Alu Srexperts Essentials Of Dwdm Sept 15 2014.pptx

ESSENTIALS OF DWDM Nazar Neayem September 15th 2014

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AGENDA

This Tutorial Contains the Following Sections: 1. Introduction to Optics and WDM 2. Building Blocks of DWDM Systems 3. Transmission Technology 4. Transmission Factors to Consider 5. Optical Transmission Impairments 6. Optical Networks Architectures 7. Optical Network Designs

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EXECUTIVE WORKSHOP AGENDA 2:00–3:15PM Section 1-3 3:30–5:00 PM Section 4-7 5:00–5:30 PM Additional discussions

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AGENDA

1. Introduction to Optics and WDM • Laser and Fibers • What is DWDM • Why Optical DWDM • Common Optical DWDM Terminology • Types of Optical Multiplexing

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OPTICAL LASER •. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER) •. LASER is a mechanism for emitting electromagnetic radiation via the process of stimulate emission. •. Laser light is generally a narrow-wavelength electromagnetic spectrum monochromatic light (Laser light is coherent) •. LASER technology is used in many industries such as: • Manufacturing • Medical • Data Storage • Military • Energy • Microscopy • Telecommunications • Astronomy , Space and many others T h e L a s e r I s T h e F u n d a m e n t a l C o m p o n e n t O f O p t i c a l Tec h n o l o g y 6 COPYRIGHT © 2014 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. ALCATEL-LUCENT — CONFIDENTIAL — SOLELY FOR AUTHORIZED PERSONS HAVING A NEED TO KNOW — PROPRIETARY — USE PURSUANT TO COMPANY INSTRUCTION

OPTICAL FREQUENCIES

• What we call light is actually just the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum. • Light from the sun is a range of different frequencies (incoherent) • Mono-chromatic devices like lasers operate a single frequency (coherent)

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TUNABLE LASER

•. A tunable laser is a device which the output wavelength can be changed within a specified frequency range •. This can be done in a software controlled process •. With opto-electronic technology advancement; A Laser device can cover full C-Band spectrum

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SAFETY CONCERNS •There is the risk of damage to the technician’s eyes by laser energy. DWDM lasers are usually “Class I Lasers” and that means that enough light power is present to cause eye damage or blindness if the person exposed looks directly into a fiber end •Laser products are classified in accordance with the regulatory bodies •The classification scheme is based on the ability of the laser emission to cause injury to the eye or skin during normal operating conditions. •Laser classification is dependent upon operating wavelength, output power and fiber mode field diameter •Automatic Power Reduction (APR) • Is a mechanism to automatically reduces power to prevent levels at an open fiber that could result in injury to personnel, or damage to equipment

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OPTICAL FIBERS AND FIBER CABLES • An ultra pure glass fiber that has the ability to guide light along its axis. The three parts of an optical fiber are the core, the cladding, and coating • Modern cables come in a wide variety of sheathings and armor • Fiber Cables come in different fibers counts, e.g. 24, 48 or 96 , ..fiber strands

Coating Core Cladding 10 COPYRIGHT © 2014 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. ALCATEL-LUCENT — CONFIDENTIAL — SOLELY FOR AUTHORIZED PERSONS HAVING A NEED TO KNOW — PROPRIETARY — USE PURSUANT TO COMPANY INSTRUCTION

THE ADVANTAGES OF USING FIBER OPTICS •Fibers provide higher bandwidth than copper cables •Light reach greater distances compared to electrons in copper •Light weight and small size also make them ideal for many applications •Immunity to Electro Magnetic Interference (EMI) •Glass is safer since it is not an electrical conductor. However could be hazardous to the eye and skin

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THE ADVANTAGES OF USING FIBER OPTICS •Fibers also pose no threat in dangerous environments such as chemical plants where a spark could trigger an explosion •Fiber is non-conductive, it can be used where electrical isolation is needed •Last but not least is the security aspect, it is more difficult to tap into a fiber cable to read the data signals •However with today's advanced optical couplers technologies, it became easier to tap a fiber •Fibers are more delicate, sensitive to mechanical stresses, connections and environmental changes

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COMMON FIBER TYPES

Cladding Single Mode fiber ~50/62.5 microns core

9 microns core

Graded Index Multi Mode fiber Single Mode fiber

Multi Mode fiber Core

There are two common classes for fiber used in optical links; single-mode and Step Index Multi Mode fiber multimode fibers 13 COPYRIGHT © 2014 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. ALCATEL-LUCENT — CONFIDENTIAL — SOLELY FOR AUTHORIZED PERSONS HAVING A NEED TO KNOW — PROPRIETARY — USE PURSUANT TO COMPANY INSTRUCTION

MOST COMMON SMF FIBER TYPES • Non-Disperson-Shifted Fiber (ITU-T G.652) ­ ITU-T G.652 fiber is also known as standard SMF and is the most commonly deployed fiber ­ Typical chromatic dispersion at 1550 nm is high at 17 ps/nm-km

• Dispersion Shifted Fiber (ITU-T G.653) ­ DSF exhibits a zero-dispersion value around the 1550-nm wavelength where the attenuation is minimum ­ Channels allocated near 1550 nm in DSF are seriously affected by noise induced as a result of nonlinear effects caused by FWM

• Non-Zero Dispersion-Shifted Fiber (ITU-T G.655) ­ Using nonzero dispersion-shifted fiber (NZDSF) can mitigate nonlinear characteristics ­ Typical chromatic dispersion for G.655 fiber at 1550 nm is 4.5 ps/nm-km

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WHAT IS DWDM • Wavelength division multiplexing is a technology that allow multiple discrete wavelength to propagate thru a single physical media. This technology has been used in the wireless, copper and optical systems • • • •

FDM with 4KHZ channels was the fundamental to the telecom industry through the 1970s Also FDM with 6MHZ channels was the to the broadcast TV AM FM radio use FDM Wireless voice and data all use FDM at some level

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DISCRETE TRANSPORT CHANNELS REPRESENTATION Amplifier

Router Router Router

SONET

Amplifier

Amplifier

Router

10G

Router

40G

Router

100G

SONET

OC-192

SONET

SONET

OC-48

Switch Switch

Switch

10G

Switch

10G

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DWDM SYSTEM EXAMPLE Router

10G

Router

Router

40G

Router

Router

100G

Router

SONET

OC-192

SONET Switch Switch

Amplifier

Amplifier

Amplifier

SONET

OC-48

SONET

10G

Switch

10G

Switch

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DWDM SYSTEMS CHARACTERISTICS • Usually optical system with 16 or more channels is called Dense WDM mostly with 100G spacing or lower • Most deployed systems operate with 100, 50, 25 GHZ spaced channels • Mostly deployed 32-88 channels and some are150+ channels • Flex Grid (Grid-less) system deployment stages • Utilize both C, L band and some S band • Transmission rates 2.5, 10, 40, 100 and 200G. Higher rates are in development stages • Greater than 3000km in terrestrial and higher in submarine systems between O-E-O regeneration • Made Possible by: ­ Erbium and Raman Amplifiers ­ Stable, narrow-line-width lasers ­ Precise filtering ­ Dispersion management ­ Coherent technology ­ Perfection of fibers specifications

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SOME COMMON DWDM TERMINOLOGY ­ Lambda (): Greek symbol used to represent a wavelength ­ Wavelength (): Length of an electromagnetic wave in a particular medium (i.e. glass). Example 1590.21nm

­ ITU Grid: A numbering scheme for wavelength frequencies by the International Telecom Union standardizes wavelength frequencies into a number. Example ITU 47

­ Flex Carrier: A FLEX-CARRIER is a single wavelength that can fit in a 37.5GHz/50.0GHz/62.5GHz/… grid ­ Super-Channel: A SUPERFLEXCHANNEL is an end to end service of two or more FlexCarriers banded together in adjacent spectral wavelengths

­ ­ ­ ­

Decibels (dB): Relative unit of power measurement, logarithmic in nature . Example -17.4dB Decibel-milli watt: Absolute unit of power measurement, referenced to 1mW of power. Example 1dBm Attenuation: Amount of power loss of signal as it passes through fiber optic cable. Example 0.25dB/Km Chromatic Dispersion(CD): Spreading of an optical signal as it travels through components or down fiber optic cable. Example 100ps/nm*Km^2

­ Optical Signal to Noise Ratio (OSNR): Relative measure of the difference between signal strength and noise floor. Example 20dB OSNR

­ Bit Error Rate (BER): Percentage Measure of errored bits / received bits. Example 10 -3 19 COPYRIGHT © 2014 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. ALCATEL-LUCENT — CONFIDENTIAL — SOLELY FOR AUTHORIZED PERSONS HAVING A NEED TO KNOW — PROPRIETARY — USE PURSUANT TO COMPANY INSTRUCTION

TYPES OF MULTIPLEXING

Time Division Multiplexing TDM Application is , OTN SONET/SDH

Wavelength Division Multiplexing

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OPTICAL TRANSMISSION GRID • The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) was founded in 1865 making it the oldest international organization in the UN family • ITU-T is the Sector of the ITU • Three optical frequency bands are used for fiber-optic DWDM networks.

1200

• Bands are: • C-band (conventional) • L-band (long wavelength) • S-band (short) • Currently 12.5GHZ is the smallest grid

O-Band

E-Band

S-Band

1260-1360

1360-1460

1460-1530

1300

1400

1500

Wavelength in nm C and L bands are the most useful 21 COPYRIGHT © 2014 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. ALCATEL-LUCENT — CONFIDENTIAL — SOLELY FOR AUTHORIZED PERSONS HAVING A NEED TO KNOW — PROPRIETARY — USE PURSUANT TO COMPANY INSTRUCTION

CL-Band U-Band Band 1565- 162515301625 1675 1565 1600

COARSE WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (CWDM) ITU • ITU-T G.694.2 defines 18 wavelengths for CWDM transport ranging from 1271 to 1611 nm, spaced at 20 nm apart.

CWDM ITU Channels (Central Frequency) in nm

• The complete CWDM grid is shown in Table

1271

1451

• Due to high attenuation in the 1271-1451 nm band in the commonly deployed optical fiber (G.652.A and G.652.B) most CWDM implementations use 8 wavelengths in the 1471-1611 nm band.

1291

1471

1311

1491

1331

1511

1351

1531

1371

1551

1391

1571

1411

1591

1431

1611

AGENDA

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Introduction to Optics and WDM Building Blocks of DWDM Systems Transmission Technology Transmission Factors to Consider Optical Transmission Impairments Optical Networks Architectures Optical Network Designs

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BUILDING BLOCKS OF DWDM SYSTEMS • • • •

Shelve and Common Equipment Optical Add/drop Filters Optical Amplifiers

Dispersion Compensator • Optical Switches ­ ROADM technology ­ Fabric Crossceonenct Technology

• • • •

Optical Attenuators Optical Signal Splitters and Combiners Optical Inter-leaver Optical Service Channels

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DWDM COMMON EQUIPMENT Redundant Equipment Controller

User Panel

FAN

Universal Slots

Power Filters

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OPTICAL ADD/DROP MULTIPLEXERS • Most Add/drop Multiplexers are passive devices (Static) based on AWG technology • Comes in different multiplexing channels ­ 1, 2, 4 , 5 channels, 8, 32, 40, 44

• Mainly the low channel multiplexers are in-shelf cards while the high channels one 32, 40 and 44 channels are mounted externally on the bay • Some optical Add/drop multiplexers comes with thru port that allow the channels that will not be dropped to pass thru the fiber • Also most of OADM have power monitoring ports for diagnostics and power measurements

ARRAYED WAVEGUIDES FILTERS (AWG) The AWG mixes individual wavelengths, from different lines etched into the AWG substrate (the base material that supports the waveguides) into one etched line called the output waveguide, thereby acting as multiplexer AWG offers Higher channel capacity Lower cost per channel Smaller footprint

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THIN FILM OPTICAL FILTERS λ1...... λn

λ1

λ2

The first TFF section passes wavelength 1 and reflects all other channels to the second, which then passes 2 and reflects all other channels. This allows for demultiplexing or multiplexing o optical signals.

λ3

λ4

λ5

Thru λs

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OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS

• Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFAs) • Raman Amplifiers • Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers

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EDFA CHARACTERISTICS • Uses doped fibers and laser pump to amplify light within the designed spectrum range • Operating gain is the common classifying parameter for EDFA amplifiers measured in dB • Example a gain of 10dB result in 10 fold gain = 10 x the ingress signal power • All optical amplifiers introduces noise during the amplification process • Noise figure (NF) is critical factor of the amplifier specification • Other factors to consider • Input Power • Saturated Output Power • Gain Flatness • Dynamic Response • Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) • Also to consider is , power consumption, size and price

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SAMPLE EDFA GAIN CURVE

O p t i c a l Am p l i f i e r s r e q u i r e G a i n F l a t t i n g F i l t e r s

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EDFA AMPLIFIER CARDS • Amplifiers card include: ­ ­ ­ ­ ­

RA2P

Optical Supervisory Channel Optical Amplifier Programmable Tilt Control Transient Response Control Automatic Power Reduction

RAMAN 2 Pump Up to 10 dB Gain on G.652/SMF fiber

AHPMG

AHPLG

OSC

OSC

16-32 dB flat gain, 23 dBm Pout

A2125A

A2318A

OSC

6-24 dB flat gain, 20 dBm Pout

15-31 dB flat gain, 21 dBm Pout

OSC

7-24 dB flat gain, 23 dBm Pout

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RAMAN AMPLIFIER • The signal is amplified based on the Stimulated RAMAN Scattering (SRS) process ­ ­ ­ ­ ­

The high power pumped light is scattered from lower wavelength to higher wavelength Amplifications happens within the fiber plant based on Distributed RAMAN amplification (DRA) RAMAN amplifiers consist of more than one RAMAN pump (2,3,4 ) Normally higher optical pumps are required RAMAN amplifiers can be in a co-propagation or counter-propagation configurations

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OPTICAL SERVICE CHANNEL • Additional channels (e.g 1510 nm) used for system Add/drop Node Communication • Mostly has a rage of 155Mb/s (OC3) • OSC used to trigger APR (Auto Power Reduction) • External SFPs are used depending on the required loss and reach • In long spans the OSC need to be amplified. RAMAN and EDFA amplifiers can be utilized Line Amplifier

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EXAMPLE OF EDFA AND RAMAN AMPLIFIERS CONFIGURATIONS

Optical signals flow

RAMAN Pump Flow

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DISPERSION COMPENSATION MODULES

DCM

DCM

DCM

• Per direction Modules • Values are determined by the fiber type and length and transponders tolarance • Can be sandwiched between the amplifier stages or directly on the fiber

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OPTICAL SWITCHES

Stand-alone Switching or complimentary client service layer to work with existing photonic layer 37 COPYRIGHT © 2014 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. ALCATEL-LUCENT — CONFIDENTIAL — SOLELY FOR AUTHORIZED PERSONS HAVING A NEED TO KNOW — PROPRIETARY — USE PURSUANT TO COMPANY INSTRUCTION

OPTICAL ROUTERS – MEMS BASED

• Free space optics with 1, 2 or 3 Dimension • Based on optical adjustable Mirrors

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OPTICAL ATTENUATORS • • • • •

Fixed and variable attenuators Static or Electronic External or internal attenuators Inside the cards Fused within the optical path

OPTICAL SPLITTERS AND COUPLERS

Different kinds of optical power splitters and couplers Equal power splitter and couplers Un-equal power splitter and couplers

Optical Channel Interleaver • The interleavers is designed to be used in combination with the Add/drop filters • The optical interleavers combines and demuxes the odd and even sets of signals into a single group e.g 88-channel group of signals with 50GHz spacing. • The interleaver is a passive module

CONNECTORS AND SPLICES ­ The Connector is a mechanical device mounted on the end of a fiber optic cable, light source, Receiver or housing ­ Connectors introduce fiber loss ­ There are many different connector types ­ FC/PC - Used for single-mode fiber optic cable ­ SC - Used primarily with single-mode fiber optic cables ­ LC - High-density connections, SFP transceivers ­ ST - A keyed bayonet type similar to a BNC connector

­ Common Splicing method is arc fusion splicing which melts the fiber ends together with an electric arc ­ Lower Loss ­ Higher reliability

AGENDA

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Introduction to Optics and WDM Building Blocks of DWDM Systems Transmission Technology Transmission Factors to Consider Optical Transmission Impairments Optical Networks Architectures Optical Network Designs

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OPTICAL TRANSPONDERS (OT) • An Optical Transponder is a device (card) that receives a signal and retransmitted it optically on a different frequency, format and modulation • Most Optical transponder perform signal conversion for optical – Electrical – Optical conversion Optical transponders consist of two main ports: ­ Client port (s): is the side that faces the subtending equipment. The client port receives and transmits the signal (mainly optical but could be electrical) on a certain frequency with defined transmission protocol ­ Network Port: Mostly facing the DWDM network. The network side transmit and receive the optical signal on a certain DWDM frequency with standard or proprietary protocol and modulation

OTU4 line module PDM-QPSK Tx

SERDES/ Precoder LC LC

MSA CFP

Signal Processing

Driver Modulator

WT encoder ADC/DSP DEMUX

Hybrid DEMUX LO Coherent Rx

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OPTICAL TRANSPONDERS – CLIENT SIDE  Pluggable or fixed  Support of wide range of protocols and rates  Optical transponders support standard protocols ­ SONET, SDH , LAN, WAN, Fiber channel and standards such as G.709 .. etc  Optical client rates ranges from 155 Mb/s up to100Gb/s  Client side support multiple transmission ranges ­ short reach few meters (850 nm) and up to few kilometers (1310 nm) ­ higher rates 20,40,80 and up to 120 km (1550nm , CWDM and DWDM) ­ Since most of the subtending equipment are co-located with the DWDM system, the most common client interfaces are the short reach 1310 nm and 850 nm  Transparent wavelength services support

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NETWORK INTERFACE  Pluggable or fixed  Standard and proprietary protocols ­ Digital Wrapper G.709  Support for Forward Error Correction, standard and enhanced  Fixed or Tunable wavelength  Support for performance monitoring  Different transmitters modulation schemes to serve different applications, transmission rate and reach ­ On-Off- Keying (OOK): the simplest form of amplitude-shift keying (ASK) modulation ­ Differential phase shift keying (DPSK), a common form of phase modulation conveys data by changing the phase of carrier wave ­ Polarization Division- Multiplexed Quadernary - Phase-Shift-keying (PDM-QPSK) ­ DP-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16 QAM)

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NETWORK INTERFACE • Receiver Side: ­ Direct Detect receiver: ­ ­ ­ ­ ­

Simple, and receiver detection covers the DWDM ITU grid Only measures the amplitude of the optical signal Depend on signal filtration to detect a unique frequency Widely deployed Cost effective

­ DPSK Receiver – has a delay component to separate the two phases and two detect diodes ­ Coherent receivers: ­ The Digital Coherent receiver system is capable off offering high accuracy and wide range of waveform distortion beyond the limits of optical compensation ­ Coherent detection can detect amplitude, phase, and polarization of the optical signal

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WHAT IS ITU-T G.709  G.709 “Interfaces for the Optical Transport Network (OTN)" describes a means of communicating data over an optical network  It is a standardized method for transparent transport of services over optical wavelengths in DWDM systems and also known as Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH) standard.  Concepts borrowed from SONET/SDH ­ Layered structure ­ In-service performance monitoring ­ Protection ­ Other management function  Added functionality ­ Management of optical channels in the optical domain ­ Forward error correction (FEC) to improve error performance and enable longer optical spans  Provides standardize method for managing optical wavelengths channels) end to end

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G.709 CONTINUED • Three distinct parts ­ Overhead area for operation, administration and maintenance function ­ Pay load area for customer data ­ Forward error control (FEC) block

OCH Overhead

OCH Payload

FEC Data

Optical Channel Frame Structure

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G.709 AND OTN HIERARCHY Optical

•The OTN interfaces operate at line rates, roughly 7% higher, than the corresponding SONET/SDH that becomes the OTN payload •Four line Rates is defined

G.709 Interface

ODU

OCH OTU

Electrical

ODU/ODU flex OPU OTN Hierarchy

Line Rate (OTU) Gb/s

ODU-0

Payload (OPU) Gb 1.238

OUT-1

ODU-1

2.666

2.488

OUT-2

ODU-2

10.709

9.953

OUT-3

ODU-3

43.018

39,813

OUT-4

ODU-4

111.809

104,794 50

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EFFICIENT TRANSPORT OF ETHERNET • ITU-T defined OTN standards to support Ethernet packet clients including: • Aligning OTN payload rates to cover all Ethernet rates between 1G-100G • Creating flexible-sized optical containers (ODUflex) to match the optical bandwidth to the client demand • Defining adaptation methods for packet client transparency

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OPTICAL MUXPONDER (MULTIPLEXED TRANSPONDER) • A Muxponder is a networking device that multiplexes Multiple client signals to a single higher rate signal • It essentially performs some relatively simple time division multiplexing of lower rate signals into a higher rate carrier within the system • Current Muxpodners supports clients of multiple rates and protocols ­ SONET/SDH, GE, Fast Ethernet, Fiber Channels, Video and OTN interfaces

• Muxponders provide lower cost networking • Muxponder line rate ranges from <2.5G, 10G, 40G and 100G • All current Muxponders have pluggable client sides

Line Rate 200G

Client 1 100G

Client 2 100G

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WHAT IS REGENERATION IN AN OPTICAL NETWORKS • Regeneration is a procedure to convert the optical signal to electrical and then to optical again • Regeneration is needed when the optical signal quality deteriorate and will not be recovered after the regeneration point • Basically when the signal Optical to Noise Ratio becomes to high that the actual data signal becomes un-recognizable by the receiver DWDM

O

E

O

O

E

O

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DWDM

WHAT IS REGENERATION IN AN OPTICAL NETWORKS •Optical signal deterioration depends on the span length, span loss, reach, fiber quality, transponders quality, amplifiers ... etc. •Regeneration performs three functions: • Re-amplify • Re-shape • Re-time

• Other reason for regeneration is changing the DWDM frequency • In some optical mesh networks, more than one channel with same ITU need to share the same span. This is not possible and one of them must change it’s ITU • Regeneration can be done by connecting back to back transponders or unidirectional using the receive and transmit ports • Regeneration add higher cost and complexity to the network 54 COPYRIGHT © 2014 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. ALCATEL-LUCENT — CONFIDENTIAL — SOLELY FOR AUTHORIZED PERSONS HAVING A NEED TO KNOW — PROPRIETARY — USE PURSUANT TO COMPANY INSTRUCTION

SERVICES (UNI VS BI-DIRECTIONAL) • Bi-direction Service: Requires transmitter and receiver on the source and destination. ­ Most services are bi-directional. Example is voice, internet data ... etc

• Uni-Directional Service: require transmitter on the source side and receiver on the destination side ­ Distributed video and video on demand are an example of Uni-directional services

• A bi-directional transponder can act as two uni-directional transponder • Note that uni and bi-directional services are different than the uni and bi-directional optical systems

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PLUGGABLE INTERFACES • Small form-factor pluggable (SFP/SFP+/XFP/CFPx): is a compact, hot-pluggable transceiver used as a pluggable in a client or network side device. The device can be an optical transponder, switch or router. • The pluggable transceiver is specified by a (MSA) between manufacturers • SFP transmission rates ranges from 100M up to 2.7 G • SFP supports different protocol • Current version supports multi protocol and rates on the same SFP

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PLUGGABLE INTERFACES • XFP - 10 Gigabit Small Form Factor Pluggable device is a hot-swappable protocolindependent , typically operating at 850nm, 1310nm, 1550nm, CWDM, fixed and tunable DWDM ­ Handle color distinguishes the XFP type , e,g green is for tunable

• The physical dimensions of the XFP are slightly larger than the standard SFP. One of the reasons for the increase in size is to allow for on board heat sinks for greater cooling • CPF: Small Form Factor pluggable device supporting 40 or 100G rates and protocols ­ Currently there are different client transmission protocols such as SR10, LR4

Client ports using SFPs, XFPs or CFPs provide maximum service flexibility reach, and lowest cost.

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AGENDA

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Introduction to Optics and WDM Building Blocks of DWDM Systems Transmission Technology Transmission Factors to Consider Optical Transmission Impairments Optical Networks Architectures Optical Network Designs

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OPTICAL POWER • Optical power simply is the brightness (or “intensity”) of light. • As light travels through network and fiber, some energy is lost. • This loss of intensity is called “attenuation” • Typically optical power is measured in “Decibels” • A decibel (dB) is a logarithmic-scale unit expressing the relationship between two values • The decibel is a “dimensionless-unit”, meaning it does not express an actual physical measurement on its own. • A decibel itself is simply a ratio between values • 0 dB is no change, +3 dB is double, -3 dB is half, etc

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OPTICAL POWER  To express an absolute value of optical power (i.e. an actual light level), it must be compared to a known reference value  In optical networking, this is typically the dBm. That is, a decibel relative to 1 milli watt (mW) of power.  0 dBm is 1 mW, 3 dBm is 2 mW, -3 dBm is 0.5mW, etc.  Confusion between dB and dBm is one of the most common mistakes when working with optical networks!

dBm = 10Log (x/1 milli Watt) X is the measured power in watts 60 COPYRIGHT © 2014 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. ALCATEL-LUCENT — CONFIDENTIAL — SOLELY FOR AUTHORIZED PERSONS HAVING A NEED TO KNOW — PROPRIETARY — USE PURSUANT TO COMPANY INSTRUCTION

OPTICAL SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO • Optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR), is the ratio of power in the signal to the noise that is with the signal. • Better OSNR is indicated by high numbers

80 km P

Amplifier P

Signal Attenuation

P

P

Signal / Noise Ratio

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OPTICAL DISPERSION • • • • • •

Dispersion is the spread out of the signal In optical networking, this results in signal degradation. There are two main types of dispersion to deal with: Chromatic Dispersion

Different frequencies of light propagate through a non-vacuum at slightly different speeds. Polarization Mode Dispersion • Caused by imperfection in shape of the fiber (not perfectly round). • One polarization of light propagates faster than the other. Older fiber is particularly affected, may get worse with age.

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SIGNAL BANDWIDTH

•The figure indicates the amount of bandwidth normally consumed by the optical signal

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SIGNAL MODULATIONS AND CODING •Coding Types

•Non-Return to Zero

­ The electrical signals that carry different kinds of information are encoded when converted to optical signals for transmission, and decoded at the optical receiver and then converted back to an electrical signal. These types include non-return to zero (NRZ) and return to zero (RZ),

1

0

1

1

­ Non-return to zero (NRZ) is a method of transmission where the signal does not return to zero between bits . NRZ has the following attributes: ­ A 1 represents light signal present for a complete bit period. ­ A 0 is no light for a complete bit period. ­ NRZ is more tolerant to dispersion effects.

1 t 64

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SIGNAL MODULATIONS AND CODING • Return to Zero which is a method of transmission where the signal does return to zero between bits. RZ has the following attributes. • A 1 results from the presence of light for one-half a bit period. • A 0 is no light for a complete bit period.

• Less tolerant to dispersion, however, the effects of fiber loss are reduced. • The signal is self-clocking. This means that a separate clock does not need to be sent alongside the signal, but suffers from using twice the bandwidth to achieve the same datarate as compared to non-return-to-zero format.

1

0

1

1

1 t 65

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SIGNAL MODULATIONS AND CODING • On-off keying (OOK) the simplest form of amplitude-shift keying (ASK) modulation that represents digital data as the presence or absence of a carrier wave. • In Optical transmission this means that the LASER light used for transmission is either on or off • Commonly Used in 10G transmission • Since the phase of the laser does not carry any information, this transmission technique uses a very simple direct detection technique, just coupling the light to a photo detector to obtain the equivalent electrical bit stream.

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OPTICAL MODULATION • The optical signal generated by a semiconductor laser has to be modulated to carry information before being transmitted to the fiber • Internal modulation (direct) can be used by changing the bias laser current. This is a simple concept and does not allow for higher bandwidth transmission (>10G) • Optical External Modulator: is a semi used to manipulate the light property – common external modulator is the Mach-Zehnder • Depending on which property of light is controlled, modulators are called intensity modulators, phase modulators, polarization modulators, spatial light modulators, etc. High Speed Electrical Driver

Input Signal

information signal

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Delay

Output Signal

MODULATION SCHEMES •Bandwidth growth drove the technology innovation to increase the spectral efficiency •Need to make 40/43G and 100G signals behave like 10/10.7G signals or even better •At 40 Gbit/s and beyond this simple form of modulation offers fair dispersion tolerance, but poor noise tolerance and poor bandwidth efficiency so it can not be used in DWDM networks. •Advanced modulation formats, promise somewhat higher values of spectral efficiency

•Many Modulation schemes have been implemented depending on vendors designs. Each has it’s positives and negatives features •Phase Shift Keying or Binary PSK •Phase Shaped Binary Transmission •Differential PSK •Differential Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying •Polarization Division MultiplexingQuadrature Phase Shift Keying (PM-DPSK) •And others

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POLARIZATION SCHEMES

Amplitude Modulation OOK

Single Polarization Phase Modulation Single Polarization Phase Modulatio DPSK DQPSK

Dual Polarization Phase Modulation DP-BPSK DP-QPSK

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WHAT IS FLEX-GRID • New architecture to achieve better spectral efficiency , higher capacities and flexibility • Flex-Grid does not bound to the standard ITU Grid. IT complies to new ITU G.694.1 • To build a flex-Grid network you mush have the optical line capable of supporting flex-grid and the optical transponders • FlexGrid capable OT’s would transmit wave-shaping compressed signals • A flex signal (carrier) is a single wavelength that can fit into 37.5GHz/50.0GHz/62.5GHz/… GRID. •

50GHz

•

Traditional 50GHz Channels

100G

100G

100G

37.5 GHZ

100G

50 GHZ •

37.5GHz

•

FlexGrid 37.5GHz Channels

Grid

Max Channel Count

100 GHz

44

50 GHz

88

37.5 GHz

120 70

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AGENDA

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Introduction to Optics and WDM Building Blocks of DWDM Systems Transmission Technology Transmission Factors to Consider Optical Transmission Impairments Optical Networks Architectures Optical Network Designs

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OPTICAL TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENTS • An oscilloscope display of a digital signal. Representative of the impairments affecting the signal. • As the signal is distorted, the original digital encoding can no longer be correctly interpreted

Transmitted (TX) Waveform

Received (RX) Waveform

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SIGNAL ATTENUATION • Attenuation is the loss of optical power in the system. Optical power loss is due to many factors ­ Fiber propagation ­ Optical Filters ­ Optical Routers ­ Connectors ­ Power Measurements ports ­ Splitters / Combiners

 OSC  Fiber patch panels  Splices  Dirt and contamination  Fiber bending  VOAs  Dispersion modules

Attenuation = 10Log (Output Power/Input Power)

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LINEAR EFFECTS: DISPERSION COMPENSATION AND PENALTIES • A compensator is a device that has the opposite chromatic dispersion effect as the transmission fiber. • Various technologies are available that can compensate for all wavelengths in a band or for each wavelength ­ Fiber based DCM ­ Electronic Dispersion Compensation ­ others • Due to the distributed generation of the nonlinear effects along the fiber link, the chromatic dispersion does not require only to be compensated, but also to be compensated in a distributed way along the link

Booster

In-line

Pre-compensation

In-line

In-line

In-line compensation

In-line

Preamplifier

Post-compensation

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DISPERSION COMPENSATION • The dispersion can vary with the wavelength (dispersion slope):

Transmission Fibre

[nm]

Ch. 1 [ps/nm]

Wavelength

Accumulated dispersion

Dispersion slope [ps/nm]

Accumulated dispersion

Residual dispersion

Wavelength Ch. 80

[nm]

DCM Some wavelength-dependent residual dispersion is due to the imperfect matching between fiber’s and DCM’s slope

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FIBER TYPES CHROMATIC DISPERSION

SMF G.652

10

Alcatel TeraLight G.655 Corning E-LEAF G.655

5 Lucent TrueWave RS G.655

Corning LS G.655

1570

1565

1560

1555

1550

1545

1540

0

1535

Dispersion Shifted G.653 1530

Chromatic dispersion [ps/nm/km]

15

POLARIZATION MODE DISPERSION • PMD is a linear effect caused by asymmetrical properties and random impurties in the optical fiber, • PMD can occur due to manufacturing, aging, stress, • PMD is a random phenomena • The level of system PMD that can be tolerated depends on data rate, distance and how much system outage one is willing to tolerate • The PMD phenomenon is characterized by Differential Group Delay (DGD). • There are two ways to compensate for PMD, optically or electronically. • Special Optical transponders has high tolerance to PMD such as Coherent transponders • DGD is the difference in propagation time between the two polarization states, which are the states of polarization with minimum and maximum propagation time for each wavelength measured in PS/(KM)1/2

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NONLINEAR OPTICAL THRESHOLD • The accumulated power is estimated in terms of “integrated power”:

integrated power 

spans



channel power at input of span i

i 1

• The nonlinear threshold depends on the fiber type and the channel spacing • Fiber nonlinearities limit the allowable launch power into a fiber.

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NON LINEAR EFFECTS • Optical non-linear effects is Due to the fiber refractive index and inelastic-scattering phenomenon • Optical nonlinearity is a concern typically at high optical power intensities and modulation types • Dominating nonlinear effects in present DWDM system are XPM and FWM ­ Cross-phase modulation (XPM) ­ Change in phase of one light signal due to the affect the phase of another signal in a non-linear medium (fiber)

­ Self-phase modulation (SPM) ­ Phase of light signal undergoes nonlinear changes with time and distance in a medium (fiber)

­ Four-wave mixing (FWM) ­ Four-wave mixing is a nonlinear effect arising from a third-order optical nonlinearity, as is described with a χ(3) coefficient.

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NON LINEAR EFFECTS • High Optical power also causes another two types on non-linear effects • Scattering Effect, affecting the power of the signal ­ Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS) ­ Single-channel effect ­ Back-scattering of transmitted (Photons) power

­ Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) ­ Multi-channel effect ­ Energy transfer from lower-wavelength to higher-wavelength channels ­ effect on light - It generates an extra tilt, which is taken into account in the link design

Optical network designers use sophisticated planning tools that includes these parameters

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BIT ERROR RATE • Digital transmission system is not totally error-free – statistical fluctuations related to noise and other system influences cause a small fraction of the transmitted bits to be defective. • The bit error rate (BER) is a ratio of error bits to total transmitted bits • BER = number of errors / total number of bits sent • Typical values are 10-12 BER for SONET • The value 10-15 is one error bit in 1015 bits • Bit error rate, BER is a key parameter that is used in assessing systems that transmit digital data from one location to another

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FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION • Out of Band FEC OOB is the type used for DWDM systems. FEC bytes are added on top of the signal to be carried • FEC help the receiver to recover bit errors using special algorithms • Extending the receiver performance which lead to better DWDM system performance and longer distances reach • Typically implemented as a digital “wrapper” (G.709) • ITU G.709 specifies a Reed-Solomon (RS) 255,239 code which provides ~6 dB of coding gain (G-FEC) • Vendors have their proprietary FEC which add further gain to the system adding 2-3.5 dB of coding gain • With the latest HW and SD FEC technologies; the FEC is becoming so powerful that signal can be recovered in the range of 10-3 to 10-2 • HD FEC add >7 % overhead while SD FEC adds ~ 20% overhead. Example a 100G payload signal with frame overhead, HD and SD FEC overhead result in 130Gb/s transmission rate

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AGENDA

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Introduction to Optics and WDM Building Blocks of DWDM Systems Transmission Technology Transmission Factors to Consider Optical Transmission Impairments Optical Networks Architectures Optical Network Designs

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POINT TO POINT (LINEAR LINKS) •Simplest WDM networks •Could be amplified or unamplified depending on the distances and loss •low cost links •Traffic may terminate in source and destination or could have some pass thru traffic •Nodes can be fixed OADM or one direction ROADM •OSC are optional

OPTICAL RINGS  Rings are more complex to design specially “any to any” connectivity  Provide protection paths in case of fiber cuts or node failure  Could be mix of ROADM and FOADM

• ROADM • Amp

­ Fixed OADM node has to provide thru path

 Inter-connecting rings require back to back connection  Simple wavelength planning

Optical Ring

Optical Ring

• FOADM

• Back to back connections

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE EVOLUTION • Legacy deployment are based on Ring topology or non-DWDM • Multi layers (stacked) with different traffic applications • Mesh traffic within the ring (any to any) • Inter ring traffic is re-generated by the optical layer

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ROADM MESH APPLICATIONS – 6 DEGREE EXAMPLE AMP IN

THRU

WSS D1 WDM IN

• EP

AMP OUT (Optional)

WSS D2

• Add/Drop

• EP

• Filters

AMP OUT (Optional)

• Add/Drop AMP IN

AMP OUT (Optional)

WSS D6

WSS D5 • EP

• Add/Drop

AMP IN

WDM IN

• EP

• EP

• EP

• Add/Drop

WSS D3 AMP OUT (Optional)

WDM IN

• Filters

AMP IN

WDM IN

AMP OUT (Optional)

• Add/Drop AMP IN

AMP OUT (Optional)

• Add/Drop

WDM IN

WSS D4 THRU

WDM IN

AMP IN 87

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COLORLESS-DIRECTIONLESS-CONTENTIONLESS ARCHITECTURE • In this architecture ­ Any transponder signal can be tuned to any color and can be directed to any direction ­ No static filters, combiners / splitters are used ­ The ROADM (WSS) is configured per 12.5GHZ steps

DEGREE 1

ROADM

2xWSS

P

P

P

P

P

DEGREE 2

2xWSS

P

P

Customized channel spacing and width P

4 3 3 2 1 1 XPR XPR XPR XPR XPR XPR

COLORLESS COLORLESS Transponders Transponders fibered fibered to to any any port on combiner device port on combiner device DIRECTIONLESS DIRECTIONLESS Wavelengths Wavelengths can can be be directed directed to to any any degree degree or or automatically automatically re-directed re-directed for for protection and restoration protection and restoration

FLEX FLEX GRID GRID Waves can have Waves can have custom custom width width (super-channels) (super-channels)

CONTENTIONLESS CONTENTIONLESS Multiple Multiple instances instances of of same same  on on same same combiner combiner Device Device

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BI-DIRECTIONAL LINE TRANSMISSION  Full duplex links provide a data connection in both directions.  However, the need for bidirectional operation introduces various tradeoffs  Some applications require bi-directional transmission over a single fiber  Two method of implementing Bi-directional transmission ­ wavelength mux/demux filtering

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BI-DIRECTIONAL LINE TRANSMISSION • Spectrum splitting can be realized e.g. by using fiber-optic spectrum splitters at each end to connect a transmitter and a receiver

Mux 1529.30-1542.39 nm T R A N S P O N D E R

TX 1547.46-1560.86 nm RX De-Mux 90 COPYRIGHT © 2014 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. ALCATEL-LUCENT — CONFIDENTIAL — SOLELY FOR AUTHORIZED PERSONS HAVING A NEED TO KNOW — PROPRIETARY — USE PURSUANT TO COMPANY INSTRUCTION

AGENDA

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Introduction to Optics and WDM Building Blocks of DWDM Systems Transmission Technology Transmission Factors to Consider Optical Transmission Impairments Optical Networks Architectures Optical Network Designs

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LINK DESIGNS •

Summarizing, the aim of the design is to: 1. Stay into the limits imposed by OSNR (includes all penalties), sensitivity and overload 2. Respect the launched power limits 3. Stay into the limits imposed by chromatic dispersion for non coherent systems 4. Correctly distribute the dispersion compensation along the link  The design has to comply with the dispersion mapping rules

5. To stay into the limits imposed by PMD. Coherent systems have much better tolerance to PMD  Average PMD of the link must be checked

6. Coherent designs does not require dispersion planning and have much higher tolerance to PMD

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LINK BUDGETS EXAMPLE 40Km

3 0 -3 -6 -9 -12 -15 -18 -22

Transmit Power Budget­=­TX­–­RX ­­­­­­­­­­­­=­3dBm­–(­-18dBm) ­­­­­­­­­­­­=­21dB

Receive Power MIN­RECEIVE­THRESHOLD WDM­Mux­ 5dB

Min Receive Power WDM­ Demux­ 3dB

Constant­Loss­Fiber (0.25dB/Km) 10dB­Total

Max­Budget­=­TX­–­RXmin ­­­­­­­­­­­­=­3dBm­–­(-22dBm) ­­­­­­­­­­­­=­25dB

E n d O f L i f e Val u e s H a v e To B e C o n s i d e r e d W h e n D e s i g n i n g O p t i c a l N e t w o r k s 93 COPYRIGHT © 2014 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. ALCATEL-LUCENT — CONFIDENTIAL — SOLELY FOR AUTHORIZED PERSONS HAVING A NEED TO KNOW — PROPRIETARY — USE PURSUANT TO COMPANY INSTRUCTION

U-LONG HAUL, REGIONAL AND METRO NETWORKS • Long haul networks ­ channels has higher fill ­ mainly point to point connectivity ­ longer spans ­ Few LH routes ­ majority lease fibers and sites

­ Different Fiber types (TW, LEAF, SMF …)

­ Higher rate is more cost effective (>100G) ­ Converged applications • Metro Regional Networks ­ Converged applications ­ Mainly mesh or ring with higher interconnectivity ­ Spans vary in length ­ Includes lower rate (10G, 100G , 200G) ­ SMF fiber type is very common ­ Mostly owned by the carriers

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PLANNING TOOLS •Software simulation tools to design, optimized cost effective optical networks based on physical topologies and traffic demand Manages the lifecycle of network design • Feature of Network Planning & Engineering Tool ­ Automated Creation, edition and visualization network designs ­ Ring, Mesh, and Pt-Pt ­ Flexible system capacities

­ Phase approach for future growth and changes ­ Capacity Planning ­ Physical growth

­ Automated design and rules validation

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PLANNING TOOLS • Per optical light-path summaries • • • • • •

Shelf Inventory and fiber connectivity Network and node logical topology diagrams Complete Bill of Material Node provisioning data

Sub-λ Networking

Import/export to Network Management For optical switches (OTN) tools support λ Networking ­ sub lambda switching and grooming to achieve channel fill ­ channel Recolor ­ GMPLS for protection and restoration

96 COPYRIGHT © 2014 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. ALCATEL-LUCENT — CONFIDENTIAL — SOLELY FOR AUTHORIZED PERSONS HAVING A NEED TO KNOW — PROPRIETARY — USE PURSUANT TO COMPANY INSTRUCTION

OTN

­ Real and virtual demands

SYSTEM COMISSIOING • The purpose of automated commissioning and power management is to: ­ Simplify the commissioning process since network is becoming more and more complex ­ Ensure that network design is in-line with planning stage design to avoid re-plan or re-engineer the network. ­ The general process of guaranteeing this performance consists of: ­ ­ ­ ­

Defining the network elements, distances, and span losses, and planning the network Installing the network. Commissioning the network with the support of automated tools In-service adjustment - these are real-time power balancing control loops that run continuously after network commissioning is successfully completed

97 COPYRIGHT © 2014 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. ALCATEL-LUCENT — CONFIDENTIAL — SOLELY FOR AUTHORIZED PERSONS HAVING A NEED TO KNOW — PROPRIETARY — USE PURSUANT TO COMPANY INSTRUCTION

CIRCUIT PROVISION • Minimize number of steps to provision a service • Planning Tool pre-provisioning circuit validation • Protection and restoration schemes validation • Unique service per service identity • DWDM Color collision Point and Click Prosvionsing. A

B

C

D

G

F

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E