pintado 94.8 1485

Jo o-pinto 165.6 Jo o-pinto-amarelo 165.3 Jo o-platino 90.7 Jo o-pobre 134.5 Jo o-porca 98.10 Jo o-teneném 92.6 Jo o-teneném-becuá 93.3 Jo o-teneném-castanho 93.8 Jo ozinho 91.5 johannae, Doryfera 66.2 josephinae, Hemitriccus 138.5 jubata, Neochen 14.4 JUNGLEFOWL, RED 31.9 Junqueiro-de-bico-curvo 96.2 Junqueiro-de-bico-reto 96.3 Juriti-gemedeira 45.5 Juriti-pupu 45.4

1486

Juriti-safira 44.8 Juriti-vermelha 44.9 Juruva-ruiva 73.2 Juruva-verde 73.3 Juruviara 154.6 Juruviara-barbuda 154.8 Juruviara-de-noronha 154.9 Juruviara-verde-amarelada 154.7 kaempferi, Hemitriccus 139.8 kawalli, Amazona 52.8 KESTREL, AMERICAN 24.1 EURASIAN 24.2 kienerii, Xiphorhynchus 88.5 KINGBIRD, EASTERN 149.6 GRAY 149.7 TROPICAL 149.9 WHITE-THROATED 149.8

1487

KINGFISHER, AMAZON 73.7 AMERICAN PYGMY 73.8 GREEN 73.9 GREEN-AND-RUFOUS 73.6 RINGED 73.5 kirkii, Veniliornis 83.4 KISKADEE, GREAT 148.7 LESSER 148.6 KITE, DOUBLE-TOOTHED 18.3 GRAY-HEADED 19.1 HOOK-BILLED 19.3 MISSISSIPPI 18.5 PEARL 17.4 PLUMBEOUS 18.6 RUFOUS-THIGHED 18.4 SLENDER-BILLED 18.2 SNAIL 18.1

1488

SWALLOW-TAILED 17.2 WHITE-COLLARED 19.2 WHITE-TAILED 17.3 klagesi, Myrmotherula 106.1 Knipolegus 145 KNOT, RED 39.1 koeniswaldiana, Pulsatrix 59.2 kollari, Synallaxis 93.5 kronei, Phylloscartes 136.6 kuhli, Leucopternis 20.4 lacernulatus, Leucopternis 20.5 lactea, Amazilia 69.2 lactea, Polioptila 179.2 laeta, Cercomacra 112.10 lafresnayi, Picumnus 81.2 lalandi, Stephanoxis 68.2 lamellipennis, Xipholena 121.2

1489

Lampropsar 163 Lamprospiza 166 LANCEBILL, BLUE-FRONTED 66.2 lanceolata, Micromonacha 76.10 langsdorffi, Discosura 68.10 laniirostris, Euphonia 177.5 Laniisoma 130 Lanio 167 Laniocera 129 lanioides, Lipaugus 124.3 lapponica, Limosa 36.4 LAPWING, PIED 37.7 SOUTHERN 37.8 largipennis, Campylopterus 66.3 Larus 42 lateralis, Poospiza 186.2 Laterallus 32

1490

Lathrotriccus 142 latirostris, Cacicus 162.2 latirostris, Poecillotriccus 141.5 Lavadeira-de-cara-branca 147.4 Lavadeira-do-norte 147.3 Lavadeira-mascarada 147.5 lawrencii, Turdus 161.3 leachii, Mackenziaena 101.6 LEAFTOSSER, BLACK-TAILED 100.4 GRAY-THROATED 100.3 RUFOUS-BREASTED 100.5 SHORT-BILLED 100.2 TAWNY-THROATED 100.1 leari, Anodorhynchus 47.2 Legatus 148 lemosi, Cypseloides 62.6 Lenheiro 90.5

1491

Lenheiro-da-serra-do-cipó 90.6 lepida, Pyrrhura 49.4 Lepidocolaptes 89 Lepidothrix 126 Leptasthenura 90 Leptodon 19 Leptopogon 137 Leptotila 45 lepturus, Phaethon 6.9 Lessonia 144 lessonii, Pterodroma 5.5 leucaspis, Gymnopithys 117.2 Leucippus 71 leucoblepharus, Basileuterus 153.6 leucocephala, Arundinicola 147.6 Leucochloris 70 leucogaster, Amazilia 69.3

1492

leucogaster, Pionites 54.1 leucogaster, Sula 7.4 leucogastra, Galbula 74.7 leucogenys, Cichlopsis 160.1 leucolaemus, Piculus 82.7 leucomelas, Turdus 160.10 leuconota, Pyriglena 111.8 Leucophaeus 42 leucophaius, Legatus 148.1 leucophrus, Cichlocolaptes 97.10 leucophrys, Basileuterus 153.7 leucophrys, Callonetta 15.1 leucophrys, Mecocerculus 134.4 leucophrys, Myrmoborus 113.3 leucophthalma, Aratinga 48.2 leucophthalma, Epinecrophylla 106.9 leucophthalmus, Automolus 99.4

1493

leucopogon, Campephilus 85.10 leucops, Turdus 160.6 leucoptera, Fulica 35.3 leucoptera, Piranga 173.8 leucoptera, Psophia 28.7 leucoptera, Pyriglena 111.9 leucoptera, Sporophila 182.8 Leucopternis 20 leucopterus, Nyctibius 59.4 leucopus, Furnarius 91.7 leucopyga, Nyctiprogne 61.2 leucopyrrhus, Laterallus 33.1 leucorhoa, Oceanodroma 6.6 leucorodia, Platalea 12.10 leucorrhoa, Tachycineta 156.2 leucorrhous, Percnohierax 21.3 leucoryphus, Platyrinchus 143.10

1494

leucosticta, Henicorhina 159.4 leucostigma, Schistocichla 114.6A leucotis, Galbalcyrhynchus 75.1 leucotis, Pyrrhura 49.7 leucotis, Thryothorus 158.8 leucotis, Vireolanius 154.5 leucurus, Elanus 17.3 leucurus, Threnetes 65.9 leveriaus, Cissopis 166.7 lherminieri, Puffinus 4.6 lichtensteini, Philydor 98.6 lictor, Philohydor 148.6 limae, Picumnus 82.4 Limnoctites 96 Limnodromus 36 Limnornis 96 Limosa 36

1495

Limpa-folha-coroado 98.8 Limpa-folha-de-asa-castanha 98.5 Limpa-folha-de-bico-virado 97.5 Limpa-folha-de-cauda-ruiva 98.1 Limpa-folha-de-sobre-ruivo 98.4 Limpa-folha-de-testa-baia 98.7 Limpa-folha-do-brejo 98.3 Limpa-folha-do-buriti 96.9 Limpa-folha-do-nordeste 98.9 Limpa-folha-miúdo 96.10 Limpa-folha-ocráceo 98.6 Limpa-folha-picanço 97.6 Limpa-folha-riscado 97.7 Limpa-folha-vermelho 98.2 LIMPKIN 28.9 lineata, Conopophaga 118.5 lineata, Dacnis 176.2

1496

lineatum, Tigrisoma 10.10 lineatus, Cymbilaimus 101.1 lineatus, Dryocopus 85.7 lineola, Sporophila 181.10 linteatus, Heterocercus 123.8 Liosceles 120 Lipaugus 124 littoralis, Formicivora 110.5 littoralis, Ochthornis 146.2 livia, Columba 45.7 Lochmias 98 longicauda, Bartramia 37.2 longicauda, Deconychura 86.4 longicauda, Embernagra 185.8 longicaudus, Discosura 68.9 longicaudus, Stercorarius 43.2 longipennis, Myrmotherula 107.6

1497

longipes, Myrmeciza 115.1 longirostris, Caprimulgus 61.8 longirostris, Heliomaster 71.7 longirostris, Herpsilochmus 109.8 longirostris, Nasica 86.9 longirostris, Rallus 33.7 longirostris, Thryothorus 158.10 Lophornis 68 Lophostrix 58 lophotes, Knipolegus 145.10 lophotes, Percnostola 114.8 lophotes, Pseudoseisura 97.2 Lophotriccus 140 loricata, Compsothraupis 167.2 loricata, Myrmeciza 115.2 lucianii, Pyrrhura 50.2 lucidus, Chlorostilbon 70.4

1498

luctuosa, Sporophila 182.1 luctuosus, Sakesphorus 102.3 luctuosus, Tachyphonus 169.5 Lugensa 3 lugubris, Brachygalba 75.3 lugubris, Celeus 84.4 lugubris, Myrmoborus 113.4 lugubris, Quiscalus 163.8 luizae, Asthenes 90.6 lumachella, Augastes 71.3 Lurocalis 61 luteiventris, Myiodynastes 149.2 luteiventris, Myiozetetes 148.3 luteiventris, Sicalis 179.10 luteola, Sicalis 179.9 lutescens, Anthus 128.8 macao, Ara 47.6

1499

Maçarico-acanelado 39.9 Maçarico-branco 39.2 Maçarico-de-asa-branca 36.10 Maçarico-de-bico-comprido 36.1 Maçarico-de-bico-fino 39.6 Maçarico-de-bico-virado 36.3 Maçarico-de-colete 39.7 Maçarico-de-costas-brancas 36.2 Maçarico-de-papo-vermelho 39.1 Maçarico-de-perna-amarela 36.9 Maçarico-de-perna-vermelha 37.6 Maçarico-de-sobre-branco 39.5 Maçarico-do-campo 37.2 Maçarico-esquimó 36.6 Maçarico-galego 36.7 Maçarico-grande-de-perna-amarela 36.8 Maçarico-marmóreo 36.5

1500

Maçarico-pernilongo 39.8 Maçarico-pintado 37.3 Maçarico-rasteirinho 39.3 Maçarico-real 9.8 Maçarico-solitário 37.4 Maçarico-sovela 37.5 Maçariquinho 39.4 MACAW, BLUE-AND-YELLOW 47.5 BLUE-HEADED 46.7 BLUE-WINGED 46.8 CHESTNUT-FRONTED 46.5 GLAUCOUS 47.3 HYACINTH 47.1 RED-AND-GREEN 47.7 RED-BELLIED 46.6 RED-SHOULDERED 46.10 SCARLET 47.6

1501

SPIX’S 47.4 VARIABLE 47.2 YELLOW- COLLARED 46.9 macconnelli, Mionectes 137.2 macconnelli, Synallaxis 92.9 maccormicki, Stercorarius 43.5 Machaeropterus 125 Machetornis 147 Mackenziaena 101 Macroagelaius 163 macrodactylus, Bucco 78.1 Macronectes 2 Macropsalis 60 macroptera, Pterodroma 5.4 macrorhynchos, Notharchus 77.5 macroura, Eupetomena 71.1 macroura, Thripophaga 95.2

1502

Macuco 26.5 macularius, Actitis 37.3 macularius, Hylopezus 119.4 maculata, Cotinga 121.8 maculata, Terenura 108.8 maculatum, Todirostrum 142.1 maculatus, Myiodynastes 149.1 maculatus, Nystalus 78.4 maculatus, Pardirallus 33.10 maculicauda, Hypocnemoides 113.9 maculicaudus, Caprimulgus 61.10 maculifrons, Veniliornis 83.7 maculipennis, Chroicocephalus 42.6 maculirostris, Selenidera 80.7 maculosa, Nothura 26.8 maculosa, Patagioenas 46.3 Macuquinho 120.7

1503

Macuquinho-baiano 120.6 Macuquinho-da-várzea 120.4 Macuru 75.6 Macuru-de-barriga-castanha 77.7 Macuru-de-peito-marrom 77.8 Macuru-de-pescoço-branco 77.6 Macuru-de-testa-branca 77.5 Macuru-papa-mosca 76.10 Macuru-pintado 77.9 M e-da-lua 59.7 M e-da-lua-gigante 59.8 M e-da-lua-parda 59.6 M e-de-taoca 116.9 M e-de-taoca-arlequim 117.3 M e-de-taoca-avermelhada 116.10 M e-de-taoca-bochechuda 117.2 M e-de-taoca-cabeçuda 117.5

1504

M e-de-taoca-cristada 117.4 M e-de-taoca-de-cara-branca 117.7 M e-de-taoca-de-cauda-barrada 116.5 M e-de-taoca-de-garganta-vermelha 116.4 M e-de-taoca-dourada 114.10 M e-de-taoca-papuda 117.6 magellani, Pelecanoides 3.5 magellanica, Carduelis 187.4 magellanicus, Spheniscus 8.2 magna, Sturnella 164.5 magnificens, Fregata 7.6 magnificus, Lophornis 68.6 magnirostris, Rupornis 22.2 Maguari 12.7 maguari, Ciconia 12.7 Maitaca-de-cabeça-azul 54.9 Maitaca-roxa 53.10

1505

Maitaca-verde 54.10 major, Crotophaga 55.1 major, Diglossa 178.5 major, Podiceps 8.9 major, Schiffornis 129.1 major, Taraba 101.9 major, Tinamus 26.4 major, Xiphocolaptes 87.9 malachitacea, Triclaria 50.10 Malacoptila 78 malaris, Phaethornis 64.2 malura, Drymophila 111.6 maluroides, Spartonoica 95.10 Manacus 125 manacus, Manacus 125.8 MANAKIN, ARARIPE 123.6 BAND-TAILED 125.2

1506

BLACK 125.11 BLUE 126.9 BLUE-BACKED 126.8 BLUE-CROWNED 126.2 CRIMSON-HOODED 125.1 EASTERN STRIPED 127.1 FIERY-CAPPED 125.9 FLAME-CROWNED 123.8 GOLDEN-CROWNED 126.6 GOLDEN-HEADED 125.4 HELMETED 123.5 OLIVE 125.10 OPAL-CROWNED 126.5 ORANGE-BELLIED 126.4 ORANGE-CROWNED 123.10 PIN-TAILED 123.7 RED-HEADED 125.5

1507

ROUND-TAILED 125.6 SCARLET-HORNED 125.7 SNOW-CAPPED 126.7 WESTEN STRIPED 127.2 WHITE-BEARDED 125.8 WHITE-CROWNED 126.1 WHITE-THROATED 126.10 WIRE-TAILED 125.3 YELLOW-CROWNED 123.9 MANAKIN-TYRANT, CINNAMON 127.8 Mandri o-antártico 43.7 Mandri o-chileno 43.6 Mandri o-de-cauda-comprida 43.2 Mandri o-do-sul 43.5 Mandri o-grande 43.4 Mandri o-parasítico 43.1 Mandri o-pomarino 43.3

1508

mangle, Aramides 34.1 MANGO, BLACK-THROATED 66.10 GREEN-THROATED 66.9 manilata, Orthopsittaca 46.6 manu, Cercomacra 112.8 maracana, Primolius 46.8 Maracan -de-cabeça-azul 46.7 Maracan -de-colar 46.9 Maracanã-do-buriti 46.6 Maracan -guaçu 46.5 Maracan -pequena 46.10 Maracan -verdadeira 46.8 marail, Penelope 29.4 maranhaoensis, Phaethornis 65.2 margarettae, Phaethornis 64.3 margaritaceiventer, Hemitriccus 139.5 margaritae, Conirostrum 178.9

1509

margaritatus, Megastictus 102.5 marginatus, Microcerculus 159.5 marginatus, Pachyramphus 130.6 Maria-bicudinha 138.5 Maria-bonita 140.8 Maria-cabeçuda 151.1 Maria-catarinense 139.8 Maria-cavaleira 150.9 Maria-cavaleira-de-rabo-enferrujado 150.8 Maria-cavaleira-pequena 150.6 Maria-corruíra 133.10 Maria-da-campina 139.6 Maria-da-praia 146.2 Maria-da-restinga 136.6 Maria-de-barriga-branca 139.10 Maria-de-cauca-escura 151.2 Maria-de-olho-branco 138.9

1510

Maria-de-olho-claro 140.7 Maria-de-peito-machetado 138.6 Maria-de-testa-preta 136.9 Maria-do-madeira 141.2 Maria-do-nordeste 139.7 mariae, Pteroglossus 79.6 Maria-faceira 11.1 Maria-fibiu 144.8 Maria-fiteira 140.4 Maria-leque 141.9 Maria-leque-do-sudeste 141.8 Maria-mirim 138.10 Marianinha-amarela 133.6 Marianinha-de-cabeça-amarela 54.1 Marianinha-de-cabeça-preta 54.2 Maria-pechim 131.7 Maria-pequena 136.10

1511

Maria-peruviana 139.2 Maria-picaça 141.1 Maria-preta-acinzentada 145.1 Maria-preta-bate-rabo 145.8 Maria-preta-de-bico-azulado 145.4 Maria-preta-de-cauda-ruiva 145.5 Maria-preta-de-garganta-vermelha 145.9 Maria-preta-de-penacho 145.10 Maria-preta-do-nordeste 145.7 Maria-preta-do-sul 145.2 Maria-preta-ribeirinha 145.6 Maria-sebinha 138.4 Maria-te-viu 134.1 Maria-topetuda 140.5 marina, Pelagodroma 6.2 Mariquita 152.1 Mariquita-amarela 152.6

1512

Mariquita-azul 152.9 Mariquita-boreal 153.2 Mariquita-cinza 152.4 Mariquita-de-cabeça-parda 152.5 Mariquita-de-connecticut 153.1 Mariquita-de-perna-clara 152.8 Mariquita-de-rabo-vermelho 152.3 Mariquita-do-canadá 154.3 Mariquita-papo-de-fogo 152.7 Mariquita-protonotária 154.1 Marreca-caneleira 14.3 Marreca-colhereira 15.6 Marreca-colorada 15.5 Marreca-cricri 15.11 Marreca-de-asa-azul 15.4 Marreca-de-bico-roxo 14.5 Marreca-de-cabeça-preta 15.12

1513

Marreca-de-coleira 15.1 Marrec o 14.9 Marreca-oveira 15.3 Marreca-parda 15.10 Marreca-pardinha 15.7 Marreca-pé-na-bunda 14.6 Marreca-toicinho 15.8 MARSHBIRD, BROWN-AND-YELLOW 165.10 YELLOW-RUMPED 165.9 MARSH-TYRANT, WHITE-HEADED 147.6 martii, Baryphthengus 73.2 Martim-pescador-da-mata 73.6 Martim-pescador-grande 73.5 Martim-pescador-pequeno 73.9 Martim-pescador-verde 73.7 MARTIN, BROWN-CHESTED 157.5 GRAY-BREASTED 157.2

1514

PURPLE 157.1 SOUTHERN 157.3 Martinho 73.8 martinica, Porphyrio 34.10 Matrac o 101.4 Maú 122.7 Maxalalagá 32.2 maxillosus, Saltator 175.5 maximiliani, Pionus 54.10 maximiliani, Sporophila 184.4 maximus, Saltator 175.2 maximus, Thalasseus 41.1 maynana, Cotinga 121.5 mcilhennyi, Conioptilon 121.9 MEADOWLARK, EASTERN 164.5 PAMPAS 164.6 Mecocerculus 134

1515

megacephalum, Ramphotrigon 151.1 Megaceryle 73 Megarynchus 148 Megascops 57 Megastictus 102 Megaxenops 100 Meia-lua-do-cerrado 120.9 melacoryphus, Coccyzus 56.7 melambrotus, Cathartes 16.4 melanaria, Cercomacra 112.9 melancholicus, Tyrannus 149.9 Melanerpes 85 melanocephala, Carpornis 124.9 melanocephalus, Pionites 54.2 melanoceps, Myrmeciza 115.8 melanochloros, Colaptes 83.9 melanocoryphus, Cygnus 13.10

1516

melanogaster, Conopophaga 118.10 melanogaster, Formicivora 110.3 melanogaster, Piaya 56.9 melanogaster, Sporophila 183.7 melanoleuca, Lamprospiza 166.10 melanoleuca, Poospiza 186.3 melanoleuca, Pygochelidon 156.6 melanoleuca, Tringa 36.8 melanoleucos, Campephilus 85.9 melanoleucus, Buteo 23.1 melanoleucus, Spizaetus 23.6 melanonota, Pipraeidea 172.2 melanonotus, Touit 51.8 Melanopareia 120 melanopezus, Automolus 99.6 melanophaius, Laterallus 32.6 melanophris, Thalassarche 1.6

1517

melanopis, Schistochlamys 166.3 melanopogon, Hypocnemoides 113.8 melanops, Conopophaga 118.9 melanops, Gallinula 34.6 melanops, Leucopternis 20.3 melanops, Phleocryptes 96.1 melanops, Sporophila 182.4 melanops, Trichothraupis 166.5 melanosticta, Rhegmatorhina 117.5 melanothorax, Thamnophilus 103.1 melanotis, Coryphaspiza 185.1 melanotos, Calidris 39.7 melanura, Pyrrhura 50.6 melanurus, Myrmoborus 113.2 melanurus, Ramphocaenus 159.10 melanurus, Trogon 72.5 meleagris, Numida 31.10

1518

mellisugus, Chlorostilbon 70.3 mellivora, Florisuga 67.1 melodus, Charadrius 38.3 meloryphus, Euscarthmus 133.9 menetriesii, Myrmotherula 108.4 menstruus, Pionus 54.9 mentalis, Dysithamnus 105.4 MERGANSER, BRAZILIAN 14.11 Mergulh o-caçador 8.8 Mergulh o-de-orelha-amarela 8.7 Mergulh o-de-orelha-branca 8.6 Mergulh o-grande 8.9 Mergulh o-pequeno 8.5 Mergus 14 meridionalis, Chaetura 63.8 meridionalis, Heterospizias 22.3 MERLIN 24.6

1519

merula, Dendrocincla 86.3 Merulaxis 120 meruloides, Chamaeza 118.3 Mesembrinibis 9 mesoleuca, Conothraupis 166.9 mesoleuca, Elaenia 132.6 Metopothrix 96 mexicana, Tangara 172.3 mexicanus, Gymnomystax 165.8 mexicanus, Himantopus 35.7 mexicanus, Sclerurus 100.1 meyeni, Tachycineta 156.3 Micraster 25 Microbates 159 Microcerculus 159 Micrococcyx 56.4 Micromonacha 76

1520

Micropygia 32 Microrhopias 108 militaris, Haematoderus 123.3 militaris, Ilicura 123.7 militaris, Sturnella 164.3 milleri, Xenops 100.6 Milvago 25 Mimus 161 Mineirinho 184.6 MINER, CAMPO 91.1 COMMON 91.2 miniatus, Myioborus 152.4 minimus, Catharus 160.3 minimus, Hemitriccus 138.10 minor, Chordeiles 60.9 minor, Coccyzus 56.1 minor, Fregata 7.8

1521

minor, Furnarius 91.5 minor, Hemitriccus 138.4 minor, Myrmotherula 107.7 minor, Nothura 26.9 minor, Pachyramphus 130.9 minor, Percnostola 114.3 mintoni, Micraster 25.3 minuta, Coccycua 56.8 minuta, Columbina 44.2 minuta, Euphonia 177.8 minuta, Sporophila 182.9 minutilla, Calidris 39.4 minutissimum, Glaucidium 57.8 minutus, Anous 40.8 minutus, Xenops 100.8 Mionectes 137 mirandae, Hemitriccus 139.7

1522

mirandollei, Micrastur 25.6 mississippiensis, Ictinia 18.5 Mitrospingus 173 Mitu 31 mitu, Mitu 31.2 Miudinho 140.1 mixtus, Veniliornis 83.1 Mocho-diabo 58.4 Mocho-dos-banhados 58.5 MOCKINGBIRD, CHALK-BROWED 161.9 TROPICAL 161.8 WHITE-BANDED 161.10 modestus, Charadrius 38.7 modestus, Forpus 51.3 modestus, Sublegatus 137.5 moesta, Amaurospiza 184.1 molinae, Pyrrhura 49.6

1523

mollis, Pterodroma 5.6 Molothrus 163 momota, Momotus 73.4 Momotus 73 monachus, Myiopsitta 50.8 Monasa 77 MONJITA, BLACK-AND-WHITE 146.9 BLACK-CROWNED 146.6 GRAY 146.5 WHITE 146.8 WHITE-RUMPED 146.7 MONKLET, LANCEOLATED 76.10 montana, Geotrygon 44.10 montivagus, Aeronautes 63.9 mooreorum, Glaucidium 57.9 MOORHEN, LESSER 34.7 moreirae, Oreophylax 90.4

1524

Morphnus 23 morphoeus, Monasa 77.3 Morus 7 moschata, Cairina 14.7 mosquitus, Chrysolampis 68.3 motmot, Ortalis 30.2 MOTMOT, BLUE-CROWNED 73.4 BROAD-BILLED 73.1 RUFOUS 73.2 RUFOUS-CAPPED 73.3 MOURNER, CINEREOUS 129.4 GRAYISH 150.1 PALE-BELLIED 150.2 muelleri, Cranioleuca 94.7 multostriata, Myrmotherula 106.2 munda, Serpophaga 134.8 murallae, Sporophila 181.6

1525

murina, Phaeomyias 134.10 murinus, Thamnophilus 103.9 Murucututu 59.1 Murucututu-de-barriga-amarela 59.2 muscicapinus, Hylophilus 155.7 Muscipipra 147 Muscisaxicola 146 musculus, Troglodytes 159.2 mustelinus, Certhiaxis 93.10 Mutum-cavalo 31.3 Mutum-de-bico-vermelho 31.7 Mutum-de-fava 31.6 Mutum-de-penacho 31.8 Mutum-do-nordeste 31.2 Mutum-do-norte 31.4 Mutum-poranga 31.5 Mycteria 12

1526

mycteria, Jabiru 12.8 Myiarchus 150 Myiobius 142 Myioborus 152 Myiodynastes 149 Myiopagis 131 Myiophobus 138 Myiopsitta 50 Myiornis 140 Myiozetetes 148 myotherinus, Myrmoborus 113.5 Myrmeciza 115–116 Myrmoborus 113 Myrmochanes 113 Myrmorchilus 108 Myrmornis 117 Myrmothera 119

1527

Myrmotherula 105–108 mystaceus, Platyrinchus 143.7 nacunda, Podager 60.10 naevia, Sclateria 114.1 naevia, Tapera 55.6 naevius, Hylophylax 116.8 naevius, Ramphodon 66.1 Nandayus 48 Nannopsittaca 51 nanus, Taoniscus 26.2 N o-pode-parar 136.1 napensis, Stigmatura 135.5 Narceja-de-bico-torto 40.3 Narcej o 40.2 Narceja-sul-americana 40.1 Nasica 86 nattereri, Anthus 128.9

1528

nattereri, Hylopezus 119.7 nattereri, Lepidothrix 126.7 nattereri, Phaethornis 65.2 nattereri, Selenidera 80.5 nattereri, Tachyphonus 169.2 nebulosus, Picumnus 82.5 neglecta, Pterodroma 5.8 Negrinho-do-mato 184.1 NEGRITO, AUSTRAL 144.10 Neinei 148.10 nematura, Lochmias 98.10 Nemosia 167 nenday, Nandayus 48.9 nengeta, Fluvicola 147.5 Neochen 14 Neocrex 33 Neoctantes 105

1529

Neomorphus 55 Neopelma 127 Neopipo 127 Neothraupis 166 Neoxolmis 146 Netta 14 nidipendulus, Hemitriccus 139.4 niger, Capito 76.2 niger, Chlidonias 40.5 niger, Neoctantes 105.1 niger, Rynchops 40.10 niger, Threnetes 65.8 nigerrimus, Knipolegus 145.9 NIGHTHAWK, BAHIAN 61.1 BAND-TAILED 61.2 COMMON 60.9 LEAST 60.6

1530

LESSER 60.8 NACUNDA 60.10 SAND-COLORED 60.7 SHORT-TAILED 61.3 NIGHT-HERON, BLACK-CROWNED 10.5 YELLOW-CROWNED 10.6 NIGHTINGALE-WREN, SCALY-BREASTED 159.5 NIGHTJAR, SANTA MARIA 62.1 BAND-WINGED 61.8 BLACKISH 62.2 LADDER-TAILED 60.5 LITTLE 62.1 LONG-TRAINED 60.4 PYGMY 62.4 RORAIMAN 62.3 RUFOUS 61.6 SCISSOR-TAILED 60.3

1531

SICKLE-WINGED 60.1 SILKY-TAILED 61.7 SPOT-TAILED 61.10 WHITE-TAILED 61.9 WHITE-WINGED 60.2 nigrescens, Caprimulgus 62.2 nigrescens, Cercomacra 112.4 nigrescens, Contopus 144.5 nigricans, Pardirallus 33.9 nigricans, Serpophaga 134.5 nigricollis, Anthracothorax 66.10 nigricollis, Busarellus 22.8 nigricollis, Phoenicircus 122.1 nigricollis, Sporophila 182.2 nigrifrons, Monasa 77.1 nigrifrons, Phylloscartes 136.9 nigripes, Dacnis 176.4

1532

nigrocincta, Tangara 171.3 nigrocinereus, Thamnophilus 103.5 nigrogularis, Icterus 165.3 nigrogularis, Ramphocelus 168.3 nigromaculata, Phlegopsis 116.9 nigropectus, Biatas 102.4 nigrorufa, Poospiza 186.1 nigrorufa, Sporophila 182.7 nilotica, Gelochelidon 42.1 nitidus, Buteo 21.1 nitidus, Cyanerpes 176.7 nobilis, Chamaeza 118.2 nobilis, Diopsittaca 46.10 noctivagus, Crypturellus 27.8 NODDY, BLACK 40.8 BROWN 40.7 Noivinha 146.8

1533

Noivinha-branca 146.7 Noivinha-coroada 146.6 Noivinha-de-rabo-preto 146.9 Nomonyx 14 Nonnula 75 notata, Chlorestes 69.7 notatus, Coturnicops 32.1 Notharchus 77 Nothocrax 31 Nothura 26 NOTHURA, LESSER 26.9 SPOTTED 26.8 WHITE-BELLIED 26.10 novacapitalis, Scytalopus 120.8 novaesi, Philydor 98.9 noveboracensis, Seiurus 153.2 nudicollis, Procnias 122.10

1534

nudigenis, Turdus 161.6 Numenius 36 Numida 31 NUNBIRD, BLACK 77.2 BLACK-FRONTED 77.1 WHITE-FRONTED 77.3 YELLOW-BILLED 77.4 NUNLET, CHESTNUT-HEADED 75.9 FULVOUS-CHINNED 75.7 RUFOUS-CAPPED 75.8 RUSTY-BREASTED 75.6 Nyctanassa 10 Nyctibius 59 Nycticorax 10 nycticorax, Nycticorax 10.5 Nycticryphes 40 Nyctidromus 61

1535

Nyctiphrynus 61 Nyctiprogne 61 Nystalus 78 obrieni, Celeus 84.8 obscura, Elaenia 133.1 obscura, Myrmotherula 105.8 obscura, Penelope 29.7 obscurior, Sublegatus 137.6 obscurus, Tiaris 173.2 obsoleta, Cranioleuca 94.4 obsoletum, Camptostoma 134.3 obsoletus, Crypturellus 27.3 obsoletus, Hemitriccus 138.8 obsoletus, Xiphorhynchus 88.6 occidentalis, Pelecanus 13.2 occipitalis, Podiceps 8.7 oceanicus, Oceanites 6.1

1536

Oceanites 6 Oceanodroma 6 ocellatus, Nyctiphrynus 61.5 ocellatus, Xiphorhynchus 88.8 ochraceiceps, Hylophilus 155.9 ochrocephala, Amazona 53.9 ochrogaster, Penelope 29.2 ochrogyna, Hypocnemis 113.6e ochrolaemus, Automolus 99.1 ochroleucus, Hylopezus 119.6 ochropyga, Drymophila 111.4 Ochthornis 146 octosetaceus, Mergus 14.11 Odontophorus 30 Odontorchilus 158 oenone, Chrysuronia 67.6 OILBIRD 59.9

1537

oleagineus, Mionectes 137.1 oleagineus, Mitrospingus 173.4 Olho-falso 138.7 olivacea, Piranga 173.7 olivaceus, Rhynchocyclus 143.1 olivaceus, Vireo 154.6 olivater, Turdus 160.8 Onychoprion 40 Onychorhynchus 141 Opisthocomus 28 Oporornis 153 orbitatus, Hemitriccus 139.1 Orchesticus 166 ordii, Notharchus 77.8 orenocensis, Knipolegus 145.6 Oreopholus 38 Oreophylax 90

1538

ORIOLE, BALTIMORE 165.4 EPAULET 165.1 MORICHE 165.2 YELLOW 165.3 ornata, Epinecrophylla 107.1 ornata, Thraupis 168.9 ornatus, Cephalopterus 122.6 ornatus, Lophornis 68.4 ornatus, Spizaetus 23.7 Ornithion 134 OROPENDOLA, BAND-TAILED 162.2 CASQUED 162.4 CRESTED 162.5 GREEN 162.1 OLIVE 162.6 RUSSET-BACKED 162.3 Ortalis 30

1539

Orthogonys 168 Orthopsittaca 46 oryzivorus, Dolichonyx 164.7 oryzivorus, Molothrus 163.7 oseryi, Cacicus 162.4 OSPREY 17.1 oustaleti, Phylloscartes 136.2 OWL, BARN 59.3 BLACK-BANDED 58.9 BUFF-FRONTED 58.2 BURROWING 58.1 CRESTED 58.10 GREAT HORNED 58.6 MOTTLED 58.8 SHORT-EARED 58.5 SPECTACLED 59.1 STRIPED 58.3

1540

STYGIAN 58.4 TAWNY-BROWED 59.2 oxycerca, Cercibis 9.7 Oxyruncus 124 Oxyura 14 OYSTERCATCHER, AMERICAN 35.6 pabsti, Cinclodes 91.4 pachecoi, Scytalopus 120.3 Pachyptila 3 Pachyramphus 130 Painho-da-ilha-da-Madeira 6.3 Painho-de-barriga-branca 6.5 Painho-de-barriga-preta 6.4 Painho-de-cauda-furcada 6.6 Painho-de-ventre-branco 6.2 PAINTED-SNIPE, SOUTH AMERICAN 40.3 pallatangae, Elaenia 133.2

1541

pallescens, Neopelma 127.5 palliatus, Haematopus 35.6 palliatus, Thamnophilus 103.4 pallida, Cranioleuca 94.1 palmarum, Thraupis 168.10 PALMCREEPER, POINT-TAILED 96.9 PALM-SWIFT, FORK-TAILED 63.10 palpebrata, Phoebetria 2.3 palustris, Sporophila 183.2 PAMPA-FINCH, GREAT 185.7 PALE-THROATED 185.8 Pandion 17 panychlora, Nannopsittaca 51.4 Panyptila 63 papa, Sarcoramphus 16.5 Papa-capim-americano 186.8 Papa-capim-cinza 181.4

1542

Papa-capim-de-caquetá 181.6 Papa-capim-de-coleira 183.8 Papa-capim-de-costas-cinzas 182.3 Papa-capim-do-bananal 182.4 Papa-capim-preto-e-branco 182.1 Papa-formiga-barrado 101.1 Papa-formiga-cantador 113.6 Papa-formiga-de-bando 108.7 Papa-formiga-de-grota 115.3 Papa-formiga-de-sobrancelha 113.3 Papa-formiga-de-topete 114.9 Papa-formiga-do-igarapé 114.1 Papa-formiga-do-sincorá 110.8 Papa-formiga-pardo 110.2 Papa-formiga-vermelho 110.7 Papagaio-campeiro 53.9 Papagaio-char o 53.1

1543

Papagaio-da-várzea 53.6 Papagaio-de-bochecha-azul 53.3 Papagaio-de-cabeça-laranja 54.7 Papagaio-de-cara-roxa 53.5 Papagaio-de-peito-roxo 52.10 Papagaio-diadema 53.2 Papagaio-dos-garbes 52.8 Papagaio-galego 53.7 Papagaio-moleiro 52.9 Papagaio-verdadeiro 53.8 Papa-lagarta-acanelado 56.7 Papa-lagarta-cinzento 56.4 Papa-lagarta-de-asa-vermelha 56.2 Papa-lagarta-de-bico-preto 56.5 Papa-lagarta-de-euler 56.6 Papa-lagarta-de-papo-ferrugem 56.3 Papa-lagarta-do-mangue 56.1

1544

Papa-moscas-canela 133.7 Papa-moscas-cinzento 144.4 Papa-moscas-de-alder 144.7 Papa-moscas-de-costas-cinzentas 133.8 Papa-moscas-de-olheiras 136.2 Papa-moscas-do-campo 138.3 Papa-moscas-do-sert o 135.5 Papa-moscas-estrela 139.9 Papa-moscas-uirapuru 141.10 Papa-piri 137.10 Papa-taoca 111.8 Papa-taoca-da-bahia 111.10 Papa-taoca-do-sul 111.9 Papinho-amarelo 128.2 Papo-branco 102.4 Parabuteo 22 paradisaea, Sterna 41.6

1545

paraensis, Polioptila 179.4 paraensis, Automolus 99.3 paraguaiae, Gallinago 40.1 PARAKEET, BLACK-CAPPED 50.7 BLAZE-WINGED 49.2 BLUE-CROWNED 48.1 BLUE-THROATED 49.1 BROWN-THROATED 48.7 CACTUS 48.8 CANARY-WINGED 52.2 COBALT-WINGED 52.4 CRIMSON-BELLIED 49.5 DEVILLE’S 50.2 DUSKY-HEADED 48.5 FIERY-SHOULDERED 50.5 GOLDEN 47.8 GOLDEN-CAPPED 48.4

1546

GOLDEN-WINGED 52.5 GRAY-BREASTED 49.9 GREEN-CHEEKED 49.6 JANDAYA 48.3 MADEIRA 49.8 MAROON-BELLIED 49.3 MAROON-TAILED 50.6 MONK 50.8 NANDAY 48.9 PAINTED 50.3 PEACH-FRONTED 48.6 PEARLY 49.4 PFRIMER’S 50.4 PLAIN 52.1 RED-CROWNED 49.10 SANTAREM 50.1 SULPHUR-BREASTED 47.10

1547

SUN 47.9 TUI 52.6 WHITE-EARED 49.7 WHITE-EYED 48.2 YELLOW-CHEVRONED 52.3 Pararu-azul 44.6 Pararu-espelho 44.7 parasiticus, Stercorarius 43.1 Pardal 175.9 pardalotus, Xiphorhynchus 89.1 Pardela-cinza 4.8 Pardela-de-asa-larga 4.6 Pardela-de-óculos 4.10 Pardel o-prateado 5.2 Pardela-pequena 4.5 Pardela-preta 4.9 Pardirallus 33

1548

pareola, Chiroxiphia 126.8 Pariri 44.10 Parkerthraustes 174 parnaguae, Megaxenops 100.10 Paroaria 172 PARROT, BALD 54.7 BLACK-HEADED 54.2 BLUE-BELLIED 50.10 BLUE-CHEEKED 53.3 BLUE-FRONTED 53.8 BLUE-HEADED 54.9 CAICA 54.5 DUSKY 53.10 FESTIVE 53.6 KAWALL’S 52.8 MEALY 52.9 ORANGE-CHEEKED 54.4

1549

ORANGE-WINGED 52.7 RED-BROWED 53.4 RED-CAPPED 54.3 RED-FAN 50.9 RED-LORED 53.2 RED-SPECTACLED 53.1 RED-TAILED 53.5 SCALY-HEADED 54.10 SHORT-TAILED 54.8 VINACEOUS 52.10 VULTURINE 54.6 WHITE-BELLIED 54.1 YELLOW-CROWNED 53.9 YELLOW-FACED 53.7 PARROTLET, AMAZONIAN 51.5 BLUE-WINGED 51.2 BROWN-BACKED 51.8 1550

DUSKY-BILLED 51.3 GOLDEN-TAILED 51.9 GREEN-RUMPED 51.1 SAPPHIRE-RUMPED 51.7 SCARLET-SHOULDERED 51.6 TEPUI 51.4 Parula 152 PARULA, TROPICAL 152.1 parvirostris, Crypturellus 28.3 parvirostris, Elaenia 132.5 parvulus, Caprimulgus 62.1 parvus, Conopias 148.8 Passer 175 passerina, Columbina 44.1 passerinus, Forpus 51.1 passerinus, Veniliornis 83.2 Patagioenas 45–46

1551

patagonicus, Aptenodytes 8.1 Patativa 181.5 Patativa-da-amazônia 184.3 Patinho 143.7 Patinho-de-coroa-branca 143.9 Patinho-de-coroa-dourada 143.8 Patinho-escuro 143.6 Patinho-gigante 143.10 Pato-corredor 14.4 Pato-de-crista 14.8 Pato-do-mato 14.7 Pato-mergulh o 14.11 Paturi-preta 14.10 paulista, Phylloscartes 136.1 PAURAQUE, COMMON 61.4 Pav ozinho-do-pará 35.4 Pavó 123.4

1552

pavoninus, Dromococcyx 55.4 pavoninus, Lophornis 68.8 pavoninus, Pharomachrus 72.1 pectoralis, Euphonia 178.3 pectoralis, Herpsilochmus 109.7 pectoralis, Hylophilus 155.5 pectoralis, Polystictus 133.7 Pedreiro 91.4 Pedreiro-dos-andes 91.3 Pedro-ceroulo 164.5 Peitica 149.4 Peitica-de-chapéu-preto 149.5 Peito-pinh o 186.5 Peitoril 156.5 Peito-vermelho-grande 164.6 Peixe-frito-pavonino 55.4 Peixe-frito-verdadeiro 55.5

1553

pelagica, Chaetura 63.4 Pelagodroma 6 Pelecanoides 3 Pelecanus 13 PELICAN, AMERICAN WHITE 13.1 BROWN 13.2 Pelicano-branco 13.1 Pelicano-pardo 13.2 pella, Topaza 70.2 pelzelni, Elaenia 132.7 pelzelni, Granatellus 152.2 pelzelni, Myrmeciza 115.5 pelzelni, Thamnophilus 104.9 Peneireiro-de-dorso-malhado 24.2 Penelope 29 PENGUIN, KING 8.1 MACARONI 8.3

1554

MAGELLANIC 8.2 ROCKHOPPER 8.4 penicillata, Eucometis 168.2 peposaca, Netta 14.9 PEPPERSHRIKE, RUFOUS-BROWED 154.4 Percnohierax 21 Percnostola 114 Perdiz 26.7 Perdiz-do-mar 35.9 peregrinus, Falco 24.7 Periporphyrus 174 Periquit o-maracan 48.2 Periquito-da-amazônia 51.5 Periquito-da-caatinga 48.8 Periquito-de-asa-azul 52.4 Periquito-de-asa-branca 52.2 Periquito-de-asa-dourada 52.5

1555

Periquito-de-bochecha-parda 48.7 Periquito-de-cabeça-preta 48.9 Periquito-de-cabeça-suja 48.5 Periquito-de-encontro-amarelo 52.3 Periquito-dos-tepuis 51.4 Periquito-rei 48.6 Periquito-rico 52.1 Periquito-testinha 52.6 Perissocephalus 122 perlata, Pyrrhura 49.5 Pernilongo-de-costas-negras 35.7 perrotii, Hylexetastes 87.4 personatus, Atlapetes 187.2 personatus, Trogon 72.3 perspicillata, Pulsatrix 59.1 perspicillatus, Hymenops 146.1 pertinax, Aratinga 48.7

1556

peruviana, Conopophaga 118.8 peruviana, Hypocnemis 113.6c peruviana, Tangara 170.1 petechia, Dendroica 152.6 PETREL, ATLANTIC 5.9 BLACK-CAPPED 5.7 BLUE 3.8 BULWER’S 4.7 CAPE 3.6 GRAY 4.8 GREAT-WINGED 5.4 HERALD 5.3 KERGUELEN 3.7 KERMADEC 5.8 SOFT-PLUMAGED 5.6 SPECTACLED 4.10 WHITE-CHINNED 4.9

1557

WHITE-HEADED 5.5 Petrel-azul 3.8 Petrel-de-kermadec 5.8 Petrel-gigante 2.5 Petrel-gigante-do-norte 2.6 Petrel-mergulhador-de-magalh es 3.5 Petrim 92.4 Pé-vermelho 15.2 PEWEE, BLACKISH 144.5 SMOKE-COLORED 144.2 TROPICAL 144.4 WHITE-THROATED 144.6 pfrimeri, Pyrrhura 50.4 Phacellodomus 95 Phaeomyias 134 phaeopus, Numenius 36.7 Phaeothlypis 153

1558

Phaethon 6 Phaethornis 64–65 Phaetusa 40 Phalacrocorax 9 PHALAROPE, RED 38.10 WILSON’S 38.9 Phalaropus 38 Pharomachrus 72 phasianellus, Dromococcyx 55.5 phelpsi, Streptoprocne 62.9 Pheucticus 174 Phibalura 124 philippii, Phaethornis 64.7 Philohydor 148 Philomachus 39 Philydor 98 Phimosus 9

1559

Phlegopsis 116

1560

Phleocryptes 96 Phoebetria 2 phoeniceus, Tachyphonus 169.8 Phoenicircus 122 Phoenicoparrus 13 phoenicurus, Attila 151.6 phryganophilus, Schoeniophylax 90.9 Phrygilus 184 Phyllomyias 131 Phylloscartes 135–136 Phytotoma 124 Pia-cobra 154.2 Piau-de-costas-claras 2.3 Piau-preto 2.4 Piaya 56 pica, Fluvicola 147.3 Picaparra 35.5

1561

Pica-pau-amarelo 84.6 Pica-pau-an o-barrado 82.1 Pica-pau-an o-canela 82.3 Pica-pau-an o-carijó 82.5 Pica-pau-an o-creme 82.6 Pica-pau-an o-da-caatinga 82.4 Pica-pau-an o-da-várzea 81.8 Pica-pau-an o-de-coleira 81.9 Pica-pau-an o-de-pescoço-branco 81.6 Pica-pau-an o-de-pintas-amarelas 81.4 Pica-pau-an o-do-amazonas 81.2 Pica-pau-an o-do-orinoco 81.3 Pica-pau-an o-dourado 81.1 Pica-pau-an o-escamado 81.10 Pica-pau-an o-fusco 81.5 Pica-pau-an o-pintado 81.7 Pica-pau-an o-vermelho 82.2 1562

Pica-pau-barrado 84.2 Pica-pau-branco 85.1 Pica-pau-bufador 82.10 Pica-pau-chocolate 84.3 Pica-pau-chor o 83.1 Pica-pau-de-banda-branca 85.7 Pica-pau-de-barriga-preta 85.10 Pica-pau-de-barriga-vermelha 85.8 Pica-pau-de-cabeça-amarela 84.5 Pica-pau-de-cara-canela 85.5 Pica-pau-de-colar-dourado 83.5 Pica-pau-de-coleira 84.9 Pica-pau-de-garganta-branca 82.7 Pica-pau-de-peito-pontilhado 83.8 Pica-pau-de-sobre-vermelho 83.4 Pica-pau-de-testa-branca 85.4 Pica-pau-de-topete-vermelho 85.9

1563

Pica-pau-do-campo 83.10 Pica-pau-do-parnaíba 84.8 Pica-pau-dourado 82.8 Pica-pau-dourado-escuro 82.11 Pica-pau-lindo 84.7 Pica-pau-louro 84.4 Pica-pau-oliváceo 82.9 Pica-pau-rei 85.6 Pica-pau-verde-barrado 83.9 Picapauzinho-an o 83.2 Picapauzinho-avermelhado 83.6 Picapauzinho-chocolate 84.1 Picapauzinho-de-testa-pintada 83.7 Picapauzinho-verde-carijó 83.3 picazuro, Patagioenas 46.2 Pichororé 92.2 picta, Pyrrhura 50.3

1564

pictum, Todirostrum 142.4 picui, Columbina 44.4 PICULET, BAR-BREASTED 81.1 FINE-BARRED 81.11 GOLDEN-SPANGLED 81.4 LAFRESNAYE’S 81.2 MOTTLED 82.5 OCHRACEOUS 82.4 OCHRE-COLLARED 81.9 ORINOCO 81.3 PLAIN-BREASTED 82.6 RUFOUS-BREASTED 82.2 RUSTY-NECKED 81.5 SPOTTED 81.7 TAWNY 82.3 VARZEA 81.8 WHITE-BARRED 82.1

1565

WHITE-BELLIED 81.6 WHITE-WEDGED 81.10 Piculus 82 Picumnus 81 picumnus, Dendrocolaptes 88.2 picus, Xiphorhynchus 88.4 PIGEON, BAND-TAILED 46.4 PALE-VENTED 45.8 PICAZURO 46.2 PLUMBEOUS 45.9 ROCK 45.7 RUDDY 45.10 SCALED 46.1 SPOT-WINGED 46.3 PIHA, CINNAMON-VENTED 124.3 ROSE-COLLARED 124.4 SCREAMING 124.2

1566

pilaris, Atalotriccus 140.7 pileata, Nemosia 167.4 pileata, Penelope 29.1 pileata, Pionopsitta 54.3 pileata, Piprites 128.1 pileatus, Coryphospingus 184.7 pileatus, Herpsilochmus 109.1 pileatus, Lophotriccus 140.3 pileatus, Pilherodius 11.10 Pilherodius 11 Piment o 174.6 Pingüim-de-magalh es 8.2 Pingüim-de-penacho-amarelo 8.4 Pingüim-de-testa-amarela 8.3 Pingüim-rei 8.1 pinnatus, Botaurus 10.3 Pintadinho 111.7

1567

PINTAIL, NORTHERN 15.9 WHITE-CHEEKED 15.8 YELLOW-BILLED 15.10 Pintassilgo 187.4 Pintassilgo-do-nordeste 187.3 Pintassilgo-europeu 175.7 Pinto-d’água-carijó 32.1 Pinto-do-mato 119.7 Pinto-do-mato-carijó 117.1 Pinto-do-mato-de-cara-preta 117.9 Pinto-domato-de-fronte-ruiva 117.10 pintoi, Aratinga 47.10 Pintor-verdadeiro 171.7 Piolhinho 131.1 Piolhinho-chiador 131.2 Piolhinho-de-cabeça-cinza 131.6 Piolhinho-do-grot o 131.3

1568

Piolhinho-serrano 131.5 Piolhinho-verdoso 131.4 Pionites 54 Pionopsitta 54 Pionus 53–54 piperivora, Selenidera 80.3 PIPING-GUAN, BLACK-FRONTED 29.10 BLUE-THROATED 29.9 RED-THROATED 29.8 Pipira-azul 169.10 Pipira-da-taoca 168.2 Pipira-de-asa-branca 167.10 Pipira-de-bico-vermelho 166.10 Pipira-de-máscara 168.3 Pipira-de-máscara 168.4 Pipira-de-natterer 169.2 Pipira-olivácea 173.4

1569

Pipira-parda 167.9 Pipira-preta 169.7 PIPIT, CORRENDERA 128.5 HELLMAYR’S 128.7 OCHRE-BREASTED 128.9 SHORT-BILLED 128.6 YELLOWISH 128.8 pipixcan, Leucophaeus 42.8 Pipra 125 pipra, Dixiphia 126.1 pipra, Iodopleura 129.5 Pipraeidea 172 Pipreola 122 Piprites 128 PIPRITES, BLACK-CAPPED 128.1 WING-BARRED 128.2 Pi-puí 93.1

1570

Piranga 173 Piru-piru 35.6 Pisa-n’água 38.9 pitangua, Megarynchus 148.10 Pitangus 148 Pithys 114 pitiayumi, Parula 152.1 Pitiguari 154.4 Piui-boreal 144.1 Piui-de-topete 144.2 Piui-preto 144.5 Piui-queixado 144.6 Piui-verdadeiro 144.3 Piu-piu 108.6 Pixoxó 181.1 plancus, Caracara 25.8 PLANTCUTTER, WHITE-TIPPED 124.1

1571

Pla-pula-de-sobrancelhau 153.7 Platalea 12 platalea, Anas 15.6 platensis, Cistothorus 158.5 platensis, Embernagra 185.7 platensis, Leptasthenura 90.1 platypterus, Buteo 21.2 platyrhynchos, Platyrinchus 143.9 platyrhynchum, Electron 73.1 Platyrinchus 143 platyrostris, Dendrocolaptes 88.3 Plegadis 9 PLOVER, BLACK-BELLIED 37.10 COLLARED 38.5 COMMON RINGED 38.2 PIPING 38.3 SEMIPALMATED 38.1

1572

TWO-BANDED 38.6 WILSON’S 38.4 PLOVERCREST 68.2 plumbea, Euphonia 177.1 plumbea, Ictinia 18.6 plumbea, Patagioenas 45.9 plumbea, Polioptila 179.1 plumbea, Sporophila 181.5 plumbeiceps, Poecillotriccus 141.4 plumbeus, Dysithamnus 105.6 pluricinctus, Pteroglossus 79.8 PLUSHCROWN, ORANGE-FRONTED 96.6 Pluvialis 37 POCHARD, ROSY-BILLED 14.9 SOUTHERN 14.10 Podager 60 Podiceps 8

1573

podiceps, Podilymbus 8.8 Podilymbus 8 poecilinotus, Dichropogon 116.7 Poecillotriccus 141 poecilocercus, Knipolegus 145.3 poeciloptera, Geositta 91.1 poecilurus, Knipolegus 145.5 Poiaeiro-de-pata-fina 135.7 Poiaeiro-de-sobrancelha 134.2 poicilotis, Hylophilus 155.1 Polícia-do-mato 152.2 Polícia-inglesa-do-norte 164.3 Polícia-inglesa-do-sul 164.4 poliocephalum, Todirostrum 142.2 poliocephalus, Tolmomyias 143.4 poliogaster, Accipiter 19.4 polionotus, Leucopternis 20.7

1574

Polioptila 179 polychopterus, Pachyramphus 130.5 polyosoma, Buteo 21.7 Polystictus 133 Polytmus 69 pomarinus, Stercorarius 43.3 Pomba-amargosa 45.9 Pomba-antártica 30.10 Pomba-botafogo 45.10 Pomba-de-bando 45.3 Pomba-de-coleira-branca 46.4 Pomba-do-cabo 3.6 Pomba-do-orvalho 46.3 Pomba-galega 45.8 Pomb o 46.2 Pomba-trocal 46.1 Pombo-doméstico 45.7

1575

POORWILL, OCELLATED 61.5 Poospiza 186 Porphyrio 34 Porphyrolaema 121 porphyrolaema, Porphyrolaema 121.7 Porphyrospiza 185 Porzana 33 POTOO, COMMON or Gray 59.7 GREAT 59.8 LONG-TAILED 59.6 RUFOUS 59.5 WHITE-WINGED 59.4 prasinus, Aulacorhynchus 80.1 pratincola, Glareola 35.9 PRATINCOLE, COLLARED 35.9 preciosa, Tangara 170.2 Pretinho 125.11

1576

Pretinho-do-igapó 145.3 pretiosa, Claravis 44.6 pretrei, Amazona 53.1 pretrei, Phaethornis 64.10 Primavera 146.5 Primolius 46 Príncipe 144.9 PRION, BROAD-BILLED 3.1 DOVE 3.2 FAIRY 3.4 SLENDER-BILLED 3.3 Procacicus 162 Procellaria 4 Procnias 122 procurvoides, Campylorhamphus 89.9 Progne 157 promeropirhynchus, Xiphocolaptes 87.5

1577

propinqua, Synallaxis 93.2 Protonotaria 154 Psarocolius 162 Pseudocolopteryx 135 Pseudoleistes 165 Pseudoseisura 97 Psilorhamphus 118 Psophia 28 psychopompus, Scytalopus 120.6 Pterochelidon 156 Pterodroma 5 Pteroglossus 79 pucheranii, Neomorphus 55.10 PUFFBIRD, BROWN-BANDED 77.8 BUFF-BELLIED 77.7 CHESTNUT-CAPPED 78.1 COLLARED 76.8

1578

CRESCENT-CHESTED 78.7 GUIANAN 77.5 PIED 77.9 RUFOUS-NECKED 78.10 SEMICOLLARED 78.8 SPOT-BACKED 78.4 SPOTTED 78.2 STREAK-BELLIED 78.5 STRIOLATED 78.6 SWALLOW-WINGED 76.9 WHITE-CHESTED 78.9 WHITE-EARED 78.3 WHITE-NECKED 77.6 Puffinus 4 puffinus, Puffinus 4.4 pugnax, Philomachus 39.10 Pula-pula 153.4

1579

Pula-pula-assobiador 153.6 Pula-pula-de-barriga-branca 153.5 Pula-pula-de-cauda-avermelhada 153.9 Pula-pula-de-duas-fitas 153.3 Pula-pula-ribeirinho 153.10 Pulsatrix 59 pumila, Coccycua 56.3 pumilus, Picumnus 81.3 punctata, Tangara 170.8 punctatus, Thamnophilus 104.6 punctigula, Colaptes 83.8 punctulatus, Hylophylax 116.6 punicea, Xipholena 121.3 PURPLETUFT, BUFF-THROATED 129.5 DUSKY 129.6 WHITE-BROWED 129.7 purpurata, Querula 123.2

1580

purpuratus, Touit 51.7 purpurea, Ardea 12.4 Puruchém 93.7 purusianus, Galbalcyrhynchus 75.2 pusilla, Calidris 39.3 pusillus, Chordeiles 60.6 Pygiptila 102 pygmaeus, Picumnus 81.7 PYGMY-OWL, AMAZONIAN 57.7 FERRUGINOUS 57.10 LEAST 57.8 PERNAMBUCO 57.9 PYGMY-TYRANT, BROWN-BREASTED 138.8 DOUBLE-BANDED 140.4 DRAB-BREASTED 138.7 EARED 140.1 FLAMMULATED 138.6

1581

FORK-TAILED 139.9 HELMETED 140.6 LONG-CRESTED 140.5 PALE-EYED 140.7 RUFOUS-SIDED 133.10 SCALE-CRESTED 140.3 SHORT-TAILED 140.2 TAWNY-CROWNED 133.9 Pygochelidon 156 pyra, Topaza 70.1 Pyriglena 111 Pyrocephalus 144 pyrocephalus, Machaeropterus 125.9 Pyroderus 123 Pyrrhocoma 167 pyrrhodes, Philydor 98.2 pyrrholeuca, Asthenes 90.8

1582

pyrrhonota, Pterochelidon 156.8 pyrrhophia, Cranioleuca 94.3 Pyrrhura 49–50 QUAIL-DOVE, RUDDY 44.10 SAPPHIRE 44.8 VIOLACEOUS 44.9 Quem-te-vestiu 186.1 Quero-quero 37.8 Querula 123 Quete 186.2 QUETZAL, PAVONINE 72.1 Quiriquiri 24.1 Quiscalus 163 quixensis, Microrhopias 108.7 Rabo-amarelo 95.2 Rabo-branco-acanelado 64.10 Rabo-branco-amarelo 64.7

1583

Rabo-branco-cinza 64.5 Rabo-branco-de-barriga-fulva 65.1 Rabo-branco-de-bico-reto 64.6 Rabo-branco-de-bigodes 64.1 Rabo-branco-de-cauda-larga 65.6 Rabo-branco-de-garganta-cinza 65.4 Rabo-branco-de-garganta-rajada 64.4 Rabo-branco-de-margarette 64.3 Rabo-branco-do-maranh o 65.2 Rabo-branco-do-rupurumi 64.9 Rabo-branco-mirim 65.5 Rabo-branco-pequeno 64.8 Rabo-branco-rubro 65.3 Rabo-de-arame 125.3 Rabo-de-espinho 68.8 Rabo-de-espinho-de-barriga-preta 68.10 Rabo-de-palha-de-bico-amarelo 6.9

1584

Rabo-de-palha-de-bico-vermelho 6.7 Rabo-de-palha-de-cauda 6.8 Rabo-mole-da-serra 185.8 Rabudinho 90.1 RAIL, BLACK 32.8 BLACKISH 33.9 CLAPPER 33.7 PLUMBEOUS 33.8 SPECKLED 32.1 SPOTTED 33.10 ralloides, Ardeola 11.9 Rallus 33 Ramphastos 80 Ramphocaenus 159 Ramphocelus 168 Ramphodon 66 Ramphotrigon 151

1585

Rapazinho-carijó 78.2 Rapazinho-de-boné-vermelho 78.1 Rapazinho-de-colar 76.8 Rapazinho-do-chaco 78.5 Rapazinho-dos-velhos 78.4 Rapazinho-estriado 78.6 rectirostris, Hylocryptus 99.9 rectirostris, Limnoctites 96.3 RECURVEBILL, PERUVIAN 97.5 recurvirostris, Avocettula 68.1 RED-COTINGA, BLACK-NECKED 122.1 GUIANAN 122.2 REDSHANK, COMMON 37.6 REDSTART, AMERICAN 152.3 REED-FINCH, LONG-TAILED 187.5 REEDHAUNTER, CURVE-BILLED 96.2 STRAIGHT-BILLED 96.3

1586

regulus, Machaeropterus 127.1 Rei-do-bosque 174.1 reinwardtii, Selenidera 80.6 reiseri, Phyllomyias 131.3 Rendadinho 116.7 Rendeira 125.8 Rhea 26 RHEA, GREATER 26.1 Rhegmatorhina 117 Rhinoptynx 58 rhodocorytha, Amazona 53.4 Rhopornis 113 Rhynchocyclus 143 Rhynchotus 26 Rhytipterna 150 richardsoni, Eubucco 76.6 ridleyana, Elaenia 132.3

1587

rikeri, Berlepschia 96.9 Riparia 157 riparia, Riparia 157.4 Risadinha 134.3 risora, Alectrurus 147.7 rivularis, Phaeothlypis 153.10 rixosa, Machetornis 147.10 roberti, Conopophaga 118.7 robustus, Campephilus 85.6 Rola-turca 45.6 Rolinha-cinzenta 44.1 Rolinha-de-asa-canela 44.2 Rolinha-do-planalto 44.5 Rolinha-picui 44.4 Rolinha-roxa 44.3 Rolinha-vaqueira 45.2 rolland, Rollandia 8.6

1588

Rollandia 8 rondoniae, Amazilia 69.6 roquettei, Phylloscartes 135.10 roraimae, Automolus 99.5 roraimae, Herpsilochmus 109.6 roraimae, Myiophobus 138.1 Roraimia 96 roseifrons, Pyrrhura 49.10 Rostrhamus 18 rourei, Nemosia 167.5 Rouxinol-do-rio-negro 165.2 rubecula, Nonnula 75.6 ruber, Eudocimus 9.4 ruber, Phacellodomus 95.6 ruber, Phaethornis 65.3 ruber, Phoenicopterus 13.3 rubica, Habia 173.9

1589

rubiginosus, Automolus 99.7 rubiginosus, Colaptes 82.9 rubinus, Pyrocephalus 144.9 rubra, Piranga 173.6 rubricauda, Clytolaema 70.8 rubricauda, Phaethon 6.8 rubricollis, Campephilus 85.8 rubricollis, Drymophila 111.2 rubrigastra, Tachuris 137.10 rubrocapilla, Pipra 125.5 RUBY, BRAZILIAN 70.8 rufa, Formicivora 110.7 rufa, Lessonia 144.10 rufa, Malacoptila 78.10 rufaxilla, Leptotila 45.5 rufescens, Rhynchotus 26.7 RUFF 39.10

1590

ruficapilla, Hemithraupis 167.7 ruficapilla, Nonnula 75.8 ruficapilla, Synallaxis 92.2 ruficapillus, Baryphthengus 73.3 ruficapillus, Chrysomus 164.9 ruficapillus, Schistochlamys 166.2 ruficapillus, Thamnophilus 104.3 ruficauda, Chamaeza 118.4 ruficauda, Galbula 74.3 ruficauda, Myrmeciza 116.3 ruficauda, Ramphotrigon 151.3 ruficaudatum, Philydor 98.1 ruficeps, Elaenia 132.9 ruficeps, Pyrrhocoma 167.3 ruficollis, Micrastur 25.1 ruficollis, Oreopholus 38.8 ruficollis, Sporophila 183.1

1591

ruficollis, Stelgidopteryx 157.8 rufifacies, Schistocichla 114.6C rufifrons, Formicarius 117.10 rufifrons, Fulica 35.2 rufifrons, Phacellodomus 95.4 rufifrons, Schistocichla 114.4 rufigula, Dendrexetastes 86.10 rufigula, Gymnopithys 116.4 rufigularis, Falco 24.5 rufigularis, Sclerurus 100.2 rufimarginatus, Herpsilochmus 109.9 rufipennis, Neomorphus 55.9 rufipileatus, Automolus 99.8 rufiventer, Tachyphonus 169.3 rufiventris, Euphonia 177.10 rufiventris, Mionectes 137.3 rufiventris, Neoxolmis 146.10

1592

rufiventris, Picumnus 82.2 rufiventris, Turdus 160.9 rufoaxillaris, Molothrus 163.5 rufomarginatus, Euscarthmus 133.10 rufosuperciliata, Syndactyla 97.4 rufulus, Troglodytes 159.3 rufum, Philydor 98.7 rufus, Attila 151.5 rufus, Caprimulgus 61.6 rufus, Casiornis 150.4 rufus, Furnarius 91.9 rufus, Pachyramphus 130.8 rufus, Tachyphonus 169.7 rufus, Trogon 72.4 rumicivorus, Thinocorus 35.10 rupestris, Chordeiles 60.7 Rupicola 121

1593

rupicola, Pyrrhura 50.7 rupicola, Rupicola 121.10 Rupornis 22 rupurumii, Phaethornis 64.9 RUSHBIRD, WREN-LIKE 96.1 RUSH-TYRANT, MANY-COLORED 137.10 russatus, Poecillotriccus 141.3 rustica, Hirundo 156.7 ruticilla, Setophaga 152.3 rutila, Phytotoma 124.1 rutilans, Synallaxis 93.8 rutilans, Xenops 100.9 Rynchops 40 Sabiá-barranco 160.10 Sabiá-bicolor 161.5 Sabiá-castanho 160.1 Sabiá-cica 50.10

1594

Sabiá-coleira 161.7 Sabiá-congá 175.1 Sabiá-da-mata 161.4 Sabiá-da-praia 161.8 Sabiá-de-cabeça-preta 160.8 Sabiá-de-cara-cinza 160.3 Sabiá-de-óculos 160.4 Sabiá-do-banhado 185.7 Sabiá-do-campo 161.9 Sabiá-ferreiro 160.7 Sabiá-laranjeira 160.9 Sabiá-norte-americano 160.2 Sabiá-pimenta 124.9 Sabiá-poca 161.2 Sabiá-preto 160.6 Sabiá-una 160.5 SABREWING, BUFF-BREASTED 66.5

1595

GRAY-BREASTED 66.3 RUFOUS-BREASTED 66.4 Saci 55.6 Saí-amarela 176.3 Saí-andorinha 171.10 Saí-azul 176.5 Saí-canário 167.1 Saí-de-barriga-branca 176.1 Saí-de-bico-curto 176.7 Saí-de-máscara-preta 176.2 Saí-de-perna-amarela 176.8 Saí-de-pernas-pretas 176.4 Saíra-amarela 170.3 Saíra-apunhalada 167.5 Saíra-beija-flor 176.9 Saíra-carijó 170.10 Saíra-de-bando 172.3

1596

Saíra-de-barriga-amarela 170.7 Saíra-de-cabeça-azul 171.2 Saíra-de-cabeça-castanha 172.5 Saíra-de-cabeça-preta 171.1 Saíra-de-chapéu-preto 167.4 Saíra-de-papo-preto 167.6 Saíra-diamante 171.4 Saíra-douradinha 170.5 Saíra-ferrugem 167.7 Saíra-galega 167.8 Saíra-lagarta 170.4 Saíra-mascarada 171.3 Saíra-militar 171.9 Saíra-negaça 170.8 Saíra-opala 171.5 Saíra-ouro 170.6 Saíra-pintada 170.9

1597

Saíra-preciosa 170.2 Saíra-sapucaia 170.1 Saíra-sete-cores 171.8 Saíra-viúva 172.2 Saí-verde 176.6 Sakesphorus 102 Saltator 174 SALTATOR, BLACK-THROATED 175.6 BUFF-THROATED 175.2 GOLDEN-BILLED 175.3 GRAYISH 175.1 GREEN-WINGED 175.4 THICK-BILLED 175.5 salvini, Gymnopithys 116.5 San -amarela 33.5 San -carijó 33.4 San -castanha 32.4

1598

San -cinza 33.3 San -de-cabeça-castanha 32.3 San -de-cara-ruiva 33.2 San -do-capim 32.7 San -parda 32.6 San -vermelha 33.1 San -zebrada 32.5 sanctaecatarinae, Megascops 57.6 sanctaemariae, Cymbilaimus 101.2 sanctithomae, Brotogeris 52.6 SANDERLING 39.2 SANDPIPER, BAIRD’S 39.6 BUFF-BREASTED 39.9 LEAST 39.4 PECTORAL 39.7 SEMIPALMATED 39.3 SOLITARY 37.4

1599

SPOTTED 37.3 STILT 39.8 TEREK 37.5 UPLAND 37.2 WHITE-RUMPED 39.5 sandvicensis, Thalasseus 41.2 sanfordi, Diomedea 1.3 sanguinolentus, Pardirallus 33.8 Sanhaçu-cinzento 168.7 Sanhaçu-da-amazônia 168.6 Sanhaçu-de-asa-branca 173.8 Sanhaçu-de-coleira 166.3 Sanhaçu-de-encontro-amarelo 168.9 Sanhaçu-de-encontro-azul 168.8 Sanhaçu-de-fogo 173.5 Sanhaçu-do-coqueiro 168.10 Sanhaçu-escarlate 173.7

1600

Sanhaçu-frade 172.1 Sanhaçu-papa-laranja 169.9 Sanhaçu-pardo 166.1 Sanhaçu-vermelho 173.6 saphirina, Geotrygon 44.8 SAPPHIRE, BLUE-CHINNED 69.7 GOLDEN-TAILED 67.6 RUFOUS-THROATED 67.7 WHITE-CHINNED 67.8 sapphirina, Hylocharis 67.7 saracura, Aramides 34.4 Saracura-carijó 33.10 Saracura-de-asa-vermelha 34.2 Saracura-do-banhado 33.8 Saracura-do-mangue 34.1 Saracura-do-mato 34.4 Saracura-lisa 32.9

1601

Saracura-matraca 33.7 Saracura-san 33.9 Saracura-tr s-potes 34.3 Saracuruçu 34.5 Sarcoramphus 16 Sargento 163.9 Saripoca-de-bico-castanho 80.5 Saripoca-de-coleira 80.6 Saripoca-de-gould 80.4 Sarkidiornis 14 Satrapa 146 saturata, Schistocichla 114.7 saturatus, Platyrinchus 143.6 saturninus, Mimus 161.9 saturninus, Thamnomanes 102.6 Saudade 122.3 Saudade-de-asa-cinza 122.4

1602

Saurá 122.2 Saurá-de-pescoço-preto 122.1 Sauveiro-do-norte 18.5 Savacu 10.5 Savacu-de-coroa 10.6 savana, Tyrannus 149.10 sayaca, Thraupis 168.7 scansor, Sclerurus 100.5 Schiffornis 129 SCHIFFORNIS, GREENISH 129.3 THRUSH-LIKE 129.2 VARZEA 129.1 schistacea, Schistocichla 114.2 schistacea, Sporophila 181.3 schistaceus, Leucopternis 20.2 schistaceus, Thamnophilus 103.8 Schistochlamys 166

1603

Schistocichla 114 schistogynus, Thamnomanes 102.9 Schoeniophylax 90 schomburgkii, Micropygia 32.2 schrankii, Tangara 170.6 schreibersii, Heliodoxa 70.6 sclateri, Hylophilus 155.6 sclateri, Myrmotherula 105.9 sclateri, Nonnula 75.7 sclateri, Pseudocolopteryx 135.1 Sclateria 114 Sclerurus 100 scolopaceus, Limnodromus 36.1 SCREAMER, HORNED 13.8 SOUTHERN 13.7 SCREECH-OWL, BLACK-CAPPED 57.2 LONG-TUFTED 57.6

1604

NORTHERN TAWNY-BELLIED 57.4 SOUTHERN TAWNY-BELLIED 57.3 TROPICAL 57.1 VERMICULATED 57.5 SCRUB-FLYCATCHER, AMAZONIAN 137.6 SOUTHERN 137.5 scutata, Synallaxis 93.6 scutatus, Augastes 71.4 scutatus, Pyroderus 123.4 Scytalopus 120 SCYTHEBILL, BLACK-BILLED 89.11 CURVE-BILLED 89.9 RED-BILLED 89.10 Sebinho-de-olho-de-ouro 139.5 Sebinho-rajado-amarelo 139.3 SEEDEATER, BLACK-AND-TAWNY 182.7 BLACK-AND-WHITE 182.1 1605

BLACK-BELLIED 183.7 BLACKISH-BLUE 184.1 BUFFY-FRONTED 181.1 CAPPED 183.9 CAQUETA 181.6 CHESTNUT 183.6 CHESTNUT-BELLIED 183.4 DARK-THROATED 183.1 DOUBLE-COLLARED 182.5 DUBOIS’S 182.3 GRAY 181.4 HOODED 182.4 LESSON’S 181.9 LINED 181.10 MARSH 183.2 NAROSKY’S 183.3 PARAMO 184.3

1606

PLUMBEOUS 181.5 RUDDY-BREASTED 182.9 RUFOUS-RUMPED 183.5 RUSTY-COLLARED 181.8 SLATE-COLORED 181.3 TAWNY-BELLIED 182.10 TEMMINCK’S 181.2 WHITE-BELLIED 182.8 WHITE-NAPED 183.8 WHITE-THROATED 182.6 WING-BARRED 181.7 YELLOW-BELLIED 182.2 SEED-FINCH, CHESTNUT-BELLIED 183.10 GREAT-BILLED 184.4 LARGE-BILLED 184.2 SEEDSNIPE, LEAST 35.10 Seiurus 153

1607

seledon, Tangara 171.8 Selenidera 80 sellowi, Herpsilochmus 109.10 semicincta, Malacoptila 78.8 semicinerea, Cranioleuca 94.5 semicinereus, Hylophilus 155.2 semicollaris, Nycticryphes 40.3 semifasciata, Tityra 129.9 semipalmata, Tringa 36.10 semipalmatus, Charadrius 38.1 semitorquatus, Arremon 187.8 semitorquatus, Lurocalis 61.3 semitorquatus, Micrastur 25.4 senex, Cypseloides 62.8 senex, Poecillotriccus 141.2 sericocaudatus, Caprimulgus 61.7 Seriema 30.9

1608

SERIEMA, RED-LEGGED 30.9 Serpophaga 134 serrana, Formicivora 110.4 serrator, Morus 7.1 serrirostris, Colibri 66.8 Sertanejo-escuro 137.6 serva, Cercomacra 112.6 setaria, Leptasthenura 90.3 Sete-cores-da-amazônia 171.6 Setophaga 152 severa, Mackenziaena 101.5 severus, Ara 46.5 SHAG, ANTARCTIC 9.3 SHARPBILL 124.7 SHEARWATER, AUDUBON’S 4.6 CORY’S 5.1 GREATER 4.1

1609

LITTLE 4.5 MANX 4.4 SHORT-TAILED 4.3 SOOTY 4.2 SHEATHBILL, SNOWY 30.10 SHOVELER, RED 15.6 SHRIKE-TANAGER, FULVOUS 167.9 WHITE-WINGED 167.10 SHRIKE-VIREO, SLATY-CAPPED 154.5 sibilator, Sirystes 150.3 sibilatrix, Anas 15.3 sibilatrix, Syrigma 11.1 Sicalis 179 sicki, Terenura 108.9 SIERRA-FINCH, MOURNING 184.9 similis, Myiozetetes 148.5 similis, Saltator 175.4

1610

simoni, Synallaxis 93.4b Simoxenops 97 simplex, Myrmothera 119.8 simplex, Phaetusa 40.6 simplex, Rhytipterna 150.1 Sirystes 150 SIRYSTES 150.3 SISKIN, HOODED 187.4 YELLOW-FACED 187.3 Sittasomus 86 SKIMMER, BLACK 40.10 SKUA, BROWN 43.7 CHILEAN 43.6 GREAT 43.4 SOUTH POLAR 43.5 skua, Stercorarius 43.4 Skutchia 114

1611

SLATY-ANTSHRIKE, BOLIVIAN 104.8 NATTERER’S 104.7 NORTHERN 104.6 PLANALTO 104.9 SOORETAMA 104.10 SLATY-THRUSH, EASTERN 160.7 snethlageae, Pyrrhura 49.8 SNIPE, GIANT 40.2 SOUTH AMERICAN 40.1 snowi, Myrmotherula 107.10 sociabilis, Rostrhamus 18.1 Socó-boi 10.10 Socó-boi-baio 10.3 Socó-boi-escuro 10.9 Socoí-amarelo 10.2 Socoí-vermelho 10.1 Socoí-zigue-zague 10.4

1612

Socozinho 10.8 SOFTTAIL, PLAIN 95.3 STRIATED 95.2 Soldadinho 123.5 Soldadinho-do-araripe 123.6 SOLITAIRE, RUFOUS-BROWN 160.1 solitaria, Tringa 37.4 solitarius, Procacicus 162.7 solitarius, Tinamus 26.5 solstitialis, Aratinga 47.9 Solta-asa 113.9 Solta-asa-do-norte 113.8 sordida, Thlypopsis 167.1 soui, Crypturellus 27.7 souleyetii, Lepidocolaptes 89.7 Sovela-vermelha 75.2 Sovi 18.6

1613

SPADEBILL, CINNAMON-CRESTED 143.6 GOLDEN-CROWNED 143.8 RUSSET-WINGED 143.10 WHITE-CRESTED 143.9 WHITE-THROATED 143.7 spadiceus, Attila 151.4 SPARROW, BLACK-STRIPED 187.1 GRASSLAND 186.6 HALF-COLLARED 187.8 HOUSE 175.9 PECTORAL 187.7 RUFOUS-COLLARED 185.9 SAFFRON-BILLED 187.6 SAO FRANCISCO 187.9 YELLOW-BROWED 186.7 Spartonoica 95 sparverius, Falco 24.1

1614

speciosa, Patagioenas 46.1 speciosum, Conirostrum 178.7 spectabilis, Celeus 84.7 spectabilis, Elaenia 132.2 speculigera, Conothraupis 166.8 speluncae, Scytalopus 120.2 speluncae, Scytalopus 120.3 Spheniscus 8 spilogaster, Picumnus 81.6 spilogaster, Veniliornis 83.3 spiloptera, Porzana 33.3 SPINETAIL, ARAGUAIA 93.4b BAHIA 92.3 CABANIS’S 92.10 CHESTNUT-THROATED 93.7 CHOTOY 90.9 CINEREOUS-BREASTED 92.8

1615

DARK-BREASTED 92.7 GRAY-BELLIED 93.1 GRAY-HEADED 94.5 HOARY-THROATED 93.5 ITATIAIA 90.4 MACCONNELL’S 92.9 OCHRE-CHEEKED 93.6 OLIVE 94.4 PALE-BREASTED 92.5 PALLID 94.1 PARKER’S 94.10 PINTO’S 92.1 PLAIN-CROWNED 93.3 RED-AND-WHITE 93.10 RED-SHOULDERED 95.1 RUDDY 93.8 RUFOUS-CAPPED 92.2

1616

RUSTY-BACKED 94.6 SCALED 94.7 SOOTY-FRONTED 92.4 SPECKLED 94.8 SPIX’S 92.6 STRIPE-CROWNED 94.3 SULPHUR-THROATED 94.9 TEPUI 94.2 WHITE-BELLIED 93.2 WHITE-LORED 93.4, 93.4a YELLOW-CHINNED 93.9 spinicaudus, Chaetura 63.1 spirurus, Glyphorynchus 86.7 spixi, Synallaxis 92.6 spixii, Cyanopsitta 47.4 spixii, Xiphorhynchus 88.10 Spiza 186

1617

spiza, Chlorophanes 176.6 Spizaetus 23 Spiziapteryx 24 spodioptila, Terenura 108.11 SPOONBILL, EURASIAN 12.10 ROSEATE 12.9 Sporophila 181–184 squalidus, Phaethornis 64.8 squamata, Drymophila 111.7 squamata, Tachornis 63.10 squamatus, Lepidocolaptes 89.4 squamiger, Neomorphus 55.8 squammata, Columbina 45.1 squamosa, Myrmeciza 115.3 squamosus, Heliomaster 71.8 squatarola, Pluvialis 37.10 STARTHROAT, BLUE-TUFTED 71.9

1618

LONG-BILLED 71.7 STRIPE-BREASTED 71.8 Steatornis 59 Stelgidopteryx 157 stellaris, Pygiptila 102.10 stellatus, Odontophorus 30.8 Stephanophorus 172 Stephanoxis 68 Stercorarius 43 Sterna 41 Sternula 41 stictocephalus, Herpsilochmus 109.4 stictocephalus, Thamnophilus 104.7 stictolaema, Deconychura 86.5 stictothorax, Dysithamnus 105.3 sticturus, Herpsilochmus 109.3 sticturus, Thamnophilus 104.8

1619

Stigmatura 135 STILT, BLACK-NECKED 35.7 stolidus, Anous 40.7 stolzmanni, Tyranneutes 127.9 STORK, MAGUARI 12.7 WOOD 12.6 STORM-PETREL, WILSON’S 6.1 BAND-RUMPED 6.3 BLACK-BELLIED 6.4 LEACH’S 6.6 WHITE-BELLIED 6.5 WHITE-FACED 6.2 STREAMCREEPER, SHARP-TAILED 98.10 Streptopelia 45 streptophorus, Lipaugus 124.4 Streptoprocne 62 stresemanni, Hylexetastes 87.1

1620

stresemanni, Merulaxis 120.11 striata, Butorides 10.8 striata, Dendroica 152.8 striata, Hypocnemis 113.6f striata, Malacoptila 78.7 striaticeps, Knipolegus 145.1 striaticollis, Hemitriccus 139.3 striaticollis, Phacellodomus 95.5 striatipectus, Nystalus 78.5 striatus, Accipiter 19.6 strigilatus, Ancistrops 97.6 strigilatus, Myrmorchilus 108.6 strigulosus, Crypturellus 27.10 striolata, Leptasthenura 90.2 striolatus, Machaeropterus 127.2 striolatus, Nystalus 78.6 Strix 58

1621

Sturnella 164 stygius, Asio 58.4 Stymphalornis 110 suavissima, Lepidothrix 126.4 subalaris, Turdus 160.7 subbrunneus, Cnipodectes 140.9 subcristata, Serpophaga 134.7 subflava, Hypocnemis 113.6d subflava, Inezia 137.8 subis, Progne 157.1 Sublegatus 137 subochraceus, Phaethornis 65.1 subruficollis, Tryngites 39.9 subtilis, Picumnus 81.11 subulatus, Hyloctistes 97.7 subvinacea, Patagioenas 45.10 Suiriri 133

1622

Suiriri 149.9 suiriri, Suiriri 133.4 Suiriri-cavaleiro 147.10 Suiriri-cinza 149.7 Suiriri-cinzento 133.4 Suiriri-da-chapada 133.5 Suiriri-de-garganta-branca 149.8 Suiriri-de-garganta-rajada 149.3 Suiriri-pequeno 146.3 Suiriri-valente 149.6 Sula 7 sula, Sula 7.5 sulphuratus, Pitangus 148.7 sulphurea, Tyrannopsis 149.3 sulphureiventer, Neopelma 127.4 sulphurescens, Tolmomyias 143.2 sulphurifera, Cranioleuca 94.9

1623

SUNBITTERN 35.4 sunensis, Myrmotherula 107.5 SUNGEM, HORNED 71.6 SUNGREBE 35.5 superciliaris, Ortalis 30.3 superciliaris, Penelope 29.5 superciliaris, Polystictus 133.8 superciliaris, Sternula 41.10 superciliaris, Sturnella 164.4 superciliosus, Accipiter 19.5 superciliosus, Phaethornis 64.1 superrufus, Cnipodectes 140.10 surdus, Touit 51.9 surinamensis, Myrmotherula 106.3 surinamus, Pachyramphus 130.7 surinamus, Tachyphonus 169.4 surrucura, Trogon 72.7

1624

Surucuá-de-barriga-amarela 72.4 Surucuá-de-barriga-vermelha 72.8 Surucuá-de-cauda-preta 72.5 Surucuá-de-coleira 72.2 Surucuá-grande-de-barriga-amarela 72.6 Surucuá-mascarado 72.3 Surucuá-pav o 72.1 Surucuá-pequeno 72.9 Surucuá-variado 72.7 swainsoni, Buteo 21.5 swainsoni, Myiarchus 150.7 swainsoni, Notharchus 77.7 swainsoni, Onychorhynchus 141.8 swainsonii, Gampsonyx 17.4 SWALLOW, BANK 157.4 BARN 156.7 BLACK-COLLARED 156.6

1625

BLUE-AND-WHITE 156.4 CHILEAN 156.3 CLIFF 156.8 SOUTHERN ROUGH-WINGED 157.8 TAWNY-HEADED 157.7 WHITE-BANDED 156.5 WHITE-RUMPED 156.2 WHITE-THIGHED 157.6 WHITE-WINGED 156.1 SWAN, BLACK-NECKED 13.10 COSCOROBA 13.9 SWIFT, AMAZONIAN 63.6 BAND-RUMPED 63.1 BISCUTATE 62.11 CHAPMAN’S 63.5 CHIMNEY 63.4 GRAY-RUMPED 63.3

1626

GREAT DUSKY 62.8 LESSER SWALLOW-TAILED 63.11 PALE-RUMPED 63.2 SHORT-TAILED 63.7 SICK’S 63.8 SOOTY 62.7 TEPUI 62.9 WHITE-CHESTED 62.6 WHITE-CHINNED 62.5 WHITE-COLLARED 62.10 WHITE-TIPPED 63.9 sylvia, Poecillotriccus 141.7 sylvicola, Sarkidiornis 14.8 sylviolus, Phylloscartes 136.10 Synallaxis 92–93 Syndactyla 97 Syrigma 11

1627

Tach 13.7 Tachornis 63 TACHURI, BEARDED 133.7 GRAY-BACKED 133.8 Tachuri-campainha 139.4 Tachuris 137 Tachybaptus 8 Tachycineta 156 Tachyphonus 169 taciturnus, Arremon 187.7 Taeniotriccus 140 Talha-mar 40.10 talpacoti, Columbina 44.3 tamatia, Bucco 78.2 TANAGER, AZURE-SHOULDERED 168.8 BAY-HEADED 172.5 BLACK-AND-WHITE 166.8

1628

BLACK-BACKED 170.1 BLACK-FACED 166.3 BLACK-GOGGLED 166.5 BLACK-HEADED 171.1 BLUE-AND-YELLOW 169.9 BLUE-BACKED 169.10 BLUE-GRAY 168.6 BLUE-NECKED 171.2 BRASSY-BREASTED 170.4 BRAZILIAN 168.5 BROWN 166.1 BURNISHED-BUFF 170.3 CHERRY-THROATED 167.5 CHESTNUT-BACKED 170.2 CHESTNUT-HEADED 167.3 CINNAMON 166.2 CONE-BILLED 166.9

1629

DIADEMED 172.1 DOTTED 170.10 FAWN-BREASTED 172.2 FLAME-CRESTED 169.1 FULVOUS-CRESTED 169.4 GILT-EDGED 170.5 GOLDEN-CHEVRONED 168.9 GRAY-HEADED 168.2 GREEN-AND-GOLD 170.6 GREEN-HEADED 171.8 GUIRA 167.6 HEPATIC 173.5 HOODED 167.4 MAGPIE 166.7 MASKED 171.3 MASKED CRIMSON 168.3 NATTERER’S 169.2

1630

OLIVE-BACKED 173.4 OLIVE-GREEN 168.1 OPAL-CROWNED 171.5 OPAL-RUMPED 171.4 ORANGE-HEADED 167.1 PALM 168.10 PARADISE 171.6 RED-BILLED PIED 166.10 RED-NECKED 171.9 RED-SHOULDERED 169.8 RUBY-CROWNED 169.6 RUFOUS-HEADED 167.7 SAYACA 168.7 SCARLET 173.7 SCARLET-THROATED 167.2 SEVEN-COLORED 171.7 SILVER-BEAKED 168.4

1631

SPECKLED 170.9 SPOTTED 170.8 SUMMER 173.6 SWALLOW 171.10 TURQUOISE 172.3 WHITE-BANDED 166.4 WHITE-BELLIED 172.4 WHITE-LINED 169.7 WHITE-RUMPED 166.6 WHITE-SHOULDERED 169.5 WHITE-WINGED 173.8 YELLOW-BACKED 167.8 YELLOW-BELLIED 170.7 YELLOW-CRESTED 169.3 tanagrinus, Lampropsar 163.3 Tanatau 25.6 Tangará 126.9

1632

Tangara 170–172 Tangará-falso 126.8 Tangará-rajado 127.1 Tangará-riscado 127.2 Tangarazinho 123.7 tao, Tinamus 26.3 Taoniscus 26 TAPACULO, BAHIA 120.6 BRASILIA 120.8 DIAMANTINA 120.5 ESPINHAÇO 120.3 MARSH 120.4 PLANALTO 120.3 RUSTY-BELTED 120.1 SERRA DO MAR 120.2 WHITE-BREASTED 120.7 Tapaculo-da-chapada-diamantina 120.5

1633

Tapaculo-de-brasília 120.8 Tapaculo-de-colarinho 120.9 Tapaculo-do-espinhaço 120.2 Tapaculo-ferreirinho 120.3 Tapaculo-pintado 118.11 Tapera 55 tapera, Progne 157.5 Taperá-de-garganta-branca 63.2 Taperuçu-de-coleira-branca 62.10 Taperuçu-de-coleira-falha 62.11 Taperuçu-de-mento-branco 62.5 Taperuçu-de-peito-branco 62.6 Taperuçu-dos-tepuis 62.9 Taperuçu-preto 62.7 Taperuçu-velho 62.8 Tapicuru-de-cara-pelada 9.5 Taraba 101

1634

Tatac 92.1 tataupa, Crypturellus 28.4 Tauató-pintado 19.4 TEAL, BLUE-WINGED 15.4 BRAZILIAN 15.2 CINNAMON 15.5 RINGED 15.1 SILVER 15.11 SPECKLED 15.7 Tecel o 162.9 tectus, Notharchus 77.9 temminckii, Picumnus 81.9 Tempera-viola 175.2 Tem-tem-de-crista-amarela 169.3 Tem-tem-de-dragona-branca 169.5 Tem-tem-de-dragona-vermelha 169.8 Tem-tem-de-topete-ferrugíneo 169.4

1635

tenebrosa, Chelidoptera 76.9 tenuirostris, Puffinus 4.3 tenuirostris, Xenops 100.7 Teours o-pequeno 7.9 Teque-teque 142.2 Terenotriccus 141 Terenura 108 TERN, ANTARCTIC 41.7 ARCTIC 41.6 BLACK 40.5 COMMON 41.5 GULL-BILLED 42.1 LARGE-BILLED 40.6 LEAST 41.9 ROSEATE 41.3 ROYAL 41.1 SANDWICH 41.2

1636

SNOWY-CROWNED 41.8 SOOTY 40.4 SOUTH AMERICAN 41.4 WHITE 40.9 YELLOW-BILLED 41.10 Tersina 171 Tesoura-cinzenta 147.2 Tesoura-do-brejo 147.1 Tesoura-do-campo 147.7 Tesour o 7.6 Tesour o-de-ascens o 7.7 Tesour o-grande 7.8 Tesourinha 63.10 Tesourinha 149.10 Tesourinha-da-mata 124.6 Téu-téu-da-savana 35.8 Thalassarche 1–2

1637

Thalasseus 41 Thalurania 67 Thamnomanes 102 Thamnophilus 103–104 theresiae, Polytmus 69.10 Theristicus 9 THICK-KNEE, DOUBLE-STRIPED 35.8 thilius, Agelasticus 163.9 Thinocorus 35 Thlypopsis 167 thoracica, Poospiza 186.5 thoracicus Liosceles 120.1 thoracicus, Hylophilus 155.3 THORNBIRD, FRECKLE-BREASTED 95.5 GREATER 95.6 ORANGE-EYED 95.7 RED-EYED 95.8

1638

RUFOUS-FRONTED 95.4 THORNTAIL, BLACK-BELLIED 68.10 Thraupis 168–169 Threnetes 65 Thripophaga 95 THRUSH, BLACK-BILLED 161.1 BLACK-HOODED 160.8 COCOA 161.4 CREAMY-BELLIED 161.2 GRAY-CHEEKED 160.3 HAUXWELL’S 161.5 LAWRENCE’S 161.3 PALE-BREASTED 160.10 PALE-EYED 160.6 RUFOUS-BELLIED 160.9 SPECTACLED 161.6 SWAINSON’S 160.4

1639

WHITE-NECKED 161.7 YELLOW-LEGGED 160.5 Thryothorus 158–159 thula, Egretta 11.4 Tiaris 173 tibialis, Atticora 157.6 Tico-tico 185.9 Tico-tico-cantor 187.1 Tico-tico-de-bico-amarelo 187.6 Tico-tico-de-bico-preto 187.7 Tico-tico-de-máscara-negra 185.1 Tico-tico-do-banhado 187.5 Tico-tico-do-campo 186.6 Tico-tico-do-mato 187.8 Tico-tico-do-s o-francisco 187.9 Tico-tico-do-tepui 187.2 Tico-tico-rei 184.8

1640

Tico-tico-rei-cinza 184.7 Ti -bicudo 166.9 Ti -de-topete 166.5 Ti -do-mato-grosso 173.9 Ti -galo 169.1 Ti -preto 169.6 Ti -preto-e-branco 166.8 Ti -sangue 168.5 Tiet -de-coroa 124.5 Tietinga 166.7 TIGER-HERON, FASCIATED 10.9 RUFESCENT 10.10 Tigrisoma 10 Tijerila 130.2 Tijuca 122 TINAMOU, BARRED 28.5 BARTLETT’S 28.2

1641

BLACK-CAPPED 27.2 BRAZILIAN 27.10 BROWN 27.3 CINEREOUS 27.1 DWARF 26.2 GRAY 26.3 GRAY-LEGGED 27.9 GREAT 26.4 LITTLE 27.7 RED-LEGGED 27.6 RED-WINGED 26.7 RUSTY 28.1 SMALL-BILLED 28.3 SOLITARY 26.5 TATAUPA 28.4 UNDULATED 27.4 VARIEGATED 27.5

1642

WHITE-THROATED 26.6 YELLOW-LEGGED 27.8 Tinamus 26 Tinguaçu-de-barriga-amarela 151.7 Tinguaçu-ferrugem 151.8 tinnunculus, Falco 24.2 Tio-tio 95.5 Tipio 179.9 Tiriba-de-barriga-vermelha 49.5 Tiriba-de-cabeça-vermelha 49.10 Tiriba-de-cara-suja 49.6 Tiriba-de-cauda-roxa 50.5 Tiriba-de-deville 50.2 Tiriba-de-hellmayr 50.1 Tiriba-de-orelha-branca 49.7 Tiriba-de-peito-cinza 49.9 Tiriba-de-pfrimer 50.4

1643

Tiriba-de-testa-azul 50.3 Tiriba-de-testa-vermelha 49.3 Tiriba-do-madeira 49.8 Tiriba-fogo 49.2 Tiriba-fura-mata 50.6 Tiriba-grande 49.1 Tiriba-pérola 49.4 Tiriba-rupestre 50.7 tirica, Brotogeris 52.1 Tiririzinho-do-mato 139.1 TIT-SPINETAIL, ARAUCARIA 90.3 STRIOLATED 90.2 TUFTED 90.1 Tityra 129 TITYRA, BLACK-CROWNED 129.10 BLACK-TAILED 129.8 MASKED 129.9

1644

Tiziu 184.5 toco, Ramphastos 80.10 Todirostrum 142 TODY-FLYCATCHER, BUFF-CHEEKED 141.2 COMMON 142.3 GRAY-HEADED 142.2 OCHRE-FACED 141.4 PAINTED 142.4 RUDDY 141.3 RUSTY-FRONTED 141.5 SLATE-HEADED 141.7 SMOKY-FRONTED 141.6 SPOTTED 142.1 YELLOW-BROWED 142.5 TODY-TYRANT, BLACK-AND-WHITE 141.1 BOAT-BILLED 138.5 BUFF-BREASTED 139.7

1645

EYE-RINGED 139.1 HANGNEST 139.4 JOHANNES’S 139.2 KAEMPFER’S 139.8 PEARLY-VENTED 139.5 PELZELN’S 139.6 SNETHLAGE’S 138.4 STRIPE-NECKED 139.3 WHITE-EYED 138.9 ZIMMER’S 138.10 WHITE-BELLIED 139.10 Tolmomyias 143 tombacea, Galbula 74.9 tomentosum, Mitu 31.4 TOPAZ, CRIMSON 70.2 FIERY 70.1 Topaza 70

1646

Topázio-de-fogo 70.1 Topetinho-do-brasil-central 68.5 Topetinho-verde 68.7 Topetinho-vermelho 68.6 Torom-carijó 119.4 Torom-de-peito-pardo 119.8 Torom-do-nordeste 119.6 Torom-torom 119.5 Tororó 141.4 torquata, Chauna 13.7 torquata, Hydropsalis 60.3 torquata, Megaceryle 73.5 torquata, Melanopareia 120.9 torquata, Myrmornis 117.1 torquatus, Celeus 84.9 torquatus, Corythopis 128.3 torquatus, Thamnophilus 104.4

1647

torridus, Furnarius 91.8 totanus, Tringa 37.6 TOUCAN, CHANNEL-BILLED 80.8 RED-BREASTED 80.10 TOCO 80.11 WHITE-THROATED 80.9 TOUCANET, CHESTNUT-TIPPED 80.2 EMERALD 80.1 GOLDEN-COLLARED 80.6 GOULD’S 80.4 GUIANAN 80.3 SAFFRON 79.10 SPOT-BILLED 80.7 TAWNY-TUFTED 80.5 Touit 51 Tovaca-campainha 118.1 Tovaca-cantadora 118.3

1648

Tovaca-de-rabo-vermelho 118.4 Tovaca-estriada 118.2 Tovaca-patinho 119.9 Tovacuçu 119.1 Tovacuçu-corujinha 119.3 Tovacuçu-xodó 119.2 Tovaquinha 108.5 traillii, Empidonax 144.8 TREEHUNTER, PALE-BROWED 97.10 SHARP-BILLED 99.10 Trepador-coleira 97.8 Trepador-quiete 97.4 Trepador-sobrancelha 97.10 Trepadorzinho 99.10 Trichothraupis 166 Triclaria 50 Tricolino 135.1

1649

Tricolino-oliváceo 135.3 Tricolino-pardo 135.4 tricolor, Alectrurus 147.8 tricolor, Egretta 11.2 tricolor, Perissocephalus 122.7 tricolor, Phalaropus 38.9 tridactyla, Jacamaralcyon 75.5 Trinca-ferro-verdadeiro 175.4 Tringa 36–37 Trinta-réis-an o 41.10 Trinta-réis-antártico 41.7 Trinta-réis-ártico 41.6 Trinta-réis-boreal 41.5 Trinta-réis-das-rocas 40.4 Trinta-réis-de-bando 41.2 Trinta-réis-de-bico-preto 42.1 Trinta-réis-de-bico-vermelho 41.4

1650

Trinta-réis-de-coroa-branca 41.8 Trinta-réis-escuro 40.7 Trinta-réis-grande 40.6 Trinta-réis-miúdo 41.9 Trinta-réis-negro 40.5 Trinta-réis-preto 40.8 Trinta-réis-real 41.1 Trinta-réis-róseo 41.3 Triste-pia 164.7 triurus, Mimus 161.10 trivirgatus, Conopias 148.9 trochilirostris, Campylorhamphus 89.10 Troglodytes 159 Trogon 72 TROGON, BLACK-TAILED 72.5 BLACK-THROATED 72.4 BLUE-CROWNED 72.8

1651

COLLARED 72.2 MASKED 72.3 SURUCUA 72.7 VIOLACEOUS 72.9 WHITE-TAILED 72.6 Trombeteiro 9.7 Tropeiro-da-serra 124.3 tropica, Fregetta 6.4 TROPICBIRD, RED-BILLED 6.7 RED-TAILED 6.8 WHITE-TAILED 6.9 TROUPIAL, CAMPO 165.5 ORANGE-BACKED 165.6 Trovoada 111.1 Trovoada-de-bertoni 111.2 Trovoada-listrada 111.5 trudeaui, Sterna 41.8

1652

TRUMPETER, DARK-WINGED 28.8 GRAY-WINGED 28.6 PALE-WINGED 28.7 Tryngites 39 tuberculifer, Myiarchus 150.6 tuberosum, Mitu 31.3 Tucaninho-de-nariz-amarelo 80.1 Tucaninho-verde 80.2 Tucano-de-bico-preto 80.8 Tucano-de-bico-verde 80.11 Tucano-grande-de-papo-branco 80.9 Tucanuçu 80.10 tucanus, Ramphastos 80.9 Tuc o 133.1 tucinkae, Eubucco 76.7 Tuim 51.2 Tuim-de-bico-escuro 51.3

1653

Tuim-santo 51.1 Tuiuiú 12.8 Tuju 61.3 Tuque 132.6 turdina, Dendrocincla 86.2 turdina, Schiffornis 129.2 turdinus, Campylorhynchus 158.3 Turdus 160–161 TURNSTONE, RUDDY 37.1 TURTLE-DOVE, EURASIAN 45.6 turtur, Pachyptila 3.4 Tururim 27.7 Turu-turu 33.6 TWISTING, BROWNISH 140.9 RUFOUS 140.10 Tyranneutes 127 tyrannina, Cercomacra 112.3

1654

Tyrannopsis 149 TYRANNULET, ALAGOAS 136.4 AMAZONIAN 137.8 BAHIA 136.7 BAY-RINGED 136.10 BLACK-FRONTED 136.9 GRAY-CAPPED 131.5 GRAY-CROWNED 134.9 GREENISH 131.4 MINAS GERAIS 135.10 MOTTLE-CHEEKED 136.5 MOUSE-COLORED 134.10 OLIVE-GREEN 136.8 OUSTALET’S 136.2 PALE-TIPPED 137.9 PLAIN 137.7 PLANALTO 131.1

1655

REISER’S 131.3 RESTINGA 136.6 RIVER 134.6 ROUGH-LEGGED 131.2 SAO PAULO 136.1 SERRA DO MAR 136.3 SLENDER-FOOTED 135.7 SOOTY 134.5 SOOTY-HEADED 131.6 SOUTHERN BEARDLESS 134.3 WHITE-BELLIED 134.8 WHITE-CRESTED 134.7 WHITE-LORED 134.2 WHITE-THROATED 134.4 YELLOW 133.6 YELLOW-CROWNED 134.1 Tyrannulus 134

1656

tyrannulus, Myiarchus 150.8 Tyrannus 149 tyrannus, Spizaetus 23.5 tyrannus, Tyrannus 149.6 TYRANT, BLACK-CHESTED 140.8 CATTLE 147.10 CHOCOLATE-VENTED 146.10 CINEREOUS 145.1 COCK-TAILED 147.8 LONG-TAILED 147.9 RIVERSIDE 145.6 RUFOUS-TAILED 145.5 SHARP-TAILED 138.3 SHEAR-TAILED GRAY 147.2 SPECTACLED 146.1 STRANGE-TAILED 147.7 STREAMER-TAILED 147.1

1657

YELLOW-BROWED 146.3 TYRANT-MANAKIN, DWARF 127.9 PALE-BELLIED 127.5 SAFFRON-CRESTED 127.3 SERRA DO MAR 127.7 SULPHUR-BELLIED 127.4 TINY 127.10 WIED’S 127.6 Tyto 59 ucayalae, Simoxenops 97.5 Udu-de-bico-largo 73.1 Udu-de-coroa-azul 73.4 Uí-pi 92.5 Uiraçu-falso 23.3 Uirapuru-azul 102.9 Uirapuru-cigarra 125.9 Uirapuru-de-asa-branca 159.7

1658

Uirapuru-de-chapéu-azul 126.2 Uirapuru-de-chapéu-branco 126.7 Uirapuru-de-garganta-preta 102.7 Uirapuru-de-peito-branco 159.4 Uirapuru-laranja 125.2 Uirapuru-selado 102.6 Uirapuru-veado 159.5 Uirapuru-verdadeiro 159.8 Uirapuru-vermelho 125.1 Uirapuruzinho 127.9 Uirapuruzinho-do-norte 127.10 UMBRELLABIRD, AMAZONIAN 122.6 uncinatus, Chondrohierax 19.3 undatus, Celeus 84.2 undulata, Gallinago 40.2 undulatus, Crypturellus 27.4 undulatus, Zebrilus 10.4

1659

unduligera, Frederickena 101.8 unicinctus, Parabuteo 22.7 unicolor, Haplospiza 185.2 unicolor, Myrmotherula 107.9 uniformis, Hylexetastes 87.2 uniformis, Xenopipo 125.10 unirufa, Pseudoseisura 97.3 Uropelia 45 urosticta, Myrmotherula 108.3 Uru 30.7 urubitinga, Buteogallus 22.6 Urubu-da-mata 16.4 Urubu-de-cabeça-amarela 16.3 Urubu-de-cabeça-preta 16.1 Urubu-de-cabeça-vermelha 16.2 Urubu-rei 16.5 Urubuzinho 76.9

1660

Uru-corcovado 30.6 Uru-de-topete 30.8 Uru-do-campo 30.5 Urumutum 31.1 urumutum, Nothocrax 31.1 Urutau-de-asa-branca 59.4 Urutau-ferrugem 59.5 usta, Megascops 57.3 ustulatus, Catharus 160.4 ustulatus, Microcerculus 159.6 validus, Pachyramphus 130.10 Vanellus 37 varia, Grallaria 119.1 varia, Tangara 170.10 variegatus, Crypturellus 27.5 varius, Empidonomus 149.4 varzeae, Picumnus 81.8

1661

VEERY 160.2 velatus, Xolmis 146.7 velia, Tangara 171.4 Veniliornis 83 ventralis, Phylloscartes 136.5 ventris, Pheucticus aureo 174.1 Verdilhão-comum 175.8 Verdinho-coroado 155.1 Verdinho-da-várzea 155.2 verreauxi, Leptotila 45.4 versicolor, Amazilia 67.10 versicolor, Anas 15.11 versicolor, Lanio 167.10 versicolurus, Brotogeris 52.2 Veste-amarela 165.7 vetula, Muscipipra 147.2 viduata, Dendrocygna 14.2

1662

vieillardi, Nyctiprogne 61.1 vilasboasi, Lepidothrix 126.6 vinacea, Amazona 52.10 violacea, Euphonia 177.4 violacea, Geotrygon 44.9 violacea, Nyctanassa 10.6 violaceus, Cyanocorax 180.3 violaceus, Trogon 72.9 VIOLET-EAR, BROWN 66.6 SPARKLING 66.7 WHITE-VENTED 66.8 Vira-bosta 163.6 Vira-bosta-picum 163.5 Vira-folha 100.5 Vira-folha-de-bico-curto 100.2 Vira-folha-de-garganta-cinza 100.3 Vira-folha-de-peito-vermelho 100.1

1663

Vira-folha-pardo 100.4 Vira-pedras 37.1 virens, Contopus 144.3 virens, Dendroica 152.10 Vireo 154 VIREO, BLACK-WHISKERED 154.8 NORONHA 154.9 RED-EYED 154.6 YELLOW-GREEN 154.7 Vireolanius 154 virescens, Phyllomyias 131.4 virescens, Phylloscartes 136.8 virescens, Pseudoleistes 165.10 virescens, Schiffornis 129.3 virescens, Tyranneutes 127.10 virgata, Strix 58.8 virginianus, Bubo 58.6

1664

viridicata, Myiopagis 131.10 viridigaster, Amazilia 69.5 viridigula, Anthracothorax 66.9 viridipennis, Chaetura 63.6 viridis, Anurolimnas 32.4 viridis, Frederickena 101.7 viridis, Pachyramphus 130.3 viridis, Psarocolius 162.1 viridis, Psophia 28.8 viridis, Pteroglossus 79.2 viridis, Tersina 171.10 viridis, Trogon 72.6 VISORBEARER, HOODED 71.3 HYACINTH 71.4 Vissiá 150.1 Vissiá-cantor 150.2 vitellinus, Ramphastos 80.8

1665

Vite-vite 155.3 Vite-vite-camurça 155.7 Vite-vite-de-barriga-marela 155.10 Vite-vite-de-cabeça-cinza 155.5 Vite-vite-de-cabeça-marrom 155.8 Vite-vite-de-olho-cinza 155.4 Vite-vite-do-tepui 155.6 Vite-vite-uirapuru 155.9 vitiosus, Lophotriccus 140.4 vittata, Oxyura 14.6 vittata, Pachyptila 3.1 vittata, Sterna 41.7 Viuvinha 147.9 Viuvinha-deóculos 146.1 vociferans, Lipaugus 124.2 Volatinia 184 vulpecula, Cranioleuca 94.10

1666

vulpina, Cranioleuca 94.6 Vultur 16 VULTURE, BLACK 16.1 GREATER YELLOW-HEADED 16.4 KING 16.5 LESSER YELLOW-HEADED 16.3 TURKEY 16.2 vulturina, Gypopsitta 54.6 wagleri, Lepidocolaptes 89.5 WAGTAIL-TYRANT, GREATER 135.6 LESSER 135.5 WARBLER, BLACKBURNIAN 152.7 BLACKPOLL 152.8 BLACK-THROATED GREEN 152.10 BUFF-RUMPED 153.10 CANADA 154.3 CERULEAN 152.9 1667

CONNECTICUT 153.1 FLAVESCENT 153.8 GOLDEN-CROWNED 153.4 PROTHONOTARY 154.1 RIVER 153.9 TWO-BANDED 153.3 WHITE-BELLIED 153.5 WHITE-BROWED 153.6 WHITE-STRIPED 153.7 YELLOW 152.6 WARBLING-FINCH, BAY-CHESTED 186.5 BLACK-AND-RUFOUS 186.1 BLACK-CAPPED 186.3 CINEREOUS 186.4 RED-RUMPED 186.2 WATERTHRUSH, NORTHERN 153.2 watertonii, Thalurania 67.4

1668

WATER-TYRANT, BLACK-BACKED 147.4 WATER-TYRANT, DRAB 146.2 MASKED 147.5 PIED 147.3 watsonii, Megascops 57.4 WAXBILL, COMMON 175.10 weddellii, Aratinga 48.5 WHIMBREL 36.7 WHISTLING-DUCK, BLACK-BELLIED 14.1 FULVOUS 14.3 WHITE-FACED 14.2 whitelyi, Caprimulgus 62.3 whitelyi, Pipreola 122.5 whitneyi, Synallaxis 92.3 WHITESTART, SLATE-THROATED 152.4 TEPUI 152.5 WIGEON, CHILOE 15.3

1669

WILLET 36.10 Wilsonia 154 wilsonia, Charadrius 38.4 WOODCREEPER, AMAZONIAN BARRED 87.10 BAR-BELLIED 87.1 BLACK-BANDED 88.2 BRIGIDA’S 87.3 BUFF-THROATED 89.2 CARAJÁS 87.6 CHESTNUT-RUMPED 89.1 CINNAMON-THROATED 86.10 ELEGANT 88.11 GREAT RUFOUS 87.9 HOFFMANNS’S 88.1 LESSER 88.7 LINEATED 89.8

1670

LONG-BILLED 86.9 LONG-TAILED 86.4 MOUSTACHED 87.8 NARROW-BILLED 89.3 OCELLATED 88.8 OLIVACEOUS 86.6 PLAIN-BROWN 86.1 PLANALTO 88.3 RED-BILLED 87.4 SCALED 89.4 SCALLOPED 89.6 SCIMITAR-BILLED 86.8 SPIX’S 88.10 SPOT-THROATED 86.5 STRAIGHT-BILLED 88.4 STREAK-HEADED 89.7 STRIPED 88.6

1671

STRONG-BILLED 87.5 THRUSH-LIKE 86.2 TSCHUDI’S 88.9 UNIFORM 87.2 WAGLER’S 89.5 WEDGE-BILLED 86.7 WHITE-CHINNED 86.3 WHITE-THROATED 87.7 ZIMMER’S 88.5 WOODHAUNTER, EASTERN STRIPED 97.7 WOODNYMPH, FORK-TAILED 67.3 LONG-TAILED 67.4 VIOLET-CAPPED 67.5 WOODPECKER, BLOND-CRESTED 84.5 CHECKERED 83.1 CHESTNUT 84.3 CREAM-BACKED 85.10

1672

CREAM-COLORED 84.6 CRIMSON-CRESTED 85.9 GOLDEN-COLLARED 83.5 GOLDEN-GREEN 82.11 GOLDEN-OLIVE 82.9 GREEN-BARRED 83.9 HELMETED 85.5 KAEMPFER’S 84.8 LINEATED 85.7 LITTLE 83.2 PALE-CRESTED 84.4 RED-NECKED 85.8 RED-RUMPED 83.4 RED-STAINED 83.6 RINGED 84.9 ROBUST 85.6 RUFOUS-HEADED 84.7

1673

SCALY-BREASTED 84.1 SPOT-BREASTED 83.8 WAVED 84.2 WHITE 85.1 WHITE-BROWED 82.8 WHITE-FRONTED 85.4 WHITE-SPOTTED 83.3 WHITE-THROATED 82.7 YELLOW-EARED 83.7 YELLOW-FRONTED 85.2 YELLOW-THROATED 82.10 YELLOW-TUFTED 85.3 WOOD-PEWEE, EASTERN 144.3 WOOD-QUAIL, MARBLED 30.6 SPOT-WINGED 30.7 STARRED 30.8 WOOD-RAIL, GIANT 34.5

1674

GRAY-NECKED 34.3 LITTLE 34.1 RED-WINGED 34.2 SLATY-BREASTED 34.4 WOODSTAR, AMETHYST 71.10 WOOD-WREN, WHITE-BREASTED 159.4 WREN, BICOLORED 158.2 BUFF-BREASTED 158.8 CORAYA 158.7 FAWN-BREASTED 158.9 FLUTIST 159.6 GRAY 159.1 HOUSE 159.2 LONG-BILLED 158.10 MOUSTACHED 158.6 MUSICIAN 159.8 SEDGE 158.5

1675

TEPUI 159.3 THRUSH-LIKE 158.3 TOOTH-BILLED 158.4 WING-BANDED 159.7 WREN-SPINETAIL, BAY-CAPPED 95.10 xanthogaster, Euphonia 177.9 xanthogastra, Tangara 170.7 xanthogonys, Heliodoxa 70.5 xanthops, Alipiopsitta 53.7 Xanthopsar 165 xanthopterus, Dysithamnus 105.5 xanthopterygius, Forpus 51.2 Xenopipo 125 Xenops 100 XENOPS, GREAT 100.10 PLAIN 100.8 RUFOUS-TAILED 100.6 1676

SLENDER-BILLED 100.7 STREAKED 100.9 Xenopsaris 130 XENOPSARIS, WHITENAPED 130.2 xenopterus, Laterallus 33.2 Xenus 37 Xexéu 162.10 Xiphocolaptes 87 Xipholena 121 Xiphorhynchus 88–89 Xolmis 146 yarrellii, Carduelis 187.3 YELLOW-FINCH, GRASSLAND 179.9 MISTO 179.10 ORANGE-FRONTED 179.7 STRIPE-TAILED 179.8

1677

YELLOWLEGS, GREATER 36.8 LESSER 36.9 YELLOWTHROAT, MASKED 154.2 yetapa, Gubernetes 147.1 ypecaha, Aramides 34.5 ypiranganus, Emberizoides 185.6 Zebrilus 10 zelichi, Sporophila 183.3 Zenaida 45 Zided 108.8 Zided -de-asa-cinza 108.11 Zided -de-encontro 108.10 Zidid -do-nordeste 108.9 Zimmerius 135 zonaris, Streptoprocne 62.10 Zonotrichia 185 zosterops, Hemitriccus 138.9

1678