Banana Sap And Dye As An Alternative Ink Manuscript 1 3.docxx

A FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR BANANA SAP AND DYE AS AN ALTERNATIVE INK

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Abstract Ink has a lot of uses such as calligraphy, writing, printing and drawing, and because of its wide range of uses people usually do not notice that they are going to run out of ink until it actually happens in these cases, the pen user’s will have to go out of their houses and go to the local store or to the nearest bookstore to purchase a new pen. To avoid these inconveniences, the researchers thought up of something that can be a substitute for the ink that can be usually found on a garden or backyard and has less toxicity compared to the standard inks.

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1.0 Introduction Ballpoint pens are a daily necessity to students and to those people who are handling jobs that requires a lot of writing. The black pens are the most widely used among the various colors that pens have. It ranges from the commonly used ones like the blue and red ink to the colors of violet, green, light blue, pink that comes in a lot of shades. There are the unique types too the glittered, glow in the dark and invisible ones. Inks that are commonly used in markers and pens are mostly made out of comprising solvents, dyes, lubricants, solubilizers and surfactants (Willowcrow, 2012). These materials are harmful to the health of the one who uses it especially to the kids and to their environment (Antioquia, 2012). Ballpoint ink usually contains 40-50 percent of dye (Kunjappu, 2001). Ink has a lot of uses such as calligraphy, writing, printing and drawing, and because of its wide range of uses people usually do not notice that they are going to run out of ink until it actually happens in these cases, the pen user’s will have to go out of their houses and go to the local store or to the nearest bookstore to purchase a new pen. To avoid health hazards and these inconveniences, the researchers thought up of something that can be a substitute for the ink that can be usually found on a garden or backyard and has less toxicity compared to the standard inks. An ink has two main components, the liquid that binds the ink to the surface also called as an ink vehicle and the coloring agent (Pacheco, 2012). The researchers have chosen to use the banana sap as an ink vehicle and dye as the colorant. There have been a lot of past researches about the effectiveness and other utilities of natural ingredients as colorants from plants like their roots, stem, flowers, bark, fruit and leaves (Institute of Paper Science and Technology, 2015). The Musa acuminate (Banana plant) can be found in tropical Southeast Asia but are grown merely for its fruit and to a lesser extent due to its fiber. Banana is often mistaken as a tree but it is a huge perennial flowering herb with sheaths of leaves that forms its trunk like pseudostems that grows from a corm (Willowcrow, 2012). Gayathri, Mythili, Pavithra & Vigneswaran (2015) states that only ten percent of the banana’s pseudostem is being used for making products and the remaining are thrown as waste or fertilizer. The banana sap can be obtained from the pseudostem. The fruit peelings and the fruit itself is very sticky (Willowcrow, 2012). Atawongsa et al., (2010) denotes that banana sap has some special properties that can permanently stain cloth and fiber. Barhanpurkar, Kumar & Purwar (2015) has stated that, Banana sap has various chemical properties and one component that can be used for dye fixation is

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tannin. Tannin is a molecule that can bind into proteins and organic compounds. Since papers are made from barks and fibers of plants and trees it has an organic compound that tannin can bind in to. Dyes are colored substances that can impart color by absorption (Othmer, 1998). According to Pereira & Alves (2012), they can be described as a substance that has affinity to the materials in which they are applied. Dyes are one of the most significant colorants used and are widely used in textile, cosmetics, paint, paper, photographic and ink industries. As stated by Nwokonkwo (2013), dyes are soluble that goes through an application process which temporarily destroys any crystal structure by absorption, solution, mechanical retention or by ionic and covalent chemical bonds. The researchers are aiming to identify the effectiveness of banana sap and dye as an alternative for the standard ink. This study is significant in many terms. First, it will be beneficial for the ballpoint pen ink users for the reason that these people can have a cheaper and natural way of refilling their empty pens. Moreover, this study will also help the future researchers obtain more information and factual concepts in this area of study. The environment will be benefitting from this study as well because according to Barhanpurkar et al., (2015) after the fruit of the banana is harvested the pseudostem will be used as a fertilizer but is usually burned which worsens the air pollution. Additionally, it will help the banana plantation owners know the significance of pseudostems that they have been likely just throwing away as waste. The fibers of the pseudostem can also be used in paper, fabrics and yarn industries. 1.1 Statement of the problem The study aims to know the efficiency and feasibility of banana sap and dye as an alternative ink. The researchers want to know the answers to the following questions: 1. Are there any significant difference between the standard ink and the alternative ink in terms of the following factor: a. Cost b. Shelf Life c. Drying time 2. How good is the quality of the alternative ink in terms of the following factors:

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a. Shelf life b. Drying time 1.2 Scope and Limitations The study will be focusing on the feasibility and efficiency of using banana sap and dye as an alternative ink. This paper will discuss the properties and production of banana sap and dye. This study mainly focuses on finding the difference between the standard ink and the alternative ink in terms of different factors such as: shelf life and drying time. The researchers will also pursue to know the quality of an alternative ink in terms of the following factors: shelf life and drying time. The ink that the study will produce can only be used on Ballpoint pens, Sign pens and any kind of pens but cannot be a substitute as an ink for highlighters and permanent markers. The process of making the alternative ink starts from extracting the banana sap and mixing 17.5 ml of it with 10g of dye dissolved in 17.5ml of water. Boiling the substance and eventually injecting it to an empty pen. Possible extraneous variables that can affect the quality of the ink are the chemical properties of banana sap that is not needed for dye fixation and can negatively affect the ink’s quality such as Lignin and Carbohydrates but are still currently under study. The temperature can also affect the shelf life of the alternative ink. The types of paper in which the pen will be used can also affect the drying time. 1.3 Definition of Terms Banana Sap -Collin’s Dictionary (2017) defined sap as the liquid that can be extracted from plants or trees. Dye -As stated by Collin’s Dictionary (2017), dye is a coloring substance that is used to color or stain fabrics, hairs and fibers. Standard ink -In this study, standard ink is defined as the ink that people can usually see in stores and other places. Tannin -Collin's dictionary (2017) defined tannin as a yellowish or brownish chemical that is found in plants and trees. In this study, the researchers defined tannin as a molecule that has properties that binds to organic compounds and fibers.

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Water -Water is a clear and tasteless fluid when it is not mixed with anything (Merriam Webster, 2017). 1.4 Conceptual Framework This chapter will show the Materials (Input), Process and End product (Output) of this study.

INPUT 1. Banana Sap 2. Dye

PROCESS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Preparing Extracting Mixing Boiling Injecting

OUTPUT Alternative ink made from Banana Sap and Dye

Fig.1 Research Paradigm Fig. 1 shows the Main Ingredients of the alternative ink, the process that it would undergo and the product that the process will produce. 2.0 Review of Related Literature This chapter will show the reports and information that the researchers have found on both Local and Foreign literature in the same area of study. 2.1 Local Literatures Pens are one of the most useful and significant tools man has made. This tool is made possible because of ink. According to Bersabe (2012), a good quality pen does not just have a good looking or eye catching outer shell because what makes it a good one is the substance inside. Using papers and pens has been a long practice to men in fact it can actually be traced back from twenty-five hundred B.C.E and mankind has just further enhanced the convenience and capabilities of pens because it is an important tool to communicate and share information to others. The ink used before was simply just carbon but because of many innovations the pens people have now is much complicated yet more convenient to use. The ink that people use nowadays has a lot of components such as an ink vehicle which serves as a carrier or binder of the ink itself on the surface of the paper another one is the colorant which is why there are various

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colors of pens there are also ph modifiers, stabilizing polymers, defoaming and antifoaming agents, wetting agents and biocides which makes the efficacy of pens a lot higher. Bersabe (2012) has also said that Using dyes and pigments an ink is given a color. Another component of ink is stabilizing polymer which is a significant ingredient to avoid clotting of dye in the pen while it is being used. To successfully mix these components solvents such as propylene glycol are commonly used. As Antioquia (2012) has stated, People nowadays tends to look for a product that are more natural and cheaper. Because of this demands, the researchers has chosen to do a study about an alternative ink made from natural materials. Antioquia has also clarified that for hundreds of years inks are made from barks of trees, fruits such as berries and even leaves can be used as an ingredient. 2.2 Foreign Literatures Banana is a fruit crop that grows on 107 countries (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2004). It grows on tropical and subtropical countries and is grown on about 8.8 million hectares. After harvesting the fruit, the banana plants are left to wither and will be taken in as waste or fertilizer. According to Barhanpurkar et al., (2015) about 15,000-20,000 liters of banana sap can be extracted from just one hectare of pseudostem. As Ritter (1998) said, people purchase a lot of products that uses ink in their daily lives like newspaper, books and many more. The first ink was produced by vegetables and fruit, the production of liquid and a reddish acid that came from a plant. Moody (2005) stated that people just love using papers and inks even though different innovations in our technology led to using computers, electronic books and emails. Kunjappu (2001) stated that there are probably as many different definitions of ink as there are types. Perhaps the simplest description is that ink is a liquid or semi-liquid material used for writing, printing or drawing. Chemists view it as a colloidal system of fine pigment particles dispersed in a solvent the pigment may or may not be colored, and the solvent may be aqueous or organic. Ballpoint ink is usually a paste containing 40 to 50 percent dye. The common phenomena that shows the special properties of banana sap as a good mordant is that it can stain clothes and other fibers permanently (Dzemeku & Boateng, 2017). The stain is permanent and any detergent will have a very hard time removing it.

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3.0 Methodology This chapter will be showing the ingredients, materials and the step by step process of making the alternative ink. 3.1 Ingredients and Materials Before proceeding to the actual process of making the Alternative ink one must firstly ready the materials and ingredients needed. 3.1.1 Ingredients These are the main ingredients that will be used for the alternative ink. 1. Dye The researchers will be using 10g of powdered organic dye which will be dissolved by 17.5ml lukewarm water. According to Othmer (1998) Dyes are colored substances that can impart color in the materials that they are applied with and so in this study, dye will be the counterpart of the colorant that is used in standard inks. As stated by the Institute of Paper Science and Technology (2015) there have been a lot of past researches about the effectiveness of colorants made from organic materials. The researchers chose an organic dye because banana sap has a high tannin content which has properties that binds in to organic materials. As stated by Barhanpurkar et al., (2015) Organic dyes are known for having a not so good quality for dye fixation but put together with banana sap, the results will be appreciable. 2. Banana sap The researchers will be using 17.5ml of banana sap which will be manually extracted from the pseudostem of the banana plant. Banana sap is extremely sticky and can practically be used as an adhesive (Willowcrow, 2012). And because banana sap is extremely sticky, the researchers have chosen to use it as an ink vehicle. According to Pacheco (2012) an ink vehicle binds or sticks the ink to the surface of the paper. Moreover, banana sap has tannin which has properties that binds greatly into fibers and organic compounds which makes it a good pair with an organic dye and paper. In this paper, Banana sap is the fluid that the researchers will extract from the pseudostem of a banana plant. In this study, Banana sap will serve as the ink vehicle. According to Barhanpurkar et al., (2015) Banana sap contains tannin which has properties that is good for fixation of dye molecules.

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3. Banana pseudostem The researchers will be getting the pseudostem at one of their co-researchers backyard. Barhanpurkar et al., has said that the extraction of banana sap from the pseudostem is more cost effective than buying chemical mordant from the market. In this study, the extraction of banana sap is absolutely free and will be done manually. 4. Water According to Kunjappu (2001) an ink is usually compose of 50% dye and so to make the difference between the ink consistency of the alternative ink and standard ink lower, the researchers will be using 17.5ml of lukewarm water in which the dye will be dissolved into. 3.1.2 Materials This part of the paper will show the materials needed in making the alternative ink 1. Clean cloth 2. Containers 3. Knife 4. Bottle 5. Pan/Casserole 6. Syringe and Needle 3.2 Procedure The step by step process of making the alternative ink will be shown in this part of the paper. 1. Preparing After getting the pseudostem, clean it using water to remove the soil that is sticking in it. Then get the knife and start cutting the pseudostem to get the innermost core. Ready the materials and ingredients needed. 2. Extracting To extract the banana sap from the innermost core of the pseudostem, cut it into tiny pieces and place it on a clean cloth. Place the clean cloth with the core inside it, and using the

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bottle start pounding it. After pounding the core extract the banana sap by squeezing the cloth. Transfer the banana sap in a clean container. 3. Mixing Measure 10g of the powdered organic dye and place it on a container. Using the injection, measure 17.5ml of water and place it on the container with the dye. Stir it until the dye is dissolved. 4. Boiling Put the stove on low heat and place 17.5ml of banana sap and 17.5ml of the dye on the pan. Wait for two minutes and immediately transfer it on a clean container. 5. Injecting Using the syringe and needle, inject the alternative ink inside the empty pen. Store the ink left in the container at room temperature. 4.0 Result This part of the paper indicates the result of the tests conducted on the alternative ink to know its efficacy. 4.1 Cost In accordance to the statement of the problem mentioned in the introduction part of the research paper. The researchers have decided to use the most commonly used pen which is the HBW for the comparison of prices. BRAND

COST

VOLUME

HBW

₱5.50

2ml

Alternative ink

0.72₵

2ml

Fig.2 Comparison of prices Fig.2 displays that for every 2 ml of HBW is ₱5.50 while it is only 0.72₵ for the alternative ink.

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A FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR BANANA SAP AND DYE AS AN ALTERNATIVE INK 10 4.2 Resistance to Chemical Influences 1. Water Resistance Water resistance is measured by submerging the writings on the paper to a cup of water for 1 minute.

Fig.3 Water Resistance of Alternative Ink Fig. 3 display that the ink was not worn off after being submerged in the water. 2. Ethanol Resistance

Fig. 4 Ethanol Resistance of Alternative Ink Fig.4 show that the alternative ink did not bled even after getting soaked in ethyl alcohol for a whole minute.

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A FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR BANANA SAP AND DYE AS AN ALTERNATIVE INK 11 4.3 Resistance to Physical Influences 1. Erasure resistance This is measured by persistently rubbing the surface with an eraser without actually erasing the writings itself.

Fig.5 Erasure Resistance of Alternative Ink As Fig.5 indicate that the writings of the alternative ink does not get erased even after being rubbed by an eraser. 4.4 Parameters 1. Strike through It is the condition in which the ink has slightly penetrated the paper and appears on the opposite side of the writing

Fig 6. Strike Trough Parameters of Alternative Ink (Front L, Back R) Fig.6 indicates that the writings of the alternative ink has bled to the back of the paper. 2. Shelf life

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A FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR BANANA SAP AND DYE AS AN ALTERNATIVE INK 12 The shelf life of the alternative ink was measured by continuously checking the consistency of the alternative ink’s performance.

Fig.7 Clotting of Alternative ink Fig.7 Show that after 3 days of being stored in room temperature the alternative ink is beginning to clot. 5.0 Discussion This part of the paper mentions the interpretations of the results and discusses the tests that were conducted. The Parameters that the researchers have used were from the International Organization for Standardization.

5.1 Cost The researchers have looked for the most commonly used pen which is the HBW to be compared with the alternative ink. As shown in the fig.2. The alternative ink is a lot cheaper than the standard one. 5.2 Resistance to Chemical Influences 1. Water Resistance The Water resistance test was done by submerging a piece of paper with the alternative ink written on it on a cup of water and deliberately soaking it for a minute. The results have showed that the ink did not bled nor got erased. 2. Ethanol Resistance The Ethanol resistance test was done by putting a few drops of ethyl alcohol on a piece of paper with the alternative ink writings on it. And as seen on Fig.4 the results are commendable. The writings did not bled nor got erased. OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY

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A FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR BANANA SAP AND DYE AS AN ALTERNATIVE INK 13 5.3 Resistance to Physical Influences 1. Erasure resistance The Erasure resistance was done by rubbing the writings made by the alternative ink on the paper without actually damaging the surface of the paper. The results have shown that the writings did not get erased even after rubbing it using an eraser. 5.4 Parameters 1. Strike through This test was done by writing lines and testing if the ink would actually go through the paper and appear on its opposite side. The results have shown that it actually depends on the thickness and depth of the writing. 2. Shelf life The shelf life was measured by constantly monitoring the performance of the alternative ink. According to ISO (2009), shelf life is the minimum expected storage life and is measured from the first day of the product up to when its performance can perform like it was before. In this case, the researchers constantly monitored the performance of the alternative ink. As shown in Fig.7 after 3 days of storing the ink on a room temperature its performance considerably dropped. 5.5 Conclusions The alternative was definitely a lot cheaper and more natural than the standard ink but it needs a lot of improvements before being marketed. 5.6 Recommendations 1.

Add some agent that can prolong the shelf life of the alternative ink

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A FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR BANANA SAP AND DYE AS AN ALTERNATIVE INK 14 References Barhanpurkar, S., Kumar, A., Purwar, R., (2015). Charcterisation of Banana Pseudostem Sap Used As a Mordant for Dying. SSRG International Journal of Polymer and Textile Engineering (SSRGIJPTE) – volume 2 Issue 5 September-October 2015, ISSN: 2394 - 2592, pp. 1-6. Christopher Moody (2005). Black Writing Ink Analysis by Direct Infusion Electrospray Mass Spectroscopy.Ink and Ink Vehicle, pp. 1-7 and 68-72. Dzomeku D. M., Boateng O. K.(2013). Exploring the Potential of Banana Sap as Dye for the Adinkra industry in Ghana. International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 2013, 4(2) special:378-381, pp.378. Feriotti D. G., Iguti A. M.(2009). Proposal for Use of Pseudostem from Banana Tree (Musa cavendish). Maua Institute of Technology, Sao Caetano do Sul, Brazil. Final results of the 2003 season. FAO. Retrieved December 15, 2007. Food and Agriculture Organization (2002). The World Banana Economy, 1985 – 2002. http://www.fao.org. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2004). Bananas commodity notes: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2005). FAOSTAT. FAO. Retrieved December 15, 2007. Gürses, A., Açıkyıldız, M.; Güneş, K.; Gürses, M. S. (2016). Dyes and Pigments, SpringerBriefs in Green Chemistry for Sustainability, Influence on Handwriting Identification. Volume 47, Issue 5, Article 14. http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc. Institute of Paper Science and Technology (2015). The Property of Screen Ink from Natural Mordant, Colorant, and Additive for Art. International Journal of Business and Social Science. Vol. 6, No. 11; November 2015, ISSN 2219-1933 (Print), 2219-6021 (Online). Interfacial Phenomena. John Paul Antioquia (2012). Alternative Ink. Camarines Sur, Philippines. pp 1-8. Joy Kunjappu (2001). Ink Chemistry. https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/inkchemistry/3002158.article. Joy Kunjappu (2001). Surfactants and -Merriam Webster (2016). https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ink.

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A FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR BANANA SAP AND DYE AS AN ALTERNATIVE INK 15 Merriam Webster (2016). https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sap. Mohiuddin A. K. M., Saha M. K., Hossian S. M., Ferdoushi A. (2014). Usefulness of Banana (Musa paradisiaca) Wastes in Manufacturing of Bio-products: A Review. The Agriculturists 12(1): 148158 (2014) ISSN 2304-7321 (Online), ISSN 1729-5211 (Print) A Scientific Journal of Krishi Foundation. Ordway Hilton (1957). Characteristics of the Ball Point Pen and Its Influence on Handwriting Identification Pacheco C. (2012). Colorants in Health and Environmental Aspects. Dyes and Pigments, pp 6983. Pereira L. R., Alves M. (2012). Dyes—Environmental Impact and Remediation. DOI:10.1007/97894-007-1591-2_4. Pothavorn, P., Kitdamrongsont, K., Swangpol, S., Wongniam, Pratoomtong Trirat (2015). The Property of Screen Ink from Natural Mordant, Colorant, and Additive for Art. International Journal of Business and Social Science. Vol. 6, No. 11, ISSN 22191933 (Print), 2219-6021 (Online), pp. 68-19. S., Atawongsa, K., Savasti, J., Somana, J., (2010). Sap phytochemical compositions of some bananas in Steve Ritter (1998). What's that stuff?. Ink. American Chemical Society. Volume 76, Number 46 ,CENEAR 76 46 1-56 ,ISSN 0009-2347. Thailand. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58(15), 8782-8787. Vigneswaran C., PavithraV., Gayathri V., Mythili K. (2015). Banana Fiber: Scope and Value Added Product Development. Volume 9, Issue 2, Spring2015. Willow Crow (2012). Banana Sap As Natural Ink. Banana Sap as Dye for Fabric. Mimosa Pudica and Its Pseudostems Landmeier, P., Plants of Eastern Guatemala, December 16, 2012 , www.medicalhealthguide.com, What Is Banana, 2011, pp. 1-4.

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A FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR BANANA SAP AND DYE AS AN ALTERNATIVE INK 16 Appendix A Alternative Ink’s Resistance to Chemical and Physical Influences Resistance to Chemical Influences

A. Water Resistance of Alternative Ink

B. Ethanol Resistance of Alternative Ink Resistance to Physical Influences

A. Erasure Resistance

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A FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR BANANA SAP AND DYE AS AN ALTERNATIVE INK 17 Appendix B Parameters of Alternative Ink

A. Strike Trough Parameter of Alternative Ink

B. Clothing of Alternative Ink

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A FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR BANANA SAP AND DYE AS AN ALTERNATIVE INK 18 Appendix C Letter of Permission to the Bureau of Plant and Industry

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